FLORA HIBERNICA 
 
 COMPRISING THE 
 
 FLOWERING PLANTS FERNS CHARACE^l 
 MUSCI HEPATICJ; LICHENES 
 AND 
 
 OF 
 
 IRELAND 
 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM 
 
 WITH A 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA 
 
 ACCORDING TO THE LINN^EAN SYSTEM 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES TOWNSEND MACKAY M.R.I.A. 
 
 ASSOCIATE OF THE LINN^AN SOCIETY &c &c 
 
 -" Behold the tribes 
 
 Of vegetable race, from lichen small 
 That o'er the naked rock a vesture flings 
 Of gold and purple, to the branchy oak 
 Or cedar on the brow of Lebanon, 
 How infinitely varied !" 
 
 W. H. Drummond. 
 
 DUBLIN 
 WILLIAM CURRY JUN AND COMPANY 
 
 SIMPKIN MARSHALL AND CO LONDON 
 FRASER AND CO EDINBURGH 
 
 MDCCCXXXVI. 
 
,< 
 
 BIOLOGY 
 LIBRA r 
 G 
 
 Dublin : Printed by P. Dixon Hardy, Cecilia street. 
 
TO THE 
 
 REVEREND DOCTOR LLOYD, 
 
 PROVOST, 
 
 AND THE SENIOR FELLOWS OF TRINITY COLLEGE, 
 
 DUBLIN, 
 
 BY WHOSE MOST LIBERAL ASSISTANCE HE HAS BEEN MAINLY ENABLED TO LAY 
 THE FLORA OF IRELAND BEFORE THE PUBLIC, 
 
 THIS WORK 
 IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED BY THEIR 
 
 MOST OBEDIENT HUMBLE SERVANT, 
 
 J. T. MACKAY. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 IT has been matter of complaint that the history of the na- 
 tural productions of Ireland has hitherto been neglected; but 
 when all circumstances are considered, it will appear that the 
 censure is one of too great severity. We have no means of 
 ascertaining to what extent a knowledge of plants was possessed 
 in ancient times by the Celtic inhabitants of the country ; but 
 when we are told that the Irish language is rich in names of 
 plants, and also that the names of the letters of the Irish alphabet 
 are taken from vegetable productions, it will be admitted, that, 
 even in periods of remote antiquity, the study of plants was not 
 altogether neglected : nor is this at all surprising, since it is 
 well known that the surface of Ireland formerly presented a 
 very different'aspect with regard to vegetation than its present 
 features would lead us to suspect. Formerly Ireland might have 
 been considered as one vast forest a circumstance to which it 
 was perhaps indebted for what, we are informed, was one of its 
 most ancient^ names (Innis Fiodh, or Woody Island.) The 
 former existence of extensive forests is not a matter of vague 
 tradition ; it is attested by the remains of pines, oaks, yews, &c. 
 which are found in all our bogs in prodigious quantity, and 
 by the undoubted fact that many of these forests existed until a 
 comparatively recent period ; and some of them are described by 
 Dr. Boates, who wrote in 1652, as then existing. These forests 
 were destroyed, partly to facilitate military operations, and sub- 
 
VI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 sequently, in more tranquil times, a vast quantity of timber was 
 consumed for the smelting of iron. The remembrance of the 
 wooded state of Ireland will be indelibly preserved in the names 
 of many towns and districts throughout the country, proving 
 that an abundance of trees formed a very characteristic feature of 
 its scenery ; nor is a knowledge of this circumstance calculated 
 merely to gratify the curiosity of the antiquarian, but it is inter- 
 esting to the zoologist and botanist, inasmuch as it renders pro- 
 bable the disappearance of several species of indigenous plants and 
 animals which must have followed the destruction of the forests. 
 Such birds as fed on the seeds of trees, and found protection 
 amid their branches, must have disappeared, or have been greatly 
 diminished in number, from a deficiency of food and shelter, and 
 many species of insects may have been extirpated, or at least 
 had their geographical range much circumscribed ; and doubt- 
 less the same occurrences had a similar effect in limiting the 
 range and number of such plants as flourish in the shade. It is 
 well known that some seeds retain their vitality for many years 
 when buried in the earth, and vegetate when called forth by 
 favourable circumstances ; we may therefore hope that as plant- 
 ations increase, not only will the country reassume its former 
 beauty, but rare plants may become more frequent, or some that 
 have been apparently lost may again appear. 
 
 It is only in the incidental notices of historians that we obtain 
 any knowledge of the extent of the Irish forests, or the trees 
 they contained ; and it was not till a recent period that any at- 
 tempt was made to investigate the vegetable productions of the 
 country. The first attempt towards a natural history of Ireland 
 was by Dr. Boates, who published, in 1652, a work entitled 
 " Ireland's Natural History," which contains interesting matter 
 respecting the forests of Ireland, but no systematic catalogue 
 of its indigenous plants. Dr. Boates is the only writer of any 
 note until Threlkeld's work made its appearance in 1727 ; but, 
 in the intermediate period, the Botany of Ireland was not alto- 
 gether neglected. The Rev. Mr. Heaton, who resided in Dublin, 
 communicated several rare plants to How and Merret. About 
 this time also two eminent English Botanists, Llhwyd and 
 
INTRODUCTION. Vll 
 
 Sherrard, visited the country, and bestowed some attention on 
 its natural history. To Dr. Sherrard we are indebted for the 
 first notice of Subularia aquatica in Ireland, which he found 
 growing in Lough Neagh. Threlkeld's work, entitled " Synopsis 
 Stirpium Hibernicarum," is extremely imperfect, as the char- 
 acters of the plants are seldom given, and the arrangement is 
 alphabetical ; it is, however, a work written, as Dr. Pulteney ob- 
 serves, in a quaint and amusing style, containing many sound 
 observations, and evincing a pretty extensive learning. In 1735 
 Dr. K'Eogh published a similar treatise, which is now rare, and 
 of inferior value to that of Threlkeld. 
 
 By far the most eminent Irish naturalist of this period was Dr. 
 Molyneaux, the earliest describer of the Fossil Elk, and who first 
 made known the occurrence of the remains of the Fossil Elephant 
 in Ireland. He also contributed a catalogue of rare plants, which 
 is published in an appendix to Threlkeld's work : and it is to be 
 regretted that so excellent an observer has not enriched our 
 literature with more extensive publications. These observers 
 were succeeded by the writers of the statistical surveys of the 
 different counties; works chiefly undertaken under the auspices 
 of the Royal Dublin Society, and which contain valuable inform- 
 ation on statistics and agriculture, and some of them useful 
 botanical details. I may more particularly mention the histories 
 of Cork and Kerry by Dr. Smith, which possess very consider- 
 able merit and accuracy with regard to the localities of plants, 
 as I found during my botanical excursions through that part of 
 the country. In 1772 Doctor Rutty published his Natural His- 
 tory of the county of Dublin a work conceived on a good plan, 
 and containing much useful information. The next botanical 
 works were those of Dr. Wade, who published his Flora Dub- 
 liniensis in 1794, and in 1804 his Plantae Rariores, or Habitats 
 of the rarer plants found by him in Ireland. These publications 
 are not without merit, and were considered by him as only pre- 
 paratory to a more extensive work (a Flora Hibernica), which 
 he stated his intention of publishing. This work, he says, was 
 deferred until " as soon as genuine and valuable materials could 
 be collected for the purpose, conceiving that no work of a 
 
Vlll INTRODUCTION. 
 
 similar nature ought to make its appearance, or be considered 
 genuine and valuable, unless the author has it in his power to 
 answer for the habitats or places of growth of the different 
 objects noticed." In 1804 the Muscologiae Hibernicse Spicile- 
 gium of Dawson Turner, Esq. appeared, which has the merit of 
 being the earliest publication devoted to the mosses of Ireland 
 an elegantly written and accurate work, containing figures of the 
 rarer species. About this time I was appointed assistant Botanist 
 in Trinity College ; and to the liberality of that learned body I am 
 indebted for many facilities afforded me of investigating the Bo- 
 tanical productions of Ireland. In 1806 I published a catalogue 
 of the rarer plants of the country, which were principally ob- 
 served by me during two very extensive excursions made through 
 the southern and western counties. This catalogue appeared in 
 the 5th volume of the Transactions of the Dublin Society. 
 
 In 1810, Mr. James Drummond, then Curator of the Cork 
 Botanic Garden, published a catalogue of the plants of the 
 county of Cork a catalogue highly creditable to that acute and 
 zealous Naturalist, who now fills the situation of Colonial Bo- 
 tanist at Swan River, and whose labours will, no doubt, illustrate 
 the Botany of that interesting region. 
 
 In 1824, I gave to the Royal Irish Academy, for publication, 
 a Catalogue of all the Phaenogamous Plants and Ferns which I 
 had then ascertained to be natives of Ireland. This catalogue 
 was the result of twenty years observation during numerous ex- 
 cursions made to almost every part of the country that was likely 
 to afford interesting matter to the Botanist. A few inaccuracies 
 occur in this and the former Catalogue, which subsequent expe- 
 rience has enabled me to rectify. Whilst thus employed, I 
 always looked forward to the publication of an Irish Flora as the 
 final result of my investigations an intention which I had an- 
 nounced in the preface to my Catalogue which appeared in 1825. 
 
 I however then contented myself with recording accurately the 
 habitats of such plants as I had observed, or which had been 
 communicated to me by able Botanists, being induced to post- 
 pone the publication of the work till a later period, with the 
 view of making it as complete as possible : nor is this delay 
 
INTRODUCTION. IX 
 
 to be regretted, as I have since had an opportunity, by ex- 
 cursions made to Cunnamara and other parts of the country, 
 of adding several interesting plants to our Flora ; and valuable 
 contributions have continued to be made by my friends, down 
 to the last hour of going to press. 
 
 In 1833 a small volume appeared, entitled the Irish Flora, 
 containing short descriptions of most of the Phgenogamous 
 Plants and Ferns of Ireland that were known up to that time. 
 
 The limits of a preface do not permit my entering into detail ; 
 but almost every page of the work bears evidence of the zealous 
 assistance of my Botanical friends, and the extent of my obliga- 
 tions. I cannot, however, omit mentioning the late Mr. Tem- 
 pleton of Matone, near Belfast, who greatly contributed to our 
 knowledge of the plants and animals of the north of Ireland. 
 To Doctor Drummond of Belfast I am indebted for several in- 
 teresting species of Algae, thus rendering that part of the work 
 more complete than it otherwise would have been. , 
 
 Mr. David Moore, my late pupil, has supplied some of the 
 more recent and interesting additions to our Flora, among which 
 I may mention Pyrola secunda, Rosa Sabini, and Carex JBux- 
 baumii, as the most interesting. He has distinguished himself, 
 during the last two years, by his researches in the County of 
 Derry, where he has been employed as Botanist to the Ord- 
 nance Survey ; which, under the able superintendence of Colonel 
 Colby and Captain Portlock, is likely to throw much light on 
 every branch of natural history connected with Ireland. 
 
 The first part of the work contains the Phaenogamous, or 
 Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Characeae, arranged according to 
 the natural method, on the plan adopted by Professor De Can- 
 dolle in his Theorie Elementaire, 2d ed., and Professor Lindley 
 in his Synopsis of the British Flora. I have been induced to 
 adopt the natural system, not only because it is the method fol- 
 lowed by Dr. Allman, the learned Professor of Botany in Trinity 
 College, and which, although more difficult to beginners, is best 
 calculated to give the student an accurate knowledge of the 
 science; but as the Linnaean method enables us to ascertain 
 
 b 
 
X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the genus of a plant with greater facility, a Synopsis of the 
 Genera according to that system has therefore been prefixed ; 
 thus, it is hoped, combining to a considerable extent the ad- 
 vantages of both methods. 
 
 In describing the genera and species in the body of the work, 
 I have adopted pretty much the characters of Sir W. J. Hooker, 
 as given by him in his excellent British Flora, it being the 
 book I principally consulted in the examination of my speci- 
 mens, from which I have also taken the etymologies of the generic 
 names. 
 
 The second and not least valuable part of the work contains 
 the Orders, Musci, Hepaticae, and Lichenes, by Doctor Taylor, 
 (the well-known coadjutor of Sir W. J. Hooker in the Muscologia 
 Britannica,) who of all the Botanists of Ireland, was best qualified 
 for the task. It will be seen that he has added a new genus (Hy- 
 arophyla) in the order Hepaticae, and in the order Lichenes a 
 good many hitherto undescribed species, six of which appear 
 in the Addenda. 
 
 W. H. Harvey, Esq. the well-known Algologist, (before his 
 departure to the Cape of Good Hope,) kindly undertook to 
 describe the Algae. This he accomplished from the examina- 
 tion of a full collection in my possession, chiefly formed by the 
 late amiable and accomplished Miss Hutchins, a lady who for 
 many years was unremitting in her investigation of the Botany 
 of the south of Ireland. To these he has added his own numerous 
 discoveries, and those of other Botanists, whose names are men- 
 tioned ; and since his departure I have been fortunate enough 
 to add nine species new to Ireland, communicated by several 
 botanical friends, as wilt appear in that portion of the work. 
 
 Dublin, 10th May, 1836. 
 
XI 
 
 TABLE OF LINNJEAN ARTIFICIAL CLASSES AND ORDERS. 
 
 Div. I. Plants with conspicuous flowers. PHANEROGAMIA. 
 
 A. Stamens and pistils in the same flower. 
 
 * Stamens free and equal. 
 
 CL. 1. MONANDRIA, with 1 stamen. 6. HEXANDRIA, 6 stamens. 
 
 2. DIANDRIA, 2 stamens. 7- HEPTANDRIA, 7 stamens. 
 
 3. TRIANDRIA, 3 stamens, tt. OCTANDRIA, ti stamens. 
 
 4. TETRANDRIA, 4 stamens. 9. ENNEAIS'DRIA, 9 stamens, 
 
 5. PENTANDRIA, 5 stamens. 10. DECANDRIA, 10 stamens. 
 
 11. DODECANDRIA, 11 to 19 stamens. 
 
 12. ICOSANDRIA, 20 or more stamens, perigynous or inserted on the 
 
 calyx. 
 
 13. POLYANDRIA, 20 or more stamens, hypogynous or inserted on the 
 
 receptacle. 
 
 ORDERS. In the first 13 classes the orders depend solely on the number 
 of pistils, and they are named Monogynia, Digynia, Trigynia, Tetrayynia, 
 Pentagynia, Hexagynia, Heptugynia, Octugyniu, Enneagynia, Decugynia, 
 Dodecagynia, and Polygynia. 
 
 ** Stamens free, unequal. 
 
 14. DIDYNAMIA, 4 stamens, 2 longer than the others. 
 
 Two orders. 1. Gymnospermia, the seeds naked. 2. Angiospermia, the 
 seeds enclosed in a pericarp. 
 
 15. TETHADYNAMIA, 6 stamens, 4 longer than the others. 
 
 Two orders. 1. Siliculosa, fruit a silicic or pouch. 2. Siliquosa, fruit a 
 long pod or silique. 
 
 * * * Filaments united. 
 
 16. MONADELPHIA, filaments forming one set. 
 
 17. DIADELPHIA, filaments forming 2 sets. 
 
 18. POLYADELPHIA, filaments forming more than 2 sets. 
 
 Orders depend upon the number of stamens, and have the same names as 
 the first 13 classes. 
 
 **** Anthers united. 
 
 19. SYNGENESIA, 5 stamens, the anthers united (compound flowers.) 
 Flfre orders. 1. Polygamia JEqualis, florets all perfect- 2. P. Superflua, 
 
 disk florets perfect, ray pistiliferous. 3. P. Frustranea, disk perfect, rays 
 neutral. 4. P. Necessaria, disk without stamens, rays with a pistil. 5. P. 
 Segregata, with a perianth to each floret. 
 
 ***** Anthers united to the pistil. 
 
 20. GYNANDRIA. 
 
 Orders named according to the number of stamens, as Monandria, &c. 
 
 B. Stamens and pistils in different flowers. 
 
 21. MONCECIA, stamens and pistils on the same individual. 
 
 22. DIGECIA, stamens and pistils on different individuals. 
 
 Orders named according to the number of stamens, except where there is a 
 union of the filaments ; then named Monadelphia, &c. 
 
 23. POLYGAMIA, perfect and unisexual flowers either on the same or dif- 
 ferent individuals. 
 
 Three orders. Moncecia, JDicEcia, and Trioecia. 
 
 Div. II. Plants with inconspicuous flowers. CRYPTOGAMIA. 
 
 24. CRYPTOGAMIA, neither stamens nor pistils. 
 
 Six orders, viz. 1. Filices. 2. Musci. 3. Hepaticce, 4. Lichencs. 
 5. AlgcB, 6. Fungi. 
 
XH 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF GENERA,(IN PART FIRST) ACCORDING 
 TO THE LINN^AN SYSTEM. 
 
 Class I. MONANDRIA. Stamen 1. 
 Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. 
 
 * Seed one. 
 
 SALICORNIA. Calyx tumid, undivided. Corolla none. Stam. 1 or 2. 
 Seed invested with the calyx. Chenopodece, p. 226. 
 
 HIPPURIS. Cal. a slight border. Cor. none. Seed inferior, naked. 
 Stigma 1. Haloragece, p. 113. 
 
 (See Valeriana rubra in Cl. iii. ; Alchemilla arv. in Cl, iv. ; Zostera in Cl. 
 xxi. ; Chara in Cl. xxiv.) 
 
 Order II. DIGYNIA. Pistils 2. 
 (See Callitriche in Cl. xxi.) 
 
 Class II. DIANDRIA. Stamens 2. 
 
 Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. 
 * Flowers inferior, monopetalous, regular. 
 
 LIGTJSTRUM. Cor. 4-cleft. Berry with four seeds. Oleineee, p. 178. 
 
 FRAXINUS. Cor. none, or deeply 4-cleft. Capsule compressed, with 1 
 or 2 seeds. Some flowers without stamens. Oleinece, p. 178. 
 
 * * FL inferior, monopetalous, irregular, with seed-vessels. 
 
 VERONICA. Cor. wheel-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Caps, of 2 cells. Scro- 
 phularinece, p. 198. 
 
 PINGUICULA. i Cor. ringent, spurred. Caps, of 1 cell. Cal. 5-cleft. 
 Lentibularice, p. 196. 
 
 UTRICTJLARIA. Cor. ringent, spurred. Caps, of 1 cell. Cal. of 2 
 leaves. Lentibularice, p. 197. 
 
 * * * Fl. inferior, monopetalous, irregular, with naked seeds. 
 
 LYCOPUS. Cor. nearly equal. Stamens distant, simple. Seeds abrupt, 
 Labiates, p. 209. 
 
 SAL VIA. Cor. ringent. Stam. with a lateral stalk. Labiate, p. 209. 
 
 * * * * Fl. superior. 
 
 CIRCJEA. Cor. of 2 petals. Cal. in 2 segments. Caps, of 2 cells. Seeds 
 solitary. Circaacece, p. 111. 
 
 ***** jy. apetalous, or with 4 petals. 
 
 LEMNA. Cor. none. Cal. of one leaf. Caps, with 1 seed. Pistiacea, 
 p. 269. 
 
 CLADIUM. Cor. none. Glumes chaffy, sheathing ; the outer ones empty. 
 Drupe without bristles at the base. Cyperacece, p. 324. 
 
 (See Salicornia in Cl. i. Schcenus, Cl. iii. Carex, Cl. xxi. Lepidium 
 and Coronopus, Cl. xv.) 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. Xui 
 
 Order II. DIGTNIA. Pistils 2. 
 
 ANTHOXAXTHUM. CaL glume of 2 valves, 1-flowered. Cor. glume of 
 2 valves, awned. Seed 1. Graminece, p. 317. 
 
 Class III. TRIANDRIA. Stamens 3. 
 
 Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. 
 
 * Flowers superior. 
 
 VALERIANA. Cor. 5-cleft, protuberant at the base. Seed 1, with a 
 feathery radiating crown. Valerianece, p. 140. 
 
 FEDIA. Cor. 5 cleft, protuberant at the base. Caps, crowned with tlie 
 toothed calyx, without valves, of 1 3 fertile cells. Seeds solitary. Vale- 
 rianece, p. 139. 
 
 CROCUS. Cor. in 6 deep equal segments; tube longer than the limb. 
 Stigmas folded. Iridecz, p. 274. 
 
 IRIS. Cor. in 6 deep unequal segments, alternately reflexed. Stigmas 
 2-lipped, like petals. Iridea, p. 273. 
 
 * * Fl. inferior } chaffy. Seed 1. 
 
 SCHCENUS. Cor. none. Spike of very few flowers. Glumes 2-ranked, 
 with many smaller, empty, external ones. Style simple at the base, deciduous. 
 Cyperacece, p. 320. 
 
 RHYNCHOSPORA. Cor. none. Spike of very few flowers. Glumes imbri- 
 cated all round, with many smaller, empty, external ones. Seed beaked with 
 the dilated, hardened, permanent base of the style. Cyperacece, p. 319. 
 
 SCIRPUS. Cor. none. Glumes imbricated all round, uniform, "concave, 
 expanded. Style simple at the base, deciduous. Cyperacece, p. 322. 
 
 BLYSMUS. See p. 319. 
 
 ELEOCHARIS. Cor. none. Glumes imbricated all round, uniform, ex- 
 panded. Seed crowned and articulated with the dilated hardened base of the 
 style. Cyperacece, p. 320. 
 
 ERIOPHORTJM. Cor. none. Glumes imbricated all round, uniform, ex- 
 panded. Seed subtended by numerous very long hairs. Cyperacece, p. 323. 
 
 NARDUS. Cor. of 2 valves. Calyx none. Graminece, p. 318. 
 (Some Junci ; see in Cl. vi. 
 
 Order II. DIGYNIA. Pistils 2. 
 
 True Grasses. Gramineae. 
 
 * Flowers dispersed. CaL of 2 or 3 valves, with a solitary floret. 
 
 ALOPECURUS. CaL of 2 valves. Cor. of 1 valve ; simple at the summit ; 
 awned at the base. Styles combined, p. 295. 
 
 PHAI.ARIS. Cal. of 2 close, parallel valves, concealing the double corolla 
 of 3 or 4 valves ; 2 innermost downy, subsequently hardened, investing the 
 seed. p. 295. 
 
 AMMOPHILA. Panicle spiked. CaL of 2 nearly equal, keeled valves, 
 longer than the corolla, surrounded at the base by a tuft of hairs, p. 296. 
 
 PHLETJM. Cal. of 2 close, parallel, pointed valves, concealing the cor. of 
 2 awnless valves. Seed loose, p. 296. 
 
 MILIUM. Cal. of 2 tumid, close valves, enclosing the cor. of 2 valves. 
 Seed coated with the hardened corolla, p. 297. 
 
Xv SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 CALAMAGROSTIS. Panicle loose. Cal. of 2 valvesj longer than the two 
 valves of the corolla, p. 297. 
 
 AGROSTIS. Cal, of 2 acute valves, shorter than the cor. which is membra- 
 nous, tufted with hairs at the base, unchanged. Seed loose, p. 298. 
 
 * * Fl. dispersed. Cal. of 2 valves, containing 2 or 3 florets. 
 
 CATABROSA. Panicle spreading. Cal. of 2 valves, metnbranaceous, very 
 obtuse, much shorter than the spikelets, 2 or 3-flowered, often with a fourth 
 imperfect floret. Cor. 2-valved, coriaceous, membranous only at the extre- 
 mity, ribbed, truncated, awnless, erose, nearly equal, p. 299. 
 
 AIRA. Florets 2, without any intermediate rudiment. Seed loose. Cor. 
 unchanged, p. 299. 
 
 MELTCA. Florets 1 or 2, with the rudiments of 1 or 2 intermediate ones. 
 Seed coated with the hardened cor. p. 300. 
 
 HOLCUS. One floret barren. Cor. awned. Seed coated with the hardened 
 corolla. Cal. keeled, p. 30 ]. 
 
 ARRHENATHERUM. Panicle lax. Cal. of 2 valves, 2-flowered; lower- 
 most floret with stamens only, and a long twisted awn above the base, upper 
 one perfect, with a short straight bristle below the point, p. 302. 
 
 SESLERIA. Florets 2 or 3, all perfect. Outer valve of the cor. toothed; 
 inner cloven. Seed loose. Styles combined, p. 302. 
 
 * * * Fl. dispersed. Cal. containing many florets. 
 
 POA. Cor. awnless, compressed, keeled, ovate, acute. Seed loose, elliptic- 
 oblong, p. 302. 
 
 TRIODIA. Cor. orbicular, expanded, obscurely ribbed, deeply cloven, with 
 an intermediate point ; both valves concave. Seed loose, depressed, p. 306. 
 
 BRIZA. Cor. awnless, tumid, expanded, concave, without a keel. Seed 
 depressed, united to the corolla, p. 306. 
 
 DACTYLIS. Cor. awned at the summit, lanceolate, keeled, compressed; 
 inner valve folded, 2 ribbed. Seed loose, oblong. Cal. compressed, taper- 
 pointed, unequal, p. 307. 
 
 CYNOSURTJS. Cor. awned at the summit, lanceolate, keeled, concave; 
 inner valve flat, 2-ribbed. Seed loose, elliptic-oblong. Cal. awned, equal. 
 Spikelets in pairs ; 1 entirely neuter, p. 307- 
 
 FESTTJCA. Cor. awned at the summit, or pointed, keeled, nearly cylin- 
 drical, concave; inner valve flat, 2 ribbed, downy at the ribs. Seed loose, 
 oblong. Cal. concave, acute, very unequal, p. 3U7- 
 
 BROMUS. Cor. awned at the back, cloven, concave; inner valve flat, 
 2-ribbed, bristly at the ribs. Seed elliptic-oblong, united to the inner valve, 
 p. 310. 
 
 AVENA. Cor. awned at the back, cloven, nearly cylindrical; inner valve 
 flat, ovate. Seed elliptic-oblong, united to the hard outer valve, p. 312. 
 
 ARUNDO. Cor. surrounded with long permanent hairs. Florets 1 or 
 many. p. 313. 
 
 * * * * Fl. aggregate, on a jointed, or toothed, common stalk, with lateral 
 excavations. 
 
 ELYMUS. Cal. of 2 parallel valves, aggregate, with two or more florets. 
 p. 313. 
 
 HORDEUM. Cal. of 2 parallel valve?, aggregate, ternate, with one floret. 
 Central flower only perfect, p. 314. 
 
 TRITICUM. Cal. of 2 transverse opposite valves, solitary, many-flowered, 
 p. 315. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XV 
 
 BRACHYPODIUM. Spikelets alternate, remote, cylindrical- compressed. 
 CaL 2-valved, many-flowered; valves opposite, transverse, unequal. Cor. 
 2-valved, the valves lanceolate ; ext. one generally awned at the extremity ; 
 int. retuse. p. 316. 
 
 LOLIUM. CaL of 1 principal valve, opposite to the stalk, fixed, many- 
 flowered, p. 316. 
 
 ROTTBOLLIA. CaL of 2 parallel, sometimes combined valves, opposite 
 to the stalk, imperfectly 2-flowered. p. 317. 
 
 Order III. TRIGYNIA. Pistils 3. 
 
 MONTIA. CaL of 2 leaves. Cor. monopetalous. Caps, with 3 valves 
 and 3 seeds. Portulacece, p. 59. 
 
 Class IV. TETRANDRIA. Stamens 4, equal. 
 
 Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. 
 * Fl. monopetalous, superior, single-seeded. 
 
 DIPSACUS. Common CaL of many leaves. Proper CaL single, superior, 
 of 1 leaf, cup- shaped, crowning the seed. Dipsacece, p. 141. 
 
 KNAUTIA. Involucre many-leaved. CaL double ; ext. minute ; int. 
 cup-shaped. Fruit upon a short stalk, compressed, with 4 pores on depressed 
 points. Dipsacece, p. 142. 
 
 SCABIOSA. Com. CaL of many leaves. Prop. CaL double, superior, 
 crowning the seed. Dipsacece, p. 141 . 
 
 * * Fl. monopetalous, superior, 2-seeded. 
 RUBIA. Cor. bell-shaped. Fruit pulpy. Stella tee, p. 132. 
 GALIUM. Cor. flat. Fruit dry. Stellate, p. 129. 
 ASPERULA. Cor. tubular. Fruit without a crown. Stellate, p. 132. 
 SHERARDIA. Cor. tubular. Fruit crowned with the calyx, each seed with 
 3 teeth. Stellate, p. 132. 
 
 * * * FL monopetalous, inferior. 
 
 EXACUM. Cor. salver- shaped, spreading. Stam. shorter than the limb. 
 Caps, with 2 valves, separating at the top, many-seeded. Gentianeee, p. 185. 
 
 PLANTAGO. Cor. reflexed. Stam. very long. Caps, bursting all round, 
 of 2 or 4 cells. Plantagineee, p. 175. 
 
 CENT UN CULT] s. Cor. tubular, spreading. Stam. within the tube. Caps. 
 bursting all round, of 1 cell. Primulaceee, p. 192. 
 
 Some Gentianece. 
 * * # * p e tals 4. 
 
 CORNUS. Nect. 0. Drupe inferior. Nut of 2 cells. Caprifoliacea, 
 p. 135. 
 
 (See Euonymus in Cl. V. Cardamine and Coronopus, in Cl. xv.) 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 Petals wanting. 
 
 PARIETARIA. CaL 4-cleft, inferior. Stam. elastic. Seed invested with 
 the elongated calyx. Some flowers without stamens, their calyx remaining 
 unaltered. Uticea, p. 232, 
 
XVI SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 ALCHEMILLA. Cal. 8-cleft, inferior. Seed 1, or 2, naked. Rosacea, 
 p. 105. 
 
 Order II. DIGYNIA. 2 styles. 
 (See Alchemilla in Ord. II. Some Gentiance and Cuscuta in Cl V.) 
 
 Order III. TETRAGYNIA. Pistils, or Stigmas, 4. 
 
 ILEX. Cor. wheel-shaped, of 1 or 4 petals. Berry with 4 seeds. Styles 
 0. Some j#. barren. IlicinetE 3 p.'Jl. 
 
 SAGISTA. Pe. 4. Ca^s. of 1 cell, and 4 valves. Caf. 4-leaved. Cary- 
 ophyllete, p. 45. 
 
 RADIOLA. Pet. 4. Caps, of 8 cells, and 8 valves. Cal. of one leaf, in 
 12 segments. Lineee, p. 52. 
 
 POTAMOGETON". Pet. 4. Cal. 0. jffeecfc 4, naked, sessile. Fluviales, 
 p. 264. 
 
 RUPPIA. P^. 0. Ca/. 0. Seeds 4, stalked. Fluviales, p. 267. 
 
 Class V. PENTANDRIA. Stamens 5. 
 
 Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. 
 
 " Flowers monopetalous, inferior, with 2 or 4 naked seeds. (Asperifolias, 
 
 Linn . ) 
 
 ECHIUM. Throat of the corolla dilated, naked ; limb irregular. Stigma 
 deeply cloven. Boraginea, p. 167. 
 
 LITHOSPERBIUM. Cor. naked in the throat, funnel-shaped. Cal. in 5 
 deep segments. Boraginece, p. 168. 
 
 SYMPHYTUM. Cor. closed with awl-shaped converging valves; limb bell- 
 shaped. Boraginece, p. 168. 
 
 BORAGO. Cor. closed with awl-shaped or notched valves; limb wheel- 
 shaped. Boraginea, p. 169. 
 
 LYCOFSIS. Cor. closed with concave obtuse valves, funnel-shaped, with 
 a doubly bent tube. Seeds concave at the base. JBoraginece, p. 169. 
 
 ANCHUSA. Cor. closed with concave obtuse valves, funnel-shaped ; tube 
 straight, tumid below. Seeds concave at the base. Boraginece, p. 169. 
 
 MYOSOTIS. Cor. half closed with rounded valves, salver-shaped ; lobes 
 obtuse. Seeds perforated at the base, borne by the calyx. Boraginea, 
 
 P . 170. 
 
 CYNOGLOSSUM. Cor. half closed with rounded valves, funnel-shaped. 
 Seeds depressed, imperforate, borne by a central column. Boraginece, p. 171. 
 
 ** Fl. monopetalous, inferior, with numerous covered seeds. 
 
 ANAGALLIS. Caps, of one cell, bursting all round. Cor. wheel-shaped. 
 Stam. hairy. Primulacece, p. 194. 
 
 LYSIMACHIA. Caps, of 1 cell, with 10 valves. Cor. wheel-shaped. 
 Frimulacece, p. 193. 
 
 PRIMULA. Caps, of 1 cell, opening with 10 teeth. Cor. salver-shaped ; 
 tube cylindrical, throat open. Stigma globular. Primulacece, p. 192. 
 
 HOTTONIA. Caps, of 1 cell, with 5 teeth. Cor. salver-shaped. Stam. 
 from the margin of the tube. Stigma globular. Cal. in 5 deep segments. 
 Primulacece, p. 194: 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XVII 
 
 MENYANTHES. Caps, of 1 cell. Cor. hairy. Stigma divided. Gen- 
 tianecE) p. 188. 
 
 ERYTHR^EA. Caps, of 2 incomplete cells. Cor. salver-shaped. Anth. 
 finally spiral. Gentianece, p. 186. 
 
 DATURA. Caps, of 2 cells, and 4 valves. Cor. funnel-shaped. CaL 
 deciduous. Solanece, p. 189. 
 
 HYOSCYAMUS. Caps, of 2 cells, with a lid. Cor. funnel-shaped. Stigma 
 capitate. Solanece, p. 190. 
 
 VILLARSIA. CaL 5 parted. Cor. rotate, the limb often ciliated. Caps. 
 1 -celled. Seeds parietal. Gentianece, p. 188. 
 
 VERBASCUM. Caps, of 2 cells. Cor. wheel-shaped, irregular. Stigma 
 obtuse. Starn. declining. Solanete, p. 190. 
 
 CONVOLVULUS. Cops, of 1 or 3 cells, with 2 seeds in each. Cor. bell- 
 shaped, plaited, Stigmas 2. Convolvulacece, p. 172. 
 
 POLEMONIUM. Caps, of 3 cells. Cor. deeply 5-clef ; tube closed by 
 5 valves. Stam. between the valves, opposite to the segments. Folemoniacece, 
 p. 174. 
 
 VINCA. Follicles 2, erect. Cor. salver- shape 3, oblique. Seeds simple. 
 Apocynea, p. 184. 
 
 SOLANUM. Berry of 2 cells. Cor. wheel-shaped. A nth. with 2 pores, 
 Solanea, p. 191. 
 
 ATROPA. Berry of 2 cells. Cor. bell-shaped. Stam. distant, incurved. 
 Anth, heart-shaped. Solanca, p. 191. 
 
 * * * FL monopetalous, superior. 
 
 SAMOLUS. Caps, of 1 cell, with 5 recurved valves. Cor. funnel-shaped, 
 5 cleft, with intermediate scales. Primulaceee, p. 195. 
 
 JASIONE. Caps, half 2-celled, opening at the top. Cor. wheel-shaped, 
 in 5 deep segments. Stigma club-shaped. Anth. combined at the base. 
 Isobeliacece, p. 138. 
 
 LOBELIA. Caps, of 2 or 3 cells. Cor. irregular, split lengthwise. Stigma 
 capitate, hairy. Lobeliaceae, p. 139. 
 
 CAMPANULA. Caps, of 2 or 3 cells, with torn fissures at the base. Cor. 
 bell-shaped. Stigma 2- or 3-cleft, revolute. Campanulacece, p. 137. 
 
 LONICERA. 23erry of 1 or more cells, with many seeds. Cor. irregular, 
 Caprifoliaceee, p. 133, 
 
 * * * * Fl.of5, or 4 petals, inferior. 
 
 RIIAMNUS. Berry of several cells. CaL funnel-shaped, bearing the 
 petals. Rhamnea!) p. 71. 
 
 EUONYMUS. Caps, of 4 or 5 cells. Seeds with a fleshy tunic. CaL flat. 
 Celastrinea> } p. 72. 
 
 VIOLA. Caps, of 1 cell and 8 valves. CaL of 5 leaves, extended at the 
 base. Cor. irregular, spurred. Violaceee, p. 31. 
 
 * * * * * FL of 5 petals, superior. 
 
 RIBES. Berry with many seeds. CaL bearing the petals. Style divided. 
 Grossulacea, p. 108. 
 
 HEDERA. Kerry with 3 o seeds. CaL surrounding the germen. Style 
 eimpie. Pet. oroaaest at tne oase. Capri foliaccap* p. 1H5. 
 
 C 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 ****** 
 
 Petals wanting. 
 
 GLAUX. Caps, superior, with 5 seeds. Col. coloured, of 1 leaf. Prirmt- 
 lacece, p. 192. 
 
 Order II. DIGYNIA. Pistils 2. 
 * Fl. monopetalous, inferior. 
 
 GENTIANA. Caps, of 1 cell. Cor. tubular at the base, destitute of nec- 
 tariferous pores. Gentianece, p. 187. 
 
 CUSCUTA. Caps, of 2 cells, bursting all round. Cor. bell-shaped. Con- 
 volvulacea, p. 173. 
 
 * * Petals wanting. Seed solitary. 
 CHENOPODIUM. Seed lenticular, tunicated, superior. Chenopodece, p. 227. 
 
 BETA. Seed kidney-shaped, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. Ckenopodea, 
 p. 229. 
 
 SALSOLA. Caps, closed, imbedded in the fleshy calyx. Seed with a spiral 
 embryo. Chenopodece, p. 226. 
 
 ULMUS. Caps, closed, membranous, compressed, bordered, superior. Ul- 
 inacece, p. 240. 
 
 * * * Fl. of 5 petals, superior. Seeds 2. UnibdlatcB. 
 
 OBS. The genera of this division form the Natural Order Umbelliferee. 
 Seep. 113 129. 
 
 Order III. TRIGYNIA. Pistils 3. 
 
 * Fl. superior. 
 
 VIBURNUM. Cor. 5-cleft. Berry with 1 seed. Caprifoliacea, p. 134. 
 SAMBUCUS. Cor. 5-cleft. Berry with 3 seeds. Caprifoliacece, p. 134. 
 
 Order IV. TETRAGYNIA. Pistils 4. 
 
 PARNASSIA. Nectaries fringed with bristles, bearing globes. Caps, of 
 4 valves. Saxifragece, p. 64. 
 
 Order V. PENTAGYNIA. Pistils 5. 
 
 LINUM. Pet- 5. Capsule of 10 cells. Linea, p. 51. 
 STATICE, Pet. 5. Seed 1, clothed with the base of the funnel-shaped 
 calyx. Plumbagineae, p. 176. 
 
 (See Cerastium and Spergula in Cl. x.) 
 
 Order VI. HEXAGYNIA. Pistils 6. 
 
 DROSERA. Pet. 5. Caps, of 3 valves, with many seeds. Droseracece, 
 p. 34. 
 
 Class VI. HEXANDRIA. Stamens 6, each 3 equal. 
 Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil I. 
 * Fl. with both calyx and corolla. 
 
 BERBERIS. Cor. of fi petals. Cal, of 6 leaves, inferior, Berry with 2 
 seeds. Herberidea, p. 11. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XIX 
 
 PEPLIS. Cor. of 6 petals. Cal. with 6 deep segments, and 6 intermediate 
 plaits. Caps, of 2 cells. Salicaria, p. 69. 
 
 (See Lythrum in Cl. xii.) 
 
 * * Fl without a calyx, superior. 
 
 GALANTHUS. Cor. sup. of 6 petals, 3 innermost shortest, abrupt, notched. 
 Amaryllideae, p. 283. 
 
 NARCISSUS. Cor. sup. of 6 petals, attached to a bell-shaped nectary, 
 which conceals the stamens. Amaryllidea; p. 283. 
 
 * * * Fl. u'ithout a calyx, inferior. 
 
 CONVALLARIA. Cor. inferior, deciduous ; limb in 6 segments. Berry of 
 3 cells. Stigmas triangular. Smilacete, p. 287. 
 
 HYACINTHUS. Cor. inf. deciduous ; limb in 6 segments; tube swelling. 
 Stam. uniform. Caps, of 3 cells. Seeds globose. Asphodeleoc, p. 280. 
 
 ALLIUM. Cor. inf. of 6 ovate petals. Stam. awl-shaped, flattened. Stigma 
 acute. Seeds angular. Asphodeleee, p. 285. 
 
 NARTHECIUM. Cor. inf. of 6 linear- lanceolate pet. spreading. Stam. 
 woolly. Seeds tunicated, tapering at each end. Juncece, p. 293. 
 
 SCILLA. Cor. inf. of 6 ovate-oblong petals, spreading,! deciduous. Stam. 
 all thread- shaped. Asphodelece, p. 286. 
 
 * * * Fl. without petals. 
 
 JUNCUS. Cal. of 6 leaves. Caps, of 3 cells and 3 valves. Seeds nu- 
 merous, horizontal. Juncece, p. 289. 
 
 LUZULA. Cal. of C leaves. Caps, of 1 cell and 3 valves. Seeds 3, erect. 
 Juncece, p. 293. 
 
 (See Peplis in Ord. I. Polygonum in Cl. viii.) 
 Order II. DIGYNIA. Pistils 2. 
 
 OXYRIA. Cal. of 2 leaves. Pet. 2. Seed I, compressed, winged. Po- 
 ly gonece, p. 223. 
 
 Order III. TRIOYNIA. Pistils, or Stigmas, 3. 
 
 COLCHICUM. Cal. none. Cor. of 1 petal, tubular. Caps. 3, inflated. 
 Seeds numerous. Melanthacece, p. 282. 
 
 TRIGLOCHIN. Cal. of 3 leaves. Pet. 3. Capsule opening at the base, 
 with 3 valves. Juncaginece, p. 270. 
 
 RUMEX. Cal. of 3 leaves. Pet. 3. Seed 1, naked, triangular. Poly- 
 gonecu, p. 221. 
 
 (See Elatine in Cl. viii.) 
 
 OrderlV. POLYGYNIA. Pistils numerous. 
 
 ALISMA. Cal. of 3 leaves. Pet. 3. Caps. 6 or more, aggregate. Seeds 
 lor 2. Alismaceoc, p. 271. 
 
 Class VII. HEPTANDRIA. Stamens 7. 
 
 TaiENTAUS, the only British genus in this class, has not yet been observed 
 in Ireland. 
 
XX SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 Class VIII. OCTANDRIA. Siam. 8. 
 
 Order I. MONOGYNIA- Pistil 1. 
 
 * Fl. complete. 
 
 ACER. Pet. 5. Cal 5- cleft, inferior. Caps, winged. Seeds 1 or 2. 
 Acerinece, p. 54. 
 
 EPILOBIUM. Pet. 4. Cal. 4-cleft, superior. Caps, of 4 cells. Seeds 
 bearded. Onagrariee, p. 109. 
 
 CHLORA. Cor. in 8, or 6, deep segments. Cal. inferior, of as many 
 leaves. Caps, of 1 cell. Gentianece, p. 188. 
 
 VACCINIUM. Cor. of 1 petal. Cal. 4-cleft. Berry inferior. P'acciniecc, 
 p. 13G. 
 
 MENZIESIA. Cor. of 1 petal. Cal. of one leaf. Caps, superior; par- 
 titions double, from the margins of the valves. Ericea, p. 180. 
 
 ERICA. Cor. of 1 petal. Cal. of 4 leaves. Caps, superior; partitions 
 simple, from the centre of each valve. Ericece, p. 180. 
 
 CALLUNA. Cor. of 1 petal. Cal. double; each of 4 leaves. Caps, su- 
 perior ; partitions from the column, alternate with the valves. Ericeoe^ 
 p. 179. 
 
 (See Monotropa in Cl. x.) 
 
 DIGYNIA. Styles 2. 
 (See Polygonum in Ord. ii., Chrysosplenium and Scleranthus in Cl. x.) 
 
 Order II. TRIGYNIA. Pistils 3. 
 
 POLYGONUM. Cal. coloured, in several deep segments, inferior. Cor. 0. 
 Seed 1, naked. Polygonea:, p. 223. 
 
 Order III. TETRAGYNIA. Pistils 4. 
 
 ADOXA. Cal. half-inferior. Cor. in 4 or 5 segments. Berry invested 
 with the calyx. Seeds 4, bordered. Saxifragece, p. 63. 
 
 PARIS. Cal. of 4 leaves. Pet. 4. Berry superior. Seeds numerous, 
 globose. Smilacetz, p. 287- 
 
 ELATINE. Cal. of 4 leaves. Pet. 4. Caps, superior, of 4 cells ; parti- 
 tions from the column. Seeds oblong. Caryophyllecs, p. 45. 
 
 (See Sagina Cl. iv.) 
 
 Class IX. ENNEANDRIA. Stamens 9. 
 
 Order I. HEXAGYNIA. Pistils 6. 
 
 BUTOMUS. Cal. 0. Pet. 6. Caps. 6, with many seeds. Butomece, 
 p. 288. 
 
 Class X. DECANDRIA. Stamens 10. 
 
 Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. 
 
 * Fl. polypetalous. 
 
 MONOTROPA. Pet. 10, or 8 ; 5, or 4, outermost protuberant at the base. 
 Anthers of 1 cell, and 2 valves. Pyrolacefe, p. 184. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXI 
 
 PYROLA. Pet. 5. Anth. of 2 cells, with 2 pores. Pyrolacea, p. 183. 
 * * Fl. monopetalousj equal. 
 
 ANDROMEDA; Cor. ovate, or bell-shaped. Caps, of 5 cells. Ericece, 
 p. 179. 
 
 ARBUTUS. Cor. ovate, transparent at the base. Berry of 5 cells. 
 Ericece, p. 182. 
 
 (See Vaccinium 1. Cl. viii.) 
 
 Order II. DiGYNiA. Pistils 2. 
 
 SCLERANTHUS. Cor. 0. Cal. of 1 leaf. Seeds 2. Scleranthe^ 
 p. 231. 
 
 CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Cor. 0. CaJ. coloured. Ca/>s. with 2 beaks. 
 Steecfo numerous. Saxifrages, p. 63. 
 
 SAXIFRAGA. JV/. 5. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Caps, with 2 beaks. 
 Seeds numerous. Saxifragece, p. 64. 
 
 SAPONARIA. Pet. 5. CaJ. tubular, without angles, of 1 leaf, naked at 
 the base. Caps, oblong. Caryophyllece, p. 41. 
 
 DIANTHUS. Pet. 5. Cal. tubular, of 1 leaf, with scales at the base. 
 Caps, oblong. Caryophyllece, p. 40. 
 
 Order III. TRIGYNIA. Pistils 3. 
 
 ARENARIA. Caps, of 1 cell. Pet. undivided, spreading. Caryophyllea, 
 p. 46. 
 
 STELLARIA. Caps, of 1 cell. Pet. deeply cloven, spreading. Caty- 
 ophyttetE, p. 49. 
 
 SILENE. Caps, of 3 incomplete cells. Pet. with claws; limb cloven. 
 Cal. of 1 leaf. Caryophyllece, p. 41. 
 
 (See Polygonum in Cl. viii.) 
 
 Order IV. PENTAGYNIA. Pistils 5; 
 
 COTYLEDON. Caps. 5, each with a scale at the base. Cor. of 1 petal. 
 Crassulacece, p. 60. 
 
 SEDUM. Caps. 5, each with a scale at the base. Cor. of 5 petals. Cras- 
 sulacece, p. 160. 
 
 OXALIS. Caps, of 5 cells, angular. Seeds 2, tunicated. Pet. connected 
 at the base. Oxalideae, p. 58. 
 
 LYCHNIS. Caps, of 5 cells, or of 1, with many seeds. Cal. tubular, 
 membranous. Caryophyllece, p. 43. 
 
 AGROSTEMMA. Caps, of 1 cell. Cal. tubular, coriaceous. CaryopTiyl- 
 lece, p. 43. 
 
 CERASTIUM. Caps, of 1 cell. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. cloven. 
 ophyllece, p. 48. 
 
 SPERGULA. Caps, of 1 cell. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. undivided. 
 ophyllece. 
 
 (See Silene and Stellaria in Order iii. Adoxa in Cl. viii.) 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 Class XL DODECANDRIA. Stamens 12 20. 
 
 id 
 
 Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. 
 LYTHRUM. Pet. 6. Cal 12-cleft, inferior. Salicariae, p. 70. 
 
 Order II. DIGYNIA. Pistils 2. 
 
 AGRIMONIA. Pet. 5, borne by the calyx. Seeds in the bottom of the 
 hardened calyx. Rosacece, p. 95. 
 
 Order III. TRIGYNIA. Pistils 3. 
 
 RESEDA. Pet. in many segments. Caps, of 1 cell, gaping. Resedacece^ 
 p. 234. 
 
 (See Euphorbia in Cl. xxi.) 
 
 (TETRAGYNIA, 4 Styles. 
 See Tormentilla in Cl. xii.) 
 
 Order IV. DODECAGYNIA. Pistils 12. 
 
 SEMPERVIVUM. Pet. 12. CW. in 12 deep segments.] Caps. 12. GVa$- 
 sulacece, p. 62. 
 
 Class XII. ICOSANDRIA. Stamens 20 or /wore, from the rim 
 of the calyx. 
 
 Order I. MONOGYNIA. Pistil 1. 
 
 PRUNUS. Ca/. inferior, 5-cleft. Pet. 5. 2Vw^ of the drupe with slightly 
 prominent seams. Rosaceae, p. 86. 
 
 (See Cratcegus in Ord. Pentagynia.) 
 
 Order II. PENTAGYNIA. Pistils 25. 
 
 CRATJEGUS. Pomacea. Seep. 107. 
 
 PYRUS. Cal. superior, 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Apple with 25 membranous 
 2-valved capsules. Seeds 2. Pomacece, p. 107. 
 
 SPIRJEA. CaJ. inferior, 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Cajw. of 2 membranous valves. 
 5eeds numerous. Rosacees, p. 86. 
 
 Order III. POLYGYNIA. Pistils numerous. 
 
 ROSA. Cal. 5-cleft; tube finally pulpy, lined with hairs, and with nu- 
 merous bristly seeds. JRosacece, p. 95. 
 
 RUBUS. Cal. 5-cleft. Berry superior, compound, deciduous. Recept. 
 spongy, permanent. Rosacece, p. 88. 
 
 TORMENTILLA. Cal. 8-cleft. Pet. 4, Seeds naked, beardless. Recept. 
 dry, obsolete. Rosaccce, p. 93. 
 
 DRY AS. Cal. 8- or 10-cleft. Pet. 5 or 8. Seeds each with a feathery 
 tail. Rosace cc, p. 94. 
 
 GEUM. Cal. 10. cleft. Pet. 5. Seeds each with a bent hooked tail. 
 Recept. columnar. Rosacea, p. 94. 
 
 FRAG ARIA. Cal. 10-cleft. Seeds naked, even, on the surface of a mostly 
 \mlpy, deciduous receptacle. Rosacecr, p. 92. 
 
SYNOPSIS OP GENERA. XXU1 
 
 COMARUM. Cal. 10-cleft. Seeds naked, even, on the surface of a spongy 
 hairy permanent receptacle. Rosacea, p. 92. 
 
 POTENTILLA. Cal. 10-cleft. Seeds naked, rugged, beardless. Recept. 
 dry, obsolete. Rosacea, p. 92. 
 
 Class XIII. POLYANDRIA. Stamens numerous, from the 
 receptacle. 
 
 Order I. MONOGYJTIA. Pistil 1. 
 * Petals 4. 
 
 PAP AVER. Cal. of 2 leaves. Caps, of 1 cell, opening by pores under the 
 stigma. Papaveracete, p. 13. 
 
 MECONOFSIS. Cal. of 2, caducous leaves. Pet. 4. Style evident. 
 Stigma of few rays. Capsule opening at the top by 4 6 valves. Receptacles 
 of the seeds filiform. Papaveracece, p. 14. 
 
 CHELIDONIUM. Cal of 2 leaves. Pod of 1 cell. Seeds crested. Pa- 
 paveracece, p. 14. 
 
 GLAUCIUM. Cal. of 2 leaves. Pod of 2 or 3 cells. Seeds dotted. Pa- 
 paveracece, p. 14. 
 
 * * Petals 5. 
 
 HELIANTHEMUM. Cal. of 3 equal leaves, or 5, of which 2 outer ones 
 are smaller. Pet. 5. Stigma captitate. Caps. 3-valved. . Cistinece, p. 33. 
 
 TILIA. Caps, of several close cells. Seeds few. Cal. in 5 deep, valvular, 
 equal segments, deciduous. Tiliacete, p. 53. 
 
 * * * Petals numerous. 
 
 NYMPHS A. Berry coated, of many cells. Cal. larger than the petals. 
 Pet. seated on the germen. Nect. in the centre of the stigma. Nymphceacea^ 
 p. 11. 
 
 NUPHAR. Berry coated, of many cells. Pet. from the receptacle, fur- 
 Towed and honey-bearing at the back. Nymphteacece, p. 12. 
 
 Order II. PENTAGYNIA. Pistils 26. 
 
 AQUILEGIA. Cal. 0. Pet. 5, equal. Nect. 5, spurred below. Ranun- 
 culacece, p. 10. 
 
 STRATIOTES. Cal. superior, 3-cleft. Pet. 3. Berry coated, of 6, or 
 more cells. Hydrocharidece, p. 272. 
 
 Order III. POLYGYNIA. Pistils numerous. 
 
 THALICTRUM. Cal. 0. Pet. 4 or 5, imbricated. Seeds without any ap- 
 -pendage. Ranunculacece, p. 5. 
 
 CLEMATIS. Cal. 0. Pet. 48, valvular, or folded in at the edges. 
 'Seeds tailed. Recept. capitate. Ranunculaceee, p. 4. 
 
 ANEMONE. Cal. 0. Pet. 515, imbricated. Seeds numerous. Ranun- 
 cuiacex, p. 6. 
 
 HELLEBCE.US, Cal. 0. Pet. 5. permanent. Nect. tubular, 2-lipped. 
 Follicles 3 or 4. Ranunculacece, p. 9. 
 
 CALTHA. Cal. 0. Pet. 5, or more. Nect. 0. Follicles 510. Ra- 
 nunculacece, p. 9. 
 
XXIV SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 TROLLIUS. Cal. 0. Pet. 5 15, deciduous. Nect. flattened. Follicles 
 numerous. Hanunculacece, p. 9. 
 
 RANUNCULUS. Cal. of 5 leaves. Fet. 5, or more, with nectaries in 
 their claws. Seeds numerous, naked. Ranunculacece, p. 6. 
 
 Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA. Stamens 4, 2 outermost longest. 
 
 Order I. GYMNOSPERMIA. Seeds naked, 4 at most. 
 
 * Calyx in 5 segments, nearly regular. 
 
 LEONURUS. Anth. incumbent, besprinkled : with hard granulations. 
 Upper lip of the corolla shaggy. Labiate, p. 211. 
 
 GLECHOMA. Anth. converging cross-wise in pairs. Upper lip cloven, 
 Labiate, p. 211. 
 
 MENTHA. Filam. spreading widely, straight. Corolla nearly equal. 
 Labiate, p. 212. 
 
 TEUCRIUM. Upper lip of the corolla in 2 very deep, remote, lateral 
 lobes. Labiate, p. 210. 
 
 AJUGA. Upper lip minute, abrupt, notched. Labiate, p. 210. 
 
 BETONICA. Upper lip nearly flat, ascending; tube cylindrical, incurved 
 Stam. not longer than the throat. Labiata, p. 215. 
 
 LAMIUM. Corolla toothed at each side of the throat. Labiate, p. 216. 
 
 GALEOPSIS. Lower lip of the corolla with a pair of hollow prominences 
 at the base in front. Labiate, p. 217. 
 
 GALEOBDOLON. Lower lip in 3 acute, undivided segments. Labiat<* 
 p. 216. 
 
 STACHYS. Lower lip with reflexed lateral lobes. Stam. finally spreading 
 outwards at each side. Labiate, p. 215. 
 
 NEPETA. Lower lip numerously notched ; throat bordered and reflexed a 
 each side. Labiate, p. 217- 
 
 BALLOTA. Cal. with 10 furrows. Upper lip of the cor. vaulted, shaggy 
 Labiate, p. 214. 
 
 MARRUBIUM. Cal. with 10 furrows. Upper lip of the cor. straight 
 linear, cloven. Labiate, p. 214. 
 
 * * Calyx 2-lipped. 
 
 SCUTELLARIA. Cal. when in fruit closed by a dorsal lid. Labiate 
 p. 218. 
 
 THYMUS. Cal. closed with dense converging hairs. Labiate, p. 218. 
 
 CLINOPODIUM. Cal. many-ribbed. Involucrum of numerous tape 
 leaves under the flowers. Labiate, p. 220. 
 
 ORIGANUM. Cal. without ribs. Jnvol. of numerous, dilated, flat leaves 
 1 to each Jlower, collected into a spurious catkin. Labiata, p. 220. 
 
 PRUNELLA. Filaments forked, I of the points bearing the anther. La 
 biate, p. 219. 
 
 Order II. ANGIOSPERMIA. Seeds in a capsule, generally numerous. 
 * Calyx 4-cieJt. 
 
 LATHRJEA. Caps, of 1 cell, A gland under the germen. Orobanchea 
 p 207. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXV 
 
 BARTSIA. Caps, of 2 cells. Seeds angular. Scrophularineae, p. 202. 
 
 RHINANTHUS. Caps, of 2 cells. Seeds compressed, imbricated. Scro- 
 phularinecs, p. 201. 
 
 MELAMPYRUM. Caps, of 2 cells. Seeds in pairs, tumid, smooth. 
 Melampyracece, p. 207. 
 
 EUPHRASIA. Caps, of 2 cells. <&?<& striated. Anth. spinous. Scro- 
 phularinece, p. 202. 
 
 * * Calyx 5-cleft. 
 
 SCROPHULARIA. Caps, of 2 cells. Cor. reversed; tube inflated; limb 
 rounded, much shorter. Scrophularinece, p. 205. 
 
 SIBTHORPIA. Caps, of 2 cells, with transverse partitions. Cor. nearly 
 wheel-shaped. Stam. converging laterally in pairs. Scropliularinece, p. 204. 
 
 VERBENA. Cal. with 1 of the 5 teeth abrupt. Cor. nearly equal, 
 curved. Stam. in the tube. Verbenacece, p. 208. 
 
 DIGITALIS. Caps, of 2 cells. Cor. bell-shaped, tumid underneath. 
 Stam. bent. Scrophularinece ', p. 204. 
 
 LINARIA. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. personate, spurred at the base, the mouth 
 closed by a projecting palate. Caps, ventricose, 2-celled, opening by valves 
 or teeth. Scrophularinea, p. 203. 
 
 ANTIRRHINUM. Caps, of 2 cells, bursting unequally at the summit. 
 Cor. closed with a palate, prominent or spurred at the base behind. Scrophu- 
 larinece, p. 204. 
 
 PEDICULARIS. Caps, of 2 cells. Seeds pointed. Cor. ringent j upper 
 lip compressed. Scrophularinece, p. 201. 
 
 * * * Calyx of 2 leaves. 
 
 OROBANCHE. Calyx leaves lateral. A gland under the germen. Caps. 
 of 1 cell, with 4 receptacles. Orobanchea, p. 206. 
 
 Class XV. TETRADYNAMIA. Stamens 6, 2 opposite ones 
 shortest. (Nat. Ord. CRUCIFER.E, Juss.) 
 
 Order I. SILICULOSA. Fruit a short roundish pod, or pouch. 
 * Cotyledons accumbent. 
 
 DRABA. Pouch entire, laterally compressed ; valves nearly flat. Seeds 
 numerous, p. 20. 
 
 CRAMBE. Pouch globose, stalked, coriaceous, of 1 cell, without valves, 
 deciduous. Seed solitary, p. 29. 
 
 CAKILE. Pouch angular, of 2 joints, each of 1 cell, without valves ; the 
 uppermost deciduous. Seeds solitary, p. 22. 
 
 COCHLEARIA. Pouch nearly entire, turgid, rugged, of 2 valves. Seeds 
 numerous, p. 21. 
 
 THLASPI. Pouch laterally compressed, emarginate ; valves winged at the 
 back, many-seeded. Cotyledons accumbent. p. 22. 
 
 CAPSELLA. Pouch laterally compressed, obcordato-cuneate ; the valves 
 sharply keeled, without wings, many-seeded. Cotyledons incumbent, p. 26. 
 
 d 
 
XXVI SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 * * Cotyledons incumbent. 
 
 SUBULARIA. Pouch entire, transversely compressed ; valves tumid. Seeds 
 numerous. Cotyledons linear, p. 30. 
 
 Is AT is. Pouch entire, deciduous, bordered, transversely compressed, of 
 2 valves, and 1 cell. Seed solitary, p. 27 . 
 
 CAME LIN A. Pouch entire ; valves tumid. Seeds numerous, not bordered. 
 Filam. all simple, p. 25. 
 
 LEPIDIUM. Pouch cloven, elliptical, of 2 cells, and two keeled valves. 
 Seeds solitary in each cell. p. 26. 
 
 Order II. SiLiauosA. Fruit along many -seeded pod. 
 * Cotyledons flat, accumbent. 
 
 CHEIRANTHUS. Pod rather compressed, straight. Stigma either of 2 
 spreading lobes, or capitate. Cal. closed ; 2 of the leaves prominent at the 
 base. p. 17. 
 
 MATTHIOLA. Pod nearly cylindrical, straight. Stigma of 2 converging 
 lobes, either thickened or protuberant at the back. Cal. closed ; 2 of the 
 leaves prominent at the base. p. 17- 
 
 NASTURTIUM. Pod nearly cylindrical, oblique ; valves concave, without 
 keels. Stigma obtuse, notched. Cal. spreading, equal at the base. p. 17. 
 
 BARBAREA. Pod quadrangular, two-edged. Seeds in a single row. Cal. 
 erect. Glands at the inside of the shorter filaments, p. 18. 
 
 AHABIS. Pod linear ; valves flat. Seeds in a single row. p. 19. 
 
 CARDAMINE. Pod linear ; valves flat, without ribs, bursting elastically 
 from the base. Seeds on capillary stalks, p. 20. 
 
 * * Cotyledons flat, incumbent. 
 
 SISYMBRIUM. Pod nearly cylindrical. Stigma capitate, notched, p. 23. 
 
 HESPERTS. Pod inaccurately quadrangular. Stigma nearly sessile, of 2 
 converging lobes. Cal. closed, with 2 protuberances at the base. Seeds not 
 bordered, p. 23. 
 
 ERYSIMUM. Pod quadrangular. Stigma capitate, notched, p. 24. 
 
 * * * Cotyledons folded, incumbent. 
 
 BRASSICA. Pod nearly cylindrical, beaked, with 2 valves. Seeds nearly 
 globular. Cal. closed, p. 28. 
 
 SINAPIS. Pod nearly cylindrical, somewhat beaked, with 2 valves. Seeds 
 nearly globular. Cal. spreading, p. 29. 
 
 RAPHANUS. Pod tumid, imperfectly jointed, without valves. Seeds 
 globular, p. 30. 
 
 Class XVI. MONADELPHIA. Filaments combined ; in one set. 
 Order I. PENTANDRIA. Stamens 5. 
 
 ERODIUM. Style 1. Fruit beaked, of 5 aggregate capsules, each tipped 
 with a spiral awn, bearded on the inside. Geraniacece, p. 57. 
 
 (See Linum in Cl. V. Ord. I. Geran. pusillum in Ord. Decandria.) 
 Oxalis in Cl. X. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXVll 
 
 Order II. DECANDRIA. Stamens 10. 
 
 GERANIUM. Style \. Fruit beaked, of 5 aggregate capsules, each 
 tipped with a recurved naked awn. Geraniacece, p. 65. 
 
 Order III. POLYANDRIA. Stamens numerous. 
 
 LAVATERA. Styles numerous. Outer calyx 3-lobed. 
 single-seeded. Malvaceae, p. 3?. 
 
 MALVA. Styles numerous. Outer cal. of 3 leaves. Caps, whorled, 
 single-seeded. Malvacece, p. 36. 
 
 ALTHJEA. Styles numerous. Outer cal. in 9 segments. Caps, whorled, 
 single-seeded. Malvaceae, p. 37. 
 
 Class XVII. DIADELPHIA. Filaments combined ; in two sets. 
 Order I. HEXANDRIA. Stamens 6. 
 
 FUMARIA. Cal. of 2 leaves. Cor. ringent, prominent, and bearing honey 
 at the base. Each filament with three anthers. Fumariacece, p. 16. 
 
 CORYDALIS. Cal. of 2, small, deciduous leaves. Pet. 4, one of them 
 gibbous or spurred at the base. Pod 2-valved, compressed, many-seeded. 
 Fumariacece, p. 15. 
 
 Order II. OCTANDRIA. Stamens 8. 
 
 POLYGALA. Two segments of the calyx like wings. Standard of the 
 corolla cylindrical. Caps, of 2 cells and 2 valves. Seeds solitary, crested. 
 Polygalece, p. 35. 
 
 Order III. DECANDRIA. Stamens 10. 
 
 * Stamens all connected at the base, the tube mostly split along its upper 
 
 side. 
 
 The plants of this Order constitute the Natural Order Leguminosce. 
 
 SPARTIUM. See Cytisus, p. 75. 
 
 GENISTA. Fllam. upwards in 2 sets. Stigma terminal, somewhat capi- 
 tate. Legume turgid. Pistil depressing the keel. Standard reflexed. 
 P- 74. 
 
 ULEX. Cal. of 2 leaves, nearly as long as the legume, p. 74. 
 
 ANTHYLLIS. Cal. inflated, including the legume, p. 75. 
 
 ONONIS. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Legume rhomboid, sessile. Standard 
 striated, p. 75. 
 
 * * Stigma, or style, downy ; without the character of the former section. 
 
 OROBUS. Style linear, nearly cylindrical. Stigma along the upper side, 
 downy, p. 84. 
 
 Pi SUM. Style triangular. Stigma along the prominent upper angle, 
 downy, p. 81. 
 
 LATHYRUS. Style flattened vertically. Stigma along the dilated upper 
 half of the style, downy, p. 83. 
 
 VJCIA. Style bearded in front, below the stiff ma. p. 82i 
 ERVUM. Stigma capitate, all over downy, p. 81, 
 
XXV11I SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 * * * Legume more or less perfectly 2-celled ; without the former Cha- 
 
 racters. 
 
 ASTRAGALUS. Legume tumid, of 2 longitudinal cells, p. 76. 
 
 * * * * Legume with scarcely more than 1 seed ; without the former cha- 
 
 racters. 
 
 TRIFOLIUM. Legume hardly longer than the calyx, with 1 seed, rarely 
 more, deciduous, not bursting, p. 77- 
 
 MELILOTUS. Legume 1- or few-seeded, indehiscent, longer than the 
 calyx. Petals distinct, deciduous. Flowers racemose. Leaves ternate. 
 p. 76. 
 
 ***** Legume either jointed, or spiral ; without the former characters. 
 
 ORNITHOPUS. Legume somewhat cylindrical, curved, of many close, 
 single-seeded joints. Keel rounded, p. 85. 
 
 MEDICAGO. Legume spiral, compressed, somewhat membranous. Pistil 
 pressing the keel downwards, p. 80. 
 
 ****** Legume of \ cell, with numerous seeds, without the former 
 
 characters. 
 
 LOTUS. Legume cylindrical, spongy within. Wings converging at their 
 upper edges. Filam. partly dilated, p. 79. 
 
 Class XVIII. POLYADELPHIA. Filaments combined, in more 
 than two sets. 
 
 Order I. POLYANDRIA. Stamens numerous. 
 
 HYPERICUM. Cal. inferior, in 5 deep divisions. Pet. 5. Filam. united 
 at the base, into 3 or 5 parcels. Caps, with many needs. Hypericinece, 
 p. 38. 
 
 Class XIX. SYNGENESIA. Anthers united into a tube. Flowers 
 compound. (Nat. Ord. COMPOSITE, Juss.J 
 
 Order I. JQUALIS. All the florets perfect. 
 * All the Corollas ligulate or strap-shaped. CICHORACE^, Juss. 
 
 TRAGOPOGON. Receptacle naked. Down stalked, feathery. Cal. simple, 
 of several equal scales, in 2 rows. p. 165. 
 
 PICRIS. Involucre double, inner of many compact, upright, equal scales, 
 outer of several lax, small, linear ones. Recept. naked. Pappus sessile, 
 slightly feathery. Fruit transversely striated, p. 162. 
 
 HELMINTHIA. Involucre double; inner of eight close scales, outer of 
 four large, lax, leafy ones. Recept. naked. Pappus feathery, stalked. Fruit 
 transversely striated, p. 161. 
 
 SONCHUS. Recept. naked. Down sessile, simple. Cal. simple, imbri- 
 cated, swelling at the base. p. 159- 
 
 PIIENANTHES. Recept. naked. Down nearly sessile, simple. Cal. 
 double. Florets in a single row. p. 160. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXIX 
 
 LEONTODON. Recept. naked. Down stalked, simple. Cal. imbricated, 
 double; scales of the outermost lax. p. 160. 
 
 APARGIA. Recept. naked, dotted. Down feathery, sessile, unequal and 
 various. Cal. double ; innermost imbricated, p. 166. 
 
 THRINCIA. Involucre nearly simple, multipartite, with a few small scales 
 at the base. Recept. naked, pitted. Pappus of the florets of the circumfer- 
 ence scaly, those of the centre feathery, sessile, p. 165. 
 
 HIERACIUM. Recept. almost naked, dotted. Down simple, sessile. Cal. 
 imbricated, ovate, p. 162. 
 
 CREPIS. Recept. roughish. Down simple, partly stalked. Cal. double; 
 outermost lax, tumid, deciduous, p. 161. 
 
 HrPOCJTJKftia. Recept. chaffy. Seed-down feathery. Cal. somewhat im- 
 bricated, p. 165. 
 
 LAPSANA. Recept. naked. Down none. Cal. double ; innermost of 
 equal channelled scales, p. 160. 
 
 CICHORIUM. Recept. slightly chaffy. Down chaffy, shorter than the 
 seed. Cal double, p. 166. 
 
 * * Corollas all tubular, and generally spreading, so as to form a hemispherical 
 
 head. CINAROCEPHALJE, Juss. 
 
 ARCTIUM. Cal. globose ; scales spinous, hooked, inflexed. p. 156. 
 
 SAUSSUREA. Invol. oblong, imbricated with unarmed scales. Recept. 
 setose or chaffy. Pappus double, sessile ; ext. of short, rough bristles, per- 
 sistent; int. feathery, united at the base. Anthers below setose, p. 154. 
 
 CARDUUS. Cal. tumid, imbricated; scales spinous. Recept. hairy. 
 Down deciduous, capillary, roughish. p. 158. 
 
 CNICUS. Cal. tumid, imbricated ; scales spinous. Recept. hairy. Down 
 deciduous, feathery, p. 155. 
 
 CARLINA. Cal. swelling; outer scales spinous; inner coloured, polished, 
 radiant. Recept. chaffy. Down feathery, p. 156. 
 
 (See Centaur -ea, in Ord. FRUSTRANEA.) 
 
 * * * Corollas all tubular, erect and parallel, crowded, forming a level top, 
 
 without a ray. (Part of CORYMBIFER^E, Juss.j 
 
 BIDENS. Recept. chaffy. Down rough with reversed prickles. Cal. of 
 many parallel, channelled scales. Cor. occasionally radiated, p. 154. 
 
 EUPATORIUM. Recept. naked. Down rough. Cal. imbricated, oblong. 
 Style cloven half way down, prominent, p. 142. 
 
 (See Tanacctum, Senecio, Aster and Anthemis, in Ord. II.) 
 
 Order II. SUPERFLUA. 
 
 Florets all perfect and fertile, though those of the circumference have no stamens. 
 * Corolla of the marginal florets obsolete, or ivanting. Discoid, (CoRYM- 
 
 BIFER^E, JtlSS.) 
 
 TANACETUM. Recept. naked. Seed with a membranous crown. Cal. 
 imbricated, hemispherical. Florets of the circumference 3-cleft, obsolete, 
 sometimes wanting, p. 151. 
 
 ARTEMISIA. Recept. either naked or hairy. Down none. Cal. imbri- 
 cated; scales rounded, converging, Fl. of the circumference awl-shaped, 
 entire. p= 15]. 
 
XXX SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 GNAPHALIUM. Recept. naked. Down rough, or feathery. Col. imbfi- 
 cated ; scales filmy, coloured. 2*7. of the circumference awl-shaped, p. 14J. 
 
 (See Petasites, Aster, and some sp. of Senecio, in the following section.) 
 
 * * Corollas of the circumference or ray ligulate. (Radiate.) 
 
 ERIGERON. Recept. naked. Down simple. Cal. imbricated. Flor* 
 of the radius numerous, linear, very narrow. Anth. simple, p. 144. 
 
 TUSSILAGO. Invol. formed of a simple row of equal, linear scales. Pe- 
 cept. naked. Fl. radiant. Cor. of the circumference long, linear, numerous ; 
 of the disk few. Pappus simple. Scape single-flowered, p. 148. 
 
 PETASITES. Nearly dioecious. Invol. imbricated with 2 rows of lanceo 1 - 
 late scales Fl. not radiant. Pappus simple. Scapes many-flowered. 
 p. 148. 
 
 SENECIO. Recept. naked. Down simple. Cal. double; the innermost 
 cylindrical, of numerous equal scales ; outer of several minute ones ; scales all 
 withered at the extremity, p. 146. 
 
 ASTER. Recept. naked. Down simple. Cal. imbricated: lowermost 
 scales spreading. Flor. of the radius more thaa 10. p. 144. 
 
 SOLIDAGO. Recept. naked, pitted. Down simple. Cal. imbricated, with 
 close scales. Flor. of the radius about 5. p. 145. 
 
 INULA. Recept. naked. Down simple. Cal, imbricated. Flor. of the 
 radius very numerous, linear. Anthers with 2 bristles at the base. p. 143. 
 
 LIMBARDA. Invol. with imbricated, narrow scales. Anth. with bristles 
 at the base. Recept. naked. Pappus simple, rough, p. 143. 
 
 PULICARIA. Invol. hemispherical, closely imbricated with narrow scales. 
 Anth. with bristles at the base. Pappus double ; outer one short, cup- 
 shaped, membranous, toothed ; inner long, rough. Fl. yellow, p. 143. 
 
 BELLIS. Recept. naked, conical. Down none. Cal. hemispherical; 
 scales equal. Seed obovate. p. 149. 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM. Recept. naked, rather convex. Down none. Cal. 
 hemispherical, imbricated ; scales with a dilated membranous border, p. 149. 
 
 PYRETHRUM. Recept. naked. Seed crowned with a border. Cal. he- 
 mispherical, imbricated; scales rather acute, membranous at the edges. 
 p. 149. 
 
 MATE ic ARIA. Recept. naked, nearly cylindrical. Down none. Cal. 
 nearly flat, imbricated ; scales membranous at the edges, p. 150. 
 
 ANTHEMIS. Recept. chaffy. Seed crowned with a slight border. Cal. 
 hemispherical ; scales nearly equal. Flor. of the radius numerous, oblong, 
 p. 152. 
 
 ACHILL^A. Recept. chaffy. Down none. Cal. ovate ; scales imbri- 
 cated, unequal. Flor. of the radius 5 10, roundish, somewhat heart-shaped. 
 p. 153. 
 
 Order III. FRUSTRANEA. 
 
 Florets of the disk perfect and fertile ; those of the circumference neuter. 
 
 (Part of CINAROCEPHAL.E, Juss.) 
 
 CENTAUREA. Recept. bristly. Down simple, or feathery, rarely wanting. 
 Flor. of the radius funnel-shaped, dilated, regular, without stamens or style. 
 p. 157. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXXI 
 
 Class XX. GYNANDRIA. Stamens situated either on tie style 
 or oermen. 
 
 Order I. MONANDRIA. Stamen, or Sessile Anther, 1. 
 
 * Anther of 2 distinct vertical cells, fixed to the summit of the column. (All 
 belong to the Nat. Ord. ORCHIDE^E.) 
 
 ORCHIS. FL ringent. Lip spurred. Glands of the stalks of the pollen- 
 masses contained in a common little pouch, p. 275. 
 
 GYMNADENIA. Lip spurred. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses 
 naked, approximated, p. 276. 
 
 HABENARIA. Fl. ringent. Lip spurred. Glands of the stalks of the 
 pollen-masses naked, distant, p. 277. 
 
 OPHRYS. Cal. spreading. Ned. without a spur, convex, p. 278. 
 * * Anther parallel to the stigma, of 2 cells close together, permanent. 
 
 NEOTTIA. Cal. converging, embracing the base of the flat nectary, which 
 is without a spur. Pet. converging. Column without wings, p. 278. 
 
 LISTERA. Cal. spreading. Nect. without a spur, nearly flat. Pet. 
 spreading. Column without wings, p. 279. 
 
 * * * Anther terminal, fixed. 
 
 EPIPACTIS. Nect. without a spur ; tumid underneath at the base; con- 
 traded in the middle, undivided at the end. p. 280. 
 
 * * * Anther a terminal deciduous lid. 
 
 MALAXIS. Nect. embracing the column with its concave base, without a 
 spur, sessile. Pet. spreading, p. 281. 
 
 Class XXI. MONOZCIA. Stamens and Pistils in separate 
 flowers, on the same plant. 
 
 Order I. MONANDRIA, Stamen 1. 
 
 EUPHORBIA. Involucre with numerous barren fi. and I fertile. Barren fl. 
 Cal. none. Cor. none. Pert. fl. Cal. none. Cor. none. Caps. 3-lobed. 
 Styles 3, cloven. Euphorbiacece, p. 235. 
 
 ZANNICHELLIA. Invol. none. Barren fi. Cal. none. Cor. none. Fert. 
 fl. Cal. of 1 leaf. Cor. none. Germ. 4, or more. Seeds 4, stalked. Stig- 
 mas peltate. Fluviales, p. 268. 
 
 ZOSTERA. Fl. aggregate. Spadix flat, many-flowered. Drupe. Nut 
 with one kernel. Stigm. 2. Fluviales, p. 267- 
 
 CALLITRICHE. Cal. none. Pet. 2, inferior. Seeds 4, naked, com- 
 pressed. Some flowers separated. Callitrichinece, p. 238. 
 
 (For Char a see Cl, Cryptogamia.} 
 
 Order II. DIANDRIA. 2 stamens. 
 
 (See CaUitriche in Ord. I. Carex in Ord. III.) 
 
 Order III. TRIANDRIA. 3 stamens. 
 TYPHA. Barr. fl, Catkin hairy. Cal none. Cor. none. Anth. about 
 
XXX11 SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 
 
 3 on each filament. Pert. fl. Catkin hairy. Seed 1, on a hairy stalk. Ty- 
 phacea, p. 262. 
 
 SPARGANIUM. Barr. fl. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. none. Pert. fl. CaL 3- 
 leaved. Cor. none. Drupe dry. Typhacece, p. 263. 
 
 CAREX. Barr.fl. Catkin imbricated. CaL a scale. Cor. none. Pert, 
 fl. Catkin imbric. Cal. a scale. Cor. a hollow permanent glume, investing 
 the loose seed. Cyperacece, p. 325. 
 
 Order IV. TETRANDRIA. Stamens 4. 
 
 LITTORELLA. Barr. fl. Cal. 4-leaved. Cor. 4.cleft. Stam. capillary, 
 very long. Pert. fl. Cal. none. Cor. unequally 3- or 4-cleft. Style very 
 long. Nut of 1 cell. PlantagirtecE, p. 176. 
 
 URTICA. Barr. fl. Cal. 4-leaved. Pet. none. Nect. central, cup-shaped. 
 Stam. the length of the calyx. Pert. fl. CaL 2-leaved. Cor. none. Seed I, 
 superior polished. Urticcce^ p. 232. 
 
 ALNUS. Barr.fl. CaL scale of a catkin, permanent, 3-flowered. Cor. 
 deeply 4-cleft. Fert. fl. CaL scale of a catkin, permanent, 2-flowered. 
 Cor. none. Styles 2. Nut compressed, without wings. Amentacea, 
 p. 242. 
 
 (See Eriocaulon in Ord. VI. Myrica in Cl. xxii.) 
 
 Order V. PENTANDRIA. Stamens 5. 
 
 XANTHIUM. Barr. fl. Common CaL imbricated, many-flowered, with 
 intermediate scales. Cor. of 1 petal, funnel-shaped, 5-cleft. Fertile fl. 
 CaL of 2 leaves, with 2 flowers. Cor. none. Drupe spurious, coated with 
 the prickly calyx, cloven. Nut of 2 cells. Compositcc, p. 153. 
 
 (See Fagus and Quercus in Ord. Polyandria. Atriplex in Cl. Polygamia.) 
 
 Order VI. HEXANDRIA. Stamens 6. 
 
 ERIOCAULON. Common Calyx imbricated, many-flowered. Barr. fl. 
 in the middle. CaL in 6 or 4 deep segments. Stam. 6, 4, or 3. Fert. fl. 
 in the circumference. Pet. 6 or 4. Style 1. Caps, superior, 2- or 3-lobed. 
 Seeds solitary. JRestiacea, p. 289. 
 
 (See Quercus in Ord. Polyandria.) 
 
 Order VII. POLYANDRIA. Many Stamens. 
 
 MYRIOPHYLLUM. Barr.fl. Cal. 4-leaved. Pet. 4. Stam. 8. Fertile 
 fl. Cal. 4-leaved. Pet. 4. Stigmas 4, sessile. Drupes 4. Haloragece, 
 p. 112. 
 
 POTERIUM. Barr. fl. Cal. 3-leaved. Cor. deeply 4-cleft. Stam. 
 3050. Fert. fl. CaL 3-leaved. Cor. deeply 4-cleft. Pistil 1 or 2. Nut 
 coated, of 1 or 2 cells. Rosacete, p. 106. 
 
 SAGITTARIA. Barren fl. CaL 3-leaved. Pet. 3. Stam. about 24. 
 Fert. fl. CaL 3-leaved. Pet. 3. Pist. numerous. Seeds numerous, bor- 
 dered. Alismacece, p. 271. 
 
 CERATOPHYLLUM. Barr. fl. CaL many-cleft. Cor. none. Stam. 
 16 20. Fert. fl. CaL many-cleft. Cor. none. Stigma nearly sessile, ob- 
 lique. Drupe compressed. Ceratophyllece, p. 239. 
 
 FAGUS. Barr. fl. in a catkin. CaL in several segments. Cor. none. 
 Stam. 5 20. Fert.fl. CaL double; outer inferior, prickly, in several deep 
 segments, 2- or 3-flowered ; inner superior, 5- or 6-cleft, Cor. none. Styles 
 
SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXXlll 
 
 5 or 6. Nuts 2 or 3, loosely invested with the spreading outer calyx. Amen- 
 tacece, p. 254. 
 
 CASTANEA. See Amentaceee, p. 255. 
 
 QUERCUS. JBarr. fl. in a catkin. Cal. in several segments. Cor. none. 
 Stam. 8 or more Fert. fl. Cal. double ; outer inferior, scaly, undivided ; 
 inner superior, in 6 deep segments. Cor. none. Style 1. Nut solitary, 
 closely invested at its base with the hemispherical outer calyx. Amentacece, 
 p. 255. 
 
 CORYLUS. Earr.fi. in a catkin. Cal. a 3-cleft scale. Cor. none. 
 Stam. 8 or more. Fert. fl. Cal. double ; outer inferior, divided ; inner 
 superior, obsolete. Cor. none. Styles 2. Nut solitary, bony, invested with 
 the enlarged, coriaceous, jagged outer calyx. AmentacecR, p. 256. 
 
 CARPINUS. JBarr. fi. in a catkin. Cal. a rounded scale. Cor. none. 
 Stam. 10, or more. Fert. fl. Cal. double ; outer inferior, of several deci- 
 duous scales ; inner superior, in 3 deep, sharp segments, permanent. Cor. 
 none. Styles 2. Nut ovate, angular, naked. Amentacece, p. 256. 
 
 BET u LA. Barr. fl. in a catkin. Cal. a ternate scale. Cor. none. 
 Stam. 10 12. Fert. fl. in a catkin. Cal. a peltate, 3-lobed, 3-flowered 
 scale. Cor. none. Styles 2. Nut winged, deciduous. Amcntaceae^ p. 242. 
 
 ARUM. Common Cal. a sheathing leaf, enclosing a common stalk, naked 
 above. Cor. none. Barr. fl. Stam. numerous, in a dense ring, surmounted 
 by another ring of abortive filaments. Fert. fl. Germ, numerous, in a dense 
 ring, below the stamens, sessile. Styles none. Stigmas downy. Berry with 
 several seeds. Aroideee, p. 261. 
 
 Order VIII. MONADELPHIA. Stamens united into one set. 
 
 PINUS. Barr. fl. in a catkin, naked. Stam. numerous, on a common 
 stalk. Fert. fl. in a catkin, of close, rigid, 2 -lipped, 2 -flowered scales. Seeds 
 2 to each scale, winged. Coniferce, p. 258. 
 
 Class XXII. DICECIA. Stamens and Pistils in separate flowers, 
 on different plants. 
 
 (MONANDRIA. 1 Stamen. For some Salices see Ord. II.) 
 Order I. DIANDRIA. Stamens 1 5, mostly 2. 
 
 SALIX. Barr. fl. Catkin imbricated. Cal. a scale. Pet. none. Nect. 
 1 or more glands, at the base. Stam. 1 5. Fert. fl. Catkin imbricated. 
 Cal. a scale. Pet. none. Nect. as in the barren fl. Stigm. 2. Capsule 
 superior, of 1 cell, and 2 valves. Seeds tufted. Amentacea, p. 243. 
 
 Order II. TRIANDRIA. Stamens 3. 
 
 EMPETRUM. Barr. fl. Cal. in 3 deep segments. Pet. 3. Stam. ca- 
 pillary, 39. Fert. fl. Cal. in 3 deep segments. Pet. 3. Stigm. 9. 
 Berry superior, with 9 seeds. Empetrece, p. 238. 
 
 (See Valeriatw, dioica in Cl. III. Some Salices in Ord. I.) 
 
 Order III. TETRANDRIA. Stamens 4. 
 
 MYRICA. Barr. fl. in a catkin. Cal. a concave scale. Cor. none. 
 Fert. fl. m a catkin. Cal. a concave scale. Cor. none. Styles 2. Bcny 
 superior with 1 globular seed. MyricecK, p. 25?. 
 
 e 
 
XXXIV SYNOPSIS OF GENEHA. 
 
 Order IV. PENTANDRIA. Stamens 5. 
 
 HUMULUS. Eair.fi. Col. of 5 leaves. Cor. none. AntU. with 2 ter- 
 minal pores. Pert. fi. in a catkin. Cal. an oblique, undivided scale. Cor. 
 none. Styles 2i Steerf 1, tunicated, winged with the calyx. Urticea, 
 p. 233. 
 
 Order V. OCTANDRIA. Stamens 8. 
 
 RHODIOLA. Barr. fi. Cal. in 4 deep segments. P^. 4. Nect. 4, 
 notched. Pert. fi. Cal. Pet. Nect. the same. Pisf. 4. Caps. 4, with 
 many seeds. Crassulacece, see Addenda, p. 255. 
 
 POPULUS. Barr. fl. Catkin imbricated. Cal. a torn scale. Cor. tur- 
 binate, oblique, undivided. Pert. fi. Catk. Cal. Cor. the same. Stigm. 4 
 or 8. Caps, superior, of 1 cell and 2 valves. Seeds tufted. Amentacece, 
 p. 253. 
 
 Order VI. ENNEANDRIA. Stamens 9. 
 
 MERCURIALIS. Earr.fi. Cal. in 3 deep segments. Cor. none. Stam. 
 912. Anth. of 2 globose cells. Pert. fi. Cal. the same. Cor. none. 
 Styles 2. Caps, of 2 lobes and 2 cells. Seeds solitary. Euphorbiacece, 
 p. 237. 
 
 HYDROCHARIS. Barr. fi. Cal. 3-cleft. Pet. 3. Inner fitam. beaked. 
 Pert. fi. Cal. and P<tf. the same. Styles 6. Caps, inferior, of 6 cells, with 
 many seeds. Hydrocharidece, p. 272. 
 
 (Ord. Decandria. See Silene and Lychnis in Cl. X Ord. Icosandria. See 
 
 Rtibus and Fragaria in Cl. XII. Ord. Polyandria. See Stratiotes in 
 Cl. xiii. See Populus in Ord. V.) 
 
 Order VII. MONADELPHIA. Stamens combined. 
 
 JUNIPERUS. Uarr. ./?. Cal. scales of a catkin. Cor: none. Stam. 3. 
 Per/, fi. Cal. scale of a catkin, fewer j finally pulpy, united into a oerry, 
 with 3 seeds. Coniferce, p. 259. 
 
 TAXUS. Barr. fl. Cal. none. Cor. none. Jntfi. peltate, lobed. JFVrf. 
 ./?. Cal. cup-shaped, entire. Cor. none. Style 1. Sm2 1, enclosed in the 
 enlarged, pulpy, unconnected calyx. Coniferce, p. 259. 
 
 ClaSS XXIII. POLYGAMIA. 
 
 Stamens and pistils separate or united, on the same or on different plants^ and 
 having 2 different kinds of perianth. 
 
 Order I. MONCECIA. Flowers different on the same plant. 
 
 ATRIPLEX. United fi. Cal. inferior, in 5 deep segments. Cor. none. 
 Stam 5. Style deeply cloven. Seed 1, depressed. Pert. fi. Cal. inferior, 
 in 2 deep segments. Cor. none. Style deeply cloven. Seed 1, compressed. 
 Chenopodea, p. 229. 
 
 Class XXIV. CRYPTOGAMIA. (Part of.) 
 
 * Stamens and pistils not visible. 
 
 FlLICES. 
 
 OBS. This order forms the Filicoidece, or Fern-like plants, Filices, p. 327. 
 Lycopodiacea, p. 346. Marsileacea:, p. 348. Equisetacece, p. 348. 
 For Characece, see p. S51. 
 
TABLE 
 
 OF 
 
 THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 VASCULARES OR FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 CLASS I. EXOGENJE OR DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 SUBCLASS I. Dichlamydcce. Thalamiflorce. I) C. 
 
 Order 1. Ranunculaceaa 
 
 2. Berberideae 
 
 3. Nymphaeaceae 
 
 4. Papaveraceae 
 
 5. Fumariacea? 
 
 6. Cruciferaa 
 
 7. Violaceas 
 
 8. Cistineoe 
 
 9. Droseraceoe 
 
 Page. 
 
 4 Order 10. Polygaleoa 
 1 1 . Malvaceae 
 
 10 
 11 
 12 
 15 
 16 
 31 
 33 
 34 
 
 12. Hypericinea" 
 
 13. Caryophylleac 
 
 14. Lineae 
 
 1 5: Tiliaceae 
 
 1 6. Acerinea? 
 
 17. Geraniaceo; 
 
 18. Oxalideoe 
 
 SUBCLASS II. Dichlamydece. Calyciflorce. D C. 
 
 19. Portulaceas 
 
 20. Crassulacere 
 
 2 1 . Saxifrageae 
 
 22. Salicariaa 
 
 23. Rhamnea? 
 
 24. Ilicinea? 
 
 25. . Celastrineas 
 
 26. Leguminosa) 
 27- Rosacea3 
 
 28. Pomaceae 
 
 29. GrossulaceaD 
 
 30. Onagrariaj 
 
 59 
 
 59 
 
 G2 
 
 69 
 
 70 
 
 71 
 
 72 
 
 73 
 
 85 
 
 106 
 
 108 
 
 109 
 
 31. Circaoaceaa 
 
 32. Haloragea 
 S3. Umbellifero; 
 
 34. Stcllatae 
 
 35. Caprifoliaceoe 
 
 36. Vaccinea3 
 
 37. CampanulaceaD 
 
 38. Ivobeliaceae 
 
 39. Valerianeae 
 
 40. Dipsacere 
 
 41. Compositaa 
 
 SUBCLASS III. Dichlamydece. CorolliflorcB. D C. 
 
 42. Boraginesa 
 
 43. Convolvulaceae 
 
 44. Polemoniaceae 
 
 45. Plantagineaj 
 
 46. Plumbaginea? 
 
 47. Oleineaa 
 
 48. Ericeae 
 
 49. Pyrolaceae 
 
 50. Apocynea; 
 
 167 
 172 
 174 
 174 
 17C 
 178 
 179 
 182 
 184 
 
 51. Gentianeae 
 
 52. Solaneae 
 
 53. Primulaceae 
 
 54. Lentibulariae 
 
 55. Scrophularineas 
 
 56. Orobancheas 
 
 57. Melampyraceae 
 
 58. Verbenaceac 
 
 59. Labiatte 
 
 SUBCLASS IV. Monochlamydea. D C. 
 
 60. Polygonese 
 
 61. Chenopodeae 
 
 62. SclerantheaB 
 
 63. Urticeas 
 
 64. Resedaceae 
 
 65. Euphorbiaceaa 
 
 66. Empetreas 
 
 220 
 226 
 231 
 232 
 234 
 235 
 237 
 
 67- Chllitrichineae 
 
 G8. Ceratophylleae 
 
 69. Ulmacere 
 
 70. Amentaceae 
 
 71. Myricere 
 
 72. Conifera? 
 
 Page. 
 35 
 36 
 38 
 40 
 51 
 52 
 53 
 54 
 58 
 
 111 
 112 
 113 
 129 
 133 
 135 
 137 
 138 
 139 
 140 
 142 
 
 185 
 189 
 192 
 196 
 198 
 205 
 207 
 208 
 209 
 
 238 
 239 
 240 
 242 
 257 
 258 
 
TABLE OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 CLASS II. ENDOGENVE OR MONOCOTVLEDONOTTS PLANTS. 
 SUBCLASS I. Petaloidece. Lindl. 
 
 73. 
 
 Aroideaa .. 261 
 
 81. 
 
 Orchideae 274 
 
 74. 
 
 Typhaceas 
 
 262 
 
 82. 
 
 Melanthaceae 
 
 282 
 
 75. 
 
 Fluviales 
 
 264 
 
 83. 
 
 Amaryllideae 
 
 283 
 
 76. 
 
 Pistiaceae 
 
 268 
 
 84. 
 
 Asphodelea? 
 
 284 
 
 77. 
 
 Juncagineae 
 
 270 
 
 85. 
 
 Smilaceae 
 
 286 
 
 78. 
 
 Alismaceae 
 
 271 
 
 86. 
 
 Butomeaj 
 
 287 
 
 79. 
 
 Hydrocharideae . 
 
 272 
 
 87. 
 
 Restiacese 
 
 288 
 
 80. 
 
 Irideaj 
 
 273 
 
 88. 
 
 Junceae 
 
 289 
 
 SUBCLASS II. Glumacece. 
 
 Lindl. 
 
 89. 
 
 Graminea3 ... 294 
 
 90. 
 
 Cyperaceae ... 318 
 
 CELLULARES OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 
 
 
 Div. I. Filicoidece, 
 
 or Fern-like Plants. 
 
 91. 
 
 Filices ... 336 
 
 94. 
 
 Equisetacea? ... 348 
 
 92. 
 
 Lycopodiaceaj ... 346 
 
 95. 
 
 Characece ... 351 
 
 93. 
 
 Marsileaceae ... 348 
 
 
 
 Div. II. Muscoidece, or Moss-like Plants. 
 96. Musci (in part 2d.) 3 97. Hepatica 
 
 Div. III. Aphyll&i or Leafless Flowerless Plants. 
 
 98. Lichenes 
 
 71 
 
 99. Alga 
 
 47 
 
 157 
 
 CXB9. Tlie Orders, Musci, Hepaticae, and Lichenes, having been printed off before the 
 other parts of the work, were inadvertently numbered 2, 3, 4, according to their respective 
 Orders in the Class Cryptogamia, instead of the above arrangement ; viz. 96, 97, 98. 
 
FLORA HIBERNICA. 
 
 PART FIRST, 
 
 COMPRISING THE 
 
 FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS 
 
 OF IRELAND, 
 
 ARRANGED ACCORDING TO 
 
 THE NATURAL SYSTEM, 
 
VASCULAKES, 
 
 OR 
 
 FLOWERING PLANTS. 
 
 PLANTS furnished with flowers, and spiral vessels. Phsenoga- 
 inous or Phanerogamous Plants of Authors. 
 
 Substance of the plant composed of cellular tissue, woody 
 fibre, ducts, and spiral vessels. Leaves composed of parenchyma, 
 and of veins consisting of woody fibre and spiral vessels. Cu- 
 ticle with stomata. Flowers consisting of floral envelopes, sta- 
 niensj and pistilla. Seeds distinctly attached to a placenta, 
 covered with a testa, and containing an embryo with one or 
 more cotyledons ; germinating at fixed points, the plumula and 
 radicle. 
 
 Vasculares are divided into two classes Exogena or Dicotyledo- 
 nous^ and Endogence or Monocotyledonous plants. 
 
 CLASS I. EXOGEN^: OR DICOTYLEDONS. 
 
 Trunk more or less conical, formed of three parts, one within 
 the other, viz. the bark, the wood, and the pith, of which the 
 wood is enclosed between the two others ; increasing by an an- 
 nual deposition of new wood and cortical matter between the 
 wood and bark. Leaves always articulated with the stem, with 
 branching reticulated veins, often opposite and divided. Flowers 
 generally with a distinct calyx and a quinary division of the 
 floral envelopes. Embryo with two or more opposite cotyle- 
 dons, which often become green and leaf-like after germination ; 
 radicle naked, i. e. elongating into a root without penetrating 
 any external case. 
 
 Exogenous plants have their seeds either enclosed in a peri- 
 carpium (.Angiospermce), or naked (Gymnosperce) . The latter 
 only contains one order of indigenous plants viz. Coniferce. 
 
RANUNCULACE.E. [Ckmatis. 
 
 SUBCLASS I. THALAMIFLOR^. De Cand. 
 
 Calyx of many sepals or pieces (sometimes combined at 
 
 the base). Petals many, distinct, and as well as the stamens, 
 
 inserted upon the receptacle, not upon the calyx ; hence hypo- 
 gynous, (from VTTIV, beneath, and ^wrj, the pistil.) 
 
 ORD. 1. RANUNCULACE^E. Juss. Ranunculus, or Crow- 
 foot Family. 
 
 Perianth double, free, hypogynous (inserted below the Ger- 
 mens or Ovaries). Sepals 3 6, usually 5. Petals equal in 
 number to the sepals, or double or triple, free, with an imbri- 
 cated aestivation, rarely none, sometimes formed of the dilated 
 filaments, and then plane, sometimes from the transformed an- 
 thers, and then cuculate. Stamens free, indefinite: anthers ad- 
 nate in the true species of Ranunculus and reversed. Pistils 
 many, inserted upon the receptacle, rarely, by imperfection, or 
 by their union, solitary. Carpels (small clustered pericarps) 
 either achenia, berries capsules or follicles, one or many- 
 seeded. Seeds sometimes solitary and erect, or pendulous, some- 
 times many arranged on each side in series, along the margins 
 of the carpels. Albumen horny, large. Embryo very minute. 
 Herbs, undershrubs, or climbing shrubs. Roots fasciculate, gra- 
 nulated or fibrous. Leaves alternate or in the CLEMATIDE^E op- 
 posite, often variously divided, their bases dilated into a semiam* 
 plexicaul sheath, simple. Hairs none, or simple. 
 
 The plants of this order are usually acrid and poisonous, and 
 some have a powerful epispastic effect, and when applied to the 
 skin, produce ulcers which are difficult to heal. 
 
 Genuine Ranunculacece. 
 1. CLEMATIS. Linn. Traveller's Joy. 
 
 Sepals 4 8, coloured. Petals none, or shorter than the sepals. 
 Pericarps (Cariopsides) numerous, terminating in a bearded 
 tail. Roots perennial. Leaves exactly opposite. Name from 
 K\vjfia, the shoot of a vine, which its long branches somewhat 
 resemble. Polyandria. Polygynia. 
 
 1. C. Vitalba, Linn. Common Travellers Joy. Stem climb- 
 ing ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets cordato-ovate, inciso-lobate ; pe- 
 tioles twining ; peduncles rather shorter than the leaves. Er. 
 Fl. I. p. 263. E.Fl. v. u\. p. 39. E. Bot.t. 612. 
 
 Very abundant in woods at Baronston, County of Westmeath, 
 climbing to the tops of the highest trees, where it has probably been 
 planted ; Mr. John Bain. Hedges near Raheny, and other places in 
 
Thalictrum.] RANUNCULACEJE. *> 
 
 the vicinity of Dublin, naturalized. Fl. May, June, b . Petioles 
 acting as tendrils. Flowers greenish white. Fruit very beautiful, 
 with its long white feathery awns. 
 
 2. THALICTRUM. Linn. Meadow-Rue. 
 
 Sepals 4 5. Petals none. Cariopsides dry, not awned, some- 
 times stipulate, sometimes with a longitudinal furrow. 
 Name from 0oXXo>, to be green or flourishing. 
 
 Polyandria. Polygynia. 
 
 1. T. alpinum, Linn. Alpine Meadow-Rue. Stem simple, 
 nearly leafless ; raceme simple, terminal ; flowers drooping. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 262. E. FL v. iii. p. 40. E. Bot. t. 262. 
 
 Moist limestone rocks on Ben Bulben, County of Sligo, where it had 
 been previously found by Mr. Edward Murphy. FL July. !{.. 
 Root-leaves upon long stalks, biternate ; leaflets roundish, crenate 
 or lobed, dark green. Stamens 10 12. Germens "2 4, Flowers 
 few. 
 
 2. T. minus, Linn. Lesser Meadow-Rue. Leaves 3 4 pin- 
 nate ; leaflets roundish, glabrous, trifid, and toothed, glaucous 
 beneath ; panicle diffuse, its branches alternate ; flowers mostly 
 drooping. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 262. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 41. E. Bot. t. 1 1 . 
 
 On the sand hills near Baldoyle and Portmarnock in great abun- 
 dance ; on Ireland's Eye, and on dry cliffs at the Gap of Dunloe, near 
 Killarney. Near Headford, County of Galway ; Mr. Shuttleworth. 
 Fl. June, July. ^. Stem zigzag, from six inches to two feet high, 
 mostly glaucous. Leaflets small. Fruit narrow, ovate, sulcate. 
 
 3. T. majus, Jacq. Greater Meadow-Rue. Leaves 3 4 pin- 
 nate ; leaflets roundish glabrous, trifid, and toothed, glaucous 
 beneath ; panicle diffuse, its branches whorled, ultimate pedicels 
 often umbellate; flowers mostly drooping. Br. Fl. 1. p. 263. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 42. E. Bot. t. 611. 
 
 Stony places, among loose rocks at the base of the mountain, at the 
 ascent from Kilkeel to Slieve-Donard, in company with Mr. Templeton 
 and Dr. Stokes, in 1808. Near Headford, County of Galway, in 
 1832 ; Mr. Shuttleworth. Fl. June. 1. From a foot and a half 
 to three feet high, of a much more robust habit than the last. Leaves 
 broader and dark green above. 
 
 4. T. flavum. Linn. Common Meadow-Rue. Stem erect, 
 branched, furrowed ; leaves bipinnate ; leaflets broadly obovate, 
 or wedge shaped, trifid; panicle compact, subcorymbose; 
 flowers erect. Br. FL 1. p. 263. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 42. E. Bot. 
 t. 367. 
 
 Banks of rivers and ditches. Marsh in Sir Robert Staples' woods, 
 Queen's County, and Glencree, County of Wicklow. Frequent in mea- 
 dows near the Blackwater, County of Armagh ; Mr. Campbell, Cu- 
 rator of the Belfast Botanic Garden. County of Deny ; Mr. D. 
 Moore. FL June, July. 1. Flowers very numerous, yellow; Lobes 
 of the leaves varying in breadth. 
 
RANUNCULACE^:. [Ranunculus. 
 
 3. ANEMONE. Linn. Anemone. 
 
 Involucre of three cut leaves distant from the flower. Sepals 
 and petals 5 15 in number, coloured, passing gradually into 
 each other, so that they cannot be distinguished. Named 
 from avefioff, the wind; because many of the species grow 
 in very exposed situations. Polyandria. Polygynia. 
 
 1. A. nemorosa, Linn. Wood Anemone. Leaves ternate; 
 leaflets lanceolate, lobed and cut ; involucre similar to them, 
 petiolate ; stem single-flowered ; sepals 6, elliptical ; pericarps 
 awnless. Br. Fl 1, p. 264. E. Fl v. iii. p. 36. E. Bot. t. 355. 
 
 3. Whole plant much larger, especially the flower, which is of a deep 
 reddish colour. 
 
 Moist woods, and on wet banks by the side of mountain rivu- 
 lets : Dargle and Powerscourt woods abundant. In moist banks 
 in most of the narrow sheltered glens through the Dublin and 
 Wicklow mountains. 0. Found by Doctor Harvey, in large quantity, 
 by the river Lee, near Dunscombe's Wood, along with the common 
 variety; presenting a very striking contrast. Fl. April, May. !{.. 
 Flowers white, tinged with purple on the outside. 
 
 2. A. apermina, Linn. Blue mountain Anemone. Leaves 
 triternate; segments lanceolate, cut and toothed; involucres 
 petiolate, ternate and cut ; sepals 12 14; pericarps without 
 awns. Br. Fl. 1. p. 264. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 36. E. Bot. t. 355. 
 
 Rare, and probably not indigenous. This beautiful plant was ob- 
 served by the late Mr. Underwood, above thirty years ago, growing in 
 shady spots near the ground now occupied by the Glasnevin Botanic 
 Garden, where it had probably been introduced. Fl. Apiil. 1C. 
 Flowers light and bright blue. 
 
 4. RANUNCULUS. Linn. Crowfoot. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, which are not elongated at the base. Petals 
 5 10 with a nectariferous scale at the base. Stamens nu- 
 merous. Pericarps, ( Cariopsides J ovate, somewhat com- 
 pressed, ending in a short horn or mucro, arranged in a 
 globose or cylindrical head. Roots fascicled. Name from 
 Rana, a Frog; from the plants' delighting to grow where 
 frogs abound. Polyandria. Polygynia. 
 
 * Pericarps transversely wrinkled. Petals white. 
 
 1. R. aquatalis, Linn. Water Crowfoot. Stem submersed; 
 leaves capillaceo-multifid ; floating ones 3-parted, their lobes 
 cut ; petals obovate larger than the calyx ; pericarps glabrous or 
 hispid. Br. Fl. I. p. 265. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 54. E. Bot.t. 101. 
 
 0. Leaves wholly in capillary segments. 11. pantothrix, De\ Cand. 
 
 ?. All the leaves sessile, orbicular in their circumscription, 
 deeply cut into fine capillary segments. R. circinnatus, Sibth. R, 
 ccespitosus, De Cand. 
 
 Lakes, ditches, and rivers abundant. FL May, June. %. Very 
 
Ranunculus.] RANUNCULACEJE.^ 7 
 
 variable in the length of its stems and form of its leaves, according to 
 the depth and stillness of the water. 
 
 2. R. hederaceus, Linn. Ivy leaved Crowfoot. Stem creep- 
 ing ; leaves roundish kidney-shaped with 3 5 rounded entire 
 lobes ; petals small, scarcely longer than the calyx ; stamens 
 510 ; pericarps glabrous. Br. FL 1. p. 265. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 54. 
 E. Bot. t. 2003. 
 
 Wet places, shallow pools, and where water has stood throughout 
 the summer. FL May Aug. 1. 
 
 * * Pericarps not transversely wrinkled. Nectary with a small 
 scale. Fl. yellow. 
 
 f Leaves undivided. 
 
 3. R. Lingua, Linn. Great Spear-wort. Leaves lanceolate, 
 subserrated, sessile, semiamplexicaul ; stem erect, glabrous. 
 Br. FL 1 . p. 265. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 46. E. Bot. t. 100. 
 
 Sides of lakes and rivers ; not very common. On the margin of a 
 lake in Lord Oriel's demesne at Collon ; banks of Lough Erne, in va- 
 rious places ; Lough Eske, near Donegal, and by the banks of the river 
 Fergus, a little above the bridge of Ennis. In several small lakes 
 near Ecklinville, County of Down ; Mr. Campbell. FL July. %. 
 Stem 2 3 feet high. Flowers large, handsome. 
 
 4. R. Flammula, Linn. Lesser Spear-wort. Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, nearly entire, petiolate ; the lower ones ovate-lan- 
 ceolate ; stem declined at the base and rooting. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 265. E. FL. v. iii. p. 45. E. Fl. Bot. t. 337. 
 
 Sides of lakes and ditches, abundant. Fl. July, Aug. 1^. 
 
 5. R. Ficaria, Linn. Pilewort Crowfoot. Leaves cordate, 
 petiolate, angular, or crenate ; calyx of 3 sepals ; petals 9. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 266. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 45. E. Bot. t. 387. Ficaria 
 ranunculoides, De Cand. 
 
 Pastures, woods, and bushy places. Fl. April, May. 1. Root 
 consisting of many large fasciculated tubers. Leaves petiolate, 2 3 
 on the 1-flowered stem. Flowers glossy, yellow. 
 
 f f Leaves divided. Pericarps smooth. 
 
 6. R. auricomus, Linn. Wood Crowfoot. Leaves glabrous ; 
 radical ones reniform, 3-parted and cut ; stem-leaves divided to 
 the base into linear subdentate segments; calyx pubescent 
 shorter than the petals ; head of fruit globose. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 26. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 47. E. Bot. t. 624. 
 
 Woods and coppices, not unfrequent. FL April, May. %. Stem 
 a foot high, branched, leafy. Radical leaves on long petioles, some- 
 times simply kidney-shaped. Flowers terminal, solitary, bright 
 yellow. 
 
 7. R. sceleratus, Linn. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. Leaves gla- 
 
8 JfcANUNCULACE/E. [Rammeulus* 
 
 brous ; radical ones petiolate, tripartite ; lobes cut, very ob- 
 tuse ; upper ones in 3-linear, cut segments ; calyx glabrous ; 
 pericarps collected into an oblong head. Br. Ft. 1. p. 266. 
 E. FL v. in. p. 48. E. Bot. t. 681. 
 
 Sides of pools and ditches, frequent. Fl. June. %Stem stout, 
 succulent, 1 2 feet high. Lower leaves very broad and glossy. 
 Flowers extremely small, pale yellow. 
 
 8. R. acris, Linn. Upright Meadow Crowfoot. Calyx spread- 
 ing ; peduncles rounded, not furrowed ; leaves 3-parted, their 
 segments acute, trifid and cut ; upper ones linear. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 266. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 51. E. Bot. t. 652. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, common. Fl. June, July. 1[ . Stem two 
 feet high, branched in the upper part, many flowered ; segments of the 
 leaves pointed, becoming narrow from the root upwards. Flowers 
 large, bright yellow. 
 
 9. R. repens, Linn. Creeping Crowfoot. Calyx spreading; 
 flower-stalks furrowed ; scyons creeping ; leaves with 3 petiolated 
 leaflets which are 3-lobed, or 3-parted and cut. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 
 266. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 49. E. Bot. t. 515. 
 
 Pastures, too frequent. Fl. June Aug. 1. Well distinguished 
 by its creeping scyons. 
 
 10. R. bulbosus, Linn. Bulbous Crowfoot. Calyx reflexed; 
 peduncles furrowed ; stem upright, many flowered ; leaves cut 
 into 3 petiolated leaflets, which are 3-lobed or 3-parted and 
 cut ; root bulbous. Br. Fl. \. p. 267. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 49. E. 
 Bot. t. 515. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, common. Fl. May. 1. One foot high, 
 hairy. Lobes of the lower leaves subovate ; upper leaves cut into 
 linear segments. 
 
 tff Leaves divided. Pericarps tuberculated or muricated. Annual. 
 
 11. R. hirsutus, Curt. Pale hairy Crowfoot. Calyx reflexed; 
 stem erect, many-flowered, hairy ; leaves 3-lobed, or 3-parted ; 
 lobes obtuse, cut ; root fibrous ; pericarps margined and tuber- 
 culated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 257. E. FL v. iii. p. 50. E. Bot.t. 
 1501. 
 
 Rare in Ireland ; moist grounds on Galtymore, County of Tippe- 
 rary, and at the base of Magilligan rocks, County of Deny. Fl. 
 Oct. 0. Stem one foot or more high, upright, more or less branched, 
 leafy, round, hollow, rough, with spreading rigid hairs. 
 
 12. R. arvensis, Linn. Corn Crowfoot. Calyx spreading; 
 stem erect, many flowered ; leaves 3-cleft, their lobes generally 
 again 3-cleft into linear entire or bi-tridentate segments ; peri- 
 carps muricated. Br. Fl. 1. p. '267. E. Fl. v. in. p. 52. E. 
 Bot. t. 135. 
 
 Corn fields on the lands of Beldrummond near the Man-of- War in a 
 stiff soil. Fl. June. . Pericarps very large and prickly. Flowers 
 
Hellebonis.} RANUNCULACE/E. 
 
 small, pale yellow. Said to be extremely poisonous and injurious to 
 the cattle in some countries. 
 
 13. R. parviflorus, Linn. Small flowered Crowfoot. Stem 
 spreading ; leaves hairy, 3-lobed and cut ; peduncles onposite 
 the leaves ; calyx as long as the petals j pericarps muricated. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 267. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 53. E. Bot. t. 120. 
 
 Corn fields between Baldoyle and Howth. Near Carrigrohan 
 Castle, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. May, June. 0. 
 Well distinguished by its spreading stems, lateral flower-stalk, and 
 small narrow petals, one or two often wanting. 
 
 5. TROLLIUS. Linn. Globe-flower. 
 
 Calyx coloured of 5 10 15 sepals, which are deciduous and 
 petaloid. Petals 5 10, small, tubular at the base, one lipped. 
 Stamens and ovaries numerous. Follicles numerous, sessile, 
 subcylindrical, many-seeded. Upright herbaceous plants, 
 with palmate multifid leaves and fascicled roots. Name, said 
 to be " derived from trol or trolen, a ball or globe in old Ger- 
 man, and bearing the same meaning as our English word 
 Globe-flower. Polyandria. Polygynia. 
 
 1. T. europceuSf Linn. Mountain Globe-flower. Calyx of 
 about 15-concave sepals ; petals the same length of the stamens. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 267. E. FL v. iii. p. 56. E. Bot. t. 28. 
 
 Moist mountain pastures. County of Donegal ; Mr. Templeton. 
 Convoy and Lough Garton, in same county ; Mr. E. Murphy. Fl. 
 June, July. "%.. Leaves in five, deep segments, which are again cut 
 and serrated. Flowers large, handsome. 
 
 6. CALTHA. Linn. Marsh-marigold. 
 
 Calyx and petals 5 in number, undistinguishable from each other, 
 coloured. Ovaries 5 10. Follicles 5 10, compressed, 
 spreading, many-seeded. Perennial very smooth herbaceous 
 plants. Name from Ka\a0os, a cup, which its flowers re- 
 semble. Polyandria. Polygynia. 
 
 1. C. palustris, Linn. Common Marsh-marigold. Leaves or- 
 bicular-cordate, or reniform, crenate ; sepals 5 6, oval. Br. Fl. 
 1 . p. 268. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 59. E. Bot. t. 506. 
 
 /3. Stem creeping ; leaves cordate-triangular, sharply crenate. 
 Hook. Scot. 1. p. 176 C. radicans, Forst.E. Bot. t. 2175. E. 
 Fl. v. iii. p. 60. 
 
 Marshy places and ditches, common. . On the side of the Bann 
 river, near Fortadown ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. March June. 1. 
 Stem about a foot high, hollow, branched. Flowers large, yellow. 
 
 7. HELLEBORUS. Linn. Hellebore. 
 
 Calyx of 5 persistent sepals. Petals 8 10, small, tubular, 2- 
 lipped, nectariferous. Pericarps or follicles nearly erect, 
 
BERBERlDEvE. [Aquilegia. 
 
 many-seeded. Name, eXeti/, to injure) and fiopa, food, from 
 the poisonous nature of the plant. Polyandria. Polygynia. 
 
 1. H. viridis, Linn. Green Hellebore. Stem few-flowered, 
 leafy; leaves digitate; calyx spreading. Br. Fl. 1. p. 268. 
 E. Fl. v iii. p. 57. E. ot. t. 200. 
 
 A specimen in the herbarium, left by Mr. J. Drummond at the Cork 
 institution, was found by him near Cork. The late Doctor Wade 
 states that it was found sparingly on rocky and copsy pasture ground 
 at Drummartin, near Dundrum, but I have not seen Irish specimens. 
 Fl. April, May. 2. The H.foetidus, which is very common in gar- 
 dens, has not been found in a wild state in Ireland. 
 
 8. AQUILEGIA. Linn. Columbine. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, deciduous, petaloid. Petals 5, gaping up- 
 wards; their upper lip large and flat; their lower very small, 
 each elongated downwards into a hollow spur, callous at the 
 apex, and projecting between the sepals. Ovaries 5. Fol- 
 licles the same number, erect, many-seeded, pointed by the 
 styles. Named from Aquila, an Eagle, whose claws the nec- 
 taries resemble. Polyandria. Pentagynia. 
 
 1. A. vulgaris, Linn. Common Columbine. Spur of the pe- 
 tals incurved; capsules or ovaries hairy; stem leafy, many- 
 flowered; leaves nearly glabrous ; styles as long as the stamens. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 26 1. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 33. E. Bot. t. 97. 
 
 Woods and coppices in several places ; probably often the outcast of 
 gardens. Fl. June. !(.. Found plentifully on Knockmaroon hill, in 
 1804, (before it was so much broken up, as it now is, for strawberry 
 beds,) growing among furze bushes. In a furze brake at the upper end 
 of Buncombe's Wood, near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. On lime- 
 stone rocks and pastures, between Headford and Cong, in a truly wild 
 state ; Mr. J. Shuttleworth. Abundant on the shore of Lough 
 Neagh, near Salterstown ; Mr. D. Moore. My specimens from Mr. 
 Shuttleworth have the flowers of a light blue, which is the general 
 colour in its wild state. In gardens it varies very much in the colour 
 of its flowers, and often becomes double ; when the spurs of the petals 
 disappear. 
 
 ORD. 2. BERBERIDE.E. Vent. Barberry Family. 
 
 Sepals 3 4 6, deciduous, in a double series, accompanied 
 by scales. Petals equal in number with the sepals and opposite 
 to them, rarely twice as many, often furnished with a gland or 
 scale within. Stamens as many as there are petals, and oppo- 
 site to them : filaments short ; anthers oblong, adnate, 2-celled, 
 opening by valves. Ovary solitary, 1-celled ; style very short, 
 oblique ; stigma suborbicular. Fruit baccate or capsular ; seeds 
 1 3. Albumen fleshy or somewhat horny ; embryo straight, 
 in the axis of the albumen. Radicle inferior. Cotyledons 
 
.} NYMPHvEACE^E. 
 
 plane. Shrubs or herbs, with perennial roots, mostly glabrous. 
 Inhabitants of temperate or cold climates, in both hemispheres. 
 
 The berries of Berberis vulgaris and other species are acid 
 and astringent, and form with sugar an agreeable refreshing 
 preserve. Their acid is the oxalic. 
 
 1. BERBERIS. Linn. Barberry. 
 
 Sepals 6, in a double row, externally scaly. Petals 6, with two 
 glands at the base of each. Fruit fleshy 1 -celled, 2 3- 
 seeded. Shrubs with spiny stems and leaves, and yellow 
 racemose flowers. Name ; Berberys, according to Theis, is 
 the Arabic name of this fruit. Hexandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. B. vulgaris, Linn. Common Barberry. Racemes pendulous ; 
 spines 3-forked ; leaves obovate with bristly serratures. Br. PI. 
 1. p. 150. E. PL v. m. p. 184. E. Bot. t. 49. 
 
 Frequent in hedges at Ballyarthur, near Ferrnoy ; Mr. J. T>rum- 
 mond. Fl. June. 1 . Shrub with upright twiggy stems. Flowers 
 yellow, smelling disagreeable. Stamens highly curious in their forma- 
 tion and in their elastic property when touched. Berries oblong, a 
 little curved, red, tipped with the black style : they are agreeably acid, 
 and much used for preserves, particularly the stoneless variety. The 
 leaves and young shoots are very subject to mildew. 
 
 ORD. 3. NYMPH^EACE^E. D C. Water-Lily Family. 
 
 Sepal 4 6, coloured within, often passing into the petals, 
 which are numerous, and arranged in several series. Stamens 
 numerous, in many series, inserted, as well as the perianth, on 
 a more or less enlarged portion of the receptacle ; filaments 
 often petaloid ; anthers adnate, 2-celled, opening longitudinally. 
 Ovaries, or carpels, 8 24, half immersed in the enlarged fo- 
 veolated receptacle, (Nelumbium), or entirely included in an 
 urceolate (resembling a solitary ovarium or carpel), 1-styled, 
 membranaceous, indehiscent, 1 2 or many-seeded. Styles, 
 in the free ovaries, distinct with a simple stigma ; in the included 
 carpels combined with the stigmas, adnate at their base, and 
 radiating (as in Papaver) ; seeds in the former 2 or 1, in the lat- 
 ter very numerous, fixed to the sides of the carpels, covered by 
 a gelatinous arillus ; the cells filled with gelatine in maturity. 
 Albumen farinaceous, none in Nelumbium. Embryo minute, 
 somewhat terminate, on the outside of the albumen, and in- 
 cluded in a membranous bag. Aquatic herbs, with peltate or cor- 
 date leaves, and splendid flowers. 
 
 1. NYMPHJEA. Linn. White Water- Lily. 
 
 Sepals 4. Petals and stamens numerous, inserted into a disk 
 which surrounds the sides of ovarium, and adheres to it. 
 
12 PAPAVERACE.E. [Nuphar. 
 
 Stigmata radiating. Name ; the Nv/*0ata of the Greeks, so 
 called from its inhabiting the waters, as the Nymphs or Naiads 
 were wont to do. Polyandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. N. alba, Linn. Great White Water-Lily. Leaves cordate ; 
 stigma of 16, ascending rays. Br. Fl. I. p. 260. E. Fl. v. Hi. 
 p. 14. E.Bot.t. 160. 
 
 Lakes and still waters, frequent. Lough Dan and Glandelough, 
 County of Wicklow ; lakes near Killarney, and in Cunnamara ; lakes 
 at Farnham and elsewhere in Cavan, very abundant. Not unfrequent 
 in the northern countries. FL June, July. 1. Leaves floating, a 
 span broad. Flowers splendid, white. In Cunnamara the roots are 
 used for dying wool black. 
 
 2. NUPHAR. Smith. Yellow Water-Lily. 
 
 Sepals 56. Petals 10 18, inserted along with the numerous 
 stamens into a disk which surrounds the base of the ovarium. 
 Stigma radiating. De Cand. Name the Nov0a/> of Diosco- 
 rides, given to this plant. The Arabic name is Noufar ac- 
 cording to Forskal. Polyandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. N. lutea, Linn. Common Yellow Water-Lily. Leaves cor- 
 date, their lobes approximate ; calyx of 5 leaves ; stigma ex- 
 panded, entire, with from 14 20, rays. Br. Fl. 1. p. 260. E. 
 Fl. v. iii. p. 15. Nymphcea lutea, Linn. E. Bot. t. 159. 
 
 Lakes and ditches, frequent ; all over the country. Fl. July. 1 . 
 
 Leaves heart-shaped, floating. Peduncles round. Flowers about 
 two inches wide, yellow in every part. Calyx leaves much larger than 
 the petals, which are small. 
 
 ORD. 4. PAPAVERACE^E. Juss. Poppy Family. 
 
 Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, rarely 8 12 or wanting, ir- 
 regularly plaited before expansion. Stamens distinct, usually 
 numerous : filaments filiform ; anthers 2-celled, opening longi- 
 tudinally. Ovary 1, free. Style short or none, bearing as 
 many stigmas as there are placentae, alternate with them and 
 arranged, when many, in a stellated manner. Fruit 1 -celled, 
 siliquiform, with 2 placentae, or a capsule with several parietal 
 placentae, and often opening by pores beneath the stigma. 
 Albumen fleshy and oily. Embryo minute, at the base of the 
 albumen, with plano-convex cotyledons. Annual or perennial 
 herbs or undershrubs, abounding in narcotic juice. Root Jibrous. 
 Leaves alternate, simple or lobed. Peduncles elongated, single- 
 flowered. Flowers white, yellow or red, never blue. 
 
 The plants of this order afford a narcotic juice. Opium is 
 prepared from Papaver somniferum, but the seeds of the plant 
 are mild and stimulent, yielding an oil which is sold as an ar- 
 ticle of food. 
 
Papaver.} PAPAVERACE^E. 
 
 1. PAPAVER. Linn. Poppy. 
 
 Sepals 2, convex. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Styk none. 
 Stigmata 4 10, radiating, sessile, on the top of the ovarium. 
 Capsule 1-celled, dehiscing by minute valves, concealed be- 
 neath the projecting rim of the top. Placenta projecting 
 into the cavity, and forming incomplete dissepiments. Her- 
 bacems plants, with divided leaves and white milky juice, the 
 peduncles inflexed before flowering. Name given because it 
 was used with pap, papa, in Celtic, to induce sleep. 
 
 Polyandria. Monogynia. 
 
 * Capsules bristly. 
 
 1. P. hybridum, Linn. Round rough-headed Poppy. Cap- 
 sule subglobose, hispid, furrowed ; stem leafy, many-flowered ; 
 leaves doubly pinnatifid. Br. Fl. 1. p. 255. E. FL v. iii. p. 9. 
 E. Bot. t. 43. 
 
 Sandy fields, rather rare. Kilbarrick Church and near Baldoyle. 
 Fl. July. Q.Stem 1218 inches high, rather rough; segments of 
 the leaves numerous, linear lanceolate. Flowers rather small, crimson. 
 Pollen blue. 
 
 2. P. Argemone, Linn. Long prickly-headed Poppy. Cap- 
 sule clavate, hispid, ribbed ; stem leafy, many-flowered ; leaves 
 bipinnatifid. Br. Fl. 1. p. 255. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 10. E. Bot. 
 L 643. 
 
 Corn fields in sandy grounds. Fl. June. 0. Near Kilbarrick 
 Church, and old gravel pits near Ball's Bridge. 
 
 * * Capsules smooth. 
 
 3. P. dubium, Linn. Long smooth-headed Poppy. Capsules 
 glabrous, oblong ; stem many-flowered hairy ; bristle of the 
 flower-stalk appressed ; leaves pinnatifid. Br. Fl. 1. p. 255. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 10. E. Bot. t. 644. 
 
 Com fields, not unfrequent. Fl. July. 0. Stem I 2 feet high, 
 hispid with spreading hairs. Flowers large. Petals broad, palish- 
 scarlet. 
 
 4. P. Rhceas, Linn. Common red Poppy. Capsules glabrous 
 nearly globose ; stem many-flowered, bristly, its bristle and those 
 of the flowerstalk spreading; leaves pinnatifid. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 555. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 1 1. E. Bot. t. 645. 
 
 Abundant in corn fields. Fl. June, July. 0. Sandy fields, near 
 Kilbarrick, with the two last. Distinguished from the last by its short 
 capsule and the spreading hairs of its footstalks. Petals broad, deep 
 scarlet. The double French Poppy of the gardens, so much admired, is 
 a variety of this. 
 
 5. P. somniferurn, Linn. White Poppy. Capsule globose, 
 
H PAPAVER ACE.E. [Chelidonium. 
 
 glabrous, as well as the stem and glaucous amplexicaul leaves. 
 Br. PL 1. p. 256. E. Fl. v. in. p. 11. E. Bot. t. 2145. 
 
 Abundant near Kilbarrick Church, and fields on the west side of the 
 Hill of Howth, with purple flowers. Fl. July. 0. The garden 
 varieties of this species, both single and double, vary much in the 
 colour of their flowers. The large white poppy, from which opium is 
 obtained, (the Papaver album of the shops,) is 'probably the type of all 
 the others. 
 
 2. MECONOPSIS. De Cand. Welsh Poppy. 
 
 Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Style short. Stigmas 
 4 6, radiating, convex, distinct. Capsule 1 -celled, dehiscing 
 by 5 6 valves at the top. Placenta narrow, scarcely pro- 
 jecting. Perennials, with yellow juice. De Cand. Name 
 from fjivjicwv a Poppy, and o^ts a resemblance. 
 
 Polyandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. M. cambrica, De Cand. Common Welsh- Poppy. Cap- 
 sules glabrous; leaves mostly petiolate. Papaver cambricum, 
 Limi.Br. FL 1. p. 256. E. Fl. v. in. p. 66. E. Bot. t. 66. 
 
 In the crevices of rocks by the side of the stream on Rostrevor 
 hill, and on the limestone cliff's of Ben Bulben ; also on the hill above 
 Clifdon, Cunnamara. Fl. June. 1. Plant glabrous. Leaves on 
 long footstalks, pinnate, the pinnae pinnatifid. Flowers large, yellow. 
 A genus, as De Candolle observes, between Papaver and Arge- 
 mone> 
 
 3. GLAUCIUM. Juss. Horned-Poppy. 
 
 Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Pod long, 2-valved, with the 
 placentae meeting in the middle, and forming a spongy disse- 
 piment, which divides the cavity of the pod into two cells. 
 Seeds destitute of a crest, Biennials, with glaucous, scabrous, 
 pinnatifid leaves, and yellow milky juice. Named from the 
 glaucous or sea green hue of the stems and leaves. 
 
 Polyandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. G. luteum, Linn. Yellow Horned-Poppy. Pod minutely 
 tuberculated ; cauline leaves amplexicaul sinuate ; stem glabrous 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 256. E. Fl. v. Hi. p. 6. E. Bot. t. $.Chelido- 
 nium Glaucium, Linn. 
 
 Sandy sea shores, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 0. 12 feet high, 
 very glaucous, much branched. Leaves scabrous. Flowers very 
 large, handsome, succeeded by pods 6 10 inches long. Dissepiment 
 spongy. 
 
 4. CHELIDONIUM. Linn. Celandine. 
 
 Sepals 2, smooth. Petals 4. Stamens numerous. Pod long 
 2-valved ; the placentae not connate ; the valves opening from 
 bottom to top. Seeds crested. Herbaceous plants, with 
 
Corydalis.] FUMARIACE/E. 15 
 
 smooth, brittle, tender leaves, and an acrid yellow juice. 
 Named from xe\i&wv, a swallow ; probably from the plant 
 flowering at the time of the arrival of those birds. 
 
 Polyandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. C. majus, Linn. Common Celandine. Br. Fl. 1. p. 257. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 4. E. Bot. t. 1581. 
 
 Waste places, especially near towns and villages. Fl. May, June. 
 % . Plentiful on hedge banks by the way side near Dundalk, and 
 other places in the County of Louth. About two feet high, slightly 
 hairy, brittle, full of yellow foetid juice. Leaves pinnatifid, with about 
 five decurrent leaflets, which are broadly ovate, lobed, and crenated. 
 Flowers in long stalked umbels, yellow, rather small. Pod long, 
 somewhat turgid. 
 
 ORD. 5. FUMARIACE.E. D C. Fumitory Family, 
 
 Sepals 2, small, deciduous. Petals 4, irregular, more or less 
 united below ; 2 exterior, alternating with the sepals ; one, the 
 upper, or both, gibbous, or prolonged at the base into a spur ; 
 2 inner somewhat callous at the extremity, where they cohere 
 and enclose the anthers and stigma. Stamens 6 : filaments 
 diadelphous, opposite the outer petals ; anthers 6, small, the 
 middle one of each bundle 2-celled, the lateral ones 1 -celled. 
 Ovary one, free ; style filiform ; stigma bilamellate. Fruit sili- 
 quiform, 2-valved, many-seeded, somewhat indehiscent, 1 2 
 seeded. Seeds affixed to lateral placentae, with an arillus or 
 caruncle. Albumen fleshy, including the embryo in its base. 
 Cotyledons plane. Delicate herbs, of temperate latitudes, slightly 
 bitter and diaphoretic, containing a watery, not milky juice. Flowers 
 purple, white or yellow. 
 
 1. CORYDALIS, De Cand. Corydalis. 
 
 Petals 4, of which one is calcarate at the base. Pod 2-valved, 
 
 compressed, many-seeded. De Cand. Name from r x. P v * >a ^ L<s i 
 
 the Greek name for the Fumitory, with which the present 
 
 genus was, till lately, united. Diadelphia Hexandria. 
 
 1. C. claviculata. De Cand. White climbing Corydalis. Stem 
 
 much branched, climbing ; leaves pinnate ; pinnae stalked, ter- 
 
 nate, or pedate ; leaflets elliptical, entire ; petioles ending in 
 
 tendrils, pedicels very short, scarcely so long as the minute 
 
 bracteas. Fumaria claviculata, Linn, Br. Fl. 1 . p. 3 1 6. E. Fl. 
 
 v. iii. p. 254. E. Bot. t. 103. 
 
 Rocks, walls, and on tops of old thatched houses. On thatched 
 cabins between Ballinteer and the little Dargle, and way-side between 
 Dundrum and the Dublin mountains. Ft. June, July. 0. Stems 
 long, very slender. Whole plant very delicate. Flowers small, pale 
 yellow, almost white. 
 
16 CRUCIFER^. [Fumaria. 
 
 2. FUMARIA. Linn. De Cand. Fumitory. 
 
 Petals 4, the 3 upper connate at the base, the intermediate one 
 being saccate. Fruit indehiscent, monospermous, not pointed 
 by the style. De Cand. Name from fumus, smoke, it is said, 
 on account of the smell. Diadelphia. Hexandria. 
 
 1. F. capreolata, Linn. Ramping-Fumitory. Calycine 
 leaves broadly oval, scarcely acute, toothed at the base, entire, 
 above twice as long as the globose fruit; bracteas a little shorter 
 (about one-third) than the fruit-bearing pedicel. Br. FL 1. 
 jo. 316. E. FL v. iii. p. 256. Am. E. Bot. t. 943. 
 
 Com fields and waste grounds. Fields near Kilbarrick Church. 
 Gravel pits near Ball's Bridge. FL May, Aug. 0. A very variable 
 plant. Stems generally climbing, sometimes only diffuse. Leaves 
 bipinnate. Leaflets usually very broad. Best distinguished by its 
 large petals and calycine leaves. 
 
 2. F. officinalis, Linn. Common Fumitory. Calycine leaflets 
 ovato-lanceolate, acute, sharply toothed, scarcely so long as the 
 globose, very abrupt, or obcordate fruit ; bracteas 2 or 3 times 
 shorter than the fruit-bearing pedicel. Br. FL I. p. 317. 
 E. FL v. iii. p. 255. E. Bot. t. 589. 
 
 In dry fields and road sides, common ; also frequent in highly cul- 
 tivated fields and gardens, when it becomes more diffuse or climb- 
 ing. FL throughout the summer. 0. 
 
 3. F. parvrftora, Lam. Small-flowered Fumitory. Calycine 
 leaves very minute; fruit globose, slightly pointed ; bracteas at 
 first as long as the flower, afterwards about as short as the fruit- 
 bearing pedicel ; leaflets linear, channelled. Arnott. Br.Fl. 1. 
 p. 317. E. FL v. iii. p. 256. E. Bot. t. 590. 
 
 Cape Clear Island ; Mr. J. Drummond. FL Aug. Sept. 0. 
 Flowers rose coloured. Leaves of a lively or yellowish green. 
 
 OR. 6. CRUCIFER^l. Juss. Cruciferous Family. 
 
 Sepals 4, deciduous, two often gibbous at the base. Petals 
 4, cruciate, alternate with the sepals, unguiculate, rarely un- 
 equal. Stamens 6, tetradynamous, two solitary, shorter, op- 
 posite the lateral sepals, 4 longer in pairs, alternating with them, 
 distinct, rarely combined at the base, sometimes with a tooth. 
 Ovary 2-celled and style single : green glands at the base of the 
 germen and stamens. Stigmas 2, opposite the placentae. Fruit 
 a siliqua or silicula, 2, rarely 1 -celled, 2-valved, the valves se- 
 parating from the placentae, rarely valveless, 1 or many-seeded. 
 Seeds pendulous, without albumen. Embryo curved upwards 
 towards the margins of the Cotyledons (Q = )j or against the 
 back of one of them (Q II )> opposite to the hilum. Herbaceous, 
 
Nasturtium.] CRUCIFER^. 1 7 
 
 rarely suffruticose plants. Leaves alternate. Flowers in corymbs 
 or racemes. 
 
 The universal character of Cruciferse is to possess antiscor- 
 butic and stimulent qualities, combined with an acrid flavour. 
 
 SUBORDER PLEURORHIZE^E. De Cand. Q = 
 
 Cotyledons flat, accumbent. Radicle lateral. Seeds compressed. 
 
 Tribe I. Arabidece. De Cand. 
 
 Siliqua dehiscent ; septum linear, somewhat broader than the seeds. 
 Seeds oval, compressed, often bordered. Cotyledons flat, accumbent, 
 parallel with the septum. De Cand. 
 
 1. MATTHIOLA. R. Brown. Stock. 
 
 Pod rounded or compressed, crowned with the connivent, two 
 lobed stigma, the lobes either thickened at the back, when the 
 cotyledons are incumbent (Q II )> or with a point at the base. 
 Cal. erect. Longer filaments dilated. Br. Named in honour 
 of an Italian Physician, Peter Andrew Matthioli. 
 
 Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
 \. M. sinuata, Br. Great Sea Stock. Stem herbaceous, 
 spreading; leaves downy, lower ones sinuated; pods com- 
 pressed muricated. Br. FL \.p. 307. E. Fl. v. iii.p. 205. 
 Cheiranthus sinuatus, Linn. E. Bot. t. 462. 
 
 In a small island called Straw Island, near the largest island of 
 Arran, 1805. Fl. May Aug. $. Flowers purple, large, fragrant at 
 night. 
 
 2. CHEIRANTHUS. Linn. Wall-flower. 
 
 Pod compressed or two-edged. Cotyledons accumbent (O = )- 
 Cal. erect, opposite leaflets saccate at the base. Stigma 
 placed on a style, two-lobed, the lobes patent or capitate. 
 Br. Name from the Arabic Kheyry, not however originally 
 applied to this genus. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
 1. C. Cheiri. Linn. Common Wall-flower. Leaves Lan- 
 ceolate, acute, entire, with bipartite appressed hairs ; pods 
 linear ; lobes of the stigma patent ; stem shrubby. Hook, in 
 Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 147. Br. Fl. 1. p. 307. Cheiranthus frit- 
 ticulosus, Linn. Mant. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 203. E. Bot. t. 1934. 
 
 Old walls and ruins. Fl. April, May. $ . A variety, with larger, 
 more highly coloured, and more flaccid petals, is commonly cultivated 
 in gardens, of which the double bloody wall-flower is a variety. 
 
 3. NASTURTIUM. Br. Cress. 
 
 Pod nearly cylindrical, sometimes short. Valves concave, 
 
 B 
 
18 CRUCIFERJ5. [Barbarea. 
 
 neither nerved nor keeled. Cotyledons accumbent, (O = ) 
 Cal. patent. Br. Name from Nasus tortus, a convulsed nose, 
 an effect supposed to be produced by the acrid and pungent 
 quality of this plant. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
 1. N. officinale, Br. Water Cress. Leaves pinnate, ovate, 
 subcordate, sinuato-dentate. Br. in Hort. Kew.ed. 2. v. iv. p. 
 110. Hook. Br. FL \.p. 304. E. Fl. v. iii. p. $2.Sisym- 
 brium Nasturtium, Linn. E. Bot. t. 855. 
 
 Brooks and rivulets, frequent. Fl. July. . A well known 
 aquatic, and an excellent and wholesome salad. Lower-leaves of 
 5 7 distant leaflets, the terminal one the largest and roundest ; 
 cauline-leaflets subovate ; all rather succulent, glabrous, more or less 
 curved, or toothed. Flowers white. Pods about an inch long, 
 patent. 
 
 2. N. sylvestre, Br. Creeping Nasturtium. Leaves pinnate; 
 leaflets lanceolate, cut, those on the uppermost leaves entire. 
 Br. in Hort. Kew.ed. 2. v. iv. p. 110. Br. Fl. 1. p. 305.. E. 
 Fl. v. iii. p. 193. Sisymbrium sylvestre, Linn. E. Bot. t. 1. 
 p. 2324. 
 
 Water sides and waste places. Banks of Lough Erne ; Doctor 
 Scott. Killikeen, County of Cavan ; Rev. N. J. Halpin. Fl. July, 
 Aug. 1. Roots much creeping. Stem one foot high, angular, 
 branched. Flowers yellow. Petals much longer than the calyx. 
 Pods short, patent, or curved a little upwards. 
 
 3. N. terrestre, Br. Marsh Nasturtium. Leaves lyrato-pin- 
 natifid unequally toothed, glabrous ; root simply fibrous ; petals 
 not longer than the calyx. Br. in Hort. Kew. ed. 2.v. iv. p. 110. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 305. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 193 Sisymbrium terrestre, 
 Linn.E. Bot. t. 1747. 
 
 Watery places. Low wet grounds between Mark's Church and 
 Ringsend, and elsewhere near Dublin, and other places, plentiful. Fl. 
 June Sept. 0. 
 
 4. N. amphibium, Br. Amphibious Nasturtium. Leaves 
 oblong, pinnatifid or serrated ; root simply fibrous ; petals longer 
 than the calyx. Br. in Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. iv. p. 100. Br. Fl. 
 1, p. 305. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 195. Sisymbrium amphibium. Linn. 
 -E. Bot. t. 1840. 
 
 Watery places, frequent. By the side of the pond opposite to the 
 Zoological Gardens, Phoenix Park. Banks of Lough Erne ; Dr. Scott. 
 Fl. June Aug. 1. Two or three feet high, branched. If any 
 leaves grow under the water, they are deeply pinnatifid, otherwise 
 deeply serrated. Pods short, small, roundish, generally abortive. 
 
 4. BARBAREA. Br. Winter Cress. 
 
 Pod 4-angled, and sometimes two-edged. Cotyledons accum- 
 bent (O=). Seeds in a single row. Calyx erect. Glands 
 
Arabia. 1 CRUCIFER/E. 
 
 19 
 
 between the shorter filaments. Br. Name, this plant was 
 formerly dedicated to St. Barbara. 
 
 Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
 1. B. vulgaris, Br. Bitter Winter Cress, yellow Rocket. 
 Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe rounded ; the superior 
 ones obovate, toothed ; often pinnatifid at the base ; pods linear, 
 terete-4-angled, acuminate. Br. in Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. iv. p. 
 109. Br. FL \.p. 304. E. Fl. v. ui.p. 198. Erysimum Bar- 
 barea, Linn. E. Bot. t. 443. 
 
 Pastures, waste grounds, and hedge banks, frequent. Very common 
 about Dublin. Fl. Ma) 7 Aug. %.. One to two feet high, stout, 
 furrowed and branched, glabrous. Flowers yellow. 
 
 2. B. prcecox, Br. Early Winter Cress. Lower leaves lyrate, 
 upper ones pinnatifid ; segments linear-oblong, entire ; pods li- 
 near, obtuse, compressed. Br. in Hort. Kew. ed. '2, v. iv. p. 
 109. E. Fl. v. \ii. p. 199. Erysimum pr&cox, Sm. E. Bot. 
 t. 1129. 
 
 In a lane near the North Circular-road, F. Whitla, Esq. Fl. 
 April Oct. $ . One to two feet high ; more slender than the last in 
 every part. Flowers smaller ; pods long. 
 
 5. ARABIS. Linn. Rock-cress. 
 
 Pod linear, crowned with the nearly sessile stigma ; valves 
 veiny or nerved. Seeds in one row. Cotyledons accum- 
 bent (Ozz). Cal. erect. Br. So named, because originally 
 an Arabian genus. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
 1. A. ciliata, Br. Fringed Rock-cress. Leaves somewhat 
 toothed, oval, glabrous, ciliated ; radicle ones nearly sessile, ob- 
 tuse ; those of the stem semiamplexicaul ; stem simple. Br. in 
 Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. iv. p. 107. Br. Fl. I. p. 303. Fl. v. iii. 
 p. 212. Turvitis alpina, Linn. E. Bot. t. 1746. 
 
 Gravelly beach by the sea-shore at Rynville, Cunnamara, in Oct. 
 1805. On the western point of Bear Island, County of Kerry, and 
 on the shore at Deri-inane ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. July, Aug. $ . 
 Four to six inches high. Root-leaves several, oval, or obovato-oblong, 
 obtuse, cauline ones small. Pods nearly erect. 
 
 2. A. hirsuta, Br. Hairy Tower-mustard. Leaves all his- 
 pid, dentate, cauline ones semiamplexicaul ; pods straight. Br. 
 in Hort. Kew. ed. 2. v. iv. p. 107. Br. Fl. 1. p. 303. E. Fl. 
 v. iii. p. 2l3.Turritis hirsuta, Linn. E. Bot. t. 587. 
 
 Walls and calcareous rocks. On the stone roof of St. Doulagh's 
 Church, and church-yard wall. Rocks at Feltrum ; also on rocks near 
 Corrofin, County of Clare, and other places. Fl. June. $ . One foot 
 or more high, erect, stiff. JStem rough with spreading hairs, bearing 
 many leaves. Flowers small, white. Pods numerous, erect. For 
 Arabis thaliana see Sisymbrium. 
 
20 CRUCIFER^E. [Draba. 
 
 6. CARDAMINE. Linn. Lady's-smock. 
 
 Pod linear, the valves flat, generally separating elastically, 
 nerveless. Seed stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent (Om ). 
 Name, Kap&ia, the heart, and Sa/jiau}, to fortify : from its sup- 
 posed strengthening qualities. 
 
 Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
 1. C. amara, Linn. Bitter Lady s- smock. Leaves pinnated ; 
 radical leaves roundish; cauline ones dentato-angulate ; style 
 oblique ; stigma rather acute ; stem rooting at the base. Br. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 302. E. Bot. t. 1 000. E. PL v. iii. p. 190. 
 
 Wet meadows near Toom Bridge, and by the side of the Mayola 
 river, near Castle Dawson ; Mr. JD. Moore. Fl. April June. 3JL . 
 One foot high. Well distinguished from the following by the broad 
 angula to-dentate leaflets of its upper leaves, and the large white 
 flowers, and purple anthers. 
 
 2. C. pratensis, LINN. Common Lady s- smock. Leaves pin- 
 nate, radical leaflets roundish, dentate, cauline ones lanceolate, 
 nearly entire ; style straight ; stigma capitate. Br. FL 1. p. 
 302. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 189. E. Bot. t. 776. 
 
 Wet meadows, abundant. Fl. May. 1. One to two feet high. 
 Flowers large, blush coloured ; sometimes found double, in which state 
 the leaflets are known to produce new plants, when they come in con- 
 tact with the ground, while still attached to the parent plant. 
 
 3. C. hirsuta. Linn. Hairy Lady' s- smock. Leaves all pin- 
 natifid, and without stipules ; leaflets petiolate ; radical ones 
 roundish ; stamens 4 6, equal in length to the petals ; stigma 
 nearly sessile. Br.Br. Fl. 1. p. 302. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 188. 
 E. Bot. t. 492. Cardamine flexuosa, With. 
 
 Moist shady places, abundant; very common near Dublin. FL 
 March June. Q. Varying much in size and luxuriance, according to 
 soil and situation. From four inches to one foot and more in height. 
 Leaflets more or less angled, or toothed ; upper ones ovate, or even 
 linear, hairy or glabrous. Flowers small, white. 
 
 Tribe II. Alyssinece. De Cand. 
 
 Silicula dehiscing longitudinally. Septum broad, oval, membranous ; 
 valves flat or concave. Seeds compressed, often bordered. Cotyledons 
 flat, accumbent, parallel with the septum. 
 
 7. DRABA. Linn. Whitlow-grass. 
 
 Pouch entire, oval or oblong ; valves plane or slightly convex, 
 cells many-seeded. Seeds not margined. Cotyledons accum- 
 bent. (On:.) Filaments simple. (Draba and Erophila, 
 De Cand.) Named from Spafiij, acrid, as are the leaves of 
 many of this tribe. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
Cochlearia.] CRUCIFER^. 21 
 
 1. D. verna, Linn. Common Whitlow-grass. Scapes naked; 
 petals deeply cloven ; leaves lanceolate, somewhat toothed, 
 hairy. Br. Fl. 1. p. 299. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 158. Erophila 
 vulgaris, De Cand.E. Bot. t. 586. 
 
 Frequent on walls, rocks, and dry banks, sand and gravel-pits, about 
 Sandymount and Ball's Bridge, and walls near Stillorgan ; also on 
 Feltrum hill. Fl. March May. 0. 
 
 2. D. incdna, Linn. Twisted-podded WJiitlow-grass. Cau- 
 line-leaves several, lanceolate, toothed, hoary with starry pubes- 
 cence ; pouch oblong, somewhat twisted. Br. FL 1. p. 300. 
 E. Fl v. iii. p. 160. E. Bot. t. 308. 
 
 Mountain rocks. Cliffs on Magillicuddy's Reeks, County of Kerry. 
 Ben Bulben and other mountains in the County of Sligo. Mr. Moore 
 finds it on the sandy flat of Magilligan, as well as on the adjoining 
 mountain of Benyevena. Fl. June, July. $ . From 4 6 inches to 
 a foot and more high, sometimes throwing out lateral branches. 
 Lower leaves frequently entire, upper ones deeply toothed, almost cut, 
 acute. Pouch erect, glabrous. 
 
 8. COCHLEARIA. Linn. Scurvy-grass. 
 
 Pouch oval or globose, many-seeded, the valves turgid. Fila- 
 ments simple. Seeds not margined. Calyx patent. Coty- 
 ledons accumbent (0=). Br. Name, Cochlear, a spoon, 
 from the shape of the leaves. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa. 
 
 1. C. officinalis, Linn. Common Scurvy-grass. Pouch glo- 
 bose; radical leaves petiolate, cordato-reniform entire or si- 
 nuated ; cauline ones sessile, oblong, sinuated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 298. E. Fl. v. ii'i.p. 174. E. Bot. t. 351. 
 
 Rocks and muddy places by the sea coast, as well as upon the ele- 
 vated mountains. Fl. May, June. 0. Leaves succulent, more or 
 less entire ; those of the stem semiamplexicaul by their generally 
 toothed bases. 
 
 2. C. anglica, Linn. English Scurvy -grass. Pouch ellip- 
 tical, veiny; radical leaves petiolate, cordate, entire; cauline 
 ones mostly sessile, oblong, more or less toothed near the base. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 298. E. Fl. v.iii.p. 176. E. Bot. t. 552. 
 
 Muddy and rocky sea-shores, and margins of salt-water rivers, fre- 
 quent. Banks of the Dodder, near Haig's distillery. River side below 
 Cork, and shore near Bantry ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. May, June. 0. 
 Generally smaller than C. officinalis, with more entire leaves and 
 elliptical pouches. 
 
 3. C. dancia, Linn. Danish Scurvy-grass. Pouch ovato- 
 elliptical, veiny; leaves all petiolate, nearly deltoid. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 298. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 177. E. Bot. t. 697. 
 
 Sea coast, in a stony arid muddy soil, frequent. Salt marshes below 
 the Dublin Custom House ; on the old thatched roofs of houses in 
 Kinsale, and on Cork-beg, near Cove. Shore of Belfast Lough ; Mr. 
 
22 CRVCIVERJE, [Cakile. 
 
 Templeton. Fl. May. The smallest of the species, with very 
 angular and stalked leaves. 
 
 4. C. Armoracia, Linn. Horse radish. Pouch oblong; 
 stigma dilated, nearly sessile ; radical leaves oblong on long foot- 
 stalks, crenate ; cauline ones lanceolate, serrate, or entire. Br. 
 Fl. \.p. 298. E. FL v. iu. p. 176. E. Bot. t. 2323. 
 
 Apparently wild in various places near Dublin, but probably only 
 the outcast of gardens. Meadows near Mallow ; Mr. J. Drummond. 
 FL May. %. 
 
 Tribe III. Thlaspidece. De Cand. 
 
 Silicula dehiscing ; septum very narrow ; valves keeled, navicular. 
 Seeds oval, sometimes bordered. Cotyledons flat, accumbent, at right 
 angles with the septum. 
 
 9. THLASPI. Linn. Penny-cress. 
 
 Pouch laterally compressed, emarginate. Valves winged at the 
 back, many-seeded. Cotyledons accumbent (O=z). Name 
 from 0\ata, to flatten, on account probably of its compressed 
 seeds or seed-vessels. Tetr adynamia. Silicnlosa. 
 
 1. T. arvense, Linn. Penny-cress or Mithridate Mustard. 
 Pouch orbicular with a broad longitudinal wing ; seeds concen- 
 trically striated ; leaves oblong, arrow-shaped, toothed, gla- 
 brous. Br.Br. Fl. 1. p. 295. E. FL v. iii. p. 171. E. Bot. 
 t. 1659. 
 
 Fields, and by road s ides, but not common. Side of the road be- 
 tween Ballybracken and Kilkenny, and in a field between Mrs. Han- 
 nington's house and the shore, south side of the Hill of Howth, where 
 it was first noticed by Major Percy Pratt. In corn fields near Dun- 
 drum, County of Down ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. June, July. 0. One 
 foot high, branched above. Flowers extremely small, white. Pouch 
 very large, with unusually broad wings. 
 
 Tribe IV. Cakilinea. De Cand. 
 
 Siliqua or silicula separating transversely into joints, with one or 
 two cells, and one or two seeds. Seeds not bordered. Cotyledons 
 flat, accumbent, parallel with the septum, when there is one. 
 
 10. CAKILE. Gcertn. Sea Rocket. 
 
 Pouch angular, of two, 1 -seeded, indehiscent joints, the upper 
 joint deciduous, bearing an upright, sessile seed, the lower 
 one (sometimes abortive) pendulous. Cotyledons accum- 
 bent (Ozn). Name, an old Arabic word, applied probably 
 to this, or some allied genus. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa. 
 
 1. C. maritima, Willd. Purple Sea-Rocket. Joints of the 
 pouch two-edged, the upper one with two teeth at the base ; 
 
Sisymbrium.] CRUCIFERJE. 23 
 
 leaves fleshy, pinnatifid, somewhat toothed. Br. Fl. I. p 293. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. \S3.-Bunias Cakile, Linn. E. Bot. t. 231. 
 
 Sandy sea-shores, frequent. Fl. June, July. Bushy. Branches 
 crooked, and, as well as the whole plant, succulent. Flowers pur- 
 plish. Pouch thick, fleshy, at length somewhat woody. 
 
 SUBORDER NOTORHIZE.E. De Cand. Oil 
 
 Cotyledons flat, incumbent. Radicle lying upon the back of the 
 cotyledons. Seeds ovate, not bordered. 
 
 Tribe V. Sisymbriece. De Cand. 
 
 Siliqua two-celled, dehiscing lengthwise. Valves concave or keeled. 
 Seeds ovate or oblong, not bordered. Cotyledons flat, incumbent, at 
 right angles with the septum. 
 
 1 1 . HESPERIS. Linn. Dame's Violet. 
 
 Pod 4-sided or two-edged. Stigma nearly sessile, the lobes 
 conriivent. Cotyledons incumbent (Q II )> plane. Cal. erect. 
 Br. Named from eeTrcpvs, the evening ; at which time the 
 flowers yield a powerful fragrance. 
 
 fetr adynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
 1. H. matronalis, Linn. Common Dame's Violet. Stem 
 erect; leaves ovato-lanceolate, toothed; limb of the petals 
 obovate ; pods erect torulose their margins not thickened. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 307. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 207. H. inodora, Linn.- 
 E. Bot.t. 731. 
 
 Hilly pastures, but often the outcast of gardens. Fl. May, June. 
 2. In a meadow close to Knocknahatna, near Oldcastle, County of 
 Cavan ; Rev. N. J. Halpin ; who says, " I have observed this plant 
 growing for ten years at first I found it all through the field, but by 
 constant mowing it is now confined to the ditch. There are no gardens 
 near from which it could have escaped." The double purple rocket of 
 the gardens is a variety of this. The double white rocket of the gar- 
 dens appears to belong to another variety, common in gardens, with 
 larger and lighter coloured flowers. 
 
 12. SISYMBRIUM. Linn. Hedge Mustard. 
 
 Pod rounded or angular. Cotyledons incumbent (O |{ ) (some- 
 times oblique), plane. Calyx patent, sometimes erect. Br. 
 Name aiav^^piov ; given by the ancients to some plant, per- 
 haps allied to this. Tetr adynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
 1. S. officinafe, Linn. Common Hedge Mustard. Pods 
 subulate, pubescent, close pressed to the main-stalk ; leaves mu- 
 ricate, hairy ; stem hispid. Br. Fl. 1. p. 305. E. Fl. v. iii. 
 p. 196 Erysimum officinal*. Linn. E. Bot. t. 735. 
 
24 CRUCIFER^E. [Erysimum. 
 
 Waste places, and by way-sides, plentiful. Fl. June, July. 0. 
 One or two feet high, branched. The deep and cut serrated lobes are 
 not always sufficiently decurved to constitute a runcinate leaf ; the 
 terminal lobe is very large, roundish in the lower leaves, and oblong in 
 the upper ones. Flowers very small, pale yellow. 
 
 2. S. irio 9 Linn. Broad Hedge- Mustard, London Rocket. 
 Leaves runcinate toothed, and as well as the stem glabrous ; 
 pods nearly erect. Br. Fl. 1. p. 305. E. FL v. iii. p. 197. 
 E. Bot.t. 1631. 
 
 Waste grounds, rubbish, and way-sides, common, especially near 
 large towns ; very common about Dublin. It covered the ground in 
 the spring after the great fire in London. Haller records the same 
 tendency in the preceding species, Smith. FL July, Aug. 0. 
 Flowers yellow. Pods two inches long, erect. 
 
 3. S. Sophia, Linn. Fine-leaved Hedge- Mustard, or Flix- 
 weed. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, slightly hairy ; lobes linear or 
 oval ; petals shorter than the calyx. Br. FL 1. p. 306. E. FL 
 v. iii. p. 197. E. Sot. t. 963. 
 
 Waste places, among rubbish and sandy grounds, frequent. Very 
 common near Dublin. FL Aug. 0. Two feet high, branched. 
 Flowers small, yellow. Pods linear, slender, erect, but not appressed, 
 the footstalk being a little patent. 
 
 4. S. thalianum. Common Thole-cress. Leaves somewhat 
 toothed, hairy; radical ones oblong subpetiolate ; stem branched; 
 pods ascending. Br. Fl. 1. p. 306. E. FL v. iii. p. 209. 
 Arabis thaliana, Linn. E. Bot. t. 901. 
 
 Walls, dry banks, and gravelly soils ; not very common about Dub- 
 lin. On walks between Step-aside and the Scalp. Old walls, Friar's 
 Walk, Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. April, May. 0. Six to ten 
 inches high, slender, with few leaves, and those mostly radical. Flowers 
 small, white. The colytedons are incumbent here, not accumbent as 
 in the true Arabis. Hook. 
 
 13. ERYSIMUM. Linn. Treacle-mustard. 
 
 Pod 4-sided. Seeds not margined. Cotyledons incumbent 
 (O||). Stigma capitate, sometimes emarginate, with the 
 lobes patent. Cal. erect. Br. Name from epvw, to cure, on 
 account of the supposed virtues of the plant. 
 
 Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
 1. E. cheiranthoides, Linn. Worm-seed, Treacle-mustard. 
 Leaves lanceolate, entire, or slightly toothed, with stellate-tri- 
 partite hairs ; pods nearly erect, their pedicels spreading ; stigma 
 undivided, nearly sessile. Br.Br. Fl. \.p. 306. E. Fl. v. 
 iii. p. 200. E. Bot. t. 942. 
 
 Fields, gardens, and waste places. Sunday's Well, near Cork ; Mr. 
 J. Drummond. Fl. July, Aug. .One or two feet high, branched. 
 Flowers small, yellow. 
 
 2. E. Alliaria, Linn. Jack by the Hedge, or Sauce alone. 
 
(Joronopus.} CRUCIFER^. 25 
 
 Leaves heart-shaped, stalked sinuato-dentate. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 306. 
 E. FL v. iii. p. 201. E. Bot. t. 796.Alliaria (fficinalis, 
 De Cand. 
 
 Hedge banks and waste places. Fl. May, June. $ . Two to three 
 feet high, branched. Leaves lanre, veined, well known from their garlic- 
 like smell. Flowers white. Pods erect, on horizontal stalks. 
 
 Tribe VI, Camelinea. De Cand. 
 
 Silicula with concave vavles. Septum elliptical in its chief dia- 
 meter. Seeds ovate. Cotyledons flat, incumbent, at right angles with 
 the septum. 
 
 14. CAMELINA. Crantz. Gold of Pleasure. 
 
 Pouch subovate, many-seeded. Valves inflated. Cotyledons 
 incumbent (O || ). Filaments simple. Br. Name, x / 4 *** 
 dwarf or humble, and Linum, flax. 
 
 Tetradynamia. Siliculosa. 
 
 1. C. Saliva, Crantz. Common Gold of Pleasure. Pouch 
 obovate, margined ; stigma simple ; leaves lanceolate-sagittate. 
 Br.Br. Fl 1. p. 300. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 164. E. Bot. t. 1254. 
 Myagrum sativium, Linn. 
 
 Fields, occasionally among flax, with which it has been imported. 
 FL June, July. 0. Two to three feet high, panicled above. Flowers 
 small, yellow. Pouches very large, on long stalks. 
 
 Tribe VII. Lepidinece. De Cand. 
 
 Silicula with a very narrow septum. Valves keeled, or verv con- 
 cave. Seeds solitary or very few, ovate, not bordered. Cotyledons 
 flat, incumbent, parallel with the septum. 
 
 15. CORONOPUS. Gcertn. Wart-cress. 
 
 Pouch two-lobed, without valves or wings. Seeds solitary in 
 each cell. Cotyledons linear, incumbent (O || ). Name, 
 Ko/m'j/^, a Crow, and now, afoot; the cut leaves somewhat 
 resembling a bird's foot. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa. 
 
 1. C. Ruellii, Sm. Common Wart-cress, Swine s-cress. Pouch 
 undivided, crested with little sharp points; style prominent. 
 Br. Fl 1. p. 294. E. Bot. M660. Senebiera Coronpus, De Cand. 
 E. FL v. \\\. p. 179. Ccchlearia Coronopus, Linn. 
 
 Waste grounds and road-sides ; very common about Dublin, Cork, 
 and other places. FL June Sept. . A much branched spreading 
 weed. Leaves bipinnate, their segments linear. Flowers very small, 
 white, in lateral axillary corymbs. Pouch large in proportion to the 
 flower, curiously crested. 
 
 2. C. didyma, Sm. Lesser Wart-cress. Pouch emarginate, 
 of two wrinkled lobes; style very short. Br. Fl. \.p. 294. 
 
 c 
 
2fi CRUCIFER^:. [Lepidium. 
 
 Senebiera didyma, E. Fl. v. iii. p. 180. S. pinnatifida, De 
 Cand. Lepidium didymum, Linn. E. Bot. t. 248. 
 
 Waste ground near the sea. Plentiful on sandy grounds near the 
 harbour at Youghal, and on dry banks near Ross. Road-side near 
 Clerk's Bridge, Cork ; Rev. William Hincks, F.L.S. Plentiful about 
 the Lough at Cork ; Charles Halpin, Esq. FL July. 0. 
 
 16. CAPSELLA. De Cand. Shepherd's Purse. 
 
 Pouch laterally compressed, obcordate-cuneate ; the valves 
 sharply keeled, without wings, many-seeded. Cotyledons in- 
 cumbent, (O [| ). Name, the diminutive of Capsula; a little 
 capsule or box. Te.tr adynamia. Siliculosa. 
 
 1. C. Bur sa- Pastor is, De Cand. Common Shepherd's Purse. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 295. Thlaspi Bursa-Pastoris, Linn. E. FL v. iii. 
 p. 173. E. Bot.t. 1435. 
 
 Corn fields and waste places, everywhere, most abundant. Fl. the 
 whole summer. 0. Very variable, from three inches to 1 2 feet high. 
 Radical leaves more or less pinnatifid, cauline ones lanceolato-sagittate, 
 all generally toothed, and rough with hairs. Flowers small. It differs 
 in the embryo as well as in the pouch from Thlaspi. This, however, 
 according to Sir J. E. Smith, is the true Thlaspi of Dioscorides. 
 
 17. LEPIDIUM. Linn. Pepper-wort. 
 
 Pouch with the cells one-seeded, the valves keeled. Petals equal. 
 Cotyledons incumbent (O 1 1 ) ; rarely accumbent (O ). Br. 
 Name ; XeTrt?, a scale, from the form of the little pouches. 
 
 Tetradynamia. Siliculosa. 
 
 1. L. latifolium, Linn. Broad-leaved Pepper-wort. Leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, undivided, serrated, or entire ; pouch oval, 
 entire. Br.Br. Fl. \. p. 296. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 165. E. Bot. 
 t. 182. 
 
 Wet shady places near the sea, and salt marshes. Cork-beg, near 
 Cove, 1804, where it had been previously noticed by Smith. Fl. 
 July. !{.. Two or three feet high, branched, erect, with large leaves. 
 Flowers numerous, small, in many terminal and axillary clustered 
 racemes. 
 
 2. L. ruderale, Linn. Narrow -leaved Pepper-wort. Flowers 
 diandrous, without petals ; radical leaves pinnatifid-; those of the 
 branches linear, entire ; pouch emarginate, patent. Br. Fl 1 . 
 p. 297. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 165. E. Bot. t. 1595. 
 
 Waste places near the sea, and among rubbish. Sea-shore opposite 
 Kilbarrick Church ; Dr. Osborne. Fl. June. 0. Stems sometimes 
 a foot high, much branched. Seed-vessels numerous. Cotyledons 
 incumbent, as in most of the genus. 
 
 3. L. campestre, Br. Common Mithridate Pepper-wort. Pouch 
 ovate emarginate, winged, rough with minute scales ; style 
 scarcely longer than the notch; cauline leaves sagittate, toothed. 
 
Isatis.} CRUCIFEIiLE. 27 
 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 292. E Fl. v. iii p. \Q.Thlaspi campestre, Linn. 
 E. Bot. 1. 1385. 
 
 This species, though common in England and Scotland, is rare in 
 Ireland. It has been observed by Mr. J. Drummond in the County of 
 Cork. Fl. July. 0. Ten or twelve inches high. Stems solitary, 
 branched above. Lower leaves almost spathulate, all slighty pu- 
 bescent, as well as the racemes and pedicels. Pouch curiously 
 scaly. 
 
 4. L. Smithii, Hook. Smooth Field Pepper-wort. Pouch ovate, 
 emarginate, winged, glabrous, quite smooth, or occasionally 
 very minutely scaly on the back ; style much exserted beyond 
 the notch ; cauline leaves sagittate, toothed. Br. Fl. 1. p. 297. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. l67. Thlaspi hirtum, Fl Br. p. 684. (not of 
 Linn.) E. Bot. t. 1803. 
 
 Borders of fields and hedges. Plentiful on the Hill of Howth, 
 ditch banks above Dundrum, and many other places near Dublin. 
 Near Warrenpoint ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. June, July. $ . Six to 
 eight inches high. Stems many, from the same perennial, or, perhaps, 
 biennial, root. Much resembling the last, but truly distinct from it, 
 with a whiter and more abundant pubescence. Stems and racemes 
 hairy. Pod with a much larger style, quite glabrous, and smooth or 
 even ; except that rarely, in the middle of the back, there are a few 
 very minute scales. 
 
 Tribe VIII. Isatidece. De Cand. 
 
 Silicula with indistinct or indehiscent keeled valves, one-celled, 
 one-seeded, with an imperfect septum. Seed ovate, oblong. Coty- 
 ledons flat, incumbent, parallel with what should be the septum. 
 
 18. ISATIS. Linn. Woad. 
 
 Pouch 1-celled, 1-seeded, laterally compressed. Valves keeled 
 eventually separating. Cotyledons incumbent (Q II)- Named 
 from t<raa>, to make even, because it was supposed to have the 
 property of reducing the inequalities of the skin. 
 
 Tetradynamia. Siliculosa. 
 
 1. I. tinctoria, Linn. Dyer's Woad. Pouch obovato-oblong, 
 glabrous ; radical leaves oblong, crenate ; those of the stem sa- 
 gittate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 294. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 182. E. Bot. t. 97. 
 
 Cultivated fields, scarcely indigenous. Fields near Woodlands, 
 County of Dublin. Fl. July. .Cultivated for the sake of the 
 blue dye which it yields, and used by the ancient Britons to paint their 
 bodies. 
 
 SUBORDER ORTHOPLOCE^;.' De Cand. Q > > 
 
 Cotyledons incumbent, folded lengthwise, so as to receive the radicle 
 in the folds. Seeds generally round, never bordered. 
 
[Brassica. 
 
 Tribe IX. Brassicece. De Cand. 
 
 Siliqua dehiscing lengthwise. Septum linear. Seeds globose. Coty- 
 ledons folded together. 
 
 19. BRASSICA. Linn. Cabbage, Turnep. 
 
 Pod 2-valved (with a sterile, one, or many-seeded beak). Co- 
 tyledons conduplicate (0 > > ). Calyx erect. Br. Name de- 
 rived from the Celtic Bressic, a Cabbage, according to Theis. 
 
 Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
 1. B. Napus, Linn. Wild Navew, Rape or Cole-seed. Root 
 spindle-shaped ; leaves smooth ; upper ones cordato-lanceolate, 
 heart shaped at their base, clasping the stem ; lower ones lyrate, 
 toothed. Br. Fl. 1. p. 308. E. Fl. v. in. p. 217. E. Bot. t. 
 2146. 
 
 Corn fields and waste grounds, frequent. Fl. May, June. $ . 
 One to two feet high. Lobes of the lower leaves crenate ; upper 
 leaves entire, somewhat glaucous. Petals yellow, rather small. Pods 
 torulose. Cultivated for the oil produced by its seeds, which, after 
 pressure, are formed into cakes, and found useful for manure and feeding 
 of cattle. 
 
 2. B. Rapa, Linn. Common Turnep. Root fleshy, orbicular, 
 depressed ; radicle leaves lyrate, rough, those of the stem nearly 
 entire. Br. Fl. 1. p. 308. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 217. E. Bot. t. 
 2176. 
 
 Borders of fields and waste places. Very common about Dublin, 
 often mistaken for the last, but may be readily distinguished by its 
 larger flowers, which are of a much brighter yellow, and more orbicular 
 roots. Fl. April, May. $ . Varying exceedingly in height according 
 to soil. Upper leaves amplexicaul, ovate-acuminate, somewhat glau- 
 cous ; all more or less toothed. Flowers yellow, rather large. 
 
 3. B. campestris, Linn. Common Wild Navew. Root taper- 
 ing ; radicle leaves lyrate, rough ; stem leaves smooth, clasping, 
 oblong, partly pinnatifid ; all somewhat glaucous. Smith. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 308. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 218. E. Bot. t. 2234. 
 
 Corn fields near Dundrum, 1805 r and near (he village of Faughan, 
 County of Donegal ; Mir. Templeton. FL June, July. 0. Root 
 fusiform, but slender. Stem hispid below. Flowers yellow. Pods 
 upright, cylindrical, or obscurely four-angular, veiny ; the seeds forming 
 slight prominences ; the beak awl-shaped, striated, square at its base. 
 
 4. B. oleracea, Linn. Sea Cabbage. Root cylindrical, fleshy ; 
 leaves glaucous, waved, lobed, partly lyrate, all perfectly 
 smooth ; pod without a beak. Br. Fl. 1. p. 308. E. Fl. v. iii. 
 p. 219. E. Bot. t. 637. 
 
 Cliff's by the sea. On the cliffs near Youghal, sparingly ; Mr. J. 
 Drummond. Fl. May, June. $ . Varying in height, 1 2 feefc. 
 
Crambe.] CRUClFERjE. 29 
 
 Leaves thick, somewhat fleshy, the uppermost undivided, but toothed. 
 Flowers large, yellow. The origin of our garden cabbage. 
 
 20. SINAPIS. Linn. Mustard. 
 
 Pod 2-valved, sometimes of two joints, (of which the upper one 
 is without valves.) Cotyledons conduplicate (O > > ). Cat. 
 patent. Br. (Sinapis and Diplotaxis, De Cand.) Name from 
 the Greeek ffivcnri, which again Theis derives from Celtic 
 Nap, a turnep or cabbage. Tetradynamia. Siliquosa. 
 
 1. S. arvensis, Linn. Wild-Mustard, Charlock. Pods with 
 many angles, turgid and knotty, longer than the two-edged beak. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 309. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 221. E. Bot. t. 1748. 
 
 Corn fields, too frequent. Fl. May, June. Q. One to six feet high, 
 rough. Flowers rather large, yellow. 
 
 2. S. alba, Linn. White Mustard. Pods hispid, turgid, 
 shorter than the ensiform beak ; leaves pinnatifid. Br. Fl. i.p. 
 309. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 2^2. E. Bot. t. 1677. 
 
 Waste places, frequent. Plentiful at Portmarnock and many other 
 places about Dublin. Fl. July. Q.Stem one foot to one and a half 
 foot high, hairy. Lobes of the leaves variously cut and toothed, or 
 erose. Flowers large, yellow. Well distinguished by its long beak. 
 This plant, while in a young state, is eaten under the name of mustard 
 as an ingredient in salads. 
 
 3. S. nigra, Linn. Common Mustard. Pods appressed, gla- 
 brous, tetragonous ; style short, subulate ; upper leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Br. FL 1. p. 309. E. FL v. iii. 
 222. E. Bot. t. 969. 
 
 Under hedges and in waste places, equally common as the last. Fl. 
 June. 0. Three to four feet high. Lower leaves large, lyrate, rough. 
 Flowers yellow. Pod with a very short beak, or rather only the per- 
 sistent style and stigma at its summit, quadrangular, its surface scarcely 
 rugged. The seeds yield the mustard of our tables. 
 
 Tribe X. Raphanece. De Cand. 
 
 Silicula or siliqua separating transversely into one or few seeded 
 points or cells. Seeds globose. Cotyledons folded together. 
 
 21. CRAMBE. Linn. Kale. 
 
 Pouch with the upper joint globose, indehiscent, deciduous, bear- 
 ing one seed, inverted, upon a stalk arising from the bottom 
 of the cell; lower joint abortive, resembling a pedicel. Co- 
 tyledons conduplicate (O > > ) Wilson. Name, Kpaftfios, of 
 the Greeks. Tetradynamia. Siliculosa. 
 
 1. C. maritima, Linn. Sea-Kale. Longer filaments forked ; 
 pouch pointless ; leaves roundish, sinuated, waved, toothed, 
 
30 
 
 CRUCIFER/FV 
 
 glaucous, and as well as the stem, glabrous. Br. Ft. I. p. 294. E. 
 FL v. in. p. 184. E. Bott. 1660. 
 
 Sea-coast, in sandy or stony soils, but not very general. Sandy 
 coast between Portmarnock and Malahide. Strand near Bantry ; Mr. 
 J. Drummond. Fl. June. 1. 
 
 22. RAPHANUS. Linn. Radish. 
 
 Pod without valves. Cotyledons conduplicate. (O > > ). Calyx, 
 erect. Br. Name, pa, quickly, and (fraivopat, to appear; 
 from its rapid vegetation. Tetradynamia Siliquosa. 
 
 1. R. Raphanistrum, Linn. Wild Radish or jointed Charlock. 
 Leaves simply lyrate ; pods of one cell, jointed, striated. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 310. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 226. E. Bot. t. 856. 
 
 Corn fields, frequent. Fl. June, July. 0. One foot to one foot 
 and a half high. Leaves stalked, rough. Flowers yellow, veined. 
 
 2. R. maritimus, Sm. Sea Radish. Leaves interruptedly 
 lyrate; pods of one cell, jointed, striated. Br. Br. Ft. I. p. 
 310. E. Fl. v. iii.p. 226. E. Bot. t. 1643. 
 
 Sea coast, near the salt works, at the Curren of Lame ; Mr. Tem- 
 pleton. On the shore, south side of the Hill of Howth, where it was 
 first observed by the late Mr. Underwood. Fl. June. $ . Three to 
 four feet high. All the leaves rough, and the lobes toothed. Flowers 
 rather large, yellow. 
 
 SUBORDER DIPLECOLOBE^;. De Cand. O|| || || 
 
 Cotyledons incumbent, linear, folded twice in a transverse direction 
 (bicrures). Seeds depressed. 
 
 Tribe XI. Subulariets. De Cand. 
 
 Silicula oval ; septum elliptical ; valves convex ; cells many-seeded ; 
 stigma sessile ; cotyledons twice folded. 
 
 23. SUBULARIA. Linn. Awl-wort. 
 
 Pouch oval, pointless, many- seeded. Valves turgid. Cotyledons 
 incumbent (O || ), linear, curved. Hook. Name, subula, an 
 awl, the leaves being subulate or awl-shaped. 
 
 Tetradynamia. Siliculosa. 
 
 1. S. aquatica, Linn, dwl-wort. Br. Fl. \.p. 299. E. Fl. 
 v. iii.p. 157. E. Bot. t. 732. 
 
 Shallow margins of alpine lakes, rare in Ireland. In a lake on 
 Milrea mountain, County of Mayo, fifteen hundred feet above the 
 level of the sea. Lough Carlan, a little north-west of the Gap of 
 Barnesmore, Donegal ; Mr. E. Murphy. Said to have been found 
 in Lough Neagh, by Sherrard. Fl. July. 0. Roots of numerous, 
 long, white fibres. Leaves few, radical, awl-shaped, one to three inches 
 long. Scape two to four inches high. Flowers small, which have 
 
Viola.] VIOLACEM. ">! 
 
 been seen in perfection when entirely submerged. Pouch nearly ap- 
 proaching that of Draba, but with more turgid or convex valves. 
 Embryo with cotyledons linear, long, and the curvature takes place 
 above the base of the cotyledons, not at the very base, as in most of 
 the Cruciferae. Hook. 
 
 ORD. 7. VIOLACE7E. Juss. Violet Family. 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent, with an imbricated aestivation, often pro- 
 duced at the base. Petals 5, generally unequal, with an oblique 
 convolute aestivation. Stamens 5, on an hypogynous disk, often 
 unequal : filaments dilated beyond the anthers, two often with 
 an appendage : anthers opening inwards, 2-celled. Ovary 
 1-celled, mostly with many ovules : placentse 3, parietal : style 1, 
 persistent, often curved, with an oblique and frequently per- 
 forated stigma. Capsule of 3-valves which bear the placentae. 
 Seeds often carunculated at the base. Embryo straight, in the 
 axis of a fleshy albumen. Herbs or small shrubs. Leaves sim- 
 ple, stipuled. 
 
 VIOLA. Linn. Violet. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals extended at the base. Petals 5, unequal, the 
 under one spurred at the base. Anthers connate, two of them 
 spurred behind. Capsule of one cell, and three valves. 
 Name according to some from " A vi olendi" from the power 
 of its scent. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 * Stemless, or nearly to. 
 
 1. V. hirta, Linn. Hairy Violet. Leaves cordate, rough, as 
 well as the petioles and capsules with hairs ; calyx-leaves ob- 
 tuse, lateral ; petals with a hairy central line ; creeping scions 
 none. Br. Fl. 1. p. 105. E. Fl. v. i. p. 301. E. Bot. t. 894. 
 
 Sandy fields, banks and woods. Plentiful on banks by the sea be- 
 tween Clontarf and Kilbarrick Church. On the sand hills and on 
 ditch banks at Portmarnock, and elsewhere about Dublin. Wood at 
 Blarney, near Cork ; Rev. Dr. Hincks. Fl. April, May. 1. Stigma 
 an oblique point in this and the four following species. Flowers pale, 
 rather dingy blue, scentless, nearly allied to V. odorata ; distin- 
 guished, as Mr. Curtis well observes, by the short and creeping scions, 
 by the greater hairiness of the plant, and the situation of the little 
 bracteae of the scape ; here below, in V. odorata above the middle. 
 I have frequently observed, at Portmarnock, this species, immediately 
 after flowering, elongate its flower-stalks, in a downward direction, to a 
 very considerable length, and bury the ripening capsule two or three 
 inches under the sand in the dry banks where it grows. Dr. Hooker 
 remarks that this and the following species are often destitute of petals 
 and yet bear fruit. 
 
 2. V. odorata, Linn. Sweet Violet. Leaves cordate, and as 
 well as the petioles nearly glabrous ; calyx-sepals obtuse ; lateral 
 
32 VIOLACE.E. [ Viola. 
 
 petals with a hairy line ; scions creeping. Br. FL 1. p. 105. E. 
 Fl.v. i, p. 301. E. Bot. t. 619. 
 
 Woods, banks, and hedges. Hedge banks between Killiney Hill 
 and Bray ; also near Finglass. Farnham woods, Mill brook, and Old- 
 castle, County of Cavari ; Rev. N. J. Halpin. FL March, April. 
 1. Flowers deep purple, fragrant, often white ; which last colour is 
 the prevailing one in the plants I have seen near Dublin. A third 
 variety has the flowers of a lilac colour. All the varieties are much 
 cultivated in gardens, both in the single and double state, and are 
 much esteemed in spring for their fragrant flowers. 
 
 3. V. palustris, Linn. Marsh Violet. Leaves cordate or kid- 
 ney-shaped, quite glabrous, veiny beneath; spur very short; 
 lateral petals scarcely hairy; scions none. Br. FL \.p. 106. 
 E. FL v. 1. p. 303. E. Bot.. t. 444. 
 
 Mossy bogs and marshy grounds. In Glencree, and near Powers- 
 court Waterfall, and other places in the counties of Dublin and Wick- 
 low. It is also very common in rather elevated marshes in the south 
 of Ireland, as stated by Mr. J. Drummond. FL June, and even in 
 July, in the colder regions If.. Flowers very pale blue, with purple 
 sheaths. " The petals are slightly hairy on one side at the base, as 
 Mr. Wm. Wilson well observes ; the lateral ones not having a distinct 
 line of hairs." Hooker. 
 
 * * Furnished with an evident Stem. 
 
 4. V. canina, Linn. Dog's Violet. Stem at length ascend- 
 ing, channelled ; leaves cordate, acute ; leaflets of the calyx acu- 
 minate ; stipules long, fringed ; bracteas subulate, entire. Br. 
 FL p. 106. E. FL v. 1. p. 303. E. Bot. t. 620. 
 
 p. minor. V. flavicornis, Sm. E. FL v. 1. p. 304. Forst. in 
 E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2736. 
 
 Woods, banks, and dry pastures, frequent, and in clefts of rocks at 
 a considerable elevation. Fl. April Aug. If. Variable in regard to 
 size. In mountainous situations the blossoms are often numerous, and 
 large in proportion to the size of the plant. Flowers scentless, blue, 
 purple, or sometimes almost white. 3. smaller in all its parts, having a 
 short, blunt, yellowish spur, and short, firm, rigid, very even heart-shaped 
 leaves, and by the deeper colour of the corolla. I, however, perfectly 
 agree with Dr. Hooker in considering it only a variety of V. canina. 
 
 5. V. lactea, Sm. Cream-coloured Violet. Stem ascending ; 
 leaves ovato-lanceolate, glabrous ; stipules dentate; calyx-leaflets 
 acuminate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 106. E. Fl, v. 1. p. 303. E. Bot. t. 
 445. 
 
 On mountains and boggy heaths. Mountains near Castletown ; Mr. 
 J. Drummond. FL May. If.. A small plant with narrower leaves 
 than the last, almost lanceolate, and pale blue or almost white Jlowers. 
 An intermediate plant between this species and V. canina, with light 
 coloured flowers, was found by Doctor Taylor on Brandon moun- 
 tain. 
 
 6. V. tricolor, Linn. Pansy Violet or Heart's Ease. Mostly 
 
Helianthemum.-] CISTINE^. 33 
 
 annual ; stem angled, branched ; leaves oblong, deeply crenate ; 
 stipules lyrate, pinnatifid. Br. Fl. 1. p. 107. E. Fl v. 1. p. 
 305. E. Bot. t. 1287. 
 
 p. petals shorter than the calyx. V. arvensis, Murr Forst. 
 in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2712. 
 
 Banks and cultivated fields, frequent. Fl. the whole summer. 0. 
 1L. or $ . Extremely variable, especially in the size and colour of its 
 flowers. Stigma capitate, obliquely perforated. 
 
 7. V. lutea, Huds. Yellow Mountain Violet or yellow Pansy. 
 Perennial ; stem much branched at the base ; leaves ovato-ob- 
 long, crenate ; stipules lyrate, subpalmato-pinnatifid. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 107. E. Fl. v. 1 . p. 306. E. Bot. *. 721 . 
 
 Mountains near Castletown, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. 
 Fl. May Sept. %. Flowers generally of a pale yellow or sulphur 
 colour, much larger than any of the wild varieties of V. tricolor. 
 Upper petals often purple. 
 
 8. V. Curtisii, Forst. Yellow Sea Pansy. Stem decumbent, 
 angular, rough ; leaves oblong, crenate, naked ; leaf-stalks 
 hairy ; stipules palmate, lobes acuminated, ciliated ; bracteas 
 minute ; spur the length of the calyx. Forst. in E. Bot. Suppl. 
 t. 2963. 
 
 Abundant on the sand hills at Portmarnock, and other places on the 
 coast, where it has frequently been mistaken for V. lutea, and is 
 probably the plant alluded to by Doctor Hooker as a small var. of that 
 species, found by Mr. Tozer at the Land's-end, Cornwall. Although I 
 have followed Mr. Forster in giving it the rank of a species, I think it is 
 nothing more than a variety of V. tricolor. Lower petals pale yellow, 
 upper ones deep yellow, sometimes purple ; both streaked with purple 
 at the base. Fl. May Sept. If. 
 
 ORD. 8. CISTINE^E. Juss. Cistus Family. 
 
 Sepals 5, generally unequal, the two outer smaller, the three 
 inner with a twisted aestivation. Petals 5, caducous, equal, 
 wrinkled in aestivation and twisted in a direction opposite to that 
 of the sepals. Stamens indefinite, erect, distinct : anthers ovate, 
 2-celled, inserted by their base. Style 1, filiform. Stigma sim- 
 ple, capsule 3 5-rarely 10-valved, 1 -celled, with the valves 
 bearing a single longitudinal placentae, or 3 5-celled, the dis- 
 sepiments from the centre of the valves, extending to the axis, 
 and bearing the numerous seeds. Albumen nearly including a 
 spiral or curved Embryo. Shrubs or herbs. Leaves simple, lower 
 ones generally opposite, the rest alternate. Stipules 2 and foliaceous, 
 or none. Flowers racemose, very fugacious, white, yellow, or 
 purple. 
 
 1. HELIANTHEMUM. Tourn. Rock-rose. 
 Calyx of three equal sepals, or five, of which the two outer ones 
 
34 DROSERACE.E. [Drosera. 
 
 are smaller. Petals 5. Stigma capitate. Capsules 3-valved. 
 Name from ?}Xos, the sun, and avOo<s, a flower. The same as 
 Helianthus. Polyandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. H. vulgare, Gaert. Common Rock-rose. Shrubby, pro- 
 cumbent, stipuled; leaves opposite, ovate, or oblong, nearly 
 flat, green above ; racemes terminal, bracteated ; calyx of 
 5 sepals, the inner furrowed and scariose at the edge ; style 
 bent at the base, somewhat clavate at the apex ; seeds black. 
 Benth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 258,Cistus Helianthemum, Linn.E. Bot. 
 t, 1321. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 26. C. tomentosus, E. Bot. 2208. E. 
 Fl v. \u.p. 27. 
 
 Limestone rocks, south isles of Arran. Cape Clear Island, southern 
 coast ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. July, Aug. 1? . 
 
 ORD. 9. DROSERACE^E. D C. Sun-dew Family, 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent, equal, with an imbricated aestivation, 
 Petals 5. Stamens distinct, marcescent, equal in number to the 
 petals and alternate with them, or 2, 3, or 4 times that number. 
 Anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary 1, sessile. 
 Styles 3 5, more or less combined. Capsule 1 3-celled, 3 5- 
 valved, bearing the seeds along the middle, or at the base of the 
 valves. Seeds sometimes furnished with an arillus. Embryo 
 straight, in the centre of a fleshy or cartilaginous albumen. 
 Radicle directed to the hilum. Delicate herbaceous plants, fre- 
 quently clothed with glandular hairs, and in the Droserae the leaves 
 and peduncles have a circinnate vernation. 
 
 1. DROSERA. Linn. Sun-dew. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Capsules 1 -celled, 3-valved, many- 
 seeded. Herbaceous plants with leaves clothed with beautiful 
 glandular hairs. Name derived from fyoo-os, dew. The 
 glands exude a pellucid fluid, which makes this plant appear 
 as if it were covered with dew. In Latin, Ros-solis, the same 
 as the English Sun-dew. Pentandria. Hexagynia. 
 
 1. D. rotundifolia, Linn. Round leaved Sun-dew. Leaves 
 radical, orbicular, spreading; petioles hairy; seeds chaffy. Br. 
 Fl. \. p. 148. E. FL v. il.p. 122. E. Bot. t. 867. 
 
 Bogs and moist heathy grounds, frequent. Bog near the summit 
 of Howth, at the base of the Dublin mountains, and many other places. 
 Fl. July. 1. Leaves in all our species covered with red peduncu- 
 lated viscid glands, which retain insects. Scape two to five inches 
 high* glabrous. Flowers racemed, drooping-, small. Styles variable 
 in number. 
 
 2. D. Iongifolia 9 Linn. Spathulate-leaved Sun-dew. Leaves 
 radical spathulate, very obtuse, erect, on long glabrous petioles ; 
 
Polygala.] POLYGALE^E. 35 
 
 seeds with a compact, rough coat, not chaffy. Br. Fl. 1. p. 148. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 123. E. Bot. t. 868. 
 
 Bogs and moist heathy grounds in many parts of Ireland, not un- 
 common ; more frequent in the southern and western counties. All 
 the three species are found in an elevated bog on a mountain near Flo- 
 rence court, County of Fermanagh. Fl. July. !{.. Well distin- 
 guished from the following by its rough, and not loose, coat to the 
 seeds. Styles often eight. Stigmas deeply cloven. 
 
 3. D. anglica, Huds. Great Sun-dew. Leaves radical, linear- 
 spathulate, erect, on very long, glabrous petioles ; seeds with a 
 loose chaffy coat. Hook. Br. Fl. 1. p. 149. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 
 123. E. Bot. t. 369. 
 
 Bogs in the southern, western, and northern counties, frequent. Fl. 
 July, Aug. l. This has much larger and longer leaves than the last; 
 and, as Dr. Hooker remarks, would better deserve the name of longi- 
 folia. It has been thought by some botanists to be only a variety of 
 that species. " Now, however, that Mr. Wilson has'observed the true 
 nature of its seed, an important and invariable character is established. 
 Here the seed, as in Pyrola and Orchis, and in D. rotundifolia, has 
 a very loose, articulated, even coat. In D. longifolia the coat firmly 
 adheres to the rest of the seed, and is rough or papillose." Hooker. 
 " Embryo at the lower end of the seed, dicotyledonous." Wilson. 
 
 ORD. 10. POLYGALE./E. Juss. Milk- wort Family. 
 
 Sepals 5, with an imbricated aestivation, 2 interior ones often 
 petaliform, 3 exterior smaller, of which the two anterior are 
 sometimes combined, and the third is posterior. Petals 3 4, 
 more or less connected by means of the stamina! tube. Fila- 
 ments of the stamens combined with the petals, monadelphous, 
 but divided into two equal portions : anthers 8, 1 -celled, open- 
 ing by a pore at the extremity : ovary 1, distinct, 2-rarely 1 3- 
 celled ; style 1, incurved : stigma funnel-shaped or two-lobed. 
 Fruit capsular or drupaceous, 2-or 1-celled, the valves bearing 
 the dissepiments. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous, often 
 carunculated, sometimes hairy or comate. Embryo straight, in 
 the axis of a fleshy albumen ; the latter sometimes wanting. 
 Herbs or shrubs. Leaves mostly alternate, entire. Flowers race- 
 mose. 
 
 1. POLYGALA. Linn. Milk- wort. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, two of them wing-shaped and coloured. 
 Petals combined by their claws with the filaments, the lower 
 one keeled. Capsules compressed. Seeds downy, crested at 
 the hilum. Name, iro\v, much, and ^a\a, milk ; from some 
 fancied property in the plant. Diadelphia. Octandria. 
 
 1. P. vulgaris, Linn. Common Milk-wort. Keel crested; 
 flowers in a terminal raceme ; bracteas three to each pedicel ; 
 
36 MALVACEAE. [Malva. 
 
 wings of the calyx ovate, about as long as the corolla ; stems 
 simple, herbaceous, procumbent, leaves linear-lanceolate. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 317. E. Fl. v. Hi. p. 259. E. Bot. t. 76. 
 
 Dry hilly pastures, frequent. Fl. June, July. 1. Stems four to 
 eight inches long. Corolla beautifully crested, blue, purple, pink or 
 white. Sepals persistent, enclosing the fruit. 
 
 ORD. 11. MALVACEAE. Br. Mallow Family. 
 
 Sepals 5, rarely 3 or 4, more or less combined at the base, 
 with a valvate aestivation, often bearing bracteas forming an in- 
 volucre and resembling an outer calyx. Petals 5, equal, alter- 
 nate with the sepals, with a twisted aestivation, often adnate at 
 their base with the base of the staminal tube. Stamens 5 or in- 
 definite ; filaments united into a tube, unequal ; anthers 1 -celled, 
 reniform, opening transversely. Ovary composed of many car- 
 pels or combined, placed around a common axis, distinct : styles 
 as many as there are carpels, distinct or united ; stigmas equal 
 in number with the carpels, distinct or united. Carpels distinct 
 or united into a many-celled capsule, each 1 2-or many-seeded, 
 opening opposite the dissepiments or between them. Seeds 
 sometimes villous ; embryo curved; cotyledons folded. Herbs, 
 shrubs or trees, mostly inhabiting warm and hot regions. Leaves al- 
 ternate, petiolate, toothed, or lobed, often clothed with a stellated pu- 
 bescence. Stipules two to each leaf, often deciduous. Peduncles 
 usually axillary. 
 
 Our indigenous species afford abundance of mucilage, and 
 are employed for fomentations and cataplasing. 
 
 1. MALVA. Linn. Mallow. 
 
 Styles numerous. Calyx double ; ext. of 3 sepals. Capsules nu- 
 merous, circularly arranged, 1-seeded. Name ; altered from 
 fjioXa-xj^, soft, in allusion to the emollient nature of the species. 
 
 Monadelphia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. M. sylvestris, Linn. Common Mallow. Stem erect, her- 
 baceous ; leaves with 7 rather acute lobes ; peduncles and pe- 
 tioles hairy. Br. Fl.l.p.31 4. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 244. E. Bot. t. 
 671. 
 
 Waste places and way-sides, frequent. Fl. June Aug. 1. Stem 
 two to three feet high, branched. Flowers large, three or four toge- 
 ther, axillary. Petals large, obcordate, purplish rose-colour, with 
 deeper veins (rarely white) combined by the base of their claws. 
 Whole plant, especially the fruit, mucilaginous and emollient ; and 
 has hence a place in the Materia Medica. 
 
 2. M. rotundifolia, Linn. Dwarf Mallow. Stem prostrate ; 
 leaves roundish-cordate 5-lobed; fruitstalks bent down. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 314. E.Fl. v. ii ./?. 246. E. Bot.t. 1092. 
 
Lavatera.] MALVACEAE. 37 
 
 Waste places and way-sides, frequent. Plentiful near Sandymount, 
 and many other places about Dublin. Fl. June Sept. If.. Stems 
 from ten inches to one foot in length, branching only from the root. 
 Flowers small, roundish. 
 
 3. M. moschata, Linn. Musk Mallow. Stem erect ; radical 
 leaves reniform, in 5, or 7, broad cut lobes ; cauline ones in 5 
 deep pinnatifid, jagged segments ; calyx hairy, leaflets of the 
 exterior calyx linear-lanceolate. Br. PI. 1. p. 314. E. Fl. v. 
 iii. p. 247. E. Bot. t. 754. 
 
 Meadows, pastures, and road-sides, especially in a gravelly soil. Dry 
 banks about Enniskerry, and road-sides, County of Kilkenny. Near 
 Hollywood and other places near Belfast; Mr. F. Whitla. Fl. 
 July, Aug. % . Flowers large, beautiful, rose-coloured, (occasionally 
 white,) one to two from the axils of the terminal leaves. The leaves 
 yield a faint musky smell if drawn through the hand. 
 
 2. ALTH^A. Linn. Marsh-mallow. 
 
 Styles numerous. Calyx double ; exterior of 6 9 leaves. Cap- 
 sules numerous, circularly arranged, 1 -seeded. Name, aX0w, 
 to cure; from its healing properties. 
 
 Monadelphia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. A. officinalis. Linn; Common Marsh-mallow. Leaves soft and 
 downy on both sides, cordate or ovate, toothed, entire or 3- 
 lobed ; peduncles axillary, many-flowered, much shorter than 
 the leaves. Br. Fl. 1. p. 315. E. FL v. iii. p. 244. E. Bot. t. 
 147. 
 
 Marshes, but mostly near the sea. Marshy grounds north of the 
 Shannon a little above Limerick. Cable Island, near Youghal, and 
 Cape Clear Island ; Mr. J. Drummond. Road-side between Lahinch 
 and Miltown, County of Clare ; Mr. W. Andrews. Fl. Aug., Sept. 
 T . Two to three feet high, remarkable for the dense, exquisitely soft 
 and starry pubescence of the leaves and stems. Flowers three to four 
 together, on axillary stalks, large, pale rose-colour. Affords an abun- 
 dant mucilage, and a decoction of it is of general use in England and 
 Ireland. The common road-side mallow (M. sylvestris) is often 
 sold as Marsh mallow, and has pretty much the same properties. 
 
 3. LAVATERA. Linn. Tree-mallow. 
 
 Styles numerous. Calyx double; exterior 3-lobed. Capsules 
 numerous, circularly arranged, 1 -seeded. Named in honour 
 of two Lavaters, friends of Tournefort. 
 
 Monadelphia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. L. arborea, Linn. -Sea Tree-mallow. Stem arborescent ; 
 leaves with about seven angles, downy, plaited ; peduncles axil- 
 lary, clustered, single-flowered. Br. Fl. 1. p. 314. E.FLv. 
 iii. p. 248. E. Bot. t. 1841. 
 
 Maritime rocks. On old walls near the harbour of Galway ; on 
 
38 HYPERICINE^c [Hypericum. 
 
 cliffs on the south isles of' Arran ; near Dingle, and on Ireland's Eye. 
 Near Ballintoy ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. July, Aug. 1. 
 
 ORD. 12. HYPERICINE^E. Juss. Tutsan Family. 
 
 Calyx 4 5 cleft, or of 4 5 sepals, persistent, often unequal, 
 with an imbricated aestivation, and dotted or glandular. Petals 
 4 5, alternate with the divisions of the calyx, often with ob- 
 lique veins, sometimes with black glands, the aestivation con- 
 torted. Stamens indefinite, usually polyadelphous at the base ; 
 filaments long; anthers small, versatile. Ovary 1. Styles 
 several, often combined ; stigmas simple or capitate. Fruit a 
 many, or 1-celled capsule or berry. Placenta entire, central, 
 or several at the margins of the valves. Seeds numerous. Al- 
 bumen none (De Cand.) Embryo straight. Radicle inferior. 
 Herbaceous or shrubby plants, variously and copiously glandular, 
 the leaves (which are entire and mostly opposite/ often with pellucid 
 dots, flowers generally yellow. 
 
 A small but very extensively distributed family, yielding a re- 
 sinous and slightly purgative and febrifugal juice. 
 
 1. HYPERICUM. Linn. St. John's-wort. 
 
 Calyx inferior, in 5 deep divisions. Petals 5. Filaments united 
 at the base into 3 or 5 sets. Capsules many-seeded. 
 Name, the virepiKov, of Dioscorides. 
 
 Polyadelphia. Polyandria. 
 
 # Styles 5. 
 
 1. H. calycinum, Linn. Large-flowered St. John's-wort. Styles 
 5 ; flowers solitary ; segments of the calyx unequal, obovate, 
 obtuse ; leaves oblong ; stem shrubby, branched, square. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 335. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 323. E. Bot. t. 2017. 
 
 Woods at Mucruss, 1804 ; in Powerscourt woods, perfectly natural- 
 ized ; it has also been observed, apparently wild, near Cork, by Mr. J. 
 Drummond, but in each case it is probably only the outcast of gardens. 
 Commonly cultivated in shrubberies on account of its beauty. Fl. 
 July Sept. J? .Flowers very large, yellow, as in all the gen-us. Sets 
 of stamens, five. 
 
 %. sf Styles 3. Calyx segments entire at the margins. 
 
 "2. H. Androscemum, Linn. Tutsan. Styles 3 ; capsule pulpy ; 
 stem shrubby compressed ; calyx-leaflets unequal ; leaves ovate, 
 sessile. Br. Fl. 1. p. 335. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 364. E. Bot. t. 
 1225. Androscemum ojficinale, All. Lindl. 
 
 Hedges and shrubby places. Hedges and woods in the County of 
 Dublin, County of Down, and various other parts of the country. Fl. 
 
Hypericum.] HYPERICINE^. 39 
 
 July. T?. Two feet high. Leaves large. Cymes of rather large 
 Jiowers, terminal. Berry black. 
 
 3. H. quadrangulum, Linn. Square-stalked St. John's-wort. 
 Styles 3 ; stem herbaceous, 4-angled somewhat branched ; 
 leaves ovate with pellucid dots ; sepals lanceolate. Br. Fl. \. p. 
 335. E. FL v. iii. p. 324. E. Sot. t. 370. 
 
 Moist pastures, sides of ditches and rivulets, frequent. Fl. July. % . 
 One foot to two feet high. Panicles terminal. 
 
 4. H. perforatum, Linn. Common perforated St. John's-wort. 
 Styles 3 ; stem two-edged ; leaves elliptic-oblong, obtuse, with 
 pellucid dots; segments of the calyx lanceolate. Br. FL 1. p. 
 
 335. E. FL v. iii. p. 325. E. Bot. t. 295. 
 
 Woods, thickets, and hedges, &c. frequent. Fl. July. 1(1. One 
 foot to two feet or more high, branched. There are minute dots on 
 the tips of the calyx, corolla, arid often on the leaves. This plant 
 was formerly in great repute for its supposed tonic or stimulating qua- 
 lities ; it was also esteemed as a vulnerary, and became the " balm of 
 the warrior's wound." 
 
 5. H. dubium, Linn. Imperforate St. John's-wort. Styles 3; 
 stem obsoletely quadrangular ; leaves elliptic-ovate, obtuse, des- 
 titute of pellucid dots ; segments of the calyx elliptical. Br. 
 Fl. \.p. 336. E. FL v. iii. p. 326. E. Bot. t. 296. 
 
 Rather mountainous woods, but no where in great plenty. Ditch 
 banks between Cullenagh and Stradbally ; near Innistiogue, County 
 of Kilkenny, and ditch banks on the road-side between Powerscourt 
 gate and the lower Dargle gate. FL July, Aug. %.. Similar in 
 many respects to the last ; for which, perhaps, it is not unfrequently 
 mistaken. Corolla often marked with small black dots. 
 
 6. H. humifusum, Linn. Trailing St. John's-wort. Styles 3 ; 
 flowers terminal, subcymose ; stem compressed, prostrate ; 
 leaves oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Br. FL 1. p. 336. E. FL v. 
 iii. p. 326, E. Bot. t. 1226. 
 
 Gravelly, boggy pastures, and road-sides, frequent. Fl. July. 
 %. Stem slender, about a span long. Corolla with black dots, as 
 well as the calyx, on which they are frequently seen near the edge, 
 but not so distinctly so as in those of the next section. 
 
 jjc * sfc Styles 3. Margins of the calycine segments with glandular 
 serratures. 
 
 7. H. hirsutum, Linn. Hairy St. Johns-wort. Styles 3 ; 
 calyx with (black) glandular serratures ; stem erect, rounded, 
 pubescent ; leaves ovate, slightly downy beneath. Br.Fl. 1. p. 
 
 336. E. FL v. iii. p. 328. E. Bot. *. 1 1 6. 
 
 Woods and thickets. Plentiful at the Salmon-leap, near Leixlip, 
 and at Woodlands. At Macedon Point, near Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. 
 Fl. July. If. Two feet high. Leaves rather large, more or less 
 downy, especially beneath. 
 
 8. H. pulchrum. Linn. Small upright St. John's-wort. 
 
-40 CARYOPHYLLEJE. [Dianthus. 
 
 Styles 3; calyx with (black) glandular serratures ; stem erect; 
 leaves cordate, embracing the stem, glabrous. Br. Fl. 1. jp. 
 337. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 329. E. Bot. t. 1227. 
 
 Dry woods and heaths, frequent. Fl. July. 1$.. One foot to two 
 feet high, slender, erect, rigid, branched. Flowers beautiful, in loose 
 panicles, yellow, tipped, before expansion, with red. Anthers red. 
 
 9. H. elodes, Linn. Marsh St. John 1 s-wort. Styles 3; calyx 
 with (reddish) glandular serratures, glabrous ; leaves roundish, 
 shaggy; stem rounded, creeping; panicle of few flowers. Br. 
 FL Lp. 337. E. Fl. v. ui. p. 330. E. Bot. t. 109. 
 
 Spongy bogs, not unfrequent. Fl. July, Aug. 1. A span long. 
 Flowers few, panicled, terminal, pale yellow. 
 
 ORD. 13. CARYOPHYLLE^E. Juss. Chickweed Family. 
 
 Sepals 4 5, continuous with the peduncle, distinct or co- 
 hering into a tube, persistent. Petals 4 5, hypogynous, in 
 some (especially Stellaria uliginosaj almost perigynous, at other 
 times, along with the stamens, inserted upon the receptacle, 
 sometimes wanting. Stamens as many as, or twice the number 
 of the petals, distinct or slightly united at the base : anthers 
 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary inserted on a more or 
 less evident torus. Styles 2 5. Capsule 1 5-celled, 2 5- 
 valved, valves often dentiform. Placentae central, in the 2 5- 
 celled capsules, adhering to the edge of the dissepiments. Seeds 
 indefinite. Albumen mealy, around which the embryo is gene- 
 rally more or less curved. Radicle directed to the hilum. 
 Herbaceous plants, of the temperate and colder regions, rarely suf> 
 frutescent. Leaves opposite, often connate, entire, in Arenaria rubra 
 and its allies having membranaceous stipules. 
 
 Tribe I. Silencce. De Cand. 
 Sepals united into a cylindrical, 4 or ^-toothed tube. 
 
 1. DIANTHUS. Linn. Pink. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed, with about 4, imbri- 
 cated, opposited scales or bractea at the base. Petals 5, 
 clawed. Caps, cylindrical, 1-celled. Name derived from 
 evs, Sios, Jupiter, and avOo<s, a flower ; dedicated as it were 
 to Deity itself; to express the high value that was set 
 upon this charming genus of plants. 
 
 Decandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. D. plumarius, Sprengel. Garden Pink. Stem erect, few 
 flowered ; scales of the calyx mucronate, very short, appressed ; 
 
Silene.] CARYOPHYLLE/E. 41 
 
 petals lanciniato-multifid, bearded ; leaves sublinear, glaucous, 
 with a rough margin. Dianthus hortensis, Schrad. Spreng. 
 Syst. v. ii. p. 379. 
 
 I insert this on the authority of Mr. J. Drummond, who found it in 
 an old quarry near Black Rock, Cork, and on cliffs at Hop Island, 
 near Cork, and who remarks that this may be the plant mentioned by 
 Smith, in his history of the County of Cork, under the name of Dian- 
 thus Caryophyllus, as growing on an old castle near Kinsale, which is 
 now demolished, and that this pink is still to be found on old thatched 
 houses in that neighbourhood. I have only seen one specimen, sent 
 by Mr. Drummond to the late James Brodie, Esq. now in the posses- 
 sion of Mr. Stewart of Edinburgh ; but until I have an opportunity of 
 examining recent specimens, I cannot pronounce with certainty that I 
 have been right in referring it to D. plumarius, to which species the 
 Pheasant-eye Pink of the gardens belongs. 
 
 2. SAPONARIA. Linn. Soapwort. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, naked at the base. Petals with claws 
 the length of the calyx. Stamens 10. Stigmas 2. Capsule 
 1 -celled. Named from Sapo, soap. The plant yields a mu- 
 cilaginous juice, which has been employed in lieu of that 
 useful article. Decandria Digynia. 
 
 1. S. offidnalis, Linn. Common Soapwort. Calyx cylindri- 
 cal ; leaves elliptic-lanceolate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 199. E. Ft. v. ii, 
 p. 284. E. Bot. 1. 1060. 
 
 Fields of Odin, above Rathfarnham, and on the banks of the Dod- 
 der, between Donnybrook and Rathfarnham, mostly with double 
 flowers. County of Clare ; Mr. Andrews. Fl. July, Aug. %. 
 One foot to one foot and a half high, with a rather stout cylindrical 
 stem. Leaves ribbed, opposite, and connate. Panicle of numerous, 
 large rose-coloured flowers. Limb of the corolla obcordate. This 
 plant makes a lather with water. 
 
 3. SILENE. Linn. Catchffy. 
 
 Calyx tubular, often ventricose, 5-toothed. Petals 5-clawed, 
 mostly crowned at the mouth, and the limb generally notched 
 or bifid. Caps. 3-celled, 6-toothed, many-seeded. Name, 
 supposed to arise from <nd\,ov, Saliva, in allusion to the viscid 
 moisture on the stalks of many species ; hence too, the 
 English name Catchfly. Decandria Trigynia. 
 
 * Stems tufted, short. Peduncles single-flowered. 
 
 1. S. acaulis, Linn. Moss Campion. Caespitose; leaves li- 
 near, ciliated at the base ; peduncles solitary, single-flowered ; 
 petals crowned, slightly notched. Br. Fl. 1. p. 201. E.Fl.v. 
 ii./>.299. E. Bot.t.WSl. 
 
 Plentiful on the limestone cliffs of Ben Bulben and other mountains 
 
 E 
 
42 CARYOPHYLLE^E. [Stiene. 
 
 in the County of Sligo. On trap rocks at Magilligan, County of 
 Derry ; Mr. Templeton, and Mr. D. Moore. Fl. June, July. %.. 
 Stems short, two to three inches high, much branched and tufted. 
 Leaves patent. Flowers beautiful purple. One of the greatest orna- 
 ments of our mountains. 
 
 # s|e Stems elongated. Flowers solitary or panicled. Calyx in- 
 flated, bladdery. 
 
 2. S. inflata, Sm. Bladder Campion. Flowers numerous, 
 panicled ; petals deeply cloven with narrow segments, scarcely 
 crowned ; calyx inflated, reticulated ; stem erect ; leaves ovato- 
 lanceolate. Br. FL 1. p. 201. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 292. E. Bot.t. 
 164. 
 
 Fields, gravelly banks, and road-sides, common. Fl. June Aug. 
 It. Whole plant glaucous, variable in the size and shape of its 
 flowers. Petals pure white. 
 
 3. S. mordtmo, With. Sea Campion. Panicles few flowered ; 
 petals with a shallow cleft, and broad segments, crowned ; calyx 
 inflated, reticulated ; stems spreading ; leaves ovato-lanceolate 
 or spathulate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 202. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 293. E. Bot. 
 t. 957. 
 
 Frequent upon the sea-shore and on mountain cliffs. Plentiful on 
 the shore at Killiney and Howth, and on Ben Bulben and other moun- 
 tains in the County of Sligo. Fl. June Aug. 1. This, although it 
 has smaller stems and leaves than the last, has larger flowers ; Sir 
 James E. Smith says that it is certainly distinct, and that its characters 
 are preserved in cultivation, which I have long observed to be the 
 case. 
 
 a)e sfc if. Stems elongated, branched. Flowers in leafy racemes, 
 alternate. 
 
 4. S. anglica, Linn. English Catchfty. Hairy and viscid; 
 petals (small,) crowned, slightly bifid ; calyces with setaceous 
 teeth, ovate in fruit ; and sometimes reflexed. Br. Fl. 1. p. 202. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 291. E. Bot. t. 1178. 
 
 Sandy and gravelly fields. Fields near Castletown, Bearhaven ; 
 Mr. J. Drummond. In rye fields, Benone, County of Derry ; Mr. 
 D. Moore. Fl. June, July. 0. 
 
 sfc * # jjc Stem elongated. Flowers corymbose. Calyx clavate. 
 
 5. S. Jlrmeria, Linn. Common or LobeVs Catchfly. Panicles 
 forked, corymbose, with crowded flowers ; petals notched, and 
 crowned with awl-shaped scales; calyx clavate, arid as well as 
 the leaves, glabrous ; leaves ovato-lanceolate ; stem viscid. Br. 
 Fl. 1 . p. 203. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 296. E. Bot. t. 1398. 
 
 Sandy corn field by the river Roe, County of Derry, sparingly ; Mr, 
 Z>. Moore. Field near Kilrush, County of Clare ; Mr. Andrews, 
 Fl. July, Aug. . " A doubtful native," extremely common in gar- 
 
Jgrostemma.} CARYOPHYLLEyE. 43 
 
 dens. Flowers purple (or sometimes white.) Calyx singularly cla- 
 vate. " The germen and capsule are elevated upon a stalk ; hence 
 the lower part of the calyx is contracted, while the upper part is swol- 
 len by the enlargement of the capsule." Hooker. 
 
 4. LYCHNIS. Linn. Catchfly. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 5-clawed, crowned at the 
 mouth ; mostly divided at the border. Name from \vx,vos, 
 a lampi the thick cottony substance of the leaves of some 
 species, or some similar plant, having been employed as wicks 
 to lamps. Decandria. Pentagynia. 
 
 1. L. Flos Cuculi, Linn. Meadow Lychnis or ragged Robin. 
 Flowers loosely panicled ; petals 4-cleft; capsule roundish, 1- 
 celled. Br. Fl. 1. p. 212. E. Fl v. ii. p. 326. E. Bot. t. 573. 
 
 Moist meadows and pastures, frequent. Fl. June. 1. One to 
 two feet high, hairy below, reddish-green, clammy above. Leaves 
 lanceolate. Calyx and flowerstalks reddish-purple. Petals rose- 
 coloured. 
 
 2. L. dioica, Linn. Red or white Campion. Flowers dioe- 
 cious; capsule of 1-cell. Br. FL 1. p. 213. E. Fi.v. ii. p. 328. 
 
 a. flowers red. L. dioica, E. Bot. t. 1579. L, diurna, Sibth. 
 Ox. 
 
 P. flowers white. E. Bot. t. 1580. L. vespertina, Sibth. Ox. 
 <y. flowers dingy white, with stamens and pistils together. 
 
 . In rather moist shady places, as in Powerscourt demesne, near the 
 Cherry orchard, and within the walls atGlenluce Castle, near the Giant's 
 Causeway. &. and 7. In open situations, as in most of the sandy fields 
 about Kilbarrick Church, Baldoyle and Portmarnock. FL . about 
 May July. 3. 7. June Sept. 1. One to two feet high, panicled 
 above, pubescent, viscid in a slight degree above the joints of the stem. 
 Leaves ovate, or ovato-laneeolate. Calyx in the anther bearing 
 flowers subcylindrical, in the fruit bearing ones ovate. In . the petals 
 are pure white, and the flowers fragrant in the evening. The double 
 red French Campion of the gardens is a variety of . 
 
 5. AGROSTEMMA. Linn. Cockle. 
 
 Calyx tubular, coriaceous, with 5 teeth. Petals 5-clawed, their 
 border undivided. Capsules opening with 5 teeth, 1-celled. 
 Name, a 07/38 o-Te/^a, Crown of the Jield, peculiarly appli- 
 cable to our species, which is a great ornament to corn-fields. 
 
 Decandria. Pentagynia. 
 
 1. A. Githago, Linn. Corn Cockle. Calyx much longer than 
 the corolla ; petals entire, destitute of a crown. Br. FL 1 . p. 
 212. E.FLv.u. p. 325. E. Bot. t. 74}. Lychnis Gitliago, 
 Lam. De Cand. 
 
 Corn fields, frequent, especially where the soil is of a sandy 
 
44 CARYOPHYLLEJE. [Spergula, 
 
 nature, as at Kilbarrick and other places near Howth. Fl. June, 
 July. It. 
 
 Tribe II. Alsinea. De Cand. 
 Sepals 4 5, distinct, or cohering only at the base. 
 
 6. SPERGULA. Linn. Spurrey. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, undivided. Capsules ovate^ 5-celled , 
 5-valved. Name from spargo, to scatter ; from the seeds being 
 so widely dispersed. Decandria. Pentagynia. 
 
 1. S. arvensisy Linn. Corn Spurrey. Leaves whorled with 
 minute membranaceous stipules at their base; stalk of the 
 fruit reflexed; seeds more or less margined. Br. FL 1. p. 215. 
 E.Fl. v. i\.p. 336.S.pentandra, E. Bot. t. 1536. 
 
 Corn fields, frequent ; especially in light sandy or stony soils. Fl. 
 June Aug. 1. Stems six to twelve inches high, swollen at the 
 joints. Leaves one to two inches long, narrow, terete, glabrous or a 
 little pubescent, in two fasicles from each joint, spreading in a whorled 
 manner. Panicle of many flowers. Petals white, ovate, rather 
 longer than the calyx. Stamens often five. Seed varying exceed- 
 ingly in the width of its margin. It is said that cattle are fond of this 
 plant, and that it is an object of culture in Holland. 
 
 2. S. nodosa, Linn. Knotted Spurrey. Leaves subulate, op- 
 posite, glabrous, connate, the lower ones sheathing; upper ones 
 bearing clusters of young leaves ; petals much longer than the 
 calyx. Br. Fl. 1. p. 216. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 338 E. Bot. t. 694. 
 
 Wet, sandy, and marshy place?, frequent. FL July, Aug. 1. 
 Three to four inches high, branched and decumbent at the base, where 
 the leaves are three-fourths of an inch long, but they gradually become 
 smaller upwards. Flowers large, white, three to four on the ter- 
 minal branches, peduncled. Whole plant glabrous. Calyx nerve- 
 less. 
 
 3. S. saginoides, Linn. Pearl-wort Spurrey. Glabrous ; 
 leaves subulate, acute, awnless ; peduncles solitary very long ; 
 petals as long as the calyx; capsule twice as long. Br. FL 1. p. 
 216. E. FL v. Up. 338. E. Bot. t. 2105. 
 
 On mountains near Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. On Bear Island, near 
 the Telegraph; Mr. J. Drummond. FL June, July. %. Stems 
 many from the root, procumbent below, two or three inches tall. 
 Leaves numerous and rather long at the base ; shorter, in remote pairs, 
 upon the stem. Flowers drooping before and after expansion. 
 
 4. S. subulata, Swartz. Awl-shaped Spurrey. Leaves sub- 
 ulate, subciliated, tipped with a bristly point ; peduncles solitary, 
 very long ; petals and capsules as long as the calyx. Br. Fl. I. 
 p. 216. E. Fl.v. ii.p. 339. E. Bot. t. 1082. S. saginoides, 
 Curt. S. procumbens, Linn. 
 
 Dry, gravelly, and stony places. Between Portstewart and Port- 
 
Sagina.] CARYOPHYLLEJE. 
 
 rush ; Mr. JD. Moore. Cunnamara ; Mr. Shuttleworth. FL July, 
 Aug. "2. This comes very near the last species, nor is it easy at all 
 times to distinguish them. Both have very much the habit of S. pro- 
 cumbens. 
 
 7. ELATINE. Linn. Water-wort. 
 
 Calyx 3 4 parted, persistent, inferior. Petals 3 4. Stam. 
 34, or 68. Styles 3 or 4, very short. Capsules 3 4- 
 valved, 3 4-celled, many-seeded, the dissepiments alternate 
 with the valves. Seeds cylindrical, curved, furrowed, and 
 transversely striated, attached to a central receptacle. Name 
 said to be derived from e\cm/, a pine, to which nothing can 
 be less similar than our present plant. 
 
 Octandria. Tetragynia. 
 
 .. E. hexandra, De Cand. Small Water-wort. Leaves op- 
 posite, rough, with minute points, spathulate ; flowers alternate, 
 pedicellate, hexandrous, tripetalous. Br. FL 1. p. 185. E. tri- 
 petala, Sm. E. FL v. ii. p. 243. E. Hydropiper, E. Bot. t. 
 955. (not Linn.} 
 
 Margins of lakes, rare. On the muddy border of Castlewellan 
 Lake, County of Down, where it was first pointed out to me, in 18Q8, by 
 Mr. Templeton. Abundant in Enagh Lough, near Deny, and by the 
 side of the river Bann, below Coleraine ; Mr. D. Moore. FL July, 
 Aug. 0. A minute, procumbent, much branching plant, with small 
 solitary flowers. Petals rose-coloured. Seeds most beautifully 
 ribbed, and transversely striated. 
 
 8. SAGINA. Linn. Pearl-wort. 
 
 Calyx of 4 sepals. Petals 4, (shorter than the calyx.) Capsule 
 of 1-cell, 4 valves. Name signifying meat which fattens, but 
 which is little applicable to any of the minute plants belong- 
 ing to this genus. Tetrandria. Tetragynia. 
 
 1. S. procumbens, Linn. Procumbent Pearl-wort. Perennial, 
 glabrous ; stems procumbent ; leaves shortly mucronate ; petals 
 much shorter than the calyx. Br.Fl. 1. p. 77. E. FL v. 1. p. 
 238. E. Bot. t. 880. 
 
 Waste places and dry pastures, frequent. FL May Aug. 1. 
 Stems spreading, two to four inches long, often sending out roots from 
 different parts of the stem at the insertion of the leaves, and these 
 throwing up new plants. Leaves linear-subulate, connate, membranous 
 at the margins at the base. Peduncles solitary, axillary and terminal, 
 about an inch long. Flowers at first drooping. 
 
 2. S. apetala, Linn. Annual small-flowered Pearl-wort. An- 
 nual ; stems slightly hairy, erect or ascending ; leaves aristate, 
 fringed; petals much smaller than the calyx. Br. Fl. 1. p. 77. 
 E. FL v. 1. p. 240. E. Bot. t. 881. 
 
 Dry gravelly places, frequent. Fl. May, June. Q. More slender 
 
46 CARYOPHYLLEJE. [Arenaria. 
 
 than the last, smaller and annual. Leaves narrower, more bristle- 
 pointed, more glaucous, and slightly hairy at the margins, sometimes 
 glabrous. Stems also hairy. Petals always present, according to 
 Mr. W. Wilson, obcordate, or wedge-shaped and truncated. Hooker. 
 
 3. S. maritima, Don. Sea Pearl-wort. Annual, glabrous; 
 stems erect or procumbent only at the base ; leaves fleshy, ob- 
 tuse ; petals none ; calyx rather longer than the capsule. Br. 
 ft 1. p. 78. E. Bot. t. 2195. S. stricta, Fries. 
 
 Sea coast, not unfrequent. Gravelly places near Ringsend, at 
 Narrow-water near Newry, and other places on the coast, also on rocks 
 on the shore below Sligo, very abundant. Fl. May Aug. 0. A 
 very distinct and well marked species, with a reddish or purplish tinge, 
 especially on the stems and calyces. 
 
 9. ARENARIA. Linn. Sand wort. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, undivided. Capsule 1-celled, 
 many- seeded. Named from arena, sand ; the greater num- 
 ber of species growing in sandy soils. 
 
 Decandria. Trigynia.' 
 
 * Stipules none. 
 
 1. A. peploides, Linn. Sea-side Sandwort. Glabrous ; leaves 
 ovate, acute, fleshy; calyx acute, ribless. Br. Fl. 1. p. 206. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 305. E. Bot. t. 189. 
 
 On sandy sea shores, frequent, Fl. July. 2. Root long and 
 creeping, slender. Stems decumbent at the base ; branches erect, 
 leafy upwards. Leaves large, decussate, connate, fleshy, shining, a 
 little curved. Flowers solitary, or two or three together, in the axils 
 of the upper leaves, nearly sessile, closing in the shade. Petals white, 
 small, scarcely longer than the calyx, distant, broadly ovate, shortly 
 clawed : surrounding the germen are ten glands, alternating with the 
 stamens. Capsule large, roundish, three to five valved, with compa- 
 ratively few, large, and black seeds. The habit of this is very different 
 from the rest of the genus, and it is said that the flowers are dioecious. 
 It is certain that very extensive patches of the plant have abortive 
 flowers, as Doctor Hooker well remarks. The curved embryo, common 
 to all the plants of this order, is very conspicuous in the large seeds of 
 this species when in a recent state. 
 
 2. A. trinervis, Linn. Three-nerved Sandwort. Leaves ovate, 
 acute, petiolate, 3- (rarely 5-) nerved, ciliated ; flowers solitary ; 
 calyces rough on the keel with 3 obscure ribs. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 
 206 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 307. E. Bot. t. 1483. 
 
 Shady woods and moist places. Hedge banks by the road-side be- 
 tween Powerscourt gate and the Dargle gate, and other places in the 
 County of Wicklow, not unfrequent. Fl. May. T. Stems one foot 
 high, much branched, pubescent. Upper leaves sessile. FlowerstalJts 
 an inch or more long, from the forkings of the extremities of the stem ; 
 in fruit spreading, the upper part deflexed. Petals oblong, ovate, 
 white, scarcely longer than the acute segments of the calyx. 
 
Arenaria.} CARYOPHYLLE^E. 47 
 
 3. A. serpyllifolia, Linn. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Leaves 
 ovate, acute, subscabrous, sessile ; calyx hairy, its outer sepals 
 5-ribbed. Br.Fl. 1. p. 206. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 307. E. Bot. t. 
 923. 
 
 Walls and dry waste places, frequent. Fl. June. 0. Two to six 
 inches high, erect or procumbent, much branched, pubescent. Leaves 
 rather small, rigid. Flowers white, on short stalks, from the forkings 
 of the upper part of the stem, or the axils of the leaves. Petals as 
 long as the calyx. 
 
 4. A. ciliata, Linn. Fringed Sandwort. Leaves spathulate, 
 roughish, ciliated at the base ; stems much branched, procum- 
 bent ; flowers terminal, solitary ; sepals lanceolate, acute, with 
 many ribs half as long as the corolla. Br. Fl. 1. p. 206. E. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 310. E. Bot. t. 1745. 
 
 Limestone cliffs on Sea- Fin, and Ben Bulben, County of Sligo. Fl. 
 June, July. 2 . Leaves in pairs, rather fleshy. Flowers terminal, on 
 long stalks, large, white, conspicuous. 
 
 # sfc Stipules at the base of each pair of leaves. 
 
 5. A. rubra, Linn. Purple Sandwort. Stems prostrate ; 
 leaves narrow, linear, acute, plane, somewhat fleshy, tipped with 
 a very minute bristle ; stipules ovate, cloven ; capsule as long as 
 the calyx; seeds compressed, angular, roundish. Br.Fl. 1. p. 
 208. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 31 1. E. Bot. t. 852. 
 
 Gravelly or sandy soils, frequent. Fl. June. Q- Very much 
 branched and spreading. Stipules, a pair of ovate, acute, white, mem- 
 branaceous scales, united at their base. Flowers numerous, in the 
 axils of the upper leaves, solitary. Calyx nerveless, and, as well as 
 the rather short peduncles, glandular and viscid. Petals ovate, red, 
 about as long as the calyx. Peduncles, after flowering, slightly bent 
 back. The seeds constitute the essential character by which this is 
 known from the following species. 
 
 6. A. marina, Oed. Sea-Spurrey Sandwort. Stem prostrate; 
 leaves semicylindrical, fleshy, awnless ; stipules ovate, cloven ; 
 capsule longer than the calyx ; seed compressed, smooth, with a 
 broad, membranous, pellucid border. Br. FL \.p. 208. E. 
 FL v.\\. p. 311. E. Bot. t. 358. A. rubra, ft. Linn. 
 
 Frequent upon the sea-coast. FL June, July. 0. or $ . Much 
 larger and stouter in all its parts than the last, besides the difference 
 arising from the seed. 
 
 7. A. verna, Linn. Vernal Sandwort. Stems numerous, 
 panicled above ; leaves subulate, acute, when dry 3-nerved ; 
 petals obovate, and as well as the capsule longer than the lan- 
 ceolate acuminated 3-nerved calyx. Br. FL \.p. 206. E. FL 
 v ii. p. 300. E. Bot. t. 512. 
 
 Trap rocks on Magilligan, County of Deny, where it was first ob- 
 served by Mr. Templeton. Between Lunenagh Castle and Kilferna, 
 County of Clare ; Doctor Osborne. Island of Arran ; Mr. R. 
 
48 CARYOPHYLLE,E. [Cerastium. 
 
 Ball. Fl. May, June. %.. Stem three to four inches high, slightly 
 hairy, as are the calyces and peduncles. Lower leaves crowded, often 
 curved, upper ones distinct. 
 
 10. CEKASTIUM. Linn. Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, cloven. Capsules bursting at the 
 top with 10 teeth (5 in C. aquaticum.) Name, Kepas, a horn, 
 from the rather long and curved capsules of some species. 
 
 .Decandria. Pentagynia. 
 
 # Petals not longer than the Calyx. 
 
 1. C. vulgatum, Linn. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 Hairy, nearly erect, viscid above ; leaves ovate ; bracteas her- 
 baceous ; petals as long as the calyx ; flowers subcapitate ; 
 calyces oblong, longer than the pedicels. Br. FL \. p. 213. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 330. E. Bot. t. 789. C. visocum, Huds. With. 
 Curt. Lond. ed. 1. with a Jig. 
 
 Fields, pastures, and road-sides, common. Fl. April June. 0. 
 Six to ten inches high, branched below, dichotomous above. Petals 
 narrow, bifid at the extremity. Capsules cylindrical, as long again as 
 the calyx, curved upward. 
 
 2. C. viscosum, Linn. Narrow-leaved, Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 Hairy, viscid, spreading; leaves oblong, lanceolate; bracteas 
 membranaceous at the margin ; flowers somewhat panicled ; 
 calyces oblong, shorter than the pedicels. Br. Fl.l.p. 213. 
 E. FL v. ii. p. 230. E. Bot. t. 790. C. vulgatum, Huds. 
 With. 
 
 Pastures, waste places, and wall tops. Fl. the whole summer. 0. 
 Much resembling the last, but a larger, coarser, and spreading plant, 
 with longer and narrower leaves. Calyces shorter than the footstalks 
 in general, especially when in fruit. 
 
 3. C. semidecandrum, Linn. Little Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 Hairy, viscid, suberect ; leaves oblongo-ovate ; bracteas membra- 
 naceous at the margin ; flowers somewhat panicled ; calyces 
 ovate shorter than the pedicel ; segments with broad membra- 
 naceous margins ; petals slightly cloven ; stamens 5. Br. Fl. 1 . 
 p. 213. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 33 J. E. Bot. t. 1630. C. pumilum, 
 Curt. 
 
 Dry waste places in sandy soil, and on wall tops, frequent. Fl. 
 March, April. 0. This, as Sir James E. Smith well observes, displays 
 itself, in early spring, on every wall, and withers away before the C. 
 viscosum begins to put forth its far less conspicuous blossoms. Calyx- 
 segments acute. Mr. W. Wilson thinks this may be but an early 
 flowering state of C. viscosum. 
 
 4. C. tetrandrum, Curt. Four-cleft Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 Hairy and somewhat viscid ; flowers 4-cleft with four stamens ; 
 
SteUaria] CARYOPHYLLE.E. 49 
 
 petals inversely heart-shaped, shorter than the taper-pointed 
 calyx, which is nearly as long as the capsule. (Smith.) Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 214. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 332. Saqina cerastoides, E. Bot. 
 t. 166. 
 
 Waste grounds, walls, and sandy places, especially near the sea. 
 Hill of Howth, on the Sutton side, where it was first observed, above 
 thirty years ago, by the late Mr. Underwood. Fl. May, June. 0. 
 Herb light green. Stems several, spreading, two to six inches high. 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong. Petals four, white. 
 
 * ajc Petals longer than the calyx. 
 
 5. C. arvense, Linn. Field Chickweed. Leaves linear-lan- 
 ceolate, more or less pubescent, especially near the base, twice 
 as long as the calyx. Br. Fl. 1. p. 214. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 333. 
 E.Bot.t. 93. 
 
 Dry, sandy, and gravelly places. Plentiful between Clontarf and 
 Howth, and many other places along the coast. Fl. June, July. 1. 
 Stems branched and decumbent at the base, a span long, slender. 
 Flowers large, pearl white, two or three on terminal stalks. Capsules 
 scarcely longer than the calyx. 
 
 6. C. aquaticum, Linn. Water Chickweed. Upper leaves cor- 
 dato-ovate ; flowers solitary ; fruit pendulous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 215. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 335. E. Bot. t. 538. 
 
 Sides of rivers and ditches. Fl. July. 1. I have not seen Irish 
 specimens of this plant, but the Rev. Dr. Hincks assures me that there 
 are specimens of it in the Herbarium of the Cork Institution, ga- 
 thered on the banks of the river Lee. Stems one to two feet long, 
 branched and straggling. Leaves large, lower ones only on footstalks, 
 with short scattered hairs on their surface and margins. The capsule 
 opens with five teeth or valves. 
 
 11. STELLARIA. Linn. Stitehwort. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, deeply cloven. Capsules opening 
 with 6 teeth, many-seeded. Name from Stella, a star ; be- 
 cause the corolla is spread in a star-shaped like manner. 
 
 Decandria. Trigynia. 
 
 1. S. media, With. Common Chickweed or Stitehwort. Leaves 
 ovate ; stems procumbent with an alternate line of hairs on one 
 side ; petals 2-parted ; stamens 5 10. Br. Fl. 1. p. 204. E. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 301. E. Bot. t. 211. Alsine media, Linn. 
 
 Road-sides and waste places, abundant. Fl. almost the whole year. 
 0. Stem with alternate lines of hairs between each pair of leaves, by 
 which the species is admirably distinguished. Leaves on footstalks, 
 except the uppermost ; glabrous. Flowers small, white, on solitary 
 axillary and terminal stalks. It is frequently given to birds, who are 
 fond of its seeds. 
 
 F 
 
50 CARYOPHYLLE^E. [Stettaria. 
 
 2. S. holostea, Linn. Greater Stitchwort. Stem nearly erect; 
 leaves lanceolate, much acuminated, finely serrulated; petals 
 inversely heart-shaped, bifid, twice as long as the nerveless calyx. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p.204. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 301 E. Bot. t. 537. 
 
 Woods and hedges, frequent. FL May. !. Plant one foot to 
 one foot and a half high, rather rigid and brittle, somewhat glaucous. 
 Flowers large, and with much broader petals than the two following, 
 pure white. Panicle of few flowers, leafy. 
 
 3. S. graminea, Linn. Lesser Stitchwort. Stem nearly erect, 
 acute, entire ; panicle much branched ; petals very deeply cleft, 
 segments linear, scarcely longer than the 3-nerved leaves of the 
 calyx. Br. Fl. 1. p. 204. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 392. E. Bot. 
 t. 803. 
 
 Dry pastures, fields and heaths, common. Fl May. 1 . One foot 
 high, more slender than the last, and readily distinguished by its much 
 smaller flowers, large and spreading panicle, three-nerved calyx, and 
 entire leaves. 
 
 4. S. glauca, With. Glaucous Marsh Stitchwort. Stem 
 nearly erect ; leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, glabrous, flowers 
 upon long solitary, axillary footstalks ; petals very deeply cleft, 
 their segments much longer than the 3-nerved calyx. Br. PI. 
 1. p. 204. E. FL v. ii. p. 303. E. Bot. t. 825. 
 
 Wet marshy places and margins of lakes. Plentiful in Glencree, 
 between Enniskerry and Lough Bray. FL June, July. *1L. Equally 
 slender with the last, one foot high. Flowers next in size to those of 
 $. holostea. Readily known from that and S. graminea by its nar- 
 rower, glaucous leaves, solitary, axillary flowers, and the narrow sepals, 
 which, like the last, are three-nerved. 
 
 5. S. uliginosa, Murr. Bog Stitchwort. Leaves ovato-lan- 
 ceolate, entire, with a callous tip ; flowers with dichotomous 
 panicles ; petals 2-parted, shorter than the leaflets of the calyx 
 which are combined at the base. Br. Fl. 1. p. 204. E. FL 
 v. ii.^.303. E. Bot. t. 1074.Larbra;a, St. Nil. De Cand. 
 Lindl. 
 
 In ditches and rivulets, frequent. FL June. 0. "This species, 
 besides having the sepals combined at the base, has the stamens and 
 pistils truly perigynous. Hence St. Hilaire, who makes of it his Genus 
 Larbr&a, (in honour of the Abbe de JLarbre,) seems to think it more 
 allied to his Paronychice than to the Caryophyllece. Its general 
 habit, however, is surely that of a Stettaria, from all the other species 
 of which it is distinguished by its comparatively minute petals.'* 
 Hooker. 
 
 6. S. cerastoides, Linn. Alpine Stitchwort. Stems decum- 
 bent, with an alternate hairy line ; leaves oblongo-spathulate ; 
 peduncles two or three, mostly terminal, downy as is the calyx 
 which is about half the length of the bifid corolla. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 205. E. FL v. ii. p. 305. E. Bot. t. 9 1 1 . 
 
 On a high mountain near Bantry, rare ; Miss Hutchins. FL July, 
 
Linum.] LINE^E. 51 
 
 Aug. 1 . Four to sii inches long. Lower part of the stem bare of 
 leaves and much branched. Leaves subsecund and subfalcate, their 
 points callous. Flowers large, pure white. Intermediate between 
 StcUaria and Cerastium. 
 
 ORD. 14. LINE.E. D C. Flax Family. 
 
 Sepals 3 5, with an imbricated aestivation. Petals 3 5, 
 unguiculate, alternate with the sepals and with a twisted aestiva- 
 tion. Stamens as many as there are petals, united at their base, 
 alternate with the petals, with intermediate teeth, or abortive 
 filaments : anthers ovate, 2-celled. Ovary subglobose, gene- 
 rally with as many cells and capitate styles as there are sepals, 
 rarely fewer. Capsule globose, often apiculated with the base 
 of the persistent styles, each cell imperfectly separated into two, 
 by a spurious dissepiment, and opening with two valves at the 
 extremity. Albumen scarcely any. Embryo straight, fleshy 
 and oily. Radicle towards the hilum. Herbs or undershrubs. 
 Leaves entire, without stipules. Flowers pedunculated. Petals 
 very fugacious. 
 
 1. LINUM. Linn. Flax. 
 
 Calyx of 5 sepals, persistent. Petals 5. Capsules globose, mu- 
 cronate, with ten valves and ten cells. Seeds ovate, com- 
 pressed. Named from I/in, thread, in Celtic, (Theis). 
 
 Pentandria. Pentagynia. 
 
 sje Leaves alternate. 
 
 1. L. usitatissimum, Linn. Common Flax. Leaves linear, 
 acute, lanceolate ; calycine leaves, ovate, acute, 3-nerved ; pe- 
 tals crenate; stem subsolitary. Br. Fl. 1.0. 147 E. Fl. v.'il. 
 p. 118. E.Bot.t. 1537. 
 
 Corn fields, not unfrequent. FL July. 0. One foot or one foot 
 and a half high, slender, branched above. Leaves distant. Flowers 
 large, purplish blue. This yields, in the strong fibres of its bark, the 
 valuable jftax of commerce, whilst from the seed a precious oil is ex- 
 pressed, known by the name of Lint-seed oil. These seeds, too, are 
 highly mucilaginous, and much employed in poultices, fomentations, 
 &c. 
 
 2. L. perenne, Linn. Perennial blue Flax. Leaves linear, 
 acute; calycine leaves obovate, obtuse, obscurely 5-ribbed, 
 glabrous ; stems numerous from the same root. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 147. E. Fl. v. ilp. 118. E. Bot. t. 40. 
 
 Limestone grounds near Monkstown, County of Cork ; Mr. J. 
 Drummond. Fl. June, July. 1(1. 
 
52 TILIACE.E. [Radiola. 
 
 3. L. avgustifolium, Huds. Narrow-leaved pale Flax. Leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved ; calycine leaves elliptical, 
 3-ribbed mucronate as well as the capsule. Br. Fl. 1. p. 147. 
 E. Fl. v. i\.p. 119. E. Bot. t. 381. 
 
 Sandy fields and gravelly places. Fields above Dundrum, on Kil- 
 liney Hill, and in the Phoenix Park, near Chapelizod, &c. Fl. July. 
 "U-. All the three species of this division have a great similarity in 
 their habit. The best characters, as Sir James E. Smith remarks, are 
 taken from the calyx. In the present the petals are of a paler blue 
 than in the preceding species, and smaller in proportion to the size of 
 the calyx. 
 
 # % Leaves opposite. 
 
 4. L. catharticum, Linn. Purging Flax. Leaves opposite, 
 oblong; stem dichotomous above; petals acute. Br. Fl. [.p. 
 148. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 119. E. Bot. t. 382. 
 
 Dry pastures, common. FL June, July. . Stem slender, upright, 
 two to six inches high. Flowers gracefully drooping before expansion, 
 white, small. 
 
 *2. RADIOLA. Gmel. Flax-seed. 
 
 Calyx of 4 sepals, united to their middle, and mostly 3- cleft. 
 Petals 4. Capsules of eight cells and eight valves. " Name 
 from radius, a ray, I presume in consequence of the ray-like 
 segments of the calyx." Hook. Tetrandria. Tetragynia. 
 
 1. R. millegrana, Sm. Thyme-leaved Flax-seed. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 79. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 243. E. Bot. t. 890. #. linoides, Gmel. 
 De Cand. Linum Radiola, Linn. 
 
 Moist, gravelly, and boggy soils. Plentiful about Ballylickey, near 
 Bantry, and near Bandon. It has also been observed to grow in the 
 Rosses, small islands on the coast on Donegal ; Mr. E. Murphy. 
 County of Clare ; Mr. Andrews. County of Derry ; Mr. D. 
 Moore. Fl. July, Aug. Q. 
 
 ORD. 15. TILIACE^E. Juss. Linden Family. 
 
 Sepals 4 5, with a valvate aestivation, without bracteas. 
 Petals 4 5, alternate with the sepals, entire, with a little hol- 
 low at the base. Stamens distinct, generally indefinite : anthers 
 oval or roundish, 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Glands on 
 the stalk of the ovary, as many as there are petals, and opposite 
 to them. Ovary 1, composed of 4 10 combined carpels: 
 styles as many, united into one : stigmas often free. Capsule 
 of several cells. Seeds numerous. Albumen fleshy. Embryo 
 
Tilia.] ACERINE^E. 53 
 
 straight : cotyledons plane, foliaceous. Trees or shrubs, rarely 
 herbs, of which one genus alone is European. Leaves simple, sti- 
 pulated, often toothed. Flowers axillary. 
 
 1. TILIA. Linn. Lime. 
 
 Calyx 5-partite, deciduous. Petals 5, with or without a nectary 
 at the base. Fruit coriaceous, 5-celled, without valves, cells 
 1 5, 2-seeded. Name of obscure origin. 
 
 Polyandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. T. europcea, Linn. Common Lime &r Linden Tree. Nec- 
 taries none ; leaves twice the length of the footstalks, quite 
 glabrous, except a woolly tuft at the origin of each vein be- 
 neath; cymes many-flowered ; fruit coriaceous, downy. Br. Fl. 
 1. p. 259. E. FL v. iii. p. 17. E. Bot. t. 610. T. intermedia, 
 De Cand. Lindl. 
 
 Woods and hedge rows, probably not indigenous. Fl July. T? . 
 A large handsome tree, its flowers yellowish-green, on a stalked cyme, 
 springing from a large lanceolate foliaceous bractece, which falls off 
 with the fructified cymes. Fruit generally one-celled and one-seeded. 
 There are fine specimens of this ornamental tree to be seen at the old 
 lime walk in Stillorgan Park. Sir James E. Smith states, that an an- 
 cient lime, of great magnitude, which grew where the ancestors of Lin- 
 naeus had long resided, is said to have given them their family name, 
 Linn being Swedish for a lime tree. The bark of this, and* perhaps, 
 some other species, makes the Russia garden-mats called bast. Bees 
 collect much honey from the flowers. 
 
 2. T. parvifolia, Ehrh. Small-leaved Lime. Nectaries none ; 
 leaves smooth above, glaucous beneath, with scattered as well as 
 axillary hairy blotches ; umbels compound, many-flowered ; 
 fruit roundish, brittle, nearly glabrous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 259. E. 
 Fl. v. iii. p. 20. E. Bot. t. 1705. 
 
 Woods in the County of Down ; Mr. Templeton. " Perhaps the 
 only native lime tree of Britain," Mr. Edward Forster. Fl. 
 Aug. T?. 
 
 ORD. 16. ACERINE^. Juss. Maple Family/ 
 
 Calyx 5-rarely 4 9-partite. Petals the same in number, in- 
 serted around an hypogynous disk, alternate with the lobes of 
 the calyx, often of the same colour, rarely none. Stamens on 
 the hypogynous disk, often 8, rarely 5 ]2; anthers oblong. 
 Ovary didymous. Style 1 ; stigma 2. Fruit a samara, of 2 in- 
 dehiscent carpels at length separating, 1-celled, 1 or 2-seeded. 
 Seeds fixed to the base of the cell, without albumen, but with a 
 thickened inner coat to the testa. Embryo curved or convo- 
 lute. Cotyledons foliaceous, wrinkled : radicle inferior. 
 
54 GERANIACEjE. (Acer. 
 
 Trees of the temperate parts of the northern hemisphere, of great 
 beauty. Leaves simple, often lobed. flowers racemose or corym- 
 bose, axillary, often, by imperfection, dicecious or polygamous. 
 
 1. ACER. Linn. Maple. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, inferior. Petals 5. Germen 2-lobed. Capsules 2, 
 united at the base, each with a long winged membrane, (hence 
 called a Samara), 1 -celled, 1 2-seeded. Name from acer, 
 sharp or hard (ac, Celtic) on account of the hardness of the 
 wood, which was employed in fabricating spears, pikes, &c. 
 
 Octandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. A. Pseudo-platanus, Linn. Greater Maple, or Sycamore. 
 Leaves 5-lobed, unequally serrated; racemes pendulous sub- 
 tomentose. Br. Fl. 1. p. 174. E. Fl v. ii. p. 230. E. Bot. 
 t. 303. 
 
 In hedges, plantations, arid about houses, not indigenous. Fl. May, 
 June. T? . A large tree, with spreading branches and ample leaves. 
 Flowers greenish. Fruit with two membranaceous wings, which 
 greatly aid in its dispersion. The wood is used for bowls and trenchers, 
 and other turnery. It is one of the best trees for planting near the 
 sea-coast. 
 
 2. A. campestre, Linn. Common Maple. Leaves 5-lobed, 
 obtuse, somewhat cut; clusters corymbose, erect. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 174. E. FL v. ii. p. 230. E. Bot. t. 304. 
 
 Hedges about Cork, scarcely indigenous ; Mr. J. Drummondt 
 Hedges at Ballycullen, County of Dublin ; Dr. Brinkley, Bishop of 
 Cloyne. County of Derry ; Mr.* D.Moore. Fl. May, June. T? . A 
 small tree, with rough bark, full of deep fissures. Leaves small. The 
 wood is compact, of a fine grain, sometimes beautifully veined ; cele- 
 brated among the ancients for tables. 
 
 ORD. 17. GERANIACE^E. Juss. Crane's-bill Family. 
 
 Sepals 5, persistent, more or less unequal, with an imbricated 
 aestivation, one of them lengthened into a spur, connate and 
 continuous with the peduncle. Petals 5, (rarely 4 or none,) al- 
 ternate with the sepals, unguiculate, equal or unequal, hypogy- 
 nous or perigynous. Stamens monadelphous, rarely wholly dis- 
 tinct, twice or thrice as many as there are petals, some of them, 
 occasionally sterile, equal or unequal. Ovary of 5 cells or 
 pieces, placed round a subpentagonal elongated axis : styles 5, 
 combined upon the axis into one : stigmas 5. Carpels (often 
 called (cocculi) 5, submembranaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded, even- 
 tually separating from the central indurated axis and terminating 
 by the persistent style, which springs from the base and curls 
 upwards. Seed solitary, pendulous, without albumen : embryo 
 
Geranium.] GERANIACE>E. ,55 
 
 curved : radicle directed to the base of the cell : cotyledons fo- 
 liaceous, convolute and variously plaited. Very generally dif- 
 fused herbs or shrubs, with the stems jointed, at least in the younger 
 and herbaceous kinds, and separable at the joints. Leaves oppo- 
 site at the joints ; or alternate, and then opposite the peduncle. 
 Cirrhi none. 
 
 1. GERANIUM. Linn. Crane's-bill. 
 
 Style 1. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla of 5 regular petals. Glands 
 5. Fruit beaked, separating into 5, 1-seeded capsules, each 
 with a long naked awn. Name ; <ye/>avtoi/, of the Greeks, from 
 yepavos, a Crane ; the fruit resembling the beak of a Crane. 
 
 Monadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 HC Peduncles \-jftowered. 
 
 1. G. sanguineum, Linn. Bloody Cranes-bill. Peduncles 
 1 -flowered; leaves nearly orbicular in 5 7 deep lobes, each of 
 which is trifid. Br. Fl. 1. p. 311. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 242. E. 
 Bot. t. 272. 
 
 Rocky and stony places. On the east side of Howth, also on Kil- 
 liney Hill and other places along the coast. Fl. July. %. One foot 
 to a foot and a half high, swelling at the joints. Peduncles axillary, 
 long. Flowers large, handsome, purple. 
 
 * * Peduncles ^-flowered. 
 
 2. G. sylvaticum, Linn. Wood Crane's-bill. Peduncles 2- 
 flowered, leaves subpeltate with 5 or 7 deep and acute lobes, 
 which are cut and serrated ; stem erect, corymbose ; petals 
 slightly notched; capsules keeled, hairy, not wrinkled. Br.FL 
 \.p. 312. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 234. E. Bot. t. 121. 
 
 Woods and rocky places, about the Giant's Causeway, and other 
 places in the County of Antrim ; Mrs. Mansfield and Mr. Temple- 
 ton. Fl. June, July. %. One foot to three feet high. Flowers 
 purple. 
 
 3. G. pyrenaicum, Linn. Mountain Crane's-bill. Pedun- 
 cles 2-flowered ; leaves reniform 5 7-lobed ; lobes oblong, ob- 
 tuse, trifid, and toothed at the extremity ; stem erect, branched; 
 petals with a deep notch twice as long as the calyx. Br. FL 1. 
 p. 312. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 239. E. Bot. t. 405. 
 
 Fields and waste places ; very common near Dublin. Fl. June, 
 July. 1. Two to three feet high, much branched. Readily distin- 
 guished from G. molle by its axillary peduncles, and much larger 
 flowers. 
 
 4. G. lucidum, Linn. Shining Crane's-bill. Peduncles 2- 
 flowered; leaves roundish 5-lobed; lobes trifid and notched, ob- 
 tuse with a short mucro ; calyx pyramidal, angular, dentato- 
 
56 GERANIACEyE. [Geranium. 
 
 tuberculate; capsules wrinkled. Br. Fl. \.p. 312, E. Fl. v. 
 \i\. p. 236. E. Bot.t. 75. 
 
 Rocks, walls, and roofs of houses ; on eld thatched roofs in the 
 suburbs of Killarney and Ennis ; on walls near both places, and on 
 Feltrum Hill. On walls near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Plentiful at 
 Oldcastle, Loughcrew, and other places in the County of Cavan ; Rev. 
 Mr. Halpin. Cavehill, near Belfast ; Mr. F. Whitla. Fl. June, 
 July. 0.' Stems spreading, shining, (as are the leaves,) brittle, swell- 
 ing- at the joints. Leaves small, lower ones often of a fine red. 
 Flowers small, rose-coloured. 
 
 5. G. robertianum, Linn. Stinking Cranes-bill, or Herb 
 Robert. Peduncles two-flowered ; leaves ternate or quinate ; 
 leaflets pinnatifid, segments mucronate ; calyx angular, hairy ; 
 capsules wrinkled. Br. Fl. 1. p. 312. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 235. 
 E. Bet. t. 1486. 
 
 Woods, thickets, and stony waste grounds, frequent. Fl. summer 
 months. 0. 
 
 6. G. molle, Linn. Doves-foot Cranes-bill. Stalks two- 
 flowered, alternate, opposite to the leaves, which are rounded, 
 many-lobed, notched and downy; capsules numerously wrinkled, 
 smooth ; seeds without dots. Br. Fl. 1. p. 213. E. Fl v. iii. 
 p.237. E. Bot. t. 778. 
 
 Dry pastures and waste places, common. FL April Aug. 0. 
 Stems spreading, procumbent, with long hairs. Leaves lobed ; lobes 
 broad, cut. Flowers small, purple. Seeds smooth. 
 
 7. G. rotundifolium, Linn. Round-leaved Crane's-bill. Pe- 
 duncles two-flowered ; leaves roundish or reniform, lobed and 
 cut, downy ; petals entire, the length of the calyx, capsules 
 smooth, hairy; seeds dotted, reticulated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 313. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 240. E. Bot. t. 157. 
 
 Waste grounds and barren pastures. In several small islands near 
 Cove, and by the road between Cork and Glanmire. Fl. June, July. 
 0. Distinguished from the preceding by the entire petals. Capsules 
 turgid, thin, slightly keeled, clothed with prominent hairs, the surface 
 quite even, never wrinkled, 
 
 8. G. pusillum, Linn. Small-flowered Crane's-bill. Pedun- 
 cles two-flowered ; flowers pentandrous ; petals notched ; leaves 
 rounded or reniform, in 6 7 deep lobes ; lobes trifid ; cap- 
 sules smooth, carinated, downy, with erect appressed hairs ; 
 seeds smooth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 313. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 238. E. 
 Bot. t. 385. 
 
 Waste grounds and in gravelly soils. Road side near Ovens, 
 County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Near Kilmakannick, County 
 of W'icklow ; Major Percy Pratt. Fl. June Sept. Q.Stem 
 weak, prostrate. Leaves deeply lobed. Flowers very small, bluish 
 purple. 
 
 9. G. dissectum, Linn. Jagged-leaved Cranes-bill. Pe- 
 duncles two-flowered ; petals notched rather shorter than the 
 
Erodium.] 
 
 GERANIACE.E. 57 
 
 much-awned calyx ; leaves 5-parted ; lobes trifid, or cut, linear; 
 capsules smooth, hairy; seeds dotted. Br. Fl. J. p. 313. E. 
 Fl. v. iii. p. 241. E. Bot. t. 753. 
 
 Hedges and pastures, gravelly and waste places. Fl. May, June. 
 0. Stems spreading. Distinguished by the much divided leaves and 
 the short footstalks of the blossoms. 
 
 10. G. columbinurn. Linn. Long -stalked Cranes-bill. Pe- 
 duncles 2-flowered, shorter than the leaves, which are 5-parted, 
 the lobes divided into many acute segments ; petals entire, as 
 long as the much-awned calyx; capsules smooth, glabrous; 
 seeds dotted. Br. FL 1. p. 313. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 241. E. Bot. 
 t. 259. 
 
 Dry pastures near Kilcrea, County of Cork ; Mr, J. Drummond. 
 Fl. June, July. 0. Stem very slender, procumbent, its hairs, as in G. 
 dissectum, reflexed. Capsules quite glabrous. 
 
 2. ERODIUM. L'Herit. Heron's-bill. 
 
 Style 1. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla of 5 regular petals. 
 Glands 5. Fruit beaked, separating into 5 one-seeded cap- 
 sules, each with a long spiral awn, bearded on the inside, 
 Name, e/>w<uos, a Heron ; the fruit resembling the beak of 
 that bird. Monadelphia. Pentandria. 
 
 1. E. cicutarium, Sm. Hemlock Heron's- bill. Peduncles 
 many-flowered ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets sessile, pinnatifid and 
 cut ; petals longer than the calyx ; stems prostrate, hairy. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 310. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 229. E. Bot. t. 1768. Gera- 
 nium cicutarium, Linn. 
 
 Waste and sandy grounds, frequent. Fl. summer months. Q. 
 Whole plant hairy. Flowers in small umbels, purplish, or sometimes 
 white. 
 
 2. E. moschatum, Sm. Musky Herons-bill. Peduncles 
 many-flowered ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets nearly sessile, ovate, 
 unequally cut ; perfect stamens toothed at the base ; stems de- 
 pressed, hairy. Br. Fl. 1. p. 310. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 230. E. 
 Bot. t. 902. Geranium moschatum, Linn. 
 
 Sandy grounds, old walls and rocks. Simmond's-court, near Don- 
 nybrook ; and rocks at Carlingford Castle. Near Monkstown Church ; 
 Major Percy Pratt. Plentiful near Cork. Fl. June, July. Q. 
 
 3. E. martimuniy Sm. Sea Herons-bill. Peduncles 1, or 
 few-flowered ; leaves simple ovato-cordate, stalked, lobed and 
 crenate; stems depressed, slightly hairy. Br. FL 1. p. 311. 
 E. FL v. iii. p. 231. E. Bot. t. 640. 
 
 Sandy and gravelly sea-coasts, not very common. Steep banks on 
 the east side of the Hill of Howth, and sea cliffs on the south side of 
 Killiney Hill. Fl. May Sept. %. Flowers exceedingly small and 
 inconspicuous. Petals often wanting. 
 
r > 8 OXALIDE^E. [Oxalis. 
 
 ORD. 18. OXALIDE^:. D C. Wood-Sorrel Family. 
 
 Sepals 5, sometimes slightly combined, equal, persistent. 
 Petals 5, equal, unguiculate, sometimes cohering at the base, 
 aestivation contorted. Stamens 10, more or less monadelphous; 
 the 5 opposite the petals longer: anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 
 5 angles, and 5 cells. Styles 5, filiform ; stigmas somewhat 
 capitate. Capsule membranaceous, 5-celled, 5 10-valved. 
 Seeds few, fixed to a central axis, ovate, striated, included in a 
 fleshy arillus, which opens with an elastic force, and ejects the 
 seed. Albumen between cartilaginous and fleshy. Embryo 
 with foliaceous cotyledons and a long radicle pointing to the 
 hilum. Herbs or shrubs, of various parts of the world* Leaves 
 mostly alternate, rarely opposite or whorled, compound, or, by im- 
 perfection, simple. 
 
 1. OXALIS. Linn. Wood- Sorrel. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Petals 5, often united by the base of their 
 claws. Filaments often combined below, 5 outer ones shorter. 
 Capsules angular, 5-celled : cells 2, or many-seeded. Seeds 
 with an elastic arillus. Name from ogvs, sharp or acid. Our 
 species produce in their leaves oxalic acid, in the state of bi- 
 noxylate of Potash. (Professor Thomson.} 
 
 Decandria. Pentagynia. 
 
 1. O. Acetosella, Linn. Common Wood-Sorrel. Leaves all 
 radicle, ternate ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped, hairy ; scape 
 single-flowered ; root scaly. Br. PI. 1. p. 211. E. Fl. v. ii.p. 
 323. E. Bot. t. 762. 
 
 Woods and hedge banks, also on mountains among shady rocks. A 
 beautiful variety, with red flowers, of which I have plants in the Col- 
 lege Botanic Garden, was found by Mr. J. Drummond near Passage, 
 County of Cork. Fl. May, and much later on elevated situations. 
 %. Leafstalks long and slender, reddish. Leaflets drooping at 
 night. Scape with two scaly bracteas. Flowers handsome, drooping, 
 generally white, with purple veins. The leaves have a most agreeable 
 acid flavour. Mr. Bicheno, in a paper published a few years ago in 
 the First Volume of the Journal of the Royal Institution, states it to 
 be his opinion that the wood sorrel ( Oxalis Acetosella) was the an- 
 cient shamrock, as old authors say it was a sour indigenous plant, show- 
 ing itself on St. Patrick's day, and was eaten ; and, therefore, con- 
 cludes, that the Trifolium repens, or common white clover now used, 
 could not have been the plant in former use. The wood sorrel having 
 trifoliate leaves as well as the white clover, would answer as well for the 
 purpose intended. 
 
 SUBCLASS II. CALYCIFLORA. De Cond. 
 Sepals more or less combined into one piece. Petals dis- 
 
Montia.] CRASSULACEjE. 59 
 
 tinct or combined, and as well as the stamens inserted upon 
 the calyx, more or less remote from the base of the ovary. 
 Ovary free or adnate with the calyx. 
 
 ORD. 19. PORTULACE^E. Juss. Purslane Family. 
 
 Sepals 2, sometimes 3 5, cohering below. Petals variable, 
 generally 5, sometimes cohering into a short tube, or wanting. 
 Stamens inserted along with the petals into the base of the calyx, 
 variable in number, all fertile ; filaments distinct, often oppo- 
 site to, and adnate with the petals ; anthers variable, opening 
 lengthwise. Ovary 1, 1-celled: style 1, filiform: stigmas se- 
 veral, much divided. Capsule 1-celled, opening transversely, 
 or by 3 valves, occasionally 1 -seeded and indehiscent. Seeds 
 generally numerous, fixed to a central placenta. Albumen fari- 
 naceous, central. Embryo curved round the albumen : radicle 
 elongated. Succulent herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, rarely 
 opposite, entire, without stipules, or sometimes with membranaceous 
 ones on each side. Flowers axillary or terminal, generally ex- 
 panding only in the bright sunshine. 
 
 1. MONTI A. Linn. Blinks. 
 
 Calyx of 2 sepals. Corolla of 5 irregular petals united at the 
 base into one. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded. Name, in 
 honour of Joseph de Monti, a Professor of Botany and Na- 
 tural History at Bologna. Triandria. Trigynia. 
 
 1. M.fontana, Linn. Water Blinks or Water- Chickweed. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 58. E. FL v. 1. p. 187. E. Bot. t. 1206. 
 
 Rills, springy and wet places. Fl. June, July. Q. Whole plant 
 succulent, varying considerably in size. Stem prostrate, rooting. 
 Leaves small, opposite, spathulate. Peduncles nearly terminal, often 
 forked. Flowers white, at first drooping. Stamens upon the corolla, 
 short. Germen and capsule roundish. Seeds three, subreniform, 
 dotted. 
 
 ORD. 20. CRASSULACE^E. D C. Houseleek Family. 
 
 Sepals 3 20, more or less combined. Petals equal to them 
 in number, and alternate with them, and inserted into the bot- 
 tom of the calyx. Stamens inserted along with the petals, 
 either equalling them in number, and then alternate with them, 
 or twice as many, those opposite the petals the shortest ; fila- 
 ments distinct, subulate ; anthers oval, 2-celled, bursting longi- 
 tudinally. There is a nectariferous scale at the base of each 
 ovary. Ovaries as many as there are petals, and opposite to 
 
60 CRASSULACE^E. [Sedum. 
 
 them, placed in a circle, distinct, 1 -celled, tapering into the 
 stigmas. Carpels several, 1-celled, opening longitudinally and 
 internally. Seeds attached to the margin of the suture, variable 
 in number. Albumen thin, fleshy. Embryo straight : radicle 
 turned towards the hilum. Succulent Jierbs or shrubs. Leaves 
 fleshy. Flowers in cymes, often unilateral. 
 
 1. COTYLEDON. Linn. Pennywort. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla monopetalous, tubular, 5-cleft. Cap- 
 sules 5, each with a gland or nectariferous scale at its base. 
 Name from /COTI/X^, a cup, to which the leaves of some of the 
 species bear a distinct resemblance. 
 
 Decandria. Pentagynia. 
 
 1. C. Umbilicus, Huds. Wall Pennywort. Leaves peltate, 
 crenate, depressed in the centre ; stem with a (usually) simple 
 raceme of pendulous flowers ; upper bracteas minute, entire. 
 Br. Fl 1. p. 209. E. Fl. v..ii. p. 314. E. Bot. t. 25. Umbi- 
 licus pendulinus, De Cand. 
 
 Rocks, walls, and old buildings, in rather elevated situations, Hill of 
 Howth, Killiney Hill, &c. Ft- June Aug. It .Whole plant suc- 
 culent. Stems from six inches to a foot high, rounded. Leaves mostly 
 radical. Flowers cylindrical, yellowish-green. 
 
 2. SEDUM. Linn. Orpine or Stone-crop. 
 
 Calyx in 5 (sometimes 4 8) deep segments, often resembling 
 the leaves. Petals 5, patent. Germens 5, each with a nec- 
 tariferous scale at its base. Name from sedo, to sit, from the 
 humble growth of these plants on their native rocks. 
 
 Decandria. Pentagynia. 
 
 sjc Leaves plane. 
 
 1. S. Telephium, Linn. Orpine, or Live-long. Leaves oval- 
 oblong, plane, serrated ; corymbs leafy ; stems erect. Br. Fl 
 1. p. 209. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 315. E. Bot. t. 1319. 
 
 Borders of fields and hedge banks near Carrigaline, County of Cork, 
 in a naturalized state ; Mr. J. Drummond. On an old ditch in the 
 glebe of Oldcastle, County of Cavan ; Rev. Mr. Halpin. Fl. July. 
 1. One to two feet high. Stem spotted. Leaves broad. Flowers 
 purple. Very unlike any of the following species, and having the habit 
 of Rhodiola rosea. 
 
 * jjc Leaves terete. Flowers white or reddish. 
 
 ? S. dasyphyllum, Linn. Thick-leaved Stone-crop. Leaves 
 opposite (except on the flowering stems) ovato-globose, fleshy ; 
 panicles glutinous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 209 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 816. E. 
 Bot. t. 656. 
 
Sedum.] CRASSULACE^. 61 
 
 Walls at Sunday'8 Well, near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. June. 
 !{.. Stems slender, procumbent below, slightly viscid. Flowering- 
 stems two to three inches high. Leaves short, singularly thick and 
 fleshy, glaucous, with a reddish tinge and dotted. Flowers tinged with 
 rose-colour. Petals and pistils five to eight. 
 
 3. S. anglicum, Huds. White English Stone-crop. Leaves 
 ovate, gibbous, fleshy, produced at the base, alternate ; cymes 
 few-flowered ; petals very sharp at the point. Br. Fl. p. 209. 
 E. Fl. v. ii.p. 317. E. Bot. t. 171. 
 
 Rocks, frequent ; especially in dry exposed situations, as Howth, 
 Killiney Hill, and also inland situations. Fl. June, July. 0. Two 
 to three inches high, much branched, procumbent below. Leaves 
 glaucous-green often tinged with red. Flowers few in each cyme, but 
 very conspicuous from their white, star-like appearance, and their purple 
 anthers. It is a great ornament to the barren rocks on which it 
 grows. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Leaves terete. Flowers yellow. 
 
 4. S. acre, Linn. Biting Stone-crop or Wall-pepper. Leaves 
 erect, alternate, ovate, gibbous, fleshy, produced at the base ; 
 cymes trifid, glabrous, leafy. Br. Fl. 1, p. 210 E. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 317. E. Bot. t. 389. 
 
 Walls, rocks, and sandy grounds, frequent. Fl. June. If. . Distin- 
 guished among our yellow-flowering species, by its upright, short, and 
 very succulent leaves, closely imbricated on the barren shoots. Very 
 biting when chewed ; and hence its name of wall-pepper. 
 
 5. S. reflexum, Linn. Crooked yellow Stone-crop. Leaves 
 awl-shaped, spurred at the base, the lowermost recurved ; flowers 
 cymose; segments of the calyx ovate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 210. E. 
 Fl v. ii. p. 320. E. Bot. t. 695. 
 
 Tops of old walls near Finglass and Chapelizod ; many of the old 
 thatched houses in the town of Antrim are covered with it. Plentiful 
 about Carrickfergus ; Mr. F. Whitla. On rocks by the side of the 
 river Roe, above Newtownlimavady ; Mr. D. Moore. On an old 
 castle near Mallow; Rev. Dr. Hincks. Fl. July. 1^. Sterile 
 branches with thickly placed leaves, often reflexed. Flowering-stems 
 six to eight inches high. Cyme large, yellow. Flowers numerous, 
 often with sis. petals and twelve stamens. Very similar to this are the 
 two following species. 
 
 6. S. glaucum, Bonn. Glaucous yellow Stone-crop. Leaves 
 glaucous, awl-shaped, scattered, produced at the base, those of 
 the branches thread-shaped ; flowers cymose ; segments of the 
 calyx lanceolate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 211. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 321. E. 
 Bot. t. 2477. 
 
 By the side of a stream that supplies the basin at Sunday's Well, 
 and on the top of a wall near Glaskeen, County of Cork ; Mr. J. 
 Drummond. Fl. July. If. . Distinguished from the last by its more 
 glaucous hue, and more slender leaves, especially on the radical 
 shoots. 
 
62 SAXIFRAGES. [Sempervivum. 
 
 7. S. rupestre r Linn. Rock Stone-crop. Leaves glaucous, 
 spurred at the base, those of branches awl-shaped, erect, in five 
 close rows ; flowers imperfectly cymose ; segments of the calyx 
 elliptical, obtuse. Br. Fl. 1. p. 211. E. FL v. ii.p. 321. E. 
 Bot. t. 170. 
 
 Plentiful on an old wall by a footway between Dundrum and Rath- 
 farnham ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. July. T Rather smaller than 
 the last. Leafy, branches very numerous, erect, crowded, obtuse, 
 thickly clothed with upright, awl-shaped, acute, very glaucous leaves, 
 imbricated in five rows, spurred and unconnected at the base : those on 
 the flowering stems scattered, broader and more tumid, often red. All 
 the parts of the flowers are liable to an increase in number, even in wild 
 specimens. 
 
 ?/ 3. SEMPERVIVUM. Linn. Houseleek. 
 
 Calyx 12-cleft. Petajs 12. Capsules 12. Name derved from 
 semper, always, and vivo., to live, always green. 
 
 Dodecandria. Dodecagynia. 
 
 1. S. teclorum. Linn. Common Houseleek. Leaves ciliated ; 
 offsets spreading ; petals entire and hairy at the margins. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 219. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 350. E. Bot. t. 1320. 
 
 House-tops and on walls. Fl. July. If, . The flowers of this well 
 known plant, as Doctor Hooker observes, are no less beautiful than 
 they are curious in their structure. " The number of their stamens is 
 in realit}' twenty-four, of which twelve, inserted one at the base of each 
 petal, are perfect ; the rest alternating with the petals, small and abor- 
 tive ; some bearing anthers, opening longitudinally and laterally, pro- 
 ducing, instead of pollen, abortive ovules ! others resemble a cuneate 
 pointed scale, in the inside of which, upon a longitudinal receptacle, 
 are likewise ranged abortive ovules, in the same manner as in the real 
 germen ; thus exhibiting the most complete transition from stamens 
 to germens, in the same individual flower." See the plate in FL Lond. 
 ed. '2. Hook. 
 
 ORD. 21. SAXIFRAGES. Juss. Saxifrage Family. 
 
 Sepals 5, rarely 3 7, more or less cohering ; the tube altoge- 
 ther, or in part, adnate with the ovary, or free ; the limb toothed 
 or lobed, generally persistent. Petals usually as many as there 
 are sepals, inserted upon the tube of the calyx, alternate with 
 its lobes, rarely none. Stamens inserted on the calyx, equal in 
 number with the petals, and alternate with them, sometimes 
 double, and then half opposite the petals, and half alternating 
 with them : filaments subulate : anthers ovate 2-celled. Ovary 
 generally of 2 carpels, rarely 3 5, united: styles equal in 
 number with the ovaries, distinct or combined, persistent : 
 stigma capitate or clavate. Fruit capsular, generally of 2 
 
SAXIFRAGES. 63 
 
 valves, rarely 3 5 : the margins of the valves sometimes intro- 
 flexed so as to be more or less 2-celled ; the valves opening in- 
 ternally, sometimes from the base to the apex ; sometimes from 
 the apex to the base between the styles. Placentas occupying 
 the iritroflexed margins of the valves more or less completely. 
 Seeds many, minute, nearly horizontal. Albumen fleshy. Em- 
 bryo small : radicle short, directed towards the hilum. Cotyle- 
 dons short, ovate. Herbs. Leaves without stipules, alternate, 
 rarely opposite. Flowers racemose or panicled, rarely soli- 
 tary. 
 
 1. CHRYSOSPLENIUM. Linn. Golden-Saxifrage. 
 
 Calyx 4 5 parted, coloured inside. Petals none. Stamens 
 8 10, short, perigynous. Disk annular. Styles 2, spread- 
 ing. Capsule inferior of one cell, and two valves at the 
 apex. Small succulent herbs, with reniform notched leaves, 
 and green inconspicuous flowers. Name from xP vffo *> gold, 
 and ffir\i]v, the spleen, a disease, for which this plant was 
 supposed to be a cure. Decandria Digynia. 
 
 1. C. alternifolium, Linn. Alternate-leaved Golden- Saxifrage. 
 Leaves alternate, lower ones subreniform upon very long foot- 
 stalks. Br. Fl.l.p.190. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 260. E.Bot.t.54. 
 
 Boggy places, among rocks and springs. Near Belfast ; Mr. Tern- 
 pleton. Fl. March, April. 1. Four to five inches high, branched 
 near the summit. Leaves petiolate, crenate. Flowers in small umbels, 
 deep yellow, mostly with eight stamens. 
 
 2. C. oppositifolium, Linn, Common Golden- Saxifrage. 
 Leaves opposite, cordato-rotundate. Br. FL J. p. 190. E. 
 Fl. v. ii.p. 260. E. Bot. t. 490. 
 
 Sides of rivulets, in shady places, common. Fl. May July. If . 
 Generally more branched at the base than the last, of a paler colour 
 in all its parts. Stamens usually eight. 
 
 2. ADOXA. Linn. Moschatell. 
 
 Calyx half inferior, 3-cleft. Corolla superior, 4 5 cleft. An- 
 thers terminal, 1-celled. Berry 4 5-celled. The side 
 flowers have the corolla 5-cleft, the terminal one 4-cleft. 
 Name a, without, and Soga, glory ; from the humble growth and 
 insignificant aspect of this little flower. 
 
 Octandria. Tetragynia. 
 
 1. A. moschatellina, Linn. Tuberous Moschatell. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 184. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 242. E. Bot. t. 463. 
 
 Woods, hedge banks, and shady places, rare in Ireland ; Cavehill 
 and Glen of Jennymount, near Belfast ; Doctor Drummond and Mr. 
 F. Whitla. Fl. April, May. %. Stem about a span high. Leaves 
 two to three, radical, on very long footstalks, triternate, lobed and cut. 
 two cauline ones small and simply ternate. Peduncle single, terminal, 
 
64 SAXIFRAGES. [Saxifraga. 
 
 with a head of four verticillate Jloivers, and a fifth terminal one. " Sta- 
 mens united in pairs, or they may be considered as four to five forked 
 stamens, each ramification terminated by the single cell of an anther, 
 and all springing from a fleshy ring that surrounds the upper part of 
 the (jermen. The flowers have an evident musky smell in the eve- 
 ning, or early in the morning, while the dew is on them." Hooker. 
 
 3. PARNASSIA. Linn. Grass of Parnassus. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5. Nectaries 5, heart-shaped, 
 fringed with glandular- headed filaments. Capsule 1 -celled, 
 4-valved, each valve bearing a longitudinal linear receptacle 
 with numerous seeds. Named from Mount Parnassus, to 
 which place indeed, the plant is by no means peculiar. 
 
 Pentandria. Tetragynw. 
 
 1. P. palustris, Linn. Common Grass of Parnassus. Bris- 
 tles of the nectary 9 13 ; leaves cordate ; cauline one am- 
 plexicaul. Br. FL 1. p. 144. E. FLv. ii. p. 114. E. Bot. 
 t. 82. 
 
 Boggy grounds and moist gravelly places, frequent. FL Aug. 
 Oct. !{.. Leaves mostly radical, on long footstalks, cordate, entire, 
 nerved ; one on the stem below the middle, sessile. Stem angular, 
 from four to six inches high. Flowers solitary, terminal, large, yel- 
 lowish white, handsome. Petals broadly obovate. Nectaries each, 
 an obcordate scale, opposite the petals, fringed with white hairs along 
 the margin, which are terminated by a yellow pellucid globular 
 gland. 
 
 4. SAXIFRAGA. Linn. Saxifrage. 
 
 Calyx superior or inferior or one-half inferior, in five segments. 
 Corolla of five petals. Caps, with two beaks, 2-celled, many- 
 seeded, opening between the beaks. Seeds upon a receptacle 
 attached to the dissepiment. Named from saxum, a stone, and 
 frango, to break ; in allusion to the supposed medicinal vir- 
 tues of this plant ; or, perhaps, to its roots penetrating the 
 crevices of rocks and stones, among which the different spe- 
 cies generally grow. Decandria. Digynia. 
 
 * Calyx reflexed, inferior. Leaves undivided. Scape panicled, 
 erect, much taller than the stems. 
 
 1. S. Geum, Linn. Kidney-shaped Saxifrage. Leaves ro- 
 tundato-reniform, acutely crenate, more or less hairy ; foot- 
 stalks linear, channelled ; scape panicled ; capsules superior. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 191. E. F 1. v. ii. p. 261. 
 
 . leaves hairy on both sides, their under surface beautifully 
 reticulated with purple. 
 
 ft. leaves glabrous on both sides, more sharply toothed. S. 
 
Saxifraga.} SAXIFRAGES. 65 
 
 Geum, E. Bot. t. 1561. (Leaves smaller than usual J. Robertsom'a 
 dentata, Haworth in App. Syn. PL Succ. 
 
 7. leaves light green, glabrous and shining, sharply toothed. 
 Robertsonia polita, Haworth. 
 
 S. leaves hairy on both sides, smaller than in any of the pre- 
 ceding ; flowers cream-coloured, spotless ; scape slender. 
 
 Sheltered spot below Turk Waterfall, Killarney, and only there. 
 & The most common var. Mangerton and other mountains in Kerry, 
 Priest's Leap and other mountains near Bantry, abundant. y. On 
 Connor-hill, near Dingle. S. On Connor-hill, near Dingle, with the 
 last. Fl. June. 1. 
 
 2. S. elegans. Small round-leaved Saxifrage 1 . Leaves orbicu- 
 lar, smooth, shining ; footstalks linear (flat above), hairy on the 
 edges, about the same length as the leaves ; scape panicled ; 
 capsule superior ; flowers spotted with red. S. Geum. S. Hooker, 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 191. 
 
 Found on a rock on the summit of Turk "Mountain, Killarney, in 
 1805. Fl. May, June. 1. Readily distinguished from every other 
 species and variety of the group to which it belongs by its stellate form, 
 and round, smooth, shining leaves, which have short and flattened foot- 
 stalks. It is, from its low mode of growth, the best suited for edgings 
 of any of the London Pride tribe. I have cultivated this plant since 
 1807, and it has always retained its original appearance. I have, there- 
 fore, for the present ventured to give it the rank of a species, until I 
 have an opportunity of studying its characters more fully, by raising it 
 from seed. 
 
 3. S. hirsuta, Linn. Hairy Saxifrage. Leaves oval, with 
 sharp cartilaginous notches, slightly hairy, heart-shaped at the 
 base; footstalks linear, channelled, much longer than the leaves; 
 panicle somewhat forked ; capsule superior. Br. Fl. 1. p. 192. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 262. E. Bot. t. 2322. 
 
 On fragments of rocks at the Gap of Dunloe, near Killarney, 1805. 
 Fl. May 'June. 1. Larger than S. Geum, to which species it is 
 nearly allied. Leaves roundish, oval, always longer than they are 
 broad, with copious, rather acute serratures, the terminal tooth broad 
 and short ; upper surface perfectly smooth, deep green, the under one 
 purplish, slightly hairy. Footstalks linear throughout, channelled, very 
 hairy, tapering from the base upwards. Panicle hairy and viscid, 
 much branched, indistinctly forked, the earliest flowers from the forks. 
 The variety mentioned by Don and Smith, with roundish heart-shaped 
 leaves, is not of Irish growth, and is probably only a variety of S. 
 Geum. I had it sent me, many years ago, from the Oxford Garden, 
 and from the Rev. W. T. Bree. Our Irish plant exactly agrees, in 
 every respect, with the specimens of S. hirsuta in the Linn&an Her- 
 barium. 
 
 4. S. umbrosa, Linn. London-pride Saxifrage, or None so 
 pretty. Leaves obovate, smooth, with sharp cartilaginous 
 notches, tapering at the base into dilated flat footstalks ; panicle 
 rather racemose; capsule superior. Br. Fl. 1. p. 192. E. FL 
 v. ii. p. 263. E. Bot. t. 663. 
 
 H 
 
SAXIFRAGES. [Saxifraga. 
 
 ft. leaves roundish with sharp tooth-like serratures; foot- 
 stalks elongated. S. punctata. Haw. (not of Linn.) or Willd. 
 f Smith.) 
 
 7. S. serratifolia, Sm. Don. in Tr. of L. Soc. v. 13. 352. 
 Leaves oblongo-ovate, grabrous, light green with deep, acute 
 serratures ; footstalks oblong, flat. Robertsonia serrata. Haw. 
 
 Plentiful in the woods at Glengariff, near Bantry, and on Connor 
 cliffs, near Dingle. 3. On the bare summit of Curan-Tuhol, the highest 
 mountain in Kerry, Mountains of Cunnamara, on Milrea and Croagh 
 Patrick, County of Mayo. On Muckish, one of the highest moun- 
 tains in Donegal ; Mr. Templeton and "'Doctor Hooker. <y. Gap 
 of Dunloe, near Killarney, 1805. The variety *. assumes a very 
 different appearance, when growing in low sheltered situations, from 
 the var. |3. which is always found at very considerable elevations. The 
 var. 7. is a well marked variety, and does not alter by cultivation. It 
 is readily distinguished by its light green leaves, which are acutely ser- 
 rated, and have frequently small sharp intermediate teeth between the 
 larger serratures. Fl. June. 1. 
 
 5. S. stellarisy Linn. Starry Saxifrage. Leaves elliptic, 
 wedge-shaped, coarsely serrated, tapering and entire at the base ; 
 panicle corymbose, of few flowers ; capsule superior. Br. Fl. 
 1. p. 192. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 265. E. Bot. t. 167. 
 
 Wet rocks, and by the sides of rivulets in several of the Dublin and 
 Wicklow mountains, as well as in the southern and northern counties. 
 FL June Aug. It. Leaves with coarse teeth. Whole plant slightly 
 hairy. Flower stalk two to five, or six inches high, with a minute 
 bractea at each ramification of its small panicle. Flowers white, 
 with two yellow spots at the base of each, somewhat clawed petal. 
 
 * * Calyx partly or entirely inferior. Stem leafy. Leaves undi- 
 vided. 
 
 6. S. oppositifolia, Linn. Purple Mountain Saxifrage. Leaves 
 ovate, opposite, imbricated, ciliated ; flowers solitary, terminal. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 193. E. Fl. v. ii, p. 266. E. Bot. t. 9. 
 
 Moist alpine rocks. Mountains in Joyce- country, near Lough Cor- 
 rib, 1807. Mountains of Ennishowen ; R. Brown, Esq. LL. D. 
 On Benyevena, County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. April 
 June. 1. Grows in straggling tufts, with a habit quite different from 
 that of any other British or Irish Saxifrage. Flowers large in propor- 
 tion to the size of the plant, purple, very beautiful. The leaves are 
 retuse, ciliated, and have a pore at the extremity. Capsule half in- 
 ferior. One of the greatest ornaments of our rock-works in spring. 
 
 7. S. Hirculus, Linn. Yellow Marsh Saxifrage. Stem erect ; 
 leaves alternate, lanceolate ; those from the root attenuated into 
 a petiole ; calyx inferior, at length reflexed, obtuse, downy at 
 the margin. Br. Fl. 1. p. 193. E. Fl. v. ii.p. 267. E. Bot. t. 
 1000. Hirculus ranunculoides, Haw. 
 
 In an extensive marsh three miles from Cloghjordan, County of Tip- 
 perary ; Mr. J. Hodgens t nurseryman, who sent me a plant ; the only 
 
Saxifraga.} SAXIFRAGES. 67 
 
 place in Ireland where it has yet been found. Fl. Aug. If. . This 
 again, like the preceding, (as Doctor Hooker remarks,) is very dif- 
 ferent from any other British species, though approaching in some par- 
 ticulars to the following. Flowers yellow, large, solitary. Petals 
 almost elliptical. It is singular that this plant, which Doctor Hooker 
 found in Iceland, should not be found in the north of Ireland, nor in 
 Britain further north than Berwickshire. 
 
 8. S. aizoides, Linn. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. Lower 
 leaves of the stem numerous, crowded, the rest scattered, linear- 
 lanceolate, fleshy, more or less ciliated ; stem branched, ascend- 
 ing ; calyx spreading ; capsule half superior. Br. Fl. 1. p. 194. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 268. E. Bot. t. 39. Leiogyne aizoides, Don. 
 Lindl. Synops. 
 
 Cliffs on Ben Bulben, County of Sligo, and on Connor cliffs, near 
 Dingle, Fl. July Sept. If.. Five to seven inches high, or more, 
 branching below. Flowers panicled, subcorymbose, bright yellow ; 
 each petal beautifully spotted with orange. 
 
 *** Calyx spreading. Leaves more or less lobed. Flowering-stems 
 erect, more or less leafy. 
 
 9. S. granulata, Linn. White Meadow Saxifrage. Radical 
 leaves reniform, on long footstalks, obtusely lobed ; those of the 
 upper part of the stem nearly sessile, acutely lobed ; stem pani- 
 cled ; root granulated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 194. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 269. 
 E. Bot. t. 500. 
 
 In meadows and pastures, on a gravelly or sandy soil. On ditch 
 banks between Baldoyle and Portmarnock, where it was first observed 
 by Doctor Taylor. Spring-hill, near Moneymore, County of Derry ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. Fl. May. %. Root consisting of numerous, small, 
 clustered tubers. Stem eight to twelve inches high, hollow, viscid, 
 loosely hairy, simple and leafy below, panicled at the top. Leaves 
 mostly radical, glabrous ; petioles glandular. Flowers large, white. 
 Germen and capsule half inferior. The double white Saxifrage of the 
 gardens is a variety of this. 
 
 10. S. tridactytites, Linn. Rue-leaved Saxifrage. Glandular 
 and viscid ; leaves wedge-shaped, with three or five segments ; 
 the uppermost undivided ; stem panicled, leafy ; pedicels single- 
 flowered, alternate ; germen inferior. Br. Fl. 1. p. 195. E. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 271. E. Bot. t. 501. 
 
 On old walls and thatched roofs, frequent. Walls near Stillorgan, 
 and on Feltrum-hill. On Corrigagunyel Castle, near Limerick, and on 
 basaltic rocks, at Down hill, County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. 
 May. 0. Two to four inches high. Whole plant covered with viscid 
 hairs. Petals small, pure white, scarcely longer than the segments of 
 the calyx. Capsule almost wholly inferior, 
 
 11. S. ccBSpitosa, Linn. Tufted Alpine Saxifrage. "Radical 
 leaves crowded, 3 5-cleft, obtuse, veiny, fringed, lowermost 
 undivided ; flowers from one to five or more ; germen half in- 
 ferior, hairy ; calyx smoother, obtuse ; petals rounded, triple- 
 
SAXIFRAGES. [Saxifraga. 
 
 ribbed.'* (Sm.JBr. Fl 1. p. 195. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 273. E. 
 Bot. t. 794. 
 
 Lofty mountains. On a rock near the summit of Brandon Moun- 
 tain, at the Pilgrim's Well, along with S. incurvifolia, in 1805, and 
 having cultivated them ever since, I can now see no difference betw r een 
 them, unless the more incurved leaves of the latter should constitute 
 it a variety, the notching in the petals not being constant. The spe- 
 cimens which I found on the summit of Brandon had only one flower 
 on each stem, but plants brought from thence and planted in a garden 
 produced, in the following year, from five to nine flowers. The plant 
 forms small dense tufts. Radicle leaves numerous, crowded above, 
 fringed with soft glutinous hairs. A few of the lower ones are linear, 
 those above divided into three or five rather broad obtuse segments, 
 sometimes a little incurved. The S. palmata of E. Bot. now consi- 
 dered only a variety of this, I have not found in Ireland ; the plant I 
 found on Gal ty more being S. hirta of E. Bot. which has sometimes 
 been mistaken for it. Fl. May, June. If. . 
 
 12. S. hirta, Smith. Hairy Alpine Saxifrage. Radical leaves 
 rather crowded, 5 or 3-cleft, pointed, veiny, fringed ; flowers 
 few, corymbose ; germen half inferior ; calyx acute ; petals 
 obovate, triple-nerved. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 275. E. Bot. t. 2291. 
 
 On moist rocks near the summit of Gal ty more, County of Tip- 
 perary, and on Curan Tuhol, County of Kerry. Fl. May, June. !. 
 Forming large tufts, and, in both the wild and cultivated state, always 
 of a more lax mode of growth than any of the vars. of S. ccespitosa. 
 The shoots and flowerstalks are weak and straggling, the latter gene- 
 rally producing only three flowers, the centre or first flower much 
 lower than the others, which have the footstalks much lengthened. The 
 leaves, which have broad footstalks, are deeply divided or fringed ; the 
 lobes three or five-cleft, the two outer ones, in the latter case, less se- 
 parated, all elliptical, acute, entire, fringed like the shoots with long 
 white hairs. The fig. in E. Bot. is an excellent representation of the 
 plant. 
 
 13. S. affinis, Don. Involute Alpine Saxifrage. Radical 
 leaves 5-cleft; those of the trailing shoots mostly 3-cleft; lobes 
 linear, pointed, recurved ; petals oblong, iriflexed at the edges. 
 Don Tr. L. Soc. v. 13. p. 418. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 275. S. Lcevis, 
 Mackays Cat.Donn. Cant. ed. 5. 107. 
 
 Found on Brandon, very sparingly on the same rock with S. caspitosa. 
 FL May, June. % . Herb bright green, densely tufted before flowering, 
 afterwards throwing out many procumbent, lax, reddish, distantly leafy 
 shoots, several inches long ; the whole besprinkled with soft, slender, 
 glutinous hairs. Leaves much elongated and tapering at the base, 
 fringed, and otherwise somew r hat hairy, divided about one-third their 
 length into three lobes, the lateral lobes of the radical leaves especially 
 cloven ; all of" them linear, or slightly lanceolate, acute, partly bristle- 
 pointed. In habit resembling S. hirta, and like it, producing only three 
 or four flowers on each stalk. 
 
 14. S. hypnoides, Linn. Mossy Saxifrage. Radical leaves 3 
 or 5-cleft, \hose of the procumbent shoots undivided, or 3- 
 cleft, all bristle pointed, and more or less fringed ; segments of 
 
Peplis.] SALICARI.E. 69 
 
 the calyx ovate, pointed ; petals roundish or obovate, 3-ribbed 
 with or without lateral veins. E. FL v. ii. p. 272. S. elongella, 
 E. Bot. t. 2277. S. platypetala, E. Bot. t. 2276. 
 
 Abundant on all the limestone mountains in the County of Sligo, 
 and on the Antrim coast. FL May, June. 1. Our Irish plant ex- 
 actly agrees in character with that of S. hypnoides, so abundant on the 
 limestone rocks near Buxton and at Dovedale, in Derbyshire, but does 
 not correspond with the fig. and description of that species in E. Bot. 
 which appears to be S. angustifolia of Haw. in Miss. Nat. In it the 
 leaves of the trailing shoots are undivided, and is, I believe, the plant 
 that grows on Arthur's Seat, near Edinburgh. Leaves on the lower 
 part of the procumbent shoots entire or mostly three-cleft, crowded 
 above, where they are also deeply three-cleft ; the middle segment is 
 entire, the two lateral ones are each again divided into two, sometimes 
 three or four less deeply parted segments ; (these characters apply 
 to its appearamce in autumn.) When I first observed this plant, 
 on a hill near Sligo, nearly thirty years ago, in the autumn, I 
 found late single-flowered specimens exactly corresponding with the 
 fig. in E. Bot. of S. elongella ; but plants brought from thence pro- 
 duced in the following year, and ever since, from three to five flowers 
 on each stem. Plants got from Scotland about the same time for S. 
 elongella are in no respect different from it. 
 
 ORD. 22. SALICARUE. Juss. Loosetrife Family. 
 
 Calyx monopetalous ; the lobes with a valve or separate aes- 
 tivation ; their sinuses sometimes lengthened into lobes. Petals 
 inserted between the lobes of the calyx, very deciduous. Sta- 
 mens inserted into the tube of the calyx below the petals, to 
 which they are sometimes equal in number; sometimes they are 
 twice, or even thrice, and four times as numerous ; they are sel- 
 dom four ; anthers innate, 2-celled, opening longitudinally. 
 Ovarium superior, 2-or 4-celled ; style filiform ; stigma usually 
 capitate. Capsule membranous, covered by the calyx, 1 -celled, 
 dehiscing either longitudinally or in an irregular manner. Seeds 
 numerous, small, without albumen, adhering to a central pla- 
 centa ; embryo straight ; radicle turned towards the hilum ; 
 cotyledons flat and leafy. Herbs, rarely shi-ubs. Branches fre- 
 quently 4-cornered. Leaves opposite, seldom alternate, entire, with- 
 out either stipules or glands. Flowers axillary, or in spikes or ra- 
 cemes. 
 
 1. PEPLIS. Linn. Purslane. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, with six large and six alternating small teeth. 
 Petals six, inserted upon the calyx, often wanting. Capsules 
 superior of two cells, and many seeds. Name from TreTrXtov, 
 anciently applied to the genus Portulaca, now to one some- 
 what similar in habit. Hexandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. P. Portula, Linn. Water Purslane. Flowers axillary, 
 
70 RHAMNE^:. [Lythrum. 
 
 solitary ; leaves obovate. Br. Fl l.p. 151. E. Fl v. ii. p. 187. 
 E. Bott. 1211. 
 
 Watery places, not unfrequent. Plentiful on Howth, and about 
 Roundwood, &c. Fl. July, Aug. 0. Plant prostrate, five to six 
 inches long, creeping, little branched. Leaves opposite, glabrous, 
 tapering at the base. 
 
 2. LYTHRUM. Linn. Purple Loosestrife. 
 
 Calyx inferior, tubular, with 12 teeth, alternately smaller. Pe- 
 tals six, inserted upon the calyx. Capsule oblong, 2- celled. 
 Name \vOpov, blood, it is said from the red colour of the 
 flowers. Dodecandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. L. Salicaria, Linn. Spiked purple Loosestrife. Leaves 
 opposite, lanceolate cordate at the base ; flowers in whorled 
 leafy spikes with twelve stamens. Br. Fl. 1. p. 217. E. FL v. 
 il.p. 343 E.Bot.t. 1061. 
 
 Sides of watery and marshy places, frequent. FL July. 1{L. Two 
 to three feet high, erect. Stems four sided. Spikes very long, of 
 beautiful purple flowers. Calyx striated. Petals oblong, cruciform. 
 Stamens within the tube of the calyx, six long and six short ones. 
 
 2. L. hyssopifolium, Linn. Hyssop-leaved purple Loosestrife. 
 Leaves mostly alternate, linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; flowers axil- 
 lary, solitary ; stamens six. Br. Fl. I. p. 217. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 
 344. E. Bot. t. 292. 
 
 Moist and occasionally inundated places. Ballymadder, near Ban- 
 now, County of Wexford ; James Tardy, Esq. FL Aug. 0. 
 Stems mostly recumbent, leafy, the central one upright, four to six 
 inches high. 
 
 ORD. 23. RHAMNEJE. Br. Buckthorn Family. 
 
 Calyx 4 5-cleft, with a valvate aestivation. Petals 4 5, 
 (rarely wanting,) alternate with the calycine lobes, often scale- 
 like, with a concave or cucullate limb. Stamens 4 5, opposite 
 to the petals, consequently alternate with the calycine lobes ; 
 anthers 2- celled. Ovary sometimes wholly adnate with the 
 calyx, sometimes adherent only with the base or as far as the 
 middle, 2 4-celled ; cells with one ovule : style 1 : stigmas 
 2 4. Pericarp often indehiscent, a berry, drupe or samara, 
 rarely a capsule. Seeds erect, destitute of arillus. Albumen 
 none, or often fleshy. Embryo straight. Radicle inferior : co- 
 tyledons somewhat foliaceous. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves 
 simple, alternate, rarely opposite, frequently stipukd. Flowers 
 small, often greenish. 
 
Ilex.} ILICINE^E. 71 
 
 1. RHAMNUS, Linn. Buckthorn. 
 
 Calyx urceolate, 4 5-cleft. Petals 4 5, sometimes wanting. 
 Stamens opposite the petals. Berry 2 4-celled, 2 4-seeded. 
 Name />a/t>os, in Greek, a branch, from its numerous branches. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. R. catharticus, Linn. Common Buckthorn. Spines termi- 
 nal ; flowers 4-cleft, dioecious ; leaves ovate, sharply serrated. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 104. E. Fl v. i. p. 327. E. Bot. t. 1629. 
 
 Woods, hedges, and thickets. Islands in Lough Erne, near Ennis- 
 killen. On a limestone rock east side of the Lee, two miles above 
 Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. May, June. 1? . A spreading 
 shrub. Leaves with four or six lateral nerves parallel with the margin 
 or rib ; serratures glandular. Flowers in dense fascicles. Berries 
 black, nauseous, powerfully cathartic. They afford a yellow dye in 
 an unripe state ; the bark a green dye. " Seeds ovate, acute at the 
 lower extremity, rounded at the back, with two flat sides, forming the 
 internal angle. Embryo with kidney-shaped cotyledons, laterally 
 bent, surrounded by the albumen." ( Wilson.) 
 
 2. R. Frangula, Linn. Berry-bearing Alder, or Alder Buck- 
 thorn. Unarmed; flowers perfect; leaves obovate, entire. Br. 
 FL I. p. 104. E. Fl. v. i. p. 328. E. Bot. t. 250. 
 
 In a small island called the Creagh Bog in Lough Beg, County of 
 Derry, along with the last ; Mr. D. Moore. FL May. I? . A small 
 shrub. Flowers pedunculate, axillary, somewhat fascicled, whitish- 
 green. Petals very minute. Berries dark purple, with two seeds, 
 purgative. 
 
 ORD. 24. ILICINE^. Brongn. LindL Holly Family. 
 
 Sepals 4 6, imbricated in aestivation. Petals cohering at the 
 base, hypogynous, imbricated in aestivation. Stamens alternate 
 with the petals, inserted into the corolla ; filaments erect ; an- 
 thers adnate. Disk none. Ovarium fleshy, somewhat trun- 
 cate, with from 2 6 cells ; ovula solitary, pendulous, from a 
 cup-shaped funiculus ; stigma subsessile, lobed. Fruit fleshy, 
 indehiscent, with from 2 to 6 stones. Seed suspended, nearly 
 sessile ; albumen large, fleshy ; embryo small, 2-lobed, lying 
 next the hilum, with minute cotyledons, and a superior radicle. 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, coriaceous. Flowers 
 small, axillary, solitary or fascicled. 
 
 1. ILEX. Linn. Holly. 
 
 Calyx 4 5 toothed. Corolla rotate, 4 5 cleft. Stigmas 4, 
 sessile. Berry spherical, including four 1-seeded nuts. (Some 
 
72 CELASTRINEJE. [Euonymus. 
 
 flowers destitute of pistil). Name from ac, sharp, in Celtic, 
 according to Theis, but this is a ver}' forced derivation. 
 
 Tetrandria. Tetragynia. 
 
 1. I. dqwifoliian, Linn. Common Holly. Leaves ovate, 
 acute, shining, waved with spinous teeth ; peduncles axillary, 
 short, many-flowered ; flowers subumbellate. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 72. 
 E. Fl. v.l.p. 227. E. Bot. t. 496. 
 
 Frequent in hedges and woods, especially in a light and gravelly 
 soil. Fl. May, June. T? . A small evergreen tree of great beauty, 
 with smooth greyish bark. Leaves alternate, deep shining green, very 
 rigid, the upper ones often quite entire, the lower ones generally edged 
 with long sharp spines. The flowers are somewhat umbellate, and 
 spring from the axils of the leaves. Calyx slightly hairy, small. Co- 
 rolla white. Berries bright scarlet, (in one variety they are yellow.) 
 Excellent for fences, as it bears clipping. The wood is hard and white, 
 and presents a beautiful surface ; whence it is much employed in 
 turner's work, for making drawings upon. It is also used in inlaying 
 and veneering, and for knife handles. Bird-lime is made from its muci- 
 laginous bark. Houses and churches are decorated at Christmas with 
 branches containing the leaves and berries, as is also the case with the 
 Misseltoe in the southern parts of England a relic probably of Druid- 
 ism, during the prevalence of which, according to Dr. Chandler, houses 
 were decked with them, that the sylvan spirits might repair to them, 
 unnipped by frost and cold winds, until a milder season had renewed 
 the foliage of their darling abodes. Many elegant varieties of this 
 ornamental tree are cultivated in the gardens and plantations of the 
 curious, of which a few may be mentioned, viz, the plain Dutch 
 Holly, the small myrtle leaved, the Scotch Dahoon, and the narrow- 
 leaved or Swinard's Holly ; besides many beautiful varieties with va- 
 riegated leaves, several of which were first found in a wild state by Mr. 
 R. Hodgens, Nurseryman, Dunganstown, County of Wicklow. 
 
 ORD. 25. CELASTRINE^E. Br. Celastrus Family. 
 
 Sepals 4 5, combined at the base, distinct from the ovary, 
 with an imbricated aestivation. Petals 4 5, alternate with the 
 sepals, rarely none. Stamens 4 5, alternate with the petals, 
 with a doubtfully perigynous insertion ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary 
 free, surrounded by a somewhat fleshy disk, 2 3 4-celled ; 
 cells 1 or many-seeded : ovules erect, rarely pendulous : style 
 1 or wanting: stigma 2 4-cleft. Pericarp a capsule, berry, 
 drupe or samara, various in form, often deformed by the sup- 
 pression of some of the cells. Seeds generally, especially in 
 the capsular fruits, arillate. Albumen none, or fleshy. Embryo 
 straight. Shrubs or trees. Leaves usually simple, often stipuled, 
 alternate or opposite. Flowers white or greenish. 
 
 1. EUONYMUS. Linn. Spindle-tree. 
 
 Calyx flat, 4 5-cleft, having a peltate disk within. Petals 4 5. 
 Stamens alternating with the petals, inserted upon glands at 
 
Euonymus.} LEGUMINOS/E. 73 
 
 the margin of the disk. Capsules with 3 5 angles, and as 
 many cells and valves. Seeds with a coloured fleshy arillus. 
 Named from Euonyme, Mother to the Furies, in allusion to 
 the injurious effects of the fruit produced by this plant. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. E. europceus, Linn. Common Spindle-tree. Flowers mostly 
 tetrandrous ; petals acute ; branches glabrous ; leaves ovato- 
 lanceolate, minutely serrated. Br. FL 1. p. 104. E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 329. E. Bot. t. 36*2. 
 
 Abundant on limestone rocks near Galway, and at the Dargle, &c. 
 On inaccessible cliffs on Cave-hill, near Belfast; Mr. F. Whitla. 
 FL May. f? . Shrub three to five feet high. Bark green, smooth. 
 Leaves glabrous. Peduncle bearing a few-flowered umbel. Flowers 
 small, white. Fruit obtusely angular, very beautiful, rose-coloured. 
 Arillus orange-coloured. The berries and even leaves are said to be 
 dangerous, and the whole plant is fetid. Of the tough white wood 
 skewers and spindles are made, and LinnaBus tells us it affords the best 
 charcoal for drawing. 
 
 ORD. 26. LEGUMINOS^. Juss. Pea Family.' 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, toothed or cleft, free, with the odd segment 
 anterior, the segments often unequal and variously combined. 
 Petals 5, or, by imperfection, 4, 3, 2, 1, or none, inserted into 
 the base of the calyx, either papilionaceous or regularly spread- 
 ing, the odd petal posterior. Stamens definite or indefinite, 
 perigynous, either distinct or monadelphous or diadelphous, 
 very seldom triadelphous ; anthers versatile. Ovary simple, 
 superior, 1-celled, I or many-seeded ; style simple, proceeding 
 from the upper margin of the ovary ; stigma simple. Fruit 
 either a legume or a drupe. Seeds attached to the upper suture, 
 solitary or several, occasionally with an arillus ; embryo gene- 
 rally destitute of albumen, straight or with the radicle bent upon 
 the cotyledons ; cotyledons either remaining under ground in 
 germination, or elevated above the ground and becoming green, 
 like leaves. 'Shrubs, trees, or herbaceous plants. Leaves compound, 
 with stipulff at the base of the petiole and of each leaflet. Petiole 
 usually tumid at the base. Flowers axillary, either solitary, or in 
 racemes or panid.es. 
 
 One of the most extensive, and at the same time the most 
 important, on account of its useful products, of all the Natural 
 Orders. Many of them yield food for man ; others for cattle. 
 
 : 
 
 Lotece. De Cand. 
 
 Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens either monadelphous or 
 diadelphous. Pod continuous, 1-celled, or occasionally 2-celled, 
 in consequence of the bending inwards of one of the sutures. 
 
 i 
 
74 LEGUMINOS^E. [Genista. 
 
 Cotyledons in germination, rising above the ground, and ac- 
 quiring a green colour. 
 
 1. ULEX. Linn. Furze. 
 
 Calyx of 2 sepals, with a small scale or bracteae on each side at 
 the base. Legume turgid, scarcely longer than the Calyx. 
 Name ; according to Theis its root is ec or ac, a sharp point, in 
 Celtic : whence too arises the French name ajonc or acjonc, 
 a sharp or spiny rush. Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1 . U. europceus, Linn. Common Furze, Whin or Gorse. Caly- 
 cine teeth obsolete, connivent ; bracteas ovate, lax ; branchlets 
 erect. Br. Fl. I . p. 318. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 265. E. Bot. t. 742. 
 
 Heathy places, especially in sandy or gravelly soils. ^ Fl. April, 
 May. b . Shrub three to four or more feet high, with innumerable 
 green striated branches, clothed with acute branching spines, having 
 a few leaves at their base, which are lanceolate, a little hairy, very 
 minute. Calyx pubescent. Corolla bright yellow. The Ulex strictus 
 of Mackay's Cat. of Irish plants, now well known in collections as 
 the Irish furze, appears to be a variety of U. europceus. It is readily 
 distinguished by its compact and upright mode of growth and soft 
 texture, but it rarely produces flowers. It is readily propagated by 
 cuttings, and makes a neat close hedge, where shelter only is required. 
 It was first observed to grow sparingly in the Marquis of London- 
 derry's park, County of Down, above thirty years ago, by Mr. John 
 White. 
 
 2. U. nanus, Forst. Dwarf Furze. Teeth of the calyx lan- 
 ceolate, spreading ; bracteas minute, close pressed ; branches re- 
 clining. Br. Fl. 1. p. 318. E.Fl. v. iil.p. 265. E. Bot. t. 742. 
 
 Dry heaths and hilly places, frequent. Fl. in autumn. T? . Smaller 
 than the last in all its parts. The essential character, according to Sir 
 James E. Smith, consists in the more distinct and spreading calyx- 
 leaves, and the more minute, rounded, close pressed, and often hardly 
 discernible bracteas. 
 
 2. GENISTA. Linn. Green-weed. 
 
 Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip with two deep segments, lower one 
 with three teeth. Standard oblong. Legume flat or turgid, 
 many-seeded. Name ; from Gen, a shrub, in Celtic. 
 
 Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1. G. tinctoria, Linn. Dyer's Green-weed. Unarmed, erect ; 
 leaves lanceolate, nearly glabrous ; branches rounded, striated ; 
 flowers spicato-racemose ; legumes glabrous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 319. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 263. E. Bot. t. 44. 
 
 Thickets and borders of fields. Between Killiney Hill and Bray ; 
 Doctor Allman ; where I have since observed it. Fl. July, Aug. T? . 
 One to two feet high. Leaves rather distant. Flowers on short 
 axillary stalks, crowded about the summits of the branches. The 
 
Ononis.] LEGUMINOS.E. 75 
 
 whole plant affords the dyer a good yellow colour, and with woad a 
 good green. (Smith.} Ray says the milk of cows feeding upon it 
 is rendered bitter, which flavour is communicated to butter and 
 
 cheese. 
 
 3. CYTISUS. Linn. Cytisus or Broom. 
 
 Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip nearly entire, or with two small 
 teeth, lower one 3-toothed. Standard large, broadly ovate. 
 Keel very blunt, including the stamens. Legume flattened, 
 many seeded. Name; KVTHTOS, of the ancient Greeks; said 
 to be so called because it came from the island Cythnos, one 
 of the Cyclades. Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1. C. scoparius, De Cand. Common Broom. Branches 
 angled, glabrous ; leaves ternate, stalked, upper ones simple ; 
 leaflets oblong ; flowers axillary, shortly pedicellate ; legumes 
 hairy at the margin. Spartium scoparium, Linn. Br. FL 1. p. 
 319. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 261. E Bot. t. 1339. 
 
 Dry hills and gravelly places, frequent. Fl. June. I? . Three to 
 six feet or more high. Branches long, straight, green. Flowers 
 large, bright yellow ; heel broad. Standard and wings much spreading. 
 Legumes large, compressed, dark brown. The young green tops are 
 said to be powerfully purgative and diuretic ; and are very bitter ; is a 
 rustic remedy for dropsies, which regular practitioners have not altoge- 
 ther despised. 
 
 4. ANTHYLLIS. Linn. Kidney-vetch. 
 
 Calyx inflated, 5-toothed. Petals nearly equal in length. Le- 
 gume oval, 1 3-seeded, enclosed in the permanent calyx. 
 Name ; avdos, a flower, and iov\os, a beard or down, from the 
 downy calyces. Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1. A. vulneraria, Linn. Common Kidney-vetch or Lady's 
 finger. Herbaceous ; leaves pinnated, unequal ; heads of flowers 
 in pairs. Br. Fl. 1. p. 320. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 269. E. Bot. t. 
 104. 
 
 Dry gravelly banks and pastures, frequent. With red and sometimes 
 white flowers by the sea side at Ballylickey, near Bantry, where I 
 gathered it in 1805. Fl. June Aug. 7^. Stem ascending. Leaflets 
 five to nine, lanceolate, entire, hairy, terminal one the largest. Flowers 
 in crowded heads, mostly yellow, with hairy calyces, and digitate or 
 palmate large bracteas. 
 
 5. ONONIS. Linn. Rest-harrow. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, its segments linear. Standard large, striated. 
 Legume turgid, sessile, few-seeded. Name ; ovos, an ass, be- 
 cause the plant is eaten by that animal. 
 
 Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
76 LEGUMINOS7E. [Melilotus. 
 
 1. O. arvensis, Linn. Common Rest-harrow. Stem hairy; 
 branches at length spinous ; flowers mostly solitary ; leaves 
 ternate below, the rest simple, serrated, entire at the base. 
 Br. Fl. \.p. 320. E. Ft. v. Hi. p. 267. E. Bot. t. 682. 
 
 Barren pastures, borders of fields, and by the sea-side. Fl. June 
 Aug. 1. A very variable plant, erect, or procumbent and rooting, 
 more or less spinous. Leaves ovate or cuneate. Flowers rather 
 large, rose-coloured, sometimes white. Smith enumerates three vars. 
 and De Candolle makes of them two species, O. procurrens and O. 
 spinosa. 
 
 6. ASTRAGALUS. Linn. Milk-vetch. 
 
 Keel of the corolla obtuse. Legume 2-celled (more or less per- 
 fectly) ; cells formed by the inflexed margins of the lower su- 
 ture. Named from aa-rpa^aXos, the vertebra, in allusion to the 
 knotted root of that individual plant to which it was formerly 
 applied. Diadelphia. Deoandria. 
 
 1. A. hypoglottis, Linn. Purple Mountain Milk-vetch. Stem 
 prostrate ; leaflets slightly emarginate ; legumes erect, capitate, 
 hairy; their cells 1-seeded. Br. Fl. 1. p. 325. E. Fl. v. iii. 
 p. 294. E. Bot. t. 274. 
 
 On the largest of the south islands of Arran ; Messrs. R. Sail 
 and Wm. Thompson, in 1804, the only place in Ireland where it has 
 been found. Fl. July. 11 . Stem weak, a few inches in length. 
 Leaflets elliptic-ovate, retuse, hairy. Peduncles longer than the 
 leaves, curved upwards. Heads of flowers large in proportion to the 
 plant, bluish-purple. Legumes ovate, acuminate, hairy. 
 
 7. MELILOTUS. Tourn. Melilot. 
 
 Legume one or few-seeded, indehiscent, longer than the calyx. 
 Petals distinct ; deciduous. Flowers racemose. Leaves ter- 
 nate. Name ; me/, honey, and Lotus, the Genus so called. 
 
 Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1. M. officinalis, Linn. Common Yellow Melilot. Legumes 
 2-seeded, ovate, wrinkled ; racemes lax ; corolla twice as long 
 as the calyx, petals nearly equal in length ; stem erect. Trifo- 
 lium Melilotus, Linn.Br. Fl. 1. p. 327. E. FL v. in. p. 297. 
 E.Bot.t. 1340. 
 
 Bushy places and salt marshes near Baldoyle, abundant. Fl. June, 
 July. H.. 
 
 2. M. leucantha, Koch. White-lowered Melilot. Legumes 
 2-seeded, ovate, wrinkled ; racemes lax ; corolla twice as long as 
 the calyx ; keel and wings shorter than the standard ; stem erect. 
 De Cand. Prod. v. ii. p. 187. Tri folium officinale, (3. Linn. 
 Br. Fl 1. p. 327. 
 
 Salt marshes near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. July Aug. ^ . 
 
Trifolium.] LEGUMINOS^E. 77 
 
 8. TRIFOLIUM. Linn. Trefoil and Clover. 
 
 Legume one or more seeded, indehiscent, shorter than the calyx 
 by which it is enclosed, (except in T. ornithopodioides) . Pe- 
 tals mostly combined by their claws, and persistent. Flowers 
 capitate. Leaves ternate. Name, so called on account of its 
 three leaves or leaflets. Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 * Legumes with several seeds. 
 
 1. T. ornithopodioides, Linn. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Stem 
 prostrate; leaflets obcordate, denticulate; stipules lanceolate, 
 entire, rather membranous, very acute; flowers from two to 
 four in number; legumes rather falcate, compressed, twice as 
 long as the calyx. Br. Fl. i.p.327. E. Fl. v. iii. jt?. 298. E. 
 Bot. t. 1047. Trigonella ornithopodioides, De Cand. Lindl. 
 
 Sandy pastures near the sea. On the south side of Killiriey Hill, 
 and on the gravelly beach by the Murrow of Wicklow. Fl. June. 0. 
 Stems spreading, from three to five inches in length. Flowers small. 
 As Doctor Hooker observes, the long legumes, petals, and the habit of 
 this plant does not accord with this genus, nor yet with Trigonella. 
 
 2. T. repens, Linn. Dutch Clover. Heads globose ; flowers 
 somewhat stalked ; legume within the calyx, 4-seeded ; stems 
 creeping. Br. Fl. 1. p. 328. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 299. E. Bot. t. 
 1769. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, frequent. Fl. summer months. If.. Heads 
 of flowers white. Each flower is on a footstalk, which becomes re- 
 curved after flowering, and then all the legumes are drooping and 
 covered with the brown corolla. This is the Dutch clover of agri- 
 culturists, and is deservedly in great repute for pastures. It is the 
 plant which I have observed, for the last thirty years, to be worn as 
 the shamrock on Patrick's day. The leaflets have often a dark spot 
 at their base, with a white line bordering it near the middle. A variety 
 is frequently cultivated in gardens having four or five leaflets, of a dark 
 brown colour, on each common footstalk, instead of three, the usual 
 number. 
 
 jje sfc Legumes one or two-seeded. Standard deciduous or unaltered. 
 Calyx not inflated, mostly hairy. 
 
 3. T. pratense, Linn. Common purple Trefoil, or Red Clover. 
 Heads dense, ovate ; teeth of the calyx setaceous, lower one 
 longer than the rest, half as long as the tube of the corolla ; 
 stipules ovate, bristle-pointed ; leaflets oval or obcordate; stems 
 ascending. Br. Fl. 1. p. 328. E. FL v. iii. p. 302. E. Bot. 
 t. 1770. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, frequent. Fl. summer months. % . Flowers 
 reddish-purple. This is the common Red Clover so much cultivated. 
 The leaflets are oval, obovate, or obcordate, often marked with a white 
 lunulate spot. 
 
78 LEGUMINOS/E. [Trifolium. 
 
 4. T. medium, Linn. Zigzag Trefoil. Spikes lax; stems 
 zigzag and branching ; petals nearly equal ; stipules tapering, 
 converging ; two upper calyx teeth rather the shortest. Br. FL 
 1. p. 329. E. FL v. iii. p. 302. E. Bot. t. 190. 
 
 In dry elevated pastures and ditch banks, in a gravelly soil with a 
 clay bottom. Frequent in Antrim ; Mr. Templeton. On elevated 
 ground between Lame and Glenarm. Between D unman way and 
 Bandon ; Mr. J. Drummond. The plant that has been mistaken for 
 this growing near Dundrum, appears to be only a variety of T. pra- 
 tense. Fl. July. 1. Stem remarkably zigzag. Heads of flowers 
 larger than the last, deeper purple. Leaves spotless. Interior in 
 point of quality to T. pratense, but better fitted to pasture on light 
 soils. 
 
 5. T. maritimum, Huds. Teasel-headed Trefoil Spikes 
 ovate, somewhat hairy ; stipules lanceolate, erect ; calyx teeth 
 after flowering dilated, leafy, and spreading ; leaflets obovato- 
 oblong. Br. Fl. 1. p. 329. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 303. E. Bot. t. 
 220. 
 
 Dry sandy fields and ditch banks on the coast near Kilbarrick 
 Church, between Dublin and Howth, rather sparingly, it is also said 
 to have been found in salt marshes on the island of Lainbay. Fl. June, 
 July. 0. Three to six inches high. Stems spreading or decum- 
 bent, branched. Leaflets dark green, rather narrow. Flowers pale 
 purple. 
 
 6. T. arvense, Linn. Hare's-foot Trefoil. Spikes cylindri- 
 cal, very hairy ; stipules lanceolate, bristle pointed ; calyx teeth 
 longer than the corolla, permanently bristle-shaped ; leaflets 
 linear-obovate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 329. E. Fl. v. iii. /;. 305. E. 
 Bot. t. 944. 
 
 Sandy fields, generally near the sea ; abundant near Baldoyle and 
 Portmarnock, near Cork, and .also on the northern coast. Fl. July, 
 Aug. . Plant pale green. Stem erect, branched, very hairy. Pe- 
 tioles shorter than the leaves. Flowers pale pink or white, almost 
 concealed by the very hairy calyx. 
 
 7. T. scabrum, Linn. Rough rigid Trefoil. Heads sessile, 
 axillary, ovate; calyx teeth unequal, lanceolate, rigid; finally 
 recurved; stems procumbent. Br. Fl. 1. p. 330. E. Fl. v. iii. 
 p. 396. E. Bot. t. 903. 
 
 Gravelly or dry sandy fields. Field near Sandymount and at Kil- 
 barrick Church. Fl. May, June. 0. A small spreading plant, with 
 many terminal and axillary, sessile, ovate heads, very rigid in fruit. 
 Flowers white, very small. 
 
 8. T. striatum, Linn. Soft-knotted Trefoil. Heads sessile, 
 axillary and terminal, ovate ; calyx elliptical, furrowed, hairy ; 
 with straight bristle-shaped teeth ; stems procumbent. Br. FL 
 1. p. 330. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 307. E. Bot. t. 1843. 
 
 Dry fields. Gravelly bank at the Ram bog on the shore about a 
 a quarter of a mile above Carrickfergus ; Mr. Templeton, in June, 
 1811. Fl. June. 0. From four to ten inches long, more or less pro- 
 
Lotus.] LEGUMINOS.E. 79 
 
 cumbent or reclined, pubescent. Flowers small, purplish red. Calyx 
 deeply furrowed, oval, a little swollen, with live, almost setaceous, 
 straight, not recurved teeth. 
 
 * * * Calyx of the fruit inflated, bladdery. 
 
 9. T. fragiferum, Linn. Strawberry-headed Trefoil. Heads 
 roundish; calyx finally inflated, deflexed, with two terminal 
 teeth ; stems creeping. Br. Fl. 1. p. 330. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 308. 
 E. Bot. t. 1050. 
 
 Moist meadows, not unfrequent, in a black boggy soil. Plentiful 
 near the lake at Sandymount, and in a salt marsh at Portmarnock. 
 Fl. July, Aug. 1. Flowers very small, purplish red. The heads of 
 flowers, an inch in diameter, are often more or less coloured, so as not 
 unaptly to represent a strawberry. Mouth of the calyx, singularly 
 contracted when enclosing the fruit. 
 
 * * * * Standards deflexed, dry and membranous. 
 
 10. T. procumbens, Linn. Hop Trefoil. Heads oval, many- 
 flowered ; standard finally deflexed, furrowed ; stems spreading 
 or procumbent; common footstalk longest at the base. Br. FL 
 I. p. 331. E. Fl. v. iii p. 309. E. Bot. t. 945. 
 
 Dry pastures, frequent. Plentiful near Kingstown. Fl. June, July. 
 0. Stems four to twelve inches long, spreading, hairy. Leaflets 
 obovate, toothed. Heads axillary, small. Flowers yellow, about fifty 
 in each head. 
 
 11. T. minus, Relhan. Lesser yellow Trefoil. Heads he- 
 mispherical ; flowerstalks straight, rigid ; standard nearly even ; 
 stems prostrate. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 310. E. Bot. t. 1256. T.flli- 
 forme a. major, Hooker in Br. Fl. 1. p. 331. 
 
 Gravelly fields, frequent. Fl. June, July. 0. Stem usually from 
 three to nine inches long, but in one variety often extending to two 
 feet. Leaflets inversely heart-shaped. Flowers yellow, from twelve 
 to fifteen, in each hemispherical little head. 
 
 12. T. ftliforme, Linn. Slender yellow Trefoil. Clusters lax, 
 of few flowers ; common-stalks capillary, wavy ; standard even; 
 stems prostrate ; leaflets all nearly sessile. E. Fl. v.iii. p. 310. 
 E. Bot. t. 1256. T.flliforme, /3. microphyllum, Hook, in Br. Fl. 
 1. p. 331. 
 
 In sandy or gravelly pastures, whether dry, or moist. Fl. June, 
 July. 0. From three to eight inches high. Leaflets inversely heart- 
 shaped, or obovate, toothed. Flowers yellow. 
 
 9. LOTUS. Linn. Bird's-foot Trefoil. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Wings about as long as the vexillum. 
 Keel beaked. Pod cylindrical or compressed, apterous. Style 
 straight, subulate. Herbaceous, or rarely shrubby plants. 
 Leaves ternate. Stipules leafy. Peduncles axillary, from one 
 
80 LEGUMINOS^E. [Medicago. 
 
 to six-flowered, supported by a floral leaf. Flowers yellow, 
 rarely white or pink. Name ; supposed to be one of the three 
 kinds (the herbaceous] of the AIV-TO? of the Greeks. 
 
 Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1. L. corniculatus, Linn. Common Bird' s-foot Trefoil. Heads 
 depressed, umbellate, 8 10 flowered; stems decumbent; leaf- 
 lets obovate; peduncles very long; claw of the standard in- 
 flated above. 
 
 a. vulgaris ; every where glabrous or nearly so. L. cornicu- 
 latus, Linn. Br. Ft. 1. p. 332. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 312. E. Bot. 
 t. 2090. 
 
 ft. villosus ; stem, leaves, and calyx clothed with very long 
 spreading hairs. 
 
 Sandy fields, common. . moist bushy places at Dunran, County 
 of Wicklow. Fl. July, Aug. 1. 
 
 2. L. major, Scop. Greater Bird's-foot Trefoil. Heads de- 
 pressed, umbellate, 8 10 flowered ; stems nearly erect, tubu- 
 lar; leaflets obovate; peduncles very long; claw of the stand- 
 ard narrow. Br. Fl. 1. p. 332. E. Fl. v. iii./?. 313. E. Bot. 
 t. 2091. 
 
 Sides of ditches and moist bushy places, not uncommon ; plentiful 
 at Dunran, County of Wicklow. County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 Fl. July, Aug. It. 
 
 3. L. angustissimus, Linn. Slender Bird's-foot Trefoil. Vil- 
 lous. Flowers solitary or in pairs; their peduncles about twice 
 as long as the leaves ; leaflets ovato-lanceolate ; calyx-teeth 
 very long ; stems procumbent ; legumes very slender. Br. Fl. 
 1. p. 332. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 315. L. diffusus, E. Bot. t. 925. 
 
 In meadows towards the sea, rare. Strand near Passage, County of 
 Cork; Mr. J. Drummond. FL May, June. 0, Flowers much 
 smaller, and general aspect very different from any of the preceding. 
 
 10. MEDICAGO. Linn. Medick. 
 
 Calyx, somewhat cylindrical, 5-cleft. Keel rather distant from 
 the vexillum. Stamens diadelphous. Pod many-seeded, 
 variable in form, always falcate or spirally twisted. Her- 
 baceous plants or shrubs. Stipules usually cut. Leaves stalked, 
 trifoliate ; leaflets toothed. Peduncles axillary, with 1, 2, or 
 many flowers. Flowers yellow or purple. Name ; the ^LKVJ 
 of the Greeks, so called, because it was introduced into 
 Greece by the Medes. Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1. M. sativa, Linn. Purple Medick or Lucerne. Clusters 
 upright; legumes spiral; stem erect, smooth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 333. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 317. E. Bot. t. 1749. 
 
 Dry gravelly banks and pastures, naturalized. Fl. June, July. 1. 
 Plentiful at Portmarnock in sandy fields. This has purple flowers 
 and a spirally twisted pod. 
 
Pimm.] LEGUMINOS-*. 81 
 
 2. M. falcata, Linn. Yellow Sickle Medick. Clusters upright; 
 legumes sickle-shaped ; stem procumbent. Br. Fl. 1. p. 333. 
 E. FL v. iii. 317. E. Bot. t. 1016. 
 
 Pastures and borders of fields, but scarcely indigenous. Along with 
 the last at Portmarnoek. Fl. June, July. 1 . Flowers yellow. 
 
 3. M. lupulina, Linn. Black Medick or Nonsuch. Spike 
 ovate, erect ; legumes kidney-shaped, ragged and veiny, single- 
 seeded ; stem procumbent. Br. Fl. 1. p. 333. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 
 318. E. Bot. t. 97 h 
 
 Abundant in waste grounds and cultivated fields. Fl. May Aug. 
 0. Much esteemed by the farmer, by whom it is known as the yellow- 
 trefoil. Very similar in habit to Trifolium jiliforme. Flowers 
 crowded, small, yellow. Legumes small, rugged, of a black colour 
 when ripe. 
 
 Viciece. Dt Cand. 
 
 Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens always diadelphous. Pod 
 continuous, 1 -celled Cotyledons thick, farinaceous, in germi- 
 nation remaining under ground, and never acquiring a green 
 colour. 
 
 11. EKVUM. Linn. Tare. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, with linear acute segments as long as the corolla. 
 Style smooth. Pod oblong, 2 or 4-seeded . JDe Cand. Name 
 derived according to Theis from the Celtic erw;, a ploughed 
 field, of which it is the pest. Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1. E. tetraspermum. Linn. Smooth Tare. Flowers mostly in 
 pairs ; legume smooth, with four seeds ; leaflets oblong, bluntish. 
 Br. FLl.p. 324. E. FL v. iii. p. 288. E. Bot. t. 1223. 
 
 Fields and hedges, (rare in Ireland). Weir over Blaekwater, near 
 Lasaton bridge ; Doctor Osborne. FL June, July. 0. Herb be- 
 sprinkled with fine soft hairs, especially the flowerstalks and calyx. 
 Stem weak, branched from the bottom, leafy, two or three feet high, 
 climbing. Flowers usually two on each stalk, rarely three or four, 
 often solitary, drooping, small, grey, streaked with blue. 
 
 2. E. hirsutum, Linn. Hairy Tare. Clusters many-flowered; 
 legumes hairy, with two seeds ; leaflets abrupt. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 324. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 289. E. Bot. t. 971. 
 
 Corn fields and hedges, frequent. Fl. June. 0. Stem two to 
 three feet long, weak, straggling and climbing. Leaflets numerous. 
 Flowers very insignificant, purplish blue. 
 
 12. PISUM. Linn. Pea, 
 
 Calyx with foliaceous segments, the two upper shortest. Vexil- 
 lum large, reflexed. Style compressed, keeled, villous on the 
 
 X 
 
82 
 
 LEGUMINOS.E. [Vicia. 
 
 upper side. Pod oblong, compressed, not winged, many- 
 . seeded. Seeds roundish, with a roundish hilum. Annuals or 
 Perennials. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with a tendril in place 
 of a terminal leaflet. Stipules large. De Cand. Name ; in 
 Celtic pis ; pisen plural: in Greek TTIGOV, meaning a pea. 
 
 Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1 . P. maritimum, Sea Pea. Footstalks flattish on the upper 
 side ; stem angular; stipules arrow-shaped ; stalks many-flowered. 
 Br. Fl. \.p. 324. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 270. E. Bot. t. 1046. 
 
 Rare in Ireland. Sand hills, bay of Castlemain, County of Kerry. 
 Fl. July. y.. Stems a span or more in length, simple, procumbent, 
 glaucous. Flowers purple, veined with crimson, in axillary, stalked 
 clusters. This has more the habit of a Lathyrus than of a Pisum, 
 though the style most resembles the latter. 
 
 13. VICIA. Linn. Vetch. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, the two upper teeth shorter 
 than the others. Stamens diadelphous. Style filiform at 
 nearly right angles with the ovarium, villous on the upper 
 side, and below the apex on the underi Pod oblong, 1 -celled, 
 many-seeded. Seeds with an oval or linear lateral hilum. 
 Climbing herbaceous plants. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with a 
 tendril in place of an odd leaflet. Stipulae generally sagyitate. 
 Peduncles axillary, either long and many- flowered, or short and 
 \-flowered. De Cand. Name; originally derived, according 
 to Theis, from Gwig* Celtic; Wicken in German ; puciov in 
 Greek ; Vesce, in French ; in English, Vetch. 
 
 Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 HJ Stalks elongated, many-Jlowercd. 
 
 1. V. sylvatica, Linn. Wood Vetch. Stalks many-flowered ; 
 leaflets elliptical; stipules crescent-shaped, deeply toothed. Br. 
 FL 1. p. 322. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 279. E. Bot. t. 79. 
 
 Bushy places,chiefly in mountainous countries. Gap of Ballinascorney, 
 Devil's Glen, Glengariff, and about Bantry Bay ; Mucruss, Killarney, 
 and Rostrevor woods. Magilligari, County of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 Fl. July, Aug. If. Stems three to six feet high, climbing by means 
 of its branching tendrils. Leaflets six to eight or ten pairs. Flowers 
 very beautiful, numerous, white, streaked with bluish veins. One of 
 our most elegant wild climbing plants, well worthy of cultivation. 
 
 2. V. Cracca, Linn. Tufted Vetch. Stalks many-flowered ; 
 leaflets lanceolate, downy ; stipules half arrow-shaped, mostly 
 entire. Br. Fl. 1. p. 322. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 280. E. Bot. t. 
 1168, 
 
 Bushy places, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 1. Two or three feet 
 high, climbing. Floivers numerous, crowded, drooping, and imbricated, 
 of a fine bluish purple. 
 
Lathi/rus.] LEGUMINOS^E. 83 
 
 # * Flowers axillary, nearly sessile. 
 
 3. V. sativa, Linn. Common Vetch. Flowers nearly sessile, 
 mostly in pairs; leaflets elliptic-oblong, lower ones abrupt; 
 stipules with a blackish depression beneath; seeds orbicular, 
 smooth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 323. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 281. E. Bot. t. 
 334. 
 
 Cultivated grounds and corn fields, frequent. Fl. June. Q. One 
 foot or more high. Leaflets variable in height and in number, from 
 two to six pairs or more on a petiole. Flowers large, purple, and blue 
 or red. Legumes more or less downy, erect. A valuable plant as 
 early fodder for horses and other cattle, and will bear cutting three or 
 four times throughout the season, if judiciously managed. 
 
 4. V. anyustifolia, Sibth. Narrow-lf-.aved crimson Vetch. 
 Flowers mostly solitary, nearly sessile; leaflets linear, lowermost 
 ones inversely heart-shaped ; stipules toothed, with a pale de- 
 pression beneath; se*eds smooth. Br. Fl. }.p. 323. E. Fl. v. 
 iii. p. 282. Hook, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2614. 
 
 Sandy coast of Magilligan ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. June. 0. 
 Nearly allied to the last species. 
 
 5. V. lathyroides, Linn. Spring Vetch. Flowers solitary, 
 nearly sessile; leaflets elliptic-oblong; lower ones inversely 
 heart-shaped ; tendrils simple, shorter than the leaflets ; seeds 
 cubic, warty. Br. Fl. }.p. 323. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 283. E. 
 Bot. t. 30. 
 
 Sandy fields between Clontarf and Baldoyle, and in old gravel pits 
 in the Phoenix Park, and many other places, not uncommon. Fl. 
 April, May. 0. Root fibrous, beset with minute fleshy tubercles. 
 Stems several, procumbent in opposite directions, branched at the 
 bottom only, three or four inches long, angular, leafy, finely downy 
 like the rest of the herbage. Footstalks channelled, each ending in a 
 very short simple tendril or none at all. 
 
 6. V. septum. Linn. Bush Vetch. Flowers about four toge- 
 ther, in short axillary clusters ; legumes upright, smooth ; leaflets 
 ovate, obtuse; the upper ones gradually smaller. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 324. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 286. E. Bot. t. 79. 
 
 Woods and shady places, frequent. Fl. May, June. 1. Stems 
 about two feet high, angular, smooth, but little branched, supported 
 upon other plants by the branching tendrils of the leaves. Leaflets 
 numerous, ovate, obtuse, thin, hairy, gradually smaller towards the end 
 of each stalk. Stipules more or less ternate and toothed. Corolla 
 variegated with blue, purple, and greenish white, rarely pure white. 
 
 14. LATHYRUS. Linn. Vetchling and Everlasting Pea. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, the upper lobes the shortest. Sta- 
 mens diadelphous. Style flat, dilated at the end, villous or 
 pubescent in front. Pod oblong, many-seeded, 2-valved, 
 
LEGUMINOS^:. [Orobus. 
 
 1-celled. Seeds round or angular. Climbing herbaceous plants. 
 Stipules half saggitate. Leaves abiwptly pinnate, of from one 
 to three pairs, with a tendril in the place of the terminal leaflet. 
 Peduncles axillary. De Cand. Name \a6vpos, a Leguminose 
 plant of Theophrastus. Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1. L. pratensis, Linn. Meadow Vetchling. Stalks many- 
 flowered ; tendrils mostly simple, each bearing a pair of lan- 
 ceolate leaflets. Br. Fl. 1. p. 3-21. E. Fl. r. iii. p. 276. E. 
 Bot. t. 670. 
 
 Moist meadows, pastures, and bushy places, frequent. Fl. July, 
 Aug. IjL. Stems two to three feet long, climbing-. Flowers yellow. 
 Cattle are said to be very fond of this common plant. 
 
 2. L. palustris, Linn. Blue Marsh Vetchling. Stalks many- 
 flowered ; tendrils branched, each bearing several elliptical lan- 
 ceolate leaflets; stipules lanceolate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 322. E. Fl, 
 v. iii. p. 278. E. Bot. 1. 169. 
 
 In boggy meadows. A plant which the late Mr. Templeton sup- 
 posed to be this, was found by him in a moist meadow a little north of 
 where the Lagan Canal enters Lough Neagh, but I have not seen any 
 Irish specimens. Fl. July, Aug. %. Stems two to three feet high, 
 climbing. Leaflets about two inches long. Flowers bluish purple. 
 
 15. OROBUS. Linn. Bitter-vetch. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, the 2 upper lobes the shortest. Sta- 
 mens diadelphous. Style slender, linear, villous at the end. 
 Pod cylindrical, oblong, 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. 
 Seeds with a linear hilum. Erect herbaceous plants. Stipules 
 half saggitate. Leaves abruptly pinnate, with a short simple seta 
 in place of the terminal leaflet. Racemes axillary, stalked. 
 De Cand. Name ; opw, to strengthen or invigorate, and fiovs, an 
 ox, yielding food for cattle. Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1. O. sylvaticus, Linn. Wood Bitter-vetch. Stem branching, 
 decumbent, hairy ; leaves hairy, of many pairs ; leaflets ovato-lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate ; stipules half saggitate ; peduncles many- 
 flowered, scarcely so long as the leaves ; teeth of the calyx un- 
 equal, short; pod ovate, stalked. Br. Fl 1. p. 321. E. Fl v. 
 iii. p. 272. E. Bot. t. 518. 
 
 Woods and bushy places, rare in Ireland. I received specimens of 
 this plant from a wood within four miles of Cloghjordan, King's 
 County, where it was first observed by Mr. Robert Hodgens, nursery- 
 man. Fl. July. % . 
 
 2. O. tuberosus, Linn. Common Bitter-vetch, or Heath-pea. 
 Leaves pinnate, elliptic-lanceolate ; stipules half arrow-shaped, 
 toothed at the base ; stem simple, erect. Br. Fl. 1. p. 320. E. 
 FLv. in. p. 272. E, Bot. t. 104. 
 
 In mountainous pastures, thickets, and woods, frequent. Moots 
 tuberous, having somewhat the flavour of liquorice, and is said to be 
 
Ornithopus.'] ROSACES. 85 
 
 often eaten by the Highlanders, by whom it is known by the name 
 Cormeille. Stem one foot high, winged. Flowers in long-stalked 
 axillary racemes, purple-veined. Legume long, pendulous, cylindrical, 
 
 black. 
 
 i 
 
 Hedysarece. De Cand. 
 
 Corolla papilionaceous. Stamens usually monadelphous ; 
 sometimes diadelphous, 1 and 9, or 5 and 5. Legume divided 
 transversely into 1 -seeded joints. Cotyledons thin, in germina- 
 tion rising above the ground, and acquiring a green colour. 
 
 16. ORNITHOPUS. Linn. Bird's-foot. 
 
 Legumes somewhat cylindrical, curved, of many close, single- 
 seeded joints. Keel very small. Name ; opvis, opviOos, a bird, 
 and 7rov5, afoot, from the similarity of the seed-vessels to a 
 bird's-foot. Diadelphia. Decandria. 
 
 1. O. perpusillns, Linn. Common Bird's-foot. Leaves pin- 
 nated with 6 9 pairs of leaflets, and a terminal one ; flowers 
 capitate, bracteated ; legumes curved upwards. Br. Ft. 1. p. 
 326. E. Fl. r.iii. p. 290. E. Bot. t. 369. 
 
 Sandy and gravelly soils. On the bare grassy pastures on the Sutton 
 side of the Hill of Hovvth, above Mrs. Hannyngton's house, and near 
 the coast immediately under it, in great quantity. Fl. June. 0. 
 Stems from two to six inches high, much branched at the base and 
 spreading. Leaflets oval. Flowers white, with red lines. 
 
 ORD. 27. ROSACEJE. Juss. Rose Family. 
 
 Sepals ,5, below more or less combined into a tube, and thence 
 5-lobed, generally persisting, free or adherent with the ovary. 
 Petals of the same number, rarely wanting, inserted upon the 
 calyx; aestivation imbricated, mostly regular. Stamens in- 
 serted with the petals, usually indefinite ; filaments with an in- 
 curved sestivation; anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. 
 Carpels numerous, sometimes reduced and solitary, sometimes 
 united among themselves, or with the tube of the calyx into one. 
 Ovaries 1-celled. Styles simple, dilated upwards into variously 
 formed stigmas, frequently lateral, distinct or rarely combined. 
 Seeds 1 2, rarely more in each carpel, erect or inverted, 
 without albumen (except in Hirtella and Neillia}. Embryo 
 straight : cotyledons leafy or fleshy. Herbs or trees. Leaves 
 alternate, simple or compound, with two stipules at the base. Jn- 
 florescence various. 
 
 I. Spirceacea. De Cand. 
 
 Follicles several, invested by the calyx. Seeds from one to 
 six, suspended from the inner edges of the follicle. 
 
86 ROSACE/E. [Prumts. 
 
 1. SPIR^A. Linn. Spiraea and Meadow-sweet. 
 
 Calyx ivcleft, persistent. Stamens from 10 to 50, inserted along 
 with* the petals upon a disk adhering to the calyx. Follicles 
 one or several, distinct, or occasionally cohering by the base. 
 Seeds from 2 to 6. Name, supposed to be the atreipeia of 
 Theophrastus. Icosandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. S. salicifolia, Linn. Willow-leaved Spircea. Leaves el- 
 liptic-lanceolate, unequally serrated, smooth ; clusters terminal, 
 compound. Br. Fl. 1. p. 223. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 367. E. Bot. t. 
 1468. 
 
 Woods and hedges, but scarcely indigenous. Hedges near Dundrum. 
 Fl. July. T? . A small branching shrub. Flowers in crowded ra- 
 cemes, rose-coloured. A well known plant in gardens, of which there 
 are several varieties, one of which has white flowers, and another has 
 the flowers in large panicles. 
 
 2. S. Ulmaria, Linn. Meadow-sweet, Queen of the Meadows. 
 Leaves interruptedly pinnate, downy beneath ; the terminal 
 leaflet largest and lobed ; stern herbaceous ; flowers cymose, 
 with many styles. Br. Fl. \.p. 223. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 368. E. 
 Bot. t. 960. 
 
 Meadows, banks of ponds and ditches, frequent. Fl. July. II. 
 Stems two to three feet high, branched upwards. Leaflets acuminate, 
 very large, especially the terminal (generally) three-lobed one, alter- 
 nate ones minute. Flowers yellowish-white, numerous, sweet 
 scented. 
 
 2. Drupacece. De Cand. Amygdalece Juss. & De Cand. 
 
 Fruit a. solitary drupe, containing one or two seeds, hanging 
 from the top of their cell. Calyx deciduous. Trees or shrubs, 
 with simple stalked leaves, glandular petioles, and distinct stipules. 
 All the parts abound inprussic add. 
 
 2. PRUNUS. Linn. Plum and Cherry. 
 
 Calyx inferior, 5-cleft. Petals 5. Nut of the Drape with slightly 
 prominent seams. Name Trpowv) in Greek, according to 
 Theophrastus. Icosandria. Monogynia. 
 
 HC Fruit covered with bloom. Young leaves convolute. 
 
 1. P. domestica, Linn. Wild Plum-tree. Peduncles solitary 
 or two together; leaves ovato-lanceolate, somewhat downy 
 beneath ; branches without spines. Br. Fl. 1. p. 220. E. Fl. v. 
 ii.p. 355. E. Bot. t. 1783. 
 
 Woods and hedges, occasionally, scarcely wild. Hedges in the 
 
Prunus.] ROSACE xE. 87 
 
 County of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. May. J? .The original 
 stock of the plums of our gardens. 
 
 2. P. insititia. Linn. Wild Bullace-tree. Peduncles in pairs; 
 leaves ovato-lanceolate, downy beneath ; branches ending in a 
 spine. Br. Fl. \.p. 220. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 336. E. Bot. t. 841. 
 
 Woods and hedges. Hedges near Merrion. Fl. May. f? . Small 
 tree, having black globular fruit, with a fine bloom, sometimes of a 
 waxy yellow. 
 
 3. P. spinosa, Linn. Black-thorn or Sloe. Peduncles mostly 
 solitary ; leaves elliptico-lanceolate, somewhat downy beneath ; 
 branches very spinous. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 220. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 357. 
 E. Bot. t. 842. 
 
 Hedges and coppices, frequent. Fl. April, May. b . Resembling 
 the last, but much smaller in all its parts, and the branches are more 
 crooked and spinous. Fruit small, very austere. 
 
 * sje Fruit without bloom. Young leaves condu plicate. 
 
 4. P. Padus, Linn. Bird Cherry. Flowers in racemes, 
 deciduous, obovate or oval, glabrous, with two glands at the 
 summit of the footstalk. Br. Fl. 1. p. 220. E. FLv.ii. p. 354. 
 E. Bot. t. 1383. Cerasus Padas, De Cand. Lindl. 
 
 Woods in the northern counties. Side of the Faughan river* 
 County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. In the Deer Park at Glenarm- 
 FL May. F? . A small tree with acute leaves, doubly serrated- 
 Flowers white. Drupes small, black ; nut rugose. 
 
 5. P. Cerasus, Linn. Wild Cherry. Flowers in nearly ses- 
 sile umbels ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, somewhat downy beneath. 
 Br. FL }.p. 222. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 354. E. Bot. t. 706. Cera- 
 sus Avium, Mcench. Lindl. 
 
 Woods. FL May. b . The late Mr. Templeton observed the 
 small red-fruited wild Cherry, which he supposed to be the Prunus 
 Cerasus of Linnaeus, growing abundantly on the banks of Lough 
 Neagh, and many other places in the north of Ireland. He also ob- 
 served the small black fruited wild Cherry, growing on the banks of 
 Lough Neagh more sparingly. The black fruited variety he supposed 
 to be the true Prunus Avium of Linnasus. Both kinds are well 
 known in Scotland as the red and black Geen. The fruit of the latter 
 is sweet and much prized, the former is very acid, and Mr. Templeton 
 states it is not eaten by birds. To the black fruited variety he sup- 
 posed all our cultivated Cherries belong, except, perhaps, the Morella, 
 which he thought might belong to the other. 
 
 3. Fragariacece. Richard. ( Dryadece Vent.) 
 
 Fruit consisting either of small dry nuts or succulent dru- 
 peolae, inserted upon a common receptacle, and invested with a 
 dry permanent calyx. Calyx either 4 or 5-cleft, sometimes 
 bearing bracteolse on its tube, equal in number to the segments, 
 and alternate with them. Petals 5. Seed solitary, erect, or in- 
 
88 ROSACES. [Rubus. 
 
 verted. Mostly herbaceous plants, very seldom shrubs; leaves 
 usually compound ; stipulse adhering to the petiole. 
 
 3. RUB us. Linn. Bramble. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Fruit superior, of several-seeded 
 juicy drupes, placed upon a protuberant spongy receptacle.* 
 Name of uncertain origin ; perhaps from the Latin ruber, 
 or the Celtic, rub, red. Icosandria Polygynia. 
 
 jje Leaves pinnate. 
 
 1. R. ideeus, Linn. Raspberry. Leaves pinnate, with five 
 or three leaflets white and very downy beneath ; footstalks chan- 
 nelled ; stems nearly erect, downy and prickly ; flowers droop- 
 ing; petals as short as the calyx. Br. Ft. 1. p. 245. E. Fl. v. 
 ii. p. 407. E. Bot. t. 2443. 
 
 Woods, ditch banks, and elevated subalpine cliffs, especially in the 
 northern counties. Devil's Glen, County of Wicklow. On the side of 
 the road called the Path, between Larne and Glenarm, and on elevated 
 rocky hills near Florencecourt, County of Fermanagh. Fl. May, 
 June. 1? . Stem woody. Leaflets somewhat cut and serrated. Fruit 
 scarlet, in a wild state. 
 
 * * Leaves digitate or pedate. 
 
 1 . Stem (mostly) biennial, woody. 
 
 a. nearly erect, not rooting. 
 
 2. R. suberectus, Anderson. Upright Bramble. Stem nearly 
 erect, not rooting, obsoletely angular; prickles uniform, few, 
 small; leaves digitate, quinate; leaflets flexible, lower pair ses- 
 sile or nearly so ; panicle simple. And. in Tr. of Linn. Soc. v. xi. 
 p. 218. t. 16. Br. Fl. 1. p. 244. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 406. E. Bot. 
 t. 2572. 
 
 ft. Prickles more numerous and rather larger. R. plicatus, 
 W.andN.t. 1. E. Bot. Suvpl. t. 2714. R. nitidus t E. Fl. p. 
 404. 
 
 At the upper end of Sir Francis M'Naghten's Deer Park, Nevv- 
 townlimavady, and other places in the County of Derry ; Mr. D. 
 Moore. County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Near Headford, 
 County of Galway ; Mr. Shuttleworth. <3. Near Clady and Kilrea, 
 
 * The descriptions of the species in this difficult genus, as well as those of the 
 roses, are mostly taken from Hooker's British Flora, and were chiefly drawn up 
 by Mr. Borrer, to whom Mr. Moore sent specimens of the more doubtful 
 pecies and had his opinion of them. 
 
Kubus.] ROSACES. 89 
 
 County of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. June Aug. J? Stem 
 a little angular, mostly green, tinged with red above, the angle on the 
 under side the largest, seldom hairy, but covered with minute black 
 glands, particularly on the under surface and near the tops of the 
 young shoots, which are nearly upright, and only bent a little at the 
 extremities. Leaves pale green, rather rugose and slender, generally 
 quinate, unless those near the flowers, which are mostly in threes, the 
 upper one single. Petals small, pale white, rather long and narrow. 
 Fruit seldom more than six in a cluster, small, bright red when ripen- 
 ing, black when ripe. 0. Whole plant stouter, more prickly, with 
 shoots more angular and decurved. 
 
 b. Stem arched or prostrate, rooting. 
 a. Prickles nearly uniform, confined to the angles of the stem. 
 
 3. R. rhamnifolius, W. and N. Buckthorn-leaved Bramble. 
 Stem arched, obsoletely angular and furrowed, nearly naked ; 
 prickles uniform, straightish, (horizontal or deflexed); leaves 
 quinate, of five stalked, roundish, acuminate, coriaceous leaflets, 
 paler beneath ; panicle repeatedly divided, diffuse, somewhat 
 downy. Br. FL 1. p. 245. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 401. E. Bot. 
 SuppL t. 2604. Lindl. %n. p. 92. R. cordifolius, W. and N. t. 
 5. Lindl. Syn. p. 92. 
 
 Hedges in the County of Derry, frequent ; Mr. D. Moore. Hedges 
 on the road-side between Belfast and Comber. Fl. July, Aug. f? . 
 Stem strong, decurved, somewhat zigzag, green below and purple 
 towards the points. Prickles strong, decurved with yellow points, 
 those at the bottom of the shoot small, green, and almost straight. 
 Leaflets quinate, of a greyish colour, on long footstalks, especially the 
 terminal one, cordate, with pretty long sharp points, irregularly cut 
 and undulated, smooth above ; hairy beneath and along the edges. 
 Panicle compound, spreading and leafy, often very large, with many 
 hooked prickles. Sepals long, with green points, woolly, and sometimes 
 a few setae. Petals obovate and notched at the point, sometimes 
 white, but tinged with purple. Fruit large, black when ripe. 
 
 4. R. fruticosus, Linn. Common Bramble or Blackberry. 
 Stem arched, angular, furrowed, mostly minutely hairy ; prick- 
 les uniform, straightish (horizontal or deflexed) ; leaves digitate 
 of five-stalked obovate coriaceous leaflets decurved at the edges, 
 their underside and the elongated panicle white with close down. 
 Br. Fl. \.p. 246. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 309. E. Bot. t. 715. R. 
 discolor, W. and N. t. '20. Lindl. Syn. p. 93. R. abruptus, Lindl. 
 Syn. p. 92. 
 
 /3. R. vulgaris major, fructu albo Raii. Syn. 467. 
 
 Hedges and thickets in the more open districts. (3. On a hedge 
 bank about two miles south of Bray-head, where it was first 
 pointed out to me by Mr. Robert Hodgens. Fl. Aug. Sep. T? . 
 Stem shrubby, of a dark red or purple, strongly angular, with interme- 
 diate furrows, tough and woody, biennial or often perennial, the barren 
 ones smooth, arched, and, when coming in contact with loose earth, 
 taking root at the extremity ; the others erect and slightly downy at 
 
 L 
 
90 ROSACES. [Rubus. 
 
 the upper part. Prickles numerous on the angles of the stem, sharply 
 and strongly hooked, reddish. Leaves firm and durable, almost ever- 
 green, of five oblong acute (or abruptly acute) or pointed, sharply and 
 unequally serrated leaflets ; which are dark green, smooth, or slightly 
 hairy above ; snow white, finely downy, and strongly veined, with a 
 prickly rib beneath ; the terminal one largest, with a long partial stalk ; 
 two next with much shorter partial stalks, each of which bears a consi- 
 derably smaller, nearly sessile leaflet, so that the whole leaf is strictly 
 pedate, the uppermost on the flowering stems only being ternate, or 
 even simple. On the same branch are sometimes seen a few leaves, 
 that are pale green at the back and merely hairy, not at all cottony or 
 white. Footstalks in some degree hairy, all beset with strongly hooked 
 prickles. Stipules bristle-shaped, hairy, in pairs upon each footstalk 
 near the base. Clusters erect, oblong, rather densely panicled, twice 
 compound, many flowered ; their branches and stalks rather angular, 
 white, and finely downy, without glandular hairs. Bracteas solitary, 
 linear-lanceolate, white or hoary. Flowers erect, handsome. Calyx 
 downy all over, reflexed in the flower as well as in the fruit, destitute 
 of prickles and of glandular hairs. Petals of a delicate pink, white 
 in the var. with white fruit. Berry nearly globular, of a sweet 
 mawkish flavour, ripening late in autumn, a month later than M. cory- 
 lifolius. 
 
 p. Prickles various, not confined to the angles of the stem. 
 
 5. R. Koehleri, W. and N. Koehler's Bramble. Stein de- 
 curved, somewhat angular and furrowed, hairy, glandular, se- 
 tose ; prickles numerous, unequal, curved and straight; leaves 
 digitate, of five-stalked, ovate or elliptical leaflets ; panicle 
 much divided, somewhat corymbose. Br. Fl. 1. p. 247. E. 
 BoL Suppl t. 2605. R. glandulosus, E. Fl. v. ii. p. 403 (excL 
 syn. of Bellardi, and perhaps the others.) 
 
 Hedges near Newtownlimavady ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. July, Aug. 
 T? . Stems green in the shade, red when exposed, decurved, or even 
 prostrate, (scarcely arched unless supported,) very variable in size and 
 length, and in the prominence of its angles. Prickles copiously scat- 
 tered on every part of the stem, as well as on the stalks and midribs of 
 the leaves, and on the panicle ; extremely variable in curvature and 
 size ; intermixed with, and passing into se tee, which are also very nu- 
 merous. Leaves thin and flexible until old, varying in size, and shape, 
 and in the length of the point, which is often long and taper ; serra- 
 tures coarse, unequal ; upper surface pale opaque green, with scattered 
 hairs, rugose, often somewhat plicate at the nerves, under side paler ; 
 old leaves darker above, occasionally hairy beneath. Panicle often 
 very large. Calyx segments hairy, very prickly, setose and glandulose, 
 often elongated, more or less reflexed when in flower, often more 
 spreading upwards. Petals white or pale pink, rather small, varying 
 from strap-shaped to almost round, often jagged. Fruit black, 
 shining, acid ; drupes rather small and numerous, not depressed. 
 
 6. R. corylifolius, Sm. Hazel-leaved Bramble. Stem de- 
 curved, roundish ; prickles straight, scattered, somewhat un- 
 equal, but not passing insensibly into setae ; leaves digitate of five 
 ovate leaflets, the outermost sessile and lapping over the others; 
 
 * 
 
Rubus.] ROSACES. 91 
 
 calyx of the fruit spreading or reflexed. Br. FL 1. p. 248. E. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 408. E. Bot. t. 827. 
 
 Hedges and thickets, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. J? . Stem biennial; 
 the barren ones very long and trailing, unless accidentally supported, 
 sometimes arched, glaucous and purplish, green in the shade. Prickles 
 usually straight, a little deflexed. Setce few or none, except about the 
 inflorescence, and these distinct from the prickles. Leaflets broadly 
 ovate, with a cordate base, soft, hairy, paler or sometimes hoary at the 
 back ; intermediate pair on short stalks, on which the external pair is 
 usually quite sessile. Panicle very various, sometimes broad and co- 
 rymbose like that of R. ccesius, but less so than in most other species. 
 Flowers white. A beautiful variety of this is found in the County of 
 Derry by Mr. Moore, with large soft leaflets, of a rounder form than 
 usual, and purple shining stems. 
 
 7. R. ccesius, Linn. Dewberry. Stem prostrate, round or 
 nearly so, glaucous : prickles straight, unequal, passing insensi- 
 bly into setae, the length of the largest rarely equalling the dia- 
 meter of the stem ; leaves digitate of three or more, rarely five 
 ovate leaflets, the outermost sessile ; calyx embracing the fruit. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 249. E. Fl. v. ii.p. 409 E. Bot. t. 826. 
 
 /3. Stem stronger, obsoletely angular, leaflets generally five. 
 R. dumetorum. W. and N. 
 
 Bushy places and borders of fields, frequent. FL June, July. T? 
 Stem weak, with many slender branches rooting at the extremities. 
 Prickles usually straight, scarcely deflexed, varying in size and dimi- 
 nishing gradually, so. as not to admit of a distinct line of separation 
 between them and the setce, with which the plant is also furnished. 
 Leaflets broadly ovate, often lobed, pubescent above, more so and 
 softer beneath, and of a paler colour, sometimes covered with long 
 shining hairs ; the outermost sessile, or with only hardly distinguishable 
 stalks. Panicle corymbose ; the divisions frequently cymose. Flowers 
 few in a. more numerous in 0. Drupes of the fruit large, juicy, 
 black, with a fine glaucous bloom and agreeable acid flavour. 
 
 2. Stem herbaceous or nearly so. 
 
 8. R. saxatilisy Linn. Stone Bramble. Leaflets 3, slightly 
 downy, runners creeping, herbaceous ; panicle of few flowers. 
 Br. Fl. \.p. 252. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 410. E. Bot. t. 2233. 
 
 Stony mountainous places, more plentiful in the north ; it is also to 
 be met with about Killarney and in the County of Galway. FL June. 
 %. Erect, slender, eight or ten inches high, with a few weak straight 
 prickles on the stem. Leaves two to three ; leaflets ovate. Petals 
 minute, narrow, greenish yellow. Fruit of very few, red, (compara- 
 tively) large clustered drupes. 
 
 * * * Leaves simple. 
 
 9. R. Charruzmorus, Linn. Cloud-berry. Dioecious; leaves 
 simple, lobed ; stem without prickles, herbaceous, single flowered. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 252. E. FL v. ii. p. 1 12. E.\ Bot. *. 71 6. 
 
ROSACES. [Potentilla. 
 
 On a mountain in the Stranagalvally range, County of Tyrone ; 
 Mr. E. Murphy. Fl. June. %. Erect, eight to ten inches high. 
 Flowers large, white. Fruit large, orange-red, of an agreeable fla- 
 vour, and often eaten by the Norwegians and Laplanders. 
 
 4. FRAGARIA. Linn. Strawberry. 
 
 Calyx 10-cleft, segments alternately smaller. Petals 5. Fruit 
 consisting of many minute nuts, placed upon a large fleshy 
 deciduous receptacle. Name from fragrans, odorous, on ac- 
 count of its fragrant smell. Icosandria. Polygynia. 
 
 1. F. vesca, Linn. Wood Strawberry. Calyx of the fruit re- 
 flexed ; hairs of the peduncles widely spreading, those of the 
 pedicels close-pressed, silky. Br. Fl. 1. p. 250. E. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 414. E. Eot. t. 1524. 
 
 Woods and thickets, frequent. Fl. May July. 1{ . 
 
 2. F. elatior, Ehrh. Hautboy Strawberry. Calyx of the fruit 
 reflexed ; hairs of the peduncles and pedicels widely spreading, 
 somewhat deflexed. Sm.JBr. Fl. 1. p. 250. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 
 415. E. Bot.t.2197. 
 
 Dunscombe's Wood, near Cork, scarcely indigenous ; Mr. J. Drum- 
 mond. Fl. June Sept. T. 
 
 5. COMARUM. Linn. Marsh Cinque-foil. 
 
 Calyx 10 (or more) cleft, segments alternately smaller. Petals 
 5 (or more), shorter than the calyx. Pericarps inserted on a 
 large, spongy, hairy, permanent receptacle. Name, from 
 Kojaapos, a name of Theophrastus, applied to some plants of 
 the Arbutus tribe. Icosandria. Polygynia. 
 
 1. C. palustre, Linn. Purple Marsh Cinque-foil. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 25 1 . E. Fl. v. ii. p. 433. E. Bot. t. 1 72. 
 
 Marshes and peat bogs, frequent. FL July. 2 . Stems ascending. 
 Leaves petioled, with seven lanceolate, deeply serrated leaflets, upper 
 ones quinate or ternate, sessile, with a pair of ovate stipules. Flower- 
 stalk branched. Flowers of a deep dingy purple. Very nearly allied 
 to Potentilla. 
 
 6. POTENTILLA. Linn. Cinque-foil. 
 
 Calyx 1 0-cleft, segments alternately smaller. Petals 5. Fruit 
 consisting of numerous minute nuts, placed upon a small dry 
 receptacle. Name from potens, powerful, from the medicinal 
 properties attributed to some of the species. 
 
 Icosandria. Polygynia. 
 
TormentiUa.] ROSACE.E. 93 
 
 * Leaves pinnate. 
 
 1. P. fruticosa, Linn. Shrubby Cinque-foil. Leaves pinnate; 
 leaflets (generally 5), oblongo-lanceolate, entire ; stem shrubby. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 251. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 416. E. Bot. t. 88. 
 
 Rock Forest, County of Clare. Near Headfort, County of Galway ; 
 Mr. Shuttleworth. Fl. June. T? . 
 
 2. P. anserina, Linn. Silver-weed. Leaves interruptedly 
 pinnate, serrated, silky, especially beneath ; peduncles axil- 
 lary, single-flowered ; stem creeping. Br. Fl. 1. p. 251. E. 
 FL v. ii. p. 4 1 7. E. Bot. #.861. 
 
 Moist meadows and road-sides, frequent, FL June, July. 1. 
 Varying much in the degree of silkiness ; sometimes silky and white 
 on both sides. Flowers large, yellow. Leaflets lanceolate. 
 
 s|c j|c Leaves digitate. 
 
 3. P. argentea, Linn. Hoary Cinque-foil. Leaves quinate; 
 leaflets cuneiform, cut, white and downy beneath, their margins 
 revolute; stem decumbent. Br. Fl. \. p. 251. E. FL v. ii. p. 
 418. E. Bot. t. 89. 
 
 Barren gravelly places, but not very common. On Sugar-loaf 
 Mountain, County of Wicklow. Fl. June. 7. Flowers terminal, 
 small, yellow, sub-corymbose. 
 
 4. P. reptans, Linn. Common creeping Cinque-foil.' Stem 
 filiform, creeping ; leaves quinate ; leaflets obovato-cuneiform, 
 serrated ; peduncles axillary, single-flowered, longer than the 
 leaf. Br. Fl. 1. p. 252. E. FL v. ii. p. 423. E. Bot. t. 862. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, and by way-sides. FL June Aug. 1. 
 Stems taking root at the joints. Flowers yellow. 
 
 # # H Leaves ternate. 
 
 5. P. Fragariastrum, Ehrh. Strawberry-leaved Cinque-foil. 
 Leaves ternate ; leaflets obovate, deeply serrated, silky on both 
 sides (especially beneath) ; petals obcordate, as long as the 
 calyx; stems procumbent. Br. FL 1. p. 253. E. FL v. ii.p. 
 425. P. Fragaria, Poir. Fragaria sterilis, Linn. E. Bot. t. 
 1785. 
 
 Woods, banks, and dry pastures, frequent. FL March, April. 1[. 
 
 7. TORMENTILLA. Linn. Tormentil. 
 
 Calyx 8-cleft, segments alternately smaller. Petals 4. Fruit 
 consisting of numerous minute nuts, placed upon a small dry 
 receptacle. Named from tormina, the dysentery, in the cure of 
 which it was employed on account of its astringent qualities. 
 
 Icosandria. Polygynia. 
 
94 ROSACES. [Dryas. 
 
 1. T. officinalis, Sm. Common Tormentil. Leaves ternate, 
 all sessile ; leaflets lanceolate, inciso-serrate ; stem ascending, 
 dichotomous. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 253. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 427. E. Bot. 
 t. 863. Potentilla Tormentilla, Sibth. Nestl.Potentilla erecta, 
 Linn. 
 
 Moors and heathy places, frequent. FL June, July. 1. Root 
 large and woody, used medicinally, and by the Laplanders for staining 
 leather of a red colour. Peduncles axillary and terminal. 
 
 2. T. reptans, Linn. Trailing Tormentil. Leaves ternate 
 and quinate on footstalks, obovato-cuneiform, inciso-dentate ; 
 stem prostrate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 253. E. FL v. ii. p. 428. E. 
 Bot. t. S64.Potentilla nemoralis, Nestl. 
 
 Ditch banks near the Botanic Garden, Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. 
 Fl. June, July. *2. 
 
 8. GEUM. Linn. Avens. 
 
 Calyx 10-cleft, alternate segments minute. Petals 5. Pericarps 
 with long geniculated awns. Receptacle elongated. Name 
 from <yevwj to yield an agreeable flavour. The roots of G. 
 urbanum are aromatic. Icosandria. Polygynia. 
 
 1. G. urbanum, Linn. Common Avens> Herb Bennet. Flowers 
 erect ; cauline leaves ternate, radical ones lyrato-pinnate. Br. 
 FL 1. p. 254. E. FL v. ii. p. 429 E. Bot. t. 1400. 
 
 Woods and hedges, frequent. Fl. June. 2. One to two feet 
 high. Hoot-leaves on long footstalks. Flowers small, yellow. Petals 
 patent. 
 
 2. G. rivale, Linn. Water Avens. Flowers drooping ; awns 
 feathery ; cauline leaves ternate, radical ones interruptedly pin- 
 nate and lyrate. Br.JP/. ]. p. 254. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 430. E. 
 Bot. t. 106. 
 
 Woods and sides of mountains. Woodlands, County of Dublin, 
 Brandon Mountain, &c. often proliferous. FL June, July. %. 
 
 9. DRYAS. Linn. Dry as. 
 
 Calyx 8 10-cleft, its segments equal. Petals 5 8. Pericarps 
 with long feathery awns. Name Spvs, the oak, from a distant 
 similarity between their leaves. 
 
 Icosandria. Polygynia. 
 
 1. D. octopetala, Linn. White Dry as on Mountain Avens. 
 Petals 8; leaves simple, serrated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 254. E. Fl. v. 
 ii.p. 432. E. Bot. t.45l. 
 
 Burren mountains, County of Clare, abundant. County of Antrim ; 
 Mr. Templeton. Benyevena, County of Deny ; Mr. Z>. Moore. 
 FL June. 1. Stem short, procumbent. Leaves ovato-elliptical, 
 white and downy beneath, petioled. Flowers large, white. 
 
Rosa.] ROSACES, 95 
 
 10. AGRIMONIA. Linn. Agrimony. 
 
 Calyx turbinate, covered with hooked bristles, 5-cleft, inferior. 
 Petals 5, inserted upon the calyx. Stamens 7 *20. Fruit of 
 2, small, indehiscent capsules, invested by the hardened calyx. 
 Name ; corrupted from Argemone, given by the Greeks to a, 
 plant supposed to cure the cataract in the eye, called a/ary^ta. 
 
 Dodecandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. A. EnpatonOj Linn. Common Agrimony. Cauline leaves 
 interruptedly pinnate, terminal leaflet on a footstalk. Br. Fl. \ . 
 p. 217. E. FL v. ii. p. 346. E. Bot. t. 1335. 
 
 Borders of fields, waste places, and road-sides. FL June, July. 2. 
 Two feet high. Leaflets deeply serrated ; intermediate smaller 
 ones three to five-cleft. Flowers yellow, on a long simple or branched 
 spike, with a trifid bractea at their base. Doctor Hooker remarks 
 that as the number of stamens are so variable in this plant, it would 
 be better, perhaps, to place the Genus with its affinities in Ico- 
 sandria. 
 
 4. Rosea. De Cand. 
 11. ROSA. Linn. Rose. 
 
 Calyx urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, terminating 
 in 5 segments. Petals 5. Pericarps (or Carpels) numerous, 
 bristly, fixed to the inside of the calyx. Name, from the 
 Celtic Rhos, (from rhodd, red) ; whence also the Greek name 
 for a rose, Pooi>, was probably derived. 
 
 Icosandria. Polygynia. 
 
 * Shoots setigerous, prickles scarcely curved. 
 1. Bracteas large. 
 
 1. R. Dicksoni, Lindl. Dicksons Rose. Shoots setigerous; 
 prickles scattered, slender, subulate; leaflets oval, coarsely and 
 irregularly serrated, hoary, sparingly glandulose beneath ; sepals 
 long, simple ; fruit ovato-urceolate. Br. Fl.l.p.224. Borr. 
 in E. Bot. SuppL t. 2707. R. Dicksoniana, Lindl. Syn. 
 
 Said to have been found in Ireland by Mr. J. Drummond. FL 
 June. T? . As this rose was not in the collection of roses found by 
 Mr. Drummond in the south of Ireland, of which he sent me plants a 
 year or two before he left the country for Swan River, I strongly sus- 
 pect it was never found by him in a wild state. All that I know of 
 the history of it is, that it was sent by the late Mr. James Lee, of the 
 Hammersmith Nursery, among a collection purchased by the Dublin 
 Society, for their garden at Glasnevin, in 1 797, and marked as the 
 single variety of R. villosa, under which name I also had it from them 
 for the College Botanic Garden in 1808, and have cultivated it ever 
 since. Mr. Drummond also got it a few years afterwards, in a collec- 
 
96 ROSACES. [ Itosa. 
 
 tion given him for the garden of the Cork Institution, by the Royal 
 Dublin Society, from whence it is probable he sent it to Mr. Sabine as 
 an undescribed species. The semi-double var. of R. pomifera or 
 Apple Rose of the gardens was sent by Lee as a variety of R. villosa, 
 but no single variety of it was sent but the one mentioned above. 
 R. rubella of E. Bot. t. 2601, was sent by Lee, along with the two 
 others, as a variety of R* spinosissima, but it has not yet been found in 
 Ireland. 
 
 2. R. cinnamomea, Linn. Cinnamon Rose, or May Rose. 
 Shoots setigerous ; prickles scattered, slender, subulate ; leaflets 
 lanceolato-oblong, simply serrated, downy and glandulose be- 
 neath ; sepals long, simple; fruit small, ovate. Br. Fl. \. p. 
 224. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 372. 
 
 Hedges on the east side of Mr. White's demesne at Woodlands, 
 County of Dublin. Near Clady, County of Derry, naturalized. FL 
 May. T? . and irregularly throughout the summer. The double flowering 
 var. is most common in gardens. 
 
 2. Bracteas small or wanting. 
 
 3. R. spinosissima. Linn. Burnet-leaved Rose. Prickles 
 crowded, unequal, mostly straight, intermixed with setce ; leaflets 
 small, simply serrated, their disk glandulose; calyx simple; 
 fruit nearly globular. Br. Fl. \.p. 226. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 375. 
 E. Bot. t. 187. R. pimpinellifolia, Linn. Sabine. 
 
 Heaths, &c. chiefly on sand ; most common near the coast, where it 
 is more dwarf than when growing in inland situations. Fl. May. T? . 
 Stem from three inches to three feet high, much branched. Flowers 
 solitary, generally white, sometimes pink, rarely red. Fruit purplish- 
 black. The numerous varieties of Scotch Roses, now so common in gar- 
 dens, belong to this species. 
 
 4. R. Hibernica, Sm. Irish Rose. Shoots and ramuli spar- 
 ingly setigerous ; prickles scattered, unequal, larger, somewhat 
 falcate ; leaflets simply serrated, hairy beneath, their disk eglan- 
 dulose ; calyx pinnate ; fruit nearly globular. Br. FL 1. p. 288. 
 E. FL v. ii. p. 393. E. Bot. t. 2196. 
 
 /3. leaflets smooth on both sides. 
 
 In hedges on the shore near Hollywood, Belfast Harbour, where 
 it was first noticed by Mr. Templeton. 3. In cliffs of rocks on Beny- 
 evena, County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. June Oct. T? . 
 Root creeping, stoloniferous. Shrub three to six feet high, dense, with 
 ascending, much divided, reddish-brown branches. Larger prickles 
 slightly curved, smaller subulate and straight ; numerous on the root- 
 shoots, few on the ramuli ; a few setae occur on both. Leaflets closely 
 set, five or seven, rarely nine, ovate or of a rounder outline, acute, 
 naked and somewhat glaucous above, hairy beneath, chiefly on the ribs 
 and veins ; serratures sharp, simple, occasionally rather unequal ; 
 petioles hairy, with falcate prickles, sometimes wanting, rarely any seta3 
 or glands ; stipules broad, smooth, slightly serrated, with tapering, 
 slightly spread points ; those next the flowers enlarged. Flowers 
 rather small, often solitary or two together, sometimes in considerable 
 
ROSACEvE. 9T 
 
 fascicle?, and then accompanied by ovato-lanceolate bracteas. Pe~ 
 duncle cylindrical, naked as well as the calyx, the segments of which 
 arc downy within, and at the edges only ; shorter than the pale pink 
 petals, with slightly leafy points, and a few pairs of shortish linear-lan- 
 ceolate, entire, gland-tipped pinnae. Styles included, hairy ; stigmas 
 somewhat prominent. Fruit nearly globular or urceolate, but short, 
 blood-red, crowned with the erect or spreading segments of the calyx. 
 The variety 3. differs from the common appearance of the plant, by the 
 leaflets being naked, which Mr. Moore thinks may have been partly 
 occasioned by the nature of the exposed rocky situation where he 
 found it. It perfectly agrees in every other respect. 
 
 5. II. involuta, Sin. Prickly unexpandcd Rose. Prickles 
 crowded, unequal, straight, intermixed with setae ; leaflets doubly 
 serrated, hairy, glandalose beneath ; stem dwarfish. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 229. E. Fl.y. ii p. 377. E. Bot. t. 2068. 
 
 Glengariff, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond, as stated by Dr. 
 Hincks, but I have not seen Irish specimens. Fl. June. T? . 
 
 6. R. Sabiui, Woods. Saline's Rose. Shoots and ramuli 
 setigerous ; prickles scattered, unequal, straight or nearly so ; 
 leaflets doubly serrated, hairy, glandulose beneath, calyx some- 
 what pinnate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 229. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2594. 
 
 p. prickles more numerous ; leaves very hairy ; calyx almost 
 simple. R. Doniana, Woods. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2601. 
 
 7. Hook, larger prickles falcate ; calyx almost simple. R. 
 gracilis, Woods, 1. c. p. 186. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 379. R. villosa, E. 
 JBot. t. 58J3, (figure only.} 
 
 . Near Umbra rocks, Magilligan. $. Found along with var. . 
 y Bennedy Glen, near Dungiven ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. June, b . 
 Five to eight feet high, upright ; branches reddish-brown, spreading, 
 somewhat drooping, much divided. Prickles numerous on the stem, 
 rather thinly scattered on the ramuli, very unequal in size ; nearly 
 straight in *. and &. ; the larger ones considerably curved in y. Leaflets 
 seven or nine, elliptical or ovate, acute, but rarely acuminate, sharply 
 and doubly serrated, edged with glands ; hairy in various degrees, and 
 thence more or less green or hoary above ; beneath paler and more 
 hairy, and sprinkled on the ribs and veins with glands ; petioles also 
 hairy and glandulose, with small straight prickles, and often setose ; 
 stipules rather broad, somewhat dilated upwards, pointed and divari- 
 cate. Flowers solitary or in three?, in . frequently in larger bunches 
 than in 0. which in Mr. Moore's specimens are mostly solitary. 
 Peduncle cylindrical, setose, as is mostly the calyx-tube ; segments 
 hairy, setose, and glandulose, variously but not copiously pinnate, with 
 a long unusually leafy point, nearly as long as the petals. Petal* pink, 
 often beautifully mottled, or white. Styles included, hairy ; stigmas 
 varying in prominence. Ft uit dark-red, globular or somewhat urceolutr, 
 persistent ; calyx-segments erect, more or less spreading or recurved. 
 
 %. % Shoots mostly without setce. 
 
 I. Leaves glandalose. 
 
 a. Prickles uniform or nearly so ; sct<c none or very fav, 
 7. R. villosa, Sm. Villous Ruse. Fruit globose, partly 
 
98 ROSACES [AW, 
 
 bristly; calyx slightly compound; prickles nearly straight; 
 leaflets rounded, bluntish, all over downy. R. mollis , E. Bot. 
 t. 2459. 
 
 Hedges near Fermoy, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Near 
 the base of Umbra rocks, Magilligan, County of Derry ; Mr. D. 
 Moore. Fl. June, July. I? . This species seems still to be involved 
 in much uncertainty. Mr. Borrer, in Br. FL, describes the leaflets as 
 being plentifully covered with glands, especially beneath, having the 
 petals also fringed with them, and the plant as giving out a strong tur- 
 pentine scent; which characters, are not noticed in E. Fl. nor in the 
 description of R. mollis in E. Bot. quoted for R. villosa in Br. Fl. 
 nor do they apply to our specimens, which have the leaflets downy on 
 both sides, but not glandulose, unless amongst the serratures. One of 
 our varieties has the fruit naked, and the root shoots as well as the 
 flowering ramuli have a few seta? ; which would almost induce one to 
 think it a hybrid between R. tomentosa and R. sabini. Our plant, 
 however, agrees so well with the figure of R. mollis in E. Bot. and 
 general description, unless in the naked fruit, that we have no doubt of 
 its being the species there described, more particularly so, as Mr. 
 Borrer and Mr. Forster, to whom specimens were sent, referred it to 
 that species. A distinct rose from either this or R. tomentosa fre- 
 quently occurs in the northern counties, to which many of Mr. Borrer's 
 remarks on R. villosa in Br. Fl. would well apply ; indeed the more 
 glandular leaflets, cupped flowers, petals fringed with glands, and the 
 strong turpentine scent, are characters which at once distinguish it from 
 any state of R. tomentosa. It also differs from our R. villosa in 
 having the leaflets narrower, and more pointed ; the fruit longer, with 
 the segments of the calyx much more pinnated. The whole plant, es- 
 pecially when dry, is rigid, and rough to the touch from the numerous 
 glands. We think it is not unfrequently taken for R. scabriuscula 
 of Winch, as well as R. tomentosa of Smith, and perhaps R. mollis 
 of E. Bot. 
 
 8. R. tomentosa, Sm. Downy-leaved Nose. Prickles mostly 
 simple, uniform, straight or curved ; leaflets doubly serrated, 
 downy, slightly glandulose ; calyx more or less pinnated. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 231. E. FL v. ii. p. 383. E. Bot. t. 990. 
 
 Hedges and bushy places, not unfrequent. Fl. June, July. T? . 
 This, though one of the most variable of our native roses, may be 
 readily traced through its different forms. The figure in E. Bot. is an 
 excellent representation of the general appearance of the plant ; it, 
 however, varies much according to circumstances ; in favourable situa- 
 tions it frequently assumes a very luxuriant habit, when both the leaves 
 and fruit become larger and differently shaped. That luxuriant states 
 of this species, were what formerly led to the supposition that the 
 Apple Rose of the gardens, R. pomifera, was a native of Britain, we 
 have no doubt ; which opinion Mr. Moore's specimens and plants go 
 far to prove ; some of which are so different from the common appear- 
 ance of the plant, and so like the Apple Rose of the gardens in every 
 respect, that were it not for intermediate states, we would, without hesi- 
 tation, refer them to that species. Mr. Moore finds a singular var. near 
 Garvagh, which is of a more luxuriant growth than usual, having the 
 flowers nearly \vhite, with strong and much hooked prickles. As 
 stated in Br, Fl. this species is best distinguished from R. villosa by 
 
JRosa.] ROSACE ,E. 99 
 
 the more copiously pinnate sepals, with the fruit of a more slender 
 figure, and the leaflets are more narrowly elliptical. They are often 
 without glands. 
 
 9. II. scabriuscula, Rough-leaved Dog Rose. Fruit roundish- 
 ovate, bristly as well as the flowerstalk ; prickles awl-shaped, 
 nearly straight; leaflets elliptical, roughish with minute hairs. 
 E. Bot. t. 1896. Winch. Ft. JV. p. 33. R. tormentosa, /3. E. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 383. 
 
 Near the Seven Churches, County of Wicklow. North of Ireland, 
 near Ballinascreen ; Mr. JO. Moore- FL June, July. J? . I have 
 for the present followed Mr. Winch in considering this distinct from 
 11. tomentosa ; not, however, doubting its affinity to that species, 
 though, at the same time, we think it has characters sufficiently marked 
 to distinguish it from it. As Mr. Winch remarks, " the buds are pecu- 
 liarly handsome when expanded so as to show the bright red tints with 
 which the outer edges of the snow white petals are marked." The 
 bush is also of a more slender and straggling habit ; whether the colour 
 of the flowers may be useful as a distinguishing mark in this species, 
 we think is doubtful, as the var. noticed under our R. villosa, which 
 has the petals always of a vivid pink, seems more nearly allied to this 
 than to that species. 
 
 10. R. inodora, Fries. Slightly-scented Briar. Prickles uni- 
 form, uncinate; leaves doubly serrated, hairy, mostly glandulose 
 beneath; calyx-segments closely pinnate, mostly deciduous; ra- 
 ni uli, without setae ; fruit elliptical or nearly globular. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 233. .R. Borreri, Woods. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 388 R. dumetorum, 
 E. Bot. t. 2579. R. rubiginosa, var. inodora, Lindl. Ros. p. 88. 
 
 Hedges near the old church of Portmarnock and other places in the 
 County of Dublin. Fl. June, July. T? . Sparingly stoloniferous, six 
 to eight feet high, stout, arched with ascending drooping branches. 
 Prickles not very numerous, all strongly hooked, their base dilated ; 
 flowering ramuli frequently unarmed. Leaflets flat, rarely carinate, 
 broadly ovate, or sometimes narrower, scarcely acuminate ; upper sur- 
 face darkish green, mostly shining and inconspicuously hairy ; under 
 side paler and more hairy, sprinkled, though often sparingly and incon- 
 spicuously, with minute glands, which give out a slight turpentine fra- 
 grance, such as also fringe the stipules and the truly double serratures ; 
 petioles downy and glandulose, with small hooked prickles. Flowers, 
 as in all the neighbouring species, solitary, three together, or in larger 
 bunches, according to the vigour of the bush and the part on which 
 they grow. Peduncle mostly shorter than the ovate pointed bractcas, 
 beset with feeble setae or with soft pale hairs, more rarely naked. 
 Calyx-tube mostly naked, sometimes sparingly setose ; segments about 
 as long as the petals, usually naked at the back, with a leafy point, 
 and closely set, shortish, lanceolate, often compound pinnce, fringed 
 with gland-tipped teeth. Petals pale pink, moderate in size and in 
 expansion. Styles included, hairy ; stigmas depressed. Fruit varying 
 in length, scarlet, soft and pulpy, and with the same taste as that of 
 M. canina when ripe. 
 
 11. R. micrantha, Sm. Small-flowered Sweet-Briar. Prick- 
 les uniform, uncinate ; leaflets doubly serrated, hairy, glandulose 
 
100 ROSACE.E. [Rosa. 
 
 beneath; calyx-segments and pinnae elongated, deciduous; fruit 
 small, elliptical and ovate ; ramuli sparingly deciduous. Xtr* 
 Fl. l.p. 233. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 387. E. Bot. t. 2490. 
 
 Open bushy commons and hedges. Near Cork ; Mr. J. Drum- 
 mond. Fl. June, July. 1? . " Scarcely stoloniferous, five to eight feet 
 high, of loose straggling growth, with arched shoots and spreading 
 branches. Prickles shortly hooked, not numerous, nor intermixed 
 with straight subulate ones, but a few strictly setaceous, and a few real 
 setce, often occur immediately under the inflorescence ; occasionally 
 the flowering ramuli, and sometimes the points of the leafy shoots, are 
 altogether unarmed. Leaflets broadly elliptical or ovate, of a rather 
 pale green, and somewhat shining and slightly hairy above ; beneath 
 more hairy, and sprinkled copiously, as are the petioles and usually the 
 stipules, with rusty glands, diffusing a fragrance similar to that of the 
 sweet-briar, but less powerful, and sometimes, according to Woods, 
 intermixed with a turpentine odour. Peduncle setose. Calyx-tube 
 naked, or with a few setce, those at its base generally not larger than 
 the others ; its segments, with a long leafy point and narrow lanceolate 
 pinnae, fringed with gland-pointed teeth. Petals small, shorter than 
 the calyx, pale pink. Styles included, not hairy ; stigmas slightly 
 protuberant. Fruit coral-red, or scarlet, pulpy when ripe, and fla- 
 voured like that of JR. canina ; the primordial, bluntly elliptical, never 
 pear-shaped ; the secondary ovate, \vith a slight neck, often somewhat 
 oblique. The flowers are for the most part neatly cupped, as in R. 
 systyla, and delicately fragrant. It is difficult to distinguish this plant 
 satisfactorily by characters from R. inodora, yet it differs considerably 
 in habit, its ramification being more tufted, although it semis out long 
 arched shoots, and also in its lengthened calyx-segments and its small 
 fruit. It is, in fact, more likely to be united to R. rubiginosa by bota- 
 nists w r ho separate those two, yet deny to this the rank of a species. 
 The justice of its claim to such rank I am far from asserting positively, 
 yet its uniform and much less numerous prickles, its small pulpy fruits, 
 all rounded at the base, and its deciduous calyx-segments, seem con- 
 stant characters ; and its smaller and paler flowers, and arched strag- 
 gling shoots, distinguish it from R. rubiginosa at first sight," 
 Borrer. 
 
 b. Prickles various^ intermixed with setce. 
 
 12. R. rubiginosa) Linn. True Sweet-Briar. Prickles nu- 
 merous, larger uncinate, smaller subulate ; leaflets doubly ser- 
 rated, hairy, glandulose beneath, mostly rounded at the base ; 
 calyx-segments and pinnse elongated, persistent; primordial fruit 
 pear-shaped. Br. FL 1. p. 234. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 385. ". 
 Bot. t. 991. A Eglanteria, Woods. 
 
 Hedges near Passage ; Mr. J. Drummond. Near Belfast ; Mr. 
 Tcmpleton. By the side of the river Roe, near Newtownlirna- 
 vady ; Mr, D. Moore. Fl< June, July. T? . Stoloniferous, four to 
 six feet high, compact and densely branched in general, and the shoots 
 seldom arched. Prickles numerous ; the large uncinate ones on the 
 stem arid branches, mixed irregularly with abundance of smaller, some 
 slightly curved, and some straight, subulate, and setaceous ; and some 
 real seta, which last, however, are not always present ; the flowering 
 
Rosa.] ROSACJELE. 19 1 
 
 t wig-s are occasionally unarmed, but have more usually binate uncinate 
 prickles near the base of the haves, and others scattered, varying in 
 size and curvature. Leaflets flat, or often concave, pale bright green, 
 more or less hairy, ovate, or broadly elliptical, or often almost round, 
 occasionally narrower and more pointed, but scarcely tapering to the 
 base ; sprinkled copiously beneath, on the edges and on the petioles, 
 with fragrant viscid glands, which are found also on the backs and 
 edges of the stipules. Peduncles, and often the calyx-tube, beset with 
 setce, of which those at the base of the latter are usually larger; seg- 
 ments setose and glandulose, with a lengthened leafy point and narrow 
 lanceolate pinnae, spreading almost at right angles, 'with gland-pointed 
 teeth. Petals deep pink, equal to the calyx, or rather shorter. Styles 
 included, slightly hairy ; stigma scarcely protuberant. Fruit changing 
 first to yellow then to orange-red, its substance thin, scarcely pulpy, 
 and almost insipid when ripe ; when in bunches the primordiaf is pear- 
 shaped, the secondary obovate, but less tapering at the base ; the others 
 elliptical. The fragrance of the leaves is compared to that of ripe 
 apples. Borrer. Mr. Templeton was of opinion that our wild sweet- 
 briar is different from the plant sold under that name in the nur- 
 series. 
 
 2. Leaves eglandulose. 
 a. Styles distinct, included or nearly so. 
 
 13. R. canina, Linn. Common Dog Rose. Prickles uni- 
 form, hooked ; leaves naked or slightly hairy, their disk eglan- 
 dulose; calyx-segments fully pinnate, deciduous; styles not 
 united ; shoots assurgent. Br. Fl. 1. p. 236. 
 
 . Leaflets naked, carinate ; serratures simple. R. canina, 
 Woods. E. Fl.v. ii. p. 394. 
 
 a. green. . Woods. R. canina, E. Bot. t. 992. 
 
 b. grey. ft. Woods. 
 
 ft. sarmentacca. Leaflets naked, carinate; serratures com- 
 pound. R. sarmentacea, Woods. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2595. R. 
 canina, FL Lond. 
 
 a. green. ft. Woods. R. sarmentacea, Swartz. 
 
 b. grey. a. Woods. R. glaucopJiylla, Winch. 
 
 7. surculosa. Leaflets naked, flat ; serratures simple. R. sur- 
 culosa, Woods. R. venosa, Swartz. R. canina, ft. E. FL 
 
 , green, ft. Woods. 
 
 b. grey. a. Woods. 
 
 S. dumetornm. Leaflets more or less hairy, flat. 
 
 a. hairy on both sides. R. dumetorum, " Thuil." Woods, 
 I.e. p. 217. E. FL v. ii. p. 292. Borr. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 
 2010. 
 
 e. Forsteri. Leaflets more or less hairy, not flat. 7?. collina, 
 Woods, I.e. p. 219. R. Forsteri, E. FL v. ii. p. 392. Borr. 
 inE. Bot. Suppl. *. 2611. 
 
 Very common in hedges and thickets, All the varieties were 
 
2 ROSACE^E. [Rosa 
 
 found near Ballinascrecn, Co. Deny, by Mr. Moore. (3. and S. 1 found 
 near Glenarm, Co, Antrim. Fl. June, July. J? . The forms above men- 
 tioned are not so defined, but that connecting varieties may be found. 
 In all of them the ramification varies in denseness, and the shoots are 
 more or less arched or erect according- to the vigour of the plant ; the 
 prickles are not very numerous, hooked in various degrees and com- 
 pressed, and their base considerably dilated ; the leaflets vary in width, 
 their serratures, although scarcely compound, except in $., are mostly 
 irregular in size ; the bracteas vary in size ; the peduncle and calyx- 
 tube are most commonly naked, their setse, when present, feeble and 
 not numerous ; the calycine segments are free from glands, or more or 
 less copiously fringed with them : the styles are hairy ; the fruit is 
 coral red, or more scarlet, soft and pulpy when ripe, with a pleasant 
 somewhat acid taste. The principal vars., as they are now assumed to 
 be, are excellently described by Woods, who, the better to bring them 
 into notice,* distinguished them as species. I shall add a few remarks 
 on each. . grows six to ten feet high. It has usually lanceolate 
 leaflets, not rounded at the base, with a small, often twisted point, and 
 rather small acuminate serratures; petioles with almost straight 
 prickles, and mostly, not always, bare of hairs, except a few on the 
 channelled upper side ; peduncle and calyx-tube generally naked, the 
 latter more rarely setose than the former ; calyx-segments loosely pin- 
 nate, the pinnae, entire or toothed ; the disk of the receptacle some- 
 times very prominent ; styles included ; stigmas depressed ; fruit 
 oblong, generally tapering to each end, especially in the modification 
 a ; which is distinguished by its shining bright green leaves. Woods 
 describes his var. i. with a subglobose calyx-tube. /3. sarmentacea 
 resembles . in growth and habit, in styles and stigmas, in the disk of 
 the receptacle, and in the variation of the calyx-segments. In its ex- 
 treme state it appears well distinguished by its double serratures, the 
 points of which are often divaricate, but although often really double, 
 they are sometimes only apparently so from a fringe of glands ; and 
 every gradation in this respect is to be met with between it and . The 
 leaves vary much in width in different specimens, and the fruit in size. 
 It is mostly oblong, but Mr. Woods found it nearly globular in his 
 var. ., a North of England plant of large growth. ( My Glenarm spe- 
 cimens have the fruit similar.) In . y and S. the peduncle is some- 
 times naked, has sometimes soft hairs and sometimes feeble setcs. 
 y. surculosa approaches . in aspect, from the flatness of its leaves, 
 and, usually, their rounded figure. It has the serratures rather coarse ; 
 prickles on the petioles considerably hooked ; pinnce of the calyx 
 rather closely set and usually entire ; styles somewhat protruded, with 
 a round head of stigmas ; fruit short, elliptical or ovate, and some- 
 what urceolate. The green leaved modification, a., is of humbler growth 
 
 * See his remarks in TV. of Linn. Soc. v. xii. p. 170. Lindley well ob- 
 serves, " Surely it is not surprising that this most common species of the 
 genus, whose fruit is scarcely ripe before it is devoured by small birds, and de- 
 posited by them in every possible variety of soil and situation, should frequently 
 assume features considerably different from its more general appearance." He 
 lias, however, separated as species, in his Syn. Br, Fl., several forms which he 
 had made vars. in his Monograph, 
 
Rosa.] ROSACE/E. 103 
 
 than the other, which rivals the larger forms of *. in size. This var. 
 and . seem less inclined to spread by suckers than the other vars. of 
 the species. The British (arid Irish) forms of S. dumetorum, is often 
 of humble arid feeble growth, but vigorous plants also occur, six to eight 
 feet high. It has much general resemblance to R. inodora. It bears 
 somewhat small, but rather uncinate prickles, numerous for this spe- 
 cies ; leaflets, for the most part, broadly oval, the terminal one some- 
 times almost cordate, their serratures coarse, their hue dull green but 
 shining, the hairs on the upper surface being appressed and very incon- 
 spicuous ; calyx-pinna varying in closeness ; styles nearly or quite 
 included ; stigmas in a round head ; fruit elliptical, varying in length. 
 Plants agreeing with this var. in pubescence, but in other respects 
 more like a., sometimes occur. The first form, a., of . Forsteri, is 
 connected by intermediate variations with the other form, b., on the 
 one side, and with . on the other. In its proper state it has leajlets 
 pale green and concave, as those of R. rubiginosa often are ; serra- 
 tures shallow, sometimes indistinctly compound ; petioles hairy or 
 downy, more or less glandulose ; peduncle mostly naked, sometimes 
 hairy, very rarely feebly setose. Its prickles are as in S. The next 
 form, b. ]., but for the existence of intermediate plants, might well be 
 held a species. Its growth is mostly stout and dense j prickles less 
 dilated at the base, and less hooked than in the other vars. ; foliage 
 with a strong glaucous tinge, serratures coarse, often equal ; petioles 
 downy, usually, not always, without glands ; peduncle and calyx-tube 
 naked ; cal.-segments rather closely pinnate ; styles included ; stigmas 
 varying in prominence, considerably hairy ; fruit elliptical, often so 
 short as to be almost globular. The remaining form, b. 2., has highly 
 caesious twigs and more pubescent grey leaves. Its flowers are more 
 deeply coloured than is usual in the species, in other respects it ap- 
 proaches nearest to S. and to . a., although its leaflets are carinate. 
 From the tints of the foliage and flowers it has a general resemblance 
 to R. cassia. This form appears rare. It has not been observed in 
 Ireland. Mr. Borrer finds it at Henfield in England. 
 
 14. R. casia, Sm. Glaucous Dog Rose. Prickles uniform, 
 uncinate; leaflets doubly serrated, downy, their disk eglandu- 
 lose ; calyx sparingly pinnate ; styles not united : shoots assur- 
 gent. Br. FL 1. p. 239. E. FL v. ii. p. 389. E. Bot. t. 2367. 
 
 Plentiful near Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. Dungiven, County of 
 Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. June, July. I?. 'Stoloniferous, about 
 five feet high, upright, densely branched. Leaves elliptical, pointed, 
 downy beneath, very slightly so or quite smooth above ; serratures 
 sometimes regularly double, sometimes imperfectly so ; petioles glan- 
 dulose, and usually downy or hairy ; stipules fringed with glands, 
 downy or almost naked ; those next to the flowers changed into broad, 
 elliptical, pointed bracteas. Flowers usually solitary. Peduncle 
 naked, or sparingly setose. Calyx-tube elliptical, naked, and, like the 
 leaves and young twigs, very glaucous ; segments about as long as the 
 petals, broad at the base, sometimes glandulose at the back, sometimes 
 bare of glands in every parr, and only downy at the edges, somewhat 
 leafy at the point, and bearing a few narrowly lanceolate pinna, which 
 are either entire or toothed with glands. Petals uniform, pink or 
 white. Styles nearly, or quite included, hairy ; stigmas a round pro- 
 
104 ROSACE/E. [Rosa. 
 
 minerit mass. Fruit ovato-urccolate, scarlet, soft and pulpy when ripe, 
 before which it loses the segments of the calyx. 
 
 b. Styles united in a column, mostly exserted. 
 
 15. R. systyla^ Woods. Close-styled Dog Rose. Prickles 
 uniform, uncinate; leaves simply serrated, their disk eglamlu- 
 lose ; calyx-segments sparingly pinnate, deciduous ; styles 
 united, hairless ; shoots assurgent. Br. Fl. 1. p. 240. E. Ft. 
 v. ii. p. 895. (excl.from both t/te foreign syns.) R. collina, E. 
 Bot. t. 1895. (excl. syn.) 
 
 Hedges near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. June, July. T? . 
 Scarcely stoloniferous. " Often ten or twelve feet high/ vaguely 
 branched, and with strong arched shoots. Prickles on the stem, not 
 much dilated in general at the base, compressed, and often much en- 
 larged in the lower part, so as to be almost triangular, with a straight 
 point, or a short, hooked beak ; those on the ramuli usually in substi- 
 pular pairs. Leaflets more generally five than seven, carinate, lanceo- 
 late or elliptical, bright green and shining, or rarely opaque above, 
 paler and slightly hairy beneath ; serratures tolerably regular ; peti- 
 oles downy, with curved prickles, with or without glands. Peduncle 
 rather long, with numerous glands or short setce, a few of which are 
 rarely found on the tube of the calyx. Ccdyx-segments broad and 
 short, with a tapering point and linear-lanceolate pinna, entire or with 
 a few gland-tipped teeth. Petals longer than the calyx, pink, some- 
 times white. Column of styles usually protruded, but variable in 
 length ; occasionally quite included ; stigmas forming a conical head. 
 Fruit oblong, or sometimes globular, pulpy and orange-red when ripe, 
 flavoured like that of R. arvensis. The habit of the plant, when vi- 
 gorous, of all our wild Roses, most resembles that of 11. canina. The 
 prickles on young strong shoots are generally crimson or rich dark 
 purple, and the young foliage tinged with reddish brown. The flowers 
 often form large bunches, and are generally of a peculiarly pleasant 
 pink, with the stamens and the base of the petals of a glowing orange 
 tint." Borrcr. 
 
 16. R. arvensis, Huds. Trailing Dog Rose. Prickles un- 
 cinate, those of the ramuli feeble ; leaves simply serrated, deci- 
 duous, (glaucescent beneath), their disk eglandulose ; calyx- 
 segments sparingly pinnate, deciduous; styles united, hairless; 
 shoots trailing. Br. Fl. 1. p. 241. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 397. E. 
 Bot. t. 188. 
 
 Plentiful in hedges and bushy places near Dublin. Near Ballvna- 
 hinch, County of Down ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. June, July. J? . 
 Bash scarcely a yard high when unsupported, with trailing shoots, run- 
 ning to a great length, especially when growing in hedges, with much 
 divided, entangled, feeble ramuli, which occasionally produce rugged 
 excrescences and take root. Prickhs numerous, not much dilated at 
 the base, uncinate, those on strong shoots compressedly conical, with a 
 straight or curved point ; those on the ramuli few and scattered, small, 
 more or less curved. Leaflets thin, nearly flat, coarsely serrated, dull 
 
Alchemitta.] ROSACES. 10") 
 
 green, paler, and somewhat glaucous beneath, naked on both sides, or 
 slightly hairy beneath, chiefly on the mid-rib ; on some plants they arc 
 elliptical, ovate, or almost round ; on others, much elongated ; petioles 
 hairy, or glandulosr, or both, with falcate prickles. Fhwers copiously 
 produced, often in large bunches, with lanceolate bracteas, white, large 
 and handsome, opening flat, with a slight fragrance at first, but soon be- 
 coming unpleasant. Peduncle long, sprinkled with almost sessile 
 glands. Segments of the calyx reflexed by the time the petals fall, 
 broad and short, with an acute point shorter than the petals, and a few 
 small, entire, lanceolate pinnce. Column of styles often overtopping 
 the stamens, persistent ; stigmas in a round head. Fruit small, 
 spherical, ovate, or elliptical, sometimes long and slender, its length 
 varying almost in accordance with that of the leaflets ; blood-red 
 when ripe, with an orange-red pulp of a pleasant peculiar flavour. R. 
 arvensis is distinguished from all the other British species by its trail- 
 ing habit. 
 
 5. Sanguisorbece. Juss. 
 
 Nuts one or two, enclosed within the dry tube of the calyx, 
 which is contracted at the orifice. Calyx 3 5-cleft, the 
 divisions with a valvular aestivation. Petals usually wanting, 
 sometimes four, cohering at the base into a monopetalous co- 
 rolla. Seeds suspended, very rarely erect. Herbs or shrubs. 
 Leaves ojten compound. Flowers minute. 
 
 12. ALCHEMILLA. Linn. Lady's Mantle. 
 
 Perianth inferior, 8-cleft, the 4 alternate and outer segments 
 the smallest. Fruit one or two-seeded, surrounded by the 
 persistent perianth. Name from the Arabic alkemelyeh, al- 
 chemy, from its pretended alchemical virtues. 
 
 Tetrandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. A. vulgaris. Linn. Common Lady's Mantle. Leaves 
 plaited, many-lobed, serrated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 70. E.Fl.v.i. 
 p. '223. E. Bot. t. 597. 
 
 P. mi?ior, leaves very pubescent. A. hybrida. Pers. 
 
 Woods and dry elevated pastures, abundant. (3. on Mam-Turk, and 
 other mountains in Cunnamara. Fl. June, July. %. One foot high, 
 or more. Radical leaves large, on long footstalks, those on the stem 
 with connate toothed stipules, upper ones sessile and very small. Lobes 
 six to nine. Flowers in many, rather lax, corymbose, terminal clusters, 
 yellow green. Get metis one to two. Seeds one to two. Style, 
 lateral. 
 
 2. A. alpma> Linn. Alpine Ladys Mantle. Leaves digi- 
 tate, serrated, white and satiny beneath. Br. Fl. I. p. 70. E. 
 FL v. \.p. 224. E. Bot. t. 244. 
 
 Mountain cliffs. On Brandon, County of Kerry, and Ben Bulhen, 
 
106 POM ACE JE. [Puteriara. 
 
 County of Sligo. FL July, Aug. !. K)iie of the most elegant of 
 our native plants. Inflorescence similar to that of A. vulyaris ; but 
 the leaves are very different, and the leaflets are beautifully silky on 
 the under side. 
 
 3. A. arvensis, Sm. Field Lady's Mantle* or Parsley Piert. 
 Leaves trifid, pubescent; lobes deeply cut; flowers sessile, axil- 
 lary. Br. FL 1. p. 70. E. FL v. i. p. 224. E. Bot. t. 1011. 
 Aphanes arvensis, Linn. 
 
 Fields and gravelly soils, frequent. FL May July. 1{L. Stems 
 branched, leafy, four to five inches long, frequently prostrate. Leaves 
 alternate. Stipules large. Stam. varying in number. Germens one 
 or two. 
 
 13. POTERIUM. Juss. Garden-Burnet. 
 
 Flowers collected into a head, with three or four bracteas at the 
 base of each ; upper ones fertile. Barren ft. Calyx of four 
 deep segments. Corolla 0. Stam. 30 40, with very long 
 flaccid filaments. Fertile fl. Calyx tubular, contracted at 
 the mouth, with four deciduous teeth. Pistils 2. Stigmas 
 tufted. Pericarps 2, one-seeded, invested with the hardened 
 4-angled tube of the calyx. Name from poteriwn, a thinking 
 cup; the plant having been used in the preparation of a drink, 
 called in England a cool-tankard. 
 
 Mon&cia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. P. Sanguisorba, Linn. Common Garden-Burnet. Spines 
 none; stem somewhat angular. Br. FL \.p. 407. E. FL v. 
 iv.p. 147. E. Bot. J.860. 
 
 Dry pastures and gravelly banks, more generally in the limestone 
 districts, frequent. FL July. 1. One to two feet high. Leaves 
 pinnate, with ovate, serrated leaflets. Flowers dull purplish. The 
 leaves smell and taste like cucumber, and are sometimes used in Eng- 
 land in salads. 
 
 ORD. 28. POMACES. Lindl. Apple Family. 
 
 Calyx inferior, 5-toothed ; the odd segment posterior. Petals 
 5, unguiculate, inserted in the throat of the calyx; the odd one 
 anterior. Stamens indefinite, inserted in a ring in the throat of 
 the calyx. Disk thin, clothing the sides of the limb of the 
 calyx. Ovariumfrom I to 5-celled, seldom spuriously 10-celIed; 
 ovules usually 2, collateral, ascending, very rarely solitary ; 
 styles from 1 to 5; stigmata simple. Fruit a pome, one to five- 
 celled, seldom spuriously 10-celled; the cndocarpium either 
 cartilaginous, spongy, or bony. Seeds ascending, solitary. 
 Albumen none ; emljryo erect, with flat cotyledons, and a short 
 conical radicle. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate, 
 simple, or compound. Flowers in terminal cymes, white or 
 pink. 
 
Pyrus.] POMACE.E. 107 
 
 1. CKAT^EGUS. Linn. Hawthorn. 
 
 Calyx segments superior, acute. Petals roundish. Stytes 
 1 5. Fruit oval or round, concealing the upper end of the 
 cells which are bony. Lindl. Name from K/iaro?, strength, 
 in allusion to the extreme hardness of the wood. 
 
 Icosandria. Monogynia. 
 1. C. Oxyacantha, Linn. Hawthorn or White-thorn. Leaves 
 
 glabrous, cut into three or five deeply serrated segments, cu- 
 
 neate at the base ; flowers corymbose; style one or two. Br. 
 
 Fl. 1. p. 221. Mespilus Oxyacantha, Gert.E. Fl. v. ii. ; 
 
 359. E. Bot. t. 2504. 
 
 Woods and hedges. FL May, June. T?. The hawthorn tree, 
 when in bloom, is deservedly a general favourite. The pink-flowered 
 variety is a very ornamental plant, which is also much esteemed, and 
 the new scarlet thorn, with larger flowers of a deep red, still more so. 
 This plant also varies in the colour of its fruit, which is generally red, 
 being sometimes yellow. It is well known as a useful plant for hedges, 
 and vast numbers of plants are sold annually by the nurserymen, who 
 raise them from the flaws. It may also be propagated from pieces of 
 the roots. 
 
 2. PYRUS. Linn, Pear, Apple, and Service. 
 
 Calyx 5-toothed. Petals roundish, spreading. Styles 2, 3 or 5. 
 Fruit fleshy with 5 distinct cells. Endocarpium cartilaginous. 
 Seeds 2 in each cell. Testa cartilaginous. Trees with ser- 
 rated, undivided, or pinnated leaves, and cymose flowers. 
 Rractecc deciduous. Name derived from the Celtic peren, a 
 pear. In Greek atrto?, from api Celtic; whence apple in 
 Engl., apfel, Germ., abhal pradhaugh in Gaelic. 
 
 Icosandria. Monogynia. 
 
 * Leaves simple. 
 
 1. P. communis, Linn. Wild Pear-tree. Leaves simple, 
 ovate, serrated ; flowerstalks corymbose ; fruit turbinate. Br. 
 Fl. \. p. 222. E. FL v. ii.p. 301. E. Bot. t. 1784. 
 
 On rocks below Fermoy ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. April, May. 
 J? . The origin of our garden pear. 
 
 2. P. Mains, Linn. Crab-tree. Leaves ovate, acute, ser- 
 rated ; flowers in a sessile umbel ; styles combined below ; 
 fruit globose. Br. Fl. 1. p. 222. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 362. E. Bot. 
 t. 169. 
 
 Woods and hedges. Fl. May. T? . A small tree with spreading 
 branches, the origin of our apple, of which we have now so many fine 
 varieties. 
 
 3. P. Aria, Smith. White Beam-tree. Leaves ovate, cut 
 
106 GROSSULACE;. [Ribes. 
 
 and serrated, white and downy beneath ; flowers corymbose. 
 Br.Fl 1. p. 22-2. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 367. E. Bot. t. 1658. Oa- 
 tcegus Aria, Linn. 
 
 Mountainous woods and cliffs, chiefly in limestone countries. Plen- 
 tiful in several places in Cunnamara, and about the Lakes of Killarney, 
 in crevices of limestone rocks. Fl. June. F? . Leaves often more or 
 less cut at the margin. Fruit red. 
 
 # # Leaves pinnate. 
 
 4. P. aucuparia, Gaertn. Quicken-tree or Mountain Ash. 
 Leaves pinnate; leaflets uniform, serrated, smooth; flowers 
 Corymbose; styles about three; fruit globular. Br. Fl. \.p. 222. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 364. Sorbus aucuparia, E. Bot. t. 3S7. 
 
 Woods and rocks in mountainous situations, frequent. Fl. May, 
 June. T? . A handsome tree in plantations and hedge-rows, especially 
 when the fruit is ripe. Corymbs many -flowered. Flowers white. 
 Pomes resembling berries, scarlet. 
 
 ORD. 29. GROSSULACE^E. DC. Currant Family. 
 
 Tube of the calyx adnate with the ovary, its limb 4 5-parted, 
 regular, often coloured. Petals 4 or 5, inserted into the mouth 
 of the calyx, and alternating with its lobes, equal. Stamens 
 4 5, inserted alternately with the petals. Ovary 1 -celled, with 
 2 opposite, parietal placentas : ovules numerous: style single, 
 2 3 4-cleft. Fruit baccate, subglobose, crowned with the 
 withered flower. Seeds many, suspended among the pulp by 
 filiform stalks. Testa gelatinous, adhering firmly to the albu- 
 men, which is horny. Embryo minute, "excentrical, with the 
 radicle next the hilum. Shrubs of temperate climates, often spi- 
 nous. Leaves alternate, lobed, with a plaited vernation. Flowers 
 greenish'white t yellow or red, solitary or in racemes. 
 
 1. RIBES. Linn. Currant and Gooseberry. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, bearing the petals and the stamens. Style divided. 
 Berry 1-celled, many-seeded. Name, Ribes, a word applied 
 by the Arabic Physicians to a species of JRJmbarb, JRheum 
 Ribes. Our older Botanists believed that it was our Goose- 
 berry ; and hence Bauhin called that plant Ribes acidum. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 HC Without prickles. 
 
 1. R. rubrum, Linn. Common Currant. No prickles; 
 clusters smooth, pendulous ; flowers but slightly concave ; petals 
 inversely heart-shaped. Br. Fl. 1. p. 107. E. Fl. v. i.p. 330. 
 E. Bot. t. 1289. 
 
.] ONAGRARLE. 109 
 
 In several places in the County of Cork, in a naturalized state ; Mr. 
 J. Drurnmond. Fl. May. J? . Leaves five-lobed, doubly serrated, 
 on longish stalks. There is a small leaf or bractea at the end of each 
 pedicel. Flowers greenish. Fruit crowned, as in all the genus, with 
 the withered flower. 
 
 2. R. nigrrum, Linn. Black Currant. No prickles ; clusters 
 hairy, pendulous, with a separate flower-stalk at the base of 
 each; flowers oblong. Br. Fl. 1. . 108. E. Fl. v. i. p. 322. 
 E. Bat. t. 1291. 
 
 Moory ground near Castleconnel, County of Limerick, where the 
 seed had probably been carried by birds. In the County of Cork, in 
 a naturalized state ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. May. T? . 
 
 * # Branches prickly. 
 
 3. R. Grossularia, Linn. Common Gooseberry. Prickles 
 one, two, or three, under each bud ; branches otherwise smooth, 
 spreading ; stalks single -flowered; bracteas close together; seg- 
 ments of the calyx reflexed, shorter than the tube. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 107. E. Fl. v. i.p. 333. E. Bot. t. 2057. R. Uva crispa, 
 Linn. 
 
 Rocks near the Lee, about Inchegella, County of Cork, in a natu- 
 ralized state; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. April, May. J? All the 
 numerous varieties of the gooseberry, with hairy and smooth fruit, 
 appear to belong to the same species. 
 
 ORD.30. ONAGRARIJE. Juss. Evening-Primrose Family. 
 
 Tube of the calyx wholly, or in part only, adnate with the 
 ovary; limb 2 5-generally 4-lobed, with a valvate aestivation. 
 Petals of the same number as the lobes of the calyx, and alter- 
 nate with them, generally regular; inserted on the mouth of the 
 tube, with a twisted aestivation ; rarely none. Stamens definite : 
 filaments distinct, filiform ; anthers oblong or ovate. Ovary 
 with many cells, often crowned with a disk : style filiform ; 
 stigma capitate or lobed. Fruit a capsule, berry or drupe, 2 
 or 4-celled. Seeds many (rarely solitary) in each cell, fixed to 
 the central angle, without albumen. Embryo straight : radicle 
 long, roundish : cotyledons short Herbs or shrtibs, with simple, 
 alternate or opposite, entire or toothed leaves. Flowers axillary 
 or in terminal racemes. 
 
 1. EPILOBIUM. Linn. Willow-herb. 
 
 Calyx superior, 4-parted, segments free, deciduous. Petals 4. 
 Capsule elongated, 4-sided, 4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. 
 Seeds with a tuft of hairs at one extremity. Name from c?, 
 upon, and Xo/3e>9, a pod: the flower being placed upon the top 
 of the elongated seed-vessel. Octandria. Monogynia. 
 
ONAGRARLE. [Epibbium. 
 
 sjc Flowers irregular. Stamens bent down. 
 
 1. E. angustifolium, Linn. Rose-bay Willow-herb, Persian 
 or French Willow. Leaves scattered, linear-lanceolate, veiny, 
 smooth; petals unequal ; stamens declining. Br. Fl. \. p. 179. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 212. E. Bot. t. 1947. 
 
 Moist banks and rocky places, rather of rare occurrence in Ireland. 
 At the Scalp, near Enniskerry, among loose rocks. Cavehill, near 
 Belfast ; Mr. Temphton. County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. 
 July. 11. Stems three to six feet high, smooth, reddish. Flowers 
 large, purple, (rarely white,) in long upright clusters. 
 
 * * Flowers regular. Stamens erect. Stigmas 4-cleff. 
 
 2. E. hirsutum, Linn. Great hairy Willow-herb, Leaves half 
 clasping the stem, ovato-lanceolate, hairy ; stem copiously 
 branched; root creeping. J3r. Fl. \. p. 179. E. Fl.v. ii. p. 213. 
 E. Bot. t. 838. 
 
 In watery places, ditches and margins of rivers, common. Fl. July 
 1. Almost equal in size to the last. Root perennial, creeping' 
 Flowers corymbose, large, of a delicate pink. A variety with 
 white flowers has been noticed by Mr. Hodgens growing about Dun- 
 ganstown, County of Wicklow. 
 
 3. E. parviflorum, Schreb. Small-flowered hairy Willow-herb. 
 Leaves sessile, lanceolate, downy ; stem nearly simple, woody ; 
 root fibrous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 179. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 214. E. 
 Bot. t. 795. 
 
 Marshes, banks of lakes and rivers, frequent. Fl. July." 1L. 
 Stem from one to two feet high, simple or slightly branched at top. 
 Leaves downy. Flowers light purple. 
 
 4. E. montanum, Linn. Broad smooth-leaved Willow-herb. 
 Leaves stalked, ovate, toothed; stem round; stigma in four 
 deep segments. Br. Fl. 1. p. 179. E. Fl. ii. p. 214. E. 
 Bot. t. 777. 
 
 Dry shady banks, walls, roofs of cottages, &c. frequent. Fl. July. 
 %.. Stem one foot and a half to two feet high. Flowers light pur- 
 ple, few, in a terminal leafy crymbose cluster, rather smaller than the 
 last. 
 
 * * * Flowers regular. Stamens erect. Stigma undivided. 
 
 5. E. tetragonum, Linn. Square-stalked Willow-herb. Leaves 
 lanceolate, sessile, minutely toothed; stem erect, unequally 
 quadrangular; stigma undivided. Br. Fl. I. p. 180. E. Fl. v. 
 ii. p. 215. E. Bot. t. 1948. 
 
 Sides of ditches and watery places, common. Fl. July. If.. Stem 
 about a foot high, almost quite smooth. Flowers few, pale purple, 
 with cloven petals. 
 
 6. E. palustre, Linn, Narrow-leaved Marsh Willow-herb. 
 
Circata.] CIRC^ACE^E, 1 1 1 
 
 Leaves sessile. linear-lanceolate, slightly toothed ; stem round ; 
 stigmas undivided. Br. Fl. 1. p. 180. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 216. E. 
 Sot. t. 346. 
 
 Boggy places and by the sides of ditches. Fl. July. If.. About a 
 foot high. Flowers small. Petals inversely heart-shaped, pale-purple, 
 with dark streaks. Stigma linear. 
 
 ORD. 31. CIRC^EACE^E. Juss. Enchanter's Nightshade 
 
 Family. 
 
 Calyx superior, deciduous, tubular, with a 2-parted limb. 
 Petals 2, alternate with the lobes of the calyx. Stamens 2, al- 
 ternate with the petals, inserted into the calyx. Disk large, 
 cup-shaped, filling up the whole of the tube of the calyx, and 
 projecting beyond it. Ovarium 2-celled, with an erect ovulum 
 in each cell; style simple, arising out of the disk; stigma einar- 
 ginate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds solitary, 
 erect; albumen none; embryo erect; radicle short, inferior. 
 Herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite, toothed, stalked. Flowers in 
 terminal and Lateral racemes, covered with undnate hairs. 
 
 Obs. This order differs from Onagrariae in its large fleshy disk 
 which fills up the tube of the calyx, in its solitary erect ovula, and in 
 the binary division of the flower ; it is connected with that order through 
 Lopezia, with which it cannot however be absolutely associated, and 
 bears about the same relation to Onagrariae as is borne by Halorageae. 
 Luu&ey, 
 
 1. CIIULEA. Linn. Enchanter's Nightshade. 
 
 Calyx of 2 sepals, but united into a short tube at the base. 
 Corolla of 2 petals. Capsules 2-celled. Cells 1 -seeded. 
 Name from the Enchantress Circe, either from the prettiness 
 of its flowers, or as some say, from growing in damp shady 
 places, where plants used for incantations are found. 
 
 Diandricu Monogynia. 
 
 1. C. lutctiana, Linn: Common Enchanter's Nightshade. Stem 
 erect; leaves ovate, slightly toothed, opaque and downy. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 11. E. Fl. v. i. p. 15. E. Hot. t. 1056. 
 
 Woods and coppices in shady situations, frequent. Plentiful in the 
 Dargle-woods, and at Powerscourt, County of Wicklow. FL June, 
 July. 2. Racemes as well as the stem, more or less branched. 
 Flowers white or rose-colour. 
 
 2. C. alpina, Linn. Alpine Enchanter's Nightshade. Stem 
 ascending, nearly glabrous; leaves cordate, toothed, shining, 
 as long as the petioles. Br. Fl. I. p. 11. E. Fl. v. i. p. 16. 
 E. Uot. t. 1057. 
 
 p. major, larger and more pubescent. E, Fl. v. i. p. 16. 
 C. intci media, Ehrh. 
 
112 HALORAGEvE. [Mytiotfiyttum. 
 
 Muff Glen, Fauglian Vale, County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. In 
 Muskerry, and near Skibbereen, County of'Coik ; Mr. J. Drummond. 
 B. Collin Glen near Belfast. 1*7. July, Aug. It. Resembling the 
 last, but much smaller ; the leaves are decidedly cordate, and the pe- 
 tioles longer. The var. 0. is larger and more pubescent ; but in the 
 cordate leaves, and other characters, it better accords with this species 
 than with C. lutetiana. 
 
 ORD.32. HALORAGE^E. Br. Water- Milfoil Family. 
 
 Tube of the calyx adherent with the ovary for its whole 
 length ; the limb divided or none. Petals inserted upon the top 
 of the calyx, alternate with its lobes and equal to them in num- 
 ber, or wanting. Stamens inserted in the same place, double 
 the number of the petals, equal to them or fewer. Ovary ad- 
 herent with the calyx, often many-celled ; styles none ; stigmas 
 equal in number to the cells, papulose or pencil-formed. Fruit 
 1, or many-celled, indehiscent, membrariaceous or bony, the cells 
 one-seeded. Seeds pendulous in the cells, with a fleshy albu- 
 men. Embryo central, straight : radicle superior, rounded, 
 elongated : cotyledons short. Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby 
 often aquatic plants, with alternate, opposite or whirled leaves. 
 Flowers axillary or arranged in terminal spikes, sometimes monoecious 
 or dioecious. 
 
 1. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Linn. Water-Milfoil. 
 
 Barren ft. Calyx inferior, of 4 sepals. Petals 4. Stamens 8. 
 Fertile fl. Calyx of 4 sepals. Petals 4. Stigjnas 4, sessile. 
 Nuts 4, sessile, subglobose, 1-seeded. Name; /nvpios a 
 mi/rid, and 0vXXov, a leaf, from its numerous leaves. 
 
 Moncecia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. M. spicatum, Linn. Spiked Water-Milfoil. Sterile flowers 
 forming an interrupted leafless spike. Br. Fl. 1. p. 406. E. 
 Fl. v. iv. p. 143. E. Bat. t. 83. 
 
 Ditches and stagnant waters, frequent. Fl. July, Aug, 1. Stems 
 slender, much branched. Leaves four in a whorl, finely pectinated, 
 and always submerged. Spikes slender, 3 5 inches long. 
 
 2. M. verticillatum, Linn. Wkarled Water- Milfoil. Flowers 
 all axillary. Br. Fl. 1. p. 406. E. FL v. iv, p. 143. E. Bot. t. 
 
 218. 
 
 In ponds and ditches, much less common than the former. Plentiful 
 about Limerick ; Mr. W. H. Harvey, who sent me specimens. Bally- 
 phehane-bog, near Cork; Mr. J. Drummond. FL July; T. Stems 
 covered to the top with leaves , flowering part rising above the water. 
 Leaves five in a whorl, pinnatih'd ; whorls of flowers in the axils of the 
 leaves. 
 
Daucu*.] U3IBELLIFER.& 113 
 
 2. HIPPURIS. Linn. Mare's- tail. 
 
 Perianth single, superior, forming a very indistinct rim to the 
 germeu. Fruit, a small one-seeded Nut. Name from JTTTTGS, 
 a horse y and ovpa, a tail. Monandria. J\fonogynia. 
 
 1. H, vulgaris, Linn. Common Mare's-tail. Leaves 6 8 or 
 10 in a whorl, linear. Br. Fl. 1. p. 2. E, FL v. i. p. 4. E. 
 Bot. t. 763, 
 
 Ditches, sides of lakes and borders of slow streams, frequent. Fl. 
 May, June. %. Root creeping. Stem a foot or more above the 
 water, round, juicy, polished, reddish, with many whorls of spreading, 
 linear, entire, smooth, single-ribbed leaves. Fhwers small. Anther 
 red before it bursts. The lower leaves, deep under water, are Ion?, 
 thick-set, pellucid, and pale ; the herb in winter bearing no other. In 
 this state it is noticed by Dilleiiius as a remarkable variety. Smith. 
 
 ORD. 33. UMBELLIFER^E. Juss. Umbelliferous Family. 
 
 Calyx superior, either entire, or 5-toothed. Petals 5, inserted 
 on the outside of a fleshy disk ; usually inflexed at the point ; 
 aestivation generally valvate, very rarely imbricate. Stamens 
 5, alternate with the petals, incurved in aestivation. Ovarium 
 inferior, 2-celled, with solitary pendulous ovula; crowned by a 
 double fleshy disk ; styles 2, distinct ; stigmata simple. Fruit 
 consisting of 2 carpella, separable from a common axis, to which, 
 they adhere by their face (the commissure) ; each carpellum tra- 
 versed by elevated ridges, of which five are primary, and four 
 alternating with them, secondary ; the ridges are separated by 
 channels, below which are often placed, in the substance of the 
 testa, certain linear receptacles of coloured oily matter, called 
 vitta?. Seed pendulous, usually adhering inseparably to the pe- 
 ricarpiuni, rarely loose ; embryo minute, at the base of abundant 
 horny albumen ; radicle pointing to the hilum. Herbs. Stem, 
 oftenfistulose and farrowed. Leaves alternate, generally compound 
 and embracing the stem with their sheathing bases. Flowers um- 
 bellate, usually involitcrate. 
 
 A most extensive and extremely important Natural Order, in- 
 cluding many poisonous plants, these being chiefly such as grow 
 in watery places, and many esculent and aromatic ones often 
 yielding gum-resins. The fruit of this Family is never in- 
 jurious : those of Coriander, Anise and Dill, being agreeable 
 aromatics. 
 
 A. Umbels perfect,. Carpels with many ridges , namely, 5 pri- 
 mary, and 4 secondary ones. 
 
 (I. DAUCUS TRIBE.) 
 
 1. DAUCUS. Linn. Carrot. 
 
 Calyx of 5 teeth. Petals obcordatc, point inflexed ; the outer 
 
1'H UMBELLTFER.E. [Torilis. 
 
 often radiant, and deeply bifid. Fruit dorsally compressed. 
 Carpels with five primary ridges, filiform and bristly, of which 
 the three intermediate ones are dorsal, the two lateral ones on 
 the inner face ; the four secondary ridges equal, more promi- 
 nent, with one row of prickles, which are slightly connected 
 at the base. Interstices under the secondary ridges, with sin- 
 gle vittse. Seed plane in front. Universal and partial in- 
 volucre many-leaved, the former often primary. Name, the 
 SavKos, of Dioscorides. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. D. Carota, Linn. Wild Carrot. Bristles of the seeds 
 slender; leaves tripinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid ; segments linear- 
 lanceolate, acute; umbels with a solitary, coloured abortive 
 flower in the centre, when in seed concave. Br. Fl. \.p. 114. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 39. E. Bot. t. 11 74. 
 
 Pastures and borders of field?, very common. Fl. July. $ . This 
 is the origin of our garden Carrot, of which there are several varieties 
 cultivated. 
 
 2. D. maritinws, With. Sea-side Carrot. Bristles of the seed 
 flattened; leaves tripinnate; leaflets pinnatifid, lanceolate, fleshy; 
 segments rounded ; umbels destitute of abortive florets, convex 
 when in seed. Br. Fl. 1. p. 1 14. E. FL v. ii. p. 40. E. Bot. t. 
 2560. Z). Carota, 7. Fl. Brit. p. 300. 
 
 Sea coast near Baldoyle and Portmarnock. Fl. July, Aug. If. 
 Smaller than the last, with broader and more fleshy leaves, but, per- 
 haps, not permanently distinct. 
 
 (II. CAUCALIS TRIBE.) 
 2. TORILIS. Adans. Hedge-Parsley. 
 
 Calyx of 5 teeth. Petals obcordate, paint inflexed : outer ones 
 larger and bifid. Fruit contracted at the side. Carpels with 
 five primary bristly ridges, of which the three intermediate 
 ones are dorsal, the two latter ones on the inner face, the se- 
 condary ridges obliterated by the numerous prickles which 
 fill the interstices. Interstices with single vittce beneath the 
 prickles. Seed with the margin involute. Involucre various; 
 partial of many leaves. Name of doubtful derivation ; per- 
 haps, as Smith suggests, from vopevuo, to carve or emboss, iu 
 allusion to the fruit. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. T. dnlhriscus, Gaertn. Upright Hedge- Parsley. Stem erect, 
 branched; leaves bipinnate; leaflets lanceolate, inciso-serrate, 
 attenuate; umbels terminal; involucres of many small subulate 
 leaves. Br. Fl. \.p. 115. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 48. Caucalis Anthris- 
 cus, Huds. E. Bot. t. 987. 
 
 Hedges and waste places, common. Fl. July. 0. Stems two to 
 three feet high. Fruit densely clothed with incurved bristles. 
 
 2. T. infesla, Spr. Spreading Hedge -Parsley. Leaves bipin- 
 
Pastinaca] U3IBELLIFEILE. 115 
 
 nate ; leaflets ovate, inciso-pinnatifid, serrated ; general inrolucre 
 none, partial of few subulate leaves. Br Fl \.p. 1J5. E Fl. 
 v. ii.p. 43. Caucalis infesta, Curt.E. Rot. t. 1314. 
 
 Fields, way-sides, Arc. less frequent than the last. Near Cork ; Rev. 
 Doctor Hindis. Fl. July. . 
 
 3. T. nodosa, Gsertn. Knotted Hedge-Parsley. Stem pros- 
 trate; umbels lateral, simple, subsessile; fruit sometimes warted. 
 Br. Fl. 1 p. 1 16. E. Fl. v. ii p. 38. Caucalis nodosa, E. Bot. 
 t. 199. Tordyliam nodosum, Linn. 
 
 Ditch banks, way-sides and waste places, frequent. Fl. May, June. 
 . Leaves hipinuate ; leaflets ovate, pinnatifid, segments linear, 
 acute, short. Umbels capitate, opposite the base of a leaf. Flowers 
 reddish. External fruits of the umbel most bristly, inner ones par- 
 tially tubercled. 
 
 B. Umbels perfect.. Carpels with few ridges : namely, 5 primary 
 ones, secondary ones 0, or with primary ones even obliterated, and 
 only apparent at the extremity. 
 
 (III. SELINUM TRIBE.) 
 3. HERACLEUM. Linn. Cow-Parsnep. 
 
 Ca 7 yx of 5 teeth. Petals obcordate, point inflexed, outer ones 
 often radiant, fruit remarkably and dorsally compressed, 
 with a broad and plane border. Carpels with very slender 
 ridges, three of them dorsal, equidistant, two lateral ones re- 
 mote, contiguous with the border. Interstices with single 
 (evident) club-shaped vittce. Seed flat. Universal involucre 
 deciduous; partial of many leaves. Named after Hercules, 
 who is said to have brought this, or some allied plant, into 
 use. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. H. Sphondylium, Linn. Common Cow-Parsnep. Leaves 
 pinnated, rough, hairy; leaflets pinnatifid, cut, sinuated, upper 
 one somewhat palmated ; petals unequal; fruit glabrous. Br. 
 FL 1. p. 117. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 102. E. Bot. t. 939. 
 
 Hedges, pastures, and bushy places, frequent. Fl. July. $. A. 
 coarse rank weed, four to five feet high. Leaves largely sei rated, 
 sheaths inflated. 
 
 4. PASTINACA. Linn. Parsnep. 
 
 Calyx nearly obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, involute with 
 a sharp point. Fruit much compressed dorsally, with abroad 
 flat border. Carpels with very slender ridges, the three inter- 
 mediate ones equidistant, the two lateral ones remote, conti- 
 guous to the border. Interstices with single evident vitta. 
 Seed flat. Universal and partial involucres of few leaves. 
 Different from Heracleum, in the entire, involute petals, and 
 
H6 UMBELLIFER.E. [Angelic* 
 
 filiform, not clubbed, vittce ; in the remote lateral ridges from 
 all the rest of this Tribe; and from Peucedannm also by the 
 involute petals. Name derived from pastus, food. 
 
 Pentandria. Diyynia. 
 
 1. P. sativa, Linn. Wild Pars nep. Leaves pinnate, downy 
 beneath ; leaflets ovate, cut and serrated, ultimate one 3-lobed. 
 Br.FL I. p. 118. E. ' FL v. ii. p. 101. E. Bot.t. 556. 
 
 Dry pastures and borders of fields. Fields near Finglas?, and lands 
 of Beldrurnmond, near the Man-of-War. Town-land of Margymo- 
 naghan, Magilligan, abundant ; Mr. D.Moore. Fl. July. $. Root 
 fusiform. The origin of our garden Parsnep. Leaves generally 
 shining. Petals very convex, yellow, involute. 
 
 5. PEUCEDANUM. Linn. Hog's Fennel. 
 
 Cafyx of 5 teeth, or obsolete. Petals obovate or obcordate, 
 point indexed. Fruit much flattened dorsally, with a broad 
 thin margin. Carpels with the ridges nearly equidistant, the 
 three intermediate ones filiform, the two lateral ones more 
 obsolete, contiguous to or combined with the margin. Seed 
 flat on its inner face. Interstices with" single vittce. Univer- 
 sal involucre various; partial of many leaves. Name from 
 vtvk-r), a Pine tree; and ^avoe, dwarf, on account of a resinous 
 substance, said to be extracted from some of the species. 
 
 Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. P. Ostruthium, Koch. Broad-leaved Hog's Fennel or Mas- 
 ter- Wort. Leaves biternate ; leaflets broadly ovate, lobed, inciso- 
 serrate, unequal at the base ; sheaths very large ; fruit with a 
 very broad margin ; universal involucre none. Lindl. Syn. p. 
 116. Br. Fl. 1. p. l\9.lmperatoria Ostrutlnum, Linn.E. FL 
 v. ii.p. 78. E. Bot.t. 1380. 
 
 Old hedges on the town-land of Ballydolaghan, County of Down, 
 to all appearance perfectly wild ; Mr. Campbell. FL June. 1. 
 Flowers white. Partial involucres several, subulate. 
 
 (IV. ANGELICA TRIBE.) 
 6. ANGELICA. Linn. Angelica. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals elliptical-lanceolate, entire, and inflexecl 
 at the point. Fruit subcompressed, 2-winged. Carpels with 
 three elevated dorsal ridges, the lateral ones spreading into the 
 broad wings of the fruit. Vitta various. Universal involucre 
 scarcely any. (drchangelica and Angelica, Hoffm.) Name, 
 Angelic t from its cordial and medicinal properties. 
 
 Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. A. si/h-estris t ~Linr). Wild Angelica. Leaflets equal, ovate, 
 serrated at the base, somewhat lobed ; fruit with the interstices 
 
Ligusticum.] UMBELLIFEBL*. 1 1 7 
 
 of the ridges having single vittse. Br. Fl. 1. p. 1 19. . fY. t\ ii. 
 p. 81. E. o.*. 1128. 
 
 Moist woods and marshy places, especially near rivers, frequent. 
 Fl. July. 1. Plant two to three feet high. jS^em purplish, pubes- 
 cent above, as well as the umbels. Inferior in quality to the common 
 garden Angelica, which has not been observed in a wild state in Ire- 
 
 (V. SESELI TRIBE.) 
 7 CRITHMUM. Linn. Samphire. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals elliptical, entire, involute. Fruit sub- 
 terete. Carpels (spongy) with five elevated sharp, somewhat 
 winged ridyes, of which the lateral ones are a little broader 
 and marginal. Seed subterete, free, abundantly marked 
 with vittcE. Universal and partial involucres of maw/ leaves, 
 Name from icptOij, barley ; from a fancied resemblance be- 
 tween the fruit of this plant and a grain of Barley. 
 
 Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. C. maritimum, Linn. Sea Samphire. Leaflets lanceolate, 
 fleshy; leaves of the involucre ovate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 120. E. 
 Fl v. ii. p. 74. E. Bot. t. 819. 
 
 Rocks by the sea side. Plentiful on Killiney Hill, Howth, Lambav 
 and Ireland's Eye. On the southern coast ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. 
 Aug. 11. Whole plant very succulent, pale green. Leaves bi-triter- 
 nate. Samphire makes a warm aromatic pickle, and is sold for this 
 purpose in Dublin and elsewhere. 
 
 8. LIGUSTICUM. Linn. Lovage. 
 
 Calyx of five teeth, or obsolete. Petals obcordate with an in- 
 flexed point. Fruit subterete, or slightly and laterally com- 
 pressed. Carpels with five sharp, somewhat winged equal 
 ridges, of which the lateral ones are marginal. Inter slices with 
 many viltce. A$eec/subsemiterete. Universal involucre various : 
 partial of many leaves. Name from Lignria where the old 
 Ligusticum Lcvisticum abounds. Hence, too our word Lovage. 
 
 Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. L. scoiicum, Linn. Scottish Lovage. Leaves twice ternate ; 
 leaflets subrhomboid, dentato-serrate, not glossy ; general in- 
 volucre of about six narrow leaves ; calyx 5-toothed. Br. Fl. 
 1. p. 121. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 82. E. Bot. t. 1207. 
 
 Rocky sea coasts. On the rocks about Donaghadee, and the Cop- 
 land Isles ; Mr. Templeton. County of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 Fl. July. %. Root fusiform, acrid but aromatic. Stem nearly simple. 
 Leaves mostly radical ; haflets large, deeply serrated, rather fleshy. 
 The true Lovage, common in gardens, Ligusticum Levisticum (now, 
 the genus Levisticum) has truly winged ridges to the fruit, and fewer 
 vitta ; but in other respects is nearly allied to this. It may, however, 
 
118 UMBELLIFER.E. [JSthusa. 
 
 at once be known by its larger size, branched stems, and more com- 
 pound shining leaves. I observed this last on a ditch bank between 
 Bally beg and Kells, County of Meath, in a naturalized state, but it has 
 evidently been the outcast of a garden. 
 
 9. SILAUS. Besser. Pepper-Saxifrage. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals obovate, submarginate with an inflexed 
 point, appendaged, or sessile and truncated at the base. Fruit 
 subterete. Carpels with five sharp, somewhat winged equal 
 ridges, of which the lateral ones are at the margin. Interstices 
 with many vittce. Seed subsemiterete. Universal involucre 
 of few haves, or none; partial of many leaves. Scarcely dif- 
 ferent from Ligusticutn, except in its yellowish, nearly entire, 
 (not acutely emarginate) petals, truncated and sessile at the 
 base. Name of dubious origin. It was applied by Pliny to 
 some herb. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. S. prafensis, Besser. Meadow Pepper* Saxifrage. Leaves 
 tripinnate; leaflets linear-lanceolate, opposite; general involucre 
 of one or two leaves. Br. FL 1. p. 121, Peucedantim Silaus, 
 Linn. E. Bot. t. 2142. Cnidium Silaus, Spreng. E. FL v. ii. 
 p. 91. 
 
 Pastures and meadows, rare in Ireland. Gravelly bank by the side 
 of the Foyle river, County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. July 
 Sept. !(.. One to two feet high. Partial umbels small, distant. 
 Flowers pale yellow. Whole plant fetid when bruised, apparently 
 refused by cattle. Hook. 
 
 10. .^ETHUSA. Linn. Fool's Parsley. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals obcord ate, with an inflexed point. Fruit 
 ovato-globose. Carpels with five elevated, thick, acutely cari- 
 nated ridges, the lateral ones marginal and a little broader, 
 bordered by a somewhat winged keel. Interstices with single 
 vittce. Seed semiglobose. Universal involucre 0, partial of 
 3 unilateral drooping leaves. Name from aiSco, to burn, on 
 account of its acrid quality. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. IE. Cynapium, Linn. Common Fool's Parsley. Leaves 
 uniform ; leaflets wedge-shaped, decurrent with lanceolate seg- 
 ments. Br. Fl. 1. p. 122. E. Fl. v. ii. p. G4. E. Bot. t. 1 192. 
 
 Fields and gardens. Fl. July, Aug. 0. One foot high. Stem 
 striated, branched, very leafy. Leaves glabrous, doubly, or the lower 
 ones trebly, pinnate. Segments ovato-lanceolate, variously cut. Umbels 
 terminal, on long stalks. Umbellules small, distant. Universal invo- 
 lucre none, partial involucres of three, long, pendent leaves, all on one 
 side, by which it is readily known from other umbelliferous plants. 
 The smell is nauseous, and it is esteemed very unwholesome. 
 
CEnanthe.] UMBELLIFER^E. 119 
 
 11. FCENICULUM. Hoffm. Fennel. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals roundish, involute, narrower apex ob- 
 tuse. Fruit subterete. Carpels with five prominent obtuse 
 keeled ridges, of which the lateral ones are marginal and a 
 little broader. Interstices with single vitta. Seeds subsemi- 
 terete. Universal emd partial involucre 0. Name from fcenum, 
 hay, its smell being compared to that of hay. 
 
 Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. F. vulgare, Gaertn. Common Fennel. Leaves biternate ; 
 leaflets linear, filiform, pinnatifid, segments awl-shaped. Br. 
 Ft. 1. p. 122. Anethum Fceniculum, Linn.E. Bot. t. 1208. 
 Meum Fceniculum, Spreng. E. FL v. ii. p. 85. 
 
 Gravelly banks near towns and villages. Plentiful by the side of 
 the new road between Bray and the Dargle, also near Clonskeagh and 
 Chapelizud. At Carrickadrohid Castle, County of Cork ; Mr. J. 
 Drummond. Fl. July, Aug. 1. Stems three to four feet high, fistu- 
 lose. Leaves much divided with very slender segments. Flowers 
 dark yellow, at the base of the styles very glutinous. This is the true 
 Fennel of the gardens, which is frequently used for garnishing salmon. 
 
 12. CENANTHE. Linn. Water-Dropwort. 
 
 Calyx of five teeth. Petals obcordate with an inflexed point. 
 Fruit subterete, crowned with the straight styles. Carpels 
 with five, blunt convex ridges, of which the lateral ones are 
 marginal and a little broader. Interstices with single vittce. 
 Seed tereti-convex ; axis none. Universal involucre various, 
 partial of many leaves. Flowers of the ray on long pedicels, 
 sterile ; those of the disk sessile or shortly pedicellate, fertile. 
 Name from OLVIJ, a vine, and avOos, a flower, alluding to the 
 vinous smell of the blossoms. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. CE. fistulosa, Linn. Common Water- Drop wort. Root 
 stoloniferous ; stem-leaves pinnated, their main stalk as well as 
 the stem cylindrical, tubular ; umbels of very few rays. 
 Br. Fl. \.p. 123. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 68. E. Bot. t. 363. 
 
 Ditches and rivulets, common. FL July, Aug*. If . Plant two to 
 three feet high, remarkably tubular and fistulose. Stern-leaves distant, 
 and the leaflets, which are few and small, are confined to the upper 
 extremity of the leaves. Umbels small. Gen. involucre often 
 wanting. 
 
 2. CE. pimpijtelloides, Linn. Parsley Water-Dropwort. Leaf- 
 lets of the radical leaves wedge-shaped, cloven, those of the 
 stem linear, entire, very long ; general involucre of several linear 
 leaves. Br. Fl. I. p. 123. E.Fl. v il.p. 69. E. Bot. t. 447. 
 
 Salt marshes, not unfrequent. West side of Lambay ; Mr. Under- 
 wood. Near Baldoyle, Portmarnock Strand, and by the lake near 
 
120 UM BELLI FERJE. \_Sium. 
 
 Sandymount. Banks of the Lagan, near Belfast ; Mr. Templfton. 
 Suit marsh near Castletown, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. 
 Fl. .July. It .Two feet or more high. UtnbdLdes thickly crowned, 
 forming almost sphaerical heads when in fruit. This was inserted, by 
 mistake, in my catalogue, &&CE.peucedani/olia, to which it is strongly 
 allied. The latter has not yet been found in Ireland. 
 
 3. CE. crocala, Linn. Hemlock Water- Dropic or t. Leaves tri- 
 quadripinnate ; leaflets cuneato-ovate, cut and serrated, those of 
 the upper leaves narrower; general involucre of few leaves. Br. 
 Fl \ . pi 123. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 71. E. Bot. t. 2313. 
 
 Watery places, by ditches and rivers, frequent. Fl. July. 1. 
 Root consisting of many fleshy knobs or tubers, abounding with an 
 orange coloured, fetid, very po'isonous juice, such as exudes less plen- 
 tifully from all parts of the herb when wounded. Plant three to five 
 feet high ; different from all the preceding in the great breadth of its 
 leaflets, and large, much ramified stems. 
 
 4. QE. Phellandrium, Spreng. Fine-leaved Water-Drr>pwort. 
 Leaves decompound, nearly uniform with narrow oblong, short, 
 divaricated segments; peduncles lateral; general involucre 
 scarcely any. Br. Fl.l.p. 124. E. FL v.u.p. 71. Phel- 
 landrium aquaticum. Linn. E. Bot. t. 648. 
 
 Ditches and pools, by the verge of the large pond at Woodlands, 
 very plentiful in ditches and drains near the lake at Farnham, and else- 
 where in the County of Cavan. Fl. July. It. Stem two to three 
 feet high, very thick below, much branched, branches spreading. 
 Umbels rather small ; mostly perfect in every flower. 
 
 (VI. AMMI TRIBE.) 
 13. SIUM. Linn. Water- Parsnep. 
 
 Calyx of five teeth, or obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an in- 
 flexed point, or entire and ovate. Fruit laterally compressed, 
 or contracted and subdidymous, crowned with the reflexed 
 styles with their depressed bases. Carpels with five equal, 
 filiform, rather obtuse ridges, of which the lateral ones are 
 marginal. Interstices with one or many vittce. Seed subterete. 
 Universal involucre various, partial of many leaves. (Sium 
 and Helosciadium, Koch.) Name derived, according to Theis, 
 from the Celtic word siw, water. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. S. fafifolium, Linn. Broad-leaved Water- Parsnep. Stems 
 erect, leaves pinnated ; leaflets oblongo-lanceolate, equally ser- 
 rated ; umbels terminal. Br. Fl. 1. p. 125. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 56. 
 E. Bot. t. 204. 
 
 River-sides, ditches, and watery places. Bog of Curragha, near 
 Ashbourne ; Mr. Underwood. " Plentiful about Lough Erne, and 
 by the banks of the river Fergus above the bridge of Ennis. Port- 
 more, County of Down ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. July, Aug. It. 
 Stem three to four feet high, furrowed. Fruit small. Leaflets dis- 
 tant, five to nine 011 a leaf. 
 
Cbnopodium.] UMBELLIFERvE. 121 
 
 2. S. angusti folium, Linn. Narrow-leaved Water- Parsnep. 
 Stem erect ; leaflets unequally lobed and serrated ; umbels pe- 
 dunculate, opposite to the leaves. Br. Ft. \. p. 125. E. FL v. 
 ii. p. 56. E. Bot. t. 139. 
 
 Ditches and open drains, not uncommon in many parts of Ireland. 
 Fl. July, Aug. l; . Smaller than the last. Stem striated. Leaflets 
 of the upper leaves most unequal and lancinated ; radical ones ovate, 
 their lowermost leaflets distant. 
 
 3. S. nodiflorum, Linn. Procumbent Water-Parsnep. Stem 
 procumbent ; leaves pinnate ; leaflets ovate, subequally serrated; 
 umbels sessile opposite to the leaves. JBr.Fl. l.p, 125. E. Fl. 
 v. ii. p, 57. E. Bot. t. 639. Helosciadium, Koch. 
 
 Siues of lakes, rivulets and ditches, very common. Fl. July, Aug. 
 1. One foot and a half to two feet high. Leaflets of the radical 
 leaves someiimes with a lobe at the base on the upper margin. Petals 
 slightly incurved at the apex 
 
 4. S. repens, Linn. Creeping Water-Parsnep. Stem creeping ; 
 leaflets broadly ovate, inciso-dentate ; umbels on peduncles 
 opposite to the leaves. Br. Fl 1. p. 125. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 58. 
 E. Bot. t. 1431. Helosciadium, Koch. 
 
 Boggy meadows and watery places. In a marsh by the river Fergus, 
 a little above the bridge of Ennis. The plant that has been mistaken 
 for this, growing on the Hill of Howth, I believe to be only a dwarf 
 variety of the last. Stem six to ten inches long. Leaflets five to 
 nine. Fl. July, Aug. %. 
 
 5. S. inundatum, Wiggers. Least Water-Parsnep. Stems 
 creeping ; leaves pinnate, cut, the lowermost in many compound 
 capillary segments ; umbels 5-flowered, in pairs. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 125. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 58.Sison inundatum, E. Bot. t. 227.ffy> 
 drocotyleinundata, Sm. Fl. Brit. p. 290. 
 
 Lakes and pools that are dried up in summer, not unfrequent. 
 Abundant in a marsh near the summit of Howth. Fl. May July. 
 $ ? ? Stems four to six inches long, most of them capillaceo- 
 multifid, with the segments small and lanceolate. Partial umbels 
 minute, scarcely longer than their involucres. General involucre 
 none. Fruit large in proportion to the size of the plant, striated. 
 
 14. CONOPODIUM. Koch. Earth-nut. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. Fruit 
 laterally contracted, linear-oblong, crowned with the conical 
 immarginate bases of the straight styles. Carpels with five, 
 equal, filiform obtuse ridges, with many vittce. Seed tereti- 
 convex, plane in front. Universal involucre none, partial of 
 few leaves. Named from /coi/o?, a cone, and Trows, a foot ; from 
 the cone-shaped bases of the styles. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. C. flexuosum. Common Earth-nut. Br. PI. l.p. 126.- 
 Bunium 'flexuosum. With.E. Fl. v. ii. p. 54. E. Bot. t. 988. 
 B. Bulbocastanum. Huds Curt. Fl. Lond. 24. 
 
122 UMBELLIFEK^. [Carwn. 
 
 Woods and pastures, frequent. Fl. May, June. 1. Root a soli- 
 tary tuber, much sought after by children and pigs. Stem solitary, 
 erect, flexuose, with few leaves much divided into very slender, linear, or 
 almost setaceous segments. Fruit oblong, moderately ribbed, a little 
 narrower upwards, crowned with the straight styles, which have co- 
 nical, very tumid bases. 
 
 15. PIMPINELLA. Linn. Burnet-Saxifrage. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals obcordate with an inflexed point. Fruit 
 laterally contracted, ovate, crowned with the swollen base of 
 the reflexed styles. Carpels with five filiform equal ridges of 
 which the lateral ones are marginal. Interstices with many 
 viltfB. Seed gibbous, plane in front. Universal and partial 
 involucres 0. Name altered, as Linnseus informs us, from 
 bipennula, twice pinnated. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. P. Saxifraga, Linn. Common Burnet-Saxifrage. Radical 
 leaves pinnate, their leaflets roundish, sharply serrate or cut, 
 those of the stem bipinnate, linear. Br. Fl. 1. p. 126. E. FL 
 v. ii. p. 89. E. Bot. t. 407. 
 
 Dry pastures, frequent. FL July, Aug. %. Stem-leaves few; 
 lower and radical ones upon long stalks. Leaflets of the latter often 
 deeply and pinnatifidly cut, and sometimes bipinnatifidly so. 
 
 2. P. magna, Linn. Greater Burnet-Saxifrage. Leaves all 
 pinnate; leaflets ovato-serrate, subincised, the terminal one 
 (rarely the lateral ones) 3-lobed. Br. FL 1. p. 126. E. FL v. 
 ii. p. 90. E. Bot. t. 408. 
 
 Shady places, on a limestone soil. Friar's Walk, near Cork ; Mu- 
 cruss Woods, near the abbey ; and churchyard at Youghal. FL July, 
 Aug. 1. Larger in all its parts than the foregoing, and the leaflets 
 of the upper leaves much broader and less divided. 
 
 16. CARUM. Linn. Caraway. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals obcordate. Fruit laterally compressed, 
 oblong. Carpels with five, filiform, equal ridges, their inner 
 faces plane. Interstices with single vitt(S. .Sm/tereti-convex, 
 plane in front. Universal and partial involucres various. 
 Name derived, according to Pliny, from that of the country 
 Caria. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. C. Canti, Linn. Common Caraway. Stem branched, par- 
 tial involucre none, general scarcely any. Br. Fl. 1. p. 127. 
 E. FL v. ii. p. 86. E. Bot. t. 1503. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, occasionally. Fields near Kilmainham, &c. 
 Fl. June. < . Stem one to two feet high. Leaves doubly pinnated, 
 cut into linear segments, of which the lowermost are decussate. 
 Umbels dense. Carpels agreeably aromatic, and well known in 
 the Kitchen and Pharmacopeia under the name of Caraway Seeds. 
 
UMBELLIFER^. 123 
 
 2. C. verticillatum, Koch. Whorled Caraway. Leaflets all 
 capillary in short whorled segments. Br. Fl. 1. p. 127. Siurn 
 vertirillatum, E. Fl. v. ii. p. 59. Sison verticillatum, Linn. 
 E. Bot. t. 395. 
 
 Moist meadows. Marsh near Lane Bridge, Killarney and other 
 places in Kerry. Marshes in the district called Crantnore, near Bel- 
 fast ; Mr. Templeton. Salt marshes below Colerairie, County of 
 Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. May, June. 1. Leaves mostly ra- 
 dical ; a long 1 common petiole bears a number of opposite multifid 
 capillary leaves, whose spreading makes them appear whorled. Stem 
 a foot high, slender. Umbels few, terminal. Involucre very small. 
 
 17. ^GOPODIUM. Linn. Gout-weed. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. Fruti 
 laterally compressed, oblong. Carpels with 5 filiform ridges, of 
 which the lateral ones are marginal. Interstices without vittcp. 
 Seed tereti-convex, plane in front. Universal and partial in- 
 volucres 0. Differs from Carum only in the absence of vitfce. 
 Name from a<, 0*709, a goat, and TTOV?, foot : the leaves 
 being cleft something like a goat's foot 
 
 Pentandiia. Digynia. 
 
 1. IE. Pcdagraria, Linn. Gout-weed, or Herb-Gerarde. Br. 
 FL I. p. 127. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 77. E. Bot. t. 940. 
 
 Gardens and wet places ; not very common near Dublin, but very 
 plentiful near Belfast and other parts in the north. Often a trouble- 
 some weed in gardens. Fl. May, June. 1. A foot and a half high. 
 Radical leaves twice ternate, upper ones ternate ; leaflets ovate, acu- 
 minate, unequally serrated. The creeping root is pungent and aro- 
 matic. 
 
 18. TRINIA. Hoffm. Honewort. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals of the barren plant lanceolate, sube- 
 marginate, with a contracted involute point, of the fertile 
 ovate, with a short inflexed point. Fruit laterally compressed, 
 ovate. Carpels with five prominent, filiform, equal ridges, of 
 which the lateral ones are marginal. Interstices without vittce 
 or nearly so ; but with a distinct canal under each ridge. 
 Seed gibbous, convex. Involucres various. The two kinds 
 of petals, the dioecious plants, and the vittse or evident canals 
 beneath the ridges, together with a peculiar habit, constitute 
 this a very distinct genus. Hook. Named in honour of Dr. 
 C. B. Trinius, a learned Botanist of St. Petersburg!), Author 
 of a Species Graminum, &c. Penlandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. T. glaberrima, Hoffm. Glabrous Honewort. Grabrous; 
 
 leaves tripinnate ; leaflets linear uniform ; involucre none. Br. 
 
 Fl. 1. p. 128. Pimpinella dioica, E. Fl. v. ii. p. 90. Jx Bot 
 
 t, 1209. 
 
124 UMBELLIFER^E. [Cicuta. 
 
 Limestone rocks, rare. Said to have been found by the late Doctor 
 Wade near Athboy, but I have never seen Irish specimens. Fl. May, 
 June. %. 
 
 19. APIUM. Linn. Celery. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals roundish, entire, \fith a small, closely 
 involute point. Fruit roundish, laterally contracted, didy- 
 nious. Carpels with three, filiform, equal ridges, of which the 
 lateral ones are marginal. Interstices with single vitta, outer 
 ones frequently with two or three vittce. Seed gibbous, con- 
 vex, plane in front. Universal and partial involucres 0. 
 Name, apon, water) in Celtic ; from the places where the plant 
 grows. PerJandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. A. grai'eolens. Linn. Smallage or wild Celery. Br. FL 1. 
 p. 129. E. FL v. u. p. 76. E. Bot. t. 1210. 
 
 Marshy places, generally near the sea. Plentiful near Irishtown and 
 Baldoyle, and various places on the Dublin coast. Fl. Aug. # . 
 Stem furrowed, two feet high. Leaves ternate, leaflets large, wedge- 
 shaped, lobed and cut at the extremity ; the lower leaves are upon- long 
 stalks, with their leaflets rounder and truncate at the base. Umbels 
 often sessile ; petiolated ones of few flowers. This is the origin of our 
 garden Celery, and both the seeds and roots are well known as culinary 
 articles, The Apium petroselinum, Linn, or garden parsley, al- 
 though having been observed in a naturalized state on some old castles 
 in the County of Cork, cannot be considered as indigenous. 
 
 20. CICUTA. Linn. Cowbane. 
 
 Ca j yx of five teeth, leafy. Petals obcordate with an inflexed 
 point. Fruit roundish, contracted at the side, didymous. 
 Carpels with five nearly plane, equal ridges, of which the 
 lateral ones are marginal. Interstices with single vitta, which 
 in the dry fruit are more raised than the ridges. Seed terete. 
 Universal involucre of few leaves, or ; partial of wiany 
 leaves. Name, Cicuta was a term given by the Latins to those 
 spaces between the joints of a reed of which their pipes were 
 made : and the stem of this plant is similarly marked by hol- 
 low articulations. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. C. virosa, Linn. Water Hemlock &r Cowbane. Br. Fl. I. 
 jv 129. E. FL v. ii. p. 62. E. Bot. t. 479. 
 
 In ditches, and about the margins of rivers and lakes. Plentiful in 
 ditches near the lake at Farnham, and many other places on the banks 
 of Lough Erne. Fl. July, Aug. %.. Stem three to four feet high, 
 branched. Root and lower part of the stem, which is very large, 
 hollow, and divided by transverse partitions into large cells. Leaves 
 biternate, the radical ones pinnated ; leaflets lanceolate, serrated, 
 Umbels pedunculate. A deadly poison. 
 
Ant/triscus.'] UMBELLIFERjE. 125 
 
 (VII. SCANDIX TRIBE.) 
 21. CH^EROPHYLLUM. Linn. Chervil. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. 
 Fruit laterally compressed, or contracted. Carpels with five 
 obtuse, equal ridges, of which the lateral ones are marginal, 
 with a deep furrow on the inner face of the carpels. Inter- 
 stices with single vittce. Seed tereti-convex, furrowed in front. 
 Universal involucre 0, or of few leaves, partial of many 
 leaves. Differs from all the Ammi Tribe in the deep furrow 
 in front of each carpel. Name from X" 4 / 7 ^ to rejoice, and 
 <fiv\\ov, a leaf: hence our word Chervil, applied to the culti- 
 vated AnthrisciLS Cerefolium, whose leaves have an agreeable 
 smell. JPentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. C. temulentum, Linn. Rough Chervil. Fruit with obtuse 
 ribs ; stem rough, (spotted) swelling below each joint ; partial 
 involucres reflexed. Br. Fl. 1. p. 130. E. BoL t. 1521. 
 ftlyrrhis temulenta, E. FL r. ii. p. 51. 
 
 Hedges and bushy places, common. FL June, July. 1. Three 
 feet or more high, rough with hairs. Leaves doubly pinnate ; leaflets 
 pinnatifid or inciso-lobate. Fruit linear oblong, striated. Umbels at 
 first drooping. 
 
 22. ANTHRISCUS. Pers. Beaked-Parsley. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals obcordate with an inflexed, generally 
 short, point. Fruit contracted on the side, rostrate. Carpels 
 subterete, without ridges, the beak alone with five ridges. Seed 
 tereti-convex, deeply furrowed in front. Universal involucre 
 none, partial of many leaves. Name given by Pliny to a plant 
 allied probably to this genus, but whose derivation we are 
 ignorant of. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 jjc Carpels smooth, 
 
 1. A. si/lcestris, Koch. Wild Beaked- Par sky. Umbels ter- 
 minal, stalked; stem a little swelling below each joint, glabrous. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 131. Chcerophyllum sylvestre, Linn. E. FL v. ii. 
 p. 48. E. Bot. t. 752. 
 
 Under hedges and borders of fields, frequent. Fl. April June. 
 1(1. Three feet or more high, branched. Leaves triply pinnate ; 
 Itaflets ovato-lanceolate, deeply cut. Umbels at first slightly drooping. 
 Partial involucres of several ovato-lanceolate leaves. Fruit linear 
 oblong, with a much less evident beak than in A. Get efolium. This 
 beak, alone, is marked with a few ribs. 
 
 2. A. Cerefolium, Koch. Garden Beaked- Parsley. Umbels 
 lateral, sessile ; leaves tripartite, decompound; leaflets ovate, pin- 
 iiatifid, segments obtuse. Br, Fl. 1 . p. 1 31. Scandix Cerefolium, 
 
U1IBELLIFER&. [Myrrhis. 
 
 Linn.E. Bot. t. 1268.Cha:rophyllum sativum, E. Fl. v. ii. p. 
 
 Hedges and waste places, probably the outcast of gardens. Fl. July. 
 0. Stem slender, one foot and a half to two feet high. Leaves pale 
 yellow green, delicate. Umbels sessile, lateral, of few rays, pubescent. 
 Partial involucres of few leaves, about three, unilateral, linear. Um- 
 btllules small. Fruit large, perfectly glabrous, linear, tapering up- 
 wards. Known as a salad and pot-herb under the name of Garden 
 Chervil. 
 
 HJ # Carpels muricated. 
 
 3. A. vulgarisj Pers. Common Beaked- Parsley. Stem 
 smooth ; leaves ternately decompound, the segments obtuse ; um- 
 bels opposite the leaves ; fruit ovately conical, hispid, about 
 twice as long as the glabrous beak. Br. FL \. p. 131. E. Fl. r. 
 ii. p. 45. Scandix Anthriseus, E. Bot. t. 818. 
 
 Waste places, by road-sides, especially near towns and villages, fre- 
 quent. Fl. May, June. 0. Two feet or more high, swelling under 
 each joint. Leaves slightly hairy. Partial umbels small, vuth small 
 involucres. Fruit rather large, with a distinct furrow on each side 
 which extends to the beak, covered with hooked bristles. 
 
 23. SCANDIX. Linn. Shepherd's-Needle. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals obovate, with an inflexed point. Fruit 
 laterally compressed, with a very long beak. Carpels with 
 five obtuse equal ridges, the lateral ones marginal. Interstices 
 without ridges, or obsolete vitlce. Seed tereti-convex, with 
 a deep furrow in front. Universal involucre 0, or of few 
 leaves, partial of 5 7 leaves. Name from ovcetu, to prick, be- 
 cause of the sharp and long points to the seeds. 
 
 Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 \ . S. Pectcn, Linn. Needle Chervil, Venus Comb, or Shepherd's 
 Needle. Fruit roughish ; leaflets cut into many linear short seg- 
 ments. Br. m. 1. p. 131. E. Fl.v. ii. p. 48. E. Bot.t. 1386. 
 
 Corn fields, abundant. Fl. June, July. 0. Stem 4 6 inches 
 to a foot high, roughish. Leaves triply pinnate. Umbels of very few 
 rays, two to three. Partial involucres pinnatifid or bipinnatifid. 
 Fruit of singular appearance, and very large in proportion to the size 
 of the plant and of the flowers that produce it. 
 
 24. MYRRHIS. Tourn. Cicely. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals obcordate with an inflexed point. Fruit 
 laterally compressed. Seed with its sides involute, covered 
 by a pericarp, formed of two membranes, the exterior having 
 five equal, acutely carinated ridges, hollow within, closely ad- 
 nate to the interior. Pitta none. Universal involucre 0, 
 partial of many leaves. Name derived perhaps from Myrrha, 
 
Conium.] UMBELLIFER.E. 1^7 
 
 myrrh, the foliage of one species at least possessing an agree- 
 able scent. Pentandria. D yn ia. 
 
 1. M. odorafa, Scop. Sweet Cicely. Fruit large with very 
 short ribs and deep furrows between them. Br. Fl. 1. p. 132. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 5Q.Scandix odorata, Linn. E. Bot. t. 687. 
 
 Orchards and waste places, probably the outcast of gardens. Near 
 Oldcastle, and other places in the County of Meath ; \llev. Mr. Hatpin. 
 Umbra rocks, Magilligan ; Mr. D. Moore, who thinks it truly wild. 
 FL May, June. 1. Whole plant highly aromatic, two feet high or 
 more. Leaves large, triply pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid. 
 
 (VIII. SMYRNIUM TRIBE.) 
 25. SMYRNIDM. Linn. Alexanders. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals lanceolate or elliptical, entire with an in- 
 flexed point. Fruit laterally contracted. Carpels reniformi-glo- 
 bose,didymous, each with three dorsal, prominent, sharp ridges, 
 the two lateral and marginal ones nearly obsolete. Interstices 
 with many vittce. Seed involute. Involucre various. Name 
 from fffivpva, synonymous with pvppa, Myrrh, from the scent 
 of the juice. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. S. Olusatrum, Linn. Common Alexanders. Cauline leaves 
 ternate, petiolate, serrate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 132. E. Fl.v. ii. p. 76. 
 E. Bot. t. 230. 
 
 Waste grounds and ditch banks, very common ; especially near 
 Dublin. Fl. May, June. $ . Stem three to four feet high, very 
 stout, furrowed. Leaves bright yellow green, twice or (the lower ones) 
 thrice ternate, with a very broad membranous base ; leaflets very 
 large, broadly ovate, lobed and serrated. Flowers yellow green, in 
 very dense, numerous, rounded umbels. Involucres none. Fruit 
 almost black when ripe. Aromatic, but too strong and pungent to be 
 agreeable. It was formerly used as a pot herb. 
 
 26. CONIUM. Linn. Hemlock. 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. Fruit 
 laterally compressed, ovate. Carpels with five prominent, 
 waved or crenated, equal ridges, of which the lateral ones are 
 marginal. Interstices with many striae, without vitta?. Seed 
 with a sharp narrow groove in front. Universal involucre of 
 few leaves, partial of three leaves on one side. Name Kwveiov of 
 Theophrastus, from KWVOS, a cone, or a top, whose whirling 
 motion resembles the giddiness produced on the human con- 
 stitution by the poisonous juice of this plant. 
 
 Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. C. maculatum, Linn. Common Hemlock. Stem glabrous, 
 spotted ; leaves tripinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, pinnatifid with 
 
128 UMBELLIFEIUE. [Eryngium. 
 
 acute and often cut segments. JBr. Fl. 1. p. 134. E. FL v. ii. 
 p. 65. E. Bo*, t. 1191. 
 
 Waste dry places, banks, and under walls, not unfrequent. Fl. June, 
 j u ly. . Root fusiform. Stem two to four feet high, striated and 
 spotted with purple, much branched upwards. Leaves large, much 
 divided, when bruised extremely fetid, yielding an extract which has 
 been much employed both in the cure of scrofulous and cancerous ma- 
 ladies, and for the purpose of lowering the pulse. So powerful a plant 
 should be carefully distinguished from its allies, which is best done by 
 its spotted stem, fetid smell, and by the unilateral partial involucres, to- 
 gether with the waved ridges of the fruit. 
 
 C. Umbels Imperfect. 
 (IX. SANICULA TRIES.) 
 
 27. SANICULA. Linn. Sanicle. 
 
 Calyx a leafy margin. Petals erect, converging, obovate, emar- 
 ginate, with an abruptly incurved segment the length of the 
 petals. Fruit terete, nearly round. Carpels densely covered 
 with hooked prickles, no ridges, but many vittoe. Seed half 
 round. Universal and partial involucres of several leaves. 
 Name derived from sano, to heal, because this plant was sup- 
 posed " to make whole and sound all inward wounds and out- 
 ward hurts/* Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. S. europeea, Linn. Wood Sanicle. Radical leaves simple, 
 deeply lobed; flowers all nearly sessile. Br. Fl. 1. p. 135. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 36. E. Bot. t. 98. 
 
 Woods and thickets, frequent. Fl. May, June. !. Leaves mostly 
 radical, finely serrated, almost ciliated. Heads of flowers small, 
 white. 
 
 28. ERYNGIUM. Linn. Eryngo. 
 
 Calyx a 5-toothed leafy margin. Petals erect, converging, ob- 
 long-obovate, emarginate, with an abruptly incurved seg- 
 ment the length of the petal. Fruit subterete, obovate. 
 Carpella covered with scales with neither ridges nor villa. 
 Seed semiterete. Umbels simple. Involucrum many-leaved. 
 Flowers usually blue. Leaves simple. Name e/wXXto* of 
 Dioscorides. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. E. maritimum, Linn. Sea-Eryngo, Sea- Holly. Radical 
 leaves roundish, plaited, spinous, stalked; upper ones lobed, 
 palmated, amplexicaul, rigid ; involucres longer than the heads ; 
 scales of the receptacle 3-cleft, Br. Fl. 1. p. 135. E. Fl. v. 
 ii. p. '35. E. Bot. t.718. 
 
 Sandy sea-shores, frequent. FL July, Aug. 1. Whole plant very 
 stiff and rigid, glaucous. Leaves and involucres beautifully veiny. 
 Flowers blue, in dense heads, having at first more the appearance of a 
 
Galium.] STELLATE. 129 
 
 compound flower, than of an umbelliferous plant. The roots are 
 well tasted, when candied. Linnaeus recommends the bleached shoots 
 as a substitute for Asparagus. 
 
 2. E. campestre, Linn. Field Eryngo. Radical leaves sub- 
 ternate, lobes pinnatifid, cauline ones bipinnatifid, amplexicaul, 
 all with spinous teeth ; involucres lanceolate, spinous; scales of 
 the receptacle undivided. Br. JF7. 1./?. 135. E.Fl.v. ii. p. 
 35. E. Bot. t. 57. 
 
 Rare. Sandy fields near Lismore, Waterford ; Mr. J. Drummond. 
 Ft. July, Aug. 1. 
 
 (X. HYDKOCOTYLE TRIBE.) 
 ^9. HYDROCOTYLE. Linn. White-rot. 
 
 Calyx an obsolete margin. Petals ovate, entire, acute, with a 
 straight point. Fruit compressed at the side, so as to form 
 two little shields. Carpels with five filiform ridges, those of 
 the keel and sides nearly obsolete, the intermediate arched, 
 without vittae. Seed carinate, compressed. Creeping herbs, 
 with simple leaves, and green obscure flowers. Name from 
 vBwp, water, and KOTV\IJ, a cup or vase. The leaves are a lit- 
 tle depressed, and stalked in the centre, and may thence 
 somewhat resemble a cup or platter. The plant grows in 
 watery places. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. H. vulgaris, Linn. Common WTi,ite-rot, Marsh Penny-wort. 
 Leaves orbicular, peltate, smooth, cloven at the base ; umbels 
 somewhat aggregate; flowers nearly sessile. Smith. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 136. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 96. E. Bot. t. 751 . 
 
 Bogs, marshes, and banks of lakes, frequent. FL May, June. "U. . 
 Stems creeping, producing from their joints clusters of petiolated 
 leaves, and simple flowerstalks, which are much shorter than the pe- 
 tioles. Flowers often with a reddish tinge. 
 
 ORD. 34. STELLATE. Lindl. Madder Family. 
 
 Calyx superior, 4 5 or 6-lobed. Corolla monopetalous, ro- 
 tate or tubular, regular, inserted into the calyx. Stamens equal 
 in number to the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them. 
 Ovarium simple, 2-celled ; ovules solitary, erect; style simple; 
 stigmas two. Fruit a dry indehiscent pericarpium, with two 
 cells, and two seeds. Seeds erect, solitary ; embryo straight in 
 the axis of horny albumen; radicle inferior; cotyledons leafy. 
 Herbaceous plants; with whorled leaves, destitute of stipules; 
 square stems ; roots staining red ; flowers minute. 
 
 1. GALIUM. Linn. Bed-straw. 
 
 Corolla rotate, or campanulate, 5-cleft. Fruit dry, not crowned 
 
 Q 
 
130 STELLATE. [GaUum. 
 
 by the calyx. Name from <ya\a, milk: the plant having been 
 formerly employed to curdle milk. 
 
 Pcntandria. Monogynia. 
 
 sfc Fruit smooth. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. G. verum, Linn. Yellow Bed-straw. Leaves eight in a 
 whorl, linear, channelled, entire, rough ; flowers in dense pani- 
 cles. Br. Fl. 1. p. 61. E. Fl. v. i. p. 208. E. Bot. t. 660. 
 
 Dry banks, sandy places, and sea-shores, common. Fl. July, Aug. 
 IfL. Readily distinguished by its yellow flowers, and linear deflexed 
 leaves. The Highlanders are said to employ this plant as a Rennet 
 for curdling milk, combined with the leaves of the common Nettle and 
 a little salt. 
 
 HS * Fruit glabrous. Flowers white. 
 
 2. G. palastre, Linn. White Water Bed- straw. Leaves 4 6 
 in a whorl, oblongo-lanceolate, obtuse, tapering at the base, and 
 as well as the lax, spreading, branched stem more or less rough. 
 
 a. stem and leaves smoothish. Br. FL I. p. 6'2. G. palustre, 
 E. Fl. v. \.p. 198. E. Bot. t. 1857. 
 
 /3. nerves at the back and margins of the leaves, and angles 
 of the stem, distinctly rough with mostly reflexed prickles. Br. 
 FL 1. p. 62. G. Witheringii, E. Fl. v. i. p. 200. E. Bot. t. 
 2206. 
 
 Sides of ditches, lakes and rivulets. Fl. July. 1. " The transition 
 from the smooth to the rough state of this plant, may be observed on 
 the borders of pools, and it is only in wet situations that it corresponds 
 with the description in E. FL of G. palastre. In dry situations, espe- 
 cially by road-sides where the earth has been recently disturbed (in 
 the neighbourhood of marshes) it assumes the state of G. Witheringii, 
 but is very luxuriant and branched. In marshes, not liable to be over- 
 flowed, and in boggy ground, it is in every respect like that described 
 in E. FL under G. Witheringii." Wilson MSS. quoted by Hooker. 
 The plant turns blackish in drying-, and the upper leaves are generally 
 unequal in size. The variations of this plant, as stated above, may be 
 seen in the common beyond Kingstown, where it is abundant in the 
 summer months. 
 
 3. G. uliginosum, Linn. Rough Marsh Bed-straw. Leaves 
 six in a whorl, lanceolate, mucronate, their margins and the 
 stem rough with reflexed prickles. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 62. E. Fl. v. 
 i. jo. 201. E. Bot.t. 1972. 
 
 Wet meadows and sides of ditches, frequent. FL Aug. 2. Dis- 
 tinguished by the lanceolate leaves, tapering at the base and shortly 
 acuminated at the points into a mucro. Bristles on the plant all re- 
 flexed. 
 
 4. G. saxatile, Linn. Smooth Heath Bed-straw. Leaves six 
 in a whorl, obovate, mucronate ; stem very much branched, 
 prostrate, smooth. Br. FL }.p. 62. E. Fl. v. i. p. 201. E. 
 Bot. t. 815. 
 
Galium,] STflLLAT,E. 131 
 
 Heathy places, hilly and mountainous pastures, abundant ; often co- 
 vering rocks (as on Killiney Hill) in large patches, and adorning them 
 in the summer months with its profusion of milk-white flowers. Fl. 
 June Aug. !. Leaves often rough at the margins, of a thickish 
 and rather soft texture. Panicles forked, terminal or lateral. Seed 
 reddish after the flowers fall. 
 
 5. G. ereclum, Huds. Upright Bed-straw. Leaves about 
 eight in a whorl, lanceolate, bristle-pointed, with marginal 
 prickles all pointing forward; stem weak, much branched, 
 smooth ; fruit smooth and even ; corolla taper-pointed. Br. Fl. 
 1. p. 62. E. FL v. I p. 202. E. Bot. t. 2067. 
 
 On the north side of Killiney Hill ; Miss Green, July, 1834. Fl. 
 June, July. 1. Differs from G. uliginosmn by the edges and the 
 adjoining portion of the disk of the leaves above, bearing a double row 
 of hooked prickles all pointing forward, in its larger size, stouter habit, 
 glaucous hue, and larger, less oboyate leaves. 
 
 6. G. Mollugo, Linn. Great Hedge Bed-straw. Leaves 
 eight in a whorl, elliptical, bluntish, bristle-pointed, rough 
 edged ; flowers in loose spreading panicles ; corolla thick-tipped ; 
 fruit smooth, globular. Br.FL 1. p. 63. E. Fl. v. i. p. 208. E. 
 Bot. t. 1673. 
 
 Sandy fields, and dry bushy places. More common about Dublin 
 than in other parts of Ireland, Lawn at Mr. Vernon's, near Belfast ; 
 Mr. Templeton. Fl. July, Aug. %. Stem often five feet long, as I 
 have observed in plants growing near Sandymount. Prickles on the 
 margins of the leaves pointing forward. 
 
 7. G. pusillum, Linn. Least Mountain Bed-straw. Leaves 
 eight in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, hair-pointed, entire, somewhat 
 hairy ; panicles terminal, forked ; fruit very smooth. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 63. E. Fl. v. i. p. 206. E. Bot. t. 74. 
 
 Limestone rocks at Mucruss, Killarney, near Corrofin, and at Rock 
 Forest, County of Clare. Fl. July, Aug. 1. Stems numerous, 
 rough on the lower part. Flowers white, very numerous. 
 
 * % sjc Fruit hispid. Flowers white. 
 
 8. G. boreale, Linn. Cross-leaved Bed-straw. Leaves four 
 in a whorl, ovato-lanceolate, 3-ribbed, smooth, with rough edges, 
 stem erect; fruit bristly. Br. Fl. 1. p. 6.4. E. Fl. v. i. p. 209* 
 E. Bot. t. 105. 
 
 Moist rocks on the banks of Lough Erne, near Ely Lodge, and by 
 Lough Neagh, near Shane's Castle ; on Mangerton Mountain, in a 
 marshy spot about half-way up. Fl. June, July. 1( . Flowers mi-? 
 merous, crowded, white. Bristles of the fruit rough. 
 
 9. G. dparine, Linn. Goose-grass or Cleavers. Leaves 6 8 
 in a whorl, lanceolate, keeled, rough, fringed with reflexed 
 bristles; stem weak ; fruit bristly. Br. Fl. 1. p. 65. E. PI. v. i. 
 p. 210. E. Bot. t. 816. 
 
 Plant straggling among bushes. Flowers few, or two or three short, 
 
132 STELLATE. [Rubia. 
 
 simple footstalks, arising from the axils of the leaves. Bristles of the 
 fruit hooked, which by this means catch hold of the coats of animals, 
 and are widely dispersed. The seeds have been recommended as a 
 substitute for coffee. Hook. Fl. May Aug. 0. 
 
 2. ASPERULA. Linn. Woodruff. 
 
 Corolla funnel-shaped. Fruit without any distinct margin to 
 the calyx. Name from asper, rough, owing to the roughness 
 of some species of the Genus. Tetrandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. A. odorata, Linn. Sweet Woodruff. Leaves eight in a 
 whorl, lanceolate ; panicles stalked, of few flowers. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 65. E. FL v. i. p. 196. E. Bot. t. 755. 
 
 Woods and shady places, plentiful. Fl. May, June. 1. About 
 six inches high, erect. Flowers white. Whole plant very fragrant, 
 especially in the act of drying and when dry. 
 
 2. A. Cynanchica, Linn. Small Woodruff, Squinancy-wort. 
 Leaves linear, four in a whorl ; the upper ones very unequal ; 
 flowers all 4-cleft ; fruit smooth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 65. E. Fl. v. 
 i. p. 198. E. Bot. t. 33. 
 
 Abundant on limestone rocks about Corrofin and other places in the 
 County of Clare, and in the large Island of Arran, where I collected 
 specimens in 1805, but neglected to insert it in my last catalogue. FL 
 June, July. %. Stem branching. Flowers white or bluish coloured, 
 with three red lines on each segment. 
 
 3. SHERARDIA. Lirm. Field Madder. 
 
 Corolla funnel-shaped, 4-cleft. Fruit dry, crowned with the 
 persistent teeth of the calyx. Named in honour of James 
 Sherard, an English Botanist and Patron of Botany, whose 
 fine garden at. Eltham in Kent, gave rise to the famous 
 " Hortus Elthamensis" of Dillenius. Tetrandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. S. arvensis, Linn. Blue Sherardia. All the leaves whorled ; 
 flowers terminal. Br. Fl. 1. p. 66. E. Fl. v. i. p. 196. E. 
 Bot. t. 893. 
 
 Corn fields, and dry gravelly banks, frequent. FL June Aug, 
 . Stem branching. Calyx of two sepals. Corolla purplish 
 blue. 
 
 4. RUBIA. Linn. Madder. 
 
 Corolla rotate or campanulate, 4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5. 
 Fruit a 2-lobed berry. Name from ruber, red, from the red 
 dye afforded by the species, especially the Rubia tinctorum, 
 which produces the true Madder or Turkey red of commerce. 
 
 Tetrandria. Monogynia,. 
 
 1. R. peregrina, Linn. Wild Madder. Leaves 4 6 in a 
 whorl, lanceolate, persistent, glossy, the margin and keel rough 
 
Lonicera.] CAPRIFOLIACE.E. 133 
 
 with reflexed prickles ; flowers 5-cleft. Br. Fl.l.p.65. E. 
 Fl.v.i.p. 211. JE.Bot.t.8&1. 
 
 Dry gravelly banks and rocks on the south side of Howth, and Kil- 
 liney Hill ; also abundant on limestone rocks at Mucruss and Kil- 
 larney. Hedges near Passage, County of Cork ; Rev. Dr. Hincks. 
 Fl. June Aug. If.. Mr. Wilson justly remarks, as stated by Dr. 
 Hooker, that the corolla is rather rotate than campanulate, which is 
 the case in some foreign species ; (or funnel shaped as in R. tincto- 
 rum) ; the segments, after the escape of the pollen, spreading with 
 convex surfaces, concave in the newly opened flowers. 
 
 ORD. 35. CAPRIFOLIACE^E. Juss. Honeysuckle Family. 
 
 Tube of the calyx adnate with the ovary, the limb 5-lobed. 
 Corolla of one petal, inserted upon the calyx, the limb more or 
 less lobed, sometimes irregular. Stamens inserted upon the 
 calyx, adnate with the base of the corolla, alternate with its 
 lobes, equal in number with them (one sometimes abortive), 
 exserted or included : filaments subulate : anthers ovate, 2-celled ; 
 style exserted or wanting. Stigmas 1 or 3, distinct or collected 
 into a head. Berry crowned with the limb of the calyx, gene- 
 rally dry, or fleshy, 1 or more-celled. Seeds solitary, 2 or 
 many in each cell, sometimes several abortive, pendulous ; testa 
 crustaceous. Albumen fleshy. Embryo in the centre of the al- 
 bumen; radicle superior; cotyledons ovato-oblong. Shrubs, 
 rarely trees. Leaves opposite, without stipules, or usually so, sim- 
 ple or pinnated. Flowers terminal and corymbose or axillary. 
 
 Lonicerecc. 
 Corolla monopetalous. 
 
 1. LONICERA. Linn. Common Honeysuckle. 
 
 Corolla irregular. Berry 1 3-celled, many-seeded. Name 
 given in honour of Adam Lonicer, a German Botanist. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. L. Peridymenum, Linn. Common Honeysuckle, or Wood' 
 bine. Flowers ringent, capitate, terminal ; leaves all distinct. 
 Br. Fl. ].p. 103. E. Fl. v. i. p. 326. E. Bot. t. 800. Capri- 
 folium Periclymenum, Lindl. Syn. 
 
 ft. Caprifolium, non perfoliatum, foliis sinuosis et variegatis. 
 Tourn. Inst. 608. Dill, in Rail Syn. 458. 
 
 In hedges, groves, among rocks, and in bushy places, frequent. $. 
 Among rocks on Killiney Hill, near the Obelisk. Fl. June Oct. 
 T? . Berries solitary and distinct. Stem invariably twining in one 
 direction. In the var. 3. the leaves are sinuated like those of an oak, 
 and sometimes variegated. 
 
134 CAPRIFOLIACE^E. [Sambucus. 
 
 2. VIBURNUM. Linn. Guelder-rose. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. 
 Fruit succulent, 3-seeded. Name of doubtful origin, 
 
 Pentandria. Trigynia. 
 
 1 . V. Opulus, Linn. Common Guelder-rose. Leaves 3-lobed ; 
 footstalks beset with glands. Br. Fl. 1. p. 142. E. FL v. \\.p. 
 107. E.ot.t.332. 
 
 Woods, hedges, and crevices of rocks, not unfrequent. Hedges near 
 Dundrum ; Powerscourt woods ; rocky banks at the upper end of 
 Collin Glen, and other places near Belfast ; banks of Lough Neagh, 
 near Antrim Cfastle. Fl. June, July. T? . Small tree, or large shrub, 
 very glabrous. Leaves large, subcordate, broad. Cymes large, white, 
 with linear bracteas. The perfect flowers small ; abortive one in the 
 circumference, consisting of a very large plane, five-lobed petal, with- 
 out either stamen or pistil. Flowers erect. Berries reddish-purple, 
 drooping. The snow-ball tree, well known in gardens and shrubberies, 
 belongs to this species. In it, nearly all the flowers are enlarged and 
 form globular heads. 
 
 3. SAMBUCUS. Linn. Elder. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Berry inferior, 3 or 4- 
 seeded. Name, from ffa/ifivKij, a musical instrument, in the 
 construction of which this wood is said to have been em- 
 ployed. Pentandria. Trigynia. 
 
 1. S. Ebulus, Linn. Dwarf Elder. Cymes with three main 
 branches; stipules leafy; stern herbaceous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 143. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 108. E. Bot. t. 475. 
 
 Waste places and way-sides. Near the gate in Powerscourt de- 
 mesne, at the entrance to the deer park ; near Kenmare, County of 
 Kerry. Plentiful near Hollywood and Lisburn, and other places in 
 the counties of Down and Antrim ; Mr. Templeton and Mr. Camp- 
 bell. Fl. July. !. Stem two to three feet high, angular and fur- 
 rowed. Leaves pinnate ; lea/lets serrated. Cymes large, terminal, 
 purplish. Anthers large, purple. Berries spherical, black. The 
 plant has a fetid smell, and is violently purgative. 
 
 2. S. nigra, Linn. Common Elder. Cymes with five main 
 branches ; stipules obsolete ; leaflets ovate ; stem arboreous. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 143. E. FL v. ii. p. 109. E. Bot. t. 476. 
 
 Woods and hedges, frequent. FL June. J? . A small tree having 
 the steins and branches abounding with pith. Cymes terminal, large, 
 cream-coloured, smelling unpleasantly. Anthers small, yellow. Ber- 
 ries purple-black, sometimes white. The bark is used by country prac- 
 titioners medicinally, and the berries are frequently used in England for 
 making wine. 
 
Hedera.] VACCINIE^. 135 
 
 Hederacece. Ach. Rich. 
 
 Corolla poli/petalous. 
 4. CORNUS. Linn. Cornel. 
 
 Calyx of four teeth. Petals four, superior. V JVW of the drupe 
 with two cells and two seeds. Name from Cornu, a Horn, 
 owing to the hard nature of the wood. 
 
 Tetrandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. C. sanguinea, Linn. Wild Cornel or Dogwood. Branches 
 straight; leaves green on both sides; cymes naked, flat. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 69. E. Fl. v. i. p. 221. E. Bot. t. 249. 
 
 In crevices of limestone rocks, south Isles of Arran, truly wild. 
 Abundant in hedges below Coolock, scarcely indigenous. Fl. June, 
 July. F? . Shrub three to four feet high. Branches dark red when 
 full grown. Wood hard. Petals white. 
 
 5. HEDERA. Linn. Ivy. 
 
 Calyx of five teeth. Petals five, broadest at the base. Style 
 simple. Berry with 3 to 5 seeds., crowned by the calyx. 
 Name of uncertain origin. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. H. Helix, Linn. Common Ivy. Leaves ovate, or cordate 
 and 5-lobed ; lobes angular; umbel erect. Br. FL 1. p. 109. 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 334. E. Bot. t. 1267. 
 
 Hedges, woods, old buildings, and on trunks of trees, frequent. FL 
 Oct. Nov. f?. Stems very long, creeping, throwing out numerous 
 tufts of fibres, by which they adhere to hard substances. Leaves 
 shining, dark green, often veined with white lines. Flowers small, pale 
 green. Calyx-teeth very minute. Petals reflexed. Berries smooth 
 and black. A variety called the Irish Ivy (of which I have speci- 
 mens collected by Mr. W. Andrews on the rocks at Ballybunian, 
 County of Kerry) is much cultivated on account of its very large leaves 
 and quick growth. Another fine variety, first found near Dunganstown 
 by Mr.Hodgens, and which I have since observed on walls near Merrion, 
 has the leaves deeply five-lobed, resembling those of Passiflora cce- 
 rulea or common Passion flower. 
 
 ORD, 36. VACCINIE^. DC. Bilberry Family. 
 
 Tube of the calyx adnate with the ovary, the limb entire or 
 4 5 6-lobed. Corolla monopetalous, 4 6-lobed, inserted 
 along with the stamens, (which are twice as many as there are 
 lobes of the corolla,) upon an epigynous disk or torus : anthers 
 2-celled, with 2 horns. Ovary 1 : style 1 : stigma 1. Fruit a 
 berry, crowned with the persistent limb of the calyx, 4 5- 
 celled ; cells few-seeded. Embryo straight, in the axis of a 
 
1 36 VACCINIEjE. L Vaccinium. 
 
 fleshy albumen : cotyledons very short : radicle long, inferior. 
 Small shrubs, with deciduous or evergreen leaves. 
 
 1. VACCINIUM. Linn. Whortle-Berry. 
 
 Calyx superior, 4 5-toothed. Corolla of 1 petal, bell-shaped 
 or campanulate, with 4 5 teeth or segments. Anthers with 
 two pores. Berry globose, 4-celled, many-seeded. Name ; 
 some say the vaKivOos, of the Greeks, and hence synonymous 
 with Hyacinthus ; but the etymology of the word is unknown. 
 
 Octandria. Monogynia. 
 
 * Leaves deciduous. 
 
 1. V. Myrtillus, Linn. Bilberry or Whortle-Berry. Stalks 
 solitary, single-flowered ; leaves ovate, serrated, membranous, 
 smooth, deciduous; stem acutely angular; calyx wavy, nearly 
 entire. Br. Fl. 1. p. 177. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 209. E. Bot. t. 456. 
 
 Woods and heathy places, chiefly in mountainous districts, abundant. 
 Fl. May. T? . Flowers drooping, urceolate, almost waxy, greenish 
 with a red tinge. Anthers tubular, each cell opening by a pore at the 
 extremity, and having a horn at the back. Berry black, glaucous, 
 very agreeable to the taste, and known in Ireland as Frochin-berries. 
 
 * * Leaves evergreen. 
 
 2. V. Vitis Idcea, Linn. Red Whortle-Berry, Cow-Berry. 
 Clusters terminal, drooping, with ovate, concave bracteas, longer 
 than the flower stalks ; leaves obovate, revolute, minutely 
 toothed, dotted beneath ; corolla bell-shaped. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 
 178. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 220. E. Bot. t. 598. 
 
 Dry heathy places on mountains. Plentiful on the Dublin Moun- 
 tains, near Lough Bray ; in Cunnamara, and mountains in the northern 
 counties. Heaths near Dungannon ; Mr. Campbell. A variety, with 
 serrated and undulated leaves, was pointed out to me on the Mourne 
 Mountains, above twenty years ago, by the late Mr. Templeton, (who 
 also found it in a bog near Ballynahinch, in the County of Down,) 
 agreeing with a specimen of Haller's he saw in Sir Joseph Bank's 
 herbarium. Perhaps the same as the dwarf variety found by Mr. 
 Murray on the Campsie and Arran hills in Scotland, mentioned by 
 Doctor Hooker. FL May, June. T? . A low somewhat straggling 
 shrub, with leaves resembling those of box. 
 
 3. V. Oxycoccus, Linn. Marsh Whortle-Berry, Cran-Berry. 
 Peduncles terminal, single-flowered ; leaves ovate, evergreen, 
 glaucous beneath, their margins revolute and entire ; corolla 4- 
 parted, revolute; stem filiform. Br. Fl. \.p. 178. E. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 221. E. Bot. t. 319. Oxycoccus palustris, Rich. Lindl. Syn. 
 p. 134. 
 
 In peat bogs, especially among Sphagnum, or white Bog Moss, 
 in various parts of the country. Fl. June. T?. Stems straggling, 
 
Campanula.] CAMPANULACE^E. 137 
 
 wiry, eight to ten inches long, or more. Leaves *mall. Flowers of a 
 deep rose-colour. The berries are used in Dublin and elsewhere in 
 Ireland for making tarts. 
 
 ORD. 37. CAMPANULACE^E. Juss. Bell-flower Family. 
 
 Tube of the calyx adnate with the ovary ; its limb 4 8-ge- 
 nerally 5-cleft, equal, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, deci- 
 duous or marcescent, regular or irregular, 5, sometimes 4 6 8- 
 cleft, rarely of 5 petals with broad connivent claws. Stamens 
 inserted upon a disk which is adnate with the ovary (base of the 
 corolla?), sometimes upon the corolla, equal in number with the 
 segments of the corolla, and alternate with them ; anthers fixed to 
 the base, 2-celled, cells opposite, opening longitudinally, distinct 
 or cohering. Ovary 2 or many-celled, many-seeded. Style 1 ; 
 stigma 1, or generally as many as there are cells of the ovary, 
 naked or covered by an indusium. Capsule wholly adnate with 
 the tube of the calyx, and opening below the limb with lateral 
 pores, or half-adnate and valvate at the extremity, the valves 
 bearing the placentas. Seeds numerous, small, with a fleshy 
 albumen. Embryo straight, as long as the albumen. Her- 
 baceous plants or under shrubs. Leaves alternate. Flowers single, 
 or in heads ; usually purple. 
 
 1. CAMPANULA. Linn. Bell-flower. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, 5-cleft. Stamens 5, with the 
 filaments broadest at the base. Stigma 4 or 5-parted. Cap- 
 sule 3 5-celled, opening by perforations towards the base. 
 Named from the usual form of the corolla, Campana, a bdl. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. C. ratundifolia, Linn. Round-leaved Bell-flower or Hare- 
 bell. Radical leaves heart or kidney-shaped ; stem leaves linear, 
 entire, Br. Fl. \.p. 100. E. Fl. v. i. p. 287. E. Bot. t. 866. 
 
 Dry and hilly pastures, borders of fields and wall-tops, abundant, 
 sometimes varying with white flowers, instead of blue, the usual colour. 
 Fl. July Sept. 1 . Panicle of few flowers, lax. Flowers droop- 
 ing. Whole plant slender and graceful. 
 
 2. C. latifolia, Linn. Giant Bell-flower. Leaves roughish, 
 ovato-lanceolate; stem unbranched, round; stalks single-flowered ; 
 fruit drooping. Br. Fl. 1. p. 101. E. Fl. v. i. p. 290. E. 
 Bot. t. 302. 
 
 Moist shady woods. Woods by the river Barrow, above New Ross. 
 FL July, Aug. 1. From two to three feet high. Corolla very 
 large, blue, (sometimes white in gardens and in woods in Scotland.) 
 This is the most stately of our species. 
 
 E 
 
138 LOBELIACE.E. [Jasione. 
 
 3. C. Trachelium, Linn. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower. Stem an- 
 gular ; leaves lanceolate, partly heart-shaped, sharply serrated, 
 bristly as well as the calyx: stalks axillary, with few flowers. 
 Br. FL I. p. 102. E. Fl. v. i. p. 292. E. Bot. t. 12. 
 
 Found in a lane between Glasnevin and Finglass, above thirty years 
 ago, by the late Doctor Brinkley, Bishop of Cloyne, according 
 to Mr. Templeton, who also found it about the same time, by the 
 river-side below Innistiogue, County of Kilkenny. Fl. July, Aug. 1 
 Leaves much like those of the common Nettle, whence the name. 
 
 4. C. hederacea, Linn. Ivy-leaved Bell- flower. Stem flaccid, 
 much branched, procumbent; leaves stalked, smooth, heart- 
 shaped, with angular lobes. Br. FL 1. p. 102. E. FL v. \.p. 
 293. E. Bot. t. 73. 
 
 Moist shady banks and open situations, on a light sandy or gravelly 
 soil. On the Sugar-loaf Mountain, County of Wicklow ; Doctor 
 Stokes and Mr. John Nuttall. Near Bandon, County of Cork, and 
 in Glencree, between Enniskerry and Lough Bray near the Copse- 
 wood, abundant. Fl. July, Aug. %. A most graceful little plant, 
 growing in lax tufts. Peduncles long, slender, mostly terminal. 
 Flowers half an inch or more in length, at first drooping, then erect ; 
 pale purplish-blue. 
 
 ORD. 38. LOBELIACE./E. Lindl. Lobelia Family. 
 
 Calyx superior, 5-lobed, or entire. Corolla monopetalous, 
 irregular, inserted in the calyx, 5-lobed, or deeply 5-cleft. Sta- 
 mens 5, inserted into the calyx alternately with the lobes of the 
 corolla ; anthers cohering ; pollen oval. Ovarium inferior, with 
 from one to three cells ; ovula very numerous, attached either to 
 the axis or the lining ; style simple ; stigma surrounded by a 
 cup-like fringe. Fruit capsular, 1 or more-celled, many- 
 seeded, dehiscing at the apex. Seeds attached either to the 
 lining or the axis of the pericarpium ; embryo straight, in the 
 axis of fleshy albumen ; radicle pointing to the hilum. Her- 
 baceous plants or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without stipulce. 
 Flowers axillary or terminal. 
 
 1. JASIONE. Linn. Sheep's-bit. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, with a very short tube, and five 
 long linear segments. Stigma bifid. Capsule 2-celled. Flowers 
 collected within a many-leaved involucre. Name, supposed 
 from iov, a violet, from the blue colour of the flowers, applied 
 by Pliny to some esculent plant. Pentandria. Mouogynia. 
 1. J. montana, Linn. Annual Sheep's-bit or Sheep's Scabious. 
 
 Leaves linear, waved, hispid; peduncles solitary, elongated. 
 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 99. E. FL v. \. p. 296. E. Bot. t. 882. 
 
Fedia.] VALERIANS. 139 
 
 Dry heathy pastures, in a light gravelly soil. Fl. June, July. Q. 
 Stem six to ten inches high, branched. Flowers bright blue, in ter- 
 minal, dense, hemispherical heads, surrounded by a many leaved invo- 
 lucre. Calyx small, superior, five-toothed. Corolla in five deep and 
 narrow segments. Anthers united at the base. 
 
 2. LOBELIA. Linn. Lobelia. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, cleft longitudinally 
 on the upper side. Anthers united. Stigma hairy. Capsule 
 2 3 celled, the upper free part 2-valved. Named in honour 
 of Matthias Lobel, or L Obel, a Fleming, but naturalized in 
 England, where he published several learned botanical 
 works. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. L. Dortmanna, Linn. Water Lobelia. Leaves linear, 
 entire, of two longitudinal cells ; stem nearly naked. Br. FL 
 1. p. 99. E. Fl v. 1. p. 297. E. Bot. t. 240. 
 
 Margins of lakes with clear gravelly bottoms. Plentiful at Glande- 
 lagh and Lough Dan, County of Wicklow ; lake at the base of the 
 Mourne Mountains ; lakes of Killarney, &c. Fl. July, Aug. Tf. 
 Leaves two to three inches long, a little recurved, formed of two 
 parallel tubes or cells. Scape, or almost leafless stem, flowering above 
 water, a foot or more high, according to the depth of the water. 
 Flowers pale blue, drooping. Fruit erect. 
 
 ORD. 39. VALERIANE^E. D C. Valerian Family. 
 
 Tube of the calyx adnate with the ovary ; limb toothed or 
 parted, or at first involute, and afterwards expanding into a 
 feathery pappus. Corolla tubular, funnel-shaped, often 5-lobed, 
 rarely 3 4-lobed, the lobes obtuse, the tube equal or gibbous, 
 or spurred at the base. Stamens 1 5, inserted into the tube 
 of the corolla, alternate with its lobes when of the same 
 number : anthers ovate, 2-celled. Style filiform ; stigmas 
 2 3, distinct or combined. Fruit membranaceous or bony, 
 indehiscent, crowned with the more or less persistent limb of 
 the calyx, 3-celled, with two cells empty ; or only one. Seed 
 solitary, pendulous, without albumen. Embryo straight; ra- 
 dicle superior ; cotyledons flat. Annual or perennial herbs. 
 Leaves opposite, without stipules, entire or pinnated* 
 
 1. FEDIA. Vahl. Corn-Salad. 
 
 Calyx small, unequally toothed, crowning the fruit. Corolla 
 monopetalous, 5-cleft, gibbous at the base. Capsule indehis- 
 cent, 3-celled, 3-seeded ; two cells generally abortive. 
 Name of Adanson, but whose meaning is not accurately 
 known : according to Smith, Fedus is synonymous with 
 Hcedus, a hid. Triandria. Monogynia. 
 
140 DIPSACEjE. [Vakriana. 
 
 1. F. olitoria, Vahl. Common Corn- Salad, or Lamb's Let- 
 tuce. Capsule subglobose, inflated, with three obscure in- 
 flexed teeth, glabrous; flowers capitate. Br. Fl. I. p. 15. E. 
 Fl. v.l. p. 45. Vakriana Locus fa, E. Bot. #.811. 
 
 Banks and corn fields, in a light soil, frequent. Corn fields at Howth ; 
 Portmarnock, Feltrnm Hill, and many other parts of the country. Fl. 
 April June. 0. Three inches to a foot high, dichotomous, more or 
 less rough. Root-leaves spathulate, those of the stem oblong, obtuse, 
 entire, or with the upper ones a little toothed. Flowers pale" blue, in 
 terminal compact head?, at the base of which are linear-oblong, often 
 divided bracteas, forming a kind of involucre. 
 
 2. F. dentata, Vahl. Smooth narrow-fruited Corn- Salad. 
 Capsule ovate, acuminate, glabrous, ribbed, with one large and 
 two smaller upright teeth ; flowers corymbose ; peduncles with 
 a sessile axillary flower. Br. Fl. I. p. 15. E. Fl. v. \.p. 45. 
 Vakriana dentata, E. Bot. t. 1370. 
 
 Corn fields and dry banks, less frequent than the last. Near Monks- 
 town, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drunimond. On the Curren of 
 Larne ; Mr. Templeton. Abundant about Oldcastle and at Lisna- 
 brin, County of Cavan ; Jiev. Mr. Halpin. In Farnham demesne ; 
 Mrs. E. Tenant. Fl. June, July. 0. Leaves narrower than in the 
 foregoing. Flowers smaller, purplish, almost all from the forks of the 
 smooth stem. Capsules not inflated or lobed. Crown of three, 
 scarcely more, erect, unequal teeth, one much the largest. 
 
 2. VALERIAN A. Linn. Valerian. 
 
 Calyx a thickened margin to the top of the germen, at length 
 unfolding into a feathery pappus. Corolla monopetalous, 
 5-cleft, gibbous or spurred at the base. Fruit 1-seeded, 
 crowned with the feathery pappus. Name from Valeo, to 
 be powerful, on account of the medicinal effects. 
 
 Triandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. V. rubra, Linn. Red Valerian. Corolla with a long 
 spur ; stam. one ; leaves ovato-lanceolate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 14. 
 E. Fl. v. 1. p. 42. E. Bot. t. 1532. Centranthus latifolius, 
 Dufresne^ Lindl. 
 
 Tops of old walls, occasionally. Fl. June Sept. 1 . 
 
 2. V. officinalis, Linn. Great wild Valerian. Corolla gib- 
 bous at the base; leaves all pinnated; leaflets lanceolate, 
 nearly uniform, serrated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 15. E. Fl. v. 1. p. 
 43. E. Bot. t. 698, 
 
 Ditches, sides of rivers, and woods, abundant. Fl. June, July. 1 . 
 Roots tuberous, warm, aromatic, and employed in medicine. 
 
 ORD. 40. DIPSACE.E. Juss. Teasel Family. 
 Tube of the calyx adnate with the ovary : the limb various, 
 
Scabioia.\ DIPSACE.E. 141 
 
 short or elongated, entire, toothed, or often ending in hairy or 
 feathery and pappus-like bristles. Corolla of one petal, in- 
 serted at the mouth of the tube of the calyx, rarely ringent, 
 often somewhat unequal, 4 5-cleft. Stamens 4, inserted into 
 the tube of the corolla, alternate with its lobes, almost always 
 distinct : anthers 2-celled. Style filiform : stigma simple, 
 longitudinal or capitate. Fruit indehiscent, membranaceous, 
 or somewhat bony, crowned with the limb of the calyx, often 
 covered by an involucellum or outer calyx, 1-celled, 1 -seeded. 
 Seed pendulous. Albumen fleshy. Embryo straight : radicle 
 superior. Herbaceous plants or under shrubs. Leaves opposite 
 or whorled. Flowers collected upon a common receptacle, and 
 surrounded by a many-leaved involucrum. 
 
 1. DIPSACUS. Linn. Teasel. 
 
 Involucellum with four sides, and eight little excavations. 
 Calyx with a somewhat cyathiform limb. Stigma longitu- 
 dinal. Leaflets of the involucre longer than the bracteae. 
 Receptacle with spiny paleae. Name from Setyaw, to be 
 thirsty ; the upper connate leaves containing water in their 
 hollows. Tetrandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. D. sylvestris, Linn. Wild Teasel. Leaves opposite, 
 rarely connate ; scales of the receptacle straight at the extre- 
 mity ; involucre curved upwards. Br. Fl. 1. p. 60. E. Fl.v. 
 1. p. 193. E. Bot. t. 1032. 
 
 Borders of fields, hedge banks, and way-sides, frequent. Plentiful 
 at the black quarries near Clontarf Crescent, and other places on the 
 north side of Dublin. Fl. July. $ . Heads large, encompassed and 
 overtopped by the long leafy involucrum. This is supposed to be the 
 origin of the cultivated Teasel, (D. fullonum,) which differs from it 
 in having the leaves more regularly connate and the scales of the calyx 
 hooked at the points. 
 
 2. SCABIOSA. Linn. Scabious. 
 
 Involucellum nearly cylindrical, with eight little excavations. 
 Calyx with a limb consisting of five setae, occasionally partially 
 abortive. Coulter. Name from Scabies, leprosy ; an infu- 
 sion or decoction of some of the species having formerly 
 been employed in curing cutaneous diseases. 
 
 Tetrandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. S. succisa, Linn. Devits-bit Scabious. Corolla in four 
 equal segments ; heads nearly globular ; stem-leaves distantly 
 toothed. Br. Fl. 1. p. 61. E. FL v. i. p. 194. E. Bot. t. 
 
 878. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, common. Fl. July, Aug. % .Root as if 
 cut off abruptly, or bitten, (radix pramorsaj. Ste*ns nearly simple. 
 
H2 COMPOSITE. [Eupatorium. 
 
 Leaves hairy, rather stiff ; radical ones ovate, mostly petiolate, those 
 of the stem oblong-. Flowers purplish blue, often white. 
 
 3. KNAUTIA. Linn. Knautia. 
 
 Involucellum compressed, with four little excavations, closely 
 surrounding the fruit, placed on a short stalk. Calyx with 
 a somewhat cup-shaped limb. Name, in honour of Christo- 
 pher Knaut, a botanist of Saxony, who flourished in the 
 latter half of the seventeenth century. 
 
 Tetrandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. K. arvensis, Coulter. Field Knautia or Scabious. Heads 
 many-flowered ; teeth of the crown very small ; ciliae of the 
 calyx 8 16, somewhat awned. Coulter. Br. Fl. J. p. 60. 
 Scabiosa arvensis. E. Fl. v. 1. p. 195. E. Bot. t. 659. 
 
 Pastures and corn fields, frequent. FL July. %. Two to three 
 feet high. Radical leaves lanceolate, slightly serrate, hairy. Heads 
 of flowers large, convex, lilac-purple ; outer florets large, with their 
 segments unequal, the lower ones very large, and forming a sort of ray 
 around the head ; inner florets with equal segments. Sir J. E. Smith 
 states that the fine pale purple flowers of this plant change to a most 
 beautiful green if held for a few minutes over the smoke of tobacco. 
 
 ORD. 41. COMPOSITE. Juss. Composite Family. 
 
 Tube of the calyx adnate with the ovary ; the limb entire or 
 toothed, or resembling scales, or mostly expanded into a simple 
 or feathery pappus, sometimes wanting. Corolla regular and 
 funnel-shaped, or irregular and ligulate, sometimes 2-lipped, ge- 
 nerally 4 5-toothed. Stamens 4 or 5, alternate with the teeth 
 of the corolla : anthers cohering in a cylinder. Ovary 1, 1- 
 celled, with a single erect ovule ; style 1 ; stigmas simple or 
 bifid. Fruit an achenium, crowned with the limb of the calyx 
 or pappus. Seed erect, without albumen. Embryo straight ; 
 radicle directed to the hilum. 
 
 Tribe I. Corymbiferce. Juss. 
 
 Flowers flosculous, or radiant. Receptacle membranous, or 
 not fleshy. Stigmata not articulated with the style. 
 
 1. EUPATORIUM. Linn. Hemp-agrimony. 
 
 Involucre cylindrical ; scales imbricated, oval-oblong. Florets 
 few, all tubular. Receptacle naked. Pappus pilose. 
 Name ; from Eupator, the surname of Mithridates, King of 
 Pontus, who brought this plant into use. 
 
 Syngenesia. ^Equalis. 
 
Pulicaria.] COMPOSITE. 
 
 1. E. cannabinum, Linn. Common Hemp-agrimony. Leaves 
 in three, or five, deep lanceolate segments ; the middle one 
 longest. Br. Fl. 1. p. 354. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 400. E. Bot. 
 t. 428. 
 
 Banks of rivers and watery places, common. FL July, Aug. 1 . 
 Stem three to four feet high, branched. Leaves downy. Flowers 
 very numerous, thickly crowded in terminal corymbs, of a pale reddish 
 purple. Style longer than the corolla, deeply cleft. Plant slightly 
 aromatic. 
 
 2. INULA. Linn. Elecampane. 
 
 Involucre imbricated, its scales spreading ; outer ones, especi- 
 ally, foliaceous. Anthers with bristles at their base. Recep- 
 tacle naked. Pappus simple. Flowers yellow. Name ; 
 said to be the same as Helenium, having sprung from the 
 tears of Helen. Syngenesia. Superftua. 
 
 1. I. Helenium, Linn. Elecampane. Leaves ovate, rugged, 
 clasping the stem, downy beneath. Br. Fl. 1. p. 362. E. Fl. 
 v. iii. p. 440. E. Bot. t. 1546. 
 
 Moist meadows, rare. At Calnafersy, near Killarney. On high 
 ground between Miltown and Tralee ; Dr. George Clarke. Sea- 
 shore near Bantry, and by the Sullane river, County of Cork ; Mr. J. 
 Drummond. Banks of a rivulet near Glenarm ; Mr. Templeton. 
 Devinish Island, near Enniskillen ; Mr. J. Johnston. Fl. July, Aug. 
 1. Three to five feet high. Flowers large, terminal, solitary, with 
 many narrow, tricuspidate, yellow rays. 
 
 3. LIMBARDA. Adans. Golden-Samphire. 
 
 Involucre with imbricated, narrow scales. Anthers with bristles 
 at the base. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple, rough. 
 Named from Limbarde, as the plant is called in some parts 
 of France. Syngenesia. Superftua. 
 
 1. L. crithmoides. Golden- Samphire. Leaves linear, 
 fleshy, generally 3-toothed at the extremity. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 363. Limbarda tricuspis, Cassini. Lindl. Inula crith- 
 moides, Linn.E. Fl. v. iii. p. 442. E. Bot. t. 68. 
 
 Sea-shore on the south side of the Hill of Howth, in muddy places ; 
 on steep banks, and in crevices of rocks, below the Rev. Doctor Mac 
 Donnell's cottage, on the south side of Killiney Hill, and on Lambay 
 Island, abundant. Fl. Aug. Sept. 1 . One foot high, a little branched 
 at the summit, each branch bearing a solitary flower. In habit very 
 different from the preceding genus, as it is from the following. 
 
 4. PULICARIA. Gertn. Flea-bane. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical, closely imbricated with narrow scales. 
 Anthers with bristles at the base. Pappus double; outer 
 
144 COMPOSITE. [Erigeron. 
 
 one short, cup-shaped, membranous, toothed : inner long, 
 rough. Flowers yellow. Name ; pulex, a flea, an insect 
 which this plant is supposed to drive away by its powerful 
 smell. Syngenesia. Superflua. 
 
 1. P. dysenterica, Cassini. Common Flea-bane. Leaves 
 oblong, downy, clasping the stem with their heart-shaped 
 base ; stem woolly, panicled ; scales of the involucre bristle- 
 shaped, hairy. Br. FL 1. p. 363. Inula dysenterica, Linn. 
 E. FL v. iii. p. 440. E. Bot. t. 1115. 
 
 Moist and watery soils, common near Dublin arid many other 
 places. FL Aug. 1 . About a foot high, terminating in a corymb of 
 yellow flowers. Linnaeus, in FL Suec. ed. 2. p. *294, records, on the 
 authority of General Keith, that it cured the Russian army of dysentry 
 hence the specific name. 
 
 5. ASTER. Linn. Starwort. 
 
 Involucre imbricated, the lowermost scales spreading (except 
 in A. Tripolium). Receptacle naked. Pappus sessile, sim- 
 ple. Florets of the disk yellow, of the ray purple or white. 
 Name; Aster a star, which the flowers resemble. 
 
 Syngenesia. Superflua. 
 
 1. A. Tripolium, Linn. Sea Starwort. Herbaceous, co- 
 rymbose : leaves lanceolate, entire, fleshy, smooth, obscurely 
 3-ribbed; scales of involucre obtuse, somewhat membranous. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 362. E. FL v. iii. p. 436. E. Bot. t. 87. 
 
 Salt marshes, frequent. Fl. Aug. Sept. 1. One to two feet high, 
 somewhat glaucous. Flowers rather large, disk yellow, rays blue, in 
 some flowers wanting. 
 
 6. ERIGERON. Linn. Flea-bane. 
 
 Involucre imbricated with numerous linear scales. Receptacle 
 naked. Florets of the ray numerous, very narrow, (mostly 
 of a different colour from the disk.) Pappus simple. 
 Name ; e/?t, early, and <yepwv, an old man : from the bald 
 heads of the receptacles, after the flowers and fruit have 
 fallen. Syngenesia. Superflua. 
 
 \. E. acris, Linn. Blue Flea-bane. Stem nearly racemose ; 
 stalks mostly single-flowered ; leaves lanceolate or tongue- 
 shaped, sessile ; radius erect, scarcely taller than the seed 
 down. Br. FL 1. p. 358. E. FL v. iii. p. 442. E. Bot. 
 t. 158. 
 
 Dry gravelly pastures and old walls. Gravelly banks near the 
 Grand Canal, a mile from Lucan ; banks of the Dodder above Tem- 
 pleogue, and various other places. FL Aug. $ . One foot high or 
 more ; whole plant scabrous, hispid, erect, panicled above and leafy. 
 Flowers pedunculated, from the axils of their leaves, and terminal. 
 
GnaphaKum.] COMPOSITE. 145 
 
 Leaves below tapering- into a footstalk. Florets of the disk 
 of the ray ligulate, purplish. Pappus very long and tawny. 
 
 7. SOLIDAGO. Linn. Golden-rod. 
 
 Involucre closely imbricated. Receptacle naked, pitted, down 
 simple. Florets of the ray few. Name ; solidari, to unite, 
 from the vulnerary qualities of the plant. 
 
 Syngencsia. Superflua. 
 
 1. S. Virgaurea^ Linn. Common Golden-rod. Caulinc 
 leaves lanceolate, the lower ones elliptical ; racemes panicled, 
 erect, crowded. Br. Fl. 1. p. 362. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 4138. E. 
 Bot. .301. 
 
 ft. small, with broader radical leaves. S. cambrica, ffuds. 
 
 Woods and heaths, frequent. . on Mangerton and other moun- 
 tains in Kerry, &c. Fl. July Sept. 1. Lower leaves broad, 
 stalked ; very variable in regard to size, and the more or less compact 
 inflorescence. 
 
 8. GNAPHALIUM. Linn. Cudweed. 
 
 Involucre imbricated, with (often) coloured, membranous scales. 
 Receptacle naked. Florets of the circumference subulate ; 
 some of the centre occasionally abortive. Pappus rough or 
 feathery. Name ; ^vaffraKov, soft down, or ivool, with which 
 the leaves are clothed. Syngenesia. Superflua. 
 
 * Flowers dioecious. (Antennaria. Gcertn.) 
 
 1. G. dioicum, Linn. Mountain Oudweed. Shoots procum- 
 bent; stems simple ; corymbs crowded ; root-leaves spathulate ; 
 flowers dio2cious ; inner scales of the involucre elongated, ob- 
 tuse, coloured. Br. Fl. \. p. 356. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 413. E. 
 Bot. t. 267. 
 
 Mountain heaths, and sandy commons, frequent. Plentiful at Port- 
 marnock, and on mountainous heaths all over the country. Fl. June, 
 July. 1. Flowering stems three or four inches high. Leaves 
 greenish above, white beneath. Inner scales of the involucre often 
 rose-coloured, especially in the fertile flower. 
 
 2. G. margaritaceuniy Linn. American Cudweed, Pearly 
 Everlasting. Herbaceous ; stem branched above ; leaves li- 
 near-lanceolate, acute, alternate, cottony especially beneath ; 
 flowers corymbose, level-topped. Br. Fl. I. p. 356. E. Fl. 
 v. iii. p. 412. E. Bot. t. 2018. 
 
 On old ditch banks near Miltown, County of Kerry. Near Bur.dou ; 
 Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. Aug. 1. 
 
 s|c sjc Flowers perfect. 
 
 3. G. sylvaticum, Linn. Highland Cudweed. Stem simple, 
 
1 46 COMPOSITE. [ Senecio. 
 
 nearly erect, downy ; flowers axillary, forming an interrupted 
 leafy spike ; leaves linear-lanceolate, downy. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 357. 
 
 at. leaves woolly on both sides. G. sylvaticum, E. BoL t. 
 913. E. Fl v. iii. p. 414. 
 
 p. leaves nearly glabrous above, spike longer, more inter- 
 rupted. G. rectum, Huds.E. Bot. t. 124. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 
 415. 
 
 . On Lettery mountain, Cunnamara. 0. on dry upland pastures, 
 and sometimes on low grounds, not unfrequent all over the country. 
 Fl. Aug. 1. Scales of the involucre oblong, shining, with a broad 
 brown border. 
 
 4. G. uliginosum, Linn. Marsh Cudweed. Stem very 
 much branched, diffuse, woolly ; leaves linear-lanceolate, downy ; 
 flowers in terminal crowded clusters, which are shorter than the 
 leaves. Br. Fl. 1. p. 357. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 416. E. Bot. t. 
 1194. 
 
 Sandy and wet places ; especially where water stands in winter. Fl. 
 Aug. Sept. 0. A span high, much branched. Flowers two or three 
 together within the closely placed upper leaves, small, sessile, forming 
 oblong clusters at the extremity of the branches. Scales of the invo- 
 lucre yellowish-brown, shining, glabrous. 
 
 5. G. minimum, Sm. Least Cudweed. Stem erect, branched ; 
 branches spreading ; leaves lanceolate, acute, cottony ; flowers 
 conical, clustered, lateral and terminal ; clusters longer than 
 the leaves. Br. Fl. 1. p. 357. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 417. E. Bot. t. 
 1157. Filag o minima, Linn. 
 
 Dry gravelly places. In a field between the Dargle and Powers- 
 court. FL July, Aug. 0. Stems four to six inches high, slender, 
 branched above in a dichotomous manner. Involucres downy, broad 
 at the base. Florets yellowish. 
 
 6. G. germanicum, Huds. Common Cudweed. Stem erect, 
 proliferous at the summit ; leaves lanceolate, downy, acute ; 
 heads globose in the axils of the branches and terminal. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 358. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 418. E. Bot. t. l946.Filago 
 germanica, Linn. 
 
 Sandy and gravelly places, not unfrequent. Fl. June, July. 0. 
 Stem six to eight inches high, erect, very leafy, terminated by a globular 
 head of small, ovate flowers, from beneath which spring two, three, 
 or more horizontal branches, in a proliferous manner, each terminated 
 by a head of flowers. Scales of the involucre yellowish, shining, very 
 acute, submucronate. 
 
 9. SENECIO. Linn. Groundsel. 
 
 Involucre cylindrical, its scales linear, equal, with several 
 smaller ones at the base, their tips often brown. Receptacle 
 
Senecio.} COMPOSITE. 147 
 
 naked. Flowers discoid or radiant. Pappus simple, sessile. 
 Name ; senex, an old man. See Erigeron. 
 
 Syngenesia. Superflua. 
 
 s|c Flowers without rays. 
 
 1. S. vwgarig, Linn. Common Groundsel. Leaves pinna- 
 tifid, toothed, clasping at the base ; flowers in clustered corymbs, 
 destitute of a ray. Br. Fl. I. p. 360. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 428. E. 
 Bot. t. 747. 
 
 Waste ground, fields, and hedges. FL all summer. Q. A span 
 to a foot high. Flowers small, yellow. 
 
 * * Flowers rayed, with the ray rolled back. 
 
 2. S. viscosus, Linn. Stinking Groundsel. Ray revolute; 
 leaves pinnatifid and viscid ; scales of the involucre lax, hairy ; 
 stem branching, diffuse. Br. Fl. 1. p. 3GO. E.FLv.in.p. 
 429. E. Bot. t. 32. 
 
 Waste and sandy grounds near Dublin, as well as about Cork, Bel- 
 fast, and other places. FL July, Aug. 0. Stems one to two feet 
 high, much branched and spreading ; remarkable for its viscid hairs and 
 fetid smell. 
 
 3. S. sylvaticus, Linn. Mountain Groundsel. Ray revo- 
 lute ; leaves sessile, pinnatifid, lobed and toothed, often eared 
 at the base ; outer scales of the involucre very short, glabrous ; 
 stem erect, straight; flowers corymbose. Br. Fl. 1.^.360. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 430. E. Bot. t. 748. 
 
 Waste grounds and dry upland mossy soils. Tittour, near Round- 
 wood. Waste ground near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Near Lame; 
 Mr. Templeton. FL July 0. One foot high. Leaves finely divided. 
 Plant with a disagreeable smell, but not so powerful as S. viscosus. 
 
 * * * Flowers with patent rays. Leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 4. S. tenuifolius, Jacq. Hoary Ragwort. Ray spreading, 
 its corollas oblong; leaves closely pinnatifid, their margins 
 somewhat revolute, pale and downy beneath ; stem erect, 
 loosely cottony ; all the fruit hairy. Br. Fl. 1. p. 361. E. Fl. 
 v. iii. p. 432. E. Bot. t. 574. 
 
 Hedges and road-sides, both on the north and south side of Dublin, 
 frequent. FL July, Aug. 1. Allied to the following. Leaves 
 deeply pinnatifid, dark green above, whitish beneath. Flowers bright 
 yellow. 
 
 5. S. Jacobeea, Linn. Common Ragwort. Ray spreading, 
 oblong, toothed ; leaves doubly pinnatifid, somewhat lyrate, 
 with spreading, toothed, smooth segments; seeds of the disk 
 silky. Br. Fl. 1. p. 361. E. Fl. v. Ill p. 433. E. Bot. t. 
 1130. 
 
148 COMPOSITE. [Petasiies. 
 
 Way-sides and neglected pastures, too frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 
 %. Stems two to three feet high, striated, branched. Flowers large, 
 golden yellow. 
 
 6. S. aquations, Huds. Marsh Ragwort. Ray spreading, 
 elliptic-oblong, toothed ; leaves lyrate, serrated, the lowermost 
 obovate and undivided; fruit all smooth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 361. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 434. E. Bot. t. 1311. 
 
 Wet places, and by the sides of rivers and ditches. Fl. July, Aug. 
 If. Flowers larger than the last. 
 
 >je jjc # sfc Flowers rayed. Leaves undivided. 
 
 7. S. saracenicus, Linn. Broad-leaved Groundsel. Ray 
 spreading, nearly entire ; flowers corymbose ; leaves lanceolate, 
 serrated, minutely downy ; stem solid. Br. Fl. 1. p. 362. E. 
 FLv. iii. p. 435. E.Bot. t. 2211. 
 
 Woods near Bmtry ; Mr. J. Drummond. On the ruins of Gleri- 
 luce Castle, County of Antrim ; Mr. Templtton. Fl. July, Aug. !{.. 
 Three to five feet high, scarcely branched, corymbose at top. A doubt- 
 ful native. 
 
 10. TUSSILAGO. Linn. Colt's-foot. 
 
 Involucre formed of a simple row of equal, linear scales. Re- 
 ccptacle naked, flowers radiant. Corollas of the circum- 
 ference long, linear, numerous ; of the disk few. Pappus 
 simple. Scape single flowered. Name altered from Tu&sis> 
 a cough, in the cure of which the plant has been employed. 
 
 Syngenesia. Svperflua. 
 
 1. T. Farfara, Linn. CoUs-foot. Scape single flowered, 
 imbricated with scales; leaves cordate, angular, toothed, 
 downy beneath. Br. Fl. I. p. 359. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 425. E. 
 Bot. t. 429. 
 
 Moist and clayey soils, too abundant. Fl. March, April, before the 
 loaves appear. 11. Fkivjrs yellow ; florets of th disk few. The 
 leaves have been used medicinally, as an infusion, or smoked like to- 
 baccc, for the relief of asthma* 
 
 11. PETASITES. Desf. Butter-bur. 
 
 Nearly dicecious. Involucre imbricated with two rows of lan- 
 ceolate scales. Flowers not radiant. Pappus simple. Scape 
 many-flowered. Name, Trerao-os, a covering to the head, or 
 an umbrella ; from the great size of its foliage. 
 
 Sijngencsia. Svperflua. 
 
 1. P. vulgaris, Desf. Butter-bur. Thyrsus dense, oblong ; 
 leaves cordate, unequally toothed, downy beneath, the lobes 
 approximate. Br. FL \.p. 359. T. Petasiks, Hoppe. E. FL 
 v. iii. /A 425. -. Flowers sterile, bearing anthers, rarely seed. 
 
Pyret/u-um.] COMPOSITE. 119 
 
 T. Petasites, Linn.E. Bot. t. 431. p. Flowers fertile, bearing 
 seed, rarely stamens. T. hybrida, Linn. E. Bot. t. 430. 
 
 Wet meadows to which it is very injurious, and river-sides. FL 
 April, May, before the leaves appear. 1. Root extensively creeping, 
 and thus multiplying the plant. Leaves very large. Flowers of a 
 pale flesh colour ; smaller, more lax, and in a longer thyrsus in the fer- 
 tile plant. Dr. Hooker remarks, that Mr. Wilson who studies nature 
 deeply, suggested to him the propriety of distinguishing this as a 
 genus from T. Farfara, without being aware that it had been already 
 done by Desfontaines, and confirmed by Cassini, and further states, 
 that the early flowering of this plant induces the Swedish farmers to 
 plant it near their bee-hives, and that we see in our gardens the bees 
 collected on its affinities, P. albus, and fragrans ; at a season when 
 scarcely any other flowers are expanded. 
 
 12. BELLIS. Linn. Daisy. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical, simple, its scales all equal in length. 
 
 Receptacle naked, conical. Pappus none. Named from 
 
 bellus, pretty. Syiigenesla. Superflua. 
 
 1. B. perenniS) Linn. Common Daisy. Scape naked, 
 single-flowered; leaves spathulate, obovate, crenulated. J8r. 
 FL 1. p. 365. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 447. E. Bot. t. 424. 
 
 Pastures, frequent. Fl. from the early spring to the end of autumn. % . 
 
 13. CHRYSANTHEMUM. Linn. Ox-eye. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical, imbricated with scales whose margins 
 are membranaceous. Receptacle naked. Pappus none. 
 Name; x/ )V<TOS > gold, and avOos, a. flower, from the colour of 
 the blossoms in some of the species. 
 
 Syngenesia. Superflua. 
 
 1. C. LcucantJicmum, Linn. Great Ox-eye Daisy. Leaves 
 clasping the stem, oblong, obtuse, cut, pinnatifid at the base ; 
 radical ones obovate, stalked. Br. Fl. I. p. 365. E. Fl. v. iii. 
 p. 449. E. Bot. t. 601. 
 
 Dry pastures, abundant. Fl. June, July. %. Stems 12 feet high. 
 Flowers large, their dish yellow, the ray white. 
 
 2. C. segetum, Linn. Corn Marigold, yellow Ox-eye. Leaves 
 clasping the stem, glaucous ; jagged upwards; toothed at the 
 base. Br. Fl. 1. p. 365. K Fl. v. iii. p. 449. E. Bot. t. 
 540. 
 
 Corn fields, frequent. Fl. June Aug. Q. One foot or more high. 
 Flowers large, deep yellow. 
 
 14. PYRETHRUM. Hall. Feverfew. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical, imbricated with scales whose margins 
 are membranaceous. Receptacle naked. Fruit crowned with 
 

 150 COMPOSITE. [Matricaria. 
 
 a membranaceous border.- Flowers with, a yellow disk and 
 white ray. This genus is nearly the same as the last Named 
 from its resemblance to the irvpcOpov of Dioscorides, so called 
 from Trvp, ftre y on account of its acrid roots. 
 
 Syngenesia. Superflua. 
 
 1. P. Parthenmm, Sm. Common Feverfew. Leaves stalked, 
 compound, flat; leaflets ovate, cut, the uppermost confluent; 
 flowerstalks corvmbose ; stem erect ; ray shorter than the 
 diameter of the disk. Br. FL 1. p. 365. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 451. 
 E. Bot. t. 1231. Matricaria Parthenium, Linn. 
 
 Waste places, frequent about Dublin. On limestone rocks near 
 Belfast; Mr. Templeton. FL July. !. One foot to two feet high, 
 branched. Disk of the flowers yellow, the ray very short, white. 
 Plant bitter and tonic. 
 
 2. P. inodorum, Sm. Corn Feverfew, or scentless Mayweed. 
 Leaves sessile, bipinnatifid, in numerous, capillary, pointed 
 segments; stem branched, spreading. Br. Fl. 1. p. 365. E. Fl. 
 v. iii. p. 452. E. Bot. t. 676. 
 
 Fields and way*sides, common. FL Aug. Oct. . Stem about one 
 foot high. Flowers large, upon long naked peduncles. Disk very 
 convex ; ray large. Plant slightly aromatic. 
 
 3. P. maritimum, Sm. Sea Feverfew. Leaves sessile, bi- 
 pinnatifid, fleshy, pointless, convex above, keeled beneath ; 
 crown of the seeds lobed ; stems diffuse. Br. FL 1. p. 366. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 452. E. Bot. t. 971. 
 
 Rock-savage near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Near the quay of 
 Killeleagh ; Mr. Templeton. Derry coast ; Mr. D. Moore. Sea 
 side near the base of Brandon, County of Kerry. Fl. July. 1 . It is 
 perennial, and the flowers are smaller than those of P. inodorum ; yet 
 as Dr. Hooker remarks, in the opinion of many acute Botanists it can 
 only be considered a maritime variety of it. 
 
 15. MATRICARIA. Linn. Wild Chamomile. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical, or nearly plane, imbricated with scales 
 whose margins are membranaceous. Receptacle naked, al- 
 most cylindrical. Pappus none. Named from its reputed 
 medical virtues. Syngenesia. Superflua. 
 
 1. M. Chamomilla, Linn. Wild Chamomile. Leaves gla- 
 brous, bipinnatifid, the segments capillary ; involucre nearly 
 plane, its scales obtuse, ifc. Fl. 1. p. 366. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 454. 
 E. Bot. t. 1232. 
 
 Corn fields and waste ground, said to have been found near Raheny. 
 Near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. In a field at Malone, near Belfast ; 
 Mr. Templeton. Fl. Aug. Q.Stem about a foot high, erect and 
 branched. Flowers with a conical disk : the rays very obtuse, truncate 
 and toothed. This has a bitter taste, and a faint but aromatic smell, 
 not unlike that of the true chamomile, Anthemis nobilis. 
 
Tanacetum.] COMPOSIT/E. 151 
 
 16. ARTEMISIA. Linn. Wormwood, Mugwort. 
 
 Involucre ovate or rounded, imbricated. Receptacle naked or 
 hairy. Florets of the ray awl-shaped. Pappus none. 
 Named from Artemis, the Diana of the Greeks. 
 
 Syngenesia. Supcrflua. 
 
 1. A. mnritima, Linn. Sea Wormwood. Erect; leaves 
 downy, bipinnatifid, with linear segments; flowers in racemes, 
 oblong; receptacle naked. Hooker. Br. FL \.p. 355. 
 
 a. racemes drooping. A. maritima t E. Bot. t. 1706. E. FL 
 v. iii. p. 407. 
 
 P. racemes erect. A. gallica, Willd.-^E. Bot. p. 1706. t. 
 1001. (A. mar it.) 
 
 Sea shores and in salt marshes, where the two varieties may be seen 
 growing together, and sometimes from the same root. Hooker. On 
 the sutten side of Howth, and sea shore opposite Fortran the seat of 
 George Evans, Esq. abundant. FL Sept. %. 
 
 2. A. Absinthium, Linn. Common Wormwood. Leaves 
 bipinnatifid, clothed with short silky down ; segments lanceo- 
 late ; flowers hemispherical, drooping ; receptacle hairy. Br. 
 FL 1. p. 355. E. FL v. iii. p. 408. E. Bot. t. 1230. 
 
 Waste places and about villages, in dry soil in many parts of the 
 country. Plentiful near the town of Howth. At Cape-Clear island ; 
 Mr. J. Drummond. FL Aug. If. One to 1^ foot high, erect. Panicle 
 of jftowers erect, leafy. Floral-leaves undivided. Flowers dingy 
 yellow, rather large, hemispherical ; florets of the ray very short. 
 Aromatic and bitter, and has been much employed in medicine. 
 
 3. A. vulgarisj Linn. Mugwort. Leaves pinnatifid, their 
 segments white and downy beneath ; flowers somewhat ra- 
 cemed, ovate. Br. FL 1. p. 356. E. FL v. iii. p. 409. E. 
 Bot. t. 978. 
 
 Hedges and waste places, common. Fl. Au<r. If . Stems 3 4 feet 
 high, furrowed. Segments of the leaves deeply cut, dark green above, 
 white beneath. Flowers woolly, brownish. 
 
 17. TANACETUM. Linn. Tansy. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical, imbricated. Receptacle naked. Florets 
 of the ray trifid, obsolete, sometimes wanting. Fruit crowned 
 with a membranous margin or pappus. Name, altered from 
 Athanasia, being a, not, and Oava-ros, death, or that which 
 does not easily fade. Syngenesia. fyperflua. 
 
 1. T. vulgare, Linn. Common Tansy. Leaves bipinnatifid, 
 inciso-serrate, naked. Br. FL 1. p. 355. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 405. 
 E. Bot. t. 1229. 
 
 Borders of fields, road sides?, and hilly pastures ; generally near 
 towns and village?. FL Aug. %*- One to three feet high. Flowers iii 
 
COMPOSITE. lAnthemis. 
 
 a terminal corymb. Whole plant bitter and aromatic, formerly much 
 used in medicine, and for domestic purposes. The curled variety com- 
 mon in gardens is considered the mildest and most wholesome for use. 
 
 18. ANTHEMIS. Linn. Chamomile. 
 
 Involucre hemispherical, imbricated, with nearly equal scales, 
 whose margins are membranaceous. Receptacle convex, 
 chaffy. Fruit crowned with a membranaceous border or pap- 
 pus. Name; avOcpov, a flower, from the profusion of its blos- 
 soms. Syngenesia. Superflua. 
 
 1. A. nobilis, Linn. Common Chamomile. Leaves bipin- 
 nate, the segments linear-subulate, a little downy ; scales of the 
 receptacle membranaceous, scarcely longer than the disk. 
 Br. PL 1. p. 366. E. Fl. iii. p. 456. E. Bot. t. 980. 
 
 Sandy open fields near Calnafersy, Killarney, and other places in the 
 County of Kerry. Southern and western parts of the County of Cork ; 
 Mr. J. Drummond. On Knock- Cree, near Lough Bray, County of 
 Wicklow ; Mr. James Gunning. Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. FL Aug. 
 1. Stems about a foot long, procumbent and much branched, each 
 branch terminated by a single flower, whose disk is yellow, at length 
 conical, and ray white. The whole plant "is intensely bitter, highly 
 aromatic, and much used in medicine. " Its principal virtues are sup- 
 posed to reside in the involucre or common calyx which surrounds the 
 numerous florets in each head, as it contains an essential oil. The va- 
 riety with double flowers whose yellow tubular florets are entirely, or 
 partially, transformed into white ligulate ones, is commonly cultivated 
 in gardens for use ; although the flowers of those in the natural state 
 are now acknowledged to be stronger." Smith. 
 
 2. A. arvensis, Linn. Corn Chamomile. Leaves bipinna- 
 tifid, their segments linear-lanceolate, pubescent; receptacle 
 conical, its scales lanceolate ; fruit crowned with an entire 
 pappus. Br. Fl. 1. p. 367. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 457. E. Dot. t. 
 602. 
 
 Corn fields and waste ground, but not common. In the Phoenix 
 Park near the Hibernian School, and near Lambeg, County of Down ; 
 Mr. Templeton. FL July, Aug. Q.Slem upright, mu2h branched, and 
 as well as the leaves, hoary with down ; each branch terminating with 
 a single flower, whose disk is yellow, the ray broad and white. 
 
 3. A. Cotula, Linn. Stinking Chamomile. Leaves bipin- 
 natifid, their segments subulate ; receptacle conical, its scales 
 setaceous; pappus none. Br. FL 1. p. 367. E. FL v. iii. p. 
 458. E. Bot. t. 1772. 
 
 Waste places, corn fields, and by way sides. FL July, Aug. Q. 
 Stem a foot or more high, glabrous. Flowers solitary, terminal, 
 their disk convex, pale yellow, ray rather large, white. The whole plant 
 has a fetid smell, and is said to blister the hands of those who gather it. 
 When examined with a microscope, it is found to be sprinkled all over 
 with little glands, in which the acrid matter is probably lodged. Hooker. 
 
Xanthium.] COMPOSITE. 153 
 
 19. ACHILL^EA. Linn. Yarrow. 
 
 Involucre ovate, imbricated. Receptacle plane, chaffy. Florets 
 of the ray 5 10, roundish, obcordate. Pappus none. 
 Name ; its healing virtues were said to be first discovered by 
 Achilles. Syngenesia. Superflua. 
 
 1. A. Ptarmica, Linn. Sneeze-wort. Leaves linear-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, sharply serrated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 367. E. Fl. v. 
 iii. p. 460. E. Bot. t. 757. 
 
 Moist meadows and pastures ; especially in mountainous districts. 
 FL July, Aug. %. Stem 13 feet high, erect, terminating in a rather 
 large corymb, the disk as well as the ray of whose flowers is white. 
 When dried and pulverized, the plant has been employed to excite 
 sneezing. 
 
 2. A. Millefolium, Linn. Common Yarrow or Milfoil. Leaves 
 bipinnate, slightly hairy, their segments linear, toothed, acute ; 
 stems furrowed. Br. Fl. 1. p. 367. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 462. E. 
 Bot. t. 75S. 
 
 Pastures and way sides, common. Fl. all the summer. If. . Flowers 
 small, white, sometimes rose-coloured. 
 
 3. A. tomentosa, Linn. Woolly yellow Milfoil or Yarrow. 
 Leaves bipinnatifid, woolly, the segments crowded, linear, 
 acute ; corymbs repeatedly compound. Br.FL 1. p. 368. E. 
 FL v. iii. p. 462. E. Bot. t. 2532. 
 
 Said to grow in dry hilly pastures in some parts of Scotland. The 
 late Sir James Smith states, that he received it also from Ireland, but 
 does not mention the name of the person who sent it, or where it was 
 found. Fl. Aug. ^. 
 
 20. XANTHIUM. Linn. Bur-weed. 
 
 Barren fl. Involucre, of few scales, with many small, capitate 
 flowers, upon a common receptacle. Calyx none. Corolla 
 obovate, sessile. Anther terminating a tube which is inserted 
 at the base of the corolla. Germen none. The rudiment of 
 a style. Fertile fl. Involucre single, prickly, with two beaks, 
 entirely enclosing two flowers ; the two stigmas only pro- 
 truded from small apertures within the beaks. Calyx none. 
 Corolla none. Fruit 1 -seeded, included in the enlarged and 
 hardened involucre. Name, %avOo<3, yellow* or fair, because 
 an infusion of it was supposed to improve the colour of the 
 hair. Mono2cia. Pentandria. 
 
 1. X. strumarium, Linn. Broad -leaved Bur-weed. Stem 
 
 unarmed ; leaves cordate, three ribbed at the base ; beaks of 
 
 the fruit straight, the prickles hooked. Br. FL 1 . p. 403. E. 
 
 Fl. v. iv. p. 136, E. Bot. t. 2544. 
 
 Said to have been found near Listowel, County of Kerry. Vide, 
 
 T 
 
154 
 
 COM POSITS. [ Saussurea. 
 
 Smith's history of that county. As I found many of the plants men- 
 tioned by him in the places he found them, I have little doubt of his 
 being correct in this instance, although I did not find it when passing 
 rather hurriedly through that part of the country. Fl. Aug. Sept. 0. 
 
 21. BIDENS. Linn. Bur-marigold. 
 
 Involucre of many scales, outer ones or bracteas at the base 
 foliaceous. Receptacle plane, chaffy. Corollas sometimes 
 radiant. Fruit crowned with from 2 5 persistent awns, 
 which are rough with minute, deflexed bristles. Name ; bis, 
 double, and dens, a tooth ; from the two awns or teeth which 
 crown the fruit. Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 1. B. cernua, Linn. Nodding Bur-marigold. Flowers 
 drooping ; bracteas lanceolate, entire, (longer than the invo- 
 lucre); leaves lanceolate, serrated, undivided; bristles of the 
 fruit about three, erect. Br. Fl. I. p. 353. E. Fl. v. hi. p. 
 399. E.Bot.t. 1114. 
 
 Sides of ditches, rivulets and lakes, frequent. Fl. June Aug. 0. 
 One to two feet or more high, branched and slightly hispid. Leaves 
 glabrous, deeply serrated. Flowers large, greenish-yellow. 
 
 2. B. tripartita t Linn. Trifid Bur-marigold. Leaves tri- 
 partite ; leaflets lanceolate, deeply serrated ; bristles of the pe- 
 ricarp 23. Br. Fl. 1. p. 354. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 399. E. Bot. 
 t. 1113. 
 
 Marshy places, sides of pools and lakes, not unfrequent, in various 
 parts of the country. FL July. 0. Readily distinguished by its 
 deeply serrated dark green leaves, which are divided into three or five 
 deep segments. Flowers smaller than the last, slightly drooping. 
 
 Tribe II. Cynvrocephala. Juss. 
 
 Florets all tubular. Receptacle paleaceous. Stigma articu- 
 lated with the apex of the style. Leaves usually spiny. 
 
 22. SAUSSUREA. De Cand. Saussurea. 
 
 Involucre oblong, imbricated with unarmed scales. Receptacle 
 setose or chaffy. Pappus double, sessile ; exterior of short, 
 rough bristles, persistent ; interior feathery, united at the 
 base and deciduous. Named in honour of the two Saussures, 
 Father and Son. Syngenesia. jEqualis. 
 
 1. S. alpina, De Cand. Alpine Saussurea. Leaves toothed, 
 cottony beneath, lanceolate, those of the root ovato-lanceolate, 
 stalked; flowers in a clustered umbel. Br. Fl. 1. p. 349. 
 Serratula alpina, Linn. E. Bot. t. 599. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 383. 
 
 Moist alpine rocks. Cliffs near the summit of Brandon mountain 
 County of Kerry. 1804. Fl. Aug. TS-.Stem 8 to 12 inches high, 
 
Cnicus.'] COMPOSITE. 155 
 
 erect, simple, woolly. Leaves few upon the stem. Flowers rather 
 largo, purple. 
 
 '23. CNICUS. Linn. Plume-thistle. 
 
 Involucre tumid, imbricated with spinous scales. Receptacle 
 hairy. Pappus deciduous, feathery. Name from jcwgw, to 
 prick or wound. Syngenesia. JE quails. 
 
 * Leaves dec ur rent. 
 
 1. C. fanceolatus, Willd. Spear Plume-thistle. Leaves de- 
 current, hispid, pinnatifid, their segments generally two-lobed, 
 spreading, spinous; involucres ovate, tomentose ; their scales 
 lanceolate, spreading. Br. Fl. 1. p. 351. E. Fl. v. nip. 388. 
 Carduus lanceolatus, Linn. E. Bot, 1. 107. 
 
 Way-sides and pastures, common. Fl. July, Aug. $ . Three to four 
 feet high. Leaves downy beneath ; their points long and very sharp. 
 Floivers standing singly, large, purple, rarely white. 
 
 2. C. palustris, Willd. Marsh Plume-thistle. Leaves de- 
 current, hispid, pinnatifid, spinous ; involucres ovate, clustered, 
 their scales ovato-lanceolate, mucronate, appressed. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 351. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 388. Carduus palustris, Linn. E. Bot. 
 t. 974. 
 
 Moist meadows and in ditches by way-sides, frequent. FL July. $ . 
 Four to six feet high, very full of rather short spines, erect. Re- 
 markable for its clustered heads of flowers, whose involucres have the 
 scales broad, appressed, keeled and mucronated. 
 
 sfc * Leaves sessile or nearly so. 
 
 3. C. arvensis, Hoffm. Creeping Plume-thistle. Leaves 
 sessile, pinnatifid, spinous ; stem panicled ; involucre ovate, its 
 scales appressed, mucronated. Br. FL 1. p. 351. E. Fl. v. iii. 
 p. 389. Carduus arvensis, Curt. E. Bot. t. 975.Serratula 
 arvensiS) Linn. 
 
 Fields and by way-sides, too abundant. FL July. 1. One to three 
 feet high. Root very creeping. Stem angular, but riot winged. 
 
 4. C. Forsteri, Sm. Branching Bog Plume-thistle. Leaves 
 slightly decurrent, pinnatifid, spinous, downy beneath ; stem 
 panicled, hollow; involucre ovate, rather cottony ; outer scales 
 spinous. Br. FL 1. p. 351. E. FL v. iii. p. 390. 
 
 In a meadow in Garvagh demesne, and by the side of the river Oann 
 below Coleraine ; Mr.D. Moore. Fl. July, Aug. !. " The fructifi- 
 cation most accords with that of the last two species, while the herbage 
 and habit approach some of the following, or rather the exotic Cnicus 
 rivularis. Willd." Sm. Perhaps only a hybrid between C. palustris 
 and C.pratensis, as Mr. Borrer remarks. 
 
 5. C. eriophorus, Willd. Woolly-headed Plume-thistle. Leaves 
 sessile, pinnatifid, every other segment pointing upwards *pi- 
 
156 COMPOSITE. [Arctium. 
 
 nous, scabrous ; involucres sphaerical, woolly. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 
 351. E. FL v. iii. p. 390. Carduus eriophorus, Linn. E. 
 Hot. t. 386. 
 
 Sandy fields, rare, near Londonderry ; Mr. Nultall. Fl. July. $ . 
 Stems much branched, three feet high, the stoutest of the genus, fur- 
 rowed. Leaves acuminated, white and downy beneath ; their lobes 
 alternately pointing upwards and downwards, and terminated by sharp 
 spines. Involucre very large, its scales linear, mucronate, very much 
 interwoven with a woolly substance. 
 
 6. C. pratensis, Willd. Meadow Plume-thistle. Upper 
 leaves sessile, lanceolate, soft, waved at the edge, and unequally 
 spinous, pubescent, cottony beneath; flowers mostly solitary. 
 Br. Fl. ]. p. 352. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 393. Carduus pratensis, 
 Huds.E.Bot. t. 177. 
 
 Low wet meadows, more rarely in high boggy grounds, in various 
 parts of the country. Glen-Cree, County of Wicklow, and near Castle- 
 Connel, County of 'Limerick. Near Dungiven and elsewhere in Derryj; 
 Mr. Templeton. Plentiful in the County of Fermanagh ; Mr. J. 
 Johnston. FL July. !. A foot or more high. Leaves waved, .toothed, 
 and spiny. Flowers solitary. Scales of the involucre with short 
 spines, lanceolate, closely imbricated, cobwebbed. 
 
 24. CARLINA. Linn. Carline Thistle. 
 
 Involucre imbricated, tumid; the outer scales with numerous 
 spines, the inner ones coloured, spreading, membranous. 
 Receptacle chaffy. Pappus feathery. Name; the same as 
 Carolina, from a tradition that the root was shown by an angel 
 to Charlemagne, as a remedy for the plague which prevailed 
 in his army. Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 I. C. vulgaris, Linn. Common Carline Thistle. Stem 
 many-flowered, corymbose, pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, un- 
 equally spinous and sinuated, downy beneath. Br. Fl. I. p. 353. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 397. E. Bot.t. 1144. 
 
 Dry hilly pastures, fields, and sandy commons. Plentiful on 
 Howth, Portmarnock and other places' near Dublin. Little-island, 
 near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. FL June. $ . One foot high ; 
 very spinous, but the spines generally short. Ext. scales or leaflets of 
 the involucre much resembling the leaves, but smaller ; inner ones 
 linear, membranous, yellow, entire, spreading and forming an horizontal 
 ray around the purplish florets. Anthers with two bristles at the base. 
 
 25. ARCTIUM. Linn. Burdock. LAPPA. Tourn. 
 
 Involucre globose, each of its scales with an incurved hook at 
 the extremity. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus simple. Name, 
 apKTos, a bea^ from the coarse texture of the involucres. 
 
 Syngenesia. ^Equalis. 
 
 1. A. Lappa, Linn. Common Burdock. Leaves cordate, 
 stalked. Br. Fl. \.p. 349. 
 
Ceniaurea.] COMPOSITE. 157 
 
 a. calyx glabrous. A. Lappa, E. Bot. t. 38. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 
 380. 
 
 P. calyx with a cobweb-like down. A. Bardana, Willd. 
 E. Bot. t. 2478. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 381. 
 
 Waste places and way-sides, common. Fl. July, Aug. $ . Three 
 feet or more high. Radical leaves very large, and often slightly toothed. 
 Involucre with hooked scales which fasten themselves most pertina- 
 ciously to clothes and the coats of animals when they coine in contact 
 with them. These scales are sometimes glabrous, and occasionally 
 have a more or less cottony substance interwoven with them ; whence 
 two species have been established by some authors. Flowers purple. 
 
 26. CENTAUREA. Linn. Knapweed, Blue-bottle, Star-thistle. 
 
 Involucre imbricated. Receptacle bristly. Pappus simple or 
 none. Corollas of the ray funnel-shaped, irregular, longer 
 than those of the disk. Name ; with this plant it is said the 
 Centaur, Chiron, cured himself of a wound received in the 
 foot from Hercules. Syngenesia. Frustranea. 
 
 1. C. Jacea, Linn. Brown radiant Knapweed. Scales of 
 of the involucre radiant, torn, the outer pinnatifid ; leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, the lower ones broader and toothed ; flowers 
 radiant; pappus very short, in a single row. Br. FL 1. p. 368. 
 E. FL v. iii. p. 465. E. Bot. t. 1678. 
 
 In a field near Belfast, very sparingly ; Mr. Templeton. Base of 
 Carig mountain, near Kenmare ; Doctor Taylor. Dry gravelly bank, 
 near Enagh Lough, County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. FL Aug. 
 Sept. %. Lower leaves obovato-lanceolate, petiolated, the upper ones 
 entire, sessile. Scales of the involucre pale brown, shining, the outer 
 ones deeply pinnatifid, the inner or uppermost torn. Florets very nu- 
 merous, spreading, purple. 
 
 2. C. nigra, Linn. Black Knapweed. Scales of the invo- 
 lucre ovate, fringed with capillary teeth ; lower leaves angular, 
 lyrate ; upper ones lanceolate ; ray wanting ; pappus very 
 short, tufted. Br. FL 1. p. 368. E. FL v. iii. p. 465. E. Bot. 
 
 t. 278. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, frequent. FL June Aug. 1 . Stem 2 3 
 feet high. Leaves scabrous. Scales of the involucre almost black, 
 the teeth brown. Florets purple, numerous, all fertile. 
 
 3. C. Cyanus, Linn. Corn Blue-bottle. Scales of the in- 
 volucre serrated ; leaves linear, entire, the lowermost toothed. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 368. E. FL v. iii. p. 466. E. Bot. t. 277. 
 
 Corn fields. Fl. July, Aug. Q. Two or three feet high, covered 
 with a loose cottony down, especially on the stems and the undersides 
 of the leaves. Florets of the disk small, purple ; those of the ray 
 few, larger, bright blue, spreading. Scales of the involucre greenish, 
 the margin brown. In gardens where it is much cultivated it varies 
 
COM POSIT./E. ! Carduus. 
 
 very much in the colour of its flowers ; hence its name in the seed 
 shops " Bottles of colours." 
 
 4. C. Scabiosa, Linn. Greater Knapweed. Scales of the in- 
 volucre ciliated, ovate, downy ; leaves pinnatifid, roughish, the 
 segments lanceolate, acute. Br. Fl. 1. p. 369. E. Fl. v. iii. 
 p. 467. E. Bot. t. 56. 
 
 Dry banks and fields, frequent. Fl. July Aug. !{.. Two to three 
 feet high, erect, much branched. Involucres globose, very large, their 
 scales cottony, almost black, the fringe pale. 
 
 5. C. solstitialis, Linn. Yellow Star-thistle, St. Barnaby's 
 thistle. Flowers terminal, solitary ; scales of the involucre 
 doubly spinous ; stem winged from the decurrent lanceolate, 
 unarmed leaves ; radical leaves lyrate. Br. FL 1. p. 369. E. 
 Fl. v. iii. p. 349. E. Bot. t. 243. 
 
 Sandy fields. This was found in July 1821, in a sandy field at Port- 
 marnock, by Doctor Charles Croker, when on a botanical excursion 
 with me to that interesting place, but as the field where it grew in con- 
 siderable quantity, has since been ploughed up, it has not been found 
 there of late, and was probably introduced among the seeds of Lucerne, 
 afield of which was in the neighbourhood. Fl. July Sept. 0. 
 
 27. CARDUUS. Linn. Thistle. 
 
 Involucre tumid, imbricated with spinous scales. Receptacle hairy. 
 Pappus deciduous, rough. Name ; Theis derives this from 
 ard, in Celtic, a point ; whence also apcos, in Greek ; ardmis, 
 in Latin ; and Cardo, and even Cardinal. 
 
 Syngenesia. ^Equalis. 
 
 %. Leaves decurrent. 
 
 1. C. nutans, Linn. Musk Thistle. Leaves decurrent, spi- 
 nous ; flowers solitary, drooping ; scales of the involucre lan- 
 ceolate, cottony ; outer ones spreading. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 350. E . 
 Fl v. iii. p. 384. E. Bot. t. 1 1 12. 
 
 By the side of the road between Gort and Corrofin, on a limestone 
 soil, sparingly, in 1805. County of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. July, 
 Aug $ . Leaves oblong, deeply sinuated. Flowers large, handsome, 
 purple ; smelling strongly of musk in warm weather according to Light- 
 foot. 
 
 2. C. acanthoides, Linn. Welted Thistle. Leaves decur- 
 rent, sinuated, spinous ; involucre globose, nearly sessile, its 
 scales linear, slightly recurved. Br. Fl. I. p. 350. E. Fl. v.iii. 
 p. 383. E. Bot. t. 973. 
 
 Way-sides and waste places, frequent. Fl. June, July. 0. Three 
 to four feet high, uninterruptedly winged, branched. Flowers clustered 
 at the ends of the branches, deep purple. 
 
 3. C. tenuiflorus, Curt. Slender-flowered Thistle. Leaves 
 decurrent, sinuated, spinous, somewhat cottony beneath ; invo- 
 
Sonchus.] COMPOSIT/E. 159 
 
 lucres neai'ly cylindrical, clustered, sessile, their scales lanceo- 
 late, erect. ' 7>V. FL 1. p. 350. E. Ft. v. iii. p. 385. E. Bot. 
 f. 412. 
 
 Waste grounds and way-sides, common. FL June, July. 0. Two to 
 four feet high, winged the whole way up the stem with the decurrent 
 bases of the leaves. 
 
 * ?jj Leaves sessile. 
 
 4. C. marianus t Linn. Milk Thistle. Leaves amplexicaul, 
 waved, spinous, the radicle ones pinnatifid ; scales of the in- 
 volucre subfoliaceous, recurved, spinous at the margin. Br. FL 
 1. p. 350. E.Fl.v.ii\.p. 386. E. Bot. t. 976,Sylibum 
 marianum, Gcertn. Lindl. 
 
 Waste ground and in old Churchyards. Plentiful at the old Church 
 of Kilbarrick, and about Baldoyle and Howth, &c. FL July. $ . 
 Three to five feet high. Distinguished at once by the milky veins on 
 its leaves, and the great recurved scales of the involucre. A variety 
 which I have seen, is rarely found in England, with the dark shining 
 green leaves of the more common variety, but without having the milky 
 veins. 
 
 Tribe III. Cichoracece. Juss. 
 
 Florets all ligulate and hermaphrodite. Receptacle scarcely 
 fleshy. Sap generally milky. 
 
 28. SONCHUS. Linn. Sow-Thistle. 
 
 Receptacle naked. Calyx imbricated, swelling at the base. 
 Doiun simple, sessile. Name ; aov-^os in Greek, from <ro/t0os, 
 soft, in allusion to the soft nature of the sterns. 
 
 Syngenesia. jEqualis. 
 
 1. S. arvensis, Linn. Corn Sow- Thistle. Flower-stalks 
 corymbose and involucre gland ulose-hispid ; leaves denticulate, 
 cordate at the base, oblongo-lanceolate, lower ones sinuato-run- 
 cinate. Br. FL 1. p. 339. E. FL v. iii. p. 342. E. Bot. t. 
 674. 
 
 Corn fields, frequent. FL Aug. 1. Stems 3 4 feet high. Flowers 
 very large, yellow. 
 
 2. S. oleraceus, Linn. Common Sotv- Thistle. Flower-stalks 
 subumbellate ; involucre glabrous ; leaves more or less pinna- 
 tifid, lower ones stalked, upper ones lanceolate, sagittato-am- 
 plexicaul at the base, all dentato-ciliate ; fruit cancellate. Br. 
 FL ed.'iii. p. 346. E. FLv. iii. p. 343. E. Bot. t. 843. p. asper; 
 leaves with rounded auricles, lower ones sessile ; fruit ribbed, 
 scarcely cancellate. S. oleraceus, 7. and c. Linn, et Sm. S. 
 asper, Hoffm Borr. in E. Bot. SuppL L 2765 and 2766. 
 
160 COMPOSITE. [Leontodon. 
 
 a. and |3. Waste places and cultivated ground, common. Fl. June 
 Aug. 0. Two to three feet high. Flowers small, yellow. Involucre 
 conical when in seed. 
 
 29. PRENANTHES. Linn. Wall-Lettuce. 
 
 Involucre cylindrical, its scales equal, with smaller ones at the 
 base. Florets few. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple, ses- 
 sile. Name, from Trprjvrjs, drooping, and avOos, a flower. 
 
 Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 1. P. muralis, Linn. Ivy-leaved Wall- Lettuce. Florets 5 ; 
 leaves lyrato-piunatifid and toothed, the terminal lobe angular ; 
 panicle with divaricated branches. Br. Fl. 1. p. 340. E. FL 
 v. iii. p. 348. E. Bot. t. 457. Chondrilla muralis, Lam. 
 Lindl. 
 
 On old walls arid in woods. Woods at Collon, County of Louth ; 
 Doctor Wade, where I have also seen it. Fl. July. $ . Stem 2 feet 
 high, panicled above. Flowers small, yellow. Fruit with an elon- 
 gated, narrow neck, not really stipulate. 
 
 30. LAPSANA. Linn. Nipple-wort. 
 
 Involucre with small scales at the base. Receptacle naked. 
 Fruit quickly deciduous. Pappus none. Name ; Xejrag'w, 
 to purge, from its laxative qualities. 
 
 Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 1. L. communis, Linn. Common Nipple-wort. Involucre of 
 the fruit angular; stem panicled; peduncles slender; leaves 
 ovate, petiolate, angulato-dentate. Br. FL 1 . p. 348. E. FL v. 
 iii. p. 376. E. Bot. t. 844. 
 
 Waste and cultivated ground, common. FL July, Aug. 0. Stems 
 2 4 feet long. Leaves soft and thin, slightly hairy, the radical ones 
 more or less lyrate. Flowers small, yellow. 
 
 31. LEONTODON. Linn. Dandelion. 
 
 Involucre imbricated with scales, of which the outermost are 
 frequently lax and flaccid. Receptacle naked. Pappus sti- 
 pitate, simple. Name ; Xea'j/, a Lion, and odovs, a tooth) from 
 the tooth-like margins of the leaves. 
 
 Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 1. L. Taraxacum* Linn. Common Dandelion. Outer scales 
 of the involucre reflexed ; leaves runcinate, glabrous, toothed. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 340. E. FL v. iii. p. 349. E. Bot. t. 510. 
 
 Meadows and pastures. FL all summer. 1. Leaves all radical, 
 their segments more or less deep. Scape with a single, large flower. 
 
 2. L. palustre, Sin. Marsh Dandelion. Outer scales of the 
 involucre erect, appressed ; leaves sinuated and toothed, nearly 
 
Ihlmintliia.} COMPOSITE. 161 
 
 glabrous. Br. Fl 1. p. 340. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 350. E. Bot. 
 t. 553. 
 
 Watery and marshy places. On rocks in the bed of the Dargle 
 river, abundant. Fl. all the summer. If .Readily distinguished by 
 Hs more glossy, shining leaves, and more slender habit than the pre- 
 ceding. It is, however, doubted by many acute Botanists whether it 
 should be considered a distinct species from the last. 
 
 32. CREPIS. Linn. Hawk's-beard. 
 
 Involucre tumid at the base, surrounded with deciduous scales, 
 ribbed and furrowed, (often very obscurely). Receptacle 
 naked. Pappus simple, sessile. Name ; Kprj-ms, a slipper or 
 last in Greek, but why applied to this plant is not known. 
 
 Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 I, C. virens, Linn. Bab. Smooth-green Hawk 's-beard* 
 11 Calyx equal in length to the pappus ; leaves glabrous, lanceo- 
 lato-runcinate or remotely dentate, cauline ones with their 
 margins flat ; fruit oblong, with smooth ribs, shorter than the 
 pappus." Babingtons MSS. C. tectorum, Br. Fl. 1. p. 347. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 372. E. Bot. t. 1111. 
 
 Meadows, pastures, and waste ground, frequent. Fl. July. . Very 
 variable in size and luxuriance, from 1 2 feet high, generally of a fine 
 deep shining green, nearly smooth, except the calyx which is more or 
 less downy and glandular ; leaves smooth, variously runcinate or jagged, 
 the upper ones dilated and clasping at the base, where also they are 
 mostly toothed. I have adopted the name lately given to this plant by 
 Mr. Charles C. Babington, of St. John's College, Cambridge, it being 
 now considered by him and others to be C. virens of LinncBUS. The 
 C. tectorum of foreign authors which has not yet been found in Bri- 
 tain, is described as having the leaves sinuato-pinnatifid, the fruit ob- 
 long, attenuated, with rough ribs, equalling the pappus ; whereas our 
 plant has the fruit smooth, oblong, shorter than the pappus. 
 
 2. C. biennis, Linn. Rough Hawk's-beard. " Calyx shorter 
 than the pappus ; stem and runcinato-pinnatifid ; leaves rough ; 
 fruit linear-oblong, attenuated, with rough ribs equalling the 
 pappus." Eab.Br.Fl.l.p.347. E. Ft. v. iii. p. 373. E. 
 Bot. t. 149. 
 
 Sandy fields and ditch banks. Plentiful near Kilbarrick and Bal- 
 doyle, at Portmarnock and other places on the northern side of Dublin. 
 Fl. June, July. $ . Stems 2 4 feet high, furrowed, rough above. 
 Lobes of the leaves toothed. Flowers much larger than in the pre- 
 ceding. Involucre downy and somewhat bristly. Pappus very white, 
 crowning the much elongated fruit. 
 
 33. HELMINTHIA. Juss. Ox-tongue. 
 
 Involucre double ; jnner of eight close scale*, outer of four 
 large, lax, leafy ones. Receptacle naked. Pappus feathery, 
 
 u 
 
2 COMPOSITE. [Hieraciuut. 
 
 stalked. Fruit transversely striated. Name;e'X/uys, 
 a worm, and 09/in/, a case; from the form of the fruit. 
 
 Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 1. H. echioides, Gaertn. Bristly Ox-tongue. Br. Ft. 1. p. 
 338.Picris echioides, Linn E. Fl. v. iii. p. 339. E. Bot. t. 
 972. 
 
 Borders of fields and ditch banks, not unfrequent near Dublin, and 
 occasionally along the coast as far north as Drogheda ; plentiful by 
 the Mill-stream between Donnybrook and Miltown, and about Roe- 
 buck, as well as on the northern side of Dublin. Fl. June, July. $ . 
 2 3 feet high, stout, hispid with numerous rigid hairs, springing from 
 the tubercles. Lower leaves lanceolate ; upper ones cordate, amplexi- 
 caul. Flowers small, yellow. Outer involucre with large heart- 
 shaped scales. 
 
 34. PICRIS. Linn. Picris. 
 
 Involucre double ; inner of many compact, upright, equal 
 scales, outer of several lax, small, linear ones. Receptacle 
 naked. Pappus sessile, slightly feathery. Fruit transversely 
 striated. Name ; Triicpos, bitter, as are many of this tribe. 
 
 Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 1. P. hieracioides, Linn. Hawk-weed Picris. Stem rough 
 with hooked bristles ; leaves lanceolate, rough, toothed ; 
 flowers corymbose; peduncles with many bracteas. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 328. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 339. E. Bot. t. 196. 
 
 Sandy field at Portmarnock, the only place in Ireland in which it has 
 been found. Fl. July, Aug. % . Plant dark green, hairy. Stem 2 3 
 feet high. Flowers an inch broad, solitary, yellow. 
 
 35. HIERACIUM. Linn. Hawkweed. 
 
 Involucre imbricated, ovate. Receptacle nearly naked, dotted. 
 Pappus simple, sessile. Name ; iepag, a hawk ; because birds 
 of prey were supposed to employ this plant to strengthen 
 their powers of vision. Syngenesia. 2Equalis. 
 
 * Scape leafless, or rarely with one leaf, single flowered. 
 
 1. H. Pilosella, Linn. Common Mouse-ear Hawkweed. 
 Scape one-flowered, leafless ; leaves entire, elliptic-lanceolate, 
 hairy, downy beneath; scions creeping. Br.Fl. \.p. 343. E. 
 Fl. v. iii. p. 356. E. Bot. t. 1093. 
 
 Banks and dry pastures, frequent. Fl. May July. 1. Distin- 
 guishable at all times by its creeping scions. Flowers of a pale le- 
 mon-yellow. 
 
 HJ HS Stem with few (one or two) leaves, many-flowered. 
 
 2. H. Lawsoni, Vill. Glaucous hairy Haivkweed. Hairy, 
 
Hicracium.] COMPOSIT/E. 163 
 
 especially the petioles ; stem more or less branched upwards, 
 having 1 2 sessile leaves, those of the root ovato-lanceolate, 
 entire or toothed ; involucres with hairs which are black at the 
 base and mixed with black pedunculated glands. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 343. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 363. E. Bot. t. 2083. 
 
 Benyevena, County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. Aug. % . This 
 species is best distinguished by its nearly entire and very villous leaves, 
 especially their petioles which are often quite silky. In some of Mr. 
 Moore's specimens the root leaves are furnished with distant teeth, in 
 others they are quite entire. The whole plant is of a soft and flaccid 
 texture. 
 
 3. H. pulmonarium, Sm. Lungwort Hawkweed. Hairy, 
 especially the petioles ; stem 2 6 flowered, with 1 2 leaves, 
 those of the root ovato-lanceolate, acute, deeply and unequally 
 toothed throughout and lengthened into a petiole ; those of the 
 stem sessile ; involucre hairy ; hairs black at the base and often 
 glandular. Br. FL 1. p. 344. E. Fl v. iii. p. 362. E. Bot. t. 
 2307. 
 
 Rocky places. Newtown Glen, County of Down ; Mr. Templeton. 
 Fl. Aug. 1. Stem about a foot high, round ; stem leaves very few, 
 radical leaves erect, acute, spotted with purple. Flowers golden- 
 yellow. 
 
 4. H. murorum, Linn. Wall Hawkweed. Stem with one 
 petiolated leaf, branched upwards, subcorymbose, downy, espe- 
 cially below the involucre, where are a few black glands ; ra- 
 dical leaves ovate, mostly toothed at the base, and hairy as well 
 as the longish petioles; involucre downy. Br. FL 1. p. 344. 
 E. FL v. iii. p. 359. E. Bot. t. 2080. 
 
 Rocks and old walls. Near Bantry ; Mr.J. Drummond. Newtown- 
 Glen, and Cave-hill, County of Down ; Mr. Templeton. Benyevena 
 and other places in the County of Derry on rocks ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 Stem one or two feet high, erect, rather hairy. Leaves broad, wavy, 
 glaucous-green. Flowers about four or six," large, yellow. 
 
 * * * Stem with many leaves, many -flowered. 
 
 5. H. sylvaticum, Sm. Wood Hawkweed. Stem many-leaved, 
 branched upwards, and subcorymbose, slightly hairy, and more 
 or less downy beneat-h the involucre ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, 
 toothed with the sharp teeth pointing upwards, somewhat 
 hairy ; involucre with very short pubescence. Br. FL I. p. 344. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 361. E. Bot. t. 2031. 
 
 Mountain woods, walls and rocks. Rocks by Powerscourt Wa- 
 terfall, Devil's Glen, County of Wicklow, and many other places. 
 FL Aug. 1. One or two feet high, scarcely hairy on the stem. The 
 leaves are usually numerous, more or less distinctly toothed. 
 
 6. H. paludosum, Linn. Succory -leaved Hawkweed. Gla- 
 brous ; stem panicled, fistulose ; leaves alternate, somewhat 
 elliptical, toothed, sharp pointed, clasping the stem with their 
 
164 COMPOSITE. [Hitsruciuw. 
 
 heart-shaped bases ; calyx rough with prominent hairs. Br. Fl. 
 I. p. 345. E. FL v. iii. p. 363. E. Bot. t. 1004. 
 
 Moist woods, marshes, and roeky places, not unfrequent in various 
 parts of the country. Fl. Aug. If. . Readily known by its smooth 
 .items arid leaves, amplexicaul stem-leaves with spreading teeth, and by 
 the long black hairs on the calyx. 
 
 7. H. molle, Jacq. Soft-leaved Hawkwced. Stem angular, 
 leafy, tubular, downy, corymbose; leaves lanceolate, slightly 
 toothed, hairy, clasping the stem ; lower ones stalked, elliptical 
 and obtuse. Br. Ft. 1. p. 845. E. FL v. iii. p. 364. E. Bot. 
 t. 2210. 
 
 Moist rocks on Magillycuddy's Reeks and other mountains in Kerry, 
 1805. Rocks near the river Sullane, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drum- 
 mond. A specimen in the herbarium of Doctor Robert Graves, was 
 found by him at the Devil's Glen, County of Wicklow. Fl. July, 
 Aug. %. Plant one foot high or upwards, remarkable for its obtuse 
 radical leaves, which taper gradually into a long footstalk. Scales of 
 the involucre with a few, blade, glandular hairs. 
 
 8. H. prenanthoides, Vill. Rough-bordered Hawkweed. Stem 
 erect, leafy, simply hairy; panicle corymbose, with hispid 
 and glandular stalks ; leaves oblong, .cordate, and amplexi- 
 caul at the base, upper ones gradually smaller and ovato- 
 cordate, acuminate, all glaucous beneath and remotely toothed. 
 Br. FL \.p. 346. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 368. E. Bot. t. 2285. 
 
 On moist rocks near the Dargle, In several Glens near Belfast ; Mr. 
 Templeton. Fl. Aug. %. Three or four feet high. Lower leaves 
 elliptic- oblong, upper heart-shaped. Flower-stalks glandular and cot- 
 tony. 
 
 9. H. sabaudum, Sin. Shrubby broad-leaved Hawkweed. 
 Stem erect, copiously leafy, many-flowered ; leaves ovato-lan- 
 ceolate, sharply toothed, rough-edged, somewhat clasping, 
 hairy beneath. Br. Fl. 1. p. 34fi. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 367. E* 
 Bot. t. 349. 
 
 Woods and coppices, in dry rocky places. Plentiful in Ross Island, 
 Killarney. and in the woods at Glengariff, where the late Miss Hutchins 
 found a variety with spotted leaves. County of Dorry ; Mr. Temple- 
 ton and Mr. D. Moore. FL Aug., Sept. 1 .-^Sterns of a woody tex- 
 ture, two or three feet high, erect, wand-like, roundish, furrowed, rough 
 to the touch. Leaves rough. Flowers numerous, yellow, in com- 
 pound downy panicles, in small weak plants often solitary. 
 
 10. H. umbellatum, Linn. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. Stem 
 erect, simple, very leafy ; leaves linear-lanceolate, subglabrous, 
 slightly toothed ; flowers subumbellate ; peduncles downy ; in- 
 Volucres glabrous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 346. E. FL v. iii. p. 269. E. 
 Sot.t. 1771. 
 
 Woods and groves in stony and rocky places. In the Devil's Glen 
 and other places in the County of Wicklow. Rocks on Benyevena ; 
 Mr, D. Moore. Fl. Aug., Sept 1 .Of a more slender habit than 
 Ihe last* Stems two feet high or upwards, almost smooth. Leaves 
 
Thrincia.] COMPOSITE. 165 
 
 numerous, almost linear. Flowers bright yellow, in corymbs or im- 
 perfect umbels. 
 
 36. HYPOCHJERIS. Linn. Cat's- ear. 
 
 Involucre oblong, imbricated. Receptacle chaffy. Pappus 
 feathery, stipitate or sessile. Name ; VTTO, for, and x l P s > 
 a hog, the roots being eaten by that animal. 
 
 Syngenesia. Squalls. 
 
 1. H. radicata, Linn. Long-rooted Cafs-ear. Stem 
 branched, leafless, glabrous ; peduncles with small scales ; leaves 
 runcinate, obtuse, scabrous. J3r. Fl. 1. p. 348. E. FL v. iii. 
 p. 376. E. Bot. t. 831. 
 
 Meadows, pastures and way sides, frequent. Fl. July. 1. Leaves 
 all radical, spreading-. Stem a foot or more high. Peduncles a little 
 thickened upwards (remarkably so at the upper extremity). Flowers 
 rather large, yellow. Pappus stalked in fruit . 
 
 37. TRAGOPOGON. Linn. Goat's-beard. 
 
 Involucre simple, of many scales. Receptacle naked. Pappus 
 feathery, stalked. Fruit longitudinally striated. Name ; 
 Tpa>yos, a goat, and 7na<ywv, a beard ; from the beautifully 
 bearded fruit. Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 1. T. pratensis, Linn. Yellow Goafs-beard. Involucre 
 about as long as the corollas ; leaves undivided, glabrous, acu- 
 minated, channelled; peduncles cylindrical. Br. Fl. 1. p. 337. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 337. E. Bot. t. 437. 
 
 Meadows and pastures in various places near Dublin. Near Cork ; 
 Mr. /> Drummond. Oldcastle, County of Meath ; Itev. Mr. Halpin. 
 Fl. June. $ . One to two feet high. Flowers yellow ; head of fruit 
 large. Pappus feathery, elevated on a long stalk. 
 
 38. THRINCIA. Roth. Thrincia. 
 
 Involucre nearly simple, multipartite, with a few small scales 
 at the base. Receptacle naked, pitted. Pappus of the 
 florets of the circumference scaly, those of the centre feathery, 
 sessile. Name ; Spivicos, a feather, in allusion to the feathery 
 pappus. Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 1. T. hirta, Roth. Hairy Thrincia. Stalks naked, single- 
 flowered ; leaves toothed, rough ; calyx nearly smooth ; outer 
 row of seeds crowned with scales only. Br. Fl. \. p. 341. 
 Apargia hirta, Hoffm. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 352. Hedypnois hirta, 
 E. Bot. t. 555. Lcontodon hirtum, Linn. 
 
 Gravelly and sandy pastures, frequent. Ft. July, Aug. 1 . Root 
 abrupt, not tapering. Flowers small ; florets destitute of hairs on the 
 tube, as well as of glands under their tips, the inner ones with a less 
 perfect corolla than the outer row. 
 
COMPOS I T JE . [ Cichorwm 
 
 39. APARGIA. Schreb. Hawkbit. 
 
 Involucre imbricated, the innermost scales equal, outer ones 
 smaller. Receptacle naked, pitted. Pappus feathery, sessile. 
 Name of uncertain origin. A^ap^ta, was applied to some 
 plant of this tribe. Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 1. A. hispida, Willd. Rough Hawkbit. Scape single- 
 flowered; leaves runcinate, hispid with forked hairs; flowers 
 drooping in bud, florets hairy at their orifice, glandulose at the 
 tip; involucre hairy. Br. Fl. 1. p. 341. E. Fl.v. iii. p. 351. 
 Hedypnoi& hispida, Huds. E. Bot. t. 554. Leontodon hispi- 
 dum, Linn. 
 
 Meadows, pastures, gTavelly and sandy places, frequent. Fl. June, 
 July. If. Hoot tapering, long and slender. Leaves lanceolato-oblong, 
 with reversed, nearly equal and regular teeth, their base tapering, and 
 more entire. Flowers smaller than Dandelion, erect when expanded, 
 bright yellow. 
 
 2. A. Taraxaci, Willd. Dandelion Hawkbit. Scapes 
 thickened above and hairy, mostly single-flowered ; leaves run- 
 cinate, glabrous ; involucre hairy. Br. Fl. 1. p. 341. E. Fl. 
 v. iii. p. 3t>2.Hedypnois Taraxaci, E. Bot. t. 1109. 
 
 Moist rocks on Magillycuddy's Reeks, and other mountains in 
 Kerry. Fl. Aug. li . Remarkable as Doctor Hooker observes for its 
 scape being thickened upwards, and there, as in the involucre, clothed 
 with black hairs. Flowers rather large, yellow. 
 
 3. A. autumnalis, Willd. Autumnal Hawkbit. Scape 
 branched, scaly upwards ; leaves lanceolate, toothed or pinna- 
 tifid, nearly glabrous ; peduncles swollen beneath the somewhat 
 downy involucre. Br. FL 1. p. 343. E. FL v. iii. p. 353. 
 Hedypnois autumnalis, E. Bot. t. 830. Leontodon autumnale. 
 Linn. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, frequent. A variety with dark hairs on the 
 involucre found in marshy places on Howth, has sometimes been mis- 
 taken for the last, which is only found in alpine situations. Fl. Aug. If . 
 Involucre cylindrical, and tapering gradually into a pedicel, which is 
 scaly. Flowers small, numerous, yellow. 
 
 40. CICHORIDM. Linn. Wild Succory. 
 
 Involucre of eight scales, surrounded by five smaller ones at 
 the base. Receptacle naked or slightly hairy. Pappus ses- 
 sile, scaly, shorter than the fruit. Name; chikouryeh, in 
 Arabic. The Egyptians eat a vast quantity of this vegetable. 
 
 Syngenesia. JEqualis. 
 
 1. C. IntybiiS) Linn. Wild Siiccory. Flowers sessile, axil- 
 lary, in pairs; leaves runcinate. Br. Fl. \. p. 348. E. FL v. 
 iii. p. 379. E. Bot. t 539. ' 
 
Echium.] BORAGINE.E. 167 
 
 Borders of fields and gravelly hanks. Plentiful near Balbriggan ; 
 also near Cork, and in the North of Ireland, as noticed by Mr. Drum- 
 mond and Mr. Templeton. Fl. July, Aug. 11 . Stem one to three 
 feet high, erect, branched. Floivers numerous, large, bright, but pale 
 blue. This is much used in France as a salad, as another species of the 
 genus C. Endivia or Garden Endive is in Britain and Ireland. The 
 roots cut into small pieces, and slightly roasted are employed as a sub- 
 stitute for Coffee in some parts of Germany, and in Belgium a portion 
 of Chichory is generally mixed with Coffee beans. In England it is 
 sometimes cultivated on dry gravelly or chalky soils as an early fodder 
 for cattle. 
 
 SUBCLASS III. COROLLIFLOR^E. De Cand. 
 
 Calyx free (not adnate with the ovary), formed of sepals 
 more or less combined. Petals united, so as to form an hypo- 
 gynous monopetalous corolla, which bears the stamens. Ovary 
 free. 
 
 ORD. 42. BORAGINE^E. Juss. Borage Family. 
 
 Calyx with 5 (rarely 4) divisions, persistent. Corolla hypo- 
 gynous, monopetalous, mostly regular, 5, sometimes 4-cleft; its 
 aestivation imbricated. Stamens inserted upon the corolla, of 
 the same number with its segments, rarely more. Ovary 4-par- 
 tite, 4-seeded or simple, and 2 4-celled ; ovules definite, pen- 
 dulous. Nucules 4, distinct or combined below; sometimes a 
 4-celled drupe, or a berry with 2 4 bony seeds. Seeds with- 
 out albumen or nearly so. Embryo inverted. Herbs or shrubs. 
 Leaves alternate, without stipules, generally rough. Flowers fre- 
 quently in secund spikes, sometimes panicied or corymbose, some- 
 times axillary, solitary. 
 
 1. ECHIUM. Linn. Viper's Bugloss. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a short tube ; limb large, cam- 
 panulate, obliquely 5-lobed ; segments unequal ; the two 
 upper largest, the lowest small, acute and reflexed. Nuts 
 covered with little tubercles. Name from e^is, a Viper; 
 because this, or some allied plant, was supposed to be an 
 effectual remedy against the bite of that animal. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. E. vulgare, Linn. Common Vipers Bugloss. Stem 
 bristly and warty ; stem-leaves lanceolate, bristly, single-ribbed; 
 spikes lateral, deflexed, hairy. Br. FL ]. p. 79. E. Fl. i\\. p. 
 268. E.BoLt.lSl. 
 
 In fields and waste ground, in a sandy or gravelly soil. Near Ban- 
 try ; Mr. J. Drummond. Mansfieldstown, County of Louth ; 
 
168 BORAGINE^E. [Symphytum. 
 
 Mr. P. Reams. Field near Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. FL June, July. 
 $ . Corolla very beautiful, on expansion reddish-purple, afterwards 
 brilliant blue. " In Scotland and in England it is occasionally found 
 with white flowers." Hooker. 
 
 2. LITHOSPERMUM. Linn. Gromwell. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla small, 5-lobed, funnel-shaped. Anthers 
 oblong, included in the throat of the corolla. Stigma obtuse, 
 bifid. Nuts shining, even or wrinkled. Name from \i6os, 
 a stone> and airepfia, a seed ; from its shining, very hard seeds 
 or nuts. The English, Gromwell, has the same origin in the 
 Celtic ; graun, a seed, and mil, a stone. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. L. qfficinale, Linn. Common Gromwell, Grey Mill. Nuts 
 even ; corolla not much longer than the calyx ; leaves lanceo- 
 late, rather acute, with lateral transverse ribs. Br. FL 1. p. 80. 
 E. FL v. i.p. 254. E. Bot. t. 134. 
 
 Dry, waste and uncultivated places, and among rubbish, frequent. 
 Near Dublin, and many other parts of the country. Fl. May, June. 
 2. One to one foot and a half high. Fl. pale yellow. Nuts 
 whitish-brown, highly polished. 
 
 2. L. arvense, Linn. Corn Gromwell or Bastard Alkanet. 
 Nuts wrinkled ; corolla not much longer than the calyx ; leaves 
 obtuse, without lateral ribs. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 80. E.FLv.i.p. 
 255. E. Bot. t. 123. 
 
 Corn fields and waste ground, frequent. FL May, June. Q. Root 
 red. Flowers white. Seeds brown, pitted, polished. 
 
 3. L. maritimum, Lehm. Sea-side Gromwell. Nuts keeled, 
 even ; leaves ovate, glaucous, besprinkled with callous points ; 
 stems all procumbent. Br. FL I.p. 81. E. Fl. r. i. p. 256. 
 Pulmonaria maritima; Linn. E. Bot. t. 368. 
 
 Sea-side among sand or loose stones, but not common. Plentiful 
 at the Murrow of Wicklow ; coast between Balbriggan and Skerries. 
 Coast near Dundrum, County of Down ; Mr. Templeton. FL May, 
 June. 1. Lower leaves on footstalks and acute, upper ones sessile. 
 Flowers somewhat racemed, of a beautiful purplish blue : tube of 
 the corolla short. Whole plant very glaucous and when the bloom 
 is rubbed off, rough callous points are seen upon the surface, which be- 
 come white and almost stony in drying, when the rest of the plant is 
 nearly black. 
 
 3. SYMPHYTUM. Linn. Comfrey. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla cylindrical, campanulate ; tube very 
 short; limb ventricose, with five short lobes. Scales of the 
 orifice subulate, converging. Name from av/i<fovw f to unite ; 
 from its supposed healing qualities. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
Atichusa.] BORAGINE/E. 109 
 
 1. S. qfficinale, Linn. Common Comfrey. Leaves ovato- 
 lanceolate, decurrent, finely hairy. Br. FL 1. p. 81. E.FL v. 
 i. p. 263. E. Bot. I. 817. 
 
 Banks of rivers and moist meadows. Kelly's Glen above the gap of 
 Ballinascorney. Abundant in the County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 On the Cave-hill ; Mr. Templeton. Near Cork ; Mr. J. Drum- 
 mond. Fl. May, June. 1. Two or three feet high, branched 
 above. Hoot leaves ovate, petiolated. Racemes in pairs, secund, 
 drooping. Corollas large, yellowish-white, often purple. 
 
 4. BORAGO. Linn. Borage. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft, usually spreading. 
 Scales of the orifice obtuse, emarginate. Nuts wrinkled. 
 Name from Cor, heart, and ago, to bring : thence corrupted 
 into Borago, or, as the French spell it, Borrago. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. B. officinaUs, Linn. Common Borage. Limb of the 
 corolla flat, much longer than the tube, mouth with a double 
 row of valves ; the innermost awl-shaped, bearing the stamens. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 81. E. Fl. v. i. p. 263. E. Bot. t. 817. 
 
 Among rubbish and waste ground, but scarcely indigenous. Way 
 side at Glenmire. near Cork. Old Abbey of Timoligne, County of 
 Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. June, July. $ . Whole plant very 
 hispid. Corolla large, brilliant blue, with very prominent stamens. It 
 forms an ingredient with wine, water, lemon, and sugar in a favourite 
 English drink called a cool tankard. 
 
 5. LYCOPSIS. Linn. Bugloss. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed ; limb nearly 
 erect; tube incurved. Scales of the orifice ovate, prominent, 
 converging. Stigma emarginate. Nuts sculptured at the 
 base. Name from \VKOS, a ivolf, and otyis, a. face: from a 
 fancied resemblance in the gaping flower to the head of a 
 wolf. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. L. arvensis, Linn. Small Bvgloss. Leaves lanceolate, 
 wavy, somewhat toothed, very bristly ; stalks of the flowers 
 and fruit erect; limb of the corolla slightly unequal. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 82. E. FL v. i. p. 267. E. Bot. t. 93S.Anchusa arvensis, 
 Lehm. 
 
 Corn fields, and sandy grounds near the coast, frequent. FL June, 
 July. 0. Whole plant very hispid ; hairs or bristles seated on a white, 
 callous tubercle. Racemes leafy. Flowers small, bright blue, differ- 
 ing from those of Anchusa in the curvature of the tube. 
 
 6. ANCHUSA. Linn. Alkanet. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 5-lobed ; the limb erect; 
 
 x 
 
170 BORAGINE^r. [Myosotis. 
 
 the lobes entire. The other characters of Lycopsis. De 
 Cand. Name from a<yx ovaa > paint. The roots of one spe- 
 cies, A. tinctoria, yield a red dye which has been used in 
 former times to stain the face. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 I. A. sempervirens, Linn. Evergreen Alkanet. Flower- 
 stalks axillary, each bearing two dense spikes, with an interme- 
 diate flower, and two principal ovate bracteas; leaves ovate. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 82. E. Fl. v. i. p. 258. E. Bot. t. 45. 
 
 Waste ground and hedge banks. Hedges near Dung-lass, County of 
 Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Near the ruins of Grey Abbe}', County 
 of Down ; Mr. J. Campbell. Near Port Glenone and Maghrafelt ; 
 Mr. Templeton. Fl. May, June. !. Flowers of a beautiful blue. 
 The shape of the corolla as' Sir James E. Smith observes is rather salver 
 .than funnel-shaped. 
 
 7. MYOSOTIS. Linn* Scorpion-grass. 
 
 'Calyx 5-cleft, or 5-toothed. Corolla hypocrateriform, with a 
 short tube ; limb flat, with five emarginate lobes. Scales of 
 the orifice convex, converging. Nuts smooth. Name from 
 /ivs, JLIVOS, a mouse, and ovs, o-ros, an ear ; from the shape of 
 the leaves. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. M. palustris, Roth. Great Water Scorpion-grass, . or 
 Forget-me-not. Nuts smooth ; leaves and calyx roughish, witli 
 close bristles; clusters leafless ; calyx funnel-shaped, with short 
 broad spreading teeth ; limb of the corolla horizontal, longer 
 than the tube; root creeping. Br. FL 1. p. 83. E. Fl. v. i. p. 
 249. E. Bot.t. 1973. M. scorpioides, Curt. Fl. Lond. fasc. 3. 
 p. 13. 
 
 Ditches and sides of river?, abundant. Fl. during- the summer 
 months. 1. About a foot high. Flowers among the largest of the 
 British species, bright blue with a yellow eye, and a small white ray at 
 the base of each segment. 
 
 2. M. ccespitosa, Schultz. Tufted Water- Scorpion-grass. 
 Nuts smooth ; calyx with straight appressed bristles, when in 
 fruit campanulate, open, shorter than the divergent pedicels; 
 limb of the corolla concave, equalling the tube ; pubescence 
 of the stem appressed. Br. Fl. 1. p. 83. E. Fl. v. i. p. 250. 
 
 In watery places. In wet ditches above Dundrum. Banks of Lough 
 Neagh ; Mr. D. Moore. Cranmore near Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. 
 Fl. May, June. $. or 1. Sm> Root fibrous, not creeping. Stem 
 throwing fibres from the lower joints. Calyx sparingly sprinkled with 
 appressed, white bristles, cleft more deeply than in M. palustris. 
 Corolla varying in size, but usually not much exceeding the calyx. 
 
 3. M. sylvatica, Hoffm, Upright Wood Scorpion-grass. 
 Fruit smooth ; calyx with spreading uncinate bristles, deeply 
 5-clet't, when in fruit ovate (closed) shorter than the divergent 
 
Cynoglvssum.} BORA GIN EyE 1TI 
 
 pedicels ; limb of the corolla flat, longer than the tube ; root- 
 leaves on long dilated stalks. Br. FL 1. p. 84. E. Bot. 
 Suppl. t. 2630. 
 
 In dry shady places. The Cave-hill and other places near Belfast ; 
 Mr. Templeton. Fl. June, July. 1. Nearly allied to the following 
 species, from which it may be distinguished by its greater size, some- 
 what more deeply divided calyx, and its shorter less remarkably hooked 
 bristles. 
 
 4. M. arve?tsis, Hoffm. Field Scorpion-grass. Fruit smooth ; 
 calyx with spreading uncinate bristles one-half 5-cleft, when in 
 fruit ovate, closed, shorter than the diverging pedicels; limb of 
 the corolla concave, equalling the tube. Br. Fl. 1. p. 85. E. 
 Bot. Suppl. t. 2629. M. scorpioides, a. arvensis, Linn. Sp. PL 
 p. 188. Fl. Br.p. 212. 
 
 Very common in cultivated ground?, &c. Fl. June Augv , 
 From 6 to 12 inches high. Stems usually several, erect, from a curved 
 base, with ascending axillary branches. Lower leaves obtuse, ovate, 
 or spathulate, tapering down to a broad winged stalk. Upper ones 
 acute, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, and partially embracing the stem, 
 which is angular from the edges and midrib of the leaves being deour- 
 rent, and like the leaves, greyish with abundance of soft spreading 
 hairs curved upwards. Racemes terminal, solitary or in pair?, dense 
 and revolute at first, as usual in the genus, and gradually becoming lax 
 and erect as the flowers expand, and then separated by a considerable 
 interval from the uppermost leaf. Flowers numerous, small ; tube of 
 the corolla yellowish, a little inflated, rather shorter than the calyx, with 
 a concave limb about the same length, rose-coloured at first, afterwards 
 pale bright blue. 
 
 5. M. versicolor, Lehm. Yellow and blue Scorpion- grass. 
 Fruit smooth; calyx with spreading uncinate bristles, when in 
 fruit oblong, (closed) longer than the almost erect pedicels ; 
 limb of the corolla concave, shorter than the exserted tube. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 86. E. Fl. v. i. p. 253. E. Bot. t. 2558. M. 
 scorpioides, p. Huds. Angl. p. 78. Sm. Fl. Br. p. 212. E. Bot. 
 t. 480. (fig. sinist.) 
 
 Common in wet meadows, as well as dry sandy places. Plentiful in 
 sandy fields near Kilbarrick Church, &"c. Fl. April June. 0. 
 Leaves narrow. Clusters much elongated and erect when in fruit. 
 
 8. CYNOGLOSSUM. Linn. Hound's-tongue. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short, funnel-shaped, 5-lobed. Scales 
 of the orifice convex, converging. Stigma emarginate. 
 Nuts depressed. Name from KVWV, a dog, and ^\waaa t a 
 tongue : from the shape and texture of the leaf. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. C. officinale, Linn. Common Hound's-tongue. Stamens 
 shorter than the corolla; stem-leaves broadly lanceolate, downy, 
 sessile; flowers without bracteas. Br. Fl. 1. p. 87. E. FL v. i. 
 p. 260. E. Bot. t. 921. 
 
172 COiNVOLVULAClLE. [ Convolvulus. 
 
 Waste and sandy grounds. Plentiful in the Phoenix Park ; Kilbar- 
 rick ; sand hills opposite Malahide, c. At the latter place I 
 have observed a variety with white flowers. Fl. June, July. $ . 
 Whole plant soft to the touch, dull green, of a fetid smell like that of 
 mice ; often two feet high. Lower leaves on long footstalks. Flowers 
 (generally) purplish red. Fruit very rough. 
 
 2. C. sylvaticum, Hajnke. Green-leaved Hound 's-tonaue. 
 Stem-leaves lanceolate, broad at the base, shining, sessile, 
 slightly hairy and scabrous, especially beneath ; stamens shorter 
 than the corolla. Br. Fl. 1. p. 87. E. Fl. v. i. p. 266. E. 
 Bot. t. 1642. 
 
 Shady places by road sides, rare. A specimen in the late Dr. Scott's 
 herbarium was found by him near Balbriggan, but it has not been found 
 there of late. Fl. June, July. %. Readily distinguished from the last 
 by the more or less shining and brighter coloured leaves, free from pu- 
 bescence, and their different figure. Moot-leaves ovato-lanceolate, on 
 very long footstalks. 
 
 OriD. 43. CONVOLVULACE^:. Juss. Bind-weed Family. 
 
 Calyx with five divisions, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, 
 hypogynous, regular; the limb 5-fid, generally plaited, deci- 
 duous. Stamens 5, inserted at the bottom of the corolla, and 
 alternate with its segments. Ovary single, with an annular 
 gland at the base, 2 4-celled, rarely imperfectly 1-celled, some- 
 times 2 4-partite, with few definite, erect ovules, when more 
 than one, collateral : style 1, often divided at the apex, some- 
 times as far as the base : stigmas obtuse or acute. Capsule 
 1 4 celled, the margins of the valves corresponding to the 
 angles of a free dissepiment, bearing the seeds at its base, some- 
 times without valves or opening transversely (capsula circum- 
 scissa). Seeds with a small quantity of mucilaginous albumen. 
 Embryo curved : cotyledons wrinkled : radicle inferior. Herbs 
 or shrubs chiefly of tJie tropics, generally climbing and milky, 
 glabrous or with a simple pubescence. Leaves alternate, undi- 
 vided or lobed, rarely pinnatiftd, without stipules. Inflorescence 
 axillary or terminal; peduncles one, or many -flower td, the pe- 
 dicels often with two bracteas. 
 
 The roots yield a copious acrid and purgative milky juice. 
 Convolvulus Jalapa affords Jalap, and C. Scammonia the Scam- 
 mony, and many others may be employed medicinally. An 
 esculent root, the Sweet Potatoe, is afforded by Convolvulus 
 Batatas. 
 
 1. CONVOLVULUS. Linn. Bindweed. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, plicate. Stigmas two. 
 Capsules of 1 3 cells, with as many valves. Cells 1 2- 
 
Cuscuta.] CONVOLVULACEvE. 1-73 
 
 seeded. Name from convolvo, to entwine : whence, too, the 
 English name Bindweed. Pentandria. Monoyynia. 
 
 * With two small bracteas remote from the calyx. 
 
 1. C. arvensis, Linn. Small Bindweed. Stem climbing; leaves 
 sagittate, their lobes acute ; peduncles mostly single-flowered ; 
 bracteas minute, distant from the flower, br. Fl. \ . p. 96. E. 
 Fl. v. i. p. 284. E. Eot. t. 312. 
 
 Corn-fields, hedges, &c. especially in a light soil. Fl. June, July. 
 1. Flo wers rather small, rose-coloured. Hoot running very deep 
 into the ground and difficult of extirpation. 
 
 jjc sj< With two large bracteas applied to the calyx. (Calystegia. 
 
 Br.) 
 
 2. C. Sepium, Linn. Great Bindweed. Stem climbing ; 
 leaves sagittate, the lobes truncate ; peduncles 4-sided, single- 
 flowered ; bracteas large, heart-shaped, close to the flower. Br. 
 FL 1. p. 96. E. Fl. v. i. p. 284. E. Bot. t. 313. 
 
 Moi?t woods and hedges. Fl. July, Aug. 1. Much larger than 
 the last in every part. Flowers very large, showy, pure white, rarely 
 pink. 
 
 3. C. Soldanella, Linn. Sea Bindweed. Stem prostrate ; 
 leaves reniform, fleshy; peduncles 4-sided, single-flowered, their 
 angles winged ; bracteas large, ovate, close to the calyx. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 96. E. Fl. v. i. p. 284. E. Bot. t. 314. 
 
 Sea-shore in sandy and gravelly places. Portmarnock and other 
 places near Dublin. Fl. June Aug. %. Root long, creeping. 
 Flowers few, large, rose-coloured. " Capsules of 3 4 cells, less 
 frequently of 2, never of 1." (Mr.J. Wilson) Hooker. 
 
 2. CUSCUTA. Linn. Dodder. 
 
 Calyx 4 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate, 4 5-Iobed. Capsule 
 bursting all round transversely at the base, 2-celled, with the 
 cells 2-seeded. Parasitical leafless plants, with long twining 
 filiform stems. Name, the same as KaaavOa, probably from 
 the Arabic Keshout. (Theis.) 
 
 Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. C. europaa, Linn. Greater Dodder. Flowers nearly 
 sessile; corolla with reflexed segments. Br. Fl. I. p. 112. E. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 2L E. Bot. t. 378. 
 
 Parasitical on the aommon flax. Fl. Aug. Sept. 0. Stems very 
 large, red, having small tubercles and papillae, which act as roots. 
 Flowers clustered, of a pale yellowish rose colour. The lesser Dodder 
 ( C. EpitKymum) which grows parasiticall y on furze, heath and other 
 plants in England and Scotland, has not yet been found in Ireland. 
 
174 PLANTA.GINE/E. [Poknumium. 
 
 ORD. 44. POLEMONIACE^. Ju&s. Greek- Valerian 
 Family. 
 
 Calyx free, of one piece with five divisions, persistent, some- 
 times irregular. Corolla regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, inserted 
 into the middle of the tube of the corolla, and alternate with 
 its segments. Ovary 3-celled, with a few or many ovules : 
 style simple : stigma trifid : ovules ascending or peltate. Cap- 
 sules 3-celled, 3-valved, few or many-seeded, opening between 
 the dissepiments, or opposite to them ; the valves separating 
 from the axis. Seeds angular or oval, or winged, often enve- 
 loped in mucus, ascending. Embryo straight in the axis of a 
 horny albumen: radicle inferior: cotyledons elliptical, folia- 
 ceous. Herbaceous plants, with opposite, or occasionally alter- 
 nate, compound or simple leaves. 
 
 1. POLEMONIUM. Linn. Jacob's Ladder. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, with a short tube ; limb 5-lobed-. 
 Filaments broadest at the base ; anthers incumbent. Name 
 from TroXepos, ivar. According to Pliny this plant caused a 
 war between two kings, who laid claim to its discovery. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 1. P. cceruleum, Linn. Jacob's Ladder, Greek Valerian. 
 
 Leaves pinnate; flowers erect ; root fibrous. Br.Fl. l.p. 96. 
 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 286. E. Bot. t. 14. 
 
 Banks and bushy places, rare. Knockmaroon-hill near Chapelizod. 
 FL June. !. One to two feet high. Stem angular. Flowers large, 
 blue, sometimes white. 
 
 ORD. 45. PLANTAGINE^. Juss. Rib-grass Family. 
 
 Flowers perfect or separated. In the PERFECT FLOWERS ; 
 calyx (?) 4-partite, persistent : corolla (?) rnonopetalous, tu- 
 bular, hypogynous, scariose, persistent; the limb 4-partite. 
 Stamens 4, inserted upon the tube, alternate with its segments ; 
 filaments exserted, flaccid, with an induplicate aestivation: 
 anthers 2-celled, the cells placed close together, side by side, 
 bursting longitudinally. Ovary sessile, without any disk, 2, 
 rarely 4-celled, the ovules peltate, solitary, in pairs or indefinite. 
 Style 1, capillary : stigma slightly hispid, undivided, rarely 
 cleft. Capsule opening transversely, with a longitudinal dis- 
 sepiment, at length free. Seeds sessile on the dissepiment, soli- 
 tary or two, sometimes indefinite: testa mucilaginous. Al- 
 bumen of the same shape as the seed, fleshy. Embryo in the 
 
Plantago.] PLANTAGlN T Ej. IT,"? 
 
 centre of the albumen, straight : radicle inferior. In the se- 
 parated flowers : STERILE FL. Calyx and corolla as in the 
 perfect flowers. Stamens inserted upon the receptacle : rudi- 
 ment of the pistil minute. FERTILE FL. Calyx none, unless 
 the bracteas be considered as such. Corolla urceolate, undi- 
 vided, contracted at the mouth, obsoletely toothed. Stamens 
 none. Ovary 1-seeded, with an erect ovule. Style and stigma 
 as in the perfect flowers. Capsule opening transversely. 
 Herbs universal'?/ dispersed. Stems generally short, or scarcely 
 any. Radical leaves crowded, sometimes subcylindrical ', with the 
 axi'.s woolly. Scapes axillary, not often terminal, undivided. 
 Flowers spiked, rarely somewhat solitary, each with a single 
 bractea. 
 
 1. PLANTAGO. Linn. Plantain. 
 
 Corolla 4-cleft, the segments reflexed, Stamens very long. 
 Caps. 2-celled, two or many-seeded, bursting all round trans- 
 versely. Name of doubtful origin. All the species are mu- 
 cilaginous and astringent. Tetrandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. P. major, Linn. Greater Plantain. Leaves ovate, smooth- 
 ish, somewhat toothed, on very long foot-stalks ; flower-stalks 
 round ; seeds numerous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 67. E. FL v. i.p. 213. 
 E. Bot. t. 1558. 
 
 Pastures and road sides, frequent. FL June, July. 1. Leaves all 
 radical, spreading, somewhat erect, with seven nerves, entire or toothed, 
 glabrous or pubescent. Petioles varying in length, sometimes as long 
 as the leaf, ribbed. Spike dense. 
 
 2. P. media, Linn. Hoary Plantain. Leaves ovate, downy, 
 with very short petioles ; peduncles round ; spike cylindrical ; 
 seeds solitary. Br. Fl. 1. p. 67. E. Fl. v. i. p. 214. E. Bot. 
 1. 1559. 
 
 Dry limestone pastures. On the lands of Pea-hill below Feltrum ; 
 Mr. John White, but I have not seen Irish specimen?. Fl. July. 
 1. Stamens long, with dark purple filaments. Spikes shorter than 
 in P. major, and more silvery from the shining scariose corollas. The 
 most ornamental of the British species and very conspicuous when in 
 flower. 
 
 3. P. lanceolata, Linn. Ribwort Plantain. Leaves lanceo- 
 late, entire, tapering at each end, woolly at the base ; flower- 
 stalks angular; spike ovate. Br. PI. 1. p. 67. E. Fl. v. \. p. 
 214. E. Bot. t. 175. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, common. Fl. June, July 1. Leaves 
 plaited, erect, spike blackish with large cream-coloured anthers. 
 
 4. P. maritima, Linn. Sea Plantain. Leaves linear, chan- 
 nelled, nearly entire ; flower-stalks round, longer than the 
 leaves; spike cylindrical. Br. Fl. I.p. 67. E, Fl. v. i.p. 215. 
 E. Bot, t. 175. 
 
176 PLUMBAGlNBjE. [Static*. 
 
 Salt marshes and crevices of rocks on the sea-shore ; also on grassy 
 bases of mountains sloping towards the sea at considerable elevations. 
 Fl. June Sept. !(.. Varying very much in the breadth and hairiness 
 of the leaves and scapes as well as in size, sometimes proliferous. 
 
 5. P. Coronopus, Linn. BucKs-horn Plantain. Leaves in 
 many pinnate, linear segments ; flower-stalks round ; dissepi- 
 ment of the capsule with 4-angles, (thus forming 4-cells), 1-seed 
 in each cell. Br. Fl. 1. p. 68. E. Fl. v. i. p. 216. E. Bot. t. 
 892. 
 
 Gravelly and sterile sandy soils, generally near the sea-coast. FL 
 June, July. 0. Leaves mostly spreading, very variable in size and pu- 
 bescence, pinnatiiid ; segments often toothed or again divided. Scape 
 hairy. Spike mostly cylindrical. 
 
 2. LITTORELLA. Linn. Shore-weed. 
 
 Barren fl. Calyx of 4 leaves. Corolla 4-fid. Stamens very 
 long. Fertile fl. Calyx none (unless 3 bractege can be so 
 called). Corolla urceolate, contracted at the mouth. Style 
 very long. Capsules 1-seeded. Name; littusthe shore, from 
 its place of growth. Moncecia. Tetrandria. 
 
 1. L. lacustris, Linn. Plantain Shore-weed. Br. FL I. p. 
 401. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 130. E. Bot. t. 46$.Plantago uniflora, 
 Linn. Sp. PI. 
 
 Gravelly shores of lakes in various parts of the country, plentiful at 
 Lough Bray, Lough Dan, &c. Fl. June 1. Leaves all radical, three 
 or four inches long, linear, fleshy. Scapes several. Corolla white, 
 with an inflated tube. Fertile flowers sessile in the axils of the 
 leaves. 
 
 ORD. 46. PLUMBAGINE^. Juss. Lead-wort Family. 
 
 Calyx tubular, plaited, persistent. Corolla of one or five 
 petals, equal. Stamens definite, hypogynous in the monopeta- 
 lous corollas, inserted upon the petals in the polypetalous ones. 
 Ovary ], free, 1-seeded, with the ovule inverted, pendulous from 
 the apex of a stalk arising from the bottom of the ovary. Styles 
 5 (rarely 3 or 4) ; stigmas as many. Fruit an almost valveless 
 utricule. Seed inverted : integument simple. Embryo straight : 
 radicle superior. Herbaceous or snffrutescent plants, frequently 
 growing on the sea-coast, in various situations, and with a very di- 
 versified aspect. Leaves alternate or clustered, undivided, somewhat 
 sheathing at the base. Flowers spiked or capitate. 
 
 I. STATICE. Linn. Thrift. 
 Calyx of one piece, funnel-shaped, plaited, dry and membra- 
 
Statice.] PLUMBAGINEJL 177 
 
 naceous. Petals 5, united at the base, bearing the stamens. 
 Capsule with one seed invested with the calyx. Name from 
 <naTigu>, to stop, from its supposed qualities in checking dy- 
 sentery. Pentandria. Pentagynia. 
 
 * Flowers collected into a rounded head. (Armeria, De Cand.) 
 
 1. S. Armeria, Linn. Common Thrift, or Sea Gilliflower. 
 Leaves linear ; scape simple, bearing a rounded head ; awns of 
 the calyx short. Br. FL 1. p. 145. E. FL v. ii. p. 115. E. 
 Bot. t. 226. 
 
 Muddy sea-shores, among rocks by the sea-side, and on the tops of 
 the highest mountains in Kerry. Fl. July, Aug. T. Leaves all ra- 
 dical, numerous. Heads of flowers rose-coloured, intermixed with 
 scales and having, besides, a brown, membranous, 3-leaved involucre, 
 terminating below in a sheathing, jagged covering to the upper part of 
 the scape. 
 
 * # Flowers unilateral on apaniculated scape. (Taxanthema, 
 
 Neck. Br.) 
 
 2. S. Limonium, Linn. Common Sea Lavender. Leaves 
 elliptic-lanceolate, stalked, mucronate, single-ribbed ; scape 
 angular, with a much branched spreading corymb at the top ; 
 calyx with deep acute plaited segments and intermediate 
 teeth. Br. FL 1. p. 145. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 116. E. Bot. t. 
 102. 
 
 Muddy shores in various parts of the country. Plentiful on the 
 shore near Baldoyle, &c. Fl. July, Aug., 1. Leaves two or three 
 inches long, leathery, somewhat glaucous. Panicle spreading, alter- 
 nately branched. Flowers small, imbricated, blue, each sheathed in a 
 green tubular bractea. 
 
 3. S. spathulata, Desf. Upright-spiked Sea Lavender. 
 Leaves spathulate, with a short mucro, glaucous, 3-ribbed at 
 the base ; scape branched from below the middle ; panicle 
 elongated ; branches distichous ; spikes erect; calyx with plane 
 blunt segments without intermediate teeth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 145. 
 Sims, in Bot. Mag. #.1617. S. Limonium, /3. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 
 116. S. retieulata. Hook. Scot. 1. p. 97. Mackays Cat. p f 
 35. 
 
 Gravelly bank on the shore near Baldoyle, with the last, and at Port- 
 marnock ; also on rocks by the sea on the south side of the hill of 
 Howth ; Killiney-Hill, and many places on the Kerry coast. FL Aug. 
 1. From three inches to a foot high. Leaves from one to two and a 
 half inches long, coriaceous, with a white border extending from the base 
 of the petiole to the upper extremity. Panicle more compact than in 
 the last ; spikes erect, with larger flowers. The smaller states of this 
 species very much resemble S. retieulata of E. Bot. hence the mistake 
 that several other Botanists as well as myself have fallen into concern- 
 ing it. 
 
 Y 
 
1 78 OLEINE.E. [Fraxinm. 
 
 ORD. 47. OLEINE^. Hoffmannsegg and Link. Olive 
 Family. 
 
 Flowers perfect or sometimes dioecious. Calyx monophyl- 
 lous, divided, persistent, inferior. Corolla hypogynous, mono- 
 petalous, 4-cleft, occasionally of 4 petals, connected in pairs by 
 the intervention of the filaments, sometimes without petals ; 
 aestivation somewhat valvate. Stamens 2, alternate with the 
 segments of the corolla or the petals ; anthers 2-celled, opening 
 longitudinally. Ovarium simple, without any hypogynous disk, 
 2-celled ; the cells 2-seeded ; the ovules pendulous and colla- 
 teral. Style 1 or 0. Stigma bifid or undivided. Fruit drupa- 
 ceous, berried, or capsular; often by abortion 1-seeded. Seeds 
 with dense, fleshy, abundant albumen ; embryo straight ; coty- 
 ledons foliaceous, partly asunder; radicle superior; plumula 
 inconspicuous. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple, sel- 
 dom pinnated. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes or 
 panicles ; the pedicels opposite, with single bractece. 
 
 1. LIGUSTRUM. Linn. Privet. 
 
 Corolla 4-cleft. Berry 2-celled, with the cells 2-seeded. 
 Name from ligo, to bind, on account of the use sometimes 
 made of its long and pliant branches. 
 
 Diandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. L. vulgare, Linn. Common Privet. Leaves elliptico- 
 lanceolate ; panicle compact. Br. Fl. 1. p. 3. E. Fl. v. i. p. 
 13. E. Bot. t. 764. 
 
 Hedges. Fl. June, July. T? . A bush with opposite leaves, often 
 used for hedges, mixed with the common thorn, particularly the ever- 
 green variety. Flowers small, white. Berries black, globose. 
 
 2. FRAXINUS. Linn. Ash. 
 
 Calyx 0, or 4-cleft. Corolla 0, or of four petals. Capsule 
 2-celled, 2-seeded, compressed and foliaceous at the extre- 
 mity. Seeds solitary, pendulous. (Some flowers without 
 stamens.) Name from (fipagis, a separation, in allusion to the 
 facility with which the wood may be split. 
 
 Diandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. F. excelsior, Linn. Common Ash, Leaves pinnated; 
 leaflets ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, serrated ; flowers without 
 either calyx or corolla. Br. Fl. 1. p. 11. E. Fl. v. i. p. 14. 
 E. Bot. t. 1692. 
 
 Woods and hedge-rows. J? . A lofty tree, the wood of which is 
 
Calluna.] ERICE^. 179 
 
 very valuable for many purposes, especially for implements of hus- 
 bandry. Leaves pinnate. Flowers in panicles. Capsules lanceolate. 
 
 ORD. 48. ERICE^E. Juss. Heath Family. 
 
 Calyx persistent, free, 3 4, often 5-partite. Corolla in- 
 serted into the base of the calyx (almost hypogynous), 4 5- 
 cleft, marcescent. Stamens definite, equal and alternate with 
 the segments of the corolla, or twice as many, distinct, inserted 
 at the base of the calyx or of the corolla. Anthers 2-celled, 
 the cells hard and dry, usually opening by pores, and furnished 
 with appendages. Ovary 1, free, surrounded at the base by a 
 disk or by scales : style 1 : stigma 1. Fruit many-celled, bac- 
 cate, or frequently capsular, many-seeded, many-valved ; de- 
 hiscence various. Seeds minute, attached to central placentas: 
 testa firmly adhering to the nucleus. Embryo straight in the 
 axis of a fleshy albumen ; radicle next the hilum. Shrubs or 
 undershrubs. Leaves evergreen, rigid, entire, whorled, or oppo- 
 site, without stipulce. Inflorescence variable ; the pedicels gene- 
 rally bracteate. 
 
 1. ANDROMEDA. Linn. Andromeda. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla ovate or campanulate. Anthers 
 with awns. Capsules superior, 4 5-celled, the dissepiments 
 from the middle of the valves. Name given in allusion to 
 the story of Andromeda, who was chained to a rock and ex- 
 posed to the attack of a sea-monster : so does this beautiful 
 tribe of plants grow in dreary and northern wastes, feigned 
 to be the abode of praeternatural beings. 
 
 Decandria. Monogynia, 
 
 1. A. polifotia, Linn. Marsh Andromeda. Leaves alter- 
 nate, lanceolate, their margins revolute, glaucous beneath; 
 flowers on short terminal racemes. JBr. Fl. 1. /?. 188. E. FL 
 v. ii. p. 251. E. Bot. t. 713. 
 
 p. costceflora ; leaves inversely ovato-lanceolate ; flowers in 
 umbels, 5-sided. Tempi MSS. 
 
 Peat bogs in various parts of the country* . on a dry bog between 
 Newport and Castleconnel. Near Grey Abbey, County of Down ;; 
 Mr. Templeton. Fl. June. J? . A small evergreen shrub, with 
 beautiful oval or urceolate, rose-coloured, drooping flowers, a good 
 deal concealed among the terminal leaves. Two other distinct varieties 
 are cultivated in gardens besides the two described above. 
 
 2. CALLUNA. Salisb. Ling. 
 Calyx of 4 coloured sepals, surrounded by 4 coloured bracteae* 
 
!0 . ERICE.E. [Erica. 
 
 Corolla campanulate, 4-cleft. Stamens 8. Capsules 4-celled, 
 tlie dissepiments adhering to the axis, and with 4-valves de- 
 hiscing through the dissepiments. Name from jcaXX-vi/w, to 
 cleanse or adorn, and hence peculiarly applicable, as Sir 
 James E. Smith observes, to this plant, whether we consider 
 the beauty of its flowers, or the circumstance of brooms 
 being made of its twigs. Octandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. C. vulaaris, Salisb. Common Ling. Br. Fl. 1. p. 177. 
 E. FL v. ii. p. 225. Erica vulaaris, Linn. E. Bot. t. 1013. 
 
 Heaths and moor?, common ; sometimes with white flowers, Fl. 
 June Aug fy . A much branched, tufted shrub with opposite, imbri- 
 cated leaves, in four rows, varying very much in the colour of its 
 flowers, more particularly so in different parts of Scotland, probably 
 owing to the variation of the soils in which it grows. I have seen in 
 the Botanic Garden of Edinburgh eight or ten varieties, all of which 
 have been collected by the excellent curator, Mr. M'Nab. A variety 
 with double flowers is not uncommon in collections. The common 
 Ling is much used for brooms, and even for fuel where that article re 
 scarce. 
 
 3. MENZIESIA. Smith. Menziesia. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted. Corolla ventricose, with a spreading 4 or 5- 
 toothed limb. Stamens 8 or 10, inserted into the base of 
 the corolla. Capsule 4-celled, many-seeded, with 4 valves 
 dehiscing through the dissepiments. Name, " Nomen dedi?" 
 says the learned founder of this Genus, "in honorem Archi- 
 baldi Menzies Scotici, peregrinatoris et Botanici indefessi, 
 priscae fidei ac urbanitatis viri." 
 
 Octandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. M. polifolia, Smith. Irish Menziesia, St.Dabeocs Heath. 
 Leaves ovate, revolute ; downy arid white beneath ; flowers 
 cleft, ectandrous, in terminal leafy clusters. Br. Fl. 1. p. 175. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 223. Erica Dabeoci, Linn. E. Bot. t. 35. 
 
 Frequent on dry heaths over all the wild district of Cunnamara, and 
 the mountainous parts of Mayo. Fl. July, Aug. T? . Stems twelve 
 to eighteen inches high, bushy. Leaves ovate, half an inch long, 
 shining, dark green above. Flowers large, drooping, purplish-red. 
 Corolla with four blunt angles A beautiful variety with white flowers 
 first found by J. Kenny, Esq. in the County of Mayo, about fifteen 
 years ago, has since been observed in several parts of Cunnamara, and 
 is now a favourite plant in gardens. 
 
 4. ERICA. Linn. Heath. 
 
 Calyx 4-parted. Corolla campanulate, often ventricose, 5- 
 toothed. Stamens 8. Capsule with from 4 to 8 cells, and 
 the same number of valves. Name from cpucw, to break; 
 because it was formerly supposed to have the power of de- 
 srtoying calculi in the bladder. Octandria, Monogynia. 
 
Erica.] ERICE.E. 181 
 
 1. E. Tetralix, Linn. Cross-leaved Heath. " Leaves four 
 in a whorl, revoluto-linear, ciliated; flowers capitate, pedi- 
 celled ; sepals linear, ciliated and pedicelled, downy ; corolla 
 ovate ; anthers awned, included ; style nearly included." Bab. 
 MSS. Br. Fl. 1. p. 176. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 226. E. Bot. t. 
 1014. 
 
 Moist heaths and boggy ground. FL July, Aug. T? The (longer) 
 almost linear and revolute leaves of this species, noticed by Mr. Ba- 
 bington in the above description, serve along with other characters to 
 distinguish it from the following. 
 
 2. E. Mackaiana, Babington. Many-branched Cross-leaved 
 Heath. " Leaves four in a whorl, ovate, ciliated, smooth ; flow- 
 ers capitate, pedicelled ; sepals ovate, ciliated, smooth ; pedi- 
 cels villous and downy ; corolla oblongo-ovate ; anthers awned, 
 included ; style exserted." Bab. MSS. 
 
 On the declivity of a hill by the road side within three miles of Round- 
 stone, Curmamara ; Mr. W. M'Calla. FL July, Aug. T? . Speci- 
 mens of this presumed new species were left forme in Sept. 1835, by 
 Mr. Babington, and soon after I received others from the discoverer, 
 when at first sight it struck me as being different from any species I 
 was acquainted with. In its ovate, ciliated leaves, it much resem- 
 bles E. ciliaris, while in its mode of flowering and awned anthers 
 it agrees with E. Tetralix ; it however differs from that species in its 
 more shrubby habit and in the disposition of its branches, which, in- 
 stead of having the flowering ramuli generally springing from one 
 point (determinate ramosi) they are irregularly disposed and much 
 crowded towards the top of the main branches. Doctor Hooker, who 
 has kindly sent me a figure of this, is not as yet decided in his opinion 
 whether it will ultimately prove a distinct species from E. Tetralix. 
 There is however, I think, no doubt of its being at least a very distinct 
 variety. 
 
 3. E. cinerca, Linn. Fine-leaved Heath. Anthers crested; 
 style a little prominent; stigma capitate ; corolla ovate ; leaves 
 three in a whorl. Br. Fl. 1. p. 176. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 226. E. 
 Bot. t. 1015. 
 
 Dry heaths, woods and thickets, common. FL July, Aug. T? . 
 Stem from one to one and a half foot high in exposed situations j in 
 woods at Mucruss, it attains the height of five or six feet. Flowers nu- 
 merous, in dense leafy panicles, drooping, reddish-purple, occasionally 
 white. Leaves nearly linear, glabrous. 
 
 4. E. mediterranea. Mediterranean Heath. Anthers with- 
 out awns, and as well as the style exserted ; corolla narrow, 
 urceolate ; bracteas about the middle of the peduncle ; calyx 
 coloured ; flowers axillary ; leaves four in a whorl. Bot. Mag. 
 *. 471. 
 
 Var. ft. flowering branches and style" shorter. Hook, in 
 Suppl. to E. Bot. t. 2774. 
 
 $. On the western declivity of Urris-beg mountain near Roundstone, 
 Cunnarnara, Sept. 1830, covering a space of nearly three acres. It 
 has since been found by John Wynne, Esq. of Hazle-wood, and others 
 
182 PYROLACE^E. [Arbutus. 
 
 in the wild district of Erris, County of Mayo. FL March, April. T? . 
 An upright much branched shrub from two to four feet high, more 
 compact and less luxuriant in growth than var. . cultivated in gardens. 
 
 5. ARBUTUS. Linn. Strawberry-tree. 
 
 Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla ovate. Berry superior, 5-celled, 
 many-seeded. Name, according to Theis, from ar, rough or 
 austere, and boise, a bush in Celtic. 
 
 Decandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. A. Unedo, Linn. Strawberry-tree. Stem arboreous ; 
 leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrated ; panicles terminal ; berries 
 granulated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 188. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 252. E. Bot. 
 t. 2377. 
 
 Plentiful in the woods of Mucruss, and in all the islands in the lower 
 and upper lakes of Killarney, as well as at Glengariff, near Bantry, ge- 
 nerally among limestone rocks. About most of the mountain lakes in 
 the barony of Beer, certainly indigenous ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. 
 Oct. The fruit ripens in the following October or November. T? . In 
 1805, when I first visited Killarney, I measured a tree of this beautiful 
 evergreen in Rough-island opposite to O' Sullivan's Cascade, whose 
 stem was nine feet and a half in girth. A single tree of the scarlet 
 flowered variety was pointed out to me near the entrance to Glengariff 
 growing on red slate. The /lowers are large, in the common variety, 
 pale-greenish white. The fruit red and not ungrateful to the taste 
 when fully ripe. Black-birds and thrushes are very fond of them. 
 
 2. A. Uva Ursi, Linn. Red Bear-berry. Steins procum- 
 bent ; leaves obovate, entire, evergreen; racemes terminal. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 189. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 253. E. Bot. t. 714. Arc- 
 tostaphyllos Uva Ursi, Sprengl. Lindl. 
 
 Very abundant on the limestone mountains, barony of Burren, 
 County of Clare, and on several mountains in Cunnamara. At Fair- 
 head, County of Antrim ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. May. T? . Stems 
 very long and trailing. Leaves obovate, stiff, rigid, glabrous, their mar- 
 gins revolute. Flowers in small crowded racemes, terminal, of a beau- 
 tiful rose-colour. Berry small, red, austere, mealy ; eaten by Moor 
 fowl. 
 
 ORD. 49. PYROLACE^. Lindl. Pyrola Family. 
 
 Calyx 5-leaved, persistent, free. Corolla monopetalous, 
 hypogynous, regular, deciduous, 4 or 5-toothed, with an imbri- 
 cated aestivation. Stamens hypogynous, twice as numerous as 
 the divisions of the corolla : anthers 2-celled, opening by fis- 
 sures or pores, with or without appendages. Ovary superior, 
 4 5-celled, many-seeded, with an hypogynous disk : style 1, 
 straight or declinate : stigma simple. Fruit capsular, 4 5- 
 celled, dehiscent, with central placentas. Seeds indefinite, 
 very minute : testa large, loose and reticulated. Albumen 
 
Pyrola.} PYROLACEvE. 18o 
 
 fleshy. Embryo at one extremity of the albumen. Herbaceous, 
 rarely frutescent plants. Leaves simple, often wanting. 
 
 1. PYROLA. Linn. Winter-green. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, often connected at the base. AntJters 
 opening with two pores. Capsules superior, 5-celled, dehis- 
 cing at the angles of the base. Seeds numerous, invested 
 with a long arillus. Name from Pyrus, a pear, from a fan- 
 cied resemblance in its leaves to those of a Pear-tree. 
 
 Decandria. Monogynia. 
 
 \.Y.rotundifolia,HAun. Round-leaved Winter-green. Flowers 
 drooping, racemed ; leaves obovate-orbicular, slightly crenate ; 
 style bent down, curved upwards at the extremity, much longer 
 than the ascending stamens. Br. Fl. 1. p. 187. E. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 255. E. Bot. t. 213. 
 
 Moist woods and bushy places in the northern counties. On a steep 
 bank by the side of a mountain river near Garvagh, County of Derry 
 in July, 1835, growing- along with P. minor and P. secunda ; Mr. D. 
 Moore, who sent me fine specimens of all the three. FL July Sept. 
 "H . " The largest of the Pyrolce with white spreading jftowers, well dis- 
 tinguished by the direction and relative length of its stamens and 
 style. The latter is more than twice as long as the fully formed cap- 
 sule, and it is singularly curved. Stigma with five erect points." 
 Hooker. 
 
 2. P. media, Swartz. Intermediate Winter-green. Leaves 
 nearly orbicular; stamens erect, much shorter than the straight 
 and slightly decurved style ; stigma with five erect points. 
 Br. Fl. J. p. 187. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 256. E. Bot. t. 1945. 
 Hook. Lond. t. 30. 
 
 In Newtownards Park, and several places in the County of Antrim ; 
 Mr. Templeton. FL July, Aug. 3. " Peduncle spirally twisted. 
 Flowers pendulous, globose, white, with a pink tinge." (Smith.) I 
 insert this species on the authority of the late Mr. Templeton not hav- 
 ing yet seen Irish specimens of it. 
 
 3. P. minor, Linn. Lesser Winter-green. Leaves ovato- 
 rotundate, crenate, stamens erect as long as the very short style 
 which is included within the flower j- stigma large, with five 
 divergent rays. Br. FL 1. p. 187. E. FL v. ii. p. 257. E. 
 Bot. t. 158. (not good). Hook, in FL Lond. t. 154. P. 
 rosea, E. Bot. t. 2543. 
 
 On the northern side of Slemish mountain, and at Glenarm among 
 heath ; Mr. Templeton. Mountain Glen near Garvagh and other 
 places in the County of Derry ; Mr D. Moore. In woods at Ards- 
 house near Dunfanaghy, also at Banagher, on the Owenbeg river, County 
 of Derry, near the fall called Linapaste j Mr. E. Murphy. The most 
 common species in Ireland. FL July. 1. Well characterized by the 
 shortness of its style, and large radiated stigma, quite included within 
 the concave corolla. The figure given as P. rosea in E. Bot. is a 
 good representation of this species. 
 
184 . APOCYNE.E. [Vinca. 
 
 4. P. secunda, Linn. Serrated Winter-green. Flowers all 
 leaning one way, racemed; leaves ovate, serrated. Br. FL 1. 
 p. 186. E. FL v. ii. p. 257. E. Bot. t. 207. 
 
 Rare in Ireland. In a Mountain Glen near Garvagh, County of Derry ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. FL July. 3. Stems rather straggling, branched. 
 Peduncles 4 5 inches high, with several oval scales or bracteas. 
 Flowers small, greenish-white. Petals erect. Style much protruded. 
 Stigma 5-lobed. 
 
 2. MONOTROPA. Linn. Bird's-nest. 
 
 Perianth single, of 4 5 leaves, cucullate at the base. Anthers 
 1-celled, 2-lipped. Capsule superior, 4 5-celled. Seeds 
 numerous, invested with a long arillus. Named from /LIOVOS, 
 one, and rpeTrw, to turn, the flowers all pointing one way. 
 
 Decandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. M. Hypopitys, Linn. Yellow Bird's-nest. Flowers in a 
 drooping cluster ; lateral ones with eight stamens, terminal one 
 with ten. Br. FL \. p. 186. E. FL v. ii. p. 249. E. Bot. t. 
 713. 
 
 Beech and Fir-woods, where the soil is dry. St. Catherine s woods, 
 County of Dublin, and Moore Abbey, County of Kildare ; Doctor 
 Wade. FL June, July. !(.. Plant succulent of a uniform yellowish 
 colour. Stem five to eight inches high. Leaves resembling scales. 
 
 ORD. 50. APOCYNE^:. Br. Apocynum Family. 
 
 Calyx of 5 divisions, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, hy- 
 pogynous, regular, 5-lobed, with an imbricated aestivation, 
 deciduous. Stamens 5, situated on the corolla, and alternate 
 with the segments of the limb: filaments distinct: anthers 
 2-celled, opening longitudinally ; pollen granular, immediately 
 applied to the stigma. Ovaries 2 or 1, 2-celied, generally 
 many-seeded : styles 2 or 1 : stigma 1. Pericarp a follicle or 
 capsule, drupe or berry, double or single. Seeds generally 
 without albumen. Embryo foliaceous. Plumule inconspicu- 
 ous. Trees, shrubs (or herbaceous plants), often milky. Leaves 
 opposite, sometimes vertidllate, rarely scattered, entire, frequently 
 with interpetiolary cilia which are glandular. Inflorescence some- 
 what corymbose. 
 
 1. VINCA. Linn. Periwinkle. 
 
 Calyx 5 -parted. Corolla salver-shaped, the segments oblique, 
 spirally imbricated in the bud. Follicles 2, erect. Seeds 
 naked. Name supposed from Vincio, to bind, as the trailing 
 stems do the plants which grow in its neighbourhood. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
Exacum.} GENTIANEAL . 185 
 
 1. V. minor, Linn. Lesser Periwinkle. Stems procumbent ; 
 leaves elliptic-lanceolate, smooth-edged ; flowers stalked ; seg- 
 ments of the calyx lanceolate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 98. E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 338. E. Bot. t. 917. 
 
 Hedge-banks and woods. Woods at Castle-hyde, County of Cork ; 
 Mr. J. Drummond. Woods near Chapelizod, scarcely indigenous. 
 Fl. May, June. %. Stems round, of a woody texture, trailing. Leaves 
 of a dark shining green. Flowers solitary, an inch wide, violet blue ; 
 rarely white. 
 
 2. V. major. Linn. Greater Periwinkle. Stems ascending ; 
 leaves ovate, fringed ; flowers stalked ; segments of the calyx 
 bristle-shaped, elongated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 98. E. Fl. v. i. p. 
 339. E. Bot. t. 514. 
 
 In hedges, woods and old Church-yards, often planted. Fl. May. 
 %. Twice the size of the former in all its parts. Flowers generally 
 of a pale blue. Corolla often fringed with coarse hairs. 
 
 ORD. 51. GENTIANE^E. Juss. Gentian Family. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous, divided, persistent. Corolla monopeta- 
 lous, hypogynous, often regular, marcescent or deciduous ; the 
 limb divided, equal, the lobes agreeing in number with the seg- 
 ments of the calyx, generally 5, sometimes 4 8, with an im- 
 bricated aestivation. Stamens situated upon the corolla, equal 
 in number to the segments and alternating with them, some 
 rarely abortive. Ovary 1, 1 2-celled, many-seeded. Style 1, 
 or 2, more or less connate : stigmas 1 2. Capsule sometimes 
 a berry, many-seeded, 1 2-celled, often 2-valved, with the 
 margins of the valves introflexed, and in the 1-celled pericarps 
 bearing the seeds, in the 2-celled ones they are inserted upon a 
 central placenta. Seeds small. Embryo straight, in the axis 
 of a soft, fleshy albumen : radicle directed to the hilum. Herbs, 
 or rarely shrubs, generally glabrous, with opposite, entire, exsti- 
 pulate leaves. Flowers terminal-Qr axillary, 
 
 1. EXACUM. Linn. Gentianella. 
 
 Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla 4-cleft, salver-shaped, marcescent, the 
 tube swelling. Anthers opening longitudinally. Stigma en- 
 tire. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds attached to two sutural 
 receptacles, which at length separate with the opening of the 
 two valved-capsule. Name, e^, out, and a^w, to conduct, an- 
 ciently applied to the Erythrea Centaurium, a genus allied 
 to this, and which was supposed to have the property of 
 ejecting poison from the stomach. 
 
 Tetrandria. Monogynia. 
 
 L E. Jiliforme, Sm. Least GentianeUa. Leaves linear- 
 
 z 
 
186 GENTIANE^. [Erythraa. 
 
 lanceolate, sessile ; stem dichotomous, slender ; peduncles 
 elongated. Br. FL 1. p. 66. E. Fl v. i. p. 212. E. Bot. t. 
 235. 
 
 Sandy turf-bogs, near Bantry ; Miss Hutchins, Mr. J. Drummond, 
 and Mr. W. Wilson. Fl. July. Q. A small slender graceful plant, 
 with yellow flowers, differing from Gentiana in the number of the sta- 
 mens, and the divisions of the calyx and corolla. 
 
 2. ERYTHEMA. Renealm. Centaury. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, withering, with a short . 
 limb. Stamens 5. Anthers when burst becoming spiral. 
 Style erect. Stigmas 2, roundish. Capsule linear, 2-celled. 
 JR. Br. Name from cpvQpos, red, the colour of the flowers 
 in most of the species. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. E. Centaurium, Pers. Common Centaury. Stem nearly 
 simple; panicle forked, corymbose; leaves ovato-lanceolate ; 
 calyx half the length of the tube ; its segments partly combined 
 by a membrane. Br. Fl. 1. p. 92. E. Fl. v. i. p. 320. E. Bot. 
 t. 417 Gentiana Centaurium, Linn. 
 
 Dry pastures, frequent. FL July, Aug. 0. 8 10 inches to a foot 
 high. Hoot-leaves spreading, three-nerved, broader than those of the 
 stem, which are in distant pairs. Panicles of flowers fascicled near 
 the top of the stem, and forming a sort of corymb. Corolla rose- 
 colour. 
 
 2. E. pulchella, Hook. Dwarf branched Centaury. Stem 
 much branched; leaves ovate-oblong; flowers pedicellate in 
 lax panicles ; calyx nearly as long as the tube of the corolla. 
 Hook. Br. Fl. L p. 92. E. Fl. v. i. p. 322.Chironia pul- 
 chella, Willd. E. Bot. t. 458. Gentiana pulchella, Swartz. 
 G. Centaurium p. Linn. 
 
 Sandy sea- shores, &c. On Cape Clear Island ; Mr. J. Drummond. 
 On rocky ground below Bangor, County of Down ; Mr. Templeton* 
 Fl. Aug. Sept. 0. Stems 2 4 or 6 inches high, slender and much 
 branched from the base. Panicle spreading, leafy, dichotomous, with 
 a single flower-stalk between the branches. Probably only a variety of 
 the preceding, as Doctor Hooker well remarks. 
 
 3. E. littoralis, Hook. Dwarf tufted Centaury. Stem 
 simple or branched ; leaves ovate-oblong ; flowers sessile, capi- 
 tato-paniculate ; calyx as long as the tube, deeply cleft. Hook. 
 Br. Fl. I. p. 92. E. Fl. v. i. p. 320. Chironia littoralis, 
 Turn, and Dillw. Bot. Guide, p. 469. E. Bot. t. 2305. 
 
 Portmarnock sands. FL June July. Q.Stem about two inches 
 high ; leaves nearly uniform. I agree with Doctor Hooker in thinking 
 this species not permanently distinct from E. Centaurium, which at 
 Portmarnock varies very much in appearance. 
 
 4. E. latifolia, Sm. Broad-leaved tufted Centaury. Stem 
 3-cleft at the top ; flowers in dense forked tufts ; calyx as long as 
 
Gentiana.} GENTIANE^. 187 
 
 the tube ; segments of the corolla lanceolate ; lower leaves 
 broadly elliptic, \vith five or seven ribs. Hook. Br. FL 1. p. 
 93. E. FL v. i. p. 321. E. Bot. Suppl t. 27l8.Chiro?iia 
 Centaurium^ var. 2. Sm. FL Brit. p. 1393. 
 
 On Portmarnock sands growing along with E. Centaurium and is 
 perhaps only a stunted variety of that species, with broader leaves. 
 County of Down ; Mr. Thomas Drummond. Hook. Fl. July. 0. 
 
 3. GENTIANA. Linn. Gentian. 
 
 Calyx 4 or 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped or hypocrateriform, 
 4 or 5-cleft, with the orifice naked. Stamens 5. Stigma 
 2-lobed. Seed not bordered. R. Br. Named from Gentius, 
 King of Illyria, who, according to Pliny, brought into use 
 the species that is so much valued in medicine as the bitter 
 Gentian, G. lutea. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. G. verna, Linn. Spring Gentian. Corolla 5-cleft, 
 salver-shaped ; segments auricled at the base ; leaves crowded, 
 ovate. Br. Fl. 1. p. ill. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 29. E. Bot. t. 493. 
 
 In barren mountainous situations on a calcareous soil. Plentiful on 
 the Burren mountains near Gort. On hilly grounds about eight miles 
 west of Tuam, in great abundance ; Mr. John M' Greggor. PL 
 April. 14-' Much smaller in all its parts than G. acaulis of the gar- 
 dens and readily distinguished from it by its salver-shaped corolla ; 
 that of the other being subcampanulate, and not found .in a wild state 
 in Ireland. Stem shorter, central, leafy, bearing a single flower, with a 
 bright blue corolla. 
 
 2. G. Amarella, Linn. Autumnal Gentian. Corolla salver- 
 shaped, 5-cleft ; bearded in the throat; segments of the calyx 
 nearly equal ; stem flowering from top to bottom, with short 
 axillary branches. Br. Fl. 1. p. 111. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 30. E. 
 Bot. ^236. 
 
 Pastures, particularly in subalpine situations. Mr. Templeton 
 found this and the following species with double flowers, about 
 Cave-hill and other places in the County of Antrim. Fl. June 
 Sept. 0. From three inches to a foot high, and covered with 
 flowers of a pale purplish blue. 
 
 3. G. campestris, Linn. Field Gentian. Corolla salver- 
 shaped, 4-cleft ; bearded in the throat ; two outer segments of 
 the calyx ovate, very large. Br. Fl. 1. p. 111. E. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 31. E. Bot. t. 237. 
 
 Hilly pastures, particularly near the coast, most frequent on a lime- 
 stone soil. Fl. Aug. Oct. Very similar to the last in general habit ; 
 but with larger flowers, which are of a paler blue. On the grassy tops 
 of Magilligan rocks, County of Derry, which are composed of basalt, 
 I found in pretty great abundance a variety with white flowers. 
 
IBS GENTIANE^E. [VMarsia. 
 
 4. CHLORA. Linn, Yellow-wort. 
 
 Calyx 8-parted. Corolla hypocrateriform ; the tube short, the 
 limb 8-parted. Stamens 8, very short, inserted in the orifice. 
 Style \. Stigma 4-cleft. Capsule 1-celled. Name derived 
 from -)(\wpo<s. pale or yellowish-green, in allusion to the colour 
 of its flowers. Octandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. C. perfoliata. Linn. Perfoliate Yellow-wort. Leaves 
 perfoliate; panicle forked, many-flowered. Br. Fl. 1. p. 174. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 218. E. Bot. t. 60. 
 
 Plentiful in the County of Dublin, chiefly on a limestone soil ; (it is 
 however found in fields about Kingstown over granite-) At the marble 
 quarries near Kilkenny, and in Lord Desert's demesne. South Isles of 
 Arran ; Messrs. Ball and Thomson. Not found in the northern 
 counties or in Scotland. Fl. July Sept. Q. 
 
 Menyanthece. 
 
 Leaves alternate, usually toothed or divided. 
 5. MENYANTHES. Linn. Buck-bean. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla funnel-shaped; the limb spreading, 
 5-parted y bearded internally, with a simple margin. Stigma 
 capitate, with from two to five furrows. Glands 5, hypogy- 
 nous, alternate with the stamens. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved ; 
 the valves bearing the seed in their axis. Leaves ternate. 
 Name ^v^ a month, and ai/0os, a floiver. Sir J. E. Smith 
 says the blossoms continue in perfection about a month. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. M. frifoliata, Linn. Common Buck-bean. Leaves ter- 
 nate; disk of the corolla densely shaggy. Br. FL 1. p. 91. . 
 Fl. v. i. p. 274. E. Bot. t. 495. 
 
 Marshy places, boggy ground, &c. frequent. FL June, July. 1. 
 Roots densely creeping and matted, so as often to render the boggy 
 ground firm where the plant grows. Leaves ternate, stalked ; leaflets 
 obovate, obscurely toothed. The base of the leaf is sheathing, whence 
 arises a flower-stalk supporting a compound raceme or thyrsus, of 
 many white flowers, tipped externally with red and beautifully fringed 
 with white filaments within. " In the Highlands of Scotland, employed 
 as tea, it is considered to strengthen weak stomachs. It cures the dis- 
 ease called darn in cattle ; and is sometimes used as a substitute for 
 hops, (Mr. Gibb.) All these qualities indicate the bitter principle 
 which abounds so much in the Gentian tribe.' 9 Hooker. 
 
 5. VILLARSIA. Vent. Villarsia. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla somewhat rotate, the limb spreading, 
 5-parted, smooth in the disk, bearded or scaly at the base, 
 
Datura.} SOLANE^. 189 
 
 with an inflexed margin. Stamens 5, alternate with the seg- 
 ments. Style 1. Stigma 2-lobed ; the lobes toothed. Glands 
 5, hypogynous, alternate with the stamens. Capsule 1-celled, 
 2-valved, many-seeded, (in the floating species indehiscent;) 
 the valves bearing the seeds in their axis. Leaves simple. 
 R. Br. Named in compliment to M. de Villars, author of 
 Flore du Dauphine. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. V. nymphceoides, Vent. Nymphcea like Villarsia. Leaves 
 heart-shaped, wavy at the edges, floating ; corolla fringed. 
 J8r. Fl. 1. p. 92. Hook, in FL Lond. N. S. t. l6$.Menyanthes 
 nymphceoides, Linn. E. Bot. t. 217. 
 
 Naturalized in the Laggan a little above the Belfast Botanic Garden, 
 and near Lurgan. Fl. July, Aug. 2. A beautiful plant, and difficult 
 to be eradicated. Flowers large, yellow, curiously plaited. 
 
 ORD. 52. SOLANE^E. Juss. Nightshade Family. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted, seldom 4-parted, persistent, inferior. Corolla 
 monopetalous, hypogynous ; the limb 5-cleft, seldom 4-cleft, 
 regular, or somewhat unequal, deciduous ; the aestivation, in 
 the genuine genera of the order, plaited; in the spurious ge- 
 nera, imbricated. Stamens inserted upon the corolla, as many 
 as the segments of the limb, with which they are alternate ; 
 one sometimes being abortive. Pericarpium with 2 or 4 cells, 
 either a capsule with a double dissepiment parallel with the 
 valves, or a berry, with the placentae adhering to the dissepi- 
 ment. Seeds numerous, sessile. Embryo more or less curved, 
 often out of the centre, lying in fleshy albumen ; radicle next 
 the hilum. Herbaceous plants or shrubs. Leaves alternate) 
 undivided, or lobed ; the floral ones sometimes double, and placed 
 near each other. Inflorescence variable, often out of the axillce; 
 the pedicels without bractece. 
 
 The plants of this order are eminently narcotic and exciting, 
 many of them dangerous poisons ; which qualities, however, 
 vary in degree in different individuals : thus, what exists in the 
 Potatoe is dissipated by heat, and the tubers are rendered quite 
 wholesome. 
 
 1. DATURA. Linn. Thorn-apple. 
 
 Calyx tubular, ventricose, with 5 angles, 5-toothed, diciduous, 
 leaving behind a broad orbicular base. Corolla funnel- 
 shaped ; the tube long ; the limb with 5 angles, 5 plaits, and 
 5 points. Stamens 5. Stigma of 2 plates. Capsule echinate 
 or smooth, 2-celled ; the cells divided occasionally by spu- 
 rious dissepiments. Name from its Arabic appellation Ta- 
 torah, (Forskal). In some parts of the East Indies too, it is 
 called Daturo. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
190 SOLANE.E. [Verbascum. 
 
 1. D. Stramonium, Linn. Common Thorn-apple. Fruit 
 spinous, ovate, erect ; leaves ovate, smooth, sinuated. Br. FL 
 1. p. 93. E. FL v. i. p. 314. JE'. Bnt. t. 1288. 
 
 Waste ground in the neighbourhood of towns, occasionally, where 
 the seeds have probably escaped from gardens. FL July. 0. Well 
 known for its narcotic properties and was much used in London, Dub- 
 lin, and other places several years ago as a cure for asthma, smoked 
 like tobacco. 
 
 2. HYOSCYAMUS. Linn. Henbane. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, the limb spread- 
 ing, obliquely 5-lobed, unequal. Stigma capitate. Capsule 
 compressed, furrowed on each side, opening at the apex by a 
 transverse aperture. Name from vs, i>os, a Hog, and KVOJLIOS, 
 a bean. Hogs are said to eat the fruit, which bears some re- 
 semblance to a bean. The seeds do not prove injurious, 
 though the plant be esteemed poisonous. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. H. niger, Linn. Common Henbane. Leaves sinuated, 
 clasping the stem ; flowers sessile. Br. Fl. 1. p. 94. E. FL v. 
 i.p. 315. E. Bot.t. 691. 
 
 On waste grounds, and dry gravelly or sandy commons, especially 
 near the coast. FL July. 0. Leaves sharply lobed, soft, downy, and 
 viscid, exhaling a powerful and very disagreeable odour, like all'the rest 
 of the plant. Flowers numerous from the bosoms of the upper leaves. 
 Corolla straw colour, pencilled with dark purple veins. Plant highly 
 narcotic. 
 
 3. VERBASCUM. Linn. Mullein. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, unequal. Stamens 5, 
 unequal ; filaments declinate, almost always villous at the 
 base. Capsule with two valves, ovate or globose. Name 
 altered from Barbascum, from Barba, a beard ; in allusion to 
 the shaggy nature of its foliage. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. V. Thapsus, Linn. Great Mullein or Shepherd' s-club. 
 Leaves decurrent, crenate, woolly on both sides ; stem simple ; 
 cluster dense; flowers almost sessile. Br. FL I.p. 95. E. FL 
 v. i. p. 308. E. Bot. t. 549. 
 
 Banks and waste ground in light sandy, or gravelly soils, in many 
 places. FL July, Aug. $ . Stem four or five feet high, angular, 
 winged. Leaves thick, excessively woolly, ovate or oblong. Spike 
 long, cylindrical. Flowers handsome, golden yellow. Three of the 
 stamens are hairy ; two longer ones glabrous. The leaves boiled in 
 milk are much used by the peasantry in hsemorrhoidal complaints. 
 
 2. V. virgatum, With. Large -flowered Primrose leaved 
 Mullein. Leaves ovato-lanceolate, toothed, sessile ; radical 
 ones downy, somewhat lyrate ; stem branched ; flowers aggre- 
 
Atropa.] SOLANEJS. 191 
 
 gate, partly sessile. Br. Fl. 1. p. 95. E. FL v. i. p. 311. E. 
 Bot. t. 550. 
 
 Fields and by road-sides, rare. On the College grounds at West 
 Green-lane near Kenmare in 1804, where it had been previously no- 
 ticed by Docfor George Clarke, who accompanied me to Killarney in 
 that year. Fl. Aug. $ . Stem five or six feet high, winged from the 
 partially decurrent leaves. Flowers large, bright yellow. 
 
 4. SOLANUM. Linn. Nightshade. 
 
 Calyx persistent, with from five to ten divisions. Corolla 
 monopetalous, rotate. Anthers opening with two pores at 
 the extremity. Berries roundish, two or more celled. 
 Name of doubtful origin. According to some from Solamen, 
 on account of the comfort or solace derived from some species 
 as a medicine. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. S. Dulcamara, Linn. Woody Nightshade, or Bitter-sweet. 
 Stem shrubby, zigzag, without thorns ; upper leaves hastate ; 
 clusters cymose. Br. FL 1. p. 94. E. FL v. i. p. 317. E. Bot. 
 t. 592. 
 
 Hedges and waste places. In hedges near Dublin, frequent. Near 
 Belfast ; Mr. Campbell. The hairy leaved variety grows on the coast 
 near Rynville, Cunnamara. FL June, July. T? . Flowers purple, 
 with two green tubercles at the base of each segment. Anthers large, 
 yellow, united into a pyramidal or cone-shaped figure. 
 
 2. S. nigrum, Linn. Common or Garden Nightshade. Stem 
 herbaceous, without thorns ; leaves ovate, bluntly toothed or 
 wavy ; umbels lateral, drooping. Br. Fl. 1. p. 94. E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 318. E. Bot. t. 566. 
 
 Waste places and old dung-hills near Dublin. In Copeland Islands, 
 County of Antrim, and on the main land opposite ; Mr. Campbell. 
 Fl. July. 0. 
 
 5. ATROPA. Linn. Dwale. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-clefl. Corolla carnpanulate, twice as long 
 as the calyx, 5-lobed, equal. Filaments 5, filiform. Berry 
 globose, seated in the calyx. Name from Atropos, one of 
 the fates, in allusion to its deadly quality. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. A. Belladonna, Linn. Common Dwale, or Deadly Night- 
 shade. Stem herbaceous ; leaves ovate, undivided ; flowers 
 solitary. Br. FL I. p. 94. E. FL v. \. p. 316. E. Bot. t. 592. 
 
 Hedges and waste places, especially among ruins near towns. At 
 Stradbally by the brook, near the old Monastery ; Doctor Wade. FL 
 June. %. Flowers lurid purple. Berries large, shining, violet- 
 black, highly injurious when taken internally. Their effect are said to 
 be best counteracted by drinking plentifully of vinegar. 
 
192 PRIMULACE^:. \Primuh. 
 
 ORD. 53. PRIMULACE^E. Vent. Primrose Family. 
 
 Calyx divided, 5, rarely 4-cleft, regular, persistent. Corolla 
 of 1 petal, hypogynous, regular, with the limb in 5, rarely 4, 
 divisions. Stamens inserted upon the corolla, as many as there 
 are calycine segments, and opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled : 
 style 1 : stigma capitate. Capsule valvate, with a free central 
 placenta. Seeds numerous, peltate, albuminose. Embryo in- 
 cluded, parallel with the hilum : radicle with no determinate 
 direction. Herbaceous plants. Leaves usually opposite, either 
 ivhorled or scattered. 
 
 1. CENTUNCULUS. Linn. Chaffweed. 
 
 Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Corolla somewhat urceolate, 4 or 5-cleft, 
 withering. Stamens 4 or 5, filaments beardless. Capsule 
 globose, dehiscing by a transverse incision. Name, it ap- 
 pears, anciently given to the Pimpernel, a genus allied to 
 this, and derived, according to Theis, from Cento, a covering, 
 because it was a little weed that covered the cultivated fields. 
 
 Tetrandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. C. minimus, Linn. Chaffweed or Bastard Pimpernel. 
 Flowers sessile; corolla without glands at the base. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 68. E. Fl. v. i. p. 217. E. Bot. t. 531. 
 
 Moist gravelly places, rare. Marshes at Glengariff. On the 
 Ross Islands, County of Donegal ; Mr. E. Murphy. Coast near 
 Coleraine ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. June, July. 
 
 2. GLAUX. Linn. Sea-Milkwort. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, coloured. Corolla none. Stamens 
 5, hypogynous. Stigma capitate. Capsule with one cell 
 and five valves. Seeds attached to a central globose placenta. 
 Embryo straight, lying across the hilum. De Cand. Name 
 from <y\avKLov, given to a plant of a sea-green colour, or be- 
 cause it grew near the sea. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. G. maritima, Linn. Sea Milkwort, or Black Saltwort. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 109. E. Fl. v. i. p. 336. E. Bot. t. 13. 
 
 Sea-shores, and muddy salt marshes, abundant. Fl. July. 1. 
 Stems 2 5 inches long, stout, branched ; often procumbent. Leaves 
 opposite, ovate, glabrous, fleshy, entire, sessile, small. Flowers sessile, 
 solitary, axillary, rose-coloured, with five, obtuse, spreading lobes 
 
 3. PRIMULA. Linn. Primrose. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-shaped, its tube cylin- 
 drical, its mouth open. Capsu'e ovate, dehiscing at the apex, 
 
Lysimachia.] PRIMULACE/E. 193 
 
 with five or ten teeth. Seeds minute, very numerous. 
 Name from primus, first, on account of the early appearance 
 of the flowers in the commonest of the species. 
 
 Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. P. vitlgariS) Hudson. Common Primrose. Leaves obo- 
 vato-oblong, toothed, wrinkled ; stalk single-flowered ; limb of 
 the corolla flat. Br. Ft. 1 . p. 89. E. Fl. v. i. p. 270. E. Bot. 
 t. 4. P. veris 7. acaulis, Linn. 
 
 Woods, hedge-banks and pastures, abundant. Fl. April, May. 11 . 
 If the scapes are traced to their very base, they will be found to 
 spring from one common point, and to constitute a sessile umbel. 
 
 2. P. elalior, With. Oxlip Primrose. Leaves toothed, 
 wrinkled, contracted towards the middle; stalk many-flowered; 
 limb of the corolla flat. Br. Fl. 1. p. 90. E. FL v. i. p. 270. 
 E. Bot. t. 513. P. veris ft. elatior, Linn. 
 
 In pastures, frequent ; especially in the County of Dublin. Fl. May, 
 June. 1. Flowers numerous, sulphur-coloured or light red. Tho 
 Polyanthus of which there are numerous varieties in gardens belong to 
 this species. 
 
 3. P. 'veris, Linn. Common Cowslip. Leaves toothed, 
 wrinkled, contracted towards the middle ; stalk many-flowered ; 
 limb of the corolla concave. Br. Fl. 1. p. 90. E. FL v.i. p. 
 271. E. Bot. t. 5. P. veris a. qfficinalis, Henslow. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, frequent. Very common in the County of 
 Dublin. FL April, May. !{.. Readily distinguished from the last by 
 its smaller flowers with a concave limb. Many Botanists consider all 
 the three species only varieties of P. veris as LinncBus has done. The 
 two last are often found growing together in open fields. P. acaulis 
 is generally found in sheltered situations under hedges and in thickets 
 
 4. LYSIMACHIA. Linn. Loosestrife. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-cleft. Capsule globose, 
 with five or ten valves. Name in honour of King Lysima- 
 chus, according to some ; according to others from \vrns, a 
 dissolving, pax 7 }-* battle. The English name, it will be at 
 once seen, has a similar meaning. Pliny says it tames res- 
 tive horses. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 * Stalks many-flowered. 
 
 1. L. vulgaris, Linn. Yellow Loosestrife. Clusters pa- 
 nicled, terminal; leaves ovato-lanceolate, acute* Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 88. E. Fl. v. i. p. 278. E. Bot. t. 176. 
 
 Sides of rivers and lakes, also in wet meadows, in the southern, 
 northern and midland counties. Ballypheane bog, and Summerstown 
 bog near Cork ; Mr. J. Drumrtwnd. Frequent in the County of 
 Down and on the low grounds near Lough Neagh, where many acres 
 
 A A 
 
194 PRIMULACE^S. [Anayattis. 
 
 are covered with it ; Mr. J. Campbell. Fl. July. 1 .Plant erect, 
 2 3 feet high. Leaves nearly sessile, glabrous, or downy beneath. 
 Panicle large ; leafy, much branched. Cowllas large, yellow, hand- 
 some. 
 
 jfc ^ Stalks single-floivered. 
 
 2. L. nemorum, Linn. Yellow Pimpernel. Leaves ovate, 
 acute; flowers solitary; stems procumbent; stamens smooth. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 89. E. Fl. v. i. p. 278. . Bot. t. 527. 
 
 Woods and shady places, frequent. Fl. during the summer months. 
 T. Stems creeping at the base, red and pellucid. Flowers gold-co- 
 loured. Divisions of the calyx awl-shaped. 
 
 3. L. Nummularia, Linn. Creeping Loosestrife. Leaves 
 somewhat heart-shaped ; flowers solitary ; stem prostrate, creep- 
 ing; stamens glandular. Br. Fl. 1. p. 89. E. FL v. i. p. 279. 
 E. Bot. t. 528. 
 
 Boggy pastures and borders of streams, rare. Summerstown bog 
 near Cork ; Doctor Wood. In marshy situations at the old camp, 
 Loughlinstown, and moist woods at Collon ; Mr. J. White. I have 
 not seen Irish specimens. Fl. July. If, . Leaves pale green. Flowers 
 lemon-coloured. Caly cine-leaves ovate. 
 
 5. HOTTONIA. Linn. Water- Violet. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with a short tube, and a flat 5-lobed 
 limb. Stamens inserted at the mouth of the tube. Capsule 
 globose, crowned by the long persistent style. Named after 
 Pierre Hotton, a Professor at Leyden during the latter half of 
 the seventeenth century. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. H. palustriS) Linn. Water- Violet or Featherfoil. Flowers 
 whorled, on a long, solitary, cylindrical stalk; corolla longer 
 than the calyx ; leaves pectinated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 91. E. Ft. v. 
 i.p. 276. E. Bot. t. 364. 
 
 Ditches and pools. First found in Ireland about eighteen years ago, 
 in ditches or drains near Downpatrick by Doctor Kennedy, then a 
 young and promising Botanist, who died shortly afterwards. Fl. June. 
 !{. . Hoot creeping. Leaves all submerged. Flowers large, hand- 
 some, pale-purple, rising above the water. 
 
 6. ANAGALLIS. Linn. Pimpernel- 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Capsule globose, 
 bursting all round transversely. Name from ava<ye\aiv, to 
 laugh. Pliny says the Anagallis excites pleasure ; and Dios- 
 corides that it removes obstructions of the liver which create 
 sadness. Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. A. arvensis, Linn. Common Pimpernel, or Poor Mans 
 
 Weatherglass. Leaves ovate, dotted beneath ; stem procum- 
 
Samolus.] PRIMULACE^. 195 
 
 bent; corolla minutely notched. jBr.JP/. 1. p. 87. E.Fl.v.i. 
 p. 280. E. Bot. t. 529. 
 
 Corn fields and sandy commons, frequent. Fl. June, July. 0. 
 Flowers bright scarlet, sometimes purplish pink when growing on 
 sandy grounds, as is the case at Portmarnock where it is very abun- 
 dant. 
 
 2. A. cceruka, Schreb. Blue Pimpernel. Leaves ovate, 
 sessile, dotted beneath ; margins of the corolla toothed, scarcely 
 at all glandulose. Br. Fl. 1. p.. 87. E. FL v. i. p. 280. E. Bot. 
 t. 1823. 
 
 Corn fields near Warrenpoint, below Newry, where it was first 
 pointed out to me in 1816, by Mrs. Lyne. Fl. June, July. 0. 
 Nearly allied to the last. 
 
 3. A. tenella, Linn. Bog Pimpernel. Leaves roundish, 
 somewhat pointed, stalked; stern creeping; stigma acute. Br. 
 Fl. \.p. 89. E. Fl. v. i. p. 281. E. Bot. t. 530. 
 
 Wet mossy bogs and moist sandy places, frequent. Plentiful at 
 Portmarnock, Howtb, Glencree and other places near Dublin. Island 
 Magee, and near Bangor ; Mr. Templeton and Mr. Campbell. Fl. 
 July, Aug. 14.. A beautiful little plant, growing in large tufts. Flowers 
 rose-colour, somewhat bell-shaped, on slender stalks. 
 
 ^ SomewJiat allied to Primulacece* 
 7. SAMOLUS. Linn. Brook-weed. 
 
 Calyx half superior. Corolla somewhat campanulate, 5-lobed. 
 Stamens 5, bearing anthers, and opposite the segments of the 
 limb ; five sterile, and alternate. Capsule half inferior, 
 ovate, half 5-valved, 1-celled. Placenta central, loose. Seeds 
 numerous, fixed by one end, albuminous. Embryo included ; 
 radicle next the umbilicus. Name, some say from the island 
 Samos, where Valerandus a botanist of the sixteenth cen- 
 tury, is said to have gathered our Samolus Valerandi. 
 Others, as Theis, from San, salutary, and mos, a hog in 
 Celtic, because it was used by the ancients for the curing of 
 diseases in hogs, Pentandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. S. Valerandi, Linn. Common Brook-weed. Leaves 
 obovate, obtuse ; clusters corymbose, many-flowered ; bract^as 
 solitary, in the middle of each partial stalk. Br. Fl. 1. p. 98. 
 E. FL v. i. p. 323. E. Bot. t. 703. 
 
 Marshy and watery places, especially in a gravelly soil. Fl. July. 
 %. Stem 8 10 inches high, rounded, glabrous, as well as the 
 ovate, subpetiolate, and entire fleshy leaves. Flowers small, white. 
 Calyx small, 5-cleft, persistent j the segments surmounting the rounded 
 capsule. 
 
LENTIBULARLE. [Pinguiculi. 
 
 OHD. 54. LENTIBULARI^E. Rich. Butterwort Family. 
 
 Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, hypogy- 
 nous, irregular, spurred and 2-lipped. Stamens 2, included, 
 inserted at the bottom of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled : style 
 1, very short : stigma 2-lipped. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, 
 with a large central placenta. Seeds small, without albumen : 
 embryo sometimes undivided. Aquatic or marsh, herbaceous 
 plants, with the radical leaves undivided or compound, root-like y 
 and bearing bladders. Scapes with stipidiform, minute scales, or 
 destitute of them, sometimes with whorled vesicles, usually undi- 
 vided, single- flowered^ or with many-flowered racemes or spikes. 
 Flowers with a single bractea or rarely none. 
 
 3. PINGUICULA. Linn. Butterwort. 
 
 Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip of three, lower of one, bifid segment. 
 
 Corolla ringent ; spurred. Germen globose. Stigma large, 
 
 of two unequal plates or lobes. Capsules 1-celled, with the 
 
 seeds attached to a central receptacle. Name from pinguis 9 
 
 fat ; the leaves being thick and greasy to the touch. 
 
 Diandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. P. vulgaris, Linn. Common Butterwort. Spur cylin- 
 drical, acute, as long as the very irregular petal ; segments of 
 the calyx oblong ; capsule ovate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 8. E. FL v. i. 
 p. 28. E. Bot. t. 70. 
 
 Bogs, moist banks and heaths, abundant, least frequent in the south- 
 ern counties. Fl. June. 1. Foliage covered with minute raised 
 crystaline points, all radical, fleshy, the margins involute. Scapes 
 single-flowered. Flowers purple, very handsome, drooping ; palate 
 covered with white, compactly jointed hairs. Anthers 1-celled, verti- 
 cal, placed just beneath the large horizontal plate or lobe of the stigma. 
 Style short. Caps, ovate, one-celled, bursting half way into two valves. 
 Seeds numerous, oblong, rough. The Itaves are said to coagulate 
 milk, whence the English name. 
 
 2. P. grandiflora, Willd. Large-flowered Buttenvort. 
 Spur cylindrical, acute, as long as the nearly regular, five- 
 cleft, veiny petal ; segments of the calyx ovate, obtuse ; cap- 
 sule ovate. Br. FL 1. p. 8. E. FL v. i. p. 29. E. Bot. t. 2184. 
 
 Western part of the County of Cork, in marshy ground ; Mr. J. 
 jprummond. Near Kenmare ; Mr. W, Wilson. Fl. May. 1. 
 This plant, apparently as rare upon the continent as in Britain, and 
 perfectly distinct from P. vulgaris, may be easily cultivated for a suc- 
 cession of years. As in the P. vulgaris, the old leaves die away in, 
 winter, and buds or hybernacula are formed, which expand into perfect 
 individuals in the spring. " Few plants can exhibit a more beautiful 
 appearance, early in the year, than a cluster of P. grandijlora, bios-. 
 ' under the shelter of a common frame. It is a mass of large 
 
Utricularia.] LENTHJULARLE. 197 
 
 deep and rich purple-coloured flowers, well contrasted with the pale but 
 bright hue of the leaves." Hooker. 
 
 3. P. lusitanica, Linn. Pale Butterwort. Spur cylindrical, 
 obtuse, decurved, shorter than the almost equal limb of the 
 corolla; leaves veiny, and, as well as the scape hairy. Br. Ft. 
 1. p. 8. E. FL v. i. p. 28. E. Bot. t. 145. 
 
 Boggy grounds in mountainous situations in many parts of the coun- 
 try. County of Antrim ; Mr. Templeton. Mourne mountains ; Mr. 
 Hyndman. County of Cork ; Rev. Doctor Hincks. Achil, Croagh- 
 patrick and Nephin, County of Mayo ; Messrs. Thomson and Ball. 
 Plentiful in Kerry ; Swarilinbar mountains near Florencecourt, and in 
 Cunnamara ; also near the Three-rocked mountain above Dundrum, 
 and in various parts of the County of Wicklow. FL June, July. If.. 
 
 2. UTRICULARIA. Linn. Bladder-wort. 
 
 Calyx of two sepals, the lips equal and undivided. Corolla 
 personate; the lower lip spurred at the base. Stigma bila- 
 biate. Capsule globose, of one cell. Seeds fixed to a central 
 receptacle. Name from Utriculus, a little bladder. 
 
 Diandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. U. vulgaris, Linn. Bladder-wort, or Hooded Milfoil. 
 Spur conical ; stalk straight ; cluster somewhat corymbose ; 
 upper lip of the corolla the length of the palate, reflexed 
 at the sides. Br. FL \. p. 9. E. FL v. i. p. 30. E. Bot. t. 
 253. 
 
 Ditches and deep pools, not unfrequent. FL June, July. %. 
 Shoots or runners floating horizontally in the water, clothed with ca- 
 pillary multifid leaves, bristly at the margin, and bearing little cristate 
 bladders. Scape erect, four to six inches high or more, with six or 
 eight ye\\o\v flowers in a raceme. 
 
 2. U. intermedia, Hayne. Intermediate Bladder-wort. Spur 
 conical ; stalk two or three-flowered ; upper lip of the corolla 
 flat, twice as long as the palate ; leaves with deep, forked, flat 
 segments; bladders separate from the leaves. Br. FL 1. p. 9. 
 E. FL v. i. p. 30. E. Bot. t. 2489. 
 
 Ditches and bog-holes, or deep pools. First found in Ireland in the 
 County of Fermanagh by the late Doctor R. Scott. Bog-holes filled 
 with water at Mucruss, Killarney, 1805, where it has subsequently been 
 found by Mr. W. Wilson. Ballynahinch, County of Down ; Mr. 
 Templeton. FL June, July. 1. Flowers smaller than the last, of a 
 pale yellow, and have a longer lip. The stems are more leafy, and the 
 bladders proceed from branched stalks, not from the leaves. 
 
 3. U. minor. Linn. Lesser Bladder-wort. Spur short, ob- 
 tuse, keeled, deflexed ; cluster of few flowers ; corolla gaping ; 
 palate nearly flat; lips undivided. Br. FL 1. p. 9. E. FL v. i. 
 p. 30. E.Bot. t. 254. 
 
 Ditches and pools. Plentiful in bog-holes and small lakes in Cun- 
 namara. Common in the county of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 
198 SCROPHULARINEJ3. [Veronica. 
 
 Near Grey Abbey ; Mr. Templeton. Near Bantry ; Mr. J. 
 Ztrummond. Fl. June, July. T. Smaller than the last. Vesi- 
 cles mixed with the leaves, which are glabrous at the margin. Flowers 
 very pale yellow and small. Spur scarcely any. Lower lip almost 
 plane ; palate scarcely closing the mouth, not projecting beyond the lip. 
 " The British species of this genus are all aquatics ; and the roots, 
 stems, and even leaves are furnished with numerous membranaceous, 
 reticulated vesicles, which according to Hayne, are filled with water, 
 till it is necessary the plant should rise to the surface, and expand its 
 blossoms above the fluid. The vesicles are then found to contain air 
 only, by aid of which the plant floats : this air again in the autumn 
 gives place to water, and the plant descends to ripen its seeds at the 
 bottom of the water. Aquatic insects arc often seen in these bladders," 
 Hooker. 
 
 ORD. 55. SCROPHULARINE^E. Juss. Figwort Family. 
 
 Calyx divided, persistent, inferior. Corolla monopetalous, 
 hypogynous, usually irregular, deciduous, with an imbricated 
 aestivation. Stamens 2, or 4, didynamous, very seldom equal. 
 Ovarium superior, 2-celled, many-seeded. Style 1. Stigma 
 2-lobed. Fruit capsular, very seldom succulent, with from 2 to 
 4 valves, which are either entire or bifid ; the dissepiment either 
 double, arising from the incurved margins of the valves, or 
 simple, and, in that case, either parallel with, or opposite to, the 
 valves. Placentae central, either adhering to the dissepiment 
 or separating from it. Seeds indefinite. Embryo included 
 within fleshy albumen ; radicle turned towards the hilum. 
 Herbaceous plants, seldom shrubs, with opposite leaves. Inflo- 
 rescence very variable. 
 
 Generally acrid bitter plants, frequently employed as purga- 
 tives or emetics. 
 
 1. VERONICA. Linn. Speedwell. 
 
 Calyx 4 or 5-parted. Corolla rotate ; the limb 4-parted, un- 
 equal, -with entire lobes. Capsule either separable in two, 
 or bearing the septa in the middle of the valves. Name of 
 doubtful origin. Diandria. Monogynia. 
 
 # Spikes or racemes terminal. Roots perennial. 
 
 1. V. serpyllifolia, Linn. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Raceme 
 somewhat spiked, many-flowered ; leaves broadly ovate, or el- 
 liptical, very obtuse, nearly entire, glabrous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 4. 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 20. E. Bat. t. 1075. 
 
 Grassy pastures and moist shady places, abundant. Fl. May July. 
 1. Plant of a pale shining green, a little succulent ; smooth in wet 
 situations j in dry ones all over hairy. Leaves on short foot-stalks. 
 
Veronica.] SCROPHULARINE^. 199 
 
 Racemes solitary, erect ; leafy at their base, bracteated. Fl. pale blue, 
 or white with blue streaks, sometimes flesh-coloured. 
 
 >|c * Racemes axillary. Root perennial. 
 
 2. V. Beccabunga, Linn. Brooklime. Racemes opposite ; 
 leaves elliptical, flat; stem creeping. Br. Fl. 1. p. 5. E. Fl. 
 v. i. p. 20. E. Bot. t. 635. 
 
 Ditches and rivulets, frequent. Fl. summer months. If. . Whole 
 plant glabrous and very succulent. Racemes of many bright blue 
 flowers. 
 
 3. V. Anagallis, Linn. Water Speedwell. Racemes lateral, 
 opposite; leaves lanceolate, serrated; stem erect. Br. Fl. \.p. 
 5. E. FL v. i. p. 21. E. Bot. t. 781. 
 
 Ditches, and muddy watery places. Fl. July, Aug. % . Stems suc- 
 culent, a foot or more high. Leaves varying somewhat in width. 
 Racemes long, many-flowered. Pedicels short, never reflexed. 
 Flowers bluish or inclined to purple. 
 
 4. V: scutellata, Linn. Water Speedwell. Racemes lateral, 
 alternate ; fruit-stalks reflexed ; leaves linear, slightly indented. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 5. E. Fl. v. i. p. 21. E. Bot. t. 782. 
 
 In watery spongy bogs. Fl. July, Aug. 1 . Racemes nearly op- 
 posite. Capsule of two, flattened, orbicular, membranous lobes. 
 Flowers flesh-coloured, with darker bluish leaves. 
 
 5. V. officinalis, Linn. Common Speedwell. Racemes la" 
 teral ; partial stalks shorter than their bracteas ; leaves ellip- 
 tical, serrated, roughish ; stem procumbent ; stigma capitate- 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 5. E. Fl. v. i. p. 22. E. Bot. t. 765. 
 
 ft. nearly glabrous. V. Alionii. D. Don. MSS. Hook. Scot, 
 v. 1. p. 7. 
 
 On dry sandy banks, barren heaths, woods, and mountainous pas- 
 tures .common. 3. On Sallagh-brays, County of Antrim ; Mr. Tem- 
 pleton. Fl. July. %. A very variable plant in size. Leaves as- 
 ^.ringent and bitter, hence sometimes used medicinally as tea. 
 
 6. V. Chamcedrysy Linn. Germander Speedwell. Racemes 
 lateral ; leaves ovate, sessile, rugged, deeply serrated ; stem dif- 
 fuse, marked with two longitudinal hairy lines ; calyx 4-cleft, 
 lanceolate. Br. Fl. \. p. 6. E. Fl. v. i. p. 23. E. Bot. t. 
 623. 
 
 Moist woods and hedge banks, frequent. Fl. May, June. 1. 
 Stem procumbent. Flowers large, numerous, very bright blue, expand- 
 ing in fine weather only, and of short duration. Sometimes mistaken 
 for the German. " Forget-me-not." 
 
 7. V. montana, Linn. Mountain Speedwell. Racemes la- 
 teral, lax, of few flowers; leaves ovate, stalked, serrated; stem 
 diffuse, hairy all round. Br. Fl. 1. p. 6. E. Fl. v. i. p. 23. E. 
 Bot. t. 776. 
 
 Moist woods, not unfrequent. Woodlands and other places in the 
 
200 SCROPHULARINEvE. {Veronica. 
 
 County of Dublin, abundant. Fl. May June. %. Stems about a 
 foot or more long-, weak, trailing. Leaves large, on stalks about equal 
 to them in length. Capsules large, quite flat, veiny, their edges den- 
 ticulate and slightly ciliated. 
 
 sje * H* filoivers axillary, solitary. Root annual. 
 
 8. V. agrestis, Linn. Green procumbent field Speedwell. 
 Leaves all petiolate, cordato-ovate, inciso-serrate, as long as the 
 flower-stalks; segments of the calyx oblong, obtuse ; stem pro- 
 cumbent; capsule of two turgid keeled lobes; cells about 
 6-seeded. Br. Fl. 1. p. 7. . Fl. v. i. p. 24. Borr. in E. Bot. 
 Suppl. t. 2603. 
 
 Fields and waste places, abundant. FL April Sept. 0. Prostrate. 
 Stems three to four inches long, slightly hairy. Peduncles longer than 
 the leaves. Fruit of two round tumid lobes, much smaller than the 
 calyx. Seeds large, cupped. My specimens from Mr. Moore, col- 
 lected in Derry, agree with Ileichenbach's fig. in having the calyx seg- 
 ments three-nerved and having the edges tipped with glands. 
 
 9 V. polita, Fries. Grey procumbent field Speedwell. 
 Leaves all petiolate, cordato-ovate, inciso-serrate, shorter than 
 the flower-stalks ; segments of the calyx ovate, acute ; stem 
 procumbent ; capsule of two turgid lobes ; cells many-seeded. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 7 V. agrestis, E. Bot. t. 783. 
 
 Cultivated fields and waste places, often with the preceding. Fl. 
 throughout the summer. 0. Mr. Borrer has well illustrated this and 
 the foregoing, V. agrestis in the Supplement to Engl. Bot. #.'2603. 
 Herbage of a greyish colour, not pale green as in the last, ?md usually 
 less hairy* Leaves ovate, very slightly cordate at the base and less 
 wrinkled, less deeply and more regularly serrated, or crenate. Corolla 
 pale blue, or rose-colour in the upper half, or often entirely white, 
 Generally smaller. 
 
 10. V. arvensis, Linn. Wall Speedwell. Flowers solitary, 
 nearly sessile; leaves ovate, deeply serrated; the floral ones 
 lanceolate, entire; stem erect; seeds flat. Br. FL I. p. 7. E. 
 Fl. v. i. p. 24. E. Bot. t. 724. 
 
 On walls and dry gravelly ground, abundant. FL in the spring 
 months, and early in summer. 0. Erect, pale green. Flowers pale 
 blue. Capsules compressed.' 
 
 11. V. hederifolia, Linn. Ivy-leaved Spesdwell. Flowers 
 solitary ; leaves heart-shaped, flat, 5-lobed ; segments of the 
 calyx heart-shaped, acute ; seeds cupped, wrinkled. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 7. E. Fl. v. i. p. 25. E. Bot. t. 784. 
 
 Fields, hedge-banks, and cultivated grounds, common. Fl. April 
 June. 0. Procumbent. Flowers blue. Capsules tumid. 
 
 12. V. triphyllos, Linn. Blunt-fingered Speedwell. Flowers 
 solitary ; upper leaves in deep, finger-like, obtuse segments ; 
 flowerstalks longer than the calyx; seeds flat. Br. Fl. 1. p. 7. 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 25. E. Bot. t. 26. 
 
Pedicularis.] SCROPHULARINE/E. 201 
 
 Strand near Sandymount, rare ; Doctor Scott. Not found of late. 
 Fl, April. Q. Three to four inches high, with spreading branches. 
 Flowers a very deep blue, the lowermost often on very long pedicels. 
 
 2. RHINANTHUS. Linn. Yellow Rattle. 
 
 Calyx inflated. Upper lip of the corolla compressed laterally, 
 lower one plane, 3-lobed. Capsules of two cells, obtuse, 
 compressed, with many imbricated, flat and marginal seeds. 
 Name ; piv, a nose, and avOos, a flower : in allusion to the 
 beaked upper lip of the corolla, which is very remarkable in 
 the R. Elephas. Didynamia. Angiospermia. 
 
 1. R. Grista-Galli, Linn. Common Yellow Rattle. Stem 
 slightly branched ; leaves lanceolate, serrated ; calyx smooth ; 
 style concealed by the upper lip ; seeds with a dilated mem- 
 branous border. Br. FL 1. p. 283. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 120. 
 E. Dot. t. 657. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, abundant. Fl. June. Q. One or two feet 
 high, glabrous, often much branched, and more or less spotted with pur- 
 ple. Leaves veiny. Flowers axillary in the upper leaves or bracteas, 
 and hence loosely spiked. When the fruit is ripe, the seeds rattle in the 
 husky capsules. In England Mr. Curtis observes, the hay-making begins 
 when this plant is in full flower. In natural meadows in many parts of 
 Ireland, the seed is ripe before the hay is cut. 
 
 3. PEDICULARIS. Linn. Louse- wort. 
 
 Calyx inflated, 5-cleft, or unequally 2 3 lobed, jagged, some- 
 what leafy. Upper lip of the corolla laterally compressed, 
 arched, lower one plane, 3-lobed. Capsules oblique, com- 
 pressed, 2-celled. Seeds angular. Name, from its supposed 
 property of producing the lousy disease in sheep that feed 
 upon it, but which rather arises from the wet pastures where 
 such plants grow. Didynamia. Angiospermia. 
 
 1. P. palustris, Linn. Marsh Louse-wort, or tall Red Rattle. 
 Stem solitary, branched ; calyx ovate, hairy, ribbed, in two un- 
 equally notched lobes. Br. Fl. 1. p. 286. E. FL v. iii. p. 129. 
 E. Bot. t. 129. 
 
 In marshes and boggy meadows. Fl. June, July. 1. Stem one 
 foot high, often very purple, bearing many lateral branches. Leaves 
 pinnate ; pinnae ovate, almost pinnatifid. Flowers large, handsome, 
 deep rose-coloured. 
 
 2. P. sylvatica, Linn. Pasture Louse-wort, or Dwarf Red 
 Rattle. Stem branched from the base and spreading; calyx 
 oblong, angular, glabrous, in five unequal, crenate, and almost 
 leafy segments. Br. Fl. 1. p. 286. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 129. E. 
 Bot. t. 399. 
 
 Moist pastures and heaths, common. Fl. July. % . -Stems three to 
 
 B B 
 
SCROPHULARINE^I. [Linaria. 
 
 five inches long. Lower leaves pinnatifid, the rest pinnated with 
 deeply serrated pinna, flowers large, handsome, pale, ?ose-coloured. 
 
 4. BARTSIA. Linn. Bartsia. 
 
 Calyx tubular, mostly coloured. Corolla ringent with a con- 
 tracted orifice ; upper lip arched, entire ; lower one in three, 
 equal, reflexed lobes. Anthers mostly hairy. Capsules 
 ovate, compressed, with two cells and many angular seeds. 
 Name in honour of John Bartsch, a Prussian Botanist, and 
 friend of Linnaeus, who died at Surinam. 
 
 Didynamia. Angiospermia. 
 
 1. B. viscosa, Linn. Yellow viscid Bartsia. Leaves ser- 
 rated ; upper ones alternate ; flowers lateral and distant ; steal 
 round ; root fibrous. Br. FL 1. p. 282. E. Ft. v. iii. p. 118. 
 E. Bot. t. 1045, 
 
 Moist fields in the southern parts of the County of Cork, and County 
 of Kerry, not unirequent. At Ballylicky near Bantry and near Din- 
 gle, &c. abundant. Fl. Aug. 0. Plant downy. Stem solitary, some- 
 times a foot high, nearly simple. Leaves sessile, ovato-lanceolate, 
 veiny. Flowers from the bosom of the leaves, yellow, handsome. 
 
 2. B. Odontifes, Huds. Red Bartsia. Leaves lanceolate, 
 serrated, the upper ones alternate ; flowers forming unilateral 
 racemes; stem square, branched; root fibrous. Br. FL 1. p. 
 283. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 119. E. Bot. t. 1415. 
 
 Corn-fields and waste places, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 0. Ra- 
 cemes many, long, erect. Flvwers reddish-purple. 
 
 5. EUPHRASIA. Linn. Eye-bright. 
 
 Calyx tubular. Upper lip of the corolla divided ; lower one of 
 three unequal lobes. Cells of the anthers spurred at the 
 base. Capsules ovato-oblong, 2-ceIled. Seeds striated. 
 Name from Euphrosyne, expressive of joy and pleasure, in 
 allusion to its properties. Didynamia. Anaiospermia. 
 
 1. E. ojfficinalis. Linn. Common Eye-bright. Leaves ovate, 
 furrowed, sharply toothed. Br. FL 1. p. 283. E. Fl. v. in. p. 
 122. E. Bot. t. 1416. 
 
 Pastures and sides of mountains, abundant. Fl. July. 0. Varying 
 in height according to situation. Flowers axillary, but crowded at the 
 extremity of the branches, white or reddish, streaked with purple. 
 The plant is still much used in rustic practice as a remedy for diseases 
 of the eye. 
 
 fi. LINARIA. Juss. Toadflax. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, spurred at the base, the 
 mouth closed by a projecting palate. Capsule ventricose, 
 
Linaria.] SCROPHULARINE.E 203 
 
 2-celled, opening by valves or teeth. Name from Linum, 
 flax, which the leaves of some species resemble. 
 
 Didynamia. Angiospermia. 
 
 1. L. Cymbalaria, Mill. Ivy-leaved Toadflax. Leaves 
 heart-shaped, 5-lobed, alternate, smooth ; stems procumbent. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 287. Antirrhinum Cymbalaria, Linn. E. Fl. v. 
 iii. p. 131. E. Bot. t. 502. 
 
 On old walls, &c. The outcast of gardens. Fl. all the summer. 7f . 
 Stems very long, filiform. Leaves pctiolated, often purple beneath. 
 Flowers small, pale blue or purplish. 
 
 2. L. Elatine, Desf. Sharp-pointed Fluellen or Toadflax. 
 Leaves chiefly halberd-shaped, alternate, lowermost ovate, op- 
 posite ; stems procumbent, hairy. Br. FL 1. p. 287. Antir- 
 rhinumElatine, Linn. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 132. E. Bot. t. 692. 
 
 Corn-fields in a dry gravelly soil, rare. Fields by the side of the 
 Bandon road ; Mr. J. Drummond. Corn-fields near Rathkeale, 
 County of Limerick; Henry Hardy, Esq. FL July Sept. 0. 
 Plant clothed with fine hairs. Stem spreading, leafy, rather slender. 
 Flowers on axillary stalks, variegated with yellow and pale violet. 
 Segments of the calyx lanceolate. 
 
 3. L. repens, H. Kew. Creeping pale-blue Toadflax. Leaves 
 linear, glaucous, scattered, partly whorled ; stem panicled ; 
 calyx smooth, the length of the spur. Br. FL 1. p. 287. 
 Antirrhinum npens, Linn. E. FL v. iii. p. 133. E. Bot. t. 
 1253. 
 
 On the refuse of an old slate quarry, a mile below Bandon, and by 
 the old castle near it by the river side, 1805. Road side, half way 
 between Bandon and Dunmanway ; Mr. J. Drummond. County of 
 Antrim; Mr. Templeton. FL July Sept. !.. Stems erect, one foot 
 and a half high, slender, branched. Leaves somewhat whorled below. 
 Flowers in panicled racemes, bluish, palate yellow. 
 
 4. L. vulgaris, Moench, Yellow Toadflax. Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, crowded ; stem erect; spikes terminal; flowers im- 
 bricated ; calyx smooth, shorter than the spur. Br. FL 1. p. 
 287. Antirrhinum Linaria t Linn. E. FL v. iii. p. 134. E. 
 Bot. t. 658. 
 
 In hedges and fields, in the southern, northern, and midland coun- 
 ties, as well as near Dublin, not unfrequent. Ft. Aug. 1. One to 
 two feet high, glaucous. Flowers large, yellow. The remarkable va- 
 riety called (" Peloria" figured in E. Bot. t. 260), with five spurs and 
 five, usually imperfect, stamens, has not been observed to grow in Ire- 
 land. 
 
 5. L. minor, Desf. Least Toadflax. Leaves lanceolate, 
 obtuse, downy, mostly alternate ; stem much branched, spread- 
 ing; calyx longer than the spur. Br. FL 1. p. 288. Antirr- 
 hinum minus, Linn. E. FL v. iii. p. 135. E. Bot. t. 2014. 
 
 Sandy fields. Said to have been found near Sunday 's-well, County 
 of Cork, by Doctor Woods, but I have not seen Irish specimens. FL 
 
204 SCROPHULARINE^:. [Sibthorpia. 
 
 June, July. 0. Six to eight inches high, with small purplish-yellow 
 flovers, which are stalked, solitary and axillary. 
 
 7. ANTIRRHINUM. Linn. Snapdragon. 
 
 Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, gibbous at the base, (no 
 distinct spur), its mouth closed by a projecting palate. Cap- 
 sules 2-celled, oblique, opening by three pores at the extre- 
 mity. Name, av-ri, resembling, piv, a nose, muffler, or mask, 
 from the appearance of the flowers. 
 
 Didynamia. Angiospermia. 
 
 1. A. majus, Linn. Great Snapdragon. Flowers in a dense 
 cluster ; leaves lanceolate ; segments of the calyx ovate, obtuse. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 286. E. Fl. v.ill p. 135. E. Bot. t. 129. 
 
 Old walls, frequently originating from neighbouring gardens. Fl. 
 July, Aug. 1|. Flowers very large, mostly purplish red, often white 
 and sometimes deep red. 
 
 2. A. Orontium, Linn. Lesser Snapdragon. Corolla 
 scarcely tumid at the base ; flowers loosely spiked ; calyx 
 finger-shaped, longer than the corolla. Br. Fl. 1. />. 286. E. 
 Fl. v. iii. p. 136. E. Bot. t. 1155. 
 
 Corn-fields in a dry soil. Fields near Monkstown, and near the 
 Ovens, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. FL July, Aug. . 
 Flowers purple, remarkable for the great length of the calyx-segments, 
 especially after flowering. 
 
 8. DIGITALIS. Linn. Fox-glove. 
 
 Calyx in five deep unequal segments. Corolla campanulate, 
 inflated beneath ; limb obliquely 4 5 lobed, unequal. Cap- 
 sules ovate, of two cells, and many seeds. Name, digitale, 
 the finger of a glove, which its flowers resemble. Hence 
 Fox -glove in English, doigts de la Vierge, gants de notre 
 Dame, &c. in French. Didynamia. Agiospermia. 
 
 1. D. purpurea, Linn. Purple Fox-glove. Segments of the 
 calyx ovate, acute ; corolla obtuse, its upper lobe scarcely 
 cloven; leaves downy. Br. FL I. p. 289. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 140. 
 E. Bot. t. 1297. 
 
 Dry banks, pastures, and walls, most frequent on clay-slate. FL 
 June, July. $ . A very beautiful herbaceous plant, which has been 
 much used in medicine. Three to four feet high. Leaves large, veiny. 
 Spikes very long, of numerous drooping, purple, (or rarely white) 
 flowers, spotted within. 
 
 9. SIBTHORPIA. Linn. Sibthorpia. 
 
 Calyx in five, deep, spreading segments. Corolla 5-cleft, rotate, 
 the two lowermost segments the narrowest ; stigma dilated. 
 Capsule nearly orbicular, compressed, 2-celled, 2-valved. 
 
Serophularia.] OROBANCHE.E. 205 
 
 Name, given in honour of Dr. Humphrey Sibthorpe, the suc- 
 cessor of Dillenius in the botanical chair at Oxford. 
 
 Didynamia. Angiospermia. 
 
 1. S. europcea, Linn. Creeping Sibthorpia. Br. FL 1. p. 
 290. E. FL v. Hi. p. 143. E. Bot. t. 649. 
 
 Moist shady places. Under a wall on the north side of Conner-hill, 
 near Dingle, 1805. FL July, Aug. 11. An interesting little plant, 
 hairy, with creeping filiform stems, and alternate, reniforrn, broadly cre- 
 nate leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary, on short stalks, pinkish white, 
 very small. 
 
 10. SCROPHULARIA. Linn. Fig wort. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed. Corolla sub-globose ; its limb contracted with 
 two short lips, the upper with two lobes, and frequently a 
 small scale or abortive stamen within it, the lower 3-lobed. 
 Capsules 2-celled, 2-valved, the margins of the valves turned 
 inwards. Named from Scrophula, a disease which this plant 
 was supposed to cure. Didynamia. Angiospermia. 
 
 1. S. nodosa, Linn. Knotted Figwort. Leaves heart- 
 shaped, acute, 3-ribbed at the base ; stem sharp-edged ; root 
 tuberous. Br. FL 1. p. 288. E. FL v. iii. p. 137. E. Bot. t. 
 1544. 
 
 In hedge-banks and woods, frequent. FL July. 1. Root large, 
 thick and knotty. Stem two to three feet high. Flowers in dichoto- 
 mous, axillary, and terminal panicles. Corolla greenish-purple, with 
 a scale in the upper lip. 
 
 2. S. aquatica, Linn. Water Figwort. Leaves heart-shaped, 
 bluntish, on decurrent footstalks; stem winged; root fibrous. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 288. E. FL v. iii. p. 137. E. Bot. t. 854. 
 
 Sides of rivers and in wet, ditches. FL July. 1. Three or four 
 feet high. Panicles terminal, bracteated, with remote branches. 
 Flowers dark purple at the mouth, with a scale in the upper lip. Calyx 
 margined with purple. 
 
 3. S. Scorodonia, Linn. Balm-leaved Figwort. Leaves 
 heart-shaped, doubly serrated, downy beneath ; panicles leafy. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 288. E. FL v. iii. p. 138. E. Bot. t. 2209. 
 
 Marshes near Tralee, as stated by Smith in his history of Kerry. 
 FL July. 14- Stem about three feet high, branched, covered with 
 short hairs. Leaves three-ribbed at the base. Flowers on axillary, 
 forked peduncles, forming a long raceme. Corolla greenish purple. 
 
 ORD. 56. OROBANCHE^E. Vent. Broom-rape Family. 
 
 Calyx divided, persistent, inferior. Corolla monopetalous, 
 hypogynous, irregular, persistent, with an imbricated aestiva- 
 
206 OROBANCHE^E. [Orobanche. 
 
 tion. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovariura superior, 1-celled, 
 seated in a fleshy disk, with 2 or 4 parietal polyspermous pla- 
 centae ; style 1 ; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit capsular, enclosed 
 within the withered corolla, 1-celled, 2-valved, each valve bear- 
 ing 1 or 2 placentae in the middle. Seeds indefinite, very mi- 
 nute ; embryo minute at the base of a fleshy albumen. Her- 
 baceous leafless plants, growing parasitically upon the roots of 
 other species. Stems covered with brown or colourless scales. 
 
 1. OROBANCHE. Linn. Broom- rape. 
 
 Calyx of two lateral, often combined and bifid segments, brac- 
 teated. Corolla ringent, 4 5-cleft. A gland at the base 
 of the germen beneath. Stigma capitate. Capsule 2-valved, 
 bearing numerous minute seed*, on parietal longitudinal re- 
 ceptacles. Name, from o/>o/2o9, a leguminose, or pea-like plant, 
 and a7xe/, to strangle, the roots being often attached to 
 plants of that description are supposed to injure them. 
 
 Didynamia. Angiospermia. 
 
 1. O. major, Linn. Greater Broom-rape. Stem simple; 
 corolla inflated; upper lip slightly notched; lower with acute, 
 nearly equal segments ; stamens quite smooth below ; style 
 downy. Br. FL 1. p. 291. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 146. E. JBot. t. 
 421. 
 
 On the roots of broom and furze in bushy places. Plentiful near the 
 lake at Luggy-law ; at the Devil's-Glen and Seven Churches, County 
 of Wicklow, &c. FL June, July. 1. One to one foot and a half 
 high, leafless. Whole plant dingy purplish-brown, pubescent. Stem 
 swelling at the base and very scaly : scales more distant upwards and 
 becoming bracteas among the flowers ; one at the base of each. 
 Flowers in a long spike. Calyx of two lateral lanceolate leaves. 
 Corolla large. 
 
 2. O. minor, Sm. Lesser Broom-rape. Stem simple ; co- 
 rolla nearly cylindrical ; lower lip with curled segments, the 
 middle one largest and lobed ; stamens fringed ; style smooth. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 292. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 148. E. Bot. t. 442. 
 
 Near the roots of ivy. South side of the hill of Howth, on steep 
 banks near the sea ; in Sir Robert Staple's woods, Queen's County ; 
 on the ruins of Mucruss Abbey, Killarney ; south Isles of Arran, and 
 plentiful in Palmerston and Leixlip woods. Fl. July, Aug. %. 
 From one to one and a half foot high, more slender than the last. 
 Corolla not at all tumid, upper lip unequally notched. 
 
 3. O. rubra, Sm. Red Broom-rape. Stem simple ; corolla 
 somewhat tumid, upper lip cloven, lower in three nearly equal 
 segments ; stamens fringed at the base ; style partially hairy ; 
 sepals lanceolate, undivided. Br. FL. 1. p. 292. E. Fl. r. iii. 
 p. 148. E. Bot. t. 1786. 
 
 On the decomposed trap-rocks at Cave-hill near Belfast ; Mr. Tern* 
 plelon. On the basaltic rocks at Magilligan, County of Deny. Fl. 
 
Melampyrum.} MELAMPYRACE.E. 207 
 
 July. If. . Plant leafless, of a purplish colour. Stem about a foot 
 high, densely scaly beneath. Flowers fragrant. 
 
 2. LATHRJEA. Linn. Tooth-wort. 
 
 Calyx campanulate. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, the upper lip 
 concave. A depressed gland at the base of the germen. 
 Capsule two-valved, one-celled, having two spongy receptacles 
 in the middle of each valve. Name, \a6paios, hid or con- 
 cealed, the plant being much concealed by the earth or dead 
 leaves. Didynamia. Angiospermia. 
 
 1. L. squamaria, Linn. Greater Tooth-wort. Flowering 
 branches erect, simple ; flowers axillary, unilateral, pendulous ; 
 lower lip in three lobes; upper cloven. Br. Fl. I. p. 285. E. 
 Fl. v. iii. p. 127. E. Bot. t. 50. 
 
 Woods and shady places apparently parasitic on the roots of 
 elms and other trees. Plentiful at Woodlands, County of Dublin, 
 Balruddery, .County of Wicklow and other places. FL April, 
 May. It. Branching at the very base. Whole plant succulent, with 
 many fleshy tooth-like scales. Bracteas broadly ovate. Flowers pur- 
 plish. Style included, sometimes exserted. 
 
 ORD. 57. MELAMPYRACE^. Rich. Cow-wheat Family. 
 
 Calyx divided, persistent, unequal, inferior. Corolla mono- 
 petalous, hypogynous, deciduous, personate. Stamens 4, didy- 
 namous ; anthers with acuminate lobes. Ovarium superior, 
 2-celled, 2-seeded ; style 1 ; stigma obtuse. Fruit capsular, 
 2- celled, 2-valved, covered by the calyx. Seeds in pairs, erect; 
 embryo minute, inverted in the apex of fleshy albumen ; radicle 
 superior. Herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite, without stipules. 
 Flowers axillary, with coloured floral leaves. 
 
 1. MELAMPYRUM. Linn. Cow-wheat. 
 
 Calyx tubular. Upper lip of the corolla laterally compressed, 
 turned back at the margin ; lower lip trifid. Capsules oblong, 
 2-celled, oblique, opening on one side. Cells 1-seeded. Seed 
 gibbous at the base. Name ; /ueXas, black, and Trvpos, wheat. 
 Its seeds resemble grains of wheat, and they are said when 
 mixed with flour to make the bread black. 
 
 Didynamia. Angiospermia. 
 
 1. M. pratense, Linn. Common Yellow Cow-wheat. ~ Flowers 
 axillary, in partly distant pairs, turned to one side ; corolla 
 closed ; lip direct ; upper floral leaves toothed at the base. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 285. E. FL v. iii. p. 125. E. Bot. t. 113. 
 
 p. smaller, somewhat succulent, bracteas quite entire. 
 
208 VERBENACE^E. [Verbena. 
 
 Groves and thickets, (not in meadows as the name would imply), fre- 
 quent. P. on the top of Mangerton where I gathered it in 1805. It has 
 since been observed there by Sir Thomas Gage and others. On Muck- 
 ish and Croagh Patrick ; Doctor Hooker. FL July, Aug. Q. One foot 
 or more high, slender, with straggling, opposite branches. Flowers 
 large, pale yellow. 
 
 2. M. sylvaticum, Linn. Lesser-flowered Cow-wheat. Flowers 
 axillary in distant pairs, turned to one side ; corolla gaping ; 
 lip deflexed ; leaves nearly all entire. Br. Fl. 1. p. 285. E. b'l. 
 v. iii. p. 126. E. BoL t. 804. 
 
 Subalpine woods, rare. Bushy places near Glenarm, County of 
 Antrim ; Mr. Templeton. Errigal banks near Garvagh, County of 
 Derry ; Mr. D.Moore. Fl. July. Q. One foot high. Branches 
 always entire. Corolla deep yellow, very small.- Mr. Moore re- 
 marks that this may be well distinguished from any state of M. pra- 
 tense by its shorter and more obtuse sepals which spread widely from 
 the corolla, and are generally a little reflexed, whereas in M. pratense 
 the two lower ones extend horizontally along the lower lip of the 
 corolla. 
 
 ORD. 58. VERBENACE^E. Juss. Vervain Family. 
 
 Calyx tubular, persistent, inferior. Corolla hypogynous, 
 monopetalous, tubular, deciduous, generally with an irregular 
 limb. Stamens usually 4, didynamous, seldom equal, occa- 
 sionally 2. Ovarium 2 or 4-celled ; ovules erect, solitary or 
 twin ; style 1 ; stigma bifid or undivided. Fruit drupaceous, 
 or baccate. Seeds erect ; albumen none, or in very small quan- 
 tity ; embryo erect. Trees or shrubs, sometimes herbaceous 
 plants. Leaves generally opposite, simple or compound, without 
 stipulce. Flowers in opposite corymbs, or spiked alternately ; 
 sometimes in dense heads, very seldom axillary and solitary. 
 
 1. VERBENA. Linn. Vervain. 
 
 Calyx tubular, with five teeth, one of them generally shorter 
 than the rest. Corolla tubular, with the limb rather unequal, 
 5-cleft. Stamens included, (sometimes only two). Seeds 
 two or four, enclosed in a thin evanescent pericarp. Name ; 
 ferfaen in Celtic, derived from fer, to drive away, and faen, 
 a stone, from having been supposed to cure the complaint so 
 called. Theis. Didynamia. Angiospermia. 
 
 1. V, qfficinalis, Linn. Common Vervain. Stamens four; 
 spikes slender, panicted ; leaves deeply cut; stem mostly 
 solitary. Br. Fl. 1. p. 290. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 71. E. Bot. t. 
 767. 
 
 Road sides and waste ground in a limestone soil. Plentiful near 
 Cork, and Killarney, and at Kilmacannick, County of Wicklow. Fl. 
 
Lycopus:] LABIATE 209 
 
 July. TJ.. Tfee genus Verbena is placed by Sir James Edward Smith, 
 in the first order of the class Didynamia, but as Doctor Hooker re- 
 marks, it does not naturally rank there, being considerably different in 
 the structure of its germen and fruit. This herb has scarcely any aro- 
 matic or other sensible quality. The root worn about the neck with 
 a string, is an old superstitious remedy, or charm for the King's Evil. 
 
 ORD. 59. LABIAT^E. Juss. Labiate Family. 
 
 Calyx tubular or regular, and quinquefid, or 5 10-toothed 
 or 2-lipped, the lips entire or divided. Corolla monopetalous, 
 hypogynous, tubular, irregular. Upper lip undivided or bifid ; 
 in aestivation overlapping the inferior trifid one. Stamens 4, 
 didynamous, two of them sometimes sterile ; filaments inserted 
 alternately with the lobes of the lower lip : anthers 2-lobed, 
 the lobes often divaricated, sometimes 1-celled. Ovaries 4, 
 1 -seeded, connected at the base by means of the style, situated 
 upon a glandular disk : ovules erect: style 1, originating from 
 the receptacle: stigma bifid, usually acute. Fruit of four 
 achenia or small nuts enclosed in the persistent calyx, one or 
 more not unfrequently .abortive: albumen little or none. Em- 
 bryo erect: cotyledons plane. Herbaceous plants or under- 
 shrubs. Stem 4-cornered, with opposite ramifications. Leaves 
 opposite, divided or undivided, without stipulce, replete with recep- 
 tacles of aromatic oil. Flowers in opposite, nearly sessile cymes, 
 resembling whorls ; sometimes as if capitate. 
 
 An extensive Natural Family, abounding in essential oils, as 
 the Lavender, Thyme, Mint, &c. They are tonic and sto- 
 machic, and many are employed in medicine, and others as 
 savoury herbs. 
 
 1. SALVIA. Linn. Sage. 
 
 Calyx 2-lipped, tubular. Corolla labiate, the tube dilated up- 
 wards and compressed. Filaments with two divaricating 
 branches, one only bearing a perfect, single cell of an anther. 
 Named from salvo, to save or heal, in allusion to its balmy 
 or healing qualities. Diandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. S. verbenaca, Linn. Wild English Clary or Sage. Leaves 
 serrated, sinuated, smootbish ; corolla much more contracted than 
 the calyx. Br. Fl. \. p. 10. E. Fl. v. i. p. 35. E. Bot. t. 154. 
 
 Dry pastures and banks in a sandy or gravelly soil. Very common 
 near Dublin, and many other places. JET/. June, July. 14-. One to two 
 feet high. Flowers small, violet-blue. 
 
 2. LYCOPUS. Linn. Gipsy- wort. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla tubular, 4-lobed, nearly equal; 
 
 c c 
 
210 LABIATE. [Teucrium. 
 
 the upper lip broader and emarginate. Name from \VKO<?, a 
 wolf, and aw, a foot, from a fancied resemblance, in the cut 
 leaves of this plant, to a wolf's paw. Der IVolfsfuss, in 
 Germ. ; in English, Gipsy-wort, because the plant yields a 
 black dye, which is employed by gipsies to render their 
 skin darker. JDiandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. L. europceus, Linn. Common Gipsy-wort or Water 
 
 Horehound. Leaves deeply serrated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 10. E. Fl. 
 
 v. i. p. 34. E. Bot. t. 1105. 
 
 Ditches and river banks, frequent. FL June, July. 1. Leaves 
 opposite, nearly sessile, ovato-lanceolate, wrinkled, very deeply sinuato- 
 serrate, almost pinnatifid. Flowers small, sessile, in dense whorls at 
 the base of the superior leaves, whitish with purple dots, hairy within. 
 
 3. AJUGA. Linn. Bugle. 
 
 Calyx 5-cleft, nearly equal. Corolla tubular, labiate ; the upper 
 lip very small, and with two teeth ; the lower one 3-lobed, 
 with a large intermediate obcordate lobe. Stamens protruded 
 above the upper lip. Name altered from Abiga, (abigo, to 
 drive away) of the Latins, a medical plant allied to this. 
 
 Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. A. reptans, Linn. Common Bugle. Almost smooth, 
 with a solitary stem and creeping runners; lower lip of the 
 corolla 4-cleft. Br. FL 1. p. 273. E. FL v. iii. p. 65. E. Bot. 
 t. 489. 
 
 Moist pastures and woods, abundant. FL May, June. % . Stem 
 a span high, erect, leafy. Leaves obovate, upper ones sessile ; whorls 
 several. Flowers blue (sometimes white or flesh-coloured). 
 
 2. A. alpina, Linn. Alpine Bugle. Leaves nearly glabrous, 
 unequally toothed, all nearly of the same size ; whorls of flowers 
 rather distant. Br. FL 1. p. 273. E. FL v. iii. p. 65. E. 
 Bot. t. 477. 
 
 Mountains, rare. Summit of Benyevena, Magilligan, County of 
 Derry ; Mr. Z). Moore y whose specimens appear more dwarf than the 
 figure in E. Bot. but otherwise pretty well agree. Fl. July. 1. 
 
 4. TEUCRIUM. Linn. Germander. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, nearly equal, or 2-lipped. Corolla 
 with the tube shorter |than the calyx ; upper lip bipartite, 
 lower one patent, trifid. 1 Stamens much exserted. Cells of 
 the Anthers confluent, spreading. Named from Teucer, 
 Prince of Troy, who first employed this plant medicinally. 
 
 Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. T. Scorodonia, Linn. Wood Germander. Leaves heart- 
 shaped, hairy, serrated, stalked ; racemes aggregate, unilateral; 
 
Glechoma.] LABIATE. 211 
 
 stem erect. Br. FL 1. p. 272. E. Fl v. iii. p. 68. E. Bot. 
 <. 1543. 
 
 Woods and dry stony places, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 1. Stems 
 one to two feet high. Leaves much wrinkled. Flowers yellowish- 
 white. The plant is extremely bitter, and has been sometimes used 
 instead of hops. 
 
 2. T. Scordium, Linn. Water Germander. Leaves oblong, 
 sessile, downy, with tooth-like serratures ; flowers axillary, 
 stalked, in pairs; stem procumbent. Br. Fl. 1. p. 273. E. Fl. 
 v. iii. p. 68. E. Bot. t. 828. 
 
 Low wet meadows, rare. In marshy ground near the bridge at 
 Portumna, County of Tipperary. Banks of the river near the bridge, 
 east of Castle- Lyons ; Doctor Wade. Fl. July, Aug. 1(1. Flowers 
 rather small, pale-purple, about two, from the axils of the leaves. 
 
 3. T. Chamcedrys, Linn. Wall Germander. Leaves some- 
 what ovate, stalked, deeply crenate or cut ; flowers axillary, 
 three together, stalked ; stem roundish, hairy. Br. Fl. 1. p. 273. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 69. E. Bot. t. 680. 
 
 Borders of fields and ruined walls. Field near the Cork Botanic 
 Garden ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. July. % . Flowers reddish-pur- 
 ple, large, handsome, mostly in terminal axils. 
 
 5. LEONURUS. Linn. Motherwort. 
 
 Calyx with five or ten ribs, equal, with five subulate teeth, the 
 throat naked. Corolla with the upper lip very hairy above, 
 entire ; lower one patent, trifid. Anthers sprinkled with 
 shining dots. Name, \cwv, a Lion, and ovpa, a tail, from a 
 fancied resemblance in the plant to a Lion's tail. 
 
 Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. L. Cardiaca, Linn. Mothenvort. Upper leaves lanceo- 
 late, either 3-lobed or undivided. Br. FL 1. p. 275. E. Fl. v. 
 iii. p. 104. E. Bot. t. 286. 
 
 Road-side between Foaty and Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. 
 Aug. !(.. Stem three feet high, branched. Flowers in crowded 
 whorls, white with a reddish tinge ; under lip of the corolla shaggy. 
 Calyx with pungent, spreading teeth. 
 
 6, GLECHOMA. Linn. Ground-Ivy. 
 
 Calyx tubular, many-nerved, equal, 5-toothed. Corolla with 
 the tube exserted ; upper lip bifid, lower 3-lobed, middle lobe 
 emarginate, plane. Anthers, before bursting, approaching in 
 pairs and forming a cross. Name, ^{K^KUv, given by the 
 Greeks to a kind of Thyme. 
 
 Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. G. hederacea, Linn. Ground-Ivy. Leaves reniform, 
 crenate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 279, E. FL v. iii. p. 88. E. Bot. t. 853. 
 
212 LAB1AT.E. [Menlha, 
 
 Hedges and waste places, frequent. FL April, May. T. Plant 
 much creeping-. Leaves stalked, downy. Flowers large, blue, in 
 threes, axillary. 
 
 7. MENTHA, Linn. Mint. 
 
 Calyx equal, 5-toothed, its mouth naked or rarely villous. 
 Corolla nearly regular, 4-fid, its tube very short. Stamens 
 distant, exserted or included. Filaments naked. Anthers 
 with two parallel cells. Benth. Name ; juvQa or /i/vtfjy, an 
 ancient Greek name. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. M. sylvestris, Linn. Horse-Mint, Leaves ovato-oblong, 
 very acute, unequally serrated, downy, hoary beneath ; spikes 
 almost cylindrical, scarcely interrupted ; hracteas subulate ; 
 calyx very hairy. Er. FL 1. p. 269. E. FL v. iii. p. 73. E. 
 BoL t. 686. 
 
 Moist waste ground. In ditches by the way-side near Rosstrevor. 
 Near Carrio-aline, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. Aug. 
 Sept. 1. Plant about three feet high, branched, of a hoary colour. 
 Leaves generally sessile, spreading, variously shaped, approaching to 
 ovate. Spikes somewhat panicled. Flowers whorled, pale-purple. 
 
 2. M. rotundifolia, Linn. Hound-leaved Mint. Leaves el- 
 liptical, obtuse, sharply serrated, wrinkled, downy, shaggy be- 
 neath ; spikes interrupted ; bracteas lanceolate ; calyx some- 
 what hairy. Br. Fl. 1 . p. 269. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 74. E. BoL t. 
 446. 
 
 Waste places, scarcely wild. On a dry bank at Carlisle Fort near 
 Cove. Fl. Aug. Sept. 1(. Whole plant viscid, and has a peculiarly 
 acrid smell which many people think highly grateful, hence it is often 
 cultivated in gardens. 
 
 3. M. viridis* Linn, Spear-Mint. Leaves lanceolate, 
 acute, glabrous, serrated, sessile ; spikes interrupted ; bracteas 
 setaceous, somewhat hairy, as well as the calyx; pedicels gla- 
 brous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 269. E. FL v. iii. p. 75. E. Bot. t. 
 2424. 
 
 Marshy places. Said to have been found near Belfast, but I have 
 not seen wild specimens. Fl. Aug. "!{,. Cultivated for culinary pur- 
 poses, and frequently forced in spring for an ingredient in Lamb-sauce, 
 
 4. M. piperita, Sm. Pepper-Mint. Leaves ovato-lanceo- 
 late, strongly serrated, acute, slightly hairy, stalked ; spikes 
 interrupted ; bracteas lanceolate ; calyx glandular, quite gla- 
 l>rous at the base. Br. Fl. 1. p. 296. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 76. E, 
 Bot. t. 687. 
 
 Marshy places. At Farnham near the upper end of the lake. By 
 the side of a mountain stream called the Curly-Burn, near Newtown- 
 limavady ; Mr. D. Moore. Banks of the Lee, near Carrigrohan Cas- 
 tle ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. Aug. Sept. !. Much cultivated on 
 account of its essential oil, which resides in minute glands conspicuous 
 on the leaves, and especially on the calyx. 
 
Mmtha.] LABIATE. 213 
 
 5. M. acutifolia, Smith. Fragrant sharp-leaved- Mint. Leaves 
 ovato-lanceolate, tapering at each end; flowers whorled; calyx 
 hairy all over; hairs of the flower-stalks spreading. Br. FL 1. 
 p. 270. E. FL v. iii. p. 81. E. Hot. t. 2415. 
 
 Banks of Lough Erne; Doctor Scott. FL Sept. %. "Very 
 closely related to the following species," ( Sm.) and probably only a 
 variety of it. 
 
 6. M. hirsuta, Linn. Hairy Bog-Mint. Leaves ovate, ser- 
 rated, pubescent, stalked ; flowers capitate or whorled ; calyx 
 hairy; pedicels with reflexed hairs. Br. FL 1. p. 270. E. FL 
 v. iii. p. 78. E. Bot. t. 447. Mentha sativa, Linn. E. Bot. t. 
 
 448. 
 
 Banks of rivers, lakes, and marshes, frequent. FL Aug. Sept. 1. 
 Very variable. Sometimes the flowers are capitate, sometimes whorled, 
 and sometimes the whorls are placed so close on the extremity of the 
 branches as to form a spike. Anthers varying in length. M. sativa 
 of EngL Bot. now considered to be only a variety of this, is much 
 more slender and smaller in all its parts than any of the other nume- 
 rous varieties, with the flowers in six or eight distant whorls. It grows 
 abundantly on the gravelly margin of the lake at Farnham ; near to 
 which I found another remarkable variety with ovate acuminate sharply 
 serrated leaves resembling those of our M. piperita, and is probably 
 the M. piperita of Linn, the M. hirsuta y. of Smith. 
 
 7. M. rubra, Sm. Tall red-Mint. Flowers whorled ; leaves 
 ovate ; stem upright, zigzag ; flower-stalks and lower part of the 
 calyx very smooth, teeth hairy. Br. FL 1. p. 270. E. FL v. iii. 
 p. 82. E.Bot.t. 1413. 
 
 Wet places, in hedges and banks of rivers. Near Carrigroghan 
 Castle, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Between the Chapel 
 of Kilmacannick and the Glen of the Downs ; Major Percy Pratt. 
 Abundant in the County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. FL Sept. 1!?. 
 Four to five feet high. Flowers purplish, with linear, somewhat his- 
 pid bracteas at the base. 
 
 8. M. arvensis, Linn. Corn-Mint. Flowers whorled ; leaves 
 ovate ; stem much branched, diffuse ; calyx bell-shaped, covered 
 all over with horizontal hairs. Br. FL 1. p. 271. E. Fl. v. iii. 
 p. 85. E. Bot. .2199. 
 
 Corn-fields in a moist gravelly soil, not unfrequent. Fl. Aug. Sept. 
 % . The short and campanulate calyx well distinguishes this species. 
 Peduncles glabrous or hairy. The smell has been compared to that of 
 decayed cheese." Hooker. 
 
 9. M. agrestis, Sole. Rugged Field-Mint. Flowers whorled ; 
 leaves somewhat heart-shaped, strongly serrated, rugose ; stem 
 erect ; calyx bell-shaped, covered all over with horizontal 
 hairs. Br. Fl. 1. p. 271. E. FL v. iii. p. 87. E. Bot. t. 
 2120. 
 
 Corn-fields and neglected gardens. Found occasionally near Dub- 
 lin. County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. Aug., Sept. !{.. 
 Nearly allied to the last and perhaps only a variety of it. It may how- 
 
214 LABIATE. IMarrubium. 
 
 ever be readily distinguished from M. arvensis by its stouter, more erect 
 stems, and somewhat rounded heart-shaped leaves, which are deeply 
 serrated. 
 
 10. M. Pulegium. Linn. Penny-royal. Flowers \vhorled ; 
 
 leaves ovate ; stem prostrate ; flowerstalks and calyx all over 
 
 downy, teeth of the latter fringed. Br. Fl. I. p. 271. E. Fl. v. 
 in. p. 87. E.Bot.t.1026. 
 
 Wet commons. Ballycotton near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Very 
 plentiful at Calnafersy and other places near Killarney. In a small is- 
 land called the Creagh, in Lough-beg, County of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 Fl. Aug. 1. The smallest of the genus, readily known by its pros- 
 trate stems, and small frequently recurved leaves, both of which are 
 thickly covered with short hairs. Smell powerful. Much employed 
 medicinally. 
 
 8. BALLOTA. Linn. Black Horehound. 
 
 Calyx somewhat salver-shaped, equal, with ten ribs and five 
 broad, mucronated teeth, naked within. Corolla with the 
 upper lip erect, concave ; lower one trifid, middle lobe the 
 largest, emarginate. Cells of the anthers spreading Name, 
 fta\\u)Tij, from pa\\w, to reject, on account of % its disagree- 
 able smell. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. B. nigra, Linn. Black Horehound. Leaves ovate, cre- 
 nato-serrate ; teeth of the calyx shortly acuminate, patent, 
 longer than the tube of the corolla. Br. FL 1. p. 274. E. Fl. 
 v. iu. p. 101. E. Bot. t. 46. 
 
 Waste places near towns and villages, frequent. FL July, Aug. % . 
 About two feet high. Flowers in whorls, purple. Whole plant 
 foetid. 
 
 9. MARRUBIUM. Linn. White Horehound. 
 
 Calyx with ten ribs and five or ten spreading teeth, the throat 
 hairy. Corolla with the tube exserted, upper lip straight, 
 linear, cloven ; lower one 3-lobed, middle lobe the largest, 
 emarginate. Name of doubtful origin ; some say from a 
 town so called in Italy. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. M. vulgare, Linn. White Horehound. Stem erect ; 
 leaves roundish, ovate, toothed, wrinkled ; calyx with ten seta- 
 ceous hooked teeth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 279, E. FL v. iii. p. 103. 
 E. Bot.t. 410. 
 
 Waste places and way-sides. Strand near Carrigaline, County of 
 Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Old Churchyard at Howth, and various 
 places in the County of Wicklow between Dunganstown and the sea. 
 Fl. Aug. %. One to a foot and a half high, bushy, very hoary with 
 a white, thick pubescence or woolliness. Flowers small, almost white, 
 in crowded whorls. Smell aromatic ; flavour bitter. The plant is much 
 sought after for coughs and asthma. 
 
Betonica.] LABIATE. 215 
 
 10. STACHYS. Linn. Wound wort. 
 
 Calyx angular, 5-cleft, or 5-toothed, acuminate. Corolla with 
 a short tube ; the upper lip vaulted ; the lower 3-lobed, with 
 the sides reflexed. Stamens, after the anthers are burst, bent 
 back on each side. Ntits obsoletely 3- cornered, ovate or 
 roundish. Name, <?Taxv9, a spike, from the nature of the in- 
 florescence. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. S. sylvatica, Linn. Hedge Woundwort. Whorls of six 
 flowers ; leaves cordate, stalked ; stem solid. Br. Fl. 1. p. 277. 
 E. Fl. v. iii. p. 98. E. Bot. t. 416. 
 
 Woods and shady places, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. If. Plant 
 foetid, covered with coarse hairs ; stem two to three feet high, erect. 
 Leaves pointed, ovato-cordate. Flowers red. 
 
 2. S. anibigua, Sm. Ambiguous Woundwort. Whorls of 
 six flowers; leaves oblongo-cordate, acute, stalked. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 277. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 99. E. Bot. t. 2089. 
 
 Fields and waste places, not unfrequent in the neighbourhood of 
 Dublin. Fl. Aug. Sept. 11 . Plant covered with rather silky hairs, a 
 little foetid. Leaves acute, oblong. Flowers crimson. 
 
 3. S. palustris, Linn. Marsh Woundwort. Whorls of six 
 or more flowers ; leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly sessile, semi- 
 amplexicaul. Br. Fl. 1. p. 278. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 99. E. Bot. t. 
 1075, 
 
 River-banks and watery or moist places, frequent. Fl. Aug. If. 
 Plant covered with spiny hairs, foetid. Leaves long and narrow, ser- 
 rated. Flowers pale purple. 
 
 4. S. arvensis, Linn. Corn Woundwort. Whorls of six 
 flowers ; stem weak ; leaves cordate, obtuse, slightly hairy. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 278. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 100. E. Bot. t. 1154. 
 
 Dry corn-fields, occasionally, in many parts of the country. Fl. 
 July, Aug. . Readily distinguished by its small size, weak stems, 
 small and obtuse, mostly stalked leaves, and the pale purple flowers, 
 which scarcely exceed the calyx in length. 
 
 11. BETONICA.. Linn. Betony. 
 
 Calyx ovate, 10-ribbed, teeth equal, awned. Corolla with 
 the tube exserted, cylindrical ; upper lip ascending ; lower 
 one patent, trifid, its middle lobe entire, or nearly so. Name, 
 altered from Bentonic, in Celtic : Ben meaning head, and 
 ton, good. Its properties are cephalic. 
 
 Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. B. qfficinalis, Linn. Wood Betony. Spike interrupted, 
 short ; leaves cordato-oblong, crenate ; middle rib of the co- 
 rolla somewhat notched. Br. Fl. 1. p. 277. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 
 97. E. Bot.t. 1142. 
 
216 LABIATE. [Lamium. 
 
 Woods and dry bushy places. Mucruss and Ross woods, and in se- 
 veral islands in the lower lake of Killarney, in a limestone soil. Shane's 
 Castle woods; Mr. Templeton. Fl. July, Aug. !. Stem 12 feet 
 high, with few leaves, the lowermost ones on long footstalks ; upper 
 ones oblong-, sessile. 
 
 12. GALEOBDOLON. Huds. Weasel-snout. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, 5-ribbed, nearly equal, 5-toothed. Upper 
 lip of the corolla incurved, arched, entire ; lower one smaller, 
 in three nearly equal, acute lobes. Name, 71X677. a weasel, 
 and fiSo\os, a fetid scent, and formerly considered synony- 
 mous with Galeopsis, from which genus it is now removed. 
 
 Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 I. G. luteum, Huds. Yellow Weasel-snout or Archangel. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 275. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 96. E. Bot. t. 787. 
 
 Woods and shady places. Woodlands and many other places in the 
 county of Dublin ; Dargle-woods, &c. county of Wicklow. Near Com- 
 ber and other places in the northern counties ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. 
 May, June. 1. One foot or more high. Leaves ovato-acuminate, 
 deeply serrated. Flowers whorled, yellow ; lower lip orange and 
 spotted, 
 
 13. LAMIUM. Linn. Dead-nettle. 
 
 Calyx tubular, dilated upwards, 5-toothed, nearly equal. Corolla 
 with the throat inflated; upper lip erect, entire, arched; lower 
 one patent, 2-lobed, with one or two teeth on each side at the 
 base. Name from \aijn,os, the throat, on account of the shape 
 of the flower. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. L. album, Linn. White Dead-nettle. Leaves cordate, 
 acuminate, deeply serrated, stalked, whorls of about twenty 
 (white) flowers. Br. Fl. 1. p. 276. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 90. E. 
 Bot. t. 768. 
 
 Borders of fields and waste places, abundant. Fl. June, July. 11. 
 Flowers large, white, rarely tinged with blush. 
 
 2. L. purpureum, Linn. Red Dead-nettle. Leaves cordate, 
 obtuse, crenato-serrate, stalked, the uppermost crowded toge- 
 ther ; corolla with the tube bearded within. Br. Fl. 1. p. 276. 
 E. FL v. iii. p. 91. E. Bot. t. 1933. 
 
 Borders of fields and cultivated grounds, abundant. Fl. May, June, 
 !{.. Leaves, especially the upper ones, with a silky hairiness, and a 
 purple tinge on the floral ones. 
 
 3. L. incisum, Willd. Cut-leaved Dead-nettle. Leaves 
 broadly cordate, deeply inciso-crenate, stalked, the uppermost 
 crowded ; " corolla with the tube naked within." Br. Fl. 1 . p. 
 276. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 91. E. Bot. t. 1953. 
 
 Cultivated and waste ground. Fl. May, June, If. Nearly allied 
 to the last. 
 
Gattopsis. ] LA BI A Tfc. 2 1 7 
 
 4. L. amplexicaule, Linn. Henbit-nettle. Leaves broadly 
 cordate, very obtuse, deeply inciso-crenate, stalked, the floral 
 ones sessile embracing the stem. Br. Fl. 1. p. 277. E. Fl. v. 
 ill. p. 92. E.Bot.t. 770. 
 
 Waste places, sandy fields and gardens. Fl. March June. !{.. 
 Corolla of a deep rose colour, with a very slender tube. 
 
 14. NEPETA. Linn. Cat-mint. 
 
 Calyx tubular, many- (15-) ribbed, its mouth a little oblique, 
 5-toothed. Corolla with the tube exserted ; upper lip emar- 
 ginate ; lower trifid, the lateral lobes reflexed, the middle 
 one broad, concave, notched. Name, some say from JVcpt, a 
 town in Italy ; others from Nepa, a scorpion, whose bite the 
 plant was considered to cure. 
 
 Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. N. Cataria, Linn. Cat-mint. Flowers in spiked subpe- 
 dunculated whorls ; leaves stalked, cordate, dentato-serrated. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 278. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 70. E. Bot. t. 137. 
 
 Gravelly banks and waste places. Gravelly bank by the river Dod- 
 der above Rathfarnham-bridge ; Doctor Allman. Banks of the Shan- 
 non opposite Limerick and other place?. FL July, Aug. 1. Stems 
 2 3 feet high, downy, as well as the leaves, and whitish. Flowers 
 white, tinged and spotted with rose colour. Anthers reddish. 
 
 15. GALEOPSIS. Linn. Hemp-nettle. 
 
 Calyx campanulate, equal, 5-toothed, teeth mucronate. Co- 
 rolla with the tube exserted, the throat inflated ; upper lip 
 arched ; lower one with three unequal lobes, having two 
 teeth on its upper side. Name, 7aXei?, a weasel, and o^s, 
 aspect or appearance ; from the resemblance in the lips of 
 the flower to the snout of an animal. 
 
 Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. G. Ladanum, Linn. Red Hemp-nettle. Stem not swol- 
 len below the joints; leaves lanceolate, subserrate, hairy; 
 upper lip of the corolla slightly crenate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 275. 
 E. FL v. iii. p. 93. E. Bot. t. 884. 
 
 Dry gravelly banks and corn-fields. Side of Knockraaroon hill, 
 where it was first observed by Mr. Templeton. Corn-field on the hill 
 of Howth ; Doctor Aquilla Smith. Gravelly banks near CardifPs- 
 bridge, abundant, 1835. FL Aug. Oct. Q.Stem 10 or 12 inches 
 high, with opposite branches. Leaves rather small, petiolate, hairy. 
 Flowers purplish rose-colour. 
 
 2. G. Tetrahit, Linn. Common Hemp-nettle. Stem hispid, 
 swollen below the joints ; leaves ovate, hispid, serrated ; corolla 
 with the upper lip erect, ovate, entire. Br. FL 1. p. 275. 
 E. FL v. iii. p. 94. E. Bot. t. 207. 
 
 D P 
 
LABIATE. [Thymus. 
 
 Corn-fields and cultivated grounds, frequent. Fl. Aug. 0. One 
 foot to two feet high. Flowers purplish, or often white. 
 
 3. G. versicolor, Curt. Large- flowered Hemp-nettle. Stem 
 hispid, swollen below the joints ; leaves ovate, hispid, serrated; 
 corolla with the upper lip horizontal, inflated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 276. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 95. E. Bot. t. 667. 
 
 Corn-fields, &c. Potato fields near Sligo. County of Antrim, in 
 various places ; Mr Templeton. County of Derry, frequent ; Mr. 
 D. Moore. Fl. July, Aug. 0. Very different from the last, with 
 paler, rank foliage. Flowers large, showy, yellow, with a large purple 
 spot on the lower lip. 
 
 16. SCUTELLARIA. Linn. Skull-cap. 
 
 Calyx broadly ovate, having a conspicuous, concave tooth or 
 scale on the upper side ; its two nearly equal, entire lips 
 closed after flowering. Corolla with the tube much exserted, 
 upper lip straight, arched, lower ones trifid. Name, scutella, 
 a little dish or cup, which the calyx somewhat resembles with 
 its appendage or ear. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. S. galericulata, Linn. Common Skull-cap. Leaves 
 lanceolate, cordate at the base, crenate; flowers axillary in 
 pairs. Br. Fl. 1. p. 232. E. FL v. iii. p. 113. E. Bot. t. 
 523. 
 
 Banks of rivers and lakes, especially in stony places. By the lake 
 of Killarney, and shore of Lough Neagh, at Shane's Castle. Borders of 
 Lough Sheelan, near Arley Cottage, Cavan ; Rev. Mr. Halpin. Bally- 
 pheane Bog, near Cork, rare ; Mr. J. Drummond. FL July, Aug. If.. 
 Eight or ten inches to a foot high. Flowers rather large, blue, downy. 
 
 2. S. minor, Linn. Lesser Skull-cap. Leaves oblongo- 
 ovate, on very short stalks, entire, cordate at the base ; flowers 
 axillary, in pairs. Br. Fl. I. p. 282. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 113. 
 E. Bot. t. 524. 
 
 Moist heathy places, and by the sides of lakes, less frequent than the 
 preceding. Shore of the lower lake of Killarney, with the last. Bogs 
 and moist grounds in the county of Cork, abundant ; Mr. J. Drummond. 
 Plentiful in Cunnamara, less frequent in the county of Wicklow. Fl. 
 July, Aug. %. Four to six inches high. Lower leaves sometimes 
 with 1 or 2 teeth at the base, and hence, subhastate ; upper ones much 
 narrower, and quite entire. Flowers pale reddish. Lower lip spotted. 
 
 17. THYMUS. Linn. Thyme. 
 
 Flowers whorled or capitate. Calyx with 10 ribs, tubular, 
 2-lipped, upper Up 3- toothed, lower one bifid, the throat 
 hairy. Corolla with the upper lip erect, nearly plane, 
 notched, lower patent and trifid. Benth. Name, OV/.LOS, 
 strength, from its balsamic odour, strengthening the animal 
 spirits. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
Prunella.} LABIATE. 219 
 
 * Calyx campanulate. Middle lobe of the lower lip of the 
 
 corolla entire. 
 
 1. T. iSerpyllum, Linn. Wild Thyme. Flowers in small 
 heads ; stems recumbent ; leaves flat, ovate, obtuse, entire, 
 fringed at their base. Br. FL 1. p. 272. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 107. 
 E. Bot. t. 1543. 
 
 Hills and dry pastures, abundant, Fl. July, Aug. 1. Variable 
 in the hairiness of the leaves, which are sometimes all over hoary, and 
 in the size of the plant, which on the limestone rocks at Mucruss, and 
 in the county of Clare, assume a shrubby appearance ; also in the 
 scent of its foliage, which sometimes approaches that of the Lemon 
 Thyme of the gardens, ( S. citratum of Ray's Synopsis,) ( T. Ser- 
 pyllum var. t of Smith,) which has not yet been found in Ireland. 
 Flowers purple, rarely white. 
 
 * sj Calyx cylindrical. Middle lobe of the lower lip of the 
 
 corolla emarginate. 
 
 3. T. Calamintha, Scopoli. Calamint. Whorls on forked 
 many-flowered stalks ; leaves with shallow serratures ; hairs in 
 the mouth of the calyx not prominent. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 109. 
 E. Bot. t. 1414. Melissa Calamintha, Linn. Calamintha offi- 
 cinalis, Mcench. Br. Fl. 1. p. 279. 
 
 Way-sides and gravelly places. Road-side between Monkstown 
 and Glenagary, county of Dublin ; Major Percy Pratt. Near New- 
 castle, county of Wicklow ; Doctor Aquilla Smith. Old walls near 
 Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. July, Aug. 1 . Plant downy, aro- 
 matic. Stem erect, bushy. Leaves ovate, about an inch long. 
 Flowers pale purple, spotted with darker colour. Said to be employed 
 in making herb tea. 
 
 18. PRUNELLA. Linn. Self-heal. 
 
 Calyx ovate, upper lip plane, more or less distinctly 3-toothed, 
 lower one bifid. Corolla with the upper lip nearly entire, 
 arched ; lower one 3-lobed. Filaments with two teeth at the 
 extremity, one bearing the anther. Name, from the German, 
 braiine, the quinsy, whence Brunella of Ray, softened into 
 Prunella. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. P. vulgaris, Linn. Self-heal. Leaves stalked, oblongo- 
 ovate ; upper lip of the calyx truncated, its teeth almost 
 obsolete. Br. Fl. 1. p. 281. E. Fl. v. iii. p. 114. E. Bot. 
 t. 961. 
 
 Moist and barren pastures, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. !{.. Flowers 
 very densely whorled, so as to form an imbricated oblong spike, with a 
 pair of leaves at its base, and a pair of broad, obcordate bracteas be- 
 neath each whorl. Corolla violet blue, its lower lip finely toothed at 
 the margin. 
 
220 PQLYGONE^:. [ Origanum. 
 
 19. CLINOPODIUM. Linn. Wild Basil. 
 
 Whorls many-flowered, with numerous, linear bracteas, forming 
 a sort of involucre. Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, nearly equal 
 at the base, often curved ; upper lip 3-toothed ; lower one 
 trifid. Corolla with the upper lip nearly plane, emarginate ; 
 lower one 3-lobed ; middle lobe emarginate. Name K\ii><rj, a 
 bed, and vms, vrodos, a foot, from the compact stalked head of 
 flowers. Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 I. C. vufgare, Linn. Wild Basil. Whorls bristly ; involu- 
 cral leaves awl-shaped ; flowerstalks branched ; leaves obscurely 
 serrated. Br.Fl. I. p. 280. E.Fl.v. iii.jo. 105. E.Bot.t.lWl. 
 
 Hills and dry bushy places. Hilly grounds between Enniskerry and 
 Bray. On several of the islands in the lower lake of Killarney, and 
 road-side near Kenmare, on a limestone soil. FL Aug. It . One to 
 a foot and a half high, with soft hairs. Flowers in crowded whorls, 
 large, purple. 
 
 20. ORIGANUM. Linn. Marjoram. 
 
 Spikes (or Heads) of flowers 4-sided, resembling a catkin, im- 
 bricated with bracteas. Calyx various. Corolla with the upper 
 lip erect, nearly plane, lower one patent, trifid. Benth. 
 Name, o/>o?, a /till, and 70^09, joy, from the dry hilly places 
 of which the species are the ornament. 
 
 Didynamia. Gymnospermia. 
 
 1. O. vulgare, Linn. Common Marjoram. Heads of 
 flowers roundish, panicled, crowded, glabrous ; bracteas ovate, 
 longer than the calyx ; leaves ovate, entire. Br. Fl. 1. p. 272. 
 E. FL. v. \ii. p. 106. E. Bot. t. 1143. 
 
 Dry hills and bushy places, not unfrequent. Fl. July, Aug. 1. 
 Stems one foot high. Flowers purple, and the bracteas tinged with 
 the same colour. Fragrant and aromatic. 
 
 " The Thyme strong-scented 'neath one's feet, 
 And Marjoram so doubly sweet." Clare. 
 
 SUBCLASS IV. MONOCHLAMYDE^E. De Cand. 
 
 Perianth single ; the calyx and corolla forming but one floral 
 covering, or altogether wanting. 
 
 ORD. 60. POLYGONE^E. Jms. Buck- Wheat Family. 
 
 Perianth monophyllous, divided, with an imbricated aestiva- 
 tion. Stamens definite, inserted at the bottom of the perianth : 
 cells of the anthers opening longitudinally. Ovary free, 1- 
 
Humcx.] POLYGON!)^. 221 
 
 seeded, with a single erect ovule : styles and stigmas several. 
 Albumen farinaceous, sometimes almost none. Embryo in- 
 verted, generally on one side. Plumule inconspicuous. Herbs, 
 rarely shrubs, common to almost every part of the world. Leaves 
 alternate, sheathing at the base or adnate, with an intrafoliaceous 
 sheath (ochrea), revolute when young. Flowers sometimes sepa- 
 rated, generally racemose. 
 
 The plants of this Order, generally speaking, possess an acid 
 and astringent principle in their stems and leaves, while the 
 roots are nauseous and purgative. The farinaceous or mealy 
 albumen may be used as food. 
 
 1. RUMEX. Linn. Dock and Sorrel. 
 
 Perianth 6-parted ; the three outer segments somewhat coher- 
 ing at the base; the three inner becoming enlarged after 
 flowering. Stamens 6. Styles 3, reflexed; stigmas 3, cut. 
 Nut with three sharp angles. Embryo on one side. Radicle 
 superior. Name of unknown origin. 
 
 Hexandria. Trigynia. 
 
 HJ Plants not acid. Flowers perfect. (Lapathum Dock.) 
 
 1. R. Ilydrolapathum, Huds. Great Water Dock. En- 
 larged sepals ovato-deltoid, reticulated, each with a tubercle, 
 entire ; leaves lanceolate, the lower ones cordate at the base ; 
 whorls mostly leafless. Br. Fl. I. p. 168. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 195. 
 R. aquaticus, Sm. Fl. Br. p. 394. E. Bot. t. 2104. 
 
 Sides of rivers and lakes. Banks of the Shannon opposite Limerick, 
 and banks of Lough Erne, in ditches. Banks of Lough Neagh ; Mr. 
 Templeton. Fl. July, Aug. If. . The largest of our Docks, from 3 to 
 5 feet high. Some of the lower leaves a foot and a half long. Root 
 large, very astringent. Enlarged sepals, with prominent veins, and 
 large oblong tubercles. 
 
 2. R. crispiiS) Linn. Curled Dock. Enlarged sepals broadly 
 cordate, entire, reticulated ; tubercle on one, large, coloured ; 
 obsolete on the other two ; leaves lanceolate, waved, acute ; 
 upper whorls leafless. Br. Fl. 1. p. 108. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 191. 
 E. Bot. t. 1998. 
 
 Way-sides, near houses and pastures, frequent. Fl. June, July. 
 % . Two or three feet high. Lower leaves the broadest, all waved 
 and crisped at the margins. Whorls of flowers very numerous and 
 crowded. 
 
 3. R. sanguineus, Linn. Bloody-veined Dock. Enlarged 
 sepals (small), oblong, entire, one at least bearing a tubercle ; 
 leaves lanceolate, somewhat cordate ; whorls distant, on long, 
 generally leafless branches. Br. FL 1. p. 169. 
 
 . leaves with bright red veins. R. sanguineus, Linn. E. 
 Bot. t. 1533. E. FL v. ii. p. 190. 
 
 ft. leaves with green veins. R. viridis, Sibth Sm. FL Br, 
 p. 390. R. Nemolapathum, Ehrh. 
 
222 POLYGONEvE. [Rwnex. 
 
 Shady pastures, woods, and road-sides, a. In an old orchard at 
 Friar's-walk near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. 0. Not unfrequent. 
 
 4. R. acutus, Linn. Sharp Dock. Enlarged sepals oblong, 
 obscurely toothed, all tubercled ; leaves oblong, heart-shaped, 
 pointed ; clusters leafy. Br. Fl. 1. p. 169. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 
 192. E. Bot. t. 724. 
 
 Moist deep soils and in watery places, common. Fl. July. % . 
 Stem two feet high, somewhat purplish, and reclining. Leaf-stalks 
 flat. Branches lax, elongated. 
 
 5. R. pulcher, Linn. Fiddle Dock. Enlarged sepals ovate, 
 deeply toothed, one of them principally bearing a tubercle ; 
 root-leaves panduriform ; stem spreading. Br. Fl. 1. p. 169. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 193. E. Bot. t. 1576. 
 
 Pastures and way-sides. About Friar's-walk, Cork ; Mr. J. Drum- 
 mond. Near Dunleary, &c. Fl. Aug. %. Stems very straggling. 
 Whorls distant, on slender leafy branches. 
 
 6. R. obtusifolius, Linn. Broad-leaved Dock. Enlarged 
 sepals ovate, toothed at the base, one principally bearing a tu- 
 bercle; root-leaves ovate-cordate; stem roughish. Br.FL\. 
 p. 169. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 192. E. Bot. -1999. 
 
 Way-sides and waste places, common. Fl. July. %. Two or three 
 feet high. Whorls rather close, somewhat leafy. Distinguishable by 
 its broad, obtuse, radical leaves, which are generally crisped at the 
 margin. Stems scabrous between the elevated lines or ridges. 
 
 7. R. maritimus, Linn. Golden Dock. Enlarged sepals 
 deltoid, fringed with setaceous teeth, and bearing grains; 
 whorls much crowded ; leaves linear-lanceolate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 169. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 193. E. Bot. t. 723. 
 
 Marshes, principally near the sea. In a marsh near Clay Castle* 
 Youghal ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. July, Aug. 1. Well distin- 
 guished from all the preceding species by its narrow leaves, excessively 
 crowded flowers, bright, almost orange-coloured, enlarged sepals, and 
 their setaceous teeth. 
 
 8. R. palustris, Sm. Yellow Marsh Dock. Enlarged sepals 
 lanceolate, with short setaceous teeth near the base, and bearing 
 tubercles ; whorls remote ; leaves linear-lanceolate. Br. FL 1. 
 p. 170. E. FL v. ii. p. 194. E. Bot. t. 1932. 
 
 Marshy grounds near Youghal, along with the last ; Mr. J. Drum- 
 mond. Fl. July. 1. Stem two feet high, stout, sometimes reddish. 
 Leaves stalked, crisped at the edges, radical ones large, the rest small 
 and narrow. Whorls tawny yellow ; upper half of the sepals entire ; 
 lower with three rather short teeth. Mr. Moore remarks, that there 
 must be some mistake in supposing that this only grows remote from the 
 sea, as he finds it plentifully on the Derry coast, between Portstewart 
 and Portrush, where the spray of the sea washes over it. 
 
Polygonum.] POLYGONE^E. 223 
 
 HC * Flowers dioecious. Plants acid. (Acetosa or Sorrels.) 
 
 9. R. Acetosa, Linn. Common Sorrel. Enlarged sepals or- 
 biculari-cordate, reticulated, scarcely tubercled ; leaves ob- 
 longo-sagittate. Br. Fl 1. p. 170. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 196. E. 
 Bot. t. 127. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, frequent. Fl. June, July. 1. Stem 1 2 
 feet high. Lower leaves stalked, with two lateral teeth, upper ones 
 sessile. Clusters erect, leafless. Flowers reddish. 
 
 10. R. AcetoseUa, Linn. Sheep's Sorrel. Enlarged sepals 
 ovate, not tubercled; lower leaves lanceolato-hastate, lobes 
 entire. Br. FL 1. p. 170. E. FL v. ii. . 197. E. Bot. t. 
 1674. 
 
 Dry pastures, frequent. FL May July. % . Variable in size from 
 2 to 10 inches, and in the form of its leaves. 
 
 2. OXYRIA. Hil. Mountain-Sorrel. 
 
 Perianth of four sepals, the two inner ones rather largest. Nut 
 triquetrous, with a broad membranaceous margin. Embryo 
 erect, inverted. Name from ogvs, sharp or acid, from the 
 acid flavour of this, as of many other plants belonging to 
 the same natural family. Hexandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. O. reniformis, Hook. Kidney-shaped Mountain- Sorrel. 
 Br. FL I. p. 167. E. FL v. ii./.. 188. E. Bot. t. 910. 
 
 Moist alpine rocks. On Magillycuddy's Reeks, and Brandon moun- 
 tain, county of Kerry ; and on Ben Bulben, county of Sligo. FL 
 July, Aug. %. " Stems 8 10 inches high, with rarely more than one 
 leaf, often naked. Radical-leaves numerous, all reniform, with a more 
 or less evident obtuse sinus at the apex, on long footstalks, having mem- 
 branaceous stipules at their base. Racemes and peduncles branched, 
 with minute, ovate, membranaceous bracteas at the base of each rami- 
 fication. Pedicels thickened upwards. Flowers erect, small. Sta- 
 mens 6, shorter than the sepals. Pistil nearly orbicular, compressed, 
 notched, with two feathery spreading styles. Fruit a nut, enclosed in 
 an utricle, with a remarkably broad winged border, tipped with the 
 styles, situated in rather a deep notch, and having at the base the 
 pointed sepals, not at all enlarged." Hooker. 
 
 3. POLYGONUM. Linn. Persicaria, Knot-grass and Buck- 
 wheat. 
 
 Perianth single, in five deep, coloured, persistent segments, 
 inferior. Stamens 5 8. Styles 2 3. Fruit a one-seeded, 
 compressed or trigonous nut. Named from TroXvs, many, and 
 7<>>i;, a knee or joint ; from the numerous joints of the stem. 
 
 Octandria. Trigynia. 
 
224 POLYGONE^:. [Polygonum. 
 
 * Styles 3. Nut triquetrous. 
 
 1. P. Bistorta, Linn. Bistort, or Snakeweed. Stem simple, 
 bearing one spike ; leaves ovate, waved, the radical ones taper- 
 ing into a footstalk. Br. Fl. I. p. 182. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 236. 
 E. Bot. t. 509. 
 
 Moist pastures, rather rare. Field at Ballickey, Bantry ; Miss 
 Hutchins. Near Moira ; Mr. Templeton. Near Monkstown ; Major 
 P. Pratt. Spring-hill, near Moneyraore, on limestone, abundant ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. Fl. June. %. One to one and a half foot high. 
 Upper leaves with long sheaths. Spikes cylindrical, dense. Flowers 
 flesh-coloured, on short foot-stalks, with small bracteas at their base. 
 Stamens 8. Styles 3. Perianth pale flesh-coloured, almost white. 
 
 2. P. aviculare, Linn. Knot-grass. Flowers nearly solitary, 
 axillary ; leaves elliptico-lanceolate ; stipules much shorter than 
 the leaves, nerves of the stipules distant; stem procumbent, 
 herbaceous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 182. 
 
 . Fruit included within the perianth, striated with raised 
 points. P. aviculare, Linn. E. Bot. t. 1252. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 
 238. 
 
 P. Fruit longer than the perianth, quite smooth on the sur- 
 face ; (leaves elliptic, flaccid.) P. marinum, JRaii Syn. 147 ; 
 excluding all the synonyms. 
 
 Waste places, way-sides, and paved courts, common. &. Sea-coast 
 near Sandy mount, and elsewhere near Dublin. FL May Sept. 0. 
 Varying- much in size. I have long thought, as Dr. Hooker does, that 
 the maritime var. <3. will prove a distinct species from the common P. 
 aviculare. It is much larger in all its parts, with procumbent widely 
 spreading stems. Bracteas large and scariose. Flowers twice the 
 size of , and the fruit much larger, protruded, and even on the surface. 
 It may be readily distinguished at first sight by its large flaccid leaves, 
 which are of a pale green colour. 
 
 3. P. Fagopyrum, Linn. Buck-wheat. Leaves cordato- 
 sagittate; stem nearly upright, without prickles ; angles of the 
 fruit even. Br. Fl. 1. p. 182. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 239. E. Bot. t. 
 1044. 
 
 Cultivated ground, but introduced by cultivation, being often sown 
 as food for pheasants and other poultry. Fl. July, Aug. . Stem 
 nearly erect, waved, one foot high, branched. Flowers in spreading 
 panicles, terminal and lateral, pale reddish. 
 
 4. P. Convolvulus, Linn. Climbing Buck-wheat. Leaves 
 cordato-sagittate, stem twining, angular; segments of the peri- 
 anth bluntly keeled. Br. FL 1. p. 183. E. FL v. ii. p. 239. 
 E.Bot.t. 941. 
 
 Corn-fields, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 0. Very long, climbing. 
 Spikes of four, whorled, greenish flowers, lateral and leafy. 
 
 * -if. Styles mostly 2. Nuts compressed. 
 
 5. P. amphibium, Linn. Amphibious Persicaria. Flowers 
 
Polygonum.] POLVGONE/E. 225 
 
 pentandrous ; styles forked ; spike oblongoovate ; leaves petio- 
 late, cordato-lanceolate, rough at the margins. Br. Fl. 1. p. 183. 
 E. FL v. ii. p. 232. E. Bot. t. 436. 
 
 *. aquaticum, leaves floating, broadly lanceolate, glabrous ; 
 spikes oblong. 
 
 ft. terrestre, nearly erect ; leaves narrow, lanceolate, rough, 
 with short, rigid, appressed hairs on both sides; spikes ovate. 
 
 Ponds, lakes, and ditches, on their margins, frequent. Fl. July, 
 Aug. %. Stem 2 3 feet long, scarcely branched when growing in 
 the water. Leaves arising from long, tubular sheaths or stipules, gla- 
 brous in 3, but hispid in . Spikes mostly solitary, terminal, of a bright 
 rose-colour. This is the only perennial species of the Persicariu 
 group. 
 
 6. P. Persicaria^ Linn. Spotted Persicaria. Flowers hex- 
 androus; styles forked; leaves lanceolate (often spotted); 
 spikes oblong, erect, their peduncles smooth ; stipules fringed. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 183. E. Fl v. ii. p. 233. E. Bot. t. 756. 
 
 Moist ground and waste places, frequent. Fl. Aug. 0. Stems 
 erect, branched, one foot to two feet high. Spikes terminal and lateral, 
 dense, greenish, the tips of the flowers rose-coloured, Leaves nearly 
 sessile, glabrous. 
 
 7. P. lapathifolium, Linn. Pale-flowered Persicaria. Flowers 
 hexandrous, with two distinct styles ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, 
 shortly petiolate ; spikes oblong, erect, their peduncles rough ; 
 stipules not fringed. Br. Fl. 1. p. 183. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 234. 
 E. Bot. t. 1382. 
 
 Fields and dung-hills. In low moist ground near Cork ; Mr. J. 
 Drummond. Dung-hills near Belfast and other places. FL Aug. Q. 
 One foot or one foot and a half high. A very variable species. The 
 flowers are either pale green, almost white, or of a reddish tint. Spikes 
 dense, terminal and lateral. 
 
 8. P. Hydropiper, Linn. Biting Persicaria. Flowers hex- 
 androus ; styles forked ; leaves lanceolate, waved and spotless ; 
 spikes lax, filiform, drooping; stem erect. Br. Fl. 1. p. 183. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 235. E. Bot. t. 989. 
 
 Sides of lakes and ditches, and damp places near farm-yards. Fl. 
 Aug. Sept. 0. One to two feet high or more, erect. Remarkable for 
 its slender, long-, more or less drooping spikes of distant, reddish flowers ; 
 they are lateral and terminal. 
 
 9. P. minus, Huds. Small creeping Persicaria. Flowers 
 hexandrous; style undivided; leaves linear-lanceolate, plane, 
 very shortly petiolate ; spikes slender, erect ; stem rooting at 
 the base. Br. Fl. 1. p. 183. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 235. E. Bot. t. 
 1043. 
 
 On gravelly, watery commons, not found near Dublin. Moist ground 
 near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. On the shore of Ballygowan Lake, 
 and Castle Blaney Lake, near Church-hill ; Mr. Templeton. Side of 
 the Bann, below Coleraine ; Mr. D. Moore, from whom I lately 
 
 E E 
 
226 CHENOPODE^E. [Salicornia. 
 
 received specimens. Fl. Sept. Q. Nearly allied to P. Hydropiper, 
 but much smaller, procumbent below, with upright spikes, narrow 
 leaves, and undivided stigmas. 
 
 ORD. 61. CHENOPODE^E. Vent. Goose-foot Family. 
 
 Perianth monophyllous, deeply divided, sometimes tubular at 
 the base, persistent, with an imbricated aestivation. Stamens 
 inserted at the bottom of the perianth, and opposite to its seg- 
 ments, equal in number to them, or fewer. Ovary single, free, 
 rarely adherent with the tube of the perianth, 'with a single 
 ovule fixed to the bottom of the cavity : style divided, 2 4- 
 fid, rarely simple : stigmas undivided. Pericarp membranous, 
 valveless, sometimes a berry. Embryo curved round a farina- 
 ceous albumen ; or spiral or bicrural, without albumen : radicle 
 next the hilum : plumule inconspicuous. Generally distributed 
 herbs or low shrubs, especially in temperate regions. Leaves al- 
 ternate, without stipules, sometimes opposite. Flowers small y 
 sometimes polygamous. 
 
 Of this Order, many individuals are potherbs ; some are 
 tonic and anti-spasmodic ; others, the saline species, yield a 
 great quantity of carbonate of soda. Chenopodium olidum ex- 
 hales pure ammonia. 
 
 1. SALSOLA. Linn. Saltwort. 
 
 Perianth single, inferior, 5-cleft, persistent, enveloping the fruit 
 with its base, and crowning it with its broad scariose limb. 
 Seed solitary, its cotyledon spiral. Named from sal, salt. 
 From many of this tribe abundance of alkaline salt is ob- 
 tained, as is implied by the name of our onty British species. 
 
 Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. S. Kali, Linn. Prickly Saltwort. Stems herbaceous, 
 prostrate ; leaves subulate, spinous, scabrous ; segments of the 
 perianth margined, scarious. Br. Fl. 1. p. 139. E. FL v. ii. 
 p. 18. E. Bot. t. 634. 
 
 Sea-shores, frequent. JF2. July. Q.Stem angled, very much 
 branched. Flowers solitary, pale greenish, sessile, with three leaf-like 
 bracteas at the base of each. 
 
 2. SALICORNIA. Linn. Glasswort. 
 
 Perianth single, turbinate, fleshy, obscurely lobed. Stamens 
 one or two. Style short. Stigmas bi-trifid. Fruit an 
 urticle, included in the enlarged perianth. Name, from sal, 
 salt, and cornu, a horn, from the horn-like branches and 
 saline nature of the plants. Monandria. Monogynia. 
 
Chenopodeum.} CHENOPODE/E. 227 
 
 1. S. herbacea. Linn. Jointed Glasswort. Stem herba- 
 ceous ; articulations compressed, somewhat thickened upwards 
 and notched ; spikes cylindrical, slightly tapering at the extre- 
 mity. Br. Fl. 1. p. 1- 
 
 . Stem erect. S. herbacea, E. Fl. v. i. p. 2. S. annua, 
 E. Bot. t. 415. S. acetaria, Pallas. 
 
 ft. Stem procumbent. S. procumbens y E. Bot. t. 2475. E. 
 Fl. v. 1. p. 2. S. prostrata, Pallas. 
 
 Salt marshes, plentiful. FL Aug. Sept, 0. " Plant leafless, much 
 branched and jointed; articulations a little thickened upwards, very 
 succulent, shrinking much when dry, in which state the upper extremity 
 of each articulation forms a two-lobed membranous socket or short 
 sheath, which receives the base of the articulation above it. Spikes of 
 flowers dense, lateral and terminal, equally jointed with the stem, and 
 bearing at the base of every short articulation, on two opposite sides, a 
 cluster of three flowers, each composed of a single perianth, appa- 
 rently quite closed at the top, and pierced, as it were, by the bifid or 
 tiifid stigma, and the single or two stamens: when two, appearing in 
 succession. Mr. Wilson observes, that the central flower (of the erect 
 var. at least) has two stamens, one placed below, the other above, the 
 laterally compressed germen ; and that the side-flowers have only one, 
 placed above the germen." Hooker. 
 
 2. S. radicans, Sm. Creeping Glasswort. Stem woody, pro- 
 cumbent and rooting ; articulations cylindrical, spreading and 
 notched at the top ; spikes oblong, obtuse. Br. Fl. 1. p. 2. 
 E. Bot. t. 1691, and t. 2467, ( S. fruticosa.) E. Fl. v. L p. 3, 
 and again p. 3, (S. fruticosa. ) 
 
 Muddy and gravelly sea-shores. Strand at Narrow-water, below 
 Newry, where it was first pointed out to me, above twenty years ago, 
 by the late Mr. Templeton. Fl. Aug. Sept. 1. This scarcely differs 
 from the last, except in its more branching, straggling, and perennial 
 stem, quite woody below. The true S. fruticosa, not uncommon in 
 green-house collections, is a very different plant, confined to the south 
 of Europe and north of Africa. 
 
 3. CHENOPODIUM. Linn. Goose-foot. 
 
 Perianth single, inferior, 5-cleft, persistent arid unaltered, 
 closing upon, but not wholly enveloping, the fruit. Seed so- 
 litary. Name from x'P* X?P OS > a Goose, and ma, a foot, from 
 the shape of the leaves in some of the species. They are 
 more or less employed as potherbs. Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 sje Leaves semicylindrical. Flowers each with twv bracteas. 
 
 1. C. maritimum, Linn. Annual Sea-side Goose-foot. Leaves 
 semicylindrical, a little tapering upwards ; styles two ; stem her- 
 baceous. Br. Fl. 1. p. 136. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 16. E. Bot. t. 633. 
 
 Sea-shores in muddy and sandy places, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 
 0. From 9 18 inches high. Moot small, tapering. Stems one or 
 more, or a woody texture, erect, much branched, roundish, clothed with 
 
CHENOPODE.E. [ Chcnopodium. 
 
 numerous sessile, alternate, narrow, thick, juicy, smooth leaves, about 
 half an inch long, salt to the taste, of a light bright green. Flowers 
 several together, sessile, each with a pair of small acute, close bracteas. 
 Seed orbicular, black, minutely striated. The alkaline salt of this 
 herb renders it serviceable in making glass, though supposed inferior 
 to some kinds of Salsols, found in the south of Europe. 
 
 * * Leaves plane, undivided; bracteas under each flower none. 
 
 2. C. olidum, Curt. Stinking Goose-foot. Leaves ovato- 
 rhomboid, entire ; flowers in dense clustered spikes ; stem dif- 
 fuse. Br. Fl. \.p. 137. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 14. E. Bot. t. 1034. 
 
 Waste places and under walls, especially near the sea. Found spa- 
 ringly near Sandymount, and between the Custom-house and Annesly- 
 bridge, several years ago. FL Aug. Q. Leaves small, petiolate, 
 greasy to the touch, and covered with a pulverulent substance, which, 
 when bruised yields a detestable odour, resembling that of putrid fish. 
 
 # H* >jj Leaves plane, toothed, angled or lobed ; bracteas none. 
 
 3. C. Bonus ffenricus, Linn. Mercury Goose-foot, or good 
 King Henry. Leaves triangular, arrow-shaped, entire ; spike* 
 compound, terminal and solitary, erect, leafless. Br. FL 1, p. 
 137. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 10. E. Bot. t. 1033. 
 
 Waste places and way-sides, frequent. FL Aug. % . 
 
 4. C. urbicum, Linn. Upright Goose-foot. Leaves trian- 
 gular, toothed ; spikes long, erect, approaching the stem, almost 
 leafless; flowers scattered on the spikes. Br. Fl. I. p. 137. 
 E. FL v. ii. p. 10. E. Bot. t. 717. 
 
 Waste places under walls, particularly about towns and villages. In 
 the College-park and other places near Dublin. Fl. Aug. . Stem 
 erect, angular. Leaves large, truncate, or subcuneate at the base, of a 
 lisjht or subglaucous green, their margins deeply and irregularly toothed. 
 Flowers on the spikes, in rather small, but remote clusters ; spikes 
 very long and erect. Seeds (or fruits) large in comparison with those 
 of the following species, " almost as large as rape-seed." f Curtis. ) 
 
 5. C. rubrum, Linn. Red Goose-foot. Leaves triangular, 
 somewhat rhomboid, toothed and serrated ; spikes erect, com- 
 pound, leafy ; flowers crowded on the spikes ; fruit very minute. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 137. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 11. E. Bot. t. 1721. 
 
 Dung-hills and under walls. Near Dublin, Cork, and Belfast. Fl. 
 Aug. Sept. 0. Of a darker green than the last. Stems frequently 
 reddish. Leaves always more or less attenuated at the base, by no 
 means truncate. Spikes very compound, thick. The salt (or alkali) 
 contained in the juice of this plant, crystallises upon the surface of the 
 stem. (Mr. W. Wilson.) Hooker. 
 
 6. C. murale, Linn. Nettle-leaved Goose-foot. Leaves ovate, 
 approaching to rhomboid, acute, toothed, shining; spikes much 
 branched, cymose, leafless. Br. Fl. 1. p. 138. E. FL v. ii. . 
 11. E. Bot. t. 1722. 
 
Atripkx.} CHENOPODEJE. 229 
 
 Under walls and in waste places about towns and villages. Frequent 
 near Dublin. Fl. Aug. 0. Branches of the spikes spreading. Flowers 
 rather distant. Smell unpleasant. 
 
 7. C. album, Linn. White Goose-foot. Leaves ovate, in- 
 clining to rhomboid, erose, entire at the base, upper ones ob- 
 long, perfectly entire ; spikes branched, somewhat leafy ; 
 fruit smooth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 138. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 13. E. Bot. 
 t. 1723. 
 
 ft. Leaves green, more entire, spikes elongated, more 
 branched. C. viride, Linn. 
 
 Waste places, dunghills, &c. common. Fl. July, Aug. 0. Leaves 
 covered with a whitish and mealy substance, varying in width, and in 
 the erosion, or blunt toothing, of the upper half of the margins of its 
 leaves. When these are nearly entire, it is the C. viride of Linn 
 
 8. C. Jicifolium, Linn. Fig-leaved Goose-foot. Leaves 
 ovato-oblong, toothed and sinuated at the margin, somewhat 
 hastate, upper ones oblong, quite entire ; fruit dotted. Br. Fl. 
 1. p. 138. E. FL v. ii. p. 13. E. Bot. t. 1724. 
 
 Dunghills and waste ground. Found in the County of Cork by Mr. 
 Drummond, but the particular place is not mentioned. (Dr. Hincks.) 
 Fl. Aug. Sept. 0. 
 
 4. BETA. Linn. Beet. 
 
 Perianth single, half inferior, 5-cleft, persistent. Seed one, 
 reniform, imbedded in the fleshy base of the calyx. Name 
 derived from the Celtic let', according to Theis, which means 
 red. Pentundria. Digynia. 
 
 1. B. maritima. Linn. Sea Beet. Stems procumbent at the 
 base; seeds solitary, or in pairs; calycine segments entire. Br. 
 Fl. \. p. 139. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 17. E. Bot. t. 285. 
 
 Sea-shores in muddy places, and on decayed rocks, as at Howth, on 
 the Sutten side, and many other places. Fl. Aug. It. Moot large, 
 thick and fleshy. Stem tall, branched, angular. Moot-leaves sub- 
 ovate, succulent, entire, waved. Spikes of flowers numerous, leafy. 
 Leaves small at the base of the flower, or pair of flowers, which are 
 greenish. A good substitute for spinage in the winter and spring 
 months, and is often cultivated at Cork and other places on the coast 
 on that account. Dr. Hooker states, that Mr. Wm. Wilson finds that 
 there are always three styles in this species, and that the germen is 
 3-seeded, that the flowers are often three together, and that, when the 
 seed is ripe, the germen becomes purple and granulated. 
 
 5. ATRIPLEX. Linn. Orache. 
 
 Sterile fl. and united fl. (which too are mostly barren.) Pe- 
 rianth single, 5-parted, inferior. Stamens live, Style 2-parted. 
 Pistilliferous fl. Perianth single, of two, persistent, en- 
 
230 CHENOPODEJS. [Atriple.v. 
 
 larged valves. Stamens none. Fruit depressed, 1-seeded, 
 covered by the calyx. Name ; , not, and TpcKfrciv, to nourish. 
 
 Polygamia. Mcncecia. 
 
 1. A. portulacoides, Linn. Shrubby Orache or Sea Purs- 
 lane. Stem shrubby ; leaves obovato-lariceolate, entire, silvery 
 white. Br. Fl. 1. p. 440. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 256. E. Bot. t. 
 261. 
 
 On decayed granite rocks on steep banks by the sea-side. On the 
 south side of Hovvth, principally in one place. It has also been lately 
 found near Tramore, county of Waterford. Fl. July, Aug. T? . One 
 to two feet or more high, with small, yellowish flowers, in axillary 
 spikes. 
 
 2. A. laciniata, Linn. Frosted Sea Orache. Stem herba- 
 ceous, spreading; leaves ovato-deltoid, dentate-sinuate, very 
 mealy beneath. Br. Fl. 1. p. 440. E. FL v. iv. p. 257. E. 
 Bot. t. 165. 
 
 Sea-coast, principally in small islands. Near Bangor, and Island 
 Magee ; Mr. Templeton. Plentiful on the western coast, particularly 
 in a small island opposite to Cummin, near Sligo. Not found near 
 Dublin. Fi. July, Aug. 0. Whole plant hoary. Flowers : sterile 
 ones in terminal spikes ; the others axillary, -nearly so \\ta.ry, fertile. 
 
 3. A. patula, Linn. Spreading Halberd-leaved Orache. 
 Stem herbaceous, spreading; leaves triangular-hastate, glabrous 
 above, irregularly toothed, the upper ones entire ; perianth of 
 the fruit more or less tuberculated at the sides. Br. Fl. 1. p. 
 440. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 257. E. Bot. t. 936. 
 
 Cultivated and waste ground, and in salt marshes. Fl. July. 0. 
 Stems straggling ; branches long, striated. Flowers in small clusters, 
 in long interrupted axillary spikes. The var. 7 . of Smith often occurs 
 in sandy places near the sea. It is prostrate, more glaucous and fleshy, 
 with a frequent tinge of red, and smaller, less toothed, or quite entire 
 leaves, differing from its natural inland habit, as many other plants, in 
 maritime situations, often do. 
 
 4. A. angustifolia, Sm. Spreading narrow-leaved Orache' 
 Stem herbaceous, spreading; leaves lanceolate, entire, the lower 
 ones partly 3-lobed, calyx of the fruit halberd-shaped, slightly 
 warty at the sides. Br. Fl. 1. ^.440. E. FL v. \\.p. 258. 
 E. Bot. t. 1774. 
 
 Cultivated and waste ground. Fl. July. 0. This seems to be but 
 a narrow -leaved var. of the preceding. (Hooker.') 
 
 5. A. erecta, Huds. Upright Spear-leaved Orache. Stem 
 herbaceous, erect ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, lower ones sinuated ; 
 calyx of the fruit all over armed with short tubercles. Br. FL 
 1. p. 440. E. Fl. v. iv.p. 260. E. Bot. t. 2223. 
 
 I have not seen Irish specimens of this species, but insert it on the 
 authority of the accurate Mr. Drummond, who mentions his having 
 found it on the coast near Cork. FL Aug. 0. 
 
 6. A. littoralis, Linn. Grass-leaved Sea Orache. Stem 
 
Sderanthus.] SCLERANTHE.E. 231 
 
 herbaceous, erect ; leaves all linear, entire or toothed ; peri- 
 anth of the fruit sinuated and muricated at the back. Br. FL 
 1. p. 440. E. Fl. v. iv. p. *260. E. Bot. t. 708. 
 
 Muddy salt-marshes, on the coast. On the muddy shore of Howth 
 on the Sutten side, abundant. Fl. July. 0. The under side of the 
 leaves and flowers are mealy. The latter ar e in rather crowded,' axil- 
 lary, and terminal spikes. 
 
 7. A. pedunculata. Linn. Stalked Sea Orache. Stem her- 
 baceous, zigzag, with spreading branches; leaves obovato-lan- 
 ceolate ; seed-bearing flowers, cuneate, 2-horned, on long stalks. 
 Hooker. Br. Fl. 1. p. 440. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 261. E. Bot. t. 
 232. 
 
 Muddy salt-marshes. Cushtrower Bay, Cunnamara ; Doctor Wade. 
 I have not seen Irish specimens of this species, nor have I had an op- 
 portunity of examining the place where it is said to have been found. 
 Fl. Aug. Sept. 0. Well distinguished from all the other species by 
 its long peduncles, and the peculiar shape of the seed-bearing perianth, 
 especially when the fruit is ripe. 
 
 ORD. 62. SCLERANTHE^E. Link. Scleranthus Family. 
 
 Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx 4 or 5 toothed, with an 
 urceolate tube. Stamens from 1 to 10, inserted into the orifice 
 of the tube. Ovarium simple, superior, 1-seeded. Styles two 
 or one, emarginate at the apex. Fruit a membranous utricle, 
 enclosed within the hardened calyx. Seed pendulous from the 
 apex of a funiculus, which arises from the bottom of the cell ; 
 embryo cylindrical, curved round farinaceous albumen. Small 
 herbs. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers axillary, 
 sessile. 
 
 1. SCLERANTHUS. Linn. Knawel. 
 
 Calyx of one piece, 5-cleft. Corolla none. Stamens inserted 
 upon the calyx, five frequently abortive or wanting. Capsule 
 1-seeded, covered by the calyx. Name, from aicXrjpos, hard, 
 and avOos, a flower ; from the indurated nature of the floral 
 covering. Decandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. S. annuus, Linn. Annual Knawel. Calyx of the fruit 
 with erecto-patent, rather acute segments ; stems spreading ; 
 root annual. Br. Fl. 1. p. 189. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 282. E. Bot. 
 t. 351. 
 
 Corn-fields, frequent.' Fl. July. If. Stems many, much branched 
 in a dichotomous manner, slender, subpubescent, straggling. Leaves 
 linear-subulate, keeled, opposite and combined at the base by a membra- 
 nous fringed margin. Flowers green, inconspicuous, in axillary leafy 
 clusters. Calyx urceolate, ribbed, with five ovato-lanceolate teeth. 
 
232 URTICE.E. [ Urtica. 
 
 ORD. 63. URTICE^E. Juss. Nettle Family. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioacious, scattered or clustered, or 
 surrounded by a 1-leaved involucre. Perianth of one piece, 
 raembranaceous, lobed, persistent. BARREN FL. Stamens de- 
 finite, inserted into the base of the perianth, and opposite its 
 lobes : anthers curved inwards in aestivation, and often curving 
 backwards with elasticity when bursting FERTILE FL. Ovary 
 simple, free : ovule solitary, erect : stigma 1. Fruit an ache- 
 mum, surrounded by the membranous or fleshy perianth. 
 Embryo straight, curved, or spiral, with or without albumen : 
 radicle superior, and thus remote from the hilum. Trees or 
 shrubs, of almost every part of the world. Leaves alternate, 
 sometimes opposite, with stipules often hispid and stinging, (some- 
 times very powerfully so), or rough. 
 
 1. PARIETARIA. Linn. Wall- Pell itory. 
 
 Perianth 4-fid, inferior. Filaments of the stamens at first in- 
 curved, then expanding with an elastic force. Fruit 1-seeded, 
 enclosed^by the enlarged perianth, (One or more of the cen- 
 tral florets without stamens.) Name from paries, a ivall, from 
 the species frequently growing on old walls. 
 
 Tetrandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. P. qfficinalis, Linn. Common Pellitory of the wall. 
 Leaves ovato-lanceolate, 3-nerved above the base ; " involucre 
 in two portions, each of about seven segments ; in each portion 
 are three flowers, with one fertile one between them." Wilson. 
 Br. Fl. \. p. 69. E. Fl. v. i. p. 222. E. Bot. t. 597. 
 
 Old walls and waste places. Fl. during the summer months. 1. 
 Stems often procumbent upon the wall, reddish, pubescent. Leaves 
 alternate. Flowers small, hairy, purplish, clustered in the axils of the 
 leaves. " In each portion of the involucre are three flowers apparently 
 fertile," ( Wilson), but of which the central one has only a pistil. 
 The lateral ones have stamens and pistil. Filaments jointed, in which 
 peculiarity exists the elastic property by which the pollen is so copi- 
 ously discharged. This is remarkably the case in a hot summer's day. 
 Fruit black, shining. Pericarp closely investing the seed. 
 
 2. URTICA. Linn. Nettle. 
 
 Barren ft. Perianth single, of four leaves, containing the cup- 
 shaped rudiment of a pistil. Fertile fl. Perianth single, of 
 two leaves. Pericarp 1-seeded, shining. Name; from uro, 
 to burn, in allusion to its stinging property. 
 
 Moncecia. Pentandria. 
 
 1. U. pilulifera, Linn. Roman Nettle. Leaves opposite, 
 
Humultu.] URTICK.K 
 
 ovate, serrated, with transverse nerves ; fertile flowers in glo- 
 bular heads. Br. Fl. 1. p. 403. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 134. E. Bot. 
 t. 148. 
 
 Under walls and among rubbish, principally near the sea. Ballylickey, 
 near Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Fl. June, July. 0. The most vene- 
 mous of our native Nettles. 
 
 2. U. urens, Linn. Small Nettle. Leaves opposite, 
 elliptical, with about five, nearly parallel ribs ; clusters of 
 flowers subsimple. Br. Fl. 1. p. 403. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 134. 
 E.Bot.t. 1236. 
 
 Waste places, cultivated ground, and old dung-hills, frequent. Fl. 
 June Oct. 0. 
 
 3. U. dioica. Linn. Great Nettle. Leaves ovate, acumi- 
 nate, cordate at the base ; clusters much branched, in pairs, 
 mostly dioecious. Br. Fl. 1. p. 403. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 135. E. 
 Bot. t. 1750. 
 
 Waste places, under walls and hedges, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 
 1. The root, boiled with alum, is said to dye yarn of a yellow co- 
 lour; from the fibres of the stalk a kind of hemp is manufactured, as 
 with the Urtica cannabina of N. America, (Whitlow's Nettle), and 
 I remember having seen several years ago a piece of very good linen 
 made from it, under the direction of a lady at Ballitore. In Scotland 
 the young tops of Nettles are boiled and eaten by the peasantry ; and 
 they were also much used by many of the poor in the north of Ireland 
 during the late years of scarcity, owing to the failure of the potato 
 crop?. 
 
 3. HUMULUS, Linn. Hop. 
 
 Barren fl. Perianth single, of five sepals. Anthers with two 
 pores at the extremity. Fertile fl. Scales of the catkin 
 large, persistent, concave, entire, single-flowered. Perian'h 
 none. Styles two. Seed one. Name, humus, rich soil or 
 mould t in which the plant flourishes. 
 
 Dicecia. Pentandria. 
 
 1. H. Lupulus, Linn. Common Hop. Br. Fl. 1. p. 43:5. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 240. E. Bot. t. 427. 
 
 Hedges, &c. probably introduced. Hedges between Cullenagh and 
 Stradbally, Queen's County, and near Nenagh ; in the largest of the 
 south isles of Arran, creeping over the limestone rocks, arid producing 
 excellent hops. Fl. July. If.. Stems long, weak and climbing, sca- 
 brous. Leaves petiolate, opposite, 3 5-lobed, serrated, veiny, rough. 
 Flowers greenish yellow. The fragrant bitter, so valuable in the ma- 
 nufacture of beer, resides in the catkins, or cones of the hop, aa they 
 are often called. 
 
234 RESEDACE.E. [Reseda. 
 
 ORD. 64. RESEDACEJL Lindl. Mignonette Family. 
 
 Flowers included within a many-parted involucre, neuter on 
 the outside, hermaphrodite in the centre. Calyx 1-sided un- 
 divided, glandular. Barren stamens of the sterile florets 
 linear, petaloid. Fertile stamens perigynous, definite ; filaments 
 erect ; anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovarium ses- 
 sile, 3-lobed, 1 -celled, many-seeded, with three parietal pla- 
 centa?. Stigmata 3, glandular, sessile. Fruit dry and mem- 
 branous, or succulent, opening at the apex. Seeds several, 
 reniform, attached to three parietal placentae; embryo taper, 
 arcuate, without albumen ; radicle superior. Herbaceous plants, 
 with alternate leaves, the surface of which is minutely papillose. 
 
 1. RESEDA. Linn. Rocket. 
 
 Fruit dry, many-seeded, surrounded by the withered involucre. 
 Name from resedo, to calm ; from some supposed medical 
 qualities. Dodecandria. Trigynia. 
 
 1. R. Luteola, Linn. Dyers Rocket, Yellow-weed* or Weld. 
 Leaves lanceolate, undivided ; involucre in four segments. 
 Lindl. Syn. p. 219. Br. Fl. \. p. 218. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 317. 
 E. Bot. I. 320. 
 
 Waste, gravelly, or sandy places. Fl. July. 0. 2 3 feet high, 
 branched. Racemes long, of numerous yellowish flowers, with promi- 
 nent stamens. Capsules broad, depressed. Used in dying- woollen 
 stuffs yellow. 
 
 2. R. lutea, Linn. Base Rocket, Wild Mignonette. Leaves 
 deeply 3-lobed, lower ones pinnatifid ; involucre in six divisions. 
 Lindl. Syn. p. 219. Br. Fl. 1. p. 218. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 348. 
 E. Bot. t. 321. 
 
 Dry gravelly banks. On the side of Knockmaroon-hill, near Cha- 
 pelizod. Abundant on the road-side between Oldcastle and the Abbey 
 of Fore ; Rev. Mr. Halpin. FL July, Aug. Ii. Leaves very varia- 
 ble, some bipinnatifid. Flowers deeper yellow than the last. Capsule 
 oblong, wrinkled. 
 
 3. It. fruticulosa, Linn. Shrubby base Rocket. Leaves all 
 pinnated, waved, glaucous ; involucre 5-parted ; barren stamens 
 five, nearly equal, trifid. Br. FL 1. p. 218. Sm. in Rees 
 Cycl E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2628. 
 
 I first observed this plant growing by the way-side between Cork 
 and Glenmire in 1805, and the following year on the banks of the Dod- 
 der and near Dundrum ; a few years after it was found covering a ditch- 
 bank at Portmarnock, where it has continued to grow in great abun- 
 dance ever since. In all cases it has probably been introduced from 
 gardens, or otherwise ; it being a well known plant in gardens as the 
 
Euphorbia, j EUPHORBIACE^E. 235 
 
 Upright Mignonette. Fl. June. or $ . Stems growing in a 
 shrub-like manner from the root, (which is woody and tapering,) more 
 or less branched, wand-like, hollow, striated, leafy, two or three feet 
 high. Racemes terminal, erect, tapering, many-flowered. Flowers 
 somewhat scattered below, but becoming extremely dense towards the 
 top. 
 
 ORD. 65. EUPHORBIACE^E. Juss. Spurge Family. 
 
 Flowers separated, naked, or with a three or more cleft pe- 
 rianth. BARKEN FL. Stamens definite or indefinite, distinct or 
 monad elphous : anthers 2-celled. FERTILE FL. Ovary free, 
 single, sessile, or stalked, 2 3- or more celled. Ovules solitary 
 or in pairs, suspended from the inner angle of the cell : styles 
 two, three, or many : stigmas simple, with many lobes or com- 
 pound. Fruit of two, three, or more dehiscent cells (or cocci), 
 separating with elasticity from their common axis. Seeds soli- 
 tary or in pairs, suspended, arillate. Embryo in the axis of a 
 fleshy albumen : radicle superior ; cotyledons flat. Trees, 
 shrubs or herbs, sometimes succulent and leafless, most common in 
 the tropics, rare in cold and even temperate climates ; abounding 
 in an acrid and milky juice. Leaves alternate, opposite or 
 whorled, rarely compound, often stipuled. 
 
 This extensive and important Order affords a milky juice, 
 which is acrid, caustic, and frequently highly poisonous. Many 
 individuals belonging to it yield Caoutchouc, some are im- 
 portant articles of food. The albumen of the seeds in Euphor- 
 biacece is harmless and even eatable. The embryo is acrid and 
 dangerous. 
 
 1. EUPHORBIA. Linn. Spurge. 
 
 Involucre of one piece, including several barren flowers and one 
 fertile. Barren fl, A single stamen without calyx or co- 
 rolla. Fertile fl. A single pistil without calyx (or rarely a 
 very minute one) or corolla. Germen 3-lobed. Styles 3, 
 cleft. Capsules 3-seeded. Named from Euphorbus, Physi- 
 cian to Juba, King of Mauritania, who brought the plant into 
 use. Moncecia. Monandria. 
 
 * Glands of the involucre four, rounded on the outside. 
 
 1. E. helioscopia, Linn. Sun Spurge. Umbel of five 
 principal branches ; bracteas and leaves membranaceous, obo- 
 vato-cuneate, serrated upwards ; capsule glabrous ; seeds reti- 
 culated and pitted. Br. Fl. I. p. 381. E. FL v. iv. 63. E. Bot. t. 
 
 883. 
 
 Abundant in waste and cultivated ground. Fl. July, Aug. 0. 
 The acrid milky juice is employed to clestroy warts. 
 
236 EUPHORBIACE.E. [Euphorbia. 
 
 2. E. hiberna, Linn. Irish Spurge. Umbel of about five 
 principal branches ; bracteas and leaves elliptical, quite entire ; 
 glands of the involucre four, kidney-shaped, with intermediate 
 rounded lobes; capsule warted, glabrous; seeds smooth. Br. 
 FL 1. p. 382. E. FL v. iv. p. 67. E. Bot. t. 1337. 
 
 Woods and bushy places in moist ground. County of Donegal ; 
 Robert Brown, Esq. LL.D. Abundant in the County of Cork ; Mr. 
 J. Drummond. Plentiful between the lower and upper lakes of Kil- 
 larney, and other places in Kerry, where 1 was told, many years ago, 
 that it was used by the peasantry to stupify fish, by floating a basket iu 
 the water with its bruised roots and stalks. Fl. June. 1. 
 
 jjc * Glands of the involucre pointed or angular. 
 
 3* E. paralia, Linn. Sea Spurge. Umbel of about five 
 principal branches, often with inferior scattered ones ; bracteas 
 cordate, concave ; leaves coriaceous, obovato- and linear-lanceo- 
 late, (generally) imbricated, glaucous, entire, concave ; glands 
 of the involucre (5), lunate; capsules wrinkled; seeds smooth. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 38-2. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 63. E. Bot. t. 195. 
 
 Ballycotton, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drnmmond. Plentiful on the 
 sand-hills near Baldoyle, and at Portmarnock, and other places on the 
 coast near Dublin. It is also said to be found on the coast near Kil- 
 keel, County of Down. FL Aug. Sept. 1. Stems numerous, from 
 the same root, woody at the base. Leaves very closely imbricated, 
 especially on the young shoots 
 
 4. E. Portlandica, Linn. Portland Spurge. Umbel with 
 about rive principal dichotomous branches, and several inferior 
 scattered ones ; bracteas triangular, cordate ; leaves membrana- 
 ceous, obovato-lanceolate, generally obtuse and submucronate ; 
 glands of the involucre (four) lunate, with two long points ; cap- 
 sule rough at the angles ; seeds dotted (almost white.) Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 383. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 62. E. Bot. t. 441. 
 
 Principally confined to the coast near Dublin. On the ruined walls 
 of the Church of Kilbarrick. Sand-hills opposite Malahide, and on the 
 south side of Killiney-hill, below the Hev. Doctor Mac Donell's cot- 
 tage, and farther westward on steep banks overhanging the sea. Cork- 
 beg and Ballycotton, County of Cork ; Rev. Dr. Hincks. FL Aug. 
 1$.. Much smaller than the preceding, being only from six to ten 
 inches high. " This is very rare, if not unknown, on the Continent." 
 Hooker. It is found in Wales, on the Galloway coast, Scotland, and 
 in the Isle of Man, and on Portland Island, whence its name. 
 
 5. E. exigua> Linn. Dwarf Spurge. Umbel of generally 
 three principal branches ; leaves linear-lanceolate, as well as the 
 bracteas, rather rigid, entire, glabrous, often truncate and mu- 
 cronate ; glands of the involucre with two horns ; capsules 
 nearly smooth; seeds wrinkled. Br. FL 1. p. 383. E. FL v. 
 iv. p. 60. E. Bot. t. 1336. 
 
 Corn-fields in a light soil, and gravelly places, frequent. FL July. 
 
Mercurialis.} EMPETKEJE. 
 
 0. Four to six inches high, branched at the base. Seeds small, 
 \vhite. 
 
 6. E. Peplus, Linn. Petti/ Spurge. Umbel of about, three 
 principal branches ; bracteas ovate ; leaves membranaceous, 
 broadly ovate, on short stalks, entire, glabrous; glands of the 
 involucre lunate, the horns very long ; germen somewhat winged 
 and scabrous; seeds dotted. Br. Fl. 1. p. 383. E. Fl. v. iv. 
 p. 60. E. Bot. t. 959. 
 
 Cultivated and waste ground, abundant. Fl. July, Aug. 0. 
 
 7. E. amygdaloides, Linn. Wood Spurge. Umbel of about 
 six principal branches, and several scattered peduncles below ; 
 leaves nearly membranaceous, obovato-lanceolate, hairy be- 
 neath, attenuated at the base, entire ; bracteas perforated ; 
 glands lunate; capsules minutely dotted ; seeds smooth. Br. Fl. 
 \ . p. 383. E. Fl. v. iv. ;;. 68. E. Bot. t. 256. 
 
 Woods. Castle Barnard-park, near Bandon ; Miss Hutchins and 
 Mr. Drumrnond, also noticed in Smith's History of Cork. Fl. March, 
 April. 1. Stems red, almost shrubby. A beautiful variety with va- 
 riegated leaves is frequently met with in gardens. 
 
 2. MERCURIALIS. Linn. Mercury. 
 
 Barren fl. Perianth single, tripartite. Stamens 9 12. Anthers 
 of two, globose lobes. Fertile fl. Perianth single, tripartite. 
 Styles two. Capsules 2-celled ; cells 1-seeded. Name; the 
 god Mercury is said to have discovered the virtues, of what 
 kind soever they may be, of this plant. 
 
 Dicecia. Enneandria. 
 
 1. M. perennisy Linn. Perennial or Dogs Mercury. Stem 
 perfectly simple; leaves rough ; root creeping, perennial. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 408. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 248. E. Bot. t. 1872. 
 
 Woods near Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Said to be common in the 
 woods near Parsonstown. Not found near Dublin. Fl. April, May. 
 It. About one foot high. Leaves mostly on the upper part of the 
 stem, ovate, serrated. Flowers in axillary, short, lax spikes. The 
 plant in drying often becomes of a bluish, or blackish, green. 
 
 2. M. annua, Linn. Annual Mercury. Stems with oppo- 
 site branches ; leaves glabrous ; root fibrous, annual. Br. Fl. 
 1. p. 438. E. FL v. iv. p. 248. E. Bot. t. 559. 
 
 Waste places about towns and villages. Very common about Dub- 
 lin. FL Aug. Q. One foot high. Sterile flowers in long, axillary, 
 interrupted spikes. 
 
 ORD. 66. EMPETRE^E. Nutt. Crow-berry Family. 
 
 Flowers dioecious, separated, or polygamous. Perianth (?) 
 of many imbricated scales, of which the 2 4 inner ones are 
 
238 CALLITRICHINE.E. [ Cattitriche. 
 
 sometimes larger, equal and petaloid. Stamens 2 4, alter- 
 nating with the inner segments of the perianth : filaments long ; 
 anthers 2-celled, roundish, the cells bursting along their margin. 
 Ovary free, situated on a small fleshy disk : cells variable. 
 Ovules solitary, ascending. Style 1 : stigma multifid, subpel- 
 tate. Fruit fleshy, surrounded by the persistent perianth, 3 9- 
 celled, the coating of the cells bony. Seeds solitary, ascending : 
 testa mernbranaceous. Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of a 
 fleshy or somewhat horny albumen : radicle inferior : cotyle- 
 dons much shorter than the radicle. Small heath-like shrubs, 
 of Europe and JV. America, and the Straits of Magellan. Leaves 
 evergreen, alternate or verticillate, without stipules. Flowers 
 small, axillary. 
 
 EMPETRUM. Linn. Crow-berry. 
 
 Barren fl. Perianth, many imbricated scales, of which the 
 three inner are often regular, spreading and petaloid. Stamens 
 three, with long filaments. Rudiment of a pistil with a 
 many- cleft stigma. Fertile fl. Perianth, as in the barren. 
 Germen globose. Style short. Stigma dilated, peltate, 
 rayed. Berry superior, globose, with 6 9 seeds. Name ; 
 e*>, in, and Trer/aos, a stone ; growing in stony places. 
 
 Diozcia. Triandria. 
 
 1. E. nigrum, Linn. Black Crow-berry or Crake-berry. 
 Procumbent ; leaves linear-oblong. Br. Fl. I. p. 434. E. FL 
 v. iv. p. 234. E. Bot. t. 526. 
 
 Mountainous heaths, abundant. Fl. May. T? A small, procum- 
 bent, much branched shrub, whose leaves are much recurved. Flowers 
 axillary towards the summit of the branches, small, purplish. Berries 
 black, clustered, affording abundant food to the moor-game when ripe. 
 
 ORD. 67. CALLITRICHINE^. Link. Water Starwort 
 
 Family. 
 
 Flowers usually bisexual, monoecious, naked, with two fistular 
 coloured bractese. Stamen single; filament filiform, furrowed 
 along the middle; anther reniform, 1-celled, 2-valved; the 
 valves opening fore and aft. Ovarium solitary, 4-cornered, 
 4-celled ; ovules solitary, peltate ; styles two, right and left, 
 subulate ; stigmas simple points. Fruit 4-celled, 4-seeded, in- 
 dehiscent. Seeds peltate ; embryo inverted in the axis of 
 fleshy albumen ; radicle very long, curved, superior ; cotyledons 
 very short. Small aquatic herbaceous plants, with opposite, 
 simple, entire leaves. Floivers axillary, solitary, very minute. 
 
 1. CALLITRICHE. Linn. Water Starwort. 
 Barren fl. Perianth single, of two leaves (they are, rather, 
 
Ceratophyllum.} CERATOPHYLLE/E. 239 
 
 two bracteas) or none. Anther of one cell. Fertile fl. 
 Germen 4-lobed, lobes laterally compressed, indehiscent, with 
 four 1-seeded cells. Name ; icaXos, beautiful, and Opil- t hair. 
 Its stems are long and slender, and resemble hairs. 
 
 Moncecia. Monandria. 
 
 1. C. verna, Linn. Vernal Water Starwort. Fruit bearing 
 peduncles very short, with two bracteas at their base; fruit 
 regularly tetragonal, each portion bluntly keeled at the back. 
 Am. E. FL v. i. p. 10. Br. Fl. 1. p. 384. Am. in Ed. Journ. 
 of Nat. and Geogr. Sc. v. 1. p. 426. C. aquatica, E. Bot. t. 722. 
 Hook, in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 127. 
 
 Ditches, pools and slow streams, abundant. Fl. April, May. 0. 
 This varies much, as do almost all aquatic plants, in its foliage. Leaves 
 invariably connate. ( W. Wilson.) Upper and floating ones generally 
 oval and stalked, 3-ribbed ; lower ones single-ribbed, linear ; rarely all 
 linear. (Hooker.) 
 
 2. C. autumnalis, Linn. Autumnal Water Starwort. Fruit- 
 bearing peduncles very short, without bracteas ; fruit irregularly 
 tetragonal, each portion broadly and acutely winged at the back. 
 Arn. E. Fl. v. i. p. 10. Br. FL 1. p. 384. E. Bot. Suppl. 
 t. 2732. C.aquatica, 7. E. Bot. t. 722, (the small figure.) 
 
 Ditches near Lough Neagh ; Mr. Templeton and Mr. D. Moore. 
 Fl. June Oct. 0. Leaves always sessile, (W. Wilson.) C. Pe- 
 dunculata described by Doctor Hooker and Mr. Arnold, in the works 
 above-mentioned, I have not found in Ireland. 
 
 ORD. 68. CERATOPHYLLE^. D C. Hornwort Family. 
 
 Flowers monoecious. Calyx free, many-parted ; the lobes 
 equal. Petals none. Masc. Stamens 12 20, without fila- 
 ments : anthers ovato-oblong, 2-celled, with two or three points 
 at the apex, collected into the centre of the calyx. Fem. 
 Ovary free, ovate, 1-celled : style filiform, incurved, oblique : 
 stigma simple. Nut 1-celled, 1-seeded, apiculated with the 
 persistent style, indehiscent. Seed pendulous. Albumen none. 
 Embryo straight : radicle superior : cotyledons 4, whorled, 
 alternately smaller, with a much divided plumule. Aquatic, 
 submerged herbs, distinct as an Order but of very doubtful affi- 
 nity ; with whorled rather rigid leaves, cut into slender segments 
 and somewhat serrated. 
 
 1. CERATOPHYLLUM. Linn. Hornwort. 
 
 Barren fl. Calyx inferior, multipartite. Corolla none. Sta- 
 mens 16 20. Fertile fl. Calyx multipartite. Corolla 
 none. Germen one. Style filiform, curved. Stigma simple. 
 
240 ULMACEjE. [ Ulmut. 
 
 Nut superior, 1-seeded. Name ; Kepas, iceparos, a horn, from 
 the spines of the fruit. Moncecia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. C. demersum, Linn. Common Hornwort. Fruit armed 
 with two spines ; segments of the calyx notched at the ex- 
 tremity. Br. Fl. 1. p. 405. E. FL v. iv. p. 141. E. Bot. t. 
 947. 
 
 In slow streams, ditches, and ponds. Pools near the bridge at Na- 
 van ; Doctor Scott. Near Killaleagh, isle of Rathlin, and Lough 
 Neagh ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. July. % . Floating. Stem long, slen- 
 der. Leaves setaceous, whorled, two or three times forked, 2-celled. 
 The foliage of this plant is often inflated and jointed, so as to look like 
 a Conferva. Hooker. 
 
 2. C. submersum, Linn. Unarmed Hornwort. Fruit desti- 
 tute of spines; segments of the calyx acute, entire. Br. FL 1. 
 p. 405. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 142. E. Bot. t. 679. 
 
 Lake near Ballynahinch, County of Down, 1808, in company with 
 Mr. Templeton. Fl. Sept. !{.. Scarcely different from the preceding, 
 but in the absence of spines on the fruit. 
 
 ORD. 69. ULMACE^E. Mirb. Elm Family. 
 
 Flowers perfect, or polygamous, often clustered. Periantli 
 free, monophyllous, campanulate, divided. Stamens definite, 
 inserted into the base of the perianth, straight in aestivation. 
 Ovary free, 2-celled: ovules solitary, pendulous; stigmas two, 
 distinct. Fruit 1 2-celled, indehiscent, membranous or dru- 
 paceous. Seed solitary, pendulous. Albumen little or none. 
 Embryo straight; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle superior. 
 Trees or shrubs of the colder or temperate parts of the northern 
 hemisphere, with scabrous, alternate, simple, deciduous leaves 
 and stipuhs. 
 
 1. ULMUS. Linn. Elm. 
 
 Perianth single, superior, persistent, 4 5-cleft, Capsule com- 
 pressed, winged all round, (a Samara] ; 1-seeded. Name, 
 according to Theis, from the Anglo-Saxon Elm. Ulm is, 
 however, still the German word for this tree. 
 
 Pentandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. U. campestris, Linn. Common English Elm. Leaves 
 rhomboid-ovate, acuminate, wedge-shaped and oblique at the 
 base, always scabrous above, doubly and irregularly serrated, 
 downy beneath, serratures incurved; branches wiry, slightly 
 corky, when young bright brown, pubescent; fruit oblong, 
 deeply cloven and naked. Lindl. Syn. p. 226. Br. FL 1. 
 p. 140. E. FL v. ii. p. 23. E. Bot. t. Ife86. 
 
 In hedge-rows and woods, abundant, but scarcely indigenous. Fl, 
 
Ulmus.] ULMACE^. 241 
 
 March, April. T? . A large tree, with rugged bark. Flowers in dense 
 heads, each subtended by a small scale or bractea. This yields the 
 best wood of all the Elms. The bored trunks were formerly in great 
 demand for conveying water through Dublin and other large cities, be- 
 fore the introduction of metal pipes, and is still much used in carpen- 
 tary work. It forms the best tree when grafted on seedling plants of 
 the broad-leaved Wych Elm, ( U. montanaj when it is also less lia- 
 ble to be blown down by high winds. The Hertfordshire Elm is sup- 
 posed by Mr. Lindley to be a variety of U. campestris. 
 
 2. U. sulerosa, Ehrh. Cork-barked Elm. Leaves nearly 
 orbicular, acute, obliquely cordate at the base, sharply, regu- 
 larly, and doubly serrated, always scabrous above, pubescent 
 below, chiefly hairy on the axils ; branches spreading, bright- 
 brown, winged with corky excrescences; when young very 
 hairy ; fruit nearly round, deeply cloven, naked. Lindl. Syn. 
 p. 226. Br. Fl. i. p. 140. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 21. 
 
 Hedges and woods, but probably introduced. Fl. March. T? . 
 Remarkable for the cork-like covering to the branches, which is full of 
 deepfissures. 
 
 3. U. glabra, Mill. Smooth-leaved Elm. Leaves ovato- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, doubly and evenly crenato-serrate, cu- 
 neate and oblique at the base, becoming quite smooth above, 
 smooth or glandular beneath, with a few hairs in the axils ; 
 branches bright-brown, wiry, weeping ; fruit obovate, naked, 
 deeply cloven. Lindl. Syn. p. 226. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 23. E. 
 Bot. t. 2248. 
 
 I have observed this growing in woods at Collon, and at Glyde 
 Farm near Ardee, where it is known by the name of the Feathered 
 Elm, It forms a very graceful tree, with its tall stem, and drooping 
 branches. To this species Mr. Lindley thinks the Downton Elm and 
 Scampston Elm of the nurseries may probably belong. The vars. |3. 
 and y. of Lyndl. I have not observed ift Ireland. Fl. March. T? . 
 
 4. U. montana, Bauh. Broad-leaved, or Wych Elm. Leaves 
 obovate, cuspidate, doubly and coarsely serrated, cuneate, and 
 nearly equal at the base, always exceedingly scabrous above, 
 evenly downy beneath; branches not corky, cinereous, smooth; 
 fruit rhomboid-oblong, scarcely cloven, naked. Lindl. Syn. p. 
 227. Br. Fl. 1. p. 142. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 22. E. BoL t. 1887.- 
 U. campestris, Willd. 
 
 Woods and hedges in more elevated situations than any of the pre- 
 ceding, and is probably the only species that can be considered truly in- 
 digenous. Fl. March, April. T? . Distinguished at first sight by its 
 large spreading branches and broad leaves, appearing just as the "hop- 
 like fruit" comes to perfection. A variety is called the Weeping Elm, 
 another var. the Giant Elm, and Mr. Lindley says the Chichester Elm 
 also belongs to this species. This last var. as well as the common 
 Wych Elm, forms a quick screen for protecting other more delicate 
 trees in exposed situations. 
 
 G G 
 
242 AMENTACE.E. [Alnus. 
 
 ORD. 70. AMENTACE^i. Juss. Amentaceous Family. 
 
 Flowers dioecious, monceciojs, or rarely perfect. Barren 
 flowers capitate, or amentaceous, subtended with a scale or 
 scale-like perianth. Stamens inserted upon the scale, almost 
 always monadelphous ; anthers 2-celled. Fertile flowers fas- 
 cicled, solitary or in close catkins, subtended by a scale. Ovary 
 free, simple or rarely compound. Stigmas several. Fruits as 
 many as there are ovules, bony or membranaceous. Albumen 
 none or thin. Embryo straight or curved, plane ; radicle gene- 
 rally superior. Trees or shrubs, with mostly deciduous leaves, 
 the younger ones with two stipules at the base. 
 
 I. Betulinece. Richard. 
 
 Fruit indehiscent, membranous, 2-celled, with solitary ovules, 
 Seeds pedulous, naked. Trees or shrubs, with leaves having 
 their venae primaries running straight from the midrib to the 
 margin. 
 
 1. BETULA. Linn. Birch. 
 
 Barren fl. in a cylindrical catkin^ its scales 3-flowered. Pe~ 
 rianth none. Stamens 10 12. Fertile fl. Scale of the 
 catkin imperfectly 3-lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth none. 
 Styles two. Germen compressed, with two cells, one of 
 which is abortive. Nuts compressed, with a membranaceous 
 margin, 1 -seeded. Name, derived from betu, the Celtic name 
 for the birch. Moncecia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. B. alba, Linn. Common Birch. Leaves ovato-deltoid, 
 acute, doubly serrated, glabrous. JBr. FL 1. p. 409. E. FL v. 
 iv. p. 153. E. Bot. t. 2198. 
 
 Woods, especially in heathy soil in mountainous countries. FL 
 April, May. T? . The Weeping Birch, or Pearl Birch, although con- 
 sidered by some authors a distinct species, appears to be only a variety 
 of this, and may be readily distinguished in its young state by its pearly 
 or warty shoots, and when it acquires a considerable age by its pendu- 
 lous branches. The birch is one of the most hardy of trees. The 
 wood, which is tough and white, is employed for various purposes. 
 Much of it, and also the wood of the Alder, is burned into charcoal for 
 the manufacture of gunpowder and other purposes, and brooms are 
 made of its tops. The oil obtained from the " white rind" is said to 
 be used in tanning the well-known Russian leather. A wine is made 
 of its sap in Scotland. 
 
 2. ALNUS. Tourn. Alder. 
 
 Flowers collected into imbricated catkins. Barren fl. Scale of 
 
AMENTACE^I. 
 
 the catkin 3-lobed, with three flowers. Perianth single, 
 4-parted. Fertile ft. Scale of the catkin subtrifid, with two 
 flowers. Perianth none. Styles two. Nut compressed. 
 Name derived from, the Celtic al, near, and Ian, the river- 
 bank. Moncecia. Tetrandria. 
 
 1. A. glutinosa, Gaert. Common Alder. Leaves roundish, 
 cuneiform, obtuse, lobed at the margin and serrated, somewhat 
 glutinous, downy in the axils of the nerves beneath. Br. FL \. 
 p. 402. E. FL v. iv. p. \\.Betula Alnus, Linn. E. Bot. t. 
 1508. 
 
 Wet meadows and banks of rivers. FL March, April. T? . A well 
 known tree, whose wood is used for various purposes, and is particularly 
 valuable for the piles of bridges, as it remains under water, undecayed, 
 for a considerable length of time. Sterile catkins long, large, and cy- 
 lindrical, pendant, their footstalks branched. Fertile catkins small, 
 ovate, with deep scales. 
 
 2. Salicine<B. Richard. 
 
 Fruit 2-valved, 1-celled, many-seeded. Seeds pendulous, 
 comose. Trees or shrubs, with leaves having their venae pri- 
 mariae ramifying within the margin, and forming venae arcuatae. 
 
 3. SALIX. Linn. Willow, Sallow and Osier- 
 
 Barren fl. Scales of the catkin single-flowered, imbricated with 
 a nectariferous gland. Perianth none. Stamens 1 5. 
 Fertile jl. Scales of the catkin single-flowered, imbricated 
 with a nectariferous gland. Perianth none. Stigmas two, 
 often cleft. Capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds 
 comose. Name ; sal, near, and lis, water, in Celtic : denoting 
 a tree which grows near water. Dicecia, Diandria. 
 
 ajs Monandrae. Borr. Filament one, with a double, or, in 
 S. rubra, forked upwards, and bearing two anthers. Trees of 
 low stature, or shrubs, with twiggy branches, and more or less 
 lanceolate and serrated leaves often broader upwards. Catkins 
 very compact. 
 
 1. S. purpurea, Linn. Bitter purple Willow. Monandrous, 
 decumbent ; leaves lanceolate, broadest upwards, attenuated 
 below, serrated, glabrous ; germens ovate, very pubescent, ses- 
 sile ; stigma ovate, nearly sessile. Br. FL 1. p. 413. E. Fl. 
 v. iv. p. 187. JE. Bot. t. 1388. Salict Wob. p. 1. /. 1. 
 
 In wet grounds and hedges in the northern counties. About New- 
 townards, and between Stewartstown and Moneymore ; Mr. Temple- 
 ton. Ditch-bank near Garvagh, county of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 FL March. F? . A small shrub with purple, somewhat trailing branches. 
 Leaves glaucous, especially beneath. Fertile catkins singularly com- 
 pact. This is, according to Sir J. E. Smith, a valuable osier for basket 
 
244 AMENTACE.E. [Salix. 
 
 work, and for plaiting into low close fences, its bark being so intensely 
 bitter, that hares or rabbits will not touch it 
 
 2. S. Helix, Linn. Rose Willow. Monandrous, erect; leaves 
 lanceolate, broadest upwards, attenuated below, serrated, gla- 
 brous ; germens oblongo-ovate, very pubescent, sessile ; style 
 short; stigmas almost linear, emarginate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 413. 
 E. FL v. iv. p. 188. E. Bot. t. 1343. Salict. Wob. p. 3. t. 2. 
 
 Marshy grounds, &c. Near Carrigaline, County of Cork ; Mr, J. 
 Drummond. On the dry sandy beach by the sea-side near the mouth 
 of the Killery, County of Mayo, and hedges nearFlorencecourt, County 
 of Fermanagh. County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. March, 
 April. T? . When cultivated, forming a small tree about ten feet high, 
 smooth in every part, altogether of a lighter hue than the last ; the 
 branches are not trailing, but upright, smooth and polished, of a pale 
 yellow, or purplish ash-colour, tough and pliable, less slender and elon- 
 gated than the foregoing. Leaves light, rather glaucous green, turning 
 black in drying. Frequently used for tying fruit trees. 
 
 3. S. Lambertiana, Sm. Boyton Willow. Leaves obovato- 
 lanceolate, acute, serrated, smooth ; stipules none ; stigmas very 
 short, ovate, notched. Sm. Br. Fl. 1. p. 413. E. FL v. iv. p. 
 190. E. Bot. t. 1359. Salict. Wob. p. 5. t. 3. 
 
 By the side of the Bann, and other places near Coleraine ; Mr. D. 
 Moore. Nearly allied to the last, but distinguishable by the broader 
 and rather short leaves, which are dilated above the middle. It is, as 
 well as the last, an excellent basket osier, the shoots being tough and 
 pliant. Fl. April. I? . 
 
 4. S. Forbyana, Sm. Fine Basket Osier. Monandrous, 
 erect; leaves with small downy stipules, lanceolato-oblong, 
 serrated, glabrous ; style equal in length to the linear divided 
 stigmas. Br. EL 1. p. 414. E. ifl. v. iv. p. 191. E. Bot. 
 t. 1344. Salict. Wob. p. 9. t. 5. 
 
 Glendermot, near Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. FL April. J? . Stems 
 yellowish-green, glossy. Allied to S. Helix, but differing widely in 
 the foliage and much greater length of its twigs. Much esteemed by 
 basket-makers for the fine sorts of wicker-work. 
 
 5. S. rubra, Huds. Green-leaved Osier. Stamens two, 
 combined at the base ; leaves linear-lanceolate, broader in the 
 fertile plant, acuminated, serrated, glabrous, green on both 
 sides ; capsules oblongo-ovate, very pubescent, sessile ; style 
 elongated; stigmas linear, undivided. Br. Fl. 1. p. 414. E. 
 Fl. v. iv. p. 191. E. Bot. t. 1145. Salict. Wob. p. 11. t. 6. 
 
 In hedges about Stewartstown, Newtownards, and Moneymore ; 
 Mr. Templeton, By the side of the Faughan-river, County of Derry ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. Near Fermoy ; Mr. Drummond. FL March, Apr. 
 J? . A small tree, with longer and more lanceolate leaves than any of 
 the preceding species. Branches lough and pliant. One of the most 
 valuable Osiers when cut down annually. 
 
 * * Triandrae. Borr. Stamens three, Leaves lanceolate. 
 
AMENTACE/E. 245 
 
 approaching to ovate, with evident deciduous stipules, serrated, 
 glabrous. Catkins lax. Germ ens stalked, mostly glabrous. 
 Most of the species constitute excellent Osiers, and become trees if 
 left to themselves. 
 
 6. S. lanceoJata, Sm. Sharp-leaved Triandrous Willow. 
 Leaves lanceolate, serrated, smooth ; tapering towards each 
 end ; footstalks decurrent ; germens stalked, ovate, smooth ; 
 style as long as the stigmas. E. FL v. iv. p. 168, E. Bot. t. 
 1436. Salict. Wob.p. 27. t. 14. 
 
 Hedges between Coleraine and Magilligan, 1833, where it has subse- 
 quently been found by Mr. D. Moore. FL April, May. T? . It is 
 said to be cultivated and cut down annually for the use of basket- 
 makers, the rods serving for brown hampers, crates, &c. The leaves 
 are truly lanceolate, and not at all undulated. -The true S. undulata, 
 which I received twelve years ago from Mr. M'Nab of the Edinburgh 
 Botanic Garden, who had it from Germany, is, as Mr. Forbes observes, 
 a totally different plant, with linear-lanceolate undulated leaves. 
 
 7. S. triandra, Linn. Long-leaved Tiiandrous Willow. Tri- 
 androus ; leaves oblongo-lanceolate, acute, serrated, glabrous ; 
 germens stalked, oblongo-ovate, glabrous, as well as the retuse 
 scale; stigmas sessile, retuse. Br. FL 1. p. 415. E. FL 
 r. iv. p. 166. E. Bot. t. 1435. Salict. Wob. p. 29. t. 15. 
 
 Wet woods and hedge-rows at Florencecourt County of Fermanagh. 
 FL May Aug. T? . Becoming a tall tree, twenty feet high and up- 
 wards, if left to itself, casting its bark in the autumn. It is said to be 
 much cultivated in osier-grounds, and reckoned among the most valu- 
 able of the Osiers. 
 
 8. S. amygdalina, Linn. Almond-leaved Willow. Trian- 
 drous; leaves oblongo-ovate, acute, rounded at the base, ser- 
 rated, glabrous ; germens much stalked, ovate, glabrous ; stigmas 
 sessile, bifid; young branches furrowed. Br. FL 1. p. 416. 
 E. FL v. iv. p. 169. E. Bot. t. 1936. Salict. Wob. p. 35. 
 t. 18. 
 
 Banks of rivers and ditches. River-side near Castle- Hyde, County 
 of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. By the side of the Bann at Fairhead, 
 among rocks ; Mr. Templeton. FL April, May. f? . A low tree t 
 with much furrowed, yellowish young branches; Stipules deciduous, 
 serrated, glabrous. 
 
 ^ sfc HS Pentandrae. Borr. Stamens more than three, usually 
 Jive. Moderately sized trees $ with ample, glossy, fragrant 
 foliage, exuding a resin from the glandular serratures of the 
 leaves. Stamens, in each catkin, so numerous and long as to 
 render the flowers, which too are in perfection at the same time 
 with the foliage, quite handsome, while the tree itself is the most 
 ornamental of the whole genus. Germens glabrous. 
 
 9. S. pentondra, Linn. Bay-leaved Willow. Stamens five ; 
 
246 AMENTACE.E. [Salix. 
 
 leaves ovate, acuminate, crenate, glandular, glabrous ; foot- 
 stalks glandular at the summit; germens ovate, tapering, smooth, 
 nearly sessile; style scarcely any; stigmas bifid. Br. FL 1. p. 
 416. E. FL v. iv. p. 171. E. Bot. t. 1805. Salict. Wob. p. 
 67. t. 34. 
 
 Banks of rivers and ditches. Natural woods near Blarney, County 
 of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Common in the County of Derry ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. Ditch-banks at Florencecourt. FL May, June. 
 
 J? . A tree eighteen or twenty feet high, with copious, large, shining 
 leaves, which give it the appearance of an evergreen. Sterile catkins 
 yellow, fragrant and handsome. The most ornamental of the larger 
 
 Willows. 
 
 sj sfc s|c 5| Fragiles. Borr. Stamens two, (as in the fol- 
 lowing groups). Trees of considerable size, with lanceolate, 
 glabrous, serrated, stipulated leaves, and very lax catkins, with 
 elongated, more or less stalked, glabrous germens. 
 
 10. S. decipiens, Hoffm. White Welsh or varnished Willow. 
 Leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrated, very glabrous ; floral ones 
 partly obovate and recurved ; footstalks somewhat glandular; 
 germens tapering, stalked, glabrous ; style longer than the 
 cloven stigmas ; branches smooth, highly polished. Sm. Br. 
 FL 1. p. 417. E. FL v. iv. p. 183. E. Bot. t. 1937. Salict. 
 Wob. p. 57. t. 29. 
 
 Hedges near Newtownlimavady, and parish of Tamlaght ; Mr. D. 
 Moore. FL May. T? . My specimens have more completely lanceo- 
 late and narrower leaves than those represented in the figures in E. 
 Bot. and Salict Wob., with shorter foot-stalks, and more rounded sti- 
 pules. I have not as yet seen the catkins, 
 
 11. S.fragilis, Linn. Crack Willow. Leaves ovato-lanceo- 
 late, acute, serrated, glabrous ; germens ovate, glabrous ; style 
 short ; stigmas bifid ; scales pubescent and much ciliated. Br. 
 FL 1. p. 417. E. FL v. iv. p. 184. E. Bot. t. 1807. Salict. 
 Wob. p. 53. t. 27. 
 
 Banks of rivers, and in marshy ground, frequent. FL April, May. 
 T? . " A tall bushy tree, whose branches are not set on obliquely, 
 somewhat crossing each other, not continued in a straight line, by which 
 it may be readily distinguished in winter." Sm. These branches are 
 fragile, especially in spring, and the wood is of little or no value. 
 Whatever good qualities have been attributed to the present species, 
 Sir J. E. Smith observes, belong to the following, which has often been 
 mistaken for it. 
 
 12. S. Russelliana, Sm. Bedford Willow. Leaves lanceo- 
 late, tapering at each extremity, strongly serrated, glabrous, 
 very pale beneath; germens stalked, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 glabrous ; style as long as the bifid stigmas ; scales narrow, lan- 
 ceolate, slightly ciliated or pubescent. Br. FL 1. p. 418. E. 
 FL v. iv. p. 186. E. Bot. t. 1808. Salict. Wob. p. 55. t. 28, 
 
Salix.] AMENTACEJ5. 247 
 
 and frontispiece (the tree). S. fragilis, Woodville, and other 
 medical writers. Hooker. 
 
 Marshy woods. A cutting planted in the College Botanic Garden 
 in 1808 has now a trunk seven feet and a half in circumference, and Is 
 thirty-six feet high. FL April, May. T? . " This extremely valuable 
 tree was first brought into notice by the late Duke of Bedford, and 
 hence most appropriately honoured by bearing his name. Of the size 
 to which it reaches, some interesting details are given in the present 
 Duke of Bedford's Introduction to the Salictum Woburnense. It 
 was one of this species, and the favourite tree of Dr. Johnson at Litch- 
 field, which was very recently destroyed by a hurricane, after it had 
 attained a height of sixty feet, and a girth of thirteen feet. Another 
 tree at Gordon Castle, Scotland, at the age of sixty-one years, was 
 fifty-seven feet high, and above eleven feet in its greatest circumference. 
 Great as is the affinity, botanically speaking, between this and the pre- 
 ceding, its properties are wholly different. So important is it as a 
 plantation tree, that Mr. Lowe, in his survey of the County of Notts, 
 states, that at eight years growth, the poles yielded a net profit of 
 .214. per acre, and in two years longer they would probably have 
 produced 300 per acre, The late George Biggen, Esq. of Cosgrove 
 Priory, an able chemist, ascertained that the bark of this tree contains 
 the tanning principle in a superior degree to that of the oak ; and it is 
 supposed that medical properties stated to belong to S. fragilis, are 
 attributed to it by mistake, and should be referred to the present. The 
 leaves are of a peculiarly handsome shape, when in perfection, deeply 
 serrated, and much attenuated." Hooker. 
 
 sjs 5. Albae. Borr. Trees of considerable elevation, having 
 lanceolate serrated leaves, with long silky hairs beneath, espe- 
 cially in a young state, which give to the foliage a light or 
 whitish hue. The serratures glandular. Catkins lax : germens 
 glabrous. 
 
 13. S. alba, Linn. Common white Willow. Leaves ellipti- 
 cal-lanceolate, regularly glanduloso-serrate, acute, silky beneath, 
 often so above ; germens ovato-acuminate, nearly sessile, gla- 
 brous ; stigmas nearly sessile, short, recurved, bifid ; scales 
 short, pubescent at the margin. Br. FL I. p. 418. E. Fl. v. iv. 
 p. 231. E. Bat. t. 2430. Salict. Wob. p. 271. t. 136. 
 
 /?. Under-side of the leaves less silky, often quite glabrous. 
 S. ccerulea, (blue Willow). E. Bot. t. 2431. Salict. Wob. p. 
 273. t. 137. 
 
 River sides and woods, frequent. Fl. May. 1? . A well-known 
 tree, attaining a large size, and of very rapid growth, more particularly 
 the var. $., which is considered by many a distinct species ; and Mr. 
 Forbes, who has paid much attention to this genus, observes, that the 
 new leaves, after the wood has been cut, are of a larger size, and, as 
 well as the twigs, of a darker hue than the common var. (the real S. 
 alba). They seem to be alike valuable for their bark and timber, and 
 are both amply deserving of cultivation. A tree of the var. 3., planted 
 when a cutting, in 1808, has now a tall trunk, measuring six feet eight 
 inches in circumference at a foot from the ground, and it is nearly forty 
 
218 AMENTACE^E. [Salix. 
 
 feet high. A variety occurs in various parts of the country, with red 
 twigs, by which it may be readily known at all times of the year. 
 
 14. S. vitellina, Linn. Yellow Willow or Golden Osier. 
 Leaves lanceolate, with glandular serratures, acuminate, more 
 or less silky beneath, often so above ; germens lanceolate, ses- 
 sile, glabrous; style short; stigmas bipartite; scales lanceolate. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 419. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 182. E. Bot. t. 2430. Sa- 
 lict. Wob. p. 39. t. 20. 
 
 Osier-grounds. By the side of the Faughan river, County of Derry ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. Fl. May. T? . Remarkable for the bright yellow 
 colour of its branches, and the leaves often partake of the same tint. 
 The twigs are much used for tying and packing trees, they being very 
 tough. 
 
 * 6. Fuscae. Borr. Small shrubs, with generally procum- 
 bent stems and leaves between elliptical and lanceolate, mostly 
 silky beneath, nearly entire. Catkins ovate or cylindrical. Ger- 
 mens silky stalked, The habit of S. fusca rather approaches the 
 Monandrae group. 
 
 15. S. fusca, Linn. Dwarf silky Willow. Leaves elliptical 
 or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, entire, or with minute glandular 
 serratures, somewhat downy, glaucous, and generally very silky 
 beneath ; germens upon a long stalk, lanceolate, very silky ; 
 stigmas bifid ; stems more or less procumbent. S. repens, 
 Hook. Scot. 1. p. 284. 
 
 . Stem much branched, upright, decumbent below ; leaves 
 elliptic-lanceolate. S. fusca, E. Bot. t. 1960. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 
 210. Salict. Wob. p. 165. t. 83. 
 
 p. Stem depressed, with short upright branches ; leaves ellip- 
 tic-lanceolate. S. repens, E. Bot. t. 183. (with young leaves 
 only). E. Fl. v. iv. p. 209. Salict. Wob. p. 167. t. 84. 
 
 7. Stem prostrate, with elongated straight branches ; leaves 
 elliptical-oblong. S. prostrata, E. Bot. t. 1 959. Salict. Wob. 
 p. 163. t. 82. 
 
 <>. Stem recumbent ; leaves elliptical. S. fetida, E. FL v. iv. 
 p. 208. S. adscendens, E. Bot. t. 1962. Salict. Wob. p. 159. 
 t. 8Q.subvar. leaves smaller. S. fetida, /3. E. Fl. v. iv. 208. 
 S.parviflova, E. Bot. t. 1961. Salict. Wob. p. 161. t. 81. 
 
 e. Stem procumbent, leaves elliptic-lanceolate. S. incubacea, 
 Linn. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 212. (excl. of all the other synonyms? 
 Borr.) Borrer in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2600. 
 
 ". Stem spreading or erect ; leaves elliptical, with a recurved 
 point, very silvery beneath. S. argentea, E. Bot. t. 1364. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 207. 
 
 a. Heathy mountains, Cunnamara. Heaths near Skibbereen ; Mr. 
 J. Drummond. /3. Mourne mountains ; Mr. Templeton. Tittour r 
 County of Wicklow ; John Nuttall, Esq. y. Cave Hill, near Bel- 
 
Salix.] AMENTACE^E. 249 
 
 fast ; Mr. Templeton, where I have gathered it. t . Errigal banks, 
 above Garvagh ; Mr. D. Moore. . Portmarnock sands, abundant. 
 Fl. April, May. b I agree with Dr. Hooker, in considering all the 
 foregoing species of authors as varieties of one species. 
 
 sj 7. Glaucae. Borr. Small, erect, very closely allied shrubs ; 
 remarkable for their soft, hairy, and silky oblongo-lanceolate 
 leaves, often white and cottony beneath. Germens sessile, very 
 downy or silky. 
 
 16. S. Stuartiana, Sm. Small-leaved shaggy Willow. Leaves 
 nearly entire, ovato-lanceolate, acute, shaggy above, densely 
 silky, somewhat cottony beneath ; style as long as the almost 
 sessile woolly germen ; stigmas capillary, deeply divided, the 
 length of the style. Br. Fl. 1. p. 4:22. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 203. 
 E. BoL t. 2588. Salict. Wob. p. 143. t. 72. S. lapponum, 
 Walker. 
 
 Shore of Lough Neagh, near Antrim ; Mr. Templeton, the fertile 
 plant only. The two other British species of this section are not found 
 in Ireland. Fl. July, Aug. T? . 
 
 * 8. Vim in ales. Borr. Trees of a more or less consider- 
 able size, with long pliant branches and lanceolate leaves. Ger- 
 mens nearly sessile, hairy or silky ; their styles elongated, their 
 stigmas linear, mostly entire. 
 
 17. S. viminalis, Linn. Common Osier. Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, obscurely crenate, white and silky beneath ; stipules 
 very small, sub-lanceolate ; branches straight and twiggy ; ger- 
 mens upon very short stalks, lanceolato-subulate ; style elon- 
 gated ; stigmas long, linear, mostly entire. Br. Fl. 1. p. 423. 
 E. FL v. iv. p. 228. E. Bot. t. 1898. Salict. Wob. p. 265. 
 t. 133. 
 
 Ditch banks and Osier grounds, frequent. Fl. April, May. T? . 
 This is much cultivated for basket work. 
 
 18. S. stipularis, Sm. Auricled Osier. Leaves lanceolate, 
 very indistinctly crenate, white and downy beneath ; stipules 
 large, semi-cordate, acute, often with a tooth or lobe at the 
 base ; germens stalked, lanceolate, very downy ; style elon- 
 gated ; stigmas linear, undivided ; scales very shaggy. Br. FL 
 1. p. 423. E. FL v. iv. p. 230. E. Bot. t. 1214. Salict. 
 Wob. p. 263. t. 132. 
 
 Hedges and woods, becoming a large tree when left undisturbed. 
 Fl. March. T? . Allied to the preceding in fructification ; differing 
 in its larger and coarser leaves, less white beneath, and with large, 
 very remarkable stipules. Although frequently found in Osier grounds, 
 intermixed with the last, it is much inferior to it for any economical 
 purpose. 
 
 H H 
 
250 AMENTACEjE. [Satix. 
 
 19. S. Smithiana, Willd. Silky-leaved Osier. Leaves lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, obscurely crenate, white, and covered with 
 sattiny pubescence beneath ; stipules very small semicordate, 
 acute; germens lanceolato-snbulate, very silky, shortly stalked; 
 style elongated; stigmas long, linear, mostly entire. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 423. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 299. Salict. Wob. p. 367. t. 234. 
 & mollissima, E. Bot. t. 1509. 
 
 By the side of the Mill-stream in Dawson Park, near Ball's-brrdge, 
 and various places in the county of Wicklow, particularly near Dwn- 
 ganstown. Fl. April, May. J? . A small tree, with lanceolate, acu- 
 minate leaves, green above, silky and very soft beneath r Stipules mi- 
 nute, curved, toothed, hairy. Of little use for economical purposes. 
 
 20. S. acuminata, Sm. Long-leaved Osier. Leaves lanceo- 
 late-oblong, pointed, wavy, finely toothed, glaucous and downy 
 beneath ; stipules half ovate, then kidney-shaped ; catkins 
 cylindrical ; gerinen stalked, ovate, hairy ; style as long as the 
 undivided stigmas. Br. Fl. I. p. 424. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 227. E. 
 Bot. t. 1434. Salict. Wob. p. 261. t. 131. 
 
 Woods and bushy places near Cork ; Mr. Drummond. Banks of 
 the Laggan, near Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. Hedges in the County of 
 Wicklow, frequent. Fl. April. T? . In its. upright mode of growth, 
 shape of its leaves, and general habit, it <%rees much better with the 
 three preceding than with any of the Sallow tribe in the next division, 
 in which it has been placed by some authors. At Florencecourt, 
 where I collected specimens in the autumn of 1833, it has become 
 a tree of about twenty feet high, although growing in an elevated 
 situation. 
 
 * 9. Cinereae. orr. Trees or low sfiruos, with downy 
 branches and mostly obovate, grey, hoary, toothed, more or less 
 wrinkled and stipuled leaves, very veiny beneath. Germens 
 sericeo-tomentose. This group is usually denominated the Sal- 
 loivs. 
 
 21. S. cinerea, Linn. Grey Salloiv* Leaves obovato-ellip- 
 ticaf, sometimes approaching to lanceolate, more or less glau- 
 cous above, beneath pubescent and reticulated with veins, the 
 margins slightly recurved ; stipules semicordate ;. germens 
 stalked, lanceolato-subulate, silky ; style short ; stigmas mostly 
 entire. Br. Fl. 1. p. 424. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 215. E. Bot. t. J897. 
 Salict. Wob. p. 249. t. 125. 
 
 Banks of rivers and moist woods, abundant. Fl. April. T? . A tree 
 of twenty or thirty feet high, of little use. 
 
 22. S. aquatica, Sm. Water Sallow. Stem and branches 
 erect ; leaves slightly serrated, obovato-elliptical, minutely 
 downy, flat, rather glaucous beneath ; stipules rounded, toothed; 
 germens silky, stalked; stigmas nearly sessile. Br. FL 1. p. 425. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 218. E. Bot. t. 1437. Salict. Wob. p. 253. 
 t. 157. 
 
Salix.] AMENTACE^l. *2f) 1 
 
 Wet hedge-rows and swampy places, woods, &c. frequent. Fl. 
 April. I?. 
 
 23. S. oleifolia, Sm. Olive-leaved Sallow. Stem erect, 
 branches straight, spreading ; leaves obovato-lanceolate, flat, 
 rather rigid, minutely toothed, acute, glaucous, reticulated and 
 finely hairy beneath ; stipules small, notched, rounded ; catkins 
 oval, nearly half as broad as long. Sm. Br. Fl. 1. p. 425. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 219. E. Bot. t. 1402. Salict. Wob. p. 251. t. 
 126. 
 
 In woods and hedges, frequent. Plentiful at the Dargle. FL March. 
 b A small tree, nearly allied to S. cinerea, and by some Botanists 
 considered only a variety of it. 
 
 24. S. aurita, Linn. Pound-eared Sallow.. Leaves obovate, 
 repando-dentate, wrinkled with veins, more or less pubescent, 
 very downy beneath, tipped with a small bent point, recurved 
 at the margins; stipules roundish, semicordate; germens lan- 
 ceolato-subulate, stalked, silky ; style very short; stigmas ge- 
 nerally entire. Kr. Fl. 1. p. 425. E. FL v. iv. p. 216. E. Bot. 
 t. 1487. Salict. Wob. p. 247. t. 124. 
 
 Upland pastures and moist banks, by the side of mount streams, &c. 
 very common. FL April, May. f? . A shrub, generally from three 
 to four feet high, with numerous straggling branches, remarkable for its 
 conspicuous roundish, semicordate stipules. Leaves dark-green above, 
 somewhat glaucous beneath, wrinkled. 
 
 25. S. caprea, Linn. Great round-leaved Sallow. Leaves 
 ovato-elliptical, acute, serrated and waved at the margin, downy 
 beneath ; stipules semicordate ; germens pedicellate, lanceolato- 
 subulate, silky ; stigmas sessile, undivided. Br. FL 1 . p. 425. 
 E. FL v. iv. p. 225. E. Bot. t. 1488. Salict. Wob. p. 243. 
 t. 122. 
 
 Woods and hedges, common. T? . A moderate sized tree, with 
 spreading-, round, brown or purplish branches, with large broad leaves, 
 very conspicuous in spring, when covered with its handsome yellow 
 catkins before the leaves appear. The Highlanders are said to employ 
 the bark in tanning leather, and to make various implements of the 
 wood. The bark is also said to have been used with success instead 
 of that from Peru. Mr. Fraser informs me that S. caprea is one of the 
 best and hardiest species for protecting other plants near the sea. 
 
 * 10. Nigricantes. Borr. A group as difficult to define as 
 are the species which compose it. Many approach the last division 
 very nearly, having more or less ovate or obovate leaves, but they are 
 less wrinkled, and, when dry, generally become black, whatever care 
 may be taken in the preservation of them. Shrubs with long 
 branches, or small trees. Germens glabrous or silky, stalked. Style 
 more or less bifid. 
 
 26. S. cotinifolia, Sm. Quince-leaved Sallow. Leaves 
 elliptical-orbicular, obsoletely toothed, slightly downy above, 
 
252 AMENTACE.E. [Salix. 
 
 more so, glaucous, and veiny beneath ; gerraens stalked, Ian- 
 ceolato-acuminate ; style bifid ; stigmas roundish, notched. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 426. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 220, E. Bot. t. 1403. Salict. 
 Wob. p. 227. t. 114. 
 
 Woods and bushy places, near Cork, frequent ; Mr. J. Drummond. 
 Near Dunkerrin, County of Kerry ; Doctor Taylor. Fl. April, May. 
 T? . A low shrub, with leaves two or more inches long, shaped almost 
 like those of the Gorden Rhus Cotinus. 
 
 27. S. hirta, Sm. Hairy-branched Sallow. " Stem erect ; 
 branches densely hairy ; leaves elliptic heart-shaped, pointed, 
 finely crenate, downy on both sides ; stipules half heart-shaped, 
 flat, toothed, nearly glabrous." Sm. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 221. E. 
 Bot. t. 1404. Br. FL 1. p. 426. Salict. Wob. p. 225. t. 113. 
 
 By the side of trie river Roe, above Dungiven ; Mr. D. Moore t 
 who finds the fertile plant only. Fl. April, May. T? . A small tree, 
 resembling the preceding, but with narrower leaves, heart-shaped at the 
 base. The style is bifid, though only for a very short way, bearing 
 capitate emarginate stigmas. 
 
 28. S. rupestris, Bonn. Silky Rock Sallow. " Stem trail- 
 ing ; leaves obovate, acute, serrated, flat, even, silky on both 
 sides ; stipules hairy ; branches minutely downy ; germens 
 stalked, awl-shaped, silky ; style as long as the blunt undivided 
 stigmas." Sm.Br. Fl. 1. p. 427. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 222. E. Bot. 
 t. 2342. Salict. Wob. p. 221. t. 111. 
 
 Rocks on a hill called Skerries, County of Antrim ; Mr. Templeton, 
 but I have not seen Irish specimens. Fl. May. f? . 
 
 jjs 11. Bicolores. Borr. Leaves glabrous, or nearly so, dark 
 green above, very glaucous beneath, between obovate and lanceolate. 
 Germens very silky. Twiggy bushes. 
 
 29. S. laurina, Sm. in Linn. Trans. Shining dark-green 
 Willow. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute, waved, and slightly ser- 
 rated, nearly glabrous, glaucous beneath ; footstalks dilated at 
 the base ; stipules pointed, serrated ; scales obtuse, hairy, half as 
 long as the densely downy, ovate, long stalked germens. Sm. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 428. -S. bicolor. E. Bot. t. 1806. E. Fl. v. iv. 
 p. 178. Salict. Wob. p. 75. t. 38. 
 
 Road-side between Castle Dawson and Bellaghy, County of Derry ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. Fl. April, May. f? . Branches at first erect and 
 wand-like, round, of a mahogany colour, beset with copious nearly up- 
 right leaves, and attaining the height of six feet. When neglected, be- 
 coming a small tree. This species is, according to Sir J. E. Smith, 
 unfit for any economical use. The twigs are brittle, the leaves are 
 large and handsome, and retain their green colour pretty well in 
 drying. 
 
 30. S. radicans, Sm. Tea-leaved Willow. Leaves obovato- 
 or elliptic-lanceolate, with often wavy serratures, glabrous, 
 
Populus.'} AMENTACE^. 253 
 
 glaucous beneath; germens lanceolate, stalked, very silky, as 
 well as the scales; style elongated; stigmas entire or bifid. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 428. S. phylicifolia, Linn. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 173. E. 
 Bot. t. 1958. Salict. Wob. p. 31. t. 46. 
 
 Side of Enagh Lough, County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. 1834. 
 Fl. May. T? . A low, spreading-, smooth bush, whose long, recum- 
 bent, brown or purplish branches take root as they extend in every 
 direction. Leaves on shortish footstalks, not much spreading, about 
 two inches long, not one broad ; very acute at the point ; not at all 
 rounded at the base ; smooth at all times, except an obscure downiness 
 on the midrib above ; harsh to the touch, bitter, variously crenated or 
 serrated, the serratures peculiarly, and sometimes remarkably undu- 
 lated ; the upper side of a dark shining green ; under glaucous. I 
 have not as yet seen the catkins of Irish specimens. 
 
 31. S. bicolor, Ehrh. Two-coloured Willow. Leaves ellip- 
 tical, green and shining above, glabrous and glaucous beneath, 
 serrated, with oblique points; stipules crescent-shaped, serrated; 
 barren catkins copious, bright yellow ; filaments slightly bearded 
 at the base. Forbes. Br. Fl. 1. p. 430. S. tenuifolia, E. Bot. 
 t. 2186. (as to figure, not Fl. Br.) Borr. S. floribunda, 
 Forbes in Salict. Wob. p. 107. f. 54. Hooker. S. tenuifolia, 
 Drummond's Cat. of Plants in the Co. of Cork. 
 
 Near Carrigaline, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. I insert 
 this species on Mr. Drummond's authority, not having seen Irish spe- 
 cimens : further observations must decide whether he meant 5. tenui- 
 Jolia of Fl. Br. or the present plant. Fl. April, and again in July. 
 '(Forbes.) T?. 
 
 jfc 12. Herbaceae. Borr. Minute shrub ; remarkable for its 
 small, few- flowered catkins. 
 
 32. S. herbacea, Linn. Least Willow. Leaves orbicular, 
 serrated, glabrous, shining, veined ; germens sessile, lanceolate, 
 glabrous; style and stigmas bifid; catkins of few flowers. Br. 
 FL 1. p. 432. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 200. E. Bot. t. 1907. Salict. 
 
 Wob. p. 123. t. 62. 
 
 Summits of Tomlagee and Lugnaquilla, the two highest of the Wick- 
 low mountains, and Slieve Douard, County of Down. An unusually 
 large variety was found by Mr. Templeton on the top of Siieve- Nance, 
 County of Antrim, similar to some of the large varieties gathered by 
 Mr. M'Nab, of Edinburgh, on the mountains of Sutherland. Fl. June. 
 T? . The least of our native Willows. Mr. Moore has lately sent me 
 very luxuriant specimens from Dart-rnountain, County of Derry. 
 
 4. POPULUS. Linn. Poplar. 
 
 Barren fl. Scales of the catkins jagged. Anthers 8 30, 
 arising from a turbinate, oblique, entire, single perianth. 
 Fertile fl. Scales of the catkin jagged. Perianth turbinate. 
 Stigmas four or eight. Capsules superior, 2-celled, 2-valved, 
 many-seeded. Seeds comose. Name, populus^ or the tree of 
 
254 -AMENTACEjE. [Fayus. 
 
 the people, as it was esteemed to be in the time of the 
 Romans and of the French revolution. 
 
 Dicecia. Octandria. 
 
 1. P. alba, Linn. Great White Poplar or Abele. Leaves 
 roundish, cordate, lobed, toothed, glabrous above, downy and 
 very white beneath ; fertile catkins ovate ; stigmas four. Br. 
 FL 1. p. 436. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 243. E. Bot. *. 1618. 
 
 Natural woods near Blarney, County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. 
 Fl. April, f? . A large tree, with smooth bark and spreading 
 branches ; of very rapid growth. The wood is white and soft, and 
 used only for coarse purposes. 
 
 2. P. tremula, Linn. Aspen. Leaves nearly orbicular, 
 broadly toothed, glabrous on both sides; stalks compressed; 
 stigmas four, erect, aiiricled at the base. Br. Fl. 1. p. 437. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 244. E. Bot. t. 1809. 
 
 Kelly's Glen, County of Dublin. Agnew's Hill, and other places in 
 the counties of Antrim and Derry ; Mr. Templet on and Mr. D. Moore. 
 Blarney woods ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. March, April. T? . This 
 tree is well known by the tremulous movement of its leaves with the 
 slightest breath of wiud. The motion is aided by the compression of 
 the stalk. 
 
 3. P. niora, Linn. Black Poplar. Leaves deltoid, acute, 
 serrated, glabrous on both sides ; fertile catkins cylindrical, lax; 
 stigmas four. Br. Fl. 1. p. 437. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 245. E. 
 Bot. t. 1910. 
 
 Common in plantations, scarcely indigenous. Fl. April. T? . A 
 large tree of quick growth, having a light wood of little value, as is the 
 case with most trees that come soon to perfection. 
 
 3. CupulifercB. Richard. 
 
 Flowers monoecious. Barren ones amentaceous. Stamens 
 5 20, inserted into the centre of the scales of the perianth, 
 generally distinct. FERTILE FL. aggregate or amentaceous. 
 Perianth adnate with the ovary, with a small toothed limb, and 
 with a coriaceous involucre (cupule) at the base, variously 
 formed. Ovary with two or several cells and several ovules, 
 the greater number of which are abortive: stigmas several, 
 nearly sessile, distinct. Pericarp (glands) bony or coriaceous, 
 1-celled, more or less enclosed in the enlarged involucre. Seed 
 solitary or 2 3, pendulous, without albumen. Embryo large, 
 with plano-convex, fleshy cotyledons, and a minute superior 
 radicle. 
 
 1. FAGUS. Linn. Beech. 
 
 Barren fl. in a globose catkin. Perianth single, of one leaf, 
 campanulate, 6-cleft. Stamens 5 12. Fertile ft. two, within 
 
Quercus.] AMENTACE.E. 255 
 
 a four lobed prickly involucre. Perianth single, urceolate, 
 with 4 5 minute lobes. Germens incorporated with the 
 perianth, 3-celled, two becoming abortive. Styles three. 
 Nuts 1-seeded, invested with the enlarged involucre. Name; 
 (fia^os, in Greek, from 0aryu;, to eat, on account of the nutri- 
 tive qualities of the fruit. Moncecia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. F. sylvatica, Linn. Beech-tree. Leaves ovate, glabrous, 
 obsoletely dentate, their margins ciliated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 408. 
 E. FL v. iv. p. 152. E. Bot. t. 1846. 
 
 Wood?, scarcely indigenous. FL April, May. f? . The tree bears 
 clipping or scutching very well, and is frequently used for hedges, 
 where shelter is the object, and then retains the leaves throughout the 
 winter. The wood is employed for various purposes, by carpenters, 
 turners, and wheelwrights. Swine feed upon the seeds ov'masts. 
 
 2. CASTANEA. Tourn. Chesnut. 
 
 Barren Jl. in a very long cylindrical catkin. Perianth single, 
 of one leaf, 6-cleft. Stamens 5 20. Fertile fl. three, within 
 a 4-lobed, thickly muricated involucre. Perianth single, ur- 
 ceolate, 5 6 lobed, having the rudiments of twelve stamens. 
 Germen incorporated with the perianth, 6-celled, each cell 
 2-seeded, five of the cells mostly abortive. Styles six. Nut 
 1 2-seeded, invested with the enlarged involucre. Named 
 from Castanea in Thessaly, which produced magnificent 
 Chesnut trees. Moncecia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. C. vulgaris, Lam. Spanish Chesnut. Leaves oblongo- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, mucronato-serrate, glabrous on each 
 side. Br. Fl. 1. p. 408. Fagus castanea, Linn. E. FL v. iv. 
 p. 151. E. Bot. t. 886. 
 
 Woods and Parks, but not indigenous. FL May. I? . This fine 
 tree is much cultivated, both for ornament and its valuable timber. 
 Full grown specimens may be seen at Shelton Abbey, and other places 
 in the County of Wicklow. The Chesnut ripens its fruit, near Dublin, 
 late in autumn. 
 
 3. QUERCUS. Linn. Oak. 
 
 Barren Jl. in a lax catkin or spike. Perianth single, 5 7-cleft. 
 Stamens 5 10. Fertile Jl. Involucre of many little scales, 
 united into a cup. Perianth single, closely investing the 
 germen, 6-toothed. Germen 3-celled. Style one. Stigmas 
 three. Nut (or acorn) 1-celled, 1-seeded, covered by the 
 persistent, enlarged perianth, and surrounded at the base by 
 the enlarged cup-shaped involucre. Named from the Celtic 
 quer, beautiful, and cuez> a tree. It produced the Misseltoe 
 of the Druids, and was thence also called drew ; hence fipvs, 
 in Greek, and Dryades. Moncecia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. Q. Robur, Linn. Common British Oak. Leaves deci- 
 
256 AMENTACE.E. [Carpinus. 
 
 duous, shortly stalked, oblongo-obovate, deeply sinuate, their 
 sinuses rather acute, lobes obtuse ; fruits two to three, upon a 
 long peduncle. Br. Fl. 1. p. 407. E. FL v. iv. p. 149. E. 
 Bot. t. 1342. Q. pedunculata^ Willd. and foreign authors. Q. 
 racemosa, Lam. 
 
 Woods. Fl. April, May. >? . The uses of this valuable tree are 
 well known. It may be readily distinguished from the following spe- 
 cies by its smoother and more even stem, and slower growth, when 
 growing together, as well as by the pedunculated catkin. The word 
 Robur, Doctor Hooker remarks, is derived from rove, another Celtic 
 word for the oak : whence arises robur, strength, in Latin. 
 
 2. Q. sessiliftora, Salisb. Sessile-fruited Oak. Leaves deci- 
 duous, on long stalks, oblongo-obovate, deeply sinuate, their 
 sinuses rather acute, lobes obtuse ; fruits clustered upon a very 
 short stalk, or sessile. Br. Fl. 1. p. 408= E. Fl. v. iv. p. 
 
 150. E. Bot. t. 1845 Q. Robur , Willd. and most of the 
 
 foreign authors. 
 
 Woods, often intermixed with the last. FL April, May. T? . The 
 specific name, as Doctor Hooker observes, is calculated to mislead. 
 The flowers are sessile upon the peduncle in both species ; but here 
 the peduncle is very short, or almost wanting : in Q. Robur it is much 
 elongated. The wood of the present species is said to be much infe- 
 rior to the last : although Doctor Hooker states that an eminent 
 modern author has lately expressed his opinion that it is the Q. sessi- 
 liflora which yields the best timber for ship-building. 
 
 4. CORYLUS. Linn. Hasel-nut. 
 
 Barren fl. in a cylindrical catkin ; its scales 3-cleft. Perianth 
 none. Stamens eight. Anthers 1 -celled. Fertile fl. Pe- 
 rianth obsolete. Germens several, surrounded by a scaly 
 involucre. Stigmas two. Nut 1-seeded, invested at the base 
 by the enlarged, united, coriaceous scales of the involucre. 
 Name ; Kopvs, a casque or cap : the fruit, with its involucre, 
 appearing as if covered with a bonnet. 
 
 Moncecia. Potyandria. 
 
 1. C. Avellana, Linn. Common Hasel-nut. Stipules ob- 
 long, obtuse; leaves roundish, cordate, pointed; involucre of 
 the fruit campanulate, rather spreading, torn at the margin. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 410. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 157. E. Bot. t. 723. 
 
 Hedges and copses, abundant. Fl. March. T? . The wood of the 
 Hasel is used for a number of domestic and agricultural purposes, and 
 makes an excellent charcoal for drawing. The nuts are well known at 
 our tables. 
 
 5. CARPINUS. Linn. Hornbeam. 
 
 Barren fl. in a cylindrical catkin ; its scales roundish, ciliated 
 at the base. Stam. 8 20. Fertile fl. in a lax catkin ; its 
 
Myrica.} MYRlCEvE. 257 
 
 scales large, fbliaceous, 3-lobed, 1-flowered. Involucre none. 
 Perianth of 1 leaf, urceolate, 6-dentate, incorporated with 
 the 2-celled germen, of which 1 cell is abortive. Styles 2. 
 Nut ovate, striated, 1-seeded. Name; car, wood, and pin, a 
 head, in Celtic : wood employed to make the yokes of oxen. 
 
 Moncecia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. C. Befalus, Linn. Hornbeam. Scales or bracteas of the 
 fruit oblong, serrated, with two smaller lateral lobes. Br. FL 
 1. p. 410. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 156. E. Bot. t. 2032. 
 
 Woods and hedges. Fl. May. b- Fine specimens of this tree 
 may he seen at Woodlands, near Lucan. It was formerly a good deal 
 used for hedges. Leaves ovate or su'>cordate, doubly-serrated, acute, 
 the veins somewhat hairy, beautifully plaited when young. The wood 
 of the Hornbeam is white, tough and' hard. It is used in turning-work, 
 for implements of husbandry, cogs of wheels. &c. The inner bark is 
 said to yield a yellow dye. 
 
 ORD. 71. MYRICE.E. Rich. Gale Family. 
 
 Flowers separated, amentaceous. BARREN FL. Stamens one 
 or several, each with a hypogynous scale. Anthers 2 4-celled, 
 opening lengthwise. FERTILE FL. Ovary 1-celled, surrounded 
 by several hypogynous scales : ovule solitary, erect, with a 
 foramen in the apex : stigmas two, subulate. Fruit often co- 
 vered with waxy secretions, drupaceous, formed of the hypo- 
 gynous scales of the ovary, become fleshy and adherent, or 
 dry and dehiscent, with the scales distinct. Seed solitary, 
 erect. Embryo without albumen ; cotyledons plano-convex ; 
 radicle short, superior. Shrubs with resinous glands and dots. 
 Leaves alternate, simple. 
 
 1. MYRICA. Linn. Gale. 
 
 Barren fl. Scales of the catkin concave. Perianth none. 
 Fertile fl. Scales of the catkin concave. Perianth none. 
 Styles two. Drupe 1-celled, 1-seeded. Name, pvpiKij, in 
 Greek, synonymous with the Tamarix. 
 
 Dicecia. Tetrandria. 
 
 1. M. Gale, Linn. Sweet Gale or Dutch Myrtle. Leaves 
 kuiceolate, broader upwards, serrated ; stem shrubby. Br. FL 
 \.p. 435. E. Fl v. iv. p. 239. E. Bot. t. 562. 
 
 Bogs and moory ground, abundant. FL May. T? . The plant dif- 
 fuses an agreeable smell, and the leaves have a bitter taste ; hence 
 they are said to have been sometimes used in place of hops. Doctor 
 Hooker states that in Isla and Jura the inhabitants scent their clothes 
 with them, and that in many parts of Scotland, beds are made of the 
 twigs. 
 
 I i 
 
258 CONIFER/E. [Pinus. 
 
 ORD. 72. CONIFERS. Juss. Fir Family. 
 
 Flowers monoecious or dioecious. STERILE FL. monandrous 
 or monadelphous ; each floret consisting of a single stamen, or 
 of a few united, collected in a deciduous catkin about a 
 common rachis. Anthers 2- or many-lobed, bursting out- 
 wardly ; often terminated by a crest, which is an unconverted 
 portion of the scale out of which each stamen is formed : pollen 
 large, usually compound. FERTILE FL. generally in cones, 
 sometimes solitary. Ovary in the cones, spread open, and 
 having the appearance of a flat scale destitute of style or 
 stigma, and arising from the axil of a membranous bractea ; in 
 the solitary flower apparently wanting. Ovules naked ; in the 
 cones in pairs on the face of the ovary, having an inverted po- 
 sition, and consisting of one or two membranes open at the 
 apex, and of a nucleus, in the solitary flower erect. Fruit con- 
 sisting either of a solitary naked seed, or of a cone ; the latter, 
 formed of the scale-shaped ovaries, become enlarged and indu- 
 rated, and occasionally of the bracteas also, which are sometimes 
 obliterated, and sometimes extend beyond the scales in the form 
 of a lobed appendage. Seeds with a hard crustaceous integu- 
 ment. Embryo in the midst of a fleshy and oily albumen, with 
 two or many opposite cotyledons : the radicle next the apex of 
 the seed, and having an organic connexion with the albumen. 
 Resinous trees or shrubs. Leaves linear, acerose or lanceolate, 
 rigid, entire at the margins or dilated and lobed, ahvays with 
 parallel veins, sometimes jascicled and sheathing at the base. 
 
 1. PINUS. Linn. Fir. 
 
 Barren fl. in crowded, racemose catkins; the scales peltate, 
 bearing two 1 -celled, sessile anthers. Perianth none. Fer- 
 tile fl. in an ovate catkin; its scales closely imbricated, 2- 
 flowered. Perianth none. Pericarp 1-seeded, terminated by 
 a long winged appendage, and covered with the imbricated 
 scales, forming a cone (strobilus). Name; jt?m or pen, means 
 a crag or stony mountain, still so called in Wales : (as Ben 
 in Scotland): where the pine delights to grow, "moored in 
 the rifted rock." Hooker. 
 
 Moncecia. Monadelphia. 
 
 1. P. sylvestris, Linn. Scotch Fir. Leaves in pairs, rigid; 
 cones conico-ovate, acute, young ones stalked, recurved, as long 
 as the leaves, generally in pairs ; crest of the anthers very 
 
Taxus.] CONIFERS. 259 
 
 small. Br. Fl. 1. p. 411. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 158. E. Bot. t. 
 2460. 
 
 Now almost, if not entirely extinct, in a wild state. Fl. May, 
 June. T? . This tree appears to have been abundant in Ireland, as 
 trunks of very large dimensions are often found in bogs, sufficiently 
 fresh for roofing houses, and found to be very durable. A section of a 
 trunk was lately sent me from the Queen's County by the Rev. Doctor 
 Vignoles, that had been lately dug out of a bog, whose diameter is 
 two feet eight inches, indicating by its circles or rings of wood about 
 eighty years' growth. The resinous roots are sold in Dublin as fire- 
 wood, and are used by the peasantry in the west of Ireland in lieu of 
 candles. 
 
 2. JUNIPERUS. Linn. Juniper. 
 
 Barren fl. Scales of the catkin subpeltate. Perianth none. 
 Stamens 4 8, 1-celled. Fertile fl. Scales of the catkin few, 
 united, at length fleshy and surrounding the 3-seeded berry. 
 Name, jeneprus, in Celtic, rude, rough, as is the plant it- 
 self. Dicecia. Monadelphia. 
 
 1. J. communis, Linn. Common Juniper. Leaves three in 
 a whorl, mucronate, spreading or imbricated, longer than the 
 berry. Br. Fl. 1. p. 438. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 251. E. Bot. t. 
 1100. J. nana, Willd. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 252. E. Bot. Suppl 
 t. 2743. 
 
 Woods at Killarney, &c. P. On many of the mountains all over the 
 country. Fl. May. J? A shrub growing to a considerable size in 
 woods. The var. 3. retains its procumbent form when cultivated. 
 The berries, which are bluish-black, form an important article of com- 
 merce in Holland, where they are employed in the distillation of 
 Geneva, and impart to it that peculiar flavour by which it is distin- 
 guished from other spirituous liquors. 
 
 3. TAXUS. Linn. Yew. 
 
 Barren fl. Perianth single at the base. Stamens numerous. 
 Anthers peltate, 6 8-celled; cells opening beneath. Fertile 
 fl. Perianth single, urceolate, scaly. Style none. Drupe 
 fleshy, perforated at the extremity. Name; TO^OI/, an arrow; 
 it is said because arrows were poisoned with its juice. 
 
 Dicecia. Monadelphia. 
 
 1. T. baccata, Linn. Common Yew. Leaves 2-ranked, 
 crowded, linear, acute; flowers axillary, sessile. Br, Fl. 1. 
 p. 439. E. FL v. iv. p. 253. E. Bot. t. 746. 
 
 Fine specimens of a very great age are to be met with in church- 
 
260 
 
 CONIFERS. [ Taxus. 
 
 yards in various parts of the country. Ft. March. I?. A low tree, 
 but with a trunk often of considerable diameter, with widely spreading 
 branches. On Benyevena, County of Derry, where Mr. Moore finds it 
 growing in the crevices of rocks, at an elevation of 1200 feet, it assumes 
 the appearance of a low shrub. He also informs me that large trunks 
 and roots are dug up in the flat of Magilligan, between the rocks and 
 the sea, which is the principal bog timber of that district. Large 
 trunks, of very great age, are also found in bogs in many parts of the 
 country. The wood is hard and beautifully veined, and much valued 
 for cabinet-makers' work, and was formerly still more highly prized for 
 making bows, and on that account is said to have been planted exten- 
 sively in church-yards. The leaves are fetid and very poisonous, and 
 prove speedily fatal to cattle accidentally eating them when young and 
 tender. The berries have a sweet mawkish taste, and may be eaten 
 without danger. The Upright or Florencecourt Yew, T.fastigiata 
 of Lindl. Syn., is a very distinct variety, if it be not a distinct species. 
 I have only seen the fertile plant, the fruit of which, as Professor Lind- 
 ley observes, is oblong (not roundish, as in the common var.) It is 
 readily distinguished by its upright mode of growth, and deep green 
 scattered leaves. The finest specimens in Ireland, or perhaps any 
 where to be met with, grow at Comber in the County of Down, and 
 near the town of Antrim, and are supposed to have been planted above 
 fifty years. It is said to have been first observed at Florenceconrt, the 
 seat of the Earl of Enniskillen, but it has not been found in a truly 
 wild state- 
 
Arum.] AROIDE.-E. 261 
 
 CLASS II. ENDOGEN7E OR MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
 
 Monocotyledonous or Endogenous plants. Trunk formed of 
 cellular tissue and tubular vessels, which are irregularly scat- 
 tered, with no distinction, into bark, wood and pith, and desti- 
 tute of medullary rays: the oldest formation most external, the 
 centre the newest and softest. Leaves mostly alternate, often 
 sheathing, generally with parallel nerves, flowers evident, 
 the parts of which they are composed mostly arranged in a 
 ternary manner ; the perianth very frequently single. Embryo 
 with one cotyledon ; if with two, then the accessory one is im- 
 perfect and alternate with the other. Plumule included within 
 the cotyledon, of which the opposite extremity usually en- 
 closes the radicle, and through which it bursts on germination. 
 
 SUBCLASS I. PETALOIDE^. Lindl. 
 
 Flowers with the segments of the perianth verticillate, in 
 one or two rows, or wanting and naked, not covered by imbri- 
 cated bracteas. 
 
 ORD. 73. AROIDE^E. Juss. Lindl. Arum Family. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, arranged upon a spadix, often naked. 
 Perianth 4 G-parted, or wanting. Stamens definite or indefi- 
 nite, hypogynous, very short ; anthers 1 2- or many-celled, 
 ovate, turned outwards. Ovary free, 1- rarely 3-celled ; stigma 
 sessile. Fruit succulent or dry, not opening. Seeds solitary 
 or several ; embryo in the axis of fleshy or mealy albumen, 
 straight, cylindrical, with a cleft on one side in which lies the 
 plumule ; radicle next the hilum, rarely at the opposite extre- 
 mity. Herbs or shrubs. Roots often tuberous or thickened. 
 Leaves sheathing at the base, with parallel or branching veins. 
 
 1. ARUM. Linn. Cuckow-pint. 
 
 Spatha of one leaf, convolute at the base. Perianth none. 
 Spadix with germens at the base. Stamens (sessile) near 
 the middle of the spadix, which is naked above. Berry with 
 
TYPHACE.E. [Typha. 
 
 one cell and many seeds. Name ; formerly written Aron, 
 and supposed to be an ancient Egyptian word by which one of 
 this tribe was known. Moncecia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. A. maculatum, Linn. Cuchow-pint or Wake-robin. Leaves 
 all radical, hastato-sagittate, lobes deflexed ; spadix club- 
 shaped, obtuse, shorter than the spatha. Br. Fl. 1. p. 406. E. 
 PL v. iv. p. 146. E. Bot. t. 1298. 
 
 Groves and hedge-banks, plentiful in many places about Dublin, 
 Cork, Belfast, &c. Fl. April, May. 1. Root a tuber, affording an 
 abundant amylaceous substance. Leaves large, shining, often spotted 
 with black. Spatha large, convolute. Above the germens, on the 
 spadix, is a ring or circle of 2-celled, sessile anthers, and above these, 
 another of apparently imperfect germens. The extremity of the spa- 
 dix is purplish. Berries remaining during winter, after the leaves and 
 spadix have decayed ; crowded into au oblong spike of a bright scarlet 
 colour. 
 
 ORD. 74. TYPHACE^). Lindl Reed-mace Family. 
 
 Flowers monoecious, arranged upon a naked spadix. Pe- 
 rianth 3-parted. Stamens three or six ; filaments long and 
 slender ; anthers wedge-shaped, erect. Ovary single, superior, 
 1-celled; ovule solitary, pendulous ; style short; stigmas 1 2, 
 linear, simple. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 
 Embryo in the centre of albumen, straight, taper, with a cleft 
 in one side, in which lies the plumule ; radicle next the hilum. 
 Herbs growing in marshes or ditches. Stems without nodi. 
 Leaves rigid, ensiform, with parallel veins. 
 
 1. TYPHA. Linn. Cat's-tail or Reed-mace. 
 
 Flowers collected into very dense, cylindrical spikes or catkins. 
 Barren fl. Perianth none. Stamens three together upon a 
 chaffy or hairy receptacle, united below into one filament. 
 Fertile fl. Perianth none. Pericarp pedicellate, surrounded 
 at the base with hairs resembling a pappus. Name ; Tt0o$, a 
 marsh, where the plant grows. Monozcia. Triandria. 
 
 1. T. latifolia, Linn. Great Cafs-tail or Reed-mace. Leaves 
 linear, nearly plane ; sterile and fertile catkins continuous. jBr. 
 FL 1. p. 386. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 71. E. Bot. t. 1455. 
 
 Borders of ponds, lakes, and in ditches, frequent. FL July, Aug. 
 %. Leaves very long, about an inch broad. Catkins very long, close 
 together ; fertile one greenish-brown ; sterile one yellow, with one or 
 two large membranaceous bracteas. 
 
 2. T. angustifolia, Linn. Narrow-leaved Reed-mace. Leaves 
 linear, grooved below ; sterile and fertile catkins a little distant 
 
Sparganium.] TYPHACE^. 263 
 
 from each other. Br. Fl 1. p. 386. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 72. E. 
 Bot. t. 1456. 
 
 p. minor. T. minor , Willd. much smaller in all its parts. 
 
 Lakes and ditches. Ditch near the turnpike-gate between Belfast 
 and Carrickfergus ; Mr. Templeton. In Lough Hanay, between Lis- 
 burn and Saintfield, abundant ; Mr. Campbell. Var. 0. Found by 
 the late Mr. Underwood and myself in the lake at Sandymount, above 
 twenty years ago. FL July. 1(1. As tall as the last, but with nar- 
 rower leaves and catkins. In var. . all the parts are much smaller 
 than in the other variety, but agreeing with it, in having the separated 
 cylindrical catkins. 
 
 2. SPARGANIUM. Linn. Bur-reed. 
 
 Flowers in sphaerical, dense heads. Barren fl. Perianth single, 
 of three leaves. Fertile fl. Perianth single, of three leaves. 
 Drupe dry, with one seed. Name, ffTrap^avov, a little band, 
 from its narrow and long leaves. 
 
 Moncecia. Triandria. 
 
 1. S. ramosum, Huds. Branched Bur-reed. Leaves trian- 
 gular at the base, their sides concave ; common flowerstalk 
 branched ; stigma linear. Br. Fl. 1. p. 386. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 
 74. E. Bot. t. 744. 
 
 Ditches, lakes, and stagnant waters. Fl. July. If. Stem about 
 three feet high, with a few, long, sword-shaped leaves or bracteas, 
 having broad membranous sheathing bases on the upper or branching 
 part. Root-leaves very long, linear-ensiform, triangular at the base, 
 their sides concave. Sterile flowers in sphasrical heads, distantly 
 placed ; fertile ones below. 
 
 2. S. simplex, Huds. Unbranched upright Bur-reed. Leaves 
 triangular at the base, their sides flat; common flowerstalk 
 simple; stigma linear. Br. FL 1. p. 386. E. Fl. v. i. p. 75. 
 E. Bot. t. 745. 
 
 Ditches and stagnant waters, especially in a gravelly soil. Cur- 
 ragha bog near Ashbourne, in the County of Dublin, near Belfast, and 
 many other places. FL July. 1. Much smaller than the last. Stem 
 rarely if at all branched, though the lower heads of flowers are stalked. 
 The sides of the leaves are plane, not concave or grooved. The 
 flowers pale yellow. 
 
 3. S. natans, Linn. Floating Bur-reed. Leaves floating, 
 plane ; common flowerstalk simple ; stigma ovate, very short ; 
 head of sterile flowers mostly solitary. Br. Fl. 1. p. 887. E. 
 FL v. iv. p. 75. E. Bot. t. 273. 
 
 Lakes, ditches, and stagnant waters. Plentiful in Cunnamara, and 
 in a marsh on the Hill of Howth, &c. FL July. % . Leaves very 
 long, linear, pellucid. 
 
264 FLUVIALES. [Potamoyeton. 
 
 OUD. 75. FLUVIALES. Vent. Pond-weed Family. 
 
 Flowers separated, monoecious or dioecious, sometimes per- 
 fect. Perianth of two or four pieces, often deciduous, rarely 
 wanting. Stamens definite, hypogynous. Ovary one or more, 
 superior ; stigma simple ; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit dry, 
 not opening, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed pendulous ; albumen 
 none ; embryo having a direction contrary to that of the seed, 
 with a lateral cleft for the emission of the plumule. Water- 
 plants. Leaves very vascular ; with parallel veins. Flowers in- 
 conspicuous, usually arranged in terminal spikes. 
 
 1. POTAMOGETON. Linn. Pond-weed. 
 
 Flowers sessile upon a spike or spadix, which issues from a 
 sheathing bractea or spatha. Perianth single, of four scales. 
 Anthers sessile, opposite the scales of the perianth. Pistils 
 four: which become four small nuts. Embryo curved. 
 Name, from wTafios, a river, and yemav, a neighbour. All 
 the species grow in the water, and often present as beautiful 
 an appearance in clear streams and ponds, as the Fuci do in 
 the ocean. They protect the spawn of fish, and harbour in- 
 numerable aquatic insects, affording food by their roots and 
 seeds to aquatic birds. Chamisso and Schlechtendal have 
 well illustrated this Genus. See Linncea, v. ii. p. 159. 
 
 Tetrandria. Tetragynia. 
 
 * Leaves all opposite : stipules none. 
 
 1. P. dens-us, Linn. Opposite- leaved Pond-weed. Leaves 
 all opposite, amplexicaul, ovate, acuminate or lanceolate. Br. 
 Fl. I. p. 73. E. Fl. v. i. p. 230. E. Bot. t. 397. 
 
 Ditches. About Limerick and elsewhere, not unfrequent ; Mr. W. 
 H.Harvey. Fl. June, July. If.. Head of flowers small, rounded. 
 Leaves keeled below, middle nerve or rib of many longitudinal cells, 
 with two, and sometimes three lateral parallel veins on each side, the 
 inner one the strongest. 
 
 * sk Leaves alternate, all submersed, with adnate stipules. 
 
 2. P. pectinatus, Linn. Fennel-leaved Pond-weed. Leaves 
 distichous, setaceous, single-nerved ; sheathing by means of 
 their adnate stipules ; spike interrupted. Br. FL 1. p. 73. E. 
 Fl. v. i. p. 236. E. Bot. t. 323. 
 
 Rivers, lakes, and salt-water ditches, frequent. FL July. 1. 
 Root tuberous, with creeping scions. Stems very much branched, 
 various in length, leafy, zigzag. Spikes few, solitary, each from one of 
 the uppermost forks of the branches, on a longish stalk, cylindrical, 
 
Potamogelon.] FLUVIALES. 265 
 
 with considerable interruptions, rising just above the surface, seldom 
 produced but in still waters. FL two or three together, dull green. 
 Seeds scarcely more than one or two from each flower, gibbous. Few 
 plants vary more in the size of its herbage, which is most considerable 
 in rivers and rapid streams, where the flowers seldom appear. It 
 flowers more freely in salt-water ditches, where it grows less luxuriantly. 
 
 * * * Leaves alternate, all linear t submersed; stipules free. 
 
 3. P. pusillus, Linn. Small Pond-weed. Leaves narrow, 
 linear, 3 5-nerved, with obscure connecting veins; peduncles 
 elongated. Br. FL 1. p. 73. E. FL v. \. p. 235. E. Bot. t. 
 215. ft. major; stem more compressed; leaves broader; 
 spike somewhat interrupted. P. compressus, Linn. E. Bot. t. 
 418. E. FL v. 1. p. 233. 
 
 Ditches and still waters, not uncommon. |3. In Ballypheane bog ; 
 Mr. J, Drummond. In the Bann river ; Mr. Templeton. In a 
 pond at Florencecourt. FL July. 7. The stem is here, as in all of 
 this division, more or less compressed. The leaves are more or less 
 acute ; the spike oblong, compact, or a little interrupted. 
 
 4. P. gramineus, Linn. Grassy Pond-weed. Leaves broadly 
 linear, obtuse, three-nerved, with few and obscure connecting 
 veins ; peduncle scarcely longer than the oblong-oval spike. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 74. E. FL v. i. p. 235. E. Bot. t. 2253. 
 
 Ponds and bog-drains. Drains at Portmore, County of Down ; Mr. 
 Templeton. Bog-drains at Enagh-Lough, County of Derry ; Mr. D. 
 Moore, 1834. Near Youghal ; Mr. R. Ball. FL July. !. Nearly 
 allied to the last, but stouter, darker coloured, and with short pedun- 
 cles, scarcely longer than the stipule of the leaf, from the axil of which 
 they spring. 
 
 5. P. acutifolius, Link. Sharp-leaved Pond-weed. Leaves 
 linear, acuminate, with three principal and numerous close 
 parallel intermediate nerves occupying the whole surface; 
 spikes oval, compact, about equal in length with the short 
 peduncle. Br. FL 1. p. 74. Hook, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2609. 
 
 River Shannon, at Plassey and Castle-connel, near Limerick, (with 
 leaves only) ; Mr. W. H. Harvey. FL July. 1. The leaves in 
 Mr. Harvey's specimens are longer and broader than those repre- 
 sented in the figure in E. Bot. SuppL, but exactly correspond with 
 the description in having the leaves linear, acuminate, with numerous 
 parallel nerves. 
 
 ^ % % % Leaves alternate, ovate, or lanceolate: all submersed; 
 stipules free. 
 
 6. P. crispus, Linn. Curled Pond-weed. Leaves lanceo- 
 late, waved and serrated, 3-nerved ; fruit beaked. Br. FL 1. 
 p. 74. E. FL v. i. p. 233. E. BoL t. 10 J 2. 
 
 Ditches and rivers, frequent. FL June, July. 11 . Whole plant 
 immersed, bright green ; leaves obtuse, crisped at the edges, 
 
 K K 
 
266 FLUVIALES. [Potamogeton. 
 
 7. P. perfoliatus, Linn. Perfoliate Pond-weed. Leaves 
 cordato-ovate, amplexicaul, 7-nerved, with smaller intermediate 
 nerves. Br. Fl 1. p. 74. E. FL u. i. p. 229. E. Bot. t. 
 168. 
 
 t Ditches and lakes, in many places. FL July. If. Leaves pellu- 
 cid, olive-coloured. Peduncles rather short, thick. Spikes raised 
 above the water, consisting of a few brownish flowers, with white 
 pollen. 
 
 8. P. lucens, Linn. Shining Pond-weed. Leaves elliptic- 
 Janceolate, mucronate, with several opposite pairs of parallel 
 nerves springing from the midrib, connected by reticulations ; 
 spike cylindrical, many-flowered. Br. Fl. i. p. 75. E. Fl.v. i. 
 p. 231. E. Bot. t. 376. 
 
 Lake?, pools, and streams not unfrequent. FL June, July. It. 
 A large species, very beautiful in the nervation of its leaves, which are 
 of an olive-green colour. Spikes raised above the water, with nu- 
 merous green flowers. 
 
 9. P. prtdonguS) Wulff. Long stalked Pond-weed. Leaves 
 oblong, obtuse, with three principal and several linear parallel 
 nerves arising from the base, connected by reticulations ; pe- 
 duncles elongated ; spikes cylindrical, many-flowered. Br. Fl. 
 cd. 3. p. 77. 
 
 In one of the small lakes above Kilrea, County of Derry ; Mr. D. 
 Moore. FL June, Juty. 1. " This is best distinguished by its truly 
 oblong (by no means elliptical) leaves, nerved from the base, where 
 they are semiamplexical, and by the lengthened peduncle. In size it 
 almost equals P. lucens. Reichenbach has given an excellent repre- 
 sentation of this species." Hooker. 
 
 $ $ $ $ HC Leaves alternate, upper ones floating, broader than 
 the rest ; stipules free. 
 
 10. P. JieteropJiyllus, Schreb. Various-leaved Pond-weed. 
 Upper leaves elliptical, stalked, floating, slightly coriaceous ; 
 lower ones lanceolate, membranaceous, sessile ; flowerstalks 
 swelling upwards. Br. FL 1. p. 75. E. Bot. t. 1285. E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 229. 
 
 Rivers and lakes. In the river Liffey, above the Salmon-leap. 
 River Lee, above the basin, and at Sunday's-well ; Mr. J. Drum- 
 mond. River Bann, between three and four feet long, and flowering, 
 without any floating leaves ; Mr. D. Moore. FL June, July. 1. 
 Leaves distantly inserted on the stem, upper ones considerably larger 
 than the rest. " Distinguished by these marks from P. rufescens and 
 P. lanceolatus" Wilson. 
 
 11. P. rufescens, Schrad. Reddish Pond-weed. Submersed 
 leaves lanceolate, membranaceous, . many-nerved, with con- 
 necting veins, and many linear reticulations at the midrib ; 
 floating ones subcoriacrous, on long stalks. Br. FL 1. p. 75. 
 P.fluitans, E. Bot. t. 128-3. E. FL v. i. p 230. (not of Roth.) 
 
Ku PP ia.'\ FLUVIALES. 267 
 
 Rivers, ditches, and bog-drain?. Ditches near Limerick, not com- 
 mon ; Mr. W. H. Harvey. Enagh Lough, and in the river Roe, 
 County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. FL July. %. As Mr. Wilson 
 states in his letter to Doctor Hooker, " This does in some situations 
 much resemble P. lucens." It is remarkable for its reddish olive- 
 colour, and is perhaps better known by its general aspect than by any 
 character that can be applied to it. 
 
 12. P. natans, Linn. Sharp-fruited broad-leav:d Pond-weed. 
 Lower leaves submembranaceous or wanting, upper elliptical, 
 coriaceous, floating; all on long stalks, many-nerved, distinctly 
 cellular; fruit carinated. Br. FL 1. p. 76. ' E. Eot. t. 18:22. 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 228. 
 
 Stagnant waters and slow streams, frequent. FL June, July. It . 
 Stem branching, several feet long, submersed ; spike raised one or two 
 inches above the water ; flowers sessile, olive-green, with yellow an- 
 thers. A very troublesome weed in ponds, when the bottom consists 
 of a clay soil. 
 
 2. ZOSTERA. Linn. Grass-wrack. 
 
 Stamens and pistils inserted in two rows upon one side of a 
 spadix. Spatha foliaceous. Anthers ovate, sessile, alter- 
 nating with the gerraens. Germ-en ovate. Style bifid. 
 Drupe with one seed. Name ; ^0-7^/3, a girdle, or ribbon, 
 which the leaves somewhat resemble. 
 
 Moncecia. Monandria. 
 
 1. Z. marina, Linn. Common Grass-iurach. Leaves entire, 
 somewhat 3-nerved ; stem roundish. Br. FL I. p. 385. E. hi. 
 v. i. p. 5. E. Eot. t. 467. 
 
 Creeks and ditches of salt water and on the sea-shores, common. FL 
 through the summer. 7. Stems various in length, as are the linear, 
 obtuse, somewhat 3-nerved leaves, which have sheathing bases. Spa- 
 dix linear, arising from a sheathing portion of the leaf, which thus 
 forms the spatha. Flowers green, on one side of the spadix, quite 
 destitute of perianth, in two rows. Pistils and anthers alternate. This 
 is the now well known "Aha ( Ulva,) marina," used for beds, &c. 
 
 3. RUFPIA. Linn. Ruppia. 
 
 Flowers two, on a spadix arising from the sheathing bases of 
 the leaves, which perform the office of a spatha. Perianth 
 none. Drupes four, pedicellate, their nuts one-seeded. 
 Named after Henry Bernard Ruppius, author of Flora 
 Jenensis, in 1718. Tetrandria. Tetragynia. 
 
 1. R. maritlma, Linn. Sea Ruppia. JBr. FL \.p.ll. E. 
 FL v. i. p. 237. E. Bot. t. 136. 
 
 Salt-water pools and ditches. Near the North Wall, Dublin ; Dr. 
 R. Scott. Near Passage, County of Cork ; Dr. D. 7/. Scott. Abun- 
 dant along the shore of Lough Foyle ; Mr. D. Moore. FL July, 
 Aug. If . " Stems slender, filiform, flexuose, branched, leafy. Leave* 
 
258 PISTIACE/E. [Zannichtllia. 
 
 linear-setaceous, with sheaths sometimes narrow and small, at other 
 times large and inflated. Spadix at first very short, included in the 
 sheaths or spatha, with two green flowers, one above another on op- 
 posite sides, and quite destitute of perianth. Anthers large, sessile, 
 subquadrate, bursting horizontally, 1 -celled. Mertens and Koch say 
 that each pair is in tact the two cells of one anther, and that there are 
 in reality but two sessile stamens. Pollen, a tube with three globules, 
 one in the middle and one at each end of the tube. Germens re- 
 sembling four minute tubercles in the centre between the anthers. 
 After flowering, the spadix lengthens remarkably, to the height of five 
 or six inches or more, and becomes spirally twisted, as if to bring the 
 fruit to the level of the water, in which the flowers are always im- 
 mersed, but Mr. Wilson observes the fruit to be submerged in every 
 stage. The germens now swell, and their base is elongated into a 
 footstalk, as the fruit ripens, one or two inches long. Each then be- 
 comes an oblique, ovate, acuminated drupe. This drupe is sometimes 
 more beaked than at other times, and the sheaths of the leaves are 
 sometimes but little inflated ; then the plant becomes R. rostellata of 
 Koch, and of Reicheubach in his Iconoy. t. 174. /. 306." Hooket. 
 
 4, ZANNICHELLIA. Linn. Horned-Pond-weed. 
 
 Barren fl. Perianth none. Fertile fl. Perianth single, of 
 one leaf. Germens four or more. Style one. Stigma pel- 
 tate. Capsules nearly sessile. Named in honour of John 
 Jerome Zannichelli, a Venetian apothecary and botanist. 
 
 Moncecia. Monandria. 
 
 1. Z. palustris, Linn. Common Horned- Pond-weed. Anthers 
 4-celled ; stigmas entire ; pericarps toothed on the back. Br. 
 FL \.p. 385. E. FL v. \\.p. 70. E. Bot. t. 1844. 
 
 Ditches and stagnant waters, frequent. Fl. Aug. 0. Floating. 
 Stems long, filiform, branched. Leaves opposite, linear, entire, some- 
 times emarginate at the point. Flowers axillary, from a membraiiaT 
 ceous bractea. Fertile fl. upon a very short stalk, from the base of 
 \\hich arises a single naked anther , borne on a short white filament. 
 
 ORD. 76. PISTIACE^E. Rich. Pistia Family. 
 
 Flowers two, naked, enclosed in a spatha. STERILE FL. 
 Stamens definite. FERTILE FL. Ovary 1-celled, with one or 
 more erect ovules: style short: stigma simple. Fruit mem- 
 branaceous or capsular, not opening, one- or many-seeded. 
 Seeds with a fungous testa, and a thickened indurated foramen. 
 Embryo either in the axis of a fleshy albumen, and having a 
 lateral cleft for the emission of the plumule, or at the apex of 
 the nucleus. Aquatic floating plants, with very cellular lobed 
 fronds, which bear the flowers from the margins. 
 
Lemna.] PISTIACE/E. 269 
 
 1. LEMNA. Linn. Duckweed. 
 
 Perianth single, monophyllous, membranaceous, urceolate. 
 Fruit utricular. Name, Xc/t/ta, of the Greeks, from XcTrts, a 
 scale. Diandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. L. trisulca, Linn. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Fronds thin, 
 elliptico-lanceolate, caudate at one extremity, at the other ser- 
 rated ; roots solitary. Br. Fl. 1. p. 12. E. Fl v. i. p. 32. E. 
 Bot. t. 926. 
 
 Clear stagnant waters. In the Boyne, near the bridge at Navan, 
 and many other places. Fl. July. 0. Fronds from one-half to 
 three-fourths of an inch in length, pellucid at the margins, reticulated. 
 Hoots solitary, tipped at the extremity, with a small sheath. Hooker. 
 
 2. L. minor, Linn. Lesser Duckweed. Fronds nearly ovate, 
 compressed ; roots solitary. JBr. PI. 1. p. 12. E. Fl. v. i. p. 
 32. E. Bot. t. 1095. 
 
 Stagnant waters, common. Fl. July. 0. About a line or a line 
 and a half long ; of a rather thick and succulent, but compact texture, 
 slightly convex beneath. " This is the most abundant of all the spe- 
 cies, covering the surface of ditches and ponds, and harbouring various 
 insects and mollusca?, the food of ducks and other water-fowl, whence 
 the English name of Duckweed. The young fronds constitute the 
 Lemna arhiza of the French authors. The capsule is single-seeded ; 
 seed transverse, with its hilum " directed towards the narrow end of 
 the frond. Wilson." Hooker. The fruit of this species was first 
 pointed out to me at the lake near Sandymount, by W. Wilson, Esq. of 
 Warrington, in July, 1829. 
 
 3. L. polyrhiza, Linn. Greater Duckweed. Fronds obo- 
 vate, rotundate, compressed ; roots numerous, clustered. Br. 
 Fl 1. p. 13. E. Fl. v. i. p. 33. E. Bot. t. 2458. 
 
 Stagnant waters. Common about Limerick and elsewhere ; Mr. 
 W. H. Harvey. Flowers unknown in Britain. 0. The largest of 
 all the species, half an inch long and nearly as broad, succulent, firm, 
 faintly striated ; a little convex below, where, and at the margin above, 
 it is of a deep purple colour. Roots numerous from a central point. 
 
 4. L. gibba, Linn. Gibbous Duckweed. Fronds obovate, 
 nearly plane above, hemispherical beneath ; roots subsolitary. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 13. E. Fl. v. i.p. 32. E. Bot. t. 1233. 
 
 Stagnant water, less frequent than the last. Fl. June Sept. 0. 
 Size of L. minor, but readily distinguished by its gibbous or even he- 
 mispherical lower surface, which is moreover white, pellucid, and 
 beautifully cellular, the cells filled with air, ( Wilson) ; upper side 
 plane, green, opaque. " Capsule four-seeded. Seeds furrowed, not 
 transversely placed, but with the hilum towards the top of the capsule." 
 Wilson. 
 
273 JUNCAGINE^. [Tnylochin. 
 
 ORD. 77. JUNCAGINE^E. Kick, Arrow-grass Family. 
 
 Perianth of six divisions, in a double row, both herbaceous, 
 rarely wanting. Stamens six. Ovaries 3 6, firmly cohering; 
 ovules one or two, approximated by their base, erect. Fruit 
 dry, 1 2-seeded. Seeds erect. Albumen none. Embryo 
 with a lateral cleft, for the emission of the plumule (as in 
 Aroidece); radicle straight, remote from the hilum. Mars/i 
 plants. Leaves narrow. Flowers inconspicuous, in spikes or 
 racemes. 
 
 1. TRIGLOCHIN. Linn. Arrow-grass. 
 
 Perianth of six, concave, deciduous leaves, three outer and 
 three inner. Anthers sessile, lodged in the leaves of the 
 perianth, with their backs towards the pistil. Capsules 
 3 6, 1 -seeded, united by a longitudinal receptacle, from 
 which they separate at the base. Name from T/>cts, three, and 
 7\w^ts, a point, from the three points of the capsules. 
 
 Hexandria. Triyynia. 
 
 1. T. palustre, Linn. Marsh Arrow-grass. Fruit 3-celled, 
 nearly linear. Br. FL L p. 171. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 200, E. Bot. 
 t. 366. 
 
 Wet meadows, and by the sides of ditches in marshy situations, 
 plentiful. Fl. Aug. 1. Leaves all radical, linear, fleshy, slightly 
 grooved on the upper side, sheathing and membranous at the base. 
 Scape eight to ten inches high, terminating in a lax, simple spike or 
 raceme. Flowers small, greenish. Capsules three, linear, united by 
 a common receptacle, so as to form one 3-celled fruit, each cell sepa- 
 rating at its base, and suspended by the extremity, containing one seed, 
 and riot dehiscent. " Mr. Wilson finds that the leaves, when bruised, 
 yield a very fcerid smell, and that the root, under certain circumstances 
 at least, is a- creeping one, sending out jointed, scaly runners, with com^ 
 paratively large, ovate, shortly accumulated bulbs at the extremity. 
 These bulbs at the end of the jointed runners have very much the ap- 
 pearance of a scorpion's tail." Hooker. 
 
 2. T. maritimum, Linn. Sea-side Arrow-grass. Fruit six- 
 celled, ovate. Br, FL 1. p. 171. E. FL v. ii. p. 201. E. Bot. 
 t. 255. 
 
 Salt marshes, not unfrequent. FL May Aug. 1. Larger than 
 the last, and stouter, differing essentially in'its fruit, which is formed of 
 six combined capsules, constituting a broadly ovate fruit; not sepa- 
 rating from the base and suspended by their summits, as in T. palustre. 
 Even when in flower, the same distinction is observable in the germcn 
 as in the fruit. 
 
Sagittaria.] ALISMACE/E. 271 
 
 ORD. 78. ALISMACE^E. Br. Water-Plantain Family. 
 
 Perianth of six divisions, in two rows ; outer herbaceous ; 
 inner petaloid. Stamens definite or indefinite. Ovaries free, 
 many, 1-celled ; ovules erect or ascending, solitary, or two, at- 
 tached to the suture, at a distance from each other : styles and 
 stigmas as many as there are ovaries. Seed without albumen. 
 Embryo shaped like a horse -shoe, with its radicle next the hi- 
 lum. Aquatic or .floating herbaceous plants. Leaves with pa- 
 rallel veins. 
 
 1. ALISMA. Linn. Water-Plantain. 
 
 Calyx of three leaves. Petals three. Capsules many, clus- 
 tered, distinct, indehiscent, one-seeded. Embryo much 
 curved. Name from alis, water, in Celtic. The genus is 
 altogether aquatic. Hexandria. Polygynia. 
 
 1. A. PlantagO) Linn. Greater Wafer- Plantain. Leaves 
 ovate, acute ; fruit depressed ; capsules obtusely trigonal. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 172. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 203. E. Bot. t. 837. 
 
 Near the margins of lakes, rivers and ditches, frequent. Fl. July. 
 1. Two to three feet high. Leaves all radical, on long stalks. 
 Scape branched upward ; branches all whorled, bracteated, com- 
 pound. Flowers of a pale rose-colour. Embryo curved. 
 
 2. A. nafans, Linn. Floating Water- Plantain. Leaves el- 
 liptical, obtuse ; stem floating and rooting ; peduncles simple. 
 Br. Fl. I. p. 173. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 204. E. Bot. t. 775. 
 
 Lakes and ditches. Very plentiful in Cunnamara, and the large 
 marsh on the Hill of Howth. County of Down ; Mr. Templeton. 
 FL July, Aug. 1. At the base of the plant are long linear-lanceolate, 
 membranous scales, or abortive root-leaves. Stem-leaves floating, on 
 long stalks, scarcely nerved. 
 
 3. A. rammculoides, Linn. Lesser Water-Plantain. Leaves 
 all radical, linear-lanceolate ; scape umbellate ; fruit globose, 
 squarrose ; capsules acute. Br. Fl. 1. p. 173. E. FL v. ii. 
 p. 205. E. Hot. t. 326. 
 
 j3. With creeping runners. A. repens, " Davies Welsh Bet. 
 36." E. Fl.v. \\.p. 205. 
 
 Ditches and turfy bogs, frequent. |3. In ditches at the Murrovv of 
 Wicklow. FL Aug. Sept. %. Flower-stalks radical, erect, three to 
 ten inches high, bearing one or two whorls of light-purple flowers. 
 Capsules numerous, collected into a globular head, obovate, com- 
 pressed, pointed, with five strong ribs. 
 
 2. SAGITTARIA. Linn. Arrow-head. 
 Barren fl. Calyx 3-leaved. Petals three. Slameiis numer- 
 
272 HYDROCHARIDE7E. [Hydrocharis. 
 
 ous. Fertile fl. Calyx 3-leaved. Petals throe. Pistils very 
 numerous, collected into a head. Pericarps 1-seeded, com- 
 pressed, margined. Named from sagitta, an arrow, from the 
 shape of the leaves. Moncecia. Polyandria. 
 
 1. S. sagittifolia, Linn. Common Arrow-head. Leaves ar- 
 row-shaped, the lobes lanceolate, straight. Br. Fl. 1. p. 406. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 144. E. Bot. t. 84. 
 
 Ditches and margins of rivers. Plentiful in the County of Ferma- 
 nagh, where it had been previously noticed by Dr. Scott, and banks of 
 the Shannon, near Portumna. In the Lagan river near Lough Neagh ; 
 Mr. Templeton. In the lake at Killikeen, and at Drigget, County of 
 Cavan ; Rev. Mr. Halpin. Fl. July, Aug. 2. A beautiful aquatic, 
 with large, truly arrow-shaped leaves, rising above the water. 
 
 ORD. 79. HYDROCHARIDE^E. Juss. Frog-bit Family. 
 
 Flowers perfect or separated. Perianth semipetaloid, 3 6- 
 cleft, in the fertile flowers adherent with the ovary. Stamens 
 definite or indefinite. Ovary one : stigmas many. Pericarp 
 baccate or capsular, without valves, 1- or many-celled. Seeds 
 without albumen. Plumule inconspicuous. Aquatic, herba- 
 ceous plants. Leaves with parallel veins. Flowers spathaceous. 
 
 1. STRATIOTES. Linn. Water-Soldier. 
 
 Spatha of two leaves. Calyx 3-cleft. Corolla of three petals. 
 Berry inferior, angular, with six cells, many-seeded. Name 
 from ff-rpa-ro'Sj an army, on account of the numerous sword- 
 like leaves. Polyandria. Pentagynia. 
 
 1. S. aloides, Linn. Water- Soldier. Leaves sword-shaped, 
 triangular, with a prominent rib and sharp marginal prickles. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 262. E. FL v. iii. p. 34. E. Bot. t. 379. 
 
 Lakes and ditches or drains ; near Crum-castle and Castle-Saun- 
 derson an the banks of Lough Erne ; also on the banks of the Shan- 
 non, near Portumna. Belfast water-course ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. 
 July. Ij.. A singular plant, resembling an Aloe, with numerous radi- 
 cal leaves thrown up from creeping runners, which penetrate far and 
 deep in the mud. Scape four to six inches long, compressed, two- 
 edged. Flowers white from the compressed two-leaved spatha. 
 Sometimes \heflowers are dioecious, and sometimes the stamens are 
 on the flower with the 5 or 6-cleft styles. 
 
 2. HYDROCHARIS. Linn. Frog-bit. 
 
 Flowers spathaceous. Barren fl. Calyx in three deep seg- 
 ments. Corolla of three petals. Stamens nine, in three 
 rows, within which are three imperfect styles. Fertile fl. 
 Calyx in three deep segments. Petals three. Styles six, 
 
//.] IRIDE.^. 273 
 
 each with two stigmas. Capsules inferior, coriaceous, round- 
 ish, 6-celled, many-seeded. Name; vSwp 9 water, and x a P w i 
 to rejoice : being aquatic plants. Dicecia. Enneandria. 
 
 1. H. Morsus Rdnce, Linn. Common Frog-bit. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 438. E. FL v. iv. p. 250. E. Bot. t. 808. 
 
 Ditches and bog-pits ; near Bulruddery ; bog of Curragha ; near 
 Cavan, and by the banks of the river Fergus near Ennis, &c. Fl. 
 July. 1. Floating, and sending down from the horizontal stems, long-, 
 fibrous radicles. Leaves petioled, reniform, entire. Flowers subuni- 
 bellate, arising from pellucid membranous spathas, large, white, deli- 
 cate. 
 
 ORD. 80. IRIDE^E. Juss. Corn-Flag Family. 
 
 Perianth petaloid, of six divisions (parted or tubular), some- 
 times irregular; with the three inner segments sometimes small, 
 deciduous. Stamens three, inserted upon the base of the outer 
 segments; filaments distinct or connate: anthers turned out- 
 wards, fixed by the base, 2-celled, opening longitudinally. 
 Ovary 3-celled, with the cells many-seeded : style one ; stig- 
 mas three, often lamellate, or petaloid, rarely 2-lipped, some- 
 times obsoletely 3-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; the 
 valves bearing the dissepiments on their middle. Seeds fixed 
 to the internal angle of the cell, sometimes to a central, at 
 length free, columnar receptacle. Albumen horny or densely 
 fleshy. Embryo included. Herbaceous plants, very seldom 
 under-shrubs. Roots tuberous or fibrous. Leaves equitant, dis- 
 tichous. Bractea usually spathaceous. Flowers brightly co- 
 loured. 
 
 1. IRIS. Linn. Iris or Flower de Luce. 
 
 Perianth single, petaloid, 6-cleft, each alternate segment longer 
 and reflexed. Stigmas three, petaloid, covering the stamens. 
 Name from the beautiful and varied colours of the flowers. 
 
 Triandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. I. pseud- acor us, Linn. Yellow Water -Iris or Corn-Flag. 
 Leaves sword-shaped; perianth beardless, its inner segments 
 smaller than the stigma. Br. Fl. 1. p. 18. E. FL v. i. p. 48. 
 E. Bot. t. 578. 
 
 Watery places, wet meadows and ditches, frequent. Fl. June, July. 
 It-. Flowers large, deep yellow. Hoot large, horizontal, very acrid. 
 "A piece of it held between the teeth is said to cure the tooth-ache, and 
 is otherwise used medicinally, and also for giving a black dye and 
 making ink. The seeds, when roasted, are recommended as a substi- 
 tute for coffee." Hooker. 
 
 2. I. fcetidissima, Linn. Stinking Iris. Leaves sword- 
 
 L L 
 
274 ORCHIDE.E. [Crocus. 
 
 shaped ; perianth beardless, its inner segments spreading, 
 about as lar^e as the stigmas ; stem one-angled. Br. Fl. 1 . 
 p. 18. E. FL v. i. p. 49. E. Bot. t. 596. 
 
 Woods, ditch-banks, and pastures. Frequent in the Counties of 
 Dublin and Wicklow. Found at Kilgobbin, and in fields near Tem- 
 pleogue. On the banks of the Barrow near Portarlington ; Rev. Mr. 
 Halpin. FL May. 1. Flowers much smaller than the last, dull 
 livid purple. The leaves, when bruised, yield a disagreeable smell, 
 which has been compared to roast-beef, whence its common name, 
 Roast-beef plant. It appears to grow principally in the eastern parts 
 of the country. The Iris tuberosa or Snake 's-head Iris, which has 
 tetragonal leaves, has been observed by Mr. Drummond and others 
 growing on a dry ditch-bank, in a lane near the Cork Botanic Garden, 
 to which it had not been introduced previously to his finding it ; but 
 as it is a native of the Levant, it can scarcely be considered as indige- 
 nous to Ireland. 
 
 2. CROCUS. Linn. Crocus. 
 
 Perianth coloured ; tube very long ; limb cut into six equal seg- 
 ments. Stigmas 3-lobed, plaited. Name, from /c/?o/ciy, a thread 
 or filament, from the appearance of the saffron of the shops, 
 which is the dried stigmas of Crocus sativus. 
 
 Triandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. C. vernus, Willd. Purple Spring Crocus. Stigma erect, 
 within the flower, cut into three jagged wedge-shaped lobes. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 17. E. FL v. i. p. 46. E. Bot. t. 344. 
 
 Meadows and fields, naturalized. Plentiful about Dunganstown, 
 near the old castle, FL March. 2. Flowers blue, or sometimes 
 white. Stigma pale, inodorous. The top of the tube of the corolla 
 is closed with pellucid hairs, as first noticed by Mr. Ker in Curt. Mag. 
 where a figure of the plant is given. It is very common in gardens, 
 flowering about a fortnight later than the still more common yellow 
 Crocus, C. mcesiacus of Ker, in Bot. Mag* t. 1111. 
 
 ORD. 81. ORCHIDE^E. Juss. Orchis Family. 
 
 Perianth superior, ringent, of six segments in two rows, the 
 three outer usually coloured, of which the odd one is upper- 
 most, in consequence of a twisting of the ovary, and one 
 called the lip (labellum,) is undermost; this latter is frequently 
 lobed, of a different form from the others, and very often 
 spurred at the base. Stamens three, united in a central co- 
 lumn, the two lateral usually abortive, and the central perfect, 
 or the central abortive and the two lateral perfect : rarely all 
 perfect; anthers either persistent or deciduous, 2- or 4- or 
 8-celled ; pollen either powdery or cohering in definite or inde- 
 finite waxy masses, either constantly adhering to a gland or 
 
Orchis.] ORCHIDE^E. 275 
 
 becoming loose in their cells. Ovary 1 -celled, with three 
 parietal placentas; style forming part of the column of the 
 stamens ; stigma a viscid space in front of the column, commu- 
 nicating directly with the ovary by a distinct open canal. Im- 
 pregnation taking effect by absorption from the pollen-masses 
 through the gland into the stigmatic canal. Capsule inferior, 
 bursting with three valves and three ribs, very rarely baccate. 
 Seeds parietal, very numerous; testa loose, reticulated, con- 
 tracted at each end, except in one or two genera ; albumen 
 none. Embryo a solid, undivided, fleshy mass. 
 
 Of this extensive and highly interesting and beautiful Family, 
 the greater proportion are natives of the tropics, and they gra- 
 dually diminish towards the arctic regions, where they disap- 
 pear. Vanilla is the fragrant seed-vessel of Vanilla aromatica. 
 Salep is made from the roots of Orchis mascula, and other 
 terrestrial European species. 
 
 s|c Anthers of two distinct, vertical cells, fixed to the top of 
 the column* immediately above the stigma. Pollen-mass stalked, 
 composed of grains which cohere elastically, having a gland at 
 the base of the stalk. 
 
 1. ORCHIS. Linn. Orchis. 
 
 Floiver ringent. Lip spurred. Glands of the stalks of the 
 pollen-mass contained in a common little pouch... Name ; an 
 ancient appellation of the plant. 
 
 Gynandria. Monandria. 
 
 jfc Tubers two, undivided. 
 
 1. O. Morio, Linn. Green-winged Meadow Orchis. Lip 
 3-lobed, somewhat crenate, the middle lobe emarginate ; calyx 
 leaves ascending, ribbed, conriivent, enclosing the two lateral 
 petals ; spur ascending, blunt, rather shorter than the germen. 
 Br. Fl. 1. p. 370. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 11. E. Bot. t. 2059. 
 
 Meadows and pastures. Frequent in the County of Dublin. FL 
 June. 1 . Stem from a span to a foot high. Flowers few, in a lax 
 spike. Calyx purplish green, forming a sort of helmet over the rest 
 of the flower. Lip purple, pale in the middle, with purple spots. 
 
 2. O. mascula, Linn. Early purple Orchis. Lip 3-lobed, 
 somewhat crenate, the middle lobe emarginate ; two lateral 
 sepals reflexed upwards ; spur obtuse, rather longer than the 
 germen. Br. Fl. 1. p. 370. E. FL v. iv. p. 11. E. Bot. 
 t. 631. 
 
 Woods and pastures, frequent. FL May. 1. Stem one foot high. 
 Leaves generally marked with dark purple spots. Flowers in a lax 
 oblong spike, purple ; the centre of the lip whitish at the base and 
 spotted, sometimes altogether white, 
 
276 ORCHIDE^E. [Gymnadenia. 
 
 8, O. fusca, Jacq. Great brown-winged Orchis. Lip deeply 
 3-lobed, with raised rough dark points; lateral lobes linear- 
 oblong, intermediate one large, obcordate, crenate and emargi- 
 nate, with a point in the sinus ; sepals rather obtuse, connivent, 
 including the two lateral petals; spur obtuse, about half as 
 long as the germen. Br. Fl. 1. p. 371. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 13. 
 E. Bot. t. 16. 
 
 Summerstown-bog, near Cork; Mr. J. Drummond, as stated by 
 Doctor Hincks, but 1 have not seen Irish specimens. Fl. May, June. 
 li. "Stem one to two feet high. Leaves ovato-oblong, obtuse. 
 Flowers forming a handsome spike, with variegated purple petals ; 
 the helmet of a dark-greenish purple, the lip much paler." 
 
 4. O. pyramidalis, Linn. Pyramidal Orchis. Lip with three 
 equal entire lobes and two protuberances at the base above ; 
 sepals spreading, acuminate ; spur subulate-filiform, longer than 
 the germen ; stalks of the pollen-masses united by one gland. 
 Br. FL i. p. 372. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 10. E. Bot. t. 110. Ana- 
 camptis pyramidalis, Rich. LindL 
 
 Pastures, in loamy and sandy soils. Very common in the County of 
 Dublin. Plentiful about Oldcastle in the County of Cttvan ; Rev. N. 
 J. Halpin ; not found in the southern or northern counties. Fl. July. 
 %. Leaves very acuminate. Flowers of a delicate rose-purple, spi- 
 rally arranged in a close, broad and ovate spike, sometimes white. 
 
 jfc * Tubers two, palmate. 
 
 5. O. lutifolia, Linn. Marsh Orchis. Lip slightly 3-lobed, 
 its sides reflexed, crenate; sepals patent; two lateral petals 
 connivent ; spur cylindrical, shorter than the germen ; bracteas 
 longer than the flower. Br. Fl. I. p. 372. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 21. 
 . Bot. t. 2308. 
 
 P. palmata palustris tota rubra, Dill, in Raii. Syn. 382. 
 
 Marshes arid moist ground, common. FL June. 1. Flowers of 
 a deep purple, the lip dotted and marked with purple lines; in . 
 Flowers flesh-colour. Plant never more than half the size of the 
 other, and most frequently found in salt marshes. 
 
 6. O. maculata, Linn. Spotted palmate Orchis. Lip plane, 
 3-lobed, sometimes obscurely so ; sepals spreading ; two lateral 
 petals connivent ; spur cylindrical, shorter than, and bracteas as 
 long as, the germen. "Br. Fl. 1. p. 372. E. FL v. iv. p, 22. 
 E. Bot. t. 632. 
 
 Pastures and heaths, frequent ; often covering entire fields. FL 
 June, July. It. About a foot high. Leaves distant, spotted with 
 purple. Flowers pale purple or white, more or less spotted or 
 streaked, especially the lip. 
 
 2. GYMNADENIA. Br. Gymnadenia. 
 Lip spurred* Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses naked? 
 
Habenaria.] ORCHIDE.E. 277 
 
 approximated. Name ; 717*1/05, naked, and ai>/yi/, a gland, 
 one of the essential characters of this Genus. 
 
 Gynandria. Monandria. 
 
 1. G. conopsea, Br. Fragrant Gymnadenia. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 373. Orchis conopsea, Linn. E. Bot. t. 10. E. FL v. iv. 
 p. 23. 
 
 Wet pastures and boggy ground. Very abundant in the County of 
 Dublin and other parts of the country. County of Derry, frequent ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. Mr. Drumrnond found it on the banks of the 
 Lee, near Cork. FL June Aug. If. Stem one foot high. Tubers 
 palmate. Leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled. Flowers in an ovato- 
 oblong, rather dense spike, rose-purple, rarely white. Lip 3-lobed, 
 not spotted, the lobes equal, entire, rounded. The two lateral sepals 
 spreading, their margins revolute. Two lateral petals connivent. 
 Spur filiform, twice as long as the germen. 
 
 3. HABENARIA. Br. Habenaria. 
 
 Flower ringent. Lip spurred. Glands of the stalks of the 
 pollen-masses naked, distant. Name ; habena, a thong or lash, 
 which the spur sometimes resembles. 
 
 Gynandria. Monandria. 
 
 1. H. viridis, Br. Green Habenaria. Spur very short, 
 two-lobed; lip linear, bifid, with an intermediate tooth; brae- 
 teas much longer than the flowers; tubers palmate. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 373. Orchis viridis, Sm. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 20. Satyrium 
 viride, Linn. E. Bot. t. 94. 
 
 Dry hilly pastures, not unfrequent. Fl. June, July. If. Stem six 
 to eight inches high. Lower leaves nearly ovate, obtuse. Calyx and 
 lateral petals connivent and forming a helmet, green. Lip small, 
 greenish-brown. 
 
 2. H. albida, Br. Small white Habenaria. Spur obtuse, 
 much shorter than the germen ; lip 3-cleft, the segments acute; 
 the middle one the longest ; sepals and lateral petals nearly 
 equal, ovate, concave. Br. Fl. 1. p. 373. Orchis albida, 
 Sm. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 18. Satyrium albidum, Linn. E. Bot. 
 t. 505. 
 
 Mountain pastures, not unfrequent. Luggelaw and other places in 
 the County of Wicklow. Abundant in Antrim and Derry ; Mr. Ttm- 
 pleton and Mr. D. Moore. FL June, July. 1(1. About a span high. 
 Leaves oblong, striated, lower ones obtuse. Flowers white, small, 
 fragrant ; lip scarcely longer than the calyx, deflexed. 
 
 3. H. bifolia, Br. Butterfly Habenaria. Spur filiform, 
 twice as long as the germen ; lip linear, entire ; upper sepal 
 and the lateral petals connivent ; radical leaves two, oblongo- 
 ovate, attenuated at the base. Br. Fl. 1. p. 374. Orchis 
 bifolia, Linn E. Bot. t. 22. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 9. 
 
 Moist boggy meadows and copses, frequent. Fl. June. % . Tu* 
 
278 ORCHIDEvE. [Neottia. 
 
 bers undivided, tapering. Stem 1 1 foot high, with two, rarely 
 three, large, radical leaves, and three to four very small, cauline ones. 
 Spike long, of numerous rather large, yellowish-white, very fragrant 
 flowers. The bases of the cells of the anther are very distant from 
 each other. This is the genus Platanthera of Richard. 
 
 4. H. chlorantha, Hook. Yellow Butterfly Habenaria. " Spur 
 half as long again as the germen ; lip ovato-lanceolate, scarcely 
 longer than the petals ; cauline-leaves lanceolate, radical ones 
 two, obovate, patent." Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 376. Platanthera 
 chlorantha, " Oust" Reich. FL Germ. Exsicc. Sect. 1. p. 1-20. 
 Lindl. Gen. et Sp. Orchid, ined. Orchis bifolia, PI. Dan. 
 t. 235. Hooker. 
 
 On Ma'am, Cunnamara, Aug. 1835 ; Chas. C. Babington, Esq. Fl. 
 June, "lit . Now that the plant has been described by Dr. Hooker, in the 
 3d edition of his excellent Flora of the plants of Britain quoted above, it 
 will probably be found in other parts of the country, where it may have 
 been overlooked for H. bifolia. " Stouter than the preceding, differ- 
 ing in the form and direction of the leaves, and in the larger and 
 greener flowers, which expand at an earlier season." Reichenbach. 
 Hooker. 
 
 4. OPHRYS. Linn. Ophrys. 
 
 Perianth somewhat patent. Lip without a spur. Glands of 
 the stalks of the pollen-masses in a distinct little pouch. 
 Name ; o<ppw, the eye-brow y which Pliny says this plant was 
 used to blacken. Gynandria. Monandria. 
 
 1. O. apifera, Huds. Bee Ophrys. Lip tumid, trifid and 
 reflexed at the extremity ; the intermediate lobe trifid, its middle 
 segments longest, subulate ; anther elongated, with a hooked 
 point. Br. Fl. 1. p. 375. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 30. E. Bot. t. 65. 
 
 Sandy and clayey soils, also in limestone districts. Portmarnock ; 
 field near Kingstown, and near Bray-head, in various places. Near 
 Geneva Barracks, County of Waterford ; Doctor Barker. Fl. July. 
 1^. Flowers large. Calyx purplish or greenish-white : lateral pe- 
 tals oblong, very small, of the same colour. Lip velvety or silky, of 
 a rich brown, variegated with yellow. The only species of this inte- 
 resting genus, (of which there are five species in England,) yet ob- 
 served in Ireland. 
 
 * * Anther parallel with the stigma. Pollen-masses farina- 
 ceous, or composed of angular grains, fixed to the apex of the 
 stigma, not stalked. 
 
 5. NEOTTIA. Jacq. Lady's Tresses. 
 
 Perianth converging, two lateral calyx-leaves including the 
 base of the beardless lip. Column wingless. Pollen fari- 
 naceous. Br. Name, yeo-ma, a Bird's-nest, formerly ap- 
 
Listen.] OllCHIDE^E. 279 
 
 plied by Dodonaeus, and even by Linnaeus, to our Listera 
 Nidus- Avis, on account of its densely tufted fibres ; but sub- 
 sequently abandoned. It has since been chosen by Jacquin 
 for the present genus, which is sanctioned by the high autho- 
 rity of Swartz, Willdenow, Smith, and Brown. " It is Spi- 
 ranthes of Richard." (Hooker.) 
 
 Gynandria. Monandria. 
 
 1. N. spiralis, Rich. Fragrant Lady s Tresses. Root-leaves 
 oblong, subpetiolate ; spike twisted, unilateral ; lip oblong. 
 Br. FL 1. p. 376. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 35. Ophrys spiralis, Linn. 
 E.Bot. t. 541. 
 
 Dry pastures. I found this on Bray -common, in August, 1810, 
 where it was subsequently observed by Doctor Taylor. Phoenix Park, 
 between Chapelizod and the Magazine ; Mr. Leslie Ogilby and Mr. 
 J. Johnston. Near Cork ; Rev. William Hincks. Fl. Aug. Sept. 
 %.. Tubers oblong-, three to four. Stem four to six inches high, 
 rather bracteated than leafy. Flowers singularly spiral on the stalk, 
 greenish-white. Upper sepal and two inner petals combined. Lip 
 longer than the rest of the flower, oblong, broader and crenate at the 
 apex. Stigma and anther both acuminate. 
 
 2. N. gemmipara, Sm. Proliferous Ladys Tresses. Leaves 
 lanceolate, as tall as the stalk; spike 3-ranked, twisted; brae- 
 teas glabrous. Br. Fl. I. p. 377. E. FL v. iv. p. 36. E. Bot. 
 Suppl. t. 2786. 
 
 Dunboy, near Bearhaven, County of Cork, 18 10, in small quantities ; 
 Mr. J. Drummond, but no one has since found it. Fl. July. 2. 
 I have riot seen a specimen of this rare plant. 
 
 6. LISTERA. Br. Bird's-nest or Twayblade. 
 
 Perianth irregular. Lip 2-lobed. Column wingless. Anther 
 fixed by its base. Pollen farinaceous. Br. Named in ho- 
 nour of Dr. Martin Lister; an eminent British Naturalist. 
 
 Gynandria. Monandria. 
 
 1. L. ovata, Br. Common Twayblade. Stem with only a 
 pair of ovato- elliptical opposite leaves ; column of fructification, 
 with a crest in which the anther is placed. Br. Fl. 1. p. 377. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 37. Ophrys ovata, Linn. E. Bot. t. 1548. 
 
 Woods and sandy moist meadows, frequent. FL June. 14- 'One 
 foot high. Leaves striated. Flowers distant upon the spike, yel- 
 lowish-green. Calyx-segments (sepals) ovate ; two lateral petals 
 linear-oblong ; lip long, bifid, without any teeth at the base. Bracteas 
 very short. 
 
 2. L. cordata, Br. Heart-leaved Twayblade. Stem with 
 only two, cordate, opposite leaves; column without any crest; 
 lip with a tooth on each side at the base. Br. PL 1. p. 377. 
 E. FL v. iv. p. 3S. Ophrys cordata, Linn.E. Bot. t. 358. 
 
 Moist heaths among moss. At Lough Bray, above the lower lake ; 
 
280 ORCHIDE^:. [Epipactis. 
 
 Doctor Stokes. County of Donegal ; JR. Brown, Esq. Near Cul- 
 lenagh, Queen's County ; Mr. Bradburry. On the heath in New- 
 townards Park. Near Moneymore, Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. FL 
 July, Aug. %. Root a few long- fleshy fibres. Stems three to 
 five inches high. (Nearly two feet high in Newtownards Park, over- 
 shadowed with heath ; Mr. Templeton.) Flowers few, very small, 
 spiked, greenish-brown. Leaves of the Perianth somewhat spreading, 
 those of the Calyx ovate. Lateral petals linear, oblong. Lip pend- 
 ant, linear. 
 
 3. L. Nidus-Avis, Hook. Common Bird's-nest. Stems with 
 sheathing scales, leafless; column without any crest; lip linear- 
 oblong, with two spreading lobes, toothless at the base. Br. 
 Fl. \.p. 377. Hook, in FL Lond. N. S. t. 38. E. FL v. iv. 
 p. 38. Ophrys Nidus- Avis, Linn. E. Eot. t. 48. 
 
 Shady woods. In Collin Glen, near Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. 
 Farnham-woods, where it was first observed by Mr. Joseph Archibald. 
 Glenarm ; Mr. Robert Patterson. Glen of Altmore, Cushendall ; 
 Mr. Wm. Thomson. FL May, June. 1. Roots of many short, 
 thick, densely aggregated, fleshy fibres. Stem about a foot high. 
 Flowers spiked, of a dingy brown. Calyx-leaves and lateral petals 
 oblong-oval, nearly equal. Lobes of the lip spreading. This can 
 scarcely be generically distinguished from the. preceding. (Hooker.} 
 
 * * H Anther terminal, persistent. Pollen-masses pulveru- 
 lent or composed of angular granules, eventually fixed to the 
 back of the stigma. 
 
 7. EPIPACTIS. Br. Helleborine. 
 
 Lip very concave at the base, the extremity undivided or three- 
 lobed, the middle lobe large, and as it were, jointed. Pollen 
 farinaceous. Br. Name, given to some kind of Helleborine 
 by the Greeks. Gynandria. Monandria. 
 
 1. E. latifolia, Swartz. Broad-leaved Helleborine. Leaves 
 broadly ovate, amplexicaul ; perianth connivent, lower bracteas 
 longer than the drooping flowers ; lip 3-lobed, middle lobe 
 roundish, shortly acuminated. Br. Fl. 1. p. 378. Hook, in 
 Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 102. E. Fl. v. iv.p. 4Q.Serapias latifolia, 
 Linn.E. Bot. t. 269. 
 
 Shady woods. Sans Souci, near Bray ; Farnham, and many other 
 places. Fl. July, Aug. 1. Root creeping, with long fibres. Stem 
 one to three feet high. Upper leaves lanceolate. Flowers in a very 
 long, lax spike, greenish purple, but varying very much in intensity. 
 
 2. E. palustris, Sw. Marsh Helleborine. Leaves lanceo- 
 late ; perianth patent; bracteas mostly shorter than the slightly 
 drooping flowers; lip 3-lobed, middle lobe oval, crenate, retuse, 
 longer than the rest of the perianth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 378. Hook. 
 in R Lond. N. S. t. 89. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 42. Serapias palus- 
 tris, Scop. E. Bot. t. 270. S. longifolia, Linn. 
 
Malaxis.] ORCHIDE^. 281 
 
 Moist and sandy ground. Plentiful at Portrnarnock, and marshy 
 ground about Enniskerry, and other similar situations. On the shore 
 near Belfast; Mr. Templeton. Fl. July. %. Stem one foot high, 
 purplish above. Calyx purple green ; lateral petals and lip white, 
 with rose-coloured streaks at the base. 
 
 3. E. grandiflora, Sm. Large White Helleborine. " Leaves 
 ovato-lanceolate, sessile ; bracteas much longer than the erect 
 flowers ; perianth patent ; lip 3-lobed, middle lobe large, oval, 
 retuse, shorter than the rest of the perianth." Br. Fl. 1. p. 378. 
 E. Fl. v. iv.p. 43. E. pallens, Sw.Hook in FL Lond. N. S. 
 t. 76. Serapias grandiflora* Linn. E. Bot. t. 271. 
 
 Woods. Found by Mr. Geo. Whitla, in the County of Antrim, in 
 July 1835 ; Mr. Campbell. Fl. June. 1. "Stem a foot or more high. 
 Calyx-leaves and petals nearly equal, large, oblongo-ovate, white, con- 
 cave, including the small lip, which is also white, but yellowish within. 
 Column of fructification in this and the following species very long : 
 in the preceding ones very short." 
 
 4. E. ensifolia, Svv. Narrow-leaved White Helleborine. 
 Leaves lanceolate, much acuminated, subciistichous ; bracteas 
 very minute, subulate; flowers erect; lip 3-lobed, middle lobe 
 large, roundish, obtuse, much shorter than the rest of the pe- 
 rianth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 379. Hook, in FL Lond. N. S. t. 77. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 44. Serapias ensifolia, Linn. E. Bot. t. 494. 
 
 Wood at Glengariff, where I first observed it, in company with the 
 late Miss Hutchins, but without flowers, when I thought it might have 
 been E. pallens of Brown in Hort. Kew., and inserted it in my cata- 
 logue under that name. Miss Hutchins having since sent me flowering 
 specimens, I am now enabled to correct my mistake. Fl. June. 1L. 
 Readily distinguished by its long lanceolate leaves, the uppermost of 
 which is almost linear, and by its very minute bracteas. 
 
 jj< jfc % % Anther terminal, deciduous. Pollen-masses at length 
 
 waxy. 
 
 8. MALAXIS. Swartz. Bog-Orchis. 
 
 Perianth spreading ; lip without a spur, very small, superior, 
 undivided : two lateral petals reflexed, smaller than the calyx- 
 leaves. Column very short. Pollen-masses in two pairs. 
 Name : /taXa/as, softness, from the tender nature of the plant. 
 
 Gynandria. Monandria. 
 
 1. M. paluiosa, Swartz. Marsh Bog- On his. Leaves 4 
 5 oval, very concave, papillose at the extremity ;* lip concave, 
 
 * These papilla? the Rev. Professor Henslow has clearly ascertained to be 
 little bulbous gemmce, as he has described and figured them in the Gardener's 
 Magazine, v. 1. p. 442. Mr. W. Wilson confirms this interesting state- 
 ment, and further finds an hybernaculum formed in the autumn among the 
 decayed leaves. Thus, independent of the seeds, this curious little plant has 
 a two- fold mode of increase. Hook. 
 
 M M 
 
282 MELANTHACE^l. [Cokhicwn. 
 
 acute. Br. Fl. 1. p. 37. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 47. E. BoL t. 729. 
 Ophrys paludosa, Linn. 
 
 Spongy bos, in many places, but apt to be overlooked on account 
 of its small size. In a marshy spot above Fowerscourt Waterfall, and 
 at Tittour, County of Wicklow, as well as in the southern and northern 
 counties, but never in great quantity. Fl. Aug. Sept. 1. Stem two 
 to four inches high. Flowers erect, minute, in a small greenish spike. 
 Calyx of three ovate, horizontal spreading leaves, two of them erect, 
 their bases embracing the base of the superior lip, which is thus also 
 erect. Two lateral petals recurved. 
 
 ORD. 82. MEL A NTH AC EJE. Batsch. Colchicum Family. 
 
 Perianth free, petaloid, 6-partite, tubular by the union of the 
 claws, with the segments in aestivation often involute. Stamens 
 six : anthers often turned outwards. Ovary 3-celled, many- 
 seeded; style trifid or tripartite ; stigmas undivided. Capsule 
 often separable into three, sometimes with the valves bearing 
 the dissepiment in the middle. Seeds with a membranaceous 
 testa, (neither black nor crustaceous.) Albumen dense, fleshy. 
 Herbaceous plants, with fibrous, sometimes fascicled, rarely 
 bulbous roots. Flowers either arising immediately from the root, 
 or in panicles on tall leafy stems, or in spikes or racemes upon 
 naked scapes. 
 
 An acrid and highly dangerous Family, powerfully narcotic, 
 diuretic and cathartic. 
 
 1. COLCHICUM. Linn. Meadow-saffron. 
 
 Perianth single, tubular, very long, rising from a spatha ; limb 
 campanulate, 6- parted, petaloid. Capsules 3-celled; cells 
 united at the base. Named from Colchis, where it was said 
 to grow abundantly. Hexandria. Trigynia. 
 
 1. C. autumnale. Linn. Common Meadow-saffron. Leaves 
 plane, broadly lanceolate, erect. Br. FL 1. p. 172. E. Fl. 
 v. lip. 202. ~E. Bot.t. 133. 
 
 Meadows and pastures. Banks of the Shannon below Limerick. 
 Meadows by the river-side, between Kilkenny and Innistiogue ; Mr. 
 Robertson. Near Carlow ; Mr. S. C. Hope Cooper. FL Sept. 
 Oct. 11. Bulb solid, ^'he flowers appear in succession, rising from 
 the bulb, with a very lonff, narrow tube, surrounded at the base with a 
 membranous sheath. The stamens are inserted on the oblong-ovate 
 segments of the pale purple perianth. Germen at the base of the 
 bulb, its long thread-like styles running up the whole length of the 
 tube. The leaves and fruit appear in spring, and are withered before 
 summer. Its properties are said to be similar to those of the officinal 
 
Narcissus.] AMARYLLIDE^. 283 
 
 Squill, and it has been employed as a substitute for the famous Gout- 
 medicine, commonly called Eau medicinale. It seldom produces seed 
 in this country. 
 
 ORD. 83. AMARYLLIDE^. Br. Amaryllis Family. 
 
 Perianth of six divisions, regular, with an imbricated aestiva- 
 tion, the three outer segments overlapping the inner. Stamens 
 six, inserted at the bottom of the segments of the perianth ; 
 filaments sometimes combined at the base ; anthers opening in- 
 wards. Ovary 3-celled, with the cells many-seeded ; sometimes 
 (in the baccate fruits) one to two-seeded : style one : stigma 3- 
 iobed. Pericarp either a 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded cap- 
 sule, with the valves bearing the dissepiment in the middle, or 
 sometimes a 1 3-seeded berry. Seeds with a testa, which is 
 neither black nor crustaceous. Albumen fleshy. Embryo 
 nearly straight: radicle directed to the hilum. Bulbous or 
 fibrous-rooted plants, chiefly of warm countries. 
 
 1. GALANTHUS. Linn. Snowdrop. 
 
 Perianth petaloid, of six pieces, the three outer spreading, three 
 inner smaller, erect, emarginate. Flowers from a spatha. 
 Name from <yaXa, milk, and avGos, a flower. 
 
 Hexandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. G. nivalis, Linn. Snowdrop. Br. Fl. 1. p. 151. E. Fl. 
 v. ii. jo. 129. E. Bot. t. 19. 
 
 Woods, orchards, and lawns, scarcely indigenous. Fl. Feb. 1. 
 Bulb ovate. Leaves two, broadly linear, glaucous-green. Flowers 
 solitary, drooping, handsome, rendering this plant a general favourite. 
 
 2. NARCISSUS. Linn. Daffodil. 
 
 Perianth superior, coloured, funnel-shaped, with a spreading 6- 
 parted limb, and a campanulate or cup-shaped crown or nec- 
 tary, within which are the stamens. Flowers from a spatha. 
 Name from vapicrj, stupor, in allusion to the powerful and 
 injurious smell of its flowers. More immediately derivable 
 from the youth Narcissus, who was fabled to be changed into 
 this flower. An inhabitant sometimes of watery places by 
 the banks of streams. Hexandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. N. Psuedo-narcissus, Linn. Common Daffodil. Spatha 
 single-flowered ; nectary campanulate, erect, crisped at the 
 margin, obsoletely 6-cleft, as long as the ovate segments of the 
 perianth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 152. E. FL v. ii. p. 132. E. Bot. 
 t. 17. 
 
281 ASPHODELE^:. [Narcissus. 
 
 The true N. Pseudo-narcissus described above, I have not seen in 
 a wild state in Ireland. N. major of Curtis Bot. Mag., so common 
 every where in lawns, and often mistaken for it, being the plant alluded 
 to as N. Pseudo-narcissus in my Cat. of Irish plants. Mr. Drum- 
 mond, however, enumerates it among- the naturalized species found near 
 Cork. Fl. March, April. TJL. The N. Pseudo-narcissus of E. Bot. 
 which grows in a wild situation within ten miles of Manchester, of 
 which the late Mr. Hobson sent me plants, is never more than half the 
 size of N. major, and produces flowers of a pale colour, whereas the 
 other has the flowers of an uniform golden yellow in the single as 
 well as the double variety, as stated by Sir J. E. Smith, in E. Botany. 
 
 2. N. poeticus, Linn. Poetic Narcissus. Spatha mostly 
 single-flowered ; nectary very short, concave, membranous and 
 crenate at the margin ; leaves with an obtuse keel. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 152. E. Fl. v. \\.p. 131. E. Bot. t. 276. N. majalis, Curt. 
 Mag. 1. 193, at the end. 
 
 Naturalized about Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. FL May. %. 
 This is the well-known Poet's-narcissus of the gardens, of which 
 there is a fine double variety, and both are general favourites on account 
 of their fragrance and beauty. I have another plant, which I received 
 from the late Mr. George Anderson as the true N. poeticus of E. Bo- 
 tany, that flowers in April (fully three weeks before the other), but in 
 other respects there is scarcely any difference. This is not to be con- 
 founded with the more slender and less elegant N. angustifolius of 
 Curtis, which flowers about the same time. 
 
 3. N. biflorus, Curtis. Pale Narcissus. Spatha 2-flowered ; 
 nectary very short, concave, membranous, and crenate at 
 the margins ; leaves acutely keeled. Br. Fl. 1. p. 152. E.Fl. 
 v. ii. p. 132. E. Bot. t. 276. 
 
 Fields near Dublin, abundant. Fl. April, May. 1. Similar to 
 the last in the general form of thejlowerg, but rather smaller, and not 
 of so pure a white, and without the coloured border to the nectary, 
 with a less agreeable scent. Very rarely one-flowered, as is the other 
 two-flowered. 
 
 ORD. 84. ASPHODELE^E. Br. Asphodel Family. 
 
 Perianth 6-partite or 6-cleft, petaloid, regular. Stamens six, 
 inserted upon the perianth, or hypogynous ; the three that are 
 opposite the outer leaflets sometimes dissimilar or wanting. 
 Ovary free, 3-celled, with the cells many, rarely 2-seeded : 
 style one; stigma undivided or shortly 3-lobed. Pericarp, in 
 most, a 3-celled, 3-valved capsule, with the valves bearing the 
 dissepiments : sometimes an undivided or rarely a tripartite 
 berry. Seeds with a black crustaceous fragile testa. Albumen 
 fleshy, including the embryo. 
 
 A bitter viscid juice prevails in many plants of this family. 
 
Mium.] ASPHODELE.E. 285 
 
 1. ALLIUM. Linn. Onion. 
 
 Perianth inferior, petaloid, of six ovate spreading pieces. Cap- 
 sule triquetrous. (Flowers umbellate, arising from a two- 
 leaved spatha.) Name from the Celtic all, which signifies 
 acrid, burning. ( Theis.) Hexandria. Monogynia. 
 
 j(s Stem-leaves plane. 
 
 1. A. arenarium, Linn. Sand Garlic. Umbels bearing 
 bulbs, compact, spherical ; leaves linear, with cylindrical 
 sheaths; three alternate stamens 3-cleft; leaves of the spatha 
 short, obtuse. Br. Fl. 1. p. 153. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 134. E. 
 Bot. t. 1358. 
 
 Sand-hills at Portmarnock and Feltrum-hill. South Isles of Arran ; 
 Messrs. Thomson and Ball. Fl. July. If.. Stem two to three feet 
 high, leafy below, rounded, glabrous. Heads dense, with purple 
 flowers, rather small. Spatha often of three very short, ovate, obtuse 
 
 segments. 
 
 2. A. carinatum, Linn. Mountain Garlic. Umbels bearing 
 bulbs, lax; leaves linear, keeled; stamens all simple; leaves of 
 the spatha very long, unequal. Br. Fl. 1. p. 154. E. FL 
 v. ii.p. 135. E. Bot.t. 1658. 
 
 In a field on the north side of the Royal Canal, above Phibsborough- 
 bridge ; Dr. Scott. FL July. Ii . Three feet high. Stems rounded, 
 glabrous, leafy below. Flowers upon long wavy peduncles, pale 
 brownish-white. 
 
 s| * Stem-leaves rounded. 
 
 3. A. vineale, Linn. Crow Garlic. Umbel bearing nume- 
 rous bulbs; leaves fistulose ; stamens deeply 3-cleft. Br. FL 1. 
 p. 154. E. FL v. ii. p. 137. E. Bot. t. 1974. 
 
 Too common in meadows and pastures about Dublin. FL June. 
 %. Stem one and a half to two feet high. Bulbs numerous. Spatha 
 of two rather small deciduous leaves. Flowers on longish peduncles, 
 which are thickened upwards, few, erect, reddish, green on the keels, 
 shorter than the stamens, whose filaments as well as the anthers are 
 protruded. 
 
 * * # Leaves all radical. 
 
 4. A. ursinum, Linn. Broad-leaved Garlic or Ramsom. 
 Umbel nearly plane ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, on footstalks ; 
 scape triangular. Br. Fl. 1. p. 154. E. FL v. \\. p. 137. E. 
 Bot. t. 122. 
 
 Woods and hedge-banks, frequent. FL June. '!. Flowers white. 
 Umbels without bulbs, level topped. Spatha of two ovato-lanccolate 
 leaves. 
 
286 SMILACEJL [Hyacinthus. 
 
 2. SCILLA. Linn. Squill. 
 
 Perianth inferior, of six leaves, petaloid, spreading and deci- 
 duous. Filaments filiform, glabrous, inserted at the base of 
 the perianth. (Flowers racemed.J Name, from ffKv\\u), to 
 injure : in Arabic also, dsgyl. The root of S. maritima is 
 said to be highly poisonous, and a valuable medicine. 
 
 Hexandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. S. verna, Huds. Vernal Squill. Bulb coated ; raceme in 
 an hemispherical corymb, few-flowered ; bracteas lanceolate, 
 obtuse ; leaves linear, channelled. Br. Fl. 1. p. 156. E. Fl. 
 v. ii. p. 145. E. Bot. t. 23. 
 
 Maritime situations. On Hovvth. Ireland's Eye, Killiney-hill, and 
 other places on the eastern coast. Fl. April. 1 . Plant four to live 
 inches high. Leaves few, nearly as long as the scape. Flowers fra- 
 grant, deep blue. 
 
 3. HYACINTHUS. Linn. Hyacinth. 
 
 Perianth inferior, of one piece, petaloid, 6-cleft, or 6-parted, 
 tubular, reflexed at the extremity. Stamens inserted upon 
 the segments, included. Named from the youth Hyacinthus^ 
 who, being killed by Apollo, was changed by him into a 
 plant, whose foliage bore the initials of his name. Our only 
 British species, having no such mark or figure, was hence 
 called non-scriptus. Hexandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. H. non-scriptus, Linn. Wild Hyacinth or Hare-bell. 
 Flowers in a raceme, drooping ; perianth 6-partite, the extre- 
 mities reflexed; bracteas in pairs. Br. Fl. 1. p. 156. Scilla 
 nutans, E. Bot. t. 377. E. FL v. ii. p. 147. 
 
 Woods, copses, and groves, frequent. Fl. May. 1. Flowers 
 blue, varying with white or more rarely rose-coloured flowers. Leaves 
 long, linear, channelled, acuminate. Scape one foot high, with two 
 bracteas at the base of each short pedicel. The habit of this plant, as 
 Dr. Hooker remarks, is surely more the habit of the H. orientalis than 
 of any true Scilla. 
 
 ORD. 85. SMILACE.^E. Br. Smilax Family. 
 
 Flowers perfect or dioecious. Perianth free, petaloid, 6-parted. 
 Stamens six, inserted near the base upon the lacinise, rarely 
 hypogynous. Ovary 3-celled, with the cells 1- or many-seeded : 
 style mostly trifid : stigmas as many as there are styles, or divi- 
 sions of the styles. (The parts of the flower are quaternary in 
 
Paris.] BUTOMEjE. 287 
 
 Paris.) Berry globose. Seed with a membranaceous (not 
 black nor crustaceous) testa. Albumen between fleshy and 
 cartilaginous. Embryo frequently remote from the hilum. 
 Herbaceous plants or under-shrubs, often with a tendency to 
 climb. Leaves with parallel veins. 
 
 1. CONVALLARIA. Linn. Lily of the Valley. 
 
 Perianth inferior, petaloid, deciduous, G-cleft, globose or cylin- 
 drical. Berry 3-celled. Seeds 1 2 in each cell. Name ; 
 convallis, a valley, from the locality of the species. 
 
 Hexandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. C. majaliS) Linn. Lily of the Valley. Scape semi- 
 cylindrical ; leaves two, ovato-lanceolate, radical ; flowers ra- 
 cemed, globoso-campanulate, drooping. Br. Fl. 1. p. 152. E. 
 Ft. v. ii. /;. 154. E. Bot. t. 1035. 
 
 Woods, scarcely indigenous. In a wood at Chaffpool, near Bally- 
 moate ; Mrs. Armstrong. FL May. 1 . Flowers very pure white, 
 fragrant, segments curved back. Berries red, globose. 
 
 2. PARIS. Linn. Herb Paris. 
 
 Calyx of four sepals. Petals four. Cells of the anthers fixed 
 one on each side the middle of a subulate filament. Berry 
 4-celled ; each cell with several seeds in two rows. Named, it 
 is said, from par, parts, equal, on account of the regu- 
 larity of its leaves and flowers. 
 
 Octandria. Tetragynia. 
 
 1. P. quadrifolia, Linn. Common Herb Paris. Leaves 
 ovate, four in a whorl. Br. Fl. I. p. 184. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 241. 
 E. Bot. t. 7. 
 
 Moist and wet shady woods. Ross Island, Killarney, (" Smith's 
 Kerry.") Fl. May, June. 1. Stem one foot high, with four, rarely 
 five, whorled, large, ovate, acute leaves at its summit, the rest leafless. 
 Flower single, terminal, on a foot-stalk about two inches long. Calyx 
 of six linear-lanceolate, green leaflets ; petals similar to these, but 
 narrower and more yellow. Hoots purgative. Berry esteemed poi- 
 sonous, but it has been employed in curing inflammation in the eyes. 
 
 ORD. 86. BUTOME^E. Rich. Flowering-rush Family. 
 
 Perianth of six divisions, in two rows ; outer sometimes her- 
 baceous, inner petaloid. Stamens definite or indefinite. Ova- 
 ries three to six, or more, more or less free or united : styles 
 and stigmas of the same number. Follicles many-seeded, dis- 
 tinct and rostrate, or united into a single mass. Seeds very 
 
RESTIAOEjE. [Butonua. 
 
 minute, attached to the whole of the inner surface of the peri- 
 carp. Albumen none. Embryo straight or curved ; its radicle 
 next the hilum. Aquatic plants. Leaves very vascular, often 
 yielding a milky juice, with parallel veins. Flowers in umbels, 
 conspicuous, purple or yellow. 
 
 1. BUTOMUS. Linn. Flowering-rush. 
 
 Perianth single, coloured, 6-parted, inferior. Capsules six, 
 many-seeded. Seeds fixed to the inner lining of the capsule. 
 Named from paws, an ox, and refivw, to cut, because the 
 sharp leaves injure the mouths of cattle that browze upon 
 them. Enneandria. Hexagynia. 
 
 1. B. uwbellatus, Linn. Common Flowering-rush. Leaves 
 linear-subulate, trigonous ; spatha of three leaves. Br. Fl. 1. 
 p. 185. E. FL v. ii. p. 245. E. Bot. t. 651. 
 
 Ditches, and by the sides of rivers. Banks of the Shannon at Cas- 
 tle-Connel, and other places near Limerick ; abundant in ditches near 
 Corrofin, and other places in the County of Clare ; in a ditch near 
 Lord Cloncurry's demesne, County of Kildare. It has also been ob- 
 served by Doctor H. Hincks and the late Mr. Thomas Drummond, 
 near Fermoy-bridge, County of Cork. Fl. June, July. 1. Hoot 
 white, tuberous. Leaves all radical, two to three feet long, linear, 
 acuminate, acutely trigonous, more or less spirally twisted at the ex- 
 tremity. Scape longer than the leaves, rounded. Umbel of many 
 rose-col oured flowers, on pedicels about four inches long, with scariose 
 sheathing bracteas at the base ; and these having a triphyllous mem- 
 branous spatha or involucre beneath them. Germens ovate, com- 
 pressed. Style about as long as the aermen, with a recurved cleft 
 stigma. Seeds parietal, or fixed to the inner surface of the pericarp, 
 extremely small. A highly ornamental plant. 
 
 ORD. 87. RESTIACE^E. Br. Pipe-wort Family. 
 
 Perianth free, two to six-partite, rarely wanting. Stamens 
 (Infinite, one to six, with from two to three inserted upon the 
 four to six-partite perianth, and opposite the inner segments ; 
 anthers usually 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled, the cells 1-seeded; 
 ovules pendulous. Pericarp capsular, or nut-like. Seed in- 
 verted. Albumen of the same shape with the seed. Embryo 
 lentiform, on the outside of the albumen, in the lower extremity 
 of the seed, remote from the hilum. Herbaceous or somewhat 
 shrubby plants. Leaves simple, narrow or none. Culms naked 
 or often sheathing ; the sheaths cleft on one side, with equitant 
 margins. Flowers usually aggregated, spiked or capitate, sepa- 
 rated witfi bracteas, and generally monoecious. 
 
Juncus.] JUNCE.E. 289 
 
 1. ERIOCAULON. Linn. Pipework 
 
 Flowers collected into a compact, scaly head. Barren fl. in 
 the centre. Perianth single, four to six-cleft, the inner seg- 
 ments united to their summit. Stamens four to six. Fertile 
 fl. in the circumference. Perianth single, deeply 4-parted. 
 Style one. Stigmas two to three, Capsules two to three- 
 lobed, two to three-celled. Cells 1 -seeded. Name ; epiov, 
 wool, and /cavXos, the stem ; in allusion to the downy stems 
 of the species first known. Mon&cia. Hexandria. 
 
 1. E. septangulare, With. Jointed Pipewort. Scapes stri- 
 ated, longer than the cellular, compressed, subulate, glabrous 
 leaves ; flowers four-cleft, hairy at the extremities as well as the 
 scales; stamens four; capsule 2-celled. Br. Fl. I. p. 404. E. 
 Fl. v. iv. p. 140. E. Bot. t. 733. 
 
 Lakes in Cunnarnara, where it was first observed by Doctor Wade, 
 abundant. FL Aug. 1. Roots creeping-, and throwing out innu- 
 merable, white, curiously articulated fibres, which penetrate deep into 
 the mud. Leaves pellucid, beautifully cellular, as is the scape. Head 
 of numerous, compact, minute flowers ; each with an obovate, mem- 
 branous, concave scale-, nearly as long as itself. 
 
 ORD. 88. JUNCE^. Juss. (in part.) Rush Family. 
 
 Flowers perfect or separated. Perianth free, of six divisions, 
 somewhat glumaceous. Stamens six, inserted at the base of 
 the segments of the perianth; sometimes three, and opposite 
 the exterior segments : anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1 3-celled, 
 1- or many-seeded, or 1-celled and 3-seeded : stigmas generally 
 three, sometimes one. Pericarp capsular, 3-valved, with the 
 valves bearing the dissepiments in the middle, sometimes with- 
 out valves, and by imperfection, 1-seeded. Seed with a testa, 
 which is neither black nor crustaceous. Albumen dense and 
 fleshy or cartilaginous. Embryo included. Herbaceous plants, 
 very generally distributed, with fascicled or fibrous roots. Leaves 
 flat, with parallel veins, or fistular and harsh. Flowers gene- 
 rally brown or greenish ; yellow in Narthecium. 
 
 1. JUNCUS. Linn. Rush. 
 
 Perianth inferior, of six leaves, glumaceous. Capsules 3-celled, 
 3-valved, valves with the seed-bearing dissepiments in their 
 middle. (Leaves rigid, mostly rounded, rarely plane, gla- 
 brous.) Name from jungo, to join, the leaves and stems of 
 this genus having been employed as cordage. 
 
 Hexandria. Monogynia. 
 
 N N 
 
290 JUNCE^E. [Juncm. 
 
 * Leaves none. Barren scapes resembling leaves. Panicle 
 lateral. Flowers scattered. 
 
 1. J. glaucus, Sibth. Hard Rush. Scape deeply striated, 
 rigid ; panicle much branched ; leaves of the perianth lanceo- 
 lato-subulate, nearly equal, longer than the elliptical capsule. 
 Br. Fl. I. p. 160. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 160. E. Bot. t. 665. 
 
 Wet pastures and low meadows. Fl. July. If. Root creeping-. 
 Scapes about two feet high, glaucous, rigid, at the base covered with 
 deep purple-brown, membranaceous, shining sheaths. Panicle lax, 
 erect. Flowers slender, pale brown, with a broad green line down the 
 middle of each leaflet of the perianth. Bracteas also small and acu- 
 minate. 
 
 2. J. effusus, Linn. Soft Rush. Scapes very faintly striated, 
 soft ; panicle loose, very much branched, spreading ; leaflets of 
 the perianth lanceolate, nearly acuminate, rather longer than 
 the obovate obtuse capsule. Br. Fl. 1. p. 160. E. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 162. E. Bot. t. 836. 
 
 Wet marshy grounds, common. Fl. July. 1. Distinguishable 
 from the last by its soft, pliable, almost smooth (scarcely striated) 
 scapes, and spreading, denser, arid shorter panicles. 
 
 3. J. conglomerate, Linn. Common Rush. Scapes very 
 faintly striated, (soft) ; panicle much branched, very dense, glo- 
 bose ; leaflets of the perianth lanceolate, acute, nearly equal, 
 about as long as the broadly ovate very obtuse capsule ; sta- 
 mens three. Br. Fl. 1. p. 160. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 160. E. Bot. 
 t. 1836. 
 
 Wet and marshy ground, frequent. Fl. July. If. Panicle very 
 dense. Scape resembling the last. Wicks of candles are made of the 
 pith of this as well as of the last species. 
 
 ;jc jj< Leaves none. Barren scapes resembling leaves. Panicle 
 terminal. Flowers aggregated. 
 
 4. J. maritimus, Sm. Lesser sharp Sea Rusk. Barren 
 scapes and outer bracteas pungent; panicle very compound; 
 clusters 4 8-flowered; leaflets of the perianth equal, lanceo- 
 late, acute, as long as the elliptical mucronated capsule. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 161. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 159. E. Bot. t. 1725. J. acutus, 
 P. Linn. 
 
 Sandy salt marshes about Kingstown, Bullock, and various other 
 places. Near Cork; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. Aug. If. Scapes two 
 to three feet high, stiff, and very tough. Outer bractea, or portion 
 that rises above the panicle, broad and membranous at the base. Calyx- 
 leaves acute, with a membranous wavy border, often jagged towards 
 the point. 
 
 5. J. acutus. Linn. Great sharp Sea Rush. Barren scapes 
 and outer bracteas pungent; panicles very compound, mostly 
 
Juncus.] JUNCE^. 291 
 
 compact ; clusters 2 4 -flowered ; leaflets of the perianth equal ; 
 interior ones with a broad membranous margin at the apex, 
 shorter than the broadly ovate, suddenly acuminated capsule. 
 Br. FL I. p. 161. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 158. E. Bot. t. 1614. 
 
 Sandy sea-shore near Arklow, where it was first observed by Mr. 
 Hodgens of Dunganstown Nursery. Fl. July. 1. Nearly double 
 the size of the last, rooting- deeply into the sand. Scapes erect, 
 straight, simple, round, smooth, leafless, stiff, and very strong, with a 
 sharp rigid point, turned a little aside by the panicle, and rising a little 
 above it. 
 
 # * sfc Stems leafy. Leaves rounded or subcompressed) and 
 distinctly Jointed internally. Panicle terminal, flowers aggre- 
 gated or fascicled. 
 
 6. J. acutiflorus, Ehrh. Sharp-flowered jointed Rush. 
 Leaves subcompressed ; panicle very compound, pyramidal ; 
 clusters 5 6-flowered ; leaflets of the perianth unequal, lan- 
 ceolate, very acute, nearly as long as the narrow, ovate, sub- 
 acuminate capsule. Br. FL 1. p. 161. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 174. 
 E. Bot. t. 2143. J. articulatus, E. Bot. t. 238. 
 
 Bogs, very common. Fl. June Aug. 1. One to two feet high* 
 erect. Leaves three to four on a stem, distinctly nodoso-articulate 
 when dry. Panicle diffuse, in fruit spreading. Flowers several to- 
 gether, greenish-brown. General bracteas short, membranaceous, 
 scarcely leafy. Capsules pale-coloured. 
 
 7. J. lampocarpus, Ehrh. Shining-fruited jointed Rush. 
 Stem ascending, and as well as the leaves compressed ; panicle 
 compound, spreading; clusters 4 6 or 8-flowered ; leaflets of 
 the perianth equal, rather obtuse, shorter than the acute, trique- 
 trous, oblong-lanceolate capsule. Br. Fl. 1. p. 162. E. Fl. v. 
 ii. p. 175. E. Bot. t. 2143. 
 
 Boggy ground and watery places, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 1(. 
 Very similar to the last ; but with large flowers, and deep brown shin- 
 ing capsules. The var. . of Hooker, (J. nigritellus, E. Bot. Suppl. 
 t. 3643,) has more numerous Jlowers in each cluster or head, sharper 
 leaflets to the perianth, pale capsules, and it seems also to unite J. 
 acutiflorus with J, lampocarpus. Hooker. 
 
 8. J. obtusiflorus, Ehrh. Blunt-flowered jointed Rush. Stem 
 and leaves erect, rounded ; panicle very compound, spreading, 
 and divaricated ; clusters 3 6-flowered ; leaflets of the perianth 
 equal, rather obtuse, about equal in length with the oval trigo- 
 nous capsule. Br. Fl. 1. p. 162. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 176. E. Bot. 
 t. 2144. 
 
 Boggy grounds, less frequent than the two last. FL July. If. 
 Larger than the preceding. Leaves rigid : heads small. Leaves of 
 the calyx pale-brown. Capsule obovate, light brown. Smith. 
 
 9. J. uliginosus, Sibth. Lesser Boa-jointed Rush. Stem 
 erect, and often swollen at the base, or decumbent and rooting ; 
 
JUNCE^S. [Juncur. 
 
 leaves bristle-shaped; panicle nearly simple, irregular; clusters 
 few or many-flowered ; leaflets of the perianth equal, oblong, 
 subacute, nearly as long as the elliptical capsule. Br. Ft. 1. 
 p. 162. E. FL v. ii. p. 169. E. But. t. 801. J. sulverticil- 
 latus, Wulf. E. FL v. ii. p. 170. 
 
 Boggy and swampy places, and often partly floatinqr in small pools. 
 Fl. Aug. If. A very variable plant, depending much for its appear- 
 ance on soil and situation. When growing- in water, often viviparous. 
 
 sH ^j jfc 4 Stems leafy. Leaves plane or grooved above, not dis- 
 tinctly jointed. 
 
 10. J. compressus, Jacq. Hound-fruited Rush. Stem erect, 
 compressed ; leaves linear, setaceous, grooved ; panicle ter- 
 minal, compound, subcymose, generally shorter than the 
 bracteas ; capsules roundish, ovate, longer than the obtuse, in- 
 curved leaflets of the perianth. Br. Fl. L.p. 163. E. FL. v. ii. 
 p. 165. /. bulbosus, E. Bot. t. 934. 
 
 P. panicle nearly simple, few-flowered, longer than the brac- 
 teae. Br. Fl. 1. p. 163. J. ccenosus, Bich. in Linn. Trans. 
 E. FL v. ii. p. 166. Bich. in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2680. 
 
 Wet marshy places. 8. in salt marshes, frequent. Fl. Aug. If, . 
 I concur with Doctor Hooker in uniting J. ccenosus of Bicheno with 
 J. compressus. 
 
 11. J. bufonius, Linn. Toad Rush. Stem dichotomous 
 above, panicled ; leaves filiform, setaceous, grooved ; flowers 
 solitary, unilateral, mostly sessile; capsules elliptical, ovate, 
 much shorter than the acuminated leaflets of the perianth. Br. 
 FL l.p. 164. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 168. E. Bot. t. 802. 
 
 Frequent in moist, or watery places, especially such as have been 
 over-flowed with water in winter. Fl. Aug. . From four to six 
 inches high. Leaves few, slender, only one on the stem, generally 
 near the middle. Whole plant very pale-coloured. Flowers green, 
 with white membranous margins to the leaflets of the perianth. 
 
 HC # * * * Leaves all radical. Flowers terminal. 
 
 12. J. squarrosus, Linn. Heath Rush. Leaves setaceous, 
 (rigid,) grooved ; panicle terminal, elongated, compound ; cap- 
 sules elliptical, ovate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 164. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 164. 
 E. Bot. t. 933. 
 
 Moory and heathy ground, abundant. FL June, July. 1$.. Whole 
 plant exceedingly rigid, six inches to a foot high. Leaves subsecund, 
 about half as long as the scape. Bracteas lanceolate, membrana- 
 ceous. Leaflets of the perianth ovato-lanceolate, glossy-brown, with a 
 pale line down the middle, scariose at the edges. 
 
Xarthccivm.] JUNCE.E. 293 
 
 2. LUZULA. De Cand. Wood-rush. 
 
 Perianth inferior, of six leaves, glumaceous. Capsules 1-celled, 
 3-valved : valves without dissepiments. Seeds three, at the 
 bottom of the cell. (Leaves soft, plane, generally hairy.} 
 Name : the Gramen Luzidce, of Bauhin. Luzula, Smith tells 
 us, is altered from lucciola or luzziola, a glow-worm ; because 
 the heads of flowers, wet with dew, and sparkling by moon- 
 light, gave the elegant Italians an idea of those brilliant in- 
 sects. Hexandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. L. sylvatica, Bich. Great hairy Wood-rush. Leaves 
 hairy ; panicle subcymose ; peduncles elongated, of about 
 three flowers ; leaflets of the perianth aristate, as long as the 
 capsule. Br. FL 1. p. 166. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 181. Juncus syl- 
 vaticus, Huds. E. Bot. t. 737. 
 
 Woods, hilly places, and on mountains, frequent. Fl. May, June. 
 It. One to a foot and a half high. Leaves broad, shining, striated. 
 Floral-bracteas ciliated. Capsules with a very sharp point, deep 
 brown. Seeds elliptic-ovate, with scarcely any crested appendage on 
 the top. 
 
 2. L. pilosa, Willd. Broad-leaved hairy Wood-rush. Leaves 
 hairy; panicle subcymose; peduncles 1-flowered, bent back; 
 leaflets of the perianth acuminate, rather shorter than the obtuse 
 capsule. Br. Fl. 1. p. 166. E. Fl. v. ii. p. 178. Juncus 
 pilosus, Linn. E. Bot. t. 736. 
 
 Woods and shady places, frequent. Fl. April, May. 1{. Much 
 smaller than the last, with the flowers standing singly on the panicle. 
 Seeds with a curved appendage at the top. 
 
 3. L. campestris, Br. Field Wood-rush. Leaves hairy ; 
 spikes sessile and pedunculated ; leaflets of the perianth acu- 
 minate, longer than the obtuse capsule. Br. Fl. 1. p. 166. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 181. Juncus campestris, Linn. E. Bot. t. 672. 
 
 ft. taller, with the spikes of flowers collected into an almost 
 orbicular head. Hook. Scot. 1. p. 110. L. conaesta, Lej. 
 E. Fl. v.ii. p. 181. 
 
 Dry barren pastures. {3. on Feather-bed mountain, County of 
 Wicklow. Fl. April, May. %. From four to eight inches, or even 
 a foot high. Flowers collected into ovate or oblong, nearly erect 
 spikes, of a reddish brown colour, sometimes very pale. In J3. the 
 spikes are nearly all sessile. 
 
 3. NARTHECIUM. Huds. Bog-Asphodel. 
 
 Perianth inferior, petaloid, of six linear-lanceolate, spreading 
 pieces. Stamens woolly. Germen pyramidal. Capsules 
 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds with an appendage at each extre- 
 
294 GRAMINE^E. [Xarthecium. 
 
 mity. Name from vapOy^ a ro d, probably from the elon- 
 gated straight raceme of flowers. 
 
 Hexandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. N. ossifragum, Huds. Lancashire Bog -Asphodel. Leaves 
 linear, uniform ; pedicels with bracteas above the middle ; 
 stamens much shorter than the perianth. Br. Fl. 1. p. 158. 
 E. Fl. v. ii. p. 151. E. Bot. t. 535. 
 
 Wet places in moors and on mountains, ^ frequent. Fl. July, Aug. 
 II. Six to eight inches high, decumbent at the base. Hoots creep- 
 ing. Leaves all radical, uniform, equitant, striated, about half as long 
 as the scape, which has many scales or bracteas. Seeds with a very 
 long arillus, forming an appendage to each extremity, attached to a 
 longitudinal receptacle on each valve ; the receptacles form the disse- 
 piments. 
 
 SUBCLASS II. GLUMACE^. Lindl. 
 
 Flowers without any perianth (unless the bristles in some 
 Cyperacece, or the curious urceolate covering to the ovary in 
 Carex, can be considered such) ; but enclosed within imbricated, 
 membranous, or chaffy scales or bracteas. 
 
 ORD. 89. GRAMINE^E. Juss. Grass Family. 
 
 Flowers perfect, sometimes monoecious or polygamous. Glume 
 (calyX) L.) generally 2-valved, 1 2-flowercd, or many-flowered 
 in a distichous manner, upon a common rachis. Palece. 
 (Perianth, Br. Corolla, L.) resembling the glume, generally 
 2, rarely 1-valved : the valves dissimilar, the outer often keeled, 
 1 3 or many-nerved, awned or awnless, the inner one gene- 
 rally 2-nerved and awnless, rarely with two awns; sometimes 
 wanting. Scales two, (or one,) hypogynous, succulent, minute, 
 generally collateral, and situated between the exterior valve of 
 thepalce and the stamens, sometimes opposite, and alternating 
 with the valves; sometimes wanting. Stamens hypogynous, 
 definite (Pariana excepted), generally 3, sometimes 1 2, or 6, 
 rarely 4 : anthers 3-celled, forked at each extremity. Ovary 1, 
 1-seeded. Styles generally 2, distinct or combined below, 
 sometimes 1 3. Stigmas feathery or hispid. Pericarp adnate 
 with the seed (caryopsis. Rich.), membranaceous. Albumen 
 farinaceous. Embryo in the base of the outside of the albumen, 
 monocotyledonous ; the cotyledon scutelliform, fleshy. Plu- 
 mule naked, included in a peculiar sheath, its primary leaflets 
 gradually changing into perfect leaves. Plants of every part of 
 
Phalaris.} GRAMINE^J. 295 
 
 the world where there is any phcenogamous vegetation, with fibrous 
 roots. Culms cylindrical, fistulose, articulated ; often simple 
 and herbaceous, occasionally branched, rarely frutescent. Leaves 
 alternate, from each joint, sheathing, the sheath cleft on one side, 
 flowers small, panicled or spiked. 
 
 A highly important group, perhaps the most valuable of all 
 the Natural Orders : none renders such numerous services to 
 mankind. Bread-corn is the "staff of life." The foliage of 
 grasses is the chief food for our cattle. The Bamboo (Arundo 
 Bambos, L.), the giant of the Family, whose stems or culms 
 attain to a height of one hundred feet in the short space of a 
 few months, furnishes materials for houses and various utensils : 
 the Sugar Cane ( Saccharum officinarum) gives us sugar. 
 
 % Flowers panicled. (Panicle often very compact, so as to 
 appear spiked.} 
 
 f Calyx single-flowered. 
 
 1. ALOPECURUS. Linn. Fox-tail-grass. 
 
 Calyx 2-valved ; valves nearly equal, mostly connate at the 
 base. Corolla of one valve, with an awn rising from the 
 base. Name from aXw-n-cg, a fox, and ovpa, a tail. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. A. pratensis, Linn. Meadow Fox-tail- grass. Culm erect, 
 smooth ; panicle spiked, cylindrical, obtuse ; calyx-glumes lan- 
 ceolate, acute, hairy, connate at the base ; awn twice the length 
 of the corolla. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 33. E. Fl. v. i. p. 78. E. 
 Bot. t. 759. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, common. FL May, June. If. One and a 
 half to two feet high ; an excellent early grass, deservedly in great re- 
 pute. Panicle of a yellowish green colour, with silvery hairs. 
 
 2. A. geniculatus, Linn. Floating Fox-tail-grass. Culm 
 ascending, bent at the joints ; panicle spiked, cylindrical, ob- 
 tuse ; calyx-glumes united at the base, obtuse, slightly hairy 
 and fringed ; awn twice as long as the corolla. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 33. E. Fl. v. i. p. 89. E. Bot. t. 1250. 
 
 In pools and wet marshy places, sometimes on dry ground. Fl. 
 July, Aug. %. 
 
 2. PHALARIS. Linn. Canary-grass. 
 
 Calyx of two erect, carinated valves, larger than the two- 
 valved, at length, indurated corolla, which is accompanied at 
 the base by one or two valves of other imperfect florets. 
 
296 GRAMINEJE. [Phleum. 
 
 Fruit invested with the hardened corolla. Named from 
 0aXo?, shining, Canary-seed being very glossy. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. P. Canaricnsis, Linn. Cultivated Canary-grass. Panicle 
 spiked, ovate; calyx-glumes boat-shapeU, entire at the point, 
 accompanied by the single valves of two other florets. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 34. E. FL v. i. p. 74. E. Bot. t. 1310. 
 
 Naturalized in some place?, where the seeds have been introduced 
 with manure. FL July. 0. One to two feet high, glaucous. Leaves 
 broad. Spikes handsome, composed of large, pale yellow-green calyx- 
 glumes, marked with deeper lines, and singularly keeled at the back. 
 
 2. P. arundinacea, Linn. Reed Canary-grass. Panicle 
 erect, its branches patent ; florets clustered, secund, imperfect 
 floret consisting of a small hairy valve. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 34. 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 74. E. Bot. t. 4Q2.Arundo color ata, Fl. Br. 
 Digraphis arund. Trin. and Lindl. 
 
 Ditches, sides of lakes and rivers, common. FL July. Aug. T. 
 Very different from the last in general habit, but not in essential char- 
 acter. Panicle large, six to eight inches long, often brownish or 
 purplish-green. Excellent for securing river-banks ; its roots are 
 creeping, and here and there tufted. 
 
 3. AMMOPHILA. Host. Sea-reed. 
 
 Panicle spiked. Calyx of two, nearly equal, keeled valves, 
 longer than the corolla, surrounded at the base by a tuft of 
 hairs. Named from a/i/tos, sa?id, and 0<Xo5, a lover. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. A. arundinacea, Linn. Common Sea-reed, Marum, or 
 Mat-weed. Panicle cylindrical, acuminate ; glumes acute ; 
 hairs one-third the length of the corolla. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 34. 
 Ammophila arenaria, Lindl. Syn. p. 303. Arundo arenaria, E. 
 Bot. t.teQ. E.FLv. i. jo. 171. 
 
 Sandy sea-shores, frequent. Fl. July. 1. Hoot much creeping. 
 Leaves long, narrow, rigid, involute, glaucous. Culm two to three 
 feet high. Corolla far more rigid than the calyx, the larger valves 
 with a small sinus below the point. Extensively employed by Lord 
 Palmerston, on the coast near Ballyshannon, for preventing the inroads 
 of the sea. 
 
 4. PHLEUM. Linn. Cat's-tail-grass. 
 
 Panicle compact. Calyx of two valves, nearly equal, acumi- 
 nate, or mucronato-aristate, including the corolla of two 
 awnless valves. Seed free. Named from 0Xeos, or 0Xews, 
 formerly applied, as is supposed, to the Reed-mace ( Typha), 
 to which our grass bears some distant resemblance. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
Calamayrostis.] GRAMINE^E. 297 
 
 1. P. pratense, Linn. Common Cat 's-tail-grass, Timothy- 
 grass. Panicle spiked, cylindrical ; glumes truncated, mucro- 
 nate, aristate, ciliated at the back, longer than the awn. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 34. E. Fl. v. i. p. 75. E. Bot. t. 1076. 
 
 Low meadows and pastures, common. Fl. June. 1(1 . Hoot some- 
 times tuberous, when it is the P. nodosum, Willd. Calyx-glumes 
 compressed, keeled, with a dorsal green nerve running into a spreading 
 awn, scarcely half so long as the valve. 
 
 2. P. arenarium, Linn. Sea Cat' s-tail-grass. Panicle spiked, 
 oblongo-ovate ; calyx-glumes lanceolate, acute, ciliated at the 
 back. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 35. Phalaris arenaria, E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 78. E. Bot. t. 22-2. 
 
 On loose sand near the sea. Fl. May, June. O- Culms five to 
 six inches high, many from the same root. Corolla twice as short as 
 the calyx, membranous, truncated. 
 
 5. MILIUM. Linn. Millet-grass. 
 
 Panicle spreading. Calyx 2-valved, flattisli, herbaceous, rather 
 acute, longer than the corolla. Fruit invested with the per- 
 manent hardened corolla. Named either from mille, a thou- 
 sand, on account of its fertility; or, according to Theis, from 
 the Celtic mil, a stone, from the hardness of its fruit. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. M. ejfusum, Linn. Spreading Millet-grass. Panicle 
 glabrous, its branches subverticillate ; leaves lanceolate ; ligule 
 obtuse. Br. Fl. ed. 8. p. 36. E. Fl. v. i. p. 87. E. Bot. 
 t. 1006. 
 
 Moist shady woods. Plentiful at the Dargle and near Powerscourt 
 Waterfall, &c. Fl. June. H.. Culms three to four feet high. Pa- 
 nicle much spreading. 
 
 6. CALA.MA.GROSTIS. Adans. Small-reed. 
 
 Panicle loose. Calyx of two valves, longer than the two valves 
 of the corolla, which is surrounded by hairs at the base, and 
 has the outer valve awned. Named from Ka\a/uos, one of the 
 Palms, and a^poans, a genus of grasses ; a barbarous deno- 
 mination, and only admissible on the ground of its being 
 now generally adopted. Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. C. Epigejos, Roth. Wood Small-reed. Calyx-glumes 
 subulate, their keel rough ; panicle erect, close ; flowers 
 crowded, unilateral ; corolla with a dorsal awn nearly as long as 
 the calyx. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 36. Arundo Epigejos, Linn. E. 
 Bot. t. 403. E. FL v. \.p. 169. 
 
 In shady moist places. Formoyle-hill, parish of Dunboe, Cor-ntv of 
 Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. July. 1 . Culm about four feet high, 
 
 o o 
 
298 GKAMINE/E. [Agrostis. 
 
 less stout and with narrower leaves and more compact panicles than 
 Arundo Phragmites, to which it bears some resemblance. 
 
 7. AGROSTIS. Linn. Bent-grass. 
 
 Panicle loose. Calyx of two unequal glumes, longer than the 
 corolla. Corolla of two unequal valves ; the inner some- 
 times wanting, the outer with or without an awn. Seed free, 
 Name given by the Greeks ta Grasses, from a~/pos, a field, 
 because they are so abundant in open places. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. A. canina, Linn. Brown Bent-grass. Branches of the 
 panicle long, slender, erecto-patent ; calyx-valves unequal, 
 lanceolate, rough at the keel; corolla of one valve, with a 
 dorsal awn from below the middle ; leaves linear. Br. Fl. ed. 3, 
 p. 37. E. FL v. i. p. 90. E. Bot. t. 1836. 
 
 Moist heaths and moory places, abundant. FL June, July. 1 . 
 Very variable in the size and colour of its flowers, purple or green, and 
 in the length of the dorsal awn, which is sometimes included \uthi 
 the calyx, at other times considerably exserted. 
 
 2. A. vulgaris, With. Fine Bent-grass. Branches of the 
 panicle smoothish, its branchlets diverging ; outer valve of the 
 corolla 3-nerved ; ligule extremely short and truncate. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 38. E. FL v. i. p. 91. E. Bot. t. 1671. (3. aristata ; 
 outer valve of the corolla awned. A. canina, With. 7. pumila ; 
 scarcely three inches high. A. pumila, Lightf. Scot. 
 
 Meadows, pastures, and banks, common everywhere. Fl. June, 
 July. 1. Root tufted, somewhat creeping. Stem twelve to twenty- 
 four inches high, unless in y. Panicle purplish, very delicate, slender, 
 uniformly divaricated, with elastic, finely capillary branches, their 
 lower part smooth ; upper more or less rough, but the ultimate stalks 
 are smooth. Calyx-glumes lanceolate, smooth, shining, rough on the 
 back. Corolla-glume of two thin, delicate, membranous, unequal 
 valves. 
 
 3. A. alba, Linn. Marsh Bent-grass. Branches of the 
 panicle hispid ; branchlets patent ; outer valve of corolla five- 
 nerved ; ligule oblong. Br. FL ed. 3, p. 38. E. Fl. v. f. 
 p. 93. E. Bot. t. 1189. A. stolonifera, Linn. E. Bot. t. 1532. 
 
 Pastures, road-sides, and near the sea on a clay soil,, and even on the 
 gravelly and sandy shore. Fl. July, Aug. If.. Plant stouter than 
 the last, and generally taller. Culms ascending, often throwing out 
 runners to a great length, which root at each joint, and produce new 
 plants. Calyx-glumes as in A. vulgaris, as are those of the corolla ; 
 but the outer valve has five nerves and as many teeth, and the inner 
 one is only faintly two to three-nerved at the base, nearly entire, and 
 obtuse at the extremity. This is the famous Fiorin of Doctor Richard- 
 son, of which I saw in Cunnamara, many years ago, excellent crops of 
 hay on reclaimed bog, where it had been introduced three years pre- 
 viously, along with sand from the shore, used there as a manure for 
 potatoes as the first crop, and barley or oats the year following. 
 
Aira.} GRAMINEJB. 
 
 }- -j- Calyx two- or rarely three-flowered. 
 
 8. CATABROSA. Beauv. Whorl-grass. 
 
 Panicle spreading. Calyx of two valves, membranaceous, very 
 obtuse, much shorter than the spikelets, two or three-flowered, 
 often with a fourth imperfect floret. Calyx two-valved, cori- 
 aceous, membranous only at the extremity, ribbed, truncated, 
 awnless, erose, nearly equal. Named from Katappiaats, a 
 gnawing, from the erose extremity of the glumes. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. C. aquatica, Beauv. Water Wliorl-grass. Panicle with 
 whorled patent branches ; leaves broadly linear, obtuse. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 39. Aira aquatica, Linn. E. Bot. t. 1557. E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 101. 
 
 Muddy ditches and watery places. Fl. May, June. 1 . This, as 
 Doctor Hooker remarks, is very different in habit and generic charac- 
 ter from Aira. Mertens unites it to the long spikeleted Poas, which 
 now, according to Smith, form the genus Glyceria : but it does not 
 naturally combine with them. Culm or rather caudex of the root 
 very long, branched, floating, jointed, sending from the joints fibrous 
 radicles below, and culms above, a foot or more long, stout, with short 
 broad leaves. Calyx scarcely nerved, thin and membranous, broadly 
 oval, obtuse. Corolla of a thick texture, brownish-green, white and 
 diaphanous at the blunted extremity. 
 
 9. AIRA. Linn. Hair-grass. 
 
 Calyx of two valves, unequal, containing two perfect flowers. 
 Corolla 2-valved, membranaceous and thin ; the outer one 
 awned (rarely awnless) near the base. Fruit free. Named 
 from aipw, to destroy. This name was anciently applied to Lo- 
 lium temulentum, ( bearded Darnel, J on account of its injurious 
 effects: and now to the present genus, though having little 
 in common with it. Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 4c Corolla awnless. Panicle spiked. Kreleria, Per soon. 
 Airochloa, Link, Lindl. 
 
 1. A. cristata, Linn. Crested Hair-grass. Panicle spiked, 
 smoothish ; leaves hairy. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 39. E. Fl. v. i. p. 101. 
 E. Bot. t. 648. Po, Linn. 
 
 Dry pastures, especially near the sea, frequent. Fl. June, July. 
 1. Six to eight inches high. Leaves linear, short, glaucous. Spike 
 shining, ovato-lanceolate. Glumes of the calyx acute, lanceolate, 
 compressed, glabrous, and downy and a little rough at the keel. Inner 
 valves of the corolla rough, white, delicate, reticulated, bifid, with two 
 longitudinal folds. 
 
300 GRAMINE.E. [Melica, 
 
 * jfc Corolla aivned. Panicle lax. 
 
 2. A. ccespitosa, Linn. Turfy Hair-grass. Panicle diffuse ; 
 branches scabrous ; florets hairy at the base, rather longer than 
 the calyx ; awn straight, inserted near the base of, and not ex- 
 ceeding in length, the corolla. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 40. E. Fl. 
 v. i. p. 102. E. Bot. t. 1432. Deschampsia, Beauv. 
 
 Moist meadows and borders of fields, common. Fl. June Aug* 
 ^. Much tufted. Culms two to four feet high. Leaves linear, acu- 
 minate, rough at the margin. Panicle large, silvery-grey or greenish, 
 much branched. Spikelets acute. Calyx-valves unequal, lanceolate, 
 subglabrous, rather acute, erose. Florets with a few longish hairs at 
 the base, upper ones pedunculated ; their valves ovate, obtuse, erose, 
 the outer ones with five short teeth, the inner bifid. A coarse grass, 
 seldom eaten by cattle, sometimes viviparous. 
 
 3. A. Jlexuosa, Linn. Waved Hair-grass. Panicle (when 
 flowering) diffuse ; florets villous at the base, as long as the 
 calyx; awn jointed, inserted near the base of, but much longer 
 than the calyx ; leaves setaceous. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 40. E. Fl. 
 v. i. p. 104. E. Bot.t. 1519. 
 
 Heaths and hilly places, abundant. Fl. July. %. One to two feet 
 high. Panicle loose, shining, capillary. Florets protruded consider- 
 ably beyond the calyx. Valves of the corolla lanceolate, acute. 
 
 4. A. caryophyllea, Linn. Silvery Hair-grass. Panicle 
 divaricated ; florets scarcely villous at the base, shorter than 
 the calyx; awn inserted below the middle, jointed, longer than 
 the calyx ; leaves setaceous. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 40. E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 106. E. Bot. t. 812. v 
 
 Gravelly hills and pastures, frequent. Fl. June, July. It . Two to 
 eight inches high. Leaves short, few. Panicle trichotomous. Flo- 
 rets silvery-grey. Calyx-valves nearly equal, lanceolate, the upper 
 part pellucid and white. Valves of the corolla scabrous at the back, 
 unequal, apex bifid. 
 
 5. A. prcecox, Linn. Early Hair-grass. Panicle somewhat 
 spiked ; florets scarcely villous at the base, about as long as the 
 calyx ; awn twisted, inserted below the middle, longer than the 
 calyx ; leaves setaceous. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 41. E. FL v. i. 
 p. 105. E. Bot.t. 1296. 
 
 Sandy hills and pastures. FL May, June. 0. One to three inches 
 high. Panicle few-flowered, pale silvery-green. Valves of the calyx 
 lanceolate, scabrous, when seen under a good glass ; those of the co- 
 rolla narrow, acuminate, scabrous, the point bifid. 
 
 10. MELICA. Linn. Melic-grass. 
 
 Panicle lax. Calyx of two valves, about 2-flowered, with the 
 rudiment of a third floret. Corolla 2-valved, awnless. Fruit 
 
Holcus.] GHAMINE.E. 301 
 
 free, covered by the cartilaginous corolla. Name, Mdica, or 
 MeUiga, given in Italy to the Sorghum vulgare, on account 
 of the sweet flavour of its stem (mel, honey ) ; applied by 
 JLinnaBus to this somewhat allied genus. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. M. uniftora, Linn. Wood Melic-grass. Panicle branched, 
 slightly drooping ; spikelets erect, ovate, with only one perfect 
 floret. Br. Fl ed. 3. p. 41. E. FL v. i. p. 112. E. Bot. 
 t. 1058. 
 
 Shady woods, frequent. Fl. May, June. 1. Imperfect floret on 
 rather a long foot-stalk. Leaves broader than M. nutans, which 
 has not yet been found in Ireland, and whole plant larger. Scale of 
 one piece, orange-coloured, thick, " covered by the outer glume of the 
 corolla." (Wilson.} Hook. 
 
 2. M. ccerulea, Linn. Purple Melic-grass. Panicle erect, 
 subcoarctate ; spikelets erect, oblongo-cylindrical ; floret much 
 longer than the calyx. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 41. E. Fl. v. \.p. 113. 
 E. Bot. t. 750. Molinia, Schrank, Lindl. /3. panicle pale 
 green ; spikelets few-flowered. M. afpina, Don. M. depau- 
 perata, Lindl. 
 
 Wet heathy places and moors, frequent. $. Cunnamara. FL Aug. 
 1. Habit very different from the last, but scarcely distinguishable in 
 generic character. Culms one to two feet high or more. All the 
 leaves, which are long and linear, acuminated, springing from the base, 
 or from a single joint immediately above it. Panicle two to eight 
 inches in length, bluish-purple, rarely green. Calyx-values lanceolate, 
 nearly equal. v Florets generally two perfect and one sterile. Anthers 
 large, purple. The culms are very tough, and Lightfoot says, the 
 fishermen in Skye twist them into excellent ropes for their nets. 
 
 11. HOLCUS. Linn. Soft-grass. 
 
 Panicle lax. Calyx of two valves, nearly equal, 2-flowered. 
 Corolla 2-valved ; upper floret with stamens only and awned, 
 lower perfect and awnless. Fruit covered by the indurated 
 corolla. Name, oX/cos, from eX/cw, to extract ; because it was 
 supposed to have the property of drawing out thorns from 
 the flesh. Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. H. mollis, Linn. Creeping Soft-grass. Calyx-valves acu- 
 minate ; imperfect flower with an exserted genicuiated awn ; 
 joints of the culm with a tuft of hairs ; root creeping. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 42. E. Fl. v. i. p. 108. E. Bot. t. 1170. 
 
 Pastures and hedges, common. Fl. July. !{.. Mr. Wilson well 
 observes, that this species is best distinguished by the acute (or almost 
 acuminate) calyx-glumes and downy joints of the culm. 
 
 2. H. lanatus, Linn. Meadow Soft-grass. Calyx-valves 
 rather obtuse, mucronate; imperfect flower with a curved awn 
 included within the calyx, no tuft of hairs at the joints ; root 
 
302 GRAMINEjE. [Poa. 
 
 fibrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 42. E. Fl. v. i. p. 107. E. Sot. 
 t. 1169. 
 
 Meadows, pastures, and woods, common. Fl. June, July. If.. 
 Much resembling the last in general appearance, but clothed with a 
 softer and more abundant pubescence. This is the White Hay -seed of 
 the shops, much in demand for sowing in low meadows. 
 
 12. ARRHENATHERUM. Beauv. Oat-like-grass. 
 
 Panicle lax. Calyx of two valves, 2-flowered ; lowermost 
 floret with stamens only and a long twisted awn above the base, 
 upper one perfect with a short straight bristle below the 
 point. Named from (ippyv, male, and aO^p, an awn. This 
 genus has altogether the habit of Avena, from which it differs 
 in the number and structure of its florets. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. A. avenaceum, Beauv. Common Oat-like-grass. Br. FL 
 ed. 3. p. 42. Lindl. Syn. p. 305. Holcus avenaceus, Scop. 
 E. Bot. #.813. E. Fl. v. i. p. 108. Avena elatior, Linn. 
 
 Hedges and pastures, frequent. FL June, July. ^ . Roots more 
 or less knotty. Stem two to three feet high. Panicle long, loose. 
 Spikelets greenish-brown. A stout grass, yielding a large crop, but 
 unpalatable to cattle, especially to horses. 
 
 13. SESLERIA. Linn. Moor-grass. 
 
 Panicle spiked. Calyx of two valves, nearly equal, somewhat 
 awned. Corolla of two valves, the outer jagged and awned, 
 the inner bidentate. Fruit free. Named from Leonard Sesler, 
 an Italian Physician and Botanist. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. S. ccerulea, Scop. Blue Moor-grass. Panicle spiked, ovate, 
 bracteated ; outer valve of the corolla with one short terminal 
 awn. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 42. E. Fl. v. i. p. 114. E. Bot. 
 t. 1613. Cynosurus cceruleus, Linn. 
 
 Limestone rocks on Ben Bulben and other mountains in the County 
 of Sligo. Fl. April, May. 2. One of our earliest grasses. Roots 
 much tufted. Plant nine to eighteen inches high. Leaves linear, 
 obtuse. Spike of a shining bluish grey, with large yellow anthers 
 tipped with purple. Spikelets generally in pairs, oblongo-ovate, the 
 Jower ones with an ovate, ciliated, and toothed bractea at the base. 
 
 t t f Calyx three- or, mostly, many-lowered. 
 
 14. POA. Linn. Meadow-grass. 
 
 Panicle lax. Calyx 2-valved, shorter than the florets. Corolla 
 2-valved, valves subovate, bluntish, awnless. Fruit free. 
 
Poa.] GRAMINE.E. 303 
 
 Name, von, grass or pasturage, from 7raa, to feed; the whole 
 Genus affording an abundant pasturage for cattle. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 # Spikelets linear or subcylindrical. (Glyceria, Sm. and, in 
 part, Br.) 
 
 1. P. aguatica, Linn. Reed Meadow-grass. Panicle erect, 
 very much branched ; spikelets linear, with about six obtuse 
 florets, which have seven ribs. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 43. E. Bot. 
 t. 1315. Glyceria aquatica. E. Fl. v. i. p. 116. Hydrochloa, 
 Hartman, Lindl. 
 
 Sides of rivers, pools and ditches. Fl. July, Aug. %. Four to six 
 feet high, erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rough. Ligule short, ob- 
 tuse. Calyx-valves small, ovate, obtuse, membranous, smoothish. 
 Exterior valves of the corolla twice as long as the calyx ; interior 
 narrower and bifid at the point. A useful grass to sow on the banks of 
 rivers or brooks, horses, cows, and goats being exceedingly fond of it. 
 
 2. P. fluitans, Scop. Floating Meadow-grass. Panicle 
 nearly erect, slightly branched ; spikelets linear, appressed, of 
 from seven to eleven obtuse florets, which have seven ribs with 
 short intermediate ones at the base ; root creeping. Br. FL 
 ed. 3. p. 43. E.Bot. t. 1520. Glyceria fluitans, Br. E. FL 
 v. \. p. 116. Festuca, Linn. 
 
 Ditches and stagnant waters, abundant. Fl. July, Aug. 1. 
 Culms one to three feet high, thick and succulent. Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, acute. Ligule oblong, pointed. Panicle subsecund, very 
 long, slender ; calyx-values unequal, small, ovate, membranous, ob- 
 tuse. Corolla-valves ovato-oblong, thrice as long as the calyx ; outer 
 ones scabrous. The scale is of one thick fleshy piece, which is the 
 principal character of Mr. Brown's genus Glyceria. " It yields the 
 Manna-seeds of our shops, which are gathered abundantly in Holland, 
 where, as in Poland and Germany, they are used for food." Hooker. 
 This, like the last, is a sweet juicy grass, and cows are very fond of it. 
 
 3. P. maritima, Huds. Creeping Sea Meadow-grass. Pa- 
 nicle erect, subcoarctate, (rigid) ; spikelets linear, of about five 
 obtuse florets, which are obsoletely 5-nerved; leaves convo- 
 lute; root creeping. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 44. E. Bot. t. 1140. 
 Glyceria marit., E. Fl. v. i. p. 118. Sclerochloa, Lindl. 
 
 Sea-coast, frequent. FL July, Aug. 1. Eight to twelve inches 
 high, rigid, glaucous. Leaves involute, somewhat pungent. Ligule 
 ovate, bluntish. Glumes all firm, cartilaginous, purplish. Calyx- 
 valves nearly as large as the corolla, with mostly three ribs. Florets 
 hairy at the base, sometimes purplish. 
 
 4. P. distans, Linn. Reflexed Meadow-grass. Panicle 
 spreading ; branches at length deflexed ; spikelets linear, of 
 about five obtuse florets, which are obsoletely 5-nerved ; leaves 
 plane ; root fibrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 44. E. Bot. t. 986. 
 Glyceria dis(a?is, E. Fl. v. i. p. 118. 
 
304 GRAMINE/E. [Pva. 
 
 Salt marshes at Howth, Ringsend, and other places on the coast. 
 Fl. July, Aug. If. . One foot high. Leaves linear, plane, not pun- 
 gent. Liguld short, obtuse. Branches of the panicle, singularly de- 
 flexed, slender. Spikelets much shorter than in the last species. 
 Glumes membranous, softer. Calyx-valves much smaller than the 
 corolla, unequal, larger one obscurely 3-nerved. 
 
 5. P. procumbenS) Curt. Procumbent Sea Meadow-grass. 
 Panicle compact, ovato-lanceolate, disticho-secund, (rigid) ; 
 spikelets linear-lanceolate, of about four florets, which are 
 5-ribbed. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 44. E. Bot. t. 532 Glyceria 
 procumbens, E. FL v. i. p. 119. Sclerochloa, Bcauv. Lindl. 
 
 Salt marsh below Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. FL June Aug. 
 0. Culms procumbent, six to eight inches long, glaucous. Leaves 
 linear, obtuse. Ligule short, very blunt. Panicle about two inches 
 long ; branches patent, distichous, their spikelets secund. Calyx-valves 
 smaller than the floret, obtuse, strongly ribbed. Florets oblong, dis- 
 tant upon the rachis. Inner valve of the corolla membranous, bifid at 
 the point. 
 
 6. P. rigida, Linn. Hard Meadow-grass. Panicle lanceo- 
 late, disticho-secund, (rigid) ; spikelets linear, acute, of about 
 seven florets, which are almost all ribless ; root fibrous. Br. FL 
 ed. 3. p. 44. E. Bot. t. 1371. Glyceria rigida, E. FL v. i. 
 p. 119. Sclerochloa, Beauv. Lindl. 
 
 "VValls, rocks, and dry barren soils, frequent. FL June. 0. Whole 
 plant very rigid and wiry, three to five inches long. Leaves rigid, 
 linear, setaceous. Ligule oblong, jagged. Rachis angled, sometimes 
 at once bearing the spikelets, (when it much resembles Triticum lolia- 
 ceum,) but more usually throwing out branches. 
 
 7. P. compressa, Linn. Flat-stemmed Meadow-grass. Pa- 
 nicle subsecund, spreading (afterwards subcoarctate) ; spikelets 
 oblong, of 5 7 obtuse flowers connected by a web ; culm com- 
 pressed; root creeping. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 45. E. FL v. i. p. 131. 
 E. Bot. t. 365. 
 
 On walls and dry ground. Walls of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 Between Gal way and Tuam ; Mr. J. White. FL June, July. %. . 
 One foot or more high, rather glaucous. Culms compressed, procum- 
 bent at the base. Leaves short, linear, acute. Ligule very short, 
 blunt ; panicle not much branched. Calyx-valves ribbed, acute. 
 Valves of the corolla obtuse, outer one very closely ribbed ; the lower 
 florets webbed at the base. 
 
 # # Spikelets ovate. (Poa, Sm.) 
 
 8. P. alpina, Linn. Alpine Meadow-grass. Panicle diffuse ; 
 spikelets ovate, of 4 5 acute flowers, hairy below (but not 
 webbed) ; leaves broadly linear, obtuse ; ligule of the upper 
 leaves oblong, acute, of the lower ones short, obtuse. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 45. E. FL v. i. p. 121. E. Bot. t. 1003. 
 
 Near the summit of Brandon, County of Kerry ; Croagh Patrick, 
 County of Mayo ; and Ben^Bulben, County of Sligo. Slieve Gallion, 
 
Poa.] GRAMINE/E. 305 
 
 County of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. July, Aug. If. Six to 
 twelve inches high, nearly erect. Leaves short, linear, obtuse, with a 
 very small mucro or point. Spikelets rather large, close. Calyx- 
 valves ovato-lanceolate, much compressed ; dorsal rib scabrous, ending 
 in a very short point or awn, with a short lateral rib or nerve at the 
 base. Ext. valves of the corolla ovato-lanceolate, acute ; dorsal 
 rib scabrous, no lateral ones : lower part villous, upper part glabrous, 
 purple, margin diaphanous : int. valves notched or bifid at the ex- 
 tremity. 
 
 9. P. trivial**, Linn. Roughish Meadow-grass. Panicle 
 diffuse; spikelets oblongo-ovate, of about three flowers, which 
 are acute, 5-nerved, connected with a web ; culms and sheaths 
 roughish ; ligule oblong ; root fibrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 46. 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 124. E. Bot. t. 1072. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, common. Fl. June, July. 1. One to two 
 feet high. Leaves linear, acute. Ligule oblong, with an acute point. 
 Panicle much branched. An excellent grass, well adapted to low rich 
 meadows. 
 
 10. P. pratensisy Linn. Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass. Pa- 
 nicle diffuse; spikelets oblongo-ovate, of about four flowers, 
 which are acute, 5-nerved, webbed ; culm and sheath smooth ; 
 
 ligule short ; root creeping. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 46. E. FL v. i. 
 p. 125. E. Bot. t. 1073. p. angustifolia ; smaller and with 
 narrower leaves. P. angustijolia, Linn. 7. subccerulca ; 
 smaller and glaucous. P. subccerulca. E. Bot. t. 1004. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, frequent, . " In woods," 7. On rocks at 
 Powerscourt Waterfall, and Lough Bray. Fl. June, July. 1. Al- 
 lied to the last, but readily distinguished by its smooth culms and short 
 truncated ligule. This is also a good meadow-grass, and better adapted 
 than the last for a dry soil, though yielding a less abundant crop. 
 
 11. P. annua, Linn. Annual Meadow-grass. Panicle sub- 
 secund, divaricated ; spikelets oblongo-ovate, of about five 
 flowers, which are a little remote, 5-ribbed, destitute of web ; 
 culm ascending, compressed; root fibrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 46. 
 E. Fl. v. \.p. 127. E. Bot. t. 1141. 
 
 Meadows, pastures, paved courts and road-sides, common. FL all 
 spring and summer. . Culms six to ten inches long, below pros- 
 trate and throwing out roots. Leaves distichous, linear, rather 
 blunt, flaccid, often waved, bright green. Ligule oblong, acute. Ca- 
 lyx-values very unequal, ovato-lanceolate, rough at the back, nerved. 
 Ext. valve of the corolla ovato-lanceolate, acute, white, and diaphan- 
 ous at the margin, keel and base hairy. 
 
 12. P. nemoralis, Linn. Wood Meadow-grass. Panicle 
 slender, slightly leaning one way, lax, attenuate; spikelets ovato- 
 lanceolate, of about three rather distant slightly webbed 
 flowers ; ligule short, truncate ; culm subcompressed and sheaths 
 glabrous ; root scarcely creeping. ]3r. Fl. ed. 3. p. 46. E. 
 Fl. v. i. p. 129. E. Bot. t. 1265. 
 
 Woods and thickets, common. Fl. June, July. 1. One to three 
 
 p P 
 
306 GRAMINE.E. [Sriea. 
 
 feet high, slender and delicate in all its parts. Leaves narrow, linear, 
 acute. Panicle with the branches almost erecto-patent. Spikelets 
 scattered. Calyx-valves unequal, ovato lanceolate, acute, rather ob- 
 scurely ribbed, pubescent at the keel and hairy at the base, very 
 slightly webbed. P.glauca, E. Bot. t. 1720, is now considered by 
 Doctor Hooker and Mr. Wilson to be only a variety of this species. 
 I have not found it on any of our mountains ; but the late Mr. Tem- 
 pleton, in a note in one of my Catalogues, states that he found it near 
 Belfast, and thought it not confined to high mountains. 
 
 15. TRIODIA. Br. Heath-grass. 
 
 Panicle racemed. Calyx 2-valved, many-flowered, nearly 
 equal. Corolla 2-valved, exterior one with three nearly 
 equal teeth, the middle one straight. Named from r/oety, 
 three, and oSovs, a tooth. Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. T. decumbens, Beauv. Decumbent Heath-grass. Panicle 
 of few racemed spikelets ; calyx as long as the flowers ; ligule 
 
 a tuft of hairs. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 47. E. Fl. v. i. p. 131 
 
 Poa decumbens, E. Bot. t. 131. Festuca decumbens, Linn. 
 
 Abundant in dry mountainous pastures and heaths. Fl. July. 1 . 
 A foot long, procumbent ; flowering culms only erect. Leaves linear, 
 acuminate, hairy as well as the sheaths. Calyx-valves nearly equal, 
 lanceolate, acute, nerved, with broad, thin margins, scabrous on the 
 keels. Ext. valve of the corolla ovate, nerved or ribbed, having 
 a small tuft of hairs on each side at the base ; apex with three teeth. 
 Int. valve obtuse, entire at the point, ciliated at the angles of the 
 fold. In habit very distinct from Poa. 
 
 16. BRIZA. Linn. Quaking-grass. 
 
 Panicle lax. Calyx 2-valved. Corolla 2-valved, awnless; 
 ext. one ventricose, int. very small and flat. Fruit adnate 
 with the corolla. Named from fipiOw, to balance, the spike- 
 lets being most delicately suspended. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. B. media, Linn. Common Quaking-grass. Spikelets 
 
 broadly ovate, of about seven flowers ; calyx shorter than the 
 
 florets. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 47. E. Fl. v. i. p. 133. E. Bot. 
 t. 340. 
 
 Meadows and pastures, frequent. FL June. 1. A graceful plant. 
 CWm*-slender, one foot or more high. Leaves short, linear-acuminate. 
 Stipules short, obtuse. Panicle considerably branched ; branches 
 thread-shaped, divaricating, purple. Spikelets tremulous with the 
 slightest breeze, very smooth, shining purple, more or less green or 
 greenish-white at the edges. Calyx-valves very concave, subcompressed. 
 Exterior valve of the corolla much like the calyx, but rather smaller ; 
 interior one minute, resembling a flat scale within the outer one. 
 
307 
 
 17. DACTYLIS. Linn. Cock's-foot-grass. 
 
 Panicle with the secondary branches short and very dense, 
 subsecund. Calyx of two unequal valves, the larger one 
 keeled. Corolla of two lanceolate, scarcely awned valves, 
 enclosing the fruit. Named from d<ncrv\ps t a finger. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. D. glomerata, Linn. Rough Cock's-foot-grass. Panicle 
 crowded, secund ; corolla acuminate, somewhat awned. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 48. E. Fl. v. i. p. 134. E. Bot. t. 335. 
 
 Way-sides, meadows and woods, abundant. Fl. July. !. One to 
 two feet high. Leaves rather broadly linear, acuminate, scabrous. 
 Panicles secund. Spikelets of three to four florets, thickly clustered 
 on the branches ; clusters ovate. Valves of the calyx membranous, 
 smaller than the corolla, lanceolate, acuminate, unequal, glabrous, 
 scrabrous at the back of the valves, which are more or less obliquely 
 keeled. Ext. valve of the corolla subcartilaginous, lanceolate, 
 much compressed, scabrous, ribbed, ciliated at the keel, with a short 
 awn at the point ; int. valve bifid at the extremity. An excellent grass 
 for cattle in dry open pastures. The late Duke of Bedford considered 
 it one of the best for a sheep-walk. Mr. Moore finds it sometimes vi- 
 viparous in the County of Deny. 
 
 18. CYNOSURUS. Linn. Dog's-tail-grass. 
 
 Panicle spiked. Calyx 2-valved, equal, awned, having a pec- 
 tinated involucre. Corolla 2-valved; valves linear-lanceo- 
 late ; interior awned below the extremity or awnless. 
 Named from KVWV, a dog, and ovpa, a taz7, from the shape of 
 its spike. Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. C. cristatus. Linn. Crested Dog's-tail-grass. Raceme 
 spiked, linear ; florets with a very short awn. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 48. E. Fl. v. i. p. 157. E. Bot. t. 316. 
 
 Dry pastures, frequent. Fl. July. % . One to one and a half foot 
 high, slender. Leaves narrow, linear, acuminate. Raceme secund. 
 Involucres beautifully pectinated, one at the base of each spikelet, 
 their divisions linear, acute, greenish, subglumaceous, a little curved, 
 rough. Spikelets three to five-flowered. Calyx-valves lanceolate, 
 nearly equal, membranous, rough at the keel, as long as the floret. 
 Ext. valve of the corolla lanceolate, obscurely nerved, green, sca- 
 brous, especially at the keel, terminating in a short rough awn ; in- 
 terior white, bifid, pubescent at the angles of the fold. A good grass 
 for sheep, and the culms are used advantageously for the manufacture 
 of fine straw bonnets. 
 
 19. FESTUCA. Linn. Fescue-grass. 
 
 Panicle lax, or coarctate, or spiked. Calyx of two unequal 
 valves. Corolla of two lanceolate valves; ext&t'ior aeuini- 
 
308 GRAMINB^E. [Fvttuca. 
 
 nate, or awned at the summit. Named from the Celtic word 
 fest, according to Theis, which signifies food, pasturage. 
 
 Triandria. Dlgynia. 
 
 1. F. ovina, Linn. Sheep's Fescue-grass. Panicle sub- 
 secund, subcoarctate ; spikelets oblong, of about four to five 
 flowers with short awns ; culms square upward ; leaves seta- 
 ceous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 48. E. FL v. i. p. 139. E. Bot. 
 t. 585. /?. (Sm.) rubra ; panicle purplish. F.ntbra, With. 
 7. (Sm.) casia; plant glaucous. E. FL F. ccesia, E. Bot. 
 t. 1917. S. vivipara ; plant taller; flowers viviparous. F. 
 ovina, /3. Linn, ffook. 7. Sckrad. F. vivipara, E. Bot. 
 t. 1355. E. Fl. v. i. p. 140. 
 
 Ahundant on dry elevated pastures. S. On the tops of our highest 
 mountains. FL June, July. 1(1. Leaves mostly short, often curved, 
 smooth or slightly scabrous, much tufted, and affording excellent food 
 for sheep. Culm four to eight inches or a foot high, in the upper part 
 more or less distinctly four-sided. Calyx-valves much shorter than 
 the corolla, acute, subglabrous. Corolla t ext. valve more or less 
 glabrous, sometimes pubescent upward. Whole plant more or less 
 glaucous, and having a purple tint in the spikelets. 
 
 2. F. duriuscula, Linn. Hard Fescue-grass. Panicle sub- 
 secund, subcoarctate ; spikelets oblong, of about six flowers, 
 with short awns; stem-leaves nearly plane, radicle ones sub- 
 setaceous ; root fibrous. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 49. E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 141. E. Bot. t. 470. 
 
 Pastures, waste ground, and tops of walls, frequent. FL June, July. 
 li . The leaves on the stem are sometimes convolute, and then they 
 appear setaceous. One to one and a half foot high, by which size and 
 its stouter habit it may be readily distinguished from F. ovina. 
 
 3. F. rubra, Linn. Creeping Fescue-grass. Panicle uni- 
 lateral, spreading ; florets longer than their awns ; leaves downy 
 on their upper side, more or less involute ; root extensively 
 creeping. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 49. E. FL v. i. p. 141. E. Bot. 
 t. 2056. 
 
 Light sandy pastures near the sea, common. FL July. 1. Root 
 creeping, often extending many feet in the sand. 
 
 4. F. bromoides, Linn. Barren Fescue-grass. Panicle se- 
 cund, racemed ; florets shorter than the awn, monandrous ; 
 culm above leafless. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 49. E. Fl. v. i. p. 162. 
 E. Bot.t. 1411. 
 
 Dry pastures and on walls. Plentiful on Killiney-hill, and fields 
 near Enniskerry and other places in the County of Wicklow. FL 
 June. 0. Six to eight inches high. Leaves linear, setaceous, com- 
 plicate ; calyx-valves very unequal, lanceolate, acuminate, nerved, 
 rough at the keel. Florets about six in each spikelet. Ext. valve 
 of corolla linear-lanceolate, scabrous, tapering into a straight awn, 
 thrice the length of the valve. 
 
 5. F. Hyurus t Linn. Wall Fescue-grass. Panicle secund, 
 
Festuca.] GRAMINE;E. 309 
 
 elongated, contracted; florets shorter than the awn, monan- 
 drous ; culm leafy in its upper part. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 49. E. 
 Fl. v. i. p. 143. E. Bot. t. 1412. 
 
 Walls and barren places. Near Cork ; Mr. J. Drwnmond. County 
 of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Near Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. FL 
 June. . Much resembling 1 the last, but taller. One foot or more 
 high. Leaves rather shorter, their sheaths longer. Panicle often 
 four to five inches long. Calyx-valves and florets narrow, rather more 
 scabrous than in F. bromoides ; awns longer. 
 
 6. F. uniglumis, Soland. Single-glumed Fescue-grass. Pa- 
 nicle a simple, erect, 2-ranked, subsecund raceme ; one valve 
 of the calyx obsolete. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 50. E. FL v. i.p. 143. 
 E. Bot. t. 1430. Stipa membranacea, Linn. ? Sm. 
 
 Portmarnock sand-hills. Fl. June. 0. Varying in size from three 
 to four inches high in my Portmarnock specimens. This plant is re- 
 markable for the suppression of one of the valves of its calyx, by which 
 the species is at once known. 
 
 7. F. calamaria, Sm. Peed Fescue-grass. Panicle sub- 
 secund, much branched, spreading, nearly erect ; spikelets 
 oblong, avvnless, 3 5-flowered; leaves linear-lanceolate. Br. 
 FL ed. 3. p. 50. E. Fl. v. i.p. 145. E. Bot. t. WQ5.Schedo- 
 norus sylvaticus, JBeauv. Lindl. 
 
 Mountain glens and woods. Dargle, Powerscourt Waterfall ; Wood- 
 stock, County of Kilkenny. Colin-Glen near Belfast, and Ness-Glen, 
 County of Derry ; Mr. Templeton and Mr. D. Moore. Fl. July. 
 1. Two to three feet high, with large and broad leaves. Calyx- 
 valves narrow, linear-lanceolate, very unequal, smaller one single- 
 nerved, larger with three nerves. Florets rather distant upon the 
 rachis. Ext. valve of corolla scabrous, lanceolate-acuminate. 
 
 8. F. loliacea, Huds. Spiked Fescue-grass. Raceme spiked, 
 distichous; spikelets linear-oblong, nearly sessile, remote; 
 florets cylindrical, awnless, outer valve of corolla obtuse. Br. 
 FL ed. 3. p. 50. E. FL v. i. p. 146. E. Bot. t. ISZLScJtedo- 
 norus, Dumort. Lindl. 
 
 Moist meadows and pastures, not unfrequent. FL June, July. %. 
 Two feet high. Leaves few, short, linear, acute. Racemes two to five 
 inches long ; rachis flexuose. Spikelets nearly sessile, especially the 
 upper ones, five to six-flowered. Calyx-valves unequal, lanceolate, 
 acute, 7-ribbed. Outer valves of the corolla ovato-lanceolate, nerved, 
 diaphanous at the apex and obtuse, slightly scabrous only on the 
 nerves. 
 
 9. F. pratensis, Huds. Meadow Fescue-grass. Panicle 
 patent, branched; spikelets linear, many-flowered; florets cy- 
 lindrical, awnless, outer valve of corolla acute ; leaves linear; 
 root fibrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p, 50. E. Fl. v. i. p. 147. E. Bot. 
 t. 1592. iSchedonorus, JBeauv. Lindl. 
 
 Moist meadows and pastures, common. Fl. June, July. If. One 
 to two feet high. Distinguished at first sight from the preceding by 
 its panicled (not spiked) raceme ; also by the florets, which, though 
 
310 GRAMINE^. [Bromua. 
 
 much resembling the last, have their outer valve more acute. An ex- 
 cellent meadow-grass. 
 
 10. F. elatior, Linn. Tall Fescue-grass. Panicle patent, 
 very much branched; spikelcts ovato-lanceolate, many-flowered; 
 florets cylindrical, subaristate ; leaves linear-lanceolate ; root 
 creeping. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 50. E. Fl. v. i. p. 148. JE. Bot. 
 t. 1593. Schedonorus, Lindl. 
 
 Moist banks and meadows, not uncommon. Fl. June, July. 2. 
 Three to five feet high. Leaves twice the size of F. pratensis ; from 
 which it further differs in having a much more branched and drooping 
 panicle, which spreads nearly in every direction, with ovate, acute, less 
 compressed spikelets. 
 
 20. BROMUS. Linn. Brome-grass. 
 
 Panicle lax. Calyx of two valves, many-flowered. Corolla 
 of two lanceolate valves ; exterior one awned below the bifid 
 extremity. (Inner valve generally fringed at the folds. 
 Sm.) Named from (Spw/uos, given by the Greeks to a kind 
 of oat, and that again from fipw/jia, food. 
 
 Triandria* Digynia. 
 
 1. B. giganteus, Vill. Tall Brome-grass. Panicle branched, 
 drooping towards one side; spikelets lanceolate, compressed; 
 florets shorter than the awn ; leaves linear-lanceolate, ribbed. 
 Br. Fl ed. 3. p. 5Q.Festuca gigantea, E. Bot. t. 1820. E. Fl. 
 v. i. p. 144. 
 
 Shady woods and moist hedges, frequent. Fl. July Aug. 1. - 
 Three to four feet high, with broad leaves, having the habit and essen- 
 tial character of Bromus, but sometimes arranged by authors with 
 Festuca. Panicle large. Spikelets with three to six florets. Calyx- 
 valves very unequal, larger ones with three ribs. Outer valve of co- 
 rolla lanceolate, obscurely ribbed, nearly glabrous, membranous at the 
 edge upward. Awn very long, inserted a little below the bifid point. 
 
 2. B. asper, Linn. Hairy Wood Brome-grass. Panicle branched, 
 drooping ; spikelets linear-lanceolate, compressed ; florets re- 
 mote, subcylindrical, hairy, longer than the straight awn ; leaves 
 uniform, the lower ones hairy. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 51. E. Fl. v. i. 
 ^.158. E.Bot.t. 1172. 
 
 Moist woods and hedges, frequent. Fl. June, July. or $ . 
 Four to six feet high. Leaves broad. Panicle large, spreading. 
 
 3. B. sterilis. Linn. Barren Brome-grass. Panicle drooping, 
 slightly branched; spikelets linear-lanceolate; florets remote, 
 subcylindrical, scabrous, shorter than the straight awn ; leaves 
 pubescent. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 51. E. Fl. v. i. p. 159. E. Bot. 
 t. 1030. 
 
 Waste ground, fields, and hedges, ommon. FL June, July. 0. 
 Two feet high. Remarkable for its long, narrow, much awned and 
 drooping spikelcts. 
 
Bromvs.] G RAMINE^J. ' 311 
 
 4. B. secalinuS) Linn. Smooth Pye- Brome-grass. Panicle 
 spreading ; peduncles but little branched ; spikelets oblongo- 
 ovate, compressed, of about ten subcylindrical, glabrous, rather 
 remote florets, longer than the awn. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 51. E. 
 Fl.v.i.p. 151. E.Bot.t. 1171. 
 
 Corn-fields, &c. ; occasionally. Fl. JuJy, Aug. Q. Two to three 
 feet high. Leaves somewhat hairy. Calyx and ext. valve of the 
 corolla broadly ovate ; int. valve bifid at the point, the margin 
 strongly ciliated. When the seeds are ripe, the upper spikelets are 
 pendulous, and the florets exhibit more evidently their distant mode of 
 insertion. 
 
 5. B. mollis, Linn. Soft Brome-grass. Panicle erect, close, 
 compound ; spikelets ovate, subcompressed ; florets imbricated, 
 compressed, pubescent; awn straight, about as long as the 
 glume ; leaves very soft, pubescent. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 52. E. 
 Fl. v. i.p. 153. E. Bot. t. 1078. 
 
 Meadows, pastures, road-sides, &c. ; very common. Fl June. $ . 
 One to two feet high. Panicle two to three inches long. Spikelets 
 standing nearly erect. Florets five to ten. Ext. valve of the co- 
 rolla convex. 
 
 6. B. racemosus, Linn. Smooth Brome-grass. Panicle erect; 
 peduncles simple ; spikelets ovate, subcompressed, glabrous ; 
 florets imbricated, compressed ; awn straight, about as long as 
 the glume ; leaves slightly hairy. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 52. E. 
 Fl. v. i.p. 154. E. Bot. t. 1079. J?. pratensis, E. Bot. t. 920. 
 
 Gravel-pit in the Dublin Society's Garden, and fields in its vicinity ; 
 Mr. Underwood. Near Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. June, July. 
 0. ( $ Schrad.) More slender in habit than the last, and much less 
 downy. The panicle is generally simple, its branches longer and less 
 divided, rough with minute bristles, not downy. Spikelets more turgid, 
 rough to the. touch, but naked and shining. I am, however, inclined to 
 think with Dr. Hooker, that it is only a variety of the last. 
 
 7. B. arvensis, Linn. Taper Field Brome-grass. Panicle 
 spreading (at length drooping) ; peduncles branched ; spikelets 
 lanceolate, compressed ; florets imbricated, compressed, gla- 
 brous, about as long as the straight awn ; leaves hairy. Br. 
 Fl. ed. 3. p. 52. E. Fl. v. i. p. 156. E. Bot. t. 1984. 
 
 Moist meadows, near Cullenagh, Queen's County, and fields near 
 Sandymount. Fl. June, July. 0. About three feet high. Leaves 
 spreading, many-ribbed, hairy, rough edged, either nearly smooth or 
 thickly covered with short deflexed pubescence. Panicle large and 
 conspicuous, with numerous half-whorled, partly compound, harsh, 
 spreading branches. Spikelets drooping and finally pendulous, ovato- 
 lanceolate, variegated with purple and green. 
 
 8. B. erectus, Huds. Upright Brome-grass. Panicle erect ; 
 spikelets linear-lanceolate, compressed; florets subcylindrical, 
 remote, glabrous, longer than the straight awn ; root-leaves 
 very narrow, ciliated. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 52. E. Fl. v. i. p. 157. 
 E. Bot. t. 471. 
 
312 GRAMINEJE. [Avena. 
 
 Lands of Santry and Coolock, on a calcareous soil ; Mr. J. White. 
 Fl. July. 2. Two to three feet high. Panicle erect and close, 
 purplish, with yellow saffron-coloured anthers. 
 
 21. A VENA. Linn. Oat, or Oat-grass. 
 
 Panicle lax. Calyx 2-valved, 2-, or more, flowered. Corolla 
 of two lanceolate valves, firmly enclosing the seed, exterior 
 one bearing a twisted dorsal awn, upper florets often imper- 
 fect. Name of doubtful origin : the ancients applied it to 
 the Brome-grass. Oat, Theis tells us, comes from the Celtic 
 word atan, the Oat ; and that again from etan, to eat. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. A. fatua, Linn. Wild Oat. Panicle erect ; spikelets 
 drooping, of about three scabrous much awned florets, smaller 
 than the calyx, villous below ; root fibrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 53. 
 E. FL v. i. p. 162. E. Bot. t. 2221. 
 
 Corn-fields, occasionally. Fl. June Aug. Q. Two to three feet 
 high. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Calyx-valves large, membranous, 
 ovato-lanceolate, shining at the margins, keeled, acuminate, ribbed. 
 Ext. valve of corolla with long fulvous hairs at its base, bifid at the 
 point. Awn of each floret long and twisted, and forming an excel- 
 lent Hygrometer. 
 
 2. A. strigosa, Schrad. Bristle-pointed Oat. Panicle erect; 
 branches all secund; spikelets of perfect florets, each awned, 
 as long as the calyx, and terminated by two bristles. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 53. E. Fl. v. i. p. 163. E. Bot. t. 1266. 
 
 " Corn-fields near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. June, July. . 
 Resembling the common oat in general habit and size ; but the panicle 
 is strikingly different, being oblong, somewhat crowded, its branches all 
 leaning to one side. The essential difference resides in the two outer 
 glumes of each floret being tipped with two straight, prominent, red- 
 dish, rough bristles, over and above the great awn at the back ; which 
 circumstance gives the whole plant a remarkably bristly or strigose ap- 
 pearance." Hook. 
 
 3. A. pratensis, Linn. Narrow-leaved Oat-grass. Raceme 
 erect, simple ; spikelets erect, oblong, of about 3 5 florets, 
 longer than the calyx ; leaves glabrous, finely serrated, lower 
 ones involute ; sheaths scarcely scabrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 53. 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 164. E. Bot. t. 1204. 
 
 Dry pastures over limestone, in mountainous districts. Fl. July. 
 %- Leaves short, finely serrated with minute cartilaginous teeth at 
 the margins, the lower ones involute. 
 
 4. A. pubescens, Linn. Downy Oat-grass. Panicle erect, 
 nearly simple ; spikelets erect, of about three florets, a little 
 longer than the calyx; outer valves of corolla jagged; leaves 
 plane, downy, edges smooth. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 54. E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 164. E. Bot. t. lQ4Q. Trisetumpubescens, Persoon. LindL 
 
Elymus.] GRAMINEjE. 313 
 
 Dry pastures. On the common near Kingstown, and many other 
 places near Dublin. On the side of Slemish Mountain, County of 
 Antrim ; Mr. Templeton. County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. 
 June, July. If. Corolla with a purple stain. Glumes all shining 
 and pellucid at the summit. Awn brown, rough, from the middle of 
 the valve, twice as long as the calyx. Style very short. 
 
 5. A. favescens, Linn. Ydloiv Oat-grass. Panicle much 
 branched, lax ; spikelets of about three florets, equal in length 
 to the longer of the very unequal calyx valves ; outer valve of 
 the corolla with two terminal bristles. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 54. 
 E. FL v. i. p. 166. E. Bot. t. 952. 
 
 Dry meadows, and pastures, frequent. Fl. July. It. This has the 
 smallest flowers of any of the Oat-yrtisses, and may readily be distin- 
 guished by that circumstance, by the two terminal bristles on the outer 
 valve of the corolla, and by the unequal calyx-valves. 
 
 22. AKUNDO. Linn, Reed. 
 
 Panicle loose. Calyx 2-valved, unequal, many-flowered. Co- 
 rolla of two very unequal valves ; all, except the lower and 
 imperfect one, surrounded by a tuft of hairs. Fruit free, 
 covered by the corolla. Name ; Arundo, the Latin for a 
 Reed; " ab are?ido, quod cito arescat." De Theis says it 
 comes from am, the Celtic word for water. 
 
 Triandria. Bigynia. 
 
 1. A. Phragmites, Linn. Common Heed. Panicle spreading; 
 calyx-valves acuminate, coloured, ribbed, and about 5-flovvered; 
 leaves lanceolate, acuminate-cuspidate. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 54, 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 168. E. Bot. t. 401. 
 
 Abundant in ditches, margins of lakes and rivers. Fl. July. If. 
 Six feet or more high, the tallest of our Grasses. Panicle large* purple- 
 brown, at length drooping, very handsome. Valves of the calyx very 
 unequal : exterior ovato-lanceolate, many-ribbed ; int. twice its length, 
 thin, membranous, obsoletely ribbed. As the flowers advance, the 
 tufts of hair increase, at length becoming very silky. An extensive 
 use is made of the culms, for thatching, garden-screens, for walls and 
 floors which are afterwards covered with clay. The tops of the culms, 
 with the adhering hairs or down, are sometimes tied to a pole, and used 
 for brushing cobwebs from the ceilings of rooms. 
 
 ^c sfc Flowers spiked. (Solitary flowers^ or spikelets, sessile 
 upon a common stalk or rachis.} 
 
 f Flowers or spikelets distichous or inserted on all sides. 
 
 23. ELY M us. Linn. Lyme-grass. 
 
 Spikelets two or three from the same point. Calyx 2-valved, 
 
 Q Q 
 
314 GRAMINE;E. [Hordeum. 
 
 lateral (both the valves being on one side of the spikelet), 
 2 3-flowered, all perfect. Corolla 2-valved Name, eXv^ov, 
 given by the Greeks to the Panic- grasses, perhaps because 
 they grew abundantly about Elyma in Greece. ( Theis.) 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. E. arenarius, Linn. Upright Sea Lyme-grass. Spike 
 close, erect ; spikelets in pairs, hairy ; florets awnless, as long 
 as the lanceolate valves of the calyx ; leaves involute, pungent. 
 Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 55. E. Fl. v. i. p. 177. E. Bot. t. 1672. 
 
 Sandy sea-shores. Sand-bank at the western extremity of Bear, 
 County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Donegal coast, near Dunfa- 
 naghy, and coast between Ballyshannon and Sligo ; Mr. E. Murphy. 
 FL July. 1. Root much creeping in the loose sand ; hence it be- 
 comes of great value, like the Ammophila arenaria, for preserving a 
 considerable part of our coasts and those of Holland from the en- 
 croachments of the sea. Culms three to four feet high, glabrous. 
 Leaves glaucous, pungent. Spike four to six inches long. Spikelets 
 of about three flowers, on the rachis. Calyx-values two, lanceolate, 
 acuminate. Valves of the corolla resembling them, but the ext. one 
 broader ; int. bifid at the point, angles of the folds ciliated. 
 
 24. HORDEUM. Linn. Barley. 
 
 Calyx lateral, 2-valved, single-flowered, ternate ; central floret 
 perfect, lateral ones mostly imperfect (having often at the 
 back of the inner valve a bristle or abortive floret.) Outer 
 valve of corolla awned. Fruit incorporated with the corolla. 
 Name of dubious origin. Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. H. murinum. Linn. Watt Barley. Calyx-valves of the 
 intermediate floret linear-lanceolate, ciliated; those of the lateral 
 florets setaceous, scabrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 55. E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 179. E. Bot. t. 1971. 
 
 Waste ground and by road-sides : very common near Dublin. Fl. 
 June, July. 0. 
 
 2. H. pratense, Huds. Meadow Barley. Lateral flowers 
 imperfect, with shorter awns ; all the calyx-valves setaceous 
 and scabrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 55. E. FL v. i. p. 180. E. 
 Bot. t. 409. 
 
 Moist meadows, about Dublin, Cork, and Belfast, &c. FL July. 
 0. Culm erect, two feet high. Leaves scabrous. 
 
 3. H. maritimum, With. Sea-side Barley. Calyx-valves 
 smoothish, the interior one of the lateral florets semi-lanceolate, 
 the rest setaceous. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 55. E. Fl. v. i. p. 180. 
 E. Bot. t. 1205. 
 
 Light dry pastures near the sea. On the shore between Swords and 
 Rush ; Mr. J. White. Fl. July. 0. Smaller than H. murinum. 
 Leaves glaucous ; awns roughs I have not seen Irish specimens of 
 this plant, and have some doubts of its being indigenous. 
 
Triticum.] GRAMINE^E. 315 
 
 25. TRITICUM. Linn. Wheat or Wheat-grass. 
 
 Calyx 2-valved, many-flowered ; its valves opposite, trans- 
 verse, the sides (not the back of one of them) directed to 
 the rachis, nearly equal. Corolla 2-valved, valves lanceolate ; 
 exterior one acuminate or avvned at the extremity, interior 
 bifid at the point. There are two natural groups in this 
 genus : first, the large annual species, exotic to our country, 
 which are cultivated so extensively as Bread-corn; and, 
 secondly, the smaller perennial species, several of which are 
 natives with us. These, some authors look upon as two dis- 
 tinct genera; Triticum and Agropyrum, ( Beauv., Lindl.J 
 We have only to consider the latter genus, or group. Name, 
 Triticum, " quod tritum est e spicis :" because it is thrashed 
 or beaten from the spikes. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 # Spikelets distichous. 
 
 1 . T. caninum, Huds. Fibrous-rooted Wheat-grass. Calyx- 
 awn valved, with 3 5 ribs, and about five awned florets ; leaves 
 plane; root fibrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 56. E. Fl. v. i. p. 184. 
 E. Bot. t. 1327. Elymus can., Linn. 
 
 Woods and hedges. Plentiful at Woodlands, County of Dublin. 
 Fl. July. 1. Best distinguished from the following by its fibrous 
 root. 
 
 2. T. repens, Linn. Creeping Wheat-grass or Couch-grass. 
 Calyx-valves many-ribbed, with from 4 8-awned (rarely awn- 
 less) florets; leaves plane ; root creeping. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 56. 
 E. FL v. i. p. 182. E. Bot. t. 909. 
 
 Fields and waste places, abundant. Fl. throughout the summer 
 months. 1. In habit between the preceding and the following, 
 having a glaucous tint when growing near the sea. Leaves plane, or 
 nearly so. Spikelets smaller and less compressed than in T.junceum. 
 This pest of the corn-fields is difficult to be extirpated, on account 
 of its long creeping roots. 
 
 3. T. Junceum, Linn. Rushy Sea Wheat-grass. Valves of 
 the calyx obtuse, much ribbed, with 4 5 awnless florets ; leaves 
 involute, pungent ; root creeping. Br Fl. ed. 3. p. 56. E. 
 Bot. t. 814. E. Fl. v. i. p. 182. 
 
 Sandy sea-shores, frequent. FL July. 1 . Whole plant glaucous, 
 rigid. One and a half to three feet high. Spike long 1 . Spikelets ob- 
 long, much compressed, distant, sessile. Calyx-valves oblongo-lan- 
 ceolate, often with three teeth at the point. Exterior valves of the 
 corolla similar, with five nerves. 
 
 H * SpiJtelets secund. 
 
 4. T. loliaceum, Sm. Dwarf Sea Wfaat- grass. Valves of 
 
GRAMINE/E. [Lotium. 
 
 the calyx indistinctly 3-nerved, obtuse, of many awnless florets; 
 root fibrous, annual. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 56. . Fl. v. i. p. 186. 
 E. Bot. t. 221. Catapodium, Link. Lindl 
 
 Sandy sea-shores. Sandyraount, Hovvth, &c. and on the northern 
 and southern coasts. Fl. June, July. Q. Stiff and wiry, branching 
 from the very base, three to four inches high. Leaves linear, rigid, 
 plane. Spikelets more or less distant, secund ; lower ones sometimes 
 compound. Ext. valve of the corolla broadly ovate, concave. 
 
 26. BRACK YPODIUM. Beauv. False Brorae-grass. 
 
 Spikelets alternate, remote, cylindrical-compressed. Calyx 
 2-valved, many-flowered ; valves opposite, transverse, un- 
 equal. Corolla 2-valved, the valves lanceolate ; ext. one 
 generally awned at the extremity, int. retuse. Named 
 from ppaxvs, short, and TTOVS, afoot; from the sessile or 
 nearly sessile spikelets. These sessile spikelets and the ter- 
 minal awn distinguish this genus from Bromus, where the 
 British plants of this genus had been placed. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. B. sylvaticum, Beauv. Slender Fake Brome-grass. Spike 
 drooping ; spikelets nearly cylindrical, secund, hairy ; awns 
 longer than the florets. Lindl. Syn. p. 279. Br. FL ed. 3. 
 p. 55. Festuca sylvatica, E. Fl. v. i. p. 149. Bromus sylvaticus, 
 Poll.E. Bot. t. 729. 
 
 Woods and hedges, common. Fl. July. It. Two feet high. 
 Leaves broadly linear-lanceolate, very hairy. Calyx-valves unequal, 
 lanceolate-acuminate, much nerved. Ext. valve of corolla linear-lan- 
 ceolate, much nerved, scabrous, rarely hairy. Int. one truncated, 
 margins ciliated. 
 
 2. B. pinnatum, Beauv. Heath False Brome-grass. Spike 
 erect ; spikelets nearly cylindrical, distichous, hairy ; awns 
 shorter than the florets. Lindl. Syn. p. 297. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 57. Festuca pinnata, E. FL v. i. p. 150. Bromus pinn. 
 Linn.E. Bot. t. 730. 
 
 Found in open fields and heathy places, on chalk, in England. Fl. 
 July. 1. Mr. J. Drummond states that he found it in hedges near 
 Kinsale, and Mr. Bradburry is said to have found it in similar situ- 
 ations in the Queen's County. I have now, however, reason to think 
 that the latter mistook B. sylvaticum for it, and I have no specimen 
 from the former station. 
 
 27. LOLIUM. Linn. Darnel. 
 
 Calyx of one valve, solitary, many-flowered. Corolla of two 
 
 valves ; ext. awnless or with an awn below the extremity . 
 
 Name, "quasi dolium, SoXiov, quod dolosum sit vel adul- 
 terinum. Fit enini e corruptis Tritici ac Hordei seminibus." 
 
Anthoxanthum.] GRAMINE.E. 317 
 
 The ancients, as well as the moderns, attributed poisonous 
 qualities to the L. temulentum ; and even now it is believed 
 in some countries that the Wheat changes into Darnel. 
 
 Triandria. Dlgynia. 
 
 1. L. perenne, Linn. Perennial Darnel or Rye-grass. 
 Spikelets much longer than the calyx ; florets awnless, linear- 
 oolong, compressed ; root perennial. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 57. E. 
 PL v. i. p. 173. E. Bot. t. 315. 
 
 Waste place?, way-sides and pastures, frequent. Fl. June, July. 
 14 . One to two feet high. Spike with the general aspect of Triticum 
 repcns, sometimes from luxuriance compound. Florets linear-oblong, 
 nerved. A most valuable grass for the agriculturist, and much em- 
 ployed with clever for artificial pasture and hay, particularly in Scotland. 
 
 2. L. arvense, With. Short-aivned annual Darnel. Spike- 
 lets equal in length with the calyx ; florets with short soft (im- 
 perfect) awns ; root annual. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 57. E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 174. E. Bot. t. 1135. 
 
 Fields, with the following, of which it is now generally thought but 
 a var. Fl. July. Q. 
 
 3. L. temulentum^ Linn. Bearded Darnel. Spikelets equal 
 in length with the calyx ; florets as long as the rigid awns ; root 
 annual. Br. Fl cd. 3. p. 57. E. Fl. v. i. p. 174. E. Bot. 
 t. 124. 
 
 Corn-fields, too common, in several parts of the country. Fl. July. 
 0. The seeds mixed with wheat and made into bread, have proved 
 highly injurious to those who have eaten it. 
 
 28. ROTTBOLLIA. Linn. Hard-grass. 
 
 Calyx of two valves ; valves unilateral, sometimes combined 
 into one, 1 2-flowered. Corolla 2-valved, awnless, imbed- 
 ded, as it were, in a thick r acids. Named from Rottbol, a 
 Professor of Botany at Copenhagen. 
 
 Triandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. R. incurvata, Linn. Sea\Hard- grass. Spike cylindraceo- 
 subulate; calyx 2-valved, valves united at the base. Br. FL 
 ed. 3. p. 57. E. FL v. i. p. 175. E. Bot. t. 760. 
 
 Sea-coast, in salt marshes. Near Irishtown, Portmarnock, banks of 
 the river Lee, below Cork, South Isles of Arran, and other places, 
 abundant. FL July, Aug. 0. From two to six or eight inches high, 
 more or less curved, especially in the curious spike. 
 
 The two following Genera were left out by mistake in their proper places. 
 Anthoxanthum should have been placed before Alopecurus, and Nardus after 
 Lolium. 
 
 29. ANTHOXANTHUM. Linn. Vernal-grass. 
 Calyx of two valves, glumaceous, 1-flowered. Corolla double, 
 
318 CYPERACE.E. [Xardus. 
 
 each of two valves ; the exterior awned, the interior small, 
 awnless. Name, wOos, a flower, and gavOo?, yellow, from the 
 yellowish hue of the spikes, especially in age. 
 
 Diandria. Digynia. 
 
 1. A. odoratum, Linn. Vernal-grass. Panicle spiked, ob- 
 long; flowers upon partial stalks and longer than their awns. 
 Br. FL ed. 3. p. 14. E. FL v. i. p. 37. E. Bot. t. 647. 
 
 Meadows, pastures, and woods, abundant, often very alpine. FL 
 May, June. % . A foot high, affording an agreeable smell in the act 
 of drying, like that of Woodruff ( Asperula odorata), and giving the 
 well known scent to new mown hay. Leaves short. Panicle com- 
 pact, spiked, yellowish in age. Stamens only two, in which respect it 
 differs from all our other grasses. 
 
 30. NARDUS. Linn. Mat-grass. 
 
 Calyx none. Corolla of two valves. Named from vapSos, for- 
 merly given to an odoriferous substance, but not applicable 
 in this case. Triandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. N. stricta, Linn. Mat-grass. Spike erect, slender, the 
 florets all pointing one way. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 32. E. FL v. i. 
 p. 70. E. Bot. t. 290. 
 
 Moors and heaths, most abundant. FL June. !. A grass of 
 simple structure, growing in short tufts, so coarse and rigid that cattle 
 will not eat it. Culms and leaves setaceous. Spike long, erect, 
 grooved, and toothed at short distances for the insertion of the florets. 
 Valves of the corolla lanceolate ; outer one coriaceous, purplish- 
 green, tapering gradually into an awn ; inner smaller, awnless, mem- 
 branous. Stamens three. Style and stigma single. 
 
 ORD. 90. CYPERACE^E. Juss. Sedge Family. 
 
 Flowers perfect or separated, each with a glume or chaffy 
 scale. Perianth none or resembling bristles, rarely membrana- 
 ceous, 1 3-valved. Stamens hypogynous, definite, generally 
 3, (sometimes 1 2, or 4 6, scarcely ever 12 ;) anthers in- 
 serted by the base, entire, 2-celled. Ovary 1 -seeded, with the 
 ovule fixed to the bottom of the cell : style one, trifid, rarely 
 bifid. Stigmas undivided, sometimes bifid. Fruit a crusta- 
 ceous or bony nut. Albumen of the same form as the nucleus. 
 Embryo lenticular, homogeneous, placed at the base of the 
 seed, on the outside of the albumen. Plumule inconspicuous. 
 Herbaceous plants, as extensively distributed as the grasses. 
 Stems (Culms, Br.,) rounded or triquetrous, sometimes many- 
 angled, generally without joints, occasionally jointed and branched. 
 
CYPERACE^. 319 
 
 f sheathing, the sh 
 ones often sessile, 
 empty. 
 
 Leaves sheathing, the sheath entire, sometimes cleft in age : the 
 floral ones often sessile. Glumes spicate, the lower sometimes 
 
 1. RHYNCHOSPORA. Vahl. Beak-rush. 
 
 Spikelets few-flowered, the glumes of one valve, imbricated on 
 all sides, the lower one smaller, empty. Bristles several, 
 included, inversely toothed. Style subulate, bifid, spreading 
 at the base. Nut crowned with the persistent more or less 
 articulated style. Name from pv^Kos, a beak, and aTropa, a 
 seed. (Very different in habit from Eleocharis, but too near 
 in generic character.) (Hook.) 
 
 Triandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. R. alba, Vahl. White Peak-rush. Spikelets in a com- 
 pact corymb, as long as the outer bracteas ; leaves narrow, 
 linear. Br. Fl. 1. p. 20. E. Fl. v. i. p. 52. (Schcenus albus, 
 Linn.) E. Bot. t. 985. 
 
 Turfy bogs in the southern, western, and northern counties. Fl. 
 June Aug. 1 Whole plant smooth and slender, from six to twelve 
 inches high. Spikelets of flowers white or whitish, collected so as to 
 form a level surface at the top. 
 
 2. R. fusca, Sm. Brown Beak-rush. Spikelets in an oval 
 head, much shorter than the outer bracteas ; leaves almost fili- 
 form. Br. Fl. 1. p. 20. E. Fl. v. i. p. 52. ( Schcenus fuscus, 
 Linn.) E. Bot. t. 1575. 
 
 Bogs near the upper lake of Killarney, and in Cunnamara. Fl. July, 
 Aug. 1(1. Heads of Jlowers oval, rich brown ; spikelets larger than 
 in the last, and the stigmas more protruded. 
 
 2. BLYSMUS. Panz. Blysmus. 
 
 Spikelets bracteated, arranged on a zigzag rachis into a disti- 
 chous compressed spike. Glumes of one valve, imbricated 
 on all sides, the outermost gradually the largest, empty. 
 Bristles several or none. Fruit compressed, oval, gradually 
 tapering into the persistent style. Name from fiXvefios, 
 source or spring, near which the species usually grow. 
 
 Triandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. B. rufus, Link. Narroiv-leaved Blysmus. Bracteas all 
 equal, membranaceous ; bristles none ; leaves very narrow, 
 grooved. Br. Fl. 1. p. 22. Schcenus rufus, E. Bot. t. 1010. 
 Scirpus rufus, Schrad. E. Fl. v. i. p. 59. 
 
 Marshes near the sea. Plentiful between Baldoyle and Howth. 
 Near Donaghadee ; Mr. Templeton. By the side of the Foyle, near 
 Derry j Mr. D. Moore. FL July. !. Root creeping, with downy 
 fibres. Stem four to six inches high, round, quite smooth and even. 
 
320 CYPERACE^E. [Eleocharis. 
 
 3. SCHGENUS. Linn. Bog-rush. 
 
 Spihelets two ranked, 1 3-flowered, outer glumes smaller, 
 empty. Bristles small or none. Style deciduous. Name 
 from KOIVOS, or GKOIVOS, a cord, because a kind of cordage 
 was anciently made from plants of this tribe. 
 
 Triandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. S. nigricans, Linn. Black Bog-rush. Stem rounded ; 
 spikelets collected into a rounded head ; shorter than the outer 
 bracteas. Br. Fl. 1. p. 19. E. Fl. v. i. p. 50. E. Bot. 
 t. 1121. 
 
 Turfy bog-s in mountainous districts, and sandy marshy places near 
 the sea. Plentiful at Portmarnock. In Cunnamara, where it is very 
 abundant, it is well known by the name of black Keib. Fl. June, 
 July. T. Well distinguished by its rigid habit, nearly setaceous 
 leaves, and the dark brown, almost black heads of flowers. 
 
 4. ELEOCHARIS. Br. Spike-rush. 
 
 Glumes of one valve, imbricated on all sides, uniform, scarcely 
 any empty. Bristles (4 12) toothed, rarely none. Style 
 bifid or trifid, its dilated base jointed upon the gennen. 
 Nut mostly lenticular, crowned with the broad base of the 
 indurated style. Marsh plants. Stems simple, leafless, 
 sheathed at the base. Spike solitary, terminal, erect, not leafy. 
 Br. Name from c\os, e\eos, a marsh, and %aipvo, to delight, 
 from its place of growth. This genus, if it ought to be kept 
 distinct from Scirpus, is better distinguished by the solitary 
 spike than by any character taken from the jointed or dilated 
 base of the style. It is again divided by some Botanists, 
 and the genera Isolepis Br. and Eleogiton Link, constituted. 
 
 Triandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. E. palustris, Br. Creeping Spike-rusk. Stem rounded; 
 root much creeping ; stigmas two ; fruit lenticular, plano- 
 convex, shorter than the four bristles ; outer glume smaller than 
 the rest. Br. Fl. 1. p. 23. E. Fl. v. i. p. 63. (Scirpus pa- 
 lustris, Linn.) E. Bot. t. 131. 
 
 Ditches and wet marshy places, frequent. FL June, July. It. 
 Root creeping, black and shining as well as the external sheaths of the 
 stem. Bristles in the flower longer than the ripe fruit. 
 
 2. E. multicaulis, Sm. Many-stalked Spike-rush. Stem 
 rounded ; root scarcely creeping; stigmas three ; fruit obovate, 
 triquetrous, longer than the six bristles ; outer glumes smaller 
 than the rest. Br. Fl. 1. p. 23. E. Fl. v. i. p. 64. Scirpus 
 multicaulis, E. Bot. t. 1187. 
 
 Turfy bogs. First observed in Ballygowan Bog 1 , County of Down, 
 
Eleockaris.} CYPERACEJE. 321 
 
 by Mr. Templeton, in 1809. County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 FL July. It,.. Root tufted, with many long fibres. Whole plant 
 rather smaller than the preceding. Stems very numerous, eight or ten 
 inches high, sometimes more, spreading loosely, with one or two tight 
 purplish sheaths at the base. Leaves none. Spike smaller, more acute 
 and slender, than in the last, and rather darker coloured. One or two 
 of the lower flowers are often viviparous. Glumes obtuse. 
 
 3. E. pauciflora, Link. Chocolate-headed Spike-rush. Stem 
 rounded, its sheaths leafless ; spike ovate, naked, the two outer 
 glumes the largest, obtuse, shorter than the spike ; stigmas 
 three; style scarcely deciduous, not jointed. Br. FL 1. p. 23. 
 Scirpus pauciflorus, E. Bot. t. 1029. E. FL v. i. p. 55. 
 
 Moory ground, not unfrequent. Fl. July. 1. Much smaller than 
 the last. Fruit pale, obovate, triquetrous, terminated by the withered 
 rigid style, not swollen at the base nor jointed, gradually tapering from 
 the obtuse point of the fruit. Hoots fibrous, sending out jointed 
 runners. 
 
 4. E. c<2spitosa> Link. Scaly-stalked Spike-rush. Stem 
 rounded, or slightly compressed ( Wilson) ; sheaths with subu- 
 late leaves, their two outer glumes (fertile) longer than the very 
 small spikes, and terminating in long rigid points ; stigmas 
 three ; style deciduous ; fruit mucronated with the narrow per- 
 sistent base of the style. Br. FL 1. p. 24. Scirpus ccBspitosus t 
 E. Bot. t. 1029. E. Fl. v. i. p. 55. 
 
 Moors and moist heathy places, common. FL June, July. 1. 
 Stems numerous, from three to twelve inches high, in dense tufts, 
 erect, naked, except at the base, where they bear two or three very 
 short leaves, with long sheaths, besides numerous tumid, furrowed, po- 
 lished, permanent, radical, external scales. Spikes solitary, small, red- 
 dish-brown. 
 
 5. E. acicularis, Roem. et Sch. Least Spike-rush. Stem 
 setaceous, compressed, grooved ; sheaths leafless ; spike ovate, 
 acute ; glumes equal, acute ; stigmas three ; bristles none. Br. 
 Fl. 1. p. 24. E. FL v.i. p. 64. Scirpus acicularis^ E. Bot. 
 t. 749. 
 
 Sides of lakes and rivers. Banks of the Shannon near Portumna. 
 Bann-river near Portglenone ; Mr. Templeton and Mr. D. Moore. 
 Lough Erne ; Dr. Scott. Fl. July, Aug. 3. The most delicate of 
 the Spike-rushes. Root fibrous, with filiform runners. Fruit obovate 
 oblong, pale yellow, beautifully impressed with dotted lines, tipped with 
 the almost globose base of the style. 
 
 6. E. fluitanS) Hook. Floating Spike-rush. Stem com- 
 pressed, branched ; spikes ovate ; glumes nearly equal, obtuse ; 
 stigmas two ; bristles none ; fruit obovate, plano-convex, tipped 
 with the narrow base of the style. Br. FL 1. p. 24. Scirpus 
 
 fluitans, E. Bot. t. 216. E. FL v.'i.p. 56. 
 
 Ditches, still lakes, and pools of water that are sometimes dried 
 up. Marsh on Howth, Cunnamara, &c. Ft. June, July. % . Stem 
 zigzag, most slender in the lower part. Spike small, pale green. 
 
 K u 
 
322 CYPERACEvE. [Scirpua. 
 
 5. SCIRPUS. Linn. Club-rush. 
 
 Glumes of one valve, imbricated on all sides, equal, one or two 
 of the outer ones sometimes sterile. Bristles sometimes 
 wanting. Style continuous, deciduous, leaving only a small 
 mucro. Name, according to Theis, from Cirs, in Celtic, 
 which makes Cors in the plural, whence chorda in Latin, and 
 cord in English ; the stems having been formerly employed 
 for the same purpose as those of Schcenus. 
 
 Triandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. S. lacustris, Linn. Lake Club-rush or Bull-rush. Spike- 
 lets in compound lateral umbels, mostly shorter than the 
 rounded almost leafless stem. Br. Fl. 1. p. 20. E. Fl. v. i. 
 p. 56. E. Bot. t. 666. 
 
 Margins of lakes and rivers. Fl. July, Aug. 1. Root thick, 
 creeping. Stems six to eight feet high, soft, spongy, smooth. Leaves 
 at the base, one or two, short, with long sheaths. Panicle various in 
 luxuriance, or number of spikes, which are brown and fringed. Stig- 
 mas three, rarely but two. Fruit obovate, triquetrous, having six 
 rough bristles at the base. The stems are used for mats and chair-bot- 
 toms, and coopers use them for filling the spaces between the seams_of 
 
 2. S. glaucus, Smith. Glaucous Club-rush. Stem round, 
 naked, glaucous ; panicle cymose, not higher than the bractea ; 
 spikes ovate, conglomerate ; stigmas two. Sm. in E. FL v. i. 
 p. 57. E. Bot. t. 2321. S. lacustris, p. Br. FL \.p. 20. 
 
 Salt-water ditches and pools. On the strand between Clontarf and 
 Kilbarrick, and lake near Sandymount. Fl. Aug. 1|L. From three 
 to four feet high, of a glaucous hue. Panicle less compound, than in. 
 the last. Spikes more crowded, darker, with broader glumes dotted 
 with purple. I have cultivated this plant, along with the last, in the 
 pond at the College Botanic Garden, for the last ten years, where it 
 has never attained above half the height of the other, and still retains 
 its glaucous hue. 
 
 3. S. setaceus, Linn. Bristle shaped Club-rush. Stems 
 compressed, with one or two leaves at the base ; spikelets about 
 two, terminal ; general bractea erect, leafy, much shorter than 
 the stem ; fruit ribbed, obovate, and marked with transverse 
 lines ; bristles none. Br. Fl. 1. p. 21. E. FL v. i. p. 58. E. 
 Bot. t. 1693. Isolepis setacea, Br. 
 
 Moist gravelly places, frequent. FL July, Aug. % . Stems tufted, 
 two to five inches high, very slender. Stamens two. Stigmas three. 
 
 4. S. Savii, Spreng. Savis Club-rush. Stem round, leafy 
 below; spikelets 1 3, terminal, shorter than the unequally 
 two-leaved involucre ; fruit subglobose, rough with slightly 
 elevated points ; bristles none. Hook, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2782. 
 Br. FL ed. 3. p. 28. Isolepis Saviana, Roem. et Sch. Scirpus 
 
Eriophorwn.] CYPERACEvE. 323 
 
 Savi. ft. monostachys ; spikelet solitary, with a 
 shorter involucral bractea. Hook. I. c. 
 
 First observed in Ireland by Mr. Shuttleworth, in wet bogs near 
 Rynvile, Cunnamara, where it has since been found by Mr. Babington 
 of St. John's College, Cambridge, who also pointed it out to me on the 
 Hill of Howth, in August 1835, where it had been mistaken for S. se- 
 taceus. (3. was found near Cork by the late Doctor Sealy. Fl. July. 
 !. a. has since been observed in several other parts of the country. 
 Mr. Moore finds it more abundant in the County of Deny than the 
 other species, and it appears to be the most common of the two in Ire- 
 land. In habit much resembling the last, but readily distinguished by 
 its peculiar fruit. 
 
 5. S. maritimus, Linn. Salt-marsh Club-rush. Stem leafy? 
 triangular ; spikelets terminal, clustered, stalked and sessile ; 
 involucre of many foliaceous leaflets; glumes with a mucro 
 between the acute segments of the notch. Br. Fl. 1. p. 21. 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 61. E. Bot. t. 542. 
 
 Salt marshes, frequent. Fl. July, Aug. It. Hoot creeping, some- 
 times swelling into knots or tubers. Leaves frequently longer than 
 the stem, flat, acuminate. Stigmas three. Bristles three to four, ac- 
 companying the smooth obovato-triangular fruit. 
 
 6. S. sylvaticus, Linn. Wood Club-rush. Stem triangular, 
 leafy ; cyme terminal, many times compounded ; involucre of 
 many foliaceous leaflets ; glume entire, acute. Br. Fl. 1. p. 21. 
 E. Fl. v. i.p. 62. E. Bot. t. 919. 
 
 Banks of the Black-water, and other places in the County of Down ; 
 Mr. Templeton. Banks of Lough Erne, near Enniskillen ; Rev. Dr. 
 O'Beirne. Plentiful in the County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. Fl. 
 July. 1. A handsome species, bearing innumerable small greenish 
 ovate spikelets. Stems two to three feet high. Leaves broadly linear. 
 Fruit with rather short bristles. 
 
 6. ERIOPHORUM. Linn. Cotton-grass. 
 
 Glumes of one valve, imbricated on all sides, nearly equal. 
 Fruit accompanied by very long silky hairs. Name from 
 zpiov, wool, and 0e/?w, to bear. 
 
 Triandria. Monogynia. 
 
 sje Spike solitary. 
 
 1. E. vaginatum, Linn. Hares-tail Cotton-grass. Stem 
 above triangular; sheaths below with long setaceous leaves, 
 above leafless, obtuse, inflated ; spike ovate. Br. Fl. 1. p. 25. 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 66. E. Bot. t. 873. 
 
 Turf-bogs and barren moors, frequent ; especially in mountainous 
 districts. FL March. !{.. 
 
CYPERACE/E. [Cladiiim. 
 
 sfc H< Spikes many. 
 
 2. E. polystachion, Linn. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass. " Stems 
 round ; leaves flat, with a triangular point ; stalks of the spikes 
 smooth ; hairs thrice the length of the spike." Smith. E. Fl. 
 v. i. p. 67. Br. Fl. 1. JD. 25. E. Bot. t. 563. 
 
 Bog-holes on Feather-bed Mountain, County of Dublin. Fl. April 
 June. 1. Readily distinguished from E. angustifolium by its 
 smooth, broad and flat leaves, which have a narrow acute keel : in 
 other cha?aete?s^it very much resembles it. 
 
 3. E, pubescens, Sm. Downy-stalked Cotton-grass. " Stem 
 angular upwards; leaves flat, lanceolate, with a triangular 
 point ; stalks of the spikes downy ; hairs twice the length of 
 the spike." Smith. E. FL v. i. p. 68. Br. Fl. 1. p. 25. 
 Hook, in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2633. 
 
 Marsh near Enniskerry, and other plases in the County of Wicklow. 
 Fl. April June. 1. This may be readily distinguished from the 
 following species by its flat, broader, and shorter leaves, and pubescent 
 or rather scabrous peduncles. Mr. Winch of Newcastle first drew my 
 attention to it, at the marsh near Enniskerry, as being the true E. pu- 
 bescens. 1 had previouslv supposed it to be E. polystachion of E. 
 Bot. 
 
 4. E. angustifolium, Roth. Common Cotton-grass. Stem 
 nearly round ; leaves linear, triangular, channelled towards the 
 base ; stalks of the spikes smooth ; hairs four times the length 
 of the spike. Br. Fl. 1. p. 25. E. FL v. i. p. 69. E. Bot. 
 t. 564. 
 
 Turf-bogs and muddy places, common. Fl. April. "2. Varying in 
 size, and in the length and breadth of its leaves. When growing in 
 bog-holes, it assumes the appearance of E. polystachion of E. Bot.> 
 and is probably only a variety of that species. 
 
 7. CLADIUM. Schrad. Twig- rush. 
 
 Perianth single, glumaceous. Glumes of one piece or valve, 
 one-flowered, imbricated; outer ones sterile. Fruit) a nut 
 with a loose external coat, destitute of bristles at the base. 
 Name from K\,a8os, a branch ; so called, perhaps, from the 
 many branches bearing spikelets. 
 
 Diandria. Monogynia. 
 
 1. C. Mariscus, Br. Prickly Twig-rush. Panicle much 
 divided, leafy ; spikelets capitate-conglomerate ; stem rounded? 
 leafy ; margins of the keels and leaves rough. Br. Fl. 1. p. 13. 
 E. .Fl. v. i. p. 36. Schcenus Mariscus, Linn. E. Bot. t. 950. 
 
 ^ By the sides of small lakes in Cunnamara, abundant. County of 
 Fermanagh ; Doctor Scott. Bog near Lough Allan, County of Cork - f 
 Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. July, Aug, ^ .In habit very different fron* 
 
trex.} CYPERACE.E, 325 
 
 Schcenus, as is the fruit. Plant three to five feet high, leafy. Leaves 
 rough, almost prickly at the margin and keel. Glumes ovate, brown, 
 six to seven in an ovate spikelet ; inner ones the longest, generally the 
 two or sometimes three innermost ones floriferous. Stigmas generally 
 two. 
 
 8. CAREX. Linn. Carex or Sedge. 
 
 flowers collected into an imbricated spike. Calyx (as it is 
 usually called), a scale. Barren fl. Corolla none. Fertile fl. 
 Corolla of one piece, urceolate, swollen. Stigmas 2 3. Nut 
 triquetrous, included within the persistent corolla, (which is 
 thus considered to form part of the fruit.) Name ; supposed 
 to be derived from Keipw, to shear or cut, in allusion to its 
 sharp leaves and steins. Moncecia. Triandria. 
 
 # Spikes simple, solitary. 
 
 1. C. dioica y Linn. Creeping separate-headed Carex. Spike 
 simple, dioecious ; fruit mostly ascending, ovate, shortly acumi- 
 nated, rough at the margin upwards ; leaves and stem smoothish; 
 root creeping. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 392. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 77. E. 
 Bot. t. 543. 
 
 Spongy bogs, not unfrequent. Fl. May, June. %. A span high. 
 Stigmas two. 
 
 2. C. Davalliana, Sm. Prickly separate-headed Carex. 
 Spike simple, dioecious ; fruit ovate, much acuminated, recur- 
 vato-deflexed, rough at the margins upwards ; leaves and stem 
 rough; root tufted. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 392. E. FL v. iv.;?. 78. 
 E. Bot. t. 2123. 
 
 Subalpine bogs ? rare. County of Down ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. 
 June. 1. A span to a foot high, much resembling the last, which, as 
 Doctor Hooker states, is probably sometimes mistaken for it. 
 
 3. C. pulicaris, Linn. Flea Carex. Spike simple, upper 
 half with barren flowers ; fruit lax, oblongo-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, reflexed ; stigmas two. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 392. E. Fl. v. iv. 
 p. 78. E. Bot. t. 1051. 
 
 Bogs, frequent. Fl. May, June. !. A span high. Stems smooth. 
 Leaves, as in all this division, setaceous or filiform. Fruit dark brown, 
 shining, smooth. 
 
 * * Spikelets aggregated, their uppermost flowers mostly 
 sterile. Stigmas two. 
 
 4. C. arenaria, Linn. Sea Carex. Lower spikelets fertile, 
 upper ones sterile, all crowded into an oblong interrupted head ; 
 fruit with a membranous margin, shorter than the calyx ; brae- 
 teas membranaceous, lower ones somewhat leafy ; stem trian- 
 
326 CYPERACE^. [Care*. 
 
 gular ; leaves plane. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 393. E. FL v. iv. p. 85. 
 E. Bot. t. 928. 
 
 Sandy sea-shores, frequent. Fl. Jane. %. Hoot excessively long 
 and creeping. Stems rough, eight inches to a foot high. Fruit with 
 a green membranous wing. It is of great service in binding the sand. 
 
 5. C. intermedia, Gooden. Soft brown Carex. Inferior and 
 terminal spikelets fertile, all crowded into an oblong inter- 
 rupted head, the intermediate ones sterile; fruit acutely mar- 
 gined, longer than the calyx; bracteas membranaceous, the 
 lower ones somewhat leafy ; stem triangular ; leaves plane. Br. 
 FL ed. 3. p. 393. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 86. E. Bot. t. 2042. 
 
 Marshy ground and wet meadows. Fl. June. !. Root creeping. 
 Stem one to one and a half foot high. Spikes, or heads of spikelets, 
 similar in general appearance to the last. Fruit large, not so distinctly 
 winged as gradually flattened towards the margin, more striated on its 
 flat or inner side, the beak broader at its summit. Stem much taller, 
 and the leaves confined to the lower part of it. 
 
 6. C. divisa, Huds. Bracteated Marsh Carex. Spikelets 
 sterile at their extremity, crowded into a somewhat ovate head, 
 the lower ones simple or compound, with a leafy erect bractea 
 at their base ; fruit roundish-ovate, convex on one side, slightly 
 concave on the other, acutely angular, cloven at the point. Br. 
 FL ed. 3. p. 393. E. FL v. iv. p. 87. E. Bot. t. 1096. 
 
 Marshy places, especially near the sea. Salt marsh at Aghris, Cun- 
 namara ; Doctor Wade. County of Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Fl. 
 May, June. % .-Stem about a foot high : lower bracteas with a long 
 leafy point. 
 
 7. C. muricata, Linn. Greater prickly Carex. Spikelets 
 sterile at their extremity, slightly compound, collected into an 
 oblong rather dense spike ; fruit plano-convex, ovato-acumi- 
 nate, acute, angular, spreading, rough at the beak. Br. Fl. ed. 
 3. p. 393. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 88. E. Bot. t. 1097. 
 
 Marshy and especially gravelly pastures, and ditch-banks in various 
 parts of the country. FL May, June. 7. One to two feet high, 
 slender. Bracteas small, lanceolate, subsetaceous. Fruit yellow- 
 brown, broad, rather large. 
 
 8. C. divulsa, Gooden. Grey Carex. Spikelets sterile at 
 their extremities, distant, upon an elongated spike ; fruit plano- 
 convex, ovate-acuminate, acute, angular, "erect," ( Smith J 
 rough at the beak. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 394. E. FL v. iv. p. 89. 
 E. Bot. t. 629. (young spike.) C. muricata, ft. Wahl. Hook. 
 Scot. 1. p. 262. 
 
 Grassy hedges near Killiney-bay. FL May, June. !. Very much 
 resembling the last. The colour is paler, the spikes more elongated 
 and slender, with more distant spikelets. Probably, as Dr. Hooker 
 thinks, only a variety of the last. 
 
 9. C. vulpina, Linn. Great Carex. Spikelets sterile at 
 their extremities, compound, collected into a cylindrical crowded 
 
CYPERACE.E. 327 
 
 spike ; fruit ovato-acuminate, plano-convex, acute, angular, 
 divergent ; stem very acutely triangular ; leaves broad. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 394. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 90. E. Bot. t. 307. 
 
 Wet shady places and ditches. Fl. June. 1. Two feet or more 
 high. Stem stout, rough, as well as the broad leaves at their margin. 
 Bracteas small, setaceous. Spike large, greenish. Fruit pale, rough 
 at the margin of the lengthened beak, and bifid at the point. 
 
 10. C. teretiuscula, Gooden. Lesser panicled Carex. Spike- 
 lets sterile at their extremity, scarcely compound, and collected 
 into a slender cylindrical interrupted spike ; fruit ovato- acumi- 
 nate, even above, not margined, gradually attenuated into 
 rather a long serrulated bifid beak ; stem bluntly triangular ; 
 leaves very narrow. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 394. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 91. 
 E. Bot.t. 1065. 
 
 Boggrr, watery meadows. In the marble-hole, Cranmore, near Bel- 
 fast ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. May, June. If.. Resembling the follow- 
 ing species, but does not, like it, grow in clumps. It is also much 
 smaller, with far narrower leaves, blunter stems, with browner, more 
 acuminated fruit, which is less broad, less gibbous beneath, less flat on 
 the upper side, destitute of margin and of raised lines at the base. 
 
 11. C. paniculata, Linn. Great panicled Carex. Spikelets 
 sterile at their extremity, compound, collected into a sort of 
 panicled spike ; fruit ovate, gibbous beneath, slightly margined, 
 flat above, and striated at the base, acuminated into rather a 
 short bifid serrulated beak ; stem acutely triangular ; leaves 
 broad. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 394. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 92. E. Bot. 
 t. 1064. 
 
 Swampy and spongy bogs, frequent. Fl. June. 1. Roots densely 
 tufted. Stem much stouter than the last, two to three feet high, and 
 essentially distinguished by having three acute rough angles, whose 
 intermediate spaces are flat, striated, without any central rib. 
 
 5fc j js Spikekts aggregated, their lowermost flowers sessile. 
 Stigmas two. 
 
 12. C. stellulata, Gooden. Little prickly Carex. Spikelets 
 few (3 4), sterile at their base, roundish, distant ; fruit ovate, 
 much attenuated, plano-convex, acute, angular, spreading, rough 
 at the margin. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 395. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 80. E. 
 Bot. t. 806. 
 
 Marshes and heathy places, common. Fl. May, June. "%.. A span 
 to a foot high. Leaves nearly as long as the stem. Distinguished by 
 its few, much-beaked capsules, placed in small rounded spikelets, and 
 which spread, when ripe, in every direction. 
 
 13. C. curta, Gooden. White Carex. Spikelets sterile at 
 their base, about five, rather distant, elliptical ; bracteas very 
 minute (except the lower one) ; fruit broadly ovate, acute, 
 plane above, slightly convex beneath, subobtusangular, faintly 
 
328 CYPERACEjE. [Care*. 
 
 striated, as long as the scales. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 395. E. Fl. 
 v. iv. p. 81. E. Bot. t. 1386. 
 
 Boggy ground on Slieve Gallion, County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 Bogs in several places in the County of Down ; Mr. Campbell. Fl. 
 June. 2. Distinguished by its pale elliptical spikelets, and imbri- 
 cated, compressed, almost elliptical fruit. 
 
 14. C. Buxbaumii, Wahl. Buxbaurns Carex. " Spikelets 
 about four, rather distant, erect ; nearly sessile, elliptical ; the 
 upper one sterile at the base ; stigmas three, which are short ; 
 fruit elliptical, substipitate, slightly downy, bicuspidate ; scales 
 ovate-lanceolate, longer than the fruit, in the male having a 
 short, in the female a long awn ; stem triangular, much longer 
 than the leaves, the edges roughish upwards ; bracteas leafy, 
 little exceeding the stem ; sheath none." Hook, in litt. 
 
 Found by Mr. D. Moore, in July 1835, on a small island in Lough 
 Neagh, near Toom-bridge. 1. Mr. Moore having sent Dr. Hooker 
 specimens of the above interesting addition to our Flora, for his opinion, 
 he has determined it to be C. Buxbaumii of Wahlenberg, and 
 has favoured us with the above correct description of it. In some 
 respects it approaches C. tomentosa, but that has fewer spikes, a ter- 
 minal spike wholly male, differently formed and more downy fruit, and 
 very different scales. 
 
 15. C. ovalisy Gooden. Oval spiked Carex. Spikelets 
 about six, sterile at the base, oval, approximate ; fruit as long 
 as the calyx, ovato-acuminate, compressed, plano-convex, 
 striated, with a broad membranous margin, rough at the edge ; 
 the beak bifid. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 395. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 82. 
 E. Bot. t. 806. 
 
 Bogs and marshy places. Fl. June. % . Stems one foot high, tri- 
 angular. Spikelets brownish-green, shining. Calyx-scales concealing 
 the fruit. Bracteas small, upper ones resembling the calyx-scales. 
 
 16. C. remota, Linn. Remote Carex. Spikelets several, 
 (small) sterile at their base, very distant; fruit longer than the 
 calyx, oblongo-ovate, shortly acuminate, plano-convex, acute, 
 angular, bifid at the point ; bracteas very long and narrow, 
 leafy, reaching beyond the spike. Br. Pi. ed. 3. p. 396. E. 
 Fl. v. iv. p. 84. E. Bot. t. 832. 
 
 Woods and moist shady places. Fl. June. 1. Whole plant very 
 slender, pale green, one to one foot and a half high, leafy, smooth and 
 roundish below, triangular and rough-edged in the upper part. Leaves 
 narrow. 
 
 17. C. axillaris, Gooden. Axillary clustered Carex. Spike- 
 lets several, sterile at their base, very distant ; fruit longer than 
 the calyx, oblongo-ovate, shortly acuminate, plano-convex, 
 acute, angular, the beak deeply bifid ; bracteas setaceous, lower 
 one long, the rest scarcely so long as the spike. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 396. E. FL v. iv. p. 84. E. Bot. t. 993. 
 
Care*.] CYPERACEyE. 320 
 
 Ballyphehane-bog, near Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. Wet bank at 
 Luggelaw, County of Wicklow; Doctor M'Creight. Fl. June. 1. 
 Stouter and taller than the last; spikelets with more numerous 
 flowers, lower one compound. CaL-scales with two, close, green, 
 generally tough nerves, reaching to the summit. 
 
 # * * * Barren and fertile flowers in separate spikes : the 
 barren mostly solitary. Bracteas leafy, often sheathing. 
 
 f Stigmas three. 
 
 18. C. pendula, Huds. Great pendulous Carex. Sheaths 
 elongated, nearly equal to the flower-stalks; fertile spikes cy- 
 lindrical, very long and drooping; fruit ovate, shortly acumi- 
 nate, bifid at the extremity, closely imbricated ; leaves broad. 
 Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 397. E. Bot. t. 2315. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 95. 
 
 Moist woods and ditches. Ditch-bank on the east side of the Royal 
 Canal between the north road and Glassnevin, in Powerscourt-woods 
 and other places in the County of Wicklow. Near Belfast ; Mr. Tem- 
 pleton. FL May, June. If. Well distinguished by its long, pendulous, 
 cylindrical spikes. 
 
 19. C. strigosa, Huds. Loose pendulous Carex. Sheaths 
 elongated, equal to the flowerstalks ; fertile spikes slender, fili- 
 form, nearly erect ; fruit ovato-lanceolate, nerved, slightly re- 
 curved, loosely imbricated ; leaves rather broad. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 397. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 95. E. Bot. t. 994. 
 
 Moist woods and shady places. Plentiful at the Dargle, and Wood- 
 lands. FL May, June. %* -One to two feet high. CaL-scales a 
 little shorter than the fruit. Readily distinguished from the following 
 species by its erect and longer fertile spikes. 
 
 20. C. sylvatica, Huds. Pendulous Wood Carex. Sheaths 
 half as long as the flower-stalks ; fertile spikes filiform, rather 
 slender, slightly drooping; fruit broadly ovate, much acumi- 
 nated, cleft at the point ; leaves narrow. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 397. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 96. E. Bot. t. 995. 
 
 Moist woods, frequent, FL May, June. 1. Similar to the last; 
 but the spikes are shorter and broader ; the fruit very different, gla- 
 brous, and so acuminated as to terminate in a long beak. CaL-scales 
 longer in proportion. 
 
 21. C. spierostachya, Swartz. Dense short-spiked Carex. 
 " Sheaths shorter than the flower-stalks ; fertile spikes about 
 three, distant, erect, ovate, dense, many-flowered ; fruit ovate, 
 triangular, ribbed, smooth, with a deeply cloven beak, mem- 
 branous at the orifice." E. FL v. iv. p. 98. E. Bot. Suppl. 
 t. 2770. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 398 C. distans, FL Dan. t. 1049. 
 
 Mourne Mountains, County of Down ; Doctor M l Creight, from 
 whom I received specimens. Fl. July, Aug. If.. Stem from nine to 
 fifteen inches high, erect, firm, triangular, smooth, leafy at the base. 
 Leaves chiefly radical, upright, firm, flat, taper- pointed, for the most 
 part smooth, except a slight and marginal roughness, their height 
 scarcely half that of the stem, 
 
 s s 
 
330 CYPERACE/E. [Care*: 
 
 22. C. limosa, Linn. Mud Carex. Sheaths extremely 
 short, scarcely any; fertile spikes oblongo-ovate, pendulous; 
 bracteas subsetaceous ; calyx acute, as long as the fruit ; fruit 
 elliptico-rotundate, striated, shortly mucronated. Br. FL ed. 3. 
 p. 398. E. FL v. iv. p. 102. E. Bot. t. 2043. 
 
 Bogs and marshes. Ballygowan bog, and near Donaghadee ; Mr. 
 Templeton. Bog near Sainttield, County of Down ; Mr. J. Campbell. 
 Fl. June. %. /too* ascending obliquely. Stems eight to ten inches 
 high. Leaves very narrow. Fertile spikes two ; caL-scales dark 
 brown, subapiculate. Fruit greenish-brown. 
 
 23. C. Pseudo-cyperus, Linn. Cyperus-like Carex. Sheaths 
 scarcely any (except sometimes to the lowermost bractea) ; 
 fertile spikes upon long foot-stalks, cylindrical, pendulous ; 
 bracteas very leafy ; calyx setaceous ; fruit oblong, very much 
 acuminate, cloven at the tips, striated. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 399. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 101. E. Bot. t. 242. 
 
 Moist places, and by the sides of lakes and ponds. Marsh in Dun- 
 more Woods, Queen's County. Marsh by the river Lee ; Mr. Drum- 
 inond. Drains at Cranmore ; Mr. Templeton. Fl. June. If.. Stems 
 two or three feet high, acutely angular. Leaves half an inch broad. 
 One of the most beautiful of the genus. 
 
 24. C. pallescens, Linn. Pale Carex. Sheaths scarcely 
 any ; fertile spikes pedunculated, oblongo-cylindrical, scarcely 
 pendulous ; bracteas subfoliaceous ; fruit obovato-elliptical, 
 tumid, striated, obtuse, glabrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 400. E. Fl. 
 v. iv. p. 105. E. Bot. t. 2185. 
 
 Marshy places, frequent. Fl. June. ^. A foot or more high. 
 Leaves slightly downy. Spikes obtuse, pale green. Fruit very obtuse. 
 
 25. C. flava, Linn. Yellow Carex. Sheaths short, about 
 equal to the flower-stalks ; bracteas long, leafy ; sterile spike 
 distinctly stalked ; fertile spikes roundish-oval, rather distant ; 
 fruit obovate, turgid, spreading, with a long more or less de- 
 flexed beak, bifid at the point. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 400. E. Fl. 
 v. iv./?. 107. E.Bot. t. 1294. 
 
 Turfy bogs, frequent. Fl. May, June. !. Six to eight inches or 
 a foot high. Bracteas very foliaceous, the lower one resembling the 
 broad acuminated leaves. Spikes, and the whole plant, of a yellowish 
 hue. 
 
 26. C. Oederi, Ehrh. Oederian Carex. Sheaths short, 
 about equal to the flower- stalks ; bracteas long, leafy ; sterile 
 spike almost sessile ; fertile ones roundish-oval, approximate ; 
 lower ones subcompound ; fruit obovate, turgid, spreading, with 
 a long nearly straight beak, bifid at the point. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 400. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 107. E. Bot. t. 1773. C. flava, p. 
 Hook. Scot. 1. p. 266. 
 
 Bogs and moist heaths, frequent. Fl. May, June. 1. Resembling 
 the last, but of more stunted growth, the spikes also are more compact, 
 and almost clustered. 
 
Carex. \ CYPERACEM. 331 
 
 27. C. fulva, Gooden. Tawny Carex. Sheaths elongated, 
 shorter than the peduncles ; braeteas foliaceous ; scales acute ; 
 fertile spikes oblongo-ovate, distant \ fruit broadly ovate, as- 
 cending, glabrous, acuminated into a straight beak, bifid at the 
 point; stem scabrous. Br. Ft. ed. 3. p. 400. E. Fl. v. iv. 
 p. 107. E. Bot. t. 1295. 
 
 Elevated boggy meadows. On many of the Cork and Kerry moun- 
 tains. Mourne mountains, &c. ; Mr, Templeton. Derry mountains ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. Fl. June. 1. One foot high ; somewhat resembling 
 C. distans, but is smaller, with shorter, more lax, paler-coloured and 
 fewer-flowered spikes ; and acute, not mucronate, calyx-scales. 
 
 28. C. extensa, Gooden. Long bracteated Carex. Sheaths 
 very short (scarcely any) with extremely long foliaceous brae- 
 teas ; fertile spikes nearly sessile, oblong ; scales slightly mu- 
 cronate; fruit ovate, striated, with a short acuminated beak, 
 bifid at the point ; leaves very narrow ; stem smooth. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 400. E. FL v. iv. p. 108. E. Bot. t. 833. 
 
 Salt marshes. Near Ballylickey, Bantry, and at Portmarnock. Near 
 Donaghadee ; Mr. Templeton. Side of the Foyle, and near the 
 mouth of the river Roe, County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. FL 
 June. 3. Well distinguished by its channelled, narrow, long leaves 
 and braeteas. 
 
 29. C. distans, Linn. Loose Carex. Sheaths elongated, 
 about equal to the flower-stalks, with leafy braeteas ; fertile 
 spikes sometimes compound, remote, oblong, erect; calyx 
 mucronate ; fruit ovate, somewhat inflated, subtriquetrous, 
 uniformly nerved, with a rather short beak, bifid at the 
 point. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 401. E. FL v. iv. p. 109. E. Bot. 
 t. 1234. 
 
 Salt marshes near Sandymount, Baldoyle, and Portmarnock, and 
 other places on the coast, abundant. FL June. 1. Eight inches to 
 two feet high, slender. Spikes very distantly placed, their rather long 
 peduncles entirely concealed by the sheathing bases of the braeteas. 
 Scales of the calyx rather pale brown. 
 
 30. C. binervis, Sm. Green-ribbed Carex. Sheaths elon- 
 gated, about equal to the flower-stalks, with leafy braeteas; 
 fertile spikes remote, cylindrical, the lowr ones partly com- 
 pound, erect; scales mucronate ; fruit ovate, scarcely inflated, 
 rather acutely triquetrous, with two principal (green) nerves 
 near the margin at the back, and a rather short beak, bifid at 
 the point. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 401. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 110. E. Bot. 
 t. 1099. 
 
 Dry heaths, frequent. Fl. June. 1. A much stouter and taller 
 plant than the last. Three, or even four feet high, when growing 
 among furze bushes on Howth and other similar situations. Calyx- 
 scales, and especially tine fruit, more highly coloured, the latter more 
 acutely triquetrous, with two nerves near the margin at the back, which 
 are always green. 
 
 31. C. pr&cox, Jacq. Vernal Carex. Sheaths short (scarcely 
 
332 CYPERACE/E. [Carex. 
 
 any), equal to tlie flower-stalks; fertile spikes oblong-approxi- 
 mate; scales elliptic-oblong; fruit obovate, subtriquetrous, 
 acute, downy. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 401. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 111. 
 E. Bot. t. 1099. 
 
 Dry pastures and heaths, frequent. Fl. April, May. If. Root 
 creeping. Stem three inches to a foot high. Leaves short, rather 
 broad. Lower bracteas small, but leafy ; upper ones very minute. 
 
 32. C. pilulifera, Linn. Round-headed Carex. Sheaths 
 none ; bracteas small, foliaceous ; fertile spikes sessile, roundish, 
 approximate ; scales strongly mucronate ; fruit obovato-globose, 
 acute and downy ; stems weak, scabrous. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 402. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 112. E. Bot. t. 885. C. montana, Linn. 
 
 Heaths and moory ground, frequent. Fl. June. If. Stems varying 
 \ery much in height, from six to twelve inches, slender. Readily dis- 
 tinguished by the pubescent, almost spherical J?'uit, which gives name 
 to the species. 
 
 33. C. panicea, Linn. Pink-leaved Carex. Sheaths elon- 
 gated, shorter than the flower-stalks ; fertile spikes subcylin- 
 drical, with distant flowers ; bracteas leafy ; fruit subglobose, 
 somewhat inflated, glabrous, entire at the point. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 402. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 114. E. Bot.t. 1505. 
 
 Marshy places and bogs, common. FL June. If. Stems one to 
 one foot and a half high. Leaves rather broad, glaucous, rough at the 
 edges. Calyx-scales dark brown, the keel green. Fruit greenish- 
 brown. 
 
 34. C. recurva, Hucls. Glaucous Heath Carex. Sheaths 
 short, scarcely any ; bracteas leafy, fertile spikes cylindrical, 
 scarcely drooping, densely imbricated, on long slender stalks ; 
 fruit obovato-globose, slightly downy, entire at the small point. 
 Br. FL ed. 3. p. 402. E. FL v. iv. "p. 1 14. E. Bot. t. 1506. 
 C. Micheliana, E. Bot. t. 2236, (fr. glabrous.) 
 
 Moist meadows and barren heathy grounds. FL June. %. Leaves 
 mostly radical, very glaucous. Stems about a foot high. Fertile spikes 
 two, barren ones two or three. Fruit closely placed, brownish when 
 ripe. 
 
 f f Stigmas two. 
 
 35. C. ccespitosa, Linn. Tufted Bog Carex. Sheaths none ; 
 bracteas foliaceous, auricled at the base ; fertile spikes sessile, 
 cylindrical, obtuse, imbricated, compact; fruit elliptical, com- 
 pressed, with a very short entire point ; leaves mostly erect, 
 narrow-linear. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 403. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 117. 
 E. Bot. t. 1507. 
 
 Marshes and wet places, frequent. Fl. May, June. 11. Eight 
 inches to a foot high. " Root creeping, but not tufted. I suspect it 
 has been, in this respect, confounded with C. stricta or C. rigida. 
 Stem with blunter angles than C. rigida or C. stricta, Stiymas 
 
Cam-.] CYPERACE.E. 333 
 
 nearly sessile on the corolla, spreading and flexuose, with coarse pu- 
 bescence, similar to the following, but larger and more loose. Corolla 
 sessile. Fruit without ribs (in a young state at least), also sessile. 
 Beak like that of C. rigida, except that it is not cloven at the notch." 
 Mr. W. Wilson. 
 
 36. C. rigida, Gooclen. Rigid Carex. Sheaths none; 
 bracteas foliaceous, auricled at the base ; fertile spikes sub- 
 cylindrical, obtuse, loosely imbricated, the lower one peduncu- 
 lated ; fruit obovate, attenuated at the base, slightly stalked, 
 with a very short entire point ; leaves mostly recurved, broadly 
 linear. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 403. E. Bot. t. 2047. E. Fl. v. iv. 
 p. 116. 
 
 On Galtymore and Curan-Tuhol, the highest of Magillicuddy's 
 Reeks, and other mountains in Kerry. FL June, July. ijl. Hoots 
 creeping. Four to six inches high. " Bracteas often erect, not un- 
 frequently recurved. Stigmas nearly or quite sessile, erect, not spread- 
 ing, minutely papillose. Corolla with a short stalk. Nearly allied to 
 C. ccBspitosa ; nor is it distinguishable by any other marks than the 
 broad leaves, stalked corolla, and neatly formed erect stigmas, which 
 if constant, may peihaps serve to keep it in the rank of a species." 
 Mr. W. Wilson. (Hooker.) 
 
 37. C. stricta, Gooden. Straight-leaved Carex. Sheaths 
 none ; bracteas with small auricles at the base, short, sub- 
 foliaceous ; fertile spikes nearly sessile, cylindrical, elongated, 
 closely imbricated, often acuminated, with barren flowers at 
 the extremit}'; fruit ovate, somewhat acute, plane above on 
 each side, on a very short stalk; stem acutely angular, straight; 
 leaves long, straight, narrow-linear, their bases often reti- 
 culated. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 403. E. FL v. iv. p. 118. E. 
 Bot. t. 914. 
 
 Marshes and sides of lakes, in various parts of the country. FL 
 April, May. If, . Two feet or more high. Leaves rough, filamentous 
 at their sheathing bases. Spikes long, erect. Calyx-scales lanceolate, 
 dark brown. The roots are fibrous and tufted, and the plant is much 
 taller than C. ccespitosa. " The fruit comes gradually to a point, and 
 Mr. Wilson observes this point or mouth to be beset with very minute 
 spinules. The fertile spikes, he finds, has very constantly eight rows 
 of fruit." Hooker. 
 
 s|s jjs sfc sfe s| Barren and fertile flowers in separate spikes. Barren 
 spikes two or more. Stigmas three, (except in C. acuta.^ 
 
 38. C. acuta, Linn. Slender-spiked Carex. Stigmas two; 
 sheaths none; bracteas long, foliaceous; fertile spikes long, 
 cylindrical, acuminate, slender, erect when in fruit ; fruit oval, 
 swelling, subacuminate, entire at the point ; stem acute!}' an- 
 gular, scabrous. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 404. E. FL v. iv. p. 119. 
 E. Bot. t. 580. 
 
 Moist meadows and watery places in various parts of the country. 
 
334 CYPERACE.E. [Carex. 
 
 Fl. May. 1( . Two to three feet high. Leaves broad, scarcely glau- 
 cous, rough. 
 
 39. C. paludosa, Gooden. Lesser common Carex. Sheaths 
 none; bracteas very long, foliaceous ; scales of the sterile spikes 
 obtuse ; fertile spikes cylindrical, obtuse ; fruit oblongo-ovate, 
 acute, bifid at the point, striated. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 404. E. Fl. 
 v. iv. p. 120. E. Bot. t. 807. (7. acula, Curt. 
 
 Boggy meadows, and by the sides of rivers and ditches. Fl. May. 
 If-. Two feet or more high. Leaves very broad, keeled, rough. 
 
 40. C. riparia, Curt. Great common Carex. Sheaths 
 none; bracteas very long, foliaceous ; scales of the sterile spikes 
 acuminated ; fertile spikes scarcely pedunculated, broadly 
 cylindrical, acute; fruit oblongo-ovate, striated, subacuminated, 
 deeply bifid at the point. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 404. E. FL v. iv. 
 p. 121. E. Bot. t. 579. C. acuta, Huds. Light/. 
 
 Sides of ditches and rivers, common. Fl. May. 1. Longer than 
 the last, with much broader leaves and spikes ; and distinguished by 
 the acuminated scales of its sterile spikes. 
 
 41. C. l&vigata, Sin. Smooth- stalked beaked Carex. Sheaths 
 elongated, shorter than the flower-stalks ; bracteas foliaceous ; 
 fertile spikes drooping, cylindrical ; all -the scales acuminated 
 or mucronate ; fruit ovate, triangular, striated, with rather a 
 long acuminated beak, bifid at the point. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 404. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 122. E. Bot. t. 1387. 
 
 Marshes and boggy thickets. Near Ballylickey, Bantry ; Miss 
 Hutchins. Banks of the Laggan, near Belfast ; Mr. Templeton and 
 Mr. Campbell. FL June. H. Two to three feet high. Leaves 
 broad, but rather short. It has rarely more than one sterile spike, 
 which is always triquetrous ; but its similarity to the following species 
 authorises its being placed in this division. If arranged in the section 
 with " 1 sterile spike" its station would be near C. distans, from which 
 Mr. Wilson does not think it different. Hooker. 
 
 42. C. vesicaria, Linn. Short-spiked Bladder Carex. Sheaths 
 none; bracteas foliaceous, long; fertile spikes cylindrical, 
 slightly drooping ; scales lanceolate ; fruit broadly ovate, in- 
 flated, subulato-rostrate, bifid at the point. Br.FL ed. 3. p. 405. 
 E. FL v. iv. p. 123. E. Bot. t. 779. 
 
 Bogs and marshes, frequent. FL May, June. 1(1. One and a half 
 to two feet high. Leaves rather broad. Stems acute, angular. Fruit 
 tawny, very large, shining, much inflated. 
 
 43. C. ampullacea, Gooden. Slender beaked Bottle Carex. 
 Sheaths none; bracteas foliaceous, fertile spikes cylindrical, 
 long, nearly erect, scales lanceolate; fruit crowded, subgiobose, 
 inflated, setaceo-rostrate, slightly bifid at the point, Br. FL 
 ed. 3. p. 405. E. FL v. iv. p. 124. E. Bot. t. 780. 
 
 Bogs and marshes, frequent, all over the country. FL June. T. 
 Differs from the last by the smooth and nearly round stem, by the 
 channelled glaucous leaves, and by \\iejruit, which is brownish and 
 not half so large, with a narrower beak and different shaj e. 
 
Car ex.] CYPERACE^E. 365 
 
 44. C. hirta, Linn. Hairy Carex. Hairy ; sheaths elong- 
 ated, nearly equal to the flower stalks ; bracteas long, foliaceous; 
 fertile spikes short, cylindrical, distant, the scales cuspidate ; 
 fruit hairy, ovate, with a long beak. Br. Fl ed. 3. p. 405. E. 
 Fl. v. iv. p. 125. E. Bot. t. 685. 
 
 Wet pastures and woods, frequent. Fl. May, June. 71. One to 
 two feet high, more or less hairy in every part. 
 
 45. C. Jtliformis, Linn. Slender -leaved Carex. Glabrous; 
 sheaths scarcely any ; bracteas long, very narrow ; fertile spikes 
 shortly pedunculate, oblongo-cylindrical, their scales cuspidate; 
 fruit ovate, shortly beaked, deeply bifid at the point, very pu- 
 bescent. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 405. E. Fl v. iv. p. 128. E. Bot. 
 t. 904. 
 
 Boggy marshes, rare. Ball yphehane bog, and Lough Carra, County 
 of Kerry ; Mr. J. Drumrnond. Fl. May. 7. One to two feet high. 
 Leaves slender, their margins involute, filamentous at their bases near 
 the roots. 
 
CELLULARES, 
 
 OR 
 
 FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 
 
 PLANTS without flowers and spiral vessels, composed chiefly of 
 cellular tissue. ACOTYLEDONES, Juss. Cryptogamous or 
 j^Etheogamous Plants of Authors. 
 
 DIVISION 1. FILICOIDE^:, OR FERN-LIKE PLANTS. 
 
 Flowerless plants, with a stem having a vascular system and 
 distinct leaves ; their sporules having a proper integument, and 
 contained in distinct axillary or dorsal thecee. 
 
 Ord. 91. FIL1CES. Juss. Fern Family. 
 
 Fructification or organs of reproduction only of one kind. 
 Capsules spiked or racemed, or generally collected into clusters 
 of various shapes (sori), mostly upon the back or margin of the 
 frond, naked or covered with an involucre, with or without an 
 elastic ring. Seeds or sporules minute. Perennial plants, 
 most abundant in moist and mountainous countries within the 
 tropics, gradually diminishing towards the poles. Fronds leafy, 
 with a circinate vernation ; in perfection during a great part of 
 the year, especially in the summer months. 
 
 Some species are used for food, others in medicine ; but their 
 virtues do not appear to be very powerful. 
 
Poli/podium.] FILICES. 337 
 
 s(< Capsules \-celled, with an articulated, elastic, more or less 
 complete ring, opening transversely and irregularly. (POLYPO- 
 
 DIACiJLfE. Kaulf.) 
 
 i. GRAMMITIS. Sw. Grammitis. 
 
 Sori oblong, or linear, straight, scattered. Involucre none. 
 Name; <y/>a/t/t^, a line; from the lines of fructifications. 
 
 1. G. Ceterach, Sw. Scaly Grammitis. Fronds pinnatifid, 
 covered beneath with imbricated chaffy scales; segments ovate, 
 obtuse ; scales entire. Br. Fl. cd. 3. p. 447. Scolopendrium 
 Ceterach, E. Bot. t. 1244. E. FL v. iv. p. 315. Asplenium 
 Ceterachy Linn. 
 
 Rocks and walls in limestone districts. On the ruins of the old 
 Church near the Devil's Glen ; abundant at the Marble-quarries near 
 Kilkenny, and in the barony of Burren, County of Clare. Cave-hill ; 
 Mr. Templeton. Mr. W. Wilson finds evident traces of an involucre 
 on the lower side of the sorus, viz. "a narrow membrane fringed with 
 the chafty scales, which cover the back of the frond." Hook. 
 
 2. POLYPODIUM. Linn. Polypody. 
 
 Sori roundish. Involucre none. Named from TTO\V, many, 
 and TTOVS, TroSos, a foot, from the numerous roots, or segments 
 of the fronds. 
 
 1. P. vulgare, Linn. Common Polypody. Fronds deeply pin- 
 natifid; the segments linear-lanceolate, obtuse, crenulate, ap- 
 proximate, upper ones gradually smaller, Br. Fl. ed. 8. p. 447. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 280. E. Bot. t. 1149. 
 
 Rocks, walls, trunks of trees, and banks, frequent. A beautiful va- 
 riety, the $. of Smith, I first found in the south isles of Arran in 1806, 
 and it was found the same year in the Dargle by Miss Fitton, where it 
 still continues to grow. In it the fronds are doubly pinnatifid, as well 
 as variously toothed, and serrated, the segments either obtuse or taper- 
 pointed, the whole frond, as Sir J. E. Smith remarks, elegantly imitat- 
 ing an ostrich feather. Our Irish plant is somewhat different from P. 
 cambricum, Linn., and produces copious fructifications. 
 
 2. P. Phegopteris, Linn. Pale Mountain Polypody. Fronds 
 bipinnatifid, the two lowermost pinnae standing forward, their 
 segments linear-lanceolate, obtuse, entire, ciliated, the lower- 
 most ones adnato-decurrent ; veins hairy ; sori marginal. Br. 
 Fl. ed. 3. p. 447. E. FL v. iv. p. 282. E. Bot. t. 2224. 
 
 Shaded rocky places, in mountainous countries. At Powerscourt 
 Waterfall, sparingly ; Waterfall above Lough Eske, County of Done- 
 gal and other places in the northern counties. Sir J. E. Smith observes 
 that the name Phegopteris, or Beech Fern, is by no means suitable to 
 this species, which does not grow in Beech-woods, but in stony moun- 
 
 T T 
 
338 FILICES. [Aspidium. 
 
 tainous places, or in clefts of rocks. The two lowest branches, or leaf- 
 lets, being more or less bent downward, sometimes as it were pendulous, 
 are peculiarly characteristic. 
 
 3. P. Dryopteris, Linn. Tender three-branched Polypody. 
 Fronds ternate, bipinnate; divisions spreading and defiexed, 
 the segments obtuse, subcrenated ; sori marginal; root-stock 
 filiform. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 448. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 282. E. Bot. 
 t. 616. 
 
 Dry stony places in mountainous countries. On the Mountains of 
 Mourne ; Turk Mountain ; Killarney ; Mam-turk, Cunnamara, &c. 
 Frond from 4 6 inches to a foot high, bright green, smooth, delicate 
 and flaccid. Stalk slender, brittle, two or three times as tall as the 
 leafy part, pale, very smooth, except a few scales at the bottom. 
 
 3. ASPIDIUM. Sw. Shield-fern. 
 
 Sori roundish, scattered. Involucre orbicular, fixed by the 
 centre, or orbiculari-reniform and fixed at the sinus. Name, 
 affTTis, ciffTTtdos, a shield, which its involucres resemble, espe- 
 cially in the species of the first division. 
 
 HS Involucre orbicular, fixed by the centre^ hence peltate. 
 (Aspidium, Br.) 
 
 1. A. Lonchitis, Sw. Rough alpine Shield-fern. Fronds 
 linear-lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae lanceolate-falcate, acute, 
 ciliato-serrate, the upper base acutely auricled, the lower one 
 cuneate ; superior pinnae bearing the fructifications; stipes 
 chaffy. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 448. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 284.Polypod. 
 Lonch., Linn. E. Bot. t. 797. 
 
 Shady clefts of limestone rocks on Ben Bulben and other mountains 
 in the County of Sligo in 1833, where it had previously been observed 
 by Mr. E. Murphy. Fronds a span or more high, tufted, linear-lan- 
 ceolate, firm, rigid and harsh, deep green. Stalk short, clothed below 
 the leafy part with large, broad, taper-pointed scales ; with smaller 
 ones above. 
 
 2. A. lobatum, Sw. Close-leaved prickly Shield-fern. Fronds 
 oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate; pinnules rigid, convex, ovate, 
 sublunate, acuminate, aristate, oblique and cuneated at the 
 base and decurrent, the margins faintly serrated, spinulose, 
 with a distinct tooth at the base on the upper side, the one next 
 the main rachis longer than the rest ; stipes and rachis more or 
 less chaffy ; fructifications confined to the upper half of the 
 fronds. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 449. E. FL v. iv. p. 290. E. Bot. 
 t. 1563. 
 
 Moist woods, shady banks, and rocky places, generally in rather 
 elevated situations ; most plentiful in the northern counties. At the 
 upper end of Colin Glen, where it was first pointed out to me by Mr. 
 
Atpidium.] FILICES. 339 
 
 Templeton. County of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. Hedge-banks in a 
 lane on the north side of the Circular-road ; Mr. F. Whitla. Dis- 
 tinguished from the following by its more convex pinnules, which are 
 decurrent, and by the upper one next the rachis being much longer 
 than the rest. 
 
 3. A. aculeatum, Sw. Prickly Shield-fern. Fronds broadly 
 lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnules rigid, somewhat convex, slightly 
 petioled, ovato-sublunate, acuminate or acute, aristate, ob- 
 liquely truncate and auricled at the base on the upper side, the 
 one next the main rachis somewhat larger than the rest, the 
 margins distinctly serrated and spinulose; stipes and rachis 
 chaffy. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 449. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 290. E. Bot. 
 t. 1562, (bad.) 
 
 In the lower wooded part of Colin Glen, Belfast. Hedge-banks near 
 Carrickfergus ; Mr. F. Whitla. County of Derry ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 Nearly allied to the last, and perhaps only a variety of it. It may 
 however be readily distinguished by the shortly petioled, not decurrent, 
 generally longer, and more acute pinnules. 
 
 4. A. angulare, Sm. and Willd. Angular-leaved Shield-fern. 
 Fronds broadly lanceolate, bipinnate; pinnules thin and mem- 
 branaceous, plane, petioled, ovate, sublunate, obtuse, aristate, 
 obliquely truncate at the base, with a large auricle on the upper 
 side, the margins deeply serrated, spinulose, the lowermost ones 
 often deeply pinnatitid, that next the main rachis scarcely 
 larger than the rest, (excepting in var. /3.) ; stipes and rachis 
 very chaffy; fructifications copious. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 449. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 291. E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2776. A. aculeatum, 
 P. Fl. Br. p. 1122. A. lobatum, Willd. 9 Hook. Br. FL ed. 1. 
 p. 443. (3. subtripinnate ; pinnules, especially the lower ones, 
 and the somewhat larger one next the main rachis, distinctly 
 pinnate. 
 
 Woods and hedge-banks. Very common in the Counties of Wick- 
 low, Down, Antrim, and Derry, and other parts of the country, where 
 it had long been known as A. aculeatum, until Sir J. E. Smith de- 
 scribed it under the above name. Softer and more delicate in texture, 
 as well as more shaggy than the last, and of a lighter green. The 
 leaflets are smaller, more numerous, blunter and rounded at the extre- 
 mity, tipped with a soft bristly point. In (3. the pinnules are longer 
 and more pointed, with about three pairs next the rachis distinctly 
 pinnate. Another var. that I have been long acquainted with, of 
 which also Mr. G. S. Gough collected specimens near Clonmel, 
 has the pinnules narrow and lanceolate, with one terminal and several 
 lateral, long, distant, rather rigid points. Intermediate states between 
 this species and A. aculeatum are found near Belfast by Mr. F. Whitla. 
 
 s|e sje Involucre orbiculari-reniform, fixed by the sinus. 
 (Nephrodium, Rich. Br.) 
 
 5. A. Oreopteris, Sw. Heath Shield-fern. Fronds pinnate; 
 pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid, glabrous, resinoso-glandulose be- 
 neath, the segments lanceolate, obtuse, entire, lowermost ones 
 
340 FILICE& [Aspidium. 
 
 longer; sori marginal. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 450. E. Fl. v. iv. 
 p. 286 Polypodium Oreopteris, Ehrh.E.Bot. t. 1019. 
 
 Mountainous countries, in heaths and dry pastures ; plentiful in the 
 County of Wicklovv, and in the southern, western, and northern coun- 
 ties. Readily distinguished by its marginal sori y and, when rubbed 
 between the hands, by its agreeable scent. 
 
 6. A. Thelypteris, Sw. Marsh Shield-fern. Fronds pin- 
 nate; pinnae linear-lanceolate, pinnatifid, and as well as the 
 rachis, slightly pubescent ; the segments ovate, acute, entire ; 
 sori marginal, contiguous, at length confluent. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 450. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 285. Polypodium Thelypteris y Linn. 
 E.Bot. t. 1018. 
 
 Marshy and boggy places. In the demesne of Mucruss, Killarney. 
 Root creeping. 
 
 7. A. cristatum, Sw. Crested Shield-fern. Fronds linear- 
 lanceolate, pinnate; pinnae cordate, attenuated, deeply pinna- 
 tifid, scarcely again pinnate ; segments oblongo-ovate, obtuse, 
 acutely and not doubly serrated. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 450. 
 E. FL v. iv. p. 289. E. Bot. t. 2125. Hook, in Fl. Lond. N. 
 S. t. 113. Polypodium cristatum^ Linn. 
 
 Boggy heaths, rare. Found in the demesne of Sir Hugh Gough, at 
 llathronan near Clonmel ; by Mr. G. S. Gough in 1835. 
 
 8. A. Filix mas, Sw. Blunt Shield-fern. Fronds bipinnate; 
 pinnules oblong, obtuse, serrated ; sori near the central nerve ; 
 stipes and rachis chaffy. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 450. E. Bot. t. 1458, 
 and t. 1949. (A. cristatum.) Polypodium Filix mas, Linn. 
 P. smaller; stipes less chaffy ; involucres slightly tubercled ; 
 pinnules inciso-serrulate. 
 
 Woods, dry ditches, and shady banks, &c. frequent. A beautiful 
 robust Fern j three to four feet high ; its fronds growing in a circle. 
 I have seen it in the County of Wicklow with a caudex eight 
 inches above the ground. /3. Found on Mangerton by Doctor Taylor, 
 growing among Luzula sylvatica, where I have also observed it. 
 
 9. A. spinulosum, Willd. Prickly-toothed Shield-fern. Fronds 
 subtripinnate ; pinnules oblong, distinct, inciso-pinnatifid ; seg- 
 ments mucronato-serrate ; stipes chaffy. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 451. 
 A. dilatatum, Hook. Scot. 2. p. 154. 
 
 . fronds triangulari-ovate ; lower primary pinnae only once 
 pinnate. A. spinulosum, E. Bot. t. 1460. 
 
 /3. fronds triangulari-ovate ; lower primary pinnae bipinnate ; 
 pinnules often convex. A. dilatatum, Willd. E. Bot. t. 1461. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 293 Polypodium dilatatum, Hoffm. 
 
 Moist woods, and shady and rocky places in subalpine situations. 
 #. generally in moist woods. I perfectly agree with Doctor Hooker 
 in uniting A. spinulosum and A. dilatatum of authors. Plants of the 
 former brought from Spike Island, where I gathered the specimen 
 figured in E. Bot. after two years cultivation having assumed all the 
 characters of the latter. 
 
Asplenium.] FILICES. 341 
 
 10. A. dumetorum, Sm. Thicket Shield-fern. " Frond 
 doubly pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid ; lobes with terminal sharp 
 prickly teeth ; common stalk scaly ; cover orbicular, flat with 
 a deep notch." Sm. E. FL v. iv. p. 294. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 451. 
 
 Bushy and dry stony places. Near Powerscourt Waterfall and side 
 of Djouce Mountain, abundant. Much smaller than A. dilatatum of 
 Sm. both in the wild and cultivated state, although perhaps only a va- 
 riety of it. 
 
 4. CISTOPTERIS. BernhardL Bladder-fern, f Cystea, Sm.) 
 
 Sort roundish. Involucre inserted, by its broad cucullate 
 base, at the under side of the sorus, opening by a lengthened 
 free extremity, which points towards the apex of the frond. 
 Name compounded of Kunrj, a little box, and Tn-epis, a 
 fern. 
 
 1. C. fragilis, Bernh. Brittle Bladder-fern. Fronds bipin- 
 nate; pinnae ovato-lanceolate ; pinnules ovato-lanceolate, deeply 
 pinnatifid ; segments ovate or lanceolate, toothed ; rachis 
 winged. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 452. Cystea fragilis, E. Fl. v. iv. 
 p. 298. Aspidiumfragile^Sw. Hook. Scot. 2. p. 155. Cyathea 
 fragilis, E. Bot. t. 1587. 
 
 Rocks and walls, in the mountainous parts of the southern,"northern, 
 and western counties. 
 
 5. ASPLENIUM. Linn. Spleen-wort. 
 
 Sori oblong or linear. Involucres of the same shape, superfi- 
 cial, arising from the lateral veins, and opening on one side 
 longitudinally towards the central nerve or midrib. Name, 
 a, not, and trTrXvjv, the spleen, the plant having been supposed 
 useful in removing obstruction of the viscera. 
 
 1. A. Trichomanes, Linn. Common Wall Spleen-wort. 
 Fronds pinnate ; pinnae roundish-oblong, obtuse, crenated, trun- 
 cato-cuneate at the base ; (stipes and rachis black.) Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 453. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 305. E. Bot. t. 576. 
 
 Rocks and walls, common. 
 
 2. A. viride, Huds. Green Spleen-wort. Fronds pinnated ; 
 pinnaa roundish-ovate, obtusely serrated, cuneate at the base, 
 (rachis green.) Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 453. E. Bot. t. 2257. E. 
 FL v. iv. p. 306. 
 
 Moist rocks on mountain cliffs. Turk Mountain, Killarney ; Ben 
 Bulben, County of Sligo, and on the Donegal Mountains near Lough 
 Eske. 
 
 3. A. marinum, Linn. Sea Spleen-wort. Fronds pinnate ; 
 
342 FILICES. [Scolopendrium. 
 
 pinnae oblong, obtuse, inciso-serrate, the superior base rounded 
 and subauriculated, the inferior one truncated. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 453. E. FL v. iv. p. 307. E. Bot. t. 392. 
 
 In clefts and caves of rocks near the sea. Howth, Killiney-hil), 
 and abundant on the southern and western coasts. 
 
 4. A. Ruta muraria, Linn. Wall-rice Spleen-wort. Fronds 
 bipinnate, especially below; pinnules obovato-cuneate, lobed 
 or bluntly toothed ; involucre jagged at the margin. Br. FL 
 ed. 3. p. 453. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 309. E. Bot. t. 150. 
 
 Walls and fissures of rocks, frequent. Three to four inches high, 
 somewhat glaucous. Fruit about the middle of the pinnules, after- 
 wards covering the whole of their surface. 
 
 5. A. Adiantum nigrum, Linn. Black-stalked Spleen-wort. 
 Fronds ovate or deltoid, tripinnate below ; pinnules ovato-lan- 
 ceolate, inciso-pinnatifid, toothed ; principal rachis winged ; 
 sori at length confluent. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 453. E. Fl. v. iv. 
 p. 310. E. Bot. t. 1950. 
 
 Banks and fissures of rocks, common. Stipes purplish-black. I 
 found in 1805, on the limestone rocks at Mucruss, a beautiful and de- 
 licate variety, with fronds tripinnate throughout, or with pinnules 
 deeply and finely laciniated ; it was subsequently found by Miss Hut- 
 chins and Doctor Taylor ; and Mr. W. Andrews lately gave me a 
 specimen, collected by him in 1835, on a mountain called Cahir-Couree, 
 six miles from Tralee. 
 
 6. A. Filix fc&mina, Bernh. Short-fruited Spleen-wort. 
 Fronds broadly lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnules linear, oblong, 
 acute, often drooping, inciso-serrate ; serratures bi-tridentate, 
 acute ; lower one at the upper margin large, auricled ; sori 
 oblong, at length arched at the base. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 453. 
 Athyrium Filix fcemina, Roth. Aspidium Filix fcemina, Sw. 
 E. Bot. t. 1459, (not good.) E. Fl. v. iv. p. 295. Polypo- 
 dium Filix famina. Linn. /3. smaller. Aspidium irriguum, 
 E. Bot. t. 2199. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 296. 
 
 Moist shady places, abundant. & found by the sides of large stones 
 in a marsh at Mucruss, along with Aspid. Thelypteris. 
 
 6. SCOLOPENDRIUM. Sm. Hart's-tongue. 
 
 Sori linear, transverse, on lateral nerves. Involucre double, 
 occupying both sides of the sorus, superficial, opening, as it 
 were, by a longitudinal suture. Named from the lines of 
 fructification resembling the feet of a Scolopendra. 
 
 1. S. vulgare, Sym. Common Hart's-tongue. Fronds sim- 
 ple, oblongo-ligulate, acute, heart-shaped at the base; stipes 
 scaly. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 454. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 314. E. Bot. t. 1150. 
 S. officinarum, Siv. Willd. Asplenium Scolopendrium, Linn. 
 
 Shady banks, moist rocks, the insides of wells, and in caverns where 
 
Blechnum.] FILICES. 343 
 
 there is a current of damp air. Fronds numerous, tufted, erect, twelve 
 to eighteen inches or more high, sometimes forked at the^summit, or 
 variously crisped or cut at the edges. 
 
 7. PTERIS. Linn. Brake. 
 
 Sort continuous, linear, marginal. Involucres formed of the 
 inflexed margins of the frond, frequently dilated into a mem- 
 brane, opening internally. Name, Tnepis, in Greek, a Fern : 
 from 7rTcpvg, a plume or feather. 
 
 1. P. aquilina, Linn. Common Brake. Fronds tripartite; 
 branches bipinnate ; pinnules linear-lanceolate ; superior undi- 
 vided, inferior pinnatifid, the segments oblong, obtuse. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 454. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 318. E. Bot. t. 1679. 
 
 Woods, heaths, and stony or sandy soils, abundant. Employed as 
 litter for cattle. The ashes are useful in the manufacture of soap and 
 glass. The main stalk, when cut across, exhibits in the pith a branched 
 appearance, resembling a spread-eagle, whence the Latin name (aaiii- 
 lina.) 
 
 8. CRYPTOGRAMMA. Br. Rock-brake. 
 
 Sori linear or roundish, oblique, inserted upon the lateral 
 nerves of the pinnule, at length confluent, and thus appearing 
 marginal. Common Involucre formed by the revolute mar- 
 gins of the pinnules, which in a young state meet at the 
 back : partial none. Name ; KpvTrTos, concealed, and ypa/tifiij, 
 a line ; from the concealed lines of the capsules. 
 
 1. C. crispa, Br. Curled Rock-brake. Sterile fronds bi- 
 pinnate ; pinnules bi-tripinnatifid ; segments linear-oblong, often 
 bidentate at the extremity ; fertile fronds bipinnate, tripinnate 
 below ; pinnules linear-oblong, rather obtuse, entire, narrow at 
 the base. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 454. Pteris crispa, Linn.E. Bot. 
 t. 1160. E. Fl. v.\v. p. 319. 
 
 Among loose stones in mountainous countries in the north. Abun- 
 dant on the Mourne Mountains. 
 
 9. BLECHNUM. Linn. Hard-fern. 
 
 Sori linear, longitudinal, contiguous, parallel, one on each side 
 of the rib. Involucre superficial, continuous, opening inte- 
 riorly. Name, y3X?/Kj>oi/, another Greek name for a fern. 
 
 1. B. boreale, Sw. Northern Hard-fern. Sterile fronds 
 pectinato-pihnatifid, the segments lanceolate, rather obtuse ; 
 fertile fronds pinnate ; pinnae linear, acuminate. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 455. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 316. E. Bot. t. 1159. 
 
 Woods and heaths abundant, especially in a poor light soil. 
 
34 4 FILICES. [ Tnchomanes. 
 
 10. ADIANTUM. Linn. Maidenhair. 
 
 Sori oblong or roundish. Involucres membranaceous, arising 
 from distinct portions of the margins of the frond, turned in, 
 opening interiorly. Name, adiavros that which is of a dry 
 nature. 
 
 1. A. Capillus Veneris, Linn. True Maidenhair. Frond 
 bipinnate ; pinnules thin, membranaceous, obovato-cuneate, 
 inciso-sublobate ; segments of the fertile pinnules terminated by 
 a linear-oblong sorus, sterile ones serrated. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 455. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 32 1. E. Bot. t. 320. 
 
 In the fissures of limestone rocks, south isles of Arran, abundant. 
 It has also been found sparingly near Roundstone, Cunnamara, by 
 Mr. J. M* Calla, and on Cahir Couree Mountain, near Tralee, by 
 Mr. Wm. Andrews. A most delicate and beautiful Fern, varying 
 in height from three inches to one foot and a half, according to the 
 depths of the fissures in which it grows.. In our Gardens it requires 
 the protection of the green-house. 
 
 11. TRICHOMANES. Linn. Bristle-fern. 
 
 Sori marginal. Capsules upon an elongated receptacle, within 
 a cylindrical, or suburceoiate, monophyllous involucre, which 
 is of the same texture as the frond, opening above. Name ; 
 &P l > 7 P 1 X OS > a hair, and /uavia, excess, from the numerous 
 hair-like, exserted receptacles of the sort. 
 
 1. T. brevlsetum, Br. Short-styled Bristle-fern. Fronds 
 thrice pinnatifid, glabrous, segments linear, entire or bifid, 
 obtuse ; involucres solitary in the axils of the upper segments, 
 margined, cylindrical, the mouth scarcely 2-lipped, shorter than 
 the receptacle. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 455. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 325. 
 T. Europ&um, Sm. in Rees CycL T. alatum, Hook, in Fl. 
 Lond. N. S. t. 53, fnot Willd.) T. pyxidiferum, Huds.Hy- 
 menophyllum alatum, E. Bot. t. 1417. Hymenophyllum Tun- 
 bridgense, ft. Sm. Fl. Brit. 
 
 Wet rocks and shady banks in warm sheltered situations, rare. I 
 was fortunate in finding this beautiful Fern, with fructifications and in 
 considerable quantity, near Turk Waterfall, Killarney, in Oct. 1805. 
 It has since been found sparingly in one or two other places in that 
 neighbourhood. A single plant was found about the same time at 
 Powersoourt Waterfall, by Miss Fitton and Doctor Whitley Stokes, 
 where I have since seen it. A few plants were also found soon after, 
 by Mr. Nuttall, in Hermitage Glen, County of Wicklow, where I have 
 seen a single plant in a weak state. I have specimens of this 
 Fern from Madeira, collected by my late friend Doctor James Suter, 
 along with T. canariensis and several other beautiful species. I 
 have succeeded in cultivating it to perfection, by placing the pots in 
 which it is planted in the Green-house under a hand-glass. 
 
Osmunda .] FILICES. 345 
 
 12. HYMENOPHYLLUM. Sm. Filmy-fern. 
 
 Sori marginal. Capsules upon a narrow receptacle, .within 
 a two-valved involucre, which is of the same texture as the 
 frond, opening above. Named from v^iy, a membrane, and 
 0i>XXot/, a leaf; an admirably characteristic appellation. 
 
 1. H. Tunbridgense, Sm. Tunbridge Filmy-fern. Fronds 
 tender, pinnate ; pinnae distichous, vertical, pinnatifid, the seg- 
 ments linear, undivided or bifid, and as well as the axillary, 
 solitary, suborbicular compressed involucre, spinuloso-serrate ; 
 rachis strongly winged. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 456. E. Bot. t. 162. 
 Hook, in Fl. Land. N. S. t. 71. E. Fl. v. iv.p. 327. 
 
 Moist rocks in mountainous situations. Powerscourt Waterfall, 
 Glencree and other places in the County of Wicklow, and many other 
 parts of the country. Habit tender and delicate, spreading widely over 
 the rocks on which it grows. PinncB pointing 1 in two opposite direc- 
 tions, flat and vertical, on the same plane with the winged rachis. 
 Involucres nearly orbicular, slightly swollen at the base, where the clus- 
 ter of capsules is lodged, the rest compressed, especially at the margin 
 of the valves. When dry there is a kind of elasticity in the plant. 
 
 2. H. Wilsoni, Hook. Scottish Filmy-fern. Fronds rigid, 
 pinnate ; pinnae recurved, subunilateral, pinnatifid, the segments 
 linear, undivided or bifid, spinuloso-serrate ; involucres axil- 
 lary, solitary, ovate, inflated, entire; rachis only slightly mar- 
 gined towards the extremity. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 456. Wilson 
 in E. Bot. Suppl. t. 2686. 
 
 On wet shaded rocks, generally in elevated situations in many parts 
 of the country. On the Kerry mountains, Cunnamara, and Glencree, 
 County of Wicklow. On Sugar-loaf Mountain ; Mr. NuttalL First 
 distinguished as a species distinct from H. Tunbridgense by Mr. W. 
 Wilson, who found it near Killarney. " More rigid, and with larger 
 reticulations than the last ; quite distinct in its mode of growth, for all 
 the pinncB are strongly curved backwards, in a direction contrary to 
 that of the fructification : the involucre is totally different, larger, 
 browner, of a more rigid texture, truly ovate, each valve remarkably 
 convex for its whole length, the edges only of the valves being applied 
 to each other, and they are quite entire." Hook. 
 
 % s| Capsules spiked or clustered, regularly 2-valved, without 
 an elastic jointed ring. (OSMUNDACE.E and OPHIOGLOSSE^, Br.) 
 
 13. OSMUNDA. Linn. Osmund-royal, or Flowering-fern. 
 
 Capsules subglobose, pedicellate, clustered, striated, half two- 
 valved. Involucre none. Name, probably given, as Sir J. 
 E. Smith suggests, in honour of some person. Osmund, in 
 Saxon, is said to mean domestic peace. 
 
 1. O. regalis, Linn. Common Osmund-royal. Fronds bi- 
 
 u u 
 
346 LYCOPODIACE^E. [ Ophioglostum. 
 
 pinnate ; pinnules oblong, nearly entire, the lower base some- 
 what auricled, the inferior ones opposite ; fertile panicle bipin- 
 nate, occupying the extremity of the frond. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 456. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 327. E. Bot. L 209. Hook, in Fl. 
 Lond. N. S. t. 150. 
 
 Boggy places, sides of woods, watery meadows near the sides of 
 lakes in many places. Very abundant near Killarney ; near the lake 
 at the Seven Churches ; upper end of Kelly's Glen in meadows. It 
 is also found in various places in the County of Down, and at Newtown- 
 barry, County of Waterford. The noblest and most striking of our 
 native ferns. 
 
 14. BOTRYCHIUM. Sw. Moon-wort. 
 
 Capsules subglobose, sessile, clustered at the margin and on 
 one side of a pinnated rachis, 1 -celled, 2-valved, compressed, 
 opening transversely. Involucre none. Name; fio-rpvs, a 
 bunch of gropes ; from the appearance of the branched clus- 
 ters of capsules. 
 
 1. B. Lunaria, Sw. Common Moon-wort. Frond pinnated, 
 solitary ; pinnae lunate or subflabelliform, crenate. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 456. Hook, in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 150. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 328. 
 Osmunda Lun., Linn. E. Bot. #.318. 
 
 Dry mountain pastures. I have specimens from Mr. D. Moore, col- 
 lected on Magilligan, with three distinct stalks of fructifications. 
 
 15. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Linn. Adder's-tongue. 
 
 Capsules 1 -celled, 2-valved, opening transversely, connate, so 
 as to form a compact 2-ranked spike. Involucre none. 
 Name, o0ts, o^ios, a serpent, and ^\waaa, a tongue, which the 
 spike of fructification somewhat resembles. 
 
 1. O. vulgatum, Linn. Common Adder s-tongue. Spike 
 cauline ; frond ovate, obtuse. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 457. E. Bot. 
 t. 108. Hook, in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 78. E. Fl. v. iv. 
 p. 329. 
 
 Moist pastures and boggy mountains, not unfrequent. 
 
 ORD. 92. LYCOPODIACE^. Sw. Wolf's-foot Family. 
 
 Fructification sessile in the axils of the leaves or branches. 
 Capsules without a ring, some 2-valved, filled with a powder ; 
 others 2 3-valved, containing larger globular bodies. Leafy 
 plants common to very different climates, and with very varied 
 aspects. 
 
Lycopodium.*} LYCOPODIACE^E. 347 
 
 1. LYCOPODIUM. Linn. Club-moss. 
 
 Capsules 1-celled; some 2-valved, including a fine powdery 
 substance, others 3-valved, containing a few large grains or 
 seeds. Named from \VKOS, a wolf, and TTOVS, TTO^OS, a foot, 
 which the branches of some species are supposed to re- 
 semble. 
 
 1. L. clavatum, Linn. Common Club-moss. Spikes in pairs, 
 cylindrical, stalked, their scales ovate, acuminate, eroso-dentate; 
 stem creeping ; branches ascending ; leaves scattered, incurved 
 and hair pointed. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 457. E. Fl v, iv. p. 331. 
 E.Bot.t. 224. 
 
 Heathy pastures in mountainous countries. Plentiful on the Dublin 
 Mountains, &c. The seeds being inflammable, are used to produce 
 artificial lightning on the stage. Stems many feet long. 
 
 2. L. selaainoides, Linn. Lesser alpine Club-moss. Spikes 
 terminal, solitary, sessile ; stem creeping ; branches few, as- 
 cending, simple ; leaves scattered, lanceolate, subpatent, ciliato- 
 denticulate. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 457. E. Fl v. iv. p. 332. E. 
 Bot. t. 1148. 
 
 Boggy places by the sides of mountains in various parts of the coun- 
 try, and sandy low grounds at Portmarnock. Two to three inches 
 high. Stems much branched, spreading, weak and slender below ; the 
 branches erect, leafy, cylindrical, obtuse ; those which bear the fructi- 
 fication longer and stouter than the others. The smallest of our 
 species. 
 
 3. L. alpinum, Linn. Savin-leaved Club-moss. Spikes ter- 
 minal, solitary, sessile, short, cylindrical ; stem prostrate ; 
 branches dichotomous and fascicled ; leaves in four rows, 
 oblong, convex, acute, appressed. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 457. E. 
 Fl. v. iv. p. 335. E. Bot. t. 234. 
 
 On the more elevated mountains, more abundant in the north. Do- 
 negal, Deny, and Mourne Mountains, Mangerton and other mountains 
 in Kerry. " It is used in many countries to dye woollen cloth of a yel- 
 low colour." Hook. 
 
 4. L. Selago, Linn. Fir Club-moss. Capsules in the axils 
 of the common leaves (not spiked) ; stem dichotomously 
 branched, erect, fastigiate ; leaves in about eight rows, linear- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, entire, imbricated, rigid. Br. FL ed. 3. 
 p. 457. E. FL v. iv. p. 333. E. Bot. t. 233. 
 
 Heathy and stony soils, most abundant all over the country. It is 
 known in Kerry as the (Virgin Mary's Furze.) " Used in the High- 
 lands, instead of alum, to fix colours in dyeing, and as an emetic and 
 cathartic, but it operates violently. The Swedes use it to destroy lice 
 on swine and other animals." Hook. 
 
348 EQUISETACE^:. [Pilularia. 
 
 ORD. 93. MARSILEACE^. Br. Pepper-wort Family. 
 
 Fructification of two kinds, enclosed in a one- or more- 
 celled involucre near the root. Aquatic plants of various re- 
 gions. 
 
 1. ISOETES. Linn. Quill- wort. 
 
 Involucres formed of the swollen base of the leaves, 1-celled. 
 Seeds angular, inserted upon many filiform receptacles. 
 Named from to-os-, equal or alike, and eros, the year ; or ever- 
 green. 
 
 1. I. lacustris, Linn. European Quill-wort. Leaves subu- 
 late, bluntly 4-angular, of four longitudinal internally jointed 
 tubes. Br. Ft. ed. 3. p. 458. Hook, in Fl Lond. N. S. 
 t. 131. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 343. 
 
 Bottoms of lakes. Upper Lough Bray, and in several lakes in Cun- 
 namara. A very singular aquatic ; its fructification being entirely 
 concealed at the base of the cellular, subulate leaves. " Mr. W. Wil- 
 son considers the fructifications to be of two kinds : in one the con- 
 tained granules are oval, pellucid, and with sutures : in the other they 
 are sphaerical, and splitting at the sutures into four portions (one por- 
 tion hemisphaerical, the other three triangular) and they are rough on 
 the surface." (Hook.) 
 
 2. PILULARIA. Linn. Pill-wort. 
 
 Involucres solitary, nearly sessile, globose, coriaceous, 4-celled : 
 each cell containing two different kinds of bodies ; (anthers ? 
 and pistils ?) Name ; pilula, a little pill, which its fructifi- 
 cations resemble. 
 
 1. P. globulifera, Linn. Creeping Pill-wort. Br. Fl. ed. 3. 
 p. 458. E. Bot. t. 521. Hook, in Fl. Lond. N. S. t. 83. E. 
 Fl. v. iv. p. 342. 
 
 Margins of lakes and pools, and in places that are partially overflowed. 
 Abundant in marshy ground about two miles from the mouth of the 
 Blackwater, near Lough Neagh ; Mr. J. Campbell. In a ditch by 
 the river Bann, a little below Jackson's Hall, Coleraine ; Mr. David 
 Moore. Stems creeping, long, and entangled. Leaves setaceous, 
 erect, two or three from one point, four to five inches long. Involucres 
 at the base of the leaves, about the si^e of small peas, brown, downy 
 on the outside. 
 
 ORD. 94. EQUISETACE^E. Rich. Horse-tail Family. 
 Fructification terminal, in spikes or catkins, consisting of 
 
Equisetum.] EQUISETACE^E. 349 
 
 peltate, polygonous scales, on the under side of which are from 
 4 7 involucres, which open longitudinally, and contain nu- 
 merous globose bodies, (capsule?) enfolded by four elastic 
 filaments, clavate at their extremities, (which some take for 
 stamens.) Widely dispersed plants, growing in dry or in wet 
 places, sometimes aquatic. Stems rigid, leafless, jointed, striated, 
 the articulations sheathed at the base ; the cuticle abounding in 
 silex ; branches, if any, mostly whorled, and as many will be 
 found as there are stria upon the stem and teeth to the sheath t if 
 the teeth do not continue more or less combined. 
 
 1. EQUISETUM. Linn. Horse-tail. 
 
 Character of the Genus the same as that of the Order. Named 
 from Equus, a horse, and seta, a hair, or bristle ; meaning 
 horse-tail. 
 
 * Fertile stems simple, succulent, brownish, appearing before 
 the sterile ones and soon dying away, when the latter alone re- 
 mains through the summer, with whorled branches. 
 
 1. ^L. fluviatile, Linn. Great Water Horse-tail. Sterile 
 steins with very numerous (about thirty) striae, and nearly erect 
 simple branches ; stem cylindrical, smoothish ; sheaths with 
 close small subulate teeth ; fertile stems (short) without 
 branches, clothed with ample loose sheaths, having many sub- 
 ulate teeth. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 458. E. Bot. t. 2022. E. Fl 
 v. iv. p. 337. 
 
 Muddy lakes, sides of rivers and pools, frequent. Fl. April. The 
 largest of all our species, its sterile stems or fronds being three to four 
 feet high. 
 
 2. E. Drummondii, Hook. Blunt topped Horse-tail. Frond 
 very obtuse at the extremity ; sterile stem, especially upwards, 
 scabrous, with prominent points and about twenty striae ; teeth 
 of the sheath appressed ; branches simple, patent ; fertile stem 
 without branches, its sheaths approximate, appressed, with sub- 
 ulate teeth. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 459. Hook, in E. Bot. SuppL 
 t. 2777. 
 
 First found by Mr. T. Drummond at Wolf-hill, the seat of William 
 Thompson, Esq. near Belfast, where I have collected specimens. Fl. 
 April. " Allied to the following, but its colour is greener and less 
 glaucous, its stems rougher, with closely set, raised points, its angles 
 and branches much more numerous, and the whole barren-frond is 
 singularly blunt (in its outline) at the extremity, by which it may be 
 at once distinguished from E. arvense. The sheaths, though paler at 
 the base, have blacker and more prominent ribs upwards, and they are 
 so close as to imbricate each other ; their teeth also are more numerous 
 when they separate into the proper number." (Hook.) 
 
 3. E. arvense, Linn. Corn Horse- tail. Frond attenuated 
 
350 EQUISETACEvE. [Equisetum. 
 
 upwards ; sterile stem slightly scabrous, with twelve to fourteen 
 furrows ; teeth of the sheath lanceolate-subulate ; branches 
 simple, erecto-patent ; fertile stem without branches, its sheaths 
 remote, loose. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 459. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 337. 
 E. Bot. t. 2020. 
 
 Corn-fields and road sides, frequent. FL April ; afterwards the 
 sterile stems appear. 
 
 * * Fertile stems at length throwing out whorled branches, or 
 bearing the fructifications at the same time with the whorled 
 branches. 
 
 4. E. sylvaticum, Linn. Branched Wood Horse-tail. Sterile 
 and fertile stems with about twelve furrows ; branches com- 
 pound, whorled, deflexed ; sheaths lax, with about six or twelve 
 long membranaceous, obtuse teeth. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 459. E. 
 Fl. v. iv. p. 336. E. Bot. t 1874. 
 
 Moist woods and hedge-banks, chiefly in mountainous situations. 
 Near Roundwood and other places in the County of Wicklow ; abund- 
 ant in the north. FL April, May. A very elegant species, twelve or 
 eighteen inches high. Sterile plants pyramidal in their catkin ; fer- 
 tile ones abrupt at the top, especially after the fructification has passed 
 away. 
 
 5. E. limosum > Linn. Smooth naked Horse-tail. Stem 
 smooth, striated ; striae about 16 18 ; teeth of the sheaths 
 short, rigid, distinct; branches nearly erect, simple, often abor- 
 tive ; catkin terminal upon the stem. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 459. 
 E. FL v. iv. p. 339. E. Bot. t. 929. 
 
 Watery places and ditches, frequent. FL June, July. Next in size 
 to E. fiuviatile : agreeing, too, somewhat in habit ; but with fewer 
 angles and teeth, and fewer branches in a whorl, and these latter often 
 short and imperfect, or wanting ; and differing, by the catkins being 
 upon stems that are similar to the barren ones. 
 
 6. E. palustre, Linn. Marsh Horse-tail. Stem furrowed, 
 roughish, with seven or eight angles ; branches simple, gra- 
 dually shorter upwards (sometimes abortive), catkin terminal 
 on the stem. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 459. E. FL v. iv. p. 339. E. 
 Bot.t. 2021. 
 
 p. E. palustre minus potystachion, Bauh. Prodr. 24. Dill, 
 in Raii Syn. 131. t. 5. f. 3. 
 
 Boggy soils, frequent. & (<y. Smith}. Spikes terminating the 
 upper branches as well as the stem. FL June, July. 
 
 * * * Stems simple, or irregularly branched; fructifications 
 
 terminal. 
 
 7. E. hyemale, Linn. Rough Horse tail. Stem throwing 
 up simple branches only from the base, scabrous, furrowed, 
 rough ; sheaths with about fourteen very small, obtuse, often deci- 
 
Equisetom.] CHARACE^. 351 
 
 duous teeth (black at the extremity) ; catkin terminal. Br. Fl. 
 ed. 3. p. 460. E. Bot. t. 915. E. Fl. v. iv. p. 339. 
 
 Moist woods. Powerscourt Demesne. Woodlands and other places 
 in the County of Dublin, and many other parts of the country. Fl. 
 July, Aug. Most of the Horse-tails are more or less rough to the 
 touch, and their cuticle abounds in silex, or flint) 7 earth ; so that they 
 are admirably suited for the polishing of hard woods, ivory, brass, &c. 
 This species, E* hyemale, is by far the best kind for such purposes, 
 and is imported from Holland in considerable quantity, under the name 
 of Dutch Rushes. In Northumberland, Lightfoot tells us that the 
 dairy-maids employ it to scour and clean their milk-pails. 
 
 8. E. variegatum, Schleich. Variegated Hough Horse-tail. 
 Stems filiform, rough, branched only at the base, with 4 8 
 furrows ; sheaths with white, membranaceous, lanceolate teeth, 
 (black at their base) ; catkin terminal. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 460. 
 E. Fl. v. iv. p. 340. E. Bot. t. 1987. 
 
 Sandy sea-shores, &c. Portmarnock-sands, where it was first ob- 
 served by Doctor Taylor. Moist banks near a waterfall at the upper 
 end of Colin Glen, Belfast, where I found it in company with Mr. F. 
 Whitla, in August, 1833. Bally harrigan Glen, near Dungiven ; Mr. 
 D. Moore. Fl. July, Aug. The smallest of our species ; when 
 growing in dry shady places decumbent or ascending, 6 8 inches long ; 
 in moist ground, erecto-flexuose, or declinate, often two feet, as in my 
 specimens from Colin Glen ; many of which have three or four alternate 
 branches inserted a little below the upper joints. Doctor Hooker 
 states that Mr. Wilson finds it at Mucruss, Killarney, of an equally 
 large size, growing in water. 
 
 ORD. 95. CHARACE^. Rich. Chara Family. 
 
 Organs of fructification of two kinds, on the same or on dif- 
 ferent plants; in the latter case approximate or remote from 
 each other, always produced on, or at the base of, the lesser 
 ramuli or bracteas : 1. Globules of a reddish or orange colour 
 (stamens of many authors), in maturity formed of triangular 
 scales, each of which, in Chara vulgaris, "has a vacant portion 
 in its centre, but the margin (which has a fluted appearance 
 under a small magnifier,) consists of a number of parallel, 
 linear-oblong, hyaline, hollow tubes, placed at small intervals 
 from each other, those forming the angles of the scale being 
 branched. Within these tubes are a profusion of globular, mi- 
 nute, orange bodies, (exactly similar to the sporules of other 
 cryptogamic plants,) arranged in no order, and escaping on the 
 least injury of the tubes. It is these little bodies which give 
 the orange colour to the globule." (Grev.) The globule is 
 filled with a mucilage and extremely delicate convoluted fila- 
 ments, arising from minute campanulate bodies and often arti- 
 
352 CHARACE.E. [Chara. 
 
 culated. 2. Nucules, which are ovate, consisting of a hard, 
 spirally twisted, crustaceous integument, often crowned with 
 five projecting points, filled with minute granules, which, how- 
 ever, perhaps, in maturity constitute one body. Aquatic plants, 
 always submerged, formed of simple or compound, membrana- 
 ceous, sometimes brittle tubes, smooth or spirally striated, often 
 invested with a calcareous covering, jointed at the insertion of the 
 branches, which are dichotomous and whorlcd. 
 
 The genus Chara has been variously placed by different 
 Botanists. The organs of fructification being of two kinds, 
 sometimes near each other, at other times apart, the greater 
 number of Botanists of the Linnaean School have placed it either 
 
 in MONANDRIA MONOGYNIA, Or in MONCECIA MONANDRTA. 
 
 Linnaeus himself at first placed it in CRYPTOGAMIA, and such 
 seems to be the prevalent opinion with the followers of the Na- 
 tural System. Richard first proposed that it should constitute 
 a separate order, widely removed as it is from every other ; so 
 much so, that it would be difficult to say to which it is most 
 allied. Dubis and De Candolle have placed it (as I have done) 
 next to the Equisetaceae, but with a note of doubt as to the pro- 
 priety of doing so. For a more detailed description of this 
 genus, see Hookers Br. Fl. v. u.p.242, where it is placed next 
 to the Algaa. 
 
 1. CHARA. Vaill. Chara. 
 
 (CHARACTER the same as that of the Order.) Name; its origin 
 unknown. 
 
 jfc More or less pellucid and flexible, not striated* (Nitella. Ag.) 
 
 1. C. translucens, Pers. Translucent Chara. Elongated, 
 smooth, flaccid, glossy and pellucid ; branches of the whorls 
 elongated, patent, obtuse, simple, with a short point; nucules and 
 globules upon the smaller ramuli scarcely bracteated. Br. Ft. 
 v. ii. p. 245. Pers. Syn. PL. v. 2. p. 531. E. Bot. t. 1703. 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 8. Nitella translucens, Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 124. 
 
 Old Aquarium of Cork Botanic Garden ; Mr. W. H. Harvey. In 
 one of the small lakes above Kilrea, County of Derry ; Mr.D. Moore. 
 Lake near Slieve Croob ; Mr. Templeton. This is the largest, the 
 brightest coloured, and most glossy of any of our species. Vaillant 
 and Sir J. E. Smith describe the branches as jointed ; but this appear- 
 ance Doctor Hooker thinks is wholly owing to a fold in the membrane 
 of the tube, which is sometimes transverse and sometimes oblique. 
 
 2. C. flexilis, Linn. Flaccid Chara. Smooth, flaccid, some- 
 what glossy and pellucid, much and frequently dichotomous; 
 branches of the whorls simple or divided, obtuse; nucules few, 
 scarcely bracteated. Br. Fl. v. 2. p. 245. E. Bot. t. 1070. 
 E. Fl. v. i. p. 7. Nitella flexilis, and opaca, Ag. Lyst. Alg. 
 p. 124. 
 
Chara.} CHARA CEvE. 353 
 
 Ditches, lakes, and still waters, frequent. I have a specimen from 
 Mr. W. H. Harvey of a variety found by him in the lower lake of Kil- 
 larney, with the branches of the whorls more elongated than usual, and 
 the fertile ramuli nestled among them, as described by Dr. Hooker. 
 
 3. C. nidifica, CEd. Clustered Chara. Smooth, flaccid* 
 somewhat glossy and pellucid, simple below ; primary whorled 
 branches simple, elongated, fertile ones very numerous, 
 crowded and proliferous ; nucules separated from the globules 
 on the same plant (Borrer), bracteated. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. 
 p. 245. FL Dan. t. 761. E. Bot. 1. 1703. E. Fl. v. i. p. 8. 
 Nitella nidifica, Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 125. 
 
 Lough Neagh ; Mr. Templeton. 
 
 * * Opaque and very brittle, striated, often spirally. (CHARA Ag.) 
 
 4. C. vulgaris, Linn. Common Chara. Smooth, opaque, 
 brittle (but not incrusted), very obscurely striated; branches of 
 the whorls slender, subulate ; fertile ones with many short ra- 
 muli or.bracteae, three or four of which are much longer than 
 the globule and nucule that they accompany. Br. FL v. ii. 
 p. 246. E. Bot. t. 336. E. FL v. i. p. 6. Ag. Syst. Alg. 
 p. 128. 
 
 Ditches and slow streams, frequent. 
 
 5. C. Hedwigii, Ag. Hedwigian Chara. Elongated, 
 smooth, opaque, brittle, (sometimes partially incrusted,) ob- 
 scurely striated ; branches of the whorls subulate, the sterile 
 ones with many short ramuli or bractese, three or four of which 
 are shorter than the nucule and globule that they accompany. 
 Br. FL v. ii. p. 246. Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 129. 
 
 In a fresh-water pool near Portrush ; Mr. D. Moore. Larger than 
 the preceding, with more numerous fertile branches and shorter bractea?. 
 The branches are jointed in both at the setting on of the ramuli or 
 bracteae, which, being numerous, the joints are consequently numerous. 
 
 6. C. aspera, Willd. Rough Chara. Slender, opaque, 
 brittle, obscurely striated, every where beset with patent, scat- 
 tered spinules ; branches of the whorls subulate, the fertile ones 
 with many short ramuli or bractese, of which three or four ac- 
 company the nucule or globule (on different plants), uncertain 
 in length. Br. FL v. ii. p. 246. Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 130. Grev. 
 Scot. Cr. Fl. t. 339. 
 
 By the side of the Bann river, below Coleraine ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 
 7. C. hispida, Linn. Hispid Chara. Opaque, brittle, stri- 
 ated, covered more or less thickly by a calcareous crust ; 
 branches of the whorls subulate ; fertile ones with many short 
 ramuli or bracteae, of which three or four are longer than the 
 nucule and globule that they accompany. a. major; larger; 
 stems spinulose. Br. FL v. ii. p. 246. C. hispida, Linn. 
 
 x x 
 
354 CH ARACE.E. [ Chara. 
 
 E. Bot. t. 463. E. Fl v. i. p. 7. Ag. Syst. Alg. p. 128. 
 p. gracilis; smaller; spinules obsolete. C. hispida, ft. Ag. 
 Syst. Alg. p. 128. E. Fl. v. i. p. 7. 
 
 Ditches and bog-pits, frequent, (3. Pond at Ballyrenna, near Ma- 
 gilligan ; Mr. 1). Moore. In a ditch inside of the Murrough of Wick- 
 low many varieties of this plant may be gathered, some so hispid that 
 they resemble C. crinita, and others as naked as C. vulgaris ; Mr. 
 W. H. Harvey. 
 
FLORA HIBERNICA. 
 
 PART SECOND, 
 
 COMPJU8INO 
 
 THE MUSCI, HEPATIC^, 
 
 LICHENES. 
 
ORDER II. 
 
 Musci. Linn. Mosses. 
 
 PLANTS small, evergreen, or rapidly reviving by moisture, 
 simply attached by their roots, nourished by their leaves, which 
 are membranous, simple, sessile ; renovating above, decaying 
 beneath and depositing soil ; growing on earth, trees, stones, and 
 even in fresh water ; preferring temperate climates, exposure to 
 the north and moist situations. The mosses are furnished with 
 roundish stalked vesicles intermixed with jointed filaments in 
 the axils of the leaves or in star-like clusters, called the male 
 organs by Hedwig ; but the fecundation has never been ob- 
 served. They are supplied besides with capsules containing 
 grains which Hedwig, and more lately Mr. James Drummond, 
 have proved to be seeds by their successful experiments of ger- 
 mination. The capsules in a young state numerous, clustered, 
 cylindrical, have with good reason been denominated pistils; 
 usually only one of the cluster swells into a capsule. The 
 swelling of the capsule causes its covering or calyptra to sepa- 
 rate at its base ; it retains its situation, however, until the ma- 
 turity of the seeds, which escape sometimes by the rupture of 
 the capsule, but more commonly by the separation of the 
 suture by which the lid or superior portion of the young cap- 
 sule was fixed. The capsule is furnished with an interior mem- 
 brane to the inner surface of which the seeds are attached. 
 The appearance of young fruit usually overtakes the maturity 
 of the old. The lid falling, displays the mouth of the capsule 
 either naked, or with a single or double peristome or fringe, di- 
 viding into 4, 8, 16, 32 or 64 teeth. 
 
 A 2 
 
MUSCI. 
 
 TABLE OF THE GENERA. 
 I. Lid adnate, not separating. 
 
 1. ANDREA. Capsule 4-valved. 
 
 2. PHASCUM. Capsule entire. 
 
 II. Lid deciduous at the maturity of the seeds. 
 1. Mouth of the capsule naked. 
 
 3. SPHAGNUM. Capsule sessile, its receptacle pedunculated. 
 In all the remaining Genera the capsule is supported on a 
 
 seta or stalk, which, however, is sometimes minute. 
 
 4. (EDIPODIUM. Seta fleshy, pellucid. Calyptra campanu- 
 late, splitting on one side. 
 
 5. GYMNOSTOMUM. Seta rigid, opaque. Calyptra dimidiate. 
 Fruit terminal. 
 
 6. HEDWIGIA. Seta rigid, opaque. Calyptra dimidiate. 
 Fruit lateral. 
 
 7. ANICTANGIUM. Seta rigid, opaque. Calyptra campanu- 
 late. Fruit terminal. 
 
 2. Mouth of the Capsule with a Peristome. 
 a. 
 
 Seta terminal; (except in a few species of Dicranum,} 
 
 t 
 Peristome single. 
 
 (Entosthodon and some Orthotricha occasionally or altogether 
 want the inner Peristome). 
 
 8. DIPHYSCIUM. Peristome a conical, truncated, plaited mem- 
 brane. Capsule oblique. 
 
 9. TETRAPHIS. Peristome of 4 triangular teeth. 
 
 10. SPLACHNUM. Peristome of 8 or 16 pairs of teeth. Cap- 
 sule with an apophysis. 
 
 11. ENCALYPTA. PERISTOME of 16 teeth. Calyptra campa- 
 nulate, smooth, enclosing the mature capsule. 
 
 12. WEISSIA. Peristome of 16 equidistant teeth. Calyptra 
 dimidiate. 
 
 13. GRIMMIA. Peristome of 16 broad equidistant teeth, en- 
 tire or perforated. Calyptra campanulate. 
 
 14. DIDYMODON. Peristome of 16 or 32 teeth, in pairs. Ca- 
 lyptra dimidiate. 
 
MUSCI. 5 
 
 15. TRICHOSTOMUM. Peristome of 16 or 32 teeth, in pairs. 
 Calyptra campanulate, shorter than the mature capsule. 
 
 16. GLYPHOMITRION. Peristome of 16 teeth, in pairs. Ca- 
 lyptra campanulate, longer than the mature capsule. Capsule 
 destitute of an apophysis. 
 
 17. DICRANUM. Peristome of 16 equidistant bifid teeth. Ca- 
 lyptra dimidiate. 
 
 18. TORTULA. Peristome of 32 teeth, spirally twisted above, 
 united more or less below into a tubiform membrane. 
 
 19. ZYGOTRICHIA. Peristome of 32 teeth, in pairs, spirally 
 twisted above, united below by transverse processes. Calyptra 
 dimidiate. 
 
 20. CINCLIDOTUS. Peristome of 32 teeth, spirally twisted 
 above, united below by transverse processes. Calyptra cam- 
 panulate. 
 
 21. POLYTRICHUM. Peristome of 32 or 64 equidistant teeth 
 united at their tops by a horizontal membrane. Calyptra dimi- 
 diate, minute. 
 
 ft 
 Peristome double. 
 
 A. 
 
 Inner peristome composed of distinct teeth or cilia. 
 (Sometimes wanting in Entosthodon and Orthotrichum. ) 
 
 22. ENTOSTHODON. Peristome oblique ; outer of 16 horizon- 
 tal teeth from the inner membrane of the capsule ; inner obso- 
 lete or wanting. Capsule with an apophysis. 
 
 23. FUNARIA. Peristome oblique ; outer of 16 teeth ; inner 
 of as many cilia opposite to the teeth. Capsule pyriform, its 
 mouth oblique. 
 
 24. ZYGODON. Outer peristome of 16 teeth, in pairs; inner 
 of 8 or 16 cilia. Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 25. ORTHOTRICHUM. Outer peristome of 16 teeth in pairs ; 
 inner of 8 or 16 cilia. Calyptra campanulate, sulcate. 
 
 B. 
 
 Inner peristome, a membrane divided above into lacinice or seg- 
 ments. 
 
 26. BRYUM. Outer peristome of 16 teeth; inner of 16 equal 
 lacinice, frequently with filiform processes interposed. Calyptra 
 dimidiate. 
 
 27. BARTRAMIA. Outer peristome of 16 teeth ; inner of 16 
 equal bifid lacinice* Calyptra dimidiate (capsule mostly globose.) 
 
6 MUSCI. 
 
 b. 
 Seta lateral. 
 
 * 
 
 Peristome single. 
 
 28. PTEROGONIUM. Peristome of 16 entire equidistant teeth, 
 Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 29. LEUCODON. Peristome of 32 teeth united in pairs. 
 Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 * * 
 
 Peristome double. 
 
 A. 
 Inner peristome composed of free cilia. 
 
 30. NECKERA. Outer peristome of 16 teeth ; inner of 16 cilia, 
 sometimes connected below by a very short membrane. Calyp- 
 tra dimidiate. 
 
 31. ANOMODON. Outer peristome of 16 teeth ; inner of 16 
 cilia from between the teeth. Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 32. DALTONIA. Outer peristome of 16 teeth ; inner of 16 
 cilia from between the teeth. Calyptra campanulate. 
 
 B. 
 
 Inner peristome of cilia united below by a membrane or by trans- 
 verse processes. 
 
 33. FONTINALIS. Outer peristome of 16 teeth; inner of 16 
 cilia connected by transverse processes into a cone. Calyptra 
 campanulate. 
 
 34. HOOKEKIA. Outer peristome of 16 teeth Dinner of 16 
 cilia united below into a membrane. Calyptra campanulate. 
 
 35. HYPNUM. Outer persitome of 16 teeth; inner of 16 cilia 
 united below by a membrane, and having filiform processes fre- 
 quently interposed. Catyptra dimidiate. 
 
[Andraa. MUSCI. 
 
 1. ANDREA. EHRHART. 
 
 Capsule with an apophysis, 4-valved, the valves cohering by 
 their summits to the persistent lid. Calyptra horizontally 
 torn. 
 
 1. A. alpina. HEDW. Leaves spathulato-ovate, acuminate, 
 nerveless, concave, clasping. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 49. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2. p. 2. t. 8. Dillen. Muse. t. 83. /. 39. 
 
 On mountain rocks at an elevation of 2000 feet. From 1 2 inches 
 high ; of a purplish brown ; glossy. 
 
 2. A. rupestris. HEDW. Leaves oblongo-lanceolate, the up- 
 per falcato-secund, nerveless. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 47. Muse. 
 BriLed. 2.p.2.t. 8. 
 
 Mountain rocks. 
 
 3. A. Rothii. MOHR. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, 1 -nerved, 
 falcato-secund. Web. et Mohr Cr. Germ. p. 386 t. 11./.7 & 8. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 2. t. 8. Dillen. Muse. t. 83. / 40. 
 
 Common on mountain rocks, yet it descends to the level of the sea, 
 It is often very black. 
 
 2. PHASCUM. Linn. 
 Seta terminal. Lid persistent. Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 The species are all minute annuals. Dissemination takes place by 
 rupture of the capsule. 
 
 1. P. serratum. SCHREB. Shoots branched filiform jointed; 
 leaves lanceolate, nerveless, deeply serrated. Schreb. de Phasco 
 t. 2. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 4. t. 5. 
 
 On shaded, moist banks, not uncommon. Mr. James Drummond 
 found the seeds of several species of Musci to germinate with shoots 
 resembling conferva. In the present species I have sometimes seen 
 the branched shoots without any jointed appearance whatever. 
 
 2. P. alternifolium. DICKS. Stems elongated ; leaves entire, 
 lanceolate-subulate, remote, somewhat adpressed to the stem. 
 Dicfc. Cr. Fasc. 1. t. \. f. 2. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 5. t. 5. 
 
 Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. Dunkerron, County Kerry. Seeds 
 large ; perichcetial leaves very long : sides of the capsule pellucid. 
 
 3. P. crispum. HEDW. Leaves lanceolato-subulate, their 
 points somewhat recurved, flexuose when dry. Hedw. St. cr. v. 
 1. t. 9. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 6. t. 5. 
 
 Banks near Belfast, Templeton. Seeds minute ; capsule with pel- 
 lucid sides, of the same colour as the lea^e-. 
 
 4. P. subulatum. LINN. Leaves subulato- setaceous, straight, 
 their nerve disappearing below their summits. Linn. &p. plant. 
 p. 1570. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 6. t. 5. 
 
 Fallow fields and banks. Common. 
 
8 MUSCI. [Phascum. 
 
 5. P. axillare. DICKS. Leaves lanceolato-subulate, straight, 
 their nerve disappearing below their summits, capsules axillary 
 by innovations of the stem. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 1. p. 2. t. \.f. 3. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 7. t. 5. 
 
 On banks near Belfast. Templeton ; rare in Ireland, The leaves 
 are neither so setaceous or so rigid and shining as in the preceding. 
 
 6. P. patens. HEDW. Stem short ; leaves broadly lanceolate, 
 serrated, their nerve disappearing below their summits. Hedw. 
 St. Cr. v. 1. 1. 10. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 7. t. 5. 
 
 On banks near Belfast. Templeton]; rare in Ireland. In a dry state 
 the leaves are no longer patent, but appear much waved : they are re- 
 ticulated with very large cells. 
 
 7. P. muticum. SCHREB. Stem very short ; leaves broadly 
 ovate acuminate, serrate, connivent, their nerve reaching to 
 their summits. Schreb. de Phasco t. \.f. 11-14. Muse. Brit. ed. 
 2. p. 8. t. 5. 
 
 On moist banks not uncommon. It varies in size, yet some of the 
 minutest growing near the sea at Dunkerron have one or two serratures 
 near the summit of the leaves. It grows scattered and solitary. The 
 calyptra remains adhering closely round the lid, and is consequently 
 not one fourth as broad as the full grown capsule. The German P. 
 Florkeanum differs by its acuminate entire leaves, which too are re- 
 flexed at the margins ; the capsule is smaller, and not entirely concealed 
 in the leaves. 
 
 8. P. cuspidatum. SCHREB. Leaves ovato-acuminate, erect, 
 entire, their nerve reaching or exceeding their summits. Schreb. 
 de Phasco t. 1. /. 1. Muse. Brit. p. 8. t. 5. 
 
 On banks, common. The nerve of the leaf continued and becoming 
 diaphanous, constitutes the P. piliferum of Schreber, and when the 
 seta is curved to one side the P. curvisetum of Dickson. 
 
 9. P. rectum. Withering. Stem short ; leaves ovate, mucro- 
 nate ; capsule globose nearly erect. With. Bot. Arr. ed. 4. p. 
 771. t. 18./. 1. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 10. t. 5. 
 
 On banks and hedges, common. 
 
 10. P. curvicollum. HEDW. Stem short; leaves narrow- 
 ovate acuminate ; capsule globose, seta curved. Hedw. St. Cr. 
 v. 1. t. 11. Muse. Brit, ed, 2. p. 11. t. 5. 
 
 On banks near Dublin : more rare than the last. 
 
 3. SPHAGNUM. Linn. 
 
 Receptacle pedunculated. Capsule sessile, without a peris- 
 tome. Calyptra irregularly torn. 
 
 Plants of very wet situations, pale ; the leaves with large cells, which 
 are reticulated, soft and flaccid. The lid flat. The seeds large, ob- 
 tusely angular. 
 
 1. S. obtusifolium Ehrh. Branches tumid; leaves ovate, 
 obtuse. Ehrh. Crypt. No. 241. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 13. /. 4. 
 
Sphagnum.] MUSCI. 9 
 
 Bogs and wet places. The stems are loosely or closely tufted, ab- 
 breviated, or when growing in water sometimes lengthened to 2 or 3 feet, 
 when the leaves are remotely set. 
 
 2. S. sguarrosum, WEB. ET MOHR. Branches attenuated at 
 the extremities; leaves ovato-acuminate squarrose. Web. et 
 Mohr. It. Suec. t. 2./. 1. a. b. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 14. t. 4. 
 
 This is probably a variety of the preceding, it grows in similar situa- 
 tions, but is not quite so common. 
 
 3. S. acutifolium EHRH. Branches attenuated ; leaves ovato- 
 lanceolate, crowded. Ehrh. Cr. n. 72. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 14. 
 t. 4. Dill. Muse. t. 32. / 2. A. 
 
 Bogs : common. 
 
 4. S. cuspidatum. EHRH. Branches attenuated ; leaves lan- 
 ceolato-subulate, lax. Ehrh. Cr. n.25. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 15. 
 t. 4. 
 
 In and under water : rarely bearing fruit. 
 
 4. CEDIPODIUM. Schwaeg. 
 
 Seta terminal, elongated, thick, fleshy, pellucid. Capsule 
 without a peristome, its mouth closed with a thin fugaci- 
 ous membrane. Calyptra campanulate splitting at the side. 
 
 1. CEDIPODIUM Griffithianum. Schwaeg. Supp. 2. p. \5.t. 105. 
 Gymnostomum Griffithianvm Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 20. t. 7. 
 
 On the summit of Brandon, County of Kerry. I have given this 
 plant as Irish upon a distinct recollection of having seen it in a barren 
 state in the above locality in 1812 : in 1815, 1 recognised it on the sum- 
 mit of Snowdon. 
 
 5. GYMNOSTOMUM. Hedw. 
 
 Seta terminal, rigid. Capsule without a peristome. Calyptra 
 dimidiate. 
 
 As the lid drops in a few species,a horizontal membrane may be seen 
 across the mouth of the capsule, and in fewer still, broken portions of 
 it remain attached. 
 
 1. G. viridissimum, SMITH. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 
 patent, pointed, dotted ; capsule broadly ovate, furrowed when 
 old ; lid obliquely rostrate. Eng. Bot. t. 1583. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. 
 p. 18. t. 6. Grimmia Forsteri Eng. Bot. t. 2225. 
 
 On elms and other trees at Dunkerron, County of Kerry, in fruit in 
 the early spring. There is an irregular annular membrane within the 
 mouth of the capsule : the young fruit is almost globose. Leaves dark 
 green, shining and recurved. 
 
 2. G. curvirostrum. HEDW. Leaves lanceolato-subulate, 
 channelled, erect, nearly straight when dry; capsule cup-shaped; 
 lid obliquely rostrate, longer than the capsule. Hedw. St. Cr. 
 v. 2. t. 24. Muse. Britt. ed. 2. p. 19. t. 6. 
 
 Rocks at Fairhead, County of Antrim ; Mr, Templeton. Mangerton. 
 
10 MUSCI. 
 
 [Gymnostomum. 
 
 3. G. rupestre. SCHWAEGR. Leaves lineari-subulate, patent, 
 twisted when dry ; capsule ovate ; lid rostrate shorter than the 
 capsule. Schwaegr. Supp. I.p.31.t. xi. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 
 19. Supp. t. ii. 
 
 On wet rocks at the Dargle River, County of Wicklow. Similar to 
 the preceding. Its leaves are somewhat of a verdigris green, their 
 nerve pale, their consistence soft, not so rigid as in G. curvirostrum. 
 
 4. G. tortile, SCHWAEGR. Stems tufted; leaves ovato-lanceolate, 
 obtuse, their margins involute, their nerve excurrent; capsule 
 oval, lid nearly straight, somewhat shorter than the capsule. 
 Schwaegr in Schraders Journal IV. Sect. ].p. 17. t. 1. Schwaegr. 
 Supp. I. p. 29. t. x. 
 
 On cliffs of mountain rocks, especially of banks of rivers, very com- 
 mon in the South of Ireland. The fruit rare. The tufts sometimes 
 reach 3 inches in height and 8 or 9 inches in diameter. The leaves, 
 even when wet, are twisted to one side ; when dry, the close involution 
 of their margins gives them a shining and solid appearance ; their 
 nerve issues, as a slightly recurved point, beyond the membranous ex- 
 pansion at each side ; the lid is not rostrate or subulate, as in the two 
 preceding species, but in figure a lengthened cone. The ragged remains 
 of an annular membrane are observable within the mouth of the cap- 
 sule, but they can never be taken for the teeth-of a peristome. Schwa- 
 grichen's figure, in his Supplement, gives the leaves too suddenly nar- 
 rowed above ; in all other respects it, as well as Dr. Kunze's German 
 specimens, entirely accord with our plant. 
 
 5. G. ovatum, HEDW, Leaves obovate, erect, very concave 
 beneath the summit, where is a secondary expansion of the 
 nerve ; piliferous ; capsule oval, furrowed ; lid rostrate. Hedw. 
 St. Cr. v. 1. 1. 6. Muse. Brit. ed. 2,p.2[,t. 7. 
 
 On dry banks near Dublin ; also near Cork. The secondary ex- 
 pansion of the nerve of the leaf is often reddish-brown and opaque, 
 while the piliferous points are always colourless and transparent : the 
 mature capsule has a few opaque ridges running up its surface from the 
 base. It has the habit of Weissa lanceolata. 
 
 6. G. truncatulum, HOFFM. Leaves oblong, rather acute, 
 apiculate, nearly plane, entire, their margins slightly recurved 
 at the base, capsule turbinate, or oval ; lid obliquely rostrate. 
 Hoffm. Germ. v. 2, p. 27. Muse. Brit. ed. '2, p. 22, t. 7. Bryum 
 truncatulum, Linn. sp. pi. 1 584. 
 
 On clay banks and fields, common. This plant varies much in size ; 
 in its smallest form it has been denominated G. rufescens by Schultze, 
 and G. minutulum by Funke : it varies, too, in the length of the cap- 
 sule compared to its breadth, from the commonest case when the cap- 
 sule is turbinate or top-shaped, to when it becomes ovate or oblong, 
 the G. intermedium of Turner, and even to having capsules quite 
 cylindrical, as in a variety found near Cove. In all the columella is 
 apt to adhere to the lid when this has first separated from the capsule. 
 
 7. G. Heimii, HEDW. Leaves lanceolate, serrated at the 
 tops, capsule oblong, lid obliquely rostrate. Hedw. St cr. \. t. 
 30. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 22, t. 7. 
 
Hedwigia.} MUSCI. 11 
 
 On clay banks and moist pastures, common. The nerve of the leaf 
 is excurrent ; the capsule with an apophysis. 
 
 8. G. conicum. SCHWAEGR. Leaves oblongo-ovate, acute, 
 the nerve excurrent, their margins entire ; capsules ovate ; lid 
 conical. Schwaegr. Supp. I. p. 26, t. ix. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 
 23, t. 7. 
 
 On banks near Cork. Mr. James Drummond: near Dublin, and 
 at Dunkerron, County Kerry. 
 
 9. G. fasiculare, HEDW. Leaves oblongo-acuminate, nearly 
 plane, serrate, marginate, capsule pyriform; lid convex, sub- 
 mammillate. Hedw. sp. t. 4, /. 59. Muse. Brit. ed. '2, p. 23, 
 t.7. 
 
 On wet banks, common. 
 
 10. G. pyriforme, WILLD. Leaves oblongo-spathulate, ser- 
 rated, capsule obovate, pyriform ; lid convex, shortly rostrate. 
 Willd. Prod. Fl. Berol. n. 896. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 24, t. 7. 
 
 On moist banks. 
 
 11. G. tenue, SCHRAD. Stem very short; leaves oblong, 
 concave, rather obtuse, erect, their nerve not percurrent ; cap- 
 sule oblong ; lid short, conico-acuminate. Schrad. Samml. n. 
 31. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 24, t. 7. 
 
 On old red sandstone in a stream on Brandon hill, county Kerry. 
 The mouth of the capsule is furnished with an annulus. 
 
 12. G. microstomum. HEDW. Leaves broadly subulate, their 
 margins involute above, flexuose, crisped when dry, capsule 
 ovato-elliptical, contracted at the mouth; lid subulate, incurved. 
 Hedw. St. Cr. v. III. t. 30. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 25, t. 7. 
 
 Maritime dry banks. Very nearly allied in appearance to Weissia 
 controversy of which Mr. W. Wilson is inclined to make it a variety. 
 I have riot yet been able to find any vestige of a peristome in our 
 plant, as it grows in maritime situations. 
 
 6. HEDWIGIA. Hooker. 
 Seta lateral. Mouth of the capsule naked. Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 1 . H. (Estiva HOOK. Stems tufted ; leaves lanceolate, twisted 
 when dry ; capsule oblong ; lid elongate, subulate. Hooker. 
 Eng. Flora, vol. 5, part 1, p. 68. Gymnost. cetfivum Hedw. 
 Sp. Muse. t. 1 1, /. 47. Muse. Bnt. ed. 2, p. 18, t. 6. 
 
 Near Bantry. Miss Hutchins. Exterior leaves of the perichae- 
 tium short, broadly ovate acuminate, the interior longer, with longer 
 squarrose acuminations, all of them clasping ; paler than the cauline 
 leaves, which too are twisted in different sets about the stem. 
 
 7. ANICTANGIUM. Hedw. 
 
 Seta terminal. Mouth of the capsule naked. Calyptra campa- 
 
 nulate. 
 
12 MUSCI. [Tetraphis., 
 
 1. A. ciliatum, HEDW. Leaves spathulato-ovate, acuminate, 
 concave, the margins recurved, their points diaphanous or 
 opaque, subserrated ; capsule immersed in the perichaetium ; 
 lid acuminulate. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 40. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 27, t. 6. A. striatum, Hook. Eng. FL vol. 5, part I, p. 12? 
 
 On mountain rocks, near Dunkerron, County Kerry. Mr. W. Wil- 
 son, whose authority is so justly great in muscology, is satisfied of the 
 distinctions between the A. ciliatum and A. striatum of the English 
 Flora. I have never seen the capsule entirely sessile ; the seta appear- 
 ed to me to vary in length, as also the length of the beak of the lid, 
 and opacity of the leaves. I find apparently both states, and even 
 intermediate ones, in our mountains, but I have never seen Mr. Wil- 
 son's specimens : the plate in Bryologia Germ, is very instructive. 
 
 8. DIPHYSCIUM. Mohr. 
 
 Seta terminal ; capsule gibbous ; peristome single, forming a 
 membranous plicate irregularly truncated cone. Calyptra 
 campanulate. 
 
 I. D.foliosum MOHR. Obs. Bot. p. 34. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 
 31, t. 1. 
 
 On moist banks in the mountains near Dunkerron, county Kerry. 
 Stems tufted : leaves green, compact, from a broad base, ligulate ; their 
 nerve broad, often colourless at the base, semitransparent and reddish 
 throughout, percurrent. The leaves are papillose, their apices incurved 
 by drying. Columella a sac about half the size and nearly of the 
 shape of the capsule, hence larger in proportion than in any other 
 genus ; it consists of a thin membrane, darker than the capsule. The 
 perichaetial leaves have a rigid strong nerve, on each side of which, at 
 the top, the pagina of the leaf is as it were torn down into shreds, 
 but the fissures or deep laciniations are by no means accidental. 
 
 9..TETRAPHIS. Hedw. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 4 equi-distant, erect teeth. 
 Calyptra campanulate, furrowed. 
 
 1. T. pellucida, HEDW. Stems elongated ; leaves ovate, 
 acuminate, the perichaetial lanceolate ; capsule cylindrical, 
 Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 7, /. 1. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 33, t. 8. 
 
 On dry banks at Lough Bray, near Dublin ; by no means common 
 in Ireland. 
 
 2. T. Browniana, GREV. Stems short ; leaves few, linear ; 
 the perichaetial ovate obtuse ; capsule ovate. Greville Fl. Edi- 
 nensis, p. 230. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 33. t. 8. 
 
 On dry shaded rocks at Lough Bray, near Dublin. 
 
 10. SPLACHNUM. Linn. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 8 double or 16 teeth, ap- 
 proached in pairs, (generally reflexed when dry.) Capsule 
 with an apophysis ; calyptra campanulate, often split on one 
 side, smooth. 
 
Encalypta.} MUSCI. 13 
 
 1. S. sphcericum, LINN. fil. Leaves spathulato-rotundate, 
 acuminate, subserrated ; apophysis subglobose, wider than the 
 capsule. Linn. fil. et Swartz. Meth. Musc.t. I,/. 1. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 36, t. 9. 
 
 On cowdung and the dung of other animals in the mountains. A 
 very common species, varying in the size of all its parts. 
 
 2. S. mnioides, LINN. fil. Leaves ovato-lanceolate, much 
 acuminated, concave, entire : apophysis obovate, nearly as nar- 
 row as the capsule. Linn. fil. et Swartz. Meth. Muse. p. 6. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 38, t. 9. 
 
 On the mountains near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. Near Bantry, 
 Miss Hutchins. Brandon Hill. In most specimens the teeth of the 
 peristome are by no means reflexed, in some erect, in others arched 
 across the mouth of the capsule. It varies in the size of the stem, of 
 the seta, and length of the capsule and apophysis taken together. 
 
 3. S. ampullaceum, LINN. Leaves ovato-lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate ; serrated ; apophysis inversely flagon-shaped, much wider 
 than the capsule. Linn. Sp.pl. p. 1572. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 
 39, t.9. 
 
 Common in the mountains on cowdung. 
 
 11. ENCALYPTA. Hedw. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 16 teeth. Calyptra cam- 
 panulate, smooth, entirely enclosing the mature capsule. 
 
 1. E. streptocarpa, HEDW. Stems elongated ; leaves ellip- 
 tico-lanceolate, somewhat obtuse ; their nerve percurrent ; cap- 
 sule cylindrical, spirally striated ; calyptra toothed at the base. 
 Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 10, / 1018. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 62, 
 t. 13. 
 
 On stones at Dunkerron, county Kerry ; and elsewhere ; but without 
 fruit in Ireland. The lid is by no means so remarkably spirally stri- 
 ated as the capsule. The teeth of the peristome half as long as the 
 lid, are sometimes divided, and usually united at the base. The nerve 
 of the leaf is incurved at the summit. It has much the appearance of 
 Tortula subulata. 
 
 2. E. vulgaris, HEDW. Leaves oblongo-elliptical, their nerve 
 excurrent ; capsule cylindrical, smooth ; calyptra entire at the 
 base. Hedw. St. Cr. I. t. 18. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 63, t. 13. 
 
 On limestone rocks, near Dublin and Cork. In specimens from 
 Cloghran, near Dublin, the lid had a setaceous rostrum ; moisture 
 having been carefully and long applied, the lid separated without being 
 torn from the mouth of the capsule, which exhibited, in the place of a 
 peristome, merely some irregular very short reddish processes, scarcely 
 to be distinguished from the mouth of the capsule. 
 
 3. E. rhaptocarpa, SCHWAEGR. Leaves oblong, apiculate ; 
 capsule cylindrical, sulcate; calyptra ciliated at the margin, 
 cilia deciduous. Schwaegr. Supp. v. I. p. 56, t. 16. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 64. Supp. Tab. II. 
 
H MUSCI. [Weisna. 
 
 On Ben Bulben, near Sligo, Mr. J. T. Maehay. The peristome, 
 though exceedingly short, consists of 16 equidistant, triangular, acute 
 teeth, and is therefore very different from that of E. streptocarpa, 
 exhibiting filiform processes, or of the last species, where it would seem 
 to be almost wanting, and hence has been termed fugacious by several 
 botanists. 
 
 12. WEISSIA. Hedw. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 16 entire, equidistant 
 teeth. Calyptra dimidiate. Capsule without an apophysis. 
 
 Grimmia apocarpa and Grimmia maritima come under the above 
 definition, yet it would scarcely be justifiable to remove them to the 
 present genus. W. striata shows some appearance of an apophysis. 
 
 1. W. Starkeanay HEDW. Stems very short ; leaves ovate, 
 their nerve excurrent, capsule ovate, erect ; lid conical, obtuse ; 
 teeth of the peristome subulate. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3, t. 34. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 79, t. 14. 
 
 On dry banks near Dublin. 
 
 2. W. lanceolata^ HOOK, et TAYLOR. Leaves ovate, their 
 nerve excurrent ; capsule ovate ; lid obliquely rostrate. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 1, p. 45, ed. 2, p. 80, t. 14. 
 
 Near Dublin, on banks near the sea. 
 
 3. W. striata, HOOK, et TAYLOR. Leaves linear, denticulate, 
 crisped when dry ; capsule ovato-turbinate ; lid obliquely sub- 
 ulate. Muse. Brit. ed. 1, p. 45, ed. 2, p. 81, t. 15. 
 
 Powerscourt Waterfall near Dublin. The capsule is furnished with 
 a narrow apophysis. This plant varies much in size. 
 
 4. W. trichodes, HOOK, et TAYLOR. Stems very short ; leaves 
 subulato-setaceous, entire ; capsule ovate, striated ; lid rostrate. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 1, p. 45, ed. 2, p. 82. t. 15. 
 
 On granite rock, moistened with the spray of a rivulet near Lough 
 Bray ; very rare. It is allied in habit to Weissia pusilla. It is 
 doubtful if the processes of an annular membrane within the mouth 
 of the capsule can properly be said to be of the nature of the peris- 
 tome of a Wessia. 
 
 5. W. cirrata, SCHRADER. Leaves broadly subulate, crisped 
 when dry, their margins recurved ; capsule ovate; lid rostrate. 
 Schrad. Diario Bot. 1799. 2, p. 58. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 82, 
 t. 15. 
 
 On rocks in the mountains ; not uncommon. It varies in the length 
 of the leaves and of degree of reflexion of their margins, but these 
 are never incurved, as in W. crispula, Hedw. hitherto unknown to 
 Ireland. 
 
 6. W. tenuirostris, HOOK, et TAYLOR. Stems loosely tufted ; 
 leaves linear, acuminate, flexuose, their margins plane and 
 waved, crisped when dry ; capsule cylindrical-ovate, slightly 
 inclined ; lid rostrate as long as the capsule. Muse. Brit. ed. 
 2, p. 83. Supp. Tab. 3. 
 
Weissia] MUSCI. 15 
 
 At Powerscourt Waterfall, 1812. The fruit I found at Campsie, 
 near Glasgow, in Nov. 1822. Barren plants not uncommon on wet 
 rocks in Ireland. Stems loosely tufted. Leaves loose, flexuose, 
 spreading, entire ; the nerve seen by transmitted light is less opaque 
 than the pagina of the leaf. The tuft usually half an inch in height, 
 sometimes even two inches. Seta scarcely an inch long. Calyptra 
 dimidiate. In the plate of Muse. Brit, the teeth of the peristome 
 are represented too broad at the base, and, perhaps, they are not ex- 
 actly equi-distant, but somewhat approached in pairs, which makes the 
 analogy with a Didymodon, viz. D. tortuosum MSS. from Nepal, very 
 strong ; and were it not that the latter has decidedly the peristome of 
 Didymodon, I could not distinguish them. It reminds one of Tortula 
 tortuosa, but this is far more closely tufted, and of a pale yellowish- 
 green, while our plant is much greener, marks, independent of generic 
 difference. 
 
 7. W. curvirostra, HOOK et TAYLOR. Leaves lineari-subulate, 
 their margins closely reflexed, patent, shining, their nerve 
 strong ; capsule ovato-cylindrical ; lid shortly rostrate. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 1. p. 46, ed. 2. p. 84, t. 14. Bryum curvirostrum, 
 Dickson. 
 
 On walls and banks, common. Teeth of the peristome connected 
 at the base. A reddish hue of the stems and leaves of the former 
 season, while the annual shoots remain green, is very characteristic of 
 this species. It is usually tufted. 
 
 8. W. controversy HEDW. Leaves lineari-subulate, crisped 
 when dry, their margins incurved ; capsule ovato-elliptical, lid 
 rostrate. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 5. B. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 84. 
 t. 15. 
 
 On dry banks, common. 
 
 9. W. recurvata, HOOK. ET TAYLOR. Stems very short; 
 leaves subulate; capsule broadly ovate ; seta curved; lid rostrate. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 1. p. 47. ed. 2. p. 85. t. 15. Grimmia recurvata 
 Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1. 1. 38. 
 
 On old red sandstone on Brandon Hill : very rare, 
 
 10. W. pusilla, Hedw. Stems very short; leaves subulate, 
 erecto-patent, subflexuose ; capsule turbinate ; seta erect ; lid 
 rostrate. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2. t. 29. A. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. v. 86. 
 t. 15. 
 
 Near Belfast. Mr. Templeton. Very rare: 
 
 11. W. verticillata, SCHWAEGR. Leaves broadly subulate, 
 slightly concave, erecto-patent, with a strong nerve, papillose ; 
 capsule ovate ; lid shortly rostrate. Schaewgr. Supp. p. 71. 
 20. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 86. t. 15. 
 
 On the perpendicular faces of dripping rocks. Dargle river. Of a 
 light pea-green colour. The lower portions of the stems and their 
 leaves are frequently loaded with incrustation, which, by chemical 
 tests, I find to be carbonate of lime, and this occurs where no lime- 
 stone is found in the district. 
 
16 MUSCI. 
 
 [ Grimmia. 
 
 12. W. acuta, HEDW. Leaves subulate-setaceous, subsecund, 
 rigid, concave ; capsule turbinate, the sides unequal; lid ros- 
 trate. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3. t. 35. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 87. t. 15. 
 
 On wet rocks at Kelly's Glen, near Dublin. Bantry,Vltfm Hutchins; 
 near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. The dry plant, as Mr. Turner ob- 
 served, is of a shining lustre. 
 
 13. GRIMMIA. Ehrh. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 1 6 teeth entire or perforated, 
 rarely cleft, equidistant. Calyptra campanulate. 
 
 In the two first of the species following the calyptra is dimidiate, 
 exhibiting the imperfection of our artificial divisions. 
 
 1. G% apocarpa, HEDW. Leaves ovato-lanceolate, recurvo- 
 patent, their margins reflexed ; capsule ovate, immersed in the 
 perichoetium ; lid shortly and obliquely rostrate. Hedw. St. cr. 
 v.l.t. 39. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 66. t. 13. 
 
 Common in different situations from the level of the sea to very 
 considerable elevations. Varies in the breadth, and colour of the 
 leaves, and elongation of the stem : sometimes the summits of the 
 leaves are colourless and diaphanous. The capsule varies in length. 
 The calyptra is small in proportion to the full grown capsule, and truly 
 dimidiate. At the Dargle is a variety, whose capsules are higher than 
 the perichaetia. 
 
 2. G. maritima, TURNER. Stems csespitose ; leaves lanceolate, 
 acuminate, nearly erect, crisped when dry, their margins re- 
 curved ; capsule immersed in the perichoetium ; lid shortly arid 
 obliquely rostrate. Turner Muse. Hib. p. 23. t. 5. f. 2. Muse. 
 Brit. ed.2.p.66.t. 13. 
 
 On maritime rocks, common. The characters above given are not 
 very decisive of the difference of this species from the preceding, with 
 which the accurate Wahlenberg would join it. The calyptra here, 
 too, is small in proportion to the size of the capsule, and quite 
 dimidiate. 
 
 3. G. saxicola, SCHWAEGB. Stems very short ; leaves lineari- 
 subulate, crisped when dry, seta geniculate ; capsule ovate ; lid 
 rostrate, straight. Schwaegr. Supp. v. 1. p. 82. t. 22. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2. p. 67. 1. 13. 
 
 On granite rocks near Lough Bray, County of Wicklow : very rare. 
 Calyptra multifid at the base, closely investing the capsule. It is an 
 extremely minute plant, and may easily be confounded with Weissa 
 trichodes, which is found in similar situations. 
 
 4. G. pulvinata, SMITH. Stems short, tufted ; leaves ellip- 
 tical, narrow, their margins recurved, their diaphanous points 
 subserrulate ; seta curved ; capsule ovate, striated ; lid .conical 
 acute. Eng. Bot. 1. 1728. Muse. Brit. ed. 2.p. 68. t. 13. Bryum 
 pulvinatum Linn. Sp. PL p. 1586. 
 
 On rocks in the mountains, common. Although the teeth of the pe- 
 ristome are sometimes cleft, and often perforated, yet the general habit 
 
Didymodon] MUSCI. 17 
 
 of the plant, and its companulate calyptra, cause it properly to rank 
 under Grimmia, and it is nearly allied to the following. 
 
 5. G. tricophylla, GREV. Stems elongated, loosely tufted ; 
 leaves waved, lanceolate, gradually tapering into a diaphonous, 
 subserrulate point ; seta curved, capsule ovate, striated ; lid 
 conical, acuminate, somewhat oblique. Grev. Fl. Cr. t. 100. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 68. Supp. t. 2. 
 
 Near Dublin, Dr. Scott and Dr. Stokes. A barren plant occurs 
 at the Aooreagh river, County of Kerry, on rocks, that, for the pre- 
 sent, I must consider only a variety of this species. It is more closely 
 tufted ; all the shoots are black except their conspicuous hair points, 
 that cause it to appear very hoary ; by drying it is more harsh and 
 brittle than the plant described, which has the younger shoots of a pale 
 yellowish-green colour. The calyptra is split, particularly on the side 
 to which the lid inclines. 
 
 6. G. spiralis, HOOK, et TAYLOR. Stems elongated, tufted ; 
 leaves lanceolate, tapering into a diaphanous point, spirally 
 twisted about the stem when dry ; seta curved ; capsule ovate, 
 smooth. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 69. Supp. t. 2. 
 
 On Slemish mountain, County of Antrim, Mr. Templeton. 
 
 7. G. torta, HORNSCH. and NEES. Stems densely pulrinate ; 
 leaves lanceolate, acuminate, the upper subpiliferous, spirally 
 twisted when dry. Bryol. Germ. p. 1 72, t. 22, /. 24. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 70. Supp. t. 2. 
 
 Cliffs on Mangerton, county Kerry. 
 
 14. DIDYMODON. Hedw. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single of 16 or 32 teeth, approached 
 in pairs, or united at the base* Caljptra dimidiate. 
 
 1. D. purpureus, HOOK, et TAYLOR. Leaves lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, their margins recurved, entire ; capsule ovato-cylindra- 
 ceous, oblique, substrumose at the base, striated when dry ; lid 
 conical. Muse. Brit. ed. 1, p. 65 ; ed. 2, p. 113, t. 20. Dicr. 
 purpureum, Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 36. 
 
 On banks and walls, very common. This is not much allied in habit 
 with the other species of Didymodon, and perhaps the union of the 
 approximated pairs of teeth by transverse processes would justify its 
 separation. 
 
 2. D. inclinatus, SWARTZ. Leaves distichous, with a lance- 
 olate sheathing, base setaceous; capsule ovate, inclined, smooth; 
 lid conical. Swartz. Muse. Sues. p. 28. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 
 114, t. 20. 
 
 On the mountains of Cunnamara, Mr. J. T. Mackay, very rare. 
 
 3. D. nervosus, HOOK, et TAYLOR. Leaves obovate, apicu- 
 late, their nerve excurrent, thickened above ; capsule ovate ; 
 lid shortly rostrate. Muse. Brit. ed. 1, p. 66; ed. 2, p. 115, t. 
 20. 
 
18 MUSCI. [Didymodon. 
 
 On the cliffs of Killiney Bay, near Dublin : very rare. The cap- 
 sule at length appears inclined from the bending of the top of the seta. 
 This is a gregarious, very minute species. 
 
 4. D. Bruntoni, ARNOTT. Stems tufted ; leaves lanceolate- 
 subulate, their margins slightly recurved, subserrulate, twisted 
 when dry ; capsule ovate ; lid shortly rostrate. Arnott Disp. 
 Masc. p. 36. Masc. Brit. ed. 2, p. 117. Supp. t.\. D. obscurus, 
 Kaulfuss in Sturm. Schwaegr. Supp. 2, p. 80, t. 125. Grev. 
 hi. Cr. t. 193. 
 
 Rocks at Powerscourt Waterfall. I submit to the authority of the 
 above-quoted able botanists in arranging this plant under Didymodon. 
 Yet the peristome consists of 16 teeth, united at the base, split into 
 unequal segments, the section not continued down to the bottom of 
 each tooth, but only marked there with a dark line ; sometimes they 
 are entire or perforated. The peristome is very short, and when the 
 lid is first removed lying across the mouth of the capsule. In the 
 first edition of Muse. Brit, it is justly remarked, " the teeth of the 
 peristome will be found to be irregularly divided." 
 
 5. D. rigidulus, HEDW. Leaves imbricated, lanceolate, cari- 
 nate, much acuminated, their margins reflexed, entire, their 
 nerve rigid, excurrent ; capsule oblongo-ovate, erect ; lid ros- 
 trate. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3, t. 4. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 117, t. 20. 
 
 On large stones and walls. The variety with cylindraceous capsules, 
 observed by Mr. Wilson, near Beaumaris, likewise is found at Dunker- 
 ron. Upon removing the lids carefully, the teeth of the peristome are 
 found slightly twisted at the top, which supports Mr. Turner's observa- 
 tion of an analogy with the genus Tor tula. 
 
 6. D. trifarium, SWARTZ. Leaves rather distant, lanceolate, 
 rather obtuse, carinate. their nerve scarcely percurrent; capsule 
 oblongo-ovate, erect; lid rostrate. Swartz. Muse. Suec. p. 28. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 118, t. 20. 
 
 On wet banks. The peristome of at least the small variety, first 
 found by Mr. James Drummond, near Cork, has 16 equidistant teeth, 
 united at the base, each marked with a longitudinal dark line, sometimes 
 split or perforate, sometimes entire. It is probably distinct. 
 
 7. D. crispulus, HOOK. Stems tufted ; leaves erect, lanceo- 
 lato-subulate, entire, their margins slightly incurved, concave, 
 their nerve excurrent, indexed at the summit ; capsule oblongo- 
 ovate, erect; lid rostrate. Hook. Eng. Fl. v. 5, part 1, p. 30. 
 
 On Dunkerron castle, County of Kerry, and on limestone near the 
 sea. The generic character is obscure. The leaves twisted when dry. 
 
 8. D. brachydontius, HOOK. Leaves widely spreading, linear, 
 entire, rather obtuse ; their nerve excurrent and slightly re- 
 eurved towards the summit, twisted when dry ; capsule oblongo- 
 ovate ; lid rostrate. Hook. Eng. Fl. v. 5, part 1, p. 30. 
 
 Maritime banks, at the Sound, near Kenmare : barren. There is an 
 apophysis at the base of capsule. 
 
 9. D. capillciceus, SCHRAD. Stems elongated ; loosely cces- 
 
Trichostomum.] MUSCI. 19 
 
 pitose ; leaves nearly distichous, subulate-setaceous ; capsule 
 erect, ovato-cylindraceous ; lid conical. Schrad. Spic. p. 64. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 119, t. 20. 
 
 On Ben Bulben, near Sligo. The largest native species of the 
 genus when growing in moist and shaded situations. 
 
 10. D. heteromallus, HOOK, et TAYLOR. Stems short; leaves 
 subsecund, subulate ; capsule ovato-cylindraceous ; lid conical, 
 obtuse. Muse. Brit. ed. 1, p. 68 ; ed. 2, p. 119, t. 20. 
 
 Wet banks, very common. 
 
 11. D. pusillus, HEDW. Leaves erect, rigid, from a broad, 
 lanceolate base, subulate ; capsule erect, oblong ; lid obliquely 
 rostrate. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 104. Eng. Bot. t. 2380. Hook. 
 Eng.FLv. 5, part l,p. 31. 
 
 Near Belfast. Mr. Templeton : afterwards Mr. Drummond. 
 
 12. D. cylindricus. HOOKER. Stem short, simple ; leaves 
 from a sheathing base subulato-setaceous, entire, spreading on 
 all sides, recurvo-patent, flexuose ; capsule cylindraceous, in- 
 clined ; lid conical; somewhat obtuse. Hook. Eng. Fl. v. 5, part 
 I, p. 32. Trichost. cylindricum, Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 24, f. 713. 
 
 Ditch Bank, near Orange Grove, Belfast, Mr. Drummond. I have 
 not yet seen native specimens ; the above is on the authority of Dr. 
 Hooker. 
 
 15. TRICHOSTOMUM. Hedw. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 16 teeth divided to the base 
 or 32, approached in pairs. Calyptra campanulate. 
 
 1. T. lanuginosum, HEDW. Stems elongated, subpinnated ; 
 leaves lanceolato-subulate, acuminate, their long diaphanous 
 points serrated, their margins recurved ; capsule ovate ; setce 
 short, on lateral branches; lid rostrate. Hedw, St. Cr. v. 3, t. 2, 
 Muse, Brit. ed. 2, p. 105, t. 19. 
 
 On mountains ; common. 
 
 2. T. canascens, HEDW. Stems elongated; leaves ovato-lan- 
 ceolate, acuminated, their diaphanous points slightly serrated ; 
 capsule ovate ; teeth of the peristome very long and filiform ; 
 lid subulate. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3, t. 5. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 106, 
 *. 19. 
 
 On mountains and heaths ; common. 
 
 3. T. heterostichum, HEDW. Stems elongated ; leaves ovato- 
 lanceolate, acuminated, their diaphanous points slightly ser- 
 rated ; capsule obovato-cylindraceous ; teeth of the peristome 
 rather short; lid rostrate. Hedw. St. Cr. 2, t. 25. Muse. Brit. 
 ed. 2, p. 106, 1. 19. 
 
 On stones on the mountains ; common. The teeth of the peristome 
 are connected at the base, very short and by no means erect. The 
 capsule swells above, yet has a contracted mouth. 
 
20 MUSCI. [Trichostomum. 
 
 4. T. microcarpon, HEDW. Leaves lanceolate, narrow above, 
 their margins recurved, their diaphanous summits subserrulate; 
 capsule ovate or elliptical ; teeth of *he peristome rather short ; 
 lid rostrate. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 23, /. 812. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 107, t. 19. Trick, sudeticum Funck. Deutsch. Moos. t. 18, 
 No. 15. 
 
 On rocks on the mountains ; not uncommon. 
 
 (3. oblongum. Stems erect, tufted; leaves ovato-lanceolate, 
 entire ; capsule oblong ; teeth of the peristome divided to the 
 base. 
 
 On Secawn mountain, near Dublin. Our 3 may turn out to be a dis- 
 tinct species. The stems are black, except at the very summits ; but little 
 branched ; setce on terminal shoots ; leaves without any diaphanous 
 points, quite entire, wider than in the common variety. The teeth of the 
 peristome are split down to their bases, whereas in the other not only is 
 the fissure terminated above the base, but the teeth are united below 
 around the mouth of the capsule. The Trich. microcarpon of Funcke 
 is a paler plant with diaphanous points to the leaves. 
 
 5. T. aciculare, BEAUVOIS. Leaves very broadly lanceolate, 
 very obtuse, serrulated, their nerve becoming broad and disap- 
 pearing below their summits, capsule oblong; lid rostrate. Pal. 
 Beauv. Prodr. p. 90. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, t. 19. 
 
 On wet stones ; common. On limestone at Dunkerron it is of a pale 
 yellowish-green throughout ; on sandstone at Caiig mountain it is per- 
 fectly black all over, and the serrulations of the leaves no longer 
 visible. 
 
 6. T. fasciculare, SCHRADER. Leaves lanceolate, entire, their 
 margins recurved ; capsule oblongo-ovate ; lid rostrate. Schrad. 
 Spic. Fl. Germ. p. 61. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, t. 19. Dillen. Muse. t. 
 47, f. 28. 
 
 On mountain rocks ; not uncommon. Besides the plant of Dillenius 
 above quoted, with fascicled short branches, and of a dark dusky green, 
 a variety occurs on stones at Carig mountain, County of Kerry, of a 
 light tawny yellow, without any fascicled branches ; the peristome very 
 short, almost that of a Dicranum, the leaves more acuminated, their 
 points sometimes diaphanous : it will probably prove to be distinct. 
 
 7. T. polyphyllum, SCHWAEGR. Stems tufted; leaves lan- 
 ceolato-subulate, serrated, their margins recurved, much crisped 
 when dry ; capsule oblong ; lid rostrate. Schwaeg. Supp. 1, t. 39. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 1. 19. 
 
 On rocks and walls ; common. 
 
 8. T. ellipticum, HOOK. AND TAYLOR. Stems short, leaves 
 lanceolate, acuminated, straight, their nerve broad, their margins 
 plane, capsule elliptical; lid rostrate. Muse. Brit. ed. 1, p. 63, 
 ed. 2, t. 19. 
 
 On rocks at Fairhead, County Antrim. Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. 
 
Dicranum.} MUSCI. 21 
 
 16. GLYPHOMITRION, Bridel. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 16 teeth approached in 
 pairs, reflexed when dry. Calyptra covering the entire mature 
 capsule, campanulate, split at the base, furrowed. 
 
 1. G. Daviesii, BRIDEL. Stems fastigiate ; leaves lineari- 
 lanceolate, their margins recurved, concave ; capsule turbinate. 
 Brid. Mant. Muse. p. 31. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, t. 13. 
 
 On rocks at Fairhead, County of Antrim, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. 
 In both instances accompanied by Trich. ellipticum. 
 
 2. G. cylindraceum. Stems fastigiate ; leaves ovato-lanceo- 
 late, carinate, their margins recurved; capsule ovato-cylindra- 
 ceous. 
 
 In the crevices of siliceous sandstone rocks on Blackwater Hill, 
 County of Kerry. Stems ^ an inch high, branching in a fastigiate 
 manner. Leaves incurved and crisped when dry, crowded towards the 
 summit of the branch, very dark green below, of a livelier green on the 
 top, comprising the growth of the preceding season ; from a broad or 
 ovate base lanceolate upwards, concave, carinate, the nerve percurrent, 
 thick, the margins recurved. It has a distinct perichcetium much 
 shorter than in the preceding, measuring half the length of the pedicell, 
 Capsule cylindraceous, wider at the base. Lid from a convex base 
 elongato-rostrate inclined. Calyptra covering the mature capsule, cam- 
 panulate furrowed, split below into 4 or 5 lacinics. Teeth of the peris- 
 tome 16, approached in pairs, lanceolate, red, transversely barred. The 
 perichcetium usually appears lateral, 
 
 17. DICRANUM. Hedw. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 16 bifid, equidistant teeth ; 
 Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 D. adiantoides and D. taxifolium have the setts lateral : these 
 belong to the very natural genus Fissidens of Hedw., which to 
 the shame of our artificial methods we know not how to sepa- 
 rate from Dicranum. 
 
 A. Leaves bifarious. (FISSIDENS, Hedw.) 
 
 1. D. bryoides. Swartz. Seta terminal; perichcetial leaves si- 
 milar to the cauline. Swartz. Muse. Suec. t. 2, /. 4. Muse. Brit, 
 ed. 2, p. 88, t. 16. 
 
 On moist banks : common. This species varies by the length of the 
 stem, by its sometimes remaining simple, and by the erect or inclined 
 position of the capsule, It has long been observed, that in all the plants 
 of this section of the Genus Dicranum, there is a duplicature of the 
 pagina of the leaf proceeding from the inferior half of the nerve 
 towards the margin next the stem. Such a structure is remarkable 
 among the Musci. I have witnessed it only in another Genus from 
 Nepal, whose capsules, however, are sessile, axillary, in structure like 
 those of a Phascum. 
 
22 MOSCI. [Dicranum 
 
 2. D. adiantoides, SWARTZ. Seta radical; perichoetial leaves 
 ovate, slightly convolute, pointed. Sw. Muse. Suec. p. 31. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 90, t. 16. 
 
 On moist banks ; common. 
 
 3. D. taxifblium, SWARTZ. Seta radical ; perichcetial leaves 
 ovate, sheathing convolute, pointed. #20. Muse. Suec. p. 31. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 1. 16. 
 
 On moist banks, especially in woods ; not uncommon. 
 
 B. Leaves inserted all round the stem. 
 
 4. D. glaucum, HEDW. Stems fastigiate ; leaves ovato-lan- 
 ceolate, straight, nerveless, entire, their margins involute above; 
 capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid rostrate. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 135. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 92, t. 16. 
 
 On bogs and wet heaths : common. It has the nerveless, highly 
 reticulated leaves of a Sphagnum^ but is still more destitute of any 
 green colour. It is found very generally scattered over the surface of 
 our globe from the hottest to the coldest climates. 
 
 5. D. latifolium, HEDW. Stems short ; leaves oblong, con- 
 cave, entire, apiculate or piliferous; capsule erect, ovato-oblong; 
 lid rostrate. Hedw. St. Cr. v.l,t. 33. 'Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 92, 
 t. 16. 
 
 On the road side to Woodlands, near Dublin ; rare. 
 
 6. D. longifolium, HEDW. Stems elongated, leaves very long, 
 subulato-setaceous, falcato-secund, serrulate ; their nerve broad ; 
 capsule oblongo-ovate, nearly erect ; lid rostrate. Hedw. St. 
 Cr. v. 3, t. 9. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 93, t. 16. 
 
 On rocks at Glenmalur, County of Wicklow. 
 
 7. D. cerviculatum, HEDW. Stems short ; leaves lanceolate- 
 subulate, entire, subsecund, their nerve broad ; capsule ovate, 
 subcernuous ; strumose ; lid rostrate. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 3, t. 37. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 93, t. 16. 
 
 On bogs and moist banks ; not common. 
 
 8. D. flexuosum, HEDW. Stems rigid ; leaves lanceolate- 
 subulate, much acuminated, straight, their nerve broad ; seta 
 flexuose ; calyptra fringed at the base ; capsule ovate, at length 
 striated ; lid rostrate. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 38. Muse. Brit. ed. 
 2, p. 94, t. 16. 
 
 On turf bogs and wet rocks ; common. It varies in length, in colour 
 of the leaves, which, too, are sometimes piliferous. It is found in hot 
 as well as cold climates. 
 
 9. D. flavescens, SMITH. Leaves long, lanceolate, serrulate, 
 crisped when dry ; capsule oblong, erect; lid rostrate. Eng. 
 Bot. f.2263. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 98, t. 17. 
 
 On sand on the banks of the Dargle River, County of Wicklow : 
 very rare. 
 
Dicranum.] MUSCI. 23 
 
 10. D. squarrosum, SCHRADER. Leaves from a broad sheath- 
 ing base lanceolate, obtuse, squarrose, crisped when dry ; cap- 
 sule ovate, subcernuous ; lid rostrate. Schrad. Journal, 1802. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 98, t. 17. 
 
 On wet sandy spots on the banks of rivers : rather rare. 
 
 11. D. pellucidum, SWARTZ. Leaves lanceolate, their mar- 
 gins slightly undulate, serrated, rather obtuse ; capsule ovate, 
 subcernuous; lid rostrate. Swartz. Muse. Suec. p. 35. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 99, t. 17. 
 
 On wet sides of streams. Mr. Templeton's specimens of D. vireng 
 of Mr. Turner's Muse. Hib. prove to be D.pellucidum. He pointed 
 it out to me in its locality at Larne, which being nearly on a level with 
 the sea, could scarcely be expected to produce an alpine species. Nor 
 did I meet D. virens in the late Dr. Scott's collection. I suppose, for 
 the present, it is better omitted from the Irish catalogue. 
 
 12. D. crispum, HEDW. Stems short; leaves from a sheath- 
 ing base setaceous, somewhat distichous, flexuose and recurved, 
 crisped when dry ; capsule ovate, erect ; lid with a Jong beak. 
 Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2, t. 33. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 99, t. 17. 
 
 On dry banks : near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; near Killarney, Mr. 
 W. Wilson. The stems and leaves have a light pea-green colour. It 
 appears to be rather rare in Ireland. 
 
 1 3. D. Scottianum, TURNER. Stems caespitose ; leaves erecto- 
 patent subulate, their tops scarcely subserrulate, crisped when 
 dry ; capsule ovato-cylindraceous, nearly erect ; teeth of the 
 peristome nearly entire ; lid with a long beak. Turn. Muse. 
 Gib. t. 6,/. 1. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 100, t. 18. D. flagettare 
 Eng. Fl. v. 5, part 1, p. 41. 
 
 On stones in woods, and on dry banks : wood at Blackwater bridge, 
 County of Kerry : banks of Looscaunuch Lake, County of Kerry. 
 Pedicells waved. In the same tuft some stems have the leaves sub- 
 secund, others directed in all ways. The peristome is most remarkable, 
 and keeps it distinct from every other known species. The teeth are 
 short, marked down the middle by a longitudinal dark line, they are 
 rarely perforate, and still more rarely split, aud then only at the very 
 summit. It may thus be easily known from D. flagellare Hedw. 
 besides by the want of "flagelliform" branches, by the more erect cap- 
 sule whose mouth too is narrower, by the crispation of the leaves when 
 dry, and by the shorter pedicells as well as the general smaller size of 
 the plant. 
 
 14. D. flagellare, HEDW. Elongations of the stems flagelli- 
 form ; leaves of the stem subulate, serrulate, falcate ; of the 
 elongations shorter adpressed ; capsule subcylindraceous sub- 
 cernuous ; lid with a long beak. Hedw. St. cr. v. 3, . 1. Weber 
 ct Mohr. Bot. Tasck.p. 173. Wahl. FL Lapp. p. 337. 
 
 In the wood at Glenflesk, County of Kerry : very rare. I have 
 seen no other British specimens than from the locality quoted. It is 
 more likely to be confounded with D. scoparium than with the pre- 
 ceding ; but may be known by the flagelliformshoots, by the more 
 
24 MUSCI. 
 
 [Dicranum. 
 
 erect capsules, and pale calyptra, as well as by the leaves on the lower 
 part of the stems being adpressed not falcate ; the leaves are shorter 
 and less evidently serrulate. 
 
 15. D. undulatum, EHRHART. Steins elongated ; leaves 
 nearly plane, lanceolate elongato-acuminate, serrulate at the 
 points, transversely undulate; capsule cylindraceous, cernuous; 
 lid with a long beak. Ehrh. Crypt, (according to Mohr.) Muse. 
 Brit.ed. 2. p. 100,*. 18. 
 
 Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. At Dunkerron, and woods at Kil- 
 larney. 
 
 16. D. scoparium, HEDW. Stems elongated ; leaves narrow, 
 subulate, canaliculate, secund; capsule cylindraceous, arched, 
 cernuous ; lid with a long beak. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 126. Muse. 
 Brit.ed. 2, p. 101, *. 18. 
 
 In, and in the vicinity of, woods ; common. Sometimes the peri- 
 choetium is very remarkably large, containing from 1 to 4 setce. The 
 calyptra of the yet unformed capsule dusky ; the capsules themselves 
 turning dark brown, or quite black. It varies very much in size and 
 length of the leaves and degree of crispation of the leaves when dry. 
 In the variety with black capsules a struma may be observed at their 
 bases. 
 
 17. D. varium, HEDW. Stems short ; leaves narrow, hastato- 
 lanceolate ; capsule ovate ; lid rostrate. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2, t. 
 34. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 102, t. 17. 
 
 On moist banks and fallow fields ; common. This varies by the 
 colour of its leaves, which are sometimes reddish and even lurid, their 
 direction, which is sometimes secund, and the degree of inclination or 
 position of the capsule on the setce. 
 
 18. D. heteromallum, HEDW. Leaves subulate, falcato-secund, 
 nearly entire; capsule ovate, cernuous; lid with a long beak. 
 Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1, t. 26. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 103, t. 18. 
 
 On moist banks ; common. At Aooreagh River, near Sneem, I 
 have observed a considerable extent of the bank covered with this 
 species having the pedicells so flexuose and bent, that I know not how 
 that state is to be distinguished from D. cygneum of Hedwig. 
 
 19. D. subulatum, HEDW. Leaves from a broad sheathing 
 base subulato-setaceous, secund, entire ; capsule ovate, subcer- 
 nuous; lid with a long beak. Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 34. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 103, t. 18. 
 
 Sides of Maryburn rivulet : Mr. Templeton. 
 
 20. D. fulvellum, SMITH. Stems tufted ; leaves subulato- 
 setaceous, somewhat secund, entire, those of the perichcetium 
 convolute ; setae scarcely longer than the leaves ; capsule erect, 
 turbinate, furrowed when old ; lid conico-rostrate. Sm. Flor. 
 Brit. p. 1209. Muse. Brit.ed. 2, p. 103. Supp. t. 3. 
 
 On Macgillicuddy's Reeks. This is altogether an alpine species, 
 and has the strongest analogy with Weissia acuta, the teeth of th^ 
 peristome being ofteft simply perforate, more rarely entire. 
 
Tortub.] MUSCI. 25 
 
 18. TORTULA, Hedw. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single of 32 teeth spirally twisted 
 above, united more or less below into a tubular membrane. 
 Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 1. T. rigida, TURNER. Stems very short; leaves few linear 
 more or less broad, incurved, their nerve more or less broad, 
 concave, rigid; their margins involute ; capsule oblong ; lid ros- 
 trate. Turner Muse. Hib. p. 43. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 53, 
 t. 12. 
 
 On walls and ditches ; very common. This is so variable in the 
 breadth of the leaves, the breadth of their nerves which are sometimes 
 concealed by the involute edges of the leaves, and by the length of the 
 rostrum of the lids that I find the greatest difficulty in comprehending 
 the T. enervis and T. brevirostris of authors. The former from 
 Stiblington, in Kent I find has a real nerve, the outer leaves to be 
 much shorter and wider than the inner, and the lid not to exceed in 
 some instances half the length of the capsule. Again, Funcke's spe- 
 cimens of T. brevirostris are furnished with lids at least as long, and 
 have the leaves of the shape of the outer of the Stiblington plant. 
 T. brevirostris of Musci Americans, as well as specimens sent to me 
 by Mr. Drummond under that name from North America, are properly 
 our Irish T. rigida. 
 
 2. T. convoluta, SWARTZ. Stems short ; leaves oblongo-lan- 
 ceolate, acute, their margins plane ; those of the perichcetium 
 closely convolute; capsule oblong; lid rostrate. Swartz. Muse. 
 Suec. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 54, t. 12. 
 
 On ditches near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. Dunkerron, not uncom- 
 mon. The leaves are smaller than in the other 4 Irish Tortula. The 
 capsule is slightly curved at the top to one side. The leaves of 
 the past season are brownish ; of the present, of a lively green, which 
 also is the hue of the perich&tium ; upon examination we find this to 
 be truly lateral or radicular. The Tort, pilfera of Hook. Muse. exot. 
 t. 12, is similarly circumstanced. 
 
 3. T. revoluta, BRIDEL. Stem short ; leaves lanceolate acute, 
 their margins closely re volute, those of the perichcetial leaves 
 sheathing, involute ; capsule oblong ; lid shorter than the cap- 
 sule. Bridel in Schrad. Journal. 1800, v. 1, p. 299. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 54, 1. 12. 
 
 On ditches near Cork, Mr. James Drummond. Rare. 
 
 4. T. muralis, HEDW. Stems short; leaves patent, narrow, 
 oblong, their margins recurved, their nerve excurrent into a 
 long diaphanous point ; capsule ovato-cylindraceous ; lid conical, 
 acuminate. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 123. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 55, 
 t. 12. 
 
 On walls and ditches ; very common. The nerve is incrassated 
 above ; the diaphanous point without any serrulations ; the teeth of 
 the peristome are not united till they reach downwards to the mouth of 
 the capsule. 
 
 c 
 
26 MUSCI. ] [Zygotrichia. 
 
 5. T. ruralis, SWARTZ. Leaves ovato-oblong, keeled, patent, 
 recurved, their nerve excurrent into a long diaphanous point : 
 capsule cylindrical, erect, slightly curved ; lid subulate ; the pe- 
 ristome tubular beneath. Swartz. Muse. Suec. Muse, Brit. ed. 
 2,j9.56, .12. 
 
 On the ground, on walls, and on trees ; common. 
 
 6. T. subulata, HEDW. Stems short; leaves erecto-patent, 
 oblon go-lanceolate, apiculated, their margins plane; capsule 
 cylindrical, erect, slightly curved ; lid subulate, peristome tubu- 
 lar below. Hedw. Sp. M.p. 122, t. 27. Musc.Brit. ed. 2, p. 57, 1. 12. 
 
 On banks and walls ; not uncommon. 
 
 7. T. unguiculata, HOOK. AND TAYLOR. Stems elongated ; 
 leaves oblongo-lanceolate, obtuse, apiculated, their margins 
 slightly recurved ; capsule oblongo-ovate ; lid long, rostrate. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 1, p. 33, ed. 2, p. 57, t. 1 2. Barbula unguicuktta, 
 Hedw. St. Cr. v.l. t. 23. 
 
 On banks and hedges ; common. 
 
 8. T. cuneifolia, TURNER. Stems very short ; leaves broadly 
 obovate, slightly concave, their nerve excurrent into a rigid 
 point; capsule oblong; lid with a short beak. Turn. Muse. 
 Hib.p. 51. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 59, t. 12. 
 
 On ditches near Bantry, Miss Hutchins ; rare. 
 
 9. T. tortuosa, HEDW. Stems elongated ; leaves patent, 
 lineari-subulate keeled, waved, crisped when dry ; capsule cy- 
 lindrical ; lid with a long beak. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 124. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 59, t. 12. 
 
 On limestone ; common. 
 
 10. T.fallaX) SWARTZ. Stems elongated; leaves lanceolate, 
 acuminated, keeled, patent or recurved, their margins reflexed ; 
 capsule oblong; lid with a long beak. Sw. Muse. Suec. p. 40. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 59, t. 12. 
 
 In fields, on ditches and walls ; common. 
 
 11. T. gracilis, HOOKER AND GREVILLE. Stems elongated; 
 leaves lanceolate-acuminate, erect, rigid when dry, very straight, 
 their margins recurved; capsule oblongo-ovate; lid rostrate, 
 short. Hook, and Grev. in Brewst. Journal, v. 1, p. 300. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 61, Supp. t. 2. 
 
 Near Cork, Mr. James Drummond ; very rare. 
 
 19. ZYGOTRICHIA, Bridel. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome of 32 teeth in pairs, spirally twisted 
 above, below united by transverse processes. Calyptra di- 
 midiate. Bridel Bryolog. Univ. v. 1, p. 521. 
 
 1. Z. cylindrica. Stems erect, branched ; leaves lanceolato- 
 
Polytrichum.] MUSCI. 27 
 
 subulate, entire, their margins recurved ; capsule cylindraceous, 
 somewhat narrower at the mouth ; lid elongato-conical. 
 
 On wet sand on the banks of the Dargle river, County Wicklow. 
 Stems 1 2 inches high ; branched, loosely tufted. Leaves long, 
 acuminated, but without any excurrent point, of a light yellowish 
 green, much crisped and twisted when dry. Seta one inch or more 
 high, very slender, flexuose, reddish below, of a light yellowish-green 
 while the capsule is yet young. Capsule slightly ovato-cylindraceous, 
 very smooth, erect, its mouth narrow. Lid near the mouth of the 
 capsule contracts and rises up as an acuminated cone. Calyptra 
 dimidiate. Peristome of 32 filiform teeth united in pairs (more rarely 
 three together) by transverse processes ; at their summits they are 
 slightly spirally twisted. The lid, as in Tortula, exhibits spiral stria 
 externally. The peristome is short and very pale, as observed in the 
 Z. leucostoma described by Mr. Brown under the name of Barbula 
 leucostoma. I have another species from Madeira. 
 
 20. CINCLIDOTUS, Beauvois. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single, of 32 filiform spirally twisted 
 teeth, anastomosing at the base, and fixed by their tops to the 
 summit of the columella. Calyptra campanulate. 
 
 The lid may be observed to be spirally striated externally, which 
 is an excellent indication of the twisting of the teeth, although this 
 is by no means so remarkable as in most of the Tortula. 
 
 1. C. fontinaloides, Beauv. Prodr. p. 28 and 32. Muse. Brit, 
 ed. 2, p. 51, t. 11. 
 
 On stones or stems of trees, occasionally inundated by running 
 water. Several capsules occurring along a principal stem, the fructi- 
 fication might be supposed to be lateral ; but it appears really to be 
 fixed on the tops of very short branches. The lid is conico-acuminate. 
 
 21. POLYTRICHUM, Linn. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome single of 32 or 64 short equidistant 
 teeth, their summits united by a flat membrane. Calyptra 
 dimidiate, small. 
 
 The teeth are not transversely striated as in other genera. 
 
 1. P. undulatum, HEDW. Leaves thin, lanceolate, their mar- 
 gins plane, waved, denticulate; their nerve winged; capsule 
 cylindraceous, curved ; lid subulate. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1, t. 16, 
 17. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 43, t. 10. 
 
 On banks and in woods ; frequent. The leaves are less rigid than 
 in the congeners. A most remarkable variety occurs at the Dargle 
 river, with the leaves much crisped when dry, the seta not exserted out 
 of the perichaetial leaves, the capsule very short, nearly erect and 
 turbinate ; the calyptra remaining fixed below the capsule after the 
 falling of the lid, as sometimes occurs in Timmia, 
 
 2. P. piliferum, SCHREBER. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, their 
 margins involute, entire, terminating in a diaphanous hair-like 
 point : capsule ovate, obtusely quadrangular, furnished with an 
 apophysis ; lid conical. Schreb. Fl. Lips. p. 74. Muse. Brit. ed. 
 2, p. 44, t. 10. 
 
28 MUSCI. [Entosthodon. 
 
 On banks, especially in the mountains ; common. The young 
 catyptra, of a light lake red, render tufts of this species very conspi- 
 cuous. The stems sometimes exceed an inch in length ; the lid has a 
 very short beak. 
 
 3. P. juniperinwriy WILLDENOW. Leaves lanceolate-subulate, 
 their margins involute, entire, their points acuminated, opaque, 
 subserrated ; capsule ovate obtusely quadrangular, furnished 
 with an apophysis ; lid obliquely rostrate. Wild. FL Berol. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 45, t. 10. 
 
 On heaths and banks in the mountains ; common. The serratures 
 of the leaves sometimes not to be observed. The young calyptrce, 
 of a brownish straw colour, easily distinguish this species from the 
 preceding. 
 
 4. P. commune, LINN. Stems elongated ; leaves patent 
 lineari-subulate, their margins plane, serrated as well as the 
 points of the keels ; capsule oblong, quadrangular, with an 
 evident apophysis. Linn. sp. pi. 1573. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 
 46, t. 10. 
 
 On heaths and in woods ; very common. The stems are usually 
 simple, varying much in height, from two inches to a foot : the leaves 
 are sometimes short and broad, and present diaphanous margins. 
 
 5. P. alpinum, LINN. Stems elongated, branched; leaves 
 patent, subulate-lanceolate, their margins plane, serrated as well 
 as the points of the keels ; capsule ovate, oblique, with an in- 
 distinct apophysis. Linn. Sp. PI. p. 1573. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 48, t. 11. 
 
 On subalpine mountains ; not uncommon. The capsules some- 
 times turn perfectly black, as do the tops of the seta. 
 
 6. R urnigerum, LINN. Stems elongated, branched ; leaves 
 erecto-patent, lanceolate, acute, their margins plane, serrated ; 
 capsule nearly erect, cylindraceous, without an apophysis. Linn. 
 sp. pi. p. 1573. Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 49, t. 11. 
 
 On dripping banks ; not uncommon. 
 
 7. P. aloides, HEDW. Stems rather short; leaves lineari-lan- 
 ceolate, obtuse, their margins plane, their tops as well as those 
 of the keels serrated; capsule nearly erect, cylindraceous, 
 without an apophysis. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 1, t. 14. Muse. Brit, 
 ed. 2, p. 49, t. 1 1. 
 
 On moist banks ; common, When the capsule is subglobose, it is 
 the P. nanum of Hedwig. 
 
 f f Peristome double. 
 A. Inner peristome of distinct teeth or cilia. 
 
 22. ENTOSTHODON, Schwaegr. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome double, outer of 16 oblique teeth, 
 lying across the mouth of the capsule ; the inner a mem- 
 brane, barred with dark lines (corresponding to the inter- 
 
Orthotrichuiu.] MUSCI. 29 
 
 slices of the teeth) and sometimes splitting. Capsule pyri- 
 form, with an apophysis. Calyptra dimidiate, inflated below. 
 
 1. E. Templetoni, Schwaegr. Supp. 2, p. 44. t. 113. Weissia 
 Templetoni, Muse. Brit. ed. 1, p. 4'2, ed. 2, p. 77, t. 14. 
 
 On moist banks, especially of rivers ; common. 
 
 23. FUNARIA, Schreber. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome double, oblique : the outer of 16 
 teeth ; the inner of as many cilia, each under a tooth of the 
 outer. Capsule pyriform, its mouth oblique. Calyptra di- 
 midiate inflated below. 
 
 It will be seen by the above characters that Entosthodon very 
 nearly coincides with the present genus, and that it is not impossible 
 but that at a future time the name of Eng. Bot. Funaria Templetoni 
 may be restored. 
 
 1. F. hygrometrica, HEDW. Leaves very concave, broadly 
 ovate, apiculated, entire, their nerve excurrent; seta curved, 
 flexuose. Hedw. $p. Muse. p. 172. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 121, 
 .20. 
 
 Extremely common in a variety of situations, not only in Ireland, 
 but in every visited part of the globe. Hence we should be prepared 
 to expect some variations. Mr. James Drummond sowed the seeds of 
 F. Muhlenbergii, Turn, in a garden pot placed in a frame, using pre- 
 cautions : there came up a few plants resembling this species among 
 more that were intermediate ; but the most of all turned out to be 
 F. hygrometrica. I therefore suppose F. Muhlenbergii is a variety 
 that takes its character from the limestone soil, on which alone it is 
 found. Mr. Drummond was satisfied that F. hibernica, Hook, was 
 nothing more. 
 
 24. ZYGODON. Hooker and Taylor. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome double, the outer of 16 teeth ap- 
 proached in pairs; the inner of 8 or 16 cilia. Calyptra di- 
 midiate, smooth. 
 
 1. Z. conoideus, HOOK. AND TAYLOR. Leaves acute, cilia 8. 
 Muse. Brit.ed. 1, p. 74, ed. 2, p. 123, t. 21. 
 
 On trees ; Orange Grove, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. Woods 
 at Killarney. The capsule is narrow and striated ; the lid obliquely 
 rostrate. The nerve does not always reach the point of the leaf. An 
 old capsule I observed under the lens in a drop of water, when press- 
 ed, poured out cylindrical, jointed, pellucid bodies, tipped at one end 
 with a brown ball greater in diameter than the cylinder. These were 
 probably seeds in a state of germination. 
 
 24. ORTHOTRICHUM, Hoffman. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome mostly double; the outer of 16 teeth 
 approached in pairs ; the inner of 8 or 16 cilia. Calyptra 
 campanulate, sulcate, more or less hirsute. 
 
 1. O. cupulatum, HOFFMAN. Leaves ovato-lanceolate erecto- 
 
30 MUSCI. [Orthotrichum. 
 
 patent, straight and rigid when dry ; capsule nearly sessile, fur- 
 rowed ; peristome single ; calyptra at length quite glabrous. 
 Hoff. Germ. v. 2, p. 26. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 125, #.21. 
 On rocks, especially limestone ; not uncommon. 
 
 2. O. anomalum, HEDW. Leaves ovato-lanceolate, erecto- 
 patent, straight when dry ; peristome single ; calyptra. somewhat 
 hairy. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2, t. 37. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 125, t. 21. 
 
 On rocks, especially limestone ; not uncommon. The ridges on 
 the capsule are most evident near its mouth, where they are reddish 
 and prominent ; in some varieties the capsule is not evidently tuber- 
 culated. 
 
 3. O. qffine, SCHRADER. Leaves broadly lanceolate ; capsule 
 deeply furrowed, nearly sessile ; teeth of the peristome eight, 
 geminate, cilia eight, filiform ; calyptra hirsute. Schrad. spicil. 
 p. 67. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 127, t. 21. 
 
 On trees ; not uncommon : varies in size. 
 
 4. O. diaphanum, SCHRADER. Stems very short ; leaves lan- 
 ceolate acuminate, their points diaphanous ; teeth of the peris- 
 tome equidistant ; cilia 16 ; calyptra slightly hirsute. Schrad. 
 spic. p. 69. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 128, t. 21. 
 
 On trees, common ; more rare on stones, as at Killiney on granite. 
 
 5. O. rivulare, SMITH. Stems procumbent; leaves broadly 
 lanceolate, obtuse; cilia 16, setaceous; calyptra glabrous. Sm. 
 Flor. Brit. p. 1266. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 128, .21. 
 
 On stones in streams ; not uncommon. 
 
 6. O. striatum, HEDW. Leaves lanceolate, patent, straight 
 when dry; capsule slightly striated; cilia 16, moniliform ; 
 calyptra slightly hairy. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2, t. 3. Muse. Brit, 
 ed. 2, p. 128, #.21. 
 
 On stones and trees. 
 
 7. O. Hutchinsice, SMITH. Leaves lanceolate, erect, rigid ; 
 capsule clavate, furrowed ; cilia 8, calyptra very hairy. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 2523. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 131, t. 21. 
 
 On large stones, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins ; in similar places in 
 the counties of Wicklow and Kerry ; not uncommon. The stems 
 are remarkably dark, almost black below, their tops of a brownish- 
 yellow. 
 
 8. O. crispum, HEDW. Leaves lanceolato-subulate, much 
 crisped when dry ; oblongo-clavate, furrowed ; teeth of the pe- 
 ristome 8 geminate ; cilia 8 ; calyptra very hairy. Hedw. St. 
 Cr. v. 2, t. 35. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 133, t. 21. 
 
 On trees, common ; sometimes on stones. A variety occurs at 
 Askew wood, near Sneem, County Kerry, ripening on the same* trees 
 a month or two earlier than the common kind, and with the calyptra 
 nearly glabrous, the few hairs never overtopping it ; the peristome 
 larger ; each of the eight geminate teeth split nearly half-way down ; 
 the lid short. 
 
Bnjum.} MUSCI. 31 
 
 9. O. pulchellum, SMITH. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, crisped 
 when dry; teeth of the peristome 16, approached in pairs; cilia 
 16 ; calyptra nearly smooth. Eng. Bot. t. 1787. Muse. Brit. 
 ed.2,p. 134, .21. 
 
 On trees in Ballinascorney Glen, near Dublin. A small species. 
 The calyptra plicate and coloured at the base. 
 
 B. Inner peristome, a membrane divided above. 
 26. BRYUM. Linn. 
 
 Seta terminal. Peristome double ; the outer of 16 teeth ; the 
 inner of a membrane cut above into 16 equal segments, with 
 filiform processes interposed. Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 1. B. palustre, SWARTZ. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, entire, 
 their margins revolute ; capsule oblong, subcernuous, suberect, 
 sulcated ; lid conical. Swartz. Muse. Suec. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 193, t. 28. 
 
 In marshy spots ; not uncommon, even at low elevations. An 
 annulus is present at the mouth of the capsule. 
 
 2. B. dealbatum, DICKSON. Stems short; leaves lanceolate 
 acute, plane, reticulated, serrated at the points ; capsule pyri- 
 form, nearly erect. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 2, t. 5, /. 3. Muse. Brit, 
 ed. 2, p. 196, #.28. 
 
 Mountains in the north of Ireland, Mr. Templeton. This is ex" 
 tremely rare. The above is entered on the verbal authority of the 
 late Mr. Templeton. No locality is given by Mr. Turner in his Must. 
 Hib. With respect to Br. triquetrum, on examining the late Dr. 
 Scott's collection I found specimens marked by that name, but then 
 they were all Bryum ventricosum. 
 
 3. TS.julaceum, SCHRADER. Leaves closely imbricated, broadly 
 ovate, concave, entire, their nerve scarcely percurrent; capsule 
 obovato-cylindraceous, pendulous. Schrad. spicil. p. 70. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 197, *. 28. 
 
 On sandy spots in rocky banks of rivers ; rather rare. The stems 
 are slender, aggregate, of a light yellowish-green, and glossy. 
 
 4. B. crudum, HUDSON. Stems simple; leaves rigid, lan- 
 ceolate, erect, the upper narrower, their margins serrulate, 
 their nerve not quite percurrent; capsule oblongo-pyriform, 
 cernuous. Huds. Fl. Aug. p. 491. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 198, 
 t. 28. 
 
 On the higher mountains ; not uncommon. 
 
 5. B. carneum, LINNJEUS. Stems simple; leaves lanceolate, 
 reticulated, subserrulate, their nerve not quite percurrent ; cap- 
 sule obovate, pendulous. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1587. Muse. Brit, 
 ed. 2, p. 198, t. 29. 
 
 On wet banks ; near Dublin, Cork, and Belfast. Of a small size ; 
 the capsules nearly round ; colour pale. 
 
 6. B. argenteum, LINNAEUS. Leaves closely imbricated, 
 
32 MUSCI. [Bryum. 
 
 broadly ovate, acuminulate, subserrulate, very concave, their 
 nerve not quite percurrent; capsule pyriform, pendulous. 
 Linn. sp. plant, p. 1386. Muse. Brit. ed. I, p. 199, t. 29. 
 
 On walls and roofs ; very common. The upper part of the leaves 
 are thin and colourless, hence the stems assume a silvery appear- 
 ance. 
 
 7. B. Zierii, DICKSON. Leaves closely imbricated, broadly 
 ovate, acuminate, concave, reticulated, entire, their nerve not 
 quite percurrent ; capsule long, clavate, cernuous. Dicks. Cr. 
 Fase. 1, t. 4, /. 10. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 199, t. 29. 
 
 On Brandon Hill, County Kerry : on the highest of our mountains 
 only. 
 
 8. B. capillare, LINN^IUS. Leaves ovate, twisted when dry, 
 entire, their nerve excurrent into a hair-like point, slightly mar- 
 ginate; capsule oblong, pendulous. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1586. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 200, t. 29. 
 
 On walls and banks ; very common. 
 
 9. B. ccespititium, LINNAEUS. Stems short; leaves ovato- 
 acuminate, nearly entire, their margins slightly recurved, their 
 nerve excurrent ; capsule pyriform, pendulous. Linn. sp. pi. 
 p. 1586. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 201, t. 29. 
 
 On banks, walls, and roofs ; very common. A very variable 
 species. 
 
 10. B. turbinatum, SWAPTZ. Leaves ovato-acuminate, nearly 
 entire, their margins slightly recurved, their nerve excurrent; 
 capsule elongato-pyriform, pendulous. Swartz Muse. Suec.p. 49. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 202, t. 29. 
 
 Bogs, near Dublin ; rather rare. 
 
 11. B. nutans, SCHREB. Stems short; leaves erect, lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, serrated, their nerve percurrent ; capsule 
 oblongo-pyriform, pendulous. Schreb. Fl. Lips. p. 81. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 203, t. 29. 
 
 On rocks and stones. 
 
 12. B. elongatum, DICKSON. Stems short; leaves erect, 
 elongato-lanceolate, acuminated, serrated, their nerve percur- 
 rent; capsule elongato-clavate, not quite pendulous. Dicks. 
 Fasc. 2, p. 8. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 204, t. 30. 
 
 On subalpine mountains : not rare. 
 
 13. B. alpinum, LINN^IUS. Stems rigid ; leaves imbricated, 
 erect, lanceolate, somewhat obtuse, subserrulate, their margins 
 revolute, their nerve percurrent, capsule oblongo-ovate, pen- 
 dulous. Linn. Mant. v. 2, p. 309. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 205, 
 t. 28. 
 
 On wet rocks in the mountains ; common. The purple colour of 
 its shining rigid leaves is characteristic. 
 
Bryum.} MUSCI. 33 
 
 14. B. ventricosum, DICKSON. Stems elongated ; leaves ob- 
 longo-acuminate, subserrulate, their margins recurved, their 
 nerve excurrent; capsule oblong, pendulous. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 
 l,p.4. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 205, t. 30. 
 
 On bogs and marshes; common. At Turk waterfall a variety 
 occurs with very wide, serrulate, rigid leaves, of a dark purplish- 
 brown. 
 
 15. B. roscum, SCHKEBER. Leaves patent, obovato-spathulate, 
 acute, serrated, waved; their nerve percurrent ; capsule oblongo- 
 ovate, pendulous. Schreb. Fl. Lips. p~ 84. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 200, t. 29. 
 
 In woods. Fruit at Blarney, County Cork, Mr. James Drummond. 
 A variety at Blackwater has piliferous leaves. 
 
 16. B. ligulatum, SCHREBER. Leaves ligulate, undulate, re- 
 ticulated, marginated, denticulate, their nerve excurrent ; cap- 
 sule oblong, pendulous; lid conical. Schreb. Fl. Lips. p. 84. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 207, t. 30. 
 
 Banks of streams and in woods ; common. Seta often many from 
 the same perichcetium. 
 
 17. B. punctatum, SCHREBER. Leaves obovato-rotundate, 
 their base narrow, reticulated, marginated, their nerve seldom 
 quite percurrent ; capsule oblong, pendulous ; lid rostellate. 
 Schreb. Fl. Lips. p. 85. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 207, t. 30. 
 
 In wet places, in woods, sometimes in bogs ; common. The nerve 
 of the leaf is sometimes, though very rarely, excurrent. The seeds 
 are large : but are they really seeds ? Pressed in water, under the 
 lens, a sac appears to burst on one side and discharge numerous dark 
 punctiform bodies that do not in the least cohere : the sac is reti- 
 culated. 
 
 18. B. rostratum, SCHRADER. Leaves broadly ovate, reticu- 
 lated, marginated, obtuse, denticulated; their nerve excurrent; 
 capsule ovate, pendulous ; lid rostrate. Schrad. spicil. p. 72. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 208, t. 30. 
 
 On the banks of rivers in woods ; not uncommon. The outer 
 peristome is paler than the inner, contrary to the general rule. 
 
 19. B. maryinatum, DICKSON. Leaves ovate, acute, reticu- 
 lated, marginated, serrated, their nerve excurrent ; capsule ob- 
 long, pendulous. Dicks. Cr.Fasc.Z, t.5,f. 1. Muse. Brit. ed. 
 2, p. 208, t. 31. 
 
 Banks of the Dargle river, Dr. Whitley Stokes. This differs from 
 the preceding, not only by the shape of the leaves, but still more by 
 the structure of the peristome. 
 
 20. B. hornum, SCHREBER. Stems elongated ; leaves lan- 
 ceolate acute, reticulated, denticulated, their nerve scarcely 
 percurrent ; capsule oblong, pendulous ; lid hemispherical, 
 mucronulate. Schreb. Fl. Lips. p. 83. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 209, 
 *. 31. 
 
 In woods and marshes ; common. Here, as in B. rostratum and 
 
 D 
 
34 MUSCI. 
 
 I Pterogonium. 
 
 B. cuspidatum, the outer peristorae is of a pale yellow, while the inner 
 is reddish-brown. 
 
 27. BARTRAMIA, Hedw. 
 
 Seta terminal. Capsule subglobose. Peristome double ; the 
 outer of 16 teeth; the inner, a membrane divided into 16 bifid 
 segments. Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 1. B. pomiformis, HEDWIG. Leaves patent, subulate, strongly 
 serrated, twisted when dry, their nerve percurrent. Hedw. sp. 
 Muse. p. 164. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 144, t. 23. 
 
 On dry banks ; not uncommon. It varies in the length of its tufted 
 stems, as also of the leaves. 
 
 2. B. ithyphylla, BRIDEL. Leaves rigid, erecto-patent, nearly 
 entire, their nerve scarcely percurrent, straight when dry. 
 Brid. Muse. v. 2, p. 1, t. 6. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, ^.145, t. 22. 
 
 On dry banks ; in the Dargle, County Wicklow, &c. 
 
 3. B. gracilis, FLORKE. Stems elongated ; leaves recurvo- 
 patent, lanceolate, canaliculate, serrated ; setae at length lateral. 
 Florke in Schrad. Journ. Muse. Brit. ed. '2. p.14 6. t. 23. 
 
 On rocks in alpine districts. 
 
 4. B. fontana, SWARTZ. Stems fastfgiate ; leaves closely im- 
 bricated, rigid, erect, broadly ovate or lanceolate, acuminated, 
 nearly plane, serrated ; setce at length lateral. Swartz in Schrad. 
 Journ. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 146, t. 23. 
 
 In wet situations ; common. This varies in the height of the stems 
 and breadth of the leaves. 
 
 5. B. Halleriana, HEDW. K terns elongated ; leaves long sub- 
 ulate flexuose, serrulate ; setce shorter than the leaves, curved, 
 at length lateral. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2, t. 40. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 147, t. 23. 
 
 Crevices of recks in the mountains. At Colin Glen, near Belfast : 
 not common. 
 
 6. B. arcuata, BRIDEL. Stems elongated, proliferous ; leaves 
 patent ovato-lanceolate, acuminated, serrated, striated ; setce 
 shorter than the leaves, arcuate, at length lateral ; capsule 
 smooth. Brid. Muse. v. 4, p. 139. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 148, 
 t. 23. 
 
 In wet spots in the mountains. The fruit at Powerscourt ; very 
 rare. 
 
 b. Seta lateral. 
 * Peristome single. 
 
 28. PTEROGONIUM, Swartz. 
 
 Seta lateral. Peristome single, of 16, entire equidistant teeth. 
 Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 1. P. gracile, SWARTZ. Branches fascicled, curved; leaves 
 broadly ovate, acute, concave, their margins plane, serrulate, 
 
Anomodon.] MUSCI. 35 
 
 faintly 2-nerved ; lid conical. Sw. Muse. Suec. p. 26. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 74, t. 14. 
 
 Rocks, especially those near large bodies of water ; not uncommon. 
 The fruit has not been detected in Ireland. 
 
 2. P. jUiforme, SCHWAEGR. Leaves ovate subacuminated, 
 concave their margins recurved, serrated, their nerve short 
 single or forked; lid conical. Schwaegr. Supp. v. 2, p. 1. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 75, t. 14. 
 
 On rather dry rocks in woods and mountains ; not uncommon. 
 This, like the preceding, is always barren with us. 
 
 29. LEUCODON. Schwaegr. 
 
 Seta lateral. Peristome single, of 32 teeth united in pairs. 
 
 Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 1. L. sciuroides, SCHW. Leaves closely imbricated, ovato- 
 cordate, acuminated striated; capsule oblong. Schw. Supp. 
 v. 2, p. 1. Muse. Brit, ed.2, p. 112, t. 20. 
 
 On trees ; very rare. This species is given entirely on the authority 
 of Mr. Turner's Muse. Hib. in which, however, no locality is stated. 
 
 * * Peristome double. 
 A. Inner peristome of free cilia. 
 
 30. NECKERA, Hedw. 
 
 Seta lateral. Peristome double; the outer of \6teeth; the inner 
 of 16 free cilia, or united by a very short membrane. 
 Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 1. N. pumila, HEDW, Leaves bifarious, broad, ovato-acu- 
 minate, concave, their margins when dry reflexed ; setce scarcely 
 exceeding the perichcetia ; capsule oblongo-ovate. Hedw. St. 
 Cr. v. 3, t. 20. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 135, t. 22. 
 
 On trees at Ardtully, near Kenmare. South west of Ireland, Mr. 
 Wilson. The leaves are nerveless, or with two short ones at the base, 
 almost entire ; the branches are flat ; the stem pinnate. The leaves 
 of the Ardtully plant are very broad, concave, with long acuminations, 
 their surface undulate when dry ; young shoots round and slender. 
 
 2. N. crispa, HEDW. Leaves bifarious, oblong, acuminulate, 
 transversely wrinkled; setce much exserted; capsule ovate. 
 Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 206. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 136, t. 22. 
 
 On calcareous rocks at Dunkerron ; on, siliceous rocks in the woods 
 at Killarney ; fructifying very rarely, as at Colin Glen, near Belfast. 
 Leaves serrulate ; their nerve sometimes extending up half of their 
 length. 
 
 31. ANOMODON, Hook, and Taylor. 
 
 Seta lateral. Peristome double ; outer of 16 teeth, inner of 16 
 ez7za%lternating with the teeth. Calyptra dimidiate. 
 
 1. A. curtipendulum, HOOK. ET TAYLOR. Leaves ovato- 
 acuminate, denticulate, their nerve not quite percurrent ; setce 
 
36 MUSCI. [Hooker ia. 
 
 twice as long as the perichcetium ; capsule ovate. Muse. Brit, 
 ed. 1, p. 79, ed. 2, p. 137, t. 22. 
 
 On stones and trees in the mountains. The fruit at Lough Bray. 
 
 2. A. viticulosum, HOOK, and TAYLOR. Leaves ovato-lan- 
 ceolate, obtuse, entire, their nerve percurrent ; setce elongated ; 
 cylindraceous. Muse. Brit. ed. 1, p. 80, ed. 2, p. 138. t. 32. 
 
 On calcareous rocks or trees in their vicinity ; not uncommon. 
 This is extremely unlike the preceding species in habit. 
 
 32. DALTONIA. Hook, and Taylor. 
 
 Seta lateral. Peristome double; outer of 16 teeth ; inner of 16 
 cilia alternating with the teeth. Calyptra campanulate. 
 
 1. D. heteromalla, HOOK, and TAYLOR. Muse. Brit. ed. 1, 
 p. 81, 2,j. 139, f. 22. 
 
 On trees ; common in all parts of Ireland. 
 
 B. Inner peristome of cilia united below by a membrane or by 
 transverse processes. 
 
 33. FONTINALIS. Linn. 
 
 Seta lateral. Peristome double; the outer of 16 teeth ; the 
 inner of 16 cilia reticulated by transverse processes into a 
 cone. 
 
 1. F. antipyretica, LINNJEUS. Leaves nerveless, broadly 
 ovate or ovato-lanceolate. Linn. sp. pi. 1571. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 140, t. 22. F. squamosa, Linn. sp. pi p. 1571. 
 
 In rivulets, adhering to wood or stone, The leaves sometimes, ap- 
 pear complicato-carinate ; on examination this is found to arise from 
 the adherence of the outer edges of adjoining leaves; The habit of this 
 genus is very much of the continental Gymnostomum aquaticum of 
 Hoffman. They are more nearly allied than I believe is generally 
 supposed. Upon carefully removing the lid of the Gymnostomum, I 
 find the mouth of the capsule coloured of a reddish-brown, crenate, 
 the crenulations corresponding to an outer peristome ; within this is 
 an evident inner peristome of sixteen filiform, reddish, erect cilia 
 lying upon the columella. 
 
 34. HOOKERIA, Smith. 
 
 Seta lateral. Peristome double ; the outer of 1 6 teeth ; the 
 inner of 16 cilia united below into a membrane. Calyptra 
 campanulate. 
 
 1. H. lucens, SMITH. Leaves bifarious broadly ovate, en- 
 tire, obtuse, shining, nerveless. Sm. in. Tr. Linn. soc. v. 9, p. 
 276. Muse. Brit.ed. 2,/?. 149, t. 27. 
 
 Wet banks in woods ; common. 
 
 2. H. albicans, Leaves bifarious, ovate, acuminulate, margi- 
 nate, subserrulate, with two almost percurrent nerves.o H. Icete- 
 virens Muse. Brit. ed. 1, p. 89, ed. 2, 149, t. 27. Leskea albicans, 
 Hedw. Sp. Muse. t. 54, /. 1316. 
 
Hypnum.] MUSCI. 37 
 
 On sides of streams ; Dunscombe's wood, near Cork, Mr. James 
 Drummond. At O'Sullivan's Cascade and Turk Waterfall, near 
 Killarney, Mr. W. H. Harvey. Having seen, since the publication 
 of the second edition of Muse. Brit., states of this plant at Turk 
 Waterfall with the colour quite as pale, the texture of the leaves as 
 thin, their reticulations quite as large, as in Jamaica specimens of 
 Hedvvig's plant, assured to me by Dr. Schwaegrichen ; and on the 
 other hand, having seen states of the Jamaica moss fully as green as 
 ours, I apprehend it is time to unite them ; a step, however, which, I 
 confess, should be taken with great caution, as it bears so remarkably 
 on the geographical distribution of the mosses. 
 
 3. H. splachnoides, HOOKER. Shoots erect, somewhat fasti- 
 giate ; leaves imbricated on all sides, erect, oblongo-lanceolate, 
 their nerve almost percurrent. Hook. Eng. FL v. 5, part I 9 p. 
 74. Daltonia splachnoides. Muse. Brit. ed. l,p. 90, ed. *2,p. 139, 
 t. 22. 
 
 Secawn mountain, near Dublin. On Turk Mountain, and in Cro- 
 maglown, near Killarney, Mr. W. Wilson. Tufts small ; stems of 
 the past season procumbent, of the present erect, about half an inch in 
 height ; the leaves loosely imbricated. Setce, usually numerous, closely 
 set in the tuft. Capsule with an apophysis, reticulated, turbinate, 
 slightly inclined. Peristome nearly as long as the capsule ; teeth of 
 the exterior pale, lanceolate-setaceous ; the inner united at the base 
 by a membrane scarcely rising above the mouth of the capsule. This 
 species ranges very badly under Hookeria. The fastigiate setce re- 
 mind one of the Trichostoma, If the circumstance of a calyptra 
 being dimidiate or entire be now allowed by all muscologists to be of 
 sufficient importance to separate genera, how much more should the 
 singular calyptra of this moss avail ? In other genera the base of the 
 calyptra has a torn appearance, but here it is divided into capillary 
 processes, nearly as long as the calyptra above ; all equally long, 
 equally broad, pellucid, and without joints or cells. Another singu- 
 larity consists in the base of the perichcetium, as in certain of the 
 genus Fissidens of Hedwig, throwing out its own rootlets. 
 
 35. HYPNUM. Linn. 
 
 Seta lateral. Peristome double : the outer of 16 teeth ; the 
 inner of a membrane cut into 16 equal segments, with filiform 
 processes frequently interposed. 
 
 I. Shoots plane. 
 A. Capsules erect. 
 
 1. H. trichomanoides, SCHREBER. Leaves broadly scymitar- 
 shaped, serrated, their nerve reaching to their middle ; capsule 
 ovate; erect; lid rostrate. Schreb. Flor. Lips. p. 88. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 152, *. 24. 
 
 On trees ; common. 
 
 2. H. complanatum, LINN.EUS. Leaves oblong apiculate, 
 entire, nerveless ; capsule ovate, erect ; lid rostrate. Linn. sp. 
 pi. p. 1588. Muse. Brit. ed. '2, p. 152, t. 24. 
 
 On trees ; common. 
 
38 MOSCI. [Hypnum. 
 
 B. Capsules inclined, or cernuous. 
 
 3. H. riparium, LINN. Leaves ovato-lanceolate, acuminated, 
 entire, their nerve not quite percurrent ; capsule oblong, cer- 
 nuous ; lid conical. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1595. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 
 152, t. 24. 
 
 On stones occasionally inundated. 
 
 4. H. undulatum, LINN. Leaves ovate, acute, transversely 
 undulate, with two short nerves ; capsule oblong, furrowed, 
 arcuato-cernuous; lid rostrate. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1589. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 13, t. 24. 
 
 In woods ; not uncommon. The very pale, almost white colour of 
 the shoots, and furrowed capsule, remove this in habit from all the 
 other British species. 
 
 5. H. denticulatum, LINN. Leaves ovate or ovato-lanceolate, 
 subacuminated, with 2 short nerves; capsule oblongo-cylin- 
 draceous, inclined; lid conical. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1588. Muse. 
 
 Brit.ed. 2, p. 153, t. 24. 
 
 f 
 In woods ; not uncommon. 
 
 II. Shoots cylindrical. 
 
 1. Leaves pointing in all directions (notsecund.) 
 
 A. Leaves uniform in their direction, (not squarrose.) 
 
 a. Nerve percurrent or excurrent. 
 
 * Leaves entire. 
 
 6. H. medium, DICKSON. Leaves ovate, obtuse, concave, en- 
 tire, slightly secund, their nerve percurrent; capsule cylin- 
 draceous, nearly erect; lid conical. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 2, p. 12. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 154, t. 124. 
 
 On trees, in moist situations ; not common. The margins of the 
 leaves are recurved ; the seta is smooth. 
 
 7. H. tenellum, DICKS. Leaves fasciculated, lanceolato- 
 subulate; erect, entire, their nerve percurrent; capsule ovate, 
 cernuous; lid rostrate. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 4, t. 11, /. 12. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 155, t. 24. 
 
 On limestone, or on mortar ; not uncommon. 
 
 8. H. serpens, LINN. Leaves ovato-lanceolate, somewhat 
 obtuse, patent, entire, their nerve percurrent, capsule cylin- 
 draceous, cernuous ; lid conical. Linn, sp.pl. p. 1596. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 155, t. 24 (not of Funcke No. 49). 
 
 9. H. fluviatile, SWARTZ. Leaves ovato-acuminate, nearly 
 erect, their nerve quite percurrent, entire, their margins reflexed ; 
 capsule cylindraceous, arcuato-cernuous ; lid convex, acuminu- 
 late. Swartz. Muse. Suec. p. 68. Web. et Mohr. Bot. Tasch. 
 p. 203. Hedw. Sp. Muse. p. 277, t. 81, /. 4. 
 
 On rocks in the liver at Ballinhassig, near Cork. Stems pro- 
 
Hypnum.} MUSCI. 39 
 
 cumbent, somewhat caespitose, from two to three inches long-, variously 
 branched, at length denuded. Leaves loosely imbricated, concave, at 
 the tops of the shoots sometimes, but never remarkably secund ; 
 their nerve not only percurrent, but running out into a mncro, very 
 stout, of a reddish-brown colour ; the margins of the leaves can 
 scarcely be said to be reflexed. The H, fluviatile of Funcke's 
 Deutsch, Moose appears to be H. serpens. 
 
 * * Leaves serrated. 
 
 10. H. populeum, HEDW. Leaves erect, lanceolate, acumi- 
 nated, serrated, their margins slightly reflexed, their nerve per- 
 current; capsule ovate, subcernuous; lid conical. Hedw. Sp. 
 Muse. t. 70, /. 16. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 157, t. 24. 
 
 On stones ; common. 
 
 b. Nerve shorter than the leaf or none. 
 
 * Leaves entire. 
 f Leaves ovate or elliptical. 
 
 11. H. stramineum, DICKS. Leaves loosely imbricated, 
 erecto-patent, oblongo-ovate, obtuse, entire, shining, their nerve 
 reaching half way ; capsule oblongo-ovate, curvato-cernuous ; 
 lid conical. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. I. t. I,/. 9. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 160,*. 24. 
 
 In bogs ; common. The fruit very rare ; on sandy banks of the 
 river at Castle Kelly Glen, near Dublin. Upon comparing Dr. 
 Wahlenberg's specimens of H. trifarium of Weber and Mohr, I 
 cannot find in them any precise marks of difference from our plant ; the 
 leaves vary in both as to compactness of insertion ; the lurid colour of 
 the former I find equally deep in some shoots of the latter, having also 
 leaves not more concave on some of the branches. 
 
 12. H. demissum, WILSON. Stems procumbent, with a few 
 slender branches, leaves erect, subsecund, elliptic-lanceolate, 
 acute, nerveless, entire, their margins recurved ; capsule 
 elliptical, arcuato-cernuous ; lid rostrate. Wils. in Eng. Bot. 
 Supp. f. 2740. 
 
 On large stones in the wood at Cromaglown, near Killarney, Mr. W. 
 Wilson. In the wood five miles nearer to Kenmare. The tufts of a 
 pale shining yellowish-green ; and the slender capsules, with wide 
 mouths, so remarkable in a dried state, render the moss easily recog- 
 nised. The seta are slender, elongated, and smooth. 
 
 13. H. murale, HEDW. Leaves nearly erect imbricated 
 oval, concave, acuminulated, their nerve not percurrent; cap- 
 sule ovate, cernuous; lid rostrate. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4, t. 30. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 161, t. 24. 
 
 On walls and stones ; not uncommon. 
 
 14. H. purum, LINN. Leaves closely imbricated, oval, acu- 
 minulate, very concave, their nerve reaching half way up ; cap- 
 
40 MUSCI. [Hypnum. 
 
 sule ovate, cernuous ; lid conical. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1 594. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 162, t. 24. 
 
 On the ground and on hedges ; common. 
 
 15. H. piliferum, SCHREBER. Leaves ovate elongato-acumi- 
 nate, subserrulate, their nerve disappearing below the middle ; 
 capsule cernuous, lid rostrate. Schreb. Ft. Lips. p. 91. Muse. 
 Brit.ed. 2, p. 17 5, t. 25. 
 
 Sides of hedges and banks ; common. The fruit rare ; occurs near 
 Belfast, Mr. Templeton. 
 
 16. H. Schreberi, WILLD. Leaves closely imbricated, nearly 
 erect, elliptical, apiculate, concave, entire, shortly 2-nerved ; 
 capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid conical. Willd. Fl. Berol. p. 325. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 159, t. 24. 
 
 Woods, and near bushes ; not uncommon. 
 
 17. H. moniliforme, WAHL. Leaves closely imbricated, 
 rotundato-ovate, obtuse, very concave nerveless ; capsule ovate, 
 nearly erect. Wahl. FL Lapp. p. 376, t. 24. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 159, t. 24. 
 
 On the ground, Cunnamara mountains, Mr. J. T. Mackay. 
 
 18. H. catenulatum, SCHWAEGR. Leaves subpatent, ovate 
 subacuminate, papillose on the back and margin, their nerve 
 very short; capsule ovate, inclined; lid conical, acuminate. 
 Schwaegr. Supp. v. I. part 2, p. 218. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 160, 
 t. 24. 
 
 On wet rocks in woods, especially near waterfalls ; at Powerscourt, 
 at the Dargle, and at Turk Waterfall. The stems are very rigid ; 
 shoots of a dusky green ; leaves remote ; the inner peristome has but 
 a single filiform process between its segments. 
 
 f f Leaves lanceolate or subulate. 
 -I Leaves without strice. 
 
 19. H. plumosum, LINN. Leaves erecto-patent, the upper 
 subsecund, ovato-lanceolate, acuminated, subserrated, their 
 margins recurved, their nerve not percurrent ; capsule ovate, 
 cernuous; lid conical. Linn.sp.pl. 1592. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 162, t. 25. 
 
 On rocks and stones, especially in rivers or streams j common. Tufts 
 shining, yellowish-green ; the seta smooth. 
 
 20. H. pulchellum, DICKSON. Leaves loosely imbricated, 
 the upper subsecund, lanceolate-acuminate, entire, nerveless : 
 capsule ovato-cylindrical, nearly erect; lid conical. Dicks. Cr. 
 Fasc. 2, t. 5, /. 6. Muse. Brit. ed. p. 163, t. 25. 
 
 In woods ; rather rare. Powerscourt, and at Turk Waterfall. 
 4- +- Leaves striated. 
 
 21. H. sericeum, LINN. Leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate, 
 
ILjpnum.] MUSCI. 41 
 
 acuminate, entire or scarcely subserrulated, their nerve not per- 
 current ; capsule ovato-cylindraceous ; seta rough ; lid conical. 
 Linn. sp. pip. 1595. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 165, t. 25. 
 On rocks, walls, and trunks of trees ; common. 
 
 22. H. salebrosum, HOFFM. Leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate, 
 acuminated into a v;aved hair-like point, subserrulate, their 
 nerve not percurrent ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; seta smooth ; 
 lid conico-acuminate. Ho/m. Fl. Germ.v. 2, p. 74. Muse. Brit, 
 ed. 2, p. 166, Supp.t. 5. 
 
 On stones, at Lough Bray. Tufts of a yellowish-green colour ; the 
 leaves flaccid, tapering to a very long point. 
 
 23. H. lutescens, HUDSON. Leaves erecto-patent, lanceolate, 
 acuminated, entire, striated, their nerve not quite percurrent ; 
 capsule ovato-cernuous ; seta rough ; lid shortly rostrate. Huds. 
 Fl. Aug. ed. 1, p. 421. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 166, t. 25. 
 
 On trees at Newington, County Kildare ; sands of Portmarnock, 
 near Dublin. The inner peristome is allied to that of Hypnum 
 dendroides, Climacium of Web. et Mohr. 
 
 24. H. albicans. Necker. Leaves erect, ovato -lanceolate, 
 acuminated, faintly striated, concave, entire, revolute at the mar- 
 gin, their nerve reaching half way up ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; 
 seta smooth ; lid conical. Neck. Meth. Muse. p. 180. Muse. Brit. 
 ed. 2, p. 167, t. 25. 
 
 On the sands at Portmarnock, near Dublin ; not rare. 
 
 * * Leaves serrated. 
 f Stems denuded below. (Tree-like.) 
 
 25. H. alopecurum, LINN. Stems erect, unbranched and 
 naked below, branches fascicled above ; leaves concave narrow 
 ovate, acute, serrated, reflexed at the margin, the nerve not 
 quite percurrent ; capsule ovate cernuous ; lid rostrate. Linn. 
 sp.pl. p. 1594. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 168, t. 25. 
 
 In woods, and on shady banks ; common. 
 
 26. H. dendroides, LINN. Stems erect, unbranched and 
 naked below, branches fascicled above ; leaves ovate or ovato- 
 lanceolate, serrated, their nerve not quite percurrent ; capsule 
 erect, ovato-cylindraceous; lid rostrate. Linn, sp.pl. p. 1593. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 168, t. 25. 
 
 On wet banks. 
 
 f f Stems leafy below. 
 
 -i- Capsules erect. 
 
 26. H. curvatum, SWARTZ. Branches fascicled, curved ; 
 leaves ovato-elliptical, concave, serrated, the nerve not percur- 
 rent ; capsule ovate, erect ; lid rostrate. Swartz. Muse. Suec. p. 
 64. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 169, t. 25. 
 On trees and rocks ; very common. 
 
 E 
 
42 MUSCI. [Hypnum. 
 
 27. H. myosuroides, LINN. Branches fascicled, curved; 
 leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrated, their margins reflexed at 
 the base, their nerve disappearing near the middle; capsule 
 ovato-cylindraceous, erect; lid rostrate. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1596. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 169, t. 25. 
 
 On trees and rocks. Usually smaller, yet sometimes fully equalling 
 the former in size. 
 
 +- ^ Capsules cernuous. 
 
 28. H. splendens, HEDW. Stems tripinnate ; leaves ovate acu- 
 minulate, concave, shortly 2-nerved, their margins recurved 
 below ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; lid rostrate. Heclw. Sp. Muse, 
 t. 67, f. 69. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 170, t. 25, 
 
 In woods, on the ground ; not uncommon. 
 
 29. H. proliferum, LINN. Stems tripinnate ; leaves serrated, 
 papillose on the back, the cauline cordate, acuminated with 
 their nerve nearly percurrent, those of the branches ovate with 
 a short single or double nerve ; lid conico-rostrate. Linn. sp. 
 pi. p. 1590. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 170, t. 25. 
 
 In woods, and bushy banks ; not uncommon. 
 
 30. H. pralongum, LINN. Stems pinnate; leaves distant, pa- 
 tent, cordate or ovate acuminate, serrated, their nerve not quite 
 percurrent; capsule ovate, cernuous; setae scabrous; lid rostrate. 
 Linn. sp. pi. p. 1591. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 172, t. 25. 
 
 On moist shady banks and trunks of trees ; common. A variety 
 collected by Miss Hutchins, near Bantry, has the leaves yellowish- 
 green, broadly cordate, shortly acuminate. Another, found on drip- 
 ping rocks at Blackwater bridge, County of Kerry, has leaves narrow, 
 lanceolate, dark dusky-green, and capsules turbinate, and is not one- 
 tenth of the usual size. 
 
 31. H. flagellare, DICKSON. Stems pinnate; leaves thickly 
 set, cordato-acuminate, serrated, very shortly 2-nerved ; capsule 
 oblongo-ovate, cernuous; lid conical. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 2, p. 12. 
 Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 174, t. 25. 
 
 Rocky sides of mountain streams ; not uncommon, but rare in fruit, 
 in which state it occurs at Secawn Mountain, near Dublin. 
 
 32. H. micans, HOOKER. Leaves erecto-patent, rotundato- 
 ovate, acuminulate, concave, serrated, their margin reflexed, 
 shortly 2-nerved. Wils. Mss. Eng. Fl. v. 5, part 1, p. 86. 
 
 Woods at Glengariff, Miss Hutchins : in the woods at Killarney 
 not uncommon. This appears to me to approach very nearly in habit 
 a slender variety of H. cupressiforme found on trees, although when 
 the lens is used the difference of acumination of the leaves is easily 
 recognised. It is much smaller in all its parts ,* and in woods, of a more 
 golden yellow colour, than H. demissum ; at the base of Magilli- 
 cuddy's Reeks, it is quite green and looks a doubtful species. 
 
 33. H. abietinum, LINN. Stems pinnate ; leaves papillose on 
 the back, their margins slightly reflexed, their nerve not quite 
 
Hypnum.} MUSCI. 43 
 
 percurrent, those of the stem ovato-acuminate, striated, those of 
 the branches ovato-lanceolate ; capsule cylindraceous, inclined ; 
 lid conical. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1591. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 174, 
 t. 25. 
 
 On the sands at Portmarnock, near Dublin ; rare. 
 
 34. H. crassinervium, MSS. Branches simple, thickly set, 
 erect; leaves patent widely ovate, acuminate, concave, serrated, 
 their margins reflexed, nerved to the middle ; capsule ovate, 
 cernuous; seta rough ; lid rostrate. Wils. in Eng. Bot. t. 2706. 
 Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, part l,p. 88. 
 
 On limestone, near Cork, 1820. At Mucruss, near Killarney, in 
 fruit, Mr, W. Wilson. Common at Dunkerron. I was induced to 
 give this Hypnum the specific name of crassinervium, from the re- 
 markable thickness of the nerve of the leaf, which, as if it were the 
 union of two nerves, is often disposed to bifurcate even half way up 
 the leaf, which I have not observed in others of the genus. 
 
 35. H. rutabulum, LINN. Leaves patent, ovate, acuminate, 
 serrated, striated, nerved half way ; capsule ovate, cernuous ; 
 seta rough ; lid conical. Linn, sp.pl. p. 1590. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 176, t. 26. 
 
 On banks, stones, and trees ; common. A variety occurs on the 
 sands at Portmarnock, near Dublin, with the leaves very broadly 
 cordate and with long acuminated hair-like points, their margins broadly 
 reflexed : perhaps if the fruit were found it might prove a distinct 
 species. 
 
 36. H. velutinum, LINN. Leaves erecto-patent, ovate, or 
 ovato-lanceolate, acuminate, serrated, striated, nerved half way; 
 capsule ovate, cernuous; seta rough ; lid rostrate. Linn, sp, pi, 
 p. 1595. Muse. Brit.ed. 2, p. 177, t. 26. 
 
 On banks, stones, and trees ; common. Very nearly allied to the 
 preceding ; but of a smaller size, and with narrower, more erect 
 leaves. 
 
 37. H. ruscifolium, NECKER. Leaves loosely imbricated, 
 subpatent ; broadly ovate, acute, serrated, concave, their nerve 
 not quite percurrent; capsule ovate, cernuous ; seta smooth; lid 
 rostrate. Neck. Metk. Muse. p. 181. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 177, 
 t. 26. 
 
 On stones, and occasionally immersed in water ; common. 
 
 38. H. striatum, SCHREBER. Leaves patent cordate, acumi- 
 nate, serrated, striated, nerved more than half way up ; capsule 
 oblongo-ovate, cernuous ; seta smooth ; lid rostrate. Schreb. 
 Fl. Lips. p. 91. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p, 177, t. 26. 
 
 Woods, on the ground ; common. 
 
 39. H. confertum, DICKSON. Leaves erecto-patent, ovate 
 acuminate, concave, serrated, nerved half way ; capsule ovate, 
 cernuous ; seta smooth ; lid rostrate. Dicks. Cr. Fasc, 4, t. 11, f. 
 4. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 178,*. 26. 
 
44 MUSCI. [Hypnum. 
 
 On stones and trees ; common. An annulus is present, which 
 Bridel denies, nor does he appear to me more correct in saying of the 
 inner peristome, " ciliis singulis interjectis," for I have found two inter- 
 posed filiform processes. A variety occurs at Turk Waterfall, and 
 at Blackwater, County of Kerry, with the leaves widely cordate, 
 acuminate. 
 
 B. Leaves squarrose. 
 
 40. H. cuspidatum, LINN. Leaves loosely set, of the sum- 
 mit closely imbricated into a cuspidate point ; ovate, nerveless, 
 entire ; the lower squarrose ; capsule oblong, curved, cer- 
 nuous; lid conical. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1595. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 178, t. 26. 
 
 On wet banks ; not uncommon. 
 
 41. H. cordifolium, HEDW. Leaves loosely set, squarrose, 
 cordate, much acuminated, entire, nerved more than half way 
 up ; capsule oblongo-ovate, curved, cernuous ; lid conical. 
 Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4, t. 37. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. ] 79, t. 26. 
 
 In bogs ; rather rare. The purple alpine variety grows on Brandon 
 Hill. 
 
 42. H. polymorphum, HEDW. Leaves loosely set, squarrose, 
 cordate, much acuminated, entire, nerved more than halfway 
 up ; capsule oblongo-ovate, curved, cernuous ; lid conical. 
 Hedw. Sp.Musc.t. 66. Muse. Brit.ed. 2, p. 179, t.26. 
 
 In a bog, at Killiney, near Dublin, remote from any limestone. 
 
 43. H. stellatum, SCHREBER. Leaves loosely set, squarrose, 
 cordate much acuminated, entire, (mostly} nerveless ; capsule 
 oblongo-ovate, curved, cernuous ; lid conical. Schreb. FL Lips, 
 p. 92. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 180, t. 26. 
 
 In bogs ; not uncommon ; varying in size. 
 
 44. H. loreum, LINN. Leaves recurved, squarrose, lan- 
 ceolate much acuminated, concave, serrated, striated, shortly 
 2-nerved ; capsule ovato-globose ; lid hemispherical, apiculated. 
 Linn, sp.pl. p. 1593. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 181, t. 26. 
 
 In woods, on banks ; common. The leaves are frequently sub- 
 secund. One of the largest of the genus ; of a pale yellowish- 
 green. 
 
 45. H. triquetrum, LINN. Leaves squarrose, cordate acu- 
 minated, plane, serrated, faintly striated, 2-nerved at the base ; 
 capsule ovato-globose ; lid conical. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1 593. Muse. 
 Brit. ed. 2, p. 182, t. 26. 
 
 In woods ; common. Still larger than the preceding. 
 
 46. H. brevirostre, EIJRHART. Leaves squarrose, broadly 
 ovate, acuminated from an evident contraction, concave, ser- 
 rated, shortly 2-nerved ; capsule ovate ; lid conical. Ehrh. pi. 
 exsice. No. 85. (according to Bridel J. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 182. 
 Snpp. t. 5. 
 
Hypnum.} MUSCI. 45 
 
 Woods at Killarney ; and at Dunkerron, County of Kerry. 
 
 47. H. squarrosum, LINN. Leaves squarrose, widely cor- 
 date, very much acuminated, recurved, serrated, shortly 
 2-nerved ; capsule ovato-globose, cernuous ; lid conical. Linn, 
 sp. pi. p. 1593. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 182, t. 26. 
 
 Woods and heaths ; common. 
 
 2. Leaves secund. 
 A. Leaves with a single nerve. 
 
 48. H. filicinum, LINN. Branches pinnate ; leaves especially 
 the upper falcato-secund, broadly ovate, acuminate, serrated, 
 their nerve percurrent ; capsule oblongo-ovate, curved, cer- 
 nuous ; lid conical. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1590. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 p. 183, t. 26. 
 
 On moist banks and wet sides of rivulets ; common. A variety at 
 Blackwater bridge has the leaves scarcely serrulated. 
 
 49. H.palustre, LINN. Leaves secund, ovate, somewhat acumi- 
 nate, concave, entire, their margins incurved above, their nerve 
 short, sometimes forked ; capsule oblongo-ovate, cernuous ; lid 
 conical. Linn, sp.pl. p. 1593. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 185, t. 26. 
 
 On wet rocks in streams ; common. Varies by the direction and 
 acumination of the leaves, by their colour, by the length of their 
 nerve, by the degree of incurvation of the capsule, by the length of 
 the lid, by a slight roughness of the setce, and by the length and 
 colour of the shoots. 
 
 50. H. fluitans, LINN. Leaves loosely imbricated, the up- 
 per falcato-secund, lanceolate-subulate, subserrulate, their 
 nerve not quite percurrent ; capsule ovato-oblong, curved, cer- 
 nuous ; lid conical. Linn. Fl. Suec. ed. 2, p. 399. Muse. Brit. 
 ed.2,p. 185, f. 24. 
 
 In pools of clean water ; not uncommon ; fruit rare. 
 
 51. H. aduncum, LINN. Leaves falcato-secund, lanceolate- 
 subulate, concave, entire, their nerve not quite percurrent ; cap- 
 sule oblongo-ovate, curved, cernuous; lid conical. Linn, sp.pl. 
 p. 1592. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 186, t. 26. 
 
 On bogs ; common. The leaves are sometimes ovato-lanceolate, 
 less secund, and somewhat rugose ; and again, when of a purplish red 
 colour, very narrow, long and much falcate ; this variety has been called 
 H. revolvens by authors. 
 
 52. H. uncinatum, HEDW. Leaves falcato-secund, lanceolate- 
 subulate, serrated, striated, their nerve not quite percurrent ; 
 capsule cylindrical, curved, cernuous ; lid conical. Hedw. St. 
 Cr. v. 4, t. 5. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 187, t. 26. 
 
 On stones at the side of Lough Bray, near Dublin ; very rare. 
 
 53. H. commutatum, HEDW. Stems pinnated ; leaves falcato- 
 secund cordate elongato-acuminate, serrated, their margins re- 
 flexed, their nerve not quite percurrent capsule oblong, curved, 
 
46 MUSCI. [Hypmtrn. 
 
 cernuous ; lid conical. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4, t. 26. Muse. Brit, 
 ed. 2, p. 188, t. 27. 
 
 On dripping sides of banks ; common : not peculiar to limestone. 
 It is among the unexplained phenomena of nature by what powers of 
 organization, this plant, as well as Weissia verticillata, H. rusci- 
 folium, and others, are capable of covering their stems with an incrus- 
 tation of carbonate of lime, not observed on other species growing in 
 contact with them, and in situations where the presence of lime in the 
 subjacent or surrounding rocks, soil, or waters, cannot be traced or in- 
 deed suspected. 
 
 B. Leaves nerveless, or very shortly Z-nerved. 
 
 54. H. scorpioides, LINN. Leaves secund, broadly ovate, 
 ventricose, obtuse, somewhat apiculate, entire, nerveless or 
 shortly 2-nerved ; capsule oblongo-ovate, curved, cernuous ; 
 lid conical. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1592. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 188, 
 t. 27. 
 
 On bogs ; at Howth, Dunkerron, &c. ; not uncommon. 
 
 55. H. cupressiforme, LINN. Leaves falcato-secund, ovato- 
 lanceolate acuminated, serrulate, shortly 2-nerved ; capsule cy- 
 lindrical erecto-cernuous ; lid conical, shortly apiculate. Linn, 
 sp. pi. p. 1592. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 180, t. 27. (except var. 7.) 
 
 On stones and trees ; very common. Varies in size ; the fine 
 stemmed var. found on trees, as at Glengariff, by Miss Hutchins, being 
 the most remarkable. 
 
 6. II. multiflorum. Leaves lanceolate, elongato-acuminate, 
 secund, entire, nerveless ; capsule cylindrical, nearly erect ; lid 
 rostrate. H. polyanthos, Eng. Bot. t. 1664. (not Leskea polyantha. 
 Hedw.) H. cupressiforme Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. J90, var. 7. 
 tenue. 
 
 On stones and trees ; very common. Equally common with the 
 preceding, bearing greater exposure, often growing intermixed with it, 
 yet never exhibiting intermediate characters. In H. cupressiforme, 
 if the procumbent stems be viewed from above, the bases of the leaves 
 seem set in a bifarious manner, while their falcate summits all point 
 downwards ; in H. multiflorum there is no such flattening of the 
 stem caused by the insertion of the leaves, and their apices, which are 
 never falcate, point upwards. Still surer marks of the latter are found 
 in the narrower and perfectly entire leaves, the rostrate lid, the capsule 
 more erect, and its mouth much narrower. 
 
 57. H. molluscum, HEDW. Stems pinnate ; leaves falcato- 
 secund, cordate much acuminated, serrated, scarcely striated, 
 shortly 2-nerved ; capsule oblongo-ovate, cernuous ; lid conical 
 apiculate. Hedw. St. Cr. v. 4, t. 22. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 191, 
 t. 27. 
 
 On the ground and on stones ; common. This is at once distin- 
 guished from the preceding, or, indeed, from all the preceding, by its 
 hirsute calyptra, except H. sericeum, in its young state, as observed 
 by Mr. Wilson. 
 
ORDER III. 
 
 HEPATIC^. Juss. 
 
 The approach of the Musci to phanerogamous plants by the 
 almost woody nature of the seta, and by the presence of 
 nerves to the leaves, is entirely lost in the Hepatir.ce. These 
 are softer and more cellulose in their structure; their seed 
 vessels are more simplified, being destitute of lids, and conse- 
 quently of peristomes, and their seeds have not yet been ob- 
 served attached to particular points of the capsules. The 
 Calyptra seems to act a most important part different in func- 
 tion from the organ so called in the preceding order. The 
 Calyptra of the Musci ruptured at its base rises on the summit 
 of the rudiment of the young capsule and retains its position, 
 organically unconnected, until the full growth of the latter and 
 maturity of the seeds, and appears during this entire period no 
 more than a protection. In the Hepatica, on the contrary, the 
 Calyptra attains its full size in the form of a globe usually, con- 
 taining a thick liquid, in the centre of which a minute speck, 
 the future capsule is observable for many months previous to 
 its expansion. During this slow evolution, the capsule seems 
 to increase at the expense of the fluid contents of the Calyptra, 
 so that this at maturity is reduced to a most delicately thin 
 membrane, finally bursting irregularly to give exit to the cap- 
 sule, or as in the foreign genus Fimbriaria to allow the seeds of 
 the ruptured capsule to escape. 
 
48 HEPATIC^E. 
 
 TABLE OF THE GENERA. 
 
 f Seeds accompanied by spiral filaments in the capsule. 
 A. Common Receptacle of the capsules pedunculated. 
 
 1. MARCHANTIA. MaleRecept. pedunculated, scaly beneath : 
 Loculi of the Fern. Recept. 2-valved ; capsules with calyces ; 
 Calyptra remaining within the calyx. 
 
 2. FEGATELLA. Male Recept. sessile. Loculi of the Fern. 
 Recept. l-valved. Capsules without calyces. Calyptra remain- 
 ing within the loculus. 
 
 3. LUNULARIA. Male Recept. sessile. Fern. Recept. deeply 
 divided into taper, l-valved, loculi. Capsules without calyces, 
 4-valved, exserted. 
 
 4. HYGROPHILA. Male Recept. pedunculated, hirsute. Fern. 
 Recept. hirsute. Capsules without calyces. Loculi., l-valved, 
 carnose. 
 
 B. Common Female Receptacle none. 
 
 ;' | 
 
 5. TARGIONIA. Male Receptacle in a bivalved loculus, ses- 
 sile. Common Fern. Receptacle none. Capsule in a sessile, ter- 
 minal, bivalved loculus. Calyx none. 
 
 6. JUNGERMANNIA. Common Fern. Receptacle none. Capsule 
 4-valved, exserted on a succulent, somewhat pellucid pedicell. 
 
 f* f Seeds unaccompanied by spiral filaments. 
 
 7. ANTHOCEROS. Male flowers aggregate immersed in the 
 frond. Capsule linear, 2-valved, having a central filament, 
 and arising out of a tubular prolongation of the superior mem- 
 brane of the frond. 
 
 8. RICCIA. Capsule, with its exterior membrane calyptri* 
 form, bearing a style, its interior enclosing numerous sub- 
 angular seeds with pellucid coats. Style protruded above the 
 frond. 
 
HEPATIC^. 49 
 
 1. MARCHANTIA. Marchant. 
 
 Male Receptacle pedunculated, scaly beneath. Female Recep- 
 focJewitn locuii 1 3-flowered, bivalved; capsules with calyces. 
 Calyptra bursting, at length remaining within the calyx. 
 
 1. M. polymorpha, MARCHANT. Female Receptacle deeply 
 incised in a radiating manner ; the segments linear ; the margins 
 of the locuii ciliated. Marchant fL in Acta Gall. an. 1713. 
 Linn, sp.pl 1603. MicMi Gen. t. I,/. 1, 2, 5. Dili. Muse, t.76 
 and t. 77, f. 7. Schmidel Ic. t. 9 and t. 29. Hedw. Theor. ed. 2, 
 t. 26, 27, f. 1, 2. Eng. Bot.t. 100. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 219. 
 Sprenyel Syst. IV. p. 234. Lindenberg Syn. Hep. Europ. p. 100. 
 
 In dry as well as wet situations ; very common, not only in Ireland " 
 but in most parts of the globe. Flowering: in summer and autumn. 
 The openings of the pores on the frond are thickened or marginate. 
 There are three distinct series of scales beneath the froud, the one 
 broadly ovate or lanceolate, scariose, whitish, disposed in a pinnate 
 manner at each side of the axis ; others alternate with these, but are 
 exterior, oblong, obtuse, exceeding a little the margins of the frond ; 
 finally, others of a deep purple colour, oblong, alternate, closely imbri- 
 cated, their margins only colourless, forming a ridge over the nerve. 
 The capsules, towards maturity, appear yellow, and have been so de- 
 scribed by Mohr arid Lindenberg, but the colour is that of the seeds, 
 seen through their pellucid coat. The capsule is not toothed, but 
 bursts irregularly. The seeds at length assume a dark olive colour. 
 The Scyplii are toothed, each tooth terminated by a single dark 
 cilium, which at first is introflexed, then erect, and finally falls of. At 
 the bottoms of the Scyphi, in a gelatinous substance, are imbedded 
 buds, flattish, lenticular, slightly lobed. The Male Receptacle, is 
 rugged above, its margin nearly entire, or more commonly lobed ; 
 I have seen it as deeply incised as in M. chenopoda (Dill. t. 77. 
 f. 8.) At the inferior surface the convex rays are scaly, and among 
 the scales are inserted clustered simple fibres, not to be distinguished 
 from the roots below the frond. The scales are ovate, obtuse, purplish 
 at their bases, colourless at their tops. At the summits and back part 
 of the peduncles there remain adhering from ten to twelve cellulose, 
 linear processes which are the interior portions of the indusuim. Both 
 male and female receptacles, when they first appear between the termi- 
 nating lobes of the frond, are covered with indusia ; of which, how- 
 ever, contrary to what occurs in certain foreign species, scarcely a 
 trace is to be seen when the peduncles have been fully formed. Each 
 peduncle anteriorly has two grooves, in which are enclosed bundles of 
 fibres not distinguishable from the roots. From the rapid growth of 
 the peduncles we may conclude these bands of fibres existed previous 
 to their exaltation : accordingly, before this event, they are to be found 
 .in a canal along the nerve below the frond. These roots probably 
 supply moisture to the receptacle, which encreases in size after its ele- 
 vation, the enclosing grooves of the peduncle preventing evaporation. 
 Such an admirable provision is found in the other Marchantiece. 
 
 2. M. androgyna, LINN. Female Receptacle nearly entire, 
 subhemispherical, somewhat quadrangular; the margins of the 
 
50 HEPATIC^. [Fegatella. 
 
 loculi, entire, undulate. Linn. sp. pi. ed. 1780, p. 1605. Eny. 
 Bot. t. 2545 (exclusive of the two lower figures ). Smith in Rees' 
 Cydop. Dicks. Or. Fasc. II. p. 17. Withering' s Bot. Arr. v. 3, 
 p. 868. M. quadrata, Scopol. Carniol. t. 63, 1356. M. triandra, 
 Scop. Cam. t. 63, 1355. (according to Mohr.J M. hemispherica 
 Linn. Fl. Suec. n. 1052. F/. Lapp. n. 424. Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p. 
 398. Schmid. Ic. t. 34. Weber et Mohr, Cr. Germ. p. 388. M. 
 commutata, Lindenb. Syn. Hep. Europ. p. 101. 
 
 On rocky sides of shaded rivers, also in wet spots of the mountains, 
 reaching fifteen hundred feet above the level of the sea. Flowers at 
 Dunkerron, County of Kerry, during spring, summer, and autumn. 
 Frond from one to three inches long, oblong, sinuate, at the top bilobed, 
 (as in all this natural order) ; the margins crenate, depressed, often 
 purplish and scariose ; the openings of the pores thickened or mar- 
 ginate. The scales beneath (observable in young fronds) dark purple, 
 oblong, scymitar shaped, imbricated about the buds. The indusium 
 rotundate, depressed, its scales multifid, and their lacinice linear, articu- 
 late, purplish. Female Receptacle pedunculate, often with four indis- 
 tinct angles, above having four obtuse ribs. Loculi usually four, yet 
 one or two often abortive and collapsed ; of the fertile the margins are 
 at first much plicate, and even after expansion undulate. Calyces 
 often two or three, reticulated, rotund, toothed. Calyptra rotundate, 
 Bearing a style. Capsule globose, shortly pedicellated. Seeds sub- 
 muricate, rotundato-tetrahedrous, dark brown : the filaments with a 
 double spiral line. The peduncle one to two inches high, reddish 
 below, pale green above, with two grooves containing bundles of fibres 
 as in the preceding. Specimens are not very uncommon in which the 
 peduncle is truly androgynous, i. e. a part of the receptacle bearing 
 capsules below, the rest bearing anthers on its superior surface. The 
 male receptacle is pedunculated, its margin elevated, entire, scariose. 
 The loculi of the anthers are disposed in a radiating manner. The 
 anthers are oblong. This plant, well described by Schmidel and 
 Wahlenberg under another name, seems to have been unknown to 
 Micheli, Dillenius, and Haller. 
 
 2. FEGATELLA. Ccesafpinus. Raddi. 
 
 Male Receptacle sessile in a pit of the frond ; Female Receptacle 
 covering the loculi; Loculi 4 5, opening with a vertical fis- 
 sure ; Calyces none ; Calyptra at length bursting and remain- 
 ing in the loculus. 
 
 It may be doubted whether by Fegatella Caesalpinus understood 
 this species or Marchantia polymorpha. Scyphi containing gemmce 
 or buds never occur in this genus. While the Marchantice flower 
 throughout the spring, summer, and autumn, the FegatelicB exhibit 
 their organs of fructification only early in the spring, and then for a 
 short period in Ireland. The pores of the fronds never have their 
 openings thickened or marginate as in Marchantia; and the peduncles 
 have but a single groove, never two, as in the latter. 
 
 1. F. conica, Female Receptacle conical, narrowed and ob- 
 tuse at the top ; the capsules at length exserted. Marchantia 
 conica, Linn. sp. pi. p. 1604. Eng. Bot. t. 504. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, 
 
Feyatella.} HEPATIC^. 51 
 
 p. 221. Miclutl. Gen. pi. t. 2, /. 1. Dillen. Muse. t. 75, f. 1. 
 Schmidel Icones, t. 31. Hedw. Theor. ed, 2, /. 28. Fcgatella offi- 
 cinalis, Raddi in Op. Scient. di Bologna, II. 356. 
 
 In wet and shaded situations, at low elevations ; common. Flower- 
 ing at Dunkerron, County of Kerry, in February and March. Fronds 
 sometimes six to eight inches long, especially the barren, their margins 
 crenate, undulate. Buds appear in winter, between the terminating 
 lobes, their margins involute, the entire ascending, recurved, at length 
 opening into shining light-green fronds. The scales beneath are sub- 
 rotund, oblique, slightly emarginate. The Male Receptacle is hemis- 
 pherical and smooth below, nearly flat above, immersed in a cavity of 
 the frond, but not adhering to it except by a central point at the 'bot- 
 tom : the upper surface is rough, with conical elevations, the tops of 
 whitish antheriferous vesicles ; the anthers are lineari-oblong, coming 
 to maturity the summer previous to the ripening of the seeds. Female 
 Receptacles fully formed in October remain sessile on the fronds until 
 the following February, when at length the peduncle rises ; but I have 
 observed where, during the winter, the seeds were devoured by 
 insects, the elevation of the peduncle never took place. Loculi one 
 to nine ; one-flowered, very rarely two-flowered. No calyx is present ; 
 a horizontal section of the receptacle may cause the inner membrane 
 of the loculus to be so separated as to assume the appearance of one ; 
 but this is deceptive, as is the inferior portion of the calyptra remain* 
 ing about the base of the full-grown capsule. The calyptra is 
 oblong, bursting at the top into lacmice. The capsule also is oblong, 
 its ruptured segments at length revolute. The seeds nearly round, 
 greenish, at length smooth, dark brown : the filaments enclosing two 
 spiral lines. The peduncles subangulate, below thicker, and slightly 
 purplish, above pellucid with the faintest tinge of green, having a single 
 groove containing a bundle of fibres similar to the rootlets ; fibres of 
 the same nature are also found at the base of the receptacle, where it 
 is joined to the peduncle. The indusium of the young receptacle is 
 rather flat, consisting of a few round or lunulate scales, folded back 
 upon the margin of the frond, between its terminating lobes ; it is not 
 to be recognised after the elongation of the peduncle. 
 
 2. F. hemispherica, Female Receptacle subhemispherical, cut 
 at the margin into 4 6 lobes; the capsules sessile (not ex- 
 serted). Marchantia hemispherica, Linn. sp. pi. 1604. Sprengel 
 Syst. v. 4, p. 234. Micheli Gen. pi. t. 2, /. 2. Dillen, Hist. t. 75, 
 f. 2. Rebouillia hemispherica, Raddi in Opusc. Scient. di Bolonga 
 II. 357. Grimmaldia hemispherica, Liudenberg Syn. Hep. Europ. 
 p. 106. 
 
 On a calcareous soil chiefly ;*on banks rather dry. Flowers at Dun- 
 kerron, County of Kerry, in March and April. Fronds one or two 
 inches long, slender, broader at the top ; their margins crenulate, 
 raised, scariose, brownish-purple ; their pores formed of a whitish 
 cuticle raised, with an irregular opening at the top, whose edges are 
 not thickened. Beneath, besides the whitish simple rootlets along the 
 axis, there are purplish, flat, imbricated scales placed in a pinnate 
 manner on each side of the nerve ; they are roundish, broader at the 
 base, and terminating in two acuminated teeth. There are no scyphi, 
 yet Micheli figures them : this can only be explained by supposing 
 
 < 
 
52 HEPATIC^. [Lunularia. 
 
 that he delineated from specimens intermixed with Lunularia vulgaris, 
 an association extremely common. The male receptacles are gene- 
 rally on distinct plants, and are of a dusky purple, roundish, margin- 
 ated, flattish above, sessile, immersed in the frond, and, as in the pre- 
 ceding, not adherent but by a point at. their bases. Oil the upper sur- 
 face appear dark purple elevations, with a minute aperture on the 
 summit, out of which the milky pollen exudes. The female recep- 
 tacles at first roundish, then hemispherical, again assume a rounded 
 form, from the swelling of the capsules beneath ; they are divided into 
 from four to six lobes, each covering a loculus, which opens with a 
 vertical fissure, The loculi are two-valved, each valve involute at the 
 margin. Capsules solitary, sometimes two in a loculus, whose extre- 
 mity they never pass, being scarcely furnished with pedicells as in the 
 preceding. The calyptra bearing a style at length bursts, remaining 
 within the loculus. After the most diligent search of numerous speci- 
 mens I could never find any calyces, organs that form an important 
 part of the character of the genus Grimmaldia of lladdi and Lin- 
 denberg, constructed on this plant. The seeds at first appear as glo- 
 bules, surrounded by a pellucid annulus ; in ten or fifteen days the 
 globules are divided into three equal parts by pellucid lines ; if either 
 of these sub-divisions be forcibly pressed, it bursts into numerous 
 minute dark points, which, perhaps, future observations may prove to 
 be the true seed?. I have found a similar structure in all the Mar- 
 chantiece, in Targionia, and several Jungermannice, especially the 
 ftondose. But what at present are termed seeds are at first yellow, 
 afterwards of a dusky olive, triquetro-subrotundate, girt with a pellucid 
 ring. The filaments enclose two dark spiral lines. The exterior 
 scales of the indusium are broad, deeply incised, the interior linear, 
 longer, all of them whitish, reticulated, before the rising of the peduncle 
 enveloping the female receptacle, but after that event the interior are 
 raised with the base of the receptacle, and remain adherent to the 
 points of its junction with the peduncle ; hence its pilose appearance, 
 A few of the scales, here and there, stick to the peduncle. 
 
 3. LUNULARIA. Micheli. 
 
 Male Receptacle sessile, with a membranaceous elevated margin. 
 Female Receptacle deeply divided into narrow taper loculi ; 
 Loculi opening with a horizontal fissure : Calyces none : Cap- 
 sule 4-valved, exserted. 
 
 1. L. vulgaris ; Micheli Nov. Gen. 4, t. 4. Raddi in Opusc. 
 Scient. di Bologna, 2, 355. Marchantia -cruciata, Linn. sp. pi. 
 1604. Haller St. Helv. ed. 1768, torn. 3, p. 65, No. 1888. Huds. 
 Fl. Aug. p. 52, With. Syst. Arr. ed, 1801, vol. 3, p. 869. Dillen. 
 Muse. t. 75, /. 5. 
 
 On dry banks, principally in limestone districts ; common. Flower- 
 ing at Dunkerron, County of Kerry, in August. Fronds densely gre- 
 garious, one to two inches in length ; in green-houses, however, from 
 three to four inches ; of a light green, shining, oblong, broader at the 
 top, divided into three or four lobes, of which the lateral are the 
 shorter, and at the end of their sinuses the fruit is borne. The mar- 
 gins of the fronds are waved and elevated ; the pores are analogous 
 to those of the genns Fenatella, not Marchantia, Besides rootlets, 
 
HygropMa.] HEPATIC^!. 53 
 
 as in the other Marchantiece, on the under surface are found scales 
 whitish, scariose, scymitar-shaped, stretching across from the axis 
 nearly to the margins ; such, however, are obsolete in aged fronds. 
 Male receptacle sessile, only immersed in the frond, but not adhering 
 to it, except by a point at the base, situated at the top of the sinuses, 
 oblong, concave above, the margin raised, scariose, undulate : the upper 
 surface has minute elevations open at their tops, out of which a viscid 
 liquor flows, found to be originally contained in ovate immersed 
 anthers. The anthers perform their functions in winter. The female 
 receptacle, which is found only in the summer, is at first covered with 
 the indusium, and is nearly globular, but oblong at the period when the 
 peduncle is about to rise ; when risen from its central disc, tubulose 
 processes are elongated these are the loculi, varying in number, 
 usually four, whence the cruciform appearance long ago noticed. The 
 loculi, contrary to what occurs in Fegatella, open by a horizontal 
 fissure. The young indusia are found at the deepest recess of the 
 lateral sinuses of the frond, and whose margins are so little separated 
 that the fructification appears to be epiphyllous, or seated on the 
 surface of the frond, as Dillenius figured it, and after him Sprengel 
 and other authors have described. This, however, never occurs in 
 the MarchantiecB. The young indusium is found in a cavity, partially 
 covered behind by a projecting portion of the frond. Its exterior 
 scales, six or more, are broadly ovate, very concave, very obtuse, en- 
 tire, reticulated, whitish ; intermediate ones are split at the tops, while 
 the innermost are linear, jointed, many of them adhering to the lower 
 part "of the peduncle. The peduncle is succulent, white, pellucid. 
 Fertile loculi from one to six, but four is the commoner number ; they 
 are tubulose, whitish, pellucid, one , more rarely two-flowered. Calyx 
 none. Calyptra spherical, bearing a style, at length ruptured, and 
 remaining in the bottom of the loculus. The capsule is oval, blackish, 
 longer than in the other genera of the Marchantiece, with a consider- 
 able pellucid pedicell as in Jungermmannia. The capsule is four- 
 valved, and the valves often bifid. The seeds are numerous, dusky, 
 minute, sub-rotund, mixed with filaments, marked with a double spiral 
 line. The scyphi occur on male, female, or neuter fronds, at all seasons 
 of the year ; they are lunulate, whence the generic name. In the 
 bottoms of the scyphi, among gelatinous and cellulose matter, occur 
 lentiform bodies, slightly lobed, from the bottom of the sinus connected 
 to the cellulose portion by a filiform process. These are plainly buds, 
 as their axillary situation would indicate, and their expansion into per- 
 fect fronds proves. The peduncle of the female receptacle has a 
 single groove ; it is less substantial than in the congeners, and decays 
 in a very few days, which, I suppose, is one reason of the fruit being 
 rarely observed. I have succeeded in causing plants, brought from a 
 distance of several miles, to bear perfect fruit under glasses at Dun- 
 kerron. This species is constantly dioicous, although Micheli's figure 
 represents it otherwise. 
 
 4. HYGROPHILA. 
 
 Male Receptacle pedunculated, hirsute, with short scattered 
 hairs. Female Receptacle pedunculated, hirsute with short 
 scattered hairs. Cah/x none. Loculi univalved, carnose, 
 opening at the top with a vertical short fissure. (Frond with- 
 out pores.) 
 
54 HEPATIC^S. [Targioma. 
 
 1. H. irriyua. The female receptacle, somewhat plane 
 above, scaly beneath. Marckantia irrigua Wilson. Hooker's 
 Eng. Flor. v. 5, part 1, p. 106. 
 
 In warm rocky recesses in the sides of streams in shaded situations at 
 Blackwater Bridge, near Dunkerron, 1820. At Turk cascade near Kil- 
 larney ; Maghanabo Glen, near Brandon Mountain ; and at Ballinhas- 
 sig Glen, near Cork, Mr. W. Wilson, who first published it in the Eng- 
 lish Flora. At Altadore, County of Wicklow, Mr. G. S. Gough. 
 Fronds from 1 to 5 inches long, nearly an inch wide, procumbent, 
 membranaceous, bilobed, the margins of the lobes raised, slightly un- 
 dulate, roundish. The frond is of a lively green, pellucid, without 
 pores, (but apparently in their place) there occur on the lower as well 
 as upper surface branches from the great central and longitudinal 
 nerve, which after running for a short space nearly parallel with the 
 nerve, diverge and branch and form anastomoses. This is scarcely to 
 be observed in dried specimens. As pores are wanting, in this genus of 
 the Marchantiese, on the upper surface, so likewise no scales are ob- 
 servable on the inferior. Below, the usual whitish simple, jointless root- 
 lets are thickly set along the nerve. There are no scyphi but as in 
 Fegatella the buds issue as flat discs of a lighter green from between 
 the terminating lobes of the frond. The fructification is commonly 
 dioicous, sometimes monoicous and not very rarely androgynous as ob- 
 served in Marchantia androgyna. In this last case the anthers ap- 
 pear effaete and to have discharged their pollen long before the maturity 
 of the seeds. The male Receptacle is flat above, granulated, circular, 
 with a depressed centre, hemispherical beneath, carnose, greenish, at 
 length dusky, near the margins especially beset with short straight, 
 rigid, whitish hairs. On the upper surface the ovate erect anthers 
 open, and if squeezed, exude minute oleaginous globules. At the junc- 
 tion of the peduncle to the receptacle a few linear scales of the indu- 
 sium remain adhering ; the peduncle seldom exceeds a diameter of the 
 receptacle in length ; it is succulent, pellucid, greenish below, dusky 
 above with two grooves containing bundles of fibres like the rootlets as 
 in Marchanlia. The female Receptacle is at first quite covered by 
 the recurved scales of the indusium, and infertile receptacles may be 
 seen in this state at all seasons. The fertile alone are upraised on pe- 
 duncles and are far larger, with a convex rugged surface above, their 
 margins elevated, divided beneath into oblong convex, carnose loculi, 
 beset with short, straight, rigid whitish bristles. The loculi open by a 
 short vertical fissure. The capsule which within the calyptra takes 6 
 or 8 months for its full development, at length globose supported on a 
 short pellucid pedicell protrudes to light, bursts by 4 6 unequal 
 lacinia, leaving the ruptured remains of the calyptra in the loculus ; 
 but no calyx exists. The seeds are angulato-rotundate, dark brown. 
 The spiral filaments elongated, slender, but little twisted, marked mi- 
 nutely with a double helix. The peduncle of the female receptacle 
 has two grooves containing rootlets, is succulent, greenish, semipellucid, 
 curved, to its summit remains of the indusium adhere. The odour of 
 this plant is strong and very agreeable, and has adhered to blotting 
 paper for upwards of two years, being emitted by the application of 
 heat, but not quite expelled. 
 
 5. TABGIONIA, Micheli. 
 Male Receptacle in a bivalvecl terminal loculus, sessile : Common 
 
Jungermannia.] HEPATIC^. 55 
 
 Female Receptacle none. Capsule in a sessile terminal bi- 
 valved loculus. Calyx none. 
 
 1 . T. hypophylla, Linn. sp. pi. p. 1603. Web. et Mohr. Cr. 
 Germ. p. 391, t. 12. Eng.Bot. t. 287. Raddi in Opusc. Scient.di 
 Bologna II. 359. Sprcng. Syst. IV. p. 235. Muse. Brit. ed. 2, p. 
 218. Lindenb. Syn. Hep. Europ. p. 110. Micheli, Nov. Gen. 3, 
 t. 3. Dill. Hist. Muse. t. 78, /. 9. 
 
 On the Cave Hill, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. Fronds in im- 
 bricated patches, 1 to 1 inch long, one-tenth broad, lineari-obovate, 
 concave, their margins purplish black, minutely undulate, nearly entire, 
 their substance thicker towards the middle, thin at the edges ; of a dull 
 green ; the pores are minute flattish-conical white elevations of the cu- 
 ticle with an irregular but roundish aperture at the top, which is not 
 marginate. Beneath, along the midrib are numerous whitish, simple, 
 filiform rootlets, and as in the other Marchantiece, not jointed 
 but marked with numerous closely set most minute dark dots. On 
 each side of the midrib are purplish, reticulated lunulate scales which 
 are sometimes acuminated, imbricated towards the top and one or two 
 even on the loculus. Mai", Receptacles, which perhaps have been 
 hitherto unobserved, are situated at the extremities of very narrow 
 rather short fronds, whose edges are involute, and are altogether similar 
 to the loculus of the capsules but smaller, at the base of this the re- 
 ceptacle is sessile, surrounded by numerous short white filaments and 
 consisting of a carnose disc of a pale colour in which the anthers are 
 imbedded. The anthers are oblong spheroids, a little narrower at one 
 end, closely packed together, consisting of a smooth tegument and 
 containing a pale brown fluid. The loculus of the capsule is globular, 
 dark purple, shining, opening by two marginate valves vertically, opaque, 
 closely reticulated, its pedicell short, succulent, pellucid, bursting irre- 
 gularly at the top and discharging within the loculus seeds, which are 
 subrotund muricated, rather large and brown, as well as filaments about 
 four diameters of the seeds in length, dark brown, swollen in the mid- 
 dle arid marked with a single spiral thread, which, however, is crossed 
 spirally by numerous much finer and more close dark lines. The 
 calyptra becomes ruptured horizontally, the portion remaining fixed to 
 the loculus is thin, reticulated and purplish ; the upper portion to 
 which the style is fixed fugacious. 
 
 6. JUNGERMANNIA, Linn. 
 
 Common Female Receptacle none. Capsule 4-valved, exsertedon 
 a succulent, somewhat pellucid pedicell, and containing seeds 
 and spirally marked filaments. 
 
 1. Frondose. 
 
 1. J. cali/cina. Frond lineari-oblong, the margins elevated, 
 sinuose, undulated, fruit on the upper surface of the frond over 
 the midrib, the calyx tumid, broadly ovate, subplicate, fringed 
 at the mouth ; calyptra included in the calyx. 
 
 On shaded wet banks and in fields lately cropped, very common. 
 Flowering at Dunkerron, County of Kerry, in February and March. 
 This species is so like Jung, epiphylla that it appears hitherto to 
 have been confounded with it ; the only advance towards their separa- 
 
56 HEPATIC^E. [Jungermannia. 
 
 tion having been made by Dr. Hooker. The var. 7. furciycra of his 
 J. epipTiylla Brit. Jung. t. 47, is a state of our plant as it buds in au- 
 tumn : he says, " those curious processes are in all probability destined 
 by nature as a means of increasing the species, different from any that 
 has been noticed in any other Jungermanniae." We may now add, 
 and quite different from the annual buds of J. epiphylla. By the fol- 
 lowing marks the two species may be clearly distinguished. In ./. caly- 
 cina the fronds are concave, their edges raised, their midrib broad and 
 well marked : the calyx large, tumid, subplicate, the catyptra remain- 
 ing in the calyx, whereas in J. epiphylla it is always much exserted ; 
 the spiral filaments are bent, not twisted as in the latter ; the seeds 
 are longer. The male flowers are very like in the two species, but are 
 fewer and more scattered in J. calycina. The capsules before dehi- 
 scence are of a light green colour, and after dissemination the valves 
 are paler than in J. epiphylla. The immature seeds show a ternate 
 aggregation. This species often assumes a glaucous-blueish appearance 
 when it grows where water trickles, and never exhibits a brownish-pur- 
 ple tinge over the midrib as does J. epiphylla. 
 
 2. J. epiphylla, LINN. Frond oblong, rather broadly lobed 
 and sinuated, fruit from the upper side of the frond and near 
 the apex ; calyx at first procumbent, anteriorly its cavity formed 
 of the frond, its mouth inciso-dentate ; the calyptra exserted. 
 Linn. sp. pL p. 1602. Hook. Br. Jung, t, 47, varieties a and (3. 
 
 On wet banks, common. Hollow subulate slightly curved, pale bo- 
 dies are sometimes found rising from the surface of the frond asinJww^. 
 JBlasia, but I could never find any contents. The bud appears as a 
 minute scale between the lobes at the top of the sinus, and afterwards 
 expands into a lobed frond, and so the species is prolonged. 
 
 3. J. Blasia, HOOK. Frond oblong, dichotomous, nerved, 
 with scattered dentate scales beneath ; the fruit arising from the 
 upper surface over the nerve, calyptra scarcely exserted. Hook. 
 Brit. Jung. t. 82, 83, 84. 
 
 On sandy banks occasionally inundated ; rather rare. Fruit at Castle 
 Kelly Mountain, on the banks *of the stream, in March. 
 
 4. J. furcata, LINN. Frond linear, dichotomous, nerved, 
 glabrous above, beneath and on the margin subpilose, fruit from 
 the midrib on the under side ; calyx 2-lobed, the margin ci- 
 liated ; calyptra obovate, hispid. Linn, sp.pl. p. 1602. Hook. 
 Br. Jung. t. 55, 56. 
 
 On trunks of trees, also loosely casspitose on banks in woods ; 
 common. 
 
 5. J. pubescens, SCHRANK. Frond linear, subdichotomous, 
 nerved, pubescent on both sides ; calyces at the extremities of 
 short lateral branches, cylindraceo-obovate, pubescent ; capsule 
 cylindraceous, bivalved at the top. Schrank. prim. jl. Salisb. 
 p. 231, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 73. 
 
 On mountains near Belfast, Mr. Templeton I have never seen this 
 plant in Ireland, and give it on the authority of a small specimen from 
 Mr. Templeton. The fruit, hitherto unknown, occurs on plants I have 
 from Mr. Dickson, who gave as his authority, Mr. Menzies and Cape 
 
Jungermannia.] HEPATIC^E. o/ 
 
 Horn for the locality. The maturity is not so forward as to show cap- 
 sules protruded out of the calyces, yet whether this ever takes place 
 may be doubted, as the capsules were so ripe as to show two pedicel- 
 lated bundles of spiral filaments on each valve, standing nearly erect ; 
 the seeds brown arigulato-subrotund, unconnected by any fluid matter, 
 and hence readily separating and falling out ; the spiral filaments long 
 much twisted. Upon careful examination I found the capsule had 
 only two valves or rather lips at the summit, and was quite entire 
 below without any mark of a suture. Thus this plant seems to pro- 
 pose pretensions to a separation from Jungermannia, yet Monoclea, 
 which would approximate it in our artificial systems, would be as far 
 from allowing its alliance, nearly as the frondose Jungermannia are 
 separated from thefoliaceous. 
 
 6. J. pinguis, LINN. Frond lineari-oblong, procumbent, 
 carnose, plane above, tumid beneath, irregularly branched, 
 the margins sinuate ; the fruit from under the margin ; calyptra 
 exserted, oblongo-cylindraceous, smooth. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1602. 
 Hook. Br. Jung. t. 46. 
 
 In very wet situations ; common. A variety at Cromaglown, near 
 Killarney, growing among the tops of the tufts of Dicranum Jiez- 
 uosum, was linear, of a very pale light green, and had a very evident 
 nerve to the frond. 
 
 7. J. multifida, LINN. Frond linear, nerveless, carnose, flat- 
 tish, somewhat pinnate, fruit marginal, calyptra exserted, ob- 
 longo-cylindraceous, tuberculated. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1602. Hook. 
 Br. Jung. t. 45. 
 
 On wet spots, among grass, heath, &c. ; common. Foreign speci- 
 mens of J. palmata, Hedw. quite accord with a variety of our plant 
 in the adscendent and palmate fronds. 
 
 8. J. Lyelliij HOOK. Frond oblongo-linear, subdichotomous, 
 nerved ; calyx surrounded by a cuticular elevation of the frond, 
 cylindrical, subplicate. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 77. and J. hibernica t.78. 
 
 In boggy spots ; rare. Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins, At Lough 
 Bray, near Dublin. Woods at Killarney. 
 
 2. Foliaceous. 
 
 The following sections are adopted from Dr. Hooker's excellent 
 arrangement in his English Flora. 
 
 A. STEMS WITHOUT STIPULES. 
 * Leaves undivided. 
 
 9. J. asplenioides, LINN. Leaves obovato-rotundate, ciliato- 
 dentate, somewhat recurved ; fruit terminal and lateral ; calyx 
 oblong, compressed, oblique, the mouth truncated, ciliated. 
 Linn. sp. pi. p. 1597. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 13. 
 
 Among mosses on banks ; common. A large and handsome spe- 
 cies, acquiring six or seven inches in length. The leaves have their 
 edges recurved towardssthe base, where they are about to embrace the 
 stem, and from that all along the anterior edge. 
 
 G 
 
58 HEPATIC^. [Jungermannia. 
 
 10. J. spinulosa, DICKS. Stern erect; leaves ovate recurved, 
 their margin and apex on one side dentato-spinulose, fruit la- 
 teral, calyx roundish, compressed, the mouth truncated, ciliated. 
 Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 2, p. 14. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 14. 
 
 On trees and shaded rocks ; common. Miss Hutchins discovered a 
 minute variety of this, with the leaves few, tridentate. At Croma- 
 glown is another on trees in caespitose, horizontal shoots, whose leaves 
 are minute, cordate. 
 
 11. J. decipiens, HOOK. Stem erect, the upper leaves sub- 
 compressed larger, rotundate, the lower ovate, all of them mar- 
 ginate, reticulated, with very few spiniforin teeth. Hook. Br. 
 Jung. t. 50. 
 
 On rocks in exposed situations ; not very uncommon in the South 
 of Ireland. 
 
 12. J. pumila, WITH. Stem ascending rather short; leaves 
 oblong, concave ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblongo-ovate, acumi- 
 nate, plicate, the mouth dentato-ciliate. With. Bot. Arr. ed. 3, 
 p. 866. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 17. 
 
 On rocks at the sides of streams and rivers ; common. 
 
 13. J. cordifolia, HOOK. Stem erect ; leaves erect, concave 
 cordate, amplexicaul ; fruit terminal and axillary ; calyx oblongo- 
 ovate, subplicate, the mouth minute, denticulate. Hook. Br. 
 Jung. t. 32. 
 
 On Mangerton, in the stream from the Punch Bowl. 
 
 14. J. Sphagni, DICKS. Leaves orbicular, secund; fruit 
 terminal on short proper branches ; calyx oblong, wider in the 
 middle, the mouth contracted, denticulate. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 1, 
 p. 6, t. 1. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 33, and Supp. t. 2. 
 
 The clusters of gemmce are sometimes found on the tops of branches 
 leafy throughout. 
 
 15. J. crenulata, SMITH. Stem procumbent; leaves orbi- 
 cular marginated, often secund ; fruit terminal ; calyx obovate, 
 compressed, quadrangular, the mouth much contracted, toothed. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 1463. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 37. 
 
 On heaths and in woods ; not uncommon. The calyx opens by 
 four lacinice, each of which is serrulated ; its mouth at length becomes 
 widely expanded. 
 
 16. J. sphcerocarpa, HOOK. Stem ascending; upper leaves 
 oblongo-ovate, the lower nearly round ; fruit terminal ; calyx 
 cylindraceo-obovate, contracted at the mouth, slightly curved ; 
 capsule elliptical. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 74. 
 
 On stones ; at Turk Waterfall ; also near Dublin : not uncommon. 
 
 17. J. hyalina, HOOK. Stem flexuose; leaves roundish 
 slightly waved, concave ; fruit terminal; calyx oblong angulate, 
 the mouth contracted, toothed. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 63. 
 
 On the stream's side of Sefing Mountain, near Dublin ; and at 
 
Jungermannia.] HEPATIC^. 59 
 
 Aooreagh River, near Sneem : rare. This species is more reddish and 
 pellucid than the preceding- or than J. pumila. A variety from 
 Aooreagh River has the leaves broad, kidney-shaped ; the calyx nar- 
 row below, plicate above ; the stems more erect. 
 
 18. J. compressa, HOOK. Stem erect; leaves orbicular ad- 
 pressed, secund ; fruit terminal ; calyx immersed in the peri- 
 chaetial leaves, oblong, fleshy, the mouth open, toothed. Hook. 
 Br. Jung. t. 38. 
 
 Sides of livulets ; at Lough Bray. Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. 
 At Aooreagh River, near Sneem. The tops of the shoots are wider 
 and redder than the inferior part. Stipules are found on the very 
 young shoots only. When fresh it is very fragrant. 
 
 * * Leaves emarginate or bifid, the segments equal. 
 
 19. J. microscopica. Stem very minute, very slender, 
 curved ; leaves ovato-lanceolate, concave, reticulate, celluloso- 
 serrate, distant, patent. 
 
 On Uypnum loreum, on a loosely caespitose bank in the wood at 
 Gortagarree, near Killarney. This, the most minute of the genus yet 
 discovered, grew almost parasitically on the Hypnum, on which it 
 was detected by the microscope. Although the fruit has not been 
 found, there are abundant marks to characterise the species. The stems 
 are not one-tenth as broad as the leaves, 4 and these are of a very pale 
 green colour, and serrulated on the margin by the projections of an- 
 gular, colourless, pellucid cells. The naked eye can trace no form 
 whatever, only a minute greenish stain appearing on the paper to 
 which it is affixed. 
 
 20. J. emarginata, EHRHART. Stem erect; leaves patent, 
 obcordate, emarginate ; fruit terminal ; calyx immersed in the 
 perichaetial leaves, ovate, toothed, Ehrh. Beit. 3, p. 80. Hook. 
 Br. Jung. t. 27. 
 
 On wet rocks ; common. 
 
 21. J. concinnata, LIGHTFOOT. Stem erect; leaves very 
 closely imbricated, erect, concave, ovate, obtuse, emarginate ; 
 fruit terminal ; calyx none ; calyptra concealed by the peri- 
 chaetial leaves. Light. Flor. Scot. v. 2, p. 786. Hook. Br. Jung. 
 t.3. 
 
 On Macgillicuddy's Reeks, and other high mountains. To the 
 naked eye the branches appear destitute of leaves and have a silvery 
 hue. 
 
 22. J. Orcadensis, HOOK. Stems erect ; leaves closely im- 
 bricated, erecto-patent, cordato-ovate, their margins recurved. 
 Hook. Br.Jung.t. 71. 
 
 On Brandon Hill ; rare. 
 
 23. J. inflata, HUDS. Stems erect ; leaves roundish, acutely 
 bifid, concave, the segments very obtuse ; fruit terminal ; calyx 
 oblongo-obovate, the mouth contracted, toothed. Hudson^ FL 
 Ang.p. 571. Hooker Brit. Jung. t. 38. 
 
60 HEPATIC^. [Jungermannia. 
 
 On stones at Powerscourt Waterfall. Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. 
 
 24. J. turbinata, WILSON. " Stem procumbent; leaves round- 
 " ish concave, acutely bifid, coarsely reticulated, the segments 
 " obtuse, those of the perichsetium larger than the rest, fruit 
 " terminal, perianth (mostly fertile) pyriform, plicate, con- 
 " tracted and toothed at the mouth." Wilson in Eng. Bot. 
 Supp. Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, part 1, j. 111. 
 
 Woodlands, near Dublin, Mr. W. Wilson. This plant I have not 
 seen. 
 
 25. J. excisa, DICKSON. Stem prostrate ; leaves patent sub- 
 quadrate, deeply emarginate; fruit terminal; calyx oblongo- 
 ovate, the mouth plicated, toothed. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 3, p. 2, 
 t. 8,/. 7. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 9. 
 
 On the mountains near Dublin. 
 
 26. J. ventricosa, DICKS. Stem prostrate; leaves patent, 
 subquadrate, bluntly emarginate, their sides incurved ; fruit 
 terminal ; calyx at length oblong, the mouth contracted, plicate 
 toothed. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. %p. 14. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 28. 
 
 Mountains of Dublin and Wicklow ; common. The calyx is at 
 first nearly spherical, and appears to be lateral, from the young- shoots 
 passing it. 
 
 27. J. Turneri, HOOK. Leaves broadly ovate, acutely bi- 
 partite, the segments conduplicate, spinuloso-dentate ; fruit 
 terminal ; calyx lineari-oblong, plicate. Hook. Br. Jung. 
 t. 29. 
 
 Shady banks of a mountain rivulet, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. 
 This has never been seen growing but by its discoverer. 
 
 28. J. bicuspidata,~Lw$. Stem procumbent ; leaves oblongo- 
 subquadrate, acutely bifid, the segments acute, straight, entire ; 
 fruit radical ; calyx lineari-oblong, plicated, toothed. Linn. sp. 
 pi. 1589. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 11. 
 
 On moist banks ; common. 
 
 29. J. byssacea, ROTH. Stem procumbent ; leaves subqua- 
 drate, obtusely bifid, their segments acute ; fruit terminal ; calyx 
 oblong, plicate, the mouth toothed. Roth. Cat. Bot. v. 2, p. 158. 
 Hook. Br. Jung. t. ]2. 
 
 On paths in woods and on bare bogs ; common. 
 
 30. J. connive.ns, DICKS. Stem procumbent; leaves orbi- 
 cular concave, deeply notched, the segments somewhat conni- 
 vent ; fruit terminal upon short proper branches ; calyx oblong 
 inflated, the mouth contracted, ciliated. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 4, p. 
 19, t. 11. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 15. 
 
 On banks and ditches ; not uncommon. 
 
 31. J. curvifolia, DICKS. Stem procumbent ; leaves round- 
 ish, very concave, deeply bifid, the segments incurved ; fruitier- 
 
Jungermannia.] HEPATIC^. Gl 
 
 minal, on short proper branches ; calyx oblong, subplicate, 
 the mouth dentate. Dicks.\ Cr. Fasc. 2,- 1. 5, /. 7. Hook. Br. 
 Jung. *. 16. 
 
 On decaying timber, in woods ; not uncommon. This has a re- 
 markable perichaetium. The colour is whitish and red. 
 
 * * * Leaves tri-quadrifid ; the segments equal. 
 
 32. J. capitata, HOOK. Stem prostrate ; leaves roundato- 
 quadrate, the lower bifid, the upper capitato-imbricate at the 
 top and tri-quadrifid; calyx terminal, oblongo-ovate, subplicate, 
 the mouth contracted, toothed. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 80. 
 
 On dry mountain rocks, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. 
 
 33. J. incisa, SCHRADER. Stem prostrate; leaves rotundato- 
 quadrate, waved, trifid, the segments unequal, here and there 
 toothed ; fruit terminal ; calyx obovate. Schrad. Samml. 2, 
 p. 5. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 10. 
 
 On wet banks ; not uncommon. 
 
 34. J. pusilla, LINN. Stem procumbent ; leaves large, qua- 
 drate irregularly 2 3-fid ; fruit lateral by innovations ; calyx 
 campanulate, the mouth wide, waved, and cut; capsule globose, 
 bursting irregularly. Linn. sp. pi. 1602. Hook. Br. Jung. 
 t. 69. 
 
 On wet clay ; common. In the irregular disruption of the capsule 
 this plant forms an exception to the generic character. It flowers at 
 all seasons of the year in the South of Ireland. The seeds are strongly 
 muricated. 
 
 * * * * Leaves bifid ; the segments unequal, conduplicate. 
 
 35. J. nemorosa, LINN. Stem erect; leaves unequally 
 2-lobed, dentato-ciliate, lobes conduplicate, the lower larger, 
 obovate, the upper subcordate, obtuse ; fruit terminal ; calyx ob- 
 long, incurved, compressed, the mouth truncated, dentato-ciliate. 
 Linn, sp.pl p. 1598. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 21. 
 
 In wet situations ; common. This is a most variable species, as to 
 colour, recurvation of the lobes of the leaves, and, above all, as to the 
 degree of serrature of the leaves. 
 
 36. J. undulata, LINN. Stem erect; leaves unequally 
 2-lobed, entire or slightly serrulate, lobes conduplicate, the lower 
 larger obovate, the upper subcordate obtuse ; fruit terminal, 
 calyx oblong, incurved, compressed, the mouth truncated, 
 nearly entire. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1598. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 22. 
 
 In wet situations ; common. Although from Linnaeus and Dillenius 
 down to the present time this has been kept a distinct species from the 
 preceding, I do not see how certain states of it are to be defined and 
 distinguished ; nor can I name them without the assistance of a lens, 
 to tell the serratures of the leaves and calyx. Two and three fertile 
 capsules in the same calyx are not uncommon at Sheen bridge, near 
 Kenmare. 
 
0.6 HEPATIC^E. [Jungermann ia . 
 
 37. J. planifolia, HOOK. Stem erect ; leaves bipartite, lobes 
 unequal, dentato-ciliate, conduplicate, the lower larger, ovate, the 
 upper cordate. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 67. 
 
 On the summit of Brandon Hil) ; rare. 
 
 38. J. umbrosa. SCHRADER. Stem decumbent; leaves un- 
 equally lobed, lobes conduplicate, their tops serrated, acute, 
 the upper rotundato-ovate, the lower larger, ovate ; fruit termi- 
 nal; calyx oblong, incurved, compressed, the mouth truncated, 
 entire. Sclirad. Samml. 2, p. 5. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 24. 
 
 On rocks ; near Dublin. 
 
 39. J. resupinata, LINN. Stem decumbent ; leaves rotundate, 
 almost equally 2-lobed, entire, the lobes conduplicate ; fruit ter- 
 minal ; calyx oblong, incurved, compressed, the mouth trun- 
 cated, denticulate. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1598. Hook. Br. Jung. 
 t. 23. 
 
 On wet banks ; common. 
 
 40. J. albicans, LINN. Leaves unequally 2-lobed, the lobes 
 conduplicate, with a pellucid line or nerve in the middle, ser- 
 rated at the point, the upper oblongo-ovate, acute, the lower 
 larger, somewhat scymitar-shaped ; fruit terminal ; calyx obovate, 
 eylindraceous, subcompressed, the mouth contracted, plicate, 
 toothed. Linn, sp.pl. p. 1599. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 25. 
 
 On moist banks ; common. 
 
 41. J. obtusifolia, HOOK. Leaves unequally 2-lobed, the 
 lobes conduplicate, obtuse, entire, the upper oblong, obtuse, the 
 lower large, somewhat scymitar-shaped ; fruit terminal ; calyx 
 obovate, the mouth contracted, toothed. Hook. Br. Jung. 
 t.26. 
 
 On moist banks. Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. Near Dunkerron. 
 Dunscombe's Wood, near Cork, Mr. Wilson. 
 
 42. J. Dicksoni, HOOK. Stem ascending ; leaves unequally 
 lobed, conduplicate, narrow ovate, entire, acute, the lower the 
 larger ; fruit terminal ; calyx ovate, plicate, the mouth con- 
 tracted, toothed. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 48. 
 
 Mountains near Dublin. 
 
 43. J. minuta, CRANTZ. Leaves horizontally patent, subcon- 
 duplicate, lobes of the upper equal, of the lower unequal, all 
 rather acute ; fruit terminal ; calyx obovate, the mouth con- 
 tracted, denticulate. Crantz Hist. Groenl. p. 283. Hook. Br. 
 Jung. t. 44. 
 
 On dry banks ; not uncommon. Fruit rare ; Lough Bray, near 
 Dublin, 
 
 44. J. exsecta, SCHMIDEL. Stem prostrate; leaves ovato- 
 lanceolate, concave, the lobes very unequal, acute, subcondu- 
 plicate, the lower short acuminate dentiform, the upper often 
 bidentate. Schmid. Ic. p. 241, t. 62, / 2. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 19. 
 
Jungermannia.} HEPATIC^. 63 
 
 On dry banks ; not uncommon : fruit unknown. 
 
 45. J. cochleariformis, WEIS. Leaves imbricated, unequally 
 2-lobed, conduplicate, the upper lobes larger, concave, bifid, 
 serrated at the point, the lower oblongo-ovate, saccate. Weis. 
 PL Cr.p. 123. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 68. 
 
 On subalpine bogs ; common : fruit unknown. 
 
 46. J. complanata, LINN. Leaves distichous, imbricated, 
 unequally 2-lobed, the upper lobes larger, orbicular, the lower 
 ovate, adpressed, plane ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, com- 
 pressed, truncate. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1599. Hook. Br. Jung, 
 t. SI. 
 
 On trees ; frequent. This species has lenticular gemma?. Pencils 
 of fibres, from the duplicature between the lobes of the leaves, expand 
 at their terminations into flat discs, by which the plant adheres to 
 subjacent substances, as occurs in the Virginian Creeper. The seeds 
 are large in proportion to the spiral filaments. 
 
 B. STIPULATE. 
 a. Leaves entire or rarely emarginate. 
 
 47. J. Taylori, HOOK. Leaves orbicular, or ovato-acumi- 
 nate, largely reticulated, stipules broadly subulate ; fruit termi- 
 nal ; calyx ovate, compressed a little at the mouth, truncated, 
 iMipped. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 56. J. anomala, Hook. JBr. Jung, 
 t. 24. 
 
 On moist declivities of the mountains ; not uncommon. 
 
 48. J. scalaris, SCHRADER. Leaves rotundate, concave, en- 
 tire or emarginate ; stipules broadly subulate ; fruit terminal ; 
 calyx immersed in the perichaetial leaves. Schrad. Samml. 2, 
 p. 4. Hook. Br. Jung. . 61. 
 
 On moist clay banks ; common. 
 
 49. J. polyanthos, LINN. Leaves plane, rotundato-quadrate, 
 entire or emarginate ; stipules oblong, bifid ; fruit on short pro- 
 per branches from the underside of the stem ; calyx much 
 shorter than the calyptra, laciniated. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1597. 
 Hook. Br. Jung. t. 62. 
 
 In wet spots, especially under trees ; common. The stipules are 
 minute compared to the leaves. 
 
 50. J. cuneifolia, HOOK. Stem creeping ; leaves rather re- 
 mote cuneiform, entire or very obtusely notched at the ex- 
 tremity ; stipules minute, ovate, bifid, Hook. Br. Jung. t. 64. 
 
 On J. Tamarisci, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. 
 
 51. J. viticulosa, LINN. Stem procumbent; leaves flat, 
 ovate, entire ; stipules broadly ovate, dentato-laciniate ; fruit 
 dorsal ; calyx subterraneous, oblong, fleshy, the mouth fim- 
 briated with foliaceous scales. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1597. Hook, 
 Br. Jung. t. b'O. 
 
64 HEPATIC^. \Jungermannia. 
 
 On the ground, among mosses ; common. The calyx, perhaps, 
 would be better called pensile : it is by no means immersed in the 
 soil, but attached by the neck on one side, it hangs down freely. This 
 applies to the next species. 
 
 52. J. Trichomanis, DICKS. Stem procumbent ; leaves flat, 
 convex, ovate or emarginate ; stipules rotundato-lunulate, emar- 
 ginate; fruit dorsal; calyx subterraneous (pensile), oblong acu- 
 minate, fleshy, hispid, the mouth crenated. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 3, 
 t. 8, / 5 Hook. Br. Jung. t. 79. 
 
 On wet soil ; common. The stipules sometimes 3 4-fid ; the 
 leaves are occasionally glaucous, usually of an apple green ; the 
 capsule lineari-oblong, its valves spirally twisted. 
 
 b. Leaves bi-tri-fid, or partite, segments equal. 
 * Stipules very small, distinct. 
 
 53. J. bidentata, LINN. Stem procumbent; leaves broadly 
 ovate, decurrent, emarginate, acutely or obtusely bidentate ; sti- 
 pules bi-tri-fid, laciniated; fruit terminal; calyx oblong, trian- 
 gular, the mouth laciniated. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1598. Hook. Br. 
 Jung. t. 30. Jung, heterophylla, Schrad. in Journ. Bot. 5, p. 66. 
 Hook. Br. Jung. t. 31. 
 
 On moist mossy banks ; common. On the specimens from Black- 
 water Bridge, County of Kerry, I find the calyces acutely triangular, 
 with the angle corresponding to the inferior side of the stem serrate. 
 As I have found some specimens which, with the utmost care in the in- 
 vestigation, I could not refer to one more than the other species quoted, 
 I have ventured to unite them. 
 
 54. J. scutata, WEB. ET MOHR. Stem procumbent; leaves 
 rounded, acutely emarginate at the top, the segments acute 
 straight ; stipules large, ovate, acuminate, subdentate at the base ; 
 fruit lateral ; calyx obovate, subplicate at the top, the mouth 
 contracted, bluntly toothed. Web. et Mohr, Cr. Germ. p. 408. 
 Hook. Br. Jung.t. 41. 
 
 Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins* Lough Bray, on exposed rocks* 
 Turk Waterfall, near Killarney, Mr. Wilson. 
 
 55. J. Francisci, HOOK. Stem nearly erect ; leaves ovate, 
 concave, acutely emarginate ; stipules minute, ovate, bifid ; fruit 
 terminal upon short proper branches; calyx oblongo-cylin- 
 draceous, the mouth toothed. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 49. 
 
 Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins ; very rare. 
 
 56. J. barbata, SCHREBER. Stem procumbent; leaves ro- 
 tundato-quadrate, tri-quadrifid ; stipules lanceolate, acutely bifid 
 and laciniated ; fruit terminal ; calyx ovate, the mouth con- 
 tracted, toothed. Schreb. Spicil. Fl. Lips. p. 107. Hook. Br. 
 Jung. t. 70. 
 
 On turf banks, with mosses ; rather rare. 
 
Jungermannia.} HEPATIC^E. 65 
 
 57. J. repfans, LINN. Stems caespitose ; leaves subquadrate, 
 incurved, acutely quadridentate ; stipules broadly quadrate, qua- 
 dridentate ; fruit dorsal ; calyx oblong plicate, the mouth 
 toothed. Linn, sp.pl.p. 1599. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 65. 
 
 In woods ; common. 
 
 58. J. trilobata, LINN. Leaves imbricated on the upper 
 side, ovate, concave, obtusely tridentate ; stipules broadly sub- 
 quadrate, crenate ; fruit dorsal ; calyx oblong subacuminate. 
 Linn. sp. pi. p. 1599. Hook. Br. Jung. 79. 
 
 On the summit of Magillicuddy's Reeks. It varies much in size. 
 Fertile calyces have not yet been found in Ireland. 
 
 * * Stipules nearly as large as the leaves, and very like them. 
 
 59. J. juniperina, SWARTZ. Stem erect; leaves and stipules 
 lineari-lanceolate, bipartite, falcato-secund ; fruit terminal ; 
 calyx ovate, laciniated, the laciniae perichaetial. Sw. Fl. Ind. 
 Occ.p. 1855. Hook.Br. Jung. t. 4. 
 
 On mountains ; common. The above applies to West Indian spe- 
 cimens. The Irish have the segments of the leaves nearly straight, 
 and are somewhat smaller in the sterns. 
 
 60. J.julacea, LINN. Stems slender, nearly erect; leaves 
 and stipules ovate, deeply bifid, imbricated, erect ; those of the 
 perichaetium quadripartite, their segments lanceolate, acumi- 
 nated, subserrated ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, subplicate, the 
 mouth open, toothed. Linn, sp.pl. p. 1601. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 2. 
 
 Usually on the higher mountains. A variety is found at Aooreagh 
 River, near Sneem, not two hundred feet above the level of the sea, in 
 which the serratures of the leaves are not to be observed, whilst the 
 leaves themselves are marginated. 
 
 61. J. laxifolia, HOOK. Stems filiform; leaves and stipules 
 remote, erecto-patent, ovate, subcarinate, acutely bifid, their 
 segments acute, erect ; fruit terminal ; calyx oblong, subplicate, 
 the mouth contracted, toothed. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 59. 
 
 On sides of rocky rivulets. Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. At 
 Castle Kelly Mountain, near Dublin ; and at Aooreagh River, near 
 Sneera. 
 
 62. J. setacea, WEBER. Leaves and stipules deeply bipartite, 
 the segments setaceous, jointed, patent, incurved; fruit terminal 
 on short proper branches ; calyx oblong, the mouth open, ci- 
 liated. Web. spicil. p. 155. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 8. 
 
 On bogs and moist banks ; common. 
 
 63. J. tricophylla, LINN. Leaves and stipules deeply 3 4- 
 partite, the segments setaceous, jointed, patent, straight ; fruit 
 terminal ; calyx oblong, the mouth contracted, ciliated. Linn, 
 sp.pl.p. 1601. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 7. 
 
 On bogs ; less frequent than the last. 
 
 H 
 
06 HEPATIC^. [Jungermannta. 
 
 c. Leaves bi/id, lobes unequal, conduplicate. 
 * Lower or smaller segments plane. 
 
 64. J. platyphylla, LINN. Stem pinnate; leaves unequally 
 2-lobed, the upper lobe rotundato-ovate, nearly entire, or spi- 
 nuloso-dentate, the lower ligulate, entire, the stipules entire or 
 dentate ; fruit lateral ; calyx ovate, compressed, the mouth trun- 
 cated, inciso-serrate. Linn, sp.pl. p. 1600. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 
 40. J. Icevigata, Schrad. SammL 2, p. 6. Hook. Br. Jung, 
 t. 35. 
 
 On rocks and stones ; common. This species is subject to many 
 remarkable varieties ; as of lighter colour, glossy surface, size, degree 
 of serrature of the leaves. At Aooreagh River, near Killarney, is a 
 state with lurid leaves, small size, the lower lobe wider than the upper 
 and totally unconnected with it. This complete separation of the two 
 lobes also is found on specimens on Dunkerron Castle. 
 
 65. J. ciliaris, LINN. Stem pinnate ; leaves convex un- 
 equally 2-lobed, both lobes ovate bipartite, elongato-ciliate ; 
 fruit lateral ; calyx obovate, the mouth contracted, toothed. 
 Linn. sp. pi. p. 1601. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 65. 
 
 On Brandon Hill : sterile. 
 
 66. J. Woodsii, HOOK. Stem bi-tripinnate ; leaves convex, 
 unequally 2-lobed, the upper lobe bipartite, spinuloso-dentate, 
 the lower minute, oblong, nearly entire ; stipules large, ovate, 
 bipartite, spinuloso-dentate, with the base spurred on each side. 
 Hook. Br. Jung. t. 66. 
 
 On Mangerton, Mr. J. Woods. Between large stones at the side 
 of the Devil's Punch Bowl, Mangerton. The larger size, and more 
 distant and acute branches, readily distinguish this from the preceding, 
 
 67. J. tomentella, EHRHART. Stems bipinnate; leaves nearly 
 plane, unequally 2-lobed, capillari-multifid, upper lobes bipartite, 
 the lower minute; fruit axillary ; calyx oblongo-cylindraceous, 
 hirsute, the mouth open. Ehrh. Beit. 2, p. 150. Hook. Br. 
 Jung. t. 36. 
 
 In woods and marshes ; common. The leaf sometimes splits into 
 four laciniae. On the tops of the shoots there occur, at Blackwater, 
 County of Kerry, clusters of linear, jointed bodies not enclosed in any 
 calyx. 
 
 * * Lower segments of the leaves involute. 
 
 68. J. Mackaii, HOOK. Stem creeping; leaves unequally 
 2-lobed, the upper lobe rotundate, the lower minute, involute ; 
 stipules large rotundato-obcordate ; fruit lateral as well as ter- 
 minal ; calyx obcordate, compressed, gibbous below, the mouth 
 contracted, toothed. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 53. 
 
 On the faces of perpendicular rocks, especially limestone ; common, 
 
 69. J. serpyttifolia, DICKS. Leaves unequally 2-lobed, the 
 
Jungermannia.] HEPATIC^. 67 
 
 upper lobe oblongo-rotundate, the lower a minute involution of 
 the upper ; stipules rotundate, bifid ; fruit lateral; calyx obo- 
 vate, pentagonal, the mouth contracted, somewhat toothed ; cap- 
 sule pellucid, quadrifid. Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 4, p. 19. Hook. Br. 
 Jung. t. 42. 
 
 On mosses, trees, and rocks ; very common. A variety occurs at 
 Blackvvater Bridge, County of Kerry, exceedingly minute ; the leaves 
 acute, marginated ; the stipules scarcely wider than the stem ; their 
 segments divergent. Another on Blackwater Hill, under rocks, is more 
 than double the usual size in all its parts, and grows so much in tufts 
 that in dry weather these form cushions of an inch in depth. 
 
 70. J. hamatifolia, HOOK. Stem creeping ; leaves unequally 
 2-lobed, the upper lobe ovate, acuminated, somewhat incurved, 
 the lower involute; stipules ovate, acutely bifid; fruit lateral; 
 calyx obovate, pentagonal, the mouth contracted, toothed ; 
 capsule pellucid, quadrifid. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 51. 
 
 On old stems of furze, also on trees and wet rocks ; common. 
 Sometimes, as at Woodlands, near Dublin, the stipules are scarcely to 
 be found, and the calyx is by no means angular. 
 
 71. J. minutissima, SMITH. Stem creeping; leaves indis- 
 tinctly and unequally 2-lobed, the upper lobe hemispherical, the 
 lower minute, almost obsolete ; stipules ovato-rotundate, bifid ; 
 fruit lateral ; calyx obovato-rotundate, pentagonal, the mouth 
 contracted, slightly toothed ; capsule pellucid quadrifid. Eng. 
 Bot. 1633. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 52. 
 
 On trees at Woodlands, near Dublin. On stems of furze, also on 
 rocks, County of Kerry. However minute this species, as compared 
 with most of its congeners, yet is it several times larger than J. mi- 
 cro scopica* 
 
 72. J. calyptrifolta, HOOK. Stem creeping ; leaves unequally 
 2-lobed, the upper lobe larger, very concave, rotundate, suddenly 
 elongato-acuminate, the lower obtusely quadrate, involute ; 
 fruit lateral ; calyx oblong, the top flat, sub-5-dentate, the mouth 
 contracted; capsule pellucid, quadrifid. Hook. Brit. Jung. 
 f. 43. 
 
 On the stems of old furze in the mountains, near Glengariff, 
 Miss Hutckins. Near Dunkerron, in the mountains ; not very 
 rare. 
 
 * # * Lower segments of the leaf saccate. 
 
 73. J. Hutchinsia, HOOK. Leaves unequally 2-lobed, the 
 upper lobe ovate, spinuloso-serrate, the lower minute, saccate, 
 often unidentate at the base ; stipules rotundato-ovate, subser- 
 rate, acutely bifid ; fruit lateral ; calyx triangulari-obcordate. 
 Hook. Br. Jung. t. 1. 
 
 On the wet faces of rocks, especially of waterfalls in woods ; near 
 Bantry, Miss Hutchins. Near Killarney. Not very rare. 
 
 74. J. dilatata, LINN. Stems prostrate; leaves unequally 
 
68 HEPATIC^. [Anthoceros. 
 
 2-lobed, the upper lobe roundish, acute, the lower rotundato- 
 saccate ; stipules roundish, plane, emarginate ; fruit terminal ; 
 calyx obcordate, tuberculated, triangular. Linn. Sp. pi. p. 
 1600. Hook. Br. Jung. t. 5. 
 
 On trees, also on rocks ; very common. 
 
 75. J. Tamarisci, LINN. Stems prostrate ; leaves unequally 
 2-lobed, the upper lobe ovato-rotundate, the lower minute, 
 obovate, saccate ; stipules subquadrate, emarginate, their mar- 
 gins revolute ; fruit on short terminal branches ; calyx obovate, 
 smooth, triangular. Linn. sp. pL p. 1600. Hook. Br. Jung. 
 t. 6. 
 
 On bushes, trees, and rocks ; common. The stipules are often 
 twice as wide as the stems. The middle and upper leaves of the 
 branch are frequently apiculated, and sometimes even the inferior like- 
 wise. 
 
 7. ANTHOCEROS, Linn. 
 
 Male flowers aggregate, immersed in the frond. Capsule linear, 
 2-valved, having a central filament, and issuing out of a tu- 
 bular prolongation of the superior membrane of the frond. 
 
 1. A. punctatus, LINN. Frond subrotundate, stellato-lobate, 
 the lobes nerveless broad, obovate, their margins somewhat 
 elevated, waved, subcrenate. Linn. sp. pi. p. 1 606. Dill. Muse. 
 t. 68, /. 1, 2. Schmid. Ic. t. 19. Eng. Bot. t. 1538. Muse. Brit. 
 ed.2,p. 216. 
 
 On clay or soil bare of other vegetation, as in fallow fields, sides of 
 ditches ; very common : flowering throughout the year in the County 
 of Kerry. That there are two distinct species on the Continent of 
 Europe, it may be rash to deny, as all Continental botanists seem 
 agreed on their existence. In Ireland I have seen but a single species, 
 sometimes exactly represented by the Dillenian figure 1, at other 
 times by 2 ; and not unfrequently intermediate specimens not quite 
 referable to one or the other are to be found. This genus has hitherto 
 been arranged among the calyptrati ; which, I fear, was only acci- 
 dentally true, as the real calyptra seems to have escaped observation. 
 It is true Hedwig has delineated and described in his Theoria, ed. of 
 l7VS,pag. 189, what would appear to be decisive on the subject ; he 
 says, " elevatur etiam monticu)us conicus, cujus summitati insidet opus 
 " fuscum e tenerrimis filamentis ad calyptrse formam compositum, brevi 
 " stylisco instructum. Emergit postea inde corpusculum cylindrico- 
 " conicum, corniculum referens, tec.tum in cacumine dicto stylisco mi- 
 " traeformi, qui diutius ibi, punctuli fusci specie ad nudum oculum, 
 " moram nectere solet, nisi tempestatum injuriis inde deturbetur. Non 
 " latuisse etiam Schmidelium hanc singularem partem constat e numero 
 " 8vo. suae descriptionis." I have repeatedly, at different seasons of 
 the year, at different periods of maturity, and for many years, in vain 
 looked for such a structure in our Irish species. I can hardly suppose 
 that Hedwig was deceived, although even in the foregoing extract 
 there is some confusion in first placing the calyptra on the top of the 
 conical elevation of the upper surface of the frond, and afterwards on 
 
Anthoceros.] HEPATIC^. 69 
 
 the summit of the capsule, which bursts through this surface The 
 capsule almost universally commences to wither at its very summit, 
 which turns brown, dry, and exhibits its reticulation very evi- 
 dently. This withering of the summit takes place sometimes, 
 just as it is emerging out of the conical elevation of the upper 
 surface of the frond, and at other times not until the capsule has 
 attained its full height of one inch or more ; it may most easily be 
 mistaken for a calyptra. The true calyptra, however, never emerges 
 out of the frond, but remains thick, carnose, of a globular form, and 
 slightly yellowish-brown, around the base of the peduncle, having 
 opened at the top to give exit to the capsule. In the youngest state 
 of the plant the edges of the lobes lie flat, they are subsequently ele- 
 vated, forming a cavity, from the bottom of which the fruit emerges. 
 There are spherical elevations of the superior surface of the frond, 
 beneath which two, sometimes three anthers lie ; these elevations 
 seem to burst irregularly. The anthers at first greenish, at maturity 
 assume a yellowish orange colour ; their shape is oblong, flattened 
 often on one side from the pressure apparently of the twin anther ; 
 they contain a milky fluid. They are shortly pedicellated, and are 
 found on plants distinct from the capsuliferous. The sheath of the 
 capsule, (for it can never properly be termed a calyx, whose origin in 
 this tribe of plants, is on the receptacle and around the base of the pe- 
 dicell of the capsule), or elevation around of the superior membrane of 
 the frond is about one-tenth of an inch in height. The capsule is one 
 or two inches in length, at first all grass green, resembling the seedling 
 shoots of onions as observed long ago by Buxbaum ; turning brown 
 previous to dehiscence, which takes place by the bursting of the two 
 opposite longitudinal grooves hitherto covered by a thin pale mem- 
 brane. The opening displays a central filiform columella, which is sur- 
 rounded by a cylindrical transparent greenish membrane, out of which 
 on all sides issue flat processes, variously angular, sometimes expanded 
 at the top, these passing along the interstices between the quaternions 
 of seeds embrace the quaternions ; when these last are ripe, the flat 
 processes detach themselves from them as well as from the membrane 
 around the columella. The ripe quaternions while yet held together 
 by the processes, form a cylinder around the columella. The quater- 
 nions in a very young state are pellucid, colourless spheres containing 
 near the centre (apparently in a fluid) two dark oblong and parallel 
 bodies attenuated at each end ; after sometime, each of the two divides 
 into two equal parts, at length the four approach, and in time form a 
 perfect quaternion, which, as it ripens, no longer displays its original 
 spherical covering. Thus it seems demonstrated, that what have been 
 hitherto termed seeds are properly the unions of several. This is true 
 of the other Hepaticcz allied to Anthoceros in having flat fronds. Thus 
 also, as in the Musci, the interior membrane of the capsule reflected on 
 the columella produces the seeds. The columella is continued down 
 to the junction of the capsule with the calyptra; the capsule, therefore, 
 cannot be said to be pedicellated. There are no true pores, as in the 
 MarchantiecR usually occur, on the surface of the frond. The sap or 
 juice is singularly viscid and gelatinous, and presents a difficulty in dis- 
 secting the living plant. The mode of budding of this species has 
 not hitherto been noticed. In the month of June I have observed 
 towards the base of the fronds, and at the edges, the upper and lower 
 membranes to separate and discharge a number of minute flat lobed 
 reticulated and greenish bodies like fronds in miniature ; with these, 
 
70 HEPATIC^. [Riccia. 
 
 however, I have also observed discharged oblongo-rotundate brownish 
 bodies, evidently reticulated, whose destination or functions I am at a 
 loss to conjecture ; they are, however, very distinct from the compactly 
 granulated dark green bodies of Jungermannia Blasia described by 
 Dr. Hooke. 
 
 8. RICCIA, Linn. 
 
 Capsule, with its exterior membrane calyptriform, bearing a 
 style, the interior enclosing numerous subangular seeds united 
 in fours or quaternions, with pellucid coats. The style pro- 
 truded above the frond. 
 
 1. R. crystalling LINN. Frond oblong, bilobed, dichoto- 
 mous, carnose, punctate. Linn, sp.pl. p. 1605 (and R. glauca 
 of the same page). Muse. Brit. ed. 2. p. 212. 
 
 On banks and hedges ; common ; flowering all the year. The style 
 is brownish-black, opaque. Capsules near the base of the frond some- 
 times ripen when those nearer the summit are quite immature. Among 
 the quaternions of seeds there are no spiral or other filaments. I 
 have observed of three capsules closely placed, the central to be abor- 
 tive, in which case the covering that in a young state encloses each 
 quaternion, though fully formed, was empty and collapsed. In two 
 instances only, out of numerous trials, have I found immersed in the 
 frond not far from the top, oblongo-spherical bodies of a light brownish 
 colour, as large as the quaternions, but perfectly smooth and unmarked 
 on the surface by any lines of division. These, I have no other reason 
 to doubt are the true anthers, but the fewness of the observations. 
 
ORDER III. 
 
 LICHENES. Hoffm. 
 
 Plants of less diversity of structure than the Musci or He' 
 paticcB ; consisting of a thallus, corresponding to the organs of 
 vegetation ; and of apothecia, corresponding to those of repro- 
 duction : unaffected by difference of temperature of the seasons 
 or of climates, hence more uniformly scattered over the earth's 
 surface than plants of the superior orders ; hence, too, they are 
 more rarely green on the surface, although the application of 
 moisture induces a slight greenish tint on nearly all ; of long 
 duration, and slow growth ; of peculiarly slow dissemination, 
 not appearing to be supplied with the means of expelling their 
 seeds at the period of maturity ; many, however, are furnished 
 with buds, an accessory mode of reproduction. Living on the 
 surface of soil, of rocks and of trees, they are neither properly 
 parasites on the latter, nor do they appear to draw any nutri- 
 ment from the former, their roots serving the simple purpose of 
 attachment. Lichens partially immersed in water, convey the 
 fluid to the parts that are not submerged. Beneath the super- 
 ficial or cortical layer of the thallus, is one green or becoming 
 green by abrasion. The Gongyli or seeds immersed in the 
 thallus cannot well be distinguished from those of the apothecia, 
 yet some observations point to the conjecture that the Gongyli 
 of the former produce thallus, and those of the latter apothecia. 
 The Lichens prefer the purest air and to face prevailing winds: 
 their Gongyli retain vivaciousness for long periods : new is- 
 lands emerged from the ocean at the distance of hundreds of 
 miles from land, soon exhibit the Lichens of the opposite wind- 
 ward shores, and form the first series of plants, the cradles of 
 future vegetation. 
 
72 LICHENES. 
 
 TABLE OF THE GENERA. 
 
 A. Apothecia none. 
 
 1. LEPRARIA. Thallus crustaceo-leprose, uniform effuse. 
 Apothecia none. Gongyli covering the thallus, more or less 
 scattered, naked. 
 
 2. SPILOMA. Thallus crustaceous, uniform, effuse. Apo- 
 thecia none. Gongyli collected into compact masses, coloured, 
 naked. 
 
 B. Apothecia stalked. 
 
 * Stipulate ; or apothecia with stalks of a proper substance. 
 
 3. CALICIUM. Thallus crustaceous, uniform. Apothecia 
 goblet-shaped, more or less stipitate, marginate, enclosing a 
 powdery mass. 
 
 4. B.EOMYCES. Thallus crustaceous, or filmy, uniform. 
 Apothecia convex or orbiculate, not bordered, on solid, soft 
 foot-stalks. 
 
 * * Apothecia on PODETIA, or stalks formed of the thallus. 
 
 5. CENOMYCE. Thallus cartilagineo-crustaceous, or folia- 
 ceous, laciniated ; podetia fistulose, sterile, or bearing apothecia 
 on their summits. Apothecia hemispherico-subglobose, not 
 bordered, fixed by the circumference. 
 
 * * * Apothecia on the sublinear branches of a suberect thallus. 
 f Apothecia internally pulverulent. 
 
 6. SPH^IROPHON. Thallus crustaceo-cartilaginous, branched, 
 solid within. Apothecia subglobose, terminal, formed of the 
 thallus, enclosing a black powdery mass, bursting with a torn 
 margin. 
 
 f f Apothecia internally solid. 
 1. Apothecia turbinate, at length globose. 
 
 7. STEREOCAULON. Thallus dense, nearly woody and 
 branched, or crustaceous. Apothecia stalked, turbinate, solid, 
 marginate, at length hemispherico-globose, their margin evanes- 
 cent. 
 
 2. Apothecia discoid, 
 a. Thallus compressed. 
 8 EVERNIA. Thallus subcrustaceous, branched and laci- 
 
LiCHENES. 73 
 
 mated, or compressed and subangulate. Apothecia orbiculate, 
 with an inflexed thallodal border, the disk concave, coloured. 
 
 9. RAMALINA. Thallus cartilaginous, branched and laci- 
 niated, compactly cottony within. Apothecia orbiculate, bor- 
 dered ; the disk and border of the substance of the thallus, and 
 of one colour. 
 
 b. Thallus cylindrical. 
 
 10. USNEA. Thallus cartilagineo-crustaceous, cylindrical, 
 hollow, enclosing a central thread. Apothecia orbiculate, en- 
 tirely formed of the thallus, and of the same colour. 
 
 11. ALECTORIA. Thallus cartilaginous, the branches subfili- 
 form, subfistulose, cottony within. Apothecia orbiculate, thick, 
 marginate, at length convex and losing the border, entirely 
 formed of the thallus, and of the same colour. 
 
 12. CORNICULARIA. Thallus cartilaginous, branched, some- 
 what solid and cottony within. Apothecia orbiculate, obliquely 
 peltate, entirely formed of the substance of the thallus, and of 
 the same colour. 
 
 C. Apothecia without footstalks. 
 * Apothecia, tubercles, immersed. 
 
 13. VERRUCARIA. Thallus crustaceous or cartilagineo-mem- 
 branaceous, uniform. Apothecia subglobose, partly immersed, 
 of a different colour and substance from the thallus, enclosing 
 a nucleus, the apex papillose, usually perforated. 
 
 14. ENDOCARPON. Thallus cartilaginous or foliaceous, often 
 lobed. Apothecia globose enclosed in the thallus, with a mar- 
 ginated dusky perforation at the apex, enclosing a nucleus. 
 
 15. PORINA. Thallus cartilagineo-membranaceous, uniform. 
 Apothecia verruciform, formed of the thallus, one or many 
 celled ; each cell containing a nucleus, and opening by a per- 
 foration above, coloured, often distorted. 
 
 16. THELOTREMA. Thallus cartilaginous, membranaceous or 
 subcrustaceous. Apothecia verruciform, formed of the thallus, 
 hollowed, marginated, containing a nucleus beneath a coloured 
 disk. 
 
 * Apothecia, (lirellce,) sublinear. 
 
 17. SYNCESIA. Thallus crustaceous. ApotJiecia oblongo- 
 elongate, stellato-radiate, aggregated and immersed in scattered 
 thallodal warts. Perithecium none. Lamina proligera pellucid, 
 supported on opaque vertical layers. 
 
 18. ARTHONIA. Thallus crustaceous or cartilagineo-mem- 
 branaceous, uniform. Apothecia roundish, elongated or varying 
 
74 LICHENES. 
 
 in form, nearly plane, not bordered, within somewhat gelati- 
 nous, covered by a dark membrane. 
 
 19. OPEGRAPHA. Thallus crustaceous, membranaceous or 
 leprous, uniform. Apothecia oblongo-elongated, immersed or 
 sessile, covered by a dark membrane, the disk narrow, with a 
 proper border. 
 
 * * * Apothecia discoid, round, sessile, or at length emerging. 
 f Thallus (in a moist state) gelatinous. 
 
 20. COLLEMA. Thallus of the same nature throughout, when 
 moist gelatinous, when dry hard and cartilaginous, sometimes 
 foliaceous. Apothecia orbiculate, sessile, (rarely on podetia), 
 bordered, formed entirely of the thallus. 
 
 f f Thallus crustaceous. 
 
 21. VARIOLARIA. Thallus crustaceous, or cartilagineo-mem- 
 branaceous, uniform. Apothecia verruciform, formed of the 
 thallus, bearing a powdery or flocculent substance which covers 
 the disk. 
 
 22. LECIDEA. Thallus crustaceous, uniform or scaly. Apo- 
 thecia orbiculate, sessile, the disk coloured, the border of the 
 same colour as the disk. 
 
 23. URCEOLARIA. Thallas crustaceous, uniform. Apothecia 
 orbiculate, immersed in the thallus, the disk concave, the border 
 formed of the crust. 
 
 24. LECANORA. Thallus crustaceous, uniform, or lobed and 
 scaly at the margin. Apothecia orbiculate, sessile, their margins 
 formed of the thallus, tumid, elevated. 
 
 f f f Thallus foliaceous, or membranaceous. 
 
 25. PARMELIA. Thallus foliaceous or membranaceous, stel- 
 lato-lobate or laciniated. Apothecia orbiculate, exteriorly be- 
 neath, as well as their margins, formed of the thallus, the disk 
 concave coloured. 
 
 26. STICTA. Thallus foliaceous, or coriaceo-cartilaginous, 
 hirsute beneath, and there furnished with hollow or bare spots, 
 (cyphellce). Apoihecia orbiculate, sessile, exteriorly beneath, as 
 well as their margins, formed of the thallus, the disk concave, 
 coloured. 
 
 27. SOLORINA. Thallus foliaceous, coriaceous, lobed, free, 
 beneath having fibrous veins. Apothecia subrotund, sessile, not 
 bordered. 
 
 28. PELTIDEA. Thallus foliaceous, coriaceo-membranaceous, 
 lobed, having woolly veins beneath. Apothecia borne on pro- 
 
LICHENES. 75 
 
 per lobules, orbiculate, or oblongo-rotundate, affixed by their 
 entire bases upon the thallus, by which too they are bordered. 
 
 29. NEPHROMA. Thallus foliaceous, coriaceous or membra- 
 naceous, lobed. dpothecia borne on proper lobules, orbiculate 
 or reniform, affixed by their entire bases on the inferior side 
 of the thallus, by which too they are bordered. 
 
 30. CETRARIA. Thallus foliaceous, cartilagineo-membrana- 
 ceous, lobate, laciniated. Apothecia orbiculate, obliquely adnate 
 by a part to the margin of the thallus, the rest free ; the disk 
 coloured, the border of the substance of the thallus. 
 
 31. GYROPHORA. Thallus foliaceous, coriaceous, fixed by 
 the centre. Apothecia orbiculate, sessile, covered by a dark 
 membrane, the border of their own substance, (not thallodal) ; 
 the disk usually marked with gyrose plaits. 
 
 More anxious to make known the species of Irish Lichens than to 
 offer any opinion on the construction of Genera, I have limited myself 
 to Acharius's distribution, by no means presuming to imply that new 
 sub-divisions, lately proposed by distinguished botanists, will not prove 
 in time worthy of adoption. 
 
76 LICHBNES. [Spitoma. 
 
 1. LEPRARIA. Ach. 
 
 Thallus crustaceo-leprose, uniform, effuse. Apothecia none. 
 Gongyli naked, covering the thallus, more or less scattered. 
 
 The very first of our list is the most unsatisfactory and doubtful of 
 the Genera of Lichens. Its present use appears to arise from its 
 being a depository of certain species, with a powdery thallus, whose 
 fructification is unknown. Lepraria incana of Ach. Lich. Univ. is 
 now ascertained to be a Lecidea ; whilst L. aruginosa, Eng. Sot. 
 and L. chlorina Ach. have been removed by Dr. Hooker to the 
 Fungi. 
 
 1. L. viridis, TURN, and BORR. Crust none; gongyli minute, 
 usually clustered, bright green, globular, somewhat unequal in 
 size, forming an irregularly continuous, thin, powdery mass. 
 Turn, and Borr. Lich. Br.p. 6, (according to Hooker in Eng. Flor. 
 vol. 5, p. 163^, L. botryoides Eng. Bot. t. 2148. 
 
 On trees, pales, and walls ; common. On alders a membranous, 
 and in wet weather a subgelatinous substratum of a duller green is 
 sometimes observable, but whether truly belonging to the species is 
 uncertain, as it commonly occurs without any such appearance. 
 
 2. L. flava, ACH. Crust none ; gongyli minute, of a bright 
 yellow, forming an irregularly continuous crustaceous powdery 
 mass. Ach. Lich. Un. p. 663. Eng. Bot. t. 1 350. 
 
 On old trees ; not uncommon. Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. The 
 crust is thinner on the pines than on old oaks. 
 
 3. L. alba, ACH. Crust grey, edged with white downy fibres ; 
 gongyli extremely minute, snow white, forming continuous 
 crustaceous patches. Ach. Meth. p. 3. Eng. Bot. t. 1349. 
 
 On trunks of trees and on mosses ; common. The crust is denser 
 than in the preceding, and in the herbarium almost entirely loses its 
 snow-white colour. 
 
 4. L. lolithus, TURN, and BORR. Crust filmy, greyish ; gon- 
 gyli extremely minute, of a purplish red, forming a thin even 
 powdery mass. Turn, and Borr. Lich. Br. p. 21, (according to 
 Hook. Eng. Flor. vol. 5, p. 164). Eng. Bot. t. 2471. 
 
 On stones ; Deer Park wall, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. 
 
 2. SPILOMA. Ach. 
 
 Thallus crustaceous, uniform, effuse, usually thin, continuous. 
 dpothecia none, (that is without any subgelatinbus parenchy- 
 ma). Gongyli collected into compact masses, coloured, naked. 
 
 In Lepraria the Gongyli constitute the entire thallus in fact, 
 almost the entire Lichen ; but in Spiloma they constitute the col- 
 lections similar to Apothecia, upon a thallus of a different nature and 
 structure. In the specific characters these collections are termed 
 Apothecia. 
 
Calicium.] LICHENES. 77 
 
 1. S. sph&rale, ACH. Thallus very thin, somewhat tartareous, 
 greyish white, cracked, bordered with black ; apothecia minute, 
 numerous, aggregate, marginal, convex, scabrous, opaque, 
 black, on proper portions of the thallus. Ach. Syn. p. 2. Hook. 
 Eng.Flor. vol. 5, p. 165. 
 
 On rocks, usually parasitic ; not uncommon in Kerry. Although 
 sometimes the apothecia of this species are found on Variolaria co- 
 rallina, yet more rarely it appears to have its proper thallus, between 
 which and the adjacent thallus of the Variolaria a black limit may 
 be observed. 
 
 2. S. dispersum, TURN, and BORR. Thallus filmy, veiy thin, 
 greyish ; apothecia hemispherical, sooty black, scabrous. Turn, 
 and Borr. Lick. Br. p. 33, (on the authority of Hook. Eng. Flor. 
 vol. 5, p. 165). Eng. Bot. t. 2398. 
 
 On old oak paling, at Dunkerron, County of Kerry. Our plant 
 agrees with the figure and description in Eng. Bot. except as to the 
 colour of the nucleus, which with us is not greenish but rather of a 
 very pale brown. The presence of this nucleus is somewhat contra- 
 dictory of the Generic character. 
 
 3. S. nigrum, TURN, and BORR. Thallus pulverulento-tarta- 
 reous, thin, continuous, white, with a narrow black edge ; apo- 
 thecia roundish, nearly flat, at length confluent, black. Turn, 
 and Borrer, Lich. Br. p. 35, (according to Hook. Eng. Flor. vol. 5, 
 p. 166). Eng. Bot. t. 2076 and t. 2077. 
 
 On rocks ; County of Kerry. 
 
 4. S. gregarium, TURN, and BORR. Thallus filmy, thin, grey- 
 ish, or slightly suffused with reddish ; apothecia clustered, irre- 
 gularly oblong, of a livid hue ; gongyli vermillion-coloured, 
 superficial. Turn, and Borr. Lich. Br. p. 42, (according to Hook. 
 Eng. FL vol. 5, p. 167 J. Eng. Bot. t. 981. 
 
 On the bark of trees ; common. The gongyli are collected upon 
 a compact base of the thallus, somewhat in the nature of a perithe- 
 cium. This species varies by the convexity or depression of the 
 apothecia, by their being simple or appearing lobed from confluence, 
 by the presence or absence of the gongyli, and by the surface of the 
 apothecia being pruinose or naked. 
 
 * Apothecia stipitate, or with proper stalks. 
 3. CALICIUM. Ach. 
 
 Thallus crustaceous, uniform/' not bordered, very thin, some- 
 times none apparent ; apothecia subturbinate, or goblet-shaped, 
 stipitate, (sometimes subsessile,) enclosing a powdery mass. 
 
 1. C. hyperellum, ACH. Thallus granulated, subtartareous, of 
 a slightly yellowish green ; apothecia lentiform, brownish black ; 
 stipes short, thick, cylindrical, black. Ach. Lich. Un. p. 237. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 1832. 
 
 On decaying timber ; near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. The crust 
 
78 LICHENES. [Baomyces. 
 
 varies in thickness, is sometimes split and areolate. On the same 
 stipes three or four apothecia are sometimes borne ; the stipes is 
 at times exceedingly short, and the crust more of an ash colour, 
 constituting the var. termed roscidum by Acharius. 
 
 2. C. sparocephalum, ACH. Thallus filmy, very thin, grey- 
 ish ; apothecia turbinate, at length subglobose, of a rusty brown, 
 the stipes elongate. Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 91. C. claviculare, 8. 
 spharocepkalum, Ach. L. Un. p. 235. Eng. Bot. t. 414. 
 
 On decaying timber ; at Powerscourt, Dr. Whitley Stokes. This 
 species is often associated with Lecanora varia. 
 
 4. BJEOMYCES. Pers. 
 
 Thallus crustaceous or filmy, uniform, sometimes lobed ; apothe- 
 cia convex or orbiculate, terminal on solid, simple, soft foot- 
 stalks, not bordered. 
 
 1. B. rupestris, PERS. Thallus crustaceous, wrinkled by gra- 
 nulations, pulverulent, of a light greenish ash, sometimes light 
 brown colour ; stipes short, somewhat compressed ; apothecia 
 convex, reddish brown. Pers. ap. Uster. in ann. d. Bot. St. 7, p. 
 19. Ach. L. Un. p. 573. Eng. Bot. t. 373. 
 
 On stones and on the ground ; common. 
 
 2. B. microcephalus. Thallus filmy, continuous, greyish- 
 white, the border greenish ; apothecia numerous, minute, nearly 
 globose, reddish brown, nearly black when dry ; stipes very 
 short, pellucid. 
 
 On the surface of Hypnum myosuroides, on Carig mountain, 
 County of Kerry : also on Jungermannia dilatata. The patches, 
 rather orbicular, are from one to six inches in diameter, conspicuous as 
 white spots at some distance. When the thallus is moistened the 
 greenish parenchyma is here and there apparent in points. The sur- 
 face is uneven from most minute wrinkles. Apothecia minute, barely 
 observable with the naked eye, when young almost sessile, of a light 
 reddish brown, translucent and shining even in the dry state, when old 
 and dry they are nearly opaque and black, sometimes two on the same 
 stipes, globose. The stipes is scarcely two diameters of the apothe- 
 cium in length, strangulated in the middle, the upper portion more 
 brown, the lower paler. It has no affinity with any described species 
 with which I am acquainted. The patch at a little distance is very 
 like that of Lecidea vernalis, when this occurs investing mosses, but 
 the presence of the stipes and structure of the apothecia, widely dif- 
 ferent, remove all chance of confusion. 
 
 3. B. furfuraceus. Thallus filmy, investing, whitish; buds 
 covering the entire surface as a greenish yellow powder ; apo- 
 thecia at length subglobose, brown, imrnarginate ; the disk dark 
 brown ; lamina proligera thick, nearly colourless. Calicium 
 furfur aceum. Pers. Tent. Disp. Fung. Supp. p. 60, Cal. Capitella- 
 tum Ack. L. Un. p. 241. Trichia furfuracea Wither. Arr. Mucor 
 furfuraceus, Linn. 
 
 On sandy clay, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. The apothecia at 
 
Cenomyce.] LICHENES. 79 
 
 length bared of the buds represent all the characters of a Boeomyces. 
 In the dark brown disk opaque minute gongyli exist. Stipes solid, 
 yet less hard at the axis. 
 
 4. B. anomalus. Thallus tartareous, areolate, brownish- 
 grey, edges of the areolce subcrenulate. Apothecia convex, 
 with a central depression, brown ; stipes immersed in the crust. 
 Lecanora anomala Ach. L. Un. p. 381. Verrucaria Gagei 
 Hook. Eng. FL part 5, p. 153. Lichen Gagei Eng. Sot. t. 
 2580. 
 
 On stones in woods, and on rocks, County of Kerry ; common. 
 Thallus rather thick, cracked into areolae, pale brownish grey, some- 
 what greener when growing in shade ; of a fibrous or columnar struc- 
 ture ; the margin of a pale flesh colour. Patches sometimes occur 
 two or more feet in diameter. The surface of the areolce is rough, 
 with elevations and depressions. Apothecia when young immersed, 
 in which state they remain in shaded situations ; in more exposed, the 
 apothecia emerge, borrowing sometimes a spurious border from the 
 crust, but which is soon relinquished. On the centre of the apothecia 
 an umbilicus is commonly seen, as in others of this genus. The stipes 
 remains immersed in the crust. 
 
 * # 
 
 Apothecia on podetia formed of the thallus. 
 
 5. CENOMYCE. Ach. including CLADONIA of Fee and PYCNO- 
 
 THELIA Of Dufour. 
 
 Thallus cartilagineo-crustaceous, or foliaceous, laciniated ; 
 podetia fistulose, sometimes sterile ; apothecia hemispherico- 
 subglobose, terminal on the podetia, not bordered. * 
 
 a. Thallus somewhat shrubby, branches subulate. 
 
 1. C. uncialis, ACH. Podetia aggregated, elongated, smooth, 
 cylindrical, of a pale yellowish-white ; the branches short, 
 patent ; the axils perforated. Ach. L. Un. p. 553. Eng. Sot. t. 
 174. /3. attenuata. Podetia subdivided at the summits, beset 
 with minute scales. Ach. L. Un. p. 559. Dillen. Hist. Muse. t. 
 16, /. 22. H. 
 
 a. common in the mountains. @. on the side of Devis mountain, Mr. 
 Templeton. The var. 0. is very remarkable, perhaps distinct. It has 
 never the sulphur-yellow colour of . but is brown, has a very consi- 
 derable thallus of minute lobed scales at the base of the podetia ; 
 these have sprinkled over their surface, brownish flattened granular 
 buds, that expand occasionally into minute white scales. 
 
 2. C. rangiferina. ACH. Podetia erect, elongated, much 
 branched, cylindrical, of a slightly greenish-ash colour ; the 
 axils subperforated ; the ultimate branches deflexed ; apothecia 
 subglobose, brown, on small erect stalks. Ach. L. Un. p. 564. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 173. 
 
 On heaths and on mountains ; common. Podetia three to five 
 inches. Mr, Templeton found a variety near Belfast, in which the 
 
80 LICHENES. [Cenomyce. 
 
 greenish powder of the surface had budded into lobed scales of consi- 
 derable size, towards the summits of the podetia. 
 
 3 C. furcata, ACH. Podetia erect, elongated, much 
 branched, of a livid grey, dichotomous; the axils imperforate ; 
 the branches, with the apices, divergent ; apothecia subglobose, 
 dark brown, Ach. L. Un. p. 560. Dillen. t. 16, /. 27. /3. subu- 
 lata, podetia elongated, smooth, dichotomous ; the axils per- 
 forated. C. furcata, p. Ach. Syn. p. 276. Dill. Muse. t. 16, /. 
 26. A. B.C. 7. spinosa, podetia smooth, elongated, at length 
 scaly, whitish-green, at length inflated, curved, branched ; 
 branches loose, subsecund. C. racemosa, Ach. Syn. p. 275. 
 Dillen. Muse. t. 16, /. 25. 
 
 On heaths and in the mountains ; . common. B. and <y. near Bel- 
 fast, Mr. Templeton. I do not think the student is to expect to 
 find the varieties above given (in deference to authors) by any means 
 as strictly marked as the characters stated would seem to imply. 
 
 b. Thallus foliaceous and scaly. 
 
 4. C. parasitica. Scales of the thallus minute, eroso-laci- 
 nulate, glaucous-green, granulato-pulverulent ; podetia dilated 
 above, slender, subdivided at the top ; apothecia conglomerate. 
 Lichen parasiticus, Hoffm. Enum. Lich. t. 8, f. 5. Lichen deli- 
 catus, Eng. Eot. t. 2052. 
 
 On the edges of dry turf, on heaths, on decaying timber ; common. 
 The apothecia are brown, convex, and dimpled on the summit, as in 
 the genus Bceomyees. White granular buds, sprinkled over the sur- 
 face of the podetia, are observed at length to expand into thallodal 
 scales, jff variety occurs on mud walls, near Kenmare, with the scales 
 so densely covered with greenish grains as to form a continuous sur- 
 face ; the apothecia are nearly sessile, and have their border studded 
 with green grains strongly simulating a Lecanora. 
 
 5. C. cariosa, ACH. Scales of the thallus minute, rotundate, 
 irregularly incised, subcrenate ; podetia whitish, rough with 
 granular buds, subdivided above ; apothecia conglomerate, of a 
 dark purple. Ach. Lich. Un. p. 567. Cladonia cariosa, Eng. 
 Bot. t. 2761. 
 
 On dry banks, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. Not unlike the pre- 
 ceding, of which it may prove only a variety ; yet the scales are more 
 rotundate, and far less incised. 
 
 6. C. sparassa, ACH. Scales pinnato-multifid ; podetia cy- 
 lindrical, branched, of a brownish grey, rough with buds ex- 
 panding into scales, terminating in cups, which are minute, 
 pervious, and proliferous ; apothecia clustered, brown. Ach. 
 Syn. p. 273. Eng. Bot. t. 2362. 
 
 On rocks in the mountains, near Dunkerron ; not uncommon. The 
 figure of English Botany is deficient of the proper scales of the thallus, 
 and gives only those that germinate from the buds on the podetia. 
 Those scales are sometimes one quarter of an inch in length, incised in 
 a pinnate manner, the lacinise linear; they are of a pale dull green above, 
 and white beneath. The podetia, where they are not covered with the 
 
Cenomyce.] LICHENES. 81 
 
 greyish white powder constituting the buds, are of a brownish flesh- 
 colour, longitudinally striated, often widely split, and usually perforated 
 at the axillae of the branches. The apothecia are convex, dimpled on 
 the centre. 
 
 7. C. cervicornis, ACH. Thallus erect, fastigiate, the scales 
 branched into lineari-oblong, somewhat crenate, laciniee ; po- 
 detia from the disk, dilated and branched above, their margins 
 at length proliferous ; apothecia minute, marginal, sessile. 
 Ach. Lick. Un.p. 531. Eng. Bot. t. 2574. 
 
 On rocks ; near Dunkerron ; common. This species grows re- 
 markably tufted, and, contrary to what is usual in the genus, the 
 organs of vegetation bear a great proportion to those of reproduction 
 as to size. The apothecia tinge the portions of the thallus that sup- 
 port them of a reddish-brown colour, but they are themselves almost 
 black ; they have occasionally an elevated margin to the disk, not obli- 
 terated by the application of moisture. On the cups a glaucous grey 
 powder, constituting the buds, expands into greyish round scales, 
 eventually becoming thallus. 
 
 8. C. coccifera, ACH. Scales of the thallus minute, imbri- 
 cated ; podetia cylindraceo-obconical, wide above, mealy, some- 
 times proliferous ; apothecia conglomerated or confluent. Acli. 
 L. Un. p. 537, and C. pyxidata. p. 534. Eng. Bot, t. 2051 and 
 t 1393. 
 
 On heaths common, Mr. Templeton. Acharius himself, in page 
 534, allows that his C. pyxidata differs from his own C. coccifera 
 only by the colour of the podetia and of the apothecia. Mr. Templeton 
 found the dark apothecia upon sulphur coloured podetia in specimens 
 collected near Belfast. I have observed, apparently on the same tuft, 
 in our Kerry mountains, the apothecia to vary from bright scarlet to 
 dark purplish-brown. I am not aware how the two species, as given 
 by authors, are to be kept distinct. 
 
 9. C. fimbriatOt ACH. Thallus of soft foliaceous scales ; 
 podetia from a narrow base dilated into a wide, campanulate, 
 impervious cup, with minute acute teeth, sterile, or with minute 
 dark brown apothecia. Ach. Syn. p. 254. JEng. Bot. 2438. 
 
 On the sides of ditches ; common. Mr. Templeton. 
 
 10. C. radiata, ACH. Thallus with minute, imbricated 
 scales ; podetia elongato-cylindraceous, taper, expanding above 
 into cups, which are irregularly radiated into simple (sometimes 
 subdivided) acuminate shoots, or into very short processes, 
 bearing minute rotundate brownish apothecia. Ach. Lich. Un. 
 p. 547. Eng. Bot. t. 1835. 
 
 On Aghalee bog, near Lough Neagh, Mr. Templeton. Mr. Tem- 
 pleton alone has observed this species in Ireland. 
 
 11. C. cornuta, ACH. Thallus with laciniated and crenate 
 scales ; podetia, the barren subulate, the fertile cylindraceous, 
 narrower above, tipped with minute scarlet or brownish apo- 
 thecia. Ach. L. Un. p. 545. Eng. Bot. t. 1836. 
 
 K 
 
82 LICHENES. Cenomyct. 
 
 On dry banks j not uncommon. A variety grows in Pigeon Island, 
 in the river Kenmare, tufted ; the lower parts of the podetia and 
 scales of the thallus of a tawny colour ; the cylindrical portions of the 
 podetia about one-fourth of an inch only in height, and covered 
 throughout with buds, expanding into thallodal scales of a greenish 
 grey colour. Mr. Templeton, on the contrary, has found at Bally- 
 gowan bogr, near Belfast, the var. y. proboscidalis of Ach. L. Un. 
 which is at least five times as great in all its parts. 
 
 12. C. gracilis, ACH. Scales of the thallus minute; podetia 
 elongato-cylindraceous, slender, suddenly expanding at the top 
 into toothed cups, bearing minute brown apothecia. C. ecmo- 
 cynct) var. <y. gracilis Ach. L. Un. p. 550. Eng. JBot. t. 1284. 
 
 At Kilranelagh, County of Wicklow, Dr. Whitley Stokes. The 
 podetia are brownish, smooth to the naked eye, yet having buds on 
 the surface, which sometimes expand into a thallodal scale here and 
 there. 
 
 13. C. filiformis. Thallus with minute, imbricated, suberect, 
 divided, and crenate scales ; podetia elongated, filiform, simple, 
 scaly, scarcely dilated at the top, bearing minute scarlet apo- 
 thecia. Lichen Jiliformis, Huds. Fl. Ang. p. 552. Eng. JBot. t. 
 2028. Cenomyce bacillaris Ach. Syn. p. 266. 
 
 On the mountains, near Dunkerron ; common. In all the foreign 
 specimens I have seen, the colour was (I suppose through age) of a 
 dark brown. 
 
 14. C. bellidiflora, ACH. Scales of the thallus scarcely any; 
 podetia thick, elongated, cylindraceous, rough with buds ex- 
 panding into thallodal scales, which are thickly set, laciniated, 
 and crenate, scarcely dilated above into cups ; apothecia convex, 
 conglomerate, confluent. Ach. Syn. p. 270. E. Bot. t. 1894. 
 
 Near Belfast, on the mountains ; Mr. Templeton. The buds at 
 first swell into pale greenish-grey globules, which presently expand 
 into thallodal scales. The colour of the apothecia is described by 
 authors as scarlet, but in Mr. Templeton's specimens they are of a 
 dark purplish-brown, proving, with what has been observed of other 
 foregoing species, that the brightness of the colour of the apothecia is 
 little to be depended on in this genus as a discriminating mark. 
 
 c. Thallus subcrustaceous. 
 
 15. C. Papillaria, ACH. Thallus subcrustaceous, uniform, 
 granulated, greyish ; podetia erect, the young ventricose, 
 simple, smooth, the older branched, all of them white ; apo- 
 thecia globose, brown. Ach. Lick. U. p. 571. Dillen. t. 16, f. 
 
 28. 
 
 On heaths, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; common in the South of 
 Ireland. 
 
Slereocaulon.] LICHENES. 83 
 
 * * * Apothecia on the sublinear branches of a suberect thallus. 
 f Apothecia internally pulverulent. 
 
 6. SPH^SROPHORON. Ach. 
 
 Thallus crustaceo-cartilaginous, branched, suberect, solid. 
 Apothecia subglobose, terminal, exteriorly formed of the 
 thallus, enclosing a black powdery mass, bursting with a torn 
 margin. 
 
 1. S. coralloides* ACH. Thallus cartilaginous, shrub-like; 
 apothecia when young globose. Ach. L. Un. p. 585. Eng. Bot. 
 t. 115. ft. fragile ; thallus densely csespitose, branches short, 
 naked. Ach. L. 17. p. 585. Eng. Bot. t. 2474. 7. compressum; 
 thallus compressed ; old apothecia flat. Ach. L. Un. p. 586. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 1541, 
 
 On rocks in the mountains ; common. The variety <y. at first ap- 
 pears to be distinct, but I have found the flattened apothecia with a 
 subreflexed border upon a thallus quite cylindrical, supposed peculiar 
 to the two first. There is a state of this species deserving of notice, 
 with the thallus very short, white, caespitose, with the erect branches 
 tipped with roundish, shining, greenish-dun coloured bodies, less in 
 diameter than the branches, which open, at length, on their sum- 
 mits, turn black, and emit, on pressure, a semitransparent mass of 
 aggregate points. 
 
 f f Apothecia interiorly solid. 
 1 . Apothecia turbinate, at length globose. 
 
 7, STEREOCAULON, Ach. 
 
 Thallus dense, nearly woody, branched, and shrub-like, or 
 crustaceous. Apothecia stalked, turbinate, solid, marginate, 
 at first plane, at length hemispherico-globose, theirjnargin 
 evanescent. 
 
 1. S. paschale, ACH. Thallus greyish, branched, granulato- 
 fibrillose, the branches crowded and much divided ; apothecia 
 scattered and terminal, at length convex, conglomerate, waved, 
 blackish-brown. Ach. L. Un. p. 581. Eng. Bot. t. 282. 
 
 On rocks in the mountains ; common. A dwarf variety occurs at 
 Blackwater, County of Kerry, which answers to the characters of S. 
 botryosum, Ach. 
 
 2. S. Cereolus, ACH. METH. Thallus tartareous, in clustered, 
 convex, sublobate, rugged, greyish-white warts, on a brownish 
 substratum. Podetia short, of the substance of the substratum, 
 covered with thallodal granules. Apothecia black, very convex, 
 somewhat shining. Ach. Meth.p. 316, t. 7,/. 1. L. Un. p. 582. 
 Borrer in Eng, Bot. Supp. t. 2667. 
 
 On rocks, near Dunkerron. The substratum, where thickest, is 
 cracked ; it sometimes rises in blackish-brown subrotund masses above 
 
81 LICHENES. 
 
 [Ramalina. 
 
 the thallus : these are not to be confounded with young apothecia, 
 which have a more polished surface. The disk is rather thick, opaque, 
 and black ; the lamina proligera of a horny transparency, very pale, 
 brown, striated. The sooty brown warts observable among the scales 
 of the thallus being many times in diameter that of the full grown 
 apothecia, their rugged surface, and, above all, their internal structure, 
 show their functions to be different. The stipes is sometimes branched ; 
 and the apothecia occasionally so minute as to be scarcely distinguish- 
 able by the naked eye. 
 
 2. Apothecia discoid. 
 
 a. Thalhs camjtressed. 
 
 8. EVERNIA. Ach. 
 
 Tka'lus cartilagineo-subcrustaceous, branched and laciniated, 
 or compressed and subangulate, densely fibrous within. Apo- 
 thecia orbiculate, with an inflexed, thallodal border, the disk 
 concave, coloured. 
 
 1. E. prunastri, ACH. Thallus suberect, brownish-grey, 
 much branched ; the laciniee plane, linearf-attenuate, rugoso- 
 lacunose ; apothecia marginal, concave, their disk of a bright 
 brown, their border slender, inflexed, "almost entire. Ach. L. 
 Un. p. 442. Eng. Bot. t. 859. 
 
 On trees ; near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; near Bantry, Miss Hut- 
 chins ; near Killarney, Mr. G. S. Gough. The buds are marginal 
 circular eruptions of the thallus, pouring out a greyish glaucous 
 powder ; such may also be observed exteriorly on the border of the 
 apothecia. 
 
 9. RAMALINA. Ach. 
 
 Thallus cartilaginous, branched and laciniated, compactly cot- 
 tony within ; apothecia orbiculate, bordered, the disk as well 
 as the border of the substance of the thallus, and of one 
 colour. 
 
 1. R. fraxinea, ACH. Thallus flat, rugoso-lacunose, of a 
 whitish-grey, glabrous on both sides, the segments lineari-lan- 
 ceolate, attenuated; apothecia large, submarginal, plane, of a pale 
 brownish-flesh colour. Mi. L. Un. p. 602. Eng. Bot. .1781. 
 
 At the Hill of Howth, Mr. Templeton ; not uncommon in Kerry. 
 Mr. Templeton found a state in which the marginal buds were expand- 
 ing into new fronds. The buds are oblong, often confluent eruptions 
 of the thallus emitting a grey powder. 
 
 2. R. potymorpha, ACH. Thallus compressed or taper, laci- 
 niato ramose, of a pale ash colour, longitudinally lacunose; buds 
 scattered or terminal, subelliptical ; apothecia submarginal and 
 terminal, at length convex and dark brown. Ach. L. Un. p. 600. 
 Hooker Brit. Flor. part. 5, p. 2'24. 
 
 Near Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. Mr. Templeton's plant is linear 
 
Usnea.] LICHENES. 85 
 
 in all its branches, without any appearance of buds or soredia, and 
 the apothecia when aged remarkably convex, wrinkled, and of a pur- 
 plish-brown. 
 
 3. R. fastigiata, ACH. Tliallus erect, somewhat compressed, 
 smooth, laeunose, whitish-glaucous, the branches thickened up- 
 wards, fastigiate ; apothecia terminal, sessile, at length plane or 
 convex. Ach. L. Un. p. 603. Eng. Bot. t. 890. 
 
 On trunks of trees ; frequent. On stones at the sea-side, Derriquin, 
 County of Kerry. The variety termed calicaris by Hudson has the 
 branches linear and acuminate, bearing sometimes short spur-like 
 lacinice. 
 
 4. R. scopulorum, ACH. Thallus compressed greenish-white, 
 or greyish-brown, somewhat polished, sublacunose, the branches 
 linear attenuated ; apofhecia scattered, sessile. Ach. L. Un. p. 604, 
 E. Bot. t. 688. 
 
 On maritime rocks near Howth ; Mr. Templeton. Our Irish plant 
 differs from that collected by Dr. Greville, in the Isle of Bute, with 
 which he has obliged me, by the broader thallus, which is more brown, 
 and, when aged, rough with oblong pale buds, that have each a pit 
 on their summits, scattered over the surface ; the disk, too, is less 
 coloured. 
 
 5. R, farinacea, ACH. Thallus erect, pale glaucous-grey, 
 subcompressed, sublacunose, the buds (soredia) round, margi- 
 nated by the thallus ; the branches attenuated ; apothecia scat- 
 tered, on short stalks, of a pale buff. Ach. L. Un. p. 606. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 889. 
 
 On trees ; near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. A variety occurs at Dun- 
 kerron, with the disk quite concolorous with the thallus, without any 
 shade of the buff colour. The segments of fertile fronds are wider 
 than the others. 
 
 6. R. pollinaria, ACH. Thallus submembranaceous, smooth, 
 pitted, greenish-grey, branched, laciniated, buds (or soredia ) 
 roundish, marginate, or elongate and marginal, consisting of a 
 grey ish- glaucous powder ; apothecia nearly terminal, at length 
 dilated and margined. Ack.L. Un.p. 608. Eng. Bot. t. 1607. 
 
 On trees ; near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. 
 
 b. Thallus cylindrical. 
 10. USNEA, Ack. 
 
 Thallus cartilagineo-crustaceous, cylindrical, hollow, enclosing 
 a central thread. Apothecia orbiculate, entirely formed of the 
 thallus, and of the same colour. 
 
 The central thread is tougher than the enclosing cylindrical thallus ; 
 this, cracking transversely into elongated beads, sometimes gives 
 origin to an articulate variety. The buds (or soredia) arise on the 
 stem and main branches as minute white points, enlarge, break at the 
 top, and disclose a cancellated base ; the cells contain a powder which 
 developes young acuminate cylindrical shoots. The accident of more 
 
86 LICHENES. [Cornicularia. 
 
 expansion of the buds on one plant above another, even in the same 
 tuft, sometimes yields a closely pinnate appearance, giving origin to 
 another variety. When growing pendulous, the branches are more lax 
 and elongated, and the ultimate divisions capillaceous, which is a source 
 of another variation. 
 
 1. U. plicata, ACH. Thallus pendulous, smooth, pale ; the 
 branches loose, much divided, subfibrillose, the ultimate ones 
 capillaceous ; apothecia plane, broad, ciliated ; the cilia slender 
 and very long. Ach. L. Un. p. 622. Eng. Hot. t. 257. /3. hirta ; 
 nearly erect, scabrous with buds. Ach. L. Un U. plicata, . hirta, 
 p. 623. Eng. Bot. t. 1354. 7. barbata; thallus articulate. Ach. 
 L. Un.p. 624. Eng. Bot. t. 258, /. 2. . florida ; thallus nearly 
 erect, horizontally and closely pinnate. Ach. L. Un. p. 620. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 872. 
 
 On aged trees and bushes ; also on rocks. Mr. Templeton 
 found S. near Belfast ; <y. grows on the sand hills at Portmaruock, 
 near Dublin ; the others are common. 
 
 11. ALECTORIA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus cartilaginous, the branches subfiliform, subfistulose, 
 cottony within. Apothecia orbiculate, thick, marginate, at 
 length convex and losing the border, entirely formed of the 
 thallus, and of the same colour. 
 
 1. A. jubata, ACH. Thallus tufted, pendulous, much 
 branched, olive-brown, shining. Apothecia of the same colour 
 as the thallus, at length convex, the margin entire. Ach. L. 
 Un.p. 592. Eng. Bot. t. 1880. 
 
 On rocks at Knockcurris, in Innishowen, Mr. Robert Brown. At 
 Lough Bray and the Killiney Hills. I quote the apothecia from 
 Acharius, having never seen them. The buds are remarkable for 
 their size, being wider than the stems ; they contain a glaucous 
 powder. 
 
 12. CORNICULARIA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus cartilaginous, branched, nearly solid; cottony within. 
 Apothecia orbiculate, obliquely peltate, entirely formed of the 
 substance of the thallus, and of the same colour. 
 
 1. C. tristis, ACH. Thallus branched, nearly erect, shining, 
 compressed, rough on the edges with blackish buds ; branches 
 fastigiate ; Apothecia flattish, deep-brown, the margin rough 
 with buds. Ach. L. Un. p. 610. Eng. Bot. t. 720. 
 
 On the higher mountains ; not uncommon. Tufts half an inch 
 high, very rigid. The degree of expansion of the buds gives the 
 apothecia more or less of a radiate appearance at the margin. 
 
 2. C. aculeata, ACH. Thallus tufted, rigid, of a dark ches- 
 nut colour, much branched, compressed, lacunose at the angles, 
 the branches flexuose, divaricated, spinulose at the ends; apothecia 
 
Vermcaria.] LICHENES. 87 
 
 reddish-brown, the margin prickly, subreflexed. Ach. L. Un. 
 p. 612. Eng. Bot. t. 452. 
 
 Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. On the mountains in the South ; 
 common. 
 
 3. C. lanata, ACH. Thallus decumbent, tufted, brownish- 
 black, shining ; the branches slender, flexuose, round : apothecia 
 reddish-brown. Ach. L. Un. p. 615. Eng. Bot. t. 846. 
 
 Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. On the mountains in the South ; 
 common. The apothecia have not yet been found in Ireland. 
 
 13. VERRUCARIA, Persoon. 
 
 Thallus crustaceous, or cartilagineo-membranaceous, uniform. 
 Apothecia subglobose, partly immersed, of a different colour 
 and substance from the thallus, enclosing a nucleus, the apex 
 papillose, usually perforated. 
 
 The limits between this genus and Endocarpon are not very strict ; 
 still the freedom beneath of the margins of the lobes seems to present 
 a natural character to the latter. 
 
 1. V. nitida, SCHRAD. Thallus cartilaginous, continuous, 
 smooth, pale, brown, somewhat pellucid, with minute pale ele- 
 vations of the cuticle, swelling about the apothecia; apothe- 
 cia thickly set, globose, half immersed, black. Schrad. Journ. 
 for 1801, Fasc. 1, p. 79, Borrer in Eng. Bot. Sitpp. t. 2607, /. 1. 
 
 On the bark of trees ; common. The pale dots or elevations of the 
 cuticle are sometimes, though rarely, wanting. The crust is apt to be 
 thickened towards the edges, forming a kind of border. The surface 
 has a greasy appearance. The perithecium passes under the nucleus. 
 
 2. V. dermatodes, BORR. Thallus filmy or cartilaginous, 
 continuous, smooth, shining, white slightly suffused with red, 
 swelling about the apothecia; apothecia hemispherical, black, 
 half immersed. Borrer in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2607, f. 2. 
 
 Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. On holly especially, also on oak at 
 Askew wood, near Sneem. In contact with other lichens it throws 
 out a dark brown limit to the thallus. The perithecium is deficient 
 below the nucleus. The apothecia are not half the size of those of 
 the preceding : the thallus shining and without any pale dots strewed 
 over the surface. Hitherto, this species is limited to the South of 
 Ireland. 
 
 3. V. conferta. Thallus between powdery and tartareous, 
 black, very thin, not limited ; apothecia crowded, large, black, 
 rough, bursting up from under the cuticle of the bark of the 
 tree on which it grows. 
 
 On birch, at Askew Wood ; County of Kerry. The size of the 
 apothecia rivals that of V. nitida ; the patch is often much larger. 
 It has the habit of certain fungi, that commence existence under the 
 cuticle of the bark ; hence, that which to a casual observer might 
 appear a white filmy thallus, is nothing more than the cuticle of the 
 tree ; from under it the apothecia burst out of splits, the cuticle peels 
 
88 LICHENES. [Verrucaria. 
 
 off, and at length exposes the dark brown or black thallus, of the same 
 colour as the apothecia. These have a minute opening on their sum- 
 mits. The perithecium is deficient below the nucleus* The nucleus 
 when moist is pale, semitransparent, and gelatinous ; and contains im- 
 bedded in its substance several terete, lanceolate cellules, nearly opaque, 
 and darker than in any of the congeners. 
 
 4. V. cinerea, PERS. Thallus grey, brownish or olive, mem- 
 branaceous, smooth, continuous, or broken into minute scales ; 
 apothecia subhemispherical, raising up the thallus at their base, 
 black, minute. V. cinerea, Persoon in Ust. Ann Fasc. 7, p. 28, 
 t. 3, f. 6. A. according to Acharius, Lich. Un. p. 276, under V. 
 stigmatella; Eng. Bot. t. J891. 
 
 On the smooth bark of ash, &c. at Dromore, County of Kerry. A 
 variety on holly at Askew Wood has the thallus of a tawny peach- 
 blossom colour, and the apothecia, of very different sizes, scattered 
 rather thinly. The perithecium is deficient below the nucleus, al- 
 though the contrary seems represented in English Botany. This 
 species varies by the colour of the thallus, by the size of the apothecia, 
 even on the same patches, by their greater or less aggregation, by 
 their summits being sometimes imperforated, and at others the pores 
 being very wide, by the surface of the apothecia being polished or 
 wrinkled. Specimens occur in our woods so intermediate between this 
 species and V. epidermidis, AcJi. that I know not to which they 
 should be referred. To V. epidermidis, AcJi. Mr. Borrer unites V. 
 analepta of the same author ; to which again Acharius joined V. 
 olivacea of Persoon. Between this last and V. rhyponta, Ach. Mr. 
 Borrer observes that Mr. Lyell had discovered a Verrucaria nearly in- 
 termediate both as to thallus and apothecia. Acharius distinguishes 
 V. punctiformis, Pers. from his own V. analepta, principally by its 
 globose nucleus ; a character, however, which he informs us, in the 
 same page of his Lich. Universalis, to be of little importance : Sir 
 James Smith relied more on the widely umbilicated appearance of the 
 apothecia not noticed by Acharius ; but then he states in Eng. Bot. 
 that he thought he could trace the various appearances of Acharius's 
 own specimens of V. punctiformis to his own V. analepta. I own 
 that, of the four following numbers, I am unable to say whether they 
 are good species or not. I give the specific characters of authors. 
 
 5. V. epidermidis, ACH. Thallus very thin spreading, cream- 
 coloured ; apothecia black, very minute, roundish, convex, 
 the circumference depressed, with an hemispherical point in the 
 centre. Ach. Syn. p. 89. Hooker Eng.Flor. vol. 5, p. 149. /3. 
 analepta ; thallus olive-coloured inclining to coppery ; apothecia 
 elevated, hemispherical, scattered, black, with a central dot. 
 F. analepta, Ach. Syn. p. 88. Hook Eng, Flor. v. 5, p. 149. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 1848. 
 
 On birch, near Bantry, Miss Hutehins. Near Belfast, Mr. Tern- 
 pleton ; both a and . 
 
 6. V. punctiformis, PERS. Thallus determinate, very thin, 
 smooth, continuous, rusty-brown ; opothecia very minute, black, 
 hemispherical, umbilicated. Ach. Syn.p. 87. Hook. Eng.Flor. 
 vol. 5, p. 150. Eng. Bot. t. 2412. 
 
Verrucaria.] LICHENES. 89 
 
 On oaks, at Dromore, County of Kerry. 
 
 7. V. olivacea, PERS. Thallus determinate, filmy, continuous, 
 or slightly cracked, roughish, olive-black ; apothecia prominent, 
 hemispherical or somewhat conical, black, slightly rugose, the 
 thallus rising about their base or investing the whole surface. 
 
 Borr. . Pers. in Ust. Ann. Fasc. 7, p. 28. Eng. Bot. Supp. 
 
 t. 2596, /. 1. 
 
 Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; on oaks at Dromore, County of 
 Kerry. Elms, at Dunkerron. 
 
 8. V. rhyponta, ACH. Thallus roundish, filmy, continuous, 
 roughish, as if minutely flocculose, black ; apothecia very mi- 
 nute, prominent, hemispherical, black. Borr. . Ach. Syn. p. 89. 
 Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2597, /. 2. 
 
 On alder at Dunkerron, County of Kerry. 
 
 9. V. gemmata, ACH. Thallus indeterminate, white, between 
 powdery and filmy, thin, nearly continuous, nearly smooth ; 
 apothecia large, prominent, hemispherical, scattered, naked or 
 invested with a thin film. Ach. Lick. Un. p. 278. Eng. Bot. 
 Supp. t. 2617, /. 2. 
 
 On ash at Dunkerron ; County of Kerry ; near Belfast, Mr. Tem- 
 pleton. The perithecium is deficient below the nucleus. A large and 
 conspicuous species and by no means uncommon. 
 
 10. V. biformiS) BORR. Thallus indeterminate, filmy, conti- 
 nuous, or sparingly cracked, slightly rugose, smooth, or 
 somewhat powdery, greyish-white. Apothecia small, prominent, 
 hemispherical, pruinose or naked. Borr. in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 
 2617, /. 1. 
 
 Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. On oaks at Dromore, on box at 
 Ardtully ; not uncommon. Thallus usually indeterminate, yet, in con- 
 tact with the thallus of other lichens or of itself, throwing up a black 
 border sometimes in a continuous line, at others of minute dark points 
 arranged closely in lines. The patches seldom exceed an inch in 
 breadth, but are often longer. Apothecia numerous, distinctly visible 
 to the naked eye, subglobose, elevated, minutely umbilicated, brownish- 
 black, somewhat rough, the young raising up the cuticle of the thallus, 
 through which they finally burst, the older often open by rupture or by 
 widening of the umbilicus. The perithecium passes under the base of 
 the nucleus. The V. niveo-atra Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2637, f. 1. I 
 find on old elms at Dunkerron, but then the perfect lirellcB of an Ope- 
 grapha uniformly accompany it. 
 
 11. V. byssacea, ACH. Thallus very thin, whitish, filmy, of 
 minute roundish cells, continuous ; apothecia minute, globose, 
 rough, half-immersed, pertused or entire, naked. Mi. Lich. 
 Un. p. 294. 
 
 On elms at Ardtully, on oaks at Dromore, County of Kerry. The 
 cells of the thallus appear to be formed of fibres at the surface, inter- 
 lacing or netted. The border is evanescent. The apothecia very mi- 
 nute, not to be distinctly seen at the distance of an arm's length, some- 
 
 L 
 
90 LICHENES. [Verrucaria. 
 
 what rugose, occasionally with a depressed opening on the summit, of 
 different sizes, the older falling off and removing a portion of the film 
 of the thallus with them. Acharius says, the minuteness of the apo- 
 thecia prevented his detecting the nature of the nucleus, but that all 
 appeared to him black within. However, the nucleus is pale, whitish, 
 semitransparent, greatly swelling by moisture, consisting of numerous 
 upright filaments with granular matter interposed ; the perithecium 
 passes under the nucleus. 
 
 12. V. lencocephala, ACH. Thallus filmy, somewhat powdery 
 on the surface, very thin, grey, investing ; apothecia prominent, 
 subcylindrical, brownish-black, when young crowned with a 
 white powder consisting of gonyyli, when old naked. Adi. Lich. 
 Un. p. 286. Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2642, /. 2. 
 
 On bark of aged trees, near Killarney ; on moss in the shaded cre- 
 vice of a rock at Carig mountain, County of Kerry. What the cha- 
 racters of the Cyphelium of Acharius are, I am not aware, having no 
 opportunity of consulting the Stockholm Transactions for 1817 ; but 
 of the propriety of removing this species out of the genus Verrucaria, 
 I think, there can be little doubt. I can find no nucleus, but from the 
 aperture on their summits the apothecia discharge a cloud of simple 
 diaphanous cylindrical bodies whose length is about four times their 
 breadth ; their collection on and outside of the apothecia has a pale 
 flesh colour. 
 
 13. V. rupestris, SCHRAD. Thallus whitish, continuous, thin, 
 arenaceo-scabrid, with a limit of a cream colour ; apothecia 
 numerous, small, immersed, aperture marginate, smooth, entire, 
 at length wide. Schrad. Spicilcg. p. 109, t. 2, f. 7, according 
 to Acharius in Lich. Un. p. 284. Eng. Bot. t. 1711, the figure not 
 good. 
 
 On limestone at Dunkerron ; common. The thallus is whiter, 
 thicker, the apothecia are larger and less thickly set than in the suc- 
 ceeding. When the thallus is moistened it assumes a greenish tinge 
 which under the lens is seen to arise from a number of green points 
 thus made visible. The apothecia are rather loose in their respective 
 cells, and their black perithecium borrows a thin covering from the 
 thallus that closely invests it. 
 
 14. V. immersa, HOFFM. Thallus greyish-white, continuous, 
 thin, pulverulento-scabrid, with a black limit ; apothecia nu- 
 merous, immersed, thickly set, minute, their aperture immar- 
 ginate, rough, cracked. Hoffm. PL Lich. t. 12, f. 2 4. 
 
 On limestone, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; at Dunkerron com- 
 mon. In this, as in the preceding, the perithecium passes under the 
 nucleus. The apothecia are more minute, more rough, somewhat split 
 on their summits, and fit the cavities of the thallus less loosely. The 
 thallus is less rough, less white, and scarcely alters its hue by the ap- 
 plication of moisture. On meeting other lichens it throws up a black 
 border. 
 
 15. V. concinna, BORR. Thallus determinate, very thin, 
 tartareous, continuous, even, grey, somewhat pruinose ; 
 apothecia of a middle size, prominent, hemispherical, umbi- 
 licate, black. Borr. in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2623, / 1 . 
 
rmicar.] LICHENES. 91 
 
 On limestone, near Killarney ; Sir T. Gage. This is given in the 
 words and on the authority of Mr- Borrer. I have never seen it. 
 
 16. V. elceina, BORR. Thallus thin, investing, tartareous, 
 somewhat cracked about the apothecia, smooth, slightly tumid 
 about the bases of the apothecia, very slightly greenish-grey 
 when dry, greenish -olive when moist, with a thin, pale, cream- 
 coloured border ; apothecia small, nearly immersed, black, sub- 
 hemispherical, with a wide pore. Borr. under Eng. Bat. t. 2623, 
 
 / 2. Eng. Bot. t. 2455. 
 
 Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; near Bantry, Miss Hutchins ; at 
 Blackwater Bridge, County of Kerry. The change of colour by ap- 
 plication of moisture is very remarkable. It often forms patches of a 
 foot in breadth, the thallus closely investing the stone. 
 
 17. V. lavata, ACH. Thallus thin, tartareous, cracked, even, 
 dusky grey or brownish, with a thin black substratum ; apo- 
 thecia small, partially emerging, subhemispherical, irregular, 
 rough, black. Ach. Lich. Un. p. 284. Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2623, 
 /. 2. 
 
 On siliceous rocks ; common in the County of Kerry. It is the first 
 lichen that plants itself on the clean newly fractured surfaces of the 
 siliceous rocks in the County of Kerry. It varies much in the colour 
 of the thallus. This is minutely cracked ; the cracks black. The 
 apothecia have their bases partially covered with the elevated thallus ; 
 they are irregular in shape, with or without a pore, conical or flattened, 
 sometimes imparting a black tinge to the thallus in contact, and are 
 somewhat rough on the surface. 
 
 18. V. plumbea, ACH. Thallus tartareous, minutely cracked, 
 uneven, lead coloured, with rather a swollen border, edged with 
 black ; apothecia immersed, globose, black. Adi. Lich. Un. p. 
 285. Eng. Bot. t. 2540. (the apothecia too large.) 
 
 On limestone, near Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. Dunkerron, Kerry. 
 The perithecium passes under the pale nucleus. It is sometimes 
 brownish or mouse-coloured. The apothecia are papillated or porous 
 on their tops, which emerge usually but little out of the thallus. 
 
 19. V. viridula, ACH. Thallus rimoso-areolate, uneven, of a 
 dusky green; apothecia half-immersed, black, rather smooth, 
 subglobose, with a pore on the summit, of a middle size. Ach. 
 Lich. Un. p. 675. 
 
 On sandstone, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. It does not appear 
 that any good figure of this species has been yet given, and never hav- 
 ing seen an authentic specimen, I think some doubts may be enter- 
 tained whether Mr. Templeton's plant above defined, should be re- 
 ferred to the Acharian, from the character of whose apothecia it re- 
 cedes in having the emerging part convex not conical. 
 
 20. V. muralis, ACH. Thallus indeterminate, thin, scattered, 
 between leprous and tartareous, pale grey ; apothecia promi- 
 nent, subglobose, rough, umbilicated. Ach. Lich. Un. p. 288. 
 Borr. in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2647, /. 2. 
 
92 LICHENES. [rerrucatia. 
 
 On the old walls of Dunkerron castle ; and on maritime rocks. 
 The perithecium passes under the nucleus. Apothecia when growing 
 on mortar usually partially immersed. The thallus sometimes evanes- 
 cent, yet like a whitish stain on the rock : the nucleus pale brown, 
 gelatinous when wet. The tops of the apothecia often shining, though 
 minutely wrinkled. 
 
 21. V. lithina, ACH. Thallus thin, tartareous, areolato-rugose, 
 greyish-green ; apothecia minute, partially immersed in the 
 elevated portions of the thallus on which each is placed, 
 brownish-black ; pore on their summits marginate, often wide. 
 Ach.Lich. Un.p. 287. 
 
 On shaded siliceous rocks at Derriquin, County of Kerry. The 
 thallus may be considered as divided into numerous, minute, tumid, 
 wrinkled tartareous scales, so closely joined that the surface seems 
 continuous, yet under the lens it appears areolate and the scales them- 
 selves are sometimes split ; greyish-green when dry, greener when 
 moist ; having a thin faint white border. Apothecia each on a proper 
 portion of the thallus, globoso-conical, umbilicate, evenly scattered, 
 very minute, yet distinct to the naked eye. Nucleus pale, gelatinous 
 when moist, and then protruding out of the pore. Perithecium pass- 
 ing under the nucleus. 
 
 22. V. epipolcea, ACH. Thallus indeterminate, leproso-tar- 
 tareous, thin, somewhat powdery, greyish-white ; apothecia 
 large, sessile, hemispherical, black, papillose or porous, some- 
 what pruinose. Ach. Lich. Un. p. 285. Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 
 2647, /. 3. 
 
 On limestone at Dunkerron ; common. The thallus usually suf- 
 fused with a reddish hue, slightly and minutely cracked, but when thin 
 continuous. Apothecia among the largest in this genus, often one- 
 fifteenth of an inch, roughish. Nucleus globose, minute, shrivelled 
 when dry, when moistened swelling, filling the cavity of the perithe- 
 cium, pale, hyaline ; contained in a proper, whitish, closely investing 
 tegument. The perithecium does not pass beneath the nucleus. The 
 apothecia slightly immersed beneath the surface. 
 
 23. V. Dufourii, DE CAND. Thallus determinate, subtarta- 
 reous, arenaceo-pulverulent on the surface, of a dusky greenish- 
 grey, continuous ; apothecia large, subsessile, hemispherical, 
 black, porous on the summit; nucleus with a proper black peri- 
 thecium. De Cand. Fl. Fr. ed. 2, v. 2, 318. Eng. Bot. t. 2791, 
 V. pyrenophora, Ach. L. Un. p. 285. 
 
 On limestone rocks, and on the walls of Dunkerron castle, County 
 of Kerry. Patch from one to six or seven inches in breadth, conspi- 
 cuous by the evenly scattered large apothecia. The thallus has a nar- 
 row dark brown or black limit, more evident in contact with other 
 lichens ; by moisture the surface becomes greener ; this arises from 
 (as seen by a lens) the parenchymatous green substance becoming 
 more visible among the minute greyish grains of the superior layer ; 
 when dry the surface appears harshly-powdery as if sanded ; beneath 
 the green layer is another more compact and white. Apothecia im- 
 mersed by about one-fourth of their entire height below the surface of 
 the thallus and penetrating slightly the limestone beneath ; having a 
 
Verrucaria.] 
 
 LICHENES. 93 
 
 very faint swelling of the thallus about their base ; hemispherical, with 
 a decided pore, and sometimes two or three pores on their summit, 
 rather rough, prominent, large as poppy seeds, sometimes larger. The 
 nucleus moistened is gelatinous, semitransparent, of a pale flesh-colour. 
 It is contained in a proper black tegument that completely envelopes 
 it; but quite distinct from the broader, thicker, hemispherical perithe- 
 cium, which is deficient below the nucleus. This structure shows our 
 species to be very different from V. epipolcea, Ach. with which alone 
 it can be confounded, and associated with which it is found often on the 
 same wall or rock : besides it has never a reddish suffusion of the crust 
 so common in the other ; but when we consider that the thallus is de- 
 terminate, scarcely cracked, and the remarkable pores of the apothecia, 
 there remains but little doubt. From V. rupestris Schrad. the promi- 
 nence of the apothecia, their internal structure, their comparatively 
 slight immersion, and darker colour of the thallus will keep ours 
 separate. 
 
 24. V. trackona, ACH. Thallus indeterminate, thin, between 
 pulverulent and tartareous, continuous or slightly cracked, grey- 
 ish-green ; apothecia small, prominent, nearly globose, pruinose, 
 at length deformed. Borr. Eng. Bot. Supp. . 2647,/. 1. Ach. 
 Lick. Un. p. 286. 
 
 On rocks, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. On rocks in Askew wood, 
 county of Kerry. I have given Mr. Borrer's specific character. There 
 are, as appears to me, two or three states of this lichen to which the 
 marks do not well apply. In one from Askew wood, the thallus is 
 more compact, and the apothecia larger, and more denuded, than re- 
 presented in Eng. Bot. In another in the same wood, and on similar 
 rocks, the thallus when moist appears to consist of very scattered 
 scales not forming a continuous surface, yet the apothecia are usually 
 quite covered with them, and appearing when dry as if varnished over. 
 In a third variety from Blackwater Bridge, the apothecia are so minute 
 as scarcely to be visible to the naked eye, while the thallus is more 
 pulverulent, and very like the figure in Eng. Bot. In the first of these 
 states the perithecium passes under the pale gelatinous globose, nucleus. 
 The thallus is sometimes brownish, the pruina of the apothecia ab- 
 sent. 
 
 25. V. maura, ACH. Thallus thin, tartareous, minutely crack- 
 ed, deep brownish-black ; apothecia minute, globose, nearly 
 immersed, porous or entire at their tops. Ach. Lich. Un, p. 
 291. Eng. Bot. t. 245G. 
 
 On maritime rocks of all kinds, common. Young thalli forming on 
 limestone are of a dark olive colour, and have a very distinct though 
 narrow whitish border. The perithecium passes beneath the nucleus, 
 which I do not find blackish as stated by Acharius but pale, of a horny 
 transparency, and gelatinous when moistened. 
 
 26. V. umbrina, ACH. Thallus scarcely determinate, thin, 
 tartareous, minutely cracked, of an olive-black; apothecia half 
 immersed, conico-convex, papillose or porous on the summit, 
 black. Ach. Lich. Un. p. 291. Eng. Bot. t. 1499. 
 
 On siliceous stones and rocks in the Dargle River. Acharius de- 
 fines the nucleus to be " cinereo-nigri cans," or blackish-grey, but in 
 
94 LICHENES. [Verrucaria. 
 
 our specimens the nucleus itself is pale, semitransparent, and gelati- 
 nous when moist, yet it is not readily discoverable, being enveloped in 
 a black crust. A variety on walls and on limestone at Dunkerron has 
 the thallus compact, and the apothecia oftener conical ; which, I sup- 
 pose, is the 0. nigrescens of Acharius, and V. nigrescens of Eng. 
 Flor* v. 5, /?, 155. 
 
 27. V. acrotella, ACH. Thallus thin, dispersed, piano-gra- 
 nulate, of an olive-brown, sometimes nearly wanting ; apothecia 
 minute, at length thickly set, convex, papillose or porous on 
 the summit, roughish, black. Ack. Meth. Lich. p. 123. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 17J2, (the young state.) 
 
 On flints, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. On Carig mountain, 
 County of Kerry. Acharius, in his Lich. Univ. p. 293, appears to 
 have been imperfectly acquainted with this species, and hence has 
 made it a variety of the V. striatula of Wahlenberg, from whose 
 description of the thallus that of ours widely recedes : the nucleus is 
 whitish, semitransparent, and gelatinous when moist, and has no peri- 
 thecium passing under it. Mr. Templetori's specimens on flint have 
 the apothecia nearly twice as large as in the common appearance in our 
 mountains ; the apothecia, too, while destitute often of any thallus 
 adhering, yet have much black matter, similar to that of their perithe- 
 cium, around their bases. 
 
 28. V. polysticta, BORR. Thallus of. minute tartareous, very 
 thin, crowded, angular, even, whitish scales, upon a thick 
 rimose, black substratum ; apothecia minute, immersed, at length 
 slightly emerging, plano-convex above, the pore obsolete. 
 Borr. in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2741. 
 
 On the old walls of Dunkerron Castle. Our plant has the apo- 
 thecia more frequently dimpled ; in all other respects it entirely cor- 
 responds with Mr. Borrer's specimens. 
 
 29. V. rubiginosa. Thallus indeterminate, subtarareous, 
 very thin, smooth, slightly cracked, of a pale olive-grey, on a 
 black substratum ; apothecia very minute, hemispherical, the 
 thallus rising about their base, their tops depressed, with a wide 
 pore, of a rust colour. 
 
 On siliceous rocks at Blackwater, County of Kerry. The black 
 substratum is perceptible through the cracks of the thallus ; the cracks 
 are not continuous. The apothecia, not visible distinctly to the naked 
 eye, in many instances seem sessile on proper circular portions of the 
 thallus ; their pore is wide ; the nucleus pale, semitransparent, and 
 gelatinous when moist, beneath which the rust coloured perithecium 
 does not pass. This species has some affinity to Lecidea rupestris 
 in a young state, but the generic character is very different and very 
 distinct ; the thallus, too, is more even and smooth : besides, the 
 Lecidea is confined to calcareous rocks or mortar. 
 
 30. V. irrigua. Thallus indeterminate, when moist of a 
 greenish-grey or olive-brown, and subgelatinous, when dry very 
 slightly cracked, filmy towards the edges ; apothecia of a middle 
 size, thickly set, hemispherical, minutely papillose, pale-reddish, 
 pellucid when moist. 
 
LICHENES. 95 
 
 On siliceous rocks, occasionally inundated ; at the Dargle river, 
 County of Wicklow : faces of rocks over which water trickles at Carig 
 mountain, County of Kerry. Patches from 1 to 8 or 10 inches in 
 breadth. Thallus subtartareous, closely investing- the surface of the 
 rock, somewhat powdery on the surface when dry, slightly cracked 
 about the apothecia, swelling and becoming somewhat translu- 
 cent by moisture. Apothecia prominent, distinctly visible ; when dry, 
 appearing concolorous with the thallus ; when moistened, swelling, 
 translucent, pale-reddish, with a dark brown papillula on their sum- 
 mits, through the centre of which is a most minute pore. The peri- 
 thecium does not pass beneath the nucleus ; this is pale, gelatinous, 
 and semitransparent when moist, and exhibits a multitude of cylindra- 
 ceous vesicles fascicled together, and of different diameters, some being 
 apparently six or eight times that of others. This species seems to have ' 
 some, though but little, affinity with F. submersa. Borr. but the 
 colour and structure of the apothecia are widely different, however ap- 
 parent the similitude of their crusts. 
 
 81. V.Jissa. Thallus tartareous, indeterminate, thin, crack- 
 ed, uneven, of a tawny dark brown, the cracks black ; apothecia 
 rather large, hemispherical, dark brown, porous, smooth, each 
 on a raised portion of the thalius. 
 
 On large siliceous stones, occasionally inundated, in a stream at 
 Carig, County of Kerry. Thallus on being moistened becomes swell- 
 ed, of a dirty greenish-yellow colour, and somewhat gelatinous ; the 
 cracked portions resemble distinct scales, but the edges of the thallus 
 are entire, and, becoming thinner and thinner, are closely applied to 
 the subjacent surface. The thallus is sometimes stained here and there 
 blackish ; this, with the blackness of the splits, would lead to the sup- 
 position of a black substratum, but which is not to be traced more dis- 
 tinctly. Apothecia at first appear as minute black specks in the centres 
 of the areolce, pierced with a pore discoverable with a microscope : at 
 length the fertile areola swell, and form a base to each apothecium, 
 which is large as poppy seed, and has a blackish somewhat marginate 
 pore on the summit. The thallus rises very considerably about the 
 apothecia : a vertical section of the apothecia shows, under this 
 thallodal covering, a brownish perithecium, not passing beneath the 
 nucleus ; which, however, is enclosed in a transparent and colourless 
 tegument, and is itself of a pale green colour, gelatinous and hyaline. 
 This lichen has a strong affinity with the genus Endocarpon, but the 
 thallus is entirely crustaceous, not scaly. The appearances of the 
 dissected apothecia, the thicker and decidedly cracked thallus, keep 
 this species distinct from the two preceding, which likewise select 
 an aqueous situation. 
 
 32. V. gemmifera. Thallus determinate, tartareous, powdery 
 on the surface, of a bluish-grey, with a brownish-black limit, 
 areolate, edges of the circular (soredia or) buds whitish ; apo- 
 thecia minute, half immersed, rounded or conical above, shin- 
 ing, black, dimpled. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, Dunkerron Mountain ; not uncommon. By 
 moisture the thallus becomes greenish-grey : the fissures between the 
 areolcB are dark brown, as is the limit, which also is thicker than the 
 thallus ; hence, probably, there is a dark brown substratum : the sur- 
 
96 LICHENES. [Verrucaria. 
 
 face is rough with a coarse powder. The buds or soredia occur near 
 the edges of the thallus ; they are roundish, usually single, sometimes 
 confluent openings with a white border, and containing a greenish- 
 grey powder, darker than the hue jf the thallus ; they are also 
 sprinkled with a white pruina. Apothecia, when saturated with 
 moisture, just visible to the naked eye ; they are of different sizes, 
 more rugged and irregular towards the centre of the patch : their um- 
 bilicus is sometimes so wide as to cause them to assume the appear- 
 ance of patellulce. Nucleus pale, transparent, gelatinous when moist, 
 having points and elongated cellules dispersed through its substance, 
 and the black thick perithecium passing under it. In old age the 
 thallus sometimes is raised in serpentine ridges, with dark-brown or 
 blackish sinuses between. The very young thallus has a whitish sur- 
 face. The apothecia of Lecidea confluens are sometimes found on 
 the thallus. 
 
 33. V. epigcea, ACH. Thallus indeterminate, thin, gelatinous 
 when moist, cracked, the fissures with raised edges, of a very 
 pale yellowish-brown ; apothecia with a minute pore, globose, 
 immersed, black. Ach. L. Un. p. 295. Eng. Bot. t. 1681. 
 
 On the ground, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; at Killiney, near 
 Dublin. The thallus is nearly tartareous, somewhat raised about the 
 apothecia, and there of a deeper brown. The depression on the sur- 
 face of the apothecia, is the orifice of a short duct, (like the neck of a 
 bottle), to the globular perithecium which passes under the nucleus. 
 The apothecia swell remarkably when moist, and are large though con- 
 cealed in the thallus. Acharius says the apothecia are black within ; 
 but I find the nucleus pale, whitish, semitransparent, and swelling when 
 moistened. 
 
 34. V. obscura, BORR. Mss. Thallas cartilaginous or tarta- 
 reous, black-edged, undulated, olive-brown, smooth, cracked, 
 the areolce usually tumid ; apothecia deeply immersed, their tops 
 at length oval, elliptical or linear ; often crowded, or closely 
 arranged in slightly curved lines. Borr. Mss. Lichen obscurus, 
 Eng. Bot. t. ]752. 
 
 On the barks of old trees ; also on rocks near the shore at Derri- 
 quin, County of Kerry. This species does not come accurately under 
 any described genus, perhaps better under Verrucaria than any other, 
 yet the top of the apothecia sometimes resembles a patellula, and at 
 others a lirella ; but the nucleus, pale and gelatinous when wet, is 
 always deeply immersed in the thallus. 
 
 35. V. circumscripta. Thallus thin, tartareous, whitish-ash 
 coloured, unaltered when wet, pruinose, with minute linear ele- 
 vations towards the edges, at length minutely cracked, with an 
 olive-brown border; apothecia minute, immersed, pruinose, 
 mostly confluent in lines. 
 
 Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins ; on shaded rocks, County of Kerry. 
 The thallus is minutely cracked, principally about the centre ; the 
 border is somewhat silky. Patches seldom exceed one inch in dia- 
 meter, yet several contiguous individuals form a more extended map- 
 like appearance ; the thallus is interiorly of a greenish yellow. This 
 species is closely allied to the preceding, differing by the thallus, whose 
 
Verrncaria.] LICHENES. 97 
 
 surface is even, not broken up at any period into tumid warts, and is 
 pruinose even in a young state, while V. obscura appears pulverulent 
 only in old age, when the tough brownish cuticle has been worn away. 
 The pruirxose tops of the tubercles are likewise distinctive. Yet the 
 analogy is strong in the relative position and apparent confluence of 
 the tops of the apothecia. The nucleus seems destitute of a coat, is 
 oblong, pale brownish, semitransparent, gelatinous when wet, and 
 studded with minute points. The apothecia are placed upright, and 
 not inclined in various directions as in Porina. 
 
 36. V. peripherica. Thallus tartareous, finely pruinose, 
 white, rather thick, cracked in the centre, the border broad, 
 smooth, tinged with flesh colour ; apothecia, numerous, black, 
 globular, half immersed, occurring about the periphery. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, Carig Mountain, County of Kerry. The broad 
 white peripheries of imperfect circles sometimes three to four inches, 
 at others two to three feet in diameter, studded with minute, con- 
 trastedly black apothecia, render this species easy to be recognised. 
 The central portions are wanting to the thallus, or replaced by other 
 lichens, while the existence of the individual is continued as a slowly 
 increasing wave on the surface of the rock. Apothecia on the newer 
 parts of the thallus, perhaps less than poppy seeds in size, numerous, 
 not crowded, black, not shining, half emerging, globular, with a nipple 
 on the summit, which dropping, leaves a pore. Perithecium thick, 
 black, passing beneath the nucleus, which is globular, semitransparent, 
 pale brown, consisting of numerous cellules, among which are other 
 larger, longer, darker, slightly curved, transversely striated cells, con- 
 catenated into cylindrical bodies, attached to the base of the perithe- 
 ciurn. 
 
 37. V. nmbrosa. Thallus thin, subtartareous, brown or 
 olive, determinate with a black edge ; buds conspicuous in ele- 
 vated, minute, flattish collections of ochraceous granules; apo- 
 thecia black, rough, numerous, not crowded* 
 
 On shaded rocks. County of Kerry and elsewhere ; not uncommon. 
 The brick coloured buds or soredia, constantly present, at once denote 
 this species. The thallus swells with moisture ; it closely invests the 
 rock ; its surface is rather rough and uneven. The buds are dispersed 
 or irregularly crowded, and are not unlike the supposed apothecia of 
 Spiloma gregarium. The apothecia are roundish or oblong, flattish, 
 slightly sunk in the thallus, rough with irregular depressions above, as 
 if the surface were ruptured. The perithecium is coal black, rather 
 thick and hard ; beneath is an irregular rather shallow nucleus, slightly 
 brownish, transparent, gelatinous, containing elongated cellules as well 
 as some of a round form : this nucleus or lamina rests on a thick 
 black layer, or, perhaps, we may be justified in saying that the peri- 
 thecium passes beneath the nucleus. The apothecia are rare, in dif- 
 ferent specimens they vary much in size. 
 
 38. V. mottis. Thallus subtartareous, soft, powdery, or 
 minutely granulate, rusty brown, finely cracked into minuto 
 flat heaps ; indeterminate ; with a thin, black, substratum ; 
 apothecia very minute, numerous, irregularly aggregated, black, 
 not polished. 
 
 M 
 
8 LICHENES. [Endocarpon. 
 
 On rocks, on the summit of Carig, County of Kerry. To the naked 
 eye the apothecia are scarcely visible, and the thallus would seem 
 little more than an efflorescence of rust on the surface of the rock. 
 Viewed with a lens, on the nearly filmy thallus, minute flattish lighter 
 coloured elevations are observable ; the thallus is not altered by 
 moisture ; the substratum appears between the cracks and at the edges 
 of the thallus. The apothecia are immersed, somewhat rugose: the 
 perithecium passes beneath the nucleus, arid is entirely filled with it ; 
 yet the nucleus seems also enclosed in a proper hyaline slightly brown 
 tunic : it is globose, and consists of white transparent gelatine, in 
 which numerous opaque points or cells are observable under a high 
 power of the microscope. The thallus, cut into, exhibits a layer 
 of green parenchymatous matter beneath the brown surface. 
 
 39. V. erysiboda. Thallus subtartareous, very thin, uneven 
 with granulations, very minutely cracked, indeterminate, of a 
 pale rust colour; apothecia prominent, rather large, hemisphe- 
 rical, dark rusty brown when dry, pellucid and fiery brown 
 when wet ; pore minute ; perithecium deficient beneath the nu- 
 cleus. 
 
 On rocks, on the summit of Carig, County of Kerry. The moist- 
 ened thallus, when cut, presents a layer beneath the surface of a lively 
 yellowish-green colour : granulations distinct or confluent are not un- 
 usual towards the centre. The apothecia are easily distinguished by 
 the naked eye, of a duskier brown than the thallus : the perithecium 
 is thick, dark brown, pellucid when wet, not passing beneath the 
 nucleus ; its minute pore is apparent by transmitted light : the nucleus 
 is large, globose, and has a distinct pale tunic within the perithecium : 
 its lower half lies beneath the surface of the thallus ; it is semitrans- 
 parent, whitish, gelatinous, and contains a multitude of longitudinal 
 cells, placed side by side. The present species differs from V. rubigi- 
 nosa by the rusty hue of the surface, which, too, is cracked, by the 
 want of a substratum, by the larger apothecia, and by their minuter 
 pore. It selects dry situations, but V. rubiginosa where water 
 trickles. 
 
 14. ENDOCARPON, Hedw. 
 
 Thallus cartilaginous or foliacious, often lobed ; apothecia glo- 
 bose, enclosed in the thallus, with a marginated, dusky per- 
 foration at the apex, enclosing a nucleus. 
 
 The inferior edge of the thallus being free, i. e. not adherent, seems 
 to indicate a natural character to distinguish this from the preceding 
 genus ; however unsatisfactory, it is still less so than any difference in 
 the structure of the apothecia, on which, however, Acharius laid the 
 greatest stress. 
 
 1. E. miniatum, ACH. Thallus foliaceous, coriaceous, sub- 
 umbilicated, orbiculate, lobed, smooth beneath, olive grey or 
 greenish ; apothecia numerous, their pores minute. Ach. L.Un. 
 p. 301. a. umbilicatum ; nearly simple. Eng. Bot. t. 593. 
 p. complicatum, csespitose, polyphyllous, the lobes imbricated, 
 erect. E. complicatum, Ach. L. Un. p. 303. 7. aquaticum, 
 caespitose, polyphylious, the lobes imbricated, the middle con- 
 
Endocarpon.] LICHENES. 99 
 
 volute, the exterior spreading and cut. E. Weberi, Ach. L. 
 Un. p. 304. Eng. Bot. t. 594. 
 
 . on dry rocks ; /3. on rocks occasionally inundated or bedewed ; 
 7. usually on submersed stones. The two first varieties are common, 
 the third was found by Mr. Robert Brown, on Knockcurris, in Inni- 
 showen, according- to Mr. Templeton. The union of the three Acha- 
 rian species is adopted from Dr. Hooker, in his English Flora, vol. 5, 
 p. 156. In the first variety, the flesh coloured globular nucleus, con- 
 tained in a coat somewhat less transparent, is surmounted by a minute 
 convex, light brownish covering, (appearing on the surface of the 
 frond,) which is rather papillary than porous ; although when moist 
 an irregular opening may be observed. In the other varieties the 
 appearances on dissection are similar ; the tops of the apothecia, 
 however, are darker. 
 
 2. E. pusillum, HEDW. Thallus in minute, scattered, sub- 
 cartilaginous, flat, greenish-grey, rotundo-angulate and slightly 
 lobed scales, adhering by dense, pale fibres beneath ; apothecia 
 4, 5, or more, on each scale, the orifice porous, dark brown. 
 Hedw. St. Cr. v. 2, p. 56, t. 20, / A. Eng. Bot. t. 95. E. 
 Hedwigii, Ach. Lich. Un. p. 298. 
 
 On wet sides of ditches, at Dunkerron, County of Kerry. Scales 
 about one twentieth of an inch in diameter ; when dry almost white, 
 when moistened greenish-grey, or even of a lively green. Nucleus 
 pale, gelatinous, large in proportion to the size of the scale ; the orifice 
 of the apothecia, a pore with a brownish margin. 
 
 3. E. lachneum, ACH. Thallus in lobed and imbricated, 
 subcoriaceous, slightly-greenish brown scales, the margins ele- 
 vated and waved ; dark brown beneath ; apothecia numerous, 
 with convex, light brown tops. Ach. Lich. Un. p. 299. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 1698. E. squamulosum, Ach. L. Un. p. 299. 
 
 On rocks in mountain streams, at Carig mountain, County of Kerry. 
 The edges of the thallus are far more free and elevated than in the 
 preceding, the colour never becomes quite green by moisture, but still 
 retains much of its brown hue ; the thallus swells less when wet, and 
 the apothecia are more numerous. The nucleus is slightly of a flesh 
 colour, otherwise the structure of the apothecia is as in E. pusillum, 
 Hedw. 
 
 4. E. pallidum, ACH. Thallus foliaceous, somewhat imbri- 
 cated, lobed, crenate, pale greenish-grey, slightly spongy and 
 black beneath, the outermost lobes pale and naked on the under 
 
 side ; apothecia immersed, black. Smith. . Ach. L. Un. 
 
 p.Wl. Eng. Bot. t. 2541. 
 
 " On rocks thinly covered with earth, Ireland, Sir Thomas Gage.* 
 I have never seen an authentic specimen of this species ; it is here 
 given on the authority of Sir James E. Smith. 
 
 5. E. leptophyllum, ACH. Thallus cartilagineo-foliaceous, 
 roundish, of a dark-grey, the circumference spreading, flexuose, 
 smooth and blackish beneath ; apothecia numerous on each 
 
100 LICHENES. [Endocarpon. 
 
 scale, with dark brown orifices. Ach. Lick. Un>p. 302. Eng. 
 Bot.t. 2012, / 2. 
 
 On slate rock, near Ban try, Miss Hutchins. Thallus whitish-grey, 
 also dark-grey, turning brownish, especially about the orifices of the 
 apothecia when moist ; its scales thick, sometimes imbricated, some- 
 what ascending, and foliaceous ; in other specimens placed side by 
 side so closely and so flat as to resemble an areolate crust : be- 
 neath, the scales are dark brown or blackish, except at the very edges, 
 which are paler. Orifices of the apothecia without any depression, 
 (as occurs in E. pusillum.) dark brown : the nucleus colourless, hya- 
 line, in a tegument slightly opaque. The Irish plant described I sup- 
 pose to be that intended by Acharius. 
 
 6. E. rufo-virescens. Thallus of minute, flattish, often scat- 
 tered, roundish, pale yellowish-green scales, with whitish edges, 
 and white beneath ; apothecia usually solitary, their orifices 
 large, brownish, flat when dry. 
 
 On rocks, in the South of Ireland ; not uncommon. The thallus is 
 liable to vary in having the scales so closely set, as to appear like an 
 areolate crust with blackish cracks ; the edges of the scales are some- 
 times raised, subcrenate, and slightly flexuose : when moist the colour 
 is of a lively green, which, under the lens, appears contrasted with the 
 reddish-brown orifices of the apothecia ; these are large, often half as 
 wide as the scales on which they are set, and flattened as patellulas ; in 
 old age becoming dark brown. The nucleus is somewhat flattened, 
 transparent, and gelatinous, very slightly brownish ; but by moisture 
 it swells so as to show a convex surface on the scales ; it then much 
 resembles the patellula of certain Lecidece, having a brownish disk 
 and a striated colourless horny lamina proligera. Mr. Harrhnan's 
 specimens of E. smaragdulum, Ach. appear to me so nearly allied to 
 this species that I think it probable future observations may identify 
 them. At present, however, this last plant appears to have the apo- 
 thecia usually numerous on each scale ; the scales themselves more 
 lobed, and of a tawny colour, scarcely altered by moisture ; their sub- 
 stance thicker, their edges deflexed. 
 
 7. E. sulphureum. Thallus of minute, roundish or angu- 
 late, closely set, uneven, granulato-rugose sulphur coloured 
 scales, sometimes bursting out with sulphur coloured minute 
 buds ; apothecia numerous, with prominent, subglobose, pale 
 tops. 
 
 On rocks at Kilceanagh mountain, County of Kerry. A species by 
 no means rare in the South of Ireland, but the apothecia I have found 
 only in the locality named. In its commoner state it is covered over 
 with buds concolorous with the sulphur coloured thallus. The scales 
 are usually thickly set, uneven with tumid elevations, by mutual pres- 
 sure representing somewhat an areolate crust ; sometimes, however, 
 their lobed and slightly crenate margin is observable. The inferior 
 surface is nearly of the same colour as the superior. The apothecia, 
 though usually but one on each scale, are still numerous ; they are 
 globose, half immersed ; their perithecium, which does not pass under 
 the nucleus, hemispherical, paler than the thallus, with a pore on the 
 summit, through which the moistened hyaline gelatinous nucleus is 
 visible ; this under the lens is found to be quite globose, and not large 
 
Porina.} LICHENES. 101 
 
 as in the rest of the genus, but more of the proportionate size of that 
 of a Verrucaria, under which, perhaps, this species may as well be 
 arranged as under Endocarpon. The patches are sometimes a foot or 
 more in diameter. 
 
 8. E. pulchellum HOOK. Thallus of foliaceous, thin, smooth, 
 greenish-grey, lobed scales, the lobes rounded, with elevated, 
 incurved edges, at length sprinkled with granular buds; the 
 under side pale brown, fibrous ; apothecia globular, immersed, 
 their summits prominent, black, with a central pore. Hooker 
 Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 158. JBorr. in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2602, /. 1 . 
 
 On the bark of trees, on mosses, more rarely on rocks ; very com- 
 mon in the South of Ireland. Mr, Templeton detected it near Bel- 
 fast in 1806. As the involute rim of the lhallus unfolds, it leaves 
 concentric marks on the scales ; these are seldom more than the tenth 
 of an inch in diameter ; they often bear greenish granular clusters of 
 buds, are sometimes imbricated, and slightly greenish white, when wet 
 of a glaucous green. When moist the tops of the apothecia appear as 
 semiglobose, black prominences ; on dissection the nucleus is found to 
 be covered by a black perithecium enclosing it altogether : within this 
 is a pale tegument containing the colourless gelatinous nucleus, in 
 which are seen numerous cylindrical bodies at the periphery, pointing 
 to, but not reaching the centre. It is frequently found with apothecia 
 in woods and on mosses in the mountains. 
 
 9. E. l&fe-virens, HOOK. Thallus of foliaceous, thin, smooth, 
 roundish, light green scales, with shallow, rounded lobes be- 
 neath; free, elevated, and naked at the edges, fibrous at the 
 centre, white. Hook. Eng. Flor, v. 5, p. 158. Borr. in Eng. 
 Bot. Supp. t. 2658, under Vermcaria. 
 
 On turf, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton : near Bantry, Miss Hut- 
 chins. On Carig' Mountain, County of Kerry. The young thallus is 
 in concave cups, with white eHges, placed side by side and in contact ; 
 their edges entire ; of the older, lobed. No apothecia have been ob- 
 served. 
 
 10. l&.fuscellum, ACH. Thallus of minute, adpressed, close- 
 ly set, angular, slightly-brownish-grey scales, on a black, thick, 
 cracked substratum ; apothecia very minute, their orifice dark 
 brown, flat, slightly prominent. Ach. Lick. Un. p. 675. Eng. 
 Bot.t. 1500. 
 
 On the mortar of old Dunkerron Castle, County of Kerry. The 
 edges of the scales are nearly black, truly elevated, and hence, even in 
 the moistened state, the scales are concave. The nucleus of the apo- 
 thecia is pale or very slightly brownish, gelatinous, and semitransparent 
 when wet. 
 
 15. PORINA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus cartilagineo-membranaceous, uniform. Apothecia ver- 
 ruciform, formed of the thallus, usually many -celled, each 
 cell containing a nucleus, and opening by a coloured, often 
 distorted perforation above. 
 
102 LICHENES. [Thelotrema. 
 
 1. P. pertusa, ACH. Thallus cartilagineo-membranaceous, 
 grey, smooth ; the warts of the apothecia crowded, subglobose, 
 with many dark, depressed points. Ach. Lick. Un. p. 308. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 677. 
 
 Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. In Askew Wood, County of 
 Kerry. Thallus very thin towards the edge, which is whiter : by 
 moisture it becomes somewhat gelatinous and semitransparent. The 
 orifice or pore of the apothecia is dark brown or black, beneath which 
 the nucleus, of a pale brownish flesh colour, is elongato-ovate, deeply 
 immersed. The internal structure of the nucleus noticed by Acharius 
 is remarkable, for among a mass of pellucid filiform and punctiform 
 bodies occur a few others oblong, very wide, and with double tegu- 
 ments, 
 
 2. P. ceuthocarpa, HOOK. Thallus tartareous, continued, 
 cream-coloured, tessellated, unequal, smooth, border dark-olive, 
 zonate; warts of the apothecia tumid, globose, smooth, with 
 black, depressed points. Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 160. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 2372. Isidium microsticticum. Turn, and JSorr. Lich. 
 Brit. p. 94. 
 
 On slate rocks, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. Sir Thomas Gage. 
 South of Ireland ; not uncommon. 
 
 3. P. fallax, ACH. Thallus cartilagineo-tartareous, rugose, 
 grey, or greenish -grey ; warts of the apothecia crowded, irre- 
 gular ; pores large, oblong, distorted, bordered, blackish. Ach. 
 Syn. p. 110. Lich. Un. p. 310. 
 
 On old trees near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. Askew Wood, County 
 of Kerry: also on rocks, Dunkerron Mountain. The wide, cylin- 
 drical, opaque vessels, with their pellucid coats, among the fibres and 
 granules of the nucleus are very remarkable. 
 
 4. P. isidioides. " Thallus thick, tartareous, frustuloso-areolate 
 yellowish-brown; apothecia small, globose, pale, immersed in 
 tumid, roundish warts, except the darker, slightly prominent 
 apex." Verrucaria isidioides., Borr. in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2622, 
 /. 1. Pertusaria isidioides, Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 160. 
 
 Rocks at Glengariff, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. This is given 
 on the authority of Mr. Borrer. I have never seen it. Can it be a 
 state of Pertusaria ceuthocarpa ? 
 
 16. THELOTREMA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus cartilaginous, membranaceous, or subcrustaceous ; apo- 
 thecia verruciform, formed of the thallus, hollowed, margin- 
 ated, containing a nucleus within a membranaceous perithe- 
 cium, beneath a coloured disk. 
 
 1. T. lepadinum, ACH. Thallus cartilagineo-membrana- 
 ceous, whitish or glaucous-green; warts of the apothecia subco- 
 nical, their margin inflexed, perithecium membranaceous ; disk 
 pruinose, flesh-coloured or dark brown. Ach. L. Un. p. 312. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 678. 
 
Syncesia.] LICHENES. 103 
 
 On the bark of trees, common ; also on siliceous rocks. The charac- 
 ters given of T. melaleucum, Turn, and Borr. seem to apply to states 
 of this species, which varies in the colour of the thallus, in its tenuity, 
 in the degree of inflection of the thallodal margin of the warts, in the 
 elevation of the warts, as well as in the lighter or deeper colour of the 
 disk. In the rock variety, the y. scutelliforme of Ach. the thallus is 
 often much dispersed into white, tartareous, lobed, and crenate scales ; 
 these, as well as the exterior shell of the apothecium, are cancellated 
 and rough with minute points and depressions ; the nucleus is whitish, 
 semitransparent, and gelatinous when wet, having erect bundles of 
 filiform cells, whose summits, protruding above the disk, constitute the 
 pruinose appearance; among these cells may be seen most minute 
 dark points. In all states of this species occasionally two and even 
 three nuclei may be seen within the same wart. 
 
 2. T. exanthematicum, ACH. Thallus subtartareous, very 
 thin, continuous, grey; warts of the apothecia half immersed, 
 hemispherical, with a radiated orifice ; the disk concave, flesh- 
 coloured. Ach. L. Un. p. 313. Eng. Bot. t. 1184. 
 
 On limestone, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; common in the 
 South. The surface of the thallus often has a sanded appearance. 
 
 3. T. Hutchinsice, BORR. " Thallus very white, warts of the 
 apothecia crowded, obsolete, of irregular figure, at length ex- 
 panding with a broken, flocculose, inflexed orifice ; the nucleus 
 forming a dark, grey, pruinose, concave disk, with a white, 
 lacerated margin." Borr, in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2652. 
 
 On moss, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. The disk is greenish-grey, 
 covered with white pruina, concave ; the nucleus, nearly colourless, 
 pellucid, gelatinous, deep, and round beneath, is contained in cortical 
 matter, indurated into a membrane, rising above the surface of the disk 
 and forming the characteristic mark of the genus. The structure of 
 the apothecia of Thelotrema lepadinum is very different. 
 
 * * Apothecia) (lirellce,) sublinear. 
 17. SYNCESIA. 
 
 Thallus crustaceous. Apothecia oblongo-elongate, stellate- 
 radiate, aggregated and immersed in scattered thallodal ver- 
 rucce. Perithecium none. Lamina proligera pellucid, sup- 
 ported on opaque vertical layers. 
 
 However averse to offering a new genus among the lichens, I found 
 it impossible to arrange the present under any described. It ap- 
 proaches Arthonia in character but not in habit. It bears to Arthonia 
 the relation of Porina to Verrucaria, but is still more distinct by the 
 presence of opaque immersed stipites to the apothecia : these plates 
 appear to have a fibrous structure in a vertical direction : they remind 
 one of the blackish brown matter on which the lamina proligera of 
 certain Lecanorce and Lecidece rest. 
 
 1. S.albida. 
 
 On dry shaded rocks between Dunkerron and Killarney, County of 
 Kerry. Thallus from five to eight inches in diameter, tartareous, thin, 
 
104 LICHENES. [Arthonia. 
 
 usually scattered in rough, uneven, flattish, irregular, sub-confluent 
 portions, exhibiting the face of the rock on which it grows in the inter- 
 stices : sometimes the central portion of the thallus is continuous, 
 areolate, and of a very pale flesh colour, but the surface is more com- 
 monly whitish and powdery ; within, the thallus is of a pale greenish- 
 yellow : it is somewhat radiated towards the margin, which is unin- 
 terrupted all round, fibrous or silky, of a dusky olive-brown. The 
 surface is not altered when moistened. The verruca or receptacles 
 are subrotund, larger than rape seed, elevated, rather evenly scattered, 
 the larger nearer the centre : on their tops the lens discovers stellato- 
 radiate, pruinose gyrations, which are the disks of the apothecia ; the 
 lamina proligera is pale brown, pellucid, striated, but without any 
 distinct tegument, yet the disk is somewhat opaque. The apothecia 
 stand on the edges of vertical plates, which are opaque, dark brown, 
 or almost black, plunged in the white cortical matter of the verruca. 
 The cylindrical vessels that cause the lamina to appear vertically 
 striated often have their summits emerging above the disk. The la- 
 mina in old age drops off 7 , when the surface of the singular supports 
 remains black, and of the original figure of the apothecia. 
 
 18. ARTHONIA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus crustaceous or cartilagineo-membranaceous, uniform. 
 Apothecia roundish, elongated or varying in form, nearly 
 plane, not bordered, within somewhat gelatinous, covered by 
 a dark membrane. 
 
 1. A. impolita, BORR. Thallus subtariareous, cracked, un- 
 even, greyish-white, indeterminate; apothecia immersed, flat, 
 somewhat confluent, brownish lead-coloured, pruinose. Borr. 
 in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2692, /. 1. 
 
 On trees at Cledaneanure, County of Kerry. The surface of the 
 thallus is powdery : single apothecia rounded or oblong, with their 
 edges raised, and with a thallodal covering ; surrounding the apothecia 
 there are usually cracks of the thallus. 
 
 2. A. lurida, ACH. "Thallus obsolete, continuous, smooth, 
 dull-lead-coloured or brownish ; apothecia sessile, roundish, 
 slightly convex, reddish-black." Borr. in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 
 2692, / 2. 
 
 On box, in a shaded grove, at Ardtully, County of Kerry. I have 
 given the specific character from English Botany, yet I confess I can- 
 not detect the thallus on my specimens ; on the contrary, the apothecia 
 plainly emerge from under the cuticle of the bark on which it grows, 
 indicating the habit of a Fungus ; and yet I have found cylindrical 
 bodies, acuminated at each end within the apothecia, corresponding to 
 Gongyli. 
 
 3. A. Swartziana, ACH. Thallus membranaceous, thin, 
 whitish; apothecia roundish, repand, irregular, confluent ; their 
 disk, black, rough. Ach. Lick. Un. p. 142. Eng. Bot. t. 2079. 
 
 On bark, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; Askew Wood, County of 
 Kerry. Varies in the colour of the thallus from whitish, through 
 cream-coloured and yellowish, to brownish, as in Mr. Templeton's spe- 
 
Opegrapha.} LICHENES. 105 
 
 cimens ; varies, too, in having 1 the surface nearly entire or cracked into 
 scales. 
 
 4. A. ilicina. Thallus membranaceous, thin, smooth, whitish 
 or cream-coloured, at length breaking into contiguous scales, 
 with a thin, brownish border; apothecia large, angulate, or 
 oblongo-subrotund, flat ; the disk black, often cracked, with a 
 narrow thallodal border when dry. 
 
 On old stems of holly in woods at Killarney ; not rare. The patches 
 are usually considerable in size, sometimes three or four inches in dia- 
 meter, closely investing the bark. The breadth of the border to the 
 thallus varies, but is always distinctly marked in contact with other 
 lichens. The apothecia, by no means crowded, are yet remarkable, 
 from their size, being sometimes nearly a line in diameter ; they are 
 half immersed, when wet they swell, become convex and prominent ; 
 they have no proper margin ; their disk is black ; their lamina prolig era 
 of an olive brown, semitransparent, and showing vertical striae. Per- 
 haps, this may prove to be only a state of A. gyrosa, Ach. this last, 
 however, is smaller in all its parts, the apothecia are more numerous, 
 and more confluent, and their margins appear irregularly incised or, 
 as Acharius defines them, " gyroso-rugosi? of which there is not the 
 least appearance in our plant. 
 
 19. OPEGRAPHA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus crustaceous, membranaceous or leprous, uniform. Apo- 
 thecia oblongo-elongated, immersed or sessile, covered by a 
 dark membrane ; the disk black, narrow, with a proper bor- 
 der. 
 
 1. O. epipasta, ACH. Thallus membranaceous, very thin, 
 somewhat determinate, shining, grey or pale copper-coloured ; 
 apothecia minute, immersed, scattered, slightly convex, short, 
 mostly simple, with a very narrow border. Ach.L. Un.p. 258. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 40, scarcely t. 1828. 
 
 On lime trees, near Belfast, Mr. Tentpleton. 
 
 2. O. atra, PERS. Thallus membranaceous, very thin, smooth, 
 grey, olive-grey, or pale ferruginous ; apothecia subsessile, the 
 smaller punctiform or globose, the larger elongated, narrow, 
 somewhat wrinkled, flexuose, coal-black, simple or divided, 
 Pers. in Ust. Ann. fasc. 7. p. 30, /. 2. C. c. according to Hook, 
 in Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 145. Eng. Bot. 1. 1 753 ; also t. 1347 and 
 t. 1789. 
 
 On the bark of trees ; common : rarely on rocks, as at Dunkerron 
 Mountain. Specimens occur on ash trees, at Dunkerron, so exactly 
 intermediate that I do not think they can be more strictly referred to 
 O. rufescens, Pers. than to the present species : but the former is by no 
 means rare on oaks and other trees in the South of Ireland ; it is even 
 to be observed on siliceous rocks. This plant varies by the colour of 
 the thallus, its thinness, its continuity, or being occasionally broken 
 into little scales, by the length of the apothecia, by their dispersion, by 
 their confused or stellulate aggregation. 
 
106 LICHENES. [Opegrapha. 
 
 3. O. vulgata, ACH. Thallus leprous, somewhat coarsely 
 powdery, with minute scales, greenish-white ; apothecia sessile, 
 the longer somewhat terete, subrugose, smooth, with a narrow 
 disk. Ach. Lick. Un. p. 255. Eng. Bot. t. 1811. 
 
 On stems of old trees ; near Belfast, Mr. Templeton : on the stems 
 of furze, near Dunkerron, County of Kerry. The variety on furze 
 has the thallus thin, investing, smooth, and shining, nearly white. Mr. 
 Templeton found it with the lirellce, scarcely longer than they are 
 broad, with the thallus powdery, and of a buff colour, inclining to 
 green. 
 
 4. O. varia, PERS. Thallus thin, leprous, powdery, greyish- 
 white ; apothecia sessile, prominent, various in length, the disk 
 wide, flat, at length convex, the margins at length disappearing. 
 f*ers. in Ust. fasc. 7, p. 30, according to Hooker, Eng. Flor. v. 
 5, p. 145. Eng. Bot. t. 1890 and t. 22SO. O. notha, Ach. L. 
 Un. p. 252. 
 
 On the bark of aged trees ; not uncommon. The shape of the 
 disk of the apothecia seems at first to distinguish this from the pre- 
 ceding, but unfortunately in the former it is occasionally very wide, 
 and in the present as narrow as, perhaps, in any other Opegrapha. 
 
 5. O. saxatilis, DE CAND. Thallus tartareous, thin, pow- 
 dery, white, sometimes evanescent ; apothecia sessile, promi- 
 nent, often in small clusters, varying in length, the margins 
 flexuose. De Cand. Fl. Franc, v. 2, p. 312. Eng. Bot. t. 
 1790. 
 
 On rocks, on walls, and on mortar ; not uncommon. On limestone 
 the thallus has sometimes a reddish hue, and the lirellcs are extremely 
 narrow. On siliceous slate in maritime situations there is no vestige 
 of a thallus, but a whitish discolouration of the surface of the rock ; 
 the lirellce are jet black, shining, and clustered. Again, on mortar, as 
 at Kilbarrick Church, near Dublin, the thallus is tartareous, thick, 
 slightly cracked, snow white, somewhat powdery on the surface, and 
 the lirellcs as densely clustered as in O. atra. Future observations 
 may confirm the conjecture that the present is but a rock variety of the 
 preceding. 
 
 6. O. scripta, ACH. Thallus membranaceous, thin, smooth, 
 greyish or greenish white ; apothecia immersed, flexuose, their 
 disk very narrow, having a spurious thallodal border. Ach. 
 Method. Lich. p. 30. Graphis scripta, Ach. Lich. Un. p. 265. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 1754 and t. 2301. 
 
 On the bark of old trees ; not uncommon. The thallus is usually 
 smooth, yet sometimes much wrinkled, thick and powdery on the sur- 
 face. The apothecia vary in length, and have their disk sometimes 
 pruinose : the thallodal whitish border to the lirellce distinguishes this 
 from all the preceding, and the distinct black margins to the disk in a 
 great measure from the following. . 
 
 7. O. dendritica, ACH. Thallus subtartareous, determinate, 
 somewhat powdery, white ; apothecia immersed, flexuose, 
 branched ; the disk flat, with a border from the thallus only. 
 
Collema.] LICHENES. 107 
 
 Ach. Meth. p. 31 . Gr aphis dendritica, Ach. L.U.p.27]. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 1756. p. rupestris. Tliallus thin, olive-coloured, pru- 
 inose, thallodal margin of the lirellce white ; apothecia minute, 
 elongated, branched. 
 
 . on trees common. . on siliceous rocks, at Carig Mountain, 
 County of Kerry. 
 
 8. O. sulcata, PERS. Thallus membranaceous, subtartareous, 
 subrugose, subdeterminate, of a brownish-grey ; apothecia black, 
 large, emerging, at length prominent, tumid, the disk narrow, 
 the border tumid, with two or three longitudinal grooves, each 
 surmounted by a film of the thallus. Persoon MSS. according 
 to Mugeot and Nestler, in Cr. Vog. Rhen. No. 360. 
 
 On holly ; near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. Killarney woods, com- 
 mon. Thallus from three to four inches wide, closely investing the 
 bark near the border, where, on meeting other lichens, it throws up a 
 black edge ; sometimes the thallus is cracked, and always uneven, with 
 minute elevations or wrinkles. Apothecia larger than in any other 
 British species, mostly simple, though often much bent, raising up a 
 film of the thallus on each side as they emerge ; the disk narrow, the 
 border thick, tumid, and having two, three, and, more rarely, four 
 grooves on each side ; the tops of the ridges displaying each a longi- 
 tudinal scale from the thallus. The lamina proligera has a black disk, 
 but is itself gelatinous, pale, semitransparent when wet, striated with 
 erect linear cellules. This species is allied by the thallus to O. elegans 
 of Smith : the structure of the lirellce, however, is very distinct. 
 
 * * * Apothecia discoid, round, sessile, or emerging. 
 f Thallus (in a moist state} gelatinous. 
 
 20. COLLEMA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus homogeneous, gelatinous when wet, when dry, hard and 
 cartilaginous, sometimes foliaceous. Apothecia orbiculate, 
 (rarely on podetia), bordered, formed entirely of the thallus. 
 
 * Thallus somewhat crustaceous. 
 
 1. C. nigrum, ACH. Thallus crustaceous, sooty black, crack- 
 ed, with minute, imbricated, inciso-crenate lobes, the border 
 bluish ; apothecia scattered, minute, black, at length convex, 
 and their border evanescent. Ach. L. U. p. 628. Eng. Bot. t. 
 1161. 
 
 On limestone ; common : on sandstone, near Belfast, Mr. Tem- 
 pleton. 
 
 * * Thallus broadly lobed over the whole surface, imbricated, plaited, 
 spreading, very turgid when wet. 
 
 2. C. fragans, ACH. Thallus suborbicular, olive black, the 
 lobes ascending, crowded, somewhat round, thick-edged, ere- 
 
108 LICHENES. [Collema. 
 
 nate ; apothecia of a tawny brown, with a thick, subcrenate, 
 olive border. Ach. Syn. p. 31 1. Eng. Bot. t. 1912. 
 
 On the ground at the Dargle River. County of Wicklow ; Dr. 
 Whitley Stokes. Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. Our specimens 
 differ from the Eng. Bot. figure and description only in having the 
 lobes more deeply crenate, the crenulations tumid, and the apothecia 
 large, irregular, their disk waved and brownish. 
 
 3. C. cristatum, HOFFM. Thallus thick, olive-black, compact; 
 lobes imbricated, incised, dentate, erect, those of the circum- 
 ference depressed ; apothecia flattish, depressed, large, dark red- 
 dish brown, the margin nearly entire. Hoffm. FL Germ. p. 101. 
 C. pulposum. 7. cristatum, Ach. L. U. p. 633. Jacq. Coll. 3, t. 
 12, /.I. 
 
 On mortar, and on the soil : near Belfast, Mr. Templeton : at Dun- 
 kerron, County of Kerry. 
 
 4. C. synalissum, ACH. Thallus with obovate, thick, entire, 
 rather concave lobes, glaucous green when fresh, olive-brown 
 when dry, covered with closely set, substipitate, round or oblong 
 buds. " Apothecia minute, aggregate, obovate, concolorous, 
 their disk depressed, collected into substipitate knobs/' Ach. 
 L. Un. p. 640. 
 
 On a sand bank, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; County of Derry, 
 Mr. D. Moore. Our specimens are destitute of apothecia ; in all 
 other respects they accord with the Acharian description. 
 
 5. C. glomerulosum, ACH. Thallus minute, subrotund, brown- 
 ish-black, coriaceous, with tumid processes, scattered ; apothe- 
 cia immersed on the tops of the processes, minute, concave, 
 brownish-black. Ach. L. Un. p. 641. 
 
 On the bark of young ash at Roughty, County of Kerry. Thallus 
 in dispersed cushions scarcely as large as peas ; it alters very little its 
 hue or its size by being wet ; rough with protuberances on the surface : 
 affixed by a central spot, free beneath at the edges, easily detached ; 
 dissected it appears a coriaceous sac, with irregular processes, contain- 
 ing within much pale subfibrous matter. Apothecia consisting of 
 nearly uniform opaque dark-brown matter. This cannot be con- 
 founded with any other described British species. Acharius states 
 the apothecia to be sessile, but dissection shows this appearance to 
 arise from a slight contraction of the process of the thallus beneath the 
 apothecium. 
 
 6. C. limosumy ACH. Thallus subeffuse, lobes appressed, 
 thick, slightly crenulate, almost evanescent in drying; apothe- 
 cia immersed, the disk reddish-brown, the margin somewhat 
 prominent, nearly entire. Ach. L. Un. p. 629. Eng. Bot. Supp. 
 t. 2704, f. 1. 
 
 On wet clay. Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; near Dublin, and at 
 Durikerron, County of Kerry. 
 
 7. C. multipartitum, SMITH. Thallus orbicular, radiating, at 
 length open in the centre ; lobes smooth, repeatedly branched, 
 
Cottema.} LICHENES. 109 
 
 the branches radiating, the ultimate subcrenate, convex above, 
 concave beneath ; apothecia sessile, at length convex, the disk 
 brownish or black, the border nearly entire. Eng. Bot. t. 2582. 
 P. fluviatile, segments obovate, nearly entire; apothecia glo- 
 bose, concave. Ach. L. Un. p. 636. Eng. Bot. t. 2039. 
 
 . on limestone, in dry situations, at Dunkerron ; common. (3. on 
 limestone in rivulets at Sallagh Braes, County of Antrim, Mr. Tem- 
 pleton. The lichens that grow absolutely in water are few, if any. I 
 have referred C. fluviatile (at least of Eng. Bot.) as a variety arising 
 from occasional inundation, to C. multipartitum, (of the same work.) 
 The thallus of both is sometimes granulated with buds. I do not 
 think any specific distinction is discoverable to keep the two sepa- 
 rate. 
 
 8. C. fragile. Thallus orbicular, olive-black, radiating, at 
 length open in the centre, marginal lobes rough with wrinkles 
 and granules, concave beneath ; apothecia immersed, concave, 
 their disk pale tawny ; their border scarcely raised above the 
 thallus. 
 
 On limestone rocks ; at Dunkerron, County of Kerry. Thallus in 
 round patches from three to four inches in diameter, divided into ra- 
 diating lobes, the central parts at length deficient, or the plant increas- 
 ing by a prolongation at the circumference, in which case the lobes are 
 quite unconnected. The lobes are short, linear, tumid, deflexed at the 
 top, concave beneath, scarcely crenate, sooty-black inclining to greenish- 
 olive, sometimes to brown when dry ; by moisture becoming of a dark 
 olive-green and more pellucid ; their upper surface rough with granules, 
 concolorous with the thallus, clustered, of different sizes, globular, yet 
 flattened at the top ; the newer and circumferential portions of the 
 thallus are often a little wrinkled above. Apothecia on lobes that are 
 thicker and paler than the barren, clustered, quite immersed, the disk 
 very pale brown ; they occur but rarely, and when present are not 
 easily seized by the eye. This species has so strong an affinity to the 
 preceding that it probably has been taken for young patches of it. 
 But, although usually growing in company with, it is scarcely one-sixth 
 of the size of C. multipartitum ; and no intermediate states are to be 
 found. It is of a darker colour, its surface more rough, but, above all, 
 the full grown apothecia are so minute as to be inconspicuous to the 
 naked eye, entirely plunged in the thallus and very pale. The re- 
 peated observation of numerous specimens gave the same results. 
 
 9. C.marginale, HOOK. Thallus orbicular, olive-black, sub- 
 stellate, the lobes imbricated, deeply laciniated, multifid, flexu- 
 ose, sessile, dark reddish-brown, their border at length entire. 
 Hook. Eng. Flor. v.5,p. 210. C. melcenum. p. marginale, Ach. 
 L. U. p. 637. Eng. Bot. t. 1924. 
 
 Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. The 
 border to the shields appears sub-crenulate, owing to the granular buds 
 of the thallus that are affixed to the outside of the apothecia ; when 
 these buds at length drop off, the border remains entire. 
 
110 LICHENES. [Cvltema. 
 
 * * * Thallas somewhat foliaceous, thin, lobed, principally at the 
 circumference. 
 
 10. C. Burgessii, ACH. Thallas foliaceous, thin, subimbri- 
 cated, glaucous, greenish or dark brown ; the lobes rounded, 
 sinuated, crenulated, crisped, villose beneath ; apothecia depress- 
 ed, flattish, dusky brown, with a crisped and minutely foliace- 
 ous border. Ach. L. U. p. 645. E. Bot. t. 300. 
 
 On old trees in the woods, near Killarney. The inferior surface of 
 the frond shows an affinity with the genus Sticta ; for the down be- 
 neath is composed of broad acute stellate lamince. The apothecia are 
 pedunculated with an elevated portion of the thallus, which, seen from 
 behind, appears a deep cavity : the backs of the apothecia are downy 
 in the same way as the bottom of the thallus, and this downiness even 
 extends a little way from the apothecia on the upper surface. The edges 
 of the thallus are thickened and dark, as also of the buds as they ex- 
 pand into foliaceous scales on the margins of the apothecia. 
 
 11. C. nigrescens, ACH. Thallus foliaceous, membranaceous, 
 consisting of a single leaf, orbicular, depressed, wrinkled, rotun- 
 dato-lobate, dark olive-green or nearly black ; apothecia central, 
 crowded, small, at length convex, reddish-brown, their border 
 entire. Ach. L. U. p. 646. Eng. Bot. t. 345. 
 
 Near Belfast, and at the Dargle River, Mr. Templeton. Afc 
 Dunkerron, common. The apothecia sometimes scattered, pruinose. 
 
 12. C.flaccidum, ACH. Thallus foliaceous, membranaceous ; 
 the lobes, ascending, rounded, plicate, entire, having buds as 
 a fuliginous powder on their centre ; apothecia scattered, red- 
 dish. Ach. L. U. p. 647. Eng. Bot. t. 1653. 
 
 On trees, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. When moistened of a 
 paler colour and greener at the edges than the preceding, and when dry 
 never so remarkably wrinkled. 
 
 13. C. granulatum, HOOK. Thallus foliaceous, membranace- 
 ous, somewhat wrinkled, plaited, granulated on both sides, 
 blackish-olive ; the lobes, ascending, rounded, their margins 
 waved, crisped, entire; apothecia scattered, dark brown. Hook. 
 Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 211. C.furvum, Ach. L. Un. p. 650. 
 
 On the ground, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; at Dunkerron. The 
 buds or grains are larger than in the preceding. 
 
 14. C. crispum, BORR. " Lobes of the thallus thinnish, much 
 divided, their segments imbricated, crowded, rounded, concave, 
 with entire or denticulate, raised edges ; apothecia sessile, the 
 border crenulate, at length leafy." Borr. in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 
 2716, /.I. 
 
 On stones, and on mortar. Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. In the 
 South of Ireland not uncommon. 
 
 15. C. sinuatum, HOOK. Thallus foliaceous, membranace- 
 ous, imbricated, and plaited, dark glaucous-green ; the lobes 
 
Cottema.} LICHENES. Ill 
 
 small, crowded, rounded, sinuato-incised, crisped, nearly entire ; 
 apothecia scattered, sessile, brownish, their border entire. Hook. 
 Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 213. Eng. Bot. t. 772. 
 
 On rocks, walls, and on the earth. Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; 
 near Bantry, Miss Hutchins : ?t Dunkerron, where it is never found 
 but on limestone. 
 
 16. C. tremolloidcs, ACH. Thallus foliaceous, membranace- 
 ous, very thin, almost diaphanous, smooth on both sides, of a 
 leaden green colour, lead coloured and opaque when dry ; the 
 lobes oblong, rounded, sometimes incised, entire ; apothecia 
 sessile or elevated, flat, reddish, with a smooth, pale border. 
 Ach. L. Un. p. 655. Eng. Bot. t. ,385. 
 
 In moist woods. Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. Dargle River, 
 Dr. Whitley Stokes. Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. Askew Wood, 
 County of Kerry. In a dry state the shining surface of the thallus, 
 its lead colour, entire edges, and the elevation of the neat apothecia 
 are very characteristic. 
 
 17. C. lacerum, ACH. Thallus foliaceous, membranaceous, 
 subdiaphanous, when dry reticulato-subrugose, glaucescent, or 
 bluish brown ; the lobes small, subimbricated, finely jagged 
 and fringed; apothecia scattered, minute, concave, reddish, with 
 a pale border. Ach. L. Un. p. 657. Eng. Bot. t. 1982. p. 
 proltferum. 
 
 Among mosses j common. At Askew Wood, County of Kerry, a 
 variety, (if it be only a variety,) in a barren state, occurs, in which the 
 lobes are minute, ascending, concave, slightly waved, quite entire, of a 
 dull dun-green when wet, lead coloured when dry. There is, indeed, a 
 crenulate appearance of the lobes, but a magnifier shows this to arise 
 from minute, round, entire foliaceous buds, that issue from the edges of 
 the frond ; these, when grown to half the size of the fronds, remain 
 perfectly entire ; and hence may, perhaps, with much propriety, be 
 considered a proliferous state of the present species. 
 
 * * * * Thallus cut into numerous slender branches. 
 
 18. C. subtile, ACH. Thallus substellated, blackish-green, 
 lacinifs appressed, narrow-linear, subdivided, entire, obtuse, 
 radiating ; apothecia central, flattish, very minute, brownish, 
 with a narrow entire border. Ach. L. U. p. 659. Eng. Bot. t. 
 1008. 
 
 On wet clay : not uncommon in winter and spring. 
 
 12. C. muscicola, ACH. Thallus tufted, shrub-like, dark, olive- 
 brown ; the branches cylindrical, erect, flexuose, somewhat 
 knotted, obtuse : apothecia subterminal, flat, brown, their mar- 
 gin entire. Ach. L. U. p. 660. E. Bot. t. 2264. 
 
 Among mosses ; very common. 
 
 20. C. spongiosum, ACH. Thallus of a dull green, the seg- 
 ments crowded, branched, granulated, cylindrical, obtuse ; apo- 
 
1 12 LICHENES. [ Variolaria. 
 
 thecia scattered, large, concave, immersed, brown, exteriorly 
 spongy and pale, their border erect, slender. Ach. L. U. p. 661. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 1374. 
 
 On earth ; near Lisburn, Mr. Templeton. When dry the disk is 
 almost black and very concave. 
 
 f f Thallus crustaceans. 
 
 21. VARIOLARIA, Pers. 
 
 Thallus crustaceous or cartilagineo-membranaceous, uniform. 
 Apothecia verruciform, formed of the thallus, bearing a pow- 
 dery or flocculent substance covering the disk. 
 
 1. V. griseo-virens, TURN, and BORR. " Crust elliptical, 
 inclining to tartareous, thin, slightly rugged, grey, nearly inde- 
 terminate; apothecia small, nearly orbicular, with a very narrow 
 elevated border; powder greenish-grey." Turn, and Borr. Lich. 
 Br. p. 54. Eng. Bot. t. 2400. 
 
 On cherry bark at Killarney. Sir Thomas Gage. I have never 
 seen this species. 
 
 2. V. discoidea, PERS. Thallus orbicular, somewhat tartare- 
 ous, wrinkled, powdery on the surface, glaucous white, with a 
 zonate border of various colours ; apothecia numerous, with a 
 thick border, flat or slightly convex ; disk pale, flesh-coloured ; 
 powder white. Pers. ap. Uster. in annal. d. JBot. St. 7. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 1714. 
 
 Near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. 
 
 3. V. faginea, PERS. Thallus orbicular, subtartareous, smooth 
 when young, glaucous white, with a zonate border of various 
 colours ; apothecia numerous, with a narrow border ; disk con- 
 vex; powder white. Pers.ap. Ust. in Ann. d. Bot. St. 7. Eng. 
 BoLt. 1713. 
 
 On trees, near Belfast, also on stones on Devis Mountain, Mr. 
 Templeton. The bitter taste of the foregoing species, absent in this, 
 has been supposed to be a sure criterion between them : all other dis- 
 tinctions, it must be confessed, are too slight. But the rock variety of 
 Mr. Templeton, above quoted, is as bitter as V. discoidea. 
 
 4. V. aspergil'a, ACH. Thallus tartareous, subdeterminate, 
 thickish, of a slightly glaucous- white, unaltered by moisture, 
 wrinkled, with a smooth, thin, white border; apothecia rather 
 scattered, elevated, flattish-hemispherical, their border obso- 
 lete ; their powder white and greenish-white, collected into gra- 
 nulations. Ach. Lich. U. p. 325. Eng. Bot. t. 2401. 
 
 On oaks, at Dromore, County of Kerry. Patch from four to six 
 inches wide. Thallus of a dull white, unaltered when wet, but the 
 powder on the apothecia shows more of a greenish-hue : beneath the 
 powder is a thick dense layer of a pale flesh coloured matter, in which, 
 however, neither cellules or gongyli are discoverable, thus representing 
 a barren lamina proligera. 
 
Variolaria.} LICHENES. 113 
 
 5. V. lactea, PERS. Thallus tartareous, white, smooth, crack- 
 ed, the border thin, tinged of a flesh colour ; apothecia nume- 
 rous, suborbicular, flattish, their border at length obsolete ; 
 their powder white. Pers. ap. Ust. in Ann. d Bot. St. 7, accord- 
 ing to Ach. Lich. Un. p. 321. Eng. Bot. t. 2410. ft. arenar'm. 
 " Thallus continuous, dirty lead-coloured ; apothecia elevated, 
 nearly spherical." Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 170. 
 
 a. on siliceous rocks, Kenmare River. {3. Mr. J. T. Mackay. 
 Thallus scarcely altered in colour when moistened : the border some- 
 times not conspicuous. The apothecia do not seem to bear fertile 
 lamina proligera beneath the powder with which the surface is strewn 
 over. 1 have not seen the var. 3. but quote it on Dr. Hooker's autho- 
 rity. 
 
 6. V. constellata. 1 hallus filmy, subtartareous, wrinkled with 
 flattish, minute granulations, thin, of a greyish-white, indeter- 
 minate ; apothecia numerous, rather evenly and thickly set, 
 small, white, subhemispherical ; disk flesh coloured ; the bor- 
 der rather thick, ruptured. 
 
 On birch bark at Askew Wood, County of Kerry. The thallus 
 scarcely assumes a greener shade when moistened, and forms a broad 
 patch, conspicuous at a distance from its whiteness ; it closely invests 
 the bark ; its border a little whiter, is neither zonate or fibrous, but 
 gradually disappearing. The pow T der over the disk of the apothecia is 
 pure white, continuous, and like a coarse granulation ; beneath this a 
 very fine white powder covers the pale flesh coloured disk ; the border 
 is rather thick, low, having all round a ruptured appearance, and exhi- 
 biting greenish points, as if from the thallodal rim a circular piece had 
 been abraded. The lamina proligera, when wet, is pale, gelatinous, 
 semitransparent, and consists of elongated, among punctiform cel- 
 lules. 
 
 7. V. corallina, ACH. Thallus tartareous, thick, of a lead- 
 grey, cracked, wrinkled, bearing pale, round buds on cylindri- 
 cal, closely set elevations ; apothecia hemispherical, flattened 
 above; border inflexed, closely granular, white as well as the 
 powder over the pale flesh-coloured disk. Ach. L. Un. p. 319. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, in the mountains, County of Kerry. Our plant 
 exactly accords with the Acharian description, and very well with that 
 of Isidium paradoxum, Hook. Eng. Fl. v. 5, p. 231, except that the 
 bodies with which the cylindrical podetia are tipped, are rarely of a 
 brownish-olive, but usually whitish : when these drop, they leave cup- 
 shaped cavities on the tops of the podetia, green at their bottoms. 
 The colour of the thallus is unaltered by moisture. The border and 
 tops of the apothecia often bear buds. The disk is of a pale wax or 
 flesh colour, covered with a fine white powder ; the lamina proligera 
 is small compared to the size of the apothecium, and when wet is gela- 
 tinous and semi-transparent, and consists of numerous elongated cel- 
 lules among others that are short and roundish. 
 
 8. V. polythecia. Thallus tartareous, thick, granulated, 
 rough, indeterminate, greyish-lead-coloured ; apothecia stalked, 
 thickly set, with coarse, white and greenish powder; the bor- 
 
114 LICHENES. [Variolaria. 
 
 der thick, irregular; the disk of a pale, flesh-colour; often seve- 
 ral in each apothecium. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, facing the south. Dunkerron Mountain ; not 
 rare. The patch, often several inches in diameter, is conspicuous by 
 the crowded and stalked apothecia, placed in contact, like certain ba- 
 saltic columns. The granulations of the thallus are of different sizes, 
 the larger sometimes convolute, or indistinctly lobed by the confluence, 
 as it were, of several granulations. The thallus is thin and almost 
 filmy at the edge, and even somewhat radiating. The wet surface is 
 somewhat more green than the dry. Towards the edges the apothecia 
 have shorter, sometimes no stalks. The apothecia rise as large spheres 
 of the thallus, of a like colour and similar roughness, burst by an irre- 
 gular crack in one or more directions, leaving very coarse thallodal 
 grains here and there on the surface : at length these grains drop off, 
 and a fine powder, white, (wet or dry,) covers the flesh-coloured disk or 
 disks. Two, three, four, and even five lamince proligerce are seen 
 within the same apothecium, separated by dense and white partitions, 
 by moisture pale and pellucid, having internally elongated cellules. 
 This aggregation of lamince proligerce presents a character so im- 
 portant, that they who are inclined might see in it a generic distinction 
 analogous to that which separates Porina, Ach. from Verrucaria 
 Ach. 
 
 9. V. torta. Thallus very thin, between filmy and tartare- 
 ous, cracked, smooth, whitish, indeterminate ; apothecia very 
 minute, hemispherical, bursting irregularly ; the disk twisted 
 and bent, of a pale flesh colour ; the border irregular. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, in shade, at Askew Wood, County of Kerry. 
 Thallus in old age assumes a greenish hue, which is always observ- 
 able in a moist state ; when dry the edges of the cracks of the thallus 
 are slightly elevated, giving a rough appearance to the surface. Apo- 
 thrcia when young are covered with a white pruina or powder. The 
 twisted disk lies in a cavity of the apothecium, correspondently 
 twisted ; this cavity has sometimes a cellular appearance of the sides. 
 The lamina proligera is of a pale milky colour, gelatinous when wet, 
 and under a high magnifier is found to contain numerous cylindrical 
 cellules, having minute globules interspersed. This species may be 
 taken for certain states of Lecanora coarctata, Ach. but the thallus is 
 more distinctly separated by fissures, and the structure of the apothecia 
 by no means alike. A white powder covering the disk in a young 
 state gives it a better claim to Variolaria than any other described 
 genus. 
 
 10. V. ehlorothecia. Thallus tartareous, thin, white, areolate, 
 subpulverulent at the surface, with a narrow, deep-black bor- 
 der ; buds with hemispherical, thallodal podetia, tipped with 
 minute, round, brownish, at length caducous points ; apothecia 
 sessile, round, flattish, with a thick, thallodal margin ; powder 
 white, covering a greenish -olive disk. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, Carig Mountain, County of Kerry. The minute 
 Isidium-like buds, the narrow black border to the thallus, the flat apo- 
 thecia, and colour of the disk, together, are sufficiently distinctive. 
 The buds dropping, leave cup shaped cavities, green at their bottoms, 
 on the tops of the podetia. The lamina proligera, when moist, is 
 
LICHENES. 115 
 
 gelatinous, serai-transparent, sub-rotund, not enclosed in any distinct 
 tegument, containing elongated cellules in a jelly-like substance. 
 
 11. V. terricola. Thallus thin, pulverulento-tartareous, white, 
 rough, indeterminate, continuous; apothecia globose, with a 
 thin, white, granulate, covering ; disk pale flesh-coloured ; bor- 
 der irregular. 
 
 On the surface of peat and on stems of heath near Comber, Mr. 
 Templeton. Dunkerron Mountain : rare. The patches are several 
 inches broad. The thallus has a rugged appearance, principally arising 
 from the cup-shaped remains out of which the apothecia have dropped. 
 Apothecia sometimes a little flattened, sometimes elongated ; their 
 granulated and wrinkled covering on dissection shows a layer of green 
 parenchymatous matter, proving its nature to be thallodal. The 
 moistened lamina proligera contains numerous pellucid globular 
 bodies. At some little distance the patch may be passed over as be- 
 longing to Cenomyce Pycnothelia, or, perhaps, to that of Lecidea 
 icmadophila, both of which affect similar situations ; but the slightest 
 examination of the apothecia would suffice to correct either error. 
 
 22. LECIDEA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus crustaceous, uniform, or scaly. Apothecia orbiculate, 
 sessile, or slightly immersed ; the disk coloured ; the border 
 of the same colour as the disk. 
 
 f Tttallas crustaceous. 
 * Apothecia black. 
 
 1. L. macula. Thallus subtartareous, very thin, determinate, 
 areolate, inferior stratum black ; upper of very minute, dis- 
 tinct, crowded, thin, greyish-olive, concave scales ; apothecia 
 half immersed, concave ; the disk black, rough ; the border 
 elevated, pale when dry. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, near Dunkerron, County of Kerry ; not uncom- 
 mon. The patches, one or two inches in diameter, closely invest the 
 surface of the rock, and are eonspicuous as black stains. The thallus, 
 though extremely thin, is composed of two layers, of which the inferior 
 is most abundant, black, seen between the minute scales, of which the 
 superior is composed, and likewise exceeding at the edges. The scales 
 are concave, of a greyish olive, roundish or oblong, with elevated 
 whitish edges observable only by the lens ; in a dry state their surface 
 is rough and somewhat powdery. The apothecia, thinly scattered and 
 inconspicuous to the naked eye, are immersed in the scales, arid have a 
 pale, entire, raised border, of the colour of the scales when dry, but 
 black when wet ; the disk by moisture swells, becomes convex ; it is 
 black ; beneath which, dissection shows the lamina proligera to be a 
 thin layer, pale brown and semi-transparent. This species, perhaps, 
 may with equal propriety be referred to the genus Urceolaria but 
 for its great affinity to a* small tribe allied to Lecidea atro~alba. 
 
 2. L. melastigma. Thallus subtartareous, very thin, subdeter- 
 minate, areolate, inferior stratum black ; upper of very minute, 
 
116 LICHENES. [Leddea. 
 
 crowded, rather convex, rugged, dark-grey scales, greenish 
 when wet ; apothecia very minute, conspicuous, sessile ; the 
 disk black, rough, flat, at length convex; the border thick, 
 entire, at length subobliterated. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, near Dunkerron, County of Kerry. This, like 
 the preceding, forms patches or stains on the surface of the rock, but 
 of a duskier black. The inferior black stratum exceeds at the edges, 
 and appears abundantly between the scales : these are of a yellowish- 
 green when moist, of a dusky-grey and pruinose when dry, rough with 
 elevated paler points, oblong ojf rotundato-angulate, not distinguishable 
 by the naked eye The apothecia are scattered and minute, yet very 
 visible as black projecting points; the disk rougher and blacker than 
 the border, flat or convex ; the border becoming obsolete sometimes 
 from the convexity of the swoln disk. Dissection under the lens shows, 
 beneath a black rough disk, a lamina proligera striated, its upper 
 layer pale, its lower of a pale blue, beneath this is some slightly 
 brownish-white matter resting on a black substance. It may be dis- 
 tinguished from L. macula by the evident and sessile apothecia, not 
 placed each on a scale, by the appearances on dissection, and by the 
 scales being more minute and without the elevated pale border. In 
 L. prominula, Sort: the upper surface does not change its brownish 
 hue to yellowish green when moistened, is areolate, but not divided 
 into distinct scales ; the apothecia in a dry state have a more concave 
 disk, and more raised border ; the entire thdtlus is thicker ; the nature 
 of the lamina proligera very different. 
 
 3. L. atro-alba, ACH. Inferior stratum of the thallus thin, 
 black, closely investing, the upper of crowded, somewhat con- 
 vex, brownish-grey, rough scales ; apothecia in the interstices, 
 larger than the scales, plano-convex, black ; the disk rough ; 
 the border smooth, entire, at length obliterated. Adi. Lich. Un. 
 p. 162. Eng. Bot.t.2336. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, near Dublin : also near Dunkerron, Kerry. In 
 a dry state the warts or scales of the thallus are flatter, and so aggre- 
 gated that the collection appears like portions of a crustaceous thallus 
 areolated. The patches are from one to six inches in diameter. The 
 moistened apothecia are very convex, their border scarcely to be seen, 
 their disk, from being black, assuming a dun or grey colour ; beneath 
 this is a thick, pellucid, brownish-grey lamina proligera, striated, 
 resting on brownish-black matter. 
 
 4. L. fumosa, ACH. Substratum of the thallus tartareous, 
 thick, black, cracked ; the upper layer of immersed, roundish, 
 distinct or crowded, flat or concave scales, of a brownish-fawn 
 colour, with raised, pruinose edges; apothecia scattered, larger 
 than the scales, flat, black, pruinose ; the border thick, entire, 
 slightly waved. Ach. L. Un. p. 157. Mugeot and Nest. Cr. 
 Vog. Rh.J\To.46\. 
 
 On siliceous rocks ; Dunkerron ; not uncommon. Allied to the 
 preceding. Moisture applied produces no other change on the scales 
 but their more pruinose appearance especially at the edges. The apo- 
 thecia are not in the interstices as in the preceding, their border paler 
 than the disk ; this last appears, on dissection, to be black, thick, 
 
Lecidea.] LICHENES. 117 
 
 covering a pale, almost white, thin lamina proligera, beneath which 
 again is much brownish-black matter, completing the rest of the apo- 
 thecium. Minute tumours of the scales, irregularly opening, with 
 white powdery edges, black within, constitute the buds. 
 
 5. L. recedens. Substratum of the thallas subtartareous, 
 thick, black, cracked ; the scales of a smoke-grey ; the infertile 
 thin, minute, crowded ; the fertile large, roundish, somewhat 
 lobed ; apothecia immersed, scattered, flat; disk black; the 
 border paler, obliterated by moisture. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, mountains near lJunkerron. The situation of 
 the apothecia is like that of the preceding, viz. on the scales of the 
 thallus ; these are somewhat browner when wet ; the infertile are 
 crowded into an areolate form. The apothecia, concave when dry, be- 
 come plane when saturated with moisture : the border sometimes ap- 
 pears to have a whitish pruina : when dissected the disk appears thin, 
 and rough, with projecting black points ; the lamina proligera is thick, 
 striated, nearly colourless, transparent, resting on dark brown matter. 
 The species is allied to Urceolaria cinerea. 
 
 6. L. fusco-atra, ACH. Substratum of the thallus black, 
 thin ; scales greyish-black, crowded into an areolate form, flat, 
 pruinose ; apothecia larger than the scales, slightly immersed in 
 the interstices, depressed ; the disk flat, black, rather rough ; 
 the border paler, thick, raised. A h. L. Un.p. 359. Eng. Bot. 
 t. 1734. 
 
 On flints, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. The border to the thallus 
 is a radiating production of the substratum. The surface of the older 
 apothecia is sometimes proliferous and rough with young apothecia. 
 Dissection shows the disk black and opaque, covering a thin, semi- 
 transparent lamina proligera, resting on brownish-black matter. 
 It is difficult, perhaps impossible, to distinguish this from L. atro~ 
 alba. 
 
 7. L. cechumena, ACH. Substratum of the thallus thin, black, 
 appearing among the interstices and at the edges ; upper layer 
 of tartareous, tumid warts crowded and confluent at the centre, 
 distinct at the edges, powdery, white on the surface, under 
 which of a pale, brownish-olive ; apothecia on the warts, im- 
 mersed, blackish, at length convex ; the border thin, partially 
 covered with a thallodal layer. Ach. Meth. p. 42. Eng. Bot. t. 
 1830. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, near Dunkerron, County of Kerry. Our plant 
 agrees better with the description of the variety |3. athroocarpa of L. 
 cechumena, Adi. L. Un.p. 158, than with his . Disk pale brown ; 
 lamina thick, nearly colourless, striated, resting on brown matter. 
 
 8. L. petr&a, ACH. Thallus thin, tartareous, suborbicular, 
 whitish, cracked, minutely warted; with a black substratum 
 observable in the interstices, and at the border ; apothecia im- 
 mersed, black, flat, with an elevated, tumid border. Ach. L. 
 Un. p. 155. Enj. Bot. t. 246. 
 
 On siliceous ant! aluminous stones ; not uncommon. This has 
 
118 LICHENES. [Lecidea. 
 
 somewhat the habit of an Urceolaria, the apothecia having occasion- 
 ally a spurious border from the thallus. Beneath the dark disk is the 
 lamina proligera, of a horny transparency, pale or whitish, never of 
 the same colour as the disk, as Acharius defines it ; beneath the lamina 
 proligera is some brownish- black matter. The apothecia are com- 
 monly, but not always, concentrically arranged. 
 
 9. L. lapicida, ACH. Thallus tartareous, thin, cracked, rather 
 smooth, grey or whitish, with a black substratum observable in 
 the interstices and at the border ; apothecia half immersed, flat- 
 tish, at length somewhat confluent, black, with a narrow, raised 
 border. Ach. L. U. p. 159. Eng. Bot. .821. 
 
 On siliceous and aluminous stones and rocks ; at Blackwater bridge, 
 County of Kerry ; near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. So nearly allied to 
 the preceding, that it is with the greatest hesitation here allowed to be 
 distinct. The thallus is less rough, the apothecia have not the con- 
 centric arrangement, have never the spurious border, and the entire 
 patch has at times a glaucous, and even greenish hue, not observed in 
 the preceding. Acharius relied much on the internal structure of the 
 apothecia, which I do not find to be very different : the black border, 
 indeed, is more apparent, and the disk less opaque. 
 
 10. L. stellulata. Substratum of the thallus very thin, black, 
 exceeding at the edges ; the upper layer of minute, brilliant, 
 smooth, tartareous, roundish, subcrenate scales, aggregated in 
 a subradiated manner ; apothecia central to the clusters of scales, 
 flat, black, half immersed ; the border smooth, entire, oblite- 
 rated when moist. 
 
 On siliceous and aluminous rocks, in the Kerry mountains ; also near 
 the sea-shore : not uncommon. Patches of the thallus usually less 
 than an inch in diameter, yet sometimes confluent into such as are 
 three or four inches long. The black central apothecia are contrasted 
 with the bright white scales that surround them ; they are numerous, 
 yet evenly scattered, sometimes confluent. The white scales near the 
 border are thinner, and infertile. The patch is little or not at all al- 
 tered by moisture. The disk swells greatly when wet, and obscures 
 the border ; it is rough, but not in the least pruinose : under the lens 
 the dissected apothecium shows the disk thick and black, with black 
 converging processes entering the lamina proligera ; this is dark 
 brown, somewhat pellucid, and striated ; beneath is much black matter, 
 forming the base of the apothecium. Probably this species is alluded 
 to by Mr. Borrer under Verrucaria polysticta. in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 
 2741. 
 
 ILL. confluens, ACH. Substratum of the thallus thin, black, 
 appearing in the interstices and at the edges ; upper layer tar- 
 tareous, cracked, of a smoke-grey, even, rather smooth ; apo- 
 thecia sessile, black, pruinose, flat, at length convex and conflu- 
 ent ; the border black, raised. Ach. L. Un. p. J 74. Eng. Bot. 
 t. 1964. 
 
 On siliceous rocks : common. Patches often several inches in dia- 
 meter. Sometimes the apothecia only, sometimes the entire thallus, 
 has a rust coloured surface ; the thallus is occasionally not observable 
 
Lecidea.] LICHENES. 119 
 
 when the apothecia are largest and most convex ; the apothecia some- 
 times seem to occupy the thallus of other lichens. Dissection shows, 
 beneath a thin black disk, the lamina proligera to be a very narrow 
 layer, striated, whitish-grey, and pellucid, supported on a thick col- 
 lection of black matter. 
 
 12. L. prominula, BORR, ' Thallus thin, somewhat tartareous, 
 minutely warty, of a smoke-grey or brownish ; apothecia sessile, 
 numerous, minute, black ; the disk flatfish, rough ; the border 
 entire, thick, raised. Borr. in Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2687, /. 1. 
 
 On rocks near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. County of Kerry ; not 
 uncommon. Varies in the colour of the thallus, its evenness, as well 
 as remarkably in the size of the apothecia. Beneath a brownish-black 
 disk is a lamina proligera pellucid, brownish-grey, and striated, but 
 the brownish-black matter, so commonly filling up the base of the 
 apothecium in nearly all the preceding species, is here almost 
 wanting. 
 
 13. L. prcmnea, ACH. Thallus thin, subtartareous, cracked, 
 minutely wrinkled, of a sordid greenish-grey, with a white, 
 finely fibrous border ; apothecia slightly convex, sessile ; their 
 disk black, rather rough ; their border smooth, at length undu- 
 lated and subcrenate. Ach. L. Un. p. 173. Fries. Lich. Suec. 
 exsicc. No. 26. Dill. Muse. t. 18, /. 3 ? 
 
 On elms, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. At Derriquin, County of 
 Kerry ; plentiful. Our specimens agree with those of Fries and with 
 the Acharian description. There is no black border to the thallus, as 
 in L. elceochroma, Ach. The apothecia are twice the size of the 
 latter, and their internal structure is different : besides, moisture causes 
 their surface to turn brownish, but of L. el&chroma of a pale blue. 
 Beneath a brownish-black disk, rough with elevations, is a lamina pro- 
 ligera, in a thin, almost colourless, and transparent layer, beneath 
 which again is a thick collection of black matter. 
 
 14. L. elaochroma, ACH. Thallus thin, subtartareous, granu- 
 lated and somewhat wrinkled, pale green, black-edged, crack- 
 ed ; apothecia somewhat immersed, crowded, black, flat, at 
 length convex. Ach. Syn. p. 18. Mugeot and Nestler, No. 746. 
 Lichen par -asemus, Eng. Bot. t. 1450. 
 
 On trees ; common. In wet weather the disk has a pale bluish 
 tinge : the greenish tinge of the thallus is sometimes faint, and in other 
 cases deep ; a brownish- olive here is not uncommon. On oaks at Der 
 riquin the apothecia are in very distinct clusters, each cluster appear- 
 ing to the naked eye as a large apothecium. Dissection of the wet 
 apothecia shows, beneath a pale bluish-brown disk, a thin, transparent, 
 and colourless lamina proligera, resting on much brown matter. 
 
 15. L. parasema, ACH. Thallus thin, submembranaceous, 
 whitish or grey, cracked into smooth, flat, tumid portions, 
 faintly black-edged ; apothecia sessile, scattered, black, convex ; 
 the disk rough; the margins thin. Ach. Syn. p. 17. Mugeot 
 and Nestler, No. 745. 
 
 On birch trees ; at Cromaglown, near Killarney ; rare. The 
 
120 LICHENES. [Leeidea. 
 
 whitish, filmy, less granulated, and more extensive thallus as well as 
 the scattered apothecia, with their disk rougher, and, when wet, brown- 
 ish-black, not glancescent distinguish this from the preceding ; in- 
 deed, it seems far more nearly allied to L. premnea, whose thallus, 
 however, is thicker, tartareous, minutely and more decidedly wrinkled, of 
 a greenish hue, whose border is white and fibrous ; and the apothecia 
 usually larger. Beneath a dark brown disk, dissection shows a dusky 
 or brownish semi-transparent lamina proligera, with some scattered, 
 but nearly parallel and vertical opaque dark striae, resting on much 
 brownish matter. 
 
 16. L. pinicola, HOOK. Thallus very thin, diffuse, filmy or 
 subtartareous, whitish; apothecia very minute, numerous, evenly 
 scattered, brownish-black, flattish, at length convex, and the 
 border obliterated. Eng. Flor. vol. 5, p. 176. Eng. Bot. t. 
 1851. 
 
 On bark of firs ; near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. Woods at Turk 
 mountain, near Killarney, where it occurs also on oak. 
 
 17. L. dubia, HOOKER. Thai us thin, subtartareous, granu- 
 lated, filmy, brownish-grey ; the border pale ; apothecia im- 
 mersed, clustered, brownish-black, at length convex, and their 
 border obliterated. Hook. Eng. Fl. v. 5, p. 176. Eng. Bot. t. 
 2347. 
 
 On paling ; near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. On paling at Derriquin, 
 County of Kerry ; and on a barn window at Feltrim hill, near Dublin. 
 Our plant has the strongest analogy with L. elceochroma : the appear- 
 ances on dissection of the apothecia are quite the same. 
 
 18. L. Griffithii, HOOK. Thallus thin, subtartareous, minutely 
 granulated and wrinkled, cracked, not limited, of a brownish- 
 ash colour ; apothecia sessile, scattered, purplish-black, at length 
 convex ; the lamina proligera thick, pale, brownish -white. 
 Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 177. Lng. Bot. t. 1735. Lee. enter o- 
 leuca, Ach. L. Un. p. 177. 
 
 On old oaks, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton : on furze, Dunkerron. 
 The thallus does not appear to be limited. The tops of the young 
 apothecia sprinkled, as rough black minute specks, over the thallus, 
 each contain under them a lamina proligera. This, in the full grown 
 tubercles, under an opaque dark brown disk, is a thick, brownish, 
 striated, semi-transparent layer, resting on a. thin stratum of somewhat 
 an opaquer brown, 
 
 19. L. Gagei, HOOK. " Thallus dispersed, minutely granu- 
 lated, somewhat fibrous, bibu ous, of a tawny olive ; apothecia 
 minute, blackish-brown, with a paler border of their own sub- 
 stance, finally convex, and deprived of their border." Smith. 
 Hooker, Eng Flor. v. 5, p. 177. Eng. Bot. t. 2581. 
 
 On a rock called O'Donoghue's Prison, at Killarney, Sir T. Gage. 
 1 have never seen a specimen of this : the English Botany figure does 
 not appear to be very different from that of L. synothea, #.1711, of 
 the same work. 
 
 20. L. sanguinaria, ACH. Thallus tartareous, coarsely gra- 
 
Lecidca.} LICHENES. 121 
 
 nulated and wrinkled, somewhat polished, ash-coloured, not 
 limited ; apothecia irregularly clustered, convex, at length con- 
 fluent and irregular. Adi. L. Un. p. 170. Eng. Bot. t. 155. 
 
 On granite rock, at Lough Bray, near Dublin, Mr. Templeton. A 
 red tinj>e sometimes occurs within the cortical substance of the thallus, 
 and which communicates to so much of the crust as lies within the 
 apothecium. This colour, whence the Linnsean trivial name originated, 
 is by no means constant. The dissection in the Eng. Bot. does not 
 represent the lamina proligera of a decidedly greenish hue, which 
 occurs in the Lough Bray specimens, 
 
 21. L. muscorum, HOOK. Thallus of scattered granules con- 
 nected by a very thin film; granules somewhat lobed, ash- 
 coloured ; apothecia crowded, black, at length very convex, and 
 the border obliterated. Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 177. Eng. Bot. 
 t. 626, (bad.) 
 
 On moss, on the mountains, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. The 
 disk is thin and black ; the lamina proligera a very thin, dusky, 
 striated, scarcely transparent layer, resting on much blackish 
 matter, that occupies the greater part of the apothecium. 
 
 v22. L. viridi-atra, ACH. Thallus tartareous, cracked into 
 tumid, uneven, minutely granulated, pale, brownish-grey warts ; 
 apothecia on the warts, half immersed, black, at length very 
 convex, and with the border obliterated. Ach. L. Un. p. 166. 
 Eng. Bot.t. 1831. 
 
 On rocks, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. Our specimens correspond 
 with original ones of L. miscellus of Eng. Bot. Beneath the black 
 disk is a thick lamina proligera, of a dark olive colour, striated, and 
 pellucid, resting on a thin layer of the same colour but more opaque. 
 The thallus does not appear to be determinate. 
 
 23. L. scabra. Thallus tartareous, granulated, the granules 
 whitish, crowded, on a filmy greenish-grey substratum, rough, 
 minutely wrinkled, cracked ; apothecia black, immersed, irre- 
 gularly clustered and confluent, flat, at length somewhat con- 
 vex ; the disk rough ; the border smooth, entire, waved, at 
 length discharging its black colour. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, on the shore at Derriquin, County of Kerry. 
 Patches sometimes three or four inches in diameter, having a sordid 
 greenish hue. Thallus not determinate, growing thinner towards the 
 edges. The granules are erect, somewhat stalked, at first entire, at 
 length broken on their tops, and there appearing white and powdery. 
 The border of the apothecia in many instances becomes pale through- 
 out its substance. Dissection shows a disk, consisting of a coarse 
 black pru ina, beneath which is a thick, greenish-grey, striated, pel- 
 lucid lamina proligera, resting on a layer of brownish matter. 
 
 24-5 L. geographica, HOOK. Substratum of the thallus thin, 
 black, subtartareous, cracked, determinate ; the upper layer of 
 bright sulphur yellow, cracked, crowded, and subconvex scales, 
 sometimes somewhat lobed ; apothecia black, immersed between 
 the cracks of the scales, flat ; the disk rough ; the border rather 
 
 p 
 
122 LICHENES. [Lecidea. 
 
 thick, smooth. Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 178. Eng. Bot. t. 
 245. 
 
 On siliceous and aluminous rocks ; common. This has the strongest 
 affinity to L. atro-alba ; from which it could scarcely be distinguished 
 on cursory observation but for the colour of the scales. Beneath a 
 thick black disk is a lamina proligera of a dusky brown, semi-trans- 
 parent, and striated, resting on a layer of black matter. 
 
 25. L. silacea, ACH. Thallus thin, subtartareous, cracked, 
 uneven, wrinkled, almost warty, of a rusty red ; apothecia black, 
 sessile, somewhat convex ; the disk somewhat wrinkled ; the 
 border thin, waved. Ach. L. Un. p. 164. Eng. Bot. t. 1118. 
 
 On sub-alpine rocks ; not rare. A spurious thallodal border to the 
 apothecia is very common ; the thallus is indeterminate ; under the 
 lens the disk appears studded with numerous black points, but these 
 are so far separated that the blackness of the surface is not continuous; 
 the lamina proligera is nearly white, pellucid, striated, resting on a 
 small central portion of black matter. 
 
 26. L. JEderi, ACH. Substratum of the thallus thin, black, 
 appearing in the interstices and at the border ; upper layer tar- 
 tareous, tessellated, of a dusky red, smooth ; apothecia black, 
 minute, rather concave, with a thick border. Ach. Syn. p. 22. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 1117. Lee. Dicksonii, Ach. L. Un. p. 165. 
 
 On sub-alpine rocks ; not uncommon. Accompanies the preceding. 
 In both the structure of the apothecium is extremely similar, only in 
 the present the disk is flat or concave. Apothecia are often clustered 
 and confluent. 
 
 27. L. scabrosa, ACH. Thallus tartareous, cracked, indeter- 
 minate, of a brownish-grey, with whitish elevations that dis- 
 charge buds greenish and powdery ; apothecia black, half im- 
 mersed, minute, often clustered. Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 48. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 1878. Ach. L. Un. p. 180. 
 
 On siliceous rocks ; not uncommon. The surface of the true thallus 
 is often covered and concealed beneath the buds, that appear as a 
 greenish powder. 
 
 28. L. flavo-virescens, BORRER? Thallus indeterminate, with 
 a pale brown, filmy, investing substratum ; scales very minute, 
 clustered in patches, of a lively yellowish-green ; apothecia 
 minute, black, on the substratum ; the disk plane or concave, 
 rough ; the border thick, entire, smooth. Borrer, MSS. accord- 
 ing to Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 178 ? Lee. citrinella, Ach. L. Un. 
 p.W! 
 
 On mosses, at Bonane and Kilceanagh, County of Kerry. Doubts 
 arise as to the synonyms given above, since the authors above quoted 
 do not notice two distinct strata to the thallus, and since they denomi- 
 nate the apothecia to be globose. Our plant attracts the eye by its 
 colour, and the graniform aggregations of the scales into flattish clus- 
 ters, each seldom exceeding a quarter of an inch in diameter. The 
 border of the apothecia is the mouth of a thick black cup, in which the 
 lamina proligera is contained, being a thick layer of pellucid, pale 
 
Lecidw.} LICHENES. 123 
 
 brown, striated matter, subtended above by a dark brown thin disk, 
 whose surface is rough with projecting points. The apothecia are 
 sometimes clustered, when their border is variously waved. Perhaps 
 what I have called scales may turn out to be the buds ; they are fur 
 more coarse than in the preceding species, nor do they contain the 
 apothecia immersed among them. 
 
 29. L. pulvinata. Thallus indeterminate, pulvinate ; the 
 substratum thick, cracked, dark-brown, brittle; scales tumid, 
 minute, rotundo-lobate, conglomerate, of a dull whitish brown ; 
 apothecia on the substratum, black, at length globose and im- 
 marginate. 
 
 On moss, associated with Jungermannia julacea, on Mangerton, as 
 also at Dereenafinchy mountain, County of Kerry. Patches of the thallas 
 form cushions two or three inches in diameter. Carelessly viewed, the 
 upper layer of the thallus would appear to be crustaceous and granu- 
 late, but the real structure exhibits aggregate sublobate scales, of a dull 
 pale brown ; in which respect it is very different from the preceding, 
 but still more decidedly so in the structure of the apothecia. These 
 are at first mere minute points, then concave, with a thick border, at 
 length far exceeding the scales in size, very convex and inmarginate. 
 Dissection can scarcely discriminate the disk from the lamina proli- 
 gera, which is subjacent in a very thin layer, and is transparent and 
 pale, resting on much coal-black opaque matter, which fills the greater 
 part of the apothecium. This would be arranged by some botanists 
 under the genus Psora of Hoffman. It is allied to the foreign Zee. 
 Wahlenbergii, Ach. 
 
 30. L. Templefoni. Thallas filmy, continuous, investing, 
 with roundish, minute elevations, indeterminate, whitish-grey ; 
 apothecia black, plane, at length very convex, wrinkled and con- 
 fluent, with the border disappearing. 
 
 On moss, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton: on turf, near Bantry, Miss 
 Hutchins. Patches roundish, from one to three inches in diameter ; 
 the thallus when wet of a greenish-grey. The border of the apothecia 
 is entire, though often waved. Dissection shows the lamina proligera 
 to be extremely thin, pale brownish -grey, and pellucid when moist, 
 lying upon an opaque black substance, forming the principal part of 
 each apothecium, and which, seen through the transparent disk and 
 lamina proligera y causes the apothecia to appear black : the disk can- 
 not be distinguished from the upper surface of the lamina proligera. 
 This species approaches, as to characters, the L. arthonioides, of Ach. 
 L. Un. p. 178, except that the apothecia are never " scabrid or pulve- 
 rulent as in the Spilomata? 
 
 31. L. synothea, ACH. Thallus indeterminate, leproso-tarta- 
 reous, flocculoso-granulate, uneven, subgelatinous, pale sooty- 
 brown ; apothecia minute, numerous, somewhat crowded, dull 
 brownish-black, at length convex and immarginate ; the lamina 
 proligera shallow, supported on much whitish matter. Ach. L. 
 
 Un. p. 169. Eng. Bot. t. 2711. 
 
 On pales, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. Thallus thin, rugged when 
 dry, of a lighter colour when wet, and then the granulations appear 
 more rounded. The narrow margin of the apothecia observable in 
 
124 LICHENES. [Lecidea. 
 
 their young state only. The disk rough, opaque, nearly black ; the 
 lamina proligera shallow, whitish brown, semi-pellucid, striated, resting 
 on white cortical matter, that forms the great proportion of the con- 
 tents of the apothecium. 
 
 32. L. uliginosa, ACH. Thallus thin, somewhat filmy, most 
 minutely granulated, dark olive-brown, cracked, indeterminate ; 
 apothecia black, minute, rather crowded ; their disk somewhat 
 rough, flat, at length convex ; their border indistinct. Ach. L. 
 Un.p. 180. Eng. Bot. t. 1466. 
 
 On the wet surface of turf or clay ; not uncommon. An inconspi- 
 cuous species, requiring close inspection for its detection. Beneath a 
 black disk rests the lamina proligera, in a thin, slightly brownish, 
 striated, pellucid layer, lying on much brownish-black matter, that forms 
 the principal part of the apothecia. 
 
 33. L. geomcea. Thallus with the inferior layer filmy, of a 
 brownish-gre}''; the upper of tartareous, minute, rotund, crowd- 
 ed granulations, of a slightly greenish-white ; apothecia black, 
 globose, smooth, at length confluent ; the border evanescent. 
 Lee. uliginosa, 7. geomcea, Ach. L. Un. p. 1 80. 
 
 On moss, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; on turf, on stems of furze 
 and of heath, near Dunkerron, County of Kerry. Granulations smooth 
 or uneven, green within. Apothecia larger than the granulations. 
 The synonym is taken from a specimen named by Acharius for the late 
 Mr. Harrirnan, and sent by the latter to Mr. J. Mackay. The greatest 
 peculiarity of this species is discovered by dissection, for beneath a 
 disk consisting of black points contiguous or with pellucid interstices, 
 is found a lamina prcligera, in a narrow layer of a sea-green colour, 
 resting on much pale-brownish pellucid matter. 
 
 34. L. lapidicola. Thallus of minute, roundish, flat, scatter- 
 ed scales, aggregated towards the centre of the patch, of a 
 tawny-brown, with greyish summits ; apothecia minute, nume- 
 rous black, rugged, round or oblong; the disk tumid when 
 moist; the border evanescent. 
 
 On slate rock, County of Down, Mr. Templeton. On stones, on 
 the bridge wall at Cappamore, near Dunkerron, Kerry. There is, in 
 the dry and young apothecium, an angular circumscription, but no dis- 
 tinct border, hence this species might arrange under Arthonia, did not 
 all analogy forbid it. Dissection shows the disk black ; beneath it the 
 lamina proligera, in a thin, whitish, pellucid, striated layer, resting on 
 brownish-black matter, twice as thick in depth ; below all a greyish 
 substance may be observed analogous to the cortical part of the 
 thallus. 
 
 35. L. simplex, HOOK. Thallus filmy or subtartareous, thin, 
 smooth, olive-brown, scaling away, indeterminate ; apothecia 
 olive-black, numerous ; their disk concave, rather rough, flat- 
 tish ; their border raised, smooth, entire, at length waved and 
 contorted. Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 179. Eng. Bot. t. 2512. 
 
 On siliceous slate, Dunkerron ; not uncommon. The patch is often 
 several inches in diameter. The apothecia crowded or dispersed, but 
 always numerous ; sometimes the young growing out of the old. 
 
Leddea.] LICHENES. 125 
 
 Under the lens the disk is scarcely distinguishable from the lamina 
 proligera, but as a dusky surface ; the latter is a narrow layer, 
 very pale brown, semi-transparent, and striated, resting on a dense 
 layer of black matter. The apothecia sometimes resemble crowded 
 lirellcB. 
 
 36. L. immersa, ACH. Thallus tartareous, thin, continuous, 
 whitish, somewhat determinate ; apothecia black, numerous, 
 evenly scattered, flattish or concave, immersed ; the disk sub- 
 pruinose; the border thick, Ach. L. Un. p. 153. Eng. Bot. 
 t. 193. 
 
 On limestone ; not uncommon. The apothecia are not only im- 
 mersed in the thallus, but, by a singular property of this species, and of 
 Verracuria Schraderi, are placed in cavities of the stone formed by 
 some law of the living force as yet unexplained. 
 
 37. L. rivulosa, ACH. I Thallus tartareous, determinate, 
 cracked, brownish-grey, at length waved and rough ; the bor- 
 der zonate, of an olive colour ; apothecia numerous, scattered, 
 sessile, black, flat ; the disk subpruinose ; the border waved, of 
 a pale brown. Ach. Meth. 38, Syn. p. 28. Eng. Bot. t. 1737. 
 
 On siliceous rocks ; very common. A number of individuals, sepa- 
 rated by their dark linear borders, give the appearance of the divisions 
 of a map far more strikingly than in L. geographica. Dissection 
 shows the disk of a blackish-olive, which layer re-enters under the 
 apothecitim ; beneath the disk is a pale, striated, semi-transparent 
 lamina proligera, of considerable thickness, resting on some white, 
 apparently cortical matter. Fries, in his Lick, exsicc. number 39, 
 makes Lecidea Lightfootii y Ach. (and, probably, justly) a variety of 
 this. 
 
 38. L. pruinosa, ACH. Thallus tartareous, very thin, at 
 length scattered and disappearing, greyish- white ; apothecia 
 flattish, purplish-black ; the disk pruinose ; the border narrow, 
 waved, and distorted. Ach. Meth. p. 55. Eng. Bot. t. 2244. 
 L. atbocerulesccns, p. pruinosa. Ach. L. Un. p. 189. 
 
 On walls, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; on granite, near Dublin, 
 not uncommon. Under the lens the disk cannot be distinguished from 
 the lamina proligera ; this appears of a light reddish-brown, becoming 
 paler where it meets some white cortical matter, on which it rests, and 
 which enters the apothecium at its lowest point ; the lamina is semi- 
 transparent and striated. The apothecia sometimes appear immersed 
 below the level of the surface of the lime that exudes from the mortar 
 of ualls. 
 
 39. L. speira, ACH. Thallus tartareous, subdeterminate, very 
 white, cracked, somewhat granulated, rough, with minute ele- 
 vations ; apothecia slightly immersed, flat, covered with a white 
 pruina, at length convex, very black, with a waved border. 
 Ach. L. Un. p. 184. Eng. Bot. t. 1864. 
 
 On limestone, at Dunkerron Castle. At Portmarnock, near Dublin, 
 is found apparently the same species, but with scarcely any pruina on 
 the apothecia, which are very convex and rugged : this state, I sup- 
 
126 LICHENES. [Lccidea. 
 
 pose, is the L. amylacea of Ach. Moisture gives the thallus a green- 
 ish hue. The dissection in Lich. Un.tab.^f. 1, does not accord 
 with that of the Irish plant, and, as it gives no distinct lamina proli- 
 gera, perhaps it is incorrect. The lens shows the disk studded with 
 closely set, dark points, beneath which is the lamina proligera, 
 brownish-grey, striated, and semi-transparent, resting on black matter. 
 I have seen Irish specimens, collected by other botanists, of L. epi- 
 polia, Ach. and of his L. corticola, but neither, could I satisfy myself, 
 to be distinct from the present species. 
 
 40. L. quernea, ACH. Thallus leprous, brownish-grey, with 
 olive-grey, rotund, scattered granulations; partly covered with 
 buds in a coarse, dilute, dusky, yellow powder ; apothecia some- 
 what immersed, convex, confluent and irregular, of a purplish 
 deep-brown ; the border evanescent. Ach. L. U. p. 202. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 485. 
 
 On old oaks, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. The apothecia are 
 frequently clustered, swelling much by moisture. Beneath a thick 
 dark brown disk, is observable the lamina proligera, sub-pellucid, of a 
 redder or more lively brown, resting on a very thin layer of dusky 
 matter. 
 
 41. L. pulverea, Bonn. Thallus thin, between filmy and 
 tartareous, brownish-grey, rugged, cracked, indeterminate ; the 
 surface nearly covered with buds in a soft, pale, coarse, greyish- 
 green powder: apothecia sessile, black, often confluent, scattered ; 
 the border livid, slightly raised, at length evanescent. Borr. in 
 Eng. Bot. Supp. t. 2726. 
 
 On old oaks, at Dromore, County of Kerry. The disk is rather 
 thick and black ; the lamina proligera dusky, yet pellucid and 
 striated, resting on a shallow layer of dark brown matter. Our 
 specimens exhibit a sub-stratum of the thallus to the powdery 
 buds. 
 
 * * Apothecia not black. 
 
 42. L. incana, HOOK. Thallus leprous, very mealy, soft, 
 uneven, glaucous-grey, at length whitish-grey ; " apothecia scat- 
 tered, sessile, brown, with a paler brown, even, smooth border.'* 
 Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 181. Lepraria incana, Ach. L. Un. p. 
 665. 
 
 On decaying turf, at Colin glen, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. The 
 apothecia have not yet been met with in Ireland. 
 
 43. L. luteola. ACH. Thallus thin, between filmy and tarta- 
 reous, slightly granulated, indeterminate, greenish-grey ; apo- 
 thecia sessile, at length convex, of a tawny flesh colour or 
 brownish, the border at length evanescent. Ach.L. Un.p. 195. 
 Lichen vernalis, .Eng. Bot. t. 845. 
 
 On elms, at Dunkerron ; on rocks, at Derriquin, County of Kerry. 
 The thallus varies in thickness, being thinner and more powdery on 
 trees ; on rocks, at Derriquin, it is almost tartareous, somewhat rugged ; 
 at Glenflesk, smooth, soft, and whitish. The disk appears dotted, the 
 
Lecidea.] LICHENES. 127 
 
 lamina proligera is a shallow, striated, colourless layer, lying on 
 much whitish matter, constituting the greater part of the apothe- 
 cium. 
 
 44. L. vernalis, ACH. Thallus thin, filmy, somewhat pow- 
 dery, indeterminate, whitish-green or whitish ; apothecia minute, 
 losing their border, at length subglobose, crowded, somewhat 
 pellucid, dusky or reddish brown. Ach. L. Un. p. 198. Lichen 
 sphceroides, Dicks. Cr. Fasc. I. p. 9, t. 2,/. 2. Lecidea viridescens, 
 Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 189, (not of Acharius). Lichen virides- 
 cens, Eng. Bot. t. 2217. 
 
 On mosses, especially Hypna ; not uncommon. Mugeot and 
 Nestler's Lecidea viridescens, number 550, quite squares with Acha- 
 rius's description, in his Lick. Univ. p. 200, and is distinct from any 
 Irish specimen that I have seen. The structure of its " rugulose apo- 
 thecia'' is remarkable, for the lamina proligera, entire below, seems 
 divided above into a few irregular processes, corresponding to the 
 wrinkles on the surface of the disk. In our plant the disk under the 
 lens appears studded with dark points ; the lamina proligera is of 
 considerable thickness, pale, almost colourless, striated, having in the 
 centre of the globule a little opaque brownish matter. It invests the 
 surface of Hypna sometimes to the extent of several inches in dia- 
 meter. 
 
 45. L. sulphurea, ACH. Thallus tartareous, smooth, cracked, 
 the edges of the cracks slightly raised, of a pale sulphur colour, 
 black-edged; apothecia at length emerging ; their disk at length 
 convex, blackish-olive, pruinose ; the proper border at length 
 obliterated. Ach. Syr), p. 37. Lecanora sulphurea, Ach. L. Un. 
 p. 399. Eng. Bot. M186. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, Pigeon Island, Kenmare River ; near Belfast, 
 Mr. Templeton. A thallodal border to the apothecia is very observ- 
 able ; hence, perhaps, the shifting this species from under Lecanora to 
 Lecidea might have been omitted by Acharius. 
 
 46 L. expallens, HOOK. Thallus between leprous and tarta- 
 reous, cracked, powdery, pale sulphur coloured, whiter and 
 thinner towards the border ; apothecia sessile, adpressed, convex, 
 and confluent ; the border losing its thallodal powder. Hook. 
 Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 181. Lichen orostheus, Eng. Bot. t. 1549. 
 Lecanora expallens, Ach. Lich. Un. p. 374. 
 
 On fir trees, at Derriquin, County of Kerry. This species too, 
 perhaps, ranges as well under Lecanora. The lamina proligera is 
 colourless and transparent. 
 
 47. L. coronata, HOOK. Thallus tartareous, cracked, of im- 
 bricated, somewhat lobed granulations, olive-brown ; apothecia 
 crowded, flattish, at length convex, depressed, reddish-brown ; 
 their border narrow, crenate, flexuose. Hook. Eng. Flor. 5, p. 
 182. Eng. Bot. t. 1246 and t. 1247. Lecanora brunnea, Ach. 
 L. Un. p. 419. 
 
 Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; near Bantry, Miss Hutchins ; on 
 rocks, at Blackwater Hill, County of Kerry. To the apothecia of 
 
128 LICHENES. [Lecidea. 
 
 this species, likewise, there is usually present a thallodal border. The 
 variety from Blackwater Hill is singularly pulvinate, has the lobes dis- 
 tinct, pruinose, their surface uneven, with a substratum to the thallus 
 dense, spongiose, brownish-black : the apothecia at first of a light 
 orange colour, afterwards brownish, always semi-transparent by mois- 
 ture. In a specimen from Observatory Inlet, north-west coast of 
 America, collected by Dr. Scouler, the lobes of the thallus are light- 
 brown, erect, fastigiate. 
 
 48. L. quadricolor, HOOK. Thallus leprous, dull grey, with 
 white, minute, somewhat tartareous granulations ; apothecia ses- 
 sile, minute, gelatinous, flesh-coloured, greenish or yellowish, 
 at length blackish ; the disk pruinose ; the border pale. Hook. 
 Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 282. Eng. Bot. t. 1185. Lecanora granulosa, 
 var. a. Ach. L. Un. p. 384. 
 
 On wet clay, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. On bogs, near the 
 roots of heath, County of Kerry ; common. The apothecia may be 
 observed of more than four different colours. The buds appear in 
 large heaps, of a tawny colour, emitting a pale green powder. The 
 granulations of the thallus are greenish when wet. Beneath a prui- 
 nose disk is a semi-transparent, slightly coloured lamina prolig era. 
 
 49. L. rupestris, ACH. Thallus tartareous, thin, contiguous, 
 indeterminate, grey or brownish-grey ; - apothecia minute, half 
 immersed ; the disk reddish brown, at length convex ; the bor- 
 der at length obliterated. Ach. L. Un. p. 206. Lichen calvus, 
 Eng. Bot. t. 948. 
 
 On limestone, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. Dunkerron ; not un- 
 common. 
 
 50. L. irrubata, HOOK. Thallus between filmy and tartare- 
 ous, thin, dispersed, or collected and cracked, wrinkled, greenish- 
 grey ; apothecia somewhat immersed, flattish, of a dusky orange 
 colour, at length convex ; the border evanescent. Hook. Eng. 
 Flor. v. 5, p. 183. Lichen rupestris, Eng. Bot. t. 2245, (without 
 the synonyms.) 
 
 On red sandstone, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; on mortar of a 
 wall near Tralee ; and on siliceous rocks at Blackwater, County of 
 Kerry. 
 
 51. L. cornea, ACH. Thallus cartilagineo-membranaceous, 
 thin, white, smooth, determinate ; apothecia numerous, sessile, 
 reddish-brown, semitransparent ; the border paler, thick, tumid, 
 entire, sometimes waved. Ach Meth. Lich. p. 36. Eng. Bot. t. 
 965. Lecidea carneola, Ach. L. Un. p. 1 94, the var. p. cornea. 
 
 On cherries at Powerscourt ; on ash at Dunkerron. 
 
 52. L. ferruginea, HOOK. Thallus tartareous, thin, some- 
 what cracked, uneven, greyish-white ; apothecia numerous, flat- 
 tish, at length scarcely convex, of a rusty orange ; the border 
 paler red, at length waved. Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 184. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 1650. Lecidea cinereo-fusca, Ach. L. Un. p. 202. 
 
 On siliceous rocks ; common. Too near the preceding. 
 
Letidea.} LICHENES. 
 
 53. L. icmadopJiila, ACH. Thallus filmy, with rotund granu- 
 lations, greenish-white, uneven, indeterminate ; apothecia sub- 
 sessile, flattish, flesh-coloured ; the disk at length wrinkled, and 
 the thin border flexuose. Ach. Lick. Un.p. 191. Enq. Bot. t. 
 372. 
 
 On turf, under heath or furze ; not uncommon. The apothecia are 
 sometimes proliferous of others. 
 
 54. L, marmorea, ACH. Thallus tartareous, very thin, 
 scarcely cracked, grey, indeterminate; apothecia urceolate ; 
 the disk of a salmon colour; the border very thick, raised, 
 subinflexed, crenulate, pale. Ach. L. Un. p. 192. Eng. Bot. t. 
 739. 
 
 On limestone, common ; also on the bark of old elms, at Dunkerron. 
 The lamina proligera has a perithecium passing under it and rising up 
 into an elevated border. The variety on elms has its minute apothecia 
 almost entirely immersed ; in this, too, the lamina prolig era, dropping 
 out, leaves a whitish urceolate perithecium. 
 
 55. L. lutea, HOOK. Thallus filmy, very thin, greyish, inde- 
 terminate, investing ; apothecia flat or concave ; the disk of a 
 pale yellow ; the border raised, whitish, waved. Hook. Eng. 
 Flor. v. 6, p. 185. Eng. Bot. t. 1263. Lee. melizcea, Ach. L, 
 Un.p. 194. 
 
 On mosses, near Bantry, Miss Hutchins ; near Belfast, Mr. Tern," 
 pleton. In Askew Wood, County of Kerry. There is a perithecium 
 quite analogous to that of the preceding, out of which the lamina pro- 
 ligera occasionally drops. 
 
 56. L. ulmicola, HOOK. Thallus leprous, coarsely mealy, 
 rather thin, whitish, indeterminate ; apothecia numerous, small, 
 somewhat crowded, brownish-tawney, at length convex, and 
 the border obliterated. Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 185. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 1426. Lecidea luteo-alba, Ach. L. Un.p. 207. 
 
 On limestone, at Dunkerron, County of Kerry. On calcareous 
 rocks the thallus is more truly mealy ; on elms, as in Mr. Harriman's 
 specimens from Durham, it is between filmy and tartareous. This 
 species is very nearly allied to Lee. rupestris, whose apothecia, how- 
 ever, are not so crowded, more convex, and immersed in the crust ; 
 besides their lamina proligera rests on a shallow, central, brownish- 
 tawny mass, while in L. ulmicola it rests on a whitish substance. 
 
 57. L. aurantiaca, ACH. Thallus subtartareous, granulated, 
 uneven, black-edged, whitish, or whitish-lemon coloured ; apo- 
 thecia sessile, crowded ; the disk brownish-orange, at length 
 convex ; the border paler, entire. Ach. L. Un. p. 204. Lichen 
 salicinus, Eng. Bot. 1. 1305. 
 
 On a wall, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; on rocks, near Bantry, 
 Miss Hutchins ; on willows and on sycamore at Derriquin, County 
 of Kerry. The black edge of the thallus is best observed on the spe- 
 cimens on Salix cinerea ; the thallus varies in thickness. The lamina 
 proligera is slightly tinged of the same colour as the disk : a thallodal 
 
 Q 
 
130 LICHENES. \Lecidea. 
 
 border is observable on old apothecia in Fries' specimens, number 41 
 of his Lich. Suec. exsiccati. 
 
 58. L. erythrella, HOOK, Thallus tartareous, rather thin, 
 orange, uneven, cracked into angular warts, determinate ; the 
 border very thin, investing, entire, of a paler hue ; apothecia 
 minute, crowded, sessile, at length convex; the disk of a deep 
 orange ; the border paler, entire. Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 
 186. Eng. JBot. t. 1993. 
 
 On limestone at Dunkerron, County of Kerry ; also at Tralee. Our 
 specimens, which accord with the English Botany figure and descrip- 
 tion, differ remarkably from the preceding species by the nature of the 
 border to the thallus. Besides the proper margin to the apothecia, a 
 spurious thattodal exterior rim is usually observable. This species has 
 a strong affinity to Lecanora elegans. I know not where to refer, if 
 not to this species as its very young state, a Lecidea common on our 
 limestone, whose apothecia are more minute, more pale, and whose 
 thallus is in so thin a layer as to be nothing more than a citron-coloured 
 very fine powder. 
 
 59. L. picta. Thallus leproso-tartareous, very thin, brown- 
 ish-grey, minutely wrinkled, continuous, or scarcely cracked, 
 rugged, determinate ; apothecia minute, numerous, crowded, 
 half immersed, very concave ; the disk of a pale greenish dun 
 colour, with a bright yellow pruina ; the border very tumid, 
 inflexed, of a bright yellow. 
 
 On siliceous slate, Dunkerron mountain, and elsewhere in the 
 County of Kerry. The thallus is elevated into minute acute wrinkles 
 or roundish pieces, whose edges are whitish and shining ; when moist, 
 under the lens greenish points appear. The apothecia concave, almost 
 urceolate when dry, by the application of moisture have their disk ele- 
 vated to nearly or altogether the level of their border. The border is 
 commonly quite entire, yet sometimes slightly jagged. The opening 
 of the apothecia is usually compressed, hence the border is waved. 
 The lamina proligera is deep, and has upright strife ; it is colourless 
 and pellucid. The patches are sometimes a foot or more in length. 
 To the naked eye only a yellowish suffusion of the surface of the rock 
 appears. It might be considered closely allied to Lecanora vitellina 
 if it were not for the very different crust and dissimilar structure of the 
 apothecia. 
 
 f f Thallus subcrustaceous, or scaly > lobed. 
 
 Under this head may have been arranged some species of the pre- 
 ceding section, with a black substratum and dispersed warts to the 
 thallus. It comprehends the PSOR^: of Hoffman. 
 
 60. L. canescens, ACH. Thallus tartareous, lobed at the 
 edges, orbicular, plaited, white, with a glaucous powder in the 
 centre ; apothecia central, depressed, black, with a narrow bor- 
 der. Ach. L. Un.p. L>16. Dill Muse. t. 18,/. 17, A. Dicks. 
 Cr. Fasc. I. p. 10, t. 2, /. 5. Eng. Bot. t. 582. 
 
 On tress, near Belfast, with apothecia, Mr. Templeton ; at Rath- 
 ronane, County of Tipperary, Mr. G. S. Gough ; on walls common, 
 but barren. 
 
Lecidea.] LICHENES. 131 
 
 61. L. cceruleo-nigricans. Thallus of imbricated, tumid, 
 obovate, pruinose scales, entire or crenate ; apothecia marginal, 
 black, at length convex and waved ; the border narrow. Lichen 
 cceruleo-nigricans^ Light. Eng. Bot. t. 1139. Psora ceruleo- 
 nigricans, Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 192. Lecidea vesicularis, 
 Ach. L. Un p. 212. 
 
 On the North Wall, near Dublin, Mr. Robert Brown. At the 
 sand hills of Baldoyle, near Dublin, abundant. &. aromatica, scales 
 rather erect, fastigiate, of a brownish-grey, somewhat pruinose. 
 Lecidea aromatica, Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 177. Lichen aro- 
 maticus Eng. Bot. t. 1777. On walls, at Dunkerron Castle ; on wet 
 rocks in the mountains near Dunkerron. Sir James Smith, long since, 
 affirmed the difficulty of separating what are above united into varie- 
 ties : the propriety of which is strongly indicated by the identity of 
 the remarkable odour that issues from the bruised recent apothecia 
 of both, the scent being that of Geranium robertianum, though 
 fainter. 
 
 62. L. polytropa^ ACH. Thallus in dispersed clusters of 
 tumid, wrinkled, somewhat lobed, pale, sulphur coloured, tar- 
 tareous scales ; apothecia conglomerate, plane or convex ; their 
 disk of a pale flesh colour ; the border lighter, waved, and cre- 
 nate. Ach. Method. Lich. p. 72. Eng. Bot. t. 1264, the lower 
 
 figure. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, at Derriquin, County of Kerry. In our plant 
 a black, powdery substratum to the thallus is observable, which I do 
 not find in specimens from Ben. Lawers, collected by the late Mr. J. 
 Mackay ; besides, the scales of our plant are in distinct swolu 
 clusters, which is not represented in the English Botany plate. 
 
 63. L. fuliginosa. Substratum of the thallus of numerous, 
 short, fastigiate, simple or branched, bent filaments, black as 
 their connecting thin membrane ; scales minute, much scatter- 
 ed, flat, hemispherical, entire, of a dusky olive ; apothecia black, 
 convex, the border soon obliterated. 
 
 On siliceous slate at Dunkerron and Carig mountains, County of 
 Kerry. Patches, at a little distance, appear like the rudiments of An- 
 drcBa Rothii ; from one to four inches in diameter. The filaments of 
 the substratum when dry are black, when wet of a light brown ; they 
 are especially collected about the circumferences of the scales, and of 
 the apothecia, to which they adhere ; towards the margin of the patch 
 they are short. The scales, larger than poppy seed, are commonly 
 distinct, sometimes confluent, when wet they are almost gelatinous, 
 otherwise they remind one of the scales of an Endocarpon : when 
 cut, under the lens, they exhibit beneath a brown, semi-transparent, 
 cortical layer, another more thick, quite green when wet, resting on 
 much cortical matter, whose whiteness, as usual, is not altered by mois- 
 ture. The apothecia are often subglobose, somewhat shining, situated 
 single or two together on one of the scales, overhanging its side. Dis- 
 section shows the disk thin and black ; the lamina proligera of a 
 light brown, pellucid, striated, in a very thin layer; while the centre 
 and greater part of the apothecium is occupied by much black matter, 
 which occasionally protrudes, from beneath, beyond the base of the 
 apothecium. 
 
132 LICHENES. [Urceolaria. 
 
 23. UKCEOLARIA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus crustaceous, uniform. Apothecia orbiculate, immersed 
 in the thallus ; the disk concave ; the border formed of the 
 crust. 
 
 1. U. scruposa, ACH. Thallus tartareous, rugoso- plicate, 
 granulate, cracked, grey ; apothecia urceolate, immersed ; the 
 disk black, pruinose ; the thallodal border inflexed, crenate. 
 Ach. Lich. Un. p. 338. Eng. Bot. t. 94. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, at Dunkerron ; on the sand hills at Portmar- 
 nock, near Dublin, abundant. Disk pruinose ; lamina proligera thin, 
 horny, with dark opaque vertical striae. 
 
 2. U. contorta, ACH. TJiallus of distinct, clustered, tumid, 
 light-greenish scales, with elevated whitish edges ; apothecia 
 usually single, immersed in the scales ; the disk brownish-black, 
 pruinose ; the thallodal border whitish and powdery. U. Hoff- 
 manni, /3. contorta, Ach. L. Un. p. 333. Eng. Bot. 1. 1940, (the 
 greenish figure.) 
 
 On limestone, at Portraarnock and Feltrim Hill, near Dublin ; 
 on basalt, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. On granite, near Dublin. 
 
 3. U. calcarea, ACH. Thallus tartareous, powdery, cracked, 
 even, determinate ; the border narrow, of a lead-blue ; apo- 
 thecia immersed, numerous, minute, round, at length oblong, 
 angular, and crooked ; the disk black, pruinose. Ach. L. Un. 
 p. 340. Eng. Bot. t. 820. 
 
 On limestone ; common. 
 
 4. U. cinerea, ACH. Thallus tartareous, cracked, grey, 
 rugged, determinate ; the border broad, greenish, undulated ; 
 apothecia immersed, numerous, slightly concave, black, pru- 
 inose ; thallodal margin elevated. Ach. L. Un. p. 336. Ens. 
 Bot.t. 1751. 
 
 On siliceous rocks (never on calcareous) ; common. The surface of 
 the thallus is more rugged and not so white as in the preceding ; the 
 border is much broader and of a different colour ; the apothecia are 
 larger, besides it does not occur on limestone. 
 
 5. U. Acharii, ACH. Thallus tartareous, smooth, cracked, 
 white, with a snow-white thin border; apothecia immersed ; the 
 disk of a light flesh colour; the thallodal border tumid. Ach. 
 L. Un. p. 331. /3. thallus of a pale brick colour. Eng. Bot. 
 t. 1087. 
 
 On rocks near the water's edge, Finnehy River. Q. on drier rocks, 
 exposed to the sun : neither variety is ever seen on limestone : the 
 substratum of the lamina proligera is apt to turn from white to dark- 
 brown. 
 
 6. U. rufescens, HOOK. Thallus indeterminate, thin, tarta- 
 reous, tessellated, of a smoke-grey ; apothecia small, dark-grey, 
 
Lecanora.] LICHENE9- 133 
 
 immersed, at length flat ; with an elevated, entire border. 
 Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 173. Lecidea rvfescens, Borr. in 
 Eng. Bot. Supp. I. 2657. Sagedia rufescens, Ach. L. Un. p. 
 
 327. 
 
 On siliceous green sandstone, Cappamore, near Dtmkerron, County 
 of Kerry. Our plant agrees in every particular with the figure and 
 description in English Botany, as well as with a specimen from Mr. 
 Borrer, except in the colour of the thallus and of the disk, the last of 
 which Acharius calls a dusky-black. Under the lens the disk is seen 
 to be rough with elevated cellules ; the lamina proligera is deep, 
 plano-concave, pale, pellucid, full of minute cells ; the disk extends, 
 as in the Acharian figure, beyond the surface of the lamina proli- 
 gera. 
 
 24. LECANORA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus crustaceous, uniform, or scaly and lobed at the mar- 
 gin. Apothecia orbiculate, sessile, their border formed of 
 the thallus, tumid, elevated. 
 
 f Thallus crustaceous, uniform. 
 * Apothecia black, or dark brown. 
 
 1. L. atra, ACH. Thallus tartareous, scarcely determinate, 
 granulato-areolate, whitish-grey ; apothecia numerous, crowded, 
 sessile ; their disk and lamina proligera black, concave, at length 
 plane ; their border whitish, at length crenulate. Ach. L. Un. 
 p. 344. Eng. Bot. t. 949. (not good.) 
 
 On trees and on rocks, especially of the sea-shore ; near Belfast, Mr. 
 Templeton ; in the South of Ireland, common. The thallus is liable 
 to be dispersed. 
 
 2. L. exigua, HOOK. Thallus subtartareous, thin, uneven, 
 of a dull greenish-ash colour ; with a black, thin substratum 
 exceeding at the edges ; apothecia minute, crowded, blackish ; 
 the disk rough, at length convex, and the whitish border at 
 length brownish. Hook. Eng. Flor. v. 5, p. 187. Eng. Bot. t. 
 1849. (the figure on tile.) 
 
 On tiles, near Portmarnock Church, County of Dublin ; also on 
 granite, near Dublin. The disk, dissected under the microscope, is 
 brownish, rough ; the lamina proligera of a very pale-brown, semi- 
 transparent, and has usually dark opaque strife, converging towards 
 the centre of the apothecium, but not exceeding the lamina. 
 
 2. L. periclea, ACH. Substratum of the thallus very thin, 
 dark brown ; scales minute, very thin, snow-white ; apothecia 
 numerous, minute, black; the disk rough; the border snow- 
 white, subpruinose. Ach. L. Un. p. 355. Eng. Bot. . t !850. 
 
 On sandstone rocks, sea-shore, at Derriquin, County of Kerry. The 
 substratum is unnoticed by Acharius ; this species he seems to have 
 found limited to the bark of trees, yet I think it highly probable that 
 our rock plant is the same. 
 
134 LICHENES. [Lecanora. 
 
 4. L. multipuneta, ACH. Thallus tartareous, rimoso-areolate, 
 ash-coloured ; the areola> rough, with elevated, dark points ; 
 apothecia dark brown or black, at length convex. Ach. L. Un. 
 p. 348. 
 
 The areolce are, for the most part, tumid, subconfluent, and waved. 
 The surface is of a lead-grey, and appears harsh and rough. The 
 minute apothecia sometimes burst from a thallodal wart, as in Lecanora 
 coarctata. A thin dark substratum may be observed as a limit to the 
 thallus. Our specimens accord well with the description of Acha- 
 rius. 
 
 5. L. coarctata, ACH. Thallus subtartareous, thin, cracked, 
 scarcely determinate* greyish, subpulverulent ; apothecia, the 
 young "rising as white powdery globules, opening on the tops ; 
 the disk concave, immersed, purplish-black, at length convex, 
 pale reddish-brown ; the border irregularly split, somewhat 
 inflexed. Ach. L. Un. p. 352. Eng. Bot. t. 168. r - 
 
 On stones and rocks, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; not uncommon 
 in the South of Ireland, sometimes in situations occasionally inun- 
 dated. The thallus in wet places has a permanent greenish hue, on 
 red sandstone rocks brownish ; but in all, the young apothecia are 
 similar and like white globules. Perhaps the Variolaria tiflca of 
 Acharius is not distinct. The lamina proligera is of a pale, dirty, 
 wax hue, and remarkable for the size of the cellules with which it is 
 striated. 
 
 6. L. milvina, ACH. Thallus tartareous, rather thin, areolate, 
 grey or brownish-grey, with a black filmy substratum ; apothecia 
 minute, numerous ; their disk slightly convex, dark brown ; 
 their border entire. Ach. L. Un. p. 358. Borr. in Eng. Bot. 
 Supp. t. 2662, /. 1. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, "near Bantry, Miss Hutchins ; not uncommon 
 about Dunkerron, near Kenmare. The patches are sometimes conti- 
 nuous and wide, at other times in dispersed, minute portions : the sur- 
 face is occasionally uneven with irregular, eminent, whiter portions of 
 thallus. The warts or granulations are scattered towards the edges, 
 crowded and in contact in the centre, tumid, subject to split, angular, 
 unpolished, grey, yet sometimes assuming a brown hue from numerous 
 punctiform young apothecia, of a brown colour, with which they are 
 studded. Apothecia numerous, sessile, very minute ; the lamina pro- 
 ligera, dropping out, leaves a whitish thallodal cup. Dissection shows 
 the disk to consist of minute, brown, elevated points, the terminations 
 of opaque brown strice, continued through the lamina proligera, 
 which is pale and pellucid ; the border is evidently thallodal, contain- 
 ing green parenchymatous matter. Different specimens vary much in 
 the size of the apothecia. 
 
 7. L. involuta. Thallus tartareous^rather thin, in closely 
 adjacent or scattered, whitish-grey, father flat, unpolished, 
 somewhat lobed, or crenate warts, indeterminate ; apothecia few, 
 at first globose, bursting on the summit, at length convex, pale 
 rose-reddish, finally brownish, and the border almost obliter- 
 ated. 
 
Lecanora.} LICHENES. 135 
 
 On siliceous rocks, on Carig and Dunkerron mountains, County of 
 Kerry. Sometimes there is a black substratum observable. Some- 
 times the thallus is in scattered, tumid, minute, scarcely lobed warts. 
 When wet the thallus assumes a greenish hue, while the disk of the 
 apothecia becomes apparently more gelatinous. A little after the 
 opening of the globular scales that contain the apothecia, the disk of 
 these appear concave, but in the full grown it is always convex ; there 
 is more of a rose colour in the disk than in any of the congeners. 
 Dissection shows the entire of the lamina proligera to be of the same 
 colour throughout ; striated and sernipellucid ; from it the disk can 
 scarcely be distinguished as a separate layer. From the preceding the 
 lobed or crenate scales, the colour and convexity of the apothecia will 
 "keep the present distinct. While the same circumstances, besides the 
 thicker tartareous thallus, and want of the inflexed border to the full 
 grown apothecia will distinguish it from L. coarctata. The appear- 
 ances on dissection are very different from those of either of the two 
 foregoing species. 
 
 8. L. glaucoma, ACH. Thallus tartareous, areolate, rough, 
 even, cream-coloured or greyish, determinate ; apothecia nume- 
 rous, convex ; their disk blackish, and pruinose, at length, of a 
 wax colour and flattish, and the border almost obliterated. Ach. 
 L. Un. p. 362. Eng. Bot. t. 2156. 
 
 On rocks, on the shore at Bangor, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; 
 Blackwater Hill, County of Kerry. A black-olive edge is visible, 
 especially where two thatti of this species meet. The edges of the 
 areolcR are somewhat crenate : the areolce themselves are powdery on 
 the surface : the hue is often light-ochrey, or cream coloured. The 
 apothecia are frequently nearly globose, always pruinose when young ; 
 the dark disk at length drops off and exposes the lamina proligera 
 of a wax colour : dissection shows this last to be pale, striated and pel- 
 lucid, and of the colour stated. 
 
 9. L. sabfusca, ACH. Thallus tartareous, thin, cracked, sub- 
 granulate, uneven, grey, with a paler or white border; apothecia 
 numerous, sessile, slightly convex, the disk brown or dusky, the 
 border at length crenate. Ach. L. Un. p. 393. Eng. Bot. t. 
 2109. 
 
 On trees, most common ; on siliceous rocks, common ; on limestone 
 or mortar, more rare. The varieties on trees are 1, the common 
 appearance above defined : 2, with a very thin thallus, and very 
 pale and pruinose disk to the apothecia, as on birch and hollies j this 
 may be Lecanora angulosa, Ach. 3, with the thallus white, the 
 apothecia subpedicellated, their border singularly thick and wrinkled, 
 as also the backs, this occurs on oaks, at Askew wood, County 
 of Kerry. 4, the thallus almost filmy, investing, of a greenish 
 grey, in small patches, the apothecia minute, somewhat immersed ; the 
 disk pale, the border thick and entire ; on Salix cinerea in Askew 
 wood. There are besides, varieties on stone, of which the most re- 
 markable are 5, with a thin dirty white investing thallus, with the 
 areolce flat in the centre, somewhat crenate at the edges, and the bor- 
 der white, fibrous, and with a silky lustre : this occurs on rocks oc- 
 casionally inundated at Blackwater River, County of Kerry ; also, 
 larger in all its parts on siliceous stones on walls near Tralee. 6, on 
 
136 LICHENES, [Lecanora. 
 
 mortar, at Templeogue, near Dublin, with the thai 1 us in scattered 
 granules ; the apothecia numerous, crowded, hence subangular, their 
 disk concave, light brown, with a dense white pruina, their border even 
 in the youngest and minutest, waved and erenulate. 7, crustless, apo- 
 thecia very minute, dispersed ; their disk olive, pruinose ; on siliceous 
 rocks at Derriquin, County of Kerry ; the same, I suppose it is, that 
 occurs on limestone on the seashore, often occupying the crust of 
 Thelotrema exanthematicum, and looking like the minute apothecia of 
 Lecanora chloroleuca, Ach. In all the different varieties dissection 
 shows beneath a disk more or less intensely coloured, brownish, a 
 lamina proligera of considerable thickness, of a pale waxy hue, semi- 
 pellucid and striated. 
 
 * * Apothecia red, yellow, or brown, (never black.) 
 
 10. L. ventosa, ACH. Thallus tartareous, thick, rimoso-areo- 
 late, of a yellowish-ash colour, scarcely determinate ; the areola; 
 convex, plaited, and warty ; apothecia rather large, somewhat 
 immersed, irregularly roundish; the disk flat or slightly tumid, 
 brownish-red ; border waved, narrow, entire. Ach. L. Un. p. 
 399. Eng. Bot. t. 906. 
 
 On granite near Dublin ; Dr. Whitley Stokes. Slieve Croob, Mr. 
 Templeton. In old dried specimens the thallus sometimes becomes 
 quite brownish, and loses all yellowish hue. The areolce are often 
 confluent, always convex. The young unformed apothecia rise with a 
 tumid border from the crust. The disk and lamina proligera are of the 
 same colour, that is, a reddish-brown, the latter forms but a thin layer 
 over much white cortical matter, and is semipellucid and striated. 
 
 11. L. Htzmatomma, ACH, Thallus leproso-tartareous, pow- 
 dery, whitish or pale sulphur coloured, subdeterminate ; apo- 
 thecia immersed ; the disk scarlet or brownish-red, at length 
 convex ; the border powdery, merging in the thallus. Ach. L. 
 Un. p. 388. Eng. Bot. t. 486 and t. 223. 
 
 On rocks near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; on shaded rocks near Dun- 
 kerron, County of Kerry. The thallus becomes thinner and white 
 towards the border ; but when two thalli of this species meet (and 
 sometimes independently of this,) there is a narrow black edge 
 visible. The dissection of the apothecia exhibits appearances quite 
 similar to what is observed in Lecanora ventosa. I find the thallus to 
 vary in thickness, and sometimes to be completely tartareous and 
 areolate ; to vary too as to the degree in which the surface is powdery. 
 I must confess, to me, the distinctions between this and the preceding 
 are very unsatisfactory. 
 
 12. L. cerina, ACH. Thallus membranaceous, very thin, 
 slightly granulated, indeterminate, greyish-white ; apothecia 
 scattered, sessile ; the disk flat or concave, at length scarcely 
 convex, of a wax-yellow ; the border inflexed, with a white 
 pruina, at length turning black. Ach. L. Un. p. 390. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 627. 
 
 On trees, near Dublin, Mr. Templeton ; in Kerry, not uncommon. 
 On dissection th lamina proligera fc seen to lie, in a lenticular form, on 
 
Lecanora.} LICHENES. 137 
 
 a base of cortical matter, and is of the same wax yellow, but more di- 
 luted than the disk throughout its substance ; in younger apothecia it 
 appears almost colourless. It is always pellucid and striated. The 
 disk consists of a number of eminent points, with which it is somewhat 
 rough. Moisture causes it to assume a convex shape. 
 
 13. L. varia, ACH. Thallus between powdery and tartareous, 
 in scattered pieces, cracked, indeterminate, of a pale sulphur 
 yellow ; apothecia crowded, irregular, often confluent, slightly 
 convex ; the disk of a pale yellowish-green ; the border pow- 
 dery, waved, nearly obliterated. Ach. L, Un. p. 379, var. 
 symmicta. 
 
 On palings at Derriquin, County of Kerry. There appears to be- 
 long to the thallus a very thin white pulverulent substratum. The disk 
 becomes of a dusky brown by age. It seems to accord with the 
 Acharian variety above quoted. On dissection the central part of the 
 apothecium is seen filled with much green parenchymatous matter as 
 well as a little whitish cortical substance above and below the latter : 
 the lamina poligera appears as a very thin convex layer almost colour- 
 less, pellucid and striated ; the disk is somewhat more opaque, but 
 seems to lose much of the yellowish tinge when saturated with mois- 
 ture. The apothecia seem almost gelatinous when wet, and the thallus 
 considerably greener. We have in Kerry a variety, as I suppose, very 
 common on siliceous rocks, the thallus being less powdery, and rather 
 scattered in somewhat tartareous, flattish granulations, in other respects 
 agreeing with the species above defined. 
 
 14. L. intricate. ACH. Substratum of the thallus subtar- 
 tareous, black, cracked ; scales flat, crenato-sublobate, dis- 
 persed or collected into areolce, whitish sulphur-coloured ; apo- 
 thecia plane or convex; the disk olive-coloured; the border 
 waved. Ach. L. Un. p. 380. Lichen polytropus, Eng. Bot. 
 t. 1264. the upper figure. 
 
 On old red sandstone rocks, at Kilceanagh, County of Kerry. The 
 thallodal border to the apothecia is very distinct. The colour of the 
 disk and of the border sometimes changes from olive to a brownish- 
 orange. The apothecia commence as minute points on the scales. A 
 variety, if not distinct species, occurs at Blackwater Hill, with the sub- 
 stratum dispersed and inconsiderable, the scales so minute as to be 
 scarcely observable by the naked eye ; they are besides nearly entire, 
 the apothecia more convex, their border less waved, and above all, the 
 diameters of the apothecia far exceeding that of the scales : it may for 
 the present be termed the 3. comminuta, of our species. 
 
 15. L. parella, ACH. Thallus tartareous, whitish, plaited 
 and warty, subdeterminate ; apothecia numerous, large, crowded, 
 central ; their disk pruinose, slightly flesh-coloured, concave ; 
 their border very thick, tumid, and even. Ach. L. Un. p. 370. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 727. 
 
 On siliceous rocks ; common. In shade the thallus becomes very 
 thin and scattered, but the thickness of the thallodal border to the apo- 
 thecia remains unaltered. On the bark of Sycamore at Derriquin, oc- 
 curs a variety so exactly intermediate between this and Vanolaria 
 
 R 
 
138 LICHENES. [Lecanora. 
 
 velata, Ach. that I know not to which it should be referred. Dissection 
 shows the lamina proligera to rest on much cortical matter ; to be 
 slightly tinged as well as the disk, to be semitransparent and striated 
 with longitudinal cellules, rather unusually wide : the disk is more 
 opaque and rough with the pruina. 
 
 16. L. tartarea, ACH. Thallus tartareous, thick, the granu- 
 lations tumid, crowded, pitted, indented or almost lobed, 
 greyish-white; apothecia scattered, large ; the disk flat or con- 
 vex, often wrinkled, yellowish-brown inclining to flesh-colour; 
 the border thick, inflexed, at length flexuose. Ach. L. Un. p. 
 371. Eng. Bot. t. 156 and t. 1634. 
 
 On siliceous rocks : not uncommon ; also investing mosses or heath 
 in subalpine situations when it becomes the Lichen upsaliensis of Linn. 
 the Lichen frigidus of Eng. Brt. This varies in the thickness of its 
 thallus, and occasionally has a strong resemblance to the preceding. 
 On the full grown disk I do not observe the dense pruina constant in 
 Lec.parella. Dissection shows the disk pale brown, rather opaque, the 
 lamina proligera transparent and colourless, but striated, beneath which 
 again is a layer of opaque yellowish-brown matter which principally 
 imparts colour to the apothecia. When this species occurs on trees, it 
 might seem to constitute the Lecanora Turneri of authors, were it not 
 for the pruina on the disk of the latter as figured in Eng. Bot. t. 857, 
 by which it approaches much nearer to the Lecanora parella. Buds 
 yellowish-grey are not uncommon. 
 
 17. L. citrina, ACH. Thallus in aggregated leprous scales, 
 somewhat granulated and lobed ; buds powdery, bright lemon 
 coloured, covering the surface ; apothecia scattered, minute ; 
 the disk flat, at length convex, orange coloured; the border 
 powdery, elevated, yellow. Ach. L. Un. p. 402. Eng. Bot. 
 t. 1793. 
 
 On walls and rocks ; common : on bark of fir, near Belfast, Mr. 
 Templeton. The thallus seems renovated in winter. The apothecia 
 are somewhat immersed in the powder of the buds, they are usually 
 few. The disk is rather thick citron-coloured, the lamina proligera pale, 
 semipellucid, and striated. 
 
 18. L. vitellina, ACH. Thallus in most minute, somewhat 
 tartareous, sublobate, dispersed, shining, tumid scales, of a 
 tawney-yellow ; apothecia numerous, crowded, minute, flat or 
 concave, at length convex ; the disk of a pale dusky yellow, 
 subpruinose; the border shining, tumid, of a full yellow, sub- 
 flexuose. Ach. L. Un. p. 403. Eng. Bot. t. 1792. 
 
 On pales, also on basalt, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. The old 
 thallus, at least, presents a thick black substratum, which is much 
 cracked. On old pales the apothecia reach a larger size, and their disk 
 becomes brownish-black. Dissected, the disk appears of a brighter 
 greenish-yellow than the lamina proligera, which is not destitute of a 
 yellowish shade, and is semipellucid, pale, and striated. A variety oc- 
 curs on rocks near Dunkerron, in which the black substratum is the 
 most conspicuous part of the thallus, and fibrous or pulverulent ; above 
 this occur minute, dispersed, golden yellow, shining scales, lobed in a 
 substellate manner ; the apothecia are large, their disk usually convex. 
 
Lecanora.] LICHENES. 139 
 
 f f Thallus seal?/, or crustaceans and lobed. 
 
 19. L. squamulosa, HOOK. Thallus of imbricated, tumid, 
 uneven, subglobate, brownish-olive-grey scales, crowded in an 
 areolate manner, subdeterminate ; apothecia numerous, large, 
 rather crowded, sunk, at length elevated ; their disk flattish, 
 dusky black ; their border elevated, entire, wavy. Hook. Eng. 
 PL v. 5, p. 187. Lecanora badia a. Ach. Lich. Un. p. 407. 
 Eng. Bot.t. 2011. 
 
 On basalt, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. The colour of the dry 
 thallus is of a dusky brown, of the wet of a brownish-olive and much 
 lighter. Under the lens the dissected disk appears rather opaque and 
 deep brown, the lamina protigera of a reddish and white brown, semi- 
 pellucid, and striated. 
 
 20. L. muscorum. Thallus foliaceous, very minute, irregu- 
 larly stellate, lobed, glaucous grey ; buds marginal and central, 
 in a glaucous-grey powder ; apothecia few, immersed among the 
 buds, minute ; the disk flat, of a dusky red ; the border paler, 
 entire. Lichen muscorum, Jacquin Coll. torn. IV. pag. 232, t. 
 7, f. 1. Squamaria muscorum, Hook. Eng. Fl. v. 5, p. 194. 
 Lecanora hypnorum, Ach. L. Un. p. 417. Lichen carnosus, 
 Eng. Bot.t. 1684. 
 
 On moss or stones in Askew wood, County of Kerry, with apothecia ; 
 the infertile state on trees in woods near Killarney, common. The 
 buds appear first on the margin, afterwards on the surface of the lacinics 
 of the thallus. The wet surface is less white, somewhat greener. The 
 apothecia are sometimes clustered, their disk at length dusky. The 
 patches among moss on the barks of trees often extend to several 
 inches. 
 
 21. L. hypnorum, ACH. Thallus of imbricated, crowded, 
 greenish ash-coloured or brownish scales, minute, rounded, cre- 
 nulated, and granulated with buds at the edges ; apothecia 
 large, flat, at length convex ; the disk reddish brown ; the 
 border inflexed, crenate. Ach. Syn. p. 193. Lecanora lepi- 
 dora, . Ach. L. Un. p. 418. Lichen hypnorum^ Eng. Bot. t. 
 740. 
 
 On mossy banks, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; woods of Killarney, 
 common. The apothecia are conspicuous from their size and crenate 
 border, and rival those of the larger Parmelice, 
 
 22. L. candelaria, ACH. Thallus foliaceous, imbricated, the 
 lobes crowded, laciniated and jagged, yellow ; their margins 
 bearing yellow powdery buds ; apothecia flattish ; the disk of a 
 dusky yellow ; the border brighter yellow, inflexed, waved. 
 Ach. L. Un.p.4\Q. Lichen candelarius, Linn. Eng. Bot. t. 
 1794. L. poly carpus, Eng. Bot. t. 1795. 
 
 On trees, and on rocks ; not uncommon. This appears to vary most 
 singularly in the size and breadth of the thallus from the minute state 
 on trees, whose division is scarcely perceptible to the naked eye, to 
 
140 LICHENES. [Lecanora. 
 
 the expanded state figured at t. 1795 of Eng. Sot. which is common 
 on our limestone rocks near the sea. In the last case minute swellings 
 of the fronds, which burst and display an orange colour at their tops 
 occur, which perhaps are never present in the minuter state, nor in 
 Parmelia parietina, to which otherwise it is strongly allied. 
 
 23. L. murortim, ACH. Thallus tartareous, orbicular, pli- 
 cato-rugose, lobed in a radiating manner, cracked, adnate, the 
 segments linear, bright yellow ; apothecia central, crowded ; the 
 disk at length convex, of a reddish-tawney ; the border paler, 
 entire, waved. Ach. L. Un. p. 433. Eng. Bot. t. 2157. 
 
 On walls and on rocks; common. 
 
 24. L. miniata, ACH. Thallus in dispersed patches, tar- 
 tareous, shortly lobed and subcrenate, reddish-orange, lobes 
 adnate, thin, tumid, with a paler, somewhat fibrous edge ; apo- 
 thecia minute ; their disk of a dusky reddish-orange, at length 
 convex ; their border paler, entire. Ach. L. Un. p. 434. 
 Hoffm. PL L.t. 60, /. 1. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, Blackwater Hill, County of Kerry. Another 
 state, scarcely variety, occurs on mortar and on limestone at Dunkerron, 
 with the thallus in pieces, somewhat more orbicular, of a yellower tinge 
 and the apothecia for the most part concave or flat, yet occasionally 
 quite convex. But how it is to be distinguished from Lecanora elegans y 
 Ach. I cannot conceive, though I have not ventured to quote this 
 under our species. Again, growing intermixed with the last alluded to, 
 appears a state in which the thallus is orbicular, adnate, pruinose, lemon- 
 coloured, iobed in a radiating manner, the apothecia orange coloured, at 
 length convex, the border at length obliterated ; which thus corresponds 
 to the descriptions of Lecanora fulgens, Ach. 
 
 25. L. gelida, ACH. Thallus tartareous, determinate, 
 cracked, whitish-grey, lobed in a radiating manner, the edges 
 dusky ; buds in a greenish-olive powder in roundish excava- 
 tions of the thallus ; young thalli in central elevated flattish 
 warts, cracked from their centre ; apothecia concave ; the disk 
 of a pale red ; the border at length crenate and waved. Ach. 
 L. Un. p. 428. Eng. Bot. t. 699. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, Dunkerron mountain, with apothecia. In our 
 specimens the conversion of the apothecia into central warts is ob- 
 servable. It is by no means an alpine or with us a northern species. 
 Disk pruinose, at length dusky : lamina proligera, containing numerous, 
 coloured, erect, variously shaped processes. 
 
 26. L. saxicola, ACH. Thallus between tartareous and foli- 
 aceous, lobed in a radiating manner, the lobes scaly, imbricated, 
 of a pale greenish-brown ; the edges elevated, whitish, pow- 
 dery ; apothecia crowded ; the disk flattish, of a tawney-browri ; 
 the border paler, at length waved and crenate. Ach. L. Un.p. 
 431. Eng. Bot. t. 169j. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; in Kerry, com- 
 mon. 
 
Parmelia.] LICHENBS. 141 
 
 f f f Thallus foliaceouSf or membranaceous. 
 
 25. PARMELIA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus foliaceous or membranaceous, stellato-lobate, or laci- 
 niated; apothecia orbiculate, sessile or substipulate, exte- 
 riorly as well as the margins formed of the thallus ; the disk 
 concave, coloured. 
 
 In the following arrangement, particular attention has been paid to 
 the figure and situation of the buds, or those powdery collections, the 
 parts of which, in almost every species, have been observed to expand 
 into perfect individuals. In practice they are found to be more dis- 
 tinctive than the apothecia. The Genus Borrera, Ach. would have been 
 most gladly retained if any solid character existed by which it could 
 be separated from Parmelia. 
 
 * Extremities of the lobes uninflated. 
 1. Buds indistinct. 
 
 1. P. parietina, ACH. Thallus orbicular, yellow, pale be- 
 neath ; the lobes flattish, dilated at the top, rounded, subcre- 
 nate ; apothecia central ; their disk dark orange ; their border 
 entire. Ach. L. Un. p. 463. Eng. Bot. t. 194. 
 
 On old fruit trees, and on others ; also on rocks ; common. This 
 is unlike any other Irish Parmelia. I can find no satisfactory distinc- 
 tions between it and that variety of Lecanora candelaria called 
 polycarpa. 
 
 2. P. herbacea, ACH. Thallus orbicular, smooth, whitish- 
 brown when dry, greenish when wet, pale and tomentose be- 
 neath ; lobes incised, rotundato-laciniate, subcrenate ; apothecia 
 at first globular, projecting beneath as well as above the frond, 
 at length sessile ; their disk reddish-brown ; their margins ru- 
 goso-crenate ; their backs wrinkled. Ach. L. U. p- 459. Lich. 
 l(Btevirens, Eng. Bot. t. 294. P. alomulifera, Ach. L. Un. p. 
 456. Eng. Bot. t. 293. 
 
 On old trees, also on rocks, in woods ; common. This would range 
 better under Sticta than Parmelia, and is at any rate a completely con- 
 necting link. The glomeruli on P. glomulifera, Ach. appear to be pa- 
 rasitic, and in the absence of any other character are quite insufficient 
 to constitute a distinct species. 
 
 3. P. pulverulenta, ACH. Thallus stellate, brownish-grey, 
 pruinose when dry, glaucous-greenish-grey when wet, with 
 dark thick fibres beneath ; the lacinitz linear, multifid, flattish, 
 waved ; apothecia central ; their disk blackish, pruinose ; their 
 border thick, entire, inflexed, at length flexuose. Ach. L. Un. 
 p. 473. Eng. Bot. t. 2063. 
 
 On trees ; common. The buds probably are those granulations of 
 the edges and surface of the old thallus, which flatten, and at length 
 
142 LICHENES. [Parmelia. 
 
 expand into new fronds. Varieties occur with the pruina very indis- 
 tinct on the thallus, and sometimes altogether wanting from the disk of 
 the apothecia. 
 
 4. P. stellaris, ACH. Thallus stellate, of a pale glaucous- 
 grey, little changed when wet, with crowded, minute, white, 
 subconfluent spots, at length wrinkled, white beneath, with grey 
 fibres ; the segments linear, rather convex, multifid ; apothecia 
 with a black disk ; the border at length waved and crenate. 
 Ach. L. Un.p. 476. Eng. Bot. t. 1697. 
 
 On trees and on stones ; common. The pale whitish spots become, 
 in very old plants, at first rotund solid granulations, which at length 
 expand into new fronds. A pruina is sometimes observable on the disk 
 of the apothecia. 
 
 2. Buds granulate. 
 
 5. P. plumbea, ACH. Thallus stellate, greyish-lead-coloured 
 or greenish-grey, beneath thickly tomentose of an azure black, 
 segments adpressed ; their edges elevated, crenulate ; buds in 
 central grey granulations ; apothecia central, often crowded, 
 flattish ; their disk brown ; their border at length crenulate. 
 Ach. L. Un. p. 466. Eng. Bot. t. 353. p. affinis. the border 
 of the apothecia thick, elevated, inflexed, crenated. Parmelia 
 rubiginosa, and P. conoplea, Ach. L. Un. p. 467. Lichen 
 affinis, Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 4, p. 24, t. 12, /. 6. Eng. Bot. t. 
 983. 7. tumescensi thallus bluish-grey, thick and tufted in the 
 centre ; segments at the periphery minute ; apothecia very con- 
 cave. 8. microphylla. thallus very minute. Lee. microphi/lla 
 var. thriptophylla Ach. Syn. p. 58. 
 
 , and $, usually growing together on the same trees ; common ; 7. on 
 rocks, at Blackwater, County of Kerry. <*. on rocks. Whenever buds 
 occur on the thallus of any of the Parmelice, they are almost always 
 likewise found on the backs and edges of the apothecia, and give these 
 a new character. When granulations, in the present species, are ab- 
 sent, the margins of the apothecia, though waved, yet for the most part 
 remain entire ; constituting the P. plumbea of Acharius ; when present, 
 reappearing on the margins of the apothecia, they give to the edges a 
 thick, elevated, crenate appearance constituting the P. rubiginosa of the 
 same author. In the first case, (such is the liability of the apothecia 
 to change their habit) I have observed, on the same thallus towards the 
 edges, the shields with a perfectly thallodal margin of a greyish lead 
 colour, and towards the centre quite black as well as the disk : in both 
 cases spongy fibres proceeding from the backs and bases of the apo- 
 thecia attached themselves to the thallus, giving an additional testimony 
 to the thallodal nature of the margins of the apothecia. The variety Y. 
 which I had at first taken for a distinct species, is very remarkable for 
 its greyish-blue colour, its edges are thin and adpressed to the rock, 
 while the centre is elevated more than one-fourth of an inch into a 
 cushion consisting of coarse granulations, which at length assume 
 white edges and become flattened, and among which the concave apo- 
 thecia with crenate borders, are partially immersed. This I have traced 
 by intermediate states to the variety . At Cromaglown, Kerry, we 
 
Parmelia.-] LICHENES. 143 
 
 have the state called P. conoplea by Acharius. On rocks in the site 
 of old woods, intermediate varieties may be traced to 3. the Placodium 
 microphyllum of Hooker. 
 
 6. P. aquila, ACH. Thallus stellate, tawney brown, beneath 
 pale, yet with dark fibres ; the segments multifid, linear, con- 
 vex, flattish, and dilated towards the ends ; buds in flatfish, 
 marginal granulations ; apothecia dark brown ; the border rough, 
 incurved, subcrenate. Ach. L. Un. p. 488. Eng. Bot. t. 982. 
 (the colour bad.) 
 
 On siliceous rocks ; common. 
 
 3. Buds, on thallodal solid podetia. 
 
 7. P. olivacea, ACH. Thallus orbicular, olive-brown, white 
 within, shining, lobes crenate, rough with buds on short solid 
 podetia ; apothecia flattish ; the disk light brown ; the border 
 rough with buds. Ach. L. Un. p. 462. Eng. Bot. #.2180. 
 
 On stones and on trees ; common. 
 
 8. P. conspersa, ACH. Thallus stellate, greenish pale-yellow, 
 with a black edge, smooth ; buds somewhat central, roundish, 
 dark olive, on pale solid podetia ; apothecia central, brown, at 
 length flattish ; the margin irregular. Ach. L. Un. p. 486. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 2097. ' 
 
 On siliceous rocks ; not uncommon. 
 
 9. P. proboscidea. Thallus orbicular glaucous-green when 
 wet, greyish- white when dry, with black fibres beneath ; the 
 lobes wide, flattish, rounded, crenate ; the buds brownish on 
 solid white podetia, each at length admitting a black cilium ; 
 apothecia narrowly stipitate ; the disk concave ; the border and 
 back rough with buds. " Lichen proboscideus, Allioni.ScopoL 
 Flor. Cam" according to Acharius in Lick. Un. p. 459 ? Lichen 
 perforatus. Eng. Bot. t. 2423. Parmelia perforata, Hook. Eng. 
 Fl. v. 5, p. 200. (not of Acharius.} 
 
 On siliceous rocks and on trees, not uncommon ; the apothecia rare, 
 in four or five localities near Dunkerron. The figures of Dillenius 
 t. 20, f. 42, 44, and t. 82, /. 3, as well as specimens from near Boston, 
 North America, sent by Mr. Boott to Dr. Hooker, and most kindly 
 communicated by the latter to me, and which I suppose constitute the 
 true P. perforata of Acharius, differ from the British plant 1, by the 
 thallus being destitute of stipitate buds ; so also the apothecia whose 
 margins are smooth and entire ; 2, by the margins of the thallus being 
 here and there laciniated, but not crenate ; 8, by the lobes being more 
 linear ; 4, beneath, towards the edge, the upper and lower surfaces are 
 nearly of the same colour, but in our plant the inferior surface is 
 brownish-black ; 5, by the greater thickness and toughness of the thal- 
 lus ; 6, by the finely reticulato-rugose upper surface ; 7, by the broad 
 tubular podetia to the apothecia ; whereas, in our plant the podetia are 
 narrow, short, and as it were strangulated ; 8, the cilia of the margin 
 of the thallus are longer and stouter ; 9, the apothecia are marginal, 
 
144 LICHENES. [Parmelia. 
 
 in our plant central ; 10, the constancy of the perforations of the 
 disks of the apothecia, which in our plant almost never occurs, at least 
 not oftener than what may be observed in P. perlata, P. omphalodes, 
 or P. saxatilis. As the Lichen proboscideus of Linneeus is a Gyro- 
 phora, I have ventured to continue the trivial name of Allioni to our 
 Parmelia, all chance of confusion being removed by the well marked 
 differences of these genera. 
 
 10. P. horrescens. Thallus orbicular, substellate, greenish- 
 grey when moist; greyish-white when dry, shining; lobes small 
 incised, with circular sinuses, subcrenate ; the tops deflexed, be- 
 neath light brown, with black fibres ; the buds brown on whitish 
 solid podetia, crowded towards the centre, and expanding into 
 new individuals; apothecia unknown. 
 
 On the perpendicular faces of siliceous rocks, facing the South, on 
 Dunkerron mountain, County of Kerry. The patches seldom exceed 
 two inches in diameter, and are usually much less ; the central region 
 covered with brown buds, extends to very near the circumference, 
 where the short small lobes of the shining greyish white thallus are 
 visible as a narrow rim. It has a strong affinity to P. saxatilis, from 
 which it is principally distinguished by the less linear lobes, which are 
 never pitted or reticulated, but shining and deflexed at the tops ; and 
 so in characters would approach P. Icevigata but for the decidedly dif- 
 ferent nature of the buds. 
 
 11. P columnaris. Thallus substellate, white, lobes minutely 
 subpruinose, convex, multitid, covered about the centre with 
 crowded erect, solid, white podetia, bearing slightly brown 
 buds; apothecia unknown. 
 
 On wet rocks on mosses and Jungermannice, Dunkerron. To the 
 naked eye little more is observable than a patch of the slightly brown, 
 coarse granules, fringed around by a very narrow strip of milk-white 
 laciniated frond. The lens detects a close columnar aggregation of the 
 buds : these breaking off exhibit a greenish-grey fracture. Closely 
 allied to P. aleurites, Ach. but I suppose distinct ; 1, by the milk 
 white thallus ; 2, by the pruinose not shining, rather convex, not con- 
 cave lacinicB of the frond ; 3, by the pale brown (not dark) tops or 
 buds on the larger, more fastigiate podetia. 
 
 12. P. saxatilis, ACH. Thallus substellated, glaucous-grey ; 
 the lobes retuse incised, reticulated with elevated ridges, bear- 
 ing brown buds on whitish, short, solid podetia black and fibrous 
 beneath ; apothecia central, the disk brown, the border inflexed, 
 rough with buds. Ach. L. Un. p. 469. Eng. Bot. t. 603. (not 
 good.) 
 
 On rocks, stones, and trees ; very common. This varies much in 
 the size of the thallus and in the breadth of its segments. Apothecia 
 though common, yet they are usually few in number ; when old often 
 very large and flexuose, and covered with buds : the colour of the 
 disk, sometimes, nearly vermillion. 
 
 13. P. furfaracea, ACH. Thallus branched, greyish, the 
 segments diffuse, linear, attenuated, channelled beneath, farina- 
 ceous, with pale olive buds on greyish solid cylindrical podetia. 
 
Parmdia.] LICHENES. 145 
 
 Apothecia concave, substipitate, exteriorly rough with buds. 
 Ach. Meth. Lick. p. 254. Eng. Bot. t. 984. Borrera fuifuracea. 
 Ach. L. Un. p. 500. Eng. Hook. Fl. v. 5, p. 223. 
 
 On granite, also on old trees at Lough Bray, near Dublin. 
 
 4. Buds, powdery, on linear eruptions of the thallus. 
 
 14. P. sulc.ata. Thallus orbicular, stellate, glaucous white 
 when dry, glaucous green when wet, dark brown, with black 
 fibres beneath, the lobes incised, somewhat concave, reticulated 
 with elevated ridges ; buds in oblong or linear eruptions, con- 
 sisting of a greyish-brown fine powder. Apothecia central, 
 substipitate ; the disk brown ; the exterior smooth, or with 
 powdery buds. Lich. saxatilis, Scop. Fl. Cam, II. p. 383. Jacq. 
 Collect, torn. IV. t. 20, /. 2. 
 
 On siliceous rocks, also on trees ; not uncommon. This species far 
 more common on rocks in the County of Kerry than on trees, attains 
 a foot or more in diameter : it is proposed as distinct from P. saxatilis, 
 as being larger, whiter, its segments less imbricated, more concave, 
 more green when wet, the buds powdery, not stipitate, and conse- 
 quently the backs of the apothecia far more smooth, Mr, Borrer in- 
 forms me that in the list of Tunbridge Plants by Mr. Foster, it has 
 been called P. conspersa, for which it was mistaken. 
 
 15. P. rugo'^a. Thallus very uneven, white, unaltered when 
 wet; lobes broadly linear, imbricated, rugose at the base; buds 
 in a grey powder along the tops of the ruptured rugce ; apothecia 
 smooth, the margin crenate. 
 
 On heath in large tufts ; also on rocks, with apothecia on the banks 
 of Blackwater River, County of Kerry. Patches often a foot or more 
 in diameter, attractive by their whiteness ; the surface extremely 
 uneven : the lobes are divaricating, linear though broad, their extremi- 
 ties oftener retuse than rounded, their sinuses somewhat oval. The 
 more aged portions of the thallus above are closely wrinkled : the tops 
 of the wrinkles sometimes appear abraded, and show a tine, pale ash- 
 coloured powder ; often, however, they are scarcely split above when 
 the edges of the dark cracks exhibit minute, white, rotund or flat disks 
 that soon assume the appearance of fronds. The apothecia are smooth 
 exteriorly, except the very aged, on the backs of which buds may be 
 observed with a lens. The nature of the buds, the linear lobes, and 
 uneven surface of the frond, with their singularly wrinkled surface, dis- 
 tinguish this from P. lavigata, Ach. with which it may be easily con- 
 founded. 
 
 16. P. omphalodes, ACH. Thallus substellate, purplish- 
 brown, shining, rough with dark points, black and fibrous be- 
 neath ; the segments linear, flat, sinuato-multifid, subtruncate; 
 the buds in a fine white powder in linear elevations of the 
 thallus. Apothecia substipitate, concave ; the disk brown ; the 
 border thin, incurved. Ach. L. Un. p. 469. Eng. Bot. t. 
 604. 
 
 On rocks in the mountains ; common. Varies in the breadth of the 
 
 s 
 
146 LICHENES. [Parmelia. 
 
 lacinia ; a state occurs on granite at Lough Bray, County of Wick- 
 low, with the lacinicB broad, convex, tumid and shining. It varies also 
 in colour from a pale olive-grey to purplish-black. The black points 
 on the thallus, though tolerably constant, are much to be suspected as 
 parasitic bodies. I have seen apothecia an inch in diameter. 
 
 5. Buds, powdery, in cup-shaped eruptions of the thallus. 
 
 17. P. caperata, ACH. Thallus orbicular, pale yellowish- 
 green, wrinkled in the centre ; buds in a coarse powder in cup- 
 shaped eruptions, at length confluent ; lobes of the thallus re- 
 motely crenate. Apothecia very concave. Mi. L. Un. p. 457. 
 Eng. Bot. t. 654. 
 
 On rocks and on trees, very common : the apothecia rare.* On rocks 
 I have measured patches more than five and a half feet broad, a diame- 
 ter, greater than that of our largest native trees. On trees the thallus 
 is usually more green. In every situation the central parts are brown- 
 ish, the extreme edges, smooth, shining and deflexed. I have met with 
 apothecia on rocks at Dunkerron mountain, and on trees in Sir Edward 
 Denny's Park, Tralee. The buds originate from minute round eleva- 
 tions, which split at the top, and soon assume a circular shape and be- 
 come lined with a powder concolorous with the thallus : they are at 
 length, confluent ; they may be observed, about the centre of the frond, 
 expanding into new individuals. 
 
 18. P. Borreri, TURN. Thallus orbicular, of a pale lead-grey; 
 the lobes concave; buds powdery, greyish-white, in cup-shaped 
 eruptions of the thallus, at length confluent. Apothecia with a 
 tumid incurved border. Turn, in Linn. Tr. v. 9, p. 148, t. 13, 
 /. 2. Eng. Bot. t. 1780. 
 
 On rocks at Dunkerron ; on trees at Roughly, County of Kerry. 
 The inferior surface is brownish-black : the edges of the lacinice of the 
 frond brown and elevated : the buds often confluent in old individuals 
 towards the centre of the patch. 
 
 19. P. ulothrix, ACH. Thallus stellated, glaucous-grey, 
 greenish when wet, with black fibres beneath ; the segments 
 narrow, linear, flattish, multifid ; buds greenish-grey, in cup- 
 shaped eruptions of the thallus. Apothecia dispersed, the disk 
 dark brown, the border thick, entire, elevated. Ach. L. Un.p. 
 481. Lichen virettus, Eng. Bot. t. 1696. 
 
 On apple trees, near Belfast, Mr. Templeton. On elms at Dunker- 
 ron ; also on walls and rocks. The apothecia, as long since noticed by 
 Acharius, from their outer and inferior surface send down rootlets or 
 fibres, analogous to those of the inferior side of the frond. I have 
 never seen Irish specimens of P. cydosclis distinct from the present. 
 The Lecanora virella, of Acharius would seem by his description to 
 be very different. Our plant varies exceedingly in size. 
 
 20. P. adglutinata, FLCERKE. Thallus stellate, finely mem- 
 branaceous, very thin at the edges, adpressed ; buds greenish or 
 brownish-grey in cup-shaped eruptions of the thallus, at length 
 confluent ; apothecia unknown. Flcsrke in Mugeot et Nestler, St. 
 Cr. Vogeso-Rh. Ao. 543. 
 
Parmelia.] LICHENES. 147 
 
 On ash and elm at Dunkerron, County of Kerry ; frequent. There 
 is a minute state of P. uivthrix, growing- on the same trees with the 
 present, and easily confounded with it. In P. adglutinata, however, the 
 edges of the lobes are more wide, far more thin, and, as it were, pasted 
 to the bark of the tree on which it grows ; the thallus too is less deeply 
 divided. The buds originating in round ruptures of the thallus, soon 
 become confluent, run along the tops of the ridges that separate the 
 lobes, and form on the central and greater portion of the frond a flat- 
 tish, rimose cushion, of coarse brownish-grey powder. 
 
 21. P. casia, ACH. Thallus stellate, greyish- white ; the la- 
 cinice linear, convex, inciso-multifid ; buds scattered in hemis- 
 pherical, grey eruptions ; apothecia with a thick, nearly entire 
 border. Ach. L. Un. p. 479. Eng. Bot. t. 1052. 
 
 On rocks, very common in the County of Kerry. The buds are 
 rarely confluent. The united patch of several fronds, sometimes a foot 
 or more in diameter. 
 
 22. P. Clementiana, ACH. Thallus stellate, mealy, white, 
 beneath pale, with blackish fibres ; lacinice flat, incised, crenate; 
 buds in cup-shaped eruptions; apothecia flattish, with the border 
 nearly entire. Ach. L. Un. p. 483. L. dementi, Eng. Bot. t. 
 1779- 
 
 On rocks at Blackwater bridge, County of Kerry. I have never 
 seen apothecia on Irish specimens. The patches are usually small, 
 scattered, conspicuously white. 
 
 23. P. tenella, ACH. METH. Thallus substellate, whitish- 
 grey ; the segments linear, subpinnatifid, ascending, dilated, 
 vaulted and ciliated at the ends ; buds in cup-shaped eruptions ; 
 apothecia substipitate. Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 250. Borrera tenella, 
 Lich. Un.p. 498. Eng. Bot. t. 1351. 
 
 On trees, furze, heath, and stones ; common. A variety found by 
 Mr. G. S. Gough at Rathronane, County of Tipperary, is so interme- 
 diate between this an P. ciliaris (Borrera of authors) that 1 know not 
 to which to refer it. The variety y. excmpta, Ach. L. Un. p. 499, oc- 
 curs on Scotch fir at the Dargle. In this all the characters that dis- 
 tinguish Borrera, Ach. from his Parmelia, vanish ; the ladnice of the 
 thallus are broad, flat, by no means " canaliculate beneath," nor are the 
 cilia to be observed, except here and there, and in this case only with 
 a lens ; the buds are in curved, linear clusters and situated imme- 
 diately below the margins of the terminating lacinice. I am persuaded 
 future observation will prove it to be a distinct species. 
 
 24. P. flavicans, ACH. METH. Thallus erect, branched, 
 tufted, tawney -yellow ; the segments dichotomous, flexuose, 
 attenuated ; buds in cup-shaped eruptions ; " apothecia sub- 
 marginal." Ach. Meth. Lich. p. 268. Borrera jlavicans, Ach. 
 L. Un. p. 504. Eng. Bot. t. 2113. 
 
 On rocks and stones, near Waterford, Dr. F. Barker. Dublin 
 mountains and Killiney Hill, near Dublin. The northern limit of this 
 Lichen is much higher than generally supposed. Acharius had it from 
 Jamaica, St. Domingo and Peru. 
 
148 LICHENES. [Parmelia. 
 
 6. Buds powdery, scattered all over the thallus. 
 
 25. P. lanuginosa, ACH. Thallus orbicular, substellate, pale 
 sulphur-coloured; the lobes flattish, rotundate, crenate; buds in 
 a whitish or sulphur coloured powder ; apothecia reddish ; the 
 border powdery. Ach. L. Un. p. 465. lichen membranaceus, 
 Dicks. Cr. Fasc. 2, p. 21, t. 6, /. 1. 
 
 On moss on moist rocks ; not uncommon. Patches three or four 
 inches in diameter, often on the perpendicular faces of rocks, varying- 
 from white to sulphur-coloured : the thallus is thin, beneath covered 
 with a bluish-black down. Apothecia hitherto unknown in Ireland. 
 
 7. Buds, in marginal powdery clusters. 
 
 26. P. perlata, ACH. Thallus orbicular, substellate, glaucous- 
 grey ; the lobes rounded, crenate; the buds in greyish, elongato- 
 curved, marginal clusters ; apothecia substipitate, the border in- 
 flexed. Aeh. L. Un. p. 458. Eng. Bot. t. 341. 
 
 On rocks, common ; the apothecia by no means rare, near Dunkerron. 
 Thallus often several inches in diameter ; when the living- plant is wet 
 the lobes assume a greener tint. The buds marginal, in bent tufts are 
 very characteristic ; they appear on the barks of the aged apothecia, 
 the border is much incurved. 
 
 27. P. reticulata. Thallus orbicular, substellate, glaucous- 
 grey ; the lobes round, entire, rather concave, dark at the 
 edges ; the surface marked with minute, whitish, elevated, reti- 
 culated lines ; buds marginal and terminal, in coarse grained 
 glaucous-greenish-grey collections ; aputhecia unknown. 
 
 On rocks, near Dunkerron, County of Kerry ; common. Patches 
 several inches or feet in diameter, corrugated and of a dusky purplish 
 brown in the centre ; the extreme lobes rather concave. The inferior 
 Surface is black and shaggy, except at the edges, where it is of a ches- 
 nut brown. Moisture renders the upper surface slightly greenish. The 
 buds are in coarser grains than in the preceding, and extend from the 
 margin towards the axis of the lobes : those grains are frequently ob- 
 served to expand into perfect fronds ; the sinuses of the lobes are ob- 
 long and somewhat jagged, whereas in P. Icevigata they are circular 
 and nearly entire, and the lobes themselves denexed at the edges, but 
 in our plant, the erect edges cause the terminating segments to appear 
 concave. Besides, the reticulation of the upper surface distinguishes the 
 present from every other known species. The apothecia are, hitherto, 
 unknown. 
 
 27. P. Icevigata, ACH. Thallus orbicular, substellate, glau- 
 cous white ; lobes round, subcrenate, their extremities deflexed, 
 their sinuses circular; buds in marginal, brownish, coarsely 
 powdery collections ; apothecia with the disk of a chesnut 
 brown; the border crenate. Ach. Syn.p. 212. Enq. Bot. t. 
 1852. 
 
 On rocks, common ; with apothecia at Dunkerron, County of Kerry. 
 
Parmelia.] LICHENES. M9 
 
 The variety (if it be not quite distinct) most common in Kerry, differs 
 from the English Botany figure, in having the segments of the lobes 
 rounded, short, never linear ; nor are the collections of buds situated 
 on short proper lobuli. Although the mode of budding described is 
 very common and characteristic, yet it likewise occurs in minute cup- 
 shaped eruptions on the surface of the thallus. Apothecia are some- 
 times found on Dunkerron mountain an inch in diameter ; on their 
 backs and edges the buds reappear. 
 
 29. P. speciosa, ACH. Thallus stellated, smooth, glaucous- 
 grey, white beneath; the segments flattish, linear, short; the 
 buds terminal and marginal, in coarsely powdery brownish-grey 
 collections ; apothecia very concave ; the border wrinkled and 
 crenate. Ach. L. Un. p. 480. Eng. Bot. t. 1979. 
 
 On mosses, on rocks, and on stems of furze and of heath near the 
 ground ; common : the apothrcia not very rare, near Dunkerron, 
 County of Kerry. The buds usually issue from the terminal edges of 
 the lobes ; yet sometimes they form a dense thick collection in the cen- 
 tre of the thallus : the buds are observed to expand into new fronds on 
 the backs of the aged apothecia. A smoothness of the upper surface, 
 and multifid lobes with short linear segment?, is very characteristic of 
 this species. 
 
 30. P. incurva, ACH. Thallus stellate, of a pale sulphur 
 colour; segments linear, very narrow, multifid, rather convex; 
 buds in terminal and superficial roundish, whitish-yellow, pow- 
 dery collections : apothecia minute, the border inrlexed. Ach. 
 Lich. Suec. Prod. p. 107. P. recurva, Ach. L. Un. p. 490. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 1375. 
 
 On rocks, on Dunkerron mountain, common ; the apothecia rather 
 rare. The hemispherical buds are somewhat whiter than the surface of 
 the thallus ; the central parts of the frond usually turn dark. In our 
 specimens the apothecia, from their minuteness, are invisible to the 
 naked eye. 
 
 31. P. sinuosa, ACH. Thallus orbicular, stellate, of a sul- 
 phur-grey ; segments dichotomous ; sinuses of the lobes circu- 
 lar; buds terminal and marginal, in sulphur-grey finely- pow- 
 dery collections ; apoihecia with a thin incurved crenate border. 
 P. sinuosa, Ach. Syn. p. 207. Lichen sinuosus, Eng. Bot. t. 2050. 
 Lichen dadalens, Eng. Bot. .2129. 
 
 On rocks at Glencar, with apothecia, Mr. Joseph Taylor. On Dun- 
 kerron mountain the apothecia were again repeatedly found. I suppose 
 it is scarcely necessary to attach a mark of doubt to the synonymn of Z. 
 dcedaleus of Eng. Bot. The young apothecia are sometimes brown at the 
 border, and even some way down the exterior surface ; this also occurs 
 in P. saxatttis, in P. omphalodes, in P. proboscidea and in P. lesvigata; 
 a state that probably caused our species to be considered a Placodium. 
 
 * * 
 
 Extremities of the lobes inflated. 
 
 32. P. physodes, ACH. Thallus orbicular, stellate, glaucous- 
 white, smooth ; segments linear, multifid, subcylindrical, with 
 
150 LICHENES. [Sticta. 
 
 inflated, brown, polished, acuminate tops ; buds in collections of 
 a greenish- white powder, on the inferior surface of the ends of 
 the lobes ; apothecia substipitate. Ach. L. Un. p. 492. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 126. 
 
 On mountain rocks, common ; apothecia were found near Belfast by 
 Mr. Templeton ; afterwards at Powerscourt Waterfall on trees, by 
 Mr. G. S. Gough. The thallus varies much in the breadth of the 
 lacinice ; it sometimes assumes a suberect growth. 
 
 33. P. diatrypa, ACH. Thallus orbicular, stellate, adpressed, 
 greenish-white; the segments perforate, convex, linear, with 
 expanded and inflated tops; buds in cup-shaped eruptions, their 
 powder paler than the thallus ; " apothecia light red, the border 
 entire." Ach. L. Un. p. 493. Eng. Bot. t. 1248. 
 
 On wet rocks, on Dunkerrou mountain. The perforations of the 
 thallus in our specimens are on the tops of cylindrical elevations ; and 
 the edges are covered with buds in a coarse powder ; in this respect 
 they are unlike foreign specimens in which the buds in finer and paler 
 powder are borne in cup-shaped eruptions. The apothecia have not 
 yet been met with in Ireland. 
 
 26. STICTA. Acn. 
 
 Thallus foliaceous, or coriaceo-cartilaginous, hirsute beneath, 
 and there furnished with hollow or bare spots (ci/phelke) ; 
 apothecia orbiculate, sessile, exteriorly beneath as well as 
 their margins formed of the thallus ; the disk concave, co- 
 loured. 
 
 1. S. macrophylla, FEE. Thallus coriaceous, imbricated, 
 pale-yellowish-green above, smooth and shining ; the segments 
 dilated, sinuated, entire ; apothecia reddish-brown ; the border 
 at length narrow, waved, pale greenish-brown; cyphellce ur- 
 ceolate, empty, whitish. Fee, Crypt, des Ecorces Off. t. 33, 
 /. 1, according to Hooker, Eng. Ft. p. 5, p. 205. Eng. Bot. 
 t. 2697. 
 
 On shady rocks, near Turk Cascade, and on Cromaglown, both near 
 Killarney, W. Wilson, Esq. road side near Kenmare and Killarney, 
 one mile from the tunnel eastward. Thallus tough when recent or 
 moistened, in patches of two or more feet in diameter ; the segments 
 loosely overlapping, and then, sometimes, the upper adheres by its 
 rootlets to the lower ; those that are quite free, concave and channelled ; 
 the central and more fixed, flatter, and even convex ; lobes subdicho- 
 tomous, the terminating pair seldom equal, somewhat retuse, or the an- 
 gles rounded. The surface of a glaucous grey, passing into dark brown 
 when dry. Beneath the thallus is rough, with closely set fibres, that 
 laterally united have a membranous appearance, expanding in a stellate 
 form to attach themselves to subjacent matter. CyphellcR scattered, 
 globular, with a narrow, circular opening at the top ; exteriorly brown- 
 ish, the mouth white, and somewhat jagged; within an interior, delicate, 
 white membrane may be observed, the bottom of which, under a lens, 
 appears minutely mammillated. Apothecia usually marginal, some- 
 
Sticta.] LICHENES. 151 
 
 times on the middle of the segments of the thallus ; they first appear 
 as pale-chesnut coloured elevations of the cuticle, then with a central 
 depression, and more raised above the surface ; finally, sessile on a 
 conical elevation of the thallus ; the disk at length convex. On the 
 centre of the disk, a cup with a corrugated margin sometimes occurs ; 
 it is figured by Dillenius t. 29, f. 115, I have not been able to observe 
 any disk within to justify the appellation of young apothecia. Under the 
 microscope, the disk appears lentiform ; ihepei'ithecium like two layers 
 of a chesnut-brown colour, enclosing a pale gelatinous lamina. States 
 occur with segments as linear and concave as in S. damacornis Ach. 
 (as figured in Hoffm. PL Lich. t. 34, /. 1 7, and in Dillenius above 
 quoted,) of which, I have little doubt, our plant is but a variety, and 
 to which the specific name of damcecornis should perhaps be imme- 
 diately restored. 
 
 2. S. crocata, ACH. Thallus coriaceous, sinuated, olive- 
 brown, reticulated with elevated ridges, which, as well as the 
 margins, bear lemon coloured buds ; cyphellce lemon-coloured ; 
 " apothecia brownish-black, with an entire border." Mi. L. 
 Un. p. 447. Eng. Bot. .211 0. 
 
 On basalt, at Fairhead, Mr. Templeton. On Pigeon Island, in the 
 River Kenmare; in both instances without apothecia. The thallus 
 above in cup-shaped eruptions contains the buds, in the form of a fine 
 powder of a sulphur yellow ; in this a strongly magnifying lens shows 
 pale filaments, aggregate, attached by one end, overtopping the surface 
 of the powder by the other : these must not be confounded with other 
 bodies in the powder, having pale somewhat cylindrical stems on which 
 are placed dark brown balls. The lemon coloured globules on the un- 
 derside are not in any assigned cavities, and contain not the bodies just 
 described, yet some are observed to turn of a dark olive colour. 
 
 3. S. pulmonaria, HOOK. Thallus coriaceous, glaucous- 
 green or pale, lacunoso-reticulate ; lobes sinuato-laciniate, re- 
 tuso-truncate ; buds clustered, clavate, their tops brown ; cy- 
 phellce, pale, naked, convex spots ; apothecia reddish-brown ; 
 their border at length of the same colour. Hook. Eng. Fl. v. 
 5, p. 206. S. pulmonacea, Ach. L. Un. p. 449. Eng. Bot. t. 
 572. 
 
 In woods; common. The buds may be observed to expand into 
 new fronds ; and the older apothecia sometimes exhibit rudiments of 
 younger growing upon their disk. Patches occur in the woods near 
 Killarney 3 4 feet in diameter, accompanying Parmelia herbacea. 
 
 4. S. scrobiculata, ACH. Thallus coriaceous, smooth, deeply 
 and broadly lobed, glaucous-green ; the margin subcrenate ; 
 buds submarginal, at length confluent, in a fine ash-grey pow- 
 der ; cyphellce pale, naked, convex spots ; apothecia scattered ; 
 the disk flattish, brown ; the border subcrenate. Ach. L. Un. 
 p. 453. Eng. Bot. t. 497. 
 
 On rocks near Bantry, Miss Hutchms. The buds at first appear 
 as rough, subrotund, brown grains ; but at length a coarse granular 
 dark powder is found among them, probably an incipient state of ger- 
 mination. 
 
152 LICHENES. [Sticta. 
 
 5. S. limbata, ACH. Thallus coriaceous, suborbicular, glau- 
 cous-brown, the lobes rounded ; the buds submargirial, con- 
 fluent, in a greyish powder; cyphellfe concave, w ite. " Apo- 
 thecia with the disk of a rust colour. Ach.'' Ach L. Un.p. 454. 
 Eng.Bot.t. 1104. 
 
 Near Belfast, Mr. Templeton ; near Bantry, Miss Hutchins. The 
 apothecia of this or of the preceding have never been found in Ireland. 
 Our plant is strongly allied to S. scrobiculata, but at once distin- 
 guished by the characters of the cyphellcR. 
 
 6. S. fuliginosa, ACH. Thallus coriaceous, suborbicular, dark 
 lurid-grey, broadly lobed ; buds in dark-brown, subrotund, ag- 
 gregate grains on the surface ; cyphellcz concave, whitish ; apo- 
 thecia submarginal, concave, reddish-brown, their border sub- 
 crenate. Ach. L. Un. p. 454. Eng. Bot. t. \ 103. 
 
 On rocks and trees common : apothecia on the road side between 
 Kenmare and Killarney, on thallus growing on moss on a rock. The 
 buds extend more over the surface than in any of the preceding, and 
 are of a darker colour. Cyphellae, with a thin somewhat waved or 
 crenate margin. Perithecium thick, giving a ragged border to the apo- 
 thecia, of a paler colour than the disk, which in fresh specimens is of a 
 brownish-orange colour ; the outside of the apothecia have a fringed 
 appearance arising from rootlets or sustentdcula emitted as lanceolate, 
 flattish, incised processes : thus the perithecium although of a different 
 colour from the thallus, and rising out of it as an insulated body, yet is 
 quite analogous in its functions. The portion of the thallus on which 
 the apothfcium rests, viewed from beneath, is coloured exactly as the 
 perithecium. The apothecia seem to prefer the edges of the fronds. 
 
 7. S. sylvatica, ACH. Thallus foliaceous, deeply lobed, 
 dusky, glaucous, the segments somewhat ascending ; buds in 
 minute rough substipitate grains often confluent in lines ; cy- 
 phellcB concave, pale, yellowish-white, their margin lacerous. 
 Apothecia " on marginal segments, vertical, convex, dark-brown. 
 Ach:' Ach L. Un.p. 454. Eng. Bot. 2298. 
 
 On moss on shaded trunks of trees, common. The apothecia have 
 not yet been discovered in Ireland. A pale variety occurs at Black- 
 water Bridge, County of Kerry, with the lacinice of the thallus wide, 
 and bears the same relation to our plant as S. macrophylla does to S. 
 damcBcornis, Ach. 
 
 8. S. ciliata. Thallus foliaceous, minute, dark olive-green 
 when wet, glaucous-grey when dry ; lobes rounded, nearly en- 
 tire, ciliated; buds in dark-grey, minute granulations on the sur- 
 face ; cyphellcB immersed, concave; apothecia unknown. 
 
 On Hypna on the stems of trees in Askew wood, County of Kerry. 
 The lobes scarcely exceed two-tenths of an inch in diameter, and are 
 often much smaller; ascending through the moss,their edges are deflexed, 
 and consequently the outline has a rounded appearance ; ciliated with 
 whitish, rather flat, linear, trices ; entire, yet occasionally a minute, flat 
 process issues suddenly from the edge, on which is borne a circular ci- 
 liate thallodal expansion, being the evolution of a bud. The upper 
 surface is in part rough with contiguous buds. Beneath, the frond has 
 
Peltidea.} LICHENES. 153 
 
 elevated whitish veins, as in Peltidea, and in the interstices, a few 
 scattered cyphella immersed below the surface, whose mouths how- 
 ever are elevated. 
 
 27. SOLORINA. Ach. 
 
 Thallus foliaceous, coriaceous, lobed, free, beneath having 
 fibrous veins ; apothecia subrotund, sessile, not bordered. 
 
 1. S. saccata, ACH. Thallus coriaceous, suborbicular, sub- 
 stellate, greyish-green, whitish and fibrous beneath ; buds in 
 minute, few, dispersed, rough, dark brown granules, at length 
 bursting with a fine whitish powder ; apothecia dark-brown, 
 immersed. Ach. L. Un. p. 149. Eng. Bot. t. 228. 
 
 On Brandon Hill. Ben Bulben, Mr. J. T. Mackay. The apothecia 
 burst up from beneath the cortical layer of the thallus, and at first 
 receive a border from it ; finally, however the apothecium sinks in the 
 thallus. By drying the surface becomes of a reddish-brown, 
 
 28. PELTIDEA. Ach. 
 
 Thallus foliaceous, or coriaceo-membranaceous, lobed, having 
 veins and fine soft fibres beneath ; apothecia on proper lobules, 
 orbiculate or oblongo-rotundate, the entire obliquely affixed 
 on the thallus, by which, too, they are bordered. 
 
 1. P. horizontalis, ACH. Thallus smooth, glaucous brownish- 
 green, beneath pale, reticulated with brown veins ; fertile lobes 
 short ; buds in very minute, dark, scattered grains ; apothecia 
 flat, horizontal, transversely oblong. Ach. L. Un. p. 515. Eng. 
 Bot. t. 888. 
 
 On rocks, near Killarney. County of *Derry, Mr. David Moore. 
 
 2. P. aphthosa, ACH. Thallus smooth, glaucous-green, be- 
 neath reticulated with veins, dark towards the centre ; buds in 
 minute, scattered, dark brown, rough granules ; apothecia large, 
 ascending. Ach. L. Un. p. 516. Eng. Bot. t. 1119. 
 
 On rocks in moist situations : at Sallagh Braes, near Belfast, Mr* 
 Templeton. County of Derry, Mr. David Moore. The brown 
 buds may be observed expanding into new fronds, and even throwing 
 out their rootlets on the surface of the thallus ; the lobes are large and 
 often oblong. 
 
 3. P. canina, ACH. Thallus coriaceous, glaucous-grey, 
 greenish when moist, downy above, reticulated with dusky grey 
 veins beneath ; apothecia suberect, terminal, revolute. Ach. L. 
 Un. p. 517 and p. spuria, p. 518. Eng. Bot. t. 2229 and t. 
 1542. 
 
 On moss, among grass, or on the ground, common. A state occurs 
 at Dunkerron, never exceeding an inch in diameter, covering- the wet 
 side of a ditch for several yards in extent, bearing apothecia abundantly 
 which agrees as well with the specimens of P. venosa in Mougcot and 
 Nestler, and with some collected on Ben Lawers, by the late Mr, John 
 
 T 
 
l.Vl LICHENES. [Cetrtria. 
 
 Mackay, as with the present species. The surface of the thallus is 
 usually downy. A pruinose or downy membrane expanded across the 
 involute surface of the apothecia at length bursts and displays the disk. 
 It is sometimes sprinkled with minute granular buds, when it resembles 
 too strongly P. aphthosa, 
 
 4. P. polydactyla, ACH. Thallus naked, smooth, beneath re- 
 ticulated with brown veins; fertile lobules very numerous, 
 crowded, their sides, as well as those of the brown, terminal, 
 suberect; apothecia revolute. Ach. L. Un. p. 519. Dill. Muse. 
 t. 28. /. 107, 108. 
 
 On moss, among grass and on banks ; frequent. This species is 
 very nearly allied to the preceding which sometimes has the apothecia 
 as numerous and crowded. 
 
 29. NEPHROMA. Ach. 
 
 Thallus foliaceous or coriaceous, lobed; apothecia borne on 
 proper lobules, orbiculate or reniform, the entire affixed to 
 the inferior surface of the thallus, by which, too, they are 
 bordered. 
 
 1. N. resupinata, ACH. Thallus coriaceous thin, greyish- 
 brown when dry, dark-olive or lead-green when wet, the lobes 
 imbricated ; fertile lobules very short ; apothecia with the disk 
 of a red-brown. Ach. L. Un. p. 522. Eng. Bot. t. 305. 
 
 On rocks and on old trees ; not uncommon. A pubescence of the 
 inferior surface of the thallus, noticed by authors is not always dis- 
 tinctly observable ; but, what is more remarkable, if that surface be 
 broken or abraded, a white cottony substance is found in the interior. 
 The buds appear as subrotund granules on the upper surface, oftener 
 affecting the edges, presently flattening, and expanding into new 
 fronds. 
 
 30. CETRARIA. Ach. 
 
 Thallus foliaceous or cartilagineo-membranaceous, lobate, laci- 
 niated, naked beneath. Apothecia orbiculate, obliquely ad- 
 nate to the margin of the thallus, partly unattached beneath ; 
 the disk coloured ; the border of the substance of the thallus. 
 
 1 . C. glauca, ACH. Thallus membranaceous, somewhat shin- 
 ing, glaucous or brownish-grey, segments of the lobes lacero- 
 incised, ascending; buds granular, mostly marginal, grey or 
 brown ; apothecia elevated, the border rugose. Ach. L. Un. p. 
 509. Eng. Bot. t. 1066, andL.fallax, t. 2373. 
 
 On rocks in the mountains ; not uncommon. The aged fhallus, in 
 some states, is reticulato-lacunose. The buds usually marginal, are 
 sometimes thinly scattered over the surface ; they may be observed ex- 
 panding into fronds. This plant varies much in colour of the upper 
 as well as the edges of the lower surface, and remarkably in the degree 
 of laciniation of those edges ; they are entire in specimens from Man- 
 gerton, while in those from Carig mountain, they are more incised and 
 finely cut than in the figure of English Botany. 
 
Gyrophora.] LICHENBS. 155 
 
 2. C. islandica, ACH. Thallus membranaceous, rigid, erect; 
 olive-brown, the segments entire, marginate, ciliated with stipi- 
 tate buds ; apothecia flat, the border narrow. Ach L. Un. p. 
 512. Eng. Bot. t. 1330. 
 
 On the top of Mangerton. It grows more tufted in colder situa- 
 tions, than with us. The cilia are dark, often with a subrotund blacker 
 and wider top, which may be observed in certain states expanding into 
 new fronds. 
 
 31. GYROPHORA, Ach. 
 
 Thallus coriaceous or membranaceous, fixed by the centre. 
 Apothecia orbiculate, sessile, with the border of their own 
 substance, (not thallodal) the disk covered by a dark mem- 
 brane, usually rough with gyrose plaits. 
 
 1. G. pustulata, ACH. Thallus coriaceous, with coarsely 
 pruinose pustules at the centre, laciniated or pertuse towards 
 the margin, greenish-grey ; buds granular dark- brown, near the 
 margin ; apothecia broadly marginate, the disk even or tubercu- 
 late. Ach. L. Un. p. 226. Eng. Bot. t. 1283. 
 
 On rocks in the mountains ; not uncommon, but without apothecia. 
 The pustular appearance of the thallus is striking, but it likewise oc- 
 curs in a lesser degree in G. proboscidea, Ach. in G. vellea, Ach. and 
 even in some states of G. heteroidea, Ach. The degree of plication 
 of the disk of the apothecia likewise varies in this genus. So, in G. 
 vellea the disk is as in Lecidea ; in G. hirsuta, Ach. out of the cen- 
 tre of the disk (which is that of a Lecidea) often rises a single young 
 minute apothecium, sometimes two or more with margins gyrose by 
 mutual pressure. The buds may be observed expanding into new 
 fronds. 
 
 2. G. erosa, ACH. Thallus coriaceous, rugged, dark-brown, 
 eroso-laciniated at the margin, beneath dark-grey, rough ; buds 
 granulate, rotundate, flattened at the top ; apothecia with the 
 gyrations on the disk grooved, the border nearly obliterated. 
 Ach. L. Un. p. 224. Eng. Bot. t. 2066. 
 
 On Mangerton, on rocks ; and on other high mountains not uncom- 
 mon. 
 
 3. G. cylindrica^ ACH. Thallus coriaceous, bluish or glau- 
 cous-grey, the segments subimbricate and ascending, ciliated 
 with flattish linear acuminate buds ; apothecia substipitate, the 
 gyrations on the disk grooved. Ach. L. Un. p. 223. Eng. Bot. 
 t. 522. 
 
 On rocks at Connavalla, Dr. Whitley Stokes; on Mangerton. The 
 length of the cilia to the segments of the thallus is very remarkable ; 
 the cilia however appear to be truly buds, as their expansion into new 
 fronds may, with a little care, be observed. 
 
 4. G. pellita, ACH. Thallus coriaceous, sinuato-lobate, 
 smooth above, dark-grey or copper coloured, beneath with dark, 
 rigid, branched fibres ; buds mostly marginal in minute flat 
 
156 LICHENES. [Gyrophora. 
 
 pieces ; apothecia subglobose, much plaited. Ach. L. Un. p. 
 228. Eng. Bot. t. 931. 
 
 On rocks on Tonlagee, County of Wicklow. Our specimens are 
 tufted, the lobes sinuate, nearly linear. The cuticle sometimes has a 
 minute subrotund rupture on the upper surface, where clusters of fibres, 
 such as are found beneath the thallus, occur ; among them, sometimes 
 a minute frond may be observed to expand, but such new fronds are 
 oftener observed at the margins of the thallus. 
 
 The foregoing account of the Lichens of Ireland would have been 
 still more incomplete, but for the extensive collection of my lamented 
 friend, the late Mr. John Templeton, of Cranmore, near Belfast, which 
 his relict, Mrs. Templeton, most liberally placed at my disposal. I 
 believe that thirty years ago his acquirements in the Natural History of 
 organised beings rivalled that of any individual in Europe : these were 
 by no means limited to diagnostic marks, but extended to all the laws 
 and modifications of the living force. The frequent quotation of his 
 authority in every preceding department of this Flora, is but a brief 
 testimony of his diversified knowledge. 
 
FLORA HIBERNICA 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 ORD. 99. ALG^E. Juss. (Linn, part of.) Sea-weed Family. 
 
 Cellular plants, growing with very few exceptions in water ; 
 very variable in form, texture, colour, and in the organs of fruc- 
 tification. Plant either a single cellule, or a number of cellules 
 united by their extremities into series, and thus forming simple 
 or branched filaments ; or by lateral as well as terminal cohe- 
 sion extended into membranes, which often assume a foliaceous 
 character; or formed into cylindrical fronds, -Texture either 
 gelatinous, membranaceous, cartilaginous, coriaceous, ligneous 
 or horny. Colour varying through every shade of red, green, 
 olive, brown, &c. Fructification : granules in various states of 
 perfection or arrangement, either dispersed over the whole 
 plant, or collected into little groups (sori) ; or contained in 
 distinct gelatinous receptacles, or membranaceous capsules, or 
 forming moniliform filaments. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA. 
 
 J 
 
 Div. I. MELANOSPERME^E. Plants marine, foliaceous, strap- 
 shaped, or filamentous, of an olive-brown or olive-green colour. 
 Fructification contained in definite capsules or receptacles, or in 
 distinct sori. 
 
 TRIBE I. FUCOIDEA;. Plants coriaceous, robust, much branched 
 or leafy, mostly bearing vesicles ; structure fibrous* Fructifi- 
 
J 58 ALGLE. 
 
 cation: opaque seeds imbedded in distinct receptacles and 
 finally escaping by superficial pores. (None of the Irish 
 genera have distinct leaves.} 
 
 1. CYSTOSEIRA. Vesicles simple, innate in the branches. 
 Receptacles small. Seeds in distinct cells. 
 
 2. HALIDRYS. Vesicles stalked, lanceolate, divided by trans- 
 verse septa. 
 
 3. Fucus. Vesicles (when present) simple, immersed in the 
 frond. Receptacles turgid, containing tubercles imbedded in 
 mucus. 
 
 4. HIMANTHALIA. Frond cup-shaped. Receptacles (frond- 
 like) very long, dichotomously branched, strap-shaped. 
 
 TRIBE II. LICHINE^E. Plants cartilaginous, fiat, branched, 
 (minute.) Fructification receptacles furnished with a ter- 
 minal pore, containing pellucid seeds disposed in moniliform 
 series. 
 
 5. LICHINA. Character the same as the Tribe. 
 
 TRIBE III. LAMINARIE^:. f 'ronds stipitate ; stipes terminat- 
 ing in a foliaceous cleft or entire, occasionally midribbed ex- 
 pansion. Fruct. obscure. 
 
 6. ALARIA. Frond membranaceous, with a cartilaginous 
 percurrent midrib. 
 
 7. LAMINARIA. Frond simple or cleft, destitute of distinct 
 midrib. 
 
 TRIBE IV. SPOROCHNOIDE^E. Plants cartilaginous or 
 
 branaceous, much branched, inarticulate, bearing at some pe- 
 riod of growth deciduous tufts of bright green filaments . 
 
 8. DESMARESTIA. Frond plane or compressed, distichously 
 branched, when young furnished with marginal deciduous tufts 
 of fine green filaments, the branches set with marginal spines. 
 Grev. 
 
 9. DICHLORIA. Frond cylindrical, filiform, cartilaginous, 
 pinnated with opposite branches, becoming flaccid and of a ver- 
 digris green colour on exposure to the air. Fructification un- 
 known. Grev. 
 
 10. SPOROCHNUS. Frond filiform, cylindrical, or compress- 
 ed, cartilagineo-membranaceous. Fructification : club-shaped, 
 moniliform filaments radiating in scattered warts, or concen- 
 trated in distinct (mostly clavate stalked) receptacles, often ter- 
 minated by a deciduous tuft of filaments. Grev. 
 
ALG.E. 159 
 
 TRIBE V. DICTYOTE^E. Plants membranaceous, fiat, or cylin- 
 drical, of a highly reticulated structure. Fructification opaque S 
 seeds with pellucid cases, ranged in lines, sori, or covering the 
 whole frond. 
 
 * Root minute, scutate, naked. 
 
 11. CHORDA. Frond simple, filiform, cylindrical, furnished 
 at intervals with distinct septa. 
 
 12. ASPEROCOCCUS. Frond simple, tubular, (rarely com- 
 pressed.) 
 
 13. PUNCTARIA. Frond simple, flat, foliaceous. 
 
 14. STRIARIA. Frond tubular, branched ; seeds in trans- 
 verse lines. 
 
 15. DICTYOSIPHON. Frond tubular, branched ; seeds scat- 
 tered. 
 
 HS * Root, a mass of woolly filaments. 
 
 16. DICTYOTA. Frond ribless, dichotomous or irregularly 
 cleft. Seeds scattered over the frond. 
 
 17. CUTLERIA. Frond ribless, irregularly cleft. Fructifi- 
 cation : clusters of pedicellate capsules. 
 
 18. PADINA. Frond flabelliform, cleft. Seeds ranged in 
 concentric lines. 
 
 19. HALISERIS. Frond midribbed, subdichotomous. Seeds 
 disposed in sori or groups, mostly arranged in longitudinal 
 lines. 
 
 TRIBE VI. ECTOCARPE^E. Plants filamentous, often capillary 
 and confervoid, articulated, much branched. Fructification 
 double : capsules and imbedded granules. 
 
 20. CLADOSTEPHUS. Stem inarticulate, branched, vvhorled 
 with short articulated ramuli. 
 
 21. SPHACELARIA. Stem articulate, branched, distichous, 
 pinnated, rigid. 
 
 22. ECTOCARPUS. Excessively branched, capillary, flaccid, 
 articulated. 
 
 23. MYRIOTRICHIA. Stem simple, articulate, flaccid, set 
 with short quadrifarious ramuli. 
 
 TRIBE VII. CHORDARIE.E. Plants gelatinoso-cartilaginous, 
 filiform or globose, composed of articulated filaments united 
 together by a firm gelatine. 
 
 24. CHOKDARIA. Frond filiform; axis firmly gelatinous, 
 
160 ALG^E. 
 
 cellular. Circumference composed of simple, clavate, torulose, 
 verticiilate filaments. 
 
 25. TRICHOCLADIA. Frond filiform ; axis loosely gelatinous, 
 filamentous. Circumference composed of branched, coloured, 
 torulose, verticiilate filaments. 
 
 26. CORYNEPHORA. Frond globose or tuberose, hollow (not 
 filled with gelatine.) 
 
 S 
 
 Div. II. RHODOSPERME^E. Plants marine (except one or 
 two species O/*TRENTEPOHLIA), foliaceous, cylindrical, or filamen- 
 tous, of a rose-red^ purple or red-brown colour. Fructification 
 in many genera double ; primary, contained in capsules, recepta- 
 cles, or immersed in the frond ; secondary (when present) gra- 
 nules forming sori, or placed in distinct receptacles : seeds red or 
 red-brown. 
 
 TRIBE VIII. GLOIOCLADE^E. Plants gelatinous, filiform, en- 
 tirely composed of articulated filaments, united into fronds by 
 a hyaline gelatine (except in CEUETOSPORA, in which genus only 
 the ramuli have this structure.) Fructification globules of red 
 seeds imbedded in the filaments of the periphery, to which they 
 are attached. 
 
 27. MESOGLOIA. Frond solid, gelatinous ; the axis com- 
 posed of longitudinal hyaline fibres ; the periphery of radiating 
 coloured filaments. 
 
 28. GLOIOSIPHONIA. Frond tubular, gelatinous ; the peri- 
 phery composed of radiating coloured filaments. 
 
 29. CH^ITOSPORA. Frond solid, subgelatinous ; axis laxly 
 cellular; the periphery membranaceous ; ramuli composed of 
 branched radiating filaments. 
 
 TRIBE IX. GASTROCARPE.E. Plants carnose or gelatinoso- 
 membranaceous. Fructification : globules of red-seeds immersed 
 in the substance of the frond. 
 
 30. CATENELLA. Frond filiform, contracted as if jointed, in 
 a moniliform manner. 
 
 31. DUMONTIA. Frond cylindrical, tubular, membrana- 
 ceous, gelatinous within. Fructification : globules of seeds at- 
 tached to the inner surface of the membrane of the frond. 
 
 32. HALYMENIA. Frond cylindrical, compressed, or flat, 
 gelatinoso-membranaceous. Globules of seeds imbedded in the 
 central substance of the frond. 
 
 33. IRID^EA. Frond carnose, expanded, flat (not gelatinous.) 
 Globules of seeds imbedded between the two coats of the frond. 
 
ALG.E. 161 
 
 TRIBE X. SPONGIOCARPE/E. Plants carnose, cylindrical, in- 
 articulate. Fructification naked spongy warts, containing glo- 
 bules of red seeds. Root scutate. 
 
 34. POLYIDES. The only genus. 
 
 TRIBE XL FURCELLARIE.E. Plants carnose, cylindrical, in- 
 articulate. Fructification terminal lanceolate receptacles. Root 
 fibrous. 
 
 35. FURCELLARIA. The only genus. 
 
 TRIBE XII. FLORIDE^E. Plants coriaceous, membranaveous, 
 or cartilaginous ; foliaceous or filiform, inarticulate. Fructi- 
 fication double ; 1. Capsules: 2. granules, imbedded in the 
 frond or indistinct receptacles. 
 
 36. DELESSERIA. Frond leafy, with a percurrent, distinct 
 midrib. 
 
 37. NITOPHYLLUM. Frond delicately membranaceous, ex- 
 panded, ribless (often veined at the base). Fructification 
 double: 1. Capsules: 2. ternate granules, disposed in distinct 
 sori. 
 
 38. RHODOMENIA. Frond membranaceous, expanded, rib- 
 less. Fructification double : 1. Capsules ; 2. ternate granules, 
 disposed in cloud-like spots, or scattered over the whole frond. 
 
 39. PLOCAMIUM. Frond filiform, much branched, branches 
 distichous, (ramuli pectinate.) Fructification double : 1. sphae- 
 rical sessile capsules : 2. lateral process containing oblong gra- 
 nules. 
 
 40. ODONTHALIA. Frond subcartilaginous, plane, dark vi- 
 nous-red, with an obsolete midrib, alternately toothed at the 
 margin. -Fructification marginal, double : I. Capsules, con- 
 taining pear-shaped seeds ; 2. slender, pedicillate receptacles, 
 containing ternate granules. 
 
 41. RHODOMELA. Frond cylindrical, cartilaginous, dark- 
 red, (apices often involute.) Fructification double : 1. subglo- 
 bose capsules, full of pear-shaped seeds ; 2. pod-like recepta- 
 cles, with imbedded ternate granules. 
 
 42. BONNEMAISONIA. Frond filiform, rose-red, delicate, 
 much branched, branches pectinate, with distichous ciliae. 
 Fructification : ovate capsules, containing a mass of pyriform 
 seeds fixed by their base. 
 
 43. LAURENCIA. Frond cylindrical, filiform, gelatinoso- 
 cartilaginous, yellowish or purplish-red. Fructification double : 
 1. ovate capsules, containing pear-shaped seeds fixed by their 
 base ; 2. ternate granules imbedded in the ramuli. 
 
162 ALGyE. 
 
 44. CHYLOCLADIA. Frond filiform, cylindrical, (often con- 
 stricted as if jointed,) gelatinoso-cartilaginous, pinky-red. 
 Fructification double : 1. capsules, with angular seeds ; 2. im- 
 bedded ternate granules. 
 
 45. GIGARTINA. Frond cartilaginous, filiform, of a dull 
 red colour. Fructification double: 1. capsules, with minute 
 roundish seeds; 2. simple granules imbedded in the ramuli. 
 
 46. CHONDRUS. Frond cartilaginous, dilating upwards into 
 flat, dichotomously-divided segments of a purplish or reddish 
 colour. Fructification : roundish capsules. 
 
 47. PHYLLOPHORA. Frond proliferous from the disk, fur- 
 nished with an obscure midrib. 
 
 48. SPJLEROCOCCUS. Frond cartilaginous, two-edged, linear, 
 distichously branched. Fructification : mucronate, pedicellate 
 capsules, produced along the margin ; seeds ovate. 
 
 49. GELIDIUM. Frond horny or cartilaginous, linear, more 
 or less regularly pinnated. Fructification double: 1. capsules, 
 imbedded in the ramuli ; 2. ternate granules. 
 
 50. PTILOTA. Frond compressed, filiform, pectinato-pin- 
 nate. Fructification : minute aggregated capsules, surrounded 
 by an involucre. 
 
 TRIBE XIII. CERAMIE^. Plants filamentous, articulated. 
 Fructification double : 1. Capsules: 2. granules contained in 
 receptacles, or in distorted ramuli. 
 
 51. POLYSIPHONIA. Filaments longitudinally striated with 
 internal parallel tubes. Fructification: 1. ovate capsules; 
 2. granules in swollen ramuli. 
 
 52. DASYA. Stems inarticulate, cellulose, the ramuli articu- 
 lated. Fructification: 1. ovate capsules: 2. lanceolate recep- 
 tacles, including granules in transverse fasciae. 
 
 53. CERAMIUM. Filaments reticulated, dissepiments opaque. 
 Fructification: 1. roundish capsules, with membranous peri- 
 carps ; 2. oblong granules imbedded in the ramuli. 
 
 54. GRIFFITHSIA. Filaments mostly dichotomous, dissepi- 
 ments hyaline. Fructification : 1. clustered capsules with hya- 
 line pericarps ; 2. roundish, gelatinous, involucrated receptacles, 
 including minute granules. 
 
 55. CALITHAMNION. Filaments mostly pinnated, dissepi- 
 ments hyaline. Fructification: 1. scattered capsules with hya- 
 line pericarps; 2. polymorphous receptacles, containing large 
 granules. 
 
 56. TRENTIPOHLIA. Filaments minute, (mostly parasitical), 
 
ALG.E. 10o 
 
 articulated, dissepiments hyaline. Fructification tufted, mostly 
 terminal capsules; (one species inhabits fresh water.) 
 
 V 
 
 Div. III. CHLOROSPERME.E. Plants growing either in the 
 sea, in fresh water or in damp ground, or in anomalous situations; 
 filamentous, membranaceous, or amorphous; either hyaline, or 
 (owing to the presence of an internal granular sporular mass) 
 of a grass green, very rarely purple colour. Fructification green 
 or purple sporules, either filling the frond, or collected info spo- 
 ridia, rarely situated in external capsules. 
 
 / 
 
 TRIBE XIV. LEMANIE;E. Plants growing in fresh water, 
 filamentous, inarticulate, of a cellular substance. Fronds 
 hollow, torulose at intervals. Fructification tufted, sporules 
 affixed to the inner face of the tubular frond. (Inhabit alpine 
 rivulets, rivers, fyc.J 
 
 57. LEMANIA. The only genus. 
 
 s 
 
 TRIBE XV. BATRACHOSPERME.E. Plants growing in fresh 
 water, filamentous, gelatinous. Fronds composed of aggre- 
 gated, articulate, longitudinal fibres, whorled at intervals with 
 short horizontal moniliform ramuli. Fructification : globular 
 masses, composed of minute, dichotomous, moniliform strings of 
 sporules. 
 
 58. BATRACHOSPERMUM. The only British genus. 
 
 TRIBE XVI. CH^ITOPHOROIDE^;. Plants growing in fresh 
 water or in the sea ; filamentous, gelatinous. Filaments arti- 
 culated, either free or collected into bundles, bound together by 
 a more or less firm gelatine, thus forming amorphous fronds. 
 Fructification, minute capsules attached to the ramuli. 
 
 59. BULBOCHJETE. Filaments free, articulated ; each articu- 
 lation bearing at its truncate apex either an elongated, inarti- 
 culate, deciduous seta, or a sessile sphaerical capsule. 
 
 60. DRAPARNALDIA. Filaments free, gelatinous; stems sub- 
 hyaline, emitting at the joints pencils of coloured ramuli. 
 
 61. CH^TOPHORA. Filaments collected into amorphous ge- 
 latinous fronds. 
 
 62. MYRIONEMA. Plants exceedingly minute, parasitical, 
 consisting of a mass of simple, clavate, erect filaments, bound 
 together by a firm gelatine. 
 
 TRIBE. XVII. CONFERVE-E. Plants growing in the sea or 
 in fresh water, filamentous, articulate, destitute of distinct 
 
164 ALG1E. 
 
 gelatine. Filaments simple or branched; articulations more 
 or less filled with a granular coloured (mostly green) spo- 
 raceous mass, which affects various forms in different genera. 
 
 63. CONFERVA. Filaments simple or branched, free (not 
 connected by transverse tubes) : articulations filled with a gra- 
 nular coloured mass ( Endochrome. ) 
 
 64. MOUGEOTIA. Filaments simple, finally united by trans- 
 verse tubes. Endochrome granular, at length forming roundish 
 globules at the point of conjugation. 
 
 65. TYNDARIDIA. Filaments simple, finally inosculating by 
 transverse tubes. Endochrome consisting of two roundish 
 masses in each joint. 
 
 66. ZYGNEMA. Filaments simple, finally inosculating by 
 transverse tubes. Endochrome forming dotted spiral rings. 
 
 TRIBE XVIII. SIPHONED. Fronds tubular, filamentous, in- 
 articulate : filaments a horny or membranaeeous substance, 
 hyaline, filled with a green colouring matter ; either free or 
 formed into sponge-like fronds. Fructification, external often 
 stalked vesicles full of granular matter. 
 
 67. CODIUM. Filaments closely aggregated into a sponge- 
 like frond. Marine. 
 
 68. BRYOPSIS. Filaments free, branched; branches pinnated. 
 Marine. 
 
 69. VAUCHERIA. Filaments irregularly branched. Fructi- 
 fication : dark green vesicles attached to the frond. Mostly in 
 fresh water, rarely in the sea. 
 
 v"" 
 
 TRIBE XIX. OSCILLATORIE/E. Plants of a gelatinous sub- 
 stance and filamentous structure. Filaments slender, tubular, 
 continuous, filled with a coloured, granular, transversely striate 
 matter, seldom branched, though often agglutinated together so 
 as to appear branched, usually massed together in broad float- 
 ing or sessile strata of a very gelatinous nature ; occasionally 
 erect and tufted ; and still more rarely collected in radiating 
 series, bound together by firm gelatine, and then forming lobed 
 or crustaceous fronds. 
 
 70. RIVULARIA. Frond firmly gelatinous, globose or 
 lobed ; composed of filaments set in gelatine, radiating either 
 from a fixed centre or base. 
 
 71. STIGONEMA. Filaments tufted, branched ; branches 
 transversely dotted. 
 
 72. Sc YTONEMA. Filaments brown, branched, flaccid, tough ; 
 transversely striate. 
 
ALGM. 165 
 
 73. CALOTHRIX. Filaments short, tufted, green or purple, 
 simple or pseudo-branched. 
 
 74. LYNGBYA. Filaments green or purple, decumbent, very 
 long, flaccid. 
 
 75. OSCILLATORIA. Filaments rigid, acicular, radiating and 
 oscillating from a slimy stratum. 
 
 TRIBE XX. ULVACEJE. Plants of a membranaceous or gela- 
 tinous substance and simple structure. Frond either a tubular 
 or flat, filiform or expanded membrane ; or a gelatinous amor- 
 phous mass ; or composed of an innumerable number of gela- 
 tinous globules ; hyaline, or, owing to the presence of fructifi- 
 cation, of a green, purplish, or pink colour. Fructification : 
 minute granules, which are either scattered through the frond, 
 or arranged in fours, or strung together in many moniliform y 
 filamentous series. 
 
 # Plants membranaceous, not gelatinous. 
 
 76. PORPHYRA. Frond foliaceous, purple. 
 
 77. BANGIA. Frond linear, capillary, transversely dotted. 
 
 78. ENTEROMORPHA. Frond tubular, hollow, simple or 
 branched, somewhat reticulated, green. 
 
 79. ULVA. Frond foliaceous, membranaceous, green. 
 
 * 4 Plants gelatinous. 
 
 80. TETRASPORA. Frond gelatinoso-membranaceous, ex- 
 panded, green. Sporules in fours. 
 
 81. PALMELLA. Frond a polymorphous, gelatinous mass, 
 filled with scattered granules (sometimes arranged in fours.) 
 
 82. NOSTOC. Frond coriaceo-gelatinous, lobed, hollow or 
 solid, filled with curled moniliform filaments. 
 
 83. PROTOCOCCUS. Plant consisting of aggregated minute 
 globules (filled with granules), and sessile on a gelatinous 
 mass. 
 
 TRIBE XXI. BYSSOIDE.E. Plants of doubtful affinity, related 
 to the Fungi. Filaments articulated, hyaline, or coloured. 
 Fructification very obscure. They are found on rotten wood, 
 among mosses, on damp ground, on glass, or in chemical solu- 
 tions and other anomalous situations. 
 
 84. BYSSOCLADIUM. Filaments arachnoid, radiating from a 
 centre, with scattered external granules. 
 
166 
 
 85. CHROOLEPUS. Filaments rigid, subsol id, opaque, torulose, 
 falling to powder. 
 
 86. PROTONEMA. Filaments subarticulated, rooting (among 
 mosses.) 
 
 87. HYGROCROCIS. Filaments hyaline, interwoven, into a 
 uniform membrane or gelatine. 
 
 88. LEPTOMITUS. Filaments hyaline, erect, parasitical. 
 
 Div. IV. DIATOMACE.E. Plants growing in the sea or in 
 fresh water, small, and for the most part very minute and para- 
 sitical ; composed of rigid, fragile, more or less transparent cor- 
 puscles (frustula), variously united in parallel series, in circles, 
 or in filaments ; or scattered through a mucous mass ; or dis- 
 posed in longitudinal series, through gelatinous branched fronds. 
 
 TRIBE XXII. DESMIDIEJE. Filaments cylindrical or angular, 
 at length separating into frustula. 
 
 89. MELOSEIRA. Frustula forming simple, pseudo-articu- 
 lated filaments, constricted at the articulation. 
 
 TRIBE XXIII. FRAGILARIEJE. Frustula plane, rectilinear, 
 disposed in circles orjilaments. 
 
 90. FRAGILARIA. Frustula forming densely striated, fragile 
 filaments (not cohering at the angles.) 
 
 91. DIATOMA. Frustula forming fragile plane filaments, at 
 length separating and cohering at the angles ; or sessile, and 
 arranged in a fasciculate or flabellate manner. 
 
 92. FRUSTULIA. Frustula linear, free or imbedded in a ge- 
 latinous mass. 
 
 TRIBE XXIV. STYLLARIE^E. Frustula plane, wedge-shaped, 
 disposed in circles or fans. 
 
 93. LICMOPHORA. Frustula stipitate, flabelliform. 
 
 94. MERIDION. Frustula united into circles or segments of 
 circles, sessile. 
 
 \ 
 TRIBE XXV. CYMBELLE.&. Frustula elliptical. 
 
 95. GOMPHONEMA. Frustula subgeminate, terminating a 
 very slender, simple or branched filament. 
 
 96. SCHIZONEMA. Frustula in longitudinal series, and en- 
 closed in a simple or branched, filiform, mucous, membrana- 
 ceous frond. 
 
Cystoseira.] ALGJE MELANOSPERME.E. 167 
 
 Div. I. MELANOSPERME^E. 
 
 Plants marine; foliaceous, strap-shaped or filamentous; of 
 an olive-brown or olive-green colour. Fructification contained 
 in definite capsules or receptacles, or in distinct sori. 
 
 TRIBE I. FUCOIDE^E. 
 
 Marine plants of an olive-brown colour, changing to black in the 
 air ; of a coriaceous or ligneous substance, densely fibrous, and 
 tearing in a longitudinal direction. Root scutate ; in some species 
 accompanied by creeping fibres. Frond flat, compressed, or filiform, 
 in many producing distinct leaves ; and in most, furnished with vesi- 
 cles or air-vessels. Fructification, spherical clusters of opaque 
 seeds, surrounded bij a pellucid limbus, imbedded in distinct gela- 
 tinous receptacles, and finally escaping by external pores. 
 
 1. CYSTOSEIRA. Ag. Cystoseira. 
 
 Frond compressed or filiform, more or less foliaceous, but 
 without distinct leaves. Vesicles simple, usually in series, 
 innate in the substance of the branches. Receptacles small, 
 cylindrical or lanceolate, terminal. Seeds in distinct cells. 
 Name, wan*, a bladder, and aetpa, a chain ; from the monili- 
 form arrangement of the vesicles. 
 
 1. C. ericoides, Ag. Heath-like Cystoseira. Frond cylin- 
 drical, branched, closely beset every where with very short, 
 subulate, spinous branchlets ; vesicles elliptical, solitary ; re- 
 ceptacles swelling at the base of the terminal spines. Grev. 
 Hook. Br. Fl v. ii. p. 265. E. Bot. t. 1968. 
 
 Rocks in the South and West of Ireland. Bantry Bay ; Miss 
 Hutchins. Miltown Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. 
 
 2. C. granulata, Ag. Granulated Cystoseira. Frond cylin- 
 drical; stem bearing elliptical knobs, each producing a filiform, 
 repeatedly dichotomo-pinnate branch, furnished with remote 
 subulate spines ; air-vessels elliptical-lanceolate, two or three 
 connected together; receptacles elongated. Grev. Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 265. E. Bot. t. 2169. 
 
 Rocks, and rocky places left by the tide, in the west and south of 
 Ireland. Bantry Bay ; Miss Hutchins. Coast of Clare ; J. T. 
 Mackay. Black rocks, Portrush ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 
 3. C. fceniculacea, Ag. Fennel-leaved Cystoseira. Frond 
 compressed ; stem destitute of tuberous knobs ; branches more 
 or less rough with little hard points, repeatedly pinnate, fili- 
 form ; air vessels solitary, or about two together ; receptacles 
 
168 ALG.E MELANOSPERME7E. [Fucus. 
 
 linear-lanceolate, mostly proceeding from the terminal vesicles. 
 Grev. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 265. E. Bot. t. 2131. 
 
 On the western and southern shores. 
 
 4. C. jibrosa, Ag. Fibrous Cystoseira. Frond bushy, very 
 much branched ; branches filiform, the terminating branchlets 
 (or leaves) nearly plane ; vesicles elliptical, mostly solitary ; 
 receptacles filiform, much elongated. Grev. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. 
 p. 266. E. Bot. t. 1969. 
 
 On the western and southern shores. Galway Bay ; J. T. Mackay. 
 Bantry Bay; Miss Hutchins. Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. Black 
 rocks, Portrush ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 
 2. HALIDRYS. Lyngb. Halidrys. 
 
 Frond compressed, coriaceous, linear, pinnated with distichous 
 branches. Air-vessels lanceolate, stalked, divided by trans- 
 verse septa. Receptacles lanceolate, stalked, compressed. 
 Seeds in distinct cells. Grev. Name ; a\<?, aXts, the sea, and 
 />vs, an oak, or tree. 
 
 1. H. siliguosa, Lyngb. Podded Halidrys. Vesicles com- 
 pressed, petiolated, linear-lanceolate, attenuated to a point. 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 266. E. Bot. t. 474. 
 
 Common on all our shores. The beautiful Fucus Osmundaceus, 
 Turn. 1. 105, from the North-west Coast of America, is a second spe- 
 cies of this genus. 
 
 3. Fucus. Ag. Fucus. 
 
 Frond plane, compressed or cylindrical, linear dichotomous, 
 coriaceous. Air-vessels (when present) innate in the frond, 
 simple. Receptacles terminal (except in F. nodosus], turgid, 
 containing tubercles imbedded in mucus, and discharging 
 their seeds by conspicuous pores. Grev. Name ; 0v/cos, a 
 sea-weed. 
 
 1. F. vesiculosus, Linn. Bladdered Fucus. Frond coria- 
 ceous, flat, dichotomous, entire, furnished with a midrib ; vesi- 
 cles sphserical, (mostly in pairs) ; receptacles terminal, turgid, 
 elliptical. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 267. E. Bot. t. 1066. 
 
 Sea shores, very abundant. A very variable species ; many of the 
 varieties destitute of vesicles. Dr. Greville's variety " Caterjfructus" 
 is so completely intermediate with the following, that it may be de- 
 bated to which species it most properly belongs. 
 
 2. F. ceranoides, Linn. Horned Fucus. Frond coriaceo- 
 membranaceous, entire, furnished with a midrib, pinnated with 
 lateral, dichotomous, fruit-bearing branches, without vesicles ; 
 receptacles lanceolate, linear, acuminated. Hook. Br. Fl. v, ii. 
 p. 267. E. Bot.t. 2115. 
 
Himanthalia.} ALG.E MELANOSPERME/E. 169 
 
 On the eastern shores. Belfast Lough ; Wicklow, &c. More mera- 
 branaceous than the preceding, and apparently very different ; yet I 
 am by no means convinced that this is specifically distinct. Though it 
 does not produce regular vesicles, I have frequently seen the mem- 
 branes of the frond become separated and irregularly vesicated, giving 
 the branches a blistered appearance. 
 
 3. F. serratus, Linn. Serrated Fucus. Frond coriaceous* 
 flat, dichotomous, with a central rib, serrated ; vesicles none ; 
 receptacles solitary, terminal, plane, serrated. Hook. Br. Fl. 
 v.ii. p. 267. E. Bot. t. 1221. 
 
 Kocky shores, abundant. 
 
 4. F. nodosus, Linn. Knotted Fucus. Frond compressed, 
 subdichotomous, somewhat pinnately branched ; vesicles large, 
 remote; receptacles lateral, distichous, pedunculate. Hook. 
 Br. FL v. ii. p. 268. E. Bot. t. 570. 
 
 Rocky shores, abundant. 
 
 5. F. Mackaii, Turn. Mackays Fucus. Frond compresso- 
 cylindrical, excessively branched, subdichotomous, coriaceous; 
 vesicles elliptical (often wanting), receptacles unknown. Hook. 
 Br. FL v. ii. p. 268. E. Bot. t. 1927. 
 
 Sea-shores. Cunnamara ; J. T. Mackay. A very remarkable 
 looking plant, yet I fear scarcely specifically distinct from the pre- 
 ceding. 
 
 6. F. canal iculatus, Linn. Channelled Fucus. Frond li- 
 near, narrow, channelled, dichotomous, without midrib or vesi- 
 cles; receptacles terminal, oblong, turgid. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 268. E. Bot. t. 823. 
 
 Rocky shores, abundant. The smallest of the British species, and 
 easily distinguished by its channelled fronds. 
 
 7. F. tubercutattts, Hucls. Tuberculated Fucus. Frond cy- 
 lindrical, naked below, dichotomous above, the axils obtuse ; 
 vesicles elliptical at the base of the receptacles (often absent) ; 
 receptacles elongated, cylindrical, terminal. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. 
 p. 269. Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 7. 
 
 Rocky shores, rather rare. North of Ireland ; Dr. Scott. Bantry 
 bay ; Miss Hutckins. Very abundant on the west of the County of 
 Clare. Root accompanied by creeping fibres. The vesicles, which 
 have not been noticed by preceding authors, are abundantly produced 
 in the West of Ireland, where this plant is very common, ana reaches 
 a large size. 
 
 4. HIMANTHALIA. Lyngb. Himanthalia. 
 
 Frond coriaceous, orbicular, peziziform. Vesicles none. Re- 
 ceptacles (frond-like), elongated, strap-shaped, compressed, 
 dichotomously divided, springing from the centre of the frond, 
 containing immersed tubercles furnished with a pore. Grev. 
 Name ; //(?, WTO*, a strap, and a\s, the sea. 
 
 x 
 
170 ALGtJE MELANOSPERME;E. [Lichina. 
 
 I. H. lorea, Lyngb. Strap-shaped Himanthalia or Sea- 
 thongs. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 269. Turn. Hist. t. 196. 
 
 Rocky shores. Fronds one or two inches high, perennial, emitting 
 receptacles from two to ten feet in length, which fall off annually. 
 
 TRIBE II. LICHINE^E. 
 
 Marine plants of a blackish green colour, changing to black in the 
 air ; cartilaginous, minute, without distinct leaves. Fructification : 
 receptacles furnished with a terminal pore, " and filled with a 
 colourless gelatinous mass of very Jine Jilaments, among which 
 pellucid oval or oblong seeds are disposed in many radiating monili- 
 form series" Grev. I am not at all satisfied about the true 
 situation of this small tribe, but place it immediately after the 
 Fucoideaa in compliance with the ideas of my valued friend Dr. 
 Greville. In many respects, especially in the structure of the 
 capsules or receptacles, it approaches some genera of Lichenes. 
 
 5. LICHINA. Ag. Lichina. 
 
 Frond cartilaginous, blackish-green, dichotomous. Fruct. : 
 roundish capsules (receptacles) of the same colour, contain- 
 ing radiating moniliform lines of pellucid seeds, imbedded in 
 a gelatinous mass of filaments. Grev.- Name ; an alteration 
 of Lichen, to which tribe this bears a great resemblance. 
 
 1. L. pygmcea, Ag. Dwarf Lichina. . Frond between flat 
 and compressed ; capsules globose. Grev. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 270. E. JBot. t. 1332. 
 
 Rocks uncovered at low water mark, common. Forms little roundish 
 tufts, about half an inch in height. Fronds crisp, dark green. 
 
 2. L. confinis, Ag. Least Lichina. Frond cylindrical ; cap- 
 sules terminal, oval. Grev. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 270. E. 
 Sot. t. 2575. 
 
 Rocks, near high water mark, not rare. Smaller than the last, and of 
 a darker colour. Dr. Greville has taken much pains to distinguish this 
 from the preceding, and has figured both admirably in his beautiful 
 Crypt. Flora (t. 219 and 221) ; but I rather incline to Dr. Hooker's 
 opinion, that their distinguishing characters depend on difference of 
 locality. 
 
 TRIBE III. LAMINARIE^. 
 
 Plants marine, of an olive-brown or olive-green colour, becoming 
 rather darker on exposure ; coriaceous or membranaceous, jibroso- 
 cellular, not reticulated. Root lobed or fibrous. Frond stipitate, 
 terminating in a leaflike expansion which is often cleft, and occasion- 
 
Laminaria.] ALGJ2 MELANOSPERME.E. 171 
 
 ally midribbed, or variously costate. Fructification obscure ; " as 
 far as hitherto known, either seeds mixed with a mass of vertical, 
 jointed filaments or roundish granules, without Ji laments ; forming, 
 in both cases, dense-spreading spots or sori, on the surface of some 
 part of the frond," Grev. 
 
 6. ALARIA. Grev. Alaria. 
 
 Frond membranaceous, furnished with a percurrent, cartilagin- 
 ous midrib, the stem pinnated with distinct leaflets. Fruct. : 
 pyriform seeds, vertically arranged in the incrassated leaflets. 
 Grev. Name, ala, a wing, from the winged base of the 
 frond. 
 
 1. A. esculenta, Grev. Esculent Alaria. Frond linear, en- 
 siform, entire at the margin; pinnae linear, oblong, fleshy." 
 Hook.Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 271. E. Bot. t. 1759. 
 
 Northern and western shores, abundant. A beautiful plant as it 
 waves freely in the water. The frond is 3 10 or even 20 feet in 
 length, and 1 6 inches in breadth, consisting of a membranaceous, 
 very easily lacerated leaf, with a thick cartilaginous midrib. It is an 
 annual. 
 
 7. LAMINARIA. Lamour. Laminaria. 
 
 Frond coriaceous (rarely membranaceous), plane, expanded, 
 without a midrib. Fruct. : seeds or granules forming dense 
 sori or spots, and imbedded in the thickened surface of some 
 part of the frond. Grev. Name ; lamina, a thin plate. 
 
 1. L. digitata, Lamour. Cleft Laminaria* Stipes coarse, 
 elongated, cylindrical, expanding into a broad roundish lamina, 
 which is deeply cleft into numerous linear segments. Hook. 
 Br. Fl. v. ii.p. 271. E. Bot. t. 2274. 
 
 Sea-shores, in deep water. 2 12 feet long, olive brown. 
 
 2. L. bulbosa, Lamour. Bulbous Laminaria. Root hollow, 
 swollen, tuberculated, bulb-like ; stipes flat, two-edged, twisted, 
 and deeply sinuated near the base, expanding into a broad ob- 
 long lamina, which is deeply cleft into numerous linear seg- 
 ments. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 271. E. Bot. t. 1760. 
 
 Sea-shores ; not uncommon on any of our coasts. 
 
 3. L. saccharina, Lamour. Sugary Laminaria. Root 
 fibrous; stipes cylindrical, elongated, expanding into a cartila- 
 ginous, flat, oblong, entire frond. Hook. Br. Fl, v. ii. p. 272. 
 Turn. Hist. *. 163. 
 
 Sea-shores, very common. 
 
 4. L. Phyllitis, Lamour. Thin-leaved Laminaria. Root 
 fibrous ; stipes somewhat compressed, short, expanding into a 
 
172 ALG.E MELANOSPERME.E. [ Desmarestia. 
 
 thin, membranaceous, linear-lanceolate, entire frond. Hook. 
 Br. FL v. ii. p. 272. E. BoL t. 1331. Turn. Hist. t. 164. 
 
 Sea shores, rare. Lame ; Mr. Temphton. Eantry bay ; Miss 
 Hutchins. Black rocks, Portstewart, County of Derry ; Mr. D. 
 Moore. Distinguished from the preceding 1 by its thin membranaceous 
 substmce and lanceolate outline ; characters which are, 1 fear, not to 
 be depended on. 
 
 TRIBE IV. SPOROCHNOIDE^. 
 
 Plants marine, olivaceous or yellowish-green, much branched, the 
 branches mostly distichous, foliciceous, compressed, or filiform, inar- 
 ticulate, becoming flaccid on exposure to the air, " in some cases ac- 
 quiring, under such circumstances, a verdigris-green colour, and 
 then possessing the property of rapidly decomposing other delicate 
 Algce in contact with them." Fronds generally bearing, at some 
 period of their growth, deciduous tufts of bright green filaments . 
 Fructification imperfectly known ; " composed of club-shaped, mo- 
 niliform, radiating filaments, either forming sessile warts, or ar- 
 ranged concentrically in little stalked, club-shaped bodies, terminated 
 by pencils of delicate fibres. Grev. A smalt and natural family, 
 in many respects allied to the Laminariete, from which tribe it is y 
 however, well distinguished by the much branched frond, which pro- 
 duces, in its young state, delicate tufts of fibres, and does not become 
 darker in drying or decay. 
 
 8. DESMARESTIA. Lamour. Desmarestia. 
 
 Frond plane or compressed, distichously branched; when young, 
 furnished with marginal deciduous tufts of fine green fila- 
 ments, the branches set with marginal spines. Grev. Fruct. 
 unknown. Name; in honour of A. G. Desmarest, a French 
 Naturalist. 
 
 1. D. ligulata, Lamour. Ligulate Desmarestia. Frond much 
 branched, plane, with an obscure midrib, 3 4 times pinnated; 
 pinna3 and pinnulae linear-lanceolate, opposite, and (as well as 
 every division of the frond) attenuated at the base. Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. ii.p. 273. E. Bot. 1. 1636. 
 
 Not uncommon on any of our shores from the Giant's Causeway to 
 Bantry bay. Frond I 6 feet long. 
 
 2. D. aculeata, Lamour. Thorny Desmarestia. Frond ex- 
 cessively branched, branches alternate or irregular, very narrow, 
 linear, compressed, many times divided in a pinnate manner; 
 margin of the pinnules set with alternate spines. Hook. Br. Fl. 
 v. ii. p. 273. E. Bot. t. 2445. 
 
 Sea-shores, common. The marginal spines are not produced till the 
 
Sporochnus. \ ALGJS MELANOSPERMEJE. 173 
 
 second year, but, in place of them, the young plants are clothed with 
 beautiful tufts of bright green fibres. 
 
 9. DICHLORIA. Grev. Dichloria. 
 
 Frond cylindrical, filiform, cartilaginous, pinnated with oppo- 
 site branches, becoming flaccid and of a verdigris-green 
 colour on exposure to the air. Fruct. unknown. Grev. 
 Name ; 8is, twice, and x^ w P lS > green, " in allusion to its sin- 
 gular change of colour." 
 
 1. D. viridis, Grev. Green Dichloria. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. 
 p. 274. E. Bot. t. 1669. Turn. Hist. t. 97. 
 
 Sea-coast. Near 'Belfast ; Dr. Drummond. Bantry bay ; Miss 
 Hutchins. 1 2 feet long. Frond excessively branched, capillary, all 
 the divisions exactly opposite. 
 
 10. SPOROCHNUS. Ag. Sporochnus. 
 
 Frond filiform, cylindrical or compressed, cartilagineo-membra- 
 naceous. Fruct. : club-shaped, moniliform filaments, radiating 
 in scattered warts, or concentrated in distinct (mostly cla- 
 vate, stalked) receptacles, often terminated by a deciduous 
 tuft of filaments. Grev. Name ; atropos a seed or sporule, and 
 X v s> wool, in allusion to the tufts of fibres terminating the 
 fructifications. 
 
 1. S. pedunculatus, Ag. Pedunculate Sporochnus. Frond 
 slender, alternately branched in a pinnate manner; branches 
 set with alternate, distichous, clavate receptacles, which are 
 terminated with tufts of articulated fibres. Hook. Br. Ft. v. ii. 
 p. 274. E. Bot. t. 345. 
 
 Marine rocks, rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Killiney, very 
 rare ; W. H. Harvey. Mouth of the river Bann, among rejectamenta ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. 
 
 2. S. villosus, Ag. Hairy Sporochnus. Frond slender, 
 once or twice pinnate ; branches and pinnae opposite, set with 
 numerous whorls of dense branched filaments. Hook. Br. FL 
 v. ii. p. 274. E. Bot. t. 546. 
 
 Very rare. Wicklow ; W. H. Harvey. 
 
 3. S. rhizodes, Ag. Root-like Sporochnus. Frond rather 
 robust, irregularly branched; branches subdichotomous, flexu- 
 ose, covered with the wart-like fructification. Hook. Br. Fl. 
 v. ii. p. 275. E. Bot. t. 1688. 
 
 In the sea : parasitic on various algae. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. 
 West of Ireland and at Wicklow ; W. H. Harvey. 
 
 4. S. Cabrera, Ag. Cabreras Sporochnus. Frond irregu- 
 larly dichotomous, linear, narrow, flat ; branches here and there 
 
174 ALGM MELANOSPERME.E. [Chorda. 
 
 constricted, truncate ; fruit " terminal, elliptical, solitary." 
 (Turn.) Ag. Syst. p. 260. Fucus Cabrera. Turn. Hist, 
 t. 140. 
 
 At Youghal, among rejectamenta, very rare ; Miss Ball. Hoot a 
 shapeless tuber. Stems 68 inches high, much branched in an irregu- 
 larly dichotomous manner, flat, nerveless, except near the base, where 
 there is a faint trace of a central midrib, coriaceo-cartilaginous. 
 Branches erect, with acute axillaB, distichous, alternate, narrow below, 
 rather broader upwards, here and there constricted, the apices truncate 
 and often discoloured. Fructification, " placed upon the ends of the 
 branches, which then expand into a small flat disk, supporting a single 
 cylindrical tubercle scarcely a line long, of a pale flesh colour, slightly 
 tinged with brown, destitute of any epidermis, and wholly consisting of 
 very thin parallel whitish fibres, of a clavate shape, with a rounded 
 tip, mixed with which lie oblong reddish seeds." Turn. Hist. vol. iii. 
 p. 14. Miss Ball's specimens are unfortunately without perfect fruit, 
 though many of the apices present imperfect indications of fructifica- 
 tion. 
 
 TRIBE V. DICTYOTE.E. 
 
 Plants marine, of an olive-green colour, and membranaceous 
 flexible substance, rarely cartilaginous, and scarcely at all juicy, with 
 a highly reticulated structure. Frond cylindrical or flat, simple or 
 branched, nerveless ( except in HaliserisJ, often divided in a flabd- 
 liform manner. Fructification, dark-coloured ovate or pear-shaped 
 seeds, with pellucid cases, which are variously arranged in, lines, 
 sori, or covering the whole frond ; very rarely enclosed in capsules. 
 A beautiful family, easily distinguished by the highly reticulated 
 structure. Under the microscope, the frond appears like a delicate 
 network. 
 
 11. CHORDA. Stackh. Sea Whip-lash. 
 
 Frond simple, filiform, cylindrical, with an interrupted cavity. 
 Root naked, scutate. Fruct.: external continuous masses of 
 pear-shaped seeds, fixed by their base. Grev. Name ; chorda, 
 a cord. 
 
 1. C. Filum, Lamour. Common Sea Whip-lash. Frond 
 cartilaginous, very long, slimy, cylindrical, internally jointed. 
 Hook. Hr. Fl. v. ii. p. 276. E. Bot. t. 2487. 
 
 Sea-shores, common. 120 or even 80 feet long, according to the 
 depth of water ; composed, as Captain Carmichael well expresses it, 
 "of a simple fillet, one or two lines in breadth, spirally twisted into a 
 filiform tube, formed by the cohesion of its edges." 
 
 2. C. lomentaria, Grev. Jointed Whip-lash. Frond short, 
 membranaceous, jointed at irregular intervals, the joints exter- 
 nally much constricted. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 276. Lyngb. 
 
Punctaria.] ALG^ MELANOSPERME./E. 175 
 
 Hyd. Dan. 1. 18. Asperococcus castaneus. Carm. in Hook. Br, 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 277. 
 
 Sea-shores, not rare. Kingstown, near Dublin, and on the west 
 coast ; W. H. Harvey. Asperococcus castaneus proves, as my 
 friend Mrs. Griffiths first pointed out to me, to be the young of this 
 species. 
 
 12. ASPEROCOCCUS. Lamour. Asperococcus. 
 
 Frond simple, tubular, cylindrical or compressed, continuous, 
 membranaceous. Root minutely scutate, naked. Fruct. : dis- 
 tinct spots of imbedded seeds, mixed with erect, club-shaped 
 filaments. Grev. Hook. Name ; asper, rough, and KOKKOS, 
 a seed. 
 
 1. A. Jistulosus, Hook. Fistulose Asperococcus. Frond cy- 
 lindrical, tapering at each end, here and there slightly con- 
 tracted. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 277. E. Bot. t. 642. Grev. 
 Crypt, t. 290. 
 
 Sea-shores, common. 6 12 inches long. 
 
 2. A.? pusillus. Least Asperococcus. Frond rounded, ca- 
 pillary, spuriously articulated, brown. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 277. Carm. MSS. cum, Ic. 
 
 On Chorda Filum. Coast of Cork, Ballycotton ; Miss Ball 
 0. Autumn. The fronds of this diminutive species are so closely 
 aggregated, as to give to a section of the plant on which they grow, the 
 appearance of a bottle-brush. They are irom 1 2 inches long, simple, 
 the thickness of a horse-hair, attenuated at both ends, transversely 
 striated in imitation of joints, and closely beset with pellucid fibres. 
 Carm. MSS. 
 
 3. A. Turneri, Hook. Mr. Turner s Asperococcus. Frond 
 oblong, inflated, obtuse, attenuated at the base into a short 
 stipes, thin and delicately membranaceous, here and there con- 
 tracted. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 277. Ulva Turneri. E. Bot. 
 t. 2570. A. bullosus, Grev. 
 
 Rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Abundantly thrown up on 
 the Murrough, Wicklow ; W. H. Harvey. Miss Hutchins' specimens 
 are very fine, the fronds being 2 3 inches in diameter. 
 
 13. PUNCTARIA. Grev. Punctaria. 
 
 Frond simple, membranaceous, flat, with a naked scutate root. 
 Fruct. scattered over the whole frond in minute distinct 
 spots, composed of roundish prominent seeds, intermixed 
 with club-shaped filaments. Grev. Name ; punctum, a dot, 
 from the dotted fructification. 
 
 1. P. plantaginea, Grev. Plantain-leaved Punctaria. Frond 
 
176 ALGJE MELANOSPERME.E. [Dictyosiphon. 
 
 coriaceo-membranaceous, linear-obovate, much attenuated at 
 the base. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 27. E. Bot. t. 2136. 
 
 Sea-shores. Wicklow and Killiney, near Dublin. 
 
 2. P. latifolia, Grev. Broad-leaved Punctaria. Frond pale- 
 olive, thick, subgelatinous, tender, oblong, or obovate, suddenly 
 tapering at the base. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 278. Laminaria 
 debilis. Ag. Grev. Crypt, t. 277. (according to authentic spe- 
 cimens.) 
 
 Rare. Belfast ; Dr. Drummond. Kilkea, County of Clare ; W. 
 H. Harvey. This, I greatly fear, is nothing more than a pale variety 
 of the preceding ; both are extremely variable in outline, and, among 
 numerous specimens with which Mrs. Griffiths' kindness has furnished 
 me, I find every gradation of form and colour : some having the dark 
 colour and substance of P. plantaginea with the outline of P. lati- 
 folia ; while others unite the pale colour and delicate substance of 
 P. latifolia, with the narrow outline and tapering base of P. planta- 
 ginea. The same lady informs me that she has found both growing 
 together in the same pool ; a circumstance which seems to confirm the 
 opinion that they are not distinct. But, however this may be, I feel no 
 hesitation in referring Laminaria debilis of authors to this place, 
 having minutely examined Chalmer's original specimens, and having 
 found them to possess a reticulated and truly dictyoteous structure ; 
 in fact, having ascertained that they do not differ in any important par- 
 ticular from Devonshire specimens of P. latifolia. 
 
 14. STRIARIA. Grev. Striaria. 
 
 Frond filiform, tubular, continuous, membranaceous, branched. 
 Root naked and scutate. Fruct. : groups of roundish seeds, 
 forming transverse lines. Grev. Name ; from the striated 
 appearance, caused by the lines of fructification. 
 
 1. S. attenuate, Grev. Attenuated Striaria. Grev. Crypt. 
 Syn. p. 44. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 279. Carmichaelia atte- 
 nuata. Grev. Crypt, t. 288. 
 
 Very rare. Belfast Lough ; Dr. Drummond. 3 12 inches high, 
 much branched, a line in diameter ; branches long, irregular, attenuated 
 at base and apex, elegantly marked by the transverse lines of seeds. 
 A beautiful plant, first discovered by Captain Carmichael at Appin, in 
 Scotland, and lately found by Mrs. Griffiths at Torquay, Devonshire ; 
 it may, therefore, be expected in intermediate stations. 
 
 15. DICTYOSIPHON. Grev. Dictyosiphon. 
 
 Frond filiform, tubular, continuous, branched. Root minutely 
 scutate, naked. Fruct. : ovate scattered seeds, lying beneath 
 the epidermis. Grev. Name ; SIKTVOV, a net, and aKfrwv, a 
 tube, from the tubular reticulated frond. 
 
 1. D. fceniculaceus, Grev. Fennel-leaved Dicfyosiphon. 
 
Cutleria.] ALGJR MELANOSPERME_4E. 177 
 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 279. Turn. Hist. t. 234. E. Hot. 
 Suppl Grev. Alg. Brit. t. 8. 
 
 On most of our coasts, both the eastern and western shores. 1 10 
 feet long or more, capillary, excessively branched and entangled. 
 Fruct. very rare, and hitherto only described by Dr. Greville. 
 
 16. DICTYOTA. Lamour. Dictyota. 
 
 Frond flat, highly reticulated, membranaceous, dichotomous or. 
 irregularly cleft (palmato-flabelliform in D. atomaria). Root 
 a mass of woolly filaments. Fruct. composed of scattered or 
 variously aggregated, somewhat prominent seeds, on both 
 surfaces of the frond. Grev . Name : ZIKJVOV, a net, the 
 fronds, as in all this tribe, appearing reticulated when mag- 
 nified. 
 
 1. D. dichotoma, Lamour. Dichotomous Dictyota. Frond 
 olive-green, regularly dichotomous linear ; segments becoming 
 gradually narrower toward the extremities; seeds scattered or 
 irregularly clustered. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 280. E. Bot. 
 t. 774. /3. intricate, Grev. ; frond very narrow, much branched, 
 twisted and entangled. 
 
 In the sea, on rocky shores, both varieties common. (3. greatly re- 
 sembles the exotic D.furcellata, but differs in the segments becoming 
 gradually attenuated ; whereas, in that species, the frond is of one 
 breadth throughout. 
 
 2. D. atomaria, Grev. Sprinkled Dictyota. Frond olive- 
 brown, palmato-flabelliform or cuneate, irregularly cleft and 
 laciniated ; seeds forming waved transverse lines, with interme- 
 diate scattered ones. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 280. Grev. Alg. 
 JBrit. p. 58. D. zonata and D.ciliala, Lamour. Zonaria ato- 
 maria, Ag. Sp. Alg. v. i. p. 128. Ulva atomaria, Woodw. 
 E. Bot. *. 419. 
 
 Marine rocks, Coast of Cork, near Ballycotton ; Miss Ball. 
 
 17. CUTLERIA. Grev. Cutleria. 
 
 Frond piano-compressed, cartilagineo-mernbranaceous, subfla- 
 belliform, irregularly cleft. Root a mass of woolly filaments. 
 Fruct. : minute tufts of capsules, scattered on both sides of the 
 frond, the capsules pedicellate, containing several distinct 
 granules. Grev. Named by Dr. Greville in honour of my 
 valued friend Miss Cutler of Sidmouth, a most acute and 
 zealous algologist, and the discoverer in England of Grate- 
 lo upia filicina . 
 
 1. C. muUifida, Grev. Multifid Cutleria. Grev. Alg. Brit, 
 p. 60. t. 10 Ulva multifida, E. Bot. t. 1913. Hook. Br. FL 
 v. \\.p. 281. 
 
 Y 
 
178 ALGM MELANOSPERMEjE. [Padina. 
 
 Very rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Ballycotton ; Miss 
 Ball. A single specimen found at Kilkee, County of Clare ; W. H. 
 Harvey. Frond 2 12 inches high, broadly flabelliform, cut, often 
 nearly to the base, into many cuneate segments, which are again many 
 times divided ; the apices furnished with delicate confervoid fibres. 
 Miss Cutler, who has favoured me with many beautiful specimens, re- 
 marks, in a letter, that, when fresh, "it is a stiff, rather thick, slightly 
 curled plant, somewhat transparent, of a pale amber colour ; so ex- 
 tremely brittle that the larger plants may be said to break with their 
 own weight; on exposure to the air it becomes flaccid and turns 
 brownish in fresh water it changes to a greenish hue. As it is not 
 very gelatinous it dries quickly under pressure, and leaves its impres- 
 sion, in a permanent brown colour, on the rags used to assist in drying 
 it ; a property common to many Algae. Of the fructification I have 
 nothing to add to the remarks of Dr. Greville, except that on one or 
 two specimens I observe the fructification is placed in wavy transverse 
 lines, as in D. atomaria. I find the delicate conferva-like fibres not 
 only fringe the edge in clusters, but clothe the fronds of the young 
 plants generally. May not these, by their elasticity, form a protection 
 to so brittle a plant ?" Miss Cutler in litt. 
 
 18. PADINA. Adans. Padina. 
 
 Frond flat, highly reticulated, subcoriaceous, flabelliform, mostly 
 undivided, marked with concentric lines. Root a mass of 
 woolly filaments. Fruct. : ovate, blackish seeds, fixed by their 
 base, bursting through the epidermis in compact, concentric 
 lines (rarely spots) mostly on one surface of the frond. Grev. 
 Name of uncertain origin. P. Pavonia, one of the most 
 remarkable of British Algse, has not yet been found on our 
 shores ; but it may be expected to occur on the southern 
 coasts of Cork or Waterford. 
 
 1. P. parvula, Grev. Small Padina. Frond resupinate, 
 extensively creeping, suborbicular, lobed, membranaceous; lobes 
 rounded, scarcely marked with concentric lines. Grev. Crypt. 
 Fl. t. 360. Hook. Br. Fl v. ii. p. 282. 
 
 Rocks in the sea, rare. Miltown Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. Fronds 
 olivaceous, depressed, creeping over the rock, to which they are at- 
 tached by white fibres from the under surface. I have compared my 
 specimens with English ones communicated by Miss Cutler, and find 
 them to agree exactly. 
 
 2. P. (? ?) deusta, Grev. Dark-brown Padina. Fronds co- 
 riaceous, thick, brown, opaque, reniform or orbicular, with con- 
 centric lines, not reticulated, attached by the whole under sur- 
 face. Zonaria deusta, Ag. Sp. Alg. p. 132. Fucus deusta, 
 Fl. Dan. t. 420. P. deusta, Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 281. 
 
 Marine rocks. Miltown Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. Fronds an 
 inch or two in diameter, closely adhering to the rock on which they 
 ?row, of a rich brown colour and thick" fleshy cellular substance, not 
 reticulated. I have no idea to what tribe of Algse this most properly 
 
Cladoatephm.] ALGM MELANOSPERME^E. 179 
 
 belongs ; but that it has no relation to Padina, or even to Dictyota, 
 is obvious to any one who will take the trouble of examining- it 'with 
 the aid of a microscope. Its resemblance to Padina is merely super- 
 ficial. 
 
 19. HALISERIS. Tozzetti. Haliseris. 
 
 Frond flat, linear, membranaceous, with a midrib. Root a 
 mass of woolly filaments. Fruct. : ovate seeds, forming dis- 
 tinct sori or groups (mostly arranged in longitudinal lines). 
 Grev. Name; a\s, Xt?, the sea, and O-C/HS, endive; sea en- 
 dive. 
 
 1. H. polypodioides, Ag. Poly podium-like Haliseris. Frond 
 dichotomous (often proliferous), obtuse, entire at the margin. 
 Hook. Br. Ft. v. ii. p. 283. Fucus membranaceus, Stachh. 
 Ner. t. 6. E. Bot. t. 1758. 
 
 Rocks in the sea, covered with sand, very rare. Quilty Strand, at 
 extreme low-water mark, Miltovrn Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. C 12 
 inches high, delicately raembranaceous, and turning in an oblique di- 
 rection from the margin to the midrib. When fresh it has an extremely 
 powerful disagreeable smell. 
 
 TRIBE VI. ECTOCARPE^E. 
 
 Plants marine, of an olive-green or (rarely J full-green colour, 
 filamentous, often capillary or crinoid, articulated, cartilaginous or 
 flaccid, not very juicy, nor adhering strongly to paper. Frond 
 much branched, mostly of a uniform structure throughout ; articula- 
 tions of the filaments mostly very short, (but very variable in the 
 same filament, and not to be depended on informing specific charac- 
 ters}. Root minute, scutate. Fructification double, mostly monoe- 
 cious (both kinds produced on the same individuals ), 1. Capsules 
 containing dark-coloured seeds ; 2. granules imbedded in the dis- 
 tended, often vesicated apices of the ramuli. 
 
 20. CLADOSTEPHUS. Ag. Cladostephus, 
 
 Filaments cartilaginous, inarticulate, whorled with short articu- 
 lated ramuli, olivaceous. Fruit double: J. ovate capsules, 
 furnished with a terminal pore, containing dark seeds ; 
 2. granules imbedded in the apices of the ramuli. Name ; 
 K\ados, a branch, and <rre0o9, a crown; from the whorled 
 ramuli. 
 
 1. C. verticillatus, Lyngb. Whorled- Milfoil Cladostephus. 
 Ramuli regularly whorled, subdistant, mostly forked; branches 
 slender. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii, p. 322. Conf. vertic. 
 E. Bot. t. L718. and t. 2427. /. 2. 
 
180 ALGJE MELANOSPERMEA:. 
 
 On the western coasts, not rare. 39 inches high, slender, the 
 whorls of ramuli rather distant, by which character it is chiefly dis- 
 tinguished from the following. 
 
 2. C. spongiosus, Ag. Sponge-like Cladostephus. Ramuli 
 irregularly whorled, imbricated, mostly simple ; branches thick 
 and clumsy. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 323. Cowf. 
 spong. E. Bot. t 2427. /. 1. 
 
 Marine rock?, common. 3 4 inches high, dark olive brown. 
 
 21. SPHACELARIA. Lyngb. Sphacelaria. 
 
 Filaments jointed, branches distichous, pinnated, rarely dicho- 
 tomous, rigid. Fruct. double, on the same individual : 
 
 1. ovato-sphaerical capsules, furnished with a terminal pore ; 
 
 2. a granular mass, inclosed in the hyaline vesicated apices 
 of the branches. Name; 20a/ce\o5, gangrene; from the 
 withered distended apices. 
 
 1. S. filicina, Ag. Ferny Sphacelaria. Stuppose at the 
 base ; branches lanceolate, decomposite, pinnate ; pinnae alter- 
 nate ; pinnules fasciculato-multifid. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 323. Ag. 
 Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 22. S. hypnoides, Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 348. 
 
 In the sea, very rare. Bangor, County of Down ; Mr. W. Thompson. 
 
 2. S. scoparia, Lyngb. Broom-like, Sphacelaria. Dark 
 brown, coarse, lower part shaggy with woolly fibres ; upper 
 branches once or twice pinnate ; pinnae erecto-patent, subulate, 
 alternate, the lower ones slightly divided. Harv. in Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v.i\. p. 323. Dillw. t. 62. S. disticha, Lyngb. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. I. c. E. Bot. t. 1552. 
 
 Rare on our shores. Killiney and Wicklow ; W. H. Harvey. 
 The winter and summer states of this species are so very unlike each 
 other, that I formerly mistook them for distinct species, and published 
 them as such in Dr. Hooker's British Flora. Since that work was 
 printed, I have received numerous specimens, in every state of transi- 
 tion, from my kind friends Mrs. Griffiths and Miss Cutler ; arid I am 
 now fully convinced that the S. disticha of the British Flora is only 
 the autumnal or winter state of S. scoparia. 
 
 3. S. plumosa, Lyngb. Feathery Sphacelaria. Filaments 
 elongated, naked at base, branched, inarticulate, pinnate ; pinnae 
 opposite, very close, simple, pectinated, elongated, erecto- 
 patent. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 324. Conf. pinnata. 
 E. Bot. t. 2330. (left hand fig.) 
 
 Rocky coasts, rare. Wicklow ; W. H. Harvey. 24 inches high, 
 the branches resembling delicate feathers : colour greenish-olive. 
 
 4. S. cirrJiosa, Ag. Small pinnate Sphacelaria. Filaments 
 short, naked at the base, densely tufted, articulated throughout, 
 pinnate ; pinnae alternate or irregular. Harv. in Hook, Br. FL 
 v. ii. p. 324. Conf. pinnata. Dillw. t. 86. E. Bot. t. 2330. 
 (right hand fig.) 
 
Ectocarpus.] ALG^ MELAN 7 OSPERME^E. 181 
 
 On various marine Algae, very common. Tufts half an inch to an 
 inch or two in height, olive-brown. 
 
 5. S. radicans, Harv. Creeping Sphacelaria. Filaments 
 decumbent, sending out fibrous radicles in the lower part, with 
 a few irregular, simple, straight, naked branches. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 324. Conf. radicans, Dillw. Lyn. p. 57. 
 t. C. E. Bot. t. 2138. 
 
 Sand covered rocks. Ban try bay ; Miss Hutchins. A very 
 doubtful species. 
 
 6. S. olivacea, Ag. Olive Sphacelaria. Filaments short, 
 erect, tufted, sparingly branched ; branches alternate, simple. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 235. Conf. olivacea. E. Bot. 
 t. 2172. 
 
 On rocks, and the larger Algae. Dunmore ; Miss A. Taylor. 
 
 7. S. vclutina, Grev. Velvet-like Sphacelaria. " Oliva- 
 ceous, spreading, velvet-like; filaments subsimple, erect, very 
 short, bearing capsules at the base, joints about equal in 
 length and breadth." Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 350. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. FL v. ii. p. 325. 
 
 Parasitical on Himanthalia lorea. Filaments about a line in 
 height, forming velvetty patches. It has but a very feeble claim to be 
 considered a member of the present genus, and would, in my opinion, 
 range much better with Myrionema. 
 
 22. ECTOCARPUS. Lyngb. Ectocarpus. 
 
 Filaments capillary, olivaceous or brown, flaccid, without lon- 
 gitudinal striae. Fruit, sphserical or siliquaeform capsules and 
 granules in swollen ramuli. Name ; enos, Kapiros, external 
 fruit ; equally applicable to many other genera. 
 
 1 . E, littoralis, Lyngb. Common Ectocarpus. Filaments 
 densely tufted, excessively branched; ultimate ramuli some- 
 what patent, alternate or fascicled ; capsules sphaerical, sessile. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 325. Conf. litt. E. Bot. 
 t. 2290. 
 
 On the larger Algae, very common. Tufts 1 6 inches long, brown, 
 coarse. 
 
 2. E. siliculosus, Lyngb. Pod-fruited Ectocarpus. Fila- 
 ments flaccid and slender, tufted ; ultimate ramuli erect, subu- 
 late, alternate or fascicled, capsules siliquaeform, lanceolate. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 325. Conf. silic. E. Bot. 
 t. 2319. 
 
 Sea-shores, on Algae, corallines, &c. 2 12 inches high, pale yellow, 
 distinguished by the siliquaeform fruit. 
 
 3. E. tomentosus, Lyngb. Woolly Ectocarpus. Filaments 
 flexuose, very slender, \v,oven into a dense sponge-like branch- 
 
182 ALGM MELANOSPERME/E. [Myriotrichia. 
 
 ing frond ; siliquac oblong, obtuse. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. 
 r/ii. p. 326. 
 
 Sea-shores, not rare on the east coast. Bantry bay ; Miss HutcTiins. 
 Ardmore ; Miss Ball. Habit something like that of Codium tomen- 
 tosum. 
 
 4. E. granulosus, Ag. Granular Ectocarpus. Filaments 
 excessively branched, slender, upper branches short, patent, 
 opposite ; apices elongated and hyaline ; capsules solitary, ellip- 
 tical. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl v. ii. p. 326. E. Bot. t. 2351. 
 
 On other Algas. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Mangari's bay ; 
 Miss Ball. 3 10 inches long, delicate : capsules large, dark, seated 
 in the ultimate branches. 
 
 5. E. sphcerophorus, Carm. Hound-fruited Ectocarpus. Fi- 
 laments slender, tufted ; upper branches patent, opposite or in 
 fours ; capsules globose, opposite to each other or to a branch. 
 Harv. in Hook. JBr. Fl. v. ii. p. 326. E. brachiatus, Ag. (not 
 Conf. brachiata of E. Bot.} 
 
 On other Algae. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. The Bantry bay 
 station for E. mertensii, given in Eng. Bot. and Hooker's Br. Flora, 
 must be cancelled. I have examined Miss- Hutchins* specimens so 
 named, and find them to belong to this, and the preceding species. The 
 true E. mertensii, which is an extremely rare and little known plant, is 
 regularly distichous and beautifully bipinnate ; the pinna* scarcely one- 
 fourth the thickness of the branch in diameter. 
 
 23. MYRIOTRICHIA. Harv. Myriotrichia. 
 
 Primary filament olivaceous, flaccid (simple), beset with seti- 
 form, obtuse, quadrifarious ramuli; their apices bearing 
 crinoid, hyaline, dichotomous, long articulated filaments. 
 Fruct. : ovate capsules, including a mass of olivaceous seeds. 
 Name from juvpios, a thousand, and Opit-y a hair ; from the 
 innumerable hyaline, hair-like filaments which spring from 
 the apices of the ramuli. 
 
 1. M. clavcBformis, Harv. Club-shaped Myriotrichia. Harv. 
 in Hook. Journ. of Bot. vol. 1. p. 300. t. 138. Wyatt. Ala. 
 Danm. No. 131. 
 
 Parasitical on Chorda lomentaria. At Cable Island, near Youghal ; 
 Miss Sail. Fronds half an inch high, tufted, slender, flaccid, sub- 
 gelatinous, olivaceous, lineari-clavate, (in outline,) surrounded with 
 hyaline filaments. Frond articulated throughout, the articulations of 
 the stem and ramuli very short ; of the hyaline filaments many times 
 longer than their breadth. This curious little plant was originally dis- 
 covered at Torquay, in Devonshire, by Mrs. Griffiths, and has re- 
 cently been added to our Flora by Miss Ball, an acute and zealous 
 algologist, and the discoverer in this country of Sporochnus Cabreras, 
 and several other rare plants. 
 
Trichocladia.] AI&JE MELANOSPERMEvE. 183 
 
 TRIBE VII. CHORDARIE^E. 
 
 Plants marine, of an olivK-green or olive-brown colour, becoming 
 darker on exposure, of a cartilaginous or gelatinous substance, and 
 celluluso-filamentous structure. Frond Jiliform (except in Coryne- 
 phora, which is globose and tuberculosej much branched, cylindri- 
 cal ; the centre or axis, composed either of longitudinal, aggregated, 
 colourless, jointed filaments, or of a solid cellular substance ; the 
 periphery, consisting of coloured, simple or branched, somewhat cla- 
 vate tor uloso-articulated filaments, disposed in a verticillate manner 
 round the axis. Fructification (so far as ascertained}, ovate or 
 pyriform olive-coloured seeds (capsules ?) enveloped in pellucid 
 cases, imbedded among the filaments of the periphery, to whose ra- 
 muli they are laterally attached. To Chordaria, a genus which 
 Dr. Greville places by itself in this family, I have ventured to 
 add another ( Trichocladia J, which is very nearly allied to it in 
 structure and fructification, but which has till now been con- 
 founded with Mesogloia ; and Corynephora, a plant perhaps of 
 uncertain affinities, but which approaches in structure more 
 nearly to Trichocladia than to any other. The family thus 
 constituted is allied on the one hand to the Dictyotece, and on 
 the other to the Gloicladece. From the latter it chiefly differs 
 in colour, and in the structure of the fructification. 
 
 24. CHORDARIA. Ag. Chordaria. 
 
 Frond filiform, much branched. Axis cartilaginous, firmly ge- 
 latinous, cellular. Periphery composed of simple, clavate, 
 torulose, verticillate filaments. Fruct. : " obovate brown 
 seeds (capsules ?), mixed with the filaments of the peri- 
 phery." Carm. Name : Chorda, a cord. 
 
 1. C. flagelliformis, Ag. Common Chordaria. Frond fili- 
 form, equal throughout ; branches alternate, exceedingly long 
 and mostly simple. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. . 175. E. Bot. 
 t. 1222. 
 
 Sea-coast, on rocks and stones, common. 3 12 inches long, slender, 
 dark olive-brown. Captain Carmichael observes, that, " in young plants, 
 there is little or no vestige of the filaments" of the periphery, and that 
 " their development appears to keep pace with that of the sporidia." 
 I am sorry that my own observations are directly at variance with this 
 account, for I have found these filaments as perfectly formed in plants 
 not two inches high as in those of full growth. 
 
 25. TRICHOCLADIA. Harv. Trichocladia. 
 
 Frond filiform, much branched. Axis loosely gelatinous, com- 
 posed of articulated, hyaline fibres. Periphery consisting of 
 
184 ALG/E MELANOSPERMEyE. [Corynephora. 
 
 branched, coloured, torulose, vcrticillate filaments. Fruct. 
 ovate or elliptical, olivaceous seeds (capsules?) attached to 
 the ramuli of the periphery. Name; 3y><, a hair, and K\a8os, 
 a branch; the branches being composed of hair-like fila- 
 ments. 
 
 1. T. vermicular is, Harv. Worm-like Trichocladia. Frond 
 clumsy ; branches irregularly pinnate, thick, vermicular, lineari- 
 fusiform ; ramuli copious, elongated, flexuose, resembling the 
 branches. Mesogloia vermicularis, Ag. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. 
 v. ii. p. 887. Riv. verm, E. Bot. t. 1818. 
 
 Sea-shores, not uncommon. 1 2 feet high. Branches clumsy, 
 attenuated toward each end. Capsules ovate, abundantly produced. 
 
 2. T. Griffithsiana, Harv. Mrs. Griffiths Trichocladia. 
 Frond slender, equal throughout ; branches alternate or irregu- 
 lar, filiform, long, simple, nearly bare of ramuli. Mesogloia 
 Griffithsiana, Grev. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 387. 
 
 Sea-shores, rare. Bantry bay; Miss Hutchins. 8 16 inches high 
 of a pale rather olive-green, becoming greener in fresh water. Branches 
 long, subsimple, covered with long colourless byssoid fibres, similar to 
 those found in Chordaria flagelliformis, a plant which this species 
 strongly resembles in habit. Capsules pyriform. 
 
 3. T. virescens, Harv. Greenish villous Trichocladia. Frond 
 filiform, gelatinous ; branches long, erecto-patent, slender, vil- 
 lous ; ramuli numerous, patent, short, flexuose. obtuse. Meso- 
 gloia virescens, Carm- Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 387. 
 *Berk. Gl. Br. Alg. p. 44. t. 17. /. 2. (also M. qffinis, Berk, and 
 M. gracilis, Carm. Berk. Alg. 1. 16. /. 2. and t. 17. /. I.) 
 
 Sea- shores. Ban try bay ; Miss Hutchins. I have examined the 
 M. gracilis of Captain Carmichael, and do not consider it specifically 
 distinct from the present ; and though I have not seen specimens of 
 Mr. Berkeley's M. affinis, yet, judging from the figure and description 
 of that author, I can consider it but as the young of this species. 
 
 26. CORYNEPHORA. Ag. Corynephora. 
 
 Frond globose or lobed, carnoso-coriaceous, hollow (not filled 
 with gelatine), composed of articulated dichotomous fila- 
 ments, fasciculated at the apices, and issuing from a central 
 point. Fruct.: oval capsules, seated in the terminal fasciculi. 
 Name ; Kopovrj, a club, and 0o/>ew, to bear ; the apices of the 
 filaments, which constitute the periphery, are clavate. 
 
 1. C. marina, Ag. Marine Corynephora. Ag. Lyst. Alg. 
 p. 24. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v.' ii. p. 390. Grev. Crypt, 
 t. 25. ( imperfect. ) 
 
 On rocks in the sea, very common. Frond carnose, forming many 
 hollow lobed tubers, and spreading over a large space, olive-brown. 
 In young plants the lobes are filled with wide hyaline dichotomous 
 
Mesogloia.] ALG1E RHODOSPERMEvE. 185 
 
 fibres, originating from a centre point, which are analogous to the fila- 
 ments that constitute the axis of Trichocladia. The axis of this 
 genus must, therefore, be considered us punctiform, and this, indeed, 
 forms the only really structural difference between the two genera. 
 
 Div. II. RHODOSPERME^E. 
 
 Plants marine (except one or two species of Trentepohlia), 
 foliaceous, cylindrical or filamentous, of a rose-red, purple, or 
 red-brown colour. Fructification in many genera double ; 
 primary, contained in capsules, receptacles, or imbedded in the 
 frond ; secondary (when present), granules forming sori, or 
 placed in distinct receptacles. 
 
 TRIBE VIII. GLOIOCLADE^E. 
 
 Plants marine, of a rose-red or purple colour, giving out a red 
 juice on immersion in fresh water, of a gelatinous, lubricous sub- 
 stance, and filamentous, rarely cellular structure. Frond filiform, 
 branched, cylindrical, solid or tubular; the periphery (except in 
 Ckcetospora, in which genus, no parts, except the ultimate ramuli, 
 are composed of filaments, J consisting of coloured, branched, verti- 
 cillate fibres. Fructification: clusters or globules of red seeds, im- 
 bedded among the filaments of the periphery, to which they are 
 attached. In the British Flora, I used the name Gloiocladece in 
 a wide sense, applying it to all the Tribes of Algae, whose 
 fronds are invested with a definite gelatine. 1 now wish to re- 
 strict it to a tribe, which is very conveniently placed at the 
 commencement of this division, seeing it stands almost inter- 
 mediate in affinities between the Chordaricce and Gastrocarpece, 
 agreeing with the former in the formation of the frond, and 
 with the latter in colour and in the structure of the fruit. 
 
 27. MESOGLOIA. Ag. Mesogloia. 
 
 Frond filiform, solid ; the axis or central part gelatinous, formed 
 of longitudinal, hyaline, jointed fibres ; the periphery com- 
 posed of radiating, coloured, branched, articulated filaments. 
 Fruct.: globules of red seeds, imbedded in the filaments of the 
 periphery, to which they are attached. Name ; ftcaos, the 
 middle, and 7X0*05, viscid, from the gelatinous axis. 
 
 1. M. multifida, Ag. Dichotomous Mesogloia. Frond dicho- 
 tomous, slightly branched, dull purple, elastic ; the axils 
 rounded. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 385. Berk. Ala. 
 t. 16. /. 1. 
 
186 ALGJE RHODOSPERME/E. [Gloiosiphonia. 
 
 On shells and stones near low-water mark, frequent. Frond 36 
 inches long, often sub-simple, or once or twice dichotomous, 1 2 lines 
 in diameter, very elastic. Axis much denser than in the following, 
 not clearly filamentous ; but rather, as Captain Carmichael expresses it, 
 " a medullary cord." 
 
 2. M. Hudsoni, Ag. Hudson's Mesogloia. Frond much 
 branched, filiform, pale-reddish ; branches mostly opposite, 
 once or twice pinnate; ramuli numerous, irregular, obtuse. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 386. Ulva rubens, Huds. Fl. 
 Angl. p. 571. 
 
 On rocks and Algaa in the sea. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. 
 Kilkee, County of Clare, and Killiney ; W. H. Harvey. 48 inches 
 long, excessively branched, slender, filiform, pale-red. Notwithstanding 
 that the opinion of my valued ft lend, Mr. Walker Arnott, founded on 
 a specimen from Sir Thomas FranJiland, is against me, I arn unwill- 
 ing to omit the reference to the U. rubens of Hudson, as given above. 
 In defence of this opinion I have, however, no better plea than that 
 Hudson's description U. gelatinosa filiformis ratnosissima rubes- 
 cens, ramis sparsis noris entalibres obtusis" answers mostly correctly 
 to the present species, and will not apply to any other. 
 
 3. M. purpurea, Harv. Purple Mesogloia. Frond atte- 
 nuated at the base ; branches distichous, linear-fusiform, elon- 
 gated, simple, nearly bare of ramuli. Hook. Br.Fl. v. ii. p. 386. 
 
 Ireland's Eye ; Mr. R. Ball. 1 2 feet high, robust, purple-red, 
 staining fresh water pink. Stem subsimple, irregularly branched. 
 Branches sabalternate, distichous, long, simple, patent, constricted at 
 the base, attenuated to a fine point. 
 
 4. M. coccinea, Ag. Moniliform Rose-red Mesogloia. Frond 
 much branched, rose-red ; branches moniliform, irregularly 
 dichotomous, attenuated ; ramuli numerous, crowded round the 
 apex, subattenuate. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 386. Riv . 
 verticillata. E. Bot. t. 2466. 
 
 Sea-shores, extremely rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Frond 
 2 6 inches high, fine rose-red, very gelatinous and delicate. The 
 branches and ramuli are moniliform in consequence of the whorls of 
 filaments forming the periphery being sub-distant. 
 
 28. GLOIOSIPHONIA. Carm. Gloiosiphonia. 
 
 Frond cylindrical, filiform, tubular, somewhat gelatinous ; the 
 periphery composed of radiating, coloured, branched, articu- 
 lated filaments. Fruct. : globules of red seeds, imbedded in 
 the filaments of the periphery, to which they are attached. 
 Name ; 7X0*0$, viscid, and ffi^wv, a tube ; from the gelatinous 
 tubed frond. /This genus, founded on the Fucus capillaris 
 of Turner, was originally proposed by the late Captain Car- 
 michael, in his unpublished " Algce Appinenses" and has 
 been adopted by Mr. Berkeley. Except in the tubular frond, 
 it does not differ from Mesogloia. 
 
CateneUa.} ALG^E RHODOSPERME^E. 187 
 
 1. G. capillaris, Carm. Banded Gloiosiphonia. Berk, Alg. 
 t. 17. /. 3. Fucus cap. Turn. t. 31. E. Bot. t. 2191. Meso- 
 gloia ? capillaris, Ag. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 386. 
 
 Very rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Fronds 3 6 inches 
 long, much branched, fine rose-red, often a line in diameter. Branches 
 mostly opposite, attenuated at the base. Ramuli very numerous, 
 short, slender, flexuose, subulate. Globules of fructification large. 
 
 29. CH^ETOSPORA. Ag. Chaetospora. 
 
 Frond cylindrical, filiform, solid, subgelatinous, rose-red ; the 
 centre (axis} laxly cellular ; the periphery membranaceous. 
 Ramuli setaceous, fusiform, composed of articulated, branched, 
 radiating filaments, and containing a mass of minute red 
 seeds. Name ; x ai7r l> a bristle, and airopa, a seed or sporule ; 
 the filaments of the ramuli being supposed by some to be 
 connected with the fructification. Though the structure of 
 this curious plant (except as regards the ramuli) is perhaps 
 more that of the following tribe ( Gastrocarpece ) than of the 
 Gloiocladece ; yet in habit it so completely agrees with Me- 
 sogloia and Gloiosiphonia, that I do not wish to place them 
 in different families. The periphery, too, consists of exceed- 
 ingly minute longitudinal fibres, firmly agglutinated into a 
 membrane. May not Chcetospora, therefore, be regarded as 
 a Mesogloia, wanting the verticillate filaments ? 
 1. C. Wigghii, Ag. Mr. Wiggs Ch&tospora. Hook. Br. 
 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 306. Fucus Wigghii. Turn. Hist. t. 102. E. Bot. 
 
 t. 1165. 
 
 Very rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Kilkee, County of 
 Clare, extremely rare; W.H.Harvey. Frond 6 12 inches long, 
 much branched, fine rose-red, llamuli 1 2 lines long, fusiform, con- 
 taining a dark mass of granules. 
 
 TRIBE IX. GASTROCARPE^E. 
 
 Plants marine, of a pink, purple, or dull red colour, of a car- 
 nose, gelatinoso-cartilaginous or membranaceous substance ; "the 
 structure consisting of a cellular external coat or membrane, and 
 a pellucid, gelatinous, internal mass, mostly traversed by colour- 
 less jointed filaments arising from the outward membrane" 
 Frond cylindrical, compressed, or flat, destitute of midrib or veins. 
 Fructification: globules or clusters of minute red seeds imbedded 
 in the internal substance of the frond. 
 
 30. CATENELLA. Grev. Catenella. 
 Frond filiform, somewhat compressed, creeping, throwing up 
 
188 ALG^E RHODOSPERME^E. [Halymenia. 
 
 numerous branches, contracted, as if jointed, in a moniliform 
 manner, composed internally of branched filaments radiating 
 from the centre. Fruct. unknown. Grev. Name ; catenella, 
 a little chain, which its fronds resemble. A genus of a 
 very questionable character, which I adopt entirely in de- 
 ference to Dr. Greville, though by no means convinced of 
 the propriety of so doing. 
 
 1. C. Opuntia, Grev. Opuntia-like Catenella. Grev. Alg. 
 p. 166. t. 17. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 309. Fucus Opuntia. 
 Turn. t. 107. Eivularia Opuntia. E. Bot. t. 1868. 
 
 Marine rocks, near high-water mark. Fronds tufted from half an 
 inch to an inch and half in height, dull purple. 
 
 31. DUMONTIA. Lamour. Dumontia. 
 
 Frond cylindrical, simple or branched, membranaceous, tubu- 
 lar, gelatinous within, of a red or purplish-red colour. Fruct. : 
 globules of seeds, attached to the inner surface of the mem- 
 brane of the frond. Grev. Named in honour of M. Dumont, 
 a French Naturalist. 
 
 1. D. Jiliformis, Grev. Filiform Dumontia. Frond tender, 
 membranaceous, cylindrical, pinnated with long simple branches, 
 which are attenuated at each extremity. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. 
 p. 308. U. purpurascensj E. Bot. #.641. p. crispata ; frond 
 compressed, waved, curled, or twisted. Grev. Crypt, t. 240. 
 
 Rocks and stones in the sea, common. 3 12 inches long, dull 
 purple. 
 
 32. HALYMENIA. Ag. Halymenia. 
 
 Frond cylindrical, compressed or flat, gelatinoso-membrana- 
 ceous, of a pinky red colour, subdichotomously branched. 
 Fruct.: globules of seeds, imbedded in the central substance of 
 the frond. Name ; Xs, aXts, the sea, and v/wp, a membrane ; 
 sea-membrane. 
 
 1. H. ligulata, Ag. Ligulate Halymenia. Frond gelati- 
 noso-membranaceous, compressed or flat, irregularly dichoto- 
 mous or palmate, the segments attenuated, often proliferous at 
 the margin. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 308. Ulva ligulata. E. 
 Bot. t. 429. U. rubra, Huds.fB. latifolia ; frond very broad, 
 palmate, dark-red, quite flat, membranaceous. 
 
 Sea- shores, rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins.&. at Miltown 
 Malbay and Kilkee, County of Clare ; W. H. Harvey. Very vari- 
 able in size, in the breadth and thickness of the frond, and in the rami- 
 fication. Sometimes it is nearly filiform and cylindrical. . is a truly 
 remarkable variety, which, at one time, I felt disposed to regard as a 
 distinct species ; but after comparing many varieties from the South of 
 England, kindly furnished by my valued friends Mrs. Griffiths and 
 
Iridaa.] ALGM RHODOSPERME^E. 189 
 
 Miss Cutler, with my Irish specimens, I have feared that the distin- 
 guishing characters are too variable to be depended on. The frond in 
 my largest specimen is about 18 inches long, and 4 5 inches wide in 
 the broadest part ; cloven into three principal segments, with a palmate 
 outline. When fresh, it had a soft feel like fine kid leather ; and was 
 not thicker than the membrane of Rhodomenia reniformis, perfectly 
 flat, and with a darker colour than in the more common variety. 
 
 2. H. furcellata, Ag. Forked Halymenia. Frond tender, 
 gelatinoso-membranaceous, cylindrical, uniformly dichotomous, 
 the segments obtuse. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 308. Ulva fur- 
 cellata. E. Bot. #.1881. 
 
 Very rare on our coasts ; Bantry Bay ; Miss Hutchins. Quilty 
 Strand, Miltown, Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. Distinguished from the 
 preceding by the regular dichotomous frond. Miss Hutchins's spe- 
 cimens are remarkable for possessing a more or less distinct midrib : in 
 one specimen this is so fully developed, that, were there not interme- 
 diate states from the strongest to the most imperfectly ribbed, I might 
 have mistaken it for a distinct species. The branches (particularly in 
 these Bantry specimens) are frequently constricted, so as in some in- 
 stances to form regular septa at the strictures. 
 
 33. IRIDAA. Bory. Iridaea. 
 
 Frond flat, expanded, carnose, more or less of a purple-red 
 colour. Fruct. : globules of roundish seeds, imbedded be- 
 tween the two coats of the frond, or contained in little pedi- 
 cillated processes. Named from the iridescent hues of some 
 of the species when recent. 
 1. I. edulis, Bory. Esculent Iridcea. Frond simple, obo- 
 
 vate or cuneiform, rounded at the apex, attenuated at the base 
 
 into a short stipes. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 380. F. edulis. E. 
 
 Bot. t 1307. 
 
 Sea-shores, abundant. 2 18 inches long ; dark purple. 
 
 TRIBE X. SPONGIOCARPE^E. 
 
 Marine plants, of a dull dark-purple colour ; of a cartilagin- 
 ous or carnose substance, and fibrous structure. Frond cylindri- 
 cal, dichotomous ; the central part composed of very slender, 
 closely packed, longitudinal fibres ; the circumference formed of 
 radiating dichotomous filaments. Root scutate. Fructification 
 double (?) ; 1. naked spongy warts, composed of radiating fila- 
 ments, among which are imbedded globules of red seeds ; 2. mi- 
 nute granules immersed in the substance of the slightly swollen 
 tipper ramuli. 
 
190 ALG^E RHODOSPERME.E. [Furcellaria. 
 
 34. POLYIDES. Ag. Polyides. 
 
 Frond cylindrical, dichotomous; root scutate. Fruct.: naked 
 spongy warts, composed of radiating filaments, among which 
 are imbedded clusters of wedge-shaped seeds. Grev. Name ; 
 woXt;, many, and idea, form or appearance ; not at all appli- 
 cable. It is to be regretted that Dr. Greville's excellent 
 name, Spongiocarpus, not having the claim of priority, can- 
 not be adopted. 
 1. P. rotundus, Grev. Cylindrical Polyides. Grev. Alg. 
 
 t. 11. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii.p. 284. P. lumbricalis. Ag. Fu- 
 
 cus rotundus, E. Eot. t. 1738. 
 
 Sea coasts, not rare. Fronds 4 6 inches high, dark purple, several 
 times dichotomous j the axils obtuse. 
 
 TRIBE XI. FURCELLARIEjE. 
 
 Marine plants, of a dull dark purplish colour, of a carnose 
 substance and cellular structure. Frond cylindrical, dichoto- 
 mous ; the central part closely cellular ; the circumference com- 
 posed of radiating simple filaments. Root creeping. Fructifi- 
 cation : terminal pod-like indehiscent receptacles, within which is 
 imbedded, beneath the outer coat, a stratum of dark red-brown 
 seeds. Very similar to the preceding family in habit, but de- 
 cidedly differing in structure and in the fructification. 
 
 35. FURCELLARIA. Lamour. Furcellaria. 
 
 Frond cartilaginous, cylindrical, dichotomous. Root creeping. 
 Fruct. : terminal, elongated, pod-like receptacles, containing 
 a stratum of dark, oblong, pear-shaped seeds in the circum- 
 ference. Grev. Name ; furcula or furcilla, a little fork ; 
 from the forked frond. 
 
 1. F. fastigiata, Lamour. Fastigiate Furcellaria. Grev. 
 Alg. t. 11. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 283 Fucus lumbricalis. 
 Turn. Hist. t. 6. E. Bot. t. 894. 
 
 Rocky shores, common. Frond 6 8 inches long-, purplish-brown, 
 dichotomous ; axils acute. 
 
 TRIBE XII. FLORIDE^E. 
 
 Plants marine, of a purplish-red or fine rose colour, of a 
 coriaceous, cartilaginous or membranaceous substance and eel- 
 
Delesseria.] ALGJE RHODOSPERME^E. 191 
 
 lular texture ; cellules often highly developed. Frond flat, foli- 
 aceous, compressed or cylindrical, occasionally filiform or fila- 
 mentous, inarticulate. Fructification mostly double, and pro- 
 duced on distinct individuals of the same species. 1. Capsules, 
 or tubercles, containing a mass of ovate or pear-shaped red seeds: 
 2. granules, scattered or collected into little groups, and situated 
 either in the substance of the frond or in distinct processes. 
 
 36. DELESSERIA. Lamour. Delesseria. 
 
 Frond rose-red, flat, membranaceous, with a percurrent midrib. 
 Fruct. of two kinds. Capsules containing a globular mass of 
 seeds and ternate granules, forming definite sori in the frond 
 or in distinct foliaceous leaflets. 'Grev. This beautiful 
 genus, distinguished from every other in the tribe by its per- 
 current midrib, is inscribed to M. Benjamin Delessert, a dis- 
 tinguished French naturalist and patron of Botany. 
 
 1. D. sanguinea, Lamour. Oak-leaved Delesseria. Stem 
 cylindrical, branched, bearing oblong, waved, transversely 
 veined, entire leaves ; midrib percurrent, strong. Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 285. jP. sang. E. Bot. t. 1041. 
 
 Sea-shores, frequent ; particularly large at Larne ; Dr. Dritmmond. 
 Stem elongated, bearing- leaves 6 8 inches long and 1 5 broad, deli- 
 cate, waved and plaited, the margin quite entire. Fructification is 
 only borne on the battered fronds in winter and spring. Miss Ball finds 
 a curious variety at Youghal, in which small leaflets spring from the 
 midrib of the larger ones, something in the manner of Del.Hypoglossum. 
 
 2. D. sinuosa, Lamour. Sinuous-leaved Delesseria. Stem 
 elongated, branched, beset with oblong or obovate, dentato- 
 sinuate or pinnatifid, transversely ribbed leaves. Hook. Br. FL 
 v. ii. p. 285. Fucus sinuosus. E. Bot. t. 822. 
 
 On the larger Fuci, very common ; very fine at Larne ; Dr. Drum- 
 mond. Fronds 6 8 inches long or more, of a darker and duller 
 colour than the preceding ; the transverse veins much stronger. 
 
 3. D. alata, Lamour. Winged Delesseria. Stem excessively 
 branched, somewhat dichotomous, winged with membrane, 
 without distinct leaves; branches linear, attenuate; margin 
 entire. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 285. E. Bot. t. 1387. /3. an- 
 gustissima, Turn. Frond extremely narrow, without any trace 
 of lateral membrane. Turn. t. 160. 
 
 On the larger Algae, very abundant. 4 8 inches high ; deep red, 
 excessively branched, very variable in the relative breadth of the mem- 
 brane. Dr. Turner's var. /3. is a very curious state of this plant, and 
 has not yet (that I am aware) been found in Ireland. 
 
 4. D. Hypoglossum, Ag. Proliferous Delesseria. Frond 
 (originally) linear-lanceolate, excessively branched ina proli- 
 ferous manner ; innovations lanceolate, attenuated and acute, 
 
192 ALG7E RHODOSPERMEvE. [Nitophyllum. 
 
 leaflike, rising from the midribs of the older leaves. Hook* Br. 
 Fl. v. ilp. 288. E. Bot. t. 1396. 
 
 On rocks and the larger Alga;, not rare ; very fine at Bantry Bay ; 
 Miss Hutchins. And at Larne ; Dr. Drummond. A beautiful spe- 
 cies, distinguished by the lanceolate outline of its proliferous leaves ; 
 in other respects it approaches very near to the following. 
 
 5. D. ruscifolia, Lamour. Ruscus-leaved Delesseria. Frond 
 (originally) linear, oblong, much branched in a proliferous 
 manner ; innovations or leaves oblong or obovate, obtuse, not 
 tapered at base, rising from the midribs of the older fronds. 
 Hook. Br. Ft. v. ii. p. 286. Fucus ruscifolius, E. Bot. t. 1397. 
 
 Rocks in the sea, rather rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Mil- 
 town Malbay, Kilkee and Wicklow, &c. ; W. H. Harvey. Differs 
 from the last in being of rather a darker colour and less delicate sub- 
 stance, with short obtuse leaves ; but this latter character is far from 
 invariable. 
 
 37. NITOPHYLLUM. Grev. Nitophyllum. 
 
 Frond plane, delicately membranaceous, expanded, rose co- 
 loured, reticulated, wholly without veins, or with slight 
 vague ones toward the base. Fructification : hemispherical 
 capsules imbedded in the substance of the frond, and ternate 
 granules forming distinct scattered spots. Name; a Latin 
 and Greek hybrid, from nitor, to shine, and 0vXAoi/, a leaf. 
 
 1. N. ocellatum, Grev. Ocellated Nitophyllum. Frond with 
 rather a roundish outline, much branched in a dichotomous 
 manner ; segments linear, obtuse ; spots of granules " in the 
 segments." Grev. Hook. Br. FL. v. ii. p. 287. D. ocell 
 Grev. Crypt, t. 347. 
 
 Rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. 46 inches long, generally 
 cut into numerous linear segments. Though this species appears, at 
 first sight, very distinct, if we regard only typical specimens (such as 
 are figured in Dr. Greville's plate), yet I have seen so many varieties, 
 bordering more or less on N. punctatum, that, I greatly fear, this must 
 only be considered a curious variety of that species, 
 
 2. N. punctatum, Grev. Spotted Nitophyllum. Frond very 
 thin and delicate, destitute of nervures, cleft into two or three 
 principal segments, which are more or less cleft into numerous, 
 narrow forked lacinia? ; spots of granules scattered over the 
 whole frond, large. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 287. Fucus punc- 
 tatus. E. Bot. t. 1575. Turn. Hist. t. 71. 
 
 On various Algae. Lame (very fine) ; Dr. Drummond. Bantry 
 bay ; Miss Hutchins. Miltown Malbay, and Kilkee ; W. H. Harvey. 
 3 inches long, segments broad, cleft nearly to the base ; spots of 
 granules large and conspicuous. 
 
 i 3 i -V* " lvoideum > Hook - Ulva-like Nitophyllum. Frond 
 tiuckisn but tender, veinless, roundish but very irregular in 
 
Rhodomenia.} ALG^E RHODOSPERME^E. 193 
 
 figure, somewhat cuneate at the base, variously cleft into oblong 
 more or less broad segments, rounded at the extremity ; spots 
 of granules small, scattered over nearly the whole frond. 
 Grev. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 287. N. Hillice. Grev. Crypt, 
 t. 351. K ulvoides, Turn. t. 80. E. Bat. t. 2134. 
 
 Very rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Distinguished by its 
 broad slightly divided rounded fronds, thicker substance, and by the 
 minute dot-like spots of granules. The " Miltoivn Malbay" station, 
 given on my authority in the British Flora, is incorrect, and belongs 
 to N. Bonnemaisonii. 
 
 4. N. Bonnemaisonii) Grev. Bonnemaisons Nitophyllum. 
 Frond shortly stipitate, flabellate or palmate, variously cleft 
 into numerous wedge-shaped segments, furnished near the base 
 with irregular vanishing nerves ; spots of granules scattered 
 over the frond. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 287. D. Bonnemaisonii. 
 Grev. Crypt, t. 322. (excl fig. 2 and 3.J 
 
 Shores, rather rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Larne ; very 
 fine ; Dr. Drummond. Youghal ; Miss Ball. Miltown Malbay and 
 Kilkee ; W. H. Harvey. Distinguished from N. punctatum by its 
 elipitate palmato-flabellate frond ; and from the following, by its dif- 
 ferent substance, and the position of the granular fructification. 
 
 5. N. Gmelini, Grev. Marginal-fruited Nitophyllum. Frond 
 shortly stipitate, more or less flabellate, variously cleft into 
 broadly wedge-shaped segments, waved, curled, and rather 
 crisp, marked near the base with vague vanishing nerves ; spots 
 of granules linear, marginal. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 288. E. 
 Bot. Suppl. 
 
 In the sea. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Larne ; Dr. Drum- 
 mond. Kilkee ; W. H. Harvey. Fronds 2 4 inches long, roundish, 
 when fresh curled and crisped, with a rather disagreeable smell and dark 
 pink colour ; when dry, delicately membranaceous. 
 
 6. N. laceratum, Grev. Torn Nitophyllum. Frond sessile, 
 much divided in a dichotomous manner, veiny, segments mostly 
 linear, variously cleft, waved at the margin ; spots of granules 
 oblong, either marginal or borne in distinct foliaceous marginal 
 processes. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 288. F. laceratus. Turn. 
 Hist. t. 68. E. Bot. 1. 1067. 
 
 Common on rocks and Algae. Dr. Drummond 1 s specimens, gathered 
 at Larne, near Belfast, are the largest and finest I have seen. The 
 veins in this species are often very highly developed. 
 
 38. RHODOMENIA. Grev. Rhodomenia. 
 
 Frond plane, membranaceous, fine pink or red, quite veinless, 
 sessile, or with a short stem, which expands immediately into 
 the frond. Fruct.: 1. hemispherical, scattered capsules; 
 2. minute, ternate granules, spreading over the whole or 
 some part of the frond, (not in distinct spots or sori.) Grev. 
 
 2 A 
 
194 ALGJE RHODOSPERME^E. [Rhodomenia. 
 
 Name ; />oe>o*, red, and vp-nv, a membrane. This genus is 
 distinguished from Nitophyllum, by the denser substance of 
 the frond, and the general distribution of its granules through 
 the whole, or irregular portions of the membrane. 
 
 1 . R. bifida, Grev. Bifid Rhodomenia. Frond membrana- 
 ceous, tender, thin, dichotomously divided from the base, seg- 
 ments broadly linear; apices subcuneate, bifid, obtuse; cap- 
 sules chiefly confined to the margin. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 289. 
 E. Bot. t. 773. 
 
 On rocks, &c. ; rare. Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. Bantry bay ; Miss 
 Hutchins. Miltown Malbay, Kilkee and Wicklow ; W. H. Harvey. 
 \ 3 inches high, thin and delicate, fine rose-red. Mr. Turner's variety 
 0. (which I have not found in Ireland) differs so much from the usual 
 form, that it might easily be mistaken for a different species. It is of a 
 darker colour, with exceedingly narrow segments, which are much 
 lacerated and entangled. 
 
 2. R. laciniata, Grev. Laciniated Rhodomenia. Frond 
 thickish, subcartilaginous, more or less palmate or flabelliform, 
 cleft into numerous broad, wedge-shaped segments, which are 
 again divided in a subdichotomous manner ; apices obtuse ; 
 margin in fructification fringed with miriute laciniae, in which 
 the capsules are imbedded. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 289. Turn. 
 Hist. #.69. E. Bot. t. 1068. 
 
 Sea-shores, common. I have received superb specimens from Larne, 
 near Belfast, through the kindness of Dr. Drummond, A fine species, 
 6 10 inches long, of a bright crimson colour. 
 
 3. R. Palmetto,, Grev. Fern-shaped Rhodomenia. Stem 
 short, cylindrical, quickly expanding into a roundish flabelli- 
 form frond, which is more or less cleft in a dichotomous manner, 
 segments cuneate ; axils rounded ; apices (according to the state 
 of fructification) either erose or rounded, obtuse; capsules 
 mostly terminal ; granules in the expanded apices. Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. Up. 290. F. Palmetta. Turn. t. 73. E. Bot. 1. 1120. 
 
 On rocks, or (more generally) on the stems of Laminaria digitata. 
 Fronds tufted, about 3 inches high, very variable in the length of the 
 stipes ; tolerably constant in its other characters. Substance cartila- 
 ginous. Colour, a full rose-red. Root accompanied by creeping fibres. 
 
 4. R. ciliata, Grev. Ciliated Rhodomenia. Frond thick, 
 subcartilaginous, rising from a short stipes, lanceolate, ir- 
 regularly pinnated, with lanceolate or cleft segments, atte- 
 nuated at base ; margin (and often the disk) furnished with 
 simple, subulate cilia?, which bear the capsules at their extre- 
 mities ; granules in the disk ; root fibrous, creeping. Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 291.Fucus ciliatus. E. Bot. t. 1069. 
 
 On rocky shores, not uncommon. 4 8 inches high, of a thick sub- 
 stance, and full red colour, which becomes much darker in drying. 
 
 5. R. jubata, Grev. Cirrhose Rhodomenia. Frond thickish, 
 flaccid, subcartilaginous, linear-lanceolate, much attenuate, 
 
1'bcamium.] ALG.E RHODOSPERME.E. 195 
 
 vaguely pinnated with segments of the same form ; the margin 
 (and often the disk) beset with subulate, often cirrhose ciliae, in 
 which both capsules and granules are produced ; root fibrous, 
 creeping. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 291.^. jubatus. Grev. 
 Crypt, t. 359. 
 
 On rocky shores, in gravelly or shelly places. Bantry bay ; Miss 
 Hutchins. West of Clare, common ; W. H. Harvey. The capsules, 
 which are very rare, I was fortunate enough to gather in abundance at 
 Miltown Malbay, in the summer of 1831. Fronds 48 inches high, 
 dull pale red ; ciliae often 56 inches in length. 
 
 6. R. palmafa, Grev. Dulse or Dillisk. Frond coriaceous 
 or submembranaceous, broadly wedge-shaped, much and irre- 
 gularly cleft, segments subdichotomously divided ; margin en- 
 tire (often winged with proliferous leaflets); granules distributed 
 over the whole frond in cloud-like spots. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 29l t Fucus palmatus. E. Bot. t, 1306. 
 
 Rocky shores, very abundant. Fronds "2 18 inches long, of a livid 
 purple colour. Weil known to hawkers and schoolboys under the 
 name of Dulse or Dillisk ; and eagerly collected by the poor on the 
 coast as an agreeable esculent. It is similarly used in most of the 
 northern countries of Europe. 
 
 7. R. sobolifera, Grev. Proliferous Rhodomenia. Frond 
 membranaceous, shortly stipitate ; stem filiform, dividing into 
 branches, which expand into flat, dilated fronds, much deeply 
 and irregularly cleft ; the segments linear, wedge-shaped, laci- 
 niated at their apex. Grev. Hook. Br. Fl v. ii. p. 292. Turn. 
 Hist. t. 45. E. Bot. t. 2133. 
 
 On Laminaria dirjitata and on rocks. Glenarm ; Dr. Drummond. 
 4 6 inches long, cleft into many laciniated, linear, wedge-shaped seg- 
 ments. Very nearly related to R. palmata, from some varieties of 
 which I find it sometimes dificult to distinguish it. 
 
 8. R. reniformis, Hook. Kidney -shaped Rhodomenia. Stipes 
 short, cylindrical, simple or branched, suddenly expanding into 
 a carnoso-membranaceous, roundish, subsimple or irregularly 
 cleft (occasionally proliferous at the margin), somewhat lobed 
 frond ; capsules and granules scattered. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 292. Iridcea reniformis, Bory. Grev. Alg. Brit. Fucus 
 reniformis. Turn. t. 113. E. Bot. #.2116. 
 
 Sea-shores, rather rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Miltown 
 Malbay and Kilkee ; W. H. Harvey. Mouth of the river Bann ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. Fronds 2 8 inches long, fine red, soft, roundish, 
 occasionally beset at the margin with proliferous lobes of similar 
 form. 
 
 39. PLOCAMIUM. Lamour. Plocamium. 
 
 Frond filiform, compressed, between membranaceous and car- 
 tilaginous, fine pink red, much branched, branches distichous, 
 
196 ALGM RHODOSPERME^. [Rhodomela. 
 
 (alternately secund and pectinate.) Fructification of two 
 kinds: spheerical sessile capsules, and lateral minute pro- 
 cesses, containing oblong granules, transversely divided into 
 several parts by pellucid lines. Grev. Name ; TrXo/ca^os, in- 
 tertwined hair ; from the finely branched fronds. The exotic 
 genus Thamnophora, Ag. f. Grev., closely accords with the 
 present in habit, and merely differs in the structure of the 
 granules of the secondary fructification ; a character, in my 
 opinion, by no means sufficient to separate plants otherwise 
 so nearly related. 
 
 1. P. coccineum, Lyngb. Scarlet Plocamium. Grev. Afg. 
 t. 12. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 293. Fucus coccineus. Turn. 
 Hist. t. 59. E. Bot. t. 1242. 
 
 Sea-shores, very common. Fronds 5 6 inches long, much branched, 
 bright rose-colour ; ramuli regularly alternately secund and pectinate. 
 
 40. ODONTHALIA. Lyngb. Odonthalia. 
 
 Frond plane, between membranaceous and cartilaginous, dark 
 vinous-red, with an imperfect or obsolete midrib, alternately 
 toothed at the margin. Fruct. marginal or axillary, or in 
 the teeth; 1. Capsules, containing pear-shaped seeds, fixed 
 by their base ; 2. slender processes (stichidia), containing 
 ternate granules. Grev. Name ; oSovs, odov-ros, a tooth, and 
 OdXaffffij, the sea ; a marine plant, with a toothed margin. 
 
 1. O. dentata, Lyngb. Toothed Odonthalia. Frond vaguely 
 branched in an irregularly pinnate manner ; branches linear- 
 oblong, narrowed at base, alternately pinnatifid ; lacinise sharply 
 toothed at the truncate extremities ; capsules clustered on 
 branched peduncles. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 293. Fucus den- 
 tatus. E. Bot. t. 1241. 
 
 Confined to our northern shores, where it is very common. Fronds 
 4 6 inches high, very dark. 
 
 41. RHODOMELA. dg. Rhodomela. 
 
 Frond cylindrical or compressed, filiform, much branched, 
 
 coriaceo-cartilaginous (the apex sometimes involute.) Fruct. : 
 
 subglobose capsules, containing free pear-shaped seeds, and 
 
 pod-like receptacles, with imbedded ternate granules. Grev. 
 
 Name ; podos, red, and fieXas, black ; in allusion to the change 
 
 the species undergo in drying, from red to blackish. 
 
 1. R. Lycopodioides, Ag. Club-moss Rhodomela. Frond 
 
 elongate, mostly simple, beset with short, closely imbricated, 
 
 slender, hair-like ramuli, which are generally forked near the 
 
 apices. Hook. Rr. FL v. ii. p. 294 Fucus Lycopodioides. Turn. 
 
 Htst.t.lQ. E.Bot.t.llQ3. 
 
Bon-nemaisonia.} ALG/E RHODOSPERME^E. 197 
 
 On our northern shores, rare. Antrim ; Dr. Scott. Portstevvart ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. 5 8 inches long, simple, shaggy, rope-like. 
 
 2. R. subfusca, Ag. Brownish Rhodomela. Frond filiform, 
 much and irregularly branched; branches subulate, pinnate, 
 and alternate, often clustered. Hook. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 294. 
 Turn. Hut. t. 10. E. Bot. t. 1164. 
 
 Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Youghal ; Miss Ball. 4 8 inches 
 high, much branched. Branches attenuate. Colour a dull reddish- 
 brown. In the winter the branches are much broken, and quite des- 
 titute of the delicate ramuli which clothe them in summer. 
 
 3. R. pinastroidcS) Ag. Pinaster-like Rhodomela. Frond 
 terete, irregularly branched ; branches with numerous secund, 
 spuriously jointed ramuli ; apices incurved. Hook.Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 234:. Fucus pin. Turn. t. 11. E. Bot. 1. 1042. 
 
 Sea-shores, not rare. Near Dublin ; Dr. Scott. Wicklow ; W. 
 II. Harvey. Distinguished by its secund, spuriously jointed, incurved 
 ramuli. 
 
 4. R. scorpioides, Ag. Scorpions-tail JRhodomela. Frond 
 cylindrical, slender, attenuated, three or four times pinnated, 
 with horizontal branches, the uppermost involute at the extre- 
 mity. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 294. Fucus amphibius. Turn, 
 t. 109. E. Bot. t. 1428. 
 
 On rocks in the sea, salt marshes, &c. At Portstewart, North of 
 Ireland ; Mr. D. Moore. Fronds 2 3 inches high, much branched 
 in a distichous manner. Branches very patent, with involute apices. 
 The capsules of this plant are a desideratum. 
 
 42. BONNEMAISONIA. Ag. Bonnemaisonia. 
 
 Frond membranaceous, compressed or plane, filiform, much 
 branched, the branches pectinate with distichous ciliae. 
 Fruct. : sessile or pedicellate capsules, containing a cluster 
 of pyriform (compound ?) seeds, fixed by their base. Grev. 
 Named in honour of M. Bonnemaison, a French Algologist. 
 
 1. B. arparagoides, Ag. Finely -branched Bonnemaisonia. 
 Frond compressed (or terete), excessively branched, filiform; 
 branches alternate, irregularly pinnated, set with alternate, sub- 
 ulate, distichous cilia? ; capsules pedicellate, opposite the ciliae. 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 295. Fucus asparag. Woodw. Turn, 
 t. 101. E. Bot. t. 571. /3. frond capillary, terete; cilise very 
 long. 
 
 Not rare in Ireland. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Near Belfast; Dr. 
 Drummond. Miltown Malbay ; Joshua Fennell, Esq. Kilkee, fre- 
 quent ; W. H. Harvey : and var. /?. at Kingstown, near Dublin, and 
 Wicklow. One of the most beautiful of British Floridece, of a fine 
 rose red colour, and most delicately branched. 
 
198 ALG.E RHODOSPERME^:. [Chylodadia. 
 
 43. LAURENCIA. Law/war. Laurencia. 
 
 Frond cylindrical, filiform, between gelatinous and cartilagin- 
 ous, mostly yellowish or purplish-red. Fruct. of two kinds : 
 1. ovate capsules with a terminal pore, containing a cluster 
 of stalked, pear-shaped seeds, fixed by their base; 2. ternate 
 granules, imbedded in the ramuli. Grev. Named in compli- 
 ment to a French Naturalist, M. de la Laurencie. 
 
 1. L. pinnatifida, Lamour. Pinnatifid Laurencia. Frond 
 compressed, cartilaginous, bi-tripinnatifid, divisions alternate, 
 ultimate ones obtuse, simple or lobed. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 296.Fucus pinnatif. Turn. Hist. t. 20. E. Bot. 1. 1 202. 
 /3. Osmunda ; frond flat, simple; ramuli short and multifid. 
 Turn. 1. c. 7. angusta ; frond roundish; branches multifid ; 
 ramuli terete, thickened upwards. Turn. I. c. 
 
 Rocky shores, very common. 1 10 inches high, dull purple. 
 
 2. L. obtusa, Lamour. Obtuse Laurencia. Frond cylindri- 
 cal, filiform, 2 3 pinnate; pinnae mostly opposite; ramuli 
 short, patent, obtuse. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 296. F. obtusa, 
 Turn. t. 21. E. Bot. t. 1201. 
 
 On the larger Algae, rare. Ireland's Eye ; Mr. R. Ball. 
 
 3. L. dasyphylla, Grev. Thick-leaved Laurencia. Frond 
 filiform, terete, much branched, vaguely pinnated ; branches 
 long, subsimple, set with irregular, scattered or subfasciculate, 
 obtuse ramuli, much attenuated at the base. Hook. Br. Fl. 
 v. ii. p. 296.Fucus dasyphyllus. Turn. t. 22. E. Bot. 
 t. 847. 
 
 On sand-covered rocks and the larger Algae, not rare. Bantry bay ; 
 Miss Hutchins. Coast of Clare ; W. H. Harvey. Colour a pale 
 pinky-brown. 
 
 4. L. tenuissima, Grev. Slender Laurencia. Frond fili- 
 form, much branched in a pinnated manner ; ultimate branch- 
 lets short, setaceous and attenuated at the base. Grev. Ala. 
 Brit. t. 113. Gigartina tenuiss. Lamour. Chondria tenuiss. 
 Ag. Sp. Ala. v. i. p. 353. Fucus tenuiss., Good, et Woodw. in 
 Linn. Trans, v. iii. p. 215. t. 19. Turn. Syn. Fuc. p. 35, Hist. 
 Fuc. t. 100. E. Bot. t. 1882. 
 
 On rocks and on the larger Algae. On the Coast of Waterford, 
 near Ballycotton ; Miss- Sail. 0. Summer. 6 8 inches high. 
 Readily distinguished by its very slender, uniform, ultimate ramuli or 
 pinnules. 
 
 44. CHYLOCLADIA. Grev. Chylocladia. 
 
 Frond cylindrical, filiform (often constricted as if jointed), be- 
 tween gelatinous and cartilaginous, of a pinky-red colour. 
 
Chylodadia.'\ ALGM RHODOSPERME.E. 199 
 
 Frucf. of two kinds : 1. sphacrical, ovate or conical capsules, 
 with wedge-shaped or angular seeds ; 2. imbedded, ternate 
 granules. Name ; KfXos, juice, and *c\aov, a branch ; from 
 the succulent nature of the frond. 
 
 * Frond without constrictions. 
 
 1. C. clavellosa, Hook. Clavellate Chylocladia. Frond 
 much branched in an irregular or somewhat pinnate manner ; 
 branches and ramuli alternate, distichous ; ultimate ramuli 
 often crowded, lanceolato-fusiform, attenuated at base. Hook. 
 Br. FL v. ii. p. 297.Fucus clavell. Turn. t. 30. E. Bot. 
 t. 1283. 
 
 Sea-shores, rather rare. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Kilkee ; W. 
 H. Harvey. Black rocks, Portrush ; Mr. D. Moore. Very variable 
 in ramification, and best distinguished from our native species by its 
 unconstricted frond and slender ramuli. 
 
 * * Ramuli elliptical, rarely somewhat elongated and con- 
 stricted. 
 
 2. C. ovalis, Hook. Oval-leaved Chylocladia. Frond fili- 
 form, irregularly dichotomous, naked below, above beset with 
 elliptical, simple (rarely elongated and constricted) ramuli ta- 
 pering at the base ; capsules sphserical, with a pellucid border. 
 Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 297.Fucus ovalis. Turn. *. 81. E. 
 Bot.t.711. 
 
 On rocks in the sea, not rare. 46 inches high, slightly branched, 
 beset in the upper part with elliptical, rarely elongated ramuli, re- 
 sembling the leaves of a Sedum. 
 
 s|c $ :fc Frond constricted as if jointed. 
 
 3. C. kaliformis, Hook. Salsola-like Chylocladia. Frond 
 subgelatinous, tubular, distantly constricted as if jointed, much 
 and somewhat pinnatedly branched ; branches whorled at the 
 constrictions with catenulate ramuli ; capsules sphaerical, with a 
 pellucid border. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 298.Fucus kalifor- 
 mis. Turn. t. 29. E. Bot. t. 640. 
 
 Sea-shores ; particularly fine in Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. 
 
 4. C. parvula, Hook. Least Chylocladia. Frond subgela- 
 tinous, slender, irregularly branched in a subdichotomous, 
 straggling manner; constrictions (throughout the frond) nearly 
 equal in length and breadth ; " capsules ovate, cantaining a 
 sphaerical mass of wedge-shaped seeds." ( Grev.J Hook. Br. 
 FL v. Up. 298. Chondria parvula. Grev. Crypt, t. 346. 
 
 Parasitic on the larger Algae. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Miltovm 
 Malbay ; W, H. Harvey. Black rocks, Portrush ; Mr. D. Moore, 
 
200 ALG/E RHODOSPERMB^E. [Gigarlina. 
 
 Surely very distinct from the preceding. I have received specimens 
 from the Coast of North America, near New York, precisely agreeing 
 with our Irish plant in every character. 
 
 5. C. articulaia, Hook. Articulated Chylocladia. Frond 
 tubular, membranaceo-gelatinous, strongly constricted through- 
 out as if jointed, much branched in a fasciculato-dichotoraous 
 manner; branches patent; joints somewhat fusiform, much 
 attenuated at base; "capsules urceolate." (Grev.) Hook. Br. 
 FL v. ii. p. 298.Fucus articulatus. Turn. t. 106. E. Bot. 
 t. 1574. 
 
 On rocks and the larger Alga?, very common. Fronds 4 12 inches 
 in length, dark-red, excessively branched in a dichotomous manner, and 
 catenulato-constricted throughout. 
 
 45. GIGARTINA. Lamour. Gigartina. 
 
 Frond more or less cartilaginous, filiform, cylindrical or com- 
 pressed, irregularly branched, of a dull-red colour. Frucf. : 
 capsules containing a mass of minute roundish seeds, and (in 
 many of the species, perhaps in all,) roundish or oblong 
 simple granules, imbedded in the fronds of distinct plants. 
 Grev. Hook. Name, from fytfya/JToi/, a grape stone, which 
 the seeds somewhat resemble, as seen through the capsule. (!) 
 Hook. 
 
 1. G. purpurascens, Lamour. Purplish Gigartina. Frond 
 cylindrical, filiform, bushy, excessively and very irregularly 
 branched; ramuli setaceous, acute, scattered, containing im- 
 mersed sphaerical tubercles. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 299. Fu- 
 cus purpur. Turn. t. 9. E. Bot. t. 1243. Gracilaria purp., 
 Grev. Alg. p. 122. 
 
 Rocky shores, very common. 
 
 2. G. confervoides, Lamour. Conferva-like Gigartina. Frond 
 cartilaginous, cylindrical, filiform, irregularly (often very 
 slightly) branched ; branches long, subsimple ; ramuli scat- 
 tered, attenuated at each end ; capsules external, roundish, 
 scattered. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 299. Fucus conf. Turn. 
 t. 84. E. Bot. t. \668.-Gracilaria conf. Grev. 
 
 Sea-shores, not rare. Bantry ; Miss Hutckins. Miltown Malbay, 
 and near Dublin ; W. H. Harvey. Black rocks, Portrush ; Mr. D. 
 Moore. 
 
 3. G. erecta. Small upright Gigartina. Frond cylindrical, 
 dichotomous, erect ; branches subsimple ; capsules globose ; 
 granules in terminal pod-like ramuli. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 300. 
 Gracilaria erecta. Grev. Alg. Brit. p. 124. t. 14. Sphcero- 
 coccus? ercctus, Grev. Crypt. FL t. 357. 
 
 Sand-covered rocks. Bangor, County of Down ; W. Thompson, 
 Esq. !{. . February, March. It is slender, erect, rigid, 2 4 inches 
 
Chondrus.} ALG/E RHODOSPERMEJE. 201 
 
 high, and bears, besides the true capsules, lanceolate pod-like recep- 
 tacles, containing oblong and scattered granules imbedded in the cir- 
 cumference. 
 
 4. G. acicularis, Lamour. Acicular Gigartina. Frond car- 
 tilaginous, terete, filiform, irregularly branched, subdichoto- 
 mous ; branches divaricate ; ramuli few, scattered, very patent, 
 subulate ; capsules large, sphagrical, scattered. Hook. Br. Fl. 
 v. ii. p. 300. Fucus acic. Turn. t. 126. E. Bot. t. 2190. 
 
 Very rare. Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. 
 
 5. G. Griffithsite, Grev. Mrs. Griffiths' Gigartina. Frond 
 cartilaginous, filiform, dichotornous, subsimple below, much 
 branched above ; branches fastigiate ; axils patent ; fructifica- 
 tion oblong, warts composed of moniliform filaments, and sur- 
 rounding the stem. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 301. Fucus Grif- 
 fithsice. Turn. t. 37. E. Bot. t. 1926. 
 
 Rather rare. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Balbriggan ; Dr. Scott. 
 Dark-red, rigid, entangled, 2 4 inches high. 
 
 6. G. plicata, Lamour. Entangled Gigartina. Frond horny, 
 cylindrical, filiform, very irregularly branched, entangled, wiry; 
 branches subdichotomous ; the axillae obtuse ; ramuli often se- 
 cund; "fructification oblong, irregular; warts composed of 
 obscurely articulated filaments." ( Grev.) Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 301. Fucus plicatus. Turn. t. 180. E. Bot. t. 1089. 
 
 Rocky shores, common. 4 8 inches high, remarkably wiry and 
 entangled. 
 
 46. CHONDRUS. Stackh. Chondrus. 
 
 Frond cartilaginous, dilating upwards into flat, nerveless, dicho- 
 tomously divided segments, of a purplish or reddish colour. 
 Fruct. : subsphaerical capsules, in the substance of the frond 
 (rarely supported on little stalks), containing a mass of mi- 
 nute free seeds. (Grev.) Name; xoi/fyos, cartilage; in al- 
 lusion to the substance of the frond. 
 
 1. C. mammillosus, Grev. Mammillated Chondrus. Frond 
 thick, cartilaginous, irregularly dichotomous, proliferous, chan- 
 nelled, segments oblong-cuneiform, bifid ; capsules borne on 
 short peduncles scattered over the disk. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. 
 p. 302. Fucus mammill. Turn. Hist. t. 218. E. Bot. 1. 1054. 
 
 Rocky shores, very common. 
 
 2. C. crispus, Lyngb. Curled Chondrus. Frond thickish, 
 cartilaginous, dichotomous, flat or curled, quite plane (without 
 channel) ; segments very variable in breadth, subcuneate ; 
 capsules haemispherical, innate in the disk, concave at one side. 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 302. F. crispus, Turn. Hist, t 216 and 
 217. E. Bot. t. 2285. 
 
 2B 
 
202 ALGyE RHODOSPERME^E. {Phyllophora. 
 
 Rocky shores, cemmon. Very variable in size, shape, and colour, 
 (often of a full green) ; yet the accustomed eye will find little difficulty 
 in recognising it under all its varieties. On our western shores it is 
 collected in large quantities by poor women and children, and sold 
 under the name of Blanc-mange-weed, (or, as they pronounce it, 
 Bullamonge} At one time it sold in Dublin at two shillings per 
 pound, but latterly the price has greatly fallen away. It may now be 
 bought, washed and dried, on the west of the County of Clare, at from 
 one shilling to one shilling and six pence per stone, of sixteen pounds. 
 
 3. C. Norvegicus, Lyngb. Norway Chondrus. Frond car- 
 tilagineo-membranaceous, dichotomous, plane; axils patent; 
 segments nearly linear ; the apices obtuse ; capsules sphaerical, 
 sessile on the disk. Grev. AJg. Brit. Lyngb. Dan. p. 16. 
 Fucus Norv. Turn. Hist, t 41. E. Bot. t. 1080. 
 
 Rocky shores, rare. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Youghal ; Miss 
 Ball. Miltown Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. Fronds 23 inches high, 
 purplish-red, thinner than those of C. crispus. This species is omitted 
 oy mistake in Dr. Hooker's British Flora. 
 
 4. C. membranifolius, Grev. Membranous-leaved Chondrus. 
 Stipes cylindrical, filiform, branched ; the branches expanding 
 into subcuneate,membranaceo-cartilaginous, two-lobed or dicho- 
 tomous segments ; capsules ovate, shortly pedunculated, aris- 
 ing from the stipes. Hook.Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 302. Fucus memb. 
 Turn. Hist. t. 74. E. Bot. t. 1965. 
 
 Rocky shores, not uncommon. Youghal ; Miss Ball. 
 
 5. C. Brodicei, Grev. Mr. Brodies Chondrus. Stipes cy- 
 lindrical, branched ; the branches expanding into oblong, mem- 
 branaceo-cartilaginous, simple or forked, flat segments ; capsules 
 sphaerical, sessile upon the apices of the segments. Grev. Alg. 
 Brit. p. 133. Sphcerococcus Brodicei, Lamour. Fucus Brodicei, 
 Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 72. E. Bot. t. 1966. 
 
 Found only among rejectamenta on our northern shores. Mouth of 
 the river Bann, County of Deny ; Mr. D. Moore. Larne, County 
 of Antrim ; Dr. Drummond. Strangford Lough, County of Down ; 
 Mr. W. Thompson. 
 
 47. PHYLLOPHORA. Grev. Phyllophora. 
 
 Frond cartilaginous or membranaceous, of a purple rose-red 
 colour, plane, proliferous from the disk, furnished with a 
 more or less imperfect or obscure midrib. Fruct. : 1. Cap- 
 sules, containing a mass of minute, roundish, free seeds ; 
 2. Son of simple granules, in little foliaceous processes. 
 Grev. Name ; 0v\Xoj/, a leaf, and (fropew, to bear ; the frond 
 being proliferous. 
 
 1. P. rubens, Grev. Red Phyllophora. Stipes very short, 
 expanding into a sublinear, obscurely ribbed frond, which is 
 repeatedly branched in a proliferous manner; innovations re- 
 
Gelidium.] ALG.E RHODOSPERMEJE. 203 
 
 sembling the primary frond ; capsules sessile, wrinkled. Hook. 
 Br. Ft. v. ii. p. 303. Fucus rubens, Linn. Turn. Hist. t. 12. 
 E. Bot. t. 1053. 
 
 Rocky shores, not uncommon. Belfast ; Dr. Drummond. West 
 of Ireland, very common, where it reaches a large size. Fronds 2 8 
 inches longs of a dull full red colour. 
 
 48. SPH^ROCOCCUS. Stackh. Sphserococcus. 
 
 Frond cartilaginous, compressed, two-edged, linear, distich- 
 ously branched. Fruct. : mucronate capsules, containing a 
 mass of ovate, shortly pedicellate, red seeds. Grev. Name ; 
 a(paipa, SL sphere or globe, and KOKKOS, fruit ; the capsules are 
 globose. 
 
 1. S. coronopifolius, Ag. Swine s-cress leaved Sph&rococcus. 
 Frond cartilaginous, much branched in a distichous and alter- 
 nate manner, compressed and two-edged below, nearly flat up- 
 wards ; the branches acute at the apex ; capsules sphaerical, 
 mucronate in little stalks fringing the smaller branches. Grev. 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 304. Fucus coron. Turn. Hist. t. 122. 
 E. Bot. t. 1478. 
 
 Sea-shores, not rare. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Belfast ; Mr. 
 Templeton arid Dr. Drummond. Miltown Malbay ; W. H, Harvey. 
 4 8 inches long, bright red, becoming darker in drying. 
 
 49. GELIDIUM. Lamour. Gelidium. 
 
 Frond between cartilaginous and horny, compressed, linear, 
 more or less regularly pinnated. Fruct. : 1. Capsules, im- 
 bedded in the substance of the ramuli, containing a mass of 
 minute roundish seeds; 2. ternate or otherwise compound 
 granules in the ramuli, on distinct individuals. Grev. Name, 
 in allusion to the gelatinous nature of some species when 
 macerated. 
 1. G. corneum, Lamour. Horny Gelidium. Frond between 
 
 cartilaginous and horny, nearly flat ; distichously branched ; 
 
 branches linear, attenuated at each end, pinnate and bipinnate ; 
 
 pinnules mostly opposite, patent, obtuse, bearing within their 
 
 apices elliptical capsules. Grev. Hook. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. 
 
 p. 305. Fucus corneus, Turn. Hist. t. 257. E. Bot. t. 1970. 
 
 Rocky coasts, everywhere. A most variable plant, of which fifteen 
 distinct varieties are enumerated as natives of our shores. The most 
 remarkable of these is the var. latifolium of Dr. Greville, which is not 
 uncommon at Miltown Malbay. In this the main stem is very broad, 
 (1 2 lines,) quite flat, and more or less bipinnate ; the ultimate /?in- 
 very short ; colour a bright rose-red. 
 
204 ALGJE RHODOSPERMEA:. \Poiy si 
 
 50. PTILOTA. Ag. Ptilota. 
 
 Frond compressed or flat, pectinato-pinnate, of a red colour, be- 
 tween membranaceous and cartilaginous. Fruct. : minute, 
 aggregated capsules, surrounded by an involucre. Grev. 
 Name; TrriXivrof, pinnated; from the delicately pinnated 
 fronds. 
 
 1. P. plumosa, Ag. Feathered Ptilota. Frond compressed, 
 filiform, much branched ; the branches repeatedly pectinato- 
 pinnate ; pinnae and pinnulae exactly opposite ; the latter mi- 
 nute, subulate, and bearing the clustered capsules. Hook. Br. 
 Fl v. ii. p. 3Q7.Fuc2ts plumosus. Turn. Hist. t. 60. E. Bot. 
 .1308. /3. capillaris ; frond very narrow, flaccid; ramuli 
 jointed. Turn. I. c. 
 
 Rocky shores, a. on the stalks of the larger Algae. &. on the faces 
 of perpendicular rocks. 6 18 inches long, many times pinnated, of a 
 full red or brownish colour, (in 0.) 
 
 TRIBE XIII. CERAMIE^E. 
 
 Plants marine (except some species of Trentepohlia ) ', of a red, 
 purple or reddish-brown, rarely brown colour, staining fresh 
 water with more or less of a red hue, of a cartilaginous or mem- 
 branaceous substance and cellular texture. Frond filamentous, 
 cylindrical or compressed, articulate. Fructification double : 
 1. Capsules, containing a mass of seeds ; 2. granules, contained 
 in proper receptacles or in distorted ramuli. 
 
 51. POLYSIPHONIA. Grev. Polysiphoiiia. 
 
 Frond filamentous, partially or generally articulate ; the articu- 
 lations longitudinally striate, with internal parallel tubes. 
 Fruit double : 1. ovate capsules, furnished with a terminal 
 pore, and containing pyriform seeds; 2. granules, immersed 
 in swollen ramuli. Name; TTO\OS, many, and cKfrwv, a tube ; 
 from the structure of the frond. The species of this genus 
 are numerous, and very difficult of determination; and I 
 freely confess, that I by no means fully understand all our 
 native ones. Many new ones will, doubtless, be discovered 
 on our shores by future observers, (for our rich coasts have 
 been but very imperfectly explored) ; and some, which I even 
 possess in my Herbarium, I have feared to introduce, until I 
 can have better opportunities of tracing them in their places 
 of growth. 
 
rolysiphonia.] ALO^E RHODOSPERME^E. 205 
 
 A. Main filaments inarticulate. 
 
 1. P. fruticulosa, Grev. Shrubby Polysiphonia. Stems dif- 
 fuse, branched from the base ; branches divaricating, pinnato- 
 dichotomous, much divided, inarticulate, set in the lower part 
 with short, horizontal, multifid ramuli ; in the upper more or 
 less distinctly pinnate, with larger, similarly divided branchlets ; 
 axils rounded ; articulations of the ramuli shorter than broad ; 
 dissepiments opaque ; veins anastomosing. Hutchinsia Wul- 
 
 feniij dg." Sp. Alg. v. ii. p. 95. Fucus frutic. Turn. Hist, 
 t. 227. El Bat. t. 1686. P. fruticulosa. Harv. in Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 327. fin part.} 
 
 Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Black rocks, Portrush ; Mr. D. 
 Moore. In the British Flora I confounded the two following under 
 this species, and the " Miltown Malbay" station, given in that work, 
 belongs to P. thuyoides. The true P. fruticulosa is readily distin- 
 guished by its diffuse growth, different ramification, and by the hori- 
 zontal multifid ramuli which clothe the stems. 
 
 2. P. thuyoides, Harv. MSS. Arbor-Vita Polysiphonia. 
 Stems tufted, rising from creeping filaments, erect, terete ; be- 
 low simple, and set with short spine-like ramuli ; above, much 
 and fasciculately branched ; branches crowded round the apices, 
 very erect, bipinnate ; pinnae pinnato-multifid ; axils rounded ; 
 articulations of the ramuli shorter than broad; dissepiments 
 opaque ; veins anastomosing. P. fruticulosa^ Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. Fl. I. c. (in part.) 
 
 Rocky shores. Very abundant at Miltown Malbay. Portrush bay; 
 Mr. D. Moore. 3 4 inches high, dull brown. Capsules very rare. 
 Granules and antheridia very frequently produced. The habit of this 
 is very different from that of the preceding'; indeed, at first sight, it 
 might readily be mistaken for P. nigrescens, a plant of a totally dif- 
 ferent structure. I am not aware that it has been previously described. 
 
 3. P. cristata, Harv. MSS. Crested Polysiphonia. Stem 
 erect, compressed, subsimple below, decomposite above ; 
 branches erecto-patent, more or less regularly bipinnate (as is 
 also the stem to the base) ; lower pinnae very short, their pin- 
 nules simple and broadly subulate ; upper longer, with pinnato- 
 multifid pinnules ; axils all acute ; ramuli, as well as branches, 
 inarticulate, reticulated with veins. Fucus cristatus- 7. Miss 
 Hutchins in Herb, (not of Turner.) 
 
 Very rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. If specimens, which I 
 possess through the kindness of Dr. Hooker, be correctly named, 
 (which I have no reason to doubt,) this is not the var. y. of Turner's 
 Fucus cristatus ( Rhodomenia cristata, Grev.) ; and, consequently, 
 not the Rytiphlcca complanata of Agardh. Indeed, if the genus 
 Rytiphlaa be characterized by a transversely striate frond, this has no 
 claims to admission into it. This species is alluded to in the British 
 Flora, under P. fruticulosa, as a beautiful variety of that species, 
 found at Whitsand bay by Mr. Walter Arnott. 
 
206 ALG^E RHODOSPERME^E. [Polysiphonia. 
 
 4. P. Brodicei, Grev. Brodies Polysiphonia. Stems con- 
 tinuous, cartilaginous, alternately branched ; branches pinnated 
 with spreading pencillato-multifid, delicate, flaccid ramuli ; ar- 
 ticulations of the ramuli 3 4 tubed, rather longer than broad ; 
 dissepiments hyaline. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 328. 
 Conf. Brodicei. Dillw. t. 107. E. Bot. t, 2589. 
 
 Rocky shores ; common on our western coasts. 
 
 5. P. Lyngbyei, Harv. Lyngbyes Polysiphonia. Filaments 
 thick, cartilaginous, inarticulate, distantly and irregularly 
 branched, more or less furnished with long, slender, irregularly 
 dichotomous ramuli with acute axillae ; articulations of the ra- 
 muli 2 4 times longer than broad, bi-tri-striated. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 328. Hutch, strictoides. Lyngb. Hyd. 
 Dan. t. 35. 
 
 At Rosse's bay, North of Ireland ; Mr. D. Moore. 612 inches 
 high. Filaments as thick as those of P. elongata, inarticulate, marked 
 with flexuose veins, dull red. Ramuli long, bright crimson, few in the 
 winter state, but, as spring advances, abundantly clothing the upper 
 branches, and spreading in broad fascicles. To P. elongata this spe- 
 cies bears a very strong external resemblance, but the inarticulate 
 stems, and the long-jointed bistriated ramuli, which are, moreover, riot 
 in the least attenuated at the base, will always serve to keep it dis- 
 tinct. 
 
 B. Filaments articulate throughout. 
 * Articulations marked with two stria. 
 
 6. P. jibrata, Harv. Bearded Polysiphonia. Filaments 
 elongated, setaceous, gelatinous, bi-striated, flexuose, loosely 
 branched ; ramuli dichotomous, fasciculate ; axils patent ; upper 
 articulations 2 3 times longer than broad ; capsules ovate, pe- 
 dunculate. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 329. Conf.jibrata. 
 Dillw. 
 
 Rocky shores. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Malbay ; W. H. Har- 
 vey. Portrush, black rocks ; Mr. D. Moore. 2 10 inches long, 
 very delicate, flaccid and gelatinous, forming loose tufts. Articulations 
 very variable in length. 
 
 7. P. stricta, Grev. Straight Polysiphonia. Filaments 
 densely caBspitose, setaceous, flaccid, bistriate, dichotomous ; 
 branches and ramuli straight, erect ; axils acute ; upper articu- 
 lations 4 5 times longer than broad ; capsules ovate, sessile. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 329. Conf. stricta, Dillw. 
 1*40. 
 
 Rocky shores. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Black rocks, Portrush ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. A very confused species, which I regret I have no 
 opportunities at present of clearing up. Many distinct species appear 
 to be confounded under this name, both by authors and herbarists. 
 
 8. P. macrocarpa, Harv. MS S. Large-fruited Polysiphonia. 
 
Polysiphonia.] ALG/E RHODOSPERMEiE. 207 
 
 i 
 
 Filaments rising from a mass of creeping fibres, tufted and in- 
 terwoven, short, very slender, flexuose, sparingly and irregularly 
 dichotomous, more or less furnished with very patent or re- 
 curved simple ramuli ; articulations variable in length, bi-striate ; 
 capsules urceolate, very large (in proportion to the diameter of 
 the filament), scattered. 
 
 On rocks and Algae in the sea ; probably not uncommon. At Port- 
 stewart ; Mr. D. Moore. Miltown Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. Tufts 
 dense, intricate, about an inch in height, composed of very slender, 
 capillary, flexuose filaments, brownish-red. I have long known this 
 species on the western coast, but have hitherto feared to introduce it. 
 It resembles P. urceolata or P. patens in miniature, but is of a very 
 flaccid substance, and not one-fourth the size of either of those species ; 
 and is, moreover, well distinguished by the very large size of the cap- 
 sule in proportion to the diameter of the filament. Like P. stricta, 
 and several exotic species, the stems rise from a mass of interwoven 
 fibres. 
 
 9. P. urceolata, Grev. Pitcher-fruited Polysiphonia. Fila- 
 ments rigid, cartilaginous, much branched, loosely entangled ; 
 branches dichotomous, erecto-patent ; middle articulations 4 5 
 times longer than broad ; capsules with a produced contracted 
 neck, shortly pedunculate. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 330. 
 Conf. urceolata, E. Bot. t. 2365. 
 
 On rocks and the larger Algae. Closely allied to the following, 
 from which it chiefly differs in its less squarrose ramification. 
 
 10. P. patens, Grev. Patent Polysiphonia. Filaments car- 
 tilaginous, sparingly branched, entangled, beset with short, pa- 
 tent, recurved ramuli, bistriate ; middle articulations 2 3 times 
 longer than broad ; capsules with a short contracted neck, sub- 
 sessile. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 330. Conf. patens 9 
 Dillw. Hutchinsia urceolata, Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. t. 34. 
 (excellent.) 
 
 On the stems of Laminaria digitata, common. Stems subsimple, 
 entangled, dull red. Ramuli revolute. 
 
 * 4t Articulations multistriate. 
 /N * f Rigid; stria 3, ramuli spinaform. 
 
 11. P. parasitica, Grev. Parasitic Polysiphonia. Filaments 
 slender, rigid; branches alternate, distichous, bi-tripinnate ; 
 pinnulae alternate, erect, spinaeform ; articulations as long as 
 broad, three tubed. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 330. 
 Conf. parasitica, E. Bot. t. 1429. 
 
 On the larger Algse and on rocks, not uncommon. Bantry bay ; 
 Miss Hutchins. Kilkee ; and under " the Black Castle," Wicklow, 
 very fine. 1 2 inches high, full red, slender ; delicately and beauti- 
 fully bipinnate. 
 
208 ALG^ RHODOSPERMWEjfc. \_Polijsipkmia. 
 
 ft Rigid; dark-red or brown, striae numerous. 
 
 12. P. atro-rubescens, Grev. Dark-red Poly siphonia. Fila- 
 ments sparingly branched, somewhat rigid ; branches very erect, 
 beset with short, subfasciculate or scattered subulate ramuli; 
 articulations variable ; lower, twice or thrice, upper once and 
 half as long as broad, multi-striate ; capsules ovate, pedunculate 
 or sessile. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 381. Conf. atro- 
 rubescens, Dillw. t. 70. C. nigra, E. Pot. t. 2340. P. 
 Agardhiana, Grev. Crypt. #.210. and Harv. 1. c. P. badia, 
 Grcv. Harv. I. c. ; and P. denudata, Grev. Harv. I. c. p. 332. 
 
 Rocky shores ; not uncommon. 26 inches high, dark red, densely 
 tufted. With the consent of my friend, Dr. Greville, I gladly refer his 
 P. Agardhiana to this species ; and I feel no hesitation in adopting a 
 similar course with P. badia and denudata. 
 
 13. P. violacea, Grev. Purple Polysiphonia. Filaments 
 flaccid, much and fasciculately branched upwards; branches 
 subdichotomous, patent; ramuli scattered, elongate, subsimple; 
 middle articulations 3 4 times, upper twice as long as broad ; 
 capsules shortly pedicellate, subovate. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 332. Hutchinsia violacea, Ag. Sp. Alg.v. ii.p. 76. Lyngb. 
 Hydroph. Dan. t. 356. (excl.fig. a.) 
 
 Found among rejectamenta on the strand near Ballymacarret, April 
 10th, 1836 ; Dr. Drummond. Sparingly branched at the base, much 
 and fasciculately branched upwards ; branches long, patent, subdicho- 
 tomous, the secondary ones very erect, almost appressed, with roundish 
 axillae. Ramuli elongated, virgate, straight, simple, or with a few 
 ramular processes near the apex, often fibrilose. Articulations 5 7 
 striae, the basal ones very short, but rapidly elongating. Colour a dull 
 red. Substance flaccid, adhering to paper. Doctor Drummond's spe- 
 cimens are from 6 10 inches long, but destitute of fruit, which is 
 described by Dr. Hooker as being shortly pedicellate, ovate or sub- 
 urceolate, with an elongated but not contracted neck ; scattered over 
 the ramuli. 
 
 14. P. nigrescens, Grev. Dark Polysiphonia. Filaments 
 robust, rigid below, much branched and bushy ; upper branches 
 somewhat pinnate with distichous, subulate ramuli, which are 
 mostly ramulose toward their apices ; lower articulations very 
 short, upper rather longer than broad; capsules ovate, sessile. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 332. Conf. fucoides, Dillw. 
 t. 75. E. Bot. 1. 1743 Conf. nigrescens, E. Bot. t. 1717. 
 
 Rocky shores, common. A very variable plant, and, perhaps, more 
 than one species is confounded under this name. Mrs. Griffiths has 
 communicated a beautiful variety (?}, from Larderham, which she is 
 inclined to consider a distinct species ; and I gathered a similar plant 
 at the Black Castle, Wicklow. In this all the branches are perfectly 
 distichous and remarkably patent, the stem is subcompressed, and the 
 whole plant has a decomposito-pmnate character. Future observations 
 may prove it truly distinct. 
 
Dasya.] ALGJE RHODOSPERME^E. 209 
 
 15. P.fastigiata, Grev. Fastigiate Polysipkonia. Filaments 
 rigid, setaceous, equal, many times dichotomous, fastigiate; 
 axils patent ; articulations shorter than their diameter, multi- 
 striate. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 333. Cow/, polymor- 
 pha. Dillw. t. 44. E. Bot. t. 1764. 
 
 Parasitic on Fucus nodosus and F. vesiculosus, very common. Dark 
 brown, rigid, forming round bushy tufts. 
 
 ff f Stems riff id, cartilaginous ; ramuli flaccid^ delicate. 
 
 16. P. elongata, Grev. Lobster-horn Polysiphonia. Stems 
 robust, cartilaginous, irregularly branched, beset, especially 
 toward the apex, with slender, broadly fasciculate ramuli, atte- 
 nuated at the base ; articulations about as long as broad, those 
 of the stem reticulated with veins. Harv. 1. c. Conf. elongata, 
 Dillw. t. 38. E. Bot. t. 2429. 
 
 Sea-shores, common. The largest of our native species, with very 
 robust stems. It varies both in the ramification, and in the more or 
 less crowded ramuli (in some varieties they are entirely wanting) ; yet 
 the student will readily recognise it under all its appearances. The 
 stems are of a dull red colour ; the ramuli are brilliant crimson. 
 
 17. P. byssoides, Grev. Byssoid Polysiphonia. Filaments 
 cartilaginous, alternately branched ; branches decomposito-pin- 
 nate, patent, crowded ; ramuli short, squarrose, capillary, inul- 
 tifid, single-tubed ; articulations of the stem 3 4 striate, 2 4 
 times as long as broad. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 334. 
 Conf. byssoides, Dillw. t. 58. E. Bot. t. 547. 
 
 Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Very common on our eastern and 
 rare on our western shores. A delicate species, fine red when quite 
 recent, but rapidly changing to a dull brown in fresh water, or on ex- 
 posure to the air. It is easily distinguished from all our native species 
 by its single-tubed ramuli : indeed this character, together with its 
 peculiar habit, would lead one to suspect that it belonged more pro- 
 perly to Dasya than Polysiphonia, but it does not produce the 
 stichidia peculiar to that genus. 
 
 52. DASYA. Ag. Dasya. 
 
 Frond filamentous; main filaments inarticulate, cartilaginous, 
 beset with articulated, penicellate or pinnate, single-tubed 
 ramuli. Fructification double : 1. coriaceo-acuminate cap- 
 sules, furnished with a terminal pore, and containing pear- 
 shaped seeds: 2. lanceolate receptacles ( stichidia )> contain- 
 ing granules set in transverse fascia. Name ; da?, hairy ; 
 in allusion to the slender ramuli. 
 
 1. D. coccinea, Ag. Scarlet Dasya. Stems elongated, ro- 
 bust, irregularly branched ; branches bipinnate ; pinnulae fasci- 
 culato-multifid ; articulations of the ramuli as long as broad. 
 
 2c 
 
210 ALGM RHODOSPERME/E. [Ceramium. 
 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 335. Conf. coccinea, Dillw. 
 t. 36. E. Bot. t. 1055. 
 
 Sea-shores, common. 6 8 inches high, bright red, and beautifully 
 pinnate. Stems thick, densely villose. 
 
 2. D. ocellata, Harv. Ocellated Dasya. Stems short, slen- 
 der, subsimple, beset on all sides with long, erecto-patent, dicho- 
 tomous, penicellate ramuli ; articulations 3 4 times longer 
 than broad ; receptacles lanceolate, attenuate. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 335. Cer. ocellatum, Grateloup. D. simpli- 
 ciuscula, Ag. Sp. v. ii, p. 122. 
 
 Very rare. Black Castle, Wicklow ; W. H. Harvey. 
 
 3. D. Hutchinsice, Harv. Miss Hutchins Dasya. Stems 
 short, slender, much and irregularly branched, beset on all sides 
 with very short, divaricating, dichotomous ramuli ; articulations 
 about twice as long as broad ; receptacles oblong, suddenly acu- 
 minate. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 335. Conf. Arbuscula, 
 Dillw. t. G. (excl. t. 85 .) 
 
 Rocky shores, not uncommon. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Mil- 
 town Malbay ; Kingstown Harbour ; Killiney, and Wicklow ; W. H. 
 Harvey. Arran ; Mr. R. Ball. Stems tufted, 2 4 inches high, 
 much branched, and well distinguished from the preceding by the form 
 of its receptacles. As stated in the British Flora, this species was 
 once confounded with the very different Callithamnion Arbuscula ; 
 and Dillwynn figure, (t. G.) which represents its fruit, being referred 
 by him to the latter species, has caused no small perplexity to botanists 
 imperfectly acquainted with either. 
 
 53. CERAMIUM. Adans. Roth. Ceramium. 
 
 Frond filamentous : filaments articulated, mostly dichotomously 
 branched, reticulated with veins ; dissepiments opaque. 
 Fructification double: 1. Capsules with a membranaceous 
 pericarp, containing numerous angular seeds ; 2. simple ob- 
 long granules, imbedded in the ramuli. Name ; /ce/>a/ios, a 
 little pitcher ; from the form of the capsules : but as the genus 
 now stands, the resemblance is not striking. 
 
 1. C. rubrum, Ag. Red Ceramium. Filaments cartilagin- 
 ous, irregularly branched, toruloso-contracted at the dissepi- 
 ments; articulations coloured, reticulated with veins. Harv. 
 in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 336. Conf. rubra, Dillw. t. 34. E. 
 Bot.t. 1166. 
 
 On rocks and Algae, very common. 
 
 2. C. diaphanum, Roth. Variegated Ceramium. Filaments 
 thickish, irregularly branched, set with lateral, slender, dicho- 
 tomous ramuli; dissepiments swollen, opaque; articulations 
 hyaline, those of the principal stems 3 4 times as long as 
 broad, of the ramuli very short. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 
Griffithsia.] ALG/E RHODOSPERME^. 211 
 
 p. 336. Conf. diaphana, Dillw. t. 38. E. Bot. t. 1742. Cer. 
 rubrum, diaphanous var. Wyatt. Alg. Damn. No. 87. 
 
 Sea-shore, on various Algae, common. 
 
 3. C. fastigiatum, Harv. MSS. Fastigiate Ceramium. Fila- 
 ments capillary, equal throughout, dichotomous, level-topped ; 
 dissepiments opaque ; lower articulations hyaline, 3 4 times 
 longer than broad, upper coloured, short. Conf. fastigiata, 
 Roth. Cal. 2. p. 225. ? ? Cer. diaphanutn, ft. arachnoides, Ag. 
 Sp. v. ii. p. 152. Cer. diaphanum, Wyatt. Alg. Danm. 
 No. 86. 
 
 Sea-shores. At the instance of my valued friend, Mrs. Griffiths, I 
 have ventured to separate this species from C. diaphanum, with which 
 all previous authors have confounded it. It has, however, a very dif- 
 ferent habit and ramification, and is, at least, as distinct as some other 
 species of the genus. Mrs. Griffiths has so well pointed out, in a letter 
 to me, the characters which peculiarly distinguish it from C. diapha- 
 num, that I cannot do better than quote her words : " Pray observe 
 that C. fastigiatum has no principal stem or branches ; that it is 
 uniformly and constantly dichotomous and level-topped, and that the 
 threads of which the tuft is composed are of an equal diameter from 
 the base to the summit ; and this holds good in plants from all parts of 
 the coast. Now C. diaphanum has a principal stem and branches, 
 divides irregularly, almost distichously, the extremities almost fan- 
 shaped, and very unequal at the top ; the joints are also more distant 
 and irregular." Mrs. G. in lift. 
 
 4. C. ciliatum, Ducluz. Spiny Ceramium. Filaments ri- 
 gid, dichotomous, fragile ; articulations hyaline ; joints fur- 
 nished with whorled or solitary prickles ; apices remarkably 
 involute. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 336. Conf. ciliata, 
 Dillw. t. 53. E. Bot. t. 2428. 
 
 On rocks, corallines, &c. A very variable plant, both in general ap- 
 pearance and in the nature and number of the prickles ; and, perhaps, 
 future observations may show the propriety of resolving it into several 
 species. But without a careful examination of specimens from all parts 
 of the coast, such a proceeding would, in all probability, serve no other 
 purpose than that of burdening the science with useless synonyms. 
 
 54. GRIFFITHSIA. Ag. Griffithsia. 
 
 Frond filamentous; filaments articulated throughout, mostly 
 dichotomous ; ram uli single -tubed, often whorled; dissepi- 
 ments hyaline. Fructification double : 1. clustered capsules 
 with hyaline pericarps ; 2. roundish, gelatinous, involucrated 
 receptacles (flavellcej, including minute granules. Named 
 by Agardh, in honour of Mrs. Griffiths of Torquay, a most 
 acute and indefatigable Algologist, to whose exertions the 
 British Flora stands indebted for many of its most beautiful 
 species. 
 
 1. G. equisetifolia, Ag. Equisetum-like Griffithsia. Fila- 
 
212 ALG^E RHODOSPERME^E. [Callithamnion. 
 
 merits robust, cartilaginous, whorled throughout with imbri- 
 cated, incurved, many times dichotomous ramuli. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl v. ii. p. 337. Conf. equisetif. Dillw. t. 54. E. 
 Bot. t. 1479. 
 
 On our western shores, common. Stems 6 12 inches high, very 
 robust and much branched. Branches tapering to a point. Fructi- 
 fication imperfectly known. 
 
 2. G. simplicifilum, Ag. Slender Equiselum-like Griffithsia. 
 Filaments slender, irregularly branched, whorled with imbri- 
 cated, straight, once-forked ramuli. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. ii. p. 134. 
 
 At Ardinairy Point, County of Wicklow, among rejectamenta ; and 
 growing very sparingly on rocks underneath Black Castle, Wicklow ; 
 W. H. Harvey. 4 8 inches high, slender, (compared with G. equi- 
 setifolia,) much branched. Branches long, mostly simple, the smaller 
 ones often bare of ramuli, the larger closely whorled with straight 
 branchlets forked at the base. This rare and beautiful species is 
 closely allied to the preceding, but is well distinguished by its straight 
 and nearly simple whorled ramuli. Fiuit unknown. 
 
 3. G. multifida, Ag. Multifid Griffithsia. Filaments slen- 
 der, setaceous, distichously branched, whorled with dichoto- 
 mous, incurved ramuli; whorls distant; articulations of the 
 branches very long. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 338. 
 Conf. multifida, Huds. E. Bot. t. 1816. 
 
 Rocky shores, not very uncommon. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. 
 Kilkee and Miltown Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. 2 6 inches high, 
 slender. Capsules minute, scattered on the whorled ramuli. 
 
 4. G. setacea, Ag. Setaceous Griffithsia. Filaments dicho- 
 tomous, setaceous, rigid, straight, naked ; axils very acute ; 
 articulations cylindrical, 5 6 times longer than broad. Harv. 
 in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 338. Conf. setacea, Dillw. t. 82. E. 
 Bot. t. 1689. 
 
 Sea-shores, not uncommon. 3 8 inches long, forming dense, often 
 inextricable tufts. Filaments slender, naked, throwing out occasional 
 creeping fibres. Involucres raised on lateral clavate peduncles. 
 
 5. G. corallina) Ag. Coral-like Griffithsia. Filaments 
 thickish, gelatinous, dichotomous; axils patent; articulations 
 swollen upwards, 2 4 times longer than their diameter. Harv. 
 
 in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 338 Conf. corallina. Dillw. t. 98. 
 
 E. Bot. t. 1815. 
 
 Very rare. South Bull ; W. H. Harvey. Black rocks, Portrush ; 
 Mr. -D. Moore. 
 
 55. CALLITHAMNION. Lyngb. Callithamnion. 
 
 Frond filamentous; filaments articulate, mostly pinnate, one- 
 tubed; dissepiments hyaline. Fructification: 1. trisporous 
 capsules with hyaline pericarps, scattered on the ultimate 
 ramuli ; 2. roundish or lobed gelatinous receptacles (flavellce), 
 
Callithamnion.] ALGJE RHODOSPERMEJE. 213 
 
 containing large granules, seated on the main branches. 
 Name ; /caXos, beautiful, and Oapvos, a shrub. A most diffi- 
 cult genus, forming endless species and varieties. In the 
 following descriptions, the term "plumula" is applied to a 
 penultinate-branchlet, when pinnate or bipinnate. 
 
 A. filaments erect, much branched, not rising from creeping 
 
 fibres. 
 
 a. Ramuli opposite. 
 
 1. C. Plumula, Lyngb. Pectinated Callithamnion. Ramuli 
 short, opposite, recurved, pectinated on their inner margins. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 339. Conf. Plumula, Dillw. 
 t. 50. Conf. Turneri, E. Bot. t. 1637. (not t. 2339.) 
 
 Sea-shores, not common. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Killiney ; 
 W. H. Harvey. Black rocks, Portrush ; Mr. D. Moore. 2 -4 
 inches high, much branched, fine rose-red. This is well marked by its 
 very peculiar and symmetrical ramuli. 
 
 2. C. pumilum, Harv. Slender Cruciate Callithamnion. 
 Filaments sparingly branched ; ramuli very short, opposite, 
 pinnated ; pinnae abreviated, very erect ; main articulations* 
 2 3 times longer than broad. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 339. 
 
 Very rare. Miltown Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. About an inch 
 high, distantly branched, forming small tufts ; each articulation fur- 
 nished with a pair of very short pinnated ramuli. 
 
 b. Ramuli alternate ; pinnate or dichotomous. 
 
 1. Secondary branches pinnate or plumulate. 
 
 \ Main stems inarticulate. 
 
 3. C. Arbuscula, Lyngb. Shrubby Callithamniom. Stems 
 naked below, robust, cartilaginous ; main branches set with 
 short branchlets, which are again thickly clothed with minute, 
 imbricated, oblong plumules ; ultimate pinnules simple or forked, 
 recurved or divaricating, attenuate, acute ; capsules very nu- 
 merous, lining the inner faces of the pinnules. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 340. Conf. Arbusc^lla, JR. Brown. Dillw. 
 t. 85. E. Bot. t. 1916? Dasya Arbuscula and spongiosa, Ag. 
 
 On rocks and shells, on our northern and western shores, very com- 
 mon ; but not found, that I am aware, on the east coast. 3 5 inches 
 
 * By main articulations will be understood, the articulations of the stem or 
 branches, in contra- distinction to those of the ramuii. 
 
214 ALGyE RHODOSPERME^. [Callithamnion. 
 
 high, deep claret colour. Stems as thick as a crow quill, simple below, 
 much branched above. 
 
 4. C. tanosum, Harv. Woolly Callithamnion. Stem slender, 
 inarticulate (or very indistinctly jointed), much branched ; 
 branches jointed, excessively divided, entangled, flexuose, 
 spreading ; plumules crowded, quadrifarious, broadly ovate, 
 obtuse ; lower pinnules simple, divaricate ; upper spreading 
 and subpinnulate ; articulations of the branches 2 3 times 
 longer than broad, of the pinnae shorter ; capsules subsolitary. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 341. 
 
 At Killiney and Wicklow ; W. H. Harvey. 13 inches high, 
 rose-red, much entangled. In drying it fades to a dull pink, wholly 
 without gloss ; and on re-immersion is extremely fragile, and quickly 
 loses colour. Its nearest affinity is with C. roseum. 
 
 f f Main stems more or less distinctly articulate. 
 HS Plumules lax, ovate, lanceolate or irregular, subsimply pinnate. 
 
 5. C. roseum, Ag. Rosy Callithamnion. Stems much and 
 loosely branched; secondary branches long, flexuose, subdis- 
 tichously plumulate ; plumules lax, with a roundish outline, 
 crowded toward the tops of the branches ; pinnules long, pa- 
 tent, subsimple and flexuose ; main articulations 4 5 times, 
 those of the pinnae 2 3 times, longer than broad ; capsules el- 
 liptical, scattered, near the base of the pinnae. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 341. Conf. rosea, E. Bot. t. 966. Dillw. 
 t. l7.??Cer. roseum, Roth. 
 
 On the larger Algae. Bantry j Miss Hutchins. Arran ; J. T. 
 Mackay. 2 4 inches high, excessively branched ; branches long 
 and flexuose, distichous or quadrifarious. Plumules fasciculate toward 
 the summit. 4 6 lines long, the lower pinnules simple, the upper 
 sparingly pinnulate about the apices. Colour purple-red. Main 
 articulations somewhat opaque, filled with jointed veins. 
 
 6. C. polyspermum, Ag. Many-fruited Callithamnion. Fi- 
 laments slender, delicate, loosely branched, somewhat naked 
 below, distichously plumulate above; plumules linear-oblong 
 (in outline) ; pinnae short, simple, patent, acute, spine-like ; ar- 
 ticulations of the branches 4 5 times, of the ramuli twice as 
 long as broad ; capsules lining the inner faces of the pinnae. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 342. 
 
 Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Youghal ; Miss Ball. Portrush ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. 1 3 inches high, somewhat naked or with short 
 branches at the base, much and sub-flabellately branched upwards; 
 lower part of the branches set with spine-like ramuli, upper alternately 
 plumulate. Plumules simply pinnate, the pinnae nearly of equal 
 length throughout. Colour full dark red. Main articulations swol- 
 len at the joints, with a very narrow tube. 
 
 7. C, tetricum, Ag. Rope-like Callithamnion. Rigid ; 
 
CaUithamnion ] ALG.E RHODOSPERME^E. 215 
 
 branches densely raraulose, hairy below, plumulate above ; 
 plumules crowded, quadrifarious, oval, simply pinnate ; pinnae 
 acute, basally attenuate, erecto-patent ; articulations 2 3 times 
 longer than broad ; capsules elliptical, minute, on short lateral 
 processes of the pinnulae. Harv. in Hook. Br. Ft. v. ii. p. 342. 
 Conf. tetrica, Dillw. t. Si. E. Bot. #.1915. 
 
 Rocky shores ; common on our western and southern coasts. 2 8 
 inches long, forming dense ropy tufts, of a dull red-brown colour. 
 
 8. C. tetragonum, Ag. Square-stalked CaUithamnion. Stem 
 robust, naked below, decomposito-pinnatedly branched; branches 
 patent, set with short, alternate, spreading plumules, which are 
 pinnate below, and fasciculately multifid above ; apices obtuse, 
 with a mucro ; articulations once and half as long as broad ; 
 joints contracted. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 343. Conf. 
 tetragona, Dillw. t. 65. E. Bot. t. 1690. 
 
 On the larger Algae, not uncommon. 3 8 inches high, dull red, 
 becoming brownish in the herbarium. The robust, cartilaginous, and 
 many times pinnate stems, with the short articulations, and ramuli 
 contracted at the apex, (thus suddenly acuminate,) distinguish this 
 species. 
 
 9. C. granulatum, Ag. (?) Warted CaUithamnion. Stem 
 robust, naked below, pinnatedly branched ; branches erecto- 
 patent, set with short, subquadrifarious, erect plumules, which 
 are pinnate below, and multifid and level-topped above ; pin- 
 nules subulate, very erect and close pressed ; articulations of 
 the ramuli twice as long as broad. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. 
 p. 343. Ag. Sp. Aly. v. ii. p. 177. ? 
 
 At Kilkee, County of Clare, on Codium tomentosum. 2 4 inches 
 high. Stems mostly simple, set with alternate branches; each frond 
 with a lanceolate outline. Colour brownish-red. It must be confessed 
 that this borders very closely, indeed, on the preceding, from which it 
 is best distinguished by its more erect and level-topped plumules, subu- 
 late pinnules, and rather longer joints. But, after all, perhaps, it is not 
 sufficiently entitled to specific rank. Having seen no authentic spe- 
 cimens of Agardh's plant, I am unable, with certainty, to quote his work, 
 but his description agrees pretty fully with our Irish specimens. 
 
 10. C. Grevillii, Harv. Grevilles CaUithamnion. Slender, 
 sparingly and distichously branched ; plumules linear-obovate, 
 round-topped ; pinnae erect ; the lower ones short and spine-like 
 the upper long, branched at top ; articulations of branches 2 3 
 times, of pinnules once and half as long as broad. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. n.p. 345. C. roseum, Grev., Fl. Edin. p. 311. 
 (not of Both.) 
 
 On rocks and Algae in the sea. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchiiis. 12 
 inches high, forming small tufts. Branches long, their lower part fur- 
 nished with short irregular ramuli, their upper half distichously plu- 
 mulate. Plumules long, narrow- obovate ; upper pinnae alternately 
 branched at top. Colour purplish -red. 
 
216 ALQM RHODOSPERMEjE. [Callithamnion. 
 
 # * Plumules dense, lanceolate or narrow '-oblong ', bipinnate. 
 
 11. C. gracillimum, Ag. Graceful Callithamnion. Fila- 
 ments capillary, decomposito-pinnate, distichous; upper plu- 
 mules long, narrow-ovate or sublanceolate, patent, bi-tripinnate ; 
 main articulations cylindrical, 3 4 times, those of the pinnae 
 2 8 times longer than broad ; capsules terminal on the pin- 
 nules. Harv. in Hook. Br. PI. v. ii. p. 345. 
 
 Very rare. Black Castle, Wicklow ; W. H. Harvey. Filaments 
 1 4 inches high, distichously branched, many times pinnate ; the out- 
 line of the principal branches broadly ovate, and resembling most deli- 
 cate ferns in miniature. Colour rose-red. 
 
 2. Secondary or smaller branches alternately dichotomous. Cap- 
 sules elliptical, solitary, mostly axillary ; favellce binate. 
 
 12. C. corymbosum, Ag. Corymbose Callithamnion. Capil- 
 lary, flaccid, gelatinous, entangled ; secondary branches alter- 
 nate, excessively dichotomous, subflabellate, level-topped ; ulti- 
 mate dichotomies acute, appressed; articulations of branches 
 8 10, of the ramuli 5 6 times longer than broad. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl v. ii. p. 346. Conf. corymbosa, E. Bot. t. 2352. 
 (joints too short.) Cal. byssoideum, Am. MS. Harv. I. c. 
 p. 342. 
 
 Rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. South Bull, Dublin ; W. H- 
 Harvey. 1 3* inches high, excessively delicate and tender, much 
 branched, secondary branches byssoid, rose-red. I have been favoured 
 with an extensive series of this variable plant by my kind friends, Mrs. 
 Griffiths and Miss Cutler ; and now fully agree with these acute bota- 
 nists in considering the C. byssoideum of the Br. FL only as a va- 
 riety, whose peculiar characters probably depend on age. The posi- 
 tion of the capsules, which I had hoped constant, is very variable ; and 
 they are often lateral and axillary in the same individual. 
 
 13. C. versicolor, Ag. Changeable Callithamnion. Fila- 
 ments setaceous at base, capillary above, distichously branched 
 in a pinnate manner ; penultinate branches naked below, dicho- 
 tomous above, level-topped ; ultimate dichotomies spreading ; 
 main articulations 4 6, those of the ramuli 2 3 times longer 
 than broad; capsules solitary, axillary. Harv. in Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 346. p. seirospermum ; ultimate ramuli monili- 
 form ; joints globular, inclosing a dark red mass. Wyatt. Alg. 
 Danm. No. 91. 
 
 Very rare. South Bull, Dublin, (a single specimen) ; W. H.Harvey. 
 3 4 inches high, as thick as hog's bristle at base, distichously branched, 
 of a fine rose-red colour. A larger and coarser plant than C. corym- 
 bosum, the branches pinnate and naked at base. 0. is a very remark- 
 able variety discovered at Torquay by Mrs. Griffiths, in which the 
 ultimate ramuli seem resolved into chain-like strings of capsules ; each 
 joint having the appearance and structure of a capsule. This variety 
 
Callithamnion.] ALGM RHODOSPERME^. 
 
 of fructification I have never seen produced in any other species of the 
 genus. 
 
 14. C. spongiosum, Harv. Spongy Callithamnion. Stems 
 robust, cartilaginous, branched in every direction ; branches 
 thickly set with dense, quadrifarious, repeatedly dichotomous, 
 round-topped branchlets; axils patent; apices short, bifid; ar- 
 ticulations of the branches swollen at the joints, thrice as long 
 as broad. Harv. in Hook. Br. Ft. v. ii. p. 346. Wyatt. Alg. 
 Danm. No. 93. 
 
 On perpendicular rocks on our eastern shores ; as at Kingstown, 
 Killiney, Wicklow, &c. where it occupies the place that C. Arbus- 
 cula and tetricum hold on the western ; W. H. Harvey. 2 4 inches 
 high, flaccid. Stems shrubby. Branches spreading in every direction, 
 and densely clothed with short secondary branches. Colour a red- 
 brown. 
 
 15. C. pedicellatum, Ag. Stalk-fruited Callithamnion. Stems 
 setaceous, loosely and irregularly branched ; branches naked or 
 set with short, alternate, subfasciculate, sparingly dichotomous 
 branchlets; apices obtuse; articulations variable, mostly very 
 long ; capsules solitary, elliptical, or pyriform, axillary, pedicel- 
 late. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 347. Conf. pedicell. 
 Ditlw. t. 108. E. Bot. t. 1817. 
 
 Rare. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Miltown Malbay ; W. H. 
 Harvey. Stems 2 6 inches high, as thick as horse hair. Branches 
 sparingly divided, springing near the base, irregularly set with short 
 ramuli, which are crowded round the apices in a penicellate manner ; 
 apices always very blunt. Capsules dark pyriform, seated on hyaline 
 pedicels. Colour full pink, which is almost instantly discharged in 
 fresh water, when the plant assumes a dull brown hue and rapidly 
 decomposes, 
 
 B. Small parasitical species, rising from creeping filaments ; 
 branches erect. Receptacles pedicellate, involucrate. 
 
 16. C. Turneri, Ag. Turners Callithamnion. Stems ris- 
 ing from creeping filaments, erect, simple, or slightly branched, 
 oppositely pinnated ; articulations of the stern 5 10 times 
 longer than broad. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 339. 
 Conf. Turneri, Dillw. t. 100. E. Bot. t. 2339. (not t. 1637 J 
 Cer. Turneri, Grev. Crypt, t. 355. 
 
 On the larger Algae, not uncommon. Tufts 1 2 inches high. 
 
 17. C. Pluma, Ag. Feathery Callithamnion. Stems rising 
 from creeping filaments, erect, subsimple, naked below, the 
 upper half oppositely pinnate ; pinnae erect, appressed ; articu- 
 lations of the stem 2 4 times longer than broad. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 340. Conf. Pluma, Dillw. Supp. t. F 
 
 On the stems of Laminaria digitata- Bantry ; Miss Hutching 
 Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. Stems half an inch high, resembling beau 
 tiful minute feathers. 
 
218 ALGyE RHODOSPERME^E. [Trentepohlia 
 
 18. C. repens, Lyngb. Creeping Callithamnion. Stems 
 rising from creeping filaments, erect, sparingly branched; 
 branches alternate, patent, with a few short ramuli ; articula- 
 tions of the stem 3 6 times longer than broad. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 348. Cow/, repens, Dillw. t. 18. E. Bot. 
 t. 1608. (the young plant.) 
 
 On the larger Algae. I fear this is not sufficiently distinct from 
 some states of C. Turneri. 
 
 56. TRENTEPOHLIA. Ag. Trentepohlia. 
 
 Frond filamentous ; filaments (minute, mostly parasitical,) erect, 
 coloured, articulated ; dissepiments hyaline. Fructification 
 tufted, mostly terminal capsules. Named in honour of a 
 German Botanist. This appears to me a very natural little 
 group, though in essential character scarcely differing from 
 Callithamnion. The species are mostly minute parasites. 
 
 * Growing in the sea, or on maritime rocks. 
 
 1. T. Rothii, Harv. Roths Trentepohlia. Widely spread- 
 ing, densely caespitose ; filaments slender, short, erect, dichoto- 
 mous; branches elongate, straight, appressed; articulations 
 twice as long as broad. Callithamnion Rothii, Lyngb. Harv. 
 in Hook. Br. Fl v. ii. p. 347. Conf. Rothii, Dillw. t. 73. E. 
 Bot. t. 1702. 
 
 Marine rocks, near high-water mark. Tufts 1 inch high, dense, 
 deep red or purple. Capsules clustered, borne on short terminal sub- 
 corymbose ramuli. 
 
 2. T. floridulum, Harv. Pale-red Trentepohlia. Filaments 
 short, densely entangled, sparingly branched ; branches alter- 
 nate or subdichotomous, nearly simple, appressed; articulations 
 thrice as long as broad. Callithamnion florid. Ag. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 348. Conf. florid. Dillw. Sup. t. F. 
 
 Rocks near low-water mark, Galway Coast ; J. T. Mackay. An- 
 trim ; Dr. Scott. This, I imagine, is only C. Rothii, altered by 
 growing in deeper water. 
 
 3. T. purpurea, Ag. Purple Trentepohlia. Filaments erect, 
 very minute, forming continuous, velvety patches, slightly 
 branched ; branches dichotomous ; articulations twice as long 
 as broad. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 382. Conf. pur- 
 purea, Dillw. t. 43. Byssus purpurea, E. Bot. t. 192. 
 
 On rocks by the sea-coast, beyond high-water mark. Perhaps I 
 am incorrect, in introducing this species, (a native of the West of Scot- 
 land and England,) to the Irish Flora, without having a certain know- 
 ledge of its existence on our shores, though it is more than probable 
 that it abounds on the trap rocks of our northern and western coasts. 
 My apology for so doing is a desire to contrast it with T. Rothii and 
 
Trtntepohlia.} AI&JE RHODOSPERME.E. 219 
 
 floridulum, in order to show how very slight are its distinguishing 
 characters. 
 
 4. T. sparsa, Harv. Scattered Trentepohlia. Filaments 
 minutely tufted, scattered, sparingly branched; branches 
 spreading, unequal ; articulations twice or thrice as long as 
 broad; "capsules obovate, sessile, mostly axillary." (Carm.) 
 Callith. sparsum, Harv, in Hook. Br. Ft. v. ii. p. 348. C. flo- 
 ridulum, Lyngb. ? 
 
 On various marine Algae. On Con/! rupestris, at Miltown Malbay ; 
 W. H. Harvey. Scarcely a line high. Distinguished from T. pur- 
 purea by its scattered habit and different habitat. 
 
 5. T. Daviesii, Harv. Davies' Trentepohlia. Rose-red, 
 minutely tufted, much branched ; branches flexuose, scattered, 
 distant, erecto-patent, with a few erect ramuli ; apices acumi- 
 nate; articulations 3 5 times longer than broad. Callith. 
 Daviesii, Ag. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 348. Conf. 
 Daviesii, E. Bot. t. 2329. 
 
 On Ceramium rubrum, at Bantry ; Miss Hutchins and Mr. JR. 
 Sail. 2 4 lines high, elegantly tufted. 
 
 6. T. secundata, Harv. Secund Trentepohlia. Rose-red, 
 very minute, tufted, flexuose, sparingly branched; branches set 
 with short, secund, close-spreading, obtuse ramuli ; articulations 
 four times longer than broad. Callith. secundatum, Ag. Harv. 
 in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 349. C. Daviesii, p. secundata. 
 Lyngb. Hydroph. Dan. t. 41. 
 
 On Porphyra laciniata, Alaria esculenta, &c. A line or less in 
 height, forming minute tufts or spreading in continuous velvety patches. 
 Capsules tufted, terminal, on abbreviated ramuli. 
 
 7. T. lanuginosa, Harv. Down-like Trentepohlia. Nearly 
 simple, exceedingly minute, brownish; ramuli short, obtuse, 
 secund ; articulations thrice as long as broad, pellucid in the 
 centre. Callith. lanuginosum, Lyngb. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. 
 v. ii. p. 349. Conf. lanug. Dillw. t. 45. 
 
 On decaying filamentous Algae, especially Cer. rubrum, very com- 
 mon. The most minute of the genus. 
 
 # * Growing in fresh water. 
 
 8. T. pulchella, Ag. Beautiful Trentepohlia. Filaments 
 minute, virgate, tufted, much branched ; branches erect, alter- 
 nate, beset with short, opposite or secund ramuli ; articulations 
 four times as long as broad ; capsules racemose. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 382. Conf. nana, Dillw. t. 30. (not cha- 
 racteristic.) E. Hot. t. 2585. /3. chalybea, Ag. Conf. chaly- 
 bea, Dillw. f. 91. E. Bot. t. 1666. /. J. 
 
 In mountain streams ; growing on the naked rock, or on aquatic 
 mosses. About Killamey, Glengariff, c. ^ inch long, much 
 
220 ALGM CHLOROSPERMEA:. 
 
 branched. In . rose-red, in 0. dull bluish-grey. This closely resem- 
 bles the marine T. virgatula. 
 
 Div. III. CHLOROSPERME^E. 
 
 Plants growing either in the sea, in fresh water, on damp 
 ground, or in anomalous situations; filamentous, membrana- 
 ceous, or amorphous ; either hyaline or (owing to the presence 
 of an internal granular mass), of a grass green, very rarely 
 purple colour. Fructification: green or purple sporules, either 
 filling the frond or collected into sporidia, rarely forming exter- 
 nal capsules. 
 
 TRIBE XIV. LEMANIE^E. 
 
 Plants growing in fresh water, filamentous, inarticulate, of a 
 cartilagineo-coriaceous substance and cellular structure. Fronds 
 hollow, furnished at irregular distances with whorls of papillae, 
 or moniliform. Fructification: fasciculate, simple or dichoto- 
 mous, moniliform filaments, attached to the inner surface of the 
 tubular frond, and finally dissolved into elliptic sporules. 
 
 57. LEMANIA. Bory. Lemania. 
 
 Frond filiform, tubular, coriaceous, cellular, torulose. Fructi- 
 fication : hyaline sporules, aggregated into moniliform, simple 
 or branched penicellate filaments, attached to the inner face 
 of the tubular frond. Name in honour of a French Alogolo- 
 gist, M. Leman. 
 
 1. L. fiuv iatilis, A g. River Lemania. Filaments branched, 
 olive-green, torulose, attenuated ; intervals between the swell- 
 ings cylindrical, much longer than they are broad. Hook. 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 322. Cow/, ftuv. Dillw. t. 29. E. Bot. 
 t. 1763. 
 
 Rocky beds of rivers, in subalpine districts. Common in the rivulets 
 about Killarney, Arc. 
 
 TRIBE XV. BATRACHOSPERME^. 
 
 Plants growing in fresh water, filamentous, articulate, in- 
 vested with gelatine. Fronds composed of aggregated, articulate, 
 longitudinal fibres, whorled at uncertain intervals with short, ho- 
 rizontal, moniliform ramuli. Fructification: dense globular 
 
Bulbochate.} ALQM CHLOROSPERME^. 
 
 masses attached to the verticillate ramuli, and consisting of minute, 
 radiating, dicJwtomous, moniliform filaments. 
 
 58. BATRACHOSPERMUM. Roth. Batrachospermum. 
 
 Main filaments invested with gelatine, hyaline, tubular, longi- 
 tudinally striated, composed of colourless jointed fibres, ag- 
 glutinated together, beset with distant whorls of moniliform 
 ramuli. Fructification: globules of dense filaments attached 
 to the ramuli. Name ; /Jar/aa^o?, a frog, and aTrcp/mn, frog- 
 spawn ; which the species, when removed from the water, 
 resemble. This genus is in structure allied to Trichocladia 
 and Mesogloia, but essentially differs in the structure of its 
 fructification. Indeed the Batrachospermece are much in the 
 same way related to the Gloiocladece, as the Alismacea are to 
 Ranunculacece. 
 
 1. B. vagum, Ag. Cylindrical Batrachospermum. Frond 
 subdichotomous, cylindrical, equal ; apices of the branches in- 
 crassated. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 388. 
 
 In alpine hogs and lakes. This beautiful species varies in colour, 
 from dull to bright and even aeruginose green ; under the microscope 
 it is hyaline. 
 
 2. B. moniliforme, Ag. Moniliform Batrachospermum. Ir- 
 regularly branched ; branches moniliform ; apices attenuated. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 388. Conf. gelatinosa, Dillw. 
 t. 32. E. Bot. t. 689. /3. detersum, Ag. ; verticillate ramuli 
 subobliterated. Conf. atra, Dillw. t. 11. E. Bot. t. 690. 
 
 In sub-alpine rivulets. Scarcely differs from the former, but by its 
 rather more distant whorls. 
 
 v/ 
 TRIBE XVI. CH^TOPHOROIDE^E. 
 
 Plants growing in the sea or in fresh water, invested with ge- 
 latine, either filiform, or (a number of filaments being collected 
 together) formed into gelatinous amorphous fronds. Filaments 
 articulate; articulations hyaline in the middle, coloured at the 
 dissepiments. Fructification : so far as known, minute capsules 
 attached to the ramuli. 
 
 59. BULBOCILETE. Ag. Bulbochaete. 
 
 Filaments free, articulated, branched ; each articulation bearing 
 at its truncate apex either an elongated, inarticulate, deci- 
 duous seta, or a sessile, spbaerical capsule; base of the seta 
 scutate, amplexicaul. Name ; poXfios, a bulb, and x atT7 ?> a 
 
222 ALG.E CHLOROSPERME^:. {Chatophora. 
 
 bristle; in allusion to the setaceous ramuli with swollen 
 
 bases. 
 
 1. B. setigera, Ag. Setigerous Bulbochate. Ag. Syst. 
 p. 123. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 350. Conf. vivipara, 
 Dillw. t. 59. 
 
 On fresh water plants, in lakes, &c. About half an inch long-, 
 densely tufted, dull greenish-brown. 
 
 60. DRAPARNALDIA. Bory. Draparnaldia. 
 
 Filaments free, gelatinous ; stems subhyaline, emitting, at the 
 joints, pencils of coloured ramuli. Fructification not cer- 
 tainly known. Named in honour of J. P. JR. Draparnaud, a 
 French Naturalist. 
 
 1. D. plumosa, Ag. Feathery Draparnaldia. Pencils of 
 ramuli linear-lanceolate, acute. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. 
 p. 388. Conf. lubrica, E. Bot. t. 2087. 
 
 In streams and wells. 
 
 2. D. glomerata, Ag. Clustered Draparnaldia. Pencils of 
 ramuli ovate, obtuse, patent. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 388 Conf. mutabilis, Dillw. t. 12. E. Bot. .1746. 
 
 In streams and wells. This scarcely differs from the preceding. 
 
 3. D. tenuis, Ag. Slender Draparnaldia. Ramuli simple, 
 subfasciculate ; primary filaments partially coloured. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 388 Conf. lubrica, Dillw. t. 57. C. 
 protensa, Dillw. .67. 
 
 In rivulets. This has quite the habit of Conferva, and very dif- 
 ferent, indeed, from that of the two former species. 
 
 61. CHJETOPHORA. Ag. Chaetophora. 
 
 Frond gelatinous, globose or lobed, rarely plane and crusta- 
 ceous, composed of numerous filaments aggregated together, 
 and issuing from a common base. Filaments articulated, 
 branched ; articulations of the branches subhyaline, those of 
 the ramuli coloured. Fructification: capsules attached to 
 the ramuli. Name ; x am 7> a bristle, and 0o/>eu>, to bear ; the 
 ramuli are, in some stage of growth, tipped with long seta- 
 ceous points or bristles. Fructification has only been disco- 
 vered on C. pisiformis and C. pellita. 
 
 1. Grow in fresh water. 
 
 1. C. endiviafolia, Ag. Stags-horn Chcetophora. Frond 
 elongated, filiform, somewhat compressed, subdichotomously 
 
Myrionema.] ALQM CHLOROSPERME^. 223 
 
 branched, Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 389. Uha incras- 
 sata, E. Bot. t 967. 
 
 In lakes and streams, attached to stones. 
 
 2. C. tuberculosa, Hook. Tubercular Chcetophora. Frond 
 at first globose and firm, afterwards much lobed, fragile and 
 hollow ; filaments very slender, flexuose, hyaline ; ramuli co- 
 loured, palmato-fasciculate. Harv. in. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 389. 
 Rivularia tuberculosa, E. Bot. t. 2366. 
 
 In boggy pools. 
 
 3. C. elegans, Ag. Elegant Chcetophora. Frond subglo- 
 bose, gelatinous, solid, green; filaments subdichotomous ; ra- 
 muli fastigiate, attenuate ; the apices produced beyond the 
 gelatine. Carm. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 389. 
 
 In stagnant pools. 
 
 2. Marine) crustaceous. 
 
 4. C. pellita, Lyngb. Purple Crustaceous Chcetophora. 
 Frond purple-brown, crustaceous, gelatinoso-coriaceous, inde- 
 finitely spreading. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 390. Berk. 
 Alg.t. I./. 3. 
 
 Rocks and stones in the sea. Miltown Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. 
 
 62. MYRIONEMA. Grev. Myrionema. 
 
 Mass gelatinous (exceedingly minute), effused, composed of 
 very short, clavate, erect, mostly simple filaments, "fixed at 
 their base to a thin expansion." (Grev.) Fruit: capsules 
 at the base among the filaments. Name ; pvpiov, a thousand, 
 and vr]f.ia, a filament. 
 
 1. M. strangulans, Grev. Convex Myrionema. " Subcon- 
 vex, confluent ; filaments subcylindrical ; capsules shortly pedi- 
 cellated, " affixed to the basal lamina." Grev. Crypt, t. 300. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 391. 
 
 On various Algae, parasitical. 1 2 lines in diameter, brown. 
 
 TRIBE XVII. CONFERVE^. 
 
 Plants growing in the sea or in fresh water, filamentous, arti- 
 culate, without definite gelatine. Fronds very variable in ap- 
 pearance, simple or branched; articulations more or less filled 
 with a green, very rarely brown or purple, granular mass, which 
 affects various forms, and is supposed to be of a sporaceous 
 nature. 
 
224 ALG^E CHLOROSPERME.E. [Conferva. 
 
 63. CONFERVA. Ag. Conferva. 
 
 Filaments articulated, free, distinct, uniform, simple or branched. 
 Fruit (?) an internal, coloured, granular mass ( endochrome ) '. 
 Colour green, rarely purple or orange. Name, from confer- 
 ruminare, to consolidate. 
 
 A. Filaments simple. 
 
 a. Filaments decumbent, arachnoid, forming strata of a purple 
 
 colour. Inhabit alpine bogs. 
 
 1. C. ericetorum, Roth. Moor Conferva. Filaments very 
 slender, simple, forming a thin, dull, purple stratum ; articula- 
 tions a little longer than broad ; endochrome dark-coloured, 
 filling the tube finally, bipartite, unaltered in drying. Dillw. 
 Conf. t. 1. E. Bot. t. 1553. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 350. 
 
 On dry heaths, frequent : occasionally in wet spots. 
 
 2. C. purpurascens, Carm. Purple Conferva. Filaments 
 very slender, simple, forming a cloudy, floating, purple stratum ; 
 articulations once or twice as long as broad ; endochrome col- 
 lapsed, pale, rarely filling the tube. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. 
 v. ii. p. 350. 
 
 In old turf pits, bogs, &c. 
 
 b. Filaments elongated, floating, rarely attached, flaccid, forming 
 
 green strata. Inhabit fresh water. 
 
 3. C. bombycina, Ag. Silky Conferva. Filaments exces- 
 sively fine, forming a cloudy, floating, yellow-green stratum ; 
 articulations 3 5 times longer than broad. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. FL v. ii. p. 350. Conf. sordida, Dillw. t. 60. 
 
 In stagnant waters, infesting aquatic plants. 
 
 4. C. floccosa, Ag. Floccose Conferva. Filaments very fine, 
 forming pale-green floating strata ; articulations once or twice 
 as long as broad. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 851. C.fu- 
 gacissima, Dillw. SuppL t. B. 
 
 In ditches and pools, with the preceding. 
 
 5. C. zonata, Webr. et Mohr. Banded Conferva. Filaments 
 unequal, forming bright-green lubricous masses; articulations 
 rather longer than broad, marked in the centre with a full- 
 green band. Ag. Syst. p. 90. Dillw. p. 41. t. 47. ( C. lubrica.J 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 351. 
 
 On stones in rivulets. 
 
 6. C. vesicata, Ag. Inflated Conferva. Filaments very 
 
Conferva.] ALU/E CHLOUOSPERMEJi. 225 
 
 slender, forming dull-green strata; articulations variable in 
 length, 2 5 times longer than broad, here and there inflated. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 351. C. alternate Dillw. 
 Sup. t. B. C. tumidula, E. Bot. t. 1670. 
 
 In stagnant water. 
 
 7. C. rivularis, Linn. River Conferva. Filaments slender, 
 very long, straight, bright-green, silky, forming tufted bundles; 
 articulations 2 4 times longer than broad. E. Bot. t. 1654. 
 Dillw. t. 39. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 351. 
 
 In streams and rivers, common. 
 
 8. C. mucosa, Mert. Mucous Conferva. Filaments forming 
 a floating bright-green stratum, extremely gelatinous, invested 
 with definite mucus; articulations about as long as broad. 
 Dillw. Conf. Suppl t. B. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 351. 
 
 In stagnant water, rare. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. 
 
 9. C. dissiliens, Dilhv. Fragile Conferva. Filaments elong- 
 ated, straight, very fragile, slimy and gelatinous, forming bright 
 green floating masses ; articulations half as long as broad. 
 Dillw. Conf. t. 63. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 352. 
 
 In streams and ditches. Glendine-wood ; Miss Ball. I am not 
 well acquainted with this plant ; may it not prove a true Desmidium ? 
 
 10. C. capillaris, Linn. Capillary Conferva. Filaments 
 pale-green, void of lubricity, much curled and interwoven into 
 subrigid, extensive strata; articulations 3 4 times longer than 
 broad. E. Bot. t. 2364. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 352. 
 C. crispa, Dillw. Suppl. t. B. 
 
 In streams and rivulets, not rare. 
 
 c. Filaments forming crisped, entangled strata, green. Inhabit 
 the sea or salt water ditches. 
 
 11. C. Linum, Roth. Flax-like Conferva. Filaments thick, 
 rigid, crisped, forming loose extensive bundles of a dull green 
 colour; articulations once and half as long as broad. Ag. Syst. 
 p. 97. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 352. 
 
 In salt water ditches, along the muddy sea-shorp, or in the sea. At 
 Wicklow ; W. H. Harvey. Portstewart ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 
 12. C. crassa, Ag. Thick Conferva. Filaments very thick, 
 of great length, deep glossy-green, much crisped, rigid, forming 
 loosely entangled harsh masses ; articulations as long as broad. 
 Conf. capillaris, Dilhv. t. 9. C. crassa, Ag. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. FL v. n.p. 352. 
 
 In salt water ditches. Abundant in ditches by the North Wall, 
 Dublin. 
 
 13. C. tortuosa, Dillw. Twisted Conferva. Filaments rigid, 
 
 2 E 
 
226 ALG,E CHLOROSPERME7E. [Conferva. 
 
 slender, much curled and twisted, forming broad, closely entan- 
 gled strata ; articulations 2 3 times longer than broad. Dillw. 
 t. 46. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 352. 
 On marine rocks, abundant. 
 
 14. C. implexa, Dillw. Interwoven Conferva. Filaments 
 very slender, capillary, rather flaccid, forming extensive, much 
 entangled, bright-green strata; articulations rather longer than 
 broad. Dillw. Sup. t. B. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 352. 
 Bangia Johnstoni, Grev. in Johnst. Berw. FL v. \\.p. 260. 
 
 On marine rocks. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Filaments half the 
 diameter of C. tortuosa, with shorter joints. 
 
 15. C. ulothrix, Lyngb. Short-jointed curled Conferva. 
 Filaments slender, flexuose, entangled, somewhat rigid ; articu- 
 lations rather shorter than broad. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 353. 
 
 In rocky pools, attached to small Algse. Bantry : Miss Hutchins, 
 whose specimen is mixed with C. implexa, from which this species is 
 solely distinguished by its shorter joints. 
 
 16. C. perreptans, Carm. Creeping Conferva. Filaments 
 slender, crisped, entangled into dull-green strata, bent at acute 
 angles, and at the genuflexion sending out attenuated creeping 
 radicles ; articulations about twice as long as broad. Zygnema 
 littoreum, Lyngb. Hydr. Dan. t. 59. C. perreptans, Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 353. 
 
 On rocks, near the verge of high-water mark. Miltown Malbay. 
 This may, perhaps, be only a variety of C. tortuosa. It has lately 
 been discovered on the Coast of Devonshire by Mrs. Griffiths. 
 
 17. C. arenosa, Carm. Strand Conferva. Filaments slender, 
 rigid, interwoven into broad strata; articulations 3 5 times 
 longer than broad. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 353. 
 
 On the flat shore, about half-tide level. Bantry bay ; Mr. R. Ball. 
 Filaments very long and slender, forming wide strata. 
 
 d. Filaments tufted, with a scutate root, straight, green. Inhabit 
 
 the sea. 
 
 18. C. Melagonium, Web. et Mohr., Ag. Wiry Conferva. 
 Filaments elongate, scattered, straight, thick, erect, stiff and 
 wiry, dark-green ; articulations twice as long as broad. Dillw. 
 Suppl. t. B. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 353. 
 
 On rocky shores, rare. Miltown Malbay, &c. Portrush ; Mr. D. 
 Moore. 
 
 19. C. area, Dillw. Harsh verdigris Conferva. Filaments 
 elongated, tufted, straight, harsh, brittle, yellow-green ; articu- 
 lations as long as broad. Dillw. t. 80. E. Bot. t. 1929. Harv. 
 in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 354. 
 
Conferva.] ALGJE CHLOROSPERME^E. 227 
 
 Sand-covered rocks in the sea. 312 inches long, as thick as hog's 
 bristle, yellow-green, harsh, 
 
 e. Filaments rising from disciform tubercles, and forming peni- 
 cillate tuftS) olivaceous, parasitical. Inhabit the sea. 
 
 20. C. fucicola, Velley. Large parasitic Conferva. Fila- 
 ments rising from a minute tubercle, penicillate, flaccid, mem- 
 branaceous ; articulations about twice as long as broad. Dillw. 
 t. 66. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 345. 
 
 On Fuci, especially F. nodosus and vesiculosus, common. 
 
 21. C. flaccida, Dilhv. Flaccid rusty (Conferva. Tubercles 
 small ; filaments penicillate, flaccid and tender ; lower articula- 
 tions half as long as broad, upper of equal length and breadth. 
 Dillw. Conf. Sup. t. G. Harv. in Hook. Br. PL v. ii. p. 355. 
 
 Parasitical on Cystoseira fibrosa. 
 
 22. C. curta, Dillw. Small Parasitic Conferva. Filaments 
 minute, rising from a tubercle, rather rigid, subpenicillate ; ar- 
 ticulations about as long as broad. Dillw. t. 76. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 355. 
 
 On sundry Fuci. 
 
 23. C. scutulata, Sm. Target Conferva. Olive-brown ; fila- 
 ments branched at the base, densely combined into a depressed 
 peltate mass, rooted in the centre ; joints as long as broad. Sm. 
 Dillw. t. 76. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 355. 
 
 On Himanthalia lorea ; on which it forms broad wart-like tubercles. 
 
 B. Filaments branched. 
 a. Inhabit fresh water. (C. glomerata often grows in the sea.} 
 
 24 C. flavescens, Roth. Yellowish branched Conferva. 
 Forming pale yellowish strata ; filaments slender, sparingly 
 branched ; branches alternate or subdichotomous, erecto-patent, 
 with scattered, elongated, alternate or secund ramuli ; articula- 
 tions 8 9 times longer than broad. Dillw. Conf. Suppl. t. E. 
 E. Bot. t. 2088. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 356. 
 
 In ditches of salt or fresh water. 
 
 25. C. fracta, Fl. Dan. Broken divaricated Conferva. 
 Forming entangled dull-green strata; filaments somewhat rigid, 
 much branched ; branches divaricating ; ramuli scattered and 
 very patent : articulations 4 6 times longer than broad. 
 Dillw. t. 14. E. Bot. t. 2338. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. 
 p. 356. 
 
 In ditches and lakes, common. This floats on the surface, in vast 
 matted, dull green strata. 
 
228 ALGyE CHLOROSPEKME*:. [Conferva. 
 
 26. C. glomerata, Linn. Green cluttered Conferva. Root 
 scutate ; filaments tufted, bushy, subrigid, bright green ; 
 branches crowded, irregular, erect ; ultimate ramuli secund, 
 subfasciculate ; articulations 4 8 times longer than broad. 
 Dillw. t. 13. . Bot. t. 2192. Harv. L c. p. 356. C. latevi- 
 rens, Dillw. t. 48. E. Bot. t. 1854. 
 
 In streams and rivulets and in the sea, common. If all the supposed 
 marine varieties of this species really appertain to it, none can be more 
 polymorphous. But I incline to think that more than one species is 
 confounded under this name. The branched marine Conferva, in- 
 deed, require great revision, and I earnestly recommend them to the 
 attention of those whose residence gives them an opportunity of 
 watching these plants in their places of growth. 
 
 27. C. cegagropila, Linn. Globe Conferva or Moor Balls. 
 Filaments issuing from a central point, forming dense roundish 
 balls; branches erect, subsecund, straight; articulations 3 4 
 times longer than broad ; the uppermost cylindrical, the lower 
 swollen upwards. E. Bot. t. 1377. Dillw. t. 17. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 357. 
 
 In lakes, very rare. Cunnamara ; J. T. Mackay. This curious 
 plant forms a compact ball, varying in diameter from halt' an inch to 
 a 4 inches. It is said to be used as a pen-wiper. 
 
 ' 
 
 b. Inhabits maritime rocks, wet toith fresh water, and only occa- 
 sionally exposed to the tide. 
 
 28. C. Prownii, Dillw. Dr. Browns Conferva. Filaments 
 densely caespitose, erect, rigid, flexuose, elastic, slightly 
 branched ; branches few, long, subsimple, secund ; axils acute ; 
 articulations 4 5 times longer tban broad, the lower ones 
 thickened upwards, the upper cylindrical. Dillw. Suppl. t. D. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 356. 
 
 On wet rocks at a cave near Dunrea, Ireland ; 21. Brown, Esq. 
 On shady rocks at the entrance of a small cave beyond Black Castle, 
 Wicklow, where it is exposed to the dripping of fresh water, and the 
 occasional overflow of the tide. Tufts spreading, 1 inch high, 
 dark glossy green. Filaments densely matted together, appearing to 
 originate in a mass of creeping roots. This has a good deal the ap- 
 pearance of a Vaucheria, but the structure and substance is totally dif- 
 ierent. It is not allied to any species I know of, except, perhaps, C. 
 agagropila. 
 
 c. Marine. 
 
 29. C. pellucida, Huds. Pellucid three-branched Conferva. 
 Filaments cartilaginous, rigid, erect, brigbt-green ; trichoto- 
 mous; axils very acute, branches erect; articulations many 
 times longer than broad. Dillw. Cortf. t. 90. E. Bot. t. 1716. 
 (excellent.) Harv. in Hook. v. ii. p. 357. 
 
Conferva.] ALGyE CHLOROSPERMEA 229 
 
 Rocks near low-water mark, not uncommon. Miltowti Malbay and 
 Wicklow. Stems subsolitary, simple below, above repeatedly tricho- 
 tomous, thick, rigid, full-green. The filaments are rarely articulated, 
 except in the axils. 
 
 30. C. Hutchinsice, Dillvv. Miss Hutchins' Conferva. Fila- 
 ments cartilaginous, rigid, glaucous-green, flexuose, tufted, 
 bristly ; ramuli curved, simple or furnished on the interior face 
 with processes of one articulation ; articulations twice as long 
 as broad. Dillw. t. 1 09. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 357. 
 
 Rare. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Filaments thicker than 
 horse hair, flexuose, 5 8 inches long, much branched. 
 
 31. C. rupestris, Linn. Green Rock Conferva. Filaments 
 slender, rigid, dark-green, straight, tufted, bushy; branches 
 erect, crowded ; ramuli fascicled, oppressed ; articulations 3 4 
 times longer than broad. Dillw. t. 23. E. Bot. 1. 1699. Harv. 
 in Hook. Br. Ft. v. ii. p. 357. 
 
 Rocks in the sea, very common. 
 
 32. C. nuda, Harv. MSS. Brownish bare-branched Con- 
 ferva. Filaments subrigid, slender, very straight, dull-green or 
 
 olivaceous (when dry), sparingly dichotomous; ramuli few and 
 scattered, appressed, the uppermost often opposite ; articula- 
 tions many times longer than broad. 
 
 On basalt rocks, Portstewart ; Mr. D. Moore. Filaments loosely 
 tufted, '2 3 inches high, sparingly branched, very straight, set with a 
 few, scattered, very erect and appressed ramuli, the uppermost ones 
 often opposite, which makes the apices of the branches appear three- 
 forked. Articulations very long. This differs from any species with 
 which I am acquainted, but may, perhaps, be the C. aspera of Agardh, 
 which, in the British Flora, I have doubtfully referred to C. nigricans. 
 To avoid confusion I think it better to give a new name to our present 
 plant. In the straight filaments and appressed ramuli it resembles C. 
 rupestris, but differs in colour and in the great length of the joints. 
 
 33. C. diffusa, Roth. Diffuse green Conferva. Filaments 
 slender, rigid, dark-green, flexuose, subdichotomous ; branches 
 distant, elongated, furnished towards the top with a few short 
 patent, secund rarnuli ; articulations 8 4 times longer than 
 broad. Dillw. A 21. E. Bot. t. 2289. Harv. in Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v ii. p. 358. 
 
 Marine rocks, rare. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Miltown Malbay ; 
 W. H. Harvey. Black jocks, Portrush ; Mr. D. Moore. This re- 
 sembles C. rupestris in microscopic structure, but has a very different 
 habit, being loosely tufted, bristly, with distant and almost naked 
 branches. 
 
 34. C. albida, Huds. Whitish cottony Conferva. Filaments 
 very slender, capillary, flaccid, pale yellow-green, forming 
 dense silky tufts; branches crowded, irregular, the uppermost 
 patent and mostly opposite ; ramuli opposite or secund ; articu- 
 
230 ALGJE CHLOROSPERME^:. [Conferva. 
 
 latioiis 4 5 times longer than broad. Dillw. Suppl. t. E. 
 E. Bot. t. 2327. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p 358. 
 
 On the larger Algae. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Filaments ex- 
 ceedingly slender, pale green, which soon fades to a dirty white. 
 
 35. C. lanosa. Roth. Woolly cottony Conferva. Filaments 
 slender, short, yellow-green, forming dense tufts; branches 
 virgate, erect, subdistant, straight, alternate or opposite, with a 
 few alternate or secund ramuli, axils very acute ; lower articu- 
 lations twice, upper six times as long as broad. Dillw. Suppl. 
 t. E.E. Bot. t. 2099. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 358. 
 
 On rocks and the larger Algae. Tufts an inch long, pale yellow- 
 green. 
 
 36. C. arcta, Dillw. Close green Conferva. Filaments 
 elongated, forming silky tufts of a full aeruginose-green colour, 
 much branched ; branches erecto-patent, crowded ; ramuli 
 erect, appressed, opposite or alternate; lower articulations as 
 long as, upper much longer than broad. Dillw. Suppl. t. E. 
 E. Bot. t. 2098. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 359. 
 
 On various Algae. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. Kilkee, County of 
 Clare. Filaments 3 6 inches long, brilliant green, flaccid. Branches 
 straight. The joints are very variable in length ; in some specimens 
 which I have seen they are uniformly short, whence I presume that this, 
 or C. centralis, may be the doubtful C. ceruginosa of Hudson. 
 
 37. C. gracilis, Griff. MSS. Graceful Conferva. Filaments 
 slender, flexuose, silky, much branched, bright yellow-green ; 
 main branches entangled, sparingly divided, angulato-flexuose ; 
 ultimate ramuli pectinato-secund, much attenuated, straight 
 and very long ; articulations about 3 5 times longer than 
 broad. Wyatt. Alg. Danm. No. 97. 
 
 Youghal ; Miss Ball. At Wicklow ; W. H. Harvey. Filaments 
 6 12 inches high, forming beautiful tufts of a rich yellow-green colour, 
 glossy when dry ; main filaments remarkably angularly curved, covered 
 with long, slender, delicate, pectinate ramuli, which taper to a fine point. 
 This beautiful plant (which was lately discovered at Torquay by Mrs. 
 Griffiths and Mrs. Wyatt) approaches, in some of its characters, the C. 
 flexuosa of Dillw., a native of salt marshes, and by Agardh made a va- 
 riety of C. fracta. The appearance, however, of C. gracilis is very 
 different, and, I would hope, it is sufficiently characterized. Whether 
 or not it be the C. sericea of Continental authors, I have no means 
 of judging, and dare not decide without reference to authentic 
 specimens. My Irish specimens, while they agree with those from 
 Torquay in all essential particulars, fall short of them in size and 
 beauty. 
 
 38. C. riparia, Roth. Entangled shore Conferva. Fila- 
 ments elongated, slender, decumbent, pale-green, forming wide 
 strata, flaccid, entangled, angulato-flexuose, slightly branched ; 
 lower branches short, tentacular; upper long, subsimple, with 
 roundish axils ; articulations 2 4 times longer than broad. 
 E. Bot. t. 2100. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 359. 
 
Zygnema.] ALGvE CHLOROSPERMEjE. 231 
 
 On sand-covered rocks, near high-water mark. Bantry ; Miss 
 Hutchins. Filaments very slightly branched, the lower branches 
 root-like and sparingly articulated, the upper patent, with remarkably 
 rounded axils. 
 
 64. MOUGEOTIA. Ag. Mougeotia. 
 
 Filaments articulated, simple, finally united by transverse tubes. 
 Endochrome granular, at length forming roundish globules 
 at the point of conjugation. Named in honour of J. B. 
 Mougeot y an excellent German botanist. 
 
 1. M. genuflexa, Ag. Knee-bent Mougeotia. Filaments 
 slender, fragile, at length genuflexed and irregularly united by 
 short transverse tubes ; endochrome half filling the articulation ; 
 globules sphaerical. Ag. Syst. p. 83. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. 
 v. ii. p. 360. Cow/I genuflexa, Dillw. t. 6. 
 
 In ditches and pools, forming vast yellowish strata. 
 
 65. TYNDARIDEA. Bory. Tyndaridea. 
 
 Filaments simple, finally inosculating by transverse tubes. En- 
 dochrome consisting of two sub-rotund masses (stellce), which 
 after conjugation unite and form a roundish globule (spori- 
 dium), lodged either in one of the articulations, or in the 
 connecting tube. Name ; Tyndaridce, the constellations of 
 Castor and Pollux, in allusion to the twin, star-like globules 
 of the Endochrome. 
 
 1. T. cruciata, Harv. Cross-like Tyndaridea. Stellae round- 
 ish ; sporidia subglobose, lodged in one of the filaments. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 361. Conf. bipunctata, Dillw. 
 t.2. 
 
 In ditches and pools. 
 
 2. T. pectinata, Harv. Comb-like Tyndaridea. Stellee 
 transversely linear, pectinate ; globules contained in the swol- 
 len transverse tubes. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 361. 
 Conf. bipunctata, E. Bot. t. 1610. 
 
 In ditches, &c. with the preceding. 
 
 66. ZYGNEMA. Ag. Zygnema. 
 
 Filaments articulated, simple, finally united by transverse tubes. 
 Endochrome forming dotted spiral rings, which after conju- 
 gation are condensed into a globule in one of the filaments. 
 Name ; v<yos, a yoke, and vy^a, a thread; the filaments being 
 yoked together. 
 
 1. Z. nitidum, Ag, Shining Zygnema. Filaments dark 
 
232 AI.G.E CHLOROSPERMEzE. [Cvdiuin. 
 
 green, parallelly joined; articulations with numerous arching 
 spires. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 362. C. nitida, 
 Dillw. t. 4. / c. (bad.) 
 In ditches, &c. 
 
 2. Z. deciminum, Ag. Two-spired Zygnema. Filaments 
 dark-green, parallelly joined ; spires double, cruciate. Harv. 
 in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 362. Conf. jugalis, Dilhv. t. 5. and 
 C. nitida, t. 4. f. A. B. 
 
 In ditches, &c. Spires double, crossing each other, like a continual 
 multiplication of the Roman numeral X, whence the specific name. 
 
 3. Z. guininum, Ag. One-spired Zygnema. Filaments pale 
 yellow-green, parallelly joined ; spires simple. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 362. "Conf. spiralis, Dillw. t. 3. 
 
 In ditches, &c. very common. This is marked with a spiral line, re- 
 sembling a multiplication of the numeral V. If the length of the 
 joints, and the diameter of the filaments, be considered specific cha- 
 racters in this genus, it would be easy (as some authors have done) to 
 multiply the species to any extent. Their characters are eminently 
 variable ; indeed, in a single specimen, all gradations are often to be 
 found. 
 
 TRIBE XVIII. SIPHONED. 
 
 Plants found in the sea, in fresh water, or on damp ground, of 
 a membranaceous or horny hyaline substance ; filled with a green 
 granular matter. Frond tubular, filamentous ; the filaments 
 free, or collected into spongy difform fronds, which are either 
 crustaceous, globular, cylindrical, or flat. Fructification : vesi- 
 cles ( conioscystce ) external, often stalked, containing a granular 
 mass. 
 
 67. CODIUM. Stackh. Codium. 
 
 Frond spongy, dark green (crustaceous. globular, cylindrical, 
 or flat), composed of an interwoven mass of tubular, conti- 
 nuous filaments. Fructification: opaque vesicles, attached 
 to the filaments near the surface of the frond. Name ; Kodiov 
 the skin of an animal; from the soft nature of the frond. 
 
 1. C. tomentosum, Stackh. Tomentose Codium. Frond cy- 
 lindrical, dichotomous. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 318. Fucus 
 tomentosus, Turn. t. 135. E. Bot. t. 712. 
 
 On rocks in the sea, frequent. 6 1*2 inches long, much branched. 
 Since the publication of the British Flora, my friend, Mrs. Griffiths, 
 has been so fortunate as to add another species of this interesting 
 genus to our native list. This is C. adhcerens, Ag. Syst. p. 178, 
 which forms spreading crustaceous masses of indefinite form or size. 
 Her specimens were gathered at Torquay. 
 
Vaucheria.] ALO.E CHLOROSPERME^E. 233 
 
 2. C. Bursa, Ag. Pouch Codium. Frond sphaerical, hol- 
 low. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 318. Fucus Bursa, Turn. Hist, 
 t. 136. 
 
 Very rare. Belfast ; Mr. Templeton. 
 
 68. BRYOPSIS. Lamour. Bryopsis. 
 
 Frond membranaceous, filiform, tubular, cylindrical, glistening, 
 branched ; the branches imbricated, or distichous and pin- 
 nated, filled with a fine green, minutely granuliferous fluid. 
 Grev. Name ; fipvov, a moss, and w^s, an appearance. 
 
 1. B. plumosa, Ag. Feathered Bryopsis. Frond filiform, 
 branched, naked below, the branches scattered, spreading, twice 
 or thrice pinnated, the pinnae pectinated. Grev. Hook. Br. Fl. 
 v. Up. 3l8. Ulvaplumosa, E. Bot. #.2375. 
 
 Rocks, &c. in the sea, not rare. 
 
 2. B. hypnoides, Lamour. Hypnum-like Bryopsis. Frond 
 slender, very much branched; the branches long; the ramuli 
 capillary, irregularly inserted, somewhat erect, the lower ones 
 elongated. Grev. Lamour, Journ. Bot. 1809. p. 135. t. 1. /. 2. 
 B. Arbuscula, Ag. Sp. Ala. v. i. p. 457. 
 
 On the sides of rocky pools, left by the receding of the tide. Near 
 Portrush ; Mr. D. Moore. Q. Summer and Autumn. Nearly allied 
 to the preceding, depending chiefly for its characters upon the 
 nearly erect irregular ramuli. 
 
 69. VAUCHERIA. D C. Vaucheria. 
 
 Fronds aggregated, tubular, continuous, capillary, coloured by 
 an internal green pulverulent mass. Fructification: dark- 
 green homogeneous vesicles (coniocystae) attached to the 
 frond. Grev, Named in honour of the Rev. T. P. Vaucher 
 of Geneva, author of an admirable treatise on Fresh-water 
 Confervae. Nine species of this genus are enumerated in 
 Dr. Hooker's British Flora, all of which are probably to be 
 found in Ireland ; but I regret, that, never having paid much 
 attention to these plants, I am unable to introduce more than 
 the following five, and for the characters of these I must rely 
 on Greville and Carmichael. 
 
 * Vesicles solitary. 
 
 1. V. dichotoma, Ag. Large dichotomous Vaucheria. Fila- 
 ments dichotomous, fastigiate; the vesicles solitary, globose, 
 sessile. Grev. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 319. Conf. dichotoma, 
 Dillw. t. 15. E. Bot. t. 932. 
 
 2 F 
 
234 ALGjE CHLOROSPERME/E. [Rivularia. 
 
 Pools and ditches. About Limerick, &c. 
 
 2. V. velutina, Ag. Velvet Vauchvia. Filaments creeping; 
 branches erect, fastigiate, woven into a velvetty stratum ; cap- 
 sules solitary, lateral. Carm. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 319. 
 
 On the muddy sea-shore. At Miltown Malbay. 
 
 3. V. Dillwynii, Ag. Dillwyrfs Vaucheria. Fronds 
 branched, flexuose ; vesicles globose, lateral, sessile. Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. u.p.320.Conf.frigida, Dillw. t. 16. 
 
 On the ground, in damp places, common. 
 
 4. V. terrestris, D C. Ground Vaucheria. Filaments 
 straight, forming a lax, somewhat bristly stratum (upon the 
 ground) ; vesicles lateral, hemisphserical on the side of the horn- 
 shaped peduncle or receptacle. Grev. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 320. 
 
 On the ground, in moist shady places. 
 
 * * Vesicles two or more together. 
 
 5. V. ccespitosa, Ag. Tufted Vaucheria. Filaments caespi- 
 tose ; branches secund, fructiferous at the apex ; vesicles ses- 
 sile, globose, intermediate horn-shaped, process straight or 
 curved. Carm. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 32 1 . Conf. amphibia, 
 Dillw. t. 41. 
 
 On damp earth, or by the side of ditches, &c. 
 
 TRIBE XIX. OSCILLATORIE^. 
 
 Plants growing in the sea, in fresh water, or on damp ground, 
 of a gelatinous substance and filamentous structure. Filaments 
 slender, tabular, continuous, filled with a coloured, granular, trans- 
 versely striate matter, seldom branched, though often agglutinated 
 together so as to appear branched, usually massed together in broad, 
 floating, or sessile strata of a very gelatinous nature ; occasionally 
 erect and tufted, and still more rarely collected into radiating series, 
 bound together by firm gelatine, and then forming globose, lobed, or 
 plane-crustaceoiLS fronds. Fructification : an internal mass, di- 
 vided by transverse septa, finally separating into roundish or lenti- 
 cular sporidia. 
 
 70. RIVULARIA. Roth. Rivularia. 
 
 Frond globose or lobed, rarely incrusting, green or olivaceous, 
 carnose or gelatinous, composed of continuous filaments, an- 
 nulated within, and surrounded by, or set in, gelatine. 
 Name, in allusion to the habitat of some of the species. 
 
Rivularia.} ALG^ CHLOROSPERME^. 235 
 
 SECT. 1. (Rivularia, Roth. Linkia, Lyngb.) Frond verru- 
 ctEform, rarely incrusting. Filaments close set, sparingly annu- 
 lated within, mostly dichotomously branched, radiating from a 
 common fixed base. 
 
 1. R. atra, Roth. Black Rivularia. Fronds minute, scat- 
 tered, globose, smooth, firm, glossy black ; filaments deep 
 green, slender dichotomous. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 392. E. Bot. t. 1798. 
 
 On marine rocks, Algse, &c. very common. 
 
 2. R. Pisum, Ag. Spherical Rivularia. Frond globose, 
 smooth, soft, shining, dark-green; filaments dichotomous. 
 Berk. Alg, t. 2. /. 2. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 392. 
 
 On aquatic plants, in sub-alpine streamlets. 
 
 3. R. applanata, Carm. Flattened Rivularia. Fronds mi- 
 nute, gregarious, orbicular, depressed, black ; filaments simple, 
 attenuated ; the apices free (protruded beyond the gelatine.) 
 Carm. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 392. 
 
 On rocks and stones in the sea ; first observed by Captain Car- 
 michael on the Coast of Scotland. 
 
 4. R. plicata, Carm. Wrinkled Rivularia. Fronds rather 
 large, densely gregarious, gelatinous, compresso-plicate, often 
 hollow and ruptured, dark green ; filaments many times dicho- 
 tomous, attenuated. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 392. 
 
 On the sea-shore, near high-water mark. Innischerrig Island, 
 Clare. 
 
 SECT. 2. (Scytochloria, Harv.) Frond gelatinoso-coriaceous, 
 lobed and bullated or incrusting. Filaments close, densely and 
 conspicuously annulated, set in a firm gelatine t and pointing 
 towards the periphery (not radiating.) 
 
 5. R. nitida, Ag. Shining bullated Rivularia. Frond large, 
 gelatinoso-coriaceous, lobed and plaited, often bullated, lubri- 
 cous, shining, deep green ; filaments simple or pseudo-branched. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 393. R. bullata, Berk. Alg. 
 t. 2.f. 1. 
 
 On rocks in the sea. Miltown Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. 
 
 6. R. plana, Harv. Green crustaceous Rivularia. Frond 
 crustaceous, plane, widely spreading, dull-green, lubricous, 
 darker towards the centre; filaments erect, straight, tufted, 
 pale green, subsimple. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl v. ii. p. 394. 
 Chcetophora plana, Ag. Syst. p. 28. ? 
 
 On marine rocks. Miltown Malbay. 
 
236 ALG^E CHLOROSPERME^E. [Scytonema, 
 
 71. STIGONEMA. Ag. Stigonema. 
 
 Filaments tufted, cylindrical, cartilaginous, branched, inarticu- 
 late, including granules ranged in transverse dotted rings. 
 Name ; a-ri^tav, dotted, and j^/ua, a thread. 
 
 1. S. atro-virens, Ag. Black-green Stigonema. Tufted; 
 branches slightly divided, slender, attenuated, sub-acute ; rings 
 three, dotted. Conf. atro-virens, Dillw. t. 25. Lichen pu- 
 bescens, E. Bot. t. 2318. Bangia atro-virens, Lyngb. St. atrov. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 368. 
 
 Wet rocks in alpine situations; common. Forms broad, rigid, very 
 dark, loose tufts. 
 
 2. S. mammillosuniy Ag. Mammillated Stigonema. Branches 
 simple, incrassated, fusiform, densely mammillose. Ag. Syst. 
 p. 42. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 363. Bangia mammil- 
 losa, Lyngb. t. 25. (very bad.) 
 
 Bottoms of alpine rivulets. At the Eagle's Nest, Killarney. This 
 forms extensive stratified tufts, and is of a softer and more flaccid sub- 
 stance than the preceding. Under the microscope it is at once recog- 
 nised by the very peculiar papillate branches. 
 
 72. SCYTONEMA. Ag. Scytonema. 
 
 Filaments branched (very rarely simple), flaccid, tough, conti- 
 nuous, tubular. Endochrome brown or olivaceous, trans- 
 versely striate, " at length separating at the striae into lenti- 
 cular sporidia." Carm. Name ; O-/COTOS, a skin, and v^fia t a 
 thread; the filaments are tough. 
 
 1. S. minutum, Ag. Dwarf Scytonema. Filaments minute, 
 erect, rigid, flexuose, fastigiate, collected in a dark crust ; 
 branches short. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 365. 
 
 Rocks in alpine districts. At Carrigataha, near Caher, and at Kil- 
 larney. This forms dark irregular patches : the filaments are about a 
 line in height. 
 
 2. S. myochrous, Ag. Mouse-skin Scytonema. Filaments 
 elongate, mostly decumbent, sub-rigid, flexuose, slender, yel- 
 low-brown ; branches issuing in pairs, at right angles with the 
 stem. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 365. Conf. myochrous, 
 Dillw. t. 19. E. Bot. t. 1555.-/3. crinalis ; filaments tufted. 
 Conf. mirabilis, E. Bot. t. 2219. (according to tJie original spe- 
 cimens, but not C. mirabilis, Dillw. t. 96 .) 
 
 Alpine bogs and rivulets. & near Bantry, on Orthotrichum rivu- 
 lare ; Miss Hutchins. The geminate divaricating branches and dark 
 brown colour (when dry) well distinguish this species. 
 
 3. S. contextum, Carm. Interwoven Scytonema. Filaments 
 mostly simple, interwoven into a tough olivaceous stratum, 
 
Calothrix.] ALG.E CHLOROSPERME^E. 237 
 
 which turns to a dull green in drying. Carm. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 366. 
 
 On moist shady rocks, at the foot of Turk Mountain, Killarney. 
 
 73. CALOTHRIX. Jig. Calothrix. 
 
 Filaments (destitute of a mucous layer), erect, tufted or fasci- 
 culate, fixed at the base, somewhat rigid, without oscillation. 
 Tube continuous ; cndochrome green, densely annulated, at 
 length dissolved into lenticular sporidia. Name ; icaXo?, 
 beautiful, and Opi^ a hair. 
 
 1. C. confervicola, Ag. Glaucous parasitical Calothrix. Fi- 
 laments minute, glaucous, erect, subulate, rigid, fasciculate. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 367. Conf. confervicola, Dillw. 
 t. 8. E. Bot. t. 2576. 
 
 On marine filamentous Algae, common. 
 
 2. C. scopulorum, Ag. Simple Rock Calothrix. Filaments 
 minute, erect, curved, flexuose, simple, sub-attenuate, dirty- 
 green, agglutinated at the base, forming a continuous velvetty 
 stratum. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 368. Conf. scopu- 
 lorum, Dillw. Suppl. t. A. E. Bot. .2171. 
 
 On rocks in the sea, near high-water mark, common. 
 
 3. C. fasciculata, Ag. Branched Rock Calothrix. Fila- 
 ments erect, very straight, dark green, subulate, with a seta- 
 ceous point, fasciculately pseudo-branched, forming a continuous 
 velvetty stratum. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 368. 
 
 Marine rocks. Miltown Malbay ; rare. Perhaps this is only a 
 more fully developed state of the preceding. 
 
 4. C. interrupta, Carm. Variegated Calothrix. Filaments 
 thick, subulate, coriaceous, glaucous-green, short, cohering in 
 tooth-like fascicles, and forming broad tufts. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 368. 
 
 On mosses and lichens. Killarney, not rare. 1 2 lines high, 
 forming remarkably tough and rigid tufts. 
 
 5. C. distorta, Ag. Large Verdigris Calothrix. Filaments 
 elongated, bluish-green, forming large tufts, mucous, somewhat 
 rigid, branched ; branches erect, flexuose. Harv. in Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 369. Conf. distorta, Dillw. t. 22. E. Bot. t. 2577. 
 
 In ditches, &c. investing aquatic plants. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. 
 Tufts an inch long. Filaments slender, fine bluish-green. 
 
 6. C. ccespitula, Harv. Globular tufted Calothrix. Fila- 
 ments forming close convex tufts, blackish-green, flexuose, 
 flaccid, obtuse, here and there spuriously branched. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. r. ii. p. 369. 
 
 Marine rocks, very rare. Miltown Malbay. Tufts convex, - I 
 
238 ALQJE CHLOROSPERME^E. [Oscittatoria. 
 
 inch in diameter, blackish-green. Stria closely set, and strongly 
 marked. 
 
 74. LYNGBYA. Ag. Lyngbya. 
 
 Filaments destitute of a mucous layer, free, flexible, elongated, 
 continuous, decumbent. Endochrome (green or purple), 
 densely annulated, and finally separating at the annuli into 
 lenticular sporidia. Named, in honour of H. C. Lyngbye, 
 a Danish Algologist, and author of an excellent work on the 
 Alga of Denmark. 
 
 1. L. muralis, Ag. Wall Lyngbya. Filaments somewhat 
 rigid, thickish, tortuous, interwoven into a bright grass-green 
 stratum. Harv. in Hook. Er. Fl. v. ii. p. 370. Conf. muralis, 
 Dillw. t. 7. E. Bot. t. 1554. 
 
 On damp walls, very common ; and particularly obvious after a 
 shower of rain. 
 
 2. L. majuscula, Harv. Large Lyngbya. Filaments very 
 thick, issuing in long crisped bundles from a blackish-green 
 stratum ; tortuous, simple, or slightly pseudo-branched. Harv. 
 in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 370. Conf. majuscula, Dillw. Sup. 
 t.A. 
 
 In the sea. Bantry bay ; Miss Hutchins. Skerries, Portrush ; 
 Mr. D. Moore. 
 
 75. OSCILLATORIA. Vauch. Oscillatoria. 
 
 Filaments invested by a common mucous matrix, rigid, elastic, 
 oscillating, simple, continuous. Endochrome divided by 
 close, parallel, transverse striae. Named from the curious 
 oscillatory motions of the filaments. The species, which are 
 exceedingly numerous and difficult of definition, have hitherto 
 been much neglected by British, and but very slightly 
 touched on by Irish botanists. The late Capt. Carmichael, 
 who studied the genus with great care and success, has 
 added many new and curious species to the Scottish Flora, 
 most of which may probably be found in our own country, if 
 carefully looked after. In the following descriptions the 
 colour of the strata always refers to the appearance pre- 
 sented to the naked eye : that of the filaments, to what they 
 appear when viewed with a microscope. 
 
 * Fasciculatae ; filaments collected into close, rigid, agglutinated 
 fascicles. 
 
 1. O. Friesii, Ag. Fries' Oscillatoria. Stratum bright- 
 green, bristling with the elongated, rigid, erect, tooth-like fas- 
 
Oscillatoria ] ALQJE CHLOROSPERMEJE. 239 
 
 cicles of filaments. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 373. 
 Scytonema Bangii, Lyngb. 
 
 On mosses, in alpine situations. At Killarney. Stratum 2 3 
 inches broad. Filaments pale green, slender. 
 
 2. O. chthonoplastes, Hoffm. Sheathing Oscillatoria. Stra- 
 tum dull green ; filaments parallel, penicillating from the apex 
 of the decumbent, elongated, flexuose, sheath-like fascicles. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Ft. v. ii. p. 373. Conf. vaginata, E. Bot. 
 t. 1995. 
 
 On the muddy sea-shores, or on naked soil by road-sides, &c. 
 
 sj< s|c Virescentes; stratum of an ceruginose or blue-green colour. 
 
 3. O. limosa, Ag. Green Mud Oscillatoria. Stratum rich 
 dark-green/ glossy, gelatinous, with long rays; filaments green, 
 thick, straight and rigid ; striae strongly marked and very 
 closely set. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 374. 
 
 Ditches and pools. 
 
 4. O. tenuis, Ag. Lesser Mud Oscillatoria. Stratum rich 
 dark-green, very thin, gelatinous, with short rays ; filaments 
 pale green, straight and rigid ; striae distant, not strongly 
 marked. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii.' p. 374. Conf. limosa, 
 Dillw. t. 20. 
 
 In muddy ditches, first spreading over the mud ; finally rising in 
 scum-like strata to the surface. Filaments half the diameter of those of 
 O. limosa, and the stratum thinner. 
 
 5. O. decorticans, Grev. Ribband Oscillatoria. Stratum 
 smooth, glaucous-green, membranaceous ; filaments very slen- 
 der, curved, pale, bluish-green ; stria? distant. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 375. Conf. decorticum, Dillw. t. 26. 
 
 Damp walls, rotten timber, &c. 
 
 sjc # * Nigrescentes ; stratum of a dull indistinct green, or in- 
 clining to purple, black or brown. 
 
 6. O. nigra, Vauch. Blackish Oscillatoria. Stratum black- 
 ish-green (when dry bluish-black), with long radii ; filaments 
 pale bluish-green, thick; striae very distinct and close. Harv. 
 in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 376. Cotif. fontinalis, Dillw. t. 64. 
 
 Ditches and ponds, common. 
 
 7. O. autumnalis, Ag. Autumnal Wall Oscillatoria. Stra- 
 tum purplish or greenish black, very lubricous, shortly radiat- 
 ing ; filaments pale bluish green ; striae subdistant. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 376. 
 
 On damp walls, very common in autumn and winter. 
 
240 ALG.E CHLOROSPERMEjE. [Porphyra. 
 
 8. O. corium, Ag. Leathery Oscillatoria. Stratum thick, 
 subcoriaceous, opaque, dull-brownish, streaked with pale-green ; 
 filaments yellowish, slender ; striae indistinct, distant. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. PL v. ii. p. 377. 
 
 On the rocky bottoms of alpine rivulets. 
 
 9. O. subfusca, Vauch. Brownish-green Oscillatoria. Stra- 
 tum dull greyish brown, somewhat streaked with a green shade, 
 soft, void of tenacity ; filaments very slender, hyaline, straight; 
 striae conspicuous. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 377. 
 
 On rocks and stones in sub-alpine rivulets. 
 
 10. O. ochracea, Grev. Fragile Oscillatoria. Forming float- 
 ing, cloud-like, very fragile masses of an ochrey colour ; fila- 
 ments scattered, very slender, acicular. Harv. in Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 37S.Conf. ochracea, Dillw. t. 62. 
 
 In boggy pools. Agardh considers this to be some other species in 
 decay ; in which opinion he is, perhaps, correct. 
 
 TRIBE XX. ULVACE7E. 
 
 Plants growing in the sea, in fresh water, or on damp ground, 
 of a membranaceous or gelatinous substance and simple structure. 
 Frond either a tubular or flat, filiform or expanded membrane, 
 or a gelatinous amorphous mass ; hyaline, or, owing to the pre- 
 sence of fructification, of a green, purple, or pinkish colour. 
 Fructification: minute green or purple granules, scattered through 
 the frond, or arranged in fours, or in many moniliform, filamen- 
 tous series. To this family (as understood by Dr. Greville), I 
 have ventured to add the " Nostochince" of the British Flora. 
 Any one acquainted with these plants must be aware, that 
 though there is much apparent difference between the extreme 
 genera (Porphyra and Protococcus ) ', yet the line, even of ge~ 
 neric distinction, cannot clearly be defined in the medial ones. 
 Thus, Ulva insensibly passes to Tetraspora, this into Palmella, 
 this again into Flcematococcus, which is scarcely different 
 from Protococcus. Nostoc, I allow, in its moniliformly disposed 
 sporules, presents a somewhat different organization, and per- 
 haps, notwithstanding its strong affinity to Palmella, it might 
 with propriety form the type of a distinct family. In structure 
 it appears exactly intermediate between Palmella and Oscilla- 
 toria. 
 
 76. PORPHYRA. Ag. Porphyra or Purple Laver. 
 
 Frond plane, exceedingly thin, and (owing to the fructification) 
 of a purple colour. Fructification : 1. scattered sori of oval 
 
Bangia.} ALG& CHLOROSPERME.&. 241 
 
 seeds; 2. roundish granules, mostly arranged in a quater- 
 nate manner, and covering the whole frond. Grev. Name ; 
 7rop(pvpos, purple. 
 
 1. P. laciniata, Ag. Torn Purple Laver or Slouk. Fronds 
 deeply and irregularly cleft, with broad segments ; margin va- 
 riously cut and waved. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 310. Ulva 
 umbilicalis, E. Bot. t. 2296. 
 
 On rocks in the sea, common. 
 
 2. P. vulgaris, Ag. Simple-waved Purple Laver. Frond 
 simple, broadly lanceolate, the margin much waved. Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 310. 
 
 Rocks in the sea with the last, but (in Ireland) much less common. 
 
 3. P. linearis, Grev. Narrow Purple Laver. Frond linear 
 or linear-lanceolate, acute, the margin rarely flat. Grev. 
 Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 31 1. Grev. Alg. t. 18. 
 
 Marine rocks ; reaching perfection in the winter months. Dunmore, 
 near Waterford ; Miss A. Taylor. Miltown Malbay. A beautiful 
 and distinct species, 3 5 inches high, and rarely half an inch broad. 
 
 77. BANGIA. Lyngb. Bangia. 
 
 Frond flat, capillary, membranaceous, of a green, reddish or 
 purple colour. Fructification: granules arranged more or 
 less in a transverse manner. Grev. Named in honour of 
 Hoffman Sana, a Danish Naturalist. 
 
 1. B. fusco-purpurea, Lyngb. Brownish-purple Bangia. 
 Filaments elongated, decumbent, nearly straight, equal, forming 
 a brownish or purple stratum, glossy ; granules few (about 5) 
 in each fascia. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 316. Conf. fusco-pur- 
 purea, Dillw. t. 92. E. Bot. t. 2055. also C. atro-purpurea, 
 Dilhu. t. 103. E. Bot. t. 2085. 
 
 Marine rocks, rare. Bantry ; Miss Hutchins. 
 
 2. B. ? IdBtevirens, Harv. Bright-green Bangia. Filaments 
 minute, tufted, flexuose, attenuated to a sub-obtuse point, 
 bright-green ; fasciae close, composed of innumerable minute 
 granules. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 317. 
 
 On old fronds of Enteromorpha intestinalis, near high-water mark, 
 Miltown Malbay. 
 
 3. B. ? Laminarice, Lyngb. Laminaria Bangia. Filaments 
 simple, ca3spitose, equal, olive- green; granules minute, arranged 
 in a double series of about four. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 316. 
 Lyngb. Dan. t. 24. 
 
 Parasitical on Alaria esculenta at Arran ; Mr: R. Ball and Mr. 
 W. Thompson. 
 
 2 G 
 
242 ALGM CHLOROSPERME^E. [Ulva. 
 
 78. ENTEROMORPHA. Link, Enteromorpha. 
 
 Frond tubular, hollow, membranaceous, of a green colour and 
 reticulated structure. Fructification : three or four roundish 
 granules, aggregated in the reticulations. Grev. Name ; 
 ei>Tc/?oj/, the entrail^ and /to/>0?/, a, form or appearance. This 
 genus chiefly differs from Ulva in its tubular and much 
 branched frond. 
 
 1. E. intestinalis, Link. Intestinal Enteromorpha. Fronds 
 elongated, broadly linear, inflated and sinuated, simple (often 
 floating.) Grev. Hook. Br. FL. v. ii. p. 314. 
 
 On the shore, and in ditches and pools, both of salt and fresh water. 
 
 2. E. compressa, Grev. Compressed Enteromorpha. Frond 
 tubular, linear or filiform, simple or branched, subcompressed, 
 the branches elongated, attenuated at the base. Grev. Hook. 
 Er.Fl.v.ii. p. 314. 
 
 Sea-shores, common. 
 
 3. E. clathrata, Grev. Latticed Enteromorpha. Frond 
 much and irregularly branched, slender, filiform, reticulated ; 
 branches attenuated to a fine point. Grev. Ala. Br. p. 181. 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 318. (also E. erecta, and E. ramulosa, 
 Hook. 1. c. )Conf. paradoxa, Dilliv. E. Bot. t. 2328. Ulva 
 ramulosa, E. Bot. t. 2137- 
 
 Sea-shores. This is distinguished by its latticed frond, and atte- 
 nuated branches. 
 
 79. ULVA. Linn, (part of.) Ulva, or Laver. 
 
 Frond membranaceous, of a green colour, plane (in some cases 
 saccate, and inflated in the young state.) Fructification: 
 minute granules, mostly arranged in fours. Grev. Name ; 
 supposed to be from Ul, water, in Celtic. 
 
 * Marine. 
 
 1. U. latissima, Linn. Broad Ulva or Laver. Frond broadly 
 ovate or oblong, flat, delicately membranaceous, of a full-green 
 colour. Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 311. 7. Lactuca, E. Bot. 
 t. 1551. 
 
 Rocks and stones in the sea, very common. 
 
 2. U. Lactuca, Linn. Lettuce green Laver. Frond at first 
 obovate, saccate, inflated, at length cleft down to the base, the 
 segments plane, unequal, laciniate, semi-transparent. Grev. 
 Hook. Br. FL v. ii, p. 311. 
 
 Rocks, &c, in the sea. Substance very delicate, adhering firmly to 
 paper. 
 
Viva.] ALQM CHLOROSPERME^:. 243 
 
 3. U. Linza, Linn. Ribband green Laver. Frond linear- 
 lanceolate, acute, undulate at the margin, composed of two 
 membranes closely applied. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 311. 
 
 Rocks and stones in the sea. The double membrane of this species 
 closely allies it to the genus Enteromorpha ; from which, indeed, it 
 rather differs in habit than by any distinct character. 
 
 ^c jfc Found in fresh water. 
 
 4. U. bullosa, Roth. Blistered Ulva. Frond very delicate, 
 somewhat gelatinous, at first saccate, afterwards becoming ex- 
 panded into a broad, waved or torn floating membrane. Hook. 
 Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 312. E. Hot. t. 2320. 
 
 In stagnant fresh-water pools and ditches. This species scarcely 
 differs in its frond and fructification from Tetraspora, and, indeed, 
 there are some varieties very difficult to be distinguished from T. 
 lubrica. Dr. Hooker hints, that it may be only U. Lactuca, altered 
 by growing in fresh water. It is impossible to say whether or not this 
 opinion be correct, for in plants of such low organization, when place 
 of growth constitutes a specific character, the difference between 
 species and varieties is often so vague, that we are forced, in many 
 cases, to rest content with a random guess. 
 
 sfc sj Grow on damp ground, walls, rocks, paling, fyc. 
 
 5. U. crispa, Lightf. Crisped Ulva. Fronds saccate, firm, 
 densely caespitose, plaited and wrinkled, of a roundish form. 
 Hook. Br.Fl. v. ii. p. 312. 
 
 On damp walls, the thatched roofs of cottages, &c. very common. 
 
 6. U. calophylla, Spreng. Beautiful Ulva. Fronds densely 
 caespitose, plane, lineari-ligulate, attenuated at base (often sti- 
 pitate), longitudinally striate, each stria? marked with a series 
 of bi-quaternate granules. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 312. Bangia 
 calophylla, Carm. in Grev. Crypt, t. 220. 
 
 On damp stones, walls, &c. On a damp window-stone in the City 
 of Limerick, gathered in abundance in the month of February ; W. 
 H. Harvey. A highly beautiful and curious plant. Frond 3 4 lines 
 long, rising from a filiform, cylindrical, (?) often elongated stipes, from 
 which it suddenly expands into a strap-shaped or narrow oblong mem- 
 brane. Dr. Greville does not notice this stipes, except in calling the 
 fronds " attenuated at the base." In many instances I allow they are 
 gradually attenuated, but in others I have distinctly seen them sud- 
 denly expand from a filiform and apparently cylindrical stem, which is 
 transversely fasciate, and, indeed, strongly resembles the filament of 
 Lyngbya speciosa. If this stem be truly cylindrical, U. calophylla 
 is brought still closer to U. velutina. I may also remark, without 
 wishing to favour the opinion, that the supposed transmigration of this 
 species into Lyngbya muralis, (which Agardh ridicules in the second 
 vol. of his Species Alyarum, Introd. p. xlv.) may be accounted lor 
 
244 ALGJE CHLOROSPERME^:. [Palmetta. 
 
 by supposing that this stipes has been noticed by those who hold such 
 opinions. 
 
 7. U. furfuracea, Horn. Furfuraceus Ulva. Fronds very 
 minute, roundish, ovate, distinct, sub-erect, forming a thin 
 crowded stratum ; sporidia large, mostly in fours. Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 312. Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 265. 
 
 On damp walls, &c. in several places about Limerick ; W. H. 
 Harvey, 
 
 80. TETRASPORA. Link. Tetraspora. 
 
 Frond tubular, inflated or plane, gelatinoso-membranaceous, of 
 a green colour. Fructification : minute granules, mostly ar- 
 ranged in fours. Name; TTpa,four, and air o pa, a seed; from 
 the arrangement of the sporules. 
 
 1. T. gelatinosa, Desv. Gelatinous Tetraspora. Frond ve- 
 sicular, ovate, clavate, very gelatinous. Ag. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. 
 p. 313. 
 
 Fresh water stream at Mucruss, Killarney. Fronds exceedingly 
 lubricous and gelatinous, but firm, delicately w'aved and plaited, of an 
 ovate outline, attached to water plants. Sporules arranged in fours, or 
 irregularly scattered. 
 
 2. T. lubrica, Ag. Lubricous Tetraspora. Frond quite 
 simple, tubular, gelatinous, waved and sinuated. Hook. Hook. 
 Br. Fl.v. li.p. 313. 
 
 In running fresh water. Castlemartyr ; Miss Sail. Larger than 
 the preceding, less gelatinous, with a more distinct membrane. 
 
 81. PALMELLA. Lyngb. Palmella. 
 
 Plant a polymorphous gelatinous mass, filled with scattered 
 globular or elliptical granules. Name; 7ra\/ios, vibration} 
 from the loosely gelatinous nature of these plants. The gra- 
 nules are sometimes arranged in fours, in which case the line 
 of distinction between Palmella and Telraspora vanishes. 
 
 1. P. protuberant, Ag. Soft shapeless Palmella. Gelatine 
 thick, irregularly lobed, very soft, green ; granules elliptical. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 396. Grev. Crypt. FL t. 243. 
 /. 1. Ulva protuberant, E. Bot. t. 2583. 
 
 Moist rocks, among mosses. 
 
 2. P. cruenta, Ag. Purple Palmella. Frond crust-like, in- 
 determinate, very thin, of a full red colour. Grev. Crypt. Fl. 
 t. 205. Tremella cruenta, E. Bot. t. 1800. 
 
 On moist limestone or white-washed walls, frequent in cellars* 
 
 3. P. botryoides, Lyngb. Small clustered Palmella. Mi- 
 fcute ; fronds densely crowded, globose, somewhat lobed, green. 
 
Protococcus.] ALG^E CHLOROSPERMEvE. 245 
 
 sub-orbicular; granules elliptical. Grev. Crypt FL t. 243. /. 2. 
 Harv. in. Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 396. 
 
 In heathy places, in moist situations. 
 
 4. P. hyalina, Lyngb. Green pellucid Palmella. Frond 
 globose or somewhat elongated, pellucid green, the granules 
 globose, green. Grev. Grev. Crypt. FL t. 247. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 397. 
 
 In fresh water streams, &c. 
 
 82. NOSTOC. Vauch. Nostoc. 
 
 Frond gelatinous, or coriaceous, lobed, hollow, or solid ; filled 
 with crisped, momllform filaments, which are finally dissolved 
 into sporules. Name, of unexplained meaning. This genus 
 differs from Palmetto,, solely in the filamentous arrangement 
 of the sporules. To Berkeley's genus Monormia (Gr. Alg. 
 p. 46. t. 18. ) it is still more closely allied, but appears suffi- 
 ciently distinct. 
 
 1. Olive-green, terrestrial. 
 
 1. N. commune, Vauch. Common Nostoc. Terrestrial ; 
 frond expanded, polymorphous, plicato-undulate green. Harv. 
 in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 398. TremelLa Nostoc, E. Bot. t.4Ql. 
 
 Gravelly soils, among rocks, &c. after rain. 
 
 2. N. foliaceum, Ag. Leafy Nostoc. Csespitose, membra- 
 naceous, plicato-rugose, somewhat erect. Ag. Syst. p. 19. 
 Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 399. 
 
 On clayey, moist ground. 
 
 3. N. microscopicum, Carm. Minute Nostoc. Fronds densely 
 aggregated, very minute, polymorphous, immersed in a blackish 
 crust. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 399. 
 
 On rocks, and among mosses. At the " Wilderness," Clonmel. 
 Fronds exceedingly minute, hyaline or pale olive, of various shapes, 
 containing- a few, lax, moniliform filaments. 
 
 2. Olive-green, submersed. 
 
 4. N. verrucosum, Vauch. Plaited Nostoc. Fronds large, 
 gregarious, confluent, subglobose, plaited, at length hollow, 
 blackish green. Harv. in Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 400. 
 
 On stones in alpine rivulets. 
 
 83. PROTOCOCCUS. Ag. Protococcus. 
 Plant consisting of aggregated, naked globules, filled with mi* 
 
246 ALG.E CHLOROSPERME^:. [Croolepu*. 
 
 nute granules, and sessile on a transparent gelatinous mass. 
 Name; TT/JOTO?, first or primary, and KOKKOS, fruit ; from its 
 elementary organization. 
 
 1. P. nivalis, Ag. Crimson Protococcus or Red- Snow. Glo- 
 bules exactly sphaerical, very minute, fine purple red, gelatinous 
 mass, pale, spreading. Grev. Crypt. Ft. t. 231. (admirable.) 
 Ag. Syst. and Alg. Europ. #.21. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 395. Hcematococcus Grevillii, Ag. Alg. Europ. t. 23. 
 
 On slightly inundated rocks in various places ; as about Dublin, 
 Limerick, and near Miltown Malbay. This forms stain-like patches on 
 the surface of the rock, or spreads over decaying leaves and sticks. 
 In the Arctic regions, and on several of the high mountains of Europe, 
 it covers the surface of the snow m vast strata, in some places pene- 
 trating to the depth of twelve feet. I have carefully compared speci- 
 mens sent by Professor Agardh from Sweden with those gathered in 
 this country, and find them to agree in every particular. 
 
 TRIBE XXI. BYSSOIDE^. 
 
 Plants of doubtful affinity, related to the Fungi. Filaments 
 articulated, hyaline or coloured. Fructification very obscure. 
 They are found on rotten wood, among mosses, on damp ground, 
 on glass, or in chemical solutions, and in other anomalous situa- 
 tions. 
 
 84. BYSSOCLADIUM. Ag. Byssocladium. 
 
 Filaments arachnoid, radiating from a centre, with scattered 
 external granules. Name ; fivaaos, a fungus, and K\ado^, a 
 branch. 
 
 1. B. fenestrale, Ag. Window Byssocladium. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 379.Conf.fenestralis, Dillw. t. 94. 
 
 Very common on window-panes and damp glass, on which it forms 
 orbicular whitish spots. 
 
 85. CROOLEPUS. Ag. Croolepus. 
 
 Filaments rigid, subsolid, opaque, erect, minute, falling to 
 powder ; joints often contracted. Name ; XP OOS > a skin, and 
 \c7ru), to decorticate. This genus, as defined by Agardh, con- 
 tains two very distinct tribes, one of which, at least, ought to 
 be removed to the Fungi. 
 
 1. Orange or yellow-green; fruit roundish capsules. (Amphi- 
 conium, Spr.) 
 
 1. C. aureus, Harv. Orange Croolepus. Filaments forming 
 
Protonema.] ALG^E CHLOROSPERME^. 247 
 
 soft cushion-like tufts, flexuose, irregularly branched, yellow- 
 green or orange ; articulations twice as long as broad. Harv. 
 in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 380. Trentepohlia aurea, Ag. Syst. 
 p. 36. Conf. aurea, Dillw. t. 35. Byssus aurea, E. Bot. 
 t. 212. 
 
 On rocks and old trees, common. 
 
 2. C. Jolithus, Ag. Orange-red Croolepus. Filaments 
 tufted, erect, very short, orange-red, dichotomous ; articulations 
 once and half as long as broad. Ag. Syst. p. 34. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 380. 
 
 On rocks, in woods, &c. 
 
 3. C. lichenicolus, Ag. Parasitical Croolepus. Tufts red- 
 orange ; filaments erect, fasciculated, alternately branched, 
 rigid ; articulations slightly tumid, as long as broad. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. FL v. ii. p. 381. Conf. lichenicola, E. Bot. t. 1609. 
 
 On Lichens and old trees. To me the three species of this section 
 appear to be merely varieties of one species. 
 
 2. Black, torulose ; bearing clavate bodies resembling sporidia. 
 (Helmisporium ?) 
 
 4. C. ebenea, Ag. Slack Croolepus. Filaments branched, 
 erect, tufted, rigid, sub-cartilaginous, black, obtuse; articula- 
 tions as long as broad. Ag. Syst. p. 36. Harv. in Hook. Br. 
 v. ii. p. 381. Conf. ebenea, Dillw. t. 101. Byssus nigra, E. 
 Bot. t. 702. 
 
 On rocks and trees, in alpine districts. 
 
 86. PROTONEMA. Ag. Protonema. 
 
 Filaments sub-articulated, branched, rooting, mostly green. 
 Name ; irporos, first or primary, and vy/ma, a thread. These 
 obscure plants are probably rudimentary mosses. 
 
 1. P. umbrosum, Ag. Shaded Protonema. Stratum vel- 
 vetty-green ; filaments erect, obtuse, fastigiate, fragile ; articu- 
 lations gibbous. Ag. Syst. p. 43. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 383. Conf. umbrosa, Dillw. t. 61. 
 
 On moist ground. 
 
 2. P. cryptarum, Ag. Cave Protonema. Filaments dicho- 
 tomous, green ; branches divaricating, acuminated ; articula- 
 tions thrice as long as broad. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 393 Conf. cryptarum, Dillw. Syn. t. D. E. Bot. t. 2588. 
 
 In caves in the North of Ireland ; R. Brown, Esq. and Mr. Tern' 
 pleton. 
 
 3. P. Orthotrichi, Ag. Parasitical Protonema. Filaments 
 olivaceous, minute, branched, obtuse, erect ; articulations about 
 
248 ALQJ& CHLOROSPERME^:. [Leptomitus. 
 
 as long as broad. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 383. 
 Conf. Orthotrichi, Dillw. t. 89. Conf. muscicola, E. Bot. 
 t. 1638. 
 
 On the leaves of various Orthotricha, common. 
 
 4. P. muscicola, Ag. Chestnut-coloured Protonema. Fila- 
 ments brown, branched ; branches alternate, divaricate, subu- 
 late ; articulations thrice as long as broad. Harv. in Hook. 
 Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 383. Conf. castanea, Dillw. t. 72. E. Bot. 
 1. 1701. 
 
 87. HYGROCROCIS. Ag. Hygrocrocis. 
 
 Filaments hyaline, interwoven into an uniform membrane or 
 gelatine. (Inhabit chemical solutions.) Name; v<^pos, be- 
 longing to water, and tcpoicis, a little tuft. 
 
 1. H. Atramenti, Ag. Ink Hygrocrocis. Filaments dicho- 
 tomously branched, minute, decumbent, densely interwoven in 
 a white stratum ; articulations longer than broad. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 384. 
 
 On the surface of ink, very common. The remaining British spe- 
 cies, which are found in solutions of muriate of barytes, of gum 
 dragon, and of isinglass size, in rose-water and in Madeira wine, may 
 probably be found in this country, but, as I have not seen native spe- 
 cimens (! !), I decline introducing them. 
 
 88. LEPTOMITUS. Ag. Leptomitus. 
 
 Filaments hyaline, erect, parasitical, growing in fresh water or 
 in the sea. Name ; \e7nos, slender, and /JUTOS, a thread. 
 These minute organizations usually grow on decaying 
 animals. 
 
 1. L. lacteus, Ag. White Leptomitus. Filaments branched, 
 clustered in a shapeless gelatinous mass, dirty-white ; branches 
 from each dissepiment; articulations very long. Ag. Syst. 
 p. 48. Harv. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 385. Conf. lactea, 
 Dillw. t. 79. 
 
 In ditches and rivulets, on stones, wood, &c. I have observed it in 
 ditches near the College Botanic Garden, Dublin, and about Mount- 
 mellick, Queen's County. 
 
 2. L. clavatus, Ag. Club-shaped Leptomitus. Filaments 
 simple, hyaline ; apex clavate. Ag. Syst. p. 49. Harv. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 385. 
 
 On rotten fishes and dead flies (!). 
 
Mcbeeira.] ALG1E, DIATOMACEjE. 249 
 
 Div. IV. DIATOMACE^E.* 
 
 Granules (frustula) of various forms, plane or compressed, 
 more or less hyaline or transparent, rigid and fragile, in parallel 
 series or circles, free, naked, or imbedded in a mucous mass or 
 gelatinous frond, at length separating into definite segments. 
 Small, often very minute plants, in the sea or in fresh water, 
 mostly parasitic, or forming floating masses, or mixed with other 
 aquatic vegetables. Grev. 
 
 TRIBE XXII. DESMIDIE^. 
 
 Filaments cylindrical or angular, at length separating into 
 segments (frustula.) Grev. 
 
 89. MELOSEIRA. Ag. Meloseira. 
 
 Frustula forming simple, pseudo-articulated filaments, con- 
 stricted at the articulations, fragile, easily separating. Grev. 
 Name ; pe\os, a membrane, and ecipa, a chain; in reference 
 to the form of the filaments. 
 
 1. M. lineata, Ag. Striated Meloseira. Filaments fragile, 
 contracted at the articulations, transversely striated with one 
 or two fine lines, the joints 2 3 times longer than they are 
 broad. Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 4Q2.Conf. li- 
 neata, Dillw. p. 44. t. B. 
 
 In streams and ditches, floating in dark-brown masses. At Plassey, 
 near Limerick ; W. H. Harvey. The Endochrome, a brown colouring 
 matter of the joint, becomes finally parted into two distinct masses of 
 a roundish oblong figure. 
 
 TRIBE XXIII. FRAGILARIE^E. 
 
 Filaments plane, extremely fragile, composed of rectilinear frus- 
 tula. (Frustula sometimes apparently radiating from a centre, 
 and not presenting the appearance of a filament.) Grev. 
 
 9 Irish Botanists have scarcely attended to this minute but curious tribe of 
 Plants, (we have yet had no Carmichael or Greville amongst us) ; and I am 
 ashamed to say, that out of fifty-seven British species most, if not all, of 
 which are probably natives of Ireland I can only claim eighteen as having a 
 right to a place in our Flora. Of the following British genera no species has 
 hitherto been noticed in our rivers, or on our shores : Desmidium, Achnanthes, 
 Styllaria, Homceocladia, JBerkeleya, Micromega, and Cymbella. Not being 
 very conversant with these plants, I have, in the following descriptions, adhered 
 to Dr. Greville's words in Hook. Brit. Flora, vol. ii. p. 401, tt seq. 
 
 2 H 
 
250 ALGM DIATOMACEyE. [Diatoma. 
 
 90. FRAGILARIA. Lyngl. Fragilaria. 
 
 Frustula forming plane, pseudo-articulated, densely striated, fra- 
 gile filaments, separating at the striae (not cohering at their 
 angles.) Name, from their fragile character. Grev. 
 
 1. F. pectinalis, Lyngb. Pectinated Fragilaria. Filaments 
 rigid, attenuated, densely striated, the joints 3 4 times broader 
 than they are long. Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 403. 
 Conf. pectinalis, Dillw. t. 24. E. Bot. t. 1611. 
 
 Rivers and stagnant waters. Near Limerick ; W. H. Harvey. 
 
 91. DIATOMA. Ag. Diatoma. 
 
 Frustula forming pseudo-articulated, plane filaments, at length 
 separating and cohering at their angles. Name ; SicnofjLrj, 
 incision ; from the divisions as far as the angles, which co- 
 here. Grev. 
 
 * Frustula for joints ) rounded. 
 
 1. D. auritum, Lyngb. Auriculated Diatoma. Filaments 
 yellow, the joints quadrate, rounded, with an auricle at each 
 angle. Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 404. Lyngb. 
 Hyd. Dan. p. 182. t. 62. 
 
 Very rare. At Youghal parasitic on Col. potyspermum ; Miss 
 Ball. 
 
 2. D. obliquatum, Lyngb. Oblique-jointed Diatoma. Fila- 
 ments short, unequal, the joints half as long again as they are 
 broad, punctate, and transversely banded. Grev. Grev. in 
 Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 405. Conf. obliquata, E. Bot. t. 1869. 
 
 Parasitic on marine Algae : very rare. Ardinairy Point, Wicklow, 
 on Grijfithsia simplicifilum ; W. H. Harvey. 
 
 * * Frustula (or joints ) square, (not rounded.) 
 
 3. D. striatulum, Ag. Banded Diatoma. Filaments some- 
 what curved, pellucid at the articulations, the joints nearly as 
 long as they are broad, densely and transversely striated. 
 Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 405. Conf. striatula, 
 E. Bot. t. 1928. 
 
 Parasitic on marine Algae, particularly Cladostephus spongiosus 
 and verticillatus ; not uncommon. A very handsome species, with 
 curved glossy filaments half an inch or more in length. 
 
 4. D. marinum, Lyngb. Tcerda-like Diatoma. Filaments 
 unequal, the joints longer than they are broad, with a trans- 
 
Frustulia.] ALOJE DIATOM ACE^. 251 
 
 verse granular yellow mass. Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. Fl. 
 v. ii. p. 406. Lyngb. Hyd. Dan. p. 110. t. 62. 
 
 ^ Parasitic on small Algae in the sea, very common ; investing them 
 with a dense pulverulent covering. 
 
 5. D. elonaatum, Ag. Elongated Diatoma. Filaments with 
 a longitudinal line, the joints ten times longer than they are 
 broad. Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 407. Berk. 
 Brit.Alg.p. 21. *. 6. 
 
 In pools and ditches, scattered among various Conferva. Near 
 Limerick ; W. H. Harvey. 
 
 6. D. flocculosum, Ag. Flocculose Diatoma. Filaments 
 with a longitudinal pellucid line, the joints transversely striated, 
 nearly equal in length and breadth. Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. 
 Fl. v. ii. p. 407.Conf.flocculosa, Dillw. t. 28. E. Bot. t. 1761. 
 
 Pools, ditches, &c. ; parasitic on various Conferva. 
 
 * * * Frustula fasciculate or flabelliform. 
 
 7. D. fasciculatum, Ag. Fasciculated Diatoma. Frustula 
 linear, somewhat acuminate at each extremity. Grev. Grev. 
 in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 407. Echinella fasciculata, Grev. 
 Crypt. Fl. t. 16. /. 13. 
 
 On marine Algae, frequent. 
 
 8. D. truncatum, Grev. Truncate Diatoma. Frustula linear, 
 truncate at the extremity. Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 487. Echinella fasciculata, p. Grev. Crypt, t. 16. / 4. 
 
 Pools and ditches, on various Confervas, common. 
 
 92. FRUSTULIA. Ag. Frustulia. 
 
 Frustula linear, free or imbedded in a shapeless mass, solitary 
 or bin ate. Grev. Name, frustula, fragments, of which this 
 plant is wholly composed. 
 
 1. F.fasciata, Ag. Banded Frustulia. Frustula 8 10 times 
 longer than broad, bin ate or solitary, obtuse, terminated at each 
 end by a hyaline globule ; dull ochre with a hyaline central 
 band. Ag. Conspect. Crit. Diat. p. 45. 
 
 In fresh water, mixed with other Algae. Plassey ; W. H. Harvey. 
 
 2. F. Ulna, Ag. Acicular Frustulia. Frustula linear, ex- 
 ceedingly slender, acicular, obtuse, marked with interrupted 
 ochraceous bands. Ag. Consp. Crit. Diat. p. 45. 
 
 In fresh water, mixed with other Algae. Plassey, near Limerick ; 
 W. H. Harvey. The frustula are often of an uniform ochraceous 
 colour, except the apices* which are always hyaline. 
 
252 ALG^E DIATOMACE.E. [Gomphonema. 
 
 TRIBE XXIV. STYLLARIE^. 
 
 Frustula plane, wedge-shaped. 
 
 93. LICMOPHORA. Ag. Licmophora. 
 
 Frustula wedge-shaped, flabelliform, stipitate. Grev. Name ; 
 
 \iK/jio(popo v, fan-bearer. 
 
 1. 'L.flabellata^ Ag. Flabellate Licmophora. Densely tufted ; 
 when dry green and glistening ; stipes elongated, very much 
 branched ; branches alternate; the frustula linear, wedge-shaped, 
 flabelliform. Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 409. Exi- 
 laria flabellata, Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 289. 
 
 Parasitic on marine Alga and Zostera. Bantry bay ; Miss Hut- 
 chins. One of the most beautiful microscopic objects in the whole 
 order of Algse, and admirably represented in Dr. Greville's figure in 
 the Scot. Crypt. Flora. It forms glistening tufts, half an inch in 
 height. 
 
 94. MERIDION. Jig. Meridion. 
 
 Frustula wedge-shaped, in plain sessile circles or segments of 
 circles. Name ; jucpis, i o?, a portion or particle ; in allusion 
 to the minute fragments which compose it. Grev. 
 
 1. M. circulars, Ag. Circular Meridion. Mucose stratum 
 scarcely any; frustula united into numerous nearly complete 
 circles. Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 409. Echinella 
 circularis, Grev. Crypt. Fl. t. 35. 
 
 Stagnant waters, among other Algae. Plassey, near Limerick ; W. 
 H. Harvey. 
 
 TRIBE XXV. CYMBELLE^E. 
 
 Frustula elliptical. 
 
 95. GOMPHONEMA. Ag. Gomphonema. 
 
 Frustula subgeminate, terminating a very slender, simple or 
 branched filament. Name ; ^o^os, a wedge, and vqjua, a 
 thread; from the shape of the frustules of the filaments. 
 Grev. 
 
 1. G. minutissimum, Grev. Smallest Gomphonema. Mi- 
 nute, ochraceous, somewhat scattered, entangled; stipes sub- 
 ramose; frustules linear, wedge-shaped. Grev. Grev. in Hook. 
 Br. FL v. ii. p. 409. and Crypt. Fl. t. 244. /. 1. 
 
 In streams, &c. investing the leaves of grasses, common. 
 
Schizonana.] ALQM DIATOMACE^. 253 
 
 2. G. paradoxum, Ag. Doubtful Gomphonema. Aggre- 
 gated, yellow ; stipes erect, dichotomous ; the frustula wedge- 
 shaped, somewhat corymbose. Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. FL 
 v. ii. p. 410. Echinella paradoxa, Grev. Crypt, t. 25. 
 
 Parasitic on small marine Algse ; common. Scarcely of this genus, 
 and, perhaps, more allied both in habit, and in the shape of the frus- 
 tula, to Licmophora. 
 
 96. SCHIZONEMA. Ag. Schizonema. 
 
 Frustula in longitudinal series, and enclosed in a simple or 
 branched filiform mucous, or membranaceous frond. Name, 
 a K l ^ ta t to divide, and vijpa, a thread ; in allusion to the se- 
 paration of the frustules. Grev. 
 
 1. S. comoides, Ag. Tufted Schizonema. Filaments in lax 
 tufts, capillary, branched ; branches nearly simple, elongated. 
 Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. p. 413. Conf. comoides, 
 Dillw. t. 27. 
 
 On rocks and corallines in the sea. Malbay ; W. H. Harvey. I 
 confess myself imperfectly acquainted with this species I may say 
 with the whole genus and refer my Irish specimens, with much hesita- 
 tion, to the above figure. 
 
 2. S. Smithii, Ag. Sir J. E. Smith's Schizonema. Fila- 
 ments tufted, gelatinous, irregularly branched ; branches spread- 
 ing, acute ; frustula oblong, in numerous parallel series, gemi- 
 nate, at length separating. Grev. Grev. in Hook. Br. Fl. v. ii. 
 p. 414. Grev. Crypt, t. 2Q8. Ulvafcetida, E. Bot. t. 2101. 
 
 On rocks &c. in the sea. Bantry Bay ; Miss Hutchins. 
 
 I wish to take this opportunity of introducing to the notice of Irish 
 Botanists a most useful collection of dried specimens of Algae, now in 
 course of publication by Mrs. Mary Wyatt, at Torquay ; and I have 
 pleasure in stating, that my valued friend, Mrs. Griffiths, (whose name 
 is a sufficient guarantee for the correctness of the synonyms,) has 
 kindly taken on herself the naming and arranging of all the species. 
 Three quarto volumes, containing One hundred and fifty species, 
 have already made their appearance under the title of " ALG;E DAN- 
 MONIENSES ; or dried specimens of Marine Plants, principally col- 
 lected in Devonshire :" a fourth may be expected in the course of next 
 year. The specimens are not only beautifully preserved and displayed, 
 but in most cases, where a species produces a secondary or dioacious 
 fructification, individuals are given presenting each mode of fruit ; and 
 so great has been the care bestowed on the selection of species, that 
 a very large number of the rarest and least known of British Algae 
 may be found in these volumes. Amongst others, the following may 
 
254 ALGJB, DIATOMACEA:. 
 
 be noticed : Fucus tuberculatus ; Sporochnus villosus, pedunculatus ; 
 Asperococcus compressus, pusillus, Turneri ; Punctaria latifolia ; 
 Cutleria multifida; Nitophyllum ulvoideum, ocellatum, Gmelini ; 
 Rhodoraenia polycarpa ; Gigartina compressa, Teedii, erecta ; Mi- 
 crocladia glandulosa ; Grateloupia filicina ; Chaetospora Wiggii ; 
 Codium adhcerens ; Ectocarpus Mertensii ; Myriotrichia clavcBfor- 
 mis ; Spyridia filamentosa ; Callithamnion roseum, gracillimum, 
 spongiosum, lanosum, polyspermum ; Polysiphonia elongella ; Bry- 
 opsis hypnoides ; Conferva gracilis, centralis, unciaiis, rectangu- 
 laris : Mesogloia coccinea, purpurea, Hudsoni ; Trichocladia Grif- 
 fithsiana, virescens ; Lyngbya majuscula ; and many others. The 
 work may be had on application to Mary Wyatt, Dealer in Shells, &c. 
 Torquay, Devonshire. W. H. Harvey. 
 
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS IN PART FIRST. 
 
 Page 21, after Draba incana, insert 
 
 D. muralis, Linn. Speedwell-leaved Whitlow- grass. Stem 
 branched ; leaves ovate, obtuse, amplexicaul, toothed ; pouch 
 patent, glabrous. Br. FL ed. 3. p. 303. E. Bot. t. 912. 
 Blarney Castle, Cork ; Mr. J. Drummond. 
 
 Page 62, after Sedum, where it was accidentally omitted, insert 
 RHODIOLA. Linn. Rose-root. 
 
 Barren fl. Calyx 4-partite. Pet. 4. Glands 4, emarginate. 
 fertile fl. Cal. 4-partite. Pet. 4. Glands 4, emarginate. 
 Germens 4. Caps, many-seeded. Name, poSov, a Rose, 
 from the scent of the roots. Dicecia. Enneandria. 
 
 1. R. rosea, Linn. Rose-root. Br. Fl. 1. p. 437. E. FL 
 v. iv. p. 216. E. Bot. t. 508. 
 
 Wet rocks on Brandon and other mountains in Kerry, south Isles of 
 Arran, Ben Bulben, and Donegal mountains. Island of Rathlin ; Mr. 
 Templeton. 
 
 Page 70, after Lythrum hyssopifolium, insert 
 
 L. virgatum, Linn. Fine-branched Lythrum. Leaves oppo- 
 site, lanceolate ; panicle virgate ; flowers ternate. Pers. Syn. 
 v. 2. p. 7. Jacq. Aust. t. 7. 
 
 Found by Doctor Coulter in a field a mile north-west of Dundalk, 
 in 1819 ; but, as he only found a single plant, it has probably been 
 introduced. 
 
 Page 84, after Lathyrus palustris, insert 
 
 L. pisiformis, Linn. Sea-side Pea. Peduncle many- 
 flowered, shorter than the leaves ; tendrils with 3 4 pair of 
 ovate leaflets, unequally cordato-hastate, with the angles acute. 
 Hook, in FL Borr. Am. v. i. p. 158. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 324. 
 Pisum maritimum, Linn. Hook. Br. FL ed. 1. p. 324. 
 
 For Hab. see p. 82, under Pisum maritimum. Doctor Hooker, 
 upon a careful examination of the style, in this species, now feels as- 
 sured that it ought to be referred to Lathyrus. 
 
256 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Page 171, after Myosotls arvensis, insert 
 
 M. collina, Hoffm. Early field Scorpion-grass. Fruit 
 smooth ; calyx with spreading uncinate bristles ; when in fruit 
 ventricose, opening, equalling the diverging pedicels ; limb of 
 the corolla concave, shorter than the tube, (raceme with one 
 distant flower at the base.) Borr. in E. Sot. Suppl. Sub. fol. 
 2629. Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 104 M. arvensis, E. Bot. t. 2558. 
 
 Sand-hills, resting on limestone between Portrush and Glenluce 
 Castle, 22d April, 1836 ; Mr. D. Moore. It has subsequently been 
 found in a dry sandy field at Portmarnock by Mr. F. Whitla and Mr. 
 J. Johnston. 
 
 Page 3, line 2 from the bottom, for Gymnosperee, read Gymnosperma. 
 
 19, 15 from the bottom, for Turvitis alpina y xea.&. Turritis alpina. 
 
 23, 6 from the bottom, for <JI<JV/J*$PIOV, read o-j<7u/x,j3f<oy. 
 
 57, 8 from the bottom, for E. martimum, read E. maritimum. 
 
 86, 6 from the top, for Icosandria Monogynia, read Icosandria 
 
 Pentagynia. 
 107, 6 from the top, for Icosandria Monogynia, read Icosandria 
 
 Pentagynia. 
 r!Q7, 15 from the bottom, for Icosandria. Monogynia, read Icosandria 
 
 Pentagynia. 
 130, 3 from the top, for Pentandria, Monogynia, read Tetrandria 
 
 Monogynia. 
 .. 234, in the specific characters of the three species of Reseda, for 
 
 Involucre, read Calyx. 
 
ADDENDA TO PART SECOND. 
 
 Page 36, after Fontinalis antipyretica, insert 
 
 It is not intended that the leaves are never complicato-carinate, but 
 that this often occurs only in appearance. 
 
 Page 55, after Targionia hypophylla, insert 
 
 The loculus situated beneath the top of the frond, is subcom- 
 pressed, and opens downwards. The seeds are in quaternions. 
 
 Page 59, after Jungermannia Orcadensis, insert 
 
 I have lately observed the presence of stipules: these are minute, 
 ovate, purplish, anteriorly ciliate ; the cilia sometimes radicating. 
 
 Page 61, after Jungermannia nemorosa, insert 
 
 A variety occurs on the summit of Brandon, County of Kerry, grow- 
 ing through tufts of Hypnum loreum, and accompanied by Jung. Or- 
 cadensis and Jung, ciliaris ; with the stems elongated, the leaves of 
 nearly an equal size and evenly set on the stem from top to bottom, 
 the inferior lobe subacute ; the upper scarcely attached to the lower, a 
 part embracing the stem, the rest subsquarrose ; both lobes rather dis- 
 tantly ciliate, the cilia few, elongate ; the colour of the plant a reddish- 
 brown. This will probably prove a distinct species, when we are ac- 
 quainted with its fructification. 
 
 Page 9 1 , before Verrvcaria plumbed^ insert 
 
 VERRUCARIA lucens. Thallus tartareous, thin, purplish- 
 brown or mouse-coloured, minutely cracked, black-edged. 
 Apothecia sessile, very prominent, black, shining, conico-hemis- 
 pherical, with a pore on the summit, numerous, rather evenly 
 scattered. 
 
 On siliceous slate, side of Lough Finnehy, County of Kerry ; May 
 1836. The thallus spreads usually some inches in diameter ; its 
 colour reminds one of V. plumbea ; it is little altered by the applica- 
 tion of moisture ; the surface of aged portions sometimes turns greyish- 
 brown ; the black limit is very general, and always to be seen round 
 young portions of thallus. The prominent, black, shining, almost 
 glistening apothecia give our plant a beautiful and peculiar character. 
 These are sometimes clustered into threes or fours ; commonly, how- 
 ever, they are pretty evenly scattered, very visible to the naked eye, 
 but their pore is discoverable only with the assistance of a lens. The 
 perithecium is jdouble ; the exterior hard, thick, and black, deficient 
 
 2i 
 
258 ADDENDA. 
 
 beneath ; when two or more nuclei are clustered, passing over them 
 all, and so including them in one shell ; the interior is soft, of a very 
 pale brown, enveloping the nucleus on all sides ; this is white, pellucid, 
 swelling when moist, and then exhibiting, if highly magnified, a dotted 
 gelatinons round substance, at whose base is fixed a bundle of cylin- 
 drical, filiform vessels, slightly curved and attenuated at both extre- 
 mities. 
 
 Page 94, after Verrucaria umbrina, insert 
 
 The black crust nearly envelopes, but does not pass beneath the 
 nucleus. 
 
 Page 101, before Porina, insert 
 
 11. ENDOCARPON macrocarpon. Substratum of the thallus 
 black, subtartareous, thin; scales very minute, scattered or 
 aggregate, subfoliaceous, sublobate or subcrenate, adpressed, 
 coarsely wrinkled, pale dusky olive when dry, light green when 
 wet. Apothecia much larger than the scales, resting on the 
 substratum, their summits porous. 
 
 On Dunkerron mountain; on transition slate, April 1836 : asso- 
 ciated with Collema nigrum and Lecidea aromatica, Hooker ; all 
 three having a blackish substratum to the thallus. Scales less than A 
 of a line in a diameter, affecting the crevices of rocks exposed to the 
 south ; the young smooth and nearly entire, the older coarsely wrinkled ; 
 often crowded around the neck of the apothecia, which thus appear 
 emergent, but these are sometimes found without any contact with the 
 scales ; and so the generic character does not strictly apply. Our 
 plant bears to Endocarpon the same relation as Psora of Hoffman to 
 Lecidea. The apothecia are many times wider than the scales, glob- 
 ular, pierced above ; having a double perithecium, the exterior hard, 
 black, resting on the substratum or surface of the rock ; the interior 
 pale flesh-coloured, minutely cellular, rather thick ; the nucleus is co- 
 lourless, transparent, containing oblong bodies which are slightly opaque 
 and vary in size and position. 
 
 12. ENDOCARPON rugosum. Thallus subtartareous, with 
 tumid, waved, aggregate pruinose warts, glaucous grey, not 
 altered when wet; buds in a coarse whitish powder on the 
 summits of the warts. Apothecia minute, few, scattered, ob- 
 long, quite immersed, with dark-brown depressed summits. 
 
 On transition slate, Dunkerron mountain, April 1836. Patches often 
 2 or 8 feet in diameter, dusky glaucous, without a definite border. 
 Central warts sometimes a line in diameter, the others much less ; all 
 crowded, rounded, waved, sprinkled with a glaucous or brown pruina. 
 These protuberances originate from unequal collections of white cor- 
 tical matter, over which the green parenchymatous layer passes, of an 
 equal thickness, and is continued over adjoining warts. The older 
 buds become concolorous with the thallus. The apothecia are few, 
 not observable with the naked eye ; they have no distinct pore on 
 their thickened dark summits ; they are lineari-oblong, immersed, 
 reaching into the cortical part of the wart ; the tegument not distin- 
 guishable from the nucleus, which is pale-brownish, srnipellucid, gela- 
 tinous when wet. The warts of the thallus assume so much the ap- 
 
ADDENDA. 259 
 
 pearance of scales, that perhaps this Lichen is better arranged under 
 Endocarpon than Verrucaria. 
 
 Page 106, before Opegrapha scripta, insert 
 
 O. saxigena. Thallus leproso-tartareous, thin, rust-brown, 
 slightly cracked \vhen dry, subgelatinous when moist, indeter- 
 minate ; buds pale- green, leproso-pulverulent. Apothecia ses- 
 sile, prominent, grouped; the disk narrow; the border tumid, 
 uneven, somewhat broken, shining. 
 
 On mural rocks, in moist situations, Dunkerron. Although several 
 OpegraphcB that usually occur on trees are found on rocks likewise in 
 the County of Kerry, and in such case somewhat modified in appear- 
 ance, yet to no other known species can the characters, especially those 
 drawn from the buds of the present plant, be referred. The thin 
 brownish patches are often 3 or 4 inches in diameter, and conspicuous 
 from the green powder about the apothecia ; this which constitutes the 
 buds is absent in apparently aged portions of the thallus, and most 
 abundant in spring about the newer apothecia. The lirellca are at first 
 punctiform and roundish, at length elongate, waved, and not unfre- 
 tjuently branched. The disk is less shining than the ragged border, 
 whose continuity is repeatedly broken. A transverse section, under a 
 good lens, shows the disk to be covered with a black pruina, the lamina 
 pale, semipellucid, striated, occupying but a narrow 7 groove in the upper 
 part of the black tartareous matter of which the lirellce are principally 
 composed. 
 
 Page 107, after Collema nigrum, insert 
 
 Decandolle, in his Flora Fran9aise, doubts the generic character. I 
 have recently observed states that indicate an identity with, Parmelia 
 plumbea, var. . microphytta, of this work. 
 
 Page 1C 9, after Collema fragile, insert 
 
 Very lately I have met with apothecia more aged than those de- 
 scribed. In a dry state they appear sessile, but thoroughly moistened, 
 the thallodal covering swells so as nearly to close over the disk, and 
 the border of the apothecia gradually subsides into the level of the 
 thallus. The disk is brownish-olive, pruinose ; the lamina striated, 
 whitish above, of a pale rose-colour beneath. 
 
 Page 119, before Lecidea premnea, insert 
 
 L. latens. Thallus indeterminate, very thin, leproso-tarta- 
 reous, slightly cracked, somewhat uneven, of a pale aeruginous 
 green, pale-brown about the centre. Apothecia minute, scat- 
 tered, purplish-black, flat, at length convex, and excluding the 
 border. 
 
 On stones, in dark recesses of a bank facing the north, in the wood 
 at the Dargle, County of Wicklow. A few black points scarcely visible 
 on the stone, apparently discoloured by powdered clay, constitute all 
 that this Lichen presents to the naked eye. Moistened and under the 
 lens, it exhibits a very thin pale verdigris green crust, which is mottled 
 with brown, and altogether brown about the apothecia, where too it is 
 somewhat thickened. The apothecia are of different sizes the largest, 
 however, scarcely distinct to the naked eye, except by their brilliant 
 
260 ADDENDA. 
 
 black or purplish colour. The border is hardly apparent, and quite 
 obliterated by age or the application of moisture. Dissection shows 
 the colour of the apothecia arises from the blackish-brown substratum 
 seen through the pellucid lamina ; this is in a very thin layer, is 
 striated, and surmounted by a glaucous disk. 
 
 Page 137, before Lecanora varia, insert 
 
 L. albo-flavida. Thallus tartareous, indeterminate, rugoso- 
 granulate, uneven, cracked ; buds in a coarse greenish-ochrey 
 powder. Apothecia sessile ; the disk concave, at length flat, 
 brown-flesh coloured; the border swollen, smooth, inflexed, gra- 
 nulato-crenate. 
 
 On transition rocks, facing the south, Dunkerron ; not uncommon, 
 the apothecia very rare. The habit is of Endocarpon sulphureum, 
 and so the patches are closely adpressed to the rock, often 12 24 
 inches in diameter ; but it is the proper thallus that gives the yellow 
 tinge to the surface of the former, while in our plant the pale ochraceous 
 hue is altogether borrowed from the buds : these are constantly present, 
 and by their flat subcircular aggregations resemble a Variolaria. The 
 thallus is sometimes in scattered subglobular white grains, which are 
 waved or sublobate, often appearing carious with pits : again the grains 
 are so approximated that the entire surface appears as a rimose crust 
 of a sordid white. The apothecia are large in proportion to the tbal- 
 lodal grains. By dissection we find beneath a pale subopaque disk, a 
 transparent, colourless, striated lamina of considerable thickness, and 
 under it an opaque layer of a brick-red, which gives to the surface of 
 the apothecia a flesh-coloured appearance. Acquainted with this plant 
 for several years, I have been enabled to determine it only within a few 
 days by the tardy discovery of the apothecia. 
 
 Page 140, before Lecanora gelida, insert 
 
 L. linearis. Thallus of minute, linear, bright-yellow, scat- 
 tered or substellato-aggregate, soft scales, waved and somewhat 
 thickened at one end, on a very thin, pale-brownish substratum. 
 
 On the faces of crumbling slaty stones in dark recesses, Dunkerron 
 mountain. At first sight this minute species might be supposed a Le- 
 praria ; under the lens it has stronger claims to rank among the acha- 
 rian Placodia, for the apparent golden yellow powder scattered on the 
 surface of the stone is found to be composed of linear elevated scales, 
 often clustered and stellate. The apothecia are unknown. 
 
INDEX 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES IN PART FIRST. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 ACERINE*, JUSS. 53 
 
 Acer, Linn. 54 
 
 campestre, _ 54 
 
 Pseudo-platanus, 54 
 
 Achillas, _ 153 
 
 Millefolium, 153 
 
 Ptarmica, 153 
 
 tomentosa, 153 
 
 Adiantum, 344 
 
 Capillus Veneris, 344 
 
 Adoxa, 63 
 
 moschatellina, 63 
 
 jEgopodium, 127 
 
 Podagraria, 127 
 
 Agrimonia, 95 
 
 Eupatorium, 95 
 
 Agrostemma, 43 
 
 Githago, 43 
 
 Agrostis, _ 298 
 
 alba, _ 298 
 
 canina, _ 298 
 
 vulgaris, With. 298 
 
 A IRA, Linn. 299 
 
 aquattca, 299 
 
 caespitosa, 300 
 
 caryophyllea, 300 
 
 cristata, _ 299 
 
 flexuosa, 300 
 
 praBCox, 300 
 
 Ajuga, _ 210 
 
 alpina, 210 
 
 reptans, 210 
 
 Alchemilla, 105 
 
 alpina, 105 
 
 arvensis, Sm. 106 
 
 vulgaris, Linn. 105 1 
 
 ALI8MA.CE.iE, Br. 271 
 
 Alisraa, Linn. 271 
 
 natans, 271 
 
 Plantago, 271 
 
 ranunculoides, 271 
 
 Allium, 285 
 
 arenarium, 285 
 
 carinatum, 285 
 
 iirsimmi, 285 
 
 vineale, 285 
 
 Alnus, Tourn. 242 
 
 glutinosa, Gaert. 243 
 
 Alopecurus, Linn. 295 
 
 geniculatus, 295 
 
 pratensis, 29n 
 
 Alsine media, 204 
 
 ALSINEA:, DC. 41 
 
 Altha?a, Linn. 37 
 
 orh'cinalis, 37 
 
 ALYSSlNEJi, D C. 20 
 
 Aminophila, Host. 29G 
 
 arundinacea, Host. 296 
 
 AMAHYM.lDR.f-, Br. 283 
 
 \Mr.\TAfi- .*-., .Juss. 212 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Anagallis, Linn. 194 
 
 arvensis, 194 
 
 casrulea, Schreb. 195 
 
 tenella, Linn. 195 
 
 Anchusa, 169 
 
 sempervirens, 170 
 
 Andromeda, 179 
 
 polifolia, 179 
 
 Anemone, 6 
 
 apennina, 6 
 
 nemorosa, 6 
 
 Ancthum Ftsniculum, L. 119 
 
 Angelica, Linn. 116 
 
 syivestris, 116 
 
 Anthemis, 152 
 
 arvensis, 152 
 
 Cotula, 152 
 
 nobilis, 152 
 
 Anthoxanthum, 317 
 
 odoratum, 318 
 
 Anthriscus, Pers. 125 
 
 Cerefolium, Koch. 125 
 
 syivestris, Koch. 125 
 
 vulgaris, Pers. 126 
 
 Anthyllis, Linn. 75 
 
 Vulneraria, 75 
 
 Antirrhinum, 204 
 
 Cymbalaria, 203 
 
 Elatine, 203 
 
 Linaria, 203 
 
 majus, 204 
 
 minus, 203 
 
 Orontium, 204 
 
 repens, 203 
 
 Apargia, Schreb. 166 
 
 autumnalis, Willd. 166 
 
 hispida, Willd. 166 
 
 Taraxaci, Willd. 166 
 
 Aphanes arvensis t lj\nn. 106 
 
 Apium, 
 
 graveolens, 124 
 
 APOCYNE.E, Br. 184 
 
 Aquilegia, 10 
 
 vulgaris. 10 
 
 ARABIDEA;, DC. 17 
 
 Arabis, Linn. 19 
 
 cilia ta, 19 
 
 hirsuta, 19 
 
 thaliaua, 24 
 
 Arbutus. 182 
 
 Unedo, 182 
 Uva-ursi, 
 
 Arctium, 156 
 
 Uardana, Sm. 157 
 
 Lappa, Linn. 156 
 
 Arenaria, 4(j 
 
 ciliata, Br. 47 
 
 marina, <Ed. 47 
 
 peploides. Linn. 4<i 
 nibra, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 serpyllifolia, Linn. 47 
 
 trinervis, 46 
 
 verna, 47 
 
 AROIDEvE, JllSS. 261 
 
 Artemisia, Linn. 151 
 
 Absinthium, 151 
 
 maritima, 151 
 
 vulgaris, 151 
 
 Arum, 261 
 
 maculatum, 261 
 
 Arundo, 313 
 
 Epigejos, 297 
 
 Phragmites, 313 
 
 Arrhenatherum, Beauv. 302 
 
 avenaceum, Beauv. 302 
 
 Asperula, Linn. 132 
 
 Cynanchica, 132 
 
 odorata, 132 
 
 ASPHODKLE.E, Br. 284 
 
 Aspidium, Sw. 338 
 
 aculeatum, Sw. 339 
 
 angulare, Willd. 339 
 
 cristatum, Sw. 340 
 
 dilatatum, Sw. 340 
 
 dumetorum, Sm. 341 
 
 Filix-fcemtoa. Sm. 342 
 
 Filix-mas, Sw. 340 
 
 fragile. Hook. 341 
 
 irriguum, Sm. 342 
 
 lobatum, Sw. 338 
 
 Lonchitis, Sw. 338 
 
 Oreopteris, Sw. 339 
 
 spinulosum, Willd. 340 
 
 Thelypteris, Sw. 340 
 
 Asplenium, Linn. 341 
 
 Adiantum-nigrum, L. 342 
 
 Ceterach, Linn. 337 
 
 Filix.fcemina, Bern. 342 
 
 marinum, Linn. 341 
 
 Ruta-muraria, 342 
 
 Scolopendrium, 342 
 
 Trichomanes, 341 
 
 viride, Huds. 341 
 
 Aster, Linn. 144 
 
 Tripolium, 144 
 
 Astragalus, 76 
 
 hypoglottis, 76 
 
 Atriplex, 229 
 
 angustifolia, Sm. 230 
 
 erecta, Huds. 230 
 
 laciniata, Linn. 230 
 
 littoralis, 230 
 
 patula, 230 
 
 pedunctilata, 231 
 
 portulacoides, 230 
 
 Atropa, 191 
 
 Beiladonna, 1'Jl 
 
 A vena, -- 312 
 fatua, 
 
 flavescrns, 313 
 
262 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 pratensis, Linn. 312 
 
 PAGE 
 ^ALYCIFLORJi, D C. 58 
 
 pubescens, 312 
 
 .' AMELIA J'.JC, DC. 25 
 
 strigosa, Schrad. 312 
 
 Camelina, Crantz. 25 
 
 
 sativa, Crantz. 25 
 
 Ballota, Linn. 214 
 
 ^AMPANULACEjB, JUSS. 137 
 
 nigra, 214 
 
 Campanula, Linn. 137 
 
 Barbarea, Br. 18 
 
 hederacea, 138 
 
 praecox, Br. 
 
 latifolia, 137 
 
 vulgaris Br. 19 
 
 rotunditblia, 137 
 
 Bartsia, Linn. 202 
 
 Trachelium, 138 
 
 Odontites, Huds. 202 
 
 CAPRIFOLIACEJE, Juss. 133 
 
 viscosa, Linn. 202 
 
 Capsella, D C. 2S 
 
 Bellis, 149 
 
 Bursa-Pastoris.DC. 26 
 
 perennis, 149 
 
 Cardamine, Linn. 20 
 
 BERBERIDEJE, Vent. 10 
 
 amara, 20 
 
 Berberis, Linn. 
 
 hirsuta, 20 
 
 vulgaris, 11 
 
 pratensis, 20 
 
 Beta, 229 
 
 Carduus, 158 
 
 maritima, 229 
 
 acanth^'ides, 158 
 
 Betonica, 215 
 
 eriophorus, 15G 
 
 officinalis, 215 
 
 lanceolatus, 155 
 
 BETULINE.E, Rich. 242 
 
 marianus, 159 
 
 Betula, Linn. 242 
 
 nutans, 158 
 
 alba, 242 
 
 palustris, 155 
 
 Bidens, 154 
 
 tenuiflorus, Curt. 158 
 
 cernua, 154 
 
 Carex, Linn. b25 
 
 tripartita, 154 
 
 acuta, 333 
 
 Blechnum, 343 
 
 ampullacea, Good. 324 
 
 boreale, Sw. 343 
 
 arenaria, Linn. 325 
 
 Blysmus, Panz. 319 
 
 axillaris, Good. 3'28 
 
 rufus, Link. 319 
 
 binervis, Sm. 331 
 
 BORAGINE.E, Juss. 167 
 
 Buxbaumii, Wahl. 328 
 
 Borago, Linn. 169 
 
 casspitosa, Linn. 332 
 
 officinalis, 169 
 
 curta, Good. 327 
 
 Botrychium, Sw. 346 
 Lunaria, Sw. 346 
 
 DavalHana, Sm. 325 
 dioica, Linn. 325 
 
 Brachypodium, Beauv. 316 
 pinnatum, Beauv. 316 
 
 distans, 331 
 divisa, Huds. 326 
 
 sylvaticum, Beauv. 316 
 
 divulsa, Good. 326 
 
 BHASSICE.E, DC. 28 
 
 extensa, Good. 331 
 
 Brassica, Linn. 28 
 
 filiformis, Linn. 335 
 
 campestris, 28 
 
 flava, 330 
 
 Napus, 28 
 
 fulva, Good. 331 
 
 oleracea, 28 
 
 hirta, Linn. 335 
 
 Rapa, 28 
 
 intermedia, Good. 326 
 
 Briza, 307 
 
 laevigata, Sm. 334 
 
 media, 307 
 
 limosa, Linn. 330 
 
 Bromus. 310 
 
 montana, 332 
 
 arvensis, 311 
 
 muricata, 326 
 
 asper, 310 
 
 Oederi, Ehrh. 330 
 
 erectus, Huds. 311 
 
 ovalis, Good. 328 
 
 giganteus, Vill. 310 
 
 pallescens, Linn. 330 
 
 mollis, Linn. 31 J 
 
 paludosa, Good. 334 
 
 pmnatus, 316 
 
 panicea, Linn. 332 
 
 racemosus, 311 
 
 paniculata, 327 
 
 secalinus, 311 
 
 pendula, Huds. 329 
 
 sterilis, 310 
 
 pilulifera, Linn. 332 
 
 Bunias Cakile, 22 
 Buniumflexuosum, WSth.121 
 Bulbocastanum, Huds. 121 
 
 praacox, Jacq. 331 
 Pseudo-Cyperus, Linn. 330 
 pulicaris, Linn. 325 
 
 BuTOiME^E, Rich. 287 
 
 recurva, Huds. 332 
 
 Butomus, Linn. 288 
 
 remota, Linn. 328 
 
 umbellatus, 288 
 
 rigida, Good 333 
 
 
 riparia, Curt. 334 
 
 CAKILINE.E, D C. 22 
 
 spierostachya, Sw. 329 
 
 Cakile, Gaert. 22 
 
 stellulata, Good. 327 
 
 maritima, Willd. 22 
 
 stricta, Good. 333 
 
 Calamagrostis, Adans. 297 
 
 strigosa, Huds. 329 
 
 epigejos, Roth. 297 
 
 sylvatica, Huds. 329 
 
 Calamintha qfficinalis, 
 Mcench.219 
 
 teretiuscula, Good. 327 
 vesicaria, Linn. 334 
 
 CALLiTRicniNEjE, Link. 238 
 
 vulpina, 326 
 
 Callitriche, Linn. 238 
 
 Carlina, 156 
 
 aqualica. Hook. 239 
 
 vulgaris, 156 
 
 autumnalis, Linn. 239 
 
 Carpinus, 256 
 
 verna, 239 
 
 Betulus, 257 
 
 Calluna, Salisb. 179 
 
 Carum, -_ 122 
 
 vulgaris, Salisb. 180 
 
 Carui, 122 
 
 Caltha, Linn. 9 
 
 verticillatum, 123 
 
 palustris, 9 
 
 CAHYOPHTLLEJ-:, Juss. 40 
 
 radicans, Sm, 
 
 Catabrosa, Beauv. 299 
 
 PAGE 
 
 aquatica, Beauv. 299 
 
 CaucalisAnthnscus, Hud. 1 1 4 
 
 infesta, Curt. 115 
 
 nodosa, Hook. 115 
 
 SELASTRINE.E, Br. 72 
 
 Centaurea, Linn. 157 
 
 Cyanus, 157 
 
 Jacea, 157 
 
 nigra, 157 
 
 Scabiosa, 158 
 
 solstitialis, 158 
 
 Centunculus, 192 
 
 minimus, 192 
 
 Cerastium, 48 
 
 aquaticum, 49 
 
 arvense, 49 
 
 semidecandrum, 48 
 
 tetrandrum, Curt. 48 
 
 viscosum, Linn. 48 
 
 vulgatum, 48 
 
 CERATOPH YLLE,E, D C. 239 
 
 Ceratophyllum, Linn. 239 
 
 demersum, 240 
 
 subrnersum, 240 
 
 Chaarophyllum, 125 
 
 sati'vum, Sm. 12G 
 
 sylvestre, Linn. 125 
 
 temulentum, 125 
 
 CiiARAcrwE, Rich. 351 
 
 Chara, Vaill 352 
 
 aspera. Willd. 353 
 
 flexilis, Linn. 352 
 
 Hedwigii, Ag. 353 
 
 hispida, Linn. 353 
 
 nidifica, CEd. 353 
 
 translucens, Pers. 352 
 
 vulgaris, Linn. 353 
 
 Cheiranthus, 17 
 
 Cheiri, 17 
 
 fruticulosus, 1 7 
 
 sinuatus, 17 
 
 Chelidonium, 14 
 
 glaucium, 14 
 
 majus, 15 
 
 Chlora, 188 
 
 perfoliata, 188 
 
 CHBNOPODEJB, Vent. 226 
 
 Chenopodium, Linn. 227 
 
 album, _ 229 
 
 Bonus Henricus, 228 
 
 ficifplium, 229 
 
 maritimum, 227 
 
 murale, 228 
 
 olidum, Curt. 228 
 
 rubrum, Linn. 228 
 
 urbicum, 228 
 
 virfdc, 229 
 
 Chrysanthemum, 149 
 
 Leucanthemum, 149 
 
 segetum, 149 
 
 Chrysosplenium, 63 
 
 alternifolium, 63 
 
 oppositifolium, 63 
 
 ClCHORACE^E, JUSS. 159 
 
 Cichorium, Linn. 166 
 
 Intybus, 166 
 
 Cicuta, 124 
 
 virosa, 124 
 
 ClRC^ACE^E, JUSS. Ill 
 
 Circaaa, 111 
 
 alpina. 
 
 luletiana, 111 
 
 CISTINE.E, Juss. 33 
 
 Cistopteris, Berlin. 341 
 
 fragilis, Berhn. 341 
 Cistus Helianthemum, L. 34 
 
 tomentosus, Sm. 34 
 
 Cladium, Schrad. 324 
 
 Mariscus, Br. 324 
 
 Clematis, Linn. 4 
 
 Vkalba, 4 
 
INDEX. 
 
 260 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Clinopodium, Linn. 220 
 
 PAGE 
 
 carota, Linn. 114 
 
 PAGE 
 
 maritimum, Sm. 57 
 
 vulgare, 220 
 
 maritimus, With. 114 
 
 moschatum, Sm. 57 
 
 Cnicus, 155 
 
 Dianthus, Linn. 40 
 
 Ervum, Linn. 81 
 
 arvensis, Hoff'm. 155 
 
 plumarius, Spreng. 40 
 
 hirsutum, 81 
 
 eriophorus, Willcl. 155 
 
 Digitalis, Linn. 204 
 
 tetraspermum, 81 
 
 Forsteri, Sm. 155 
 
 purpurea, 204 
 
 Eryngium, 128 
 
 lanceolatus, Willd. 155 
 
 DlPLECOLOBEjE, D C. 30 
 
 campestre, 129 
 
 palustris, Willd. 155 
 
 DlPSACEJi, JUSS. 140 
 
 maritimu n, 128 
 
 pratensis. Willd. 156 
 
 Dipeacus, Linn. 141 
 
 Erysimum, 24 
 
 Cnidium Sflaus, Sm. 118 
 
 sylvestris, 141 
 
 Alliaria, 24 
 
 Cochlearia, Linn. 21 
 
 Draba, _ 20 
 
 Bar bar ea, 19 
 
 anglica, 21 
 
 incana, 21 
 
 cheiranthoides, 24 
 
 Armoracea, 22 
 Coronopus, 25 
 danica, 21 
 
 muralis, (see Adden.) 255 
 verna, 21 
 DROSERACE*:, DC. 34 
 
 officinale, 23 
 Erythraea, Reneal. 18G 
 Centaurium, .Pers. 186 
 
 officinalis, 21 
 
 Drosera, Linn. 34 
 
 latifolia, Sm. 186 
 
 Colchicum, _ 282 
 
 anglica, Huds 35 
 
 littoralis, Hook. 186 
 
 autumnale, 282 
 
 longifolia, Linn. 35 
 
 pulchella, Hook. 186 
 
 Comarum, 92 
 
 rotundifolia, 34 
 
 Euonymus, Linn. 72 
 
 palustre, 92 
 COMPOSITE, Juss. 142 
 
 DKUPACEjE, D C. 86 
 Dryas, Linn. 94 
 
 europaeus, 73 
 Eupatorium, 142 
 
 CONIFERS, Juss. 258 
 
 octopetala, 94 
 
 cannabinum, 143 
 
 Conium, Linn. 127 
 
 
 EUPHORBIACE.E, Juss. 235 
 
 maculatum, 127 
 
 Echium, 167 
 
 Euphorbia, Linn. 235 
 
 Conopodium, Koch. 121 
 
 vulgare, 1 67 
 
 amygdaloides, 237 
 
 flexuosum, Hook. 121 
 
 Elatine, 45 
 
 exigua, 236 
 
 Convallaria, Linn. 287 
 
 hexandra, D {.'. 45 
 
 helioscopia, 235 
 
 majalis, 287 
 
 Eleocharis, Br. 320 
 
 hiberna, 236 
 
 CONVOLVUf.ACEjE, JUSS. 172 
 
 acicularis, Krem. 321 
 
 paralia, 236 
 
 Convolvulus, Linn. 172 
 
 ca;spitosa, Link. 321 
 
 Peplus, 237 
 
 arvensis, 173 
 
 fluitans, Hook. 321 
 
 portlandica, 236 
 
 Scpium, 173 
 Soldanella, 173 
 
 multicaulis, Sm. 320 
 palustris, Br. 320 
 
 Euphrasia, 202 
 officinalis, 202 
 
 Cornus, 135 
 
 pauciflora, Link. 321 
 
 Exacum, 185 
 
 sanguinea, 135 
 
 Elymus, Linn. 313 
 
 filiforme, 185 
 
 CoROLLlFLORjE, D C. 1G7 
 
 arenarius, 314 
 
 
 Coronopus, Gaert. 25 
 
 cam'nus, 315 
 
 Fagus, 254 
 
 didyma, Sin. 25 
 
 EMPETRE.E, Nutt. 237 
 
 Castanea, 255 
 
 Ruellii, Sin. 25 
 Corydalis, DC. 15 
 
 Empetrum, Linn. 238 
 nigrum, 238 
 
 sylvatica, 255 
 Fedia, Vahl. 139 
 
 claviculata, DC. 15 
 
 Epilobium, 10S 
 
 dentata, Vahl. 140 
 
 CoRYMBiFERjE, Juss. 142 
 
 angustifolium, 110. 
 
 olitoria, Vahl. 140 
 
 Corylus, Linn. 25G 
 
 hirsutum, 110 
 
 Festuca, Linn. 307 
 
 Avellana, 250 
 
 montanum, 110 
 
 bromoides, 308 
 
 Cotyledon, 60 
 
 palustre, 110 
 
 calamaria, Sm. 309 
 
 umbillicus, Huds. 60 
 
 parviflorum, Schreb. 110 
 
 decumbens, Linn. 306 
 
 Crambe, Linn. 29 
 
 tetragonum, Linn. 110 
 
 duriuscula, 308 
 
 maritima, 29 
 
 Epipactis, Br. 280 
 
 elatior, 310 
 
 CRASSULACE;E, DC. 59 
 
 ensifolia, Sw. 281 
 
 gigantea, - 31 1) 
 
 Crataegus, Linn. 107 
 
 grandi flora, Sm. 281 
 
 loliacea, Huds. 309 
 
 Aria, 108 
 
 latifolia, Sw. 280 
 
 Myurus, Linn. 308 
 
 Oxyacantha, 107 
 
 palustris, Sw. 280 
 
 ovina, 308 
 
 Crepis, 161 
 
 EQUISETACE^E, Rich. 348 
 
 pinnata, Sm. 316 
 
 biennis, 161 
 
 Equisetum, Linn. 349 
 
 pratensis, Huds. 309 
 
 virens. L.B. 1G1 
 
 arvense, 349 
 
 rubra, Linn. 308 
 
 Crithmum, Linn. 117 
 
 Drummondii, Hook. 349 
 
 sylvatica Sm. 316 
 
 maritimum, 117 
 
 fluviatile, Linn. 349 
 
 uniglumis, Soland. 309 
 
 Crocus, 274 
 
 hyemale, 350 
 
 vtvipara, Sm. 308 
 
 vernus, Wiild. 274 
 
 limosum, 350 
 
 Filago minima, Linn. 146 
 
 CRUCIFKR/E, Juss. 16 
 
 palustre, 350 
 
 germamca, 146 ' 
 
 Cryptogramma, Br. 343 
 
 sylvaticum, 350 
 
 FMLICES, Juss. 336 
 
 crispa, Br. 343 
 
 variegatum, Schleich.351 
 
 FILICOIDE*, 33S 
 
 CUPULIFER.*:, Rich. 254 
 
 ERICE^;, Juss. 179 
 
 FLUVIAI.ES, Vent. 264 
 
 Cuscuta, Linn. 173 
 
 Erica, Linn. 180 
 
 Foeniculum, Hoffm. 119 
 
 europaaa, 173 
 
 cinerea, 181 
 
 vulgare, Ga?rt. 119 
 
 CYNAROCliPIIALJE, JUSS. 154 
 
 Daboect, 180 
 
 FRAGARiACtJE, Rich. 87 
 
 Cynoglossum, Linn. 171 
 
 Mackaiana, Bab. 181 
 
 Fragaria, Linn. 92 
 
 officinale, 171 
 
 mediterranea, Linn. 181 
 
 elatior, Ehrh. 92 
 
 sylvaticum, 172 
 
 Tetralix, 181 
 
 sterilis, Linn. 93 
 
 Cynosurus, 307 
 
 vulgar is, 1 80 
 
 vesca, 92 
 
 cristatus, 307 
 
 Erigeron, 144 
 
 Fraxinus, 178 
 
 CYPKRACEJi, JUSS. 318 
 
 acris, 144 
 
 excelsior, 178 
 
 Cysteajragilis, Sm. 341 
 
 Eriocaulon, 289 
 
 FUMARIACE^E, D C. 15 
 
 Cytisus, Linn. 75 
 
 septangulare, With. *89 
 
 Fumaria, Linn. 16 
 
 scoparius, D C. 75 
 
 Eriophorum, Linn. 323 
 
 capreolata, 16 
 
 
 angustifolium, Roth. 324 
 
 claviculata, J 5 
 
 Dactylis, Linn. 307 
 
 polystachion, Linn. 324 
 
 officinalis, 16 
 
 " glomerata, 307 
 
 pubescens, Sm. 324 
 
 parviflora, Lam. 16 
 
 Datura, 189 
 
 vaginatum, Linn. 323 
 
 
 Stramonium, 190 
 
 Erodium, L'Herit. 57 
 
 Galanthus, Linn. 283 
 
 Daucus, 113 
 
 cicutarium, Sm. ,57 
 
 nivalis, 283 
 
264 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Galeobdolon, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Huds. 216 
 
 Heracleum, Linn. 115 bufonius, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Linn. 292 
 
 luteum, 
 
 Huds. 216 
 
 Sphondylium, 115 campestris. 
 
 293 
 
 Galeopsis, 
 
 Linn. 217 
 
 Hesperis, 23 
 
 ccenosus, 
 
 Bich. 292 
 
 Ladanum, 
 
 217 
 
 inodora, 23 
 
 conglomerate 
 
 Linn. 290 
 
 Tetrahit, 
 
 _ 217 
 
 matronalis, 23 
 
 compressus. 
 
 Jacq. 292 
 
 versicolor, 
 
 Curt, 218 
 
 Hieracium, 162 ' effusus, 
 
 Linn. 290 
 
 Galium, 
 
 Linn. 129 
 
 Lawsoni, Vill. 162; glaucus, 
 
 Sibth. 290 
 
 Aparine, 
 
 _ 131 
 
 molle, Jacq, 163 lampocarpus, 
 
 Ehrh. 291 
 
 boreale, 
 
 _ 131 
 
 muroruin, Linn. 163 ! maritimus, 
 
 Sm. 290 
 
 erectum, 
 
 Huds. 131 
 
 paludosum, 163 obtusiflorus, 
 
 Ehrh. 291 
 
 Mollugo, 
 
 Linn. 131 
 
 Pilosella, 162 pttosus, 
 
 Linn. 293 
 
 palustre, 
 
 130 
 
 prenanthoides, Vill. 164 squarrosus, 
 
 292 
 
 pusillum, 
 
 131 
 
 pulmonarium, Sm. 163 subverticillatus 
 
 , Sm. 292 
 
 saxatile, 
 
 _ 130 
 
 sabaudum, Sm. 164 uliginosus, 
 
 Sibth. 291 
 
 uliginosum, 
 
 _ 130 
 
 sylvaticum, Sm. 163 ; Juniperus, 
 
 Linn. 259 
 
 verum. 
 
 _ 130 
 
 umbellatum, Linn. 164 communis, 
 
 259 
 
 Witheringii, 
 
 Sm. 130 
 
 Hippuris, 113 
 
 
 Genista, 
 
 Linn. 74 
 
 vulgaris, 1 13 1 Knautia, 
 
 Linn. 142 
 
 tinctoria, 
 
 74 
 
 Holcus, 301 arvensis. 
 
 Coult. 142 
 
 GENTIANE*, 
 
 Juss. 185 
 
 avenaceus, Sm. 302 
 
 
 
 Gentiana, 
 
 Linn. 187 
 
 lanatus, Linn. 301 
 
 LABIATE. 
 
 Juss. 209 
 
 Amarella, 
 
 187 
 
 mollis, 301 Lamium. 
 
 Linn. 216 
 
 campestris, 
 
 187 
 
 Hordeum, 314 album, 
 
 216 
 
 Centaurium, 
 
 _ 186 
 
 maritimum, With. 314 amplexicaule, 
 
 217 
 
 verna, 
 
 187 
 
 murinum, Linn. 314 incisum, 
 
 Willd. 216 
 
 GERANIACEjE, 
 
 Juss. 54 
 
 pratense, Huds. 314 purpureum, 
 
 Linn. 216 
 
 Geranium, 
 
 Linn. 55 
 
 Hottonia, Linn. 194 Lapsana, 
 
 160 
 
 cicutarium, 
 
 57 
 
 palustris, 194 
 
 communis, 
 
 160 
 
 columbinum, 
 
 57 
 
 Humulus, 233 
 
 Lathraaa, 
 
 207 
 
 dissectum, 
 
 56 
 
 Lupulus, 233 
 
 squamaria, 
 
 207 
 
 lucidum, 
 
 _ 55 
 
 Hyacinthus, 286 
 
 Lathyrus, 
 
 84 
 
 maritimum, 
 
 57 
 
 non-scriptus, 286 
 
 palustris, 
 
 84 
 
 molle, 
 moschatum, 
 
 56 
 
 57 
 
 HYDROCHARIUE^E, Juss. 272 
 Hydrocharis, Linn. 272 
 
 pisiformis, (see Adden.) 255 
 pratensis, 84 
 
 pyrenacium, 
 
 55 
 
 Morsus Rana?, 273 
 
 Lavatera, 
 
 37 
 
 pusillum, 
 
 56 
 
 Hydrocotyle, 129 
 
 arborea, 
 
 37 
 
 robertianum, 
 
 56 
 
 vulgaris, 129 
 
 LEGHMINOS^E. 
 
 Juss. 73 
 
 rotundifolium 
 sanguineum, 
 
 , 56 
 55 
 
 Hymenophyllum,Sm. 345 Lemna, 
 Tunbridgense, Sm. 315 \ gibba, 
 
 JLinn. 269 
 269 
 
 sylvaticum, 
 
 55 
 
 Wilsoni, Hook. 345 minor, 
 
 2<i9 
 
 Geum, 
 
 94 
 
 Hyoscyamus, Linn. 190 polyrhiza, 
 
 2C9 
 
 rivale, 
 
 94 
 
 niger, 190 1 trisulca, 
 
 269 
 
 urbanum, 
 
 94 
 
 HYPEKICINE.E, Juss. 38 LENTIBULARIJE. 
 
 Rich. 196 
 
 Glaucium, 
 
 Juss: 14 
 
 Hypericum, Linn. 38 
 
 Leontodon, 
 
 Linn. 160 
 
 luteum, 
 
 Linn. 14 
 
 Androsaemum, 38 
 
 autumnale. 
 
 166 
 
 Glaux, 
 
 1<)2 
 
 calycinum, 38 
 
 hirtum, 
 
 165 
 
 maritima, 
 
 192 
 
 dubium, . 39 
 
 hispidum, 
 
 166 
 
 Glechoma, 
 
 211 
 
 elodes, 40 
 
 palustre, 
 
 Sm. 160 
 
 hederacea, 
 
 211 
 
 hirsutum, 39 
 
 Taraxacum, 
 
 Linn. 160 
 
 GLUMACEyli, 
 
 Lindl. 294 
 
 humifiuum, 39 
 
 Leonurus, 
 
 211 
 
 Gnaphalium, 
 
 Linn. 145 
 
 perforatum, 39 
 
 Cardiaca, 
 
 211 
 
 dioicum, 
 
 145 
 
 pulchrum, 39 
 
 LEPIUINEJE, 
 
 DC. 25 
 
 germanicum, Huds. 146 
 margaritaceum, Linn. 145 
 minimum, Sm. 146 
 
 quadrangulum, 39 
 Hypocheeris, 165 
 radicata, 165 
 
 Lepidium, 
 campestre, 
 didymum, 
 
 Linn. 2G 
 Br. 26 
 Linn. 26 
 
 rectum, 
 
 Huds. 146 
 
 
 latifolium, 
 
 26 
 
 sylvaticum. 
 
 Linn. 145 
 
 ILICINIIJE, Brongn. 71 
 
 ruderale, 
 
 
 uliginosum, 
 
 146 
 
 Hex, Linn. 71 
 
 Smithii, 
 
 Hook. 27 
 
 GRAMINE^E, 
 
 Grammitis, 
 Ceterach, 
 GROSSULACEJE, 
 Gymnadenia, 
 
 Juss, 294 
 Sw. 337 
 Sw. 337 
 D C. 108 
 Br. 276 
 
 Aquifolium. 72 
 Imperatoria Ostruthium, 
 Linn. 116 
 Inula, Linn. 143 
 crithmoides, 143 
 
 Ligusticum, 
 scoticum, 
 Ligustrum, 
 vulgare, 
 Limbarda, 
 
 Linn. 117 
 117 
 178 
 178 
 A dans. 143 
 
 conopsea, 
 
 Br. 277 
 
 dysenterica, 1 44 
 
 crithmoides, 
 
 Hook. 143 
 
 
 
 Helenium, 143 
 
 Linaria, 
 
 Juss. 202 
 
 Habenaria, 
 albida, 
 
 Br. 277 
 Br. 277 
 
 IRIDEJS, Juss. 273 
 Ins, Linn. 273 
 
 Cymbalaria, 
 Elatine, 
 
 Mill. 203 
 Desf. 203 
 
 bifolia, 
 chlorantha, 
 
 Br. 277 
 Hook. 27 
 
 foetidissima, 273 
 pseud-acorus, 373 
 
 minor, 
 repens, 
 
 Desf. 203 
 H.Kew.203 
 
 viridis, 
 HALOKAGE.E, 
 
 Br. 277 
 Br. 112 
 
 ISATIDEjE, DC. 27 
 
 Isatis, Linn. 27 
 
 vulgaris, 
 LINK*;, 
 
 Mcench.203 
 DC. 51 
 
 Hedera, 
 
 Linn. 135 
 
 tinctoria, 27 
 
 Linum, 
 
 Linn. 51 
 
 Helix, 
 
 HEDERACEjE, 
 
 135 
 Ach. )35 
 
 Isoetes, 348 
 lacustris, 348 
 
 angustifolium, 
 catharticum, 
 
 Huds. 52 
 Linn. 52 
 
 Helianthemum, 
 
 DC. 85 
 Tourn. 33 
 
 Jasione, Linn. 138 
 
 perenne, 
 Radiola, 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 vulgare, 
 Helleborus, 
 
 Gaert. 34 
 Linn. 9 
 
 JUNCAGINE^E, Rich. 270 
 JUNCE.E, Juss. 289 
 
 usitatissimum, 
 Listera, 
 
 51 
 Br. 279 
 
 viridis, 
 Helminthia, 
 echioides, 
 
 10 
 Juss. 161 
 Gasrt. 102 
 
 Juncus, Linn. 289 
 acutiflorus, Ehrh. 291 
 acutus, Linn. 290 
 
 cordata, 
 Nidus. A vis, 
 ovata, 
 
 Br. 279 
 Hook. 280 
 Br. 279 
 
INDP:X. 
 
 265 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Lithospermum, Linn. 168 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Melissa Calamintha, 219 
 
 PACK 
 
 crocata, 120 
 
 arvense, 168 
 
 Mentha, _ 212 
 
 fistulosa, 119 
 
 maritimum, Lehm. 168 
 officinale, Linn. 168 
 Littorella, _ 176 
 
 acutifolia, Sm. 213 
 agrestis, Sole. 213 
 arvensis, Linn. 213 
 
 Phellandrium, Spreng. 120 
 pimpinelloides, Linn. 119 
 CEthusa, _ us 
 
 lacustris, 167 
 LOBELIACEJE, Lindl. 138 
 Lobelia, Linn. 139 
 
 hirsuta, 213 
 piperita, Sm. 212 
 Pulegium, Linn. 214 
 
 Cynapium, 118 
 Ononis, 75 
 arvensis, 70 
 
 Dortmanna, 139 
 Lolium, 316 
 
 rotundifolia, 212 
 rubra, Sm. 213 
 
 Ophioglossum, 346 
 vulgatum, 34G 
 
 arvense, With. 317 
 
 sativa, Linn. 213 
 
 Ophrys, 278 
 
 perenne, Linn. 317 
 
 sylvestris, 212 
 
 apifera, Huds. 278 
 
 temulentum, 317 
 
 viridis, _ 212 
 
 cordata, Linn. 279 
 
 LON1CEREJ2, 133 
 
 Lonicera, 133 
 
 M EN Y ANTHER, 188 
 
 Meiiyanthes, 188 
 
 Nidus-Avis, 280 
 ovata, 279 
 
 Periclymenum, 133 
 
 nymphceoides, 189 
 
 spiralis, 279 
 
 LOTEJE, D C. 73 
 
 tritbliata, 188 
 
 ORCHIDEJZ, Juss. 274 
 
 Lotus, Linn. 79 
 
 Menziesia, Sm. 180 
 
 Orchis, Linn. 275 
 
 angustissimus, 80 
 corniculatus, 80 
 
 polifolia, Sm. 180 
 Mercurialis, Linn. 237 
 
 albida, 277 
 bifolia, 277 
 
 major, Scop. 80 
 
 annua, 237 
 
 conopsea, 277 
 
 Luzula, D C. 293 
 campestris, Br. 293 
 pilosa, Willd. 293 
 
 perennis, 237 
 Mespilus Oxyacantha, Sm.107 
 Meum Fceniculum, Sm. 1 1 9 
 
 fusca, Jacq. 276 
 latifolia, Linn. 276 
 maculata, 276 
 
 sylvatica, Bich. 293 
 
 Miliura, Linn. 297 
 
 mascula, 275 
 
 Lychnis, Linn. 43 
 
 effusum, _ 297 
 
 Morio, 275 
 
 dioica, 43 
 Flos-CucuU 43 
 
 MONOCHLAMYDEJE, D C. 220 
 
 Monotropa, Linn. 184 
 
 pyramidalis, 276 
 viridis, Sm. 277 
 
 vespertina, Sibth. 43 
 
 Hypopitys, 184 
 
 Origanum, Linn. 220 
 
 LYcoponiACE2E, Sw. 346 
 
 Montia, _ 59 
 
 vulgare, 220 
 
 Lycopodium, Linn. 347 
 
 fontana, 59 
 
 Ornithopus, 85 
 
 alpinum, 347 
 
 Myagrttm sativum, 25 
 
 perpusillus, 85 
 
 clavatum, 347 
 
 Myosotis, _ 170 
 
 OKOBANCHE^K, Vent. 205 
 
 selaginoides, 347 
 
 arvensis, Hoffm. 171 
 
 Orobanche, Linn. 206 
 
 Selago, 347 
 
 casspitosa, Schul. 170 
 
 major, Linn. 206 
 
 Ly cops is, 169 
 
 collina, (Addenda) 256 
 
 minor, Sm. 206 
 
 arvensis, 169 
 
 palustris, Roth. 170 
 
 rubra, Sm. 206 
 
 Lycopus, 209 
 
 sylvatica, Hoffm. 170 
 
 Orobus, Linn. 84 
 
 europzeus, 210 
 
 versicolor, Lehm. 171 
 
 sylvaticus, 84 
 
 Lysimachia, 193 
 
 MVRICKA, Rich. 257 
 
 tuberosus, 84 
 
 Nemorum, 194 
 
 Myrica, Linn. 257 
 
 ORTHOPLOCEJE, D C. 27 
 
 Nummularia, 194 
 
 Gale, 257 
 
 Osmunda, Linn. 345 
 
 vulgaris, _ 193 
 
 Myriophyllum, 112 
 
 Lunaria, 346 
 
 Lythrum, 70 
 
 spicatum, 112 
 
 regalis, 345 
 
 liyssopifolium, 70 
 
 verticillatum, 112 
 
 OXALIDE.E, D C, 58 
 
 Salicaria 70 
 
 Myrrhis, Tourn. 1'26 
 
 Oxalis, Linn. 58 
 
 virgatum, (Addenda) 255 
 
 odorata, Scop. 127 
 
 Acetosella, Linn. 58 
 
 
 temulenta, Sm. 125 
 
 Oxyria, Hill. 223 
 
 Malaxis, Sw. 281 
 
 
 reniformis, Hook. 223 
 
 paludosa, Sw. 281 
 MALVACEAE, Br. 36 
 
 Narcissus, 283 
 biflorus, Curt. 284 
 
 PA PAVER ACE^E, JUSS. 12 
 
 Malva, Linn. 36 
 
 poeticus, Linn. 284 
 
 Papaver, Linn. 13 
 
 moschata, 37 
 
 Pseudo-narcissus, 283 
 
 Argemone, 13 
 
 rotundifolia, 36 
 
 Nardus, 318 
 
 cambricum, 14 
 
 sylvestris, 36 
 
 stricta. 318 
 
 dubium, 13 
 
 Marrubium, 214 
 
 Narthecium, Huds. 293 
 
 hybridum, 13 
 
 vulgare, 214 
 
 ossifragum, Huds. 294 
 
 Rhajas, _ 13 
 
 MARSILEACEJE, Br. 348 
 
 Nasturtium, Br. 17 
 
 somniferum, 13 
 
 Matricaria, Linn. 150 
 
 amphihium, Br. 18 
 
 Parietaria, 232 
 
 Chamomilla, 150 
 
 officinale, Br, 18 
 
 officinalis, _ 232 
 
 niaritima, 150 
 
 sylvestre, Br. 18 
 
 Paris, 287 
 
 Parthenium, 150 
 
 terrestre, Br. 18 
 
 quadri folia, _ 287 
 
 Matthiola, Br. 17 
 
 Neottia, Jacq. 278 
 
 Parnassia, 61 
 
 sinuata, Br. 17 
 
 gemmipara, Sm. 279 
 
 palustris, 64 
 
 Meconopsis, D C. 14 
 
 spiralis, Rich. 279 
 
 Pastinaca, 115 
 
 cambrica, DC. 14 
 Medicago, Linn. 80 
 
 Nepeta, Linn. 217 
 Cataria, 217 
 
 sativa. 116 
 Pedicularis, 201 
 
 falcata, 81 
 
 Nitella flexilis, Ag. 352 
 
 palustris, 201 
 
 lupulina, 81 
 
 nidifica, Ag. 353 
 
 sylvatiea, 201 
 
 sativa, 80 
 
 MELAMPYRACE.E,Rich. 207 
 
 translucens, Ag. 352 
 NOTORHIZE/E, D C. 23 
 
 Peplis, 69 
 Portula, 69 
 
 Melampyrum, Linn. 207 
 
 Nuphar, Sm. 12 
 
 PETALOIDEJ2, Lindl. 261 
 
 pratense, 207 
 
 lutea, Sm. 12 
 
 Petasites, Desf. 148 
 
 sylvaticum, 208 
 
 NYMFBJRACJUt, DC. 11 
 
 vulgaris, Desf. 148 
 
 MELANTHACE&, Batsch. 282 
 
 Nymphaea, Linn. 11 
 
 Peucedanum, Linn. 116 
 
 Melica, Linn. 300 
 
 alba, 12 
 
 Ostruthium, Koch. 116 
 
 caerulea, 301 
 
 lutea, 12 
 
 Silaus, Linn. 118 
 
 uniflora, 301 
 
 
 Phalaris, Linn. 295 
 
 Melilotus, Tourn. 76 
 
 OLEINEJE, Hoffm. 178 
 
 arenaria, Sir. 297 
 
 leucantha, Koch. 76 
 
 ONAGRARI.S, Juss. 109 
 
 arundinacea, Linn, 2^6 
 
 officinalis, Linn. 76 
 
 (Enanthe, Linn. 119 
 
 Canariensis, Linn. 296 
 
 2 K 
 
266 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PhcllcMdriam aqttaticvm, 
 Linn. 120 
 
 crispus, 
 densus, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Linn. 265 
 264 
 
 Phleum, 
 
 T 
 
 296 
 
 fluitans, 
 
 Sm. 
 
 266 
 
 arenarium, 
 
 T 
 
 297 
 
 gramineus, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 2G5 
 
 pratense, 
 Picris, 
 
 
 
 297 
 162 
 
 heterophyllus, 
 lucens, 
 
 Schreb. 
 Linn. 
 
 266 
 266 
 
 hieracioides, 
 
 _ 
 
 162 
 
 natans, 
 
 
 
 267: 
 
 echioides. 
 
 _ 
 
 162 
 
 perfoliatus, 
 
 _ 
 
 266 
 
 Pilularia, 
 
 
 
 348 
 
 pectinatus, 
 
 
 
 264 
 
 globulifera, 
 
 -_i 
 
 348 
 
 pusillus, 
 
 - 
 
 265 
 
 Pimpinella, 
 
 __ 
 
 122 
 
 praelongus, 
 
 Wulf. 
 
 266 
 
 dioica, 
 
 Sm. 
 
 123 
 
 rufescens, 
 
 Schreb. 
 
 266 
 
 magna, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 122 
 
 Potentilla, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 92 
 
 Saxifraga, 
 
 _ 
 
 122 
 
 anserina, 
 
 __ _ 
 
 93 
 
 Pinguicula, 
 
 grandiilora, 
 lusitanica, 
 vulgaris, 
 
 Willd. 
 Linn. 
 
 196 
 196 
 197 
 196 
 
 argentea, 
 Fragaria, 
 Fragariastrum 
 fruticosa, 
 
 EnTh. 
 , Ehrh. 
 Linn. 
 
 93 
 93 
 93 
 93 
 
 Pinus, 
 
 _ - 
 
 258 
 
 reptans, 
 
 - 
 
 93 
 
 sylvestris, 
 
 __ 
 
 2.W 
 
 Poterium, 
 
 _ 
 
 106 
 
 PISTIACEJS, 
 Pisum, 
 
 Rich. 
 
 Linn. 
 
 268 
 81 
 
 Sanguisorba, 
 Prenanthes, 
 
 
 
 106 
 160 
 
 maritimum, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 82 
 
 muralis, 
 
 . 
 
 160 
 
 PLANTAGINE^E, 
 Plantago, 
 
 Juss, 
 Linn. 
 
 174 
 175 
 
 PRIMULACEJE, 
 Primula, 
 
 Vent. 
 Linn. 
 
 192 
 
 192 
 
 Coronopus, 
 
 _ 
 
 176 
 
 elatior, 
 
 With. 
 
 193 
 
 lane col at a. 
 
 __ 
 
 175 
 
 veris, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 193 
 
 major. 
 
 __ 
 
 175 
 
 vulgaris, 
 
 _ _ 
 
 193 
 
 maritima, 
 
 _ 
 
 175 
 
 Prunella, 
 
 __ 
 
 219 
 
 media, 
 
 _ 
 
 175 
 
 vulgaris, 
 
 _ 
 
 219 
 
 uniflora, 
 
 __ 
 
 17i) 
 
 Prunus, 
 
 __ 
 
 86 
 
 PLEURORHtZEJE, 
 
 DC. 
 
 17 
 
 Cerasus, 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 PLUiMBAGINE^E, 
 
 Juss. 
 
 176 
 
 domestica, 
 
 _ 
 
 86 
 
 Poa, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 302 
 
 insititia. 
 
 
 87 
 
 alpina, 
 
 . 
 
 304 
 
 Padus, 
 
 t 
 
 87 
 
 angustifolia. 
 
 
 
 305 
 
 spinosa, 
 
 
 
 87 
 
 annua, 
 
 _ .. 
 
 305 
 
 Pteris, 
 
 ^^ 
 
 343 
 
 aquatica, 
 
 _ 
 
 303 
 
 aquilina, 
 
 
 
 343 
 
 compressa, 
 
 
 
 304 
 
 crispa, 
 
 - - 
 
 343 
 
 distans, 
 
 - a 
 
 303 
 
 Pulicaria, 
 
 Gsert. 
 
 143 
 
 fluitans, 
 
 Scop. 
 
 303 
 
 dysenterica, 
 
 Cass. 
 
 144 
 
 maritima, 
 
 Huds. 
 
 303 
 
 Pyrethrum, 
 
 Hall. 
 
 149 
 
 nemoralis, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 305 
 
 inodorum, 
 
 Sm. 
 
 150 
 
 procumbens, 
 
 Curt 
 
 304 
 
 maritimum, 
 
 Sm. 
 
 150 
 
 pratensis, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 305 
 
 Parthenium, 
 
 Sm. 
 
 150 
 
 rigida, 
 
 
 
 304 
 
 PYROLACE.E, 
 
 LindL 
 
 182 
 
 trivialis, 
 
 . 
 
 305 
 
 PyroJa, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 183 
 
 POLEMONIACE.E, 
 Polemonium, 
 
 Juss. 
 Linn, 
 
 174 
 174 
 
 media, 
 minor, 
 
 Sw. 
 Linn. 
 
 183 
 183 
 
 cajruleum, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 174 
 
 rotundifolia, 
 
 *"* 
 
 183 
 
 POLYGALEJE, 
 
 Juss. 
 
 35 
 
 secunda, 
 
 
 184 
 
 Polygala, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 35 
 
 Pyrus, 
 
 - 
 
 107 
 
 vulgaris, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 36 
 
 Aria, 
 
 Sm. 
 
 107 
 
 POLYGONEJE, 
 
 Juss. 
 
 220 
 
 aucuparia, 
 
 Gaert. 
 
 108 
 
 Polygonum, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 223 
 
 communis, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 107 
 
 amphibium, 
 
 - 
 
 224 
 
 Malus, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 107 
 
 aviculare, 
 
 _ 
 
 224 
 
 
 
 
 Bistorta, 
 Convolvulus, 
 
 
 
 224 
 224 
 
 Quercus, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 255 
 
 Fagopyrum, 
 Hydropiper, 
 lapathifolium, 
 
 - 
 
 224 
 
 225 
 225 
 
 Robur, 
 
 sessiliflora, 
 
 Linn. 
 Salisb. 
 
 255 
 256 
 
 minus, 
 
 Huds. 
 
 225 
 
 Radiola, 
 
 Gmel. 
 
 52 
 
 Persicaria, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 225 
 
 millegrana, 
 
 Sm. 
 
 52 
 
 Polypodium, 
 Dryopteris, 
 
 - 
 
 337 
 338 
 
 RANUNCULACEJE, Juss. 
 Ranunculus, Linn. 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 Filix-fcemina, 
 
 L _ 
 
 342 
 
 acris, 
 
 __ 
 
 8 
 
 Filix-mas, 
 
 
 
 340 
 
 aquatilis, 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 Lonchitis, 
 
 r --,-_ 
 
 338 
 
 arvensis, 
 
 _ 
 
 8 
 
 Phegopteris, 
 Thelypteris, 
 
 
 
 337 
 340 
 
 auricomus, 
 bulbosus, 
 
 
 
 7 
 8 
 
 vulgare, 
 
 
 
 337 
 
 Ficaria, 
 
 
 7 
 
 POMACES, 
 
 Lindl. 
 
 106 
 
 Flammula, 
 
 . _. 
 
 7 
 
 Populus. 
 
 Linn. 
 
 253 
 
 hederaceus, 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 alba, 
 
 _ 
 
 254 
 
 hirsutus, 
 
 Curt. 
 
 8 
 
 nigra, 
 
 _ 
 
 254 
 
 Lingua, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 7 
 
 tremula, 
 
 PORTULACEJE, 
 
 Juss. 
 
 254 
 59 
 
 parviflorus, 
 repens, 
 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 Potamogeton, 
 
 Linn, 
 
 264 
 
 sceleratus, 
 
 
 7 
 
 acutifolius, 
 
 Link. 
 
 265 
 
 RAFHANEJE, 
 
 D~C. 
 
 29 
 
 compressus, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 265 
 
 Raphanug, 
 
 Linn. 
 
 30 
 
 PAGE 
 
 maritimus, Sm. 30 
 
 Raphanistrum, Linn. 30 
 
 RESEOACE.E, Lindl. 234 
 
 Reseda, Linn. 234 
 
 fruticosa, 234 
 
 lutea, 234 
 
 Luteola, 234 
 
 RESTIACE^K, Br. 288 
 
 RHAMNEJE, Br. 70 
 
 Rhamnus, Linn, 71 
 
 catharticus, 71 
 
 Frangula, 71 
 
 I Rhodiola, (Addenda) 255 
 
 ! rosea, 255 
 
 Rhinanthus, 201 
 
 Crista-Galli, 201 
 
 Rhynchospora, Van). 319 
 
 alba, Vahl. 319 
 
 fusca, Sm. 319 
 
 Ribes, Linn. 108 
 
 Grossularia, 109 
 
 nigrum, 109 
 
 rubrum, 108 
 
 Uva. Crispa, 109 
 
 ROSACE^E, Juss. 85 
 
 Rosa, Linn. 95 
 
 arvensis, Huds. 104 
 
 Borreri, Sm. 99 
 
 ca?sia, Sm. 103 
 
 canina, Linn. 101 
 
 cinnamomea, Linn. 96 
 
 collina, Sm. 104 
 
 Dicksoni, LindJ. 95 
 
 Doniana, Sm. 97 
 
 dumetorum, Sm. 99 
 
 dujnetorum, Borr. 101 
 
 Forsteri, Sm. 101 
 
 S-acilis, Sm. 97 
 
 ibernica, Sm. 96 
 
 inodora, Fries. 99 
 
 involuta, Snx 97 
 
 micrantha, Sm. 99 
 
 pimpinellifolia, Linn. 96 
 
 rubiginosa, Linn. 100 
 
 Sabini, Woods. 97 
 
 sarmentacea, Woods. 101 
 
 scabriuscula, Hook. 99 
 
 spinosissima, Linn. 96 
 
 systyla, Woods. 104 
 
 tomentosa, Sm. 98 
 
 villosa, Linn. 97 
 
 villosa, Sm. 97 
 
 ROSE^E, D C. 95 
 
 Rottbollia, Linn. 317 
 
 incurvata, 317 
 
 Rubia, 132 
 
 peregrina, 132 
 
 Rubus, ~ 88 
 
 cjEsius, 91 
 
 Chama?moru8, 91 
 
 corylifolius, Sm. 90 
 
 fruticosus, Linn. 89 
 
 glandulosiis, Sm. 90 
 
 ida?us, Linn. 88 
 
 Koehleri, W. & N. 90 
 
 nitidus, Sm. 88 
 
 plicatus, W. & N. 88 
 
 rhamnifolius, W. & N. 89 
 
 saxatilis, Linn. 91 
 
 suberectus, And. 88 
 
 Rumex, Linn. 221 
 
 Acetosa, 223 
 
 Acetosella, 223 
 
 acutus, 222 
 
 crispus, 221 
 Hydrplapathum, Huds. 221 
 
 maritimus, Linn. 222 
 
 obtusifolius, Linn. 222 
 
 palustris, Sm. 222 
 
 pulcher, Linn. 222 
 
 .sanguineug, 221 
 
INDEX. 
 
 267 
 
 Ruppia, 
 maritime, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Linn. 267 
 267 
 
 PAGE 
 
 granulata, Linn. 67 
 Hirculus, 66 
 
 Sibthorpia, 
 europasa, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Linn. 204 
 
 205 
 
 
 
 hirsuta, 65 
 
 Silaus, 
 
 Besser. 118 
 
 Sagina, 
 
 Linn. 45 
 
 hirta, Sm. 68 
 
 pratensis. 
 
 Besser. 118 
 
 apetala, 
 
 maritima, 
 
 Linn. 45 
 Don. 46 
 
 hypnoides, Linn. 68 
 oppositifolia, 66 
 
 Si LEN Ii.fr;, 
 
 Silene, 
 
 DC. 40 
 Linn. 41 
 
 procumbens, 
 
 Linn. 45 
 
 stellaris, 66 
 
 acaulis, 
 
 41 
 
 Sagittaria, 
 sagittifolia, 
 
 271 
 
 - 272 
 
 tridactylites, 67 
 Umbrosa, 65 
 
 anglica, 
 Armeria, 
 
 42 
 42 
 
 SALICARI.Ti, 
 
 Juss. 69 
 
 Scabiosa, 141 
 
 inflata, 
 
 Sm. 42 
 
 SALICINEE, 
 
 Rich. 243 
 
 arvensis, 142 
 
 maritima, 
 
 With. 42 
 
 Salix, 
 
 Linn. 243 
 
 succisa, 141 
 
 Sinapis, 
 
 Linn. 29 
 
 acuminata, 
 
 Sm. 250 
 
 Scandix, 126 
 
 alba, 
 
 29 
 
 alba, 
 
 Linn. 247 
 
 Anthriscus, Sm. 126 
 
 arvensis, 
 
 29 
 
 amygdalina, 
 
 Linn. 245 
 
 odorata, Linn. 127 
 
 nigra, 
 
 29 
 
 aquatica, 
 
 Sm. 250 
 
 Pecten, _ 126 
 
 Si'sonmundatum.Hook. 121 
 
 aurita, 
 
 Linn. 251 
 
 Schoenus, 320 
 
 verticillatum, 
 
 Linn. 123 
 
 bicolor, 
 
 Ehrh. 253 
 
 albus, 319 
 
 SlSYMBRIE/E, 
 
 DC. 23 
 
 bicolor, 
 
 Sm. 252 
 
 fuscus, 319 
 
 Sisymbrium, 
 
 Linn. 23 
 
 caprea, 
 
 Linn. 251 
 
 Mariscus, 324 
 
 amphibium, 
 
 18 
 
 cinerea, 
 
 Linn. 250 
 
 nigricans, 320 
 
 Irio, 
 
 24 
 
 cotinifolia, 
 
 Sm. 251 
 
 rufus. 319 
 
 Nasturtium, 
 
 18 
 
 decipiens, 
 
 Hoffm. 246 
 
 Scilla, 286 
 
 officinale, 
 
 23 
 
 Forbyana, 
 
 Sm. 244 
 
 nutans, Sm. 286 
 
 Sophia, 
 
 24 
 
 fragilis, 
 
 Linn. 246 
 
 verna, Huds. 28fi 
 
 sylvestre. 
 
 18 
 
 fusca, 
 Helix, 
 
 248 
 244 
 
 Scirpus, Linn. 322 
 acicularis, Sm. 321 
 
 terrestre, 
 thalianum, 
 
 18 
 Hook. 24 
 
 herbacea, 
 
 253 
 
 c&spitosus, Sm. 321 
 
 Slum, 
 
 Linn. 120 
 
 hirta, 
 incubacea, 
 
 Sm. 252 
 Linn. 248 
 
 fiuitans, Sm. 321 
 glaucus, Sm. 322 
 
 angustifolium, 
 inundatum, 
 
 Linn. 121 
 Wigg. 121 
 
 Lambertiana, 
 
 Sm. 244 
 
 lacustris, Linn. 322 
 
 lati folium, 
 
 Linn. 120 
 
 lanceolata, 
 
 Sm. 245 
 
 maritimus, 323 
 
 nodiflorum, 
 
 121 
 
 laurina, 
 
 Sm. 252 
 
 palustris, 320 
 
 repens, 
 
 121 
 
 mollissima, 
 
 Hook. 250 
 
 paucifiorus, Sm. 321 
 
 verticillatum, 
 
 123 
 
 purpurea. 
 
 Linn, 243 
 
 rufus, Schrad. 319 
 
 SailLACKoE, 
 
 Br. 286 
 
 oleifolia, 
 
 Sm. 251 
 
 Savii, Spreng. 322 
 
 Smyrnium, 
 
 Linn. 127 
 
 pentandra, 
 
 Linn. 245 
 
 setaceus, Linn. 322 
 
 Olusatrum, 
 
 Linn. 127 
 
 phylicifolia, 
 
 Linn. 253 
 
 sylvaticus, Linn. 323 
 
 SOLANE.-E, 
 
 Juss. 189 
 
 prostrata, 
 
 Sm. 248 
 
 SCLERANTHEJE, Link. 231 
 
 Solanum, 
 
 Linn. 191 
 
 radicans, 
 
 Sm. 252 
 
 Scleranthus, Linn. 231 
 
 Dulcamara, 
 
 191 
 
 repens, 
 
 Sm. 248 
 
 annuus, Linn. 231 
 
 nigrum, 
 
 191 
 
 rubra, 
 
 Huds. 244 
 
 Scolopendrium, Sw. 342 
 
 Solidago, 
 
 145 
 
 rupestris, 
 
 Donn. 252 
 
 Ceterach, Sw. 337 
 
 Virgaurea, 
 
 145 
 
 Kusselliana, 
 
 Sm. 246 
 
 vulgare, Sym. 342 
 
 Sonchus, 
 
 J59 
 
 Smithiana, 
 
 Willd. 250 
 
 SCROPHULARINE.E, JUSS. 198 
 
 arvensis, 
 
 159 
 
 etipularis, 
 
 Sm. 249 
 
 Scrophularia, Linn. 205 
 
 oleraceus, 
 
 159 
 
 Stuartiana, 
 
 Sm. 249 
 
 aquatica, 205 
 
 Sparganium, 
 
 263 
 
 tenuifolia. 
 
 Hook. 253 
 
 nodosa, 205 
 
 natans, 
 
 263 
 
 triandra, 
 
 Linn, 245 
 
 Scorodonia, 205 
 
 ramosum, 
 
 Huds. 263 
 
 viminalis, 
 
 249 
 
 Scutellaria, 218 
 
 simplex, 
 
 Huds. 263 
 
 vitellina, 
 
 248 
 
 galericulata, 218 
 
 Spartium scoparium, L. 75 
 
 Salicornia, 
 
 226 
 
 minor, 218 
 
 Spergula, 
 
 Linn. 44 
 
 Jruticosa, 
 
 Sm. 227 
 
 Sedum, 60 
 
 arvensis, 
 
 44 
 
 herbacea, 
 
 Linn. 227 
 
 acre, 61 
 
 nodosa, 
 
 44 
 
 procumbens, 
 
 Sm. 227 
 
 anglicum, Huds. 61 
 
 saginoides, 
 
 44 
 
 radicans, 
 
 Sm. 227 
 
 dasyphyllum, Linn. 60 
 
 subulata, 
 
 Sw. 44 
 
 Salsola, 
 
 Linn. 226 
 
 glaucum, Donn. 61 
 
 SPIR-EACE^;, 
 
 DC. 85 
 
 Kali, 
 
 226 
 
 reflexum, Linn. 61 
 
 Spiraea, 
 
 Linn. 86 
 
 Salvia, 
 
 209 
 
 rupestre, 62 
 
 salicifolia. 
 
 86 
 
 verbenaca, 
 
 209 
 
 Telephium, 60 
 
 Ulmaria, 
 
 86 
 
 Sambucus, 
 
 134 
 
 Sempervivum, 62 
 
 Stachys, 
 
 215 
 
 Ebulus, 
 
 134 
 
 tectorum, 62 
 
 ambigua, 
 
 Sm. 215 
 
 nigra, 
 
 134 
 
 Scnebiera Coronoptis, D C. 25 
 
 arvensis, 
 
 Linn. 215 
 
 Samolus, 
 
 195 
 
 didyma, Sm. 25 
 
 palustris, 
 
 215 
 
 Valerandi, 
 
 195 
 
 Senecio, Linn. 1 46 
 
 sylvatica, 
 
 215 
 
 SANGUISORBEJE, 
 
 Juss. 105 
 
 aquaticus, Huds. 148 
 
 Statice, 
 
 176 
 
 Sanicula, 
 
 Linn. 128 
 
 Jacobzea, Linn. 147 
 
 Armeria, 
 
 177 
 
 europaea, 
 
 128 
 
 saracenieus, 1 48 
 
 Limonium, 
 
 177 
 
 Saponaria, 
 
 41 
 
 sylvaticus, 147 
 
 spathulata, 
 
 Desf. 177 
 
 officinalis, 
 
 41 
 
 1 tenuifolius, Jacq. 147 
 
 Stellaria, 
 
 Linn, 49 
 
 Satyr turn albtdum, 277 
 
 viscosus, Linn. 147 
 
 cerastoides, 
 
 Linn. 50 
 
 virtde, 
 
 277 
 
 vulgaris, 147 
 
 glauca, 
 
 With. 50 
 
 Saussurea, 
 alpina, 
 
 DC. 154 
 DC. 154 
 
 Serapias enstfolta, 282 
 grandiflora. 281 
 
 graminea, 
 holostea, 
 
 Linn, 50 
 Linn. 50 
 
 SAXIFRAGES, 
 
 Juss. 62 
 
 latifolia, 280 
 
 media, 
 
 With. ,49 
 
 Saxifraga, 
 
 Linn. 64 
 
 pollens, Sw. 281 
 
 uliginosa, 
 
 Murr. 50 
 
 affinis, 
 
 Don. 68 
 
 Serratula arvensis, Linn. 155 
 
 STELLATE, 
 
 Lindl. 129 
 
 aizoides, 
 
 caespitosa, 
 
 Linn. 6' 
 Linn. 67 
 
 Sesleria, Linn. 302 
 cajrulca, Scop. 302 
 
 Stratiotes, 
 aloides, 
 
 Linn. 272 
 Linn. 272 
 
 elegans, 
 
 Mackay. 65 
 
 Sherardia, Linn. 132 
 
 SlTBULARIEjE, 
 
 DC. 30 
 
 Geurrt, 
 
 Linn. C-i 
 
 arvensis, 132 Subularia, 
 
 Linn. 30 
 
268 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 aquatica, Linn, 30 
 
 scabrum, 
 
 PAGE j 
 
 Linn. 78 Locusta, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Linn. 140 
 
 Symphytum, 168 
 officinale, 169 
 
 striatum, 
 Triglochin, 
 
 270 
 
 officinalis, 
 r ubra, 
 
 140 
 140 
 
 
 maritimum, 
 
 270 
 
 /EUBENACE^E, 
 
 Juss. 208 
 
 Tanacetura, Linn. 151 
 
 palustre, 
 
 270 
 
 Verbena, 
 
 208 
 
 vulgare, 151 
 
 Trinia, 
 
 Hoffm. 123 
 
 officinalig, 
 
 208 
 
 Taxus, 259 
 
 glaberrima, 
 
 Hoffm. 123 
 
 Verbascum, 
 
 190 
 
 baccata, 259 
 
 Triodia, 
 
 Br. 306 
 
 Thapsus, 
 
 190 
 
 Teucrium, 210 
 Chanuedrys, 211 
 
 decumbens, 
 Triticum, 
 
 Beauv. 306 
 Linn. 315 
 
 virgatum, 
 Veronica, 
 
 With. 190 
 Linn. 198 
 
 Scordium, 211 
 
 caninum, 
 
 Huds. 315 
 
 agrestis, 
 
 200 
 
 Scorodonia, 210 
 
 junceum, 
 
 Linn. 315 
 
 Anagallis, 
 
 199 
 
 THALAMIFLOR^E, DC. 4 
 
 loliaceuin, 
 
 Sm. 315 
 
 arvensis, 
 
 200 
 
 Thalictrum, Linn. 5 
 
 repens, 
 
 Linn. 315 
 
 Beccabunga, 
 
 199 
 
 alpinum, 5 
 
 Trollius, 
 
 9 
 
 Chamsedrys 
 
 199 
 
 flavum, 5 
 
 europaeus, 
 
 9 
 
 hederifolia, 
 
 200 
 
 raajus, Jacq. 5 
 minus, Linn. 5 
 
 Tuiritis alpina, 
 hirsuta, 
 
 19 
 19 
 
 montana, 
 officinalis, 
 
 199 
 199 
 
 THLASPIDEJB, D C. 22 
 
 Tussilago, 
 
 148 
 
 polita, 
 
 Fries. 200 
 
 Thlaspi, Linn. 22 
 
 Farfara, 
 
 148 
 
 scutellata, 
 
 Linn. 199 
 
 arvensis, 22 
 
 hybrida, 
 
 149 
 
 serpyllifolia, 
 
 198 
 
 Jfursa-Pastoris, 26 
 
 Petasites, 
 
 149 
 
 triphyllos, 
 
 200 
 
 campestris, 27 
 
 TYPHACtJE, 
 
 Lindl. 202 
 
 Viburnum, 
 
 134 
 
 Thrincia, Roth. 165 
 
 Typha, 
 
 Linn. 262 
 
 Opulus, 
 
 134 
 
 hirta, Roth. Ib5 
 
 angustifolia, 
 
 262 
 
 VlClE.fi, 
 
 DC. 81 
 
 Thymus, Linn. 218 
 
 latifolia, 
 
 262 
 
 Vicia, 
 
 Linn. 82 
 
 Calamintha, Scop. 219 
 
 minor, 
 
 Willd. 263 
 
 angustifolia, 
 
 Sibth. 83 
 
 Serpyllum, Linn. 219 
 
 
 
 Cracca, 
 
 Linn. 82 
 
 TILIACE.E, Juss. 52 
 
 Ulex, 
 
 Linn. 74 
 
 lathyroides, 
 
 83 
 
 Tilia, Linn. 53 
 
 europajus, 
 
 Linn. 74 
 
 sativa, 
 
 83 
 
 europaea, Linn. 53 
 
 nanus, 
 
 Forst. 74 
 
 sepium, 
 
 83 
 
 parviflora, Ehrh. 53 
 
 ULMACli^ 
 
 Mirb. 240 
 
 sylvatica, 
 
 82 
 
 Torilis, Adans. 114 
 
 Ulmus, 
 
 Linn. 240' 
 
 Villarsia, 
 
 Vent. 188 
 
 Anthriscus, Gawt. 114 
 
 campestris, 
 
 Linn. 240 
 
 nymphaeoidcs, 
 
 Vent. 189 
 
 infesta, Spreng. 114 
 
 campestris, 
 
 Willd. 241 
 
 Vinca, 
 
 Linn. 184 
 
 nodosa, Gzert. 115 
 
 glabra, 
 
 Mill. 241 
 
 major. 
 
 185 
 
 Tormentilla, Linn. 93 
 
 montana, 
 
 Bauh. 241 
 
 minor, 
 
 185 
 
 officinalis, Sm. 94 
 
 suberosa, 
 
 Ehrh. 241 
 
 VIOLACE.E, 
 
 Juss. 31 
 
 reptans, Linn. 94 
 
 URTICEjE. 
 
 Juss. 232 
 
 Viola, 
 
 Linn. 31 
 
 Tragopogon, 1 05 
 
 Urtica, 
 
 Linn. 232 
 
 canina, 
 
 Linn. 32 
 
 pratensis, 165 
 
 dioica, 
 
 233 
 
 Curtisii, 
 
 Forst. 33 
 
 Trichomanes, 344 
 
 pilulifera, 
 
 232 
 
 hirta, 
 
 Linn. 31 
 
 alatum, Hook. 344 
 
 urens, 
 
 233 
 
 lactea, 
 
 Sm. 32 
 
 brevisetum, Br. 344 
 
 Utricularia, 
 
 197 
 
 lutea, 
 
 Huds. 33 
 
 Trifolium, Linn. 77 
 
 intermedia, 
 
 Hayne. 197 
 
 odorata, 
 
 Linn. 31 
 
 arvense, . 78 
 
 minor, 
 
 Linn. 197 
 
 palustris, 
 
 32 
 
 filiforme, 79 
 
 vulgaris, 
 
 Linn. 197 
 
 tricolor, 
 
 32 
 
 fragiferum, 79 
 
 
 
 
 
 maritimum, Huds. 78 
 
 VACCINES, 
 
 D C, 135 
 
 Xanthium, 
 
 Linn. 153 
 
 medium, Linn. 78 
 
 Vaccinium, 
 
 Linn. 136 
 
 strumarium, 
 
 Linn. 153 
 
 Melilotus, 76 
 
 Myrtillus, 
 
 136 
 
 
 
 minus, Rein. 7 
 
 Oxycoccus. 
 
 J36 
 
 Zannichellia, 
 
 Linn. 268 
 
 ornithopodioides, Linn. 77 
 
 Vitis-idaaa, 
 
 136 
 
 palustris, 
 
 268 
 
 pratense, Linn. 77 
 
 VALERIANE.E, 
 
 DC. 139 
 
 Zostera, 
 
 267 
 
 procumbens, 7 
 
 Valeriana, 
 
 Linn. 140 
 
 marina, 
 
 267 
 
 repens, 77 
 
 dentata, 
 
 Sm. 113 
 
 
 
ENGLISH INDEX 
 
 TO THE 
 
 GENERA AND THE MOST POPULAR SPECIFIC NAMES IN PART FIRST. 
 
 
 PACK 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abele 
 Adder's-tongue 
 Agrimony .. 
 
 254 
 346 
 95 
 
 Broom -rape .. 
 Buck-bean 
 Buckthorn 
 
 206 
 188 
 71 
 
 Cow-bane 
 Cowslip 
 Cow-Parsnep 
 
 124 
 193 
 115 
 
 Alder 
 
 242 
 
 Buckwheat 
 
 224 
 
 Cow- wheat 
 
 207 
 
 Alexanders .. 
 Alkanet 
 
 127 
 1G9 
 
 Bugle 
 Bugloss 
 
 210 
 169 
 
 Crab- Apple 
 Cran-berry 
 
 107 
 13G 
 
 Andromeda 
 
 179 
 
 Bullace-tree 
 
 87 
 
 Crane's-bill 
 
 55 
 
 Anemone 
 
 6 
 
 Bull-rush 
 
 322 
 
 Cress 
 
 17 
 
 Angelica 
 
 116 
 
 Burdock 
 
 156 
 
 Crocus 
 
 274 
 
 Apple 
 Arrow-grass 
 
 107 
 270 
 
 Burnet-Saxifrage .. 
 Bur-marigold 
 
 122 
 154 
 
 Crow-berry 
 Crowfoot 
 
 .. 238 
 6 
 
 Arrow-head 
 
 271 
 
 Bur-reed 
 
 263 
 
 Cuckow-pint 
 
 261 
 
 Ash 
 
 178 
 
 Bur- weed 
 
 153 
 
 Cudweed 
 
 145 
 
 Aspen ..* 
 
 254 
 
 Butter-bur 
 
 148 
 
 Currant 
 
 108 
 
 Avens 
 
 94 
 
 Butter- wort .. 
 
 196 
 
 Cytisus 
 
 75 
 
 Awl.wort 
 
 30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 28 
 
 Daffodil 
 
 283 
 
 Barberry 
 
 11 
 
 Calamint 
 
 219 
 
 Dandelion 
 
 160 
 
 Barley 
 
 314 
 
 Campion or Catchfly 
 
 43 
 
 Daisy 
 
 149 
 
 Bartsia 
 
 202 
 
 Canary-grass 
 
 295 
 
 Dame's Violet 
 
 23 
 
 Beaked-Parsley 
 Beak-rush 
 
 125 
 319 
 
 Caraway 
 Car ex 
 
 122 
 325 
 
 Darnel 
 Dead-nettle 
 
 31C 
 
 216 
 
 Bear-berry 
 
 182 
 
 Carline-thistle 
 
 156 
 
 Dewberry 
 
 91 
 
 Bed- straw 
 
 129 
 
 Carrot 
 
 113 
 
 Dock 
 
 221 
 
 Beech 
 
 254 
 
 Catchfly 
 
 41 
 
 Dodder 
 
 173 
 
 Beet 
 
 229 
 
 Cat-mint 
 
 217 
 
 Dog-rose 
 
 100 
 
 Bell-flower 
 
 137 
 
 Cat's-ear 
 
 165 
 
 Dog's. tail-grass 
 
 307 
 
 Bent-grass 
 
 298 
 
 Cat's-tail 
 
 262 
 
 Dog-wood 
 
 135 
 
 Betony 
 Bilberry 
 
 215 
 136 
 
 Cat's-tail-grass 
 Celandine 
 
 296 
 14 
 
 Dryas 
 Duckweed 
 
 49 
 269 
 
 Bindweed 
 
 172 
 
 Celery 
 
 124 
 
 Dutch-clover 
 
 77 
 
 Birch 
 
 242 
 
 Centaury .. 
 
 186 
 
 Dwale 
 
 191 
 
 Bird- cherry 
 
 87 
 
 Chaffweed 
 
 192 
 
 Dwarf. Elder 
 
 134 
 
 Bird's-foot 
 
 85 
 
 Chamomile 
 
 152 
 
 
 
 Bird's-foot Trefoil .. 
 
 77 
 
 Cherry 
 
 87 
 
 Earth-nut 
 
 121 
 
 Bird's. nest 
 
 184 
 
 Chervil 
 
 125 
 
 Elder 
 
 134 
 
 Bird's-nest Orchis .. 
 
 279 
 
 Chesnut 
 
 255 
 
 Elecampane 
 
 143 
 
 Bistort 
 
 224 
 
 Charlock 
 
 29 
 
 Elm 
 
 240 
 
 Bitter-sweet 
 Bitter- vetch 
 
 191 
 
 84 
 
 Chickweed 
 Cicely 
 
 49 
 126 
 
 Enchanter's Nightshade 1 1 1 
 Eryngo .. 128 
 
 Black- thorn 
 
 87 
 
 Cinque-foil 
 
 92 
 
 Eye-bright 
 
 202 
 
 Bladder-fern 
 
 341 
 
 Clary 
 
 209 
 
 
 
 Bladder- wort 
 
 197 
 
 Cleavers 
 
 131 
 
 False Brome-grass 
 
 316 
 
 Blinks 
 
 59 
 
 Cloud-berry 
 
 91 
 
 Fennel 
 
 119 
 
 Blue-bottle 
 
 157 
 
 Clover 
 
 77 
 
 Ferns 
 
 336 
 
 Blysmus 
 
 319 
 
 Club-moss 
 
 347 
 
 Fescue- grass 
 
 307 
 
 Bog- A sphodel 
 
 293 
 
 Club-rush 
 
 322 
 
 Fever-few 
 
 149 
 
 Bog- Orchis 
 
 281 
 
 Cockle 
 
 43 
 
 Field.madder 
 
 132 
 
 Bog- rush 
 
 320 
 
 Cock's-foot-grass 
 
 307 
 
 Figwort 
 
 205 
 
 Borage 
 
 160 
 
 Colt's-foot 
 
 148 
 
 Filmy-fern 
 
 345 
 
 Brake 
 
 343 
 
 Columbine 
 
 10 
 
 Fir 
 
 258 
 
 Bramble 
 
 88 
 
 Comfrey 
 
 168 
 
 Flax 
 
 51 
 
 Bristle-fern 
 
 344 
 
 Cornel 
 
 135 
 
 Flax-seed 
 
 52 
 
 Brome-grass 
 
 310 
 
 Corn-flag 
 
 273 
 
 Flea-bane 
 
 143, 144 
 
 Brooklime 
 
 199 
 
 Corn.sallad 
 
 139 
 
 Flix-weed 
 
 24 
 
 Brook-weed 
 
 195 
 
 Corydalis 
 
 15 
 
 Flower-de-Luce 
 
 273 
 
 Broom 
 
 75 
 
 Cotton-grass 
 
 323 Flowering-fern 
 
 345 
 
270 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Flowering Rush 
 Fool's Parsley 
 Forget-me-not 
 Foxglove 
 
 288 
 118 
 170 
 204 
 
 vy .. 
 
 ack-by-the- Hedge 
 acob's Ladder 
 uniper 
 
 135 
 24 
 174 
 
 259 
 
 Orchis 
 Orpine 
 Osier 
 Osmund-royal 
 
 275 
 60 
 243 
 345 
 
 Fox-tail-grass 
 Frog^bit 
 
 295 
 272 
 
 Kale 
 
 29 
 
 Ox-eye 
 Ox-lip 
 
 149 
 193 
 
 Fumitory 
 
 16 
 
 Cidney- vetch 
 
 75 
 
 Ox-tongue 
 
 162 
 
 Furze 
 
 74 
 
 knapweed 
 
 157 
 
 
 
 
 
 inautia . . 
 
 142 
 
 'ansy 
 
 33 
 
 Gale 
 
 257 
 
 vnawel 
 
 231 
 
 Parsnep 
 
 115 
 
 Garlic 
 
 285 
 
 tnot-grass 
 
 223 
 
 Pea 
 
 81 
 
 Garden Burnet 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 'ear-tree 
 
 107 
 
 Gentian 
 Gentianella 
 
 187 
 185 
 
 Lady's-fingers 
 ..ady's-mantle 
 
 75 
 105 
 
 'earl-wort 
 'en ny- royal 
 
 45 
 214 
 
 Germander 
 Gipsy- wort 
 Glass- wort 
 
 210 
 209 
 226 
 
 ,ady's- smock 
 Lady's Tresses 
 ^arab's Lettuce 
 
 20 
 279 
 140 
 
 'enny-cress 
 ?epper-mint 
 3 epper. Saxifrage 
 
 22 
 212 
 118 
 
 Globe-flower 
 Goat's-beard 
 
 9 
 
 165 
 
 My of the Valley .. 
 jime-tree 
 
 287 
 53 
 
 Pepper-wort 
 Periwinkle 
 
 26 
 184 
 
 Gold of Pleasure 
 
 25 
 
 ,ing 
 
 180 
 
 Persicaria 
 
 223 
 
 Golden-rod 
 
 145 
 
 .ive-long 
 
 60 
 
 Picris 
 
 163 
 
 Golden Samphire .. 
 Golden Saxifrage .. 
 Good King Henry 
 
 143 
 63 
 
 228 
 
 ^obelia 
 jondon Rocket 
 Condon Pride 
 
 139 
 24 
 65 
 
 Pile-wort 
 Pill.wort 
 Pimpernel 
 
 7 
 348 
 194 
 
 Gooseberry .. 
 
 109 
 
 joosestnfe 
 
 193 
 
 Pink 
 
 40 
 
 Goose-foot 
 
 227 
 
 jouse-wort 
 
 201 
 
 Pipewort 
 
 283 
 
 Gorse 
 
 74 
 
 jovage 
 
 117 
 
 Plantain 
 
 175 
 
 Gout- weed 
 
 123 
 
 ..y me- grass 
 
 313 
 
 Plum 
 
 86 
 
 Grammitis 
 
 337 
 
 
 
 Plume-thistle 
 
 155 
 
 Grass of Parnassus . . 
 Grass- wrack .. 
 
 64 
 267 
 
 Madder 
 Maidenhair 
 
 132 
 344 
 
 Polypody 
 Pond-weed 
 
 337 
 
 264 
 
 Green-weed 
 
 74 
 
 Mallow 
 
 3tj 
 
 Poor Man's Weather-glass 194 
 
 Gromwell 
 
 168 
 
 Maple 
 
 54 
 
 Poplar 
 
 253 
 
 Ground-Ivy 
 Groundsel 
 
 211 
 147 
 
 Mare's-tail 
 Marjoram 
 
 113 
 
 220 
 
 Poppy 
 Primrose 
 
 13 
 
 192 
 
 Guelder-rose . . 
 
 134 
 
 Harsh-mallow 
 
 37 
 
 Privet 
 
 178 
 
 Gymnadenia 
 
 276 
 
 Harsh-cinque-foil .. 
 Harsh-marigold 
 
 92 
 
 9 
 
 Purple Loosestrife 
 Purslane 
 
 70 
 69 
 
 Habenaria 
 
 277 
 
 Master-wort 
 
 116 
 
 
 
 Hair-grass 
 Hard-fern 
 
 299 
 343 
 
 Mat-grass 
 Meadow-grass 
 
 318 
 302 
 
 Quaking-grass 
 Quicken-tree 
 
 306 
 
 108 
 
 Hard.grass 
 
 317 
 
 Meadow-rue 
 
 5 
 
 Quill-wort 
 
 348 
 
 Hare-bell 
 
 137 
 
 Meadow, saffron 
 
 282 
 
 
 
 Hart's-tongue 
 
 342 
 
 Meadow-sweet 
 
 86 
 
 Radish 
 
 30 
 
 Hasel-nut 
 
 256 
 
 Medick 
 
 80 
 
 Rag- wort 
 
 147 
 
 Haw kbit 
 
 166 
 
 Melic-grass 
 
 301 
 
 Ragged Robin 
 
 43 
 
 Hawk weed 
 
 162 
 
 Melilot 
 
 76 
 
 Ram sons 
 
 285 
 
 Hawk's-beard 
 
 161 
 
 Menziesia 
 
 180 
 
 Rape 
 
 28 
 
 Hawthorn 
 
 107 
 
 Mercury 
 
 237 
 
 Raspberry 
 
 88 
 
 Heart's-ease 
 
 32 
 
 Mignonette, wild 
 
 23 
 
 Reed y 
 
 313 
 
 Heath 
 
 180 
 
 Milfoil 
 
 153 
 
 Reed-mace 
 
 262 
 
 Heath-grass 
 
 306 
 
 Milk-vetch 
 
 76 
 
 Rest-harrow 
 
 75 
 
 Hedge Mustard 
 
 23 
 
 Milkwort 
 
 35 
 
 Rock-brake 
 
 343 
 
 Hedge Parsley 
 
 114 
 
 Millet-grass 
 
 297 
 
 Rocket 
 
 234 
 
 Hellebore 
 
 10 
 
 Mint 
 
 21 
 
 Rock. cress 
 
 19 
 
 Helleborine 
 
 280 
 
 Moonwort 
 
 34 
 
 Rock-rose 
 
 34 
 
 Hemlock 
 Hemp-agrimony 
 
 127 
 
 142 
 
 Moor-grass 
 Moschatell 
 
 30 
 63 
 
 Rose-root (Addenda) 255 
 Rose .. 95 
 
 Hemp-nettle 
 
 217 
 
 Motherwort 
 
 211 
 
 Ruppia 
 
 267 
 
 Henbane 
 
 19 
 
 Mountain Ash 
 
 108 
 
 Rush 
 
 289 
 
 Herb Paris 
 
 28 
 
 Mountain Sorrel 
 
 223 
 
 Rye-grass 
 
 317 
 
 Herb Robert 
 
 5 
 
 Mouse- ear Chickweed 
 
 48 
 
 
 
 Heron's-bill 
 Hog's Fennel 
 Holly 
 
 5 
 11 
 7 
 
 Mugwort 
 Mullein 
 Mustard 
 
 151 
 
 190 
 29 
 
 Sage 
 Sallow 
 Salt- wort 
 
 209 
 
 243 
 226 
 
 Honewort 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 Samphire 
 
 117 
 
 Honeysuckle 
 
 13 
 
 Narcissus 
 
 2S3 
 
 Sandwort 
 
 46 
 
 Hop 
 
 23 
 
 Nasturtium 
 
 17 
 
 Sanicle 
 
 128 
 
 Horehound 
 
 21 
 
 Navew 
 
 28 
 
 Saponaria 
 
 41 
 
 Hornbeam 
 
 25 
 
 Nettle 
 
 232 
 
 Sauce alone 
 
 24 
 
 Horned-pondweed .. 
 Horned Poppy 
 Hornwort 
 Horse Raddish 
 
 26 
 1 
 24 
 2 
 
 Nightshade 
 Nipple- wort 
 None so pretty 
 
 191 
 160 
 65 
 
 Saussurea 
 Saxifrage 
 Scabious 
 Scorpion-grass 
 
 154 
 64 
 141 
 170 
 
 Horse-tail 
 
 34 
 
 Oak 
 
 255 
 
 Sciirvpv.prass 
 
 21 
 
 Hound's-tongue 
 
 17 
 
 Oat or Oat-grass 
 
 312 ! Sea Lavender 
 
 177 
 
 Houseleek 
 Hyacinth 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 Oat-like-grass 
 Onion 
 
 302 Sea-milkwort 
 285 Sea-reed 
 
 192 
 
 296 
 
 
 
 Ophrys 
 
 278 Sea- Rocket 
 
 22 
 
 Jris 
 
 27 Orache 
 
 229 Sedge 
 
 325 
 
INDEX. 
 
 271 
 
 Self-heal 
 Service tree 
 
 PA OB 
 
 219 
 107 
 
 Tare 
 Teasel 
 
 PAGE 
 81 
 141 
 
 Water Parsnep 
 Water-soldier 
 
 PAGE 
 120 
 
 272 
 
 Sheep's-bit 
 Shepherd's-needle .. 
 
 138 
 126 
 
 Thale-cress 
 Thistle 
 
 25 
 158 
 
 Water-starwort 
 Water-violet 
 
 238 
 194 
 
 Shepherd 's-purse .. 
 
 26 
 
 Thorn-apple 
 
 189 
 
 Water-wort 
 
 45 
 
 Sherardia 
 
 132 
 
 Thrift 
 
 176 
 
 Wake- Robin 
 
 261 
 
 Shield-fern 
 
 338 
 
 Thyme 
 
 218 
 
 Weasel-snout 
 
 216 
 
 Shore, weed .. 
 
 176 
 
 Thrincia 
 
 165 
 
 Weld 
 
 234 
 
 Silver, weed 
 Sibthorpia 
 Skull-cap 
 
 93 
 
 204 
 218 
 
 Tooth-wort 
 Toad-flax 
 Tormentil 
 
 207 
 202 
 93 
 
 Welsh- poppy 
 Wheat or Wheat-grass 
 Whin 
 
 14 
 315 
 74 
 
 Sloe 
 
 87 
 
 Traveller's-joy 
 
 4 
 
 White Horehound .. 
 
 214 
 
 Small-reed 
 
 297 
 
 Treacle -mustard 
 
 24 
 
 White-rot 
 
 129 
 
 Snapdragon 
 
 204 
 
 Tree-mallow 
 
 37 
 
 White-thorn 
 
 107 
 
 Snowdrop 
 Soft.grass 
 Soap-wort 
 
 283 
 301 
 41 
 
 Trefoil 
 Turnep 
 Tutsan 
 
 77 
 28 
 38 
 
 White Water-lily .. 
 Whitlow-grass 
 Whorl-grass 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 299 
 
 Sorrel 
 Sow-thistle 
 
 221 
 
 159 
 
 Twayblade 
 Twig-rash 
 
 279 
 324 
 
 Whortle-berry 
 Wild Basil 
 
 136 
 220 
 
 Spear-wort 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Wild Chamornile .. 
 
 150 
 
 Speedwell 
 
 198 
 
 Valerian 
 
 140 
 
 Wild Succory 
 
 166 
 
 Spike-rush 
 
 320 
 
 Venus'-comb 
 
 126 
 
 Willow 
 
 243 
 
 Spindle-tree 
 
 40 
 
 Vernal-grass 
 
 317 
 
 Willow-herb 
 
 109 
 
 Spirjea 
 
 86 
 
 Vervain 
 
 208 
 
 Winter-cress 
 
 18 
 
 Spleenwort 
 
 341 
 
 Vetch 
 
 82 
 
 Winter-green 
 
 183 
 
 Spurge 
 
 235 
 
 Vetchling 
 
 83 
 
 Woad 
 
 27 
 
 Spurrey 
 
 44 
 
 Villarsia 
 
 188 
 
 Woodbine 
 
 133 
 
 Squill 
 
 286 
 
 Violet 
 
 31 
 
 Woodruff 
 
 132 
 
 St. John's.wort 
 
 38 
 
 Viper's Bugloss 
 
 167 
 
 Wood-rush 
 
 293 
 
 Star- thistle 
 
 157 
 
 
 
 Wood-sorrel 
 
 58 
 
 Starwort 
 
 144 
 
 Wall-flower 
 
 17 
 
 Wormwood 
 
 151 
 
 Stitchwort 
 
 49 
 
 Wall Lettuce 
 
 160 
 
 Wound- woit .. 
 
 215 
 
 Stock 
 
 17 
 
 Wall Pellitory 
 
 232 
 
 
 
 Stone-crop 
 
 GO 
 
 Wart-cress 
 
 25 
 
 Yarrow 
 
 153 
 
 Strawberry 
 
 92 
 
 Water-dropwort 
 
 119 
 
 Yellow-rattle 
 
 201 
 
 Strawberry-tree 
 
 182 
 
 Water Hemlock 
 
 124 
 
 Yellow Water Lily .. 
 
 12 
 
 Sundew 
 
 34 
 
 Water Horehound .. 
 
 210 
 
 Yellow- wort 
 
 183 
 
 Sweet-briar 
 
 100 
 
 Water-milfoil 
 
 112 
 
 Yew 
 
 259 
 
 Tansy 
 
 151 
 
 Water Plantain 
 
 271 
 
 
 
INDEX 
 
 THE GENERA AND SPECIES IN PART SECOND. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAG 8 
 
 Alectoria, Ach. 86 
 
 Cenomyce, Ach. 79 
 
 Dicranum, Hedw. 21 
 
 jubata, Ach. 86 
 
 bacillaris, Ach. 82 
 
 adiantoides, Sw. 22 
 
 Andraea, Ehrh. 7 
 
 bellidiflora, Ach. 82 
 
 bryoides, Sw. 21 
 
 alpina, Hedw. 7 
 Rothii, Mohr. 7 
 
 cariosa, Ach. 80 
 cervicornis, Ach. 81 
 
 cerviculatum, Hedw. 22 
 crispum, Hedw. 23 
 
 rupestris, Hedw. 7 
 
 coccifera, Ach. 81 
 
 flagellare, Hedw. 23 
 
 Anictangium, Hedw. 11 
 
 cornuta, Ach. 81 
 
 flavescens, Sm. 22 
 
 ciliatum, Hedw. 12 
 strt'atum, Hook. 12 
 
 ecmocyna, Ach. 82 
 filiformis, Tayl. 82 
 
 flexuosum, Hedw. 22 
 fulvellum, Sm. 24 
 
 Anomodon, H. & T. 35 
 
 fimbriata, Ach. 81 
 
 glaucum, Hedw. 22 
 
 curtipendulura, H. & T. 35 
 
 furcata, Ach. 80 
 
 heterornallum, Hedw. 24 
 
 viticulosum, H. & T. 36 
 
 gracilis, Ach. 82 
 
 latifolium, Hedw. 22 
 
 Anthoceros, Linn. 68 
 
 Papillaria, Ach. 82 
 
 longifolium, Hedw. 22 
 
 punctatus, Linn. 68 
 Arthonia, Ach. 104 
 
 parasitica, Tayl. 80 
 pyxidata, Ach. 81 
 
 pellucidum, Sw. 23 
 scoparium, Hedw. 24 
 
 impolita, Borr. 104 
 
 racemosa, Ach. 80 
 
 Scottianum, Turn. 23 
 
 ilicina, Tayl. 105 
 
 radiata, Ach. 81 
 
 squarrosum, Schrad. 23 
 
 lurida, Ach. 104 
 
 rangiferina, Ach. 79 
 
 subulatum, Hedw. 24 
 
 Swartziana, Ach. 104 
 
 sparassa, Ach. 80 
 
 taxifolium, Sw. 22 
 
 
 uncialis, Ach. 79 
 
 undulatum, Ehrh. 24 
 
 Baeomyces, Pers. 78 
 
 Cetraria, Ach. 154 
 
 varium, Hedw. 24 
 
 anomalus, Tayl. 79 
 
 glauca, Ach. 154 
 
 Didymodon, Hedw. 17 
 
 furfuraceus, Tavl. 78 
 microcephalus, Tayl. 78 
 
 islandica, Ach. 155 
 Cinclidotus, Beauv. 27 
 
 brachydontius, Hook. 18 
 Bruntoni, ArnUt. 18 
 
 rupestris, Pers. 78 
 Bartramia, Hedw. 34 
 
 fontinaloides, Beauv. 27 
 Cladonia furcata, Hoffm. 80 
 
 capillaceus, Schrad. 18 
 crispulus, Hook. 18 
 
 arcuata, Brid. 34 
 
 rangiferina, Hoffm. 79 
 
 cylindricus. Hook. 19 
 
 fontana, Sw. 34 
 
 uncialis, Hook. 79 
 
 luteromallus, H.&T. 19 
 
 gracilis, Floerke. 34 
 
 Collema, Ach. 107 
 
 inclinatus, Sw. 17 
 
 Halleriana, Hedw. 34 
 
 Burgessii, Ach. 110 
 
 nervosus, H.&T. 17 
 
 ithyphylla, Brid. 34 
 pomiforrnis, Hedw. 34 
 
 crispum, Borr. 110 
 cristatum, Hoffm. 108 
 
 purpureus, H.&T. 17 
 pusillus, Hedw. 19 
 
 Bryum, Linn. 31 
 
 flaccidum, Ach. 110 
 
 rigidulus, Hedw. 18 
 
 alpinum, Linn. 32 
 
 flumatile, Sm. 109 
 
 trifarius, Sw. 18 
 
 argenteum, Linn. 31 
 
 fragile, Tayl. 109 
 
 Diphyscium, Mohr. 12 
 
 ca'spititiuin, Linn. 32 
 
 fragrans, Ach. 107 
 
 foliosum, Mohr. 12 
 
 capillare, Linn. 32 
 
 furvum, Ach. 110 
 
 
 carneum. Linn. 31 
 
 glomerulosum, Ach. 108 
 
 Encalypta, Hedw. 13 
 
 crudum, Hedw. 31 
 
 granulatum, Hook. 110 
 
 rhaptocarpa, Schwaeg.13 
 
 dealbatum, Dicks. 31 
 
 lacerum, Ach. Ill 
 
 streptocarpa, Hedw. 13 
 
 elongatum, Dicks. 32 
 
 limo&um, Ach. 108 
 
 vulgaris, Hedw. 13 
 
 hornum, Schreb. 33 
 
 marginale, Hook. 109 
 
 Endocarpon, Hedw. 93 
 
 julaceum, Schrad. 31 
 
 metenum, /3. Ach. 10y 
 
 fuscellum, Ach. 101 
 
 ligulatum, Schreb. 33 
 
 multipartitum, Sm. 108 
 
 lachneum, Ach. 90 
 
 nutans, Schreb, 32 
 
 muscicola, Ach. Ill 
 
 kete-virens, Hook. 101 
 
 palustre, Sw. 31 
 punctatum, Schreb. 33 
 
 nigrescens, Ach, 1 10 
 nigrum, Ach. 107 
 
 leptophyllum, Ach. 99 
 miniatum, Ach. 98 
 
 roseum, Schreb. 33 
 
 pulposum, Ach. 1 08 
 
 pallidum, Ach. 99 
 
 rostratum, Schrad. 33 
 
 sinuatum, Hook. 110 
 
 pulchellum, Hook. 101 
 
 trtquetrum, Turn, 31 
 
 spongiosum, Ach. Ill 
 
 pusillum, Hedw. 99 
 
 turbinatum, Sw. 32 
 
 subtile, Ach, 111 
 
 rufo.virescens, Tayl. 100 
 
 ventricosum, Dicks, 33 
 Zierii, Dicks. 32 
 
 synalissum, Ach. 108 
 tremelloides, Ach. Ill 
 
 sulphureum, Tayl. 100 
 Entosthodon, Schwaeg.28 
 
 - 
 
 Corniculana, Ach. 86 
 
 Templetoni, Schwaeg.29 
 
 Calicium, Ach. 77 
 
 aculeata, Ach. 86 
 
 Evernia, Ach. 84 
 
 capitellatum, Ach. 78 
 
 lanata, Ach. 87 
 
 prunastri, Ach. 84 
 
 claviculare, Ach. 78 
 
 tristis, Ach. 86 
 
 
 furfuraceum, Pers. 78 
 hyperellum, Ach. 77 
 
 Daltonia, H.&T. 36 
 
 Fegatella, Caesalp. .50 
 conica, Tayl. 60 
 
 sphajrocephalum, Ach. 78 
 
 heteroraalla, H. & T. 36 
 
 hemispherica, Tayl. i>l 
 
 2L 
 
274 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAGE 
 
 FontLnalis, Linn. 36 
 
 piliferum, Schreb. 40 
 
 multifula, Linn. 57 
 
 antipyretica, Linn. 3<> 
 
 phunnsum, Linn. 40 
 
 nemorosa, Linn. 61 
 
 squamosa, Linn. 30 
 
 polyanthos, Sm. 46 
 
 obtusifolia, Hook. 62 
 
 Funaria, Schreb. 2D 
 
 polymorphism, Hedw. 44 
 
 Orcadensis, Hook. 59 
 
 hygrometrica, Hedw. 29 
 
 populeum, Hedw. 39 
 
 pinguis, Linn. 57 
 
 hibernica, Hook. 29 
 
 pra?!ongum, Linn. 42 
 
 planifolia, Hook. 62 
 
 Muhlenbergii, Turn. 29 
 
 proliferum, Linn. 42 
 
 platyphylla, Linn. 66 
 
 
 pulchellum, Dicks. 40 
 
 polyanthus, Linn. 63 
 
 Glyphoim'trion, Brid. 21 
 
 purum, Linn. 39 
 
 pubescens, Schrank. 56 
 
 cylindraceum, Tayl. 21 
 
 riparium, Linn. 38 
 
 pumila, With. 58 
 
 Daviesii, Brid. 21 
 
 ruscifolium, Neck. 43 
 
 pusilla, Linn, 61 
 
 Grimmaldia hemispherica, 
 
 rutabulum, Linn. 43 
 
 reptans, Linn. 65 
 
 Lindenb, M 
 
 salebrosum, Hoffm 41 
 
 resupinata, Linn, 62 
 
 Grimmia, Ehrh. 1C 
 
 Schreberi, Willd. 40 
 
 scalaris, Schrad. 63 
 
 apocarpa, Hedw. 16 
 
 scorpioides, Linn. 46 
 
 scutata, Web. 64 
 
 maritima, Turn. 16 
 
 sericeum, Linn. 40 
 
 serpyllifolia, Dicks. 66 
 
 pulvinata, Sm. 16 
 
 serpens, Linn. 38 
 
 setacea, Web. 65 
 
 saxicola, Schwaeg 16 
 
 splcndens, Hedw. 42 
 
 sphaerocarpa, Hook. 58 
 
 spiralis, H. & T. 17 
 
 squarrosum, Linn. 45 
 
 Sphagni, Dicks. 58 
 
 torta, Hornsch.& Nees,17 
 
 stellatum. Schreb. 44 
 
 spinulosa, Dicks. 58 
 
 tricophylla, Grev. 17 
 
 stramineum, Dicks. 39 
 
 Tamarisci, Linn. 68 
 
 Gymnostomum, Hedw. 9 
 
 striatum, Schreb. 43 
 
 Taylori, Hook. 63 
 
 conicura, Schwaeg. 11 
 
 tenellum, Dicks. 38 
 
 tomentella, Ehrh. 66 
 
 curvirostrum, Hedw. 9 
 
 trichomanoides.Linn. 37 
 
 Trichomanis, Dicks. 64 
 
 fasciculare, Hedw. 1 1 
 
 trifarium, Web. 39 
 
 tricophylla, Linn. 65 
 
 Griffithianum, Sm. 9 
 
 triquetrum. Linn. 44 
 
 trUobata, Linn. 65 
 
 , Heimii, Hedw. 10 
 
 uncinatum, Hedw. 45 
 
 turbinata, Hook. GO 
 
 microstomum, Hedw. 1 1 
 
 undulatum, Linn. 38 
 
 Turneri, Hook. 60 
 
 ovatura, Hedw. 10 
 
 velutinum, Linn. 43 
 
 umbrosa, Schrad. 62 
 
 pyriforme, Hedw. 11 
 
 
 undulata, Linn. 61 
 
 rujjestre, Sen waeg. 1 
 
 Isidium microsticticum, 
 
 ventricosa, Dicks. 60 
 
 tenue, Schrad. 11 
 
 T.&B. 102 
 
 viticulosa, Linn. 63 
 
 tortile, Schwaeg. 10 
 
 paradoxum, Ach. 118 
 
 Woodsii, Hook, 66 
 
 truncatulum, Hedw. 10 
 
 
 
 viridissimum, Sm. 9 
 
 Jungermannia, Linn. 55 
 
 Lecanora, Ach, 133 
 
 Gyrophora, Ach. 159 
 
 albicans, Linn. 62 
 
 atra, Ach. 133 
 
 cylindrica, Ach. 155 
 
 anomala, Hook. 63 
 
 candelaria, Ach. 139 
 
 erosa, Ach, 155 
 
 asplenioides, Linn. 57 
 
 cerina, Ach. 136 
 
 pellita, Ach. 155 
 
 barbata, Schreb. 64 
 
 citrina, Ach. 138 
 
 pustulata, Ach, 155 
 
 bicuspidata, Linn. 60 
 
 coarctata, Ach. 134 
 
 bidentata, Linn. 64 
 
 exigua, Hook. 133 
 
 Hedwigia, Hook. 11 Blasia, Hook. 56 
 
 gelida, Ach. 140 
 
 {Estiva, Hook. 11 
 
 byssacea, Roth. 60 
 
 glaucoma, Ach. 135 
 
 Hookeria, Sm. 36 
 
 calycina, Tayl. 55 
 
 Haenaatomma, Ach. 136 
 
 albicans, Tayl. 36 
 
 calyptrifolia, Hook. 67 
 
 hypoorum, Acb. 139 
 
 tete-virens, H. & T. 36 
 lucens, Sm. 36 
 
 capitata, Hook. 61 
 ciliaris, Linn. 66 
 
 intricata, Ach. 137 
 involuta, Tayl. 134 
 
 splachnoides, Hook. S7 
 
 cochleariformis. Weis. 63 
 
 milvina, Ach. 134 
 
 Hygrophyla. Tayl. 53 
 
 complanata, Linn 63 
 
 miniata, Ach. 140 
 
 irrigua, Tayl. 54 
 
 compressa, Hook. 58 
 
 multipuncta, Ach. 134 
 
 Hypnum, Linn. 37 
 
 concinnata, Lightf. 59 
 
 murorum, Ach. 140 
 
 abietinum, Linn. 42 
 
 connivens, Dicks. 60 
 
 muscoruin, Tayl. 139 
 
 aduncum, Linn. 45 
 
 cordifolia, Hook. 59 
 
 parella, Ach. 137 
 
 albicans, Neck. 41 
 
 crenulata, Sm. 58 
 
 periclea, Ach. 133 
 
 brevirostre, Ehrh. 44 
 
 cuneifolia, Hook. 63 
 
 saxicola, Ach. 140 
 
 catenulatum, Schwaeg. 40 
 
 curvifolia, Dicks. 60 
 
 squamulosa, Hook. 139 
 
 commutatum, Hedw. 45 
 
 decipiens, Hook. 58 
 
 subfusca, Ach. 135 
 
 complanatum, Linn. 37 
 
 Dicksoni, Hook. C.2 
 
 tartarea, Ach. 138 
 
 confertum, Dicks. 43 
 
 dilatata, Linn. G7 
 
 varia, Ach. 137 
 
 cordifolium, Hedw. 44 
 
 emarginata, Ehrh. 59 
 
 ventosa, Ach. 136 
 
 crassinervium, Tayl. 43 
 
 epiphylla, Linn. 56 
 
 vitellina, Ach. 138 
 
 cupressiforme, Linn. 46 
 
 excisa, Dicks. 60 
 
 Lecidea, Ach. 115 
 
 curvatum, Sw. 41 
 
 exsecta, Schmid. 62 
 
 aromatica, Turn. 131 
 
 cuspidatum, Linn. 44 
 
 Francisci, Hook. 64 
 
 atro.alba, Ach. 116 
 
 demissum, Wilson 39 
 
 furcata. Linn. 56 
 
 aurantiaca, Ach. 129 
 
 dendroides, Linn. 41 
 denticulatum, Linn. 38 
 
 hamatifolia, Hook. 67 
 heterophylla, Schrad. 64 
 
 cffiruleo-nigricans.Tayl. 131 
 canescens, Ach. 130 
 
 filicinum, Linn. 45 
 
 Hibernica, Hook. 57 
 
 cechumena, Ach. 117 
 
 flagellare. Dicks. 42 
 fluitans, Linn. 45 
 
 Hutchinsia:, Hook. 67 
 hyalina, Hook. 58 
 
 confluens, Ach. 118 
 cornea, Ach. 128 
 
 fluviatile, Sw. 38 
 
 incisa, Schrad, 61 
 
 coronata, Borr. 127 
 
 loreum, Linn. 44 
 
 inflata, Huds. 59 
 
 dubia, T.&B. 120 
 
 lutescens, Huds. 41 
 
 julacea, Linn. 65 
 
 ela?ochroma, Ach. 119 
 
 medium, Dicks. 38 
 
 juniperina, Sw. 65 
 
 erythrella, Hook. 130 
 
 micans, Hook. 42 
 
 Icevigala. Schrad. 6ti 
 
 expallens, Hook. 127 
 
 molluscum, Hedw. 46 
 moniiiforrne, ,Wahl. 40 
 multiflorum, Tayl. 46 
 murale, Hedw. 39 
 myosuroides, Hedw. 42 
 
 laxifolia, Hook. 65 
 Lyellii, Hook, 57 
 Mackaii, Hook. 66 
 microscopica, Tayl. 59 
 minuta, Crantz. 62 
 
 ferruginea, Hook. 128 
 flavo-virescens,Borr. ? 122 
 fuliginosa, Tayl. 131 
 fumosa, Ach. 116 
 fusco-atra, Ach. 117 
 
 palustre, Linn. 45 minutissima, Sm. 67 
 
 Gajjei, Hook. 120 
 
INDEX. 
 
 275 
 
 PA<;E 
 geographica, Hook. 121 
 
 PACK 
 
 viridescens, Sm. 1 27 
 
 PAGE 
 
 canina, Ach. 153 
 
 geomzea, Tayl. 124 
 
 Lunularia, Micheli. 52 
 
 horizontalis, Ach. 153 
 
 Gnffithsii, Hook. 120 
 
 vulgaris, Mich. 52 
 
 polydactyla, Ach. 154 
 
 * icinadophila, Ach. 129 
 immersa, Ach. 125 
 
 Marchantia, Marchant.49 
 
 Pertusaria tsidioides.BorrlQl 
 Phascum, Linn. 7 
 
 incana, Hook. 126 
 
 androgyna, Linn. 49 
 
 alternifolium, Dicks. 7 
 
 irrubata, Ach. 128 
 
 commutata, Lindenb. 50 
 
 axillare, Dicks. 8 
 
 lapicida, Ach. 118 
 
 hemispherica, Wahl. 50 
 
 crispum, Hedw. 7 
 
 lapidicola, Tayl. 124 
 
 hemispherica t Linn. 51 
 
 curvicollum, Hedw. 8 
 
 lutea, Borr. 129 
 
 polymorpha, Linn, 49 
 
 cuspidatum, Schreb. 8 
 
 luteola. Ach. 120 
 
 quadrata t ScopolL 50 
 
 muticum, Schreb. 8 
 
 macula, Tayl. 115 
 
 
 patens, Hedw. 8 
 
 marmorea, Ach. Iv9 
 
 Neckera, Hedw. 35 
 
 rectum, With. 8 
 
 melastigma, Tayl. 115 
 
 crispa, Hedw. 35 
 
 serratum, Schreb. 7 
 
 mierophylla, Ach. 142 
 
 pumila, Hedw. 35 
 
 subulatum, Linn. 7 
 
 muscorum, Hook. 1121 
 
 Nephroma, Ach. 154 
 
 Polytrichum, Linn. 27 
 
 GEderi, Ach. 122 
 
 resupinata, Ach. 154 
 
 aloides, Hedw. 28 
 
 parasema, Ach. 119 
 
 
 alpinum. Linn. 28 
 
 petrzea, Ach. 117 
 
 CEdipodium, Schwaeg. 9 
 
 commune, Linn. 28 
 
 picta, Tayl. 130 
 
 Griffithianum, Schwaeg. 9 
 
 juniperinum, Willd. 28 
 
 pinicola, Borr. 120 
 
 Opegrapha, Ach. 105 
 
 piliferum, Schreb. 27 
 
 polytropa, Ach. 131 
 
 atra, Pers. 105 
 
 undulatum, Hedw. 27 
 
 premnea, Ach. 119 
 
 dendritica, Ach. 106 
 
 urnigerum, Linn. 28 
 
 prominula, Borr. 119 
 
 epipasta, Ach. 105 
 
 Porina, Ach. 101 
 
 pruinosa, Ach. 125 
 
 rufescens, Pers. 105 
 
 ceuthocarpa, TayL 102 
 
 pulverea, Borr. 126 
 
 saxatilis, De C. 106 
 
 fallax, Ach. 102 
 
 pulvinata, TayL 123 
 
 scripta, Ach. 106 
 
 isidioides, Tayl. 102 
 
 quadricolor, Borr. 128 
 
 sulcata, Pers. 107 
 
 pertusa, Ach. 102 
 
 quernea, Ach. 126 
 
 varia, Pers. 106 
 
 Pterogonium, Sw. 34 
 
 recedens, Tayl. 1 17 
 
 vulgata, Ach. 106 
 
 filiforme, Schwaeg.35 
 
 rivulosa, Ach. 125 
 
 Orthotrichum, Hoffm. 29 
 
 gracile, Sw. 34 
 
 rupestris, Ach. 128 
 
 aftine, Schrad. 30 
 
 sciuroides, Linn. 35 
 
 sanguinaria, Ach. 120 
 
 anomalum, Hedw. 30 
 
 
 &cabra, Tayl. 121 
 
 crispum, Hedw. 30 
 
 Ramalina Ach, $4 
 
 scabrosa, Ach. 122 
 
 cupulatum, Hoffm. 29 
 
 farinacea Ach* 85 
 
 silacea, Ach. 122 
 simplex, Borr. 124 
 spcirea, Ach. 125 
 stellulata, Tayl. 118 
 sulphurea, Act). 127 
 
 diaphanum, Schrad. 30 
 Hutchinsia?, Sm 30 
 pulchellum, Sm. 31 
 rivulare, Sm. 30 
 striatum, Hedw. 31 
 
 fastigiata,' Ach. 85 
 fraxinea, Ach. 84 
 pollinaria, Ach. 85 
 polymorpha, Ach. 84 
 scopulorum, Ach. 85 
 
 synothea, Ach. 123 
 Templetoni, Tayl. 123 
 
 Parmelia, Ach. 141 
 
 Rebouillia hemispherica, 
 Radd. 50 
 
 uliginosa, Ach. 124 
 ulmicola, Borr. 129 
 vernalis, Ach. 127 
 viridescens, Hook. 127 
 
 aquila, Ach. 143 
 adglutinata, Fioerke.146 
 Borreri, Turn. 146 
 cassia, Ach. 147 
 
 Riccia, Linn. 70 
 crystallina, Linn. 70 
 glauca, Linn. 70 
 
 Lepraria, Ach. 76 
 
 caperata, Ach. 146 
 
 
 alba, Ach. 76 
 
 Clementiana, Ach. 147 
 
 Solorina, Ach. 153 
 
 flava, Ach 76 
 
 columnaris, Tayl. 144 
 
 saccata, Ach. 153 
 
 lolithus, T. &B. 76 
 
 conoplea, Ach. 142 
 
 Sphaerophoron, Ach. 83 
 
 viridis, T. & B. 76 
 
 conspersa, Ach. 143 
 
 compressum, Ach. 83 
 
 Leucodon, Schwaeg.35 
 
 diatrypa, Ach. 150 
 
 coralloides, T. & B. 83 
 
 sciuroides, Schwaeg.35 
 Lichen afflnis, Dicks. 142 
 
 flavicans, Ach. 147 
 glomulifera, Ach. 141 
 
 Sphagnum, Linn. 8 
 acutifolium. Ehrh. 9 
 
 botryoides, Sm. 76 
 
 iurfuracea, Ach. 144 
 
 cuspidatum, Ehrh. 9 
 
 aeruleo-nigricans, 
 Light. 131 
 
 herbacea, Ach. 141 
 horrescens, Tayl. 144 
 
 obtusifolium, Ehrh. 8 
 squarrosum, Web. 9 
 
 calvus, Sm. 128 
 
 incurva, Ach, 149 
 
 Spiloma, Ach. 76 
 
 candelarius, Linn. 139 
 
 laevigata, Ach. 148 
 
 dispersum, T. & B. 77 
 
 carnosus, Sm. 139 
 
 lanuginosa, Ach. 148 
 
 gregarium, T. & B. 77 
 
 dementi, Sm. 147 
 
 olivacea, Ach. 143 
 
 nigrum, T. & B, 77 
 
 d&daleus, Sm. 1 49 
 
 omphalodes, Ach. 145 
 
 sphaerale, Ach. 77 
 
 delicatus, Sm. 80 
 
 parietina, Ach. 141 
 
 Splachnum, Linn. 12 
 
 Jiliformis, Huds. 82 
 
 perforata, Ach. 143 
 
 ampullaceum, Linn. 13 
 
 Gagei, Sm. 79 
 
 perlata, Ach. 148 
 
 mnioides, Lin. fil. 13 
 
 hypnorum, Sm. 139 
 membranaceus, Dicks. 148 
 
 proboscidea, Tayl. 143 
 physodes, Ach. 149 
 
 sphajricum. Lin. fil. 13 
 Squamaria muscorum. 
 
 obscurus, Sm. 96 
 
 pluinbea, Ach. 142 
 
 Hook. -139 
 
 crostheus, Sm. 127 
 
 pulverulenta, Ach. 141 
 
 Stereocaulon, Ach. 83 
 
 parasemus, Sm. 1 19 
 
 reticulata, Tayl. 148 
 
 Cereolus, Ach. 83 
 
 perforatus, Sm. 143 
 
 rubiginosa, Ach. 142 
 
 paschale, Ach. 83 
 
 polycarpus , Sm. 139 
 
 rugosa, Tayl. 145 
 
 Sticta, Ach. 150 
 
 polytropus, Sm. 137 
 
 saxatilis, Ach. 144 
 
 ciliata, Tayl. 152 
 
 probcscideus, Allioni. 143 
 
 sinuosa, Ach. 149 
 
 crocata, Ach. 151 
 
 rupestris, Sm. 121 
 
 stellaris, Ach. 142 
 
 damtECornis, Ach. 151 
 
 saticinus, Srn. 129 
 
 speciosa, Ach. 149 
 
 fuliginosa, Ach. Io2 
 
 saxatilis, Scop. 145 
 sinuosus, Sm. 149 
 
 sulcata, Tayl. 145 
 tenella, Ach. 147 
 
 limbata, Ach. 152 
 macrophylla, Fc-e 160 
 
 sphccroides, Dicks. 127 
 
 ulcthrix, Ach. 146 
 
 pulmonaria, Hook. 151 
 
 vernalis, Sm. 126 
 
 Peltidea, Ach, 153 
 
 scrobiculata, Ach. 151 
 
 virellus, Sm. 146 
 
 aphthosa, Ach. 153 
 
 sylvatica, Ach. 152 
 
276 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Syncesla, 
 
 PAGE | 
 
 Tayl. 103 
 
 contorta, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ach. 132 
 
 laevata, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Ach. 91 
 
 albida, 
 
 Tayl. 103 
 
 rufescens, 
 
 Hook. 132 
 
 leucocephala, 
 
 Ach. 90 
 
 
 
 scruposa, 
 
 Ach. 132 
 
 lithina, 
 
 Ach. 92 
 
 Targionia, 
 
 Micheli. 54 
 
 UsneaV 
 
 Ach, 85 
 
 maura, 
 
 Ach. 93 
 
 hypophylla, 
 Tetraphis, 
 
 Linn. 55 
 Hedw. 12 
 
 barbata, 
 florida, 
 
 Ach. 86 
 Ach. 86 
 
 mollis, 
 
 muralis, 
 
 Tayl. 97 
 Ach. 91 
 
 Browniana, 
 
 Grev. 12 
 
 plicata, 
 
 Ach. 86 
 
 nitida, 
 
 Schrad. 87 
 
 pellucida, 
 
 Hedw. 12 
 
 
 
 obscura, 
 
 Borr. 96 
 
 Thelotrema, 
 
 Ach. 102 
 
 Variolaria, 
 
 Pers. 112 
 
 olivacea, 
 
 Pers. 89 
 
 exanthematicv 
 
 im, Ach. 103 
 
 aspergilla, 
 
 Ach. 112 
 
 peripherica, 
 
 Tayl, 97 
 
 Hutchinsiae, 
 
 Borr. 103 
 
 chlorothecia, 
 
 Tayl. 114 
 
 plumbea, 
 
 Ach. 91 
 
 lepadinum, 
 
 Ach. 102 
 
 constellata, 
 
 Tayl. 113 
 
 polysticta, 
 
 Borr. 94 
 
 Tortula, 
 
 Hedw. 25 
 
 corallina, 
 
 Ach. 113 
 
 punctiforrnis, 
 
 Pers. 88 
 
 brevirostris, 
 
 Hook, 25 
 
 discoidea, 
 
 Pers. 112 
 
 rhyponta. 
 
 Ach. 89 
 
 conroluta, 
 
 Sw. 25 
 
 faginea, 
 
 Pers. 112 
 
 rubiginosa, 
 
 Tayl. 94 
 
 cuneifolia, 
 
 Turn. 26 
 
 griseo-virens, 
 
 T. and B. 112 
 
 rupestris, 
 
 Schrad. 90 
 
 enervi&y 
 
 Hook. 25 
 
 lactea, 
 
 Pers. 1 13 
 
 trachona, 
 
 Ach. 93 
 
 fallax, 
 
 Sw. 26 
 
 polythecia, 
 
 Tayl. 113 
 
 viridula, 
 
 Ach. 91 
 
 gracilis, 
 
 H. & G. 26 
 
 terricola, 
 
 'Tayl. 115 
 
 umbrina, 
 
 Ach. 93 
 
 muralis, 
 
 Hedw. 25 
 
 torta, 
 
 Tayl. 114 
 
 urabrosa, 
 
 Tayl. 97 
 
 revoluta, 
 
 Brid. 25 
 
 Verrucaria, 
 
 Pers. 87 
 
 
 
 rigida, 
 
 ruralis, 
 
 Turn. 25 
 Sw. 2ti 
 
 acrotella, 
 
 biformis. 
 
 Ach. 94 
 Borr. 89 
 
 Weissia, 
 
 Hedw. 14 
 
 subulata, 
 tortuosa, 
 unguiculata, 
 Trichostomum, 
 aciculare, 
 canescens, 
 ellipticum, 
 fasciculate, 
 heterostichum 
 lanuginosura, 
 microcarpum, 
 polyphyllum, 
 
 Hedw. 26 
 Hedw. 26 
 H. & T. 26 
 Hedw. 19 
 Beauv. 20 
 Hedw. J9 
 H. & T. 20 
 Schrad. 20 
 , Hedw. 19 
 Hedw. 19 
 Hedw. 20 
 Schwaeg.20 
 
 byssacea, 
 cinerea, 
 circumscripta 
 concinna, 
 conferta, 
 dermatodes, 
 Dufourii, 
 elteina, 
 epidermidis, 
 epigasa, 
 epipolia, 
 erysiboda, 
 
 Ach. 89 
 Pers. 88 
 , Tayl. 96 
 Borr. 90 
 Tayl. 87 
 Borr. 87 
 De C. 92 
 Borr. 91 
 Ach. 88 
 Ach. 96 
 Ach. 92 
 Tayl. 98 
 
 acuta, 
 cirrata, 
 controversa, 
 curvirostra, 
 lanceolata, 
 pusilla, 
 recurvata, 
 Starkeana, 
 striafa, 
 tenuirostris, 
 trichodes, 
 verticillata, 
 
 Hedw. 16 
 Schrad. 14 
 Hedw. 15 
 H. and T. 15 
 H. and T. 14 
 Hedw. 15 
 H. and T. 15 
 Hedw. 14 
 H. and T. 14 
 H. andT. 14 
 H. and T. 14 
 Schwaeg.15 
 
 
 
 fissa, 
 
 Tayl. 95 
 
 
 
 Urceolaria, 
 
 Ach. 132 
 
 gemmata, 
 
 Ach. 89 
 
 Zygodon, 
 
 H. and T. 29 
 
 Acharii, 
 
 Ach. 132 
 
 gemmifera, 
 
 Tayl. 95 
 
 conoideus, 
 
 H. and T. 29 
 
 calcarea, 
 
 Ach. 132 
 
 immersa, 
 
 Hoffm. 90 
 
 Zygotrichia, 
 
 Brid. 26 
 
 cinerea. 
 
 Ach. 132 
 
 irrigua, 
 
 Tayl. 94 
 
 cylindrica. 
 
 TayL 26 
 
INDEX 
 
 THE GENERA AND SPECIES IN PART THIRD. 
 (ALG.E.) 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PAGE PAAC 
 
 Alaria, Grev. 171 
 
 versicolor, Ag, 216 
 
 amphibia, Dillw. 234 
 
 esculenta, Grev. 171 
 
 Calothrix, 237 
 
 Arbuscula, R. Brown 213 
 
 Asperococcus, Lamour.175 
 
 caespitula, Harv. 237 
 
 Arbuscula, Dillw. 210 
 
 bullosus, Grev. 175 
 
 confervicola, Ag. 237 
 
 arcta, Dillw. 230 
 
 castaneus, Carm. 175 
 
 distorta, _ 237 
 
 arenosa, Carm. 226 
 
 fistulosus, Hook. 175 
 
 fasciculata, 237 
 
 atropurpurea, Dillw. 241 
 
 pusillus, Harv. 175 
 Turneri, Hook. 175 
 
 interrupta, Carm. 237 
 scopulorum, Ag. 237 
 
 aurea, Dillw. 247 
 bipunctata, Sm. 231 
 
 
 Carmichaelia attenuata t 
 
 bipunctata, Dillw. 231 
 
 Bangia, Lyngb. 211 
 calophylla, Carm. 243 
 
 Grev. 176 
 Catenella, Grev. 187 
 
 bombycina, Ag. 224 
 Broditei, Dillw. 206 
 
 fusco-purpurea, Lyngb. 241 
 
 Opuntia, Grev. 188 
 
 Brownii, Dillw. 228 
 
 Johnstoni, Grev. 226 
 
 Ceramium, Adans. 210 
 
 byssoides, Dillw. 209 
 
 lastevirens, Harv. 241 
 
 ciliatum, Ducluz.211 
 
 capillaris, Linn, 225 
 
 Laminariae, Lyngb. 241 
 
 diaphanum, Roth. 210 
 
 castanea, Dillw. 248 
 
 Batrachospermum, Roth. 221 
 
 diaphanum, Wyatt. 211 
 
 ciliata, Dillw. 211 
 
 moniliforme, Ag. 221 
 
 fastigiatum, Harv. 211 
 
 coccinea, Dillw. 210 
 
 vagum, 221 
 
 ocellalum, Grat. 210 
 
 confervicola, Dillw. 237 
 
 Bonnemaisonia, 197 
 
 rubrum, Ag. 210 
 
 corymbosa, Sm. 216 
 
 asparagoides, 197 
 
 Turneri, Grev. 217 
 
 crassa, Ag. 225 
 
 Bryopsis, Lamour.233 
 
 Chffitophora, Ag. 222 
 
 crispa, Dillw. 225 
 
 Arbuscula, Ag. 233 
 
 elegans, 223 
 
 cryptarum, Dillw. 247 
 
 hypnoides, Lamour.233 
 
 endiviffifolia, 222 
 
 curta, Dillw. 227 
 
 plumosa, Ag. 233 
 
 pellita, Lyngb. 223 
 
 Daviesii, Ag. 219 
 
 Bulbochaete, 221 
 
 plana, Ag. 235 
 
 decorticum, Dillw. 239 
 
 setigera, 222 
 
 tuberculosa, Hook. 223 
 
 dichotoma, Dillw. 233 
 
 Byssocladium, 246 
 fenestrale, 246 
 
 Chaetospora, Ag. 187 
 Wigghii, Ag. 187 
 
 diffusa, Roth. 229 
 dissiliens, Dillw. 225 
 
 Byssus aurea, Dillw. 247 
 nigra, Sm. 247 
 
 Chondrus, Stackh. 201 
 Brodizei, Grev. 202 
 
 distorta, Ag. 237 
 ebenea, Dillw. 247 
 
 
 crispus, Lyngb. 201 
 
 elongata, Dillw. 209 
 
 Callithamnion, Lyngb. 212 
 Arbuscula. Lyngb 213 
 
 mammillosus, Grev. 201 
 membranifoliuSjGrev. 202 
 
 ericetorum, Roth. 224 
 equisetifolia, Dillw. 212 
 
 corymbosum, Ag. 210 
 Daviesii, 
 
 Norvegicus, Lyngb. 202 
 Chorda, Stackh. 174 
 
 fastigiata, Roth. 211 
 fenestralis, Dillw. 246 
 
 floridulum, 218 
 
 Filum, Lamourl74 
 
 fibrata, Dillw. 206 
 
 gracillimum, 216 
 
 lomentaria, Grev. 174 
 
 flaccida, Dillw. 227 
 
 granulatum, 215 
 
 Chordaria, Ag. 183 
 
 flavescens, Roth. 227 
 
 Grevillii, 215 
 
 flagelliformis, Ag. 183 
 
 floccosa, A g. 224 
 
 lanosum, Harv. 214 
 
 Chylocladia, Grev. 198 
 
 flocculosa, Dillw. 251 
 
 lanuginosum, Lyngb. 219 
 pedicellatum, Ag. 217 
 
 articulata, Hook. 200 
 clavellosa, Hook. 199 
 
 floridulum, Dillw. 218 
 floridulum, Lyngb. 219 
 
 Pluma, Ag. 217 
 Plumula, Lyngb. 213 
 
 kaliformis, Hook. 199 
 ovalis, Hook. 199 
 
 fluviatilis, Dillw. 220 
 fontinalis, Dillw. 239 
 
 polyspermum, Ag. 214 
 
 parvula. Hook. 199 
 
 fracta, Fl.Dan.227 
 
 pumilum, Harv. 213 
 
 Cladostephus, Ag. 179 
 
 frigida, Dillw. 234 
 
 repens, Ag. 218 
 
 spongiosus, Ag. 180 
 
 fucicola, Veil. 227 
 
 roseum, Ag. 214 
 
 verticillatus, Lyngb. 179 
 
 fucoides, Dillw. 208 
 
 roseum, Grev. 215 
 
 Codium, Stackh. 232 
 
 fugacissima, Dillw. 224 
 
 Rothii, Lyngb. 218 
 
 Bursa, Ag. 233 
 
 fusco-purpurea, Dillw. 241 
 
 secundatum, Ag. 219 
 spar sum, Harv. 219 
 
 tomentosum, Stackb. 232 
 Conferva, Ag. 224 
 
 gelatinosa, Dillw. 221 
 genuflexa, Dillw. 231 
 
 spongiosum, Harv. 217 
 
 aegapropila, Linn. 228 
 
 glornorata, Linn. 228 
 
 tetricum, Ag. 214 
 
 area, Dillw. 226 
 
 gracilis, Griff. 230 
 
 tetragonum, 215 
 Turneri, 217 
 
 albida, Huds. 229 
 alternata , Dillw. 225 
 
 Hutchinsia?, Dillw. 229 
 implexa, Dillw. 226 
 
278 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 jugalis, Dillw. 232 
 
 PAOB 
 
 fibrosa, Ag. 168 
 
 PARE 
 
 crispus, Turn. 201 
 
 lactea, Dillw. 248 
 
 granulata, Ag. 167 
 
 cristatus, Linn. 205 
 
 lanosa, Roth. 230 
 
 
 dasyphyllus, Turn. 198 
 
 lanuginosa, Dillw. 219 
 
 Dasya, Ag, 209 
 
 dentatus, Sm. 196 
 
 Uetevirens, Dillw. 228 
 
 Arbuscula, 213 
 
 deusta, Fl. Dan. 178 
 
 lichenicola, Sm. 247 
 
 coccinea, 209 
 
 deusta. Hook. 178 
 
 limosa, Dillw. 239 
 
 Hutchinsia;, Harv. 210 
 
 fruticulosus, Turn. 205 
 
 lineata, Dillw. 249 
 
 ocellata, Harv. 210 
 
 GriffithsicE, Turn. 201 
 
 Linum, Roth. 225 
 
 simpliciuscula, Ag. 210 
 
 kaliformis, Turn. 199 
 
 littoralis, Sm. 181 
 
 D el esseria, Lamou r 1 9 1 
 
 laceratus, Turn. 193 
 
 lubrica, Dillw. 222 
 
 alata, Lamourl91 
 
 laciniatus, Huds. 194 
 
 majuscula, Dillw. 238 
 
 Bonnemaisonii,Grev. 193 
 
 lumbricalis. Turn. 190 
 
 Melagonum, W.et M.226 
 
 Hypoglossum, Ag. 191 
 
 Lycopodioides, Turn. 196 
 
 mucosa, Mert. 255 
 
 ocellata, Grev. 192 
 
 Mackaii, Turn. 169 
 
 mult\fida, Huds. 21 2 
 
 ruscifolia, Lamourl92 
 
 mamm/llosus, Turn. 201 
 
 muralis, Dillw. 238 
 
 sanguinea, Lamourl91 
 
 membranaceus,Stackh. 179 
 
 musdcola, Sm. 248 
 
 sinuosa, Lamourl91 
 
 membranifolius, Turn. 202 
 
 mutabilis, Dillw. 222 
 
 Desmarestia, Lamour!72 
 
 nodosus, Linn. 169 
 
 myochrous, Dillw. 236 
 
 aculeata, Lamourl72 
 
 Norvegicus, Turn. 202 
 
 wawa, Dillw. 219 
 
 ligulata, Lamourl72 
 
 obtusus, Turn. 198 
 
 nigra, Sm. 208 
 
 Diatoma, Ag. 250 
 
 ovalis, Turn. 199 
 
 nigrescens, Sm. 208 
 
 auritum, Lyngb. 250 
 
 palmatus, Linn. 195 
 
 mftfa, Dillw. 232 
 
 elongatum, Ag. 251 
 
 Palmetta, Turn. 194 
 
 nuda, Harv. 229 
 
 fasciculatum, 251 
 
 pinaslroides, Turn. 197 
 
 obliquata, Sm. 250 
 
 flocculosum, 251 
 
 pinnatfjidus, Turn. 198 
 
 ochracea, Dillw. 240 
 
 marinum, Lyngb. 250 
 
 plicatus. Turn. 501 
 
 olivacea, Dillw. 181 
 
 obliquatum, Lyngb. 250 
 
 punctatus, Sm. 192 
 
 paradoxa, Dillw. 242 
 
 striatulum, Ag. 250 
 
 reniformis, Turn. 195 
 
 parasitica, Sm. 207 
 
 truncatum, Grev. 251 
 
 rotundus, Sm, 190 
 
 />afc7, Dillw. 207 
 
 Dichloria, Grev. 173 
 
 rubens, Linn. 203 
 
 pectinalis, Dillw. 250 
 
 viridis, Grev. 173 
 
 ruscifolius, Sm. 192 
 
 pedicellata, Dillw. 217 
 
 Dictyosiphon, Grev. 176 
 
 sanguineus, Sm. 191 
 
 pellucida, Huds. 228 
 
 faeniculaceus, Grev. 176 
 
 serratus, Linn. 169 
 
 pennata, Sm. 180 
 
 Dictyota, Lamourl77 
 
 subfuscus, Turn. 107 
 
 perreptans, Carm. 226 
 
 atomaria, Grev. 177 
 
 tomcntosus, Turn. 232 
 
 pinnata, Dillw. 180 
 
 ciliata, Lamour 1 77 
 
 tuberculatus, Linn. 169 
 
 Pluma, Dillw. 217 
 
 dichotoma, Lainourl77 
 
 tenuissimus. G. et W. 1 98 
 
 Plumula, Dillw. 213 
 
 zonata, Lamourl77 
 
 ulvoides, Turn. 193 
 
 polymorplia, Dillw. 209 
 
 Drapernaldia, Bory. 222 
 
 vesiculosus, Linn. 168 
 
 protensa, Dillw. 222 
 
 glomerata, Ag. 222 
 
 Wigghii, Turn. 187 
 
 purpuiascens, Carm. 224 
 
 plumosa, 222 
 
 Furcellaria, Lamourl90 
 
 purpurea, Dillw. 218 
 
 tenuis, 222 
 
 fastigiata, Lamourl90 
 
 radicans, Dillw. 181 
 
 Dumontia, Lamourl88 
 
 
 rep^w, Dillw. 218 
 riparia, Roth. 230 
 rivularis, Linn. 225 
 Rothii, Dillw. 219 
 r6ro, Dillw. 210 
 rupestris, Linn. 229 
 scopulorum, Dillw. 237 
 scutulata, Sm. 227 
 siliculosa, Sm. 181 
 sordida, Dillw. 2'24 
 spiralis, Dillw. 232 
 striatula, Sm. 251 
 stricta, Dillw. 206 
 tetragona, Dillw. 215 
 fcrfrica, Dillw. 215 
 tortuosa, Dillw. 225 
 tumidula, Sm. 225 
 
 filiformis, Grev. 188 
 
 Echinella circularis, Grev 250 
 fasciculata, Grev. 251 
 fasciculata, ft. Grev.251 
 paradoxa, Grev. 255 
 Ectocarpus, Lyngb. 181 
 brachiatus, Ag. 182 
 granulosus, Ag. 182 
 littoralis, Lyngb 18] 
 siliculosus, Lyngb. 181 
 spha^rophorus, Carm. 182 
 tomenlosus, Lyngb. 181 
 Enteromorpha, Link. 242 
 clathrata, Grev. 242 
 compre&sa, Grev. 245 
 intestinalis, Link. 242 
 
 Gelidium, Lamour203 
 corneum, Lamour203 
 Gigartina, Lamour200 
 aciculaiis, Lamour201 
 coniervoides, Lamour200 
 erecta, Harv. 200 
 Griffithsia?, Lamour20I 
 plicata, Lamour201 
 purpurascens, Lamour200 
 tenuissima, Lam our 198 
 Gloiosiphonia, Carm. 186 
 capillaris, Carm. 187 
 Gomphonema, Ag. 252 
 minutissimum, Grev. 252 
 paradoxum, Ag. 252 
 Gracilaria confcrvoidea, 
 
 Turner i, Sm. 213 
 Turneri, Dillw. 217 
 
 Exilaria flabellata, Grev. 252 
 
 Grev. 200 
 erecta, Grev. 200 
 
 ulothrix, Lyngb. 226 
 umbrosa, Dillw. 247 
 urceolata, Sm. 207 
 vagmata, Sm. 239 
 vesicata, Ag. 224 
 
 Fragilaria, Lyngb. 250 
 pectinalis, Lyngb. 250 
 Frustulia, Ag. 251 
 fasciata, 251 
 Ulna, 251 
 
 purpurascens, Grev. 200 
 Griffithsia, Ag. 211 
 corallina, 212 
 equisetifolia, 211 
 multifida, 212 
 
 spfrirpa 212 
 
 vivipara, Dillw. 222 
 zonata, W.et M.224 
 
 Fucus, 1G8 
 acicularis, Turn. 201 
 
 simplicifilum, 212 
 
 Corynephora, Ag. 184 
 marina, 184 
 
 amphibius. Turn. 197 
 articulatus, Turn. 200 
 
 Hcematococcus Grevillii, 
 
 Croolepus, 246 
 
 asparagoides, Woodw. 197 
 
 Ag. 246 
 
 aureus, Harv. 246 
 
 Brodiasi, Turn. 202 
 
 Halidrys, Lyngb. 168 
 
 ebenea, Ag. 247 
 
 Bursa, Turn. 233 
 
 siliquosa, Lyngb. 168 
 
 Jolithus, 247 
 
 cabrerte. Turn. 174 
 
 Haliseris, Tozz. 179 
 
 lichenicolus, 247 
 
 canaliculatus, Linn. 169 
 
 polypodioides, Ag. 179 
 
 Cutleria, Grev. 177 
 multifida, Grev. 177 
 
 ceranoides, Linn. 1 68 
 ciliatus, Sm. 194 
 
 Halymenia, 188 
 furcellata, 189 
 
 Cystoseira, Ag. 167 
 
 clavellosus, Turn. 19S 
 
 ligulata, 
 
 ericoides, 1 67 
 
 coccineus. Turn. J 96 
 
 Himanthalia, Lyngb. 169 
 
 fasniculacea, 167 j corneus, ' Turn. 203 
 
 lorea, Bory. 170 
 
INDEX. 
 
 279 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hutchinsia strictoides, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 subfusca. Vauch. 240 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Bangii, Lyngb. 239 
 
 Lyngb. 206 
 
 tennis, Ag. 239 
 
 contextum, Carm. 236 
 
 urceolata, Lyngb. 207 
 violacea, Lyngb. 208 
 Wulfenii, Ag. 205 
 Hvgrocrocis, 248 
 Atramenti, 248 
 
 Padina, Adans. 178 
 deusta, Grev. 178 
 parvula, Grev. 178 
 Palmella, Lyngb. 244 
 botryoides, Lyngb. 244 
 
 minutum, Ag. 236 
 myochrous, Ag. 236 
 Sphacelaria, Lyngb, 180 
 cirrhosa, Ag. 180 
 filicina, Ag. 180 
 hypnoides, Grev. 180 
 
 Irida?a, Bory. 189 
 
 cruenta, Ag. 244 
 
 olivacea, Ag. 181 
 
 edulis, Bory. 189 
 reniformis, Bory. 195 
 
 Laminaria, Lamour.171 
 bulbosa, Lamour.171 
 debilis, Ag. 176 
 
 hyalina, Lyngb. 244 
 protuberans, Ag. 244 
 Phyllophora, Grev. 202 
 rubens, Grev. 202 
 Plocamium, Lamour. 195 
 coccineum, Lyngb. 196 
 
 plumosa, Lyngb. 180 
 radicans, Ag. 181 
 scoparia, Lyngb. 180 
 vetulina, Grev. 181 
 Spha;rococcus, Stackh. 203 
 Brodicci, Lamour 202 
 
 digitata, Lamour.171 
 Phyllitis, Lamour.171 
 
 Polyides, Ag. 190 
 lumbricalis, Ag. 190 
 
 coronopifolius, Ag. 203 
 erectus, Grev. 200 
 
 saccharina, Lamour.171 
 Laurencia, Lamour. 198 
 dasyphylla, Grev. 198 
 obtusa, Lamour. 198 
 
 rotundus, Grev. 190 
 Polysiphonia, Grev. 204 
 atrorubescens, Grev. 208 
 Brotliaji, Grev. 206 
 
 Sporochnus, Ag. 173 
 cabrera?, Ag. 173 
 pedunculatus, Ag. 173 
 rhizodes, Ag. 173 
 
 pinnatifida, Lamour.198 
 
 byssoides, Grev. 209 
 
 villosus, 173 
 
 tenuissima, Grev. 198 
 
 cristata, Harv. 205 
 
 Stigonema, 236 
 
 Lemania, Bory. 220 
 
 elongata, Grev. 209 
 
 atro-virens, 236 
 
 fluviatilis, Ag. 220 
 Leptomitus, 248 
 
 fastigiata, Grev. 209 
 fibrata, Harv. 206 
 
 mammillosum, 236 
 Striaria, Grev.' 176 
 
 clavatus, 249 
 lacteus, 248 
 Lichina, 170 
 confinis, 170 
 
 fruticulosa, Grev. 205 
 fruticulosa, Harv. 205 
 Lyngbyei, Harv. 206 
 macrocarpa, Harv. 206 
 
 attenuata, Grev. 176 
 
 Tetraspora, Link. 244 
 gelatinosa, Desv. 244 
 
 pygma?a, 170 
 Licmophora, 252 
 
 nigrescens, Grev. 208 
 parasitica, Grev. 207 
 
 lubrica, Ag. 244 
 Tremella cruenta, 
 
 flabellata, 252 
 Lyngbya, 238 
 majuscula, Harv. 238 
 muralis, Ag. 238 
 
 patens, Grev. 207 
 stricta, Grev. 206 
 thuyoides, Harv. 205 
 urceolata, Grev. 207 
 violacea, Grev. 208 
 
 Sm. 244 
 Trentepohlia, Ag. 218 
 Daviesii, Harv. 219 
 floridulum, Harv. 218 
 lanuginosa, Harv. 219 
 
 Meloseira, Grev. 249 
 
 Porphyra, Ag, 240 
 
 pulchella, Ag. 219 
 
 lineata, Ag. 249 
 Meridion, 252 
 circulare, 252 
 Mesogloia, 185 
 capillaris, 187 
 coccinea, 186 
 
 lacmiata, 241 
 linearis, 241 
 vulgaris, 241 
 Protococcus, 245 
 nivalis, 246 
 Protonema, 247 
 
 purpurea, Ag. 218 
 Rothii, Harv. 218 
 secundata, Harv. 219 
 sparsa, Harv. 219 
 Trichocladia, Harv. 183 
 Griffithsiana, Harv. 184 
 
 Griffithsiana, Grev. 184 
 Hudsoni, Ag. 186 
 multifida, Ag. 185 
 purpurea, Harv. 186 
 vermicularis, Ag. 184 
 
 cryptarum, 247 
 muscicola, 248 
 Orthotrichi, 247 
 umbrosum, 247 
 Ptilota, 204 
 
 vermicularis, Harv, 184 
 virescens, Harv. 184 
 Tyndaridea, Bory. 231 
 cruciata, Harv. 231 
 pectinata, Harv. 231 
 
 Mougeotia, 231 
 genuflexa, 231 
 Myrionema, Grev. 223 
 strangulans, Grev. 223 
 
 plumosa, 204 
 Punctaria, Grev. 175 
 latifolia, Grev. 176 
 plantaginea, Grev. 175 
 
 Ulva, Linn. 242 
 bullosa, Roth. 243 
 calophylla, Spreng. 243 
 crispa, Light. 243 
 
 Myriotrichia, Harv. 182 
 clavaeformis, Harv. 182 
 
 Nitophyllum, Grev. 192 
 Bonnemaisonii,Grev. 193 
 Gmelini, Grev. 193 
 Hi Kite, Grev. 193 
 
 Rhodornela, Ag, 196 
 Lycopodioides, 196 
 pinastroides, 197 
 scorpioides, 197 
 subfusca, 197 
 Rhodomenia, Grev. 193 
 bifida Grev. 194 
 
 furcellata, Sm. 189 
 furfuracea, Horn. 244 
 incrassata, Sm. 223 
 Lactuca, Linn. 242 
 Lactuca, Sm. 242 
 latissima, Linn. 242 
 ligulata, Sm. 188 
 
 laceratum, Grev. 193 
 ocellatum, Grev. 192 
 punctatum, Grev. 192 
 ulvoideum, Hook. 192 
 Nostoc, Vauch. 245 
 commune, Vauch. 245 
 foliaceum, Ag. 245 
 inicroscopicum, Carm, 245 
 
 ciliata, Grev. 194 
 jubata, Grev. 194 
 laciniata, Grev. 194 
 palmata, Grev. 195 
 Palmetta, Grev. 194 
 reniformis, Hook. 195 
 sobolifera, Grev. 195 
 Rivularia, Roth. 234 
 
 Linza, Linn. 243 
 multifida, Sm. 177 
 plumosa, Sm. 233 
 protuberans, Sm. 244 
 purpurascens, Sm. 188 
 ramulosa, Sm. 242 
 rubra, Huds. 188 
 umbilicalis, Sm. 241 
 
 verrucosum, Vauch. 245 
 
 applanata, Carm. 235 
 
 Vaucheria, D C. 233 
 
 Odonthalia, Lyngb. 19fi 
 dentata, Lyngb. 196 
 Oscillatoria, Vauch. 238 
 autumnaiis, Ag. 239 
 chthonoplastes, Hoffm. 239 
 corium, Ag. 240 
 decorticans, Grev. 239 
 
 atra. Roth. 235 
 bullata, Berk. 235 
 nitida, Ag. 235 
 Pisum, Ag. 235 
 plana, Harv. 235 
 plicata, Carm. 235 
 vermiculata, Ag. 184 
 
 ca?spitosa, Ag. 234 
 dichotoma, 233 
 Dillwynii, 234 
 terrestris, 234 
 velutina, 234 
 Zonaria atomaria, 177 
 deusta, 178 
 
 Friesii, Ag. 238 
 
 Schizonema, Ag. 253 
 
 Zygnema, 231 
 
 limosa, Ag. 239 
 
 comoides, 253 
 
 deciminum, 232 
 
 nigra, Vauch. 239 
 
 Smithii, 253 nitidum, 
 
 ochracea, Grev. 240 
 
 Scytonema, 236 j quininum, 232 
 
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