THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES fc. 0. BAKER LAWYER -LAS, TEXAS PRACTICE-BOOK SERIES. TJ. C. S. UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE WITH KEY AND QUESTIONS. New and Enlarged Edition. BY ANDREW J. GRAHAM, A.M., M.D., Anthor of Standard Phonograph)/, and for many years Verbatim Reporter of Legislative, Legal, Political, Technical, Scientific, and Religious Matters ; Editor of many volumes of Periodicalsfrom 1853 to 1893 (et seq., The Universal Phonographer, The Cosmotype, The Phonographic Intelligencer, The Visitor, The Stu- dent's Journal) , devoted principally to Phonographic, Phonetic, and Reporting Matters ; and Author of Brief Longhand, Synopsis of English Grammar, Phonographic Numerals, Etc.', Etc. NEW YORK : ANDREW J. GRAHAM & Co., 744 BROADWAY. 1896. Copyright, 1896, BY ANDREW J. GRAHAM & CO. All rights reserved. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1887, BY ANDREW J. GRAHAM, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. CONTENTS. PAGE INTRODUCTION - - iii COPYING BOOKS ix MONASTEKIES - 5 OBITUARY OF HENRY FAWCETT ----- 9 jjj PRECIOUS OLD MANUSCRIPTS - 15 1^3 How MUCH SLEEP? ------ 20 to MIRTH AS A MEDICINE .... 23 K MANUFACTURE OF OPTICAL GLASS - - - - 29 S CHECKED PERSPIRATION .... 33 j ITEMS OF INTEREST - 41 Law of Periodicity .... 12 American Inventions - - - 13 Honesty - - 13 Riches - - 22 Education - 26 Man - 27 Quotation from Bailey - - - - 32 J Coffee - ... 41 Dr. Flint on Beef Tea - 41 * When and How to Head - 41 Cocaine - 42 Home Remedies - - 43 Growth of Children in Fever - - 43 Accumulation of Wealth in the United States - - 44 Railroad Accidents in the United States - - 44 448525 CONTENTS. ITEMS OF INTEREST. Continued: PACE Artificial Stone '- - - - 4-i Glucose - 45 Spiders - - 45 Floating Bricks ... 46 ASIATIC CHOLERA - ... - 47 THE TALLEST TREE IN THE WORLD 59 LEISURE HOURS - 63 LOVE OF APPLAUSE - 65 SALT ..... 69 LAMARTINE - .... 75 SCIENTIFIC MISCELLANY - - 80 Photography of the Stars ... 80 Domestication of the Horse - - 81 Number of Species of Flowering Plants 82 Copper, and Infectious Diseases - 82 Experiments with Peat - ... Balloon Experiments - 83 Cooling Buildings by the Heat of the Sun - 84 Northeastern Siberia - - 84 Mineral Wealth of Tonquin 85 A Perpetual Clock - 85 Herr Brunner on Dynamo-Electric Machines 86 THE MEASUREMENT OF TIME - 90 How TO SLEEP ... 96 SAND .... 98 THE MILKY WAY 108 LIBRARIES ------.-- 110 INTRODUCTION-. The Exercises in the U. C. S. (Urivocalized-Correspond- ing Style) are intended for use after the pupil has gone through the First Reader, and are calculated to exercise him in vocalization especially, and in learning to read unvocalizcd outlines, as a useful preparation for entering upon the study of the reporting style. To make a still nearer approach to the reporting style, these Exercises are in the acs (advanced-corresponding style), which is characterized 1. By the use of Mel, Net, Eel. (See the Hand-Book, 161, Kern. 2.) 2. By the occasional omission of unaccented vowels, and even accented vowels of well-known forms. (See Hand-Book, 239. ) 3. By the considerable use of phrase-writing. 4. By the use of a few word-signs in addition to those of the corresponding style such as are indica- ted in the Standard-Phonographic Dictionary after ac ; such as the A-tick on the line for he. The mode of using these Exercises should be as follows : 1. Read the phonography with but little reference to iv INTRODUCTION. the key ; and when it can be read with great readiness, then 2. Copy and vocalize the outlines ; answer the ques- tions; and study carefully those portions of the Hand-Book suggested, or referred to by the questions especially if you find your memory of I he substance of the instruction is not perfect: the mere memorizing of tin- words is not insisted upon or valued. When you have familiarized the outlines by repeat- edly copying and vocalizing them, then 3. Test the thoroughness of your study and practice by writing each exercise from the Key. using the proper outlines, vocalizing them at first. then dropping all but the accented vowels, and even these at last. It is by no means intended that, in the vocalization, the student should vocalize the word-signs, contractions, prefixes, or affixes. This would be an error. To get those signs as familiar as possible, review each day the Lists in the Hand-Book, or in the Synopsis, or in the Little Teacher. The latter, a little pocket-size book, is very valuable in making such reviews, not only for its miniature size and portableness, but for its concise pre- sentation and engraving of the Lists, and also for its brief presentation and illustration of the other chief corresponding-style principles. UNVOCAUZED CORRESPOXDIXU STYLE. 5 COPYING BOOKS IN MONASTERIES. (The figures >, '-*, , etc., r/x -^ x was copying books. A room called the scriptorium was specially set apart 11 for the UNVOCAL1ZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. monks 1 to pursue their la- bors in, and here they would v I v c. meet every day for a certain number of hours. These -N c ^_^ <-\ c rooms were sometimes fur- nished 2 with stone or wood- * en desks, fixed to the walls round the 3 room, but before ( , \^ J - c 1 desks were introduced, the only supports on which the / X, _ \> ) copyists 4 could place their books were their knees. * ' x *) r^\ V^= There was always a fixed number of transcribers, and . "~^- ^ ? " whenever a vacancy occur- red through death or any >" I) ^ other cause, it was filled 5 up immediately. It was ML \ x \ usual to intrust the 6 copying ^_ of books for the choir, and l> ' s those not demanding great skill 7 , to boys and nov- \_ ^ ,~ ices; but missals, Bibles, and books requiring the 8 highest skill and learn- s ing, were only executed by ^ ^ priests of mature years V UNVOCAL1ZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 1 ^ and great experience. The monks were enjoined to ^ f t ( ) proceed with their labors in strict silence, that their / i ^ L attention might not be dis- tracted 1 from their work, " ' " ^-x N , and to avoid as far as pos- sible any errors in grammar, " , ' V^i x " " f~^ _D spelling, or punctuation. In some cases, authors prc- ) \ v *) ( /~ CL^ , , fixed to their works solemn adjurations to those whose > ills J ( ^_ ^~i t duty it was to transcribe them. For instance, Iren- v/*^ /\ " " / [ , } aeus wrote : "ladjurethee who shalt transcribe this j ^ \ _ \ ^ ^ <- > book, by our Lord Jesus Christ, and by his glorious ~\ o , coming to judge the quick / and the dead, that thou ( \ 5 1 compare what thou tran- 1 ^ "~\ ' scribest, and correct it care- ^ _ ,_, _ _ fully according to the copy from which thou transcrib- est. and that thou also an- T /^ nex a copy of this adjura- n tion 2 to what thou hast 3 x '--(-- ^ written." UNVOCALIZED CORliESPONJUMf STYLE. _/> i Every possible precaution was taken to ensure si rid accuracy in the copies, and it was the duty of certain monks to examine and com- pare carefully every copy with the original. Other monks, again, had to busy themselves with illuminat- ing the copies, and others with binding them. A beautiful specimen of the skill of the priests, is tin- copy of the Gospels, pre- served in the Cotton Li- brary, which was written by ^ x ^~-> ; Aedirid, Bishop of Durham. The illumination, the capita] letters, the pictures of the c v evangelists, were executed with consummate skill by / > <^ his successor, Ethelwold 1 . 1 "' ' "'" ' and the whole when finished, \ o . - - c was bound by Dilfrid. the anchorite, with gold and ~^ . silver plates' and precious - W' stones. The Billiograph rr\ .Y VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STl'LE. OBITUARY OF HENRY FAWCETT. With the death of the Right Hon. Henry Fawcett passes away one of the most remarkable men of recent 1 days. Mr. Fawcett was born at Salisbury [Solz' bed], England, in 1833, and was 2 educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, whence he graduated with high mathe- matical honors in 1856. In the same year he was chosen >f j science 7 remained 8 alive ,-* ^ after this great mislbr- (, tune, ami he devised means 1U IX VOCALIZED COllRESruXDlX'} XTl'LE. "\ \ I x ^.~^ v, C f r keeping up his studies 1 . Within a year after the loss of his ryr.-ight he up] eared in politics as ir Liberal, competing lor the privilege to represent South wark in Parliament. Having been defeated, he applied himself vigorously to the study and discussion of economic top- ics, contributing many art- icles to the magazines, and finally presenting to the world his Manual of Pol- itical Econonry," and "The Economic Position of the British Laborer.'' Mean- while he had been elected Professor of Political Econ- omy in Cambridge, and after several defeats had got into Parliament as the rep- resentative of Brighton, /\l Ly- f /s/4* ^ which constituency he rep- resented continuously until j -> ^n ^ I 1874. At the general elec- ^ ' ' tion in that year he was ^_/ defeated, but in the follow- "^ ^ -, ^ _ x r~ ing year lie was elected for Hackney. 1 1 is literary la- ^\ , \ \ bors were stimulated rather ' \ < a^ -than 3 checked by his public UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 11 ^. Ql! ^ _ work. He revised his " Manual 1 of Political " I / ^ LO Economy," adding to it chapters on national educa- /-*> *) "*-* ' V tion and the poor laws, and , / Y__* their influence on pauper- ism. The chapter on the latter topic he subsequently ~\ "~1 A_ , 7 D xl expanded into a book, and he also wrote a work en- .J~ ^J "" ^ -v_o"x titled " Free Trade and Pro- / tection." His wife assisted him in all his literary labors after 1867, and he and she /67 , -7 - <~ f y have jointly published a vol- ume of essavs and lectures. Mr. Gladstone took Mr. Faw- cett into the Cabinet as Post- T ^1 master General about four years ago, and the improve- mcntsthat lie has introduced ( -i M v^X, ( into the postal service have C I S much more than justified ~* i 5 ~ his selection to fill that important office. The I death of Mr. Fawcett was 12 US VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. ~~f ^ \X) ^_^ , x caused by pleurisy and pneumonia. THE doctrine which Buckle was among the first to form- ulate, and which the late John William Draper en- forced, that certain crimes come under the law of pe- riodicity, may have 1 some element of truth, but cannot be wholly accepted. It is to be remembered that the newspapers, b}' an organ- ization coterminous with the country, gather and V * ' "7 disseminate social 2 facts. The knowledge of criminal - t V,, "~\,x ^ methods begets imitation. One runaway match Avill x^ ^ f ^ /\ set the reporters to luridly write up anything which /I \ *~/^ / -P - ^ has a suspicion of elopement ^~> x about it. It is sometimes a wave of reporting which passes over the country, and not a wave of scandals and escapades. UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 13 AN English journal frank- ly gives credit to the Amer- ican nation for at least fifteen inventions and dis- coveries which, it says, have been adopted all over the world. These triumphs of American genius arc thus enumerated : First, the cotton - gin ; second, the planing- machine ; third, the grass - mower and grain-reaper ; fourth, the rotary printing-press ; fifth, navigation by steam ; sixth, the hot-air or caloric engine ; seventh, sewing - machine ; eighth, the india-rubber (vulcanite process) industry ; ninth, the machine manufacture of horseshoes' ; tenth, the sand-blast for carving; - c * , f^~~i , ' ~~^l , I , eleventh, the guage-lathc ; twelfth, the grain elevator ; thirteenth, artificial 2 ice U UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. -, ^^ i manufacture on a large ~1 / ' scale ; fourteenth, the elec- /-"'> n \ \ ( tro-magnet and its practical ~~1 ; application ; fifteenth, the type - composing machine for printers 1 . ^^ . j ALWAYS go the shortest way to work. Now, the ^^ ,. nearest road to your 2 busi- V ness lies through honesty. Let it be 3 your constant r method then to deal clearly and abovcboard. The Em- x peror* Antoninus 6 . UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYJ^E. 15 PRECIOUS OLD MANUSCRIPTS. , ,, c When the fifty-one 1 parch- 2, incut rolls covered with dim, iii some instances almost illegible 2 , Hebrew charac- ters of a strange archaic 3 type, came into the posses- si 011 '* f tne Imperial Lib- rary at St. Petersburg, the Librarian, not unnaturally 5 , viewed them with some ,\ox'<7 X "'x */ \-^7J?. The story is by no means 3 improbable. No doubt many ancient manuscripts still lie concealed in the re- moter parts of the Levant, as was shown by the fact that Tischendorf discovered the precious Codex Sinaiti- cus in the Monastery of St. Catherine, on Mount Sinai, after this collection had been pretty well ransacked by curious 4 scholars 4 ; and the Jews, jealous 4 of the Christian and Moslem popu- lations In- whom they are v i surrounded 5 , would be even . J \ more careful to keep their Holy Book from unhallowed eyes. I UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 17 ^ ^XJ ^rT ^\ Only 1 fragments of the Rhodian rolls have been *-v '< deciphered. But Dr. Hark- avy is enabled to pronounce -*, t c7, them to be parts of the Books of Jeremiah 2 , Hosea, \ , / , }/ , - Joel, Obadiah, Haggai, Zachariah, Ruth, Esther, I A k c, /] -> ' ' ' (_ , ' Daniel, Isaiah 3 , and Zepha- niah, with an original poem on the Fall of Jerusalem, fol- lowing the "Lamentations" c . c 1 ^-r <\ on the same subject. The characters in which they are written differ consider- ably from the .Hebrew at present in use. But, though the manuscripts appear to be of different ages, the newest of them is believed to date from a period not later than the second cen- tury after Christ, and to be the work of Jews belonging y_, = ^ ^ _^/<^~* ^ to some isolated colony of their countrymen. I -x . /-^ j Dr. Harkavy has com- 1 V menced the laborious task 3 18 UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. of comparing his precious Hebrew manuscripts of por- tions of the Old Testament with the received text, and \ ^ 9 ^f "~G "^^"V " " nas a l reat ly lighted upon variations interesting in P <_, - s p themselves, and significant * of what may be expected when the comparison has extended to as many books as it at present covers verses. And there is good reason to hope that the re- sult of Dr. Harkavy's dis- covery may be very exten- sive emendations of the Old Testament. The parchments number fifty-one, and a close inspec- tion shows that some are much older than others : for, not only 1 arc the skins themselves in vari- ous states (which might be accounted 2 for by acci- \ j. R \ o dents or exposure), but the characters employed ^ i / i i r \ vai T considerably, showing Xs ' ' a 3 gradual approach to the UNVOCAL1ZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 19 / square writing of the ordin- ary Hebrew, to which, how- ever, they are evidently anterior 1 . The characters ?~> used in the most recent of them originated not later than the second century S alter Christ; and this is confirmed by the fact that some letters are almost identical with those known "4~ --Vg -)~ to ] iave i )een uscc | j n jeru- e_ salein in the first century 2 before Christ. As to the variations, they may be due, as the Profes- < & / /^ s i - 5 -- sor remarks, either to later v., . ^^ corrections or to the anti- > ' NX I I = ', I quity and purity of the text ; D ( 'V~ & -\---S ^ ut i n an 3' casc * ne 3' promise to be both interesting and t- : valuable. The Healthside. 20 UNVOCAL1ZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. HOW MUCH SLEEP? C ^-^ x On this question every one is a law to himself. , I The only true rule is, take ~\_ x r , __ ^ ^ , enough 1 . Old Mother Means, in Egglcston's ' Hoosicr c P " ^ i) ~\ ^-^ "^ >l v o " Schoolmaster," advised her =-- \ , C "C^ husband when buying cheap land, " While yer a gettin\ get a plenty 2 ." So say we in regard to sleep, a full 3 C\ C "T 7 A. quantity of which is more \/ * ^ valuable than the randest -" tro v' prairie farms the sun ever J NX shone upon. It is during the wakeful I n ^-\_ "~^ ^ ^C hours that the muscles and ^ i P -^x _ D r ) the nervous system and brain expend their energies. * x ^ /^ "^ N^ / Muscles are partially recrui- x ted during the day by nour- ishment taken, but the great UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 21 / *_-, -iv P recuperating work of the nerves and brain is done C\ x f /~~\) ^ ] r during sleep. Such re- cuperation must at least equal the expenditure made through the day 1 , or else wastes, withers. Persons who, in early English his- U I \- Vx tory, were condemned to death by being prevented C V\ i" /"V ' / from sleeping, always died raving 2 maniacs. Persons Sj who are starved to death suffer brain starvation also, and pass into hallucinations and then into insanity.' Get plenty of sleep, then. Better an hour too much than half an hour too little. Don't carry to bed a day's business, the supper of a gourmand, the whirl of a ballroom, UN VOCALIZED OOXtBESPONDING STYLE. or the cares that should be passed over to (Jod's merei- ful keeping. Free mind and body from these, lie down and rest in quietude. and so awake refreshed next morning lor the duties of the day. The Healthside. RICH KS. \Y hoe ver shall look hccdfully upon those who are eminent for their riches, will not think their condition such as that he should hazard his quiet, and much less his virtue to obtain it ; -for, all that great wealth generally gives a- bove a moderate fortune is more room for the freaks of caprice, and more privilege for ignorance and vice ; quicker succession of flat- teries ; and a larger circle of voluptuousness. Johnson 1 . UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. MIHTTI AS A MEDICINE. - - -(^-- :> Mirth has a hygienic value that can hardly be overrated while our social life remains what the slavery of vices and dogmas has made it. Joy has been called the sun- shine of the heart ; yet the same sun that calls forth 1 the flowers of a plant is also needed to expand its leaves and ripen its fruits ; and V without the stimulus of ex- o hilarating pastimes, per- fect bodily health is as - x impossible as moral and mental vigor. And as sure as a succession of uni- form crops will exhaust the best soil, the daily repetition of a monotonous 24 UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. occupation will wear out the best man. Body 1 and mind require an occasional change of employment or else a liberal supply of fer- tilizing recreations ; and this requirement is a factor whose omission often foils the arithmetic of our politi- x cal economists. To the creatures of the wilderness, J affliction comes generally in the form of impending dan- J? - - ger famine or persistent persecution ; and under such circumstances the C P "Wy 'Vv *~"V V .N modifications of the vital process seem to operate =, l> O L>v_p C ~ aainst its long continu- ance ; well-wishing nature - - _- >i L 7 \Q " sees her purposes defeated, the sap of life runs to seed. , On the same principle, * I UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 25 * P x /--o 1 <*~~V 1 \ an existence of joyless r U N ^J \ p drudgery seems to drain " (\ Sr?_-.|__ 7 ^~1_-, 1 the springs of health, even at P an age when they can 1 draw \ f N ^^ Jr ^ / upon the largest inner re- i \ ( ~~\ I sources. Hope, too often V^> > ^ ) --l^ i __ V| --- IX baffled, at last withdraws 2 (^ -^ A \ -^_^ ^"^ N her aid. The tongue may be attuned to canting hvmns " of consolation, but the heart cannot be deceived ; and with its sinking pulse the \o -i^y-. x y/ _^ I /" strength of life ebbs away. _/"" Nine-tenths of our city chil- dren are literally starving /-\ for lack of recreation ; not I x - i i the means of life, but its ( x * object, civilization has de- 1 frauded them of. They ^ - = , , feel a want which bread ^ ^x^ only can aggravate ; for only hunger helps them to x forget the misery of ennui 3 . 2G UK VOCALIZED COSRESPOy&aSQ STYLE. The pallor is the sallow hue of a cedar plant : they would ^ be healthier 1 if they were happier. I would undertake to cure a sickly child with o_^> fun and rye bread, sooner i x than with tidbits and te- dium. Selected. n _ ^ EDUCATION. The knowl- edge of external nature and ' \_3 / { ^~7 f the sciences which that knowledge requires or in- j> , ^ c- ^ "V, eludes, is not the great, or the frequent business of the x "A c c \^ ' human mind. Whether we provide for action or con- ~"\ C _X_..)- Tersation, whether we wish i N f' to be useful or pleasing ; the f~\ first requisite is the reli- gious and moral knowledge ^j N /I S~ ' of right and wrong. The ^ next is an acquaintance with the history of man- kind, and with those '~ x *-fe- er-V^ ^ i examples which may be said to embody truth, nn ~^\ \ v I > and prove by events the UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 27 7 -^ (^ reasonableness 1 of opinions. Prudence and justice are x l-^ ^ \o ^ ^. virtues and excellencies of all times and all places. We are perpetually moral- ists, but we are geometri- "7 ^ cians by chance. Our in- tercourse with intellectual nature is necessary ; our speculations upon matter are voluntary, and at lei- sure. Dr. Johnson. MAN. Man's study of himself, and the knowledge of his own station in the ranks of being, and his various relations to the in- numerable multitudes which surround him, and with which his Maker has or- dained him to be united, for the reception and communi- . , c_o> > cation of happiness, should begin with the first glimpse c of reason, and only end - L-- : -*)- with life itself. Other acquisitions are mere- ly temporary, except as 28 UXVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. to illustrate ^ the knowledge, and confirm \ , / f *) ^ " c^,, the practice, of morality and l">iety, which extend their -- rr^.-V-p ) T L-^ x influence beyond the grave, and increase our happiness A ^ ' ' ' ^ through endless duration. c \ ^ \ c 5 . There are some who, in a ( great measure, supply the \^> ^ . \ ' - "N^ ? place of reading by gleaning from accidental intelligence ^ \ y . \ ' > and various conversation : by a quick apprehension, \ V_ "~1 , n \ I , NNW . and judicious selection, and a happy memory ; by a keen X-* "~L/ x X c "~1 . appetite for knowledge, and a powerful digestion ; by a vigilance 1 that permits no- thing to pass without notice, and a habit of reflection that suffers nothing useful to be lost. Dr. Johnson. UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 29 MANUFACTURE OF OPTICAL GLASS. -v t >- A T ne materials are fused in the furnace ; and w r hen 'T /I V_ y ~^ > nearly ready for working are stirred about with cold C * N. /I \ cr ~ D - v - ^ ^> / t,v x, .... iron 1 rods, to break the cords 2 and lessen the cloudi- * ness. Sometimes the metal v ^ ^ ? is ladled all from the cruci- f. \- >VJ 1 <) I C bles 3 , and thrown into cold """N x C ^ r /o ^ , v water. This stirring and ladling has the effect of breaking the striae 4 . It is v Y- 'i r then closed up in the cruci- ble 3 again until it is per- \_^ fcctly fused in the ordinary manner, but is not worked ,0 O..L. "l "V c o ,/ out as is the case at Whitefriar's Glass Works c f^~~ for working eitlier with ^ P the glassmakers' rods or ( the iron ladle renders it 30 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. \ t worse. When a large cruci- ble is declared to be per- fectly ready, it is allowed to cool until the whole mass is one solid piece of ordi- nary glass, weighing about twelve 1 or sixteen hundred weight. This mass is sure to crack up into large \ "~1 ^~\ N/"* , "~\ . f. bowlders, and from these pieces are selected those ^o . * -- - . \^ which are 2 to be made into 0.0 , lenses ; they are placed in / * large moulds made of the ^\ \^ c ^v best fine clay. Wlien a 9 piece has been selected of (, i v ^_^ 1 *) ) L--- sufficient height and size, it is put into a mould of I ^> , (. <^~ the required dimensions, and then gradually re- heated until the glass has melted exactly the f~ i - > { ^ ^ shape of the mould. Then ,\ \ when sufficientlv annealed, v Jl ^^ \r > ' b v it is polished by the UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 31 glasscutter in the regular manner. Other kinds of glass are made for optical purposes by being blown with the iron tube of the glassmaker, as other things are blown, such, for instance, as glass for magnifying purposes 1 . The glass is ladled from the crucible, then taken from the ladle on the end of the iron tube, and blown of a uniform thickness, exactly the shape of a lady's muff. When annealed it is cut up one side with a diamond and then exposed to con- siderable heat. When the heat causes the glass to open where the diamond has cut it, as it gradually opens, it is laid on a flat surface, and spread out into a large square of 32 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. thick optical glass. It is again annealed and polished to the required magnifying ^ > power. It will be easily \ Q x ( ~^-* tudes every year. If a tea- kettle of water is boiling on -~x \^~ " V. -^ i V ' the fire, the steam is seen issuing from the spout 2 , carrying the extra heat away with it ; but if the lid be fastened down and the spout be plugged, a destruc- tive explosion follows in a very short time 3 . Heat is constantly generated in the human body, by the chemi- cal disorganization, the combustion of the food we eat. There are seven millions of tubes or pores on the surface of the body, which, in health, are constantly open, convey- v ing from the system, by what is called insensible 4 34 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. perspirations, this internal heat, which, having answer- ed its purpose, is passed off like jets of steam which are thrown from the escape pipe, in puffs of any ordi- C nary steam engine ; but this insensible perspiration car- ries with it, in a dissolved form, very much of the .1-^ , ^ ~~! waste matter of the system, to the extent of a pound or more every twenty-four hours. It must be appa- rent, then, that if the pores of the skin are closed, if the multitudes of valves, which are placed over the whole surface of the human body, are shut down, two things take place : First, \ ^x \ i the internal heat is pre- v i ^ NO i _^^r vented from passing off it accumulates every moment, the person expresses him- self as burning up. and large draughts of water are VNVOVAL1ZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 35 ^~i ^-Q i swallowed to quench the internal fire this we call ~"^x' "lever." When the warm steam is ( *-\ constantly escaping from the body in health, it keeps cr ~X ^^ /~~l \ I the skin moist, and there '* -V _ ' \ c /? is a soft, pleasant feel and , _^ ^~ -*/ (. warmth about it. But when _ , ^ \ ~^ ^^ the pores are closed the ^j skin feels harsh, hot and I "1 x i s / /^ dry. But another result follows the closing of the !"^, JT-N "y- L ; pores of the skin, and more immediately dangerous ; a -> ~^ m ^ n outlet for the waste of the body is closed, the --^-. waste re-mingles with the blood, which in a few hours / becomes impure, and begins , ^^^ p to generate disease in every ^\t~ -r--*L fiber of the system the whole machinery of man >~ ^ " becomes at once disordered, , and he expresses himself as "feeling miserable." 36 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. The terrible effects of checked perspiration of a ! , / [ c^ -^ L^, ^-^? dog, who sweats only by his tongue, is evinced by No \ If 11 /? \ ' his becoming "mad." The ^ o O " ' water runs in streams from ' a dog's mouth in summer, V 9 "N/- v* \ x* tf exercising freelv. If it _r / Y x d ~i ceases to run, that is Hydro- phobia. It has been asserted by a )/i \_-^\ V ( L French physician, that if a person suffering under Hydrophobia can be only made to perspire freely, lie *\ "^^j -p ..j x is cured at once. It is familiar to the com- monest observer, that in all ordinary forms of diseases. ), \j the patient begins to per- ^~ spire 1 , simph' because the <-* internal heat is passing off, there is an outlet for v -' ^-^--S^ 1 the waste of the system. I ( ^^ ^^ Thus it is that one of "~"(r~ the most important means UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 37 ^_p c v~~ for curing all sickness is bodily cleanliness 1 , which is simply removing from the mouths of these little pores C _ ( . ^ \_^^ ( __^ , [ that gum, dust and oil, which clog them up. ^ , / ^ ( \ x Thus it is, also, that per- sonal cleanliness is one of I /^\ ( ^\ --- b,'- ) 5 CL> = f ' the main elements of health: thus it is that filth and ^^ , fT :.... I disease habitate together, the world over. ~1 s which he died in a few ^ dollars in the English funds. T ^ J Vs >: I His illness was so brief and violent that he had no opportunity to make , I his will, and his im- T inense property was divided <\ n \) Vr f... 40 UNVOCAIJZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. among five or six day- laborers who were his near- est relations. The great practical lesson ,__ \_ r / c / ^^^ which we wish to impress upon the mind of the reader \ ^ ~~\ (> . "^^ ~/ \^V^ is this: When you are per- spiring freely, KEEP IX MO- " ^-D .. f.. -, -, , ' v-x TION until you get to a good ^~~ ^x i fire, or to some place ichere \> <^ "/ NJ^ <~^ ^\ ^ ' you are 1 perfectly sheltered from any draught of air whatever. The Eclectic Star. UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 41 ITEMS OF INTEREST. . < I ~>\ f COFFEE made with dis- ' tilled 1 water is said to have i (, ^-,- a greatly improved aroma. It seems that the mineral ~\ ^ ~~x /- ^ I ~r\ carbonates 2 in common wa- r i ter render the tannin of the V 7 r\ L- 1 c k~\~ coffee berry soluble, but the drug will not dissolve ^ in distilled water. A p DR. FLINT is reported as S> /V o v_. i . . having said that many lives ' /" \ 1 arc lost by starvation owing I t ^ to an over-estimate of the x \ i -^ nutritive value of beef tea .-t,- ->> I 6 * and meat juices. In typhus and typhoid fevers, he says there is no good substitute for milk and eggs. READ by good day-light. The light should come from the side. Do not read when fatigued or when recovering 42 UNVOCAL1ZED OOKR8PONJ)I2fO STYLK *\ t^- 9 -A r~ x-. from illness, and do not , J ... ... f .....x^ read while lying down. Rest the eyes occasionally while using them. Read "V x _}. good print, and do not stoop while reading. Use ,1 proper glasses, avoid alco- hol and tobacco, and take exercise in the open air. COCAINE, the new local anaesthetic 1 that has sud- denly achieved such an ex- cellent reputation, has been known as such for a great many years, but for a long- time was found to be too expensive for general use. The great progress now is the cheapening of the pro- duct. Its properties are due to a substance nearly ~N ^ < *~f ' -i j ' identical 2 to theme, the ac- tive principle in tea, and it **" ' ~3 ' i is indeed obtained from one ^ \ <~N I "~i ^ \ ^ ^ 1C toa Pl ants > tne m ate, J "V ^~ x of Paraguay. UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 43 A WRITER in the St. Louis Medical Journal advises young practitioners never to make fun of an old woman's remedy. It will not only give offence, but will miss a valuable 1 aid in practice. The writer adds : ''In 1830, while practicing in Madison County, Illinois, I was induced by the repre- sentations of an old woman to make the trial, in dysen- tery and diarrhoea, of table- spoonful doses of pure cider vinegar with the addition of sufficient salt to be notice- able, and it acted so charm- ingly 2 that I have never used anything else." CHILDREN grow taller, it is said, during an acute sickness, such as fever, the growth of the bones being \ v stimulated by the febrile * Vix ^_ \J * ^ condition. 44 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. AMERICANS average a daily addition to the public fortune of seven cents, which means that the United States each day is Avorth four millions of dollars more than it was the day before. THE number of railroad accidents in the United States during 1884 is given ^45 c ~ 68/ at H91. Of these 445 were collisions and 681 derail- 65 / ' c/'V/"x *) c x ments ; 65 recorded as "various." There were in &7*3 all 389 persons killed and 8760 injured. _T?. * -_? o V-^, THE opinion is entertained now by many men of science ^ x ^p <, -^ ^ ^_^_ \^j that the art of making artificial stone for struct ur- L-i \. \ -^ \ al purposes is prehistoric 1 , and that the i)vraiuids T <\ ^ __ , ^ N were, in fact, built of UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 45 xi , P ^_^ ^ .. ^ artificial 1 blocks manufac- tured from the surrounding plain. GLUCOSE is used princi- pally in the following ways : for the manufacture of table \P ^ ^\^~ ^f. *~* \ syrup ; as a substitute for barley malt in the brewing \^ y~ o_ \p ^_ _^ of beer and ale ; as a sub- stitute for cane sugar in confectionery and in can- ning fruit ; to adulterate cane sugar ; to make arti- ficial honey ; in making vinegar. A GERMAN entomologist, ^y ' v - ^' -^~c> p t Dahl 7 claims that spiders have perfect sight only at C V v - *\ P ^ \, v_ v- c_x_.j__3 very short distances. Their sense of touch is conse- I .^/~ c ^\ quently remarkably well developed. There smell ^~ J x. ^ e~S~ ) _ < is so good that they can distinguish odors, 1,0. and their hearing is excellent. Some of them 1> v_^- show a remarkable instinct 46 UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. <\ <\ ^ *) i n buying their webs even their first in perfect geometrical form. A re- flective 1 power is evinced by their refusal of tough insects which have been once attacked unsuccess- fully 2 . FLOATING bricks are made of a very light silicious earth, clay being sometimes added to bind the material together. Their strength 3 equals that of ordinary bricks. UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 47 ASIATIC CHOLERA. ^__P __ o ^ ^ c c / o <\ News comes from France that cholera has appeared in the cities of Toulon, Marseilles, and elsewhere. Last year it began at its regular home in India 1 , and extended westward through Arabia 1 to Egypt. Judging from all past histories of the malady, it will be likely to spread through Europe, and then to America. Its advance this time has not been so rapid as in former epidemics, else it would have reached our shores early last spring, but it will be well to expect it ^ before the season is over, and to make every prepar- ation for it. 48 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. (~\ The real cause of cholera has long been a subject of inquiry. Latterly it. like all other maladies, has been pronounced the result of a "germ"; and much money has been spent by France, Germany, and other Eu- ropean governments in aid- ing certain gentlemen to find the particular germ. Egypt last year was visited f r this s P cc ifi c purpose, and it was at one time an- nounced that the animalcule had been found. It was an animal form, taking the length of from 40,000 to 60,000 of them to make an inch. And, as usual in all these "germ" investiga- tions, they were present in some cases and absent \ J - in others a fact proving UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 49 conclusively that they are not at all the cause of the ( . ( c C disease, else the disease could never occur without them ; but that these minute organisms exist only when disease has caused sufficient death-change in tissues for the foul things to find soil to grow in. Speaking of these germs (bacteria, mi- crobes, etc,), Dr. G. F. Yeo, (^ > " the latest English writer on physiology, says : 1 ' Bacteria do not appear without progenitors more ^ than any other form of liv- ing thing. They float life- x less and dry in multitudes ^ through our atmosphere, l / ~N U-tsj ) and adhere to all substances 1L % . N ^Sp^^o^ _o x ^ wn ich the air has free ac- 9 cess. The moment they light ^-^-> ( r N I 6"~, ( %. upon suitable soil, they burst into prodigious activity. v 1 ^\ P / f~ o ^ \ 1 / * Such a soil is supplied by 50 UNVOCAL1ZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. |\^ x ) any substance capable of spontaneous decomposition. (~ \i -, ^ ^^_^ o ^-7 f- So long as the tissue of a higher animal is healthy ^ \ -* <) - -N j and well nourished, bacteria I/ cannot thrive in immediate c x p x_/ ^ i contact with it. They can j" 1 ' only exist in the intestines, o , ^ s etc., because they can find ^ accumulations of lifeless ~ fluids there which offer ^-i ' \ tx D, them a suitable nidus. Ac- tive, living tissues are able ^-I I Q ^ t I \ ' >-. L^ "\ N x j Vi^i to destroy bacteria ; and it is only owing to this bac- o_^ ! ^ C \_ , ,, V^^ L^ tericide power of our tex- tures that we can with im- f , ' "~1 \ ^1 __->y- munity breathe into our lungs the atmospheric air, O U-x-. ~^ i *V~ ^ and swallow multitudes of ^ these organisms. But for ...J^i a-^ x i 'v, C ^^i^ this power, every wound 1 would become putrid, every X C-N " with previous epidemics ; but in Egypt, where the late war had placed certain c / sections in a most fearful state, the cholera mortality was frightful, while other portions almost entirely es- caped it. And now it / breaks out in Toulon, France, which has the re- pute of being a place of x abominable dirtiness; and Marseilles next to it. This history will no doubt be re- peated while the destroyer is r x marching around the world. VNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 55 Cleanly localities will suffer to some extent by contact ; but the burden of the scourge will fall upon those places where there is open or concealed filthiness, and upon those persons who are unclean in their surround- ings. The health lesson to be learned from these facts is a very plain one. They call for a complete cleaning of cities, towns, and resi- dences, at every point and in every particular. No filth should be left con- cealed, no work of purifica- tion be half done. The blindest alley probably - needs more vigorous work- _^f., ing than any open street ; and vaults, pools, garrets, ~~^ and cellars demand the most 56 UNVOVALIZED CORRESPONDIMI STYLE. searching proceedings. And these matters should be attended to before the chol- era comes and not delayed till the visit of the dest rover has begun. Then they must be kept up steadily while any vestige of the disease remains. No slack- ing of the cleanliness is per- missible gutters must be kept free, garbage must not accumulate, vaults and pools must be disinfected and not allowed to become offensive. By adopting and continuing radical measures of this kind, there, is every reason to believe that chol- era may be clipped of most of its dangers and made comparatively harmless. In addition to 1 o - x ' "" c a 1 a n ( 1 individual Uft VOCALIZED COliRESPONDIXU STYLE. I X >,-AC_- s^ -- .^- ; 7 > i i ^ - >. S- X D 1 3 N \0 V-" ^v ^.. I -K ) / V- / y ^-v rv,. x - ^_ /N W, o 1. '.-s ,- k- x t^ \ <_ ;Vo > 1 ( ; i xM, .A e -\ cleanliness, it is important to eat regularly and of the common round of good foods. A sad mistake has *) been made by many in cur- tailing their diet to a few articles, dropping off meats and the majority of vege- tables. It is very unwise to disturb the digestion and impoverish the blood at such times, by this unnatural mode of living. Coarse and unripe vegetables, as string beans and green corn, should be laid aside. But all ripe fruits, and quite as much those somewhat acid, should be used daily. It is very important to know that they are fresh, and not to gor- mandize with them, but with these reasonable pre- cautions he is safest from cholera who uses fruits, fresh vegetables, meats, 58 UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STTLE. ~ _ /" N L_ ^ | an( l hi s accustomed round of food every day. Yeiy free indulgence in iced water and very cold drinks, and any indulgence whatever in beer or alcholic drinks, will be sure to cause sad trouble. In every his- tory of cholera, in all coun- tries, they suffer most and die in largest numbers who resort to whiskey, brandy, and similar beverages. No fact is more positive, none is more instructive to wise men. The Healthside. UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 59 THE TALLEST TREE IN THE WORLD. x-i 11 "Here are the extremes of plant life," said a 1 bota- /. nist, holding a microscopic slide in one hand and a picture of a great tree in the other. ' ' This is a dia- tom, one of the smallest vegetable organisms, invis- ible to the naked eye, while this," flourishing the pic- ture, ' ' is the largest as to height in the world." " One of the sequoias ? " "No," was the reply. " Uncle Sam has done pret- ty well with trees, but when it comes to height the British lion takes the belt, as the loftiest trees are found in the Australian dominion. This picture is a photograph of one found by a traveler in the Black Range of Berwick, and it is GO UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. Sov v ^V^ > [ estimated at 500 feet from the ground to the topmost ( "1 _^^ ,' ' ^ l>ranch. Think of it a mo- ment," continued the speak- ' r Son ^~ ^~^ i_, x er - " F IVG hundred feet means a good deal. It i \ ^-j P . 1 3 f (~~ would dwarf the Bartholdi statue ; Trinity would look ^Y r^l..']-_ "" "~^ spent an hour each day during most part of a year ^ c ""1 J L. I in the very difficult under- taking of teaching a little x j* 6 ~ >_ ] Z_ ^ dog to stand on his hind feet and dance a jig while % J x.L^., D ^\^~ he played the tune. At last accounts he was work- 10 ~^ I ~ i^-^ n , --~^-- r ing ten hours a day at the c same trade, and at his old / ^ > - v_ -*. C wages, and finding fault with the fate that made his fellow- workman rich, while leaving him poor. Leisure minutes may bring golden ^ i grain to mind as well as c purse, if one harvests wheat I "~ P t ~* instead of chaff. S Wide Awake. UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 65 LOVE OF APPLAUSE. To be insensible to public opinion, or to the estimation r in which we are held by others, indicates anything rather than a good and generous spirit. It is, in- deed, the mark of a low and worthless character ; de- void of principle, and there- fore devoid of shame. A young man is not far from cf -^ ^ ruin, when he can say, without blushing, an( l no independence of mind, to obey the dictates of rectitude. He is at the mercy of every casual im- pulse and change of popular opinion ; and you can no more tell whether he will be right or wrong to-morrow, than you can predict the course of the wind, or what - 3 c ^^ shape the clouds will as- sume. ^ \ And what is the usual consequence of this weak and foolish regard to ^j? -^ ^-^ 9 the opinions of men? -> ____ T What the end of thus acting in compliance with custom in opposition to one's own convictions of 68 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. duty? It is to lose the esteem and respect of the very men whom you thus attempt to please. Your r defect of principle and hol- low-heartedness are easily perceived ; and though the persons to whom you thus sacrifice your conscience, may affect to commend your complaisance, you may be assured, that inwardly, they despise you for it. Young men can hardly commit a greater mistake than to think of gaining the _^_ , ixr.j-A __*_!> x esteem of others, by yield- ing to their wishes, con- /f ____ -^f~ /^ } trary to their own sense of duty. Such conduct is always morally wrong, and rarely fails to deprive one, both of self-respect, and of the respect of others. Hawes. UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 69 SALT. Question. Is salt a neces- sary article of food ? JW U k _>^X V-o Answer. It may be as- sumed to be from the follow- ^ - 1. c ^. ^ I ' "^ ing facts : 1. The craving for it is very general. But / \ "* *\. ^ *"~~ ^--)~~ the opponents to its use c, ~ ' those who regard salt as a _^_^ <\ ^ 3 . / /~ poison would claim, prob- \ ably, that the craving is the 2. ' s-^. result simply of a vitiated appetite. 2. The most dis- tressing symptoms ending in death result from the protracted use of saltless food. Criminals condemned to live on bread unmixed with salt are said to have *\ \--^- - suffered fearfully to have been devoured by worms en- gendered in their stomachs. 70 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. I <: ( ^ v ~T I b %> _>_ / fTT ^ f '^ ^ J n a.-,.c_^r>^ 3 _^T fi r\ *i j ' ^ ^ /x 1^ On the other hand, it does not follow that in moderate quantities it is injurious because a long course of diet on salt-preserved pro- visions produces scurvy. This disease is supposed not to result from the use of the salt, but from the lack of potash compounds, which seem required in the muscles and flesh-juice, as arc soda compounds in the blood. Plants near the sea are richer in soda, while those of inland growth are richer in potash. This will afford a useful hint for health-seekers 1 , those living near the sea should go in- land to replenish the potash constituents of a healthy system ; while the inland in- valids may seek the seashore or vicinity with advantage. Dr. Scudder says: "In the milk diet that I recommend UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 71 in sickness, common salt is used freely, the milk being boiled and given hot, and if the patient cannot take the usual quantity in his food I have it given in his drink. This matter is so important that it cannot be repeated too often, or dwelt upon too long. The most marked example of this want of common salt I have ever noticed has been in surgical disease, especially in open wounds. Without , VI, a supply of salt the tongue would become broad, pallid, puffy, with a tenacious pasty coat, the secretions arrested, the circulation feeble, the effusion at point of injury serous 1 , with an unpleasant watery pus, which at last becomes a mere sanies or ichor. A few I x <-\ /^ p days of free allowance would 72 UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. change all this, and the patient get along well." In this connection 1 I will quote what is said con- cerning salt by Pcreira : "Though salt is a constitu- ent of most of our foods and drinks, we do not, in this way, obtain a sufficient supply of it to satisfy the wants of the system, and nature has accordingly fur- nished us with an appetite for it. The salt, therefore, }-- which we consume at our table as a condiment, in reality serves other and far more important purposes in the animal economy than that of merely gratifying the palate. It is a necessary article of food, being essen- tial for the preservation of health and the maintenance of life. It forms an essen- tial constituent of blood, which fluid doubtless owes UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 73 many of its important qualities to it. Thus it probably contributes to keep the blood corpuscles unchanged ; for when these are put into water a powerful and rapid endosmose action takes place, in consequence of which they swell up and assume a globular form ; !rr_ b s - C whereas in aweak solution of salt they remain unchanged. In malignant cholera, and some other diseases in which there is a deficiency 1 of the saline ingredients of the blood, this fluid has a very dark or even black appear- ance, whence it has been assumed by some writers that the red color of the blood is dependent on the presence of its saline in- gredients. From the salt of the blood, aided by water, the gastric juice de- rives its hydrochloric acid, 74 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. and the blood and the bile their soda." Sixteen pounds a year is said to be the average yearly consumption 1 of salt by adults about five ounces per week. Salt was for- merly called muriate of soda, but now more com- monly chloride of sodium. UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 75 LAMARTINE. The character of Lamar- tine 1 , with all its virtues and all its faults, is revealed 3 in the history of his life. As a statesman he must rank very low, being simply a theorist; but his errors were those of a noble mind filled to overflowing with pity for the suffering and oppressed. As a writer he stands in the foremost ranks of French authors. His style is glowing and pic- turesque, his powers of de- scription are marvellous, his poetry is the most poetical? in the French language ; of all her writers he has the most soul as a story-teller no one is more charming 4 ; his faults are a strong tend- ency to the inflated and the 76 UNVOCALIZED COERESPONDING STYLE. ~7 t ^ ^~y^ ^ / x exaggerated, to a morbid sentimentalism which too frequently sinks into bathos. Like 1 all Frenchmen, in- tense egotism was one of the prominent errors of his character. This fault was redeemed, however, by so many noble and shining qualities, that it almost dis- appears in their lustre. He was the soul of honor, the bravest of the brave, the most generous of men. Pages could be filled with anecdotes of his gentleness -^ of heart and boundless charity. The emoluments which he derived as a member of the Provision- al Government he distrib- uted freely and unasked \ ";) x \J> (^' among the poor authors > of Paris, and the letters _, , (s which accompanied these S >x - ' gifts doubled the obligation. C\ ^ , //I Sunday, his only holiday, ' i x was devoted to charity ; UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 77 V^ - his doors were open to all who suffered, who were in < *-> , r>y want. All who came, ( c _ _ whether known or unknown, he greeted with extended t ^ = r^j ^^ _j> ^ hand, with kindly smiles and words, to soften the ^ y. ---- -^t /\ y bitterness and humiliation ff ^_^ N ,, of their position. "1 am dying of hunger," one day "_^_ laconically wrote an un- known.. ' ' I have five hun- dred francs, they are yours with all my heart," wrote back Lamartine. " If I had a hundred francs I should be truly happy," exclaimed a poor author in his presence. "Here are a thousand," answered Lamartine, giving ' ^-^_s * ^-^ /W^> hi m the money. Only the revenues of a prince could cv p f> ^_ ^ - ^ p x sustain such munificence. 78 UNVOCALIZED COREESPONDING STYLE. I "-N \ I ^ c i For years before his death ^~ d v> J s\--/^l-.- t ; he was overwhelmed with _/l v X/ y ; u \j~^ debts, and reduced to com- parative indigence ; but the '-^ ~X> o 3, o divine impulse of charity remained as active as ever. Sr_ x /\-.C. \ v \ , , /"" He was saving up to buy j^~ \ i -. v_ himself a little pony-chaise v ^ x I 7 ^ , to take the air in ; he had 4.. 5 / (^ \^- -o , !~ ' gathered just a thousand francs, when a poor woman who lived in the neighbor- hood, came to him with a X piteous tale ; her goods had x y\ ^} been seized by a hard- hearted creditor, and home- ^ ^-* i " less destitution stared her _ Vi> X A _ _ / _ in the face. "How much do you require ? " he asked. "A thousand francs," was ^ the answer. There was a momentary struggle, and v r ^ , X, then he went away, fetched his little hoard, and placed , x it in her hand. UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 79 ( x -* P The man who could do /-7-5i *- %~ ' U * these deeds was a Christian. ^ ^ ^ ,X "X No higher nor rarer praise can be bestowed upon him ; >\ v / ^X_/" for, generations frequently pass away without produc- \a _r^.__ ( ^s ^~s y- b ing one such. - U m pi a Jj a r Temple Bar. CARE for what you say, or what you say will make you care. 80 UNVOGALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. SCIENTIFIC MISCELLANY. PHOTOGRAPHY of the stars V i ^^\ c ~\^-~ "" x now forms an important ,. part of the work done at -.[-_ \^ \^ x Harvard Observatory. A . region of the heavens fifteen .X/Va is o-y ^~>._|., degrees square is photo- graphed at a single ex- ^--J-- > *s posure, stars down to the ( fifth and sixth magnitudes A T V_x J , . / \-A being shown ; and eighteen of these pictures may be taken on a single plate, forming a map of a section ?o O ~. f tne stellar vault ninety degrees long by forty-five 45 1 x .r-s^ "^ ,--i- > degrees wide. Smaller stars, down to the eighth i "~f -^ j ^ ^_^ magnitude, are shown in photographs of smaller '- , ! v. areas. The magnitudes indicated by the photo- ^ ^ j graphs do not always cor- ' ~C" respond to those recorded v.^ ,- - as the determinations of eye ^ observations. This is due UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 81 to the effects of different colors among the stars. A red star, which may appear very brilliant to the eye, produces only a faint im- pression on the photograph- er's plate. MONS. CORNEVIN places the time of the first appear- ance of the horse as a do- mestic animal in the bronze age contemporaneous with the bronze bit. Mons. Pie- trement and Mons. Pictet proved that the horse had been utilized in Asia while Europe was in the stone age, and Mons. Faure ob- jects to Moris. Cornevin's conclusion with the remark that, while the bronze bit is good proof of the domestica- tion of the horse, the latter may have been tamed long before bronze was known. Whichever view may be the 1 c_x , L rv^ < correct one, it is certain that 82 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. x ^-v (~ \A nian has enjoyed the ser- | : vices of the horse for a pretty long period. THE total number of _ w ., ~ \ species of flowering plants * ^ " in the world is roughly estimated by Bentham and V_*. ^T_\__ y5,62o. Hooker to be 95,620. s_* v_? > *| r^ rv IN the opinion of Dr. Burg, copper in the body - / v. _o ^ exerts a protective influence against infectious diseases. This view has received re- newed confirmation in the results of an inquiry con- cerning the death - rate among copper-workers dur- ing the last epidemic of typhoid in Paris. To test his theory that copper pre- vents the development of the microbes of infectious diseases, Dr. Burg proposes studying the action of cop- per salts upon the microbes . cultivated by Mons. Pas- S - 1 x teur. UNVOVAL1ZEI) CORRESPONDING STYLE. 83 HERRHEINRICH has made some experiments with peat, in which he obtained the largest crop when the peat derived from the soil sixty per cent, of the total quan- tity of water which it was capable of containing. No crop was obtained when the moisture of the peat fell below twenty per cent, of its water capacity, except in sand, where a small yield was secured which con- tained no more than ten per cent, of the water it could have contained. AT the Paris Observatory Admiral Mouchez has been experimenting for some weeks with a small cap- tive balloon for obtaining records of meteorological phenomena at some dis- tance above the earth. The real value of the bal- loon to science has not yet been determined, as balloon- ing for scientific purposes ..... vv-u/ -a 84 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. \ v f x is a quite new subject of study. <1 ' " AN Irish physician, Dr. P , Henry Macaulay, has made the unique suggestion that . the intense heat of the sun in tropical countries be used , s~- <*> \ T) as an a ent f r cooling buildings. He would use ^ ^ \^_ -^ Muchot's sun - engine for pumping cold air into fac- tories, dwellings, etc., as in this way the temperature of "T I /l*~\ the rooms may be reduced V> L- x^^^ V ^ '^x / u i ^ from one hundred degrees 700 ^ 60 . C \ ^ to sixty. This plan is avail- able only where ice may be <^_s t/ *) s*. -^ * obtained. o . >, THE Russian Geographical "H 7 ] Society has received a list x , of the localities along tlic coast of northeastern Siberia where human beings may be found at different seasons of the year. It is hoped that the use of this list UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 85 \ J , ' C^ ' a* c ? L " t ^ V3 v ^ ,."Vj Vv~ V ^ by future explorers may en- able them to escape the sad fate of Lieut. De Long and his companions. ACCORDING to a writer in a Parisian journal, Tonquin, a province of Anam in south- eastern Asia, possesses a remarkable mineral wealth. The production of its gold mines, this authority states, can be made to rival that of California and Australia ; while its coal mines are even more important than the gold mines. Silver, copper, and tin are also abundant, and zinc, lead, iron, and bismuth are known. A PERPETUAL Clock was started at Brussels a little over a year ago. 86 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. -x o . v_^ -j i i \ An up drauglit is obtained in a tube or shaft by cx- \> | Q_^ C % {/*> posing it to the sun ; this draught turns a fan ; which \ j / \ Y- _____ p winds up the weight of the clock till it reaches the top, si I ^ ~l ~\ ( V. A ^ ' > when it actuates a brake that stops the fan, but leaves Vo , I I V-f > N 1 _ ., it free to start again after ^ ] ^ __/" x . the weight has gone down a little. At the last of June ^ J .'TTTTTL ) ^ the clock was running per- fectly, after having been in i ~ 9 -a -^ motion for nine consecutive months. HERE BEUNNEE, the super- intendent of the Austrian Telegraphs, recently deliv- /t t" -^ 1 L^ - C ered a lecture on dnamo- electric machines, in which ~t "%> t^ ^_ ^ he expressed his deliberate opinion that the entire "^ x --i. \^ J? ^ science of engineering is being revolutionized. These ^_^ i v machines, he said, not ' f "^ only convert the power UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 87 of a rotating machine into electricity, but they are able also to reconvert electricity into working energy. As the most perfect solution of this problem the lecturer spoke of the machine put up at Munich by Marcel Deprez, which conveyed the power produced by a steam engine at Miesbach , to ^ s , Munich, a distance of thirty- five miles, by means of an ordinary iron telegraph wire. On this subject Herr Brunner spoke in the fol- lowing words : "It would be difficult to over-rate the importance of this inven- tion. By it coal is, or will be, superseded. In future it will be possible to turn the power of waterfalls to ac- count from the very source, whilst at this moment these streams run away UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. unused. Every drop of them may be gathered up in turbines which set dy- namo - electrical machines in motion. These in their turn carry the accumulated energy, via a telegraphic wire, into a factory, where it is turned to account for working the main shaft or lighting the work - room 1 . Lastly, there will be no thing out of the way in turning ^_, electrical energy to account ' for domestic uses, such as /> \ ^\ / ' ) getting up stairs, working 6 - \ o ) v C_x a sewing machine, washing, "") *} ~~\ \ ^ ^ ironing, etc., nay, even a <-s j -' ; . ' 1 ' -"^ piano might be played by electricity." [We may readily conceive /V~ ^_. A C-* how electrical energy may be derived from thousands '. ">i, ' t of sources and turned to thousands of uses. It is C ^ L *\. i "^ s~* v -3-- b N^ probable that wind -mills UNVOGALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 89 /r f \ may originate more electri- cal power than would be required for all possible manufacturing operations on the planet. Quite super- tiuous would be then as much more 1 energy that might be derived from draughts in chimneys. Ut- terly bc}*ond requirement would then be the incon- ceivably great amount of power that could readily / ^ . j be obtained from the vast rivers ; the little rivers, and \ \ ,- -i , n even the waves of lakes and ^ ' ^ * "l* T/-IT oceans. A. J. G.] 90 UNVOCAL1ZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. THE MEASUREMENT OF TIME. There is nothing of greater practical importance in the i_/\_ , k v_, c. daily life of men ; nothing, v ' perhaps, more closely con- nected with the progress of the human race, than the art of measuring time ; and from that distant period when the lapse of time was marked only by the alterna- tions of day and night, and the changes of the moon, down to the present day, when, for purposes of sci- ence men measure the millionth part of a second, the improvements in the appliances for time-meas- urement have kept pace with the general progress of civilization. We all understand that time must be measured by some regular series of motions, and we know I C UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 91 how, in a fashion of her own, nature marks time for us by the setting of the sun, the crowing of cocks, the budding and falling of leaves, the tides of the sea, etc., all of which phe- nomena occur invariably at certain regular and familiar intervals ; but very early in the history of our race it was found that something more accurate than these natural changes was re- quired, and art soon came to the assistance of nature. The first artificial contriv- ances for the purpose of telling time were sun-dials, hour-glasses, and clepsydrae. Sun-dials measured time by the course of a shadow over a rudely marked scale, and were consequent- ly useless in the night or in cloudy weather, but they were soon supplemented by hour-glasses, which marked 92 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. time by the trickling of fine sand through a small open- ing between an upper and lower glass bulb, just one hour being required for the whole quantity of sand to trickle from one bull) to the other. The clepsydra was on the same principle as the hour-glass, employing water L a-V V^ instead of sand, its simplest form being an upright cyl- inder large enough to hold s several gallons of water, ^~~> *\ ' ~^~ *-* with a small opening at the bottom through which 1 the water flowed slowly out. We are told that "the Assyrian monarch, Sardan- > I x_p x^ apalus, had a time-keeper ^ ' of this description in his palace at Nineveh, and there was one also in every ward ,- in the city. These were * all filled at sunrise, and as v soon as they were emptied, at a given signal by a man UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 93 stationed upon a high tower, they were refilled, and a number of heralds went forth 1 proclaiming the fact through the town, so that the inhabitants might regu- late their transactions, and know when to eat, to wor- ship, to labor, and to sleep. The intervals between the emptying and refilling in this case, like the rounds of the patrolmen, which c 'L 1 " were a ^ so anc i en tly employ- ed to measure time, were termed watches." After a time, the flowing water of the clepsydra was * x ^^ -f , / c- "^ ^ made to turn a wheel 2 , which carried an index hand round a dial plate, and thus marked the hours of the day. This was called a water-clock, and was used for two thousand years as a time -measurer, in the countries of the east, but was gradually improved by the substitution of falling weights for falliii"; 94 UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. water, as the motive power. The oldest of these con- structions, actually pre- served, was made by Henry Pe Yick, a German, and set up in Paris, for Charles V., of France, in 1339. It was a thirty -hour clock, with a weight and a train of wheels, giving motion to one hand, and the striking part was precisely the same as that still used. This curious old clock had a horizontal lever, Avith movable weights, so that the further out they were hung the slower would be the vibrations ; and some three hundred years after the date of De Tick's invention, the last grand improvement in clocks Avas made, by converting the horizontal swing 1 of the balance into the verti- . cal swing of the pendu- ^ ' /^ ' ) " lum, Avhich Avas done by UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 95 [_ V_ <^_xl -^_,- \ v taking off one of the weights and hanging the balance in an upright position. From this clock, which was at first used only in the towers of churches, sprang the whole race of modern clocks and watches, whose history fills many a bulky volume, reaching, as it does, from the time when watches were the treasures of kings, till to-day, when few pockets arc without them. Scientific American. 3 ) 96 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. HOW TO SLEEP. ^ -\ f \ It is very important to ~^ ( x -^ ' , >-t>. N) j Vix- . J \ be peace of mind ; nothing : . so hardens the bed as "-* * a reproachful conscience. Heavy suppers, or indi- N ' ^ '> ^ gestible food, produce rest- k lessness and nightmares : alcoho1 dulls the brailK ljllt does not soothe the spirit | C ^~~ / i n ^ a comfortable night's rest. The head should not e c^ c^ lie too low; just high enough to allow the blood to recede freely from the brain. The \ / /\> * s\ f, bo. u /> failing to keep the body warm, the sense of cold hinders sleep. There should be plenty of fresh air, having the window, and, if possible, the door, left open, and never on any account let the fireplace be closed". Very much attention should be given to having a 1 suit- able, well - lighted, well- aired 2 bedroom, with bed- stead as free from hangings as possible, so as to allow the air free access to the sleeper. As 'one-third of our time is spent in our bedroom, it therefore fol- lows that great care should be taken to have all its surroundings clean, whole- some, and adapted to the requirements of the body. Good Health. 98 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. SAND. , A There are few things so common and so varied as , sand. An old sea-captain nearing the Atlantic coast v exactl J where lie is ^ brings up from the bottom ; -- ' ^- 9 and once an important rob- bery in Prussia was traced ~~ ^ \ ^ vA_o, by means of a bag of sand. A box of treasure, belong- ing to the Royal Bank, which had been sent from Berlin to Minister, was found, on being opened, to contain one thousand dol- lars less of gold coin y'V I. f- " v \ than when it started, the __ / __ I It . ___ /- -^_^ v_ o money having been taken 1 \ *- \ out and its place filled with , b \o ' - a-'x a bag of sand. The rob- . t\ <_ x ^ n i . bei-y had been skilfully cxe- "l^ cuted, for, the box showed y *~j> x x i .-\ no signs of having been disturbed, and all efforts LAWYER 5, TEXAS UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 99 ( v^-P ^ -^_^ /> to find the thief were un- ^^ successful, until a famous geologist suggested that some of the sand should be \ ( sent him, with specimens '"bj^ of that near all the stations __^__ , r\ through which the box had ^ ' passed. This being done, he quickly told where the ~l^ ' 7 ~^ ' robbery had been commit- ted, and the police, having Q ' <*-' ^ x this clue, soon secured the ^ thief. ^v/1 o ~~v "~^~^ (^ ^ Varied as are the minor elements in sand, the main ^ , ^-^ ^j 1 ^~^ body of it is always quartz. We may get some idea of the amount of this mineral, by remembering that it \ \ ( "x-^ "^v-v ^ I x ^ n0 ^ on ^ f rms the vast de- jj posits of sand along our ^_ I ^ coasts, and in the deserts, ^ ^ ~^' but also the great under- fc. q N vi c "V- *-"* lying strata of sandstone 1 t rocks ; that it is present in all soils, and is necessary to all animal and vegetable life. Rock crystals, and many of our favorite jewels, 100 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 7 such as topaz, chalcedony, blood - stone, chrysopniH 1 . and jasper are also quartz, and it enters largely in the shape of veins into rocks. in the composition of which it has no part. Banks of drifted sand , s_. stretch along our Atlantic "~r x coast from Newfoundland ? to Cape Cod. The highest ^ ' \ point of these, known as Sable Island, lies about f5 ^T* ^ ^ ^^3) * ^ eighty -five miles off the coast of Nova Scotia. It is 23 _/<> d, ; ^_s T \_ *1 , "* twenty-three miles long, and one and a half wide, and is p ? M x ^ s /v said to rise to a height of 1 v^ ^. I ^^s\^J X b "^ Vo one hundred feet. Its sur- p s ^ * i \ ^ ace coris i sts of rounded ' ^ hills of sand, and is con- tinually being changed by the action of the weather. There was formerly a good harbor on one side, but it has now been entirely closed ^ r by a storm. Coarse grass grows upon the island, and ,o also cranberry and whor- tleberry plants. Various UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 101 ^JT-J, / ""> X s0 , _/l animals, such as horses, rabbits, and rats, have been <) \ carried there and natural- "~\ " ~Y ' a' ized. The walrus, or sea- liorse, used to frequent the a v. f* c~ "y"^ /" *" O island, and the Greenland x seal is still found there, v, ) , _ -A together with the shells of. tropical fish. Thus upon this LA_J>!/! ^ sand-bar meet the denizens of the torrid and the arctic ^ "N N> ( ___ <^ zones, the one brought by ' the Gulf Stream, and the x other by the Polar Current. * r i+o ^ , In thc last forty yearg) thc western extremity of the ~~\~^ r o l~^j ^, /^, island has diminished seven miles, and the whole has been growing narrower, while its height has been increasing, especially at thc eastern end. The difl'er- ence between its position on old charts, and on those recently made, shows that ) ( f \ ) v --^- V' ^^ s the whole island is being moved eastward by the steady westerly winds, as, very probably, may be the whole sandbank upon which it rests, although it covers 102 UNVOCAL1ZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. an area one-third as great as that of Nova Scotia. Sand is never long sta- tionary ; for, the grains slip over each other so easily that the firmest appearing banks are moving slowly in the direction of the prevail- ing winds. AVe have all heard of the terrible sand-storms which travelers meet in cross- ing deserts, and of Memphis, once the Egyptian capital, lying for centuries so deeply buried by drifted sand that until within a few years its site has been unknown. Nor is it in the neighbor- hood of great deserts alone that sand-floods are destruc- tive. In the eastern part of Scotland, many large tracts of once fertile land are covered with sands as unstable as those of Arabia. UNVOCAL1ZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 103 "X in the second, the dunes have moved on to the in- land 1 , and the sea is beating at the foot of the steeple. The church is thought to have been 2 built about three hundred years ago, and at that time the site must have been considered safe from the encroachments of the sea. Several villages in England, France, and Jut- land 3 , have been buried by blown sand. In Suffolk, ^-r' one thousand acres of land ' were covered in one hun- dred years, and in Cornwall have been found hills several hundred feet above the level of the sea, which are con- stantly moving forward, disclosing the ruins of an- cient villages which have been covered by them. 106 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. ) P ~Y ^ J < ^ s t ca( ly arc the move- ments of the sand dunes, that it has been proposed (\ *- s Jf X \ N )~~(r~ " to use those in Holland o . as an index by which 1 to --/ N u. ^ ~~^ determine how T long the country has been in its nC\ I i . . , Vx u , I \_^ l .: present condition, it being thought that if the rate at .-2 s^}-\( ^~'^~\. c I . which they now move were determined, it would be I = ) x c e_ O V^ easy to calculate how long a time had passed since _i \ 1 '^ c,k i.!^_ they started from the coast. But in order to do this, it must first be proved that the line of the sea-coast has not altered, and that is not possible, for, there is always \ change where water beats upon land. f , s estuary leading up from the sea, About the time of the Norman Conquest, the sands upon which Yar- mouth is built became firm enough to be habitable and they have since been stead- ily increasing. The closing 2 of the wide estuary, and reducing it to a river, shut back the tides, and rendered fit for cultivation many thousand acres, in which upwards of sixty fresh-water lakes have been formed, varying in depth from fifteen to thirty feet, and in size from one acre to twelve hundred acres. Ellen Bertha in Alden's Book of Knowledge. 108 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. THE MILKY WAY. Herschel's labors showed the Milky Way to be a great nebula 1 containing at least fifty millions of huge 2 i~s> , c _ryS ' 1 L, blazing suns, with our sun and its attendant planets ^E-^ x C ^^X near the center of the system. This nebula is i v ^^ ^-, distributed in two nearly parallel layers having the form of a pair of millstones, being very thin but extend- ing laterally to distances of which we can form no conception. While with an uninterrupted track a lightning express train might pass around our world which seems large to us in less than one short month, it could not at its highest speed accomplish the distance to the sun UN VOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 109 hundred 7 ears ! But 2.oo d k a beam of light flashes 1 ( \> ^ s~ """ x -^ across that space in eight minutes. And yet this / V ' v~ /I ^ ^ ' ' V *- - beam of light, which vastly 1 ^^ c , D transcends 2 in speed any- thing, we know, requires more than three years to travel from the nearest fixed star to the earth, and to cross the extreme width of the Milky Way it must occupy nearly three thousand years! Even this expresses no idea of the limits of the visible uni- verse. Other nebulae than our own are visible in space, and if as large as our own must be so distant r _^/ _^ p - - _ ^ that the light cannot reach our system in one million ^ * years! 110 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. LIBRARIES. By far the largest library in the world is the National Library at Paris, which, in 1874, contained 2,000,000 printed books and 150,000 manuscripts. Which is the next largest it is difficult to say ; for, the British Mu- seum and the Imperial Library at St. Petersburg both had, in 1874. 1,100,000 volumes. After them comes the Royal Library of Mu- nich 1 , with its 900,000 books. The Vatican Library of Rome is sometimes er- roneously supposed to be among the largest, while in point of fact it is surpassed, so far as the number of volumes goes, by more than "?-- sixty European collections. UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. Ill \ 0; . 25,500 It contains 105,000 printed books, and 25,500 manu- scripts. The National Lib- rary at Paris is one of the very oldest 1 in Europe, hav- ing been founded in 1350, while the British Museum dates from 1753, or a time more than four hundred years later. In the United States 2 the largest is the Library of Congress at Washington, which, in 1874, contained 261,000 volumes. The Boston Public followed very closely after it with 260,500 volumes, and the Harvard University collcc- \ tion came next with 200,000. The Astor and Mercantile _ of New York are next, eacli having 5 148,000. Among ^ the colleges, after Harvard's 8 UNVOCAL1ZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. library, comes Yale's with 100,000. Dartmouth's is so next with 50,000, and then comes in order Cornell with 40,000, the University of Virginia, with 36,000, Bow- doin with 35,000, the Uni- versity oi' South Carolina with 30,000; Ann Arbor, 30,000; Amherst, 29,000; Princeton 1 , 28, 000; Wesley- an, 25.500; and Columbia, - 26)000 ; 'L < New York Tribune. UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. 113 NOTES. [The Sections referred to in the Notes are of the revised Hand-Book, unless otherwise stated.] PAGE 5. 1 Almost. How is the position of this phrase-sign determined ? See Sec. 245. 2 Learning. What is the general dis- tinction as to the mode of writing ing in nouns and participles ? Stating the best reasons you can for the difference of use. Seo. 112, Rem. 3 Such, as Hie. Wherein is the form given in the engraving superior to Bohays-Betoid. 4 Carthusian. How would the first syllable be vocalized? And where should the u be written ? How would the ta be best written ? Sees. 169, 108, 136. 6 Duties. Where should the u be written? Stating the rule. Sec. 106. 6 Derived. How might the first vowel be written ? Sec. 169, 4. 7 Under what rule is this phrase-sign made? How is the position deter- mined? If the character is written through the line, why is it not reckoned as of the third position ? Sees. 211, 209. 8 Qualifications. How should wo be written? What consonant is omitted in this acs outline? And why is it omitted ? Sees. 169, 4 ; 235, 4. 9 Task. Where should the vowel be written ? If not before the Kay, why not? Sec. 108. 10 Esteemed. What is the position of this word, and what rule determines the position ? Sec. 219, 1. 11 Apart. How must the a of this word be written? If not before the consonant sign, why not? Sec. 169, 1, c. PAGE 6. 1 Monks. What is the proper vowel in this word, and where should it be written, and why ? Sec. 106, 2. 2 Furnished.. How is the first syllable vocalized ? Sec. 169, 3. 3 Round the. State two good reasons for writing the the upward here (Ketoid), instead of by Petoid. 4 Copyists. How can you best write the vowels expressed by the yi of this word? Sec. 129. 5 Filled. How would this word be vocalized ? What is its proper position, and how is it determined ? Sees. 169, 219. > Intrust the. Why not write the up- ward here ? ' Skill. How would this form be vo- calized ? State any good reason for con- sidering it more legible than Skay-El (the old outline for such words as skill, scale, school) ? 8 Requiring the. How is ing disposed of here ? What expresses the ? Sec. 113. PAGE 7. 1 Distracted. How is the r expressed or implied here ? Sec. 173. 2 Adjuration. How is the vowel u written with this form ? Sec. 169, 4. 3 Hast. Where is the instruction for writing has, were, etc., instead of hast, wert, etc. ? Page 312, Rem. 7. PAGE 8. 1 Ethelwold. How is the downward direction of Weld justified here ? Why is not the sign to be read Int? Sec. 114 UNVOCALIZED CORRB8PONDIX0 STYLE. Ill, 2, showing that shortening to add either t or d applies. 2 Bibliographer. How are the vowels io best written here ? Sec. 136. PAGE 9. 1 Recent. What is the rule for writing the r here ? Sec. 153, 2. 2 And was. What is the rule for writ- ing and here ? Sec. 71, Rem. 1. 3 A Fellow. As Ketoid for a could not be quite conveniently prefixed to Fel and Thel and their mates, use Tetoid instead ; and, therefore, disjoin or preceding them. * An earnest. What is the rule for writing r here ? Sec. 153, 3. 5 He. What is the rule for writing he in the acs (= advanced corresponding style) and in the rs ? if- One of the very useful Standard - Phonographic characteristics, is the A-tick. Sec. 146, Rerus. 4 and 5. The tick below the line, Chetoid 3 , is used in the reporting-style for how. See How in the Standard- Phonographic Dictionary. 6 The rule of Sec. 161, 6, is conformed to here, for Shel does not stand alone ; but the word social may be written by the reporter Iss-Shel even when alone, if he is particular to write the Shel more inclined than Shen would natur- ally be. " What is the rule for representing s in such words as science ? Sec. 58, 1. 8 What is the rule for writing r in such words as remained, room, etc.? Sec. 153, 2. PAGE 10. 1 Why are gt in this word represented by the Steh loop? Compare with similar words, as step, state, etc. 2 The article a-n is generally joined with preceding words represented by a brief sign, Iss. Scs, Well. Wuh, Yeh, Yuh, or tick or dash. Hence you will generally write the following phrases : of -a. to-a, or-a, but-a, on-a, should-a, auii-a, is-a, as-a, has-a, with-a, were-a, what-a, would-a, beyond-a. This equal- ises the phrase-forms, iff But re- member that, in other cases, a or an is almost always joined with a following word, while tfie, for greater distinct- ness, is almost always joined with the preceding word. For history of the Standard-Phonographic a-n-d tick, see page 41 of Biographical Sketch of Dr. James W. Stone (12mo. cloth, 25 cents ; paper, 10 cents). 3 Rather than. How is than added here ? Refer to the rule. What is the position of this phrase? How is the position of lengthened strokes deter- mined? JKf In the Old (or Ninth- edition) Phonography, the basis of Graham's improvements, only CUBVE- sigus were lengthened, to add ONLY thr (as in their). Graham made it the rule to add also tr, ctr, and thr, giving license to lengthen Ing to add kr or gr. He extended the rule of lengthening also to straight lines in the reporting style, with an occasional highly useful trebling: as Wendher 2 , on? (an)-other ; Wen-dherdher 2 . one ( an ) other their ; (Jhaydher 1 , each other ; Chaydherdher 1 , each other their ; Raydtier' 2 , rather ; Raydherdher-, rather t/iere (or their). See under " DHB," p. 107 Standard- Phonographic Dictionary. PAGE 11. 1 Manual. What would be the cs form for this word ? PAGE 12. 1 What rule determines the position of this word ? Sec. 245. 2 See Note 6, Page 9 (on this page). PAGE 13. 1 Horseshoes. What does the form for this word rudely resemble ? '- Artificial. Why is Ret in this word written above the line? Sec. 219. 1. How many positions are there in the cs for words that are not sign-words? Sees. .72, 53. UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING STYLE. Ill PAGE 14. ' Prin II-I-K. What is the position for this word, how is it determined, and what part of the word is assigned the position 1 2 To your. What rule determines the position of this phrase-sign ? See. 245. 3 Let it be. What rule determines the position of this phrase-sign ? Emperor. What is the rule for writing the two c's of this word ? Sec. 153, 5. 5 Antoninus. What is the position of this word, and how is it determined? Sec. 219, Rem. PAGE 15. 1 Numbers are usually written by figures. 2 Why is il here written by El ? Sec. 156, 1. 3 How may the ai be expressed ? Sec. 98. 4 What is the rule for writing the vowel between Iss and Esh'on? Sec. 198. 5 Not 2 being a word-sign for nature, under what instruction do you write the pivJix un aud the affix ally? Why should not the El come on the line? Page 245, 2, a, d. 6 How is it best to write the two vowels id. Sec. 136. ' How is the Sper to be vocalized for -spire ? S-3C. 16!), 4. 8 What is the real vowel here, and how is it expressed with the common vowel scale ? 9 How may be be added to may ? And how is their added ? Sec. 204, Rem. 3 ; Sec. 211. ln As of the is here preceded by a pause, it is written, and not implied by nearness. PAGE 16. 1 Give a good reason for here joining an with the preceding rather than the following word. 2 What rule determines the position of this word ? Sec. 246, 2. 3 What determines the position of this phrase-sign ? Sec. 245. 4 Under what scheme, or principle, do you vocalize the three words, curious, scltolar, jealous ? Sec. 169. 6 Iss-llend being surround, why do you use the En-stroke for the n in sur- rounded ? Sec. 212, Rem. 6. PAGE 17. 1 Under what instruction is Nel used for nl in the acs ? See first page of the Introduction of this book. 2 How are two vowels to be placed to one consonant stroke ? Sec. 99. 3 What is the second diphthong in this word, Isaiah, and how is it to be expressed? Sec. 98. PAGE 18. 1 What determines the position of this phrase-sign ? Sec. 245. 2 What is the rule for writing deriva- tive word-signs, as accounted derived from account? Sees. 261, Rem. 2; 212, Rem. 6. s Tetoid (for a in place of and im- plying ing) is better than Ketoid would be, because more variant from the direction of the stroke. Sees. 112-114. PAGE 19. 1 Anterior. W hat is the form for this word in the cs ? The acs represents the t here by shortening the n. The re- porter drops the rr, writing the ant in the third position, thus distinguishing the word from Net 2 , nature, and Net 1 , interior. The engraving shows how to make the angle between the strokes of this word sharp, and therefore easy; namely, by making Net quite curved, and Ray-Ray quite slanting. 2 Century. This word also shows the same mode of making the junction, as 116 UNVOCALIZED CORRESPONDING Wl'LE. was spoken of in the preceding note. This form is the natural introduction to the reporting word-sign. Sent-, for century. PAGE 20. 1 See Hand-Book, Sec. 80. 2 See Hand-Book, Sec. 80. 3 The best rule for the joining of the and tick is, to use the horizontal tick (Ket-oid) when convenient; otherwise use the perpendicular tick (Tet-oid). Before Fel, Vel, Thel, Dhel, Tel, Del, Choi, Jel, Tet'oid is necessarily or preferably used. Before Pel and Bel, Ketoid is easily used. PAGE 21. 1 Through the day. In the acs the word-signs especially may be joined to their connected words. 2 Raving. The Ing stroke is usually the best sign for -ing in NOUNS (so that we may pluralize clearly by adding the cir- cle) and in ADJECTIVES (so that we may join the adjective to its noun) ; while in present participles, the Ing-dot is usually best, so that we may write a following a-n-d or the. in its place. But occasional exceptions occur, as in Bee 2 - Ing for Iteing (the present participle as well as noun), and in Ref:'ing' for the adjective raring (also at times a noun ; as " such raving " ; also a present par- ticiple, as "was raving"). PAGE 22. 1 JoJinson. Why is not this the simple circle here, and how do you know that it implies an En-hook ? Sec. 187, Eem. 3. PAGE 23. 1 How may this word be shortened for acs and rs ? Page 313, Rem. 16. PAGE 24. 1 Why should d be here expressed by Dee rather than by shortening? Sec. 216, 2. Why will it answer to express the d by shortening in bodily? Sec. 230, Rem. 2. In the ars, Bed 1 is a con- venient word-sign for fimli/ : rr'/-v////. Ver 2 -Bed : anybody, Ku^Bed ; tinlmiii/, En^-Bed. PAGE 25. 1 The acs writer may join words (especially sign-words) when closely related, and if the junction is easy. - What is the usual sign for ii'illi as a prefix, and what is its usual position '>. See, in the Standard - Phonographic Dictionary, With. p. 817 ; and compare and practice withal, Dhee--Lay : rn\1 e written when Bel cannot be conveniently employed ? Sec. 232, 1. PAGE 36. 1 Perspire. AVrite I with one stroke (the second) of the angle through Sper, to have it read between the p and r. PAGE 37. 1 Cleanliness. Observe how the Kel runs tip slightly, to compensate for the downward En-hook ; and how only as much of that is made as will join with the Lay ; that is an offset is used instead of the complete hook. PAGE 38. 1 Which cannot be is as nattiral a phrase in writing as in speech. 2 7s not what ? Is not brought; and not simply brought, but brought out 3 The preposition in has for its object here a very few minutes. It is convenient to break the phrase up, thus : in-a-very few-minutes. PAGE 40. 1 You are. Occasionally, as here. Ray is a more convenient sign for are, than its usual sign Ar. PAGE 41. i Which side of the Telt should the vowel-circle be placed? Sec. 1G9, 1, b. 2 Derivatives are generally written on the basis of the primitive, as carbon, Ker-Ben ; car6ona - porting) of about 60,000 words, and the forms for about 60.0UO phrases. Beyond comparison with any shorthand dictionary or vocabulary ever published. Invaluable to writers of either style. Cloth, $5 ; full leather, $6 ; genuine morocco, $7 ; Octavo-form (from the same plates), with wide margins, cloth, $6 ; leather, $8 ; morocco, $9. The Reporter's List. With engraved forms, combining in one list, in chart-like form, and in phonographic-ali>habetical order, all the Word-Signs, Contractions, etc., contained in lists in the Hand-Book, and with many thousand other words for COMPARISON, CONTRAST. and DISTINCTION, with explanations in the corresponding style. 1,000 engraved pages and 139 pages of common print, consisting of Preface, Inlroilitction, Kutes, and Index. The Indue is arranged in the common-alphabetical order, which permits the easy finding of any word or phrase in the book. A very valuable work. Total number of pages, 1,139. Price, cloth, $3.50 ; leather, $4.50 ; mor- occo, $5.50. Practice-IJook Series. TICS = Unvocalized Corresponding Style. En- graved in the Advanced-Corresponding Style, with Key and Ques- tions and Notes. Very useful for practice in reading or writing without the vowels. Composed of short articles on scientific ai.u literary matters. Very interesting and instructive. 12mo, 1'2'2 pages. Cloth. Price, $1.25. ICR= Intercolumn Reporting Sty!e. A series of Business Letters en- graved in the Keporting Style in one column, and in the adjoining column (most convenient for reference), Key, Notes, and Ques- tions. Many of these letters were receive:! from phonographers, having been dictated to them by their employers, and furnish a great variety of subjects and styles of composition. This book will prove invaluable to the student preparing for office work. 12mo, 166 pages. Cloth. Price, $1.25. Lady of the Lake. By Sir Walter Scott. With Frontispiece. Stereo- graphed in the Advanced-Corresponding Style, with interpaged Key ; and with Notes. Total number of pages, 328. Price, $1.50 ; Morocco, $3.00. "A beautiful poem, beautifully engraved in phonography." PERIODICAL, VOLUMES. The Student's Journal. A monthly 20-page quarto devoted to STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY, has been published continuously since 1872. THE STUDENT'S JOURNAL is the oldest and best phonographic journal in America. Each number has eight pages of lithographed phonography. News of importance to phonographers, portraits, biographical sketches, and fac-similes of the reporting notes of prominent phonographers, are frequently given. Subscription price, $1 per year. For list of bound volumes of the JOURNAL, see Price List of Miscellaneous Books and Articles. Sample copy, five cents. ANDREW J. GRAHAM & CO., PUBLISHERS, 744 Broadway, New York. COMPLETE LIST of the OFFICIAL COURT REPORTERS of the UNITED STATES, Showing Nearly One-Half to be Writers of GRAHAM'S STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY. An accurate list of the OFFICIAL Court Reporters of all the States having laws for their appointment, was compiled in 1893, and conclu- sively settled the question as to which system is most generally used by the expert reporters of this country. In addition to this list there are hundreds of expert reporters who write the Graham system and do court and general reporting in all the States and Terri- tories. A copy of the list will be sent free to any address on application to us. How is it possible to present more convincing evidence of the great superiority of the Graham system, which for thirty-seven years has been subjected to the most thorough tests? Total number whose systems are known, 635. TOTALS OF EACH SYSTEM THAT HAS FIVE PER CENT. OH MOHE OF 635 : Graham. . . . 305 [48 per cent, of 635] *mmmmm^m^~ BENU PITMAN 77 [12 " " ] MUXSON 74 [ 12 " " ] ISAAC PITMAN 41 [ CJ " " ] GRAHAM, mixed with other systems, 32. UNSOLICITED TESTIMONIALS FROM EXPERTS. From Prof. T. J. Ellinwood, Official Reporter of Henry Ward Beecher's Discourses for 3O Years. " I had frequent opportunities for observing the ease and accuracy with which he [Andrew J. Graham] performed feats of reporting that were impossible to the ordinary stenographer ; and so convinced was I of the many advantages afforded by his method that I adopted it ; and ever since I have felt greatly indebted to him for his numerous valuable devices, which have enabled me, as a shorthand writer and teacher, to do my work with far greater facility and satisfaction than I could otherwise have done it." From the Official Reporters of the (ieii'l Conference of the M. E. Church. OMAHA, NEB.. May 18, 1892. We, the undersigned, members of the Staff of Official Reporters of the Quadrennial General Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, esteem it a great privilege to testify, that, after many years of experience in shorthand writing, we find ourselves fully satisfied with Graham's Standard Phonography. We have had individual ex- perience varying from twelve to thirty-five years in shorthand writ- ing. We have had much work to do in ecclesiastical, literary, scien- tific, legal, and other forms of reportorial work, and have found, that the more closely we held to the general principles of Standard Pho- nography, the better we succeeded in our work. We are agreed that, to the best of our knowledge, no system of short- hand equals that of Standard Phonography in its beauty, brevity, or conciseness of expression, and general harmony of the principles pre- sented. (Signed) WM. D. BRIDGE. Chief of Staff. G. G. BAKER, Member of Staff. D. LEF. AULTMAN, Member of Staff. JOHN J. HILL, Member of Staff. PRICE-LIST of ANDREW J. OB AH AM & CO., 744 Broadway, X. Y. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS AND AETICLES. PREPAID *A BOOK OF PEAYEK (by H.W.Beecher, portrait)cl. $0.75 $0.75 *BIBLE STUDIES (by Henry Ward Beecher), cloth 1.50 1.50 BRIEF LONGHAND - - - - - - .60 .60 ENVELOPES per package - ... .10 .10 ALPHABET (Phonographic). LORD'S PRATER (Reporting Style). GLANCE AT PHONOGRAPHY. CHRISTIAN NAMES. LESSONS TO AN EX-(BENN)-PITMANITE cloth - .25 .25 " " " paper .10 .10 * METAPHORS AND SIMILES of H. W. 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I to V odd numbers only, per number .20 .20 VI to XXIV bound, each - - 1.75 1.95 VI, VII, VIII in one vol., half leather 3.50 3.75 IX, X, XI in one vol., half leather - 3.50 3.75 XII, XIII, XIV in one vol., half leather 3.50 3.75 XV, XVI, XVII in one vol., half leather 3.50 3.75 XVIII, XIX, XX in one vol., half leather 3.50 3.75 For above five volumes, if ordered at one time 15.00 15.00 VOL. XXV, 1896. Subscription - - - 1.00 1.00 THE STUDENT'S JOURNAL BINDER - - .40 .60 *TiiE HIDDEN MANNA AND THE WHITE-STONE (by H. W. Beecher, with Appendix by Mrs. Beecher; and with portraits of Mr. and Mrs. Beecher). Embossed paper - - - - - - .20 .20 * These books do not relate to nor contain shorthand. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. Form L9-42TO-8, '49 (85573)444 UNIVERSITY oi CAL1FOKHL* AT LOS ANGELES LIBRARY C-raha - G?6u U.C.S. Unvocal- iaed correspond- style. A 000 570 377 2 G76u B. 0, BAKER juvn