.7MS77-MCTOK, fplTMAN'Sl SHORTHAND 'stf^a^a^c/ THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES 0. BAKtK 5ER S 1E1A3 ISAAC PITMAN'S SHORTHAND INSTRUCTOR THE STANDARD SYSTEM OF THE WORLD ISAAC PITMAN'S SHORTHAND INSTRUCTOR AN EXPOSITION OP ISAAC PITMAN'S SYSTEM OF PHONOGRAPHY DESIGNED FOR CLASS OR SELF-INSTRUCTION TWENTIETH CENTURY EDITION REVISED NEW YORK : ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, THE PHONOGRAPHIC DEPOT 2 WEST 45-TH STREET TORONTO, CANADA: THE COMMERCIAL TEXT-BOOK Co. THE COPP, CLARK Co., LIMITED. 1912 COFTKISHT, 1893, BY ISAAC PITMAN OOPYBISHT, 1899, BY ISAAC PITMAN & SONS COPYRIGHT, 1901, BY ISAAC PITMAN & SONS COPYRIGHT, 1905, BY ISAAC PITMAN & SONS COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY ISAAC PITMAN & SONS 4T.T. BIGHTS RESERVED COPYRIGHT ALSO IN GREAT BRITAIN AND COLONIES THE DEVICE AND THE FACSIMILE SIGNATURE WHICH APPEAR ON THB COVER ARE THE SUBJECT OP PROTECTION UNDER THE TRADE MARK LAWS OP THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA Printed by J. J. Little & Ives Co. New York PREFACE nnHE system of shorthand writing presented in the fol- JL lowing pages was invented by Sir Isaac Pitman, who in 1837 published his first treatise on the art. Many im- provements were from time to time introduced in the numerous editions of Phonography published in succeeding years. These were the fruit of long and widely extended stenographic experiments, and of the valuable criticism and experience of phonographers generally. No other system j of shorthand designed for the English language has had the v* advantage of being subjected to so large an amount of ex- > periment and of practical tests in work of every conceivable \ description as that invented by Sir Isaac Pitman ; and, as 22 a result, this system has been most successfully adapted to the practical requirements of all classes of shorthand writers. In the Twentieth Century Edition of PITMAN'S SHORTHAND S? the title by which the system is now generally known M the method is presented as it has been perfected after over 5 sixty years of use. A number of improvements have been for the first time introduced in the rules of the system, anjd in the method of presenting it to the student, which will u greatly assist the learner in the acquirement of the art. h The general plan adopted in the presentation of the various P parts is designed to render the work equally serviceable for class or self-tuition. No effort has been spared to explain and illustrate the rules in the clearest and simplest manner possible, and in the revision of this work especial care has been taken to introduce no word in either the reading or writing exercises, which would afterwards require an altera- tion of form, a feature that will be appreciated by teachers- of shorthand who are familiar with the reverse conditions 448608 viii Preface. so frequently met with in other shorthand text-books. Although students, as a rule, experience no difficulty in understanding the method here set forth, it is desirable that they should have, at the commencement, an intelligent grasp of all that is conveyed by that term. Therefore, before the mastery of the first chapter is attempted, it is important that the Introduction should be thoroughly understood. The advantage of practical ability in the art of shorthand writing is so universally acknowledged in the present day, that it is unnecessary to enforce it. It is obvious, however, that the value of shorthand, either as a vehicle for private communications or for use in various ways in business or professional life, would be largely diminished if the same system and that the best were not generally employed. This important fact has at last been thoroughly recognized, and statistics, the testimony of public men, and general observation, concur in demonstrating that the Isaac Pitman system is the shorthand par excellence for all who speak the English language. The United States Commissioner of Education says: "It will be seen, in the chapter giving the statistics of instruction in shorthand in the United States, that the system mainly followed is that of Isaac Pitman. Few inventors within the last two hundred years have been so happy as he in discovering devices that have proved useful in practice, and at the same time called forth universal admiration for their theoretic perfection." Extract from " Circular of In- formation No. 1 (Washington, D. C.\ 1893." The Publishers desire to tender their hearty thanks to the large number of expert teachers and reporters who have offered valuable criticisms and suggestions for the improve- ment of this work. INTRODUCTION T)HONOGRAPHY, the name originally given to Isaac JL Pitman's Shorthand, has been briefly but accurately defined as " the art of representing spoken sounds by character, a system of shorthand." It fs obvious that the usual or Romanic alphabet, of. twenty-six letters, cannot represent by distinct characters the thirty-six typical sounds of the English language. As a consequence, many of the symbols of that alphabet are of necessity used with several significations. If, therefore, a system of shorthand were founded on the common alphabet, it is manifest that it would prove a very imperfect and cumbrous instrument for record- ing spoken utterances with certainty and speed the chief objects of shorthand. With this alphabet either a single sign standing for one of the letters would be required to do duty for several sounds, or more than one character would need to be used to represent a single sound, as is done in ordinary spelling. Both methods are open to serious objections. Two simple illustrations will demon- strate the difference between the ordinary spelling and the phonetic method, which is the distinctive feature of Pit- man's Shorthand. Our first illustration deals with consonants, and is con- cerned with the ordinary spelling of the words gaol and gale. If the common spelling were followed in shorthand, we should have symbols for both words containing the characters g-a-l. But Phonography .provides different sym- * Introduction. bols for the first consonant in the above two words, which are accordingly represented thus : /"" gaol (j-eh-l) and __y^" gale (g-eh-l). Our second illustration deals with Towels, and we take as examples the ordinary spelling of the two words tub and tube. If the shorthand symbols were the equivalents of the letters of the common alphabet, the stenographer would be obliged to write both words by two precisely similar sets of characters, namely, t-u-b. Phonography, however, provides for the representation of the different sounds u and u heard in the respective words, and these are indicated by different symbols, thus: L tub, and L tube. It may be pointed out that, in two of the words used above as illustrations, there is a final silent e, but silent letters, whether vowels or consonants, are, of course, unrepresented in shorthand. . . The phonetic notation of the system of shorthand de- veloped in the present work has been found, after widely extended use, to possess important practical advantages. By the employment of what has been termed the " alphabet of nature, " spoken language can be recorded with one-sixth of the trouble and time longhand requires, by those who use Isaac Pitman's Shorthand simply as a substitute for the ordinary longhand writing. With the adoption of the systematized" methods of abbreviation developed in the briefest or Reporting style of writing Phonography, this method of shorthand can be written with the speed of the most rapid distinct articulation, while it may be read with the certainty and ease of ordinary longhand writing. Badly written shorthand is, of course, neither more nor less legible than badly written longhand. An explanation on one point is, however, desirable. In etudying and using Phonography, it should be distinctly borne in mind that the art is not designed to represent or Introduction. xi record minute shades of pronunciation. The Pitmanic alphabet, in the words of Max Miiller, "comprehends the thirty-six broad, typical sounds of the English language, and assigns to each a definite sign." It does not seek to mark, for example, the thirty or more variations of sound which have been found to exist in the utterance of the twelve simple vowels. Experience shows that the pronun- ciation of the vowels varies greatly in different localities and in the various countries of the world in .which the English language is spoken, and Phonography taught and used. The standard of pronunciation, as exhibited in printed shorthand, cannot, therefore, be expected to min- utely coincide with the pronunciation of English in all parts. For this reason the observations of Max Miiller deserve the careful notice of students and teachers. He calls attention to the vocal a, and points out that it can easily be perceived that its original pure pronunciation, like Italian a, has undergone different modifications in dif- ferent parts of the country. "Yet in writing," he continues, "it maybe treated as one, because it has but one and the same grammatical intention, and does not convey a new meaning till it exceeds its widest limits. Good speakers pronounce the a in last like the pure Italian a ; with others it becomes broad ; with others thin. But though it may thus oscillate con- siderably, it must not encroach on the province of , which would change its meaning to lest; nor on the province of j, which would change it to lost ; nor on the province of , which would change it to lust." With the accurate employment of the phonographic signs, there need be no uncertainty as to what those em- ployed for a particular word are intended to represent, and, to again quote Max Miiller, "English can be written rationally and read easily" with the Pitmauic alphabet. xii Introduction. To successfully use Phonography, however, the rules of the system must be mastered, and applied. By the employ- ment of the various abbreviating devices according to rule, the most important benefit to be derived from shorthand will be attained, namely, the maximum of brevity with legibility. In the present work these rules are fully set forth. CONTENTS. CHAPTER Preface . . . vii Introduction . ix I. Directions to the Student .... 1 Consonants ....... 5 II. Long Vowels 10 III. Joined Consonants 14 Grammalogues 16 IV. Short Vowels . . . . - . . .18 V. Diphthongs .22 VI. Circle 8 and Z . . . . . .25 Loops St and Sir 27 VII. Large Circles Sw and Ss or Sz . . .30 Vowels and 8 and T 31 VIII. L and R Hooks 34 Circles and Loops Prefixed to Initial Hooks . 39 IX. N and F Hooks 43 X. -TionHook ....... 47 XI. Additional Double Consonants . . .51 Xn. The Aspirate 53 XIII. Upward and Downward L and H . . .56 XIV. The Halving Principle 61 Single and Double Consonants, Table of . .67 XV. The Double-length Principle . . . .68 XVI. Vocalization of PI and Pr . . .72 XVII. TFand Y Diphthongs 75 XVIII. Dissyllabic Diphthongs 79 XIX. Prefixes , 82 xiv Contents. CHAPTER PAGE XX. Suffixes 86 XXI. Grammalogues 90 XXII. Contractions 99 XXIII. Contractions 102 XXIV. Phraseography Ill XXV. Punctuation, etc 116 XXVI. Method of Practice 119 Engraved Shorthand 122 XXVII. Writing in Position 129 Outlines for States and Territories . . 135 Outlines for Fifty Principal Cities . . 136 Business Letters 137 XXVIII. Speed Practice .145 XXIX. Significant Marks Mishearings Errors Reference Marks Quotations Examina- tion of "Witnesses Figures Compounds of Here, There, Where Negative Prefixes 153 XXX. Reporting Grammalogues Grammalogues, Alphabetical List 159 XXXI. Reporting Contractions ContractedWords, Complete Alphabetical List of . . 167 XXXII. Advanced Phraseography . . ' . .182 XXXIII. Business Phrases *nd Contractions . .192 XXXIV. Law Phrases 200 XXXV. Legal Correspondence .... 204 XXXVI. Legal Forms Miscellaneous Legal Docu- ments Legal Papers in Actions . . 209 XXXVII. Intersected Words and Phrases . . .225 XXXVIII. Similar Words 228 XXXIX. Shorthand in Practice . . . .239 XL. Reporting Exercises in Engraved Short- hand 243 Index . 274 ISAAC PITMAN'S SHORTHAND (PHONOGRAPHY). CHAPTER I. DIRECTIONS TO THE STUDENT. 1. The system of shorthand set forth in the following pages was given the name of Phonography (a term derived from two Greek words meaning "sound writing") because it affords the means of accurately recording the sounds of spoken language. From the outset, therefore, the student should remember that he is learning to write by SOUND ; that each character represents one definite sound and no other ; and that the ordinary spelling with its many irregularities and inconsistencies as exhibited in printing and in long- hand writing, is not to be followed, or imitated. 2. When he has mastered the signification of the phono- graphic signs, the student should use those which represent the equivalent sounds in forming the characters for the words he desires to write. For example, if he wishes to write in Phonography the word knee (commonly spelt with four letters, though made up of only two sounds), he needs to use but two phonographic signs, namely, that for the consonant ^^ n and that for the vowel . e, thus, v_x. knee. To spell in this fashion a mental analysis of the sounds of 2 Directions to the Student. 3~5 words must be made, but this process is very easily acquired, and is soon exercised without conscious effort. 3. For working the exercises and for ordinary phono- graphic writing, a pen and ruled paper should be used. Speaking generally, it is not so easy to acquire a neat style of writing by the use of a pencil instead of a pen. In re- porting, no doubt, the pencil is frequently employed; in some cases, indeed, it is impossible to use a pen for note- taking. The student would do well, therefore, to accustom himself to write with either a pen or a pencil in the more advanced stages of his progress, though for writing the exercises in this book the pen only is recommended. 4. The student should hold his pen as for longhand writing, but the elbow should be turned out, so that the letter \ & can be struck with ease. He should also hold the pen lightly. The wrist must not be allowed to rest upon the note-book or desk. In order to secure the great- est freedom of movement, the middle of the fore-arm should rest on the edge of the desk. The writer should sit in front of his work, and should have the paper or note-book parallel with the edge of the desk or table. For shorthand writing the nib employed should not be too stiff, but, as the thick and thin characters of Phonography need to be made quite distinctive, it must have a sufficiently fine point for this purpose. Paper with a smooth surface is absolutely essential. Particulars of stationery, etc., suitable for short- hand purposes will be found in the catalogue at the end of this work. 5. At the outset the student should not attempt rapid writing. It is of the utmost importance that he should train his hand to write all the signs employed in the system with accuracy and neatness, before he endeavors to write with speed. If he accustoms himself to do this in the earlier portion of his shorthand studies, he will never have 6-y Directions to the Student. 3 occasion to lament the illegibility of his writing when, at the proper time, he practises for speed. 6. The course of procedure recommended to the student of Phonography is that he should thoroughly master the explanations and rules which precede the respective exer- cises, and write out the illustrative words, afterwards working the exercises. As the secret of success in short- hand is PRACTICE, it is advisable that the various exercises should be written and re-written until they can be done with perfect accuracy. The perusal of progressive reading lessons in printed shorthand will also be found helpful to the student in forming a correct style of writing. 7. The system is fully explained in the following pages, and can be acquired from the instruction books alone by any one who is prepared to devote ordinary perseverance and application to the study. With the assistance of a teacher, however, more rapid and satisfactory advance will be made iu the mastery of the art. Should any difficulty be experienced in finding one, the publishers will be pleased to furnish any student with the names and ad- dresses of the nearest teachers of Pitman's Shorthand, on his forwarding a stamped and addressed envelope for a reply. It should be pointed out that adequate progress in the acquirement of the art of shorthand will only be made if a certain portion of time is regularly devoted to the study EVERY DAY ; or, in the case of school or class instruc- tion, by a thorough and punctual performance of the allotted portions of work forming the course. Study at irregular intervals of time is of little value, but an hour, or a longer period, devoted daily to the task will, in a com- paratively short time, allow of a complete knowledge of the system being gained, while assiduous practice will bring speed. TABLE OF CONSONANTS. Letter. Character. Name. As in P \ pee rope 'post B \ bee robe boast T 1 tee fate rip Explo- dents. D CH 1 dee chay fade dip etch chest J / jay edge jest K kay lee& cane G gay league <7ain F v ef safe fat V V. vee safe vat TH ( ith vfreath thigh Con- TH ( thee wrea^e thy tinuants. S ) ess hiss seal z ) zee his seal SH J ish vicious she ZH J zhee vision treasure f M em seem met Nasals, -j N en seen ?zet I NG w ing low<7 aw<7er Liquids, j L R ^~ IP ~"\ ^ up el ar, ray fa.ll light for right Coales- f W down o^" up way away wet cents. [ Y c^ up yay ayah yet Aspirate. > - H / cT^ up down hay adAere high 8-12 The Consonants. 5 THE CONSONANTS. 8. For the representation of all the consonant sounds (except w, y, and aspirate A), the simplest geometrical forms are used, namely, straight lines or curves, as shown in the following diagrams : 9. The order of the arrangement of each group of con- sonants, as exhibited in the table on the opposite page, follows the order of the oral movements from the lips back- wards in the utterance of their respective sounds. The first two consonants, p, J, are pronounced between the lips, and the remaining six at the several barriers further back in the mouth, in the succession indicated in the phonographic alphabet. 10. The first group of eight consonants, represented by straight strokes, is called "explodents," because, in pro- nouncing them, the outgoing breath is forced in a sudden gust through barriers previously closed. 11. The next group of eight, represented by upright or sloping curves, is called "continuants," because in these the outgoing breath, instead of being expelled suddenly, is allowed to escape in a continuous stream through similar barriers partially open. 12. The "nasals," represented by horizontal curves, are produced by closing the successive barriers in the mouth against the outgoing air-stream, so that it has to escape through the nose. The "liquids," represented by arched curves, flow into union with other consonants, and thus make double consonants or consonantal diphthongs. The " coalescents " precede vowels and coalesce with them. The " aspirate " is a breathing upon the following vowel. 6 The Consonants. 13-16 13. The first sixteen consonants form pairs ; thus, p and b; t and d; ch andj; k and g ; /and v; th and th; s and z; sh and zh. The articulations in these pairs are the same, but the sound is light in the first, and heavy in the second consonant of each pair. Each pair of consonants is rep- resented by similar strokes, but that chosen for the second is written thick, instead of thin; as \ p, \ 5, | t, \ d, ^ f, V. , etc. We have, therefore, a light sign for the light sound, and a heavy sign for the heavy sound. In this, as in the fact that each group of consonants is represented by kindred signs, a natural relation is preserved between the sound heard and the sign written. Throughout this book whatever relates to the light consonants relates also to the corresponding heavy ones (unless otherwise stated). 14. The consonants should be written about one-sixth of an inch long, as in these pages. Care should be taken to form the curved thick letters, when standing alone, thus ^_ , ) 2. If made heavy throughout they look clumsy : they should be thick in the middle only, and taper off at each end, except when a joining such as V v g is made. Thick strokes are never written upward. 15. As an aid to remember the strokes for th and s, note that ) s is the curve on the right side of /) The consonants Z and r form the Zeft and right sides of an arch ^1^ 16. All the Exercises that follow must be carefully writ- ten out, the name of each shorthand letter being pronounced aloud as it is written. The consonants must always be called by their phonetic names: thus, "ch" is to be named chay, not see aitch ; "g" gay, not jee; "ng"ing, not en jee. The reason for this is that the letters of the phonetic alphabet stand on such an entirely new basis of constancy and fixity of value, as compared with the letters of the ordinary alphabet, that they require to be designated by new names. Exercise on Consonants. 7 Exercise 1. {To te written "by the student. The arrow + shows the direction in which the consonant is to be struck.) P, B ^\ *X \\ \\ \\ \\ T, D $| || || | | | | | || CH, J [down] // // If I / I I II K, G _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ F, V ^\V V.V. V.V. VV. V.^ TH, TH t( l( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( S, Z fi t) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) BH, ZH & & JJ JJ JJ JJ M ^"^ * N '-^ ^-S X N X N ^-^ X X L[u P] fr rrrrrrrr R [down] *^ ~^ "*N "^ [up] 5^ ^ ^ ^ W [up] *2- t ^ < ^ < ^^^' & ^ & ^^' Y [up] j?^ cr-^-^-^^c^^ H [down] tf 1 J J [up] ^ ^ ^ ^ 8 Exercises on Consonants. 17-18 17. The consonants / chay and ^ ray are somewhat similar in appearance. It is impossible, however, to mistake one for the other, inasmuch as chay is always written DOWN, while ray is always written UP ; thus, fj chay, *&' ray. 18. If the pupil cannot produce a fair copy of the letters in Exercise 1 at the first trial, he should write the page several times, and vary the practice by writing the letters in irregular order ; thus, _ / ^ ~^\ ^-" / Exercise 2. Copy the shorthand letters and write the longhand letter after or on the line below each. i-\p,\s,\\// ___ ^ - ; ^ ^ 2- ^ \ cr- | 7 \ - c- I / ^ _ / _ 3. Vs ((}^jj^^^r~\ 5. \^_^~ 6. \_;v_^-/! *|" ii wards, thus >\^, TU ^*ji in the case of up-strokes, the vowel places count from the bottom upwards, thus in the case of horizontal strokes from *>- left to right, thus I 2 3 23. The vowel signs are put in the places which corres- pond with their numbers; thus | taA('), | feA( J ), |. tea(*), ( low(*), 24. The vowel signs must be written at a little distance from the consonant. If allowed to touch (except in a few cases which will be mentioned hereafter), they would give rise to mistakes. A dash vowel may be written at any angle that is distinct, the right angle being generally most convenient; thus, |_or | two; \^_ or \^_ foe; /. or /^ Joe. 25. When a vowel is placed on the left-hand side of a perpendicular or sloping consonant, it is read before the consonant, as "X ape, [ ate, '/age. When a vowel is placed on the right-hand side of a perpendicular or sloping con- sonant, it is read after the consonant, as X pay, J- Tay, /- ^y. 26. When a vowel is placed above a horizontal consonant, it is read before the consonant, as __ ache, _ : eke, -J^mcn. When a vowel is placed below a horizontal consonant it is read after the consonant, as ___ Tcay, . key, * __ no. 12 Long Vowels, 27-28 27. The following Diagrams further illustrate the posi- tions of the vowels, as explained in paragraphs 21-26 : A VOWEL BEFORE A CONSONANT. p t sh I J{ 2\ 2 ? y "Y (down) (up) A VOWEL AFTER A CONSONANT. p t sh I k 4. I 1 J 1 /d \2 2 y r z V | 3 T^ '' rn (down) (up) 28. In writing Plionography the student should strike the consonant first, and then fill in the vowel in its proper- place. Exercise 4. Write the longhand word after the shorthand, as in line 1. 1. *| aid, I" day, ^ aim, ^r^ may, _X show. 2. i ^ ' r -T- -^ V ^ <~^ L j^ 3. -I I" K )- ') > -) \ <. \ ^ (-)-_). ^ -| J ) 5. ^ x "^ v . ^ 6. I. <* ^ ^ / Long Vowels. ! Exercise 5. Write the shorthand word after the longhand. 1. Bah \ ha (A down) ; raw (r up), awed, daw. 2. Yea ^<" ale, fay ; roe (r up), though. 3. Eat J pea, thee, we ; Zoo, moo, boo, rue (r up). 4. Paw, woo, maw, aught, jaw, shay, haw (h down). 5. They, chew, Ayr (r down), re (r up), awn, Co. 6. Caw, e'en, auk, yew, awl. REVIEW. 1. How many long vowels are there ? 2. Name the two groups into which they are divided, and explain the reason for this division. 3. By what signs are they represented ? 4. How are they distinguished ? 5. How are the places of the vowels counted with regard to an upstroke; and how with regard to a down- stroke ? 6. In what positions or places should the vowel signs ah, oh, oo, eh, aw, ee be written ? 7. Write the consonants p and ?, and show the vowel places before and after them. 14 Joined Consonants. 29-34 CHAPTER III. JOINED CONSONANTS. 29. Consonants when joined should be written without taking the pen from the paper, the beginning of the second consonant joining the end of the first ; thus, | not | V^-^ \ Y~ I I \f f\ } s tk, fm, pic, tl, It, pi, lp, sk. 30. Consonants when joined are written in the same direction as when standing alone, up strokes being always written upward, and down strokes downward ; thus, ~~] mt, not ^~\ 31. L and sh, however, when joined to other strokes, may be written either upward or downward, under rules which will be explained later. The following are examples of the joining of these consonants : Im, Im, Ik, Ik, I ng, shf, sh m, sh I, I sh. 32. In a combination of consonants, the first descending stroke usually rests on the line ; thus, 3 2 ^ O ^ .X tch, cht, Jet, mch, rib, mr, ptk, Tcchp, ptf, mnthi. 33. An ascending stroke beginning a combination should commence on the line ; thus, lp, ro, wk, yr, hf, yip, rmn, rlv. 34. A horizontal stroke followed by an ascending stroke is written on the line ; thus, mlr, nr, Id, Jar, gl, lew. 35'39 Joined Consonants. 15 85. "When a straight consonant is repeated, there must be no break between the two letters ; thus, -V-V/-/ --\--f pp, lib, chch, jj, kk, gg, td, kg, bp, dt. 36. A curved consonant is repeated thus, mm, nn, II, ff, ss, rr. CH AND UPWARD R. 37. As already poinced out, chay is always a downstroke, and ray always an upstroke ; moreover, when ch and r stand alone, ch slopes a little from the perpendicular, and r slopes a little from the horizontal ; thus / ch, ^ r. The stroke naturally takes these slopes when struck downward and upward respectively. 38. When ch and r are joined to other strokes, they are distinguished by the direction of the stroke, and the amount of slope is of no importance ; thus, .f A L /- n ^ p ch, pr, ch t, rt, ch n, rn, m ch, mr. LONG VOWELS BETWEEN TWO CONSONANTS. 39. FIKST and SECOND-PLACE long vowels, when occur- ring between two consonants, are written after the first stroke; as {__ talk, \ gate. But in order to avoid an awkward position for the sign, THIRD-PLACE vowels are written before the second stroke; as |^. team, \ teach, X] read. The vowel is still in the third place, as indicated in the following diagram : LONG VOWELS' PLACES. 16 Gram malogues. 40-41 GRAMMALOGUES. 40. Frequently occurring words are expressed in short- hand by one of their letters, as \ for \. be. These words are called grammalogues or letter-words, and the shorthand characters that represent them are called logo- grams, or word-letters. At the head of the next and fol- lowing Exercises some grammalogues are given which should be committed to memory. These characters are generally written on the line, but often above or through it. The position in which they should be written is indi- cated thus : (1) above the line ; (3) through the line ; all others rest on the line. 41. The succeeding Exercises when in shorthand are to be transcribed in longhand ; when in ordinary print they are to be written in shorthand. Exercise 6. The full stop is represented by a small cross; thus x all ('), \ be, i he, . the, / who (down). 2 - V 3. K -A, ./" ^ 4. ^1 . f ( ( I- \ * I P- (- . r !- x o. \ . ^ ^ . \ * 9. s ' L S> O- I.; N , 10. , T- Joined Consonants. 17 Exercise 7. In this and following Exercises (until the rules on the subject are reached), the student is directed by a small capital letter when to write the letters L, R, and H downward. Gramma- logues are printed in italic. 1. Balm, laugh, palm; ball, yawL, maul, cawed. 2. Shape, bake, mane, fame, Hague; polo, boat, joke, foaL. 3. PeeR, deen, veaL, leap, kneeL; boot, booth, rude, tooth. 4. Pope, coal, chalk, faiR, zeal, Hawk, vogue, cage, naiL. 5. Feed, liege, beam, laud, poach, both, boom, shoRe. 6. Wreathe, IORC, ream, weep, ware, thieve, zero, sheep. 7. The page may see the mail. 8. They saw the thief who tORe the robe. 9. Though he jeeR, they may name the knave. 10. Folk all say he may be the rogue. 11. They know the doom he may loathe. 12. He may be no hero. REVIEW. 1. How are joined consonants written ? 2. Show by examples how I and sh are written when joined to other consonants. 3. What is usually the position of the first descending stroke in a combination ? 4. State the position of an ascending stroke commencing a combination. 5. Show how a horizontal stroke is written when followed by a descending stroke, and when followed by an ascending stroke. 6. How are straight strokes repeated ? Give examples. 7. State the distinction between ch and upward r (a) when standing alone ; (J) when joined to other consonants. 8. Indicate by figures the respective positions of the first, second, and third-place long vowels between the following consonants, 9. Define a grammalogue and a logogram. 2 18 Short Vowels. 42-43 CHAPTER IV. SHORT VOWELS. 42. In addition to the six long vowel sounds, there are six corresponding short vowel sounds in English, which are heard respectively in the words pat, pet, pit ; not, nut, foot. The vocal organs occupy nearly the same positions in the production of these sounds as in the utterance of the long vowels in palm, pate, peat; nought, note, food, but the short vowels are pronounced more rapidly, thus : The short sound of ah in palm is a (say ah quickly) in pat. The short sound of eh in pate is e (say eh quickly) in pet. The short sound of ee in peat is i (say ee quickly) in pit. The short sound of aw in nought is o (say aw quickly) in not. The short sound of oh in note is nearly u (uh) in nut. The short sound of oo in food (say oo quickly) is 66 in foot. By drawling a word containing a short vowel, the corre- sponding long vowel will be heard. Compare pick, peek; cot, caught. 43. Similar signs are employed for the short as for the long vowels, namely, dots and dashes ; but the signs for the short vowels are written lightly, in order to indicate their short and lighter sound, thus : Sound Sign win a that pen Stund Sign s in not ii much -I 66 good The order of the short vowels may be remembered by say ing the following sentence : That pen is not much good. 44-45 Short Vowels. 19 44. The student will find the exact value of the short vowels by pronouncing each in conjunction- with a follow- ing consonant. In order to gain familiarity with them, he should write them before the different consonants, and pro- nounce the combination ; thus, at et it ot ut 66t ad ed id od ud odd and so on with other consonants from^? to r (down). When he has clone this, he should contrast each short vowel with its corresponding long vowel ; thus, aht at, eht et, eet it, ahd ad, ehd ed, eed id, 1 1 -I -I J J "I 1 -I -I .1 J awt ot, oht ut, dot dot, awd od, ohd ud, odd odd* ahm am, ehm em, eem im, ^ l^ ^ A ^~* ^4 awm om, ohm um, ddm 66m. 45. As a result of this practice, many common words will be made, of which the following are examples : I at, J) ash, | add, ^^ am, <^ Ann. \ ebb, / etch, _^_ egg, / edge, f ell. J it, ./ itch, \^ if, (* ill, ~| odd. ^ off, ^ or, \ up, ) us. 20 Short Vowels. 46-48 SHORT VOWELS BETWEEN TWO CONSONANTS. 46. FIRST and THIRD-PLACE short vowels are written in the same position as their corresponding long vowels ; as .. . x N. j _ 1 tack, I _ t tick, \ pap, \ pip, < rock, / rook. 47. SECOND-PLACE short vowels are written before the second consonant ; as ~~| get, /~*~ wreck, jj lutt, L tub, _f gull, ^" lug. 48. Compare the places of second-place long and short vowels in the following diagrams and words: . SECOND-PLACE LOIIG VOWELS AFTER THE FIRST CONSONANT. / /-\ P y\ I _ 3 31 r~2~ L, SECOND-PLACE SHORT VOWELS BEFORE THE SECOND CONSONANT. 2\ \f pale, X/" pell, ~ T \ cope, \ cup, /(\ robe, /\ rub, [ take, L^_ Teck, /^ roam, s^ rum. Exercise 8. a, an ( J ), and ( J up), ^ are, i but, I i^, 2. fl A -* Y V Short Vowels. 21 Exercise 8 (continued). 5. U \ l -^ k ^ ^ e. r- 1 N> i L. <1 ( Exercise 9. 1. Dab, lad, ARab, bab, canaL, attack, Hack, aRk, bark. 2. Check, leg, earth, feLL, bell, shed, yeLL, wretch. 3. FiLL, giddy, tinge, nick, pig, rich, kill, thick, gill. 4. Cod, rob, dot, knob, lodge, foRm, shock, nock, notch. 5. Pug, hutch, touch, mug, bunch, Hug, month, punch. 6. Book, nook, shook, push, pull, pulley, nook, bull, bully. 7. Johnny saw the bay cob and the filly eat nay in the meadow. 8. A lamb and a bullock are in the meadow, but they feed a long way off. 9. Each animal may go to the Hay; all may take of it. 10. The faRm, though bane and. chalky, Jim and Bob hope may pay in March. REVIEW. 1. How many short vowels are there ? 2. How do the short vowels differ from the long vowels f 3. Give the sounds of the six short vowels followed by the- consonant t. 4. Give the signs by which they are represented. 5. How do the signs of the short vowels differ from those of the long vowels ? 6. Give six words illustrating the powers of the short vowels. 7. What is the position of a first-place short vowel between two consonants ? A second-place short vowel ? A, third- place short vowel ? 22 Diphthongs. 49~55 CHAPTER V DIPHTHONGS. 49. There are four double vowels, or diphthongs, namely, *, ow, oi, ii, as heard in the words vie, vow, loy, and due. The first three are represented by a small acute angle, and the fourth by a sma-11 semicircle, thus i v| ow AJ oi "| u n | The component vowels in each case may be supposed to be : ei ou oi iu 50. The triphthong wi, as heard in wife, is represented by a small right angle, thus WI L j 51. The diphthong oi is written in the first-place, aud therefore always at the beginning of a stroke, as f 7 toy, * coy, ^ Hoy. The diphthong u is written in the third-place, and therefore always at the end of a stroke, as _ cue, ~^\ your. 52. The diphthongs I and oio and the triphthong wl may be written either in first, second, or third-place, as is most convenient, as ^" isle, \^~ tile; \- fowl, >- vowel; \^- twiHll. . 53. Both I and wl may be joined initially to a down- stroke, as^^ item, \^ ivy, ) ice, ^~~\ ire ; ] white, \_ wife. 54. Both ow and oi may be joined initially to upward Z, as //^" owl, //*"" oil. 55. Both ow and u may be joined finally to a downstroke, as \/v bough, ^o\ vow, \, pew, [^ due. After the conso- nant n, the diphthong u may be written thus, ^_< new, and ow thus, , now ; I is joined to n thus, ^^j nigh. 56-57 Diphthongs. 23 56. Learners sometimes confuse the diphthong v i I with the short vowel j i; also j u with the short vowel -j u, and j ow with the long vowel -j oh. The following pairs of words illustrate the contrast between diphthongs and vowels: N bite, ^\bit; /Bright, /\writ; I tube, I tub; v| -I > ^ n ) use, -j us; x^| rout, X] wrote; \ sow (noun), "j-sow (verb). 57. When a diphthong and vowel, or two vowels, occur between two stroke consonants, each should, if convenient, be placed against the consonant to which it naturally belongs ; thus, ^-x newer, ^) Louisa. Exercise 1 0. can 0), V. have, A how, /, or eye ('), _^. our or hour (*), ) was, why (') you. i. r ) v \ u ^ A| 77 /* \ V\ V\ A/ ^ <; L, ' V- u * 4. . i ) "'x ,--) \f > L > > Q 4* . X . Vy* v -. 1, > , . ^ n y x ' <^-, , tf , i- ' > A/ : v q I Vx ,. L / (- xi , u -) ^, 8 . . Y ) U /LS ) I 24 Diphthongs. Exercise 11. 1. Guy, rye, vie, guile, mighty; row (ra.), thou, loud, cowry. 2. Alloy, Hoy, envoy ; Kew, new, feud ; widen, wifely, feweR. 3. Though the dike may be a mile away at the mouth of the valley, we can move it by dynamite. 4. Why have you allowed the enemy to take a refuge so valued ? 5. We can manage to annoy and terrify the foe eRe / go to China. 6. We can aRgue how we may occupy the toweR. 7. He was loyal, we knew, so we may enjoy the aid we value to renew the attack and assail the huge foe. 8. We hope we may luRe our enemy to downfaLL. REVIEW. 1. How many diphthongs are there ? 2. Give words in which the diphthongs and triphthong are used. 3. How may I, ow, and wl be written as to place ? 4. State the positions for oi and u. 5. What signs may be joined initially to consonants ? 6. What diphthongs may be joined finally to consonants? 7. Give examples of (a) joined initial and final diphthongs and triphthong ; (b) show how the diphthongs u and i are written to the consonant n. 58-6i Circle "s" and " z." 35 CHAPTER VI. CIRCLE 8 AND Z. 58. (together -with its heavy sound z, for which is generally written) is one of the most frequently occurring consonants in the English language. The consonant 8 is represented not only by the stroke ), but also by a small circle [o], which forms an easy means of joining one con- sonant to another. 59. "When the circle stands alone, or is joined to straight consonants not forming an angle, it is written with the backward or LEFT motion, thus *~) ^s. sp, r it, T* sch, @L. sic, ^ or, & Jcsk; ^ P s , b ts > *b ch *> *> **> ^ rs > 60. Between two straight lines forming an angle, the circle * is written on the OUTSIDE of the angle ; thus, f fat, J t*k, N> pst, J. ch sp, sms, s-v~* msm, / Isl, \. msv, /** .fsl t s~o~s mm, s> -^ nsm, ^ fsJc, L^ tsn, t* Ism, msls, os^ rung, < ssts, b 26 Circle " s" and " z." 63 62. The circle s is always read first at the beginning of a word, and last at the end, the vowel or vowels being read according to their positions with regard to the stroke con- sonant, and not with reference to the circle, as, XI / _- ^ X ^ ^ I- V. up, ought, age, oak, aim, pay, may, ray, day, fay ; X I / 0-!- 0^ X> STt> ^ b Xo sup, sought, sage, soak, same, pace, mace, race, days, face. Exercise 12. v s o ._. any, or in ('), as, has (*), o is, his, give, or given, ^ * him, or may, me, or my ('), on ('). 1. f / >\ i f c* <* -* ^ -f 2 . 3. o ,, O < Exercise 13. 1. Soup, snow, eaRS, keys, psalm, seed, bees, alms, thaws. 2. Upset, musk, deceit, opossum, teans, beseech, o!xide. 3. Sam is fuLL of dismay in passing the Bay of Biscay. 63-66 Loops "st" and "str." 27 4. But my Scotch gillie shows he has no feaRs, and my Sepoy has no scaRe as to Ms safety. 5. Can you say how I may pacify Sam on this scpne ? 6. Why you may assuRe him he has no cause to give way to any alaRms, OR speak to him in such ways as seem likely to allay his sorrows. 7. But he is worse if he feeLs the ship rise on the sea. 8. The reason is the gusty aiRs now rising, but we have no heavy gales. LOOPS 8T AND STR. 63. The frequently occurring combination st at the be- ginning of a word, as stem, and st and zd at the end of a word, as in mist, mused, are represented by a loop made half the length of the stroke to which it is attached. This st (stee) loop follows the same rule as the circle s, that is, it is always read first at the beginning of a word, and last at the end ; like the circle s it is written backward to straight letters and inside curves ; thus . ache, n . sake, <=*_ stake ; __ Kay, __D case, _<=> cased ; ^-^ mew, / *> muse, s^s mused ; ( ale, 6 sale, g stale. 64. When convenient the st loop may be employed medially, thus ^^ vestry, (j ' testing, (^ jesting. 65. A large loop, extending two-thirds of the length of the stroke to which it is attached, represents str. This str (ster) loop is not written at the beginning of a word. At the end of a word it is invariably read last. The same rules for writing apply to it as to the circle s and the loop st, and it is written backward to straight letters and inside curves; thus \> pass, \s> past, \$ pastor ; **-*> mass, <-^> mast, <^) master. This loop may be used medially, as in < ^, masterpiece. ^ 66. The circle s is added to a final loop, as in the fol- lowing examples, |f taste, ^ tastes, (^ lustre, ^ lustres. 28 Loops " si " and " str." Exercise 14. first, ..\_ put ( 3 ), _y shall, / should, ( them, ..(.. these ( 3 ), (, this, _4_ those ('). i. -P I- b- t- -F IT f b- /V /* i. f r V' V > -r * -i* *> * 3. v ' o J_ |p , . fr * \ ) s % . /^ / ' . b. 1.x 4. .._ ^ f N \ . -4- _ t ^ Ly N A. x ^ JL ( 7 . c o . ^ , x I N > )- x Exercise 15. 1. Steep, pest, stick, kissed, stuff, foist, statue, statute. 2. Jest, jester, jesters, elastic, pastors, foster, Chester. 3. A king's ministers occupy nigh posts; they can speak first, and they may make OR man the peace of the rest. 4. If chosen by vote, those who have the powen to register such a vote should use it to put in office just advisers and thoe honest in counseL. 5. By these the head of the state may le safely advised, and in this way his ruLe may he fixed. 6. Ministers who faiL, go out of office if they shall have lost poweR in the house ; in eaRly times kings dismissed them. 7. Many are the jests on the way some kings bolster up dis- Loops "st" and "sir.' 29 honest ministers. 8. In eajaly days staid officers have many times lost poweR, as they refused to be unjust. REVIEW. 1. In addition to the consonant ), what other sign is used to represent s 1 2. How is the circle written between two straight strokes (1) when at an angle ; (2) when running in the same direction ? 3. How between curvec ? 4. How is st indicated ? * 5. How is sir represented ? 6. Is the sign for sir used initially ? 7. When may the signs for st and sir be written in the middle of a word ? Give some examples. 8. Show by examples how a final may be added to st and sir. 30 Large Circles " sw " and " ss " or " sz." 67-69 CHAPTER VII. LARGE CIRCLES SW AND SS OR SZ. 67. A large INITIAL circle written in the same manner as the circle , represents the double consonant sw, thus ,f seat, ,fy sweet, a^ sum, ^~^ swum, ^\ sore, "^\ swore, but &f* sway, *< ' swaying. 68. A large MEDIAL or FINAL circle, written in the same way as circle s, represents ss or sz. This large circle may be supposed to contain the second-place short vowel e, and thus to represent ses, see, ses, or zez thus, '^ (ses) necessity ; \3 (MZ) passes j ^o (zes) possessive; j- (zez) catises. Other vowels may be expressed by placing the vowel-sign within the circle; thus, -*p exist (ekzist), exhaust, exercise. Final s is added by continuing the circle; thus, _^j exercises. 69. When a word has a final accent, the stroke s and small circle or the small circle and stroke s are generally used, and not the large circle, thus ^P ra'ces, but ^- recess'; ND paces, but \ possess'. Exercise 16. f Lord, ^< thing, ( think. f f ' ( x *- C 1 ' -^ A* 5. 1 f . E ' Exercise 1 7. 1. Switch, Swedish (sh up), swing, swill, swiftest, swivel,. 2. POSSCSSOR, accessory, unsuccessful, ; roses, anaLysis. 3. At the desiRe of Lord Swanage, they wrote essays on Genesis. 4. The successful, essay boRe the name of Thomas Davis. 5. Many were fuLL of CRRORS, but the master seems to think Highly of Davis's as possessing many excellences. 6. A thing given by many was a synopsis of the book VOWELS AND 8 AND T. 70. As an initial circle or loop must always be readj^rsi, and a final circle or loop must always be read last (see paragraphs 62, 63), it is necessary, when a word begins or ends with a vowel, that stroke consonants be employed, and not circle s or loop st, to which vowels cannot be placed. Compare, for example, f\ asleep, and ^\ sleep ; \/ puss, and \ pussy ; [>- dust, and F dusty. Therefore, 71. The STROKE consonant must be used (a) When s or z is the only consonant in a word, as ) saw, ) v sigh, .) easy. The stroke is also employed in derivatives from such words, as J-Y* 1 -saw-mill, .) f. easiness. 32 Vowels and " s " and " t." 72 (b) When a word begins with a vowel immediately fol- lowed by or z, as ) _ ask, v espy, )_< assume, v )> _ Isaac Nf (c) When a word begins with s, followed by a vowel and another s or z, the stroke s is written and then the circle ; as j. cease, \ seizure, J~ society, cl. saucer. " (d) When initial s is followed by two vowels, as J-s Siam, Jlj> science, ( sciatica ; or when final s is pre- ceded by two vowels in different positions ; as ( joyous, i/T tortuous. (e) When a word ends with a vowel immediately pre- ceded by s or z, as ^/}. mercy, ^Q racy, \ 'busy, r ) lazy. (/) When a word begins with z, the stroke ) is written, thus K zero, r seal, } " zigzag. 72. When the last consonants in a word are s t, with a vowel between them, and when a vowel follows s t, the circle and the consonant t must be used, and not the loop; thus, ^ rosette, ^ rusty. Exercise 18. ) so, us, _^_ see, use (noun) (*), \ use (verb), whose (*), / which. 2 . ' I < * O I \ .an ...).. ] . i > J.~^ 4. L ! \- j Vowels and "s" and "/." 88 Exercise 18 (continued). 5. , t . 6. 4. i Exercise 19. 1. Ace, essay, says, espouse, schism, assize, assignee. 2. Dizzy, cosy, rosy, russett, suicide, scissoRs, easel, zenith. 3. Cecil can now see it is of no use to assail the lessee who is honest, and to whose honesty all of us can testify. 4. If we may say so, Tie ought to fie less zealous to abuse in so fussy a way such an unassuming fellow. 5. To use Mm thus is to show a sauciness which is wrong. 6. OnLy a ninny can pur- sue it in so testy a style. REVIEW. 1. How is initial sw represented ? 2. Write several words in which initial sw occurs. 3. How is ss represented, and how is it distinguished from sw? 4. Illustrate by examples the way in which the vowel is shown in ss. 5. Give examples of each of the classes of words in which stroke s is employed. 6. When is stroke z used ? 7. Write deceit, sewer (a drain). 3 84 CHAPTER VIII. 73-75 L AND R HOOKS. 73. The liquids I and r are often found following and .closely united or blended with other consonants, forming a double consonant or consonantal diphthong ; as in the words plow, &row, glare, T f * : ** V a- \ v .^ ^ X V ^". V \, r / - - r - v \) e. L v 1 ' ^ Is Exercise 21. 1. Plow, apple, odor, draw, pebble, feeder, rocker. 2. Pickle, globe, shudder, crumble, mocker, aRcher, track. 3. Save a care, my dear Parker ; if you call on him you may betray all. 4. No, / shall aim to please ; he may "be bitter, but I shall refuse to be angry. 5. But he is no peacemaker, 36 / and"r" Hooks. 80-84 so take care how you address him. 6. He is my debtor, hut / shall indulge in no vulgar reproaches. INITIAL HOOK TO CURVES. 80. An initial hook can only be added to curved con. sonants in one position, namely, inside the curve, thus Q_ ^ The hook, however, may be made either large or small, as in the examples. 81. The consonants f~ I, ~\r, and ) s are not hooked to indicate the addition of I or r. The signs ^ "^ are, therefore, used as extra forms for ft, fr, and ^ *) as extra signs for thl, thr, which with the corresponding heavy con- sonants, have duplicated forms, thus, fl, Q5> vl, 00^1, CO thl. fr, ^ vr, ( 1 thr, ( ? thr. L HOOK. 82. A LARGE initial hook adds I to .the curves V_ V.^ ( ^J s-^ * ; thus, Q_y fly, ^_ evil, C Ethel, Vv official, _c~^ camel, \. . penal. The double consonant shl may be written either upward or downward ; it is, however, gener- ally written upward. The right curves ^ .^ ^ 9 mus t only be used AFTER another consonant ; they are most con- veniently written after Tc, g, n, or a straight up-stroke, as ^- C> V / cavalry, 86-88 Initial Circles and Loops. 39 Exercise 25. 1. My dear Ethel, From tropical Africa there anises a call for more laboreas to raise the people from their very low scaLe of life. 2. As Lord Bythell and Mr. Thackeray both remarked, this people has a rightful claim on all who care for the progress of the race, and the removal of brutal ruLe. 3. Slavery, drink, the evils of rubber gathering, the rivalry of the leaders, and the horrible cannibal customs cause f eaRf ul sorrow, nor is it a mere foBm of speech to say many tribes must die out. 4. May we all try to take away the feaRful yoke is the prayen of, YOURS sincereLy, GRACE FLETCHER. CIRCLES AND LOOPS PREFIXED TO INITIAL HOOKS. 86. The circle is prefixed to straight consonants which are hooked for ?, and to curves which are hooked for I or r, by writing the circle inside the hook ; thus, ^ ply, ^ supply, L disciple, "^ explode, f settle, \ pedesta', sinner, 'Ns^ prisoner. 87. In cases where the hook cannot be clearly shown (which are comparatively few), the separate consonants should be .written, as in ^~X>-- forcible, ^T unsaddle. 88. The circles s and sw and the loop st are prefixed to the straight consonants which are hooked for r, by writing the circle or loop on the same side as the hook, thus turning the hook into a circle or loop, as ^< pry, *X spry, <^ prosper, \ sweeper, % steeper, 1' tray, *) stray t 40 Initial Circles and Loops. 89 <*/ destroy, \ distress, |j eater, Q sweeter, ^ stouter, c-j crew, a-j screw, ' ^N o corkscrew. 89. "When the circle and hook occur medially at an angle, both circle and hook must be shown ; thus, j pastry, a] abstruse, ~^\ extra, r ~\_ i gastric, *~\ mystery, /"*\ lisper, X3 reciter. The method of writing slcr and sgr after the consonants and d is shown in the following examples : \. _ tacker, j, tasker, \^- degree, \j-. disagree, |__o digress, (^ disgrace. Exercise 26. T 3 Exercise 27. 1. Satchel, sidle, peaceable, exclusive, seclude,* tricycle. 2. Feasible, noticeable, visible, traceable, plausible. 3. Simmer, chastener, Listener, passover, lucifer, scrap. 4. Spread, jack-screw, stripe, sprung, suitor, stretcher. 5. Stater, cider, stalker, stager, stabber, scrub, scrupulous. 6. Exeter, lustrous, rostrum, rascal, crusader, decrease, Initial Circles and Loops. 41 Exercise 88. ^ q I / - ^\ N N> \_, C * 2. . cr-[ , ./ ) . ^ 'T 5 <*-> I H x . /. > rl ^ xx x X ./ -c" x V ^\. 'Xx 3. t-^ \^\ L_ x'. 4. 'i c u,.(- . ^ 'jn.,r . "^u- v kr s . x 5 . , r, ) > L. s Exercise 29. 1. My dear Tom, We feaK the nostrum you now take may possibly cause you to suffer afresh. 2. This is distressful to us all. 3. If it disagrees, pray stop it, and have no scruples, OR it may destroy youR poweRs. 4. We strongLy advise you to eat no more of the sweeter pastry. 5. Sacrifice youR taste to youR sense. 6. ARthur says you are stouter. 7. Do you cycle as freely as on youR stay at Tring ? 8. We hope to call on you this summer. 9. Is the cider they supply serviceable for you? 10. If you mistrust it, you should 12 Review. supersede the stuff, which may onLy disable you. 11. This is the sensible path to follow. YOURS truly, LUTHER BROOKER. REVIEW. 1. Give examples of words containing a double consonant formed by the combination of I or r with the pre- ceding consonant. 2. By what sign is I or r added to straight consonants ? 3. How are the double consonants to be named ? 4. By what sign is I added to curves, and by what sign is r added ? 5. Write the two forms of fl, vl, thl, thZ, and.fr, vr, thr, thr. 6. When should the right curves fl, til, thl, thZ, be used ? 7. When should the fr, vr, thr, thr left-hand curves be used, and when the right-hand curves ? 8. How is circle s prefixed to straight consonants hooked for I and to curves hooked for I and r ; and how are , sw, and st prefixed to straight consonants hooked for r ? 9. How is circle s and the r hook represented medially at an angle (a) between a horizontal or upward stroke and a perpendicular; (&) between a perpendicular and a horizontal ? 90-96 "n"and"f" Hooks. 43 CHAPTER IX. N AND . F HOOKS. 90. A small final hook, struck by the RIGHT or forward motion T^Ji , adds n to straight consonants ; thus, ^| Ben, ^. tone, cave, ^ rave, afi hive. There is no/ or hook to curves. 94. The hook which represents I at the beginning of a straight consonant represents f or v at the end, and both hooks are struck towards the LEFT ; thus, 95. The n and f hooks may be employed medially when they join easily and clearly with the following stroke ; thus, yi punish, Jv^ dining, c -^_> 1 cleaning, ^-\ fancy, \^ toughish, \^, diving, ^-a- 1 graphic, - JL -^~] excellency. 96. A hook at the end of a word is always read LAST ; 44 and "/" Hooks. 97 as > \ fen-, X> P^ZTj Va /M/ therefore, when a word ends with n, or/ or 0, followed by a vowel, the stroke con- sonant must be written and not the hook, as \^, penny, \^ puffi, \^Li funny. 97. The forms cJ shl, J)'shn, when written upward, and C In, when written downward, must never stand ALONE, because it might be supposed that cJ J) had been written downward, and (?~ upward. These forms are distinct when joined to others ; as, \^j official, Vj" 7 ^ valuation, > fallen. Exercise 30. 1. V J / X J^ Jv J. J 1 - L S H 2 . V I- L X L T t t> [ V I 3. ^ ^ c<> ^ ^ ^ ^^<^ . weaves. 101. In order to distinguish between nz and ns, etc., after a curved consonant, as in vans(z) and Vance(s), the stroke n must be used for anse, ense, inse, or ance, ence, ince, thus, ^s vansbut ^^p Vance; ^> men l s(z) but ^-^s>mince(s). This distinction does not apply to I when coming after another consonant, and the hook is used in such olitlines for ns ; thus, \^ balance. 102. The large circle ses and the loops st and sir cannot be written inside the small n and f hooks ; therefore, nsez, nst, and nster, following a curved consonant, must be expressed by the stroke n with the large circle or loop attached ; thus, V^ fences, V^, fenced, f*^ lances, lanced, C^ Leinster. . J- d- 3, I \ ^ ^ fusion, \3 vision, J- session, TS motion, ^3 notion. 105. When -tion follows a simple straight consonant, the hook is written on the side opposite to the LAST vowel; thus, N) passion, /s \i option, !_D occasion, *-$ auction, 1 . diction, | ^ education, \s? aberration, [2 duratiort,. 106. When -tion follows a straight letter which begins with a hook, circle, or loop, or springs from the curves V_ V_ /"" the -tion hook is written on the opposite side, to preserve the straightness of the letter ^ thus, 'No abrasion, /*^ repletion, (j attrition, ^ citation, e^? Grecian, 0^-5 section, ^^ affection, /^~^ location. 107. After t, d, or j, not beginning with a hook, circle, or loop, the -tion hook is written on the BIGHT side, ir- respective of the vowel ; thus, LI dictation, X]^ rotation, Irn. degradation, (^ magician. 108. The -tion hook is used medially, as l> addi- tional, L/ dictionary, ~^\ auctioneer^ jJ5 cautionary, 48 -fion" Hook. 109-111 * >/* actionary, ^^ actionable, (./*" devotional, ^-yp affectionate, :O national, N> optional. 109. When -M>H, follows the circle s or ras, it is expressed by continuing the circle on the other side of the consonant so as to form a small hook; thus, ^ Second-place dot vowels between the circle and -tion are written OUTSIDE the hook; third-place vowels are written INSIDE the hook; thus, %5 possession, \, position, -~ssi musician, __<> accession, ^ji sensation, ^e; incision, fa authorization, i^. dispen- sation, J transition. First-place vowels do not occur be- tween s and the syllable -tion. 110. The circle s may be added to this hook ; thus, %> positions, ^ suppositions, ^7$; musicians; and the hook may be used medially; thus, f- positional, If tran- sitional. 111. When two distinct vowel signs occur immediately before -tion, write sh and the hook n, in order to accommo- date the vowel signs; thus, ^/^ valuation, ~~[^J exten~ nation, JQ tuition. Exercise 34. 1. 1789 ) M- 2. " -tion " Hook. Exercise 34 (continued). Exercise 35. 1. Ovation, omission, illusion ; lotions, ORations, sessions. 2. Potion, cushion, ration, apparition, eLocution. 3. Expression, fiction, navigation ; Prussians, accretions. 4. Tactician, adaptation, cogitation ; notions, imitations. 5. Cremation, salvation, remission ; donations, collisions. 6. Exceptional^, occasional, sessional^, missionary. 7. Cessation, precision, vexation ; annexations, pulsations. 8. AccessionaL, recessionaL ; superannuation (ahn up). 4 50 " .tion " Hook. Exercise 35 (continued). 9. His elation at the solution of the problem was illusory, and as soon as he saw it was a mere delusion, his grief ica& keen, and his relations began to feau mental dejection. 10. lie should have taken more care in his explorations, nor should he have given heed to exaggerations which a brief examination showed to have no solid basis. 11. The propo- sitions he put forth were shown to be pure assertions, and illustrations onLy of his aspirations, for his relaxation of all tests brought its own retribution. 12. There is no division in their views on this thing, and the exasperation to which it may give rise is increased by the disruption it caused. REVIEW. 1. How is the termination -tion expressed ? 2. How is the -tion hook written after a curve ? 3. How is the -tion hook written after a straight consonant ? 4. How after a straight letter beginning with a hook, circle, or loop, or springing fromy, v, or upward I? 5. How is the -tion hook written after t, d, or j? 6. Give examples of the -tion hook used medially. 7. How is -tion expressed when following the circle s or ns? 8. How far can this hook be vocalized ? 9. How is 'tion written when two vowel signs occur im mediately before it ? Write accentuation. H2-II5 CHAPTER XI. 51 ADDITIONAL DOUBLE CONSONANTS. 112. In addition to the general method of doubling con* sonants by the use of hooks, the following eight double consonants are represented as shown below : Letters. Sign. Name. As in. KW e_ kway quick, revest GW C_ gway guava, anguish WL (T (HP) wel wail, unwell WHL C < U P) whel whale, whelp LR f~ (down) ler feeler, nailer RR "^ (down) rer poorer, sharer MP, MB ~ ( emp ) ( emb ) camp, ewiJalm WH C^ whay where, whig 113. The initial hook in wl and whl is read FIKST ; thus, (^ ill, (T w iH"> (F Billow, '(J~ whale, '(/ Whaley. If a vowel precedes w or wh, write the stroke and not the hook, thus -v hearer, ^ jeer, L jeerer ; 1^ tram, ^ tramp, / ^^\ mire, ^^~^ empire ; (^- way, cs whey ; . usurer, r \/' orrery. 116. The double consonant x-^ with a small initial hook becomes mpr or mbr ; thus, *_,< scamp, ^^ scamper. ci_e-v clamber, f*^ limber. Exercise 36. Exercise 37. 1. Quack, quaker, quince, quiver ; linguist, languoR. 2. Welsh, welfase, wool, Willie ; whilst, whalebone. 3. Caviller, ruler, scholar ; adorer, assurer, sneerer. 4. Damp, pomp, Jumbo, Sambo ; whey, anywhere, whipper. 5. While on his voyage of discovery, the sailoRs of CoLumbus began to wJiimper and whine, and he was led to employ whimsical excuses. 6. Distress and all sorer feeLings passed away, and there was no desiRe to show anger as soon as he knew day must be the revealer of the unknown shoRe. REVIEW. 1. Write the signs for the double consonants Ir, gw, mp, wl, Tew, rr, wh, whl. 2. In which two double consonants is the initial hook read first? 3. Write two words illustrating the vocalization of some of the other consonants. 4. What does /-s, when hooked represent ? xi7- 121 The Aspirate. M CHAPTER XII. THE ASPIRATE. 117. The aspirate is represented, in addition to the down- ward / and upward hearer, >' Hebrew, v | hydra, ^ hedger % hither. 54 The Aspirate. 122 122. The dot h is placed before the vowel which is to be aspirated. It is used as an alternative to the stroke h, usually in order to avoid an awkward or long outline ; thus, 'Vj> happiness, '%_> happening, j. handy, ^^\ apprehend, "Nw perhaps, *~^| manhood, (~^F~ loophole. Exercise 38. ...L. had, _\_ happy. L,l X .4, . r \ o ^x 2 . > rl \ i \ The Aspirate. Exercise 38 (continued). 5. } ^ A v_ ^ ^ N (> r**i V -C 6. *^ <<\, (, V v ~ -l *" N * <-P"^ -t ^^> ( ^ V, V. \ ) " x V ^ - o h>, ' . \ o V^NI v ^ C > I-, \f ^SS' : " Exercise 39. 1. Hicks, hock, Hawkins, haggis, hackney, huckster. 2. hoop, hod, hitch, hoary, heap, heady, haddock. 3. hone, hive, housed, haggle, hammer, hairy, hardy. 4. Unhook, Sahara, cohesion ; abhor, unhinge, unhitch. 5. hymn, hilly, horn, horroR, haze, hump, hasty. 6. Gingham, happily, uphill, household, handy, Redhill. 7. In the isle which is his home, he says the herring fishery is among the occupations of the honest, homely people, and is far from unhealthy ; on their behoof he hastens to say this to Hugo. 8. There is no hotel there, but you may stay at a coffee-house ; I hear from Huxley the name of the owner is Hogg. 9. / shall be happy to hear you have had a pleasing holiday there. REVIEW. 1. Give the four signs used to represent the aspirate. 2. Explain when the stroke forms of h are employed. 3. What rule must be observed when h follows another consonant ? 4. Show when the two other forms of h are used. 66 Upward and Downward " / " and " r." 123-125 CHAPTER XIII. UPWARD AND DOWNWARD L AND It. 123. The following rules govern the writing of the consonant I in either the upward or the downward direc- tion, and the use of the upward or downward forms of r : 124. INITIAL L is generally written upward, thus, (^\ loud, ,r\ aloud, f^__ life, /^ alive. In the following cases it is written downward: (a) When Z is preceded by a vowel and is followed by a horizontal letter not hooked initially ; as, '_ elk, C. elm, '(^, Ellen, ^_, almoner. (&) When I precedes ^_ o_^ and o_^ ; as, ( illusive, ^ lesson, (^ Leasing. 125. FINAL is generally written upward, thus, \f~Paul, \f' Polly, I?'** tale, ]f~- Italy. In the following cases it is written downward : (a) After the letters V. ^v_ O- and any straight upstroke, if no vowel follows the 1; thus, V full, V tile, p* scale, *~f~ quail, ^ sequel, -^f rail, ^T^ Nore, ^/ Norah; f~^ leer, * Laura; >\ sore, ^y surrey ; ^ store, ^ story ; \ swear, o^ soiree; ^ utern, <&> siren. 129. When r is preceded by two descending strokes, it is generally written upward, so as to preserve the line- ality of the writing ; thus, ^N^/ prepare, I, debar, A ., Shakspere. Write upward r, irrespective of vowels, rather than an awkward outline ; thus, xV vcx^ officer, /\o/ reviser, <^s/ answer, x / > rear, ,^ wore, ^ yore, cS where. When r follows another stroke and is hooked finally, it is generally written upward ; thus, \/^ lorn, j-^/" morn, \/> portion. 130. The double consonant rr is used for the sound of rer where a final downward r would be written ; thus, l^ adorer, ^^ "borer. Exercise 41. 1. raWj roan, rough, reign, rice, ram, rill, royal. 2. rum, renew, room, review, wreath, racy, rush. 3. Ear, ire, urban, arrack, Arran, Argyll, orphan. 4. Arise, ark, irk, arm, organ, urn, Armada, Arthur. 5. Errata, arrayed, Archie, orgie, Erith, earthy, auricle. 6. Boar, borrow ; tore, tory ; jar, Jarrow ; cur, curry. 7. Shower, showery ; moor, Murray ; newer, Newry. 8. Sear, Sarah; star, starry; swore, swarthy; steer, Sterry. 9. Aspire, transpire, deplore, dabbler, babbler, bugbear. 10. Viscera, razor, sincere, Spencer ; roar, wire, ewer. 11. Tarn, barn, corn, adorn, churn, fern, learn, turnr \2. Duration, immersion, enumeration, jeerer. 1. s Upward and Downward " / " and " r." Exercise 42. v o x X . a r . xi 6 . S -I NT, 7 . 4. x 4. ' N ' < / f ^ x b* s.4 - X ^ x \ ~T. / ^ ^ ) ^ I 9 . c, 1 ^r v^, // H x , r N \ . ^ / M c .x&, x 60 Upward and Downward " / " ana " r. " Exercise 43. 1. We may fairly say the novel is the popular shape in which all manner of erudition is now given to the reader. 2. The discoveries of the man of science, the researches of the scholar, the lore of the past, all are widely known through romances. 3. In these the actions of imaginary people givt occasion for narrations of discoveries relative to men and things. 4. By means of solid treatise, by oral lessons, 01 by the exercise of elocutionary powers such things can rarely fa brought to the tyro, or to any but those whose duty it is t4 learn them. REVIEW. 1. How is initial I usually written ? 2. Give an illustration of each of the classes of outlines in which it is written differently. 3. How is final I usually written ? 4. Give an illustration of each of the classes of outlines in which it is written differently. 5. Which form of r is employed initially f 6. Which form when a vowel precedes.? 7. Write erudition, orgie, Erdes. 8. How is final r written (a) when ending a word ; (5) whea followed by a vowel ? 9. How is r written when two descending strokes come before ? 10. Write visor, bouncer, roar, burn, derision, bearer. 131-135 The Halving Principle. 61 CHAPTER XIV. THE HALVING PRINCIPLE. 131. Light consonants are made half their usual length co indicate the addition of t; thus, . ache, _._ ached, <_ sect ; ___ Kay, _ Kate, Q_ skate ; ^ pay, ~\ pate, ^ plate, ^ prate, v pout ; X^ bowl, X-" bolt, X^ bolts, '^ bullet, s^ mow, ^ moat. 132. Heavy consonants are made half their usual length to indicate the addition of d; thus, \ ebb, \ ebbed; \A bow, v bowed ; -7- guy, -7- guide, -71- guided; ^ glide, e^ Gride; <- gray, ^ grade, <# grades,; /'X, ZM?, f^r lived, (^ livid ; .) ee, .) ea*f. 133. It will be noticed from the foregoing examples that a vowel coming before a half-length character is read first, the same as before a full-length consonant ; as, 'V O ft, '~ act. A vowel coming after a half-length consonant is read NEXT to the primary letter ; thus, |v tie, 1^ tight, no. ^ note. i ' i 134. When a consonant is hooked finally, it may be halved to express the addition of EITHER t OR d; thus, ^ paint or pained ; ^ plant or planned ; J. lint or tinned ; J tents or tends ; v= vent or vend ; ^ mounts or mounds; s> rent or rend ; ^ puffed, x> paved. 135. In words of more than one syllable, with certain ex- ceptions, a letter may be halved to express the addition of EITHER t OR d ; thus, V^J between, \^>. Bedwin ; /\ rab- bit, rabid; c ~^\. credit, mailed, ^^ marred. When a vowel comes between l-d, or r-d, these consonants must be written in full ; thus, "V] pallid, \/] parade, ^f\ mel- lowed, , /I married. 138. Lt is written upwards; as "V lelt, except after n, ng, w, kw, when it is written downward ; as ^-f knelt, /V ringlet, j^ dwelt, ^T quilt. 139. The consonants ^~- mp, ng, cannot be halved to express the addition of either t or d, unless they are hooked, initially or finally; thus, ^ impugn, ^ im- pugned, ^ impend, {** slumbered, ^ rampart, ^ anger, ^ angered or anchored. The double consonants f~ Ir, ~*\ rr, cannot be halved for the addition of t or d under any circumstances. In par. 136 it will be seen that the heavy half-length signs ^ ^ r ^\ are allotted to md, nd, Id, and rd. Exercise 44. 1. Pet, pit, Tate, taught, kit, aft, east, shot, omit, pot. 2. Wit, await, light, alight, yet, plot, crate, treat, plight. 3. Bed, aided, edged, jade, goad, egged, mead, annoyed. 4. Old, erred, blade, bread, glade, broad, dread, greed. 5. Pound, fined, accident, unbent, inward, brickyard. 6. Meat, mud, night, Ned, admit, doomed, fillet, failed. 7. Bailed, ballad ; showered, charade ; tarred, tirade. 8. Pelt, polite, kilt, melt, omelet, inlet, runlet, quillet. 9. Impound, dampened, lingered, hungered, drunkard. 140-147 The Halving Principle. 63 140. The upward A must be written in words that contain A halved, with or without final circle or hook ; as, Salvationist. 142. The half-length r [/] should never be written alone, nor with s only [^>] added. Write X] [not xf] rate, x^J [not x^] write, x^j, [not ^] writes. It should gener- ally be used finally for rt, and for rd when it is not con- venient to write ^ ; thus,' [, dart, v \. printed, ^> plant, % (to preserve the straightness of the stroke) planted, J? stint, f stinted, c= acquaint, ^ i acquainted, " grant, T^-I- granted, /> rant, /**~^ ranted. 147. When a word ends with or d followed by a vowel, the letter must be written in full, and not indicated by the 64 The Halving Principle. 148 halving principle ; thus, __/ guilt, _ ^\_ guilty ; \, dirt, l/\ dirty; C- loft, C^ lofty; ^ fault, V C_T|. faulty , ^? mould, ^f\. mouldy. 148. The circle s. as already explained (par. 62), is always read last when it is written at the end of a word ; thus, ^ pun, ^ punt, ^ punts; J* join, ^ N . ^ ^4.*, .1. T i p L r x .\ > ' e. i ) ^ 1. " v x 9 ' A L, 1 f. Hi 5 66 The Halving Principle. Exercise 47. 1. One kind of thrift is that of not spending money ot that which is not needed ; by this means an amount is kept ready for any needs that arise, 2. The thrifty man differs from the miser, for the one husbands his resources so that he may spend in the best method lie can, while the other is a wretched fellow who covets and hoards riches, so that he may gloat over his wealth. 3. Money gained by honest means, and saved without stinting those who may depend on the earner, or niggardly refusing to give that which is claimed by society, is wealth earned and added to one's resources. 4. Both the progressionist and the protectionist assent to this. 5. We shall not le so impertinent as to assert that cer- tain views on current events prevent any man who has studied the fortunes of his fellow men from feeling sympa- thetically disposed toward their efforts to make good use of funds obtained by skilled labor. 6. But without a secure State a man might T)e robbed of his goods, and to have such a State all muse pay their part. 7. It was in the reign of the first Edward that taxesjfor a fixed amount were first levied in England. REVIEW. 1. What description of consonants are halved for t only, and what for d only ? 2. How is a vowel read before a half-sized consonant ? How after ? 3. What may a consonant hooked finally, and words of more than one syllable, be halved to express ? 4. How is the addition of t and d to m, n, I, r, represented ? 5. When are the halved forms Id and rd not employed ? 6. How is It usually written, and what are the exceptions ? 7. What are the limitations to the halving of mp and ng ? 8. When should the half-length upward rt not be used, and when is it usually employed ? 9. Tinder what circumstances must a full size and a half size consonant not be joined ? 10. Illustrate the rule by writing cooked, midnight, fact. TABLE OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE CONSONANTS. 67 L kook. | R kook JV Aoo*. jSTi * /.\\\-\. ^ (mt ^ |md * N ^_, nl c,^ nr cu^ nn ^~y int s^ \ nd ^ NG ^ _, ngh-<^^ nsm -^^ L r ~ **o !i j ^^ up, down Id r down R ^ rn ^ rfa , up ap ^^ -^ R "^ rn ^ rt -> rd > W ^> wn t^ 5 wf cs? wt T ^ vt ^ H 1^ VlTI xr-0 bf ^^ JO C bt vain, \^ vendor, (- thunder, oyster, ^/ shatter, s~r^ mother; smoother, X^^V /"""V centre or sender, ( lighter, & slighter, luilder, ^ x loarder. 150. "When dr or thr follow an initial I they are expressed by 1 *) and not by doubling the I; thus, Y*\ older, f~3 leader, f^) leather. After/, eh, m also, dr is expressed by 1 and not by doubling ; thus, Vn fodder, f shudder, *"^| Modder. 151. Straight* consonants hooked finally, or which follow another stroke, are made twice their usual length to indicate the addition of tr or dr; thus, ^ pain, ^< painter, J ten, tender, ^^ wren, ^^ render, v. chamber. The character ng is doubled to express ngkr or w^ry thus, <_^> shrinker, iSS-^S The Double-Length Principle. 69 153. The hooked consonants child, T^, dormouse, * r ~ r \} corporation, Ve-p" figuration, VIT-O" Jigures. 162. It is seldom necessary to vocalize the pi and pr series to mark an unaccented- vowel ; thus, *X-> permit, weal; but accented vowels may be inserted ; thus, pervert, "V pervert. Vocalization of "//" and " /r." 73 Exercise 51. , \ . ^ ^> s "7 % v j- ' l 2. I o T V^, ^'V-xO *;.;;;- I . f < , ^ t? \ - ^ A, v) ' ^u,- r 4. v- vx . r E-," " n- 4. Exercise 52. 1. Chaired, cheerily ; charm, term, germ, pilgrim. 2. Regarded, veneer ; foreshore, nurse, foolscap, fixture. & Cart, guard, cheered, bold, curt, gold, gird, partake. 4. Norman, torture, culture, dormant, direct, childish. 5. In order to shorten the journey, Mr Blackmore -went by way of Turkey, but as to proceeded in a very deliberate fashion, we feel sure that the experiment will not curtail it. 6. An energetic man, it may be supposed, should Kant reached the court a great deal sooner. 7. There might then have been no murmurs from those who had the courage to gay M Vocalization of "pi" and " pr." that his action showed -want of courtesy. 8. A sharp frost had caused a fracture in a culvert, and a road in that locality was flooded. REVIEW. 1. How may the long dot vowels be indicated between the two letters of the pi and pr series of consonants ? 2. How are the short vowels expressed in the same case ? 3. When the position of the consonants renders it incon- venient to observe this rule, how may the vowel then be written ? 4. How are the stroke vowels written, when occurring be- tween the letters of the pi orpr series of consonants ? 5. When a first-place vowel occurs between an initial hook or circle and the consonant to which the hook or circle is annexed ; and when a third-place vowel occurs between a final hook or circle and the pre- ceding consonant, how may these vowels be written ? 163-166 " w " and "y " Diphthongs. 75 CHAPTER XVII. W AND T DIPHTHONGS. 163. When w or y is followed by any simple vowel, a diphthong is formed, which is represented by a semi-circle written in the same position as the simple vowel ; thus, ah *i~ aw eh !- oh ee . _ oo watt) yah | n jaw woh yeh ! yoh "woo yee ! yoo The following are examples of the use of the above signs : / zouave, ^ railway, / seaweed, >C chamois, <^&5 misquote, *^%-s Indiana, ]^ associate, ~^~' yearly, Vj^ folio, A ( youth. 164. The same signs written LIGHT represent diphthongs formed of w and y and the SHORT vowels ; thus, a T 6 . -via e -I- u vie % 66 w yd "i" y^ ye ui" yu The following are examples of the use of the above signs : C thwack, ^ twenty, \~-* twinge, ' "^^\ memoir, *\ password, ~^~^ Iambus-wool, V~ serial, '(^, alien, ^ u atheist, \n* patriot, | n piteous. 165. It is in practice rarely necessary to make any dis- tinction between light and heavy signs. It will be seen that the SIDES of the circle represent cp the w diphthongs, while the lower and upper halves 3- represent the y diphthongs. 166. The right semicircle 3 representing waw or wo may be prefixed to a stroke consonant where it is convenient ; thus, a walk, **| water } ) watcher, J> washer, *^ war, ^ warp, 76 " w " and "y " Diphthongs. 167-168 167. The left semicircle ' is prefixed to downward I, and the right semicircle 3 is prefixed to Tc, g, m, mp, to represent w only; thus, .(. William, .(^ Wilson, i^_ wake,. x_i wig, >-^S woman, >-sA wampum. This sign is always -e&djirst, so that when a vowel precedes w the stroke <^ must be written, and not the abbreviation, thus ^ awake, ijL. wake. 168. At the beginning of a word, the vowel aw may be joined to upward I, as /*" awl, v alter, v^b alteration; and the logogram aw (all) may be joined in compound words commencing with all- or al- ; thus, vl. Almighty, JM.. already, ^L almost, J^. all-wise. Exercise 53. , __ with( J ), < when, .... whatQ), > would, C will. ^ J- , 172. When two vowels occur in succession, not thus provided for, write the separate vowel signs ; thus, A" Leo, /^) Louisa, "$v* Ohio, y* Messiah, "f Isaiah, j( royal, {,. Dewey. Dissyllabic Diphthong*. Exercise 55. - *~i .1 r v c 5 . ^, o V . r Exercise 56. 1. Naive ; obeyer, sayest, prosaic ; deity, Beatrice. 2. Withdrawer ; boa, Chloe, mower ; Lewis, ruin, cruet. 3. Gayest, idea, theory, Owen, deist, snowy, Galatea. 4. Cruel, creosote, druid, payable, sower, mausoleum. 6. Coincide, coincident ; shower (one who shows), showed (of rain). 6. Diary, lion, riot, bower, pious, empower, iota, tower. Dissyllabic Diphthongs. 81 Exercise 57. 1. The Athenseum was the name given originally to a famous Roman school, which was the pioneer of many European institutions devoted to science, art, and literature. 2. In not a few places the liberal arts would have fallen into ruin, but for such associations, in which men of ingenuity acted in co-operation or coalition with valued coadjutors. 3. Minerva was the goddess of wisdom in the pantheon of Roman divinities, and her bust in heroic size figures on structures erected in the Ionic style for the promotion of the arts. REVIEW. 1. In what respect do the dissyllabic diphthongs differ from the monosyllabic diphthongs ? 2. Give the series of dissyllabic diphthongs. 3. In what position are the dissyllables written, and what may they be used to express ? 4. What signs are used when a long vowel is followed by an accented short vowel ? 5. "When two vowels occur in succession which are not provided for by the diphthongal signs, how are they represented ? 6 83 Prefixes. WTS CHAPTER XIX. . PREFIXES. 173. The syllable com- or con- occurring at the begin- ning of a word is expressed by a light dot written before the first consonant ; thus, j commit, '~~^\_ community; ^_ convey, 1 n contribute. 174. When the syllable cog-, com-, con-, or cum- comes between two consonants, either in the same or in a preced- ing word, it is indicated by writing the syllable or word, that follows UNDER or CLOSE TO the consonant or word that precedes ; thus, XLp recognize; X> compose, |\^ decom- pose; V^ confined, ^-^ uncon fined; ^ incumbent; ^ in compliance. 175. Inter-, intro-, or enter- is generally expressed by ~ nt ; thus, ~C interlock, -^_ introspect, -2%, enterprise. The prefix may be joined when this course does not occasion ambiguity ; thus, *L interdict, *"] entertain. 176. Magna-, magne-, or magni- is expressed by a dis- joined ^-^ ; thus, ^~1 magnanimity, ^ magnetize, ^ magnify. 177. Self- is represented by a disjoined circle s; thus, "<" I ^ ^x self-possessed, \ r ^ > self-defence, ^ self-conscious. 178. In- before the circled letters \ "] ^ J , is expressed by a small hook, written in the same direction as the circle ; thus, ^o inspiration, tj instrument, inscribe, s^~ inherent, %_~ inhuman. '79 Prefixes. 88 179. Except in the word inhuman (which cannot be mis- taken for >r-S human) and its derivatives, the small hook for in is never used in negative words, that is, in words where in- wpuld mean not. In all such cases in- must be written with the stroke , as ft V^_> V_ a-^~t N '\ _A x 2. o J, , ' o^ J. ^, * U N - f , ) V k X o \ I* ., JL ^ c . n, ^ -I . T S c V^>, X P ^ ( , ^ >^ , I ) ^ % - x 4. . \, (- ^ '\ c, + v \ V 7 U I . -e -^ . ^e , '' ^ V V V. "I 1 5. , . ^V^ \ L ) - V,; V. o r^* s r \ , x^ % , O X*? 3 . *v 84 Prefixes. Exercise 58 (continued). V, , c X^, N o 91P T*, , ) T \ ' ^ , . v^ < ' 4 Lp , -^-ns Exercise 59. 1. Competent, complete, compass, compute, compromise. 2. Convince, condemn, condense, congratulate, Congress. 3. Recognition, recognizer ; incompetent, incomplete. 4. Disconsolate, misconceive, reconsider, reconcile. 5. Interlude, intermeddle, interplead, intercede, intersect. 6. Introvert, introspective, introversion ; enterprised. 7. Introduce, interweave, interrupted, interchange. 8. Magnanimity, magnificence, magnified, magnetized. 9. Self-love, self-righteous, self-confident ; inhibit. Exercise 60. 1. "Self-praise is no recommendation," runs a well- known proverb. 2. We feel that such praise is incongruous and incompatible to him who feels with Tennyson that self- reverence and self-control lead life to sovereign power. 3. We do not enjoy intercourse with those whose self-conceit is irreconcilable with their inconspicuous abilities. 4. But we love to converse with him who has enough modesty in hit composition to spare us constant references to what he con- siders are his own magnificent enterprises. 5. We do not Prefixes. 85 Exercise 6O (continued). admire self-esteem when associated with self-will, and when, he who shows it exhibits no circumspection or common sense in his communications, is not gifted with introspection, but manifests a stilted magniloquence. 6. Such a person is likely to provoke interruption, should he address any con- ference. REVIEW. 1. How is the prefix com- or con- expressed ? 2. In what position should two consonants be placed to express com- or con- intermediate ? What other syllables are also expressed in the same way ? 3. How are the prefixes inter-, magna-, self-, etc., repre- sented ? i. By what sign is the prefix in- represented, and to what consonants is' it prefixed ? 5. When in- has a negative signification, how is it written ? 86 Suffixes. 180-183 CHAPTER XX. SUFFIXES. 180. The suffix -ing is expressed by the stroke -^,, an& 4ngs by >_P ; thus, V^ /acing, V^p facings, Vj_x evening-, s^s musing, X\_^ rowing, NX^"" form/ring, \^pj9arings V /eeSng, \>^ pacing, ^ printing, x^o- counting. 181. When the stroke is not convenient, -ing is expressed by a light dot- at the end of the word, and -ings by a lighf dash ; thus, ^ twrraings, ^ adjourning, ^^ morning, <^~^ mornings, ^r* engraving, ^j-? 1 engravings, <^>. cleans- ing, J' dancing, "~^ airing, trf hatching, J- hoeing. 182. The suffixes -ality, -ility, -arity, etc., are expressed by disjoining the preceding stroke ; thus, V. ^ formality, cr ^l^ carnality, / geniality, >*__, venality; [/< dura- Ulity, f-\ stability; NV/ \ barbarity, NY* popularity, /** regularity ; */^ majority, ^LP minorities. 183. The sign v^ is employed as a contraction for -ment, when following ^ " , ^_P ns, or a hook, when it will join easily ; thus, ~^^^ imprisonment, /^' resentment, ^a-, commencement, \>* pavement, /^^ refinement, fcp achievements. 184-188 Suffixes. 87 184. The suffix -mental or -mentality is expressed by *o mnt ; thus, "^ fundamental, '^/_ > regimental ; j^, tra- 8rwmental or in^rwuientality, f^ aVisZrwmentalities. 185. Generally -ly is expressed by /" ; thus, v^x- poorly, 4\J^~ heavily, c ^ coarsely, v~f nicely, himself, (^ themselves. 187. To express -ship ^) is used, as in ^ , stewardship. Sometimes the character may be joined ; thus, ^ friendship. 188. A disjoined Vo is used to express -fulness; thus, ^^ resffulness, <= Vo carefulness. A disjoined /^ is used for -lessness; thus, /^K Zwflessness, /(7^ Zatolessness. Exercise 61. 88 Suffixes Exercise 61 (continued). . . 7 . "V, k, . \ Exercise 62. 1. Weeping, webbing, eating, reading, etching, edging. 2. Hacking, juggling, thawing, terrifying, vying, thieving. 3. Erring, missing, noosing, letting, following, failing. 4. Branding, tending, accounting, puffing, driving. 5. Borings, ' borrowings, diggings, longings, livings. 6. Finality, brutality, nobility, singularity, minority. 7. Announcement, alignment, rudimental, sternly, vainly. 8. Oneself, ourselves. Write the full consonant forms in : herself, yourself, yourselves. 9. Hardship, leadership, playfulness, hopelessness. Suffixes. 89 Exercise 63. i. A swaggering manner, coarse jocularity, and forced conviviality are not compatible with real affability and geni- aJiuy of disposition. 2. Neither can admiration le felt for him who impudently or insolently forces himself and his views on our notice. 3. " Know thyself, " was the advice of a wise man, but how few of us are discerning enough to see ourselves as others see us ? 4. Did we but possess this valu- able learning, we could censure the shortcomings of others without any show of resentment. 5. But such censorship would not ~be agreeable to all, and few would care to fearlessly exercise it. 6. " Self-deceit is the easiest of any, " runs the proverb, and it is an indication of extreme youthfulness to boast effusively of one's championship in scholarship or in workmanship over others. 7. The uselessness of such boast- ing may appear apparent when tested. 8. Thus the heed- lessness shown in indulging in it is exposed. REVIEW. 1. "What are the signs for the suffixes -ing, -ings? 2. When is the stroke and when the dot employed ? 8. How are the suffixes -aUty, -ility, -arity, etc., expressed ? 4. What sign is employed for -ment, and how are -mental and -mentality indicated ? 5. What are the suffixes for -ly, -self, -selves, and -ship f 6. How are -fulness and -lessness expressed ? 90 Grammalogues. 189-192 CHAPTER XXI. GRAMMALOGUES. 189. The list of grammalogues in pages 92-95 contains a number of logograms additional to those already given in connection with the exercises. By means of the first table in pages 92 and 93, in which the signs are grouped pho- netically, and the directions furnished below, they may be readily committed to memory. Alphabetic characters are ased to represent all the grammalogues except and, he, and therefore, for which convenient signs are allocated. 190. The POSITIONS of the logograms, ABOVE, ON, and THROUGH the line, are in general determined by the vowels contained in the words ; and if a word has more than one lyllable, by its accented vowel. For perpendicular and eloping strokes, standing alone, the positions are : \. ah, aw, a, o, I, oi, wl ABOVE the line ; thus, at. 2>. eh, oh, $, u, ON the line ; thus, .^_ up, .c-^.. whether. 3. ee, oo, \, 06, ow, u, THROUGH the line ; thus, .... 7 each. 191. Vowel logograms, and horizontal and half-sized con- sonants, have but' TWO positions : 1. ah, aw, a, 6, I, oi, ay, wl, ABOVE the line ; as, ]__ ah. 2. eh, oh, e, u, ee, oo, I, oo, u, ow, ON the line ; as, __N._ toe. These rules do not apply to the irregular grammalogues set out in the table on the opposite page. 192. It will be noticed that in the tables of grammalogues some words are indicated with a hyphen, as, (give-ri) ; or, with a double termination, (as, important). The correspond- 193-195 Grammalogues. 91 upon usual ing logograms represent both give and given, important and importance. 193. In order to mark the plural number, the possessive case of a noun, or the third person singular of a verb, s may be added to a logogram ; thus, __ good, _o goods; God, .7?. God's ; come, o comes. 194. A. logogram may be used either as a prefix or suffix; thus, ^-jj afternoon, H' undertake, ;\ hereafter, I indif- ferent. 195. Irregular grammalogues are of two descriptions, niimr-ly, 1. Those of frequent occurrence, written ox THE LINK for -onvenience. These are < from V^ have V. if I it /"" Lord Vo Phonography J shall ( think 2. Those which, in their proper position, would clash with (i.e., be mistaken for) some others. These are .-/ much 1 _ 4... this ..?\- number-ed S ...p... those 1 O! oh! owe .^Si- over 1 ... particular 1 I advantage x- are \ be s been } dear f deliver 1 do ^_ for ) was c^ we / which C will ~A your any 1 .IT- ago, go 1 ^. me 1 ^ more 1 ..(... though 1 ...1.. truth _1_ with 1 92 GRAMMALOGTJES PHONETICALLY ARRANGED. Grammalogues marked " i " (first position) are written above the line. Those marked "3" (third position) are written through the line. Those not marked (second position are written on the line. CONSONANTS. P \ happy 1 ; up ; Dut 3 ks kl D because 1 call 1; equal -ly pn upon 1 e - called, 1 kr c care pr ^ principljly 3 krt ^ according 1 prt ^ particular 1 ; oppor- tunity G __ go, ago 1 ; give-n B \ by, buy 1 ; be ; to be 3 gd - God 1 ; good bv \ above grt e- great bn \ been r v^ if br <\ remember- ed.mem- ft V. after 1 T | [ber; number-ed 3 at 1 ; it ; out 3 fir ^. for tit P told fr *>y from tr 1 truth ; true 3 fn V* Phonography trt 1 toward V v*. have D 1 had i ; do ; different-ce 3 vr V. over 1 ; ever-y dl r deliver-ed-y vr TR 7 very; however 3 thauk-ed 1 ; think df dn i j advantage ; difficult 3 done ; down 3 thr 5 through, threw 3 dr i Drl; dear; during 3 TH tht ( ( though 1 ; them that 1 ; without OH much i ; which ; each 3 / ths c those 1; this; J / large 1 thr other j general *i* ,N jnt gentleman 1; gen- thr ' their, there [tlemen thr therefore 3 E can 1 ; come (double length) kt -. quite 1 ; could S ) so, us ; see, use (noun) 3 knt - cannot 1 ; account 8 o as, has 1 ; is, Lis 93 GRAMMALOGUES PHONETICALLY ARRANGED. st first VOWELS. sprt myself 1 ; himself f awe mp S-*i important 1 ; im- [prove-d-ment u i but mr nor 1 ; near s who NO ^ language 1 ; thing DIPHTHONGS. L r Lord we c when R S or 1 ; your ; year 3 wl < with r ^ are ; hour, our 3 w6 > what rd \ word woo > would W <^ we yo s\ beyond WD <^> one yoo n you wl c will l V I, eye Wh <^ whether ai ay, aye (broad at, yes) whl c while 1 ow A how Yt himself I advantage i ..-i- difficult -^ hour V. after . \ do A how ~~ ago i Doctor _^_ however ah! j done V I, eye __ v if Z aU and (up) i down during v^ important improve-d-ment j 4. _^ ._ any -/ each x_^ in ^, are eh? . o as, has - equal-ly is, his 1 \*_ ever-y f at first know 1, awe ^_ for language ay, aye (yes) ^ from JL large \ be J general r Lord y because been J gentleman gentlemen may i beyond but give-n N me, my member \. by, buy go * might _ c call God ~e~\~ -~ more called good can c- great Mr, mere ~* cannot JL bad much =~ care ** hand . myself come 3L" happy ^ nature GRAMMALOGUES ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 95 z_^ near .L. short N upon v_x no ' should (up) ) us C nor ) so ...).. use (verb) ' not one 3 what ..J therefore v_3 opinion / when N opportunity -4- these ^ whether "^ >^ s thing or which ( think other (L. while this -y f our s who .... L out 4 those \ whose V-._. over ( though L JL particular * through, threw why v^ Phonography \ to f will J pleasure -V to be c with -V principally X p told ( without _^ put toward ^ word quite remark-ed .4.. true i would r> N remember-ed 1 truth ..-^. year ..)... see \ two, too * yet { I, I o f x >, x..).-, _ x..)... I, (T 4. I N ^ N- 9, ^ ^ , \ \, V- "" -v 4.^ C I .4... N - ^ ^ ^ . ^ ^ Va ; n C i / x 10. c i I 4 i ^ > V. O C 1 * I I . \ w r-v J?., Vs o j * 11. I i <^ ..(- ^. C ._(.. i r^ ^? . 12. o* ' Exercise 65. Introducing the Grammaloguez in the preceding Table. 1. My dear C., One without principle we cannot ever call a gentleman. 2. If he has no pleasure in the good nor in the true, we do not think of his nature as great. 3. We can, however, remark that Lord W., General L., and Mr. N., are numbered as gentlemen. 4. Though there has been no particular opportunity, these have each and all had an eye to and improved on any important advantage, and been the first to give a good account of it. 5. We thank them, and remember those things, therefore, because we know them to-be not a delivery of mere words. 6. Oh 1 that all would do this, whether in their opinion or not there was squal advantage or no. T. Ah 1 how different might things 1 98 Exercise 65 (continued}. be ; what differences could be quite put out by a more happy spirit, and through the use of words or language which should give no care. 8. Why, if we have the will to deliver it, in the awe of God, this may yet be so ! 9. Aye, of a truth, he himself is of this opinion ; for myself, I shall use this very language with your doctor. 10. As usual, I shall put down every word delivered in Phonography, which is of great use in my hand. 11. It is quite usual, too, for me to see not several but a very large number of those who use it, and whose principal pleasure is to do all toward the improvement of others in it when hear them, according to their opportunity. 12. It should be remem- bered that much was done during the first year, ay and beyond, for it is over two years ago that he told you to couie or go to them when you had any difficult tiling. lo. Under, them our members, in a short while, I think, after the above, will equally imp.'CTe much. 14. I know all will go up with us to thank him, at or from whose hands hhs principally' been given so much, and therefore it is of importance that he should be called upon and thanked. REVIEW. 1. How are the positions of grammalogues generally deter- mined ? 2. When perpendicular and sloping strokes, standing alone, are used as grammalogues, how are their positions determined ? 3. How many, and what positions have vowel logograms and horizontal consonants ? 4. Why are the Irregular Grammalogues of the 1st Class not written in position according to their vowels ? 5. Why are the Irregular Grammalogues of the 3d Class not placed in their proper position ? 6. Give some examples in which s may be added to a logo- gram to express the plural, the third person of a verb, or the possessive case. 7. Give examples of logograms used as prefixes and suffixes. 196-197 Contractions. CHAPTER CONTRACTIONS. 196. In order to give more facile outlines, certain medial consonants are omitted, as indicated below. In some words of this class, letters which find a place in the ordinary spelling are silent, and are not, therefore, represented phonographically. P is omitted between m and t ; thus, NjL. pumped, \_l plumped, \A bumped, [^ tramped, L damped, ' c ^~ stamped, Ck thumped, ' ^ camped. P between m and sh; thus, cs Vb presumption, /!, re- demption, Ji, assumption. T between s and another consonant ; thus, ^ post, ^p postage, %> postage stamps, N >P. post office, \, post- ^L^ pone, X/ postponement, 'f* most, 1* mostly, ^ honest, ^f honestly, jj test, ^<^. testimony, errj^ testimonial, J^ testament. JT or G between ng and t or sh ; thus, (Hi distinct, \~> distinctlm, c-*) distinguish, ^ anxious, *O sanction, "\ sanctity. 197. TICK 7%<5. A slanting tick, joined to the preceding character, and usually written downward, is employed to represent the; thus, ^ for the, ' in the, p is the, ST-, make the, | both the. When it is more convenient, the tick is written upward ; thus, "^ from the, \/ above th^ \v before the, said the, * on the. In order to keep on the distinct from v /, the first stroke must be written, sloping. The tick the must never be used initially. 100 Contractions. 198 198. PHRASE Of the. The phrase of the may be expressed by writing the two words which it connects CLOSE TO EACH OTHER, and in this way indicating that one is "of the" other ; thus, ^vN plan of the work, cn^_p some of the in' dications, ^^y result of the measur?, ^T\jp^ a statement of the actual condition of the country. The method of inti- mating of the cannot be mistaken in practice for this mode of expressing con- or com-. When of the is followed by con-, write the dot for con- ; thus, ^ nfc close of the contest. These methods must not be employed after a dot or dash vowel sign, as j- ^, a condensed account, ^- <^> two of the principal men, would not be distinct. Exercise 66. v % ^, ' ^ ~ ? x /t~ \ \ ^; ) l| ( v N s > N^. 4. > \* *-s Nj P ) 4.. v Contractions. 101 Exercise 67* 1. Clumped, jumped, dumped, stumped, lumped. 2. Consumption, exemption, coemption, pre-emption. 3. Lastly, wistful, -waistcoat, postman, restless, tasteful. 4. Tincture, instinct, defunct, punctual, adjunct. 5. When-the rights of men are considered, we are prompted to ask, What is-the nature (of the) rule that men live under ? 6. For-the adjustment of affairs, laws of some kind exist, even among-the most savage nations (of the) world. 7. From-the operation of these the inhabitants cannot claim to be exempt. 8. But-the rights (of the) man are judged by-the privilege (of the) average man to share in-the making (of the) laws. 9. Some favored countries enjoy a suffrage (of the) broadest kind, and all have a voice iu-the election (of the) head (of the) state, and in-the fram- ing (of the) constitution. 10. In other countries, such as- the Celestial Empire, the people have no voice in-the management (of the) state. 11. Under a despot there is a temptation to sweep away the power (of the) state if things go ill. 12. But under elective conditions all that happens is that-the ministry (of the) day is deprived of its functions. \ REVIEW. 1. When may p, t, &, g, be omitted ? 2. Write in the, for the, on the, with, the, to the, at the, and the, from the, or the, but the, is the, as the. 3. How is the connective phrase of the indicated ? 102 Contractions. 199-200 CHAPTER XXIII. CONTRACTIONS (CONTINUED). 199. Certain words of frequent occurrence are contracted by the omission of a portion of the outline : (a) By employing the first two or three strokes of the outline only ; thus, \ expect, expected. (6) In most words ending in -action, -ection, etc., Tc may be omitted ; thus, \ objection. (e) In a few instances the medial consonant or syllable is omitted ; thus, 10 passenger. (d) The hook n may be attached to words, where prac- ticable, as a contraction for the following word than; thus, V| fetter than. 200. In the following list, contractions of a similar character and related words are grouped together ; they can thus be conveniently learned in sections. CONTRACTIONS ARRANGED FOR LEARNING. Words marked (*) are written above the line. Altogether * together > subject 7 expect-ed \ rather or writer s' Catholic ~~( anything * *"" unexpected-ly ^~ character * ^ nothing v_^/ something a~^ everything ^^ arcbitect-ure-al 1 neglect- ed * ^" respect-ed s\ destruction J instruction \j objection ^ better than \j c Q_ characteristic * danger-ous 9 s messenger / stranger \ manuscript^^- p -> prospect N? object } more than * c rather than s^ transcript j v transfer 1 Contractions. transgress 3- regular / improbable-bly- transgression 3-^ kingdom * ility ''~> v difficulty ..[ knowledge ^7 public-sh-ed \. \ doctrine n acknowledge-d publication \^ u domestic U^_ ^7 *~i republic // - < V enlarge-d ^ V magazine ^ republican // >< especial-ly <^ essential-ly \^ mistake-n * natural-ly >- ^ ^t remarkable-y immediate-ly ** next *~~& reverend s\^ ^W~ notwithstanding ^r satisfaction f impossible * parliament-ary Nf $? satisfactory ^ inconsistent ^P peculiar-ity \ unsatisfactory <^ inconsistency "T perf orm-ed \/V. subscribe % ) influence * ^"^ performance N/ Vo subscription %-^> influenced* performer N/v uninteresting v f understand ^ practicable > r^ impracticable * whatever \_ whenever -t- understood f *~\ yesterday <^\ irregular "\_ probable-bly-ility ^v Transaction should be written at length, traded form might clash with transgression. because the co* 104 Contractions. CONTRACTIONS. ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. Words marked (*) are written above the line. Acknowledge-d impossible * ^~*> nevertheless Ac altogether * ^ impracticable * next ^f> nothing ^ anything * improbable-bly- notwithstanding ^y* srchitect-ure-al 1 . i . ^ *-\ 1 ility \^ Object S Better than \ inconsistent "~iP objection ^ Catholic ~{ inconsistency "^T Parliament-arj Nf character* / influence * peculiar-ity \ cflciriict eristic _ i influenced * "~^" perform-ed XA> Danger b influential * ~~~ irregular "^ practice-d-cal-ly \^ doctrine \ domestic U^ Enlarge-d^-p especial-ly <^ Kingdom * knowledge / Magazine *~* manuscript ^^-2 \ practicable ^ c probable-bly or probability \^ prospect *Nj essential-ly ) establish-ed-ment i everything ^_^ messenger / mistake-n* ^_^ public-sh-ed \. publication N. Rather or expect-ed \ more than * "" writer ^ Govern-ed-ment V Natural-ly .., rather than s^* Immediate ^^. neglect-ed* ^ reform-ed /V. ^mediately -^ never V> reformation * ^~-~^ Contractions. 1 reformer /^c-^ something subject 7 unanimous f^ represent-ed X\ / subscribe \ understand ^ representation / O subscription v understood Y representative /> yv surprise * %> uneipected-ly N uniform-ity ' * ' T^ ~^7 . "I U" 9. V. . , t . J; ' u ..S- 7 L N ^ 5 v> -U- N ?. V-, v T Contractions. Exercise 68 (continued) J * 11. c 107 V ^-d ; ,, \ 12. \ /\ x /As. V.', / \. \ ' V ^> i j \ is. 14. 15. i 4, 16. / v I > (r 1 01,0 108 Contractions. Exercise 68 (continued}. 3- . C ^ S Exercise 69. The J 'allowing Exercise contains all the Contractions. 1. "Knowledge is power" is not a proverb -we are in danger of forgetting, especially when it is represented how remarkably wide is its application to everything we do. 2. Knowledge which is essential to our highest welfare should never be neglected; nevertheless it is essentially true that-the instruction of reverend teachers, and-the doctrine they publish, do not with uniformity influence irregular lives so greatly as those interested could wish. 8. Reform in this respect, and- the reformation (of the) evil, is-the natural, we may say the characteristic and especial desire of every sincere reformer, 4. We need not think it impossible in the domestic sphere, however uninfluential, to exercise a peculiar influence for good. 5. This may be found to have influenced the character of some mistaken one, and led him to see the mistake (of the) life he was leading, and to decide to do nothing for-the future to which objection could be taken that it was incon- sistent with what is expected : such conduct would not be unexpected^ nor show inconsistency. 6. We acknowledge the truth (of the) proverb in respect to-the Government, and Contractions. 109 Exercise 69 (continued). whether-the established constitution is that of a republic, with a president at-the head and republican institutions, or a kingdom with parliamentary rule, the importance of political knowledge to-the elector is readily understood, and all parties are unanimous in their efforts (if not entirely disinterested) to establish it. 7. The leaders (of the) party forming the Government are naturally desirous that information (of the* actions they perform, which may contribute to its firmei establishment, should be published, but-the publication of par- ticulars of their policy in-the official organs may be thought uninteresting, though not improbable. 8. It may have, indeed, a different reception from that anticipated, or rather, than seemed probable. 9. Though this may, not im- probably, give the reverse of satisfaction, and be considered unsatisfactory by Parliament, still one object of representative institutions is that those elected to rule should give to those they represent the most, authentic information on public events, and this is not impracticable. 10. If not done im- mediately, there must be good reasons for neglecting the immediate and regular publication of interesting news. 1 1 . Any inconsistency, or any difficulty whatever in this respect, will probably result in dangerous disputes, or-the destruction alto- gether (of the) Government. 12. The break up might not be immediate, but it is not an improbability that loss of confi- dence in their representation might lead supporters to trans- fer their allegiance unexpectedly at-the next opportunity to representatives promising more satisfactory things. 13. It is a peculiarity of popular representation, as we understand it, for which we may be thankful, that-the desire (of the) country, when expressed with temperance and unanimity, must be respected. 14. Government in accordance with public feeling is better than the attempt to govern in other ways. 15. Notwithstanding that this is more than ever under- J10 Contractions. Exercise 69 (continued). stood, yet it is remarkable that some influential rulers, rather than make concessions, have faced the prospect of loss of power. 16. Those \v-ho thus transgress feel the results of their transgression; they have performed badly ; they have had knowledge with power, but, it must be acknowledged, have not allowed it to practically enlarge, nor has it enlarged their minds, and-the immediate result has been anything but pleasant, though something at which even a stranger might not feel surprise. 17. " Knowledge is power " is a practical truth which an architect or the performer of any act of skill recognizes in his performance, and-the phonographer or short- hand writer acknowledges in his phonographic pursuits. 18. The latter knows, too, the importance of proper instruction and practice. 19. He knows that-the uniform accuracy of his transcript depends on his own ability. 20. If the manu- script is a magazine article dealing "with disinterestedness upon such a subject as-the Catholic faith, or with religious architecture, he may need works of reference in any diffi- culty. 21. If he were to subscribe and a small subscription would suffice a messenger would bring them, whenever he desired them, together with architectural drawings ; yester- day, I am told, he was expected to do so. 22. This is a more practicable way than he would, in all probability, have adopted. REVIEW. 1. What general principle of contraction may be employed in words of frequent occurrence ? 2. In words ending in 'action what consonant may be omitted ? 3. Give an illustration of the omission of the medial con- sonant. 4. What does the hook n represent as a contraction t 201-205 Phraseography. Ill CHAPTER XXIV. PHRASEOGRAPHY. 201. The phonographic characters for a common phrase, consisting of several words naturally related to each other, are joined together and written without lifting the pen ; for example, ^, \ may le is written thus, -->w and V. \ I have leen, thus, ^V. These groups of joined characters are known as phraseograms, and the employment of this method of writing is styled phraseography. Phraseo- grams should not be made of words that can only be joined with difficulty, nor should they be too lorg, or carry the pen too far from the line. 202. In phraseography / is frequently abbreviated by writing the first stroke only, for example, <- ^_ represents lam, and .. v ~~. lean. 203. Generally, the first logogram in a phrase must oc- cupy its proper position; thus,^IS can tie, you can ; but a logogram written in the first position may be raised or lowered to accommodate it to the following character, thus ^\__ I "had, _J^_ I see. . 204. A logogram or phraseogram may be written over or close to a word to express con- or com-; thus, ,^v you will comply, ^^p / am content, \* and contrive, v ^' has com- menced, J and is content. 205. There or their may be added to a curved full-length n C ~>v logogram by doubling it ; thus,\^ for there, \ from their, ^ ' in their, ^_ if there. PHRASEOGRAMS. V j y I did not *) I was T I do v I have J I shall vj f I do not i I had not X I think ^ I shall b 112 Phraseography. H^_ I am :_. o/ JL that you I will .."H?- of course .T.. that you are ^~t of course it is / which n you can ^ to A- ^ which you may n-o you cannot v> to you //^" which you will ^-^ to him 4 which cannot you must ^ ^ to me tczVA 'v-tr' you must not > to them *] with it S~ you will and / with which r/"\ you will be V. and have ( with them S] you will do \ and it is c ivhen ~^ you are .... and the - i w lj eri be was i he x should V-- when it I V, il,' 1 v should be j 7 / ne tiiiiiKs 3 would 4... should do -, i j *j. k he was r would it t--^ he may x*~ i -ii as, has D j -^--- would be r he will !> he would b as it is k as it should fee ^ could not o^" we J2 as well as ^ -j C do not (. had not c^' we are has not J did not /^_ we have o is ^, for you // ^~ we have not --P-- is it \for this t'^Q^s we have seen I it ox is not / who Vf or this reason [ it is L who have ^~/ in which L it is not i who would (&/ in this way I 4^ who would not, ..y^>. our own p it is said *\ it should be l "ir'who would be JL that ) so that V they will !i it would be _L that is (Q this is Phraseography. Exercise 70. \ \~ ' -, *~*\ r V^, U-s X * I I x> x \n 113 Y i 114 Phraseography. Exercise 70 (continued). 9- vv^ c ' ^ l v ^j T ' D- v . ^ , z, . \ ; v, - /\ ' -i v k o vl- r Exercise 71. 1. You-will-be interested when I-tell-you we-have-seeu Borne (of the) finest sights here, though you-rnust-not sup- pose we-have-seen them all. 2. It-is-said, aud-we-think it-is-not improbable, that-they-will arrange excursions, so- that we-can climb at our-own convenience several (of the) mountain peaks. 3. This-is, of-course, very satisfactory, and-we hope to see them in-their beauty. 4. You-will-do well to-come, if-you-can ; it-is an opportunity for climbing which-you-will hardly have again. 5. "We-can arrange for- you, while you-are here, to-stay in our hotel ; we-have abundant room. 6. In-this-way no-time will-be lost ID going to-you, and-we-will see that-you-are pleasantly lodged. 7. If-you have a friend who-would-be willing to-come with yon, and who-would-not object to climbing, you-cannot-do better-than bring him ; it-would-be a great delight to us to-have his company ; we-are pleased to see your friends. 8. I-have-seen-the guide, and-have sought his opinion about-the excursions. 9. He-thSnks-the time chosen is most suitable, and for-this-reason alone, that-the atmosphere is very clear ; he says that-the trip is one which-cannot fail to-be pleasant. 10. Of- course-it-is a great satisfaction to hear this, as-it-is-the fact, I-think, indeed, it-must-be Phraseography. 115 Exercise 71 (continued). admitted, that fogs and clouds do-not add to-the pleasures of-such a trip, and-the risk, as-well-as-the toil, is greater. 11. Is-it not-so ; and has-not-the guide spoken correctly ? 12. He-is one \vho-would-not consciously mislead, and would-be-the last to-do-so ; we-have-not-the slightest doubt he-would. 13. I-shall-be greatly surprised, and I-think many of us would-be so too, if guides, for-their-own ends, or in-their-own interest, gave bad advice. 14. This-is as- it-should-be ; they-have a reputation they-must maintain, aud-I-think I-shall-be justified iu-the confidence I-have in whnt-is told-me. 15. You-may think otherwise, but you- cannot deny you-must admit that-he-was right in-the readiness with-which he-has acted when any of-those in-his party have-been in danger ; to-him they owe their safety. 16. I-did-not-think I should-be called on to defend him, though I-shall always do this, for I- feel it-is a duty I should- do, when-it-seems needful. 17. I-do hope that-you-will see that, as-it-is my duty, the task is one which-you-may assist, and with-which, or in-which, you-can feel sympathy. 18. I-shall, and I-am-certaiu he-will-be, gratified if it- should-be so ; I-did-not suppose it-would-be. 19. To-them and to all who-have to-do with-it, as-well-as to-him, would- it prove a great delight when-it happened, and-it-is-certain to-do-so very soon. REVIEW. 1. What is Phraseography ? 2. State the characteristics of a good phraseogram, and give a few illustrations. 8. How is J, in some cases, employed in a phraseogram ? 4. When logograms are united, which determines the posi- tion of the outline ? 5. How may a logogram be written in relation to another word so as to indicate con or com f 6. In what way can there or their be added to a curved logogram ? 116 Punctuation, etc. 306-212 CHAPTER XXV. PUNCTUATION, ETC. 206. STOPS are written as usual, except the PERIOD, for which, as already explained, a small cross is used ; thus, x The HYPHEN is written thus, if ***<. well-spoken; the DASH thus, i, The PARENTHESIS stroke should be made a little larger than a doable-length upright consonant. In shorthand correspondence the sign p may be used to indi- cate that the preceding sentence is to be taken humorously; and the NOTE OF INTERROGATION is better represented thus \ and the NOTE OF EXCLAMATION thus \ 207. ACCENT may be shown by writing a small cross close to the vowel of the accented syllable ; thus, *^ ar'rows, r ^ arose ', /^1t renew'. 208. EMPHASIS is marked by drawing one or more lines underneath ; a single line under a single word must be made wave-like, , to distinguisli it from Ic. 209. To MARK AN INITIAL CAPITAL draw two short lines under the word ; thus, . [- The Times, J>\ Abel. 210. FIGURES are written as usual. When one and six are written by themselves, form them thus, ,&, that they may not be mistaken for shorthand characters. 211. NOMINAL CONSONANT. Initial letters should in all cases be written in longhand; as ^'<^ >,) by j^~ II; thus, Iff Llan. French nasal ^^ ; French and German vowels <^ jeune, ~ = "|- Goethe, li d& Exercise 72. TJ'Hfe the following sentences in shorthand and punctuate, Introducing all the above eic/m. Express emphasis with regard to words in italic, and indicate accent in the word printed in SMALL CAPITALS. The characters employed in longhand writing are too lengthy and complicated to admit of their being written witli neatness and expedition and most of us have felt the need for some means of bringing the operations of the mind and hand into closer correspondence As the English Review once truly observed "Who that is much in the habit of writing lias not often wished for some means of expressing by two or three dashes of the pen that which as things are it requires such an outlay of time and labor to commit to paper" It is indeed most strange that we who excel our progenitors so far in science literature and commerce should continue to use the mode of writing which they have handed down to us with but very slight changes in the forms of the letters though by its complexity it makes handwriting so tedious What can be spoken in one hour can only be written in six but the expert shorthand writer is able by the use of the winged forms of Phonography to keep pace with the tongue In letter writing there is a very great saving of. time when communications can be written in Phonography instead. of in longhand and in various forms of composition from lengthy articles to PRECIS writing the system saves time and effort May it prove its excellence to the reader 118 Punctuation, etc. Exercise 73. The preceding exercise accurately punctuated. The student should com pare his work with the following, and correct any errors. ^ r\ c ' -^ ^- < v_P \ i i 3-2* 4 Method of Practice. 319 CHAPTER XXVI. METHOD OF PRACTICE. 213. The student, having made himself familiar with the principles of the system as presented in the preceding pages, should take every opportunity to practise writing. As much time, however, should be spent in reading as in writing Phonography. Printed Phonography is better for this purpose than manuscript. One or two shorthand volumes should be read before a rapid style of writing is cultivated, so that it may be formed on a correct model. The following is a good method of practice : Take a speci- men of printed shorthand, and read it over two or three times. Then write it in shorthand from the shorthand copy, pronouncing every word aloud while writing it. Next take the key in the common print, and write the passage in shorthand without looking at the printed shorthand. Then compare the written and printed shorthand, and eorrect any errors. Write the correct outline for every word wrongly written at first several times on a separate sheet, or in a note-book, filling a line with each word, and pronouncing it aloud while writing it. This practice should be con- tinued until a correct style is obtained. 214. Various books and periodicals are published con- taining shorthand reading matter printed in the Corres- ponding Style of Pitman's Saorthand, as developed in the preceding pages of this book. This style of writing is chiefly employed in correspondence between phonographers, in making extracts from books, and for other purposes for which longhand is generally used. The Corresponding 120 Method of Practice. Style can be written two or three times as fast as longhand. It is to the practised reader more legible than quickly written longhand. The following is a list of periodicals and books suitable for the purpose mentioned above : PITMAN'S JOURNAL. An American magazine for Isaac Pitman writers. Published monthly, except July and August. Yearly subscription, 50 cents, postpaid. Sample copy free. Contains twenty-four or more pages (size, 7- x 9| in.), including eight columns of beautifully engraved phonography, furnishing invalu- able means for study and practice. PITMAN'S SHORTHAND WEEKLY. Subscription $1.75 per year ; 50c. for three months, postpaid. Sample free. Each number contains twelve pages of shorthand, with illustrations. Stories appear in every issue, for which editions in ordinary print are readily obtainable for use as a key. THE PHONOGRAPHIC READER, price 20c., contains a course of shorthand reading exercises, with the key in ordinary print on the opposite page. TALES AND SKETCHES, by Washington Irving, price 40c., cloth binding, 50c., with key in ordinary print at the foot of each page. SELECT READINGS, No. 1, price 20c., containing selections from Sawthorne, Dickens, Goldsmith, Hugo, Addison, etc. SELF-CULTURE, by John Stuart Blackie, price 40c., cloth, 50c. Edition in ordinary print, which may be used as a key, price 60c. ROBINSON CRUSOE, by Daniel Defoe, price 60c., cloth, 75c. THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD, by Oliver Goldsmith, price 50c., cloth, 60c. GULLIVER'S VOYAGE TO LILLIPUT, by Jonathan Swift, price 40c., cloth 59c. THE BATTLE OF LIFE, by Charles Dickens, price 40c., cloth, 50c. Any of the editions of these works in ordinary print may be used as keys. THE BOOK OF PSALMS, price 40c., cloth, 50c. The text followed is that of the "Authorized Version." /n addition to the method of exercise suggested in par. 213, considerable advantage will be derived by the student from reading practice in shorthand, by means of the above Ivorks. If possible, the student should provide a- friend %ith a longhand edition of any work selected, and get him 2 1 5-2 1 6 Method uf Practice. 121 to check his own reading from the shorthand volume. Tims, a considerable insight will be obtained into the formation of phonographic outlines and phrases, and he will also receive valuable training in the reading of short- hand notes. When copying printed matter into Phono- graphy, the student is recommended to refer to "The Shorthand Dictionary" (price, $1.50) in the case of doubtful outlines. The Dictionary, however, should not be used to save the learner the trouble of thinking how the word should be written. 215. It must be remembered that the saving of time and great ease in writing are not secured by using hooked, grouped, or half-sized letters on all possible occasions. A long and flowing outline is better than one that is short but cramped, with joinings that check the pen. For instance, the outline '"]' minute (sixty seconds) is briefer to the eye than ' ] minute, but is not so quickly written : and the two strokes in f mental take more time than the three strokes in ^^f mental. The rule for choosing out- lines should be SHARP ANGLES, FORWARD; and, if possible, avoid cross curves and obtuse angles. 216. As in rapid writing from dictation it is impossible to insert many vowels, and as the ability to follow a public speaker is the goal to which every photographer should aspire, the student, as soon as he can write with accuracy, should accustom himself to write only the outlines or con- sonants of words, and go over his work a second time to insert vowels. This will train his hand to reporting, and accustom him to read unvocalized Phonography. When he can write with accuracy and fluency, and should it be his desire to enter the ranks of Court or Legislative report- ing, he may proceed to the study of the Reporting Style of Isaac Pitman's Shorthand. Shorthana. SHORTHAND. Exercise 74. 2. v 4. , u. J_, ^. n : J x 3. I, v * ', . ^ ) , V. , *> \ V 11. i r-f Shorthand. \ - ^ ) ; 1 4. 26 . C ' V, - 9. 4- * i3 - X 1 10. 9 x 16, Shorthand. V ^ X, .\ k C A ' 17. . ^ ^ X- ^ / 1 N V ' v t N 1 c . . x 22- ' 1588 Shorthand. 125 23. x. . ( 24. ^_ ] ' - u v . N x-^ ^ V V ; L -r ^ 26. N.. j . % L 28. L I , N, ( ' ;' - v cTA ) \-tf r^ -, ) i a ' t ^ . , vvv ^ ^ NV U. N vL 126 _P * \ Shorthand. , 1. " < r < ^ <^ V. ) L* 'V 32. 33. m o \ A, 1783x 34. 1 - s ">~ f \ N, ) N-, . L, . 7 , .- 36. 35. 1 ' ' , X j , Shorthand. 37. > i. V 40. > v v, U V/ s ~--' i \ A . / Lp , <5-- -- , X/ YL <^ 128 Shorthand. XV., . () 46. x 47 -f ., i x - 1 -S. 49. ' : 48. L J x 50. o_p 1844 i ^ , \ . X, 217-219 Writing in Position. 129 CHAPTER XXVII. WRITING IX 'POSITION. 217. When -writing rapidly it is impossible to insert manj- vowels. This has been recognized throughout, and the rules of the system have been formulated, as far as possible, with a view to the indication of the vowels when they are omitted. Thus, for example, it is provided that where there is an initial vowel there must be an initial stroke consonant, as in the words ") ask, \^ espy, "Y~ assail, etc. And, in the same way, where there is a final vowel there must also be a final stroke consonant, as in the words ^] racy, ,-^.ix money, etc. In these and similar words the presence of an initial or final vowel is indicated by the outline of the word, without actually writing the vowel sign. Further instances of a like nature will readily occur to the student, in connection with the rules for the writing of upward and downward I and r. 218. In addition to the foregoing methods of vowel sig- nification, there is the writing of consonantal outlines in position, by which it is possible to indicate the vowel or the principal vowel in a word. As there are three positions in which to place the vowels when inserted, so there are three positions in which to place the consonantal outlines when the vowels are omitted. The positions are named reflec- tively first position, second position, and third position ; the first being abote the line, the second on the line, and the third through the line ; thus, 1, _[_ ; 2, ; 3, _i . 219. When the vowel or principal vowel in a word is a 9 130 Writing in Position. 220-224 first-place vowel, the outline for the word is written in the first position, above the line ; thus, _J gaudy, . L_ dock, _Ja_ daughter, / m carry, L_hr. laugh. 220. When the vowel or principal vowel in a word is a second-place vowel, the outline for the word is written in the second position, on the line ; thus, ^\ code } V^/ fairy, ...ti... debtor, (\^ loaf. 221. When the vowel or principal vowel in a word is a third-place vowel, the outline for the word is written in the third position, through the line ; thus, _7TL keyed., \^ fury, -Vjv- feeder, -^^- curious, (--^ leaf. 222. In words consisting of a horizontal letter preceded or followed by an upright or sloping letter, the latter deter- mines the position of the outline, the horizontal letter being raised or lowered as required ; thus, .j^ pack, \ peck, \..... .pick; ,H\ cap, TIN,, cape, ^\ keep. Derivative words should commence in the same position as the primary word ; thus, c care, ^\- careful, ^^ anyone, ^<^^_, any- where, ]!l^| anybody, no one, (_^^ nowhere, ^^ nobody. 223. There is no third position for words whose outlines consist of horizontal letters only, or of half-sized letters only, or of horizontal letters joined to half-sized letters. When the vowel or principal vowel in such words is a third-place vowel, the outline is written in the second position, on the line ; thus, ^d sank, <^ sunk, .. winter. 226. In words which commence with a first-place vowel, the insertion of the initial vowel will usually afford the greatest facility in reading. But the initial vowel need not be written in words like ^ arise, ..___{_ orderly, _. ask, where it is indicated by the first consonant. It should, however, be written in such words as 'N> apposite (to dis- tinguish the outline from opposite), \ address (to dis- tinguish it from \ dress), 1^ administration (to distinguish it from l-5s> demonstration). It is sometimes necessary also, for the sake of distinction, to insert a final vowel in words where the vowel cannot be indicated by the form of the last consonant ; as, (^\ lady, . ..^ns monarchy, ^^-^ enemy, _ extricate. The student will meet with other instances where there is a liability of clashing, unless a vowel is inserted. Experience only will guide him in this matter, but he should rather err on the side of free vocalization than run the risk of illegibility. 227. The rules as to position are not applicable to such words as have outlines of their own, which are readily recog- nized by their distinctive consonant skeleton form, because the inconvenience in writing words like dogmatic, Washing' ton, etc., in the first position, and discipline, Pittslurg, etc., in the third position, in accordance with their accented 132 Writing in Position. vowels, would not be compensated by greater ease in reading. Exercise 75. The words in italic are to be written in position, above, on, or through the line ; words not in italic are Grammalogues ( Cor- responding Style). This and the following Exercises should be practised until they can be written at 90 or 100 words per minute. The mark \ indicates a division of thirty words, and will be found helpful to the dictator when reading at a given rate per minute. If you wish to write at a high rate, you must read and master the rules so as to follow them fully, and be able to apply them on all | occasions. I feel that you cannot fail to fall into the true and proper way if you will only try. The race is to the sure and not to the | strong. Do not tarry by the way. Remember the fable of the feeble tortoise that out- stripped the hare. Master one tiling at a time, and you are sure to win. \ Set apart for study a small portion of each day. Have patience; " Pome was not built in a day." High hills grow less as we ascend them. That which is | lightly got is little valued. If you would get gold, you must dig deeply: it is not got on the surface. Neither can you enter on the possession of learning \ without some opposition. If you would obtain a high position, you must not be beaten by what is difficult. Let your letters be neat and light ; a large and heavy \ style wastes time. Still you must not write too small. The best plan is to copy the plain models in print. Take care that your outlines are w;eZ spaced. Crowded \ writ- ing is not easy to raZ. Ta&e possession of these /a'nfo with- out opposition. They are meant for you. It is my intention to make you a good writer. Keep your | outlines near the /i/ze. Do not lean too heavily on the Indiana, Ind. v^^ Iowa, Iowa Y/s Kansas, Kaus. v_> Kentucky, Ky. -^ Louisiana, La. i \_^ Maine. /TS Maryland, Md. s/ Massachusetts, Mass. Michigan, Mich. -2, Minnesota, Minn. I Mississippi, Miss. Missouri, Mo. Montana, Mont. Nebraska, Nebr. Nevada, Nev. V. NewHampshire,N.H. New Jersey, N. J. NewMexico.N.Mex.- New York, N. Y. North Carolina, N.C. North Dakota, N.Dak.^ l_ . Ohio, Ohio "7* Okla. /^L. Oregon, Oregon Pennsylvania, Pa. Rhode Island, R. I. South Carolina, S.C. South Dakota, S. Dak....(L L, hi Texas, Tex. |_Q Utah, Utah /I Vermont, Vt. c \o Virginia, Va. y Washington, Wash. West Virginia, W. Va.cX ^S Wisconsin, Wis. Wyoming, Wyo. 136 Names of Fifty Principal Cities. FIFTY PRINCIPAL CITIES ARRANGED ACCORDING TO POPULATION. CENSUS OF 1900. New York (N. Y.) Chicago (111.) J _ Philadelphia (Pa.) St. Louis (Mo.) f Boston (Mass.) Baltimore (Md.) Cleveland (Ohio) Buffalo (N. Y.) San Francisco (Cal.) ~_n Cincinnati (Ohio) Pittsburg (Pa.) \/~" New Orleans (La.) < Detroit (Mich.) ^ Milwaukee (Wis.) Washington (D. C.) Newark (N. J.) Jersey City (N. J.) Louisville (Ky.) Minneapolis (Minn.) Providence (R. I.) Indianapolis (Ind.) Kansas City (Mo.) | St. Paul (Minn.) Rochester (N. Y.) Denver (Colo.) Toledo (Ohio) Y\- Allegheny (Pa.) L- Columbus (Ohio) Worcester (Mass.) ^ Syracuse (N. Y.) New Haven (Conn.) Paterson (N. J.) Fall River (Mas.) St. Joseph (Mo.) Omaha (Neb.) ^ Los Angeles (Oal.) Memphis (Tenn.) Scranton ( Lowell (Mass.) Albany (N. Y.) Cambridge (Mass.) Portland (Ore.) Atlanta (Ga.) Grand Rapids (Mich.) Dayton (Ohio) Richmond (Va.) Nashville (Tenn.) Seattle (Wash.) Hartford (Conn.) \ Reading (Pa.) "^ Business Letters. BUSINESS LETTERS.* 1. MR. EDWARD ATKINSON, New York City. Dear Sir: Your favor of the 21st inst. received, and contents carefully noted. We thank you very much for your prompt reply to our communication and trust we may secure someone at an early day. Thanking you for your kindness, we are, Yours truly, (50) 2. MR. BEVERLY H. GILBERT, Chicago, 111. Dear Sir : We received the books forwarded yesterday, and enclose herewith remittance in payment. Thanking you for your very prompt attention to the order, and hoping that we may be able to do something for you in the future, we are, Very truly yours, (50) MESSRS. J. Goss & SONS, Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. Gentlemen : We beg to return you herewith your remit- tance received this morning, since you neglected to endorse the money order in our favor, and therefore we cannot re- ceipt your bill. Kindly give attention at your convenience and oblige, Yours very truly, (50) 4. MR. M. H. DAVIS, St. Louis, Mo. Dear Sir: Your courteous favor of the 23d inst. duly received, and we have to thank you for the enclosed cor- respondence with two prospective students. We are writ- ing them very fully to-day, and hope to enroll them later on. Yours very truly, (50) * For additional practice, "Easiness Correspondence In Shorthand, No. 2." te recommended. The work is Keyed in ordinary type, and the matter di tided into sections for speeding. 40 pp. Price, 25 cents. 138 Business Letters. 5. MESSRS. PLATT & JOYCE, Boston, Mass. Gentlemen : Wishing to subscribe for the weekly Pho- netic Journal, I would like to get your club rates for say, six or one dozen copies, for six months. Please state when the volume commences. This information at an early date will greatly oblige, Yours truly, (50) 6. MR. CHAS. E. SMITH, Baltimore, Md. Dear Sir : Referring to your inquiry regarding discount, we beg to say that while our list is absolutely net, we will allow you our export cash discount of 2 per cent., ten days. We would be pleased to receive your order, and remain, Yours truly, (50) 7. MB. L. R. ROBERTS, 100 Main St., Cleveland, Ohio. Dear Sir: By direction of 'the Librarian of Congress, I have the honor to enclose you copy of record for copyright No. 2,286, of 1901, under the seal of this office and with the revenue stamp properly affixed. Your remittance of fifty cents has been appropriated as fee for same. Respectfully, (60) 8. MR. C. K. COVERT, Buffalo, N. Y. Dear Sir : I enclose you herewith bill for subscription to Billing's Monthly Guide. May I ask you to kindly remit check, if convenient, for the amount, as this will obviate a call by our collectors, who are paid by salary, and not by commission on collections. This will be duly appreciated. Yours very truly, (60) 9. MR. HENRY A. SIMS, San Francisco, Cal. Dear Sir : Mr. William Wood has been employed in this office during the last three months as stenographer and type- writer, and he resigned his position voluntarily. His work as stenographer has been rapid and careful, and his work on the typewriter extremely neat. Trusting this information will be satisfactory, we are, Yours truly, (60) Business Letters. 139 10. MESSRS. BROWN & SAWYER, Cincinnati, Ohio. Gentlemen : Our canvasser made arrangements with you recently for the insertion of extra matter in connection with your name in our Lowe's (formerly Wilkinson's) Business Directory. At that time your address was given as stated above. If you intend moving, please return this, with your new address, on or before March 15th ; if you remaiu in same place no answer is required. Respectfully yours, (70) 11. MR. A. C. BRILL, Pittsburg, Pa. Dear Sir : We have your very kind favor of the 21st inst. asking for an experienced teacher of shorthand. We have four such teachers who are open for desirable positions Hopper, Lyons, Davis, and Lane. Do you wish to refer these names to Mr. Somers yourself, or do you wish us to ask them to make application ? Thanking you, we are, Very truly yours, (70) 12. MESSRS. EDWARD KENT & Co., New Orleans, La. Gentlemen : We take pleasure in announcing that we are now in our new place of business at 140 Fifth Avenue. The part of this new building we occupy, was built especially for a photo-engraving plant, from designs furnished by us. It is up-to-date in every detail. We trust that you will place your business with us. Yours very truly, (70) 13. MR. C. A. PERKINS, Detroit, Mich. Dear Sir: In reply to your postal of the 4th inst., the apartments may be seen every weekday from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M., or, if you cannot make it convenient to call in the after- noon, please hand the enclosed card to the gateman, and he will show them to you in the morning, and give you the desired information. Yours respectfully, (80) 140 business Letters. 14. MESSRS. ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, New York, N. Y. Gentlemen: Replying to your letter of the 12th inst., I wo" Id state that while the paper in "Fono" Series No. 5 note-book is of excellent quality, the books used in the Executive Mansion are furnished through the Government Printing Office, and are made especially to meet the require- ments of this office as to size, stiffness of covers, and other details. Thanking you for your courtesy, believe me, Very truly yours, (80) 15. MR. A. W. SPENCER, Milwaukee, Wis. Dear Sir: We can furnish letter-headings and letters with autograph signature, like this one, 5,000 at $3.40 ; 10,000 at $5.57. This ought to interest you. We were pioneers as producers of fac-simile letters, and now make them by four methods, giving, when desired, the press- copied effect. The prices vary with the method employed. This was produced by the cheapest method. Shall we call on you ? Yours very truly, (80) 16. MR. JAMES L. HOOPER, 50 New York Ave., Washington, D. C. Dear Sir: In compliance with your request of yesterday's date, we enclose herewith bill for subscription to The Black Cat. We have begun the same with our November, 1901, issue, as the former subscription expired with the October, 1901, number. One copy each of the November and December issues have been mailed to-day. We wish to thank you for continued interest in our paper, and remain, Very respectfully, (80) 17. MESSRS. T. H. HART & Co., Newark, N. J. Gentlemen: Replying to your favor of the 20th inst., I would say that another edition of my book has not been printed since our correspondence regarding advertising. Having contracted for the production of one of my operas during the coming season, I have been compelled to devote all of my time and attention to its completion, and there- fore have had no time that I could give to the pamphlet. Yours very truly, j(SOV Business Letters. 141 18. THE JAMES R. TOWEK Co., Jersey City, N. J. Gentlemen: Referring to our letter of the 26th inst., we would ask if you do not wish us to send you a Safety Fire Bucket Tank on approval, which you may return without expense if for any reason you do not adopt it. We make you the above proposition knowing the Safety Fire Bucket Tank is the very best fire protection obtainable, and we want to convince you. Yours truly, (80) 19. MR. J. H. WALKER, Louisville, Ky. Dear Sir : Replying to yours of the 7th, we beg to say that the export discount on our Advanced Album is ex- tremely small. These books are made abroad, and upon which we have to pay a duty, consequently we cannot dp any better for you than 15$. If these terms are satisfactory, we shall be pleased to send you the Album. Yours truly, (80) 20. MR. GEORGE H. REED, Minneapolis, Minn. Dear Sir : Replying to your esteemed favor of the 15th inst., we wish to call attention to the Morton Building, 110-116 James Street, where we are offering particularly desirable offices at moderate rents. Owing to the interior arrangement, we are prepared to offer unusually light offices of the desired size, singly or otherwise, which will be sub-divided to suit your special requirements. We have an office on the premises. Very truly yours, (80) 21. MESSRS. JOHN WII/LARD & Co., Providence, R. I. Gentlemen : After sending you the cut of Sir Isaac Pitman some time ago we had occasion to use it again in book form, as we were getting out a dictionary of distinguished educators. By mistake of the engraver the picture was made full size, instead of circular size as ordered. The en- graver billed it to us at $2.40. I thought possibly you might be able to use it. Yours very truly, (80) 142 Business Letters. 22. MESSRS. SCOTT & SCOTT, Indianapolis, Ind. Gentlemen : The copy of letter enclosed is interesting in that it constitutes one of the largest advertising orders ever placed in a periodical by a tourist agency. Its special strength lies in the fact that it is the result of trial and testing. Remember that Henry Gaze & Sons' advertising can only be of interest to people of means. Is this the sort of families you want to reach ? Very truly yours, (90) 23. THE HOME PUBLISHING Co., Kansas City, Mo. Gentlemen: The "Sun "desires to receive all of your publications and announcements as issued. In every department of learning and letters, competent critics have been retained as reviewers. Every Thursday a page will be devoted to books and book news. It is the intention of the " Sun " to review all books, irre- spective of language or subject, that are worthy of notice, and early editorial copies and particulars regarding them will be appreciated. To insure prompt attention, communications upon literary matters should be addressed to Dr. Guv Carleton Lee, The Sun Building. Very trulj yours, (100) 24. MR. S. A. LUCAS, St. Paul, Minn. Dear Sir: Your several communications in regard to teachers, duly to hand, and we are communicating with them as soon as received. We thank you very much for your kind attention, and trust we shall be able to secure the services of a first-class man at an early date. We regret very much that Prof. Holmes is obliged to leave us, as he has in every way rendered valuable service, and is a first- class teacher. Should he recover, a position will always be open to him here. With best wishes, Yours truly, (100) 25. MESSRS. M. R. PERRY & Co., Rochester, N. Y. Gentlemen : You will notice on page 26 of the February number of "Foreign Trade" that the write-up that you were given in the January number is repeated. Business Letters. 148 As you have not sent any letters to be translated since the first issue, I take it that you have not been receiving many inquiries, which I regret very much. I think you will un- doubtedly be benefited by this second reading notice, although it is the same as the other. Trusting to be of some benefit to you, I remain, Yours truly, (100) 26. MR. E. KELLET, Denver, Colo. Dear Sir : Through the courtesy of those interested in and helping to sustain Grand Opera and the higher arts, we have the pleasure of presenting its well-wishers with a per- manent souvenir, namely a hand-proof, etched photogravure of the great master Verdi, which at this time will be espe- cially appropriate, together with full detailed information of our plans for the future. Our object is the creation of a more universal interest in the establishment of schools, in which the subject can be pursued as it is in all European countries. Yours very sincerely, (100| 27. MESSRS. PETERS & BURR, Toledo, Ohio. Gentlemen: Replying to your favor of the 12th inst., we beg to say there has been a little delay in getting the Busi- ness Atlas out, as we have had to wait for the last census figures, which we were anxious to have in the new work. Everything is going now with a rush, and we expect to deliver the atlas next week. We will keep in mind your urgent need of a copy, and see that your order is filled from the first lot received. Hoping this will be satisfactory, we are, Yours truly, (100) 28. MESSRS. L. P. HARPER & SONS, Allegheny, Pa. Gentlemen : In accordance with our promise to your Mr. Hayues, we have looked up the matter having to do with the ten per cent, increase on your work, and find that you are correct in saying that the ten per cent, was not applied to the value of the paper. We have, therefore, made you a credit upon your bill of Dec. 31st, which we enclose here- with. We figure the credit in detail, and hope that it will be clea* to you, and satisfactory. With best wishes, we are, Yours very truly, (100) 144 Business Letters. 29. MR. C. S. AUSTIN, Columbus, Ohio. Dear Sir : We return you herewith the outline of the work offered to us, and would say that \ve have discussed the matter with Mr. Payne. We feel that we ought to see the proof sheets of the book before coming to any decision. We do not feel justified in making an o'ffer on so slight a basis for judgnr Jit as this outline affords. If you will furnish us -with proof sheets and give us time to reach a decision, we shall be glad to consider the matter with care. Yours very truly, (100) 30. MESSRS. JAMES F. THOMPSON & Co., Worcester, Mass. Gentlemen : Of course you know that for nearly sixty years the New York Weekly Tribune has held first position in the United States as a national family newspaper for farmers who keep abreast with the times, and in touch with the latest farming methods and improvements. The Tii- Weekly Tribune is an infant only a little over a year old, but with a regular circulation of over 30,000 copies among the best people in small towns and villages, mainly in the Middle and Eastern States. The price for one insertion of an advertisement in both editions is seventy cents per line. Write for estimate on additional insertions, and other information. Very truly yours, (120) 31. MRS. S. B. NOBLE, Syracuse, N. Y. Dear Madam : Early last month we wrote you about renewing your subscription to Home Needlework Magazine, which expired with the issue of October, 1901. You are one of the few who have probably not had time to see to this matter. If possible, we will appreciate your sending your renewal on receipt of this letter, so that your name can occupy the same position on our mailing list. This will insure your receiving each number as published. The January number will be sent you as soon as you return the Coin Carrier. Trusting to hear from you, we are, (HO) *zS-229 Speed Practice. 148 CHAPTER XXVIII. SPEED PRACTICE. 228. In the succeeding chapters the art of Phonography is adapted to the practical needs of the shorthand amanuen- sis of reporter through the employment of three principal methods of abbreviation, by which the Corresponding Style is converted into the Reporting Style, the latter being that employed for recording verbatim the utterances of speakers or dictators. The methods just referred to may be briefly enumerated and described as under ; they are dealt with fully in the order mentioned in the following pages : i. CONTRACTIONS. The principle employed in the Corre- sponding Style is extended to many words of comparatively frequent occurrence, which would otherwise require long outlines for their expression. ii. PHRASEOGRAPHY. By a development of this principle, a number of phraseograraa are contracted by the employment of the same method for similar phrases. iii. INTERSECTION. An outline or a portion of an outline written through another is termed an intersection, and by this means distinctive forms of great brevity are obtained for long titles, etc. 229. The employment of the methods just described, in- dispensable as they are, will not alone enable the student to attain to the speed needful in order to report an average speaker. In the acquirement of shorthand speed, the most important factor is PRACTICE. This should, at the outset, take the form of note-taking from the reading of another person at a rate which will enable the writer to record every 10 146 Speed Practice. 230-232 word that is uttered. As the note-taker becomes more dex- terous, or, in other words, increases his speed, the reader can quicken his rate of utterance, and the stenographer will thus gradually attain to a higher speed of writing. 230. Speed practice should be taken up concurrently with the study of the following chapters, and, as each is mas- tered, the exercises should be written from dictation and corrected by the aid of the Key. The exercises should be taken down several times from dictation, until they can be written with absolute accuracy. A difficulty is at times ex- perienced in finding a friend willing to devote an hour daily to dictation, which is the amount of practice that the note- taker should endeavor to obtain. But an intelligent person may, without much difficulty, be induced to undertake the duty for a suitable remuneration, or several students may arrange to avail themselves of the services of a reader. In almost every city or town a business college or stenographers' association will be found, at which there are suitable facili- ties for dictation practice at various rates of speed. 281. In choosing matter for dictation practice, regard should be paid to the particular purpose for which the art is being acquired. A book of commercial letters and busi- ness forms will provide the most advantageous practice for the shorthand amanuensis ; the private secretary should select such works as are likely to prove useful in his daily work ; and the young reporter should follow the dictation of speeches, lectures, and parliamentary debates. In this way the beginner will accustom himself to the language ho will hear when professionally engaged; but outside these particular requirements, he would do well to make his prac- tice as varied as possible. 232. In note-taking, the writing should not be too large ; and outlines that retard the hand, and therefore lead to loss of time, should be avoided. No exact size of the short- 233-234 Speed Practice. 147 hand characters can be prescribed for all. No one style of writing suits all alike ; some find it easier to write the characters small and neatly, while others, with a freer hand, are more at ease in writing large, and with less regard to exactness of outline. There is a general tendency among beginners to increase the size of their outlines as they increase their speed, and to run into an awkward and "sprawling" style. This tendency should be resisted. 'The writer, if he is careful, will soon ascertain what size suits his style best, but, as a general rule, it may be said that the lines of a note-book 5 inches wide should not con- tain less than an average of twelve words, or more than an average of twenty. 233. The mind and the hand of the student should be constantly engaged in forming and writing outlines, and as they are mentally conceived the hand can trace them on imaginary paper. The following plan has been recom- mended for this kind of practice : Take any interesting book, and with a blunt-pointed piece of wood, or the end of a penholder, trace the shorthand outlines for the words as they are read, under them or on the opposite page. A better plan is to take a book, the pages of which have a wide margin, and, while reading, write the words in short- hand on the margin of either side, or under the lines, plac- ing a tick in the margin whenever a difficult word occurs, and consulting the Shorthand Dictionary afterwards. Books with widely spaced print, and lines between to write on, can be obtained, and are a considerable help in acquiring speed. 234. From the beginning of his speed practice, the student should strictly avoid a careless and inaccurate style of writing ; slovenliness in note-taking will result in either illegibility or inaccuracy, which cannot but prove a serious drawback to the successful use of shorthand. In longhand 148 Speed Practice. 235 writing, if a scrawling, careless style is adopted, the result is illegible writing, and the same result follows in short- hand. The student should cultivate the ability to read his notes with readiness and accuracy. It is a good practice to read over systematically to the dictator a considerable por- tion of the notes which have been written a day or two before, taking careful note of any divergencies from the dictated text, and their cause. Occasionally, portions of the notes should be written out in longhand, or typewritten, in order to test the student's ability in accuracy and facility in transcription. The reading of shorthand printed in the Reporting Style is most essential, in order that the student may gain a wide familiarity with outlines. 235. The average rate of speed of public speakers is 120 words per minute, but some speeches, especially those delivered to large audiences, do not greatly exceed through- out an average of 100 or 110 words per minute. On the other hand, a speed from 160 to 180 words per minute is not unusual in public speaking, and a written address is occasionally uttere'd very rapidly. When a note-taker is able to write from dictation at the rate of from 80 to 100 words per minute, he should avail himself of all opportunities possible of taking notes of the utterances of deliberate speakers. He cannot expect nor should he attempt to take a full note of an address delivered at a rate beyond his powers. He should, however, carefully note down as many complete sentences of what he hears as he can, taking care to write legibly so that he may be able without difficulty to read his notes afterwards. He should, from the outset of his reporting practice, be careful to follow the speaker's train of thought while recording his words, remembering that the taking of notes in an unintelligent and mechanical fashion cannot but result in unsatisfactory, and it may be unintelligible reports. In his early reporting practice, 236 Writing Materials. 14? when endeavoring to take down as much as he can of the speaker's words, the note-taker should endeavor, as far as possible, to secure the more important passages in the dis- course, such as would be required if he were preparing for the press a condensation of the speech or address. He wilP find himself at the beginning of his practice frequently unable to take down all the words in a very long sentence. He should endeavor, in such a case, to secure the essential parts of it, so that he may have a note of the general drift of the speaker's remarks. Beginners in note-taking are apt to be disconcerted at finding themselves writing many sentences behind the speaker. This is inevitable ; but by practice the mind of the expert reporter will retain and the hand record accurately some fifteen or twenty words behind the speaker. This is a very common emergency in the case of irregular or rapid speakers, and the writer must train himself to deal with it. If his first efforts are not particu- larly successful, he should not be discouraged. By perse- verance difficulties of various kinds will be overcome, and the phonographer will soon find that the task of reporting a speaker is a stimulating and agreeable intellectual effort. WRITING MATERIALS. 236. The importance of proper writing materials for note- takiiig cannot be over-estimated. Xo shorthand writer should ever trust to chance supplies of pencils, pens, ink, or paper, but should make a careful selection, and take care to be well equipped for any professional work he may under- take. For most descriptions of note-taking the pen is more suitable than the pencil, on account of the permanence and superior legibility of the notes, both important considera- tions when the transcript is undertaken. A suitable pen is 'also far less fatiguing than a pencil, a great advantage when 150 Writing Materials. *37 writing for a lengthened period. But, as it sometimes hap- pens that the use of a pen is undesirable or impossible, the reporter should accustom himself occasionally to report with a pencil. In order to be prepared for any unforeseen diffi- culty or accident, the phonographer should never be -with- out a case of thoroughly good lead pencils, sharpened ready for immediate use. The pencil should be used in preference to the pen for note-taking in the open air, or when writing in semi-darkness, as at illustrated lectures. These remarks apply chiefly to professional reporting ; for all ordinary work in business offices, either the pen or pencil may be used. 237. Fountain pens have come into general use among court, legislative, and other reporters. Several excellent styles are-now on the market, but the shorthand writer needs to be cautioned against the many cheap ones which are worse than useless for shorthand writing. The fountain pen should be provided with a thoroughly strong and flexible nib. During rapid note-taking the strain on a nib is very consid- erable. If it is stiff and unyielding, the labor of note-taking is seriously increased, and, on the other hand, if it is not a strong pen, it may speedily become useless. For these reasons a fountain pen with a gold nib only should be used, and the writer who has one thoroughly suited to his hand will possess the best writing instrument it is possible to have. Some shorthand writers prefer an ordinary penholder with gold nib, and a pocket inkstand, and, where they are always certain of the accommodation of a table, the arrange- ment is a good one. Here again a word of caution may be given as to inkstands, many pocket inkstands being entirely unsuited for constant use. For note-taking, paper with a smooth, hard surface, not too highly glazed, will be found most suitable. The elastic bound books which open flat on the desk are the best, though the note-books bound in the 238 Writing Materials. 151 customary way are suitable for ordinary work. The phonog- rapher may write steadily on the knee by placing a board about sixteen or eighteen inches long, five inches broad, and. f-inch thick, under his reporting book. This portable writ- ing desk supports the weight of the upper half of the note- book when open, which, otherwise, drops inconveniently over the knee. 238. Difficulty and loss of time are sometimes experienced in turning over the leaves of note-books. The following method may be usefully adopted : " While writing on the upper half of the leaf, introduce the second finger of the left hand between it and the next leaf, keeping the leaf which is being written on steady by the first finger and thumb. "While writing on the lower part of the page move the leaf by degrees, till it is about half way up the book ; when it is convenient, lift up the first finger and thumb, and the leaf will turn over almost by itself. This is the best plan when writing on a desk or table. When writing on the knee, the first finger should be introduced instead of the second, and the leaf be moved up only about two inches. The finger should be introduced at the first pause the speaker makes, or at any other convenient opportunity that presents itself." Other shorthand writers adopt another method of turning the leaves. They take hold of the bottom left-hand corner of the leaf with the finger and thumb, and on reach- ing the bottom line the leaf is lifted and turned over. Some reporters prefer a reporting book that opens like a printed book, when there is less difficulty in turning over the leaves with the left hand. Whichever form of book is used, the writer should confine himself to one side of the paper till the end of the book is reached, and then, turning it over, begin at the other end, and write in the same manner on the blank pages. 152 Transcription. 239 TRANSCRIPTION. 239. When it is not convenient to make a transcription of one's notes on a typewriter, a stenographer should be able to make a verbatim transcript of his notes with his pen at the rate of from 20 to 30 words per minute. The secret of writing longhand rapidly and legibly is to move the whole hand with each stroke of the pen. Nearly all persons use the little finger as a fixed prop, and in forming the letters move only the first two fingers and thumb ; when the fingers will stretch uo further the hand is shifted over a space of from half-an-inch to an inch, three or four letters are written, and the hand is again moved. The hand thus makes a series of jumps, and, unless slowly executed, the writing generally shows great irregularity in the distance and inclination of the letters. To write rapidly, and at the same time well, the arm, hand, and fingers should move simultaneously. The middle of the forearm should rest lightly on the table or desk ; and the hand, resting lightly on the end of the outside edge of the little finger, should glide over the sur- face of the paper as each letter is formed. The wrist must not touch either the paper or the desk. The pen should not be held firmly, nor be lifted until each word is finished, and the writer should seek to acquire such a command of hand that he could, if needful, write a whole line of words (except the dotting of i, j,) without taking the pen off the paper. By using a typewriter, ah expert operator can pro- duce his transcript at a much more rapid rate than by the pen. Still better results may be attained by dictating notes to an expert operator. 240 Significant Marks. 153 CHAPTER XXIX. SIGNIFICANT MARKS. 240. In taking notes of a speaker, the employment of certain significant marks will be found necessary or desira- ble, in order to facilitate the production of a correct verbatim transcript or a good condensed report ; or to prevent misunderstanding. The use of these signs is described below : MISHEARINGS, ETC. When a word has not been heard dis- tinctly, and the shorthand writer is uncertain whether he has written the right one or not, a circle should be drawn round the character, or a cross ( x ) placed under it. When the note- taker has failed to hear a word, the omission should be indicated by a caret (....,..) placed under the line. Should a portion of a sen- tence be so lost, the same sign should be employed, and a space left blank corresponding to the amount omitted. Or the long- hand letters n h (not heard) may be written. ERRORS. In cases where a reporter has failed to secure a correct note of a sentence, this may be indicated by an inclined oval, thus Q (nought or nothing). When it is noticed that the speaker has fallen into an error, the mark X should be made on the left-hand margin of the note-book. REFERENCE MARKS. When verbatim notes of a speech are taken, but only a condensed report is required, a perpendicu- lar stroke should be made in the left-hand margin of the note- book to indicate an important sentence or passage which it is desirable to incorporate in the summary. The end of a speech or the completion of a portion of a discourse may be indicated by two strokes, thus II When the reporter suspends note- taking, but the speaker proceeds, the longhand letters Ic 8 (continued speaking) may be written. QUOTATIONS, ETC. Quotations from well-known sources, such as the Bible or Shakspere, familiar to the reporter, need not 154 Significant Marks. be written fully if time presses. It will suffice to write the commencing and concluding words with quotation marks and a long dash between; thus, " The quality of mercy seasons justice." A long dash may be used to denote the repetition of certain words by a speaker, instead of writing them each time, as in the familiar passage, " Whatsoever things are true, honest, just,'" etc. EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES. In reporting the examination of witnesses by questions and answers, the name of each witness should be written in longhand. The name of the original examiner may be written in shorthand before the first question. It need not be repeated until he resumes the examination after some one has intervened. Should the judge intervene at any stage of the proceeding write / before the first question only. In like manner, whenever the opposing counsel intervenes, write his name before the first question. Whenever documents or other articles, termed exhibits, are admitted it is usual to mark them Exhibit 1, or Exhibit A, and so on. If both of the opposing parties introduce exhibits, it is a good plan for the sake of greater distinctness to designate the exhibits on one side by numbers, and those on the other side by letters. Should an exhibit be read, write in shorthand the word "read" either in parentheses or draw a circle around it. APPLAUSE, DISSENT, ETC. The following words, descriptive of the approbation or dissent of an audience, should be en- closed by the reporter between large parentheses : .._S, hear, -As hear, hear, ._ no, ^^/ no, no, o_a/ sensation, .._2.. applause, / chair, .?. cheers, /'A. laughter, \^ " uproar, ^ hisses. The adjective, or adjectives, de- scriptive of the kind of applause must be written after the first word. Feu* example, what would be described as loud and continued applause would be written _^o_/1 L- < in re- porting, for the note-taker would not know that the applause was continued till it had lasted for some time. 241-244 Figures. 155 FIGURES. 241. Figures occurring in speeches or matter dictated should be represented by the note-taker in the ordinary Arabic numerals, in preference to shorthand characters, for although the latter may, in some cases, represent the numbers more briefly, the great distinctiveness of figures in a mass of shorthand notes is extremely helpful when reading them, or when searching for a particular passage. But in taking down round figures, the proper shorthand sign, or an abbreviation, may be employed with advantage to record the notation. 242. Instead of writing a string of noughts, the number represented by them should be expressed in shorthand. In reporting, the following shorthand letters, written in the second or third position close to the figures, will be found useful : ^^ hundred or hundredth*, f thousand* ^_s hundred thousand, ^-^ million, ^^-^ hundred million, \ billion; as, 4^ 400; 3( 3,000; 5^ 500,000; 3^-v 3,000,000 ; 7 ^^ 700,000,000 ; 1 \ oneUllion. 243. In round numbers, the principal monetary units may be expressed by the addition of a shorthand charac- ter for dollars, francs, pounds, rupees, etc., either joined or close to that used to represent hundred, thousand, million^ etc. For example, 150 C represents $150,000; 250 C > 250,000/r.; 170 L ,170,000; 190 (^> , Us. 190,000. 244. In sermon reporting the Book or Epistle, the Chapter, and the Verse in quotations from the Bible may be indicated as follows : Place the figure for the Book or Epistle in the first position, for the Chapter in the second position, and for the Verse in the third position: thus, ^"^~^~C_. * By this method the book, chapter and verse may be written in any order by means of figures only, without danger of ambiguity. 156 Compounds of " Here," " There," " Where." 245 COMPOUNDS OF HERE, THERE, WHERE. 245. Write the compound words here, there, where, joined to at, to, of, with, in, on, thus: Here ^ ^\ ~\^ '^' There Where Exercise 77. The area of North and South America is in round figures nearly 15 million (15, 000, 000) square miles ; that of the United States 4 million (4,000,000) ; of Europe nearly 4 million (4,000,000) ; of Asia 17 million (17,000,000) ; of Africa 12 million (12,000,000) ; and of Australia and the oceanic isles between 3 million (3,000,000) and 4 million (4,000,000). There are between 1 hundred (100) and 2 hundred (200) countries in the world, either independent or tributary. The largest country in Europe is Russia, with an area of about 2, 1 hundred thousand (2,100,000) square miles. In Asia the Russian pos- sessions cover an area of between 6 million (6,000,000) and 7 million (7,000,000) square miles. It is estimated that there are now in the world 170 thousand (170,000) miles of ocean tele- graphic cables, and 662 thousand (662,000) miles of land lines. The year's expenditure of the United States Government ranges between $6 hundred million ($600,000,000) and $7 hundred million ($700,000,000). India has a public debt of Rs. 113 million (Rs. 113,000,000) in that country and 125 million (125,000,000) in England. The principal English law officer has a salary of 10 thousand (10,000). France has the heaviest National Debt in the world, in round figures 1,025 million fr. (1,025,000,000 fr.). The preacher's text was taken from 1 St. John, 1, 9, 10. Thereon he preached an eloquent sermon, wherewith all were pleased, and whereat our friends were edified. In the course thereof he referred to the following passages : Isaiah, 49, 6 ; 1 John 2, 8 ; Luke 19, 14 ; Acts 13, 46 ; and Romans 8, 15 ; wherein he saw suitable illustrations, and ivhereon, he said, we might all meditate with advantage. Meditation, he declared, was much too rare ; yet the use thereof would certainly be fol- lowed by improvement, and thereto we should constantly aim 246 Negative Prefixes. 157 Exercise 77 (continued). He knew whereof he spoke, and whereto his counsel led. Hereon he was very earnest ; hereto and herein his exhortation was frequent, flereatsome were surprised, and hereof often spoke; herewith a few were impressed, but therewith or thereat others were indifferent. Hitherto, it was said, he had not succeeded as a preacher, whereat all were surprised, for therein, it seemed, lay his great power. NEGATIVE PREFIXES. 246. Negatives of words that begin with I, m, n, are distinguished from the positive by repeating the first con- sonant ; for example, legal illegal legible illegible > logical fj illogical r J _ material necessary immaterial .o^ITT^... unnecessary Negatives of words commencing with r generally follow the rule for upward and downward r, without repeating the first consonant ; as, resolute ^> irresolute "V moral dl_ immoral * mortal ^"~ immortal noxious innoxious removable resistible irresistible relevant ^ irremovable ^"V^ irrelevant When this rule cannot be observed, repeat r; as, ^ rational, ~\? irrational. The same method may be adopted to distinguish words like /J radiance, irradiance. 158 Negative Prefixes. Exercise 78. It has been justly said that if the English language were a perfect one, every positive term would nave a negative term exactly corresponding to it, so that all adjectives | and nouns would be in pairs. Just as liberal has its negative illiberal ; mature, immature ; named, unnamed ; nerved, unnerved ; re- presssible, irrepressible ; reducible, irreducible ; and so on, with innumerable other words ; | so blue should have its negative non-blue ; paper, non-paper ; and so on. The absence of such negatives, however, is quite immaterial, and has probably been unnoticed by most | people, because the words would be rarely used. Hence, the dictionaries contain only the common pairs, such as limitable, illimitable; legitimate, illegitimate ; measur- able, immeasurable ; movable, immovable; natural, unnatural; religious, irreligious; \ refutable, irrefutable; and so forth. Its imperfections notwithstanding, the English language is a noble one, and its growth, and the changes it has undergone, with the particular periods of their | introduction, are worthy of study by all, and indeed necessary to some professions. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to dwell on the necessity of such a study to the reporter, if | he would escape the reproach of sometimes making a faulty transcript, and would aspire to the reputation of being an irreproachable writer. Very little reflection will show how necessary it | is that the shorthand writer should possess a good vocabulary. He is, morally, if not legally, answerable to the speaker whose words he is taking down, as well as to | the reader for whom they are to be transcribed, and it might easily be pronounced immoral and, perhaps, illegal for him to mis- represent the language used. The irradiant words of | the eloquent speaker are reflected, as it were, by the pen of the writer, and their radiance should not be dimmed through any fault of his. Such a statement, indeed, | is quite unanswerable. Sometimes the reporter has to reconcile the. apparently irrecon- cilable, by rightly interpreting the meaning of the speaker, when his words do not make that meaning clear. How | often would a speaker's mind remain uninterpreted were it not for the reporter! It is a necessary fiction of the law that every subject, literate and illiterate, is aware of | what is legal and what illegal, and though it is morally impossible that all should know this, yet ignorance will not excuse an illegal or immoral act. The conclusion, therefore, | is irresistible that apart from its inherent interest and it cannot be uninteresting to anyone the study of his native language is essential to the reporter. He should devote manure | thought to the methodical treatment of negative words, since an immethodical representation of such words would infallibly end in mistakes which would be set down to ignorance or immature judgment. [ (450) 2 47' 2 48 Reporting Grammalogues, 159 CHAPTER XXX. REPORTING GRAMMALOGUES. 247. The extended list of grammalogues given in the tables on the four following pages, includes all those employed in the Corresponding Style which have been already mastered by the student. The majority of the additional grammalogues consist of unvocalized single stroke outlines, that express all the consonants of the word, WRITTEN IN POSITION. There are, however, twenty-eight signs which need to be memorized ; ten of these are irregular. Of the last named the following are placed OUT OP POSITION as regards their accented vowels, namely, approve, met, most, oicing, sent and thus, in order to prevent their clashing with prove, meet, must, thing, send, and this. The grammalogues house and ye are written on the line for convenience, and own and young are written under the line (the ends of the letters touching it) to distinguisli them from no and thing. The remaining eighteen having contracted forms are belief-ve, Christian-ity, generation, glory-ify-fied, holy, itself, larger, liberty, ought, religion, religious, Saviour, Scripture, sig- nify, speak, special, strength, whither. A list of the above is set out on page 164, and must be learned by the student, who should make himself thoroughly familiar with the full list of Reporting Grammalogues by writing them several times. 248. The past tense of a verb expressed by a logo- gram, or by a contracted outline, may usually be writ- ten in the same way as the present tense ; thus, the logogram *\ br, may represent both remember and remembered. But when it is necessary to specially repre- sent the past tense d may be added separately, or the word may be written in full ; thus, c_| or c _/ v glori- fied. Logograms that represent the whole of the con- sonants in a word, are shortened for the past tense ; as, f tell, F told. 160 Reporting Grammalogues. REPORTING GRAMMALOGUES ARRANGED PHONETICALLY. CONSONANTS. \ 1 happy, 2 up, 3 put \ 1 happen, 2 upon ^ 1 happened \ 1 apply \ 3 principle, principal-ly \ 1 particular, 2 opportu- *\ 1 approve \ 1 by, buy, 2 be, 3 to be \, 2 above \ 2 been \ 2 able, 3 belief, believe-d ^ 2 build-ing, able to \ 1 liberty, 2 member, re- member-ed, 3 nuraber-ed | 1 at, 2 it, 3 out I 3 itself f 1 at all, 2 tell, 3 till P 2 told, till it 1 2 truth, 3 true 1 1 tried, 2 toward, trade (, 3 out of | 1 had, 2 do, 3 different- I 2 did [-ence [ 2 advantage, 3 difficult J 2 done, 3 down J t had not, do not, don't, f 2 deliver-ed-y [2 did not 1 1 Dr, 2 dear, 3 during / 1 much, 2 which, 3 each / 2 which have P 1 child 7 2 chair, 3 cheer / 1 large / 3 religious J 2 general-ly, 3 religion 2 from _ ^ 2 have ^s 2 heaven ^ 1 over, 2 ever-y "> 2 very, 3 however ^L3 evil ( 1 thank-ed, 2 think, ( 1 thought [3 youth *) 3 through, threw 9 2 third ( 1 though, thy, 2 them, they ( 1 that, 2 without (, 1 those, thyself, 2 this, 3 thus, these, youths (5 2 themselves (, 3 within ( 2 other 2 there, their, they are 3 therefore ) Reporting Grammalogues. 161 1 has, as, 2 his, is ) 2 so, us, 3 see, use (noun) 1 as is (his, or has), has his, Ik M (or his), his is o 2 first \ 2 special-ly, 3 speak <^ 2 spirit 1 2 strength "" 1 Scripture - 2 secret <* 1 signify-ied-ficant "o 1 significance ^_ 2 several, Saviour "^ 1 sent 1 short J 2 usual-ly ; J) 2 pleasure - 1 me, my, 2 him, may ~ 1 might, met, 2 meet-ing --6 1 myself, 2 himself ^=> 1 most, 2 must '-s 1 important-ance, 2 im- prove-ed-ment "> 2 improvements -5 2 may not, amount ^ 1 more, remark-ed, 2 Mr, mere ^ 1 in, any, 2 no, know,3 own ~ 1 not, 2 nature ^ 1 hand, 2 under ^ 2 nation v_? 2 opinion ^ 1 nor, 2 near 1 language, owing, 2 thing, 3 young f 2 Lord r 1 light, 2 let -^ 2 are, 3 our, hour ~~M or, 2 your, 3 year "Mart ~> 1 yard, 2 word eX 2 we, way, away cs 2 wait, weight o"2 one oo 1 want, 2 went, won't . 1 above \> 2 Christianity e ~ 1 happy \ 1 according _!L 1 cold t_ 2 has 1 according to H. 1 come 2 has his .2. 1 account -3 2 could _ 2 have ^ 2 advantage I 2 Dear 1 2 he i 2 after .^ 1 deliver-ed-y 1 2 heaven 9 V^., 2 ago 1 did I 2 high Z. 1 ah!.Ll did not J 2 him ^ 2 all . 1 difference 1_ 3 himself -r> 2 amount ^> 2 different -|- 3 his o 2 an _'_ 1 difficult -!- 3 his is O 2 and . '... 1 do 1 2 holy rf^2 any ^_ 1 do not JL* 1 hour ^:. 3 apply ..S_ * Doctor ..!_ 1 house a-" 2 approve .^Nj_ 1 done J 2 how A 2 art Jj_ 1 down J- 3 however .5\ 3 are x- 2 during .--]-- 3 I v 1 as ..!. 1 Each _/-3 if '\.2 as has _9_ 1 ehP . 2 if it v. 2 as his _ 1 equal-ly , 2 importance .^. 1 as is , 01 equalled c_ 2 important ..C 1 .. 1 at 1 1 ever-y ^ 2 improve ^ 2 at all J_l evil ..Q_. 3 improved x^ 2 away cX 2 eye v 1 improvement /^ 2 awe ..'. 1 f'irst o 2 improvements x-s 2 ave (yes) * 1 for 2 generally 7 2 is his , O 2 belief . V 3 generation 2 it 1 2 believe .5^_ 3 gentleman J_ 1 itself -(,- 3 believed _5v- 3 gentlemen ,/ 2 Know v_^ 2 beyond " 1 give-n 2 Language , .!!^L 1 build s/2 glorified , 2 large ./... 1 building <\ 2 glorifv c 2 larger .Z. 1 but i 2 by, buy \ 1 Call 1 glory c 2 go .~ 1 God ~ 1 let r 2^ libertv >: 1 light ". 1 called !l 1 gold ^ 2 Lord r 2 can 1 good _ 2 May ^ 2 cannot .3 1 great e- 2 may not -r> 2 care c 2 guard , .!T_ 1 me -^..- 1 cared c- 2 Had I. 1 meet /-^ 2 cart .!L .1 had not J 1 meeting ^ 2 chair / 2 half Ji 1 member *S 2 Reporting Grammalogues. 163 mere r- 2 secret -r- 2 trade 1 2 met .2. 1 see _.)_3 tried ..L 1 might .21 1 send 2 the . 2 ,. when c 2 opinion ^a 2 their / 2 whether . c/ 2 opportunity <\ 2 or . J 1 them (2 , themselves (> t) 2 which / 2 which ^ hare I 2 other ( 2 there / 2 while y~ 1 ought .JL 1 therefore ..!)- 3 whither ^^.3 our ..^f. 3 these. 4- 3 ' who / 2 out _|_ 3 they A 2 whose _.).. 3 out of .-.(,- 3 over .._: 1 they are ' 2 thing / ^' 2 why ."" 1 will tT2 owe .JL 1 think C 2 wish.-.y'.. 3 owing ... 1 third 9 2 with _ c ._ 1 own ,....,. 3 this 4.2 within .-(.. 3 Particular .^. 1 those .5.1 / without < 2 Phonography Vj 2 though _L 1 won't <* 2 pleasure J) 2 thought ..<.. 1 word -\ 2 'principal-ly ..%. 3 through, threw -')- 3 would 5 2 principle .5\.. 3 thus ....4- 3 Yard ..> 1 put . v 3 thy JLl, ye ^ 2 Quite 1 Religion -J 3 thyself &. 1 till _f_8 year -T\ 3 yes e* 1 2 religious ..-/-- 3 till it P 2 yet s 2 remark-ed ..d 1 to s 2 you /. 2 remember *\ 2 to be ..\ 3 young ^y. 3 remembered *\ 2 told P 2 your ^\ 2 Saviour ^_ 2 too \ 2 youth ._(.. 3 Scripture ^1. 1 toward 1 2 youths -(,- 3 164 Reporting Grammalogues. (To be memorized ; see par. 247.) _ sent ^ signify-ied 3. speak J\> approve met ...Sv.. . belief-ve-ed ~ Christian-ity _ ought (j generation ^^ owing c glory-ify-fied own cr" holy .../.... religion tf* house ._(.... itself 7 larger ..-/._ religious C_ Saviour Scripture J\_ liberty special strength thus x ... whither -^ ye young Exercise 79. Including all the Grammalogues given in the above list. If you wish to prove to others your belief in the things which you approve, whether they be of a religious, political, or scien- tific nature, it is most essential that | you speak distinctly, and with a true apprehension of the meaning of what you say ; other- wise, your argument will be wanting in strength, and your words will fail to signify \ all that you intend them to convey. You will readily own that you should endeavor to express youi- thoughts so that you may be understood without special effort on the | part of your listeners. This is a duty owing to those whom you invite to hear you. How many a good and holy cause is lost through faulty presentation ! How | often has the cause of liberty been weakened by the bad delivery of those who were sent to strengthen it! The Christian religion itself sometimes loses where it ought to | gain, through the speaker's inability to clothe his thoughts in suitable language, and to speak on Christi- anity with clearness, strength, and grace. Who has not occa- sionally heard a beautiful passage | of holy Scripture, perhaps the words of the Saviour himself, distorted from what they signified by incorrect reading? Have we not all admired the elocutionist, who speaks so that his | words are carried over a larger area than an untrained speaker could hope to reach? Who has not heard the speaker whose voice itself added strength to his logic, and | enabled him to lead his audience ivhither he would ? Thus it is believed to have been with Lord Chatham, the glory Reporting Grammalogues. 166 of his generation and the champion of liberty, whose | yoice had such strength that when he desired to speak with special effect he had only to raise the tone, and the House shook with its peal. And do you | imagine, ye young students, that Chatham ob- tained his power of oratory without trouble or pains ? Can you believe that he met with no difficulty in acquiring the ability which brought | him fame and glorified him? Not so. He studied long and hard to acquire that command of language which enabled him to signify his own thoughts with precision, and afterwards | contributed to glorify his name. It is most likely that few men ever went through a larger amount of drudgery than he did to fit himself as a public speaker. | The leading principles of liberty, religion, government, etc., were all studied to this end. Thus was he able " list'ning Senates to command." So it ought to be your special aim | to cultivate the strength of will to imitate him in this particular respect, that you may become, if not a brilliant, at least an effective speaker and an elegant reader. | (450) Exercise 80. The following Exercise consists entirely of Reporting Gramma- logues, the whole list being introduced. The General was of opinion that in our generation aye, during this year there had been no true liberty to think as one would wish, to deliver or use the | mere language of truth, or, in short, to do what thought and word signified. But the Doctor had quite a different belief, and was able to speak out according as | he thought he ought. Therefore, he did not wait, nor think that he was under any care not to speak, happen what might. He thanked the other' for the opportunity ; | he was sure that we had not an equal but a larger liberty ; yes, and that we generally use it well. So, according to his opinion, the other did not | remember, or give half the importance he ought, to an important particular. Every nation, though not all equally, tried to do what was good for the young, and the child | was cared for as in no generation of which we have any account He remarked, too, that it was very significant that our young have the opportunity of improvement which | it cannot but be a pleasure to think of, because by it we build, or are building, a great nation. Through improvements which have come in use, we number our | youths, or they are able to be numbered, with those who themselves are given this advantage ; in itself a most important thing for our youth. If so much has been | done, though in a different way somewhat to that we should specially glory in or have glorified, the Doctor thought we should ese in it a true wish for more | light, so that this generation might 166 Reporting Grammalogues. generally be remembered for the good done in it beyond, out of, and above any other, tillit, in short, was not equalled or | improved on by any. As for liberty to speak as one would wish, he believed that usually no meeting of gentlemen would believe it to be at all difficult when | they met to signify their opinion on any principle of importance, or on Christianity, or religion generally, in language of awe that a gentleman may or should apply. Mr. B. | was in the chair at a large meeting a short while ago, and himself delivered a very happy remark on trade and on gold, the nature of which must have | weight with any or all who would see the trade of his or their own nation improve over that of any other, to the genei'al advantage. An account of this | delivery we owe to Phonography. His is a happy way ; as is usual, he put every one there in good spirit, and all would give him a cheer ; though it | was thought the meeting was a cold one, all went well. As has been remarked, he did not at first think it of weight or significance, that several of those | who thought evil of him it may have been a third of them often tried in secret with much art, out of an evil wish, to put in quite a | different light (and that no good one) all he happened to tell them to believe. But I know myself that within or near a year from that meeting, he had | to be on his guard toward them, owing to their want of truth when they had the opportunity to meet and speak in a special way of his religious opinion, | and of all that he was believed to know of what Scripture has told us of God, of the Saviour, the Holy Spirit, the Christian religion, and of heaven. We | do not approve of those who thus speak, and however high the amount of weight these gentlemen themselves may, as a usual thing, happen to have, we cannnot ever let | their want of truth go without a word to signify our difference. Oh ! that each had the strength to do according to this. Ah! is it true he had not? | Eh? If so, he is as evil as they are themselves, and therefore while he is thus it is his will, or by his own wish, and we must send | or go down to him. He shall be sent away upon the first opportunity, whether he will or no, and whither thyself shall not or may not know, or be | able to meet him till he has his cart, and is called on to go from the yard. As his has not been a happy nature, or one which improved, | ye must not glorify him to me. After what has happened, your s'pirit should thank the hand by whose strength it is that you may not go to or call | on him. How can you do other at all ? Yet if it had not been so, and he could come up to you, why should I think that my eye | would in that hour, and in my house, see you two, till it had happened? Aye, as thy principal, out of a wish to improve every member, and in particular | these dear to me, I won't think so, my Lord. (850) 249-252 Reporting Contractions. 167 ; CHAPTER XXXI. REPORTING CONTRACTIONS. SECTION 1. 249. The contractions which follow have been arranged in classes, as far as possible, for convenience in learning. Thus, all words with a similar ending have been grouped together, as N^s perspective. *\ productive, etc. 250. As already stated (par. 199), words ending in -action, -ection, etc., are contracted by omitting the *; and adding the hook -tion to the preceding stroke; thus, Ni abstraction. 251. "Words ending in -active, -ective, etc., are con- tracted by omitting the k and t, and adding the hook v to the preceding stroke ; thus, \ abstractive. In a few words the t only is omitted, as ~ ' executive. It will be seen that, as a rule, the consonants forming the con- traction occupy the position, with regard to the line, they would occupy if the word were written in full ; thus, antagonist, ^__ (^ ) indignation. 252. When V follows mn, it may be written thus, l~ administrate, /^ remonstrate. CONTRACTIONS. ARRANGED FOB LEARNING. Words marked (*) are written above the line. Perspective productive "N prospective obstructive objective subjective 7 instructive destructive respective respectively a 168 Reporting ( Contractions. irrespective X^ efficient-cy-ly \^J retrospective / Si inefticient-cy-ly ""V^ defective us suiBcient-cy-ly ^^ executive* insuflicient-cy-ly ^~t^_J prerogative *V observation ""V^ abstraction si preservation CS 8 X obstruction | constitution-al-ly J subjection ^ unconstitutionally g construction \j professional N jurisdiction f cross-examine-d ( * c- - u ^ cross-examination ) jurisprudence degeneration ) substantial y regeneration ^ unsubstantial ~^_^ description \, controversy-sial J generalization organization ~X- circumstance circumstantial i^gJ indignaSon passenger y inscribe-d* transcribe J v inscription* 9 ~^. transcription o \. insignificance* ^-^ transmission J-^ insignificant* . transubstantiation 1 signification* ...... proficien cy -ly "Nr^ inspect-ed-tion ^x deficien r _ L-J u j insubordinate-tion > ~N Reporting Contractions. 169 Exercise 81. To produce a modern newspaper requires very great powers of organization, observation, description, and generalization, if it is to be productive of that measure of commercial and finan- cial success which | those who organize and finance it natur- ally expect it to be, and which is, so to speak, the objective to be kept constantly in view by the management or executive, j Indeed, merely subjective notions must be kept in complete sub- jection, and it should be the prerogative of the executive to in- sist upon this. It is not sufficient, therefore, for the | editor or manager to be proficient {^professional skill ; he must not be deficient, defective, or in any way imperfect in the power of governing those subject to him. Any | imperfection or deficiency in this respect would render impossible the preservation of dis- cipline and the prompt removal of an inefficient or insubordinate member of the staff, whose influence, though insignificant \ in itself and insufficient to do much harm, might yet be sufficient to mar the efficiency of others and to incite them to insubordination. Degeneration among officials is not unfrequently | the result of an act, the signification of which has been entirely mistaken, and the apparent insignificance of which has led to its total neglect. Regeneration in such circumstances is | always more difficult than construction or reconstruction. One feels indignant, and there is reason for the indignation, when one considers that a periodical inspection, with, perhaps, a circumstantial cross- examination, | would have discovered the obstructive person whose actions have led to obstruction by others and the intro- duction of a possibly destructive misunderstanding. Retrospec- tive wisdom, however, is much more common than | prospec- tive or perspective wisdom. It is interesting and instructive to notice how many people are wise after the event, and what genius is sometimes displayed on retrospective plans. .These statements | may appear controversial, but they are not so in reality; they are intended to show that while the literary side of the newspaper must have adequate attention, so that nothing | shall be transcribed and printed, the transcription and printing of which would be prejudicial to the interests which the paper 170 Reporting Contractions. Exercise 81 (continued). represents, yet, at the same time, commercial and financial con- siderations | must not be considered mere abstractions, since, if there is not a substantial return in these respects, the production of the paper must soon cease. The newspaper should not be | simply a medium for the transmission of commercial, financial, and professional news, however circumstantial the respective accounts may be. That would be au insignificant part to play, restricting the high | ends for which the journal was established. Such a restriction would mean a degeneration of the influence of the press, as a very brief retrospection would show. No,, the newspaper | must be instructive; it must edu- cate public opinion on all questions affecting the constitution; it must condemn any unconstitutional organization which might be prejudicial to the peace of the state, | and it must express indignation at any attempt toward the restriction of the consti- tutional privileges of the people. Questions of jurisdiction, jurisprudence, controversy on various subjects, the rights of passengers, \ and similar topics must respectively be treated, irrespective of all personal prejudice. Doctrines of religion, however, such as transubstantiation, are not always desirable subjectsforcora/rot'ersy, as the result may | be illusive or unsub- stantial. Asa final observation, correspondents should inscribe their names and addresses on their communications, and the inscription should be readilyread by those who inspect it. | (570) Reporting Contractions. 171 REPORTING CONTRACTIONS SECTION 2. ARRANGED FOR LEARNING. Archbishop < Calvinism ecclesiastic-al episcopal-ian evangelical Methodism* nonconformist ^ nonconformity V_ Presbyterian-ism January _, February September November December \~^ discliarge-d Jo displeasure | dissimilar cr^ distinguish-ed extinguish-ed relinquish-ed Exercise 82. Ecclesiastical matters cannot be ignored in a newspaper. Mention must be made, for example, of the death of an Episco- palian dignitary, such as an archbishop, and the claims to the | vacant appointment of a dignified ecclesiastic, distinguished for his benevolence, benignity, and dignify, and likely, therefore, to dignify the office and to act in a benignant manner, are some- times urged. | Controversial subjects, however, such as the differences between Episcopalian, Presbyterian, Baptist, and other Nonconformist or Evangelical denominations, on such points as baptism, transubstantiation, the atonement, the resur- rection of the body, | regeneration and the best means for its attainment, what is or is not antagonistic to orthodoxy and holiness, the transmission of sin, national degeneration, the nature of the celestial spirits, | and similar subjects are usually Reporting Contractions. 173 Exercise 88 (continued). avoided in newspapers, for the sufficient reason that they would not be treated with efficiency. It would be melancholy to see Presbyterianism or Calvinism, Methodism, \ or various forms of Nonconformity, because in certain respects dissimilar, en- gaged in newspapei* warfare. Philanthropy would not be encouraged by it and philanthropic work would certainly suffer if it were | not altogether extinguished. Many an unselfish philanthropistwould remonstrate and express \i\sdisappointment and displeasure at such selfish conduct, which he would regard as almost a misdemeanor, and to demonstrate \ bis dissatisfaction he might insist upon a resignation from many charitable com- mittees, and henceforth refuse to discharge, or relinquish duties which had previously given him much satisfaction and content- ment. The | London newspaper press invariably notices a high- class entertainment, or a trial in which either the plaintiff or de- fendant is a well-known member of society. Military appoint- ments also receive | a full share of attention, especially in the case of a non-commissioned officer being promoted to a lieutenancy, or receiving a decoration at the hands of the lieutertant-colonel or | captain of his regiment, for conspicuous or unexampled bravery. The movements of rulers, whether of His Majesty the King, or the President, and of the members of the Ministry or | Cabinet, and the plenipotentiaries abroad, are notified daily in the metro- politan press. It is sometimes asserted that newspaper reporters seem to have entered into an organized covenant not to report, | or but inefficiently to notice services and sermons. But surely the religious press is capable of dealing with these, and not incapable of recording a thanksgiving service or sermon at | a tabernacle! The legal reports include notices of cases involving the appoint- ment of an administrator or administratrix; settlements by arbitration ; actions brought by an executor or executrix for the recovery | of debts owing to the estate ; mortgage disputes, and- appeals to the highest tribunal in the land. The circulation of some newspapers varies considerably at times, and may be larger | in January and February than in September, November, or December. (460) Reporting Contractions REPORTING CONTRACTIONS SECTION 3. ARRANGED FOR LEARNING. Advertise-d-ment J agriculture-al* antagonist-ic-ism* .^T. applicabjf it y \ _ aristocratic-acy ^ assembly"* 1 ) esquire ) astonish-ed-ment* *. certificate contingency democra^J. enthusiasm-ast-astic A exchequer ~f expenditure S> expensive S> extemporaneous ~[U extraordinary L extravagant-ance \ familiar-ity friendship T> impregnable / ^ imperturbable *"* inconsiderate \, indefatigable S indenture - - independent-ce* .. indescribable indispensably indiscriminate individual* __ .. inform-ed informer intelligence intelligent ~ intelligible intemperance investment journalism /- magneti c sm * C manufacture-d manufacturer mathematic-s-al ( V Reporting Contractions. 175 mathematician mechanic-al <^> obscurity % original /J perpendicular \/\ perpetual-ly preliminary proportion-ed proportionate-ly recognizance repugnant-ce responsible-ility revenue /\. sensibly singular subservient substitute >p superscribe-d a superscription V-3 suspect-ed ) ^ suspicious ) x unquestionable-y f wonderful-ly Exercise 83. It may appear singular and even extraordinary to the indi- vidual unacquainted with jvurnalism, but it is unquestionably true that the circulation of a newspaper depends almost as much upon the | advertisements it obtains as upon the intelligence it gives. On the other hand, the advertisements are the result of good circulation. In fact, they are indispensable to each other, and | it may be said that each is subservient to the other. The expenditure must, of course, be proportionate to the revenue, and those responsible for the commercial department are sensible \ that a perpetual watch must be kept upon this, to prevent ex- travagance and an indiscriminate or unnecessary outlay of any kind, or the paper, instead of being a profitable investment, \ would become a source of pecuniary loss. Such a contingency must be avoided by all possible means. It is familiar knowl- edge toeveryone acquainted with newspapers that many original articles | appear which are the work of authors who have, in many instances, a wonderful familiarity with their subjects. Though not aristocratic in the ordinary sense, they belong to the aristocracy \ of letters, and their superscription is sufficient guarantee that the articles are above suspicion. The influence of these men is quite magnetic, and even their extemporaneous utterances frequently excite the | astonishment and enthusiasm 176 Reporting Contractions. Exercise 83 (continued). of the most intelligent assemblies; they are more intelligible and more generally applicable to every-day circumstances than the labored harangues of less gifted speakers. It is not | easy to find substitutes for men of such distinguished ability. Familiar- ity with a subject, however, only conies from long preliminary training and laborious study, and eminent writers, no matter how | enthusiastic they may be in the pursuit of knowledge, and however repugnant to the idea of associating learning with mere trade, have yet sufficient commercial instinct to require payment in | proportion to the value of their work, and they decline to superscribe an article without the prospect of payment. They unquestionably impress their independence upon their work, and no intelligent \ individual will assert that payment for such ser- vices is an extravagant expenditure. Notwithstanding the im- provements made by manufacturers of printing presses, both m the mechanical construction of the machines themselves | and in their manufacture, the process of printing a newspaper is an expensive one. A mathematician would probably be able to inform us with mathematical exactitude what would be the | eost of producing a single issue, but he would have to include the expenditure incurred in advertising the paper in all places where men assemble together, whether for friendship or | busi- ness; the expense of obtaining intelligence on such varied topics as agriculture and agricultural implements ; mathematics; mag- netism; Exchequer Bills; indentures; intemperance and its cure; democracy and the democratic party ; the | extraordinary proportions of a leaning tower which inclines greatly from the perpendicular; and the almost indescribable antagonism which is constantly displayed by persons of an antagonistic nature, or of extreme | sensibility, conducing to inconsiderate or suspicious actions, better left to sink into obscurity. The result of such an inquiry would probably astonish the inquirer, who would no longer be astonished \ that such indefatigable efforts are made by newspaper agents to increase the number of their subscribers and to induce them to advertise as well as subscribe. The agent is sometimes | suspected of being an informer, and in spite of his repugnance he has to preserve an imperturbable good humor which must be almost impregnable. Last December a manufac- turer was summoned | for assaulting a mechanic, and though he produced a certificate as to character, the magistrate, William Brown, Esq., bound him over in his own recognizances to appear when called upon. | (600) Abs.-dig. LIST OF CONTRACTED WORDS. 17? ARRANGED ALPHABETICALLY. The following list contains all the Contracted Words employed in the Corresponding and Reporting Styles : Abstraction i acknowledge-d administrator administratrix advertise-d-ment J agriculture-al .H^r. altogether _!^_. antagoijist-ic-isni J^ anything T applicable-ility ^ appointment _^.. arbitration ). architect-ure-al *-i aristocratic-acy "^ archbishop -^L assemble- d-y K astonish-ed-ment ..]== at^ment L baptize-d-st-sm benevolent-ce ' benig^ V_~ better than Ni cabinet ~N Calvinism ^~V capable \ captain ZH catholic ~( celestial f* ^\ certificate o\_ character !LH!! characteristic circumstance defective ta defendant I deficient-cy L-^ degeneration J democra^ V-+ demonstrate UB description L destruction <| destructive <| difficulty _[.__. dignig-fied L 178 List of Contracted Words. dis.-inf. disappointment indiscriminate ^1 expensive > indispensabl^ "% extemporaneous ~t-* individual J^:.. extinguish-ed ~t^ inefficient-cy-ly ^^-^ extraordinary ~~\ influence ._L inf.-obj. List of Contracted Words. influenced . !^... magnet-? ' influential ^&L majesty / inform-ed "~V. manufacture- d ^ informer ' fc "Ve- manufacturer " ^V. information _L manuscript ^-^ inscribe-d ^H~. mathematic-s-al ^ inscription 9 ~.... mathematician S insignificance u mechanic-al / ~ x ^ insignificant ^L melancholy ^-/" inspect-ed-tion ^\ messenger / instruction U Methodism instructive I metropolitan ~/\ insubordinate-tion ^ ministry ^ insufficient-cy-ly >-^ misdemeanour | intelligence J mistake ^T.. intelligent "? mistaken ^Z. intelligible 7 more than intemperance ^"Us mortgage-d ^IZ interest-ed "f *f natural-ly ......- investment ^"V> ^< neglect-ed irregular "^ never > ~"V irrespective ~\^ nevertheless ^ January L^ next ^" journalism J-~- non-commis- ^ jurisdiction <^ sioned officer ^^^ jurisprudence <<^ nonconformist ^ kingdom Z!^ nonconformity V. knowledge ^1 nothing -^^ lieutenancy f] notwithstanding ^f* lieutenant-col. f~** November "~V- magazine ^ object S 179 180 List of Contracted Words. obj.-res. objection N objective S obscurity V- observation V obstruction *% obstructive / "^ organize-d "\-, organization ~^-e original "/ orthodox-y 'A Parliament-ary passenger \ . peculiar-ity \ _ perform- ed \A- performs-ance performer \A perpendicular perpetual-ly X perspective philanthropy-ic philanthropist phonographer V phonographic V^^ plaintiff ^> plenipotentiary practice-d-cal-ly practicable ^ t prejudice-cial preliminary prerogative Presbyterian-ism % preservation *V probable-bly-ility \ productive ^ professional N proficient-cy-ly proportion-ed * proportionate-ly prospect N^ prospective "N^ public-sh-ed \ publication \ rather ^^ rather than ,/" recognizance / ^ reform-ed /V. reformation /V. reformer /^^ regeneration ^t regular / relinquish-ed ^O remarkable-ly e ~ t s remonstrate /^ represent-ed /\ representation /^> representative /\> republic /\^ republican repugnant-ce resignation S respect-ed A, respective /\ res.-yes. respectively responsible-ility ^ resurrection / retrospective \^ revenue /^- reverend /V. satisfaction satisfactory * selfish-ness -^ sensibility ^ September ^ {^^ signification ...3L. singular something stranger subject S subjection ^ subjective S subscribe V- subscription V subsei*vient "S^ substantial-ly N> substitute "Sp sufficient-cy-ly superscribe-d V- superscription 'V surprise ._?... suspect-ed"^ j suspicious ) \ tabernacle L temperance l~* List of Contracted Words. 181 thankful thanksgiving together > transcribe * transcript A- transcription transfer 1 transgress 3- transgression 3-^ transmission ]~^> transubstantiation tribunal 1 unanimity or s*-~- unanimous uh constitution al-ly understand "f understood *f unexampled HZ^l unexpected-ly uniform-ity-ly uninfluential uninteresting f unquestkmable-y unsatisfactory "~J unselfish-ness ~^f unsubstantial whatever v. whenever _ sooner than, f*^-*^ longer than. 258: The letter r is omitted in a number of phrases of frequent occurrence ; as ^_ in (r)egard (to), ^~\ in (r)espect (to). Other consonants are sometimes omitted, especially when the last consonant of the first word is the same as the first consonant of the next ; as in ._^ Pri(rri)e Minister, ..J?Z:. in the same (m)anner. 259. Unimportant words, such as the, of, or, etc., may be omitted from many phraseograms. Such words are generally necessary to the sense of the phrase, and where they must be read they need not be written, if their omission renders the phraseogram more facile ; thus, ^a_ for (the) sake (of), ^^ in (the) way (of), v two (or) three, __P._ side by side, Vo face to face. 260. A large number of phrases are abbreviated by intersection, that is, the writing of some prominent con- sonant in the phrase through a preceding or following stroke. This principle is especially applicable to com- mon business phrases and to titles. For example, [ (t) is used to represent among others the word attention, and | (d) the word department ; thus, "Vf" early atten- tion, "H^ special attention, /^4. life department, f* silk department. 261. In the following lists the phraseograms have been arranged, as far as possible, in classes, according to the principles upon which they have been formed. The exercises which follow should be written from dictation until they can be taken down with ease and rapidity : 184 Advanced Phraseography. PHRASES (HALVING PRINCIPLE). \ I am >'-&-' you must not I am not n~ you should not I can -v^ you should not be I cannot "-x you were I cannot be "^ you were not I cannot do . at some time you can you cannot ..l^C^.at the same time ^TT > for some time you may ^Ws from time to time you may not Advanced Phraseography. 185 Exercise 84. My-dear-Sir: For-some-time past I-have-been unable to- write to-you as I-have desired and-as I-promised you when you- -were here. I-hope- | you-will-not-be annoyed at-my apparent neglect. You-should-not-be, and-I-am-sure you-will-not-be when you-are aware (of the) reason for-my | silence. I-have-no- -doubt you-will-remember that I-was-not well previous to-your visit, but I-ara-sorry to-tell-you I-have-been under-the care | of Dr. Brown ever-since-the day you left. Indeed, you-were-not fone more-than an hour when I-had to-send for-the physician, do-not-know | what caused my illness; I-cannot-say that I-am aware of anything to-which-it-mav-be due. I-know of nothing to- -which-it-can-be traced. At- | all-events, it-has-been very severe, and, for-some-time, my recovery was considered hopeless. Of- -course, I-am-not yet 6ut-of-the wood, and I-must-not | boast, but I-think I-am fairly on-the road to complete recovery. You- -will-be-sorry to-learn that I-am-not yet strong enough to-leave my room, | but-you-must-not suppose that I-am in danger. I- -trust I-sliall-be-able-to-make an effort to visit you some-time during-the coming month. At- | any-rate, I-am hoping so. I- -have heard that-you-were injured slightly in-the railway acci- dent last Friday. Is-this-true ? I-trust-not. If-it-is, you- | are-not likely to be improved by-my-letter. If-it-is-not, you-will pardon my mentioning the report. In-any-case, you-might send me word,and-if- I you-cansparethetime,perhapsyou-willcomeover on-Monday. If-you-cannot arrange this, please inform me from- -time-to-time how you-are getting on with- | the new business, to -which-it-appears you-are devoting yourself. If-it-be as succes- ful as you-were inclined-to-think you -will-be veryfortunate,and- -if-it- 1 be-not quite so profitable as you hoped, it-will still have proved an interesting experiment. " At-all-events, it-was well worthatrial. At-the-same-time,you- | should-notwork toohard. If-you do you-must-not be surprised -to-find your health giving way. I-have-no-doubt (of the) ultimate success of-your patent, | and-if-it-were necessary, I-could arrange to invest a considerable amount in-the business. I-cannot-do anything in-the-matter (of the) shares you spoke about until | I-have-seen you again. I- -cannot-see that-there-is any hurry about-the affair. If-it-does happen that-the shares are all taken-up before I-make | applica- tion I-shall not mind very-much. I-am-trusting, however, that- -you-will-be-able-to pay me a visit on-Monday and explain mat- ters. Yours truly, THOMAS MAKIN. | (510) 186 Advanced Phraseography. ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY SECTION 2 PHBASES (DOUBLE-LENGTH AND "Sw.") \ I have I have their I think I think there will be I see I see there is I wish I wish there were I am sure I am sure there is I know I know there is (or has) know there is not v^ ' ^ I know there will be eX \^ we have their ^*~X before there (or their) V. for there V^f r their own v^ for their sake > from their if there if there is V_o if there is to be in their ...on their opinion !^rr^77.in their case ^TTTlbin their statement ( though there is un< j er the circumstances I am certain that you are V I am confident ~*| I am inclined to think JLJ.. I will consider ....J^^-.I will consider the matter v must be considered i ' in connection with cf all circumstances T peculiar circumstances ^-D peculiar circum- 6tan<-es of the cas \- I have concluded we have concluded that conclusion satisfactory conclusion unsatisfactory conclusion having regard to with regard to with respect to in relation to " with relation to ^~\o in reference to t/\o with reference to with reference to which *""\ in reply to X^ I have received ^^ we have received \s^ and in this manner L-T_S and in like manner and in the same manner in such a manner as Advanced Phraseography. 189 Exercise 86. Money has-been denned to be desire capitalized, and-as-far-as J-am-concerned, I-am-content to accept this definition. 1-have thought of-it in-all-raanner- | of-ways, and-I-have come to-the conclusion, after due-consideration of-every-circumstance in- connection-with the subject, that-the definition is satisfactory. 1-am-confident that-if- | you-will-consider-the matter you-wil'l, as a necessary-conseqence, come to-the-same-conclusion. In a genuine inquiry, the conclusion is-not arrived at without some- -coiisideration of | opposite views. On-the-contrary, those views must-be-considered if- we-are to-come to a satisfactory-conclusion on-the-subject. Having-regard, therefore, to-the interesting nature (of | the) question before us, it-will-be agreed that-it deserves to be fully-considered and looked at from every point- -(of)-view. It demands that everything that can-be- | said in- -relation-to it shall-be-considered,and-that anything which-may, in-any-way, help us to an opinion shall-be-taken-into-considera- tion, indeed, must-be-taken- | into-consideration. Limited space, however.forbids my enlarging upon-the question in-such- -a-manner-as might be-done under ordinary-circumstances, so- -that, under-the-circumstances,I-must-be- | content to-leave out some-considerations, with-regard-to-which a-great-deal might be-said, and-in-respect-to which there-might, perhaps, be a difference of opinion. Let- | us-consider a few points, and-I- -shall-be-content to leave-thef urther-consideration (of the) ques- tion to-the reader. A great writer, speaking with-reference-to- -this-subject | of-money, points out that with-regard-to a future exchange money is, as-it-were, our security. For, he says, it-is- -necessary that-he who brings it should- | be-able-to get what-he wants. If-the reader will-take-into-consideration the full mean- ing (of the) last sentence, he-will-see that " what-he wants" is but | another-way of saying "what-he desires." Again, with- -respect-to coined money, another authority declares that-it -is a kind of bill or order payable at-the will (of | the) bearer. In- -like-manner, still another writer states that a coin may-be-con- sidered as a bill upon all-the tradesmen in-the neighborhood. That-is, if I-have- | received a coin for services rendered to somebody else I-can-have, in return, anything I-desire which- -is equal in value to-it. In-relation-to this-point, a | fourth authority says money is a warrant which gives-the bearer the right to draw from society when-he desires services according-to- -the value (of the) coin. In-reply- | to similar questions in- -regard-to-the nature of-money various other writers have answeredin-the-same-manner, so-that I-have-concluded that- the definition referred to is | tolerablyaccurate, and-having-re- -gard-to-the evidence it-cannot-be-said that I-have come to an unsatisfactory-conclusion. (50O 190 Advanced Phraseography. ADVANCED PHRASEOGRAPHY. SECTIOX 4. J^ a-a again and again I L deeper and deeper f^ less and less f^ [ more and more more or less north and south wrong sooner or later at the present day all the way by the way over the world parts oi the world what is the matter TX for the first time N> short space of time from first to last in the first instance in the first place 3 in the second place in the third place in the last place in the next place on the one hand on the other hand on the other side on the part of .as a matter of course .as a matter of fact in fact in point of fact ^ 1 facts of the case fact of the matter s . able to make <^ I shall be glad to know we shall be glad to bear do you mean to say vj> to a great extent ~~ f 9 in a great measure c/ 'one another ^\ between them (Omit hook n in similar phrases). Exercise 87. At-the-present-time great attention is paid to-the exploration (of the) North-and-South poles (of the) earth by explorers of all nations; between-thera they-have added | much to geographical knowledge, and-in-a-great-measure investigators at-the-present- -day know as-much about these regions in-point-of-fact as-is of Advanced Phraseography. 191 scientific value. But | sooner-or-later sentiment rather-than science will-be gratified by-the discovery and publication all- 'Over-the- world of-every secret of-these untrodden regions. All- parts-of-the- | world are becoming, in-fact, more-and-inore well- -known, so-that we-shall-soon regard it as-a-matter-of-course that blanks on-our maps will grow less- | and-less, till in a short- -space-of-timethey-willdisappearaltogether. Somemay exclaim, "Do-you-mean-to-say that at-the-present-time we may, as-a- | -matter-of-fact, look to-the time when discoveries will no longer add to-our knowledge (of the) geography (of the) world, in-which from first-to-last, we-have- | been so much interested ? We- -shall-be-glad-to hear when such may-be looked for." In-reply, attention may-be-called to-the facts-of-the-case, and, by- | way- -of-illu=tiation, Africa may-be pointed to. For-many years past explorers have plunged deeper-and-deeper into-the hidden reces- ses (of the) Dark Continent, and, whether right-or- | wrong, they subjugate the savage inhabitants in a more-or-less complete fashion. Africa is-now divided among-the European powers, and exploration was carried out to-a-great-extent | in-the-last- -years (of the) Nineteenth century, so-that-we-are-able-to-make a vary complete map (of the) whole continent. Someone may say "I shall-be-glad | to-know if-the recent action (of the) Powers has oeen beneficial ; again-and-again we hear of-much done on- -the-part-of-many (of the) civilized nations between- | which Africa is divided and at which humanity is horrified." But when-we ask what-is-the-matter complained of, and inquire into it, it-must-be borne in mind | that-it-is-not worse-than what sav- age tribes practise among-themselves, or towards-one-another ; though, by-the-way, we-do-not for a moment defend wanton barbarity on- | the-part-of civilized man towards savages who, for-the-first-time, come under his control. Unhappily, this-is always more-or-less an incident (of the) contact of civiliz'ed | and savage man. If-we-cannot see all-the-way to a better state of things we-may at-least anticipate some (of the) advantages which civilization should in-the | end be-able-to bestow, on-the- -one-hand on-the native population, and on-the-other-hand, or on-the-other-side, on itself. In-the-first-place, or | in the first- -instance, exploration affords a healthy subject of interest for-the more adventurous spirits of all nations, and adds additional chapters of interest to-the story (of the) | world. In-the-second- -place, new markets are opened for commerce, and-new fields for-the-exercise of philanthropy. In-the-third-place, regions are opened up which-may-become | of-much value as an outlet for- -the overgrown population of-other regions. In-the-next-place, or-in-the-last-place, colonization is a hopeful part of that-onward | march of humanity in-which all have-the deepest interest. (580) 192 Business Phrases and Contractions. CHAPTER XXXIII. BUSINESS PHRASES AND CONTRACTIONS. SECTION l. I am in receipt of your letter I am in receipt of your favor I am in receipt of your esteemed favor I am directed I am directed to state I am directed to inform you I am instructed I am instructed to state I am instructed to inform you I am requested I am requested to state I am requested to inform you I am surprised I am rather surprised I am much obliged I bee to acknowledge rei eipt of your letter I beg to call attention (or your attention) I beg to enclose I beg to enclose herewith I beg to inform you I enclose account I enclose cheque I enclose invoice ^ ^~f I enclose herewith v "^~ < 14 I enclose statement _<_ enclosed letter """^so enclosed please find ^~2 I can assure you *$ I do not understand v \ > -/^~ I have to acknowledge receipt of yoar letter VI have to call attention (or your attention) ^- V _ A I have to inform you V_n ^^ I have the honor 'V, I have the pleasure \f I hope you will V \n/P I hope you are satisfied I regard I regret Business Phrases and Contractions. 193 I regret to state ^V you will be surprised we are in a position ,/N^ yon will be glad to know we are much obliged "^1 your consideration to you "N your favor we respectfully reqneit V_ """Jw-v your esteemed favor we are surprised vl yours faithfully we beg to quote ^^_ faithfully yours you are at liberty X- yours obediently you may as well you may consider ^ "V >\ your obedient servant yours respectfully you must consider yours truly Exercise 87a. Dear Sir : I-am-in-receipt-of-your-letter (of the) 24th, and I- regret-to-state that I-am-unable to-give you-the information you require. I- | can-assure-you I should-be-pleased to-do-so if-it-were-possible. I-am-surprised to-hear from-you that-the funds of-your society are in-such | a bad way. I-regard-the objects (of the) society as most praiseworthy, and I-cannot- -understand how it-is that public support should be withheld. I enclose check for | ten dollars as a subscription, and-shall-be- -glad to-give-the-same-amount next year. I-am-much-obliged -to-you for-the copy (of the) report. Yours truly. | (120) Exercise 88. Dear Sir: I-am-instructedby-my-Boardtoask-youwhen-the- amount owing to-them by-your Company is likely to be paid. I-am-requested also to | point-out to-you that-this-account is considerably overdue, and-I-am-directed-to-inform-you that if payment is-not made on or before Saturday next, proceedings will- | be taken without further delay. I-enclose statement-of- account once-more, and I-hope-you-will-do all in-your power to- render legal measures unnecessary. Your-obedient-servant. | (90) 194 Business Phrases and Contractions. Exercise 89. Dear Sir : I-beg-to-acknowledge-receipt-of-your-letter (ol the) 4th jnst., and-in-accordance-with your-request I-have-the- pleasure to enclose-herewith copy (of the) | paper referred to. I- -am-glad-to-hear that-you-were at-the meeting, and-I-hope-you- -are-satisfied with-the-result. I-am-rather-surprised that-the local- 1 pressdidnot give more prominenceto-one-or-two speeches which-were, in-my-opinion, valuable contributions to a question of vital interest at (the) present-time. With-regard- | to ray-own paper,I-beg-to-call-your-attention to-the factthatthoughagood- rdeal was said upon-it, no-one ventured to contradict the state- ments made | with-reference-to-the-duties of accountants and auditors. You-will-see from-the-enclosed-letter that I-had ample reasons for-my assertions. You-are-at-liberty to-make | any use you think proper (of the) paper. You-may-consider it-is-worth publishing. If so, I-think-you-might send a copy to all-the-members. .Faithfully-yours. | (18(h Exercise 90. Gentlemen : We-are-much-obliged-to-you for-your inquiry, and-have-the-pleasure to enclose-herewith patterns and-prices (of the) cloths referred to. We-respectf ully-request an examina- tion | and-comparison of-our goods with-those of any other mak- ers,and-we-have-no-doubt (of the)result,knowing,as-we-do,that- -we-are-in-a-position to- | manufacture cloths (of the) highest quality and to-quote terms at-least as favorable as anyone. "We-are-surprised to-learn that our representative has-not called- -upon you, and- | we-will instruct him to-do-so in-the future. With-regard-to-the special cloth you-require for-the-Govern- ment contract, we-beg- to-quote you one dollar per | yard, and-we- -can guarantee absolute satisfaction if-you place-the order with us in due course. We-beg-to-call-your-attention, also, to-the en- closed | samples of fancy linings, which-we-are manufacturing for-the coming season, and-which-we-are-able-to offer at-the exceedingly low-prices marked on-the patterns. If-you- | are- -in-the market for-this-class of-goods, we-feel sure' that-you- -cannot-do better-than give these samples your-consideration. We-have a large stock (of the) | goods ready for delivery, and- -we-hope-you-will-be-able-to favor us with an order. Your- -esteemed-favors will at-all-times command our prompt atten- tion. Yours-respect fully. | (240) Business Phrases and Contractions. 195 BUSINESS PHRASES AND CONTRACTIONS. SECTION 2. in reply (to) in reply to your letter In reply to your favor in reply to your esteemed favor in your reply yt/^~~ referring to your letter > referring to your favor referring to our letter S^~\e referring to our . invoice ^s^ by first post in your reply to my letter ^^ by next post in my letter copy of my last letter VXa by return of post your last letter registered letter early reply early consideration i^v'X by parcel post ~\ postal order \s^6 by wire at once early attention early convenience at your earliest convenience as soon as convenient as soon as ready referring to yours .^?| by goods train \ 81 by passenger train my attention has ^t_ been called x-yk necessary attention v_>/ necessary ar- raugemenU 7*v- ^ we will arrange the matter 196 Business Phrases and Contractions. ^ best attention V? X best of my ability v\ Vx best of our ability NV ^ best of your ability L V best of their ability ~c s, best quality Vq 1 X best price 3^ \_o best terms N ^ rt. lowest terms -v^ \s best finish ^ best thanks vl M balance due M balance sheet balance (of) youi account payment of account statement of account account sales bill of exchange stock exchange in exchange bill of lading under bill of sale underwriters ordinary rates Exercise 91. Dear Sirs: In-reply-to-your-letter of yesterday, we-beg-ta -state that-the bill-of-lading and-the bill-of-exchange were for. warded to-you by-first-post | on Tuesday-morning last, in regis- tered-letter, addressed as usual, and-we-are-surprised that-they have-not reached you. We-will make inquiries here, and in-the- meantime, if- | you-receive-the letter kindly inform us by-wire- -at-once. Referring to-our-letter (of the) 27th ult., and your- - reply to same, we-have written the works, | pressing them to- -give early-attention to-the-matter and to-make-the necessary - -arrangements for forwarding the goods to-the finishers as-soon- as-ready. We-have-instructed the | latter to-give-the material the best finish, and-we-have-no-doubt they-will-do-so. We-have- -also mentioned your complaint as-to-the finish (of the) last | consignment, and we-are-assured that special care will-be taken to-prevent a repetition (of the) mistake in-the future. In- -accordance-with your- request, we have-the-pleasu re | to enclose statement-of-account up to-the 30th ult., and-we-trustyou will- -find this quite in-order. Our Mr. Ralphs \vill-be-in-your town on-Wednesday | next, and-will give you a call. We-have-sent- -you by-parcel-post a copy of-our new pattern book, and-we- -shall-be-glad to-receive-your kind | orders for any (of the) materials named therein. Very-truly-yours. (250) Business Phrases and Contractions. 197 Exercise 92. Dear Sir: In-reply-to-your-favor (of the) 16th inst., we- -regret that- we-cannot undertake-the responsibility of adopting your suggestions with-regard-to-the machine. We-are | willing to-execute the repairs to-the best-of-our-ability, and-on-the lowest-terms possible, but as we stated in our last-letter, the methods you propose would | be attended with great risk to-the rider. If-you decide to-leave-the-matter to us you-might inform usby-return-of-post,and-we-willputthe | work in-hand at-once, so-as-to-be-able-to despatch the machine by-goods-train on- -Saturday. We need hardly say that-we pay the best-price for | all-the-materials we use, and-we guarantee them to be (of the) best-quality obtainable. Referring-to-your-letter (of the) 9th inst., we-have-done our best to | induce-the carriers to-quote special-rates for-the-goods consigned to-you, but-they decline to- -make any reduction on-the ordinary-rates unless-the traffic is considerably increased. | With-reference-to-our statement-of- -account for last quarter, we-beg-to-call-your-attention to-the fact that-the balance-due has-not yet been received, and-we- | -will-thank-you for a check or postal-order for-the-amount at- -your-earliest-convenience. We-shall give early-consideration to-your inquiries for-the special tandem, and-will- | forward the specification desired as-soon-as-convenient. Yours-faithfully. (250) please forward according to agreement according to their 198 Business Phrases and Contractions. BUSINESS PHRASES AND CONTRACTIONS. SECTION 3. f^ first cost fct a * nr8 ^ cos ^ D first-class " | first quality 0*~ first instant ^~\ first notice "^^ first instalment C^ last week 4 this week o> next week L.. ,L l as t m o n tb ^~^-*y Monday morning b Tuesday afternoon f/^f, Wednesday evening %o^ please quote us % please let us know "NO please let me know So, please note >Q_>I please inform us s 1 s ^^j h additional ex- pense additional cost board of directors directors' meeting directors' report declare a dividend deliver imme- diately discount for cash financial affairs from the last re- port further particulars statement j Q_? Exercise 93. goods not to hand not yet to hand just possible just received make an appointment makers up trade price trade mark trades union Gentlemen: Please-quote-us your-lowest-price, f.o.b. Chi- cago, for forty tons of soda crystals, first-quality, in casks Business Phrases and Contractions. 199 about 4 cwt. each, and say if-these could- | be delivered to-our order at the Union Station by Tuesday-evening or Wednesday- -afternoon at-the latest. Referring-to-your-invoice (of the) first-instant, please-note that-these- | goods are-not yet to hand. We-have inquired (of the) railway officials here, and according- -to-their-stateraent the goods have-not-been handed to-thera. Please-let-us- | know by-return-of-post when and by-which rail- way line these-goods were forwarded. We-expected to-receive- -them at-the-end of-last-week. According-to-agreement we- 1 ! . -are-obliged to-make delivery (of the) first-instalment some day this-week, so-that you-will-see that-the delay is likely td- -cause some trouble, and we-trust | you-will give-the-matter your immediate-attention. Yours-truly. (160) Exercise 94. Dear Sir: I brought your-letter before- the Board-of-Directors at-their meeting yesterday, but after some discussion they-were- -obliged fc> postponefurther-consideration (of the) matter until | the next Directors'-meeting.which- will-be held-on-the last Tues- day-afternoon of -this month. I-think-the Directors would-be- -gfad if-you would kindly set forth your- | proposals more fully than is done in-your-letter. The first cost (of the) material is very low,but-the question (of the) additional-cost of-preparing it for-sale, | and-the additional-expense which-will-probably be in- curred in advertising it is sure to-be taken-into-consideration by- -the-Directors,and-if-they had your estimate of what- | the total expenditure is likely to amount to, it-would-no-doubt help them in coming to a decision. If-you-will make-an-appointment for- -some day next-week | I-shall-be-glad-to see-you, and it-is just- -possible'that I-may-be-able-to-give you some further-particu- lars. Meanwhile, I-have-the-pleasure to enclose | copy (of the) Directors'-Report published last month. Yours-faithfully. (190) Exercise 95. Dear Sir : We-have-pleasure in enclosing-herewith price-list of-our Felt Hats, and-we-shall-be-pleased to receive-your kind orders for any (of the) lines mentioned. | We specially desire to-call-your-attention to-the fact that not-only do all-our hats bear our well-known trade-mark as a guarantee of -quality, but that | in-addition-tp-this the label (of the) " Hatters' Trades'- Union " is placed inside-the band, as proof that- we pay the fiill trade-price for-the labor we employ. | \Ve-may add that, in- view (of the) approaching holiday season, orders should-be- -placed not later than-the middle of next month, so-as-to avoid possible delay. "We | allow an extra 2%% discount-for-cash. Trusting to-receive-the-f avor of -your esteemed commands which shall-have our best-attention, we are, Yours-respectfully. | (150) 200 Law Phrases. CHAPTER XXXIV. LAW PHRASES. -TV. Actual damage (itr-^" Central Criminal Court X affidavit and order /v- s _p circumstantial evidence 1 \B- Circuit Court articles of agreement P City Court *~* as to the matters ~\ ^~~J/ Common jury Vb as to these matters '~~T^ Common law V-, as to those matters ~~~ c "^ County Clerk >c Bankruptcy Court County Court X, before him ~\s County Treasurer X, before me \^_y Counsel for the defense ^-1^cr\ being duly sworn Counsel for the defend- 1 t ant X beneficial estate ^ Counsel for the plaintiff beneficial interest \^ Counsel for the prisoner ~l 1\_ Counsel for the prosecu- tion v bill of sale < breach of promise of ^-^ marriage C ~X' Court of Bankruptcy _\- by this action . s- Court of Claims >.. by this court CT | Court of Equity Vr 'H Court of General Ses- X- Called for the defendant Ji, sions % Called for the plaintiff -A government securities w>= direct examination V Grand Jury L District Attorney ,-C^ gross receipts Habeas Corpus j District Court N- heirs, executors, admin- T- %J_P istrators, and assigns do yon mean to say i\ f. heirs, executors, admin- o Y p istrators, or assigns u^ documentary evidence v/ If Your Honor please T Ecclesiastical Court "1 in this action 'V, employer's liability ^ in this court "H, equity of redemption ^^^\ in witness whereof s. Federal Court n- interlocutory decree fee simple ^5- international law v^ fiduciary capacity J( Joint stock " b^ final decree 4- joint clock company \ for defendant i judicial sale ^ for plaintiff L Judgment for plaintiff 202 Law Phrases. ( Judgment for defendant L motion denied 4 Justice of the peace "^v Municipal Court /^\, Last will and testament my learned friend _/n , learned counsel for the v_x vi Next of kin 1C* ' defense /"I learned counsel for the ^s^ No, sir r defendant S- I>\ ^~^> learned counsel for the ^\ notary public ' plaintiff N -^-v f learned counsel for the prisoner of this agreement Jbf life estate ^_ of this court -A Malice prepense manslaughter C on the other side of the L case 't *V /^>-" D onthefollowinggroundi /^_P marine insurance ' /J-.^ originating summons > may it please the court may it please Your \^ Party of the first part <-' onor N^o^ Party of the second part memorandum of agree- -v < ment Patent office 7* motion to dismiss oT> \, - peculiar circumstance! ^^^^l motion granted ^nlo of the case rebutting testimony re-cross examination reversionary interest ._.... right of way Special jury special license state whether or not summary proceedings Superior Court Law Phrases. penal offense personal estate Petit jury plaintiff's case plaintiff's counsel plaintiff's testimony plaintiff's witnesses \f*~ Police Court power of attorney preliminary injunction prisoner at the bar Quit claim Real estate f \_ er^ (, yr /xV /\- V. O^\ " ** ^s 203 Supreme Court Surrogate's Court sworn and examined Tax deed that this action that this court testimony of the defend- ant testimony of the plaintiff trust funds UnderthecircumstanceB of the case Verdict for the defend- ant verdict for the plaintiff verdict of the jury voluntary conveyance Ward of the Court warrant of attorney what is your business where do yon reside where is your place of business will and testament without prejudice wrongful possession Yes, sir Your Honor 204 Legal Correspondence. CHAPTER XXXV. LEGAL CORRESPONDENCE. 1. MESSKS. W. C. BENNETT & SON, Decker Bldg., New York. Gentlemen : A recent act of the Legislature of this State provides, in substance, that it is unlawful for any person or persons to carry on business under a firm or corporate name that does not express the name of at least one of the persons owning or carrying on the same, unless a proper certificate be filed. This law is so little known, and the results of non-com- pliance so far-reaching, that we have taken the liberty of notifying, in addition to our regular clients, others similarly situated, whose names have been brought to our attention. Respectfully yours, (108) 2. MR. JAMES L. BEAN, 100 Randolph St., Chicago, 111. Dear Sir: Your letter of July 15th duly received. We have not as yet examined Charles Spencer in supplementary proceedings. We shall, however, obtain an order and cause him to be examined. The very fact that he is em- ployed as an excise inspector, leads us to suppose that the judgment cannot be collected. We cannot, as you un- doubtedly are aware, levy upon his salary, and therefore the prospects are not very bright for a collection. Very truly yours, (87) 3. MR. C. F. MORSE, Houston, Texas. Dear Sir : We note yours of the 9th ult. , but have under date of March 28th a letter from S. T. Brown, stating that our notice that we hold an account against him is a surprise, as he had paid it in full to you last fall, and has your receipt for same. Accordingly, after conference with our clients, we find that the account was sent to you and that it was returned unpaid. We now hold their draft on you for the amount, which they have instructed us to collect at once. Before adopting any summary measures, however, we deem it but fair to apprise you of the condition of affairs Legal Correspondence. 205 with a view of adjustment by you, as we do not desire to liarin you. We hope, therefore, you will favor us with a remittance, unless you can furnish us with evidence of an error. Yours respectfully, (155) 4. MR. S. L. BARNES, Jacksonville, Fla. Dear Sir : I hand you forthwith for collection an amount against Mr. Frederick Mason of your city. The bill was contracted under curious circumstances, and may possibly cause an opportunity for arresting him if he comes this way, on the ground of obtaining goods under false pretences ; but as he is outside of the jurisdiction of this State, I send the bill to you to collect, if you can find that he has any- thing from which you can realize. The amount is less two percent, discount for cash, which of course will not be allowed under the circumstances if we can make the money. Yet at the same time we would readily compromise to anything which you may in your judgment deem reasonable. Yours truly, .(133) 5. MR. A. J. STEWART, San Francisco, Cal. Dear Sir : We enclose you $50.00 in regard to claims 25 and 27, and beg to call your attention to the bank upon which all your collections are made. We pay bank's usual exchange and, as we deal very exclusively with banks, our correspondents are all very well satisfied with these terms. We trust you will hereafter be willing to attend to our col- lections at similar rates. Having recently established these offices to handle western collections, we trust to have con- siderable business with you from time to time, and desire, if possible, to have an understanding at the outset regard- ing the rate upon which our business will be transacted. Trusting this will be satisfactory, we are, Yours very truly, (126) 6. MR. E. N. PATERSON, Covington, Ky. Dear Sir : I -return you herewith all the papers in claim No. 155, and beg to advise you that Mr. Jackson had nothing whatever to do with this claim of J. L. Harris, with the ex- 206 Legal Correspondence. ception of the first expense bill covering fourteen boxes of prunes. I would hereby state tkat the amount of this ex- pense bill, for which Mr. Jackson is responsible, is based on twenty cents per one hundred pounds, and is included in the amount for which he settles, to wit, 35,626 pounds, and for which I send you check duly certified. Yours truly, (101) 7. Mr. LEONARD THORN, 100 Broadway, New York. Dear Sir: Early in the week we procured an order for the examination of Charles Stevens in supplementary pro- ceedings upon the judgment obtained by you. The order was returnable this A.M. at 10.30. We attended at the examination, and after proceeding with the same for an hour, Mr. James agreed that, if the examination was ad- journed for a month, he would, within a week, send me a check for $75 on account, and shortly thereafter settle the judgment. Your Mr. Johnson informed us that if tl-c matter could be finally closed, a concession would be made to Mr. James upon the amount evidenced by the judgment, and in order to procure a settlement of the same, we com- municated that fact to him. As soon as the check is received, we will forward it. I return to town this A.M., and have not as yet received anything by way of information that is important, in regard to Mr. Smith. I telephoned this morning to Judge Gilbert, and he ans- wered that Mr. Smith had written him a letter saying that he was ill, and asking him to come to the house, which he refused to do. He further says that he expects to see him on Monday. Yours very truly, (217) 8. MR. D. M. HENDRICKS, Topeka, Kansas. Dear Sir: Your favor received, and I beg to thank you for accepting my proposition to undertake the recovery of that property for one-half I may obtain. I herewith enclose a contract and power of attorney authorizing me to act. Kindly sign the same before a Notary or Clerk of the Court, and return to me and oblige. I have instructed that proceedings should be taken at once to recover the property. I do not know that I can Legal Correspondence. 207 succeed, but I will do the best I can. You will get one-half of whatever is realized. Your prompt attention will oblige. Yours very truly, (HO) 9. MESSRS. J. L. BALL & Co., Cleveland, Ohio. Gentlemen : Under separate cover I send you a copy of the School laws of Nebraska, and call your particular at- tention to subdivision 18, "Text-books and Supplies." It is my purpose to enforce strictly all the provisions of this act, and at this time I desire to call your particular atten- tion to sections 2, 6, 7 and 8. I herewith reject all bonds now on file in this office under the provisions of section 2 of this act, and ask that a new Guaranty Bond be filed, with me in accordance with the provisions of this section and act, and also the sworn statement of lowest prices, etc. I feel impelled to demand a Guaranty Bond, because a personal bond would be worthless to the State without resident freeholders as securities, and it would be a great inconvenience and source of much trouble to the school- book publishers to secure resident freeholders as securities. I enclose blank forms of contract that have been and will continue to be furnished by this department in accordance with the provisions of section 7. Yours very truly, (191) 10. MR. J. P. HUNTER, Atlanta, Ga. Dear Sir : We received your proxy to Mr. Bell by mail in due course. "We held the meeting this afternoon, and everything went through all right. I shall send you certi- ficate of incorporation by Monday or Tuesday. As soon as you can, please send me statement of how much stock was contributed by each party in the Martin Co., also description of land belonging to that company. I understand that 160,000 shares is to be developed stock, and that you are to contribute 80,000, and Martin, James and Goss are to contribute 80,000. Mr. Goss instructed me to buy books for the Lake Co., the same as you bought for the Martin, and they instructed me to send my bill for fees, books and other items to you, which I will do after I have paid for the books. Yours truly, (145) 208 Legal Correspondence. 11. MESSRS. ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, 31 Union Square, New York City. Gentlemen : On October 22d last, 1901, the above num- bered proposal bond was executed at your request for furnishing and delivering books for the High Schools and School Libraries of the Boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx for the Board of Education, City of New York. When you were last in here you stated that contract for the above named supplies was awarded to you, but the Board of Education had not advised you to call and execute contract bonds for same. Will you kindly advise us how the matter stands, and oblige, Yours truly, (108) 12. MRS. J. R. REEVES, Boston, Mass. Dear Madam: The administrator and administratrix of the defendant acknowledge the circumstance that they have advertised in a commercial paper for the last week of December the goods, chattels and credits of the plaintiff, both domestic and otherwise, in the establishment of the deceased individual. The character of the goods was alto- gether satisfactory, several articles naturally bringing high prices, and probably the prospects for the heirs of the de- ceased are rather more than expected, especially owing to the essential facts that the executor and executrix will mortgage the property. The indenture of mortgage will immediately be executed, and, inasmuch as the architecture is of the old Catholic style and not original, will fetch a good price, and we have no doubt will surprise the under- signed, for which we should be thankful. We understand, or rather understood, that a welcome subscription for the stranger by several revered, respected and popular gentle- men is to be made. And to our knowledge there is no ob- jection or reason why we ourselves should not perform some kind act, the performance of which in this peculiar case, notwithstanding the mistake made by the majority, will meet with great satisfaction. They say the eldest child comes of age in ( September. This subject, together with whatever follows^ and whenever it may happen, will give the administrator no trouble in the regular course of things. Yours respectfully, (231) Lfgal Forms. 209 CHAPTER XXXVI. LEGAL FORMS.* BY HENRY W. THORXE, Counselor-at-Law and Official Court Stenographer, Johnstown, N. Y. A law stenographer must possess expertness in writing and reading shorthand. This can only be attained by regu- lar and prolonged practice. Knowledge of correct phono- graphic outlines is not, alone, sufficient. Such a one must understand the meaning of the subject-matter reported. This conduces to speed of writing, and is absolutely neces- sary to impromptu reading of rapidly written notes. While writing from dictation is the most practicable method of gaining stenographic speed, yet the learner should not restrict himself to that. He should attempt to report all kinds of human utterance: speeches, sermons, public meetings, judicial proceedings, conversations, etc. The best rate of dictation is that which forces the writer to the highest speed at which distinct outlines can be formed. When following a speaker, for practice, writing beyond legible speed should not be tried. Better omit por- tions than strive to catch every word and thereby risk acquiring a sprawling style of shorthand. Small characters, compactly written, are preferable to their opposites, are easier to read, and conduce to speed. Practice notes should be transcribed, and the transcript carefully compared with the original, when possible. All shorthand made by the learner should be repeatedly read, doubtful outlines assiduously studied and deciphered, and erroneous ones corrected and memorized. Law stenographers, especially those employed in court before juries, should be able to instantly refer to, and read * Condensed from "Pitman's Twentieth Century Business Dictation and Legal Forms." Fourth edition. Revised and enlarged. 272 pages. Price, stiff boards, T5c.; cloth, $1.00. 14 210 Legal Forms. without balk or hitch, any part of the notes of a tria\. Sometimes it is necessary to read to the jury large portions of hastily written notes of testimony. Most stenographers use pen and ink for law reporting. At least two reasons for this usage exist: First, shorthand notes of judicial proceedings are required, by law, to be preserved for a specified period ; these constitute an official record, and this should be durably made; ink, better than pencil, notes meet this requirement; second, the gliding of a gold pen over properly finished paper is supposed to cre- ate the minimum degree of friction; and, third, greater manual dexterity is believed to be possible with a flexible gold pen than with any other writing implement. A "light hand " that is, the application of the least possible pres- sure in the making of the mystic strokes, circles, dots and dashes, is generally conceded to be favorable to increase of speed, and a deterrent to so-called pen-paralysis, or writer's cramp. The majority of law reporters use specially prepared reporting paper, with marginal and horizontal ruling. A few refuse to use any but unruled paper. Some practitioners use loose sheets of reporting paper, while a large number prefer the elastic-bound reporting note-books. One advan- tage of unbound sheets is that the notes comprising each case may, at its conclusion, be fastened together in book- form, properly endorsed, and filed away for preservation. In case the reporter desires to dictate to more than one amanu- ensis from different parts of his notes, loose sheets are per- haps more convenient. Experienced law stenographers use few phrases. These seldom exceed three words. The phrasing principle is usu- ally limited to what is known as " natural" phrases, which, broadly speaking, means combinations of such words as are frequently grouped in ordinary speech. Special phrases are sometimes adopted. These grow out of the peculiar nature of the subject-matter reported. For instance, in legal form No. 25. the phrase " liquor-tax-law" was coined for that particular case. It would, undoubtedly, be legible in that case, while in general use it might not be decipherable. Names of persons and places when first occurring should be written in longhand if time permit; if not, in shorthand, Legal Forms. 211 and then in longhand at the first opportunity. Thereafter, they may be -written in shorthand. This applies to the names of witnesses when called and sworn. These should be written in longhand, followed by the words (in short- hand) "for plaintiff "or " defendant," as the case may be, but, at all events, designating the party in whose behalf the witness is sworn. No system of shorthand numerals has yet been devised which has given universal satisfaction. While, in some instances, law reporters have successfully utilized short- hand for this purpose, yet the Arabic figures continue prime favorites. The latter are often helpful in finding desired parts of testimony. In a mass of shorthand characters, they are conspicuous markers of particular sections of the ex- amination of witnesses. Exhibits are documents and things produced in court, sometimes merely for the purpose of identification, but usually to be offered in evidence by litigants. They may range from a simple receipt for money paid to the elaborate and intricate model of a railway locomotive. They take the name of the party who offers them in evidence, as "Pl'ff's Ex. A.," " DefVsEx. No. 1," and are marked accordingly, the word "exhibit " being shortened to "Ex." It is customary for referees, in proceedings before them, to mark the exhibits, while upon trials in court, before judge and jury, this duty devolves upon the stenographer. Some stenographers mark all exhibits offered in evidence by the plaintiff, alphabetically, as "PFff's Ex. A.," etc., and those offered by the defendant, numerically, as "Def't's Ex. No. 1," etc. ; while others mark all exhibits, by whom- soever introduced, by numbers, commencing the first with "Ex. 1," and continuing consecutively with succeeding exhibits. Legal form No. 27 exemplifies the method of doing this. Rubber stamps, containing everything necessary to place upon the exhibit, except its letter or number, are sometimes used. This constitutes a time and labor-saving device. A temporary index of the lettering or numbering (or both) of exhibits, and of the numbers of the pages at which the various examinations of witnesses commence, is a valuable aid to promptly finding parts of the proceedings called fo during a trial. 212 Legal Forms. MISCELLANEOUS LEGAL DOCUMENTS. AFFIDAVIT. (No. 1.) State of New York ) County of New York J John Spencer, being duly sworn, deposes and says : That on the fourth day of April, 1895, he resided at the City of Johnstown, in said State, and that at that time one Thomas Case also resided at said City. Deponent further says : That he was well acquainted with said Case until the time of his death, which occurred on the day aforesaid ; that previous to that time, the said Case informed the deponent that he, said Case, was the only son of Joseph Case, of Mil- waukee, in the State of Wisconsin. Deponent further says : That said Case, at the time of his death, was about forty years old ; that said Case had light hair and eyes and weighed about one hundred and eighty pounds. Deponent further says: That he is ready to testify to the foregoing matters whenever called upon to do so ; that deponent's age is seventy-three and that he now resides at New Rochelle ip said State of New York. Subscribed and sworn to before me ) T^T, W JTJ this 6th day of April, 1898. \ JOHN NOWILL, Notary Public, New York County, N. Y. CERTIFICATE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT NEW YORK. (No. 2.) State of New York ) gg County of New York \ ' On this sixth day of January, one thousand nine hundred and one, before me, the subscriber, personally came Henry Harrison, George Morse and James Johnson, to me known-, and known to me to be the same persons described in, and who executed, the within [or foregoing] instrument, and they severally acknowledged that they executed the same. WILLIAM H. DUNLOP, Notary Public, New York County, N. Y. Legal Forms. 213 WILL. (No. 3.) IN THE NAME OF GOD, AMEN. I, Sophia Rosamond, of the- Village of Greenpoint, in the County of Sullivan, and State of New York, widow, of the age of forty years and upwards, and being of sound, disposing mind and memory, do hereby make, publish, and declare this to be my last will and tes- tament, that is to say : FIRST. I direct that all my just debts and funeral ex- penses be first paid and fully satisfied. SECOND. I give and devise the real property, now occupied by me as my present residence, unto my beloved son, John Rosamond, absolutely and forever. THIRD. I give, devise and bequeath all the rest, residue and remainder of my estate, both real and personal, of every name and nature, and wheresover situate, unto my son, Charles Rosamond, of St. Johnsville, Montgomery County, LASTLY, I nominate, constitute and appoint my said son, John Rosamond, to be the executor of this my last will and testament, hereby revoking all former wills by me made. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this. 26th day of November, 1900. SOPHIA ROSAMOND.* The above instrument, consisting of one sheet, was, at the date thereof, subscribed by Sophia Rosamond, the testatrix named in the foregoing will, in the presence of us and each of us ; and, at the time of making such subscription, the above instrument was declared by the said testatrix to be her last will and testament, and each of us, at the request of said testatrix, and in her presence, and in the presence of each other, signed our names as witnesses thereto, at the end of the will. JAMES BINGHAM, residing at Greenpoint, Sullivan County, N. Y. ADDISON TORT, residing at Greenpoint, Sullivan County, N. Y. * It is not necessary to affix a seal to a will. 214 Legal Forms. NOTICE TO CREDITORS. (No. 4.) In pursuance of an order of Hon. J. Keck, county judge of Fulton Count}', notice is hereby given to all persons hav- ing claims against Dennis Moon, lately doing business in the city of Johnstown, N. Y., to present the same, with the vouchers therefor, duly verified, to the subscriber, assignee for the benefit of the creditors of said Dennis Moon, at the office of said assignee, No. 89 West Main Street, in the city of Johnstown, N. Y., on or before the 31st day of December, 1901. Dated Johnstown, N. Y., the 3d day of January, 1901. ANNA CASPEH, SENECA SHARP, Assignee. Attorney for Assignee, No. 49 West Main Street, Johnstown, N. Y. BOND. (No. 5.) KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that WC, JkniCS Jackson of the City of Boston, in the County of Suffolk and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as principal, and William Belding and Charles Robertson, both of the same place, as sureties, are held and firmly bound unto Peter Harding, of the City of Johnstown, in the County of Fulton and State of New York, in the sum of four thousand dollars ($4.000), gold coin of the United States of America, to be paid to the said Peter Harding, his executors, administrators, or as- signs ; for which payment, well and truly to be made, we bind ourselves, our heirs, executors and administrators, jointly and severally, firmly by these presents. Sealed with our seals and dated the tenth day of December, one thou- sand nine hundred. The condition of this obligation is such that, if the above bounden James Jackson, his heirs, executors, or adminis- trators, shall well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, unto the said Peter Harding, his executors, administrators or assigns, the just and full sum of four thousand dollars ($4,000), in gold coin of the United States, of the present Legal Forms. 215 standard of weight and fineness, in nine months from the date hereof, with interest thereon, at the rate of five per cent, per annum, without fraud or delay, then the preceding obligation to be void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue. JAMES JACKSON. (Seal) In presence of WILLIAM BELDING. (Seal) JOHN DOE. CHARLES ROBERTSON. (Seal) AGREEMENT.* (No. 6.) THIS AGREEMENT, made this tenth day of December, iii the year nineteen hundred, between Ernest Bowdish and Fred. A. Bowdish, composing the co-partnership firm of Bowdish Brothers, residing and doing business at the City of Johnstown, in the County of Fulton and State of New York, parties of the first part, and John Potts, of the same place, party of the second part, WITNESSETH : That said parties of the first part agree to furnish and set complete, according to the specification hereto annexed and marked Exhibit A and the drawings also hereto annexed and marked Exhibit B, both of which are made part hereof, upon a foundation to be provided by said party of the second part, iu his plot in the grounds of the Johnstown Cemetery Association, in Johnstown aforesaid, a monument which is to be of the best quality of granite known as the best medium Dark Barre granite, and each and every part and portion thereof shall come from the same quarry, and be of the same kind and quality of the best medium Dark Barre granite ; and, in consideration of the faithful performance of the foregoing agreement by the said parties of the first part, the said party of the second part agrees to pay the sum of one thousand dollars ($ 1,000), t when this agreement shall have been performed to the entire satisfaction of the said party of the second part, but not before the expiration of sixty days from and after the entire completion of the work herein provided for and performance of this agreement. And it is expressly understood and agreed by the parties * In law, practically synonymous with " contract." These words are used interchangeably. tit is well to write amounts in full, followed by flsmres in parenthesis. This i# technically known as the " consideration " of the agreement. 216 Legal Forms. hereto that the payment of the whole, or any part, of the said sum of money, or the permitting by said party of the second part of the erection of said monument, or any other act upon the part of the said party of the second part, shall not be considered, or construed, as an acceptance, in whole or in part, of the performance of this agreement on the part ol, or by, the said parties of the first part, until one year shall have elapsed from and after the date of the actual erection of said monument upon said cemetery lot, and the comple- tion of all work in connection therewith to the entire satis- faction of the said party of the second part as aforesaid ; and said party of the second part shall have the privilege at any time, within the said period of one year, to reject and refuse to accept said monument, and all, or any part of, the labor upon, or all, or any, of the material used in, said monument, on account of the non-compliance of the parties of the first part with this agreement, or any of the terms thereof, or with said specification and drawing, or either thereof, or any part of either thereof, or on account of the imperfect performance, or non-performance, by the parties of the first part of this agreement in any of its particulars, upon written notice of such rejection or non-acceptance, or both, to the said parties of the first part ; and, in case of such rejection or non-acceptance, said party of the second part shall be entitled to recover back the sums of money paid to the parties of the. first part for, or on account of, said monument; and, in that event, the parties of the first part shall remove the same from the said cemetery lot of the party of the second part, and restore the said cemetery lot to the same condition in which it was at the time of the commencement of operations thereon for the erection of said monument, at the cost and expense of the parties of the first part; and, in case of the refusal of the parties of the first part so to do, the party of the second part may cause the same to be done at the cost and expense of the parties of the first part. And as a part of the consideration of this agreement the parties of the first part hereby covenant and agree that, in case the party of the second part shall purchase, or con- tract to purchase, the marker or index stone now set upon his said cemetery lot, they will and shall cut, dress and hammer the entire surface of said marker or index stone so Legal Forms. 217 that the same shall be fine and smooth and be of the best "twelve-cut" work, and polish or hammer the letters thereon, at the option of the party of the second part." It is also expressly understood and agreed, by and be- tween the parties hereto, that all the provisions, state- ments and requirements, contained in, and every part of said specification Exhibit A, and of said drawing Exhibit B, respectively, shall be treated as a part hereof, and the same shall be binding upon the parties hereto, and shall bind them the same as if the same were incorporated in the body of this agreement, for all the purposes of this agree- ment. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have hereunto set their hands and seals the day first above written. In nresence of ERNEST BOWDISH. (Seal)* FRED. A. BOWDISH. (Seal) JOHN POTTS. (Seal) GENERAL, MUTUAL, RELEASE. (No. 7.) THIS INDENTURE, made this fourteenth day of Decem- ber, A.D. 1900, between John Fudge, of Fonda, Mont- gomery County, and State of New York, of the one part, and Theodore B. Catchem, of Fultonville, in the County and State aforesaid, of the other part, WITNESSETH: That the said John Fudge and Theodore B. Catchem have this day canceled and delivered up to the other certain cov- enants, bonds, notes, and written contracts upon which he claimed to have demands on the other; the said claims and instruments so canceled and delivered up being supposed and intended to be all the claims and evidence of claims by either of the parties hereto on the other. And, in considera- tion thereof, each of them, the said John Fudge and Theodore B. Catchem, does hereby, for himself and his legal representa- tives, release" and absolutely and forever discharge the other of and from all claims and demands, actions, causes of action, of every name and nature, so that neither of them shall have any claim on the other, directly or indirectly, on any con- * In many States wafer seals are unnecessary, in such States the word "seal," or the letters "L.S." (meaning place of the seal), following the sig- nature, being feufflcient. See signatures, form No. 7. 218 Legal Forms. tract, or supposed liability, or thing undertaken, done, or omitted to be done, from the beginning of the world to this day. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the said parties have hereto inter- changeably set their hands and seals, the day and year first above written. In presence of JOHN FUDGE. (L.S.) GEORGE JENKINS. THEODORE B. CATCHEM. (L.S.) CERTIFICATE OF ACKNOWLEDGMENT ILLINOIS. (No, 8.) State of Illinois County of Cook On this sixth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six, before me, William H. Dunlop, a notary public in and for the County of Cook, residing therein, duly commissioned and sworn, personally appeared Henry Harrison, George Morse and James Johnson, personally known to me to be the same persons whose names are sub- scribed to the within instrument, and they, severally, duly acknowledged to me that they executed the same. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal, at my office in the City of Chicago, County of Cook, the day and year in this certificate first above written. AVILLIAM H. DUNLOP, (L.S.) Notary Public, 111 and for the County of Cook, State of Illinois. NOTICE TO TENANT. (No. 9.) Take notice, that you are justly indebted unto me in the sum of twenty dollars for rent of the following described premises, to wit: All the second floor of the building owned by me and known and' designated as No. 4 South Touikins Avenue, in the City of Rochester, Monroe County and State of New York, ten dollars of which said sum of rent became, and was, due and payable on November 1, 1900. and ten dollars of which said sum of rent became, and was, due and payable on December 1st, 1900, which said sum of twenty dollars rent you are required to pay to me, on or Legal Forms. 219 before the expiration of three clays from the clay of the ser- vice of this notice, or surrender up the possession of the above-described premises to me; in default of which I shall proceed, under the statute, to recover the possession thereof. Dated at Rochester, N. Y., this 3d day of December, 1900. PAUL JONES, To TIMOTHY THOMPSON, Landlord. Tenant. LEGAL PAPERS IN ACTIONS. SUMMONS. (No. 10.) NEW YORK SUPREME COURT. Trial desired in Fulton County. SAMUEL BAKER, Plaintiff,* against^ JOSEPH MOONEY et aZ.,J Defend ants. To the above named defendants: You are hereby summoned to answer the complaint in this action, and to serve a copy of your answer on the plain- tiff's attorney within twenty days after the service of this summons, exclusive of the day of service, and in case of your failure to appear, or answer, judgment will be taken against you by default for the relief demanded in the com- plaint. Dated, December 2, 1900. JAME? MORRIS, Plaintiff's Attorney. Office Address and (49 "West Main Street, Post-Office Address \ Johnstown, N. Y. * Abbreviation: "Prff." t" Against" is often abbreviated to "Ag'st." Sometimes its Latin equivalent versus (abbreviation "vs.") is used, i el alia Latin, meaning " and others." Abbreviation: "Def'ts." 220 Legal Forms. DEMURRER. (No. 11.) Fol. 1* SUPREME COURT. FULTON COUNTY. LEONHARD CHERRY and } JOHN HENRY MARTIN, against f CHARLES BUNCE. The defendant, Charles Bunce, demurs to the complaint herein, and for the grounds of his de- murrer states, that it appears, upon the face of the complaint, that there is a misjoinder of parties plaintiff, in that the plaintiff, John Henry Martin, is improperly joined with the other plaintiff, be- cause he is shown to have no cause of action jointly with him, but that the sole cause of action set forth in the complaint is shown to be in the " 2 other plaintiff, Leonhard Cherry, exclusive of said John Henry Martin. Dated, January 10, 1901. RUDOLPH SOUTH, Defendant's Attorney, Office Address and ) 50 West Main Street, Post-Office Address f Johnstown, N. Y. NOTICE OF PENDENCY OF ACTION. (No. 12.) Fol. * SUPREME COURT. FULTON COUNTY. JOSEPH KEPLEH, ^ against WILLIAM DOBBS, Jr., ALBERT MOORE, MICHAEL I L. FUNK, WILLIAM BATES, JOHN A. STARK and JAMES BUSH. \ To the Clerk of the County of Fulton : Sir: Notice is hereby given that an action lias been commenced, and is now pending in this court, * Fol. Abbreviation for " Folio." Certain legal documents are required by the rules of practice to be foliod i.e., commencing with the first word, every hundred words are numbered consecutively in the margin as shown in above form. In practice, it is customary to place the folio opposite each tenth line, ditto marks being used after the first, instead of the word, "folio. v Legal Forms. 221 by the above-named plaintiff against the above- named defendants, the object of which action is to foreclose a mechanic's lien, a notice of which lien was duly filed in the office of the clerk of the Fol. 2 County of Fulton on the 2d day of December, 1897. The real property affected by such lien is described as follows, viz. : All that tract or parcel of land situate in the city of Johnstown, County of Fulton and State of New York, designated as lot No. seventy-one (71) upon a map or plot of land commonly known and called "Kensington Place," as laid out upon a map or plot made by C. Fiske, C. E., and. filed in the office of the clerk of the County of Fulton on the 2d day of December, 1895, and being the same premises conveyed by "William T. -Brown and others to said defendants William Dobbs, Jr., and John A. " 3 Stark, by deed dated May 19, 1896, which deed was recorded in said clerk's office, May 23, 1896, in book of deeds No. 98 at page 65, and also the same premises described in a contract for the conveyance thereof made by said defendants Albert Moore and Michael L. Funk to said defendant William Bates, dated Oct. 19, 1897, and filed and recorded in said clerk's office, October 20, 1897,in book of deeds No. 101 at page 42. Dated, December 27, 1897. WILLIAM BALCOM, Plaintiff's Attorney, Office Address and ) Johnstown, Post-Office Address* \ Fulton Co., N. Y. To the Clerk of the County of Fulton : You are hereby directed to index the foregoing notice to, and in the nauieo of, the defendants William Dobbs, Jr., Albert Moore, Michael L. Funk, William Bates and John A. Stark in the above-entitled action. WILLIAM BALCOM, Plaintiff's Attorney, Office Address and ) Johnstown, Post-Office Address j Fulton Co., N. Y. * The rules of practice require the attorney to state his office and poet- "fflce address. 222 Legal Forms. COMPLAINT. * (No. 13.) Fol. 1 SUPREME COURT. FULTON COUNTY. LEONHARD CHERRY aud j JOHN HENRY MARTIN, against C CHARLES BUNCE. ) The above-named plaintiffs, for a complaint aud cause of action herein against the above-named de- fendant, respectfully shows to the court and alleges : That heretofore, and on the 21st day of Septem- ber, 1900, at the city of Gloversville, Fulton County, N. Y.', the plaintiff Cherry, at the request of the defendant, sold and delivered to him certain goods, wares and merchandise, consisting of gloves and mittens, of the kinds,- styles, qualities and quantities, and at the agreed prices next herein- " 2 after specifically set forth, viz. : twelve dozens of gentlemen's outseam one-button gloves at the agreed price of nine dollars per dozen, and seven dozens of ladies' overseam seven-hooked gloves at the agreed price of eight dollars and fifty cents per dozen, amounting in the aggregate to the sum of one hundred and sixty-seven dollars aud fifty cents. That by the terms of the sale of said goods, wares and merchandise, the purchase price thereof, viz. : the said sum of $167.50 became, and was, due and payable on the 22d day of .November, 1900, no part 5 ' 3 of which has been paid, and there is now justly due and owing the plaintiffs by the defendant the said sum of $167.50, with interest thereon from the 22d day of November, 1900. WHEREFORE the plaintiffs demand judgment against the defendant for the sum of one hundred * "Complaint." In some States, and in the United States courts, this paper is known as Bill or Declaration. It contains a statement of facte which constitute the canse, or causes, nnnn which a person founds hie risht to maintain a lawsuit. Legal Forms. and sixty-seven dollars and fifty cents, with interest thereon from November 22, 1900, besides the costs and disbursements of this action. HENRY W. BALCOM, Plaintiff's Attorney. Office Address and ) No. 49 West Main Street, Post-Office Address \ ' Johnstown, Fulton Co., N. Y. State of Xew York * ) County of Fulton J Leonhard Cherry, being duly sworn, says : That he is one of the plaintiffs in the above-entitled ac- tion ; that he has read the foregoing complaint Fol. 4 and knows the contents thereof, and that the same is true to his own knowledge, except as to the matters therein stated to be alleged on information and belief, and that, as to those matters, he believes it to be true. Subscribed and sworn to before me / T -, this 29th day of December, 1900. \ LEONHARD CHERRY. MAJENDIE JOHNSTON, Notary Public, Fulton Co., N. Y. ANSWER. f (No. 14.) Fol. 1 SUPREME COURT. FULTON COUNTY. LEONHARD CHERRY and ] JOHN HENRY MARTIN, against C CHARLES BUNCE. The above-named defendant, for an answer to the complaint herein of the above-named plaintiff. First : Denies each and every allegation in said complaint contained. * This is known as an affidavit of verification. It does not necessarily form part of the complaint, as the latter may be used, in certain cases, with- out being sworn to. t "Answer." This is the instrument by which a person who is sued sets forth facts which are claimed to constitute a legal defense why the person gnins: him should not obtain the relief sousrht. The language of this instru- ment, as well as the complaint (see preceding form), necessarily varies according to the circumstances out of which the litigation springs. 224 Legal Forms. Second : For a further and separate answer to the complaint herein, the defendant alleges that, here- tofore, and on or about the 10th day of December, 1900, the plaintiff and this defendant fully ac- counted to and with each other as to the cause of action set forth in the complaint herein, and also as to all moneys, accounts and matters of difference then, and previous thereto, existing between them ; and, on the day last mentioned, stated the account then Fol. 2 between them, and that, upon said last mentioned date, there was found due and owing, upon account of all said moneys, accounts and matters, from this defendant to said plaintiff, the sum of fifty dollars, which said sum of fifty dollars, this defendant, on said last mentioned date, paid to said plaintiff, who received the same in full satisfaction and discharge of all claims and demands then existing in favor of said plaintiff against this defendant. WHEREFORE, the defendant demands judgment against the said plaintiff that the complaint herein be dismissed, with the costs and disbursements of " 3 this action. RUDOLPH SOUTH, Defendant's Attorney, Office Address and \ 50 West Main Street, Post-Office Address f Johnstown, N. Y. State of New York ? County of Fulton \ Charles Bunce, being duly sworn, says : That he is the defendant in the above-entitled action ; that he has read the foregoing answer and knows the contents thereof, and that the same is true to his own knowledge, except as to the matters therein stated to be alleged on his information and belief, and that, as to those matters, he believes it to be true. Subscribed and sworn to before me ) ~, . this 2d day of February, 1901. \ CHARLES JEROME BILLINGTON, Notary Public, Fulton Co., N. Y. 262 Intersected Words. CHAPTER XXXVII. INTERSECTED WORDS. 262. The practice of intersection, or the writing of one stroke consonant through another, is of great utility in providing the writer with brief, distinctive, and easily written forms for the titles of public companies, officials, the names of political parties, frequently occurring col- loquial phrases, etc., all of which are usually uttered with more than ordinary rapidity by dictators or public speakers. A knowledge of the principle of intersection, as set forth in the following phrases, will enable the student to devise simi- lar contractions for any very long or otherwise awkward phrase which is common to the profession or business in which he may be engaged. When the direction of the strokes will not allow of intersection, the second letter may be written close to or under the first. P is employed to represent party in such phrases as : Republican party Democratic party Free Soil party Independent party Liberal party People's party Populist party Prohibition party Labor party ^\ political party D is employed to represent department in phrases like : . r j Agricultural depart- ment Fire department <- /T Inquiry department f^C Legal department ^JjJ- Life department Medical department Navy department Passenger department Police department \i Post-Offlce department Purchasing department $ * 226 Intersected Words. R may be used to represent railroad or railway ; thus: Grand Trunk R. R. Illinois Central R. R. New York Central R. R. \s Northern Pacific R. R. Nl ^OVMissionary society V^-Phonographic society [^ Temperance society I). Tract society K is employed to represent company in titles like : ^ & American Bank Note Co. American Express Co. -P American News Co. Adama Express Co. James Smith & Co. National Express Co. New York Life Ins. Co Standard Oil Co. Steamship Co. Transportation Co. United States Ex. Union Trust Co. T is employed to represent committee ; as: - ^k, [I Claims committee Entertainment committee Executive committee VJj>Finauce committee a^ House committee _L/ Judiciary committee Association may be represented in phrases by the circle s and -tion hook; thus: -^Bar association Sp Building association / Improvement association >-* \i Mutual aid association Savings association Temperance association Miscellaneous Intersected Phrases and Contractions, 22? MISCELLANEOUS 'INTERSECTED PHRASES AND CONTRACTIONS. ..7T?.. Act of Assembly 7 -4^- High-water mark Act of Congress o^\^ House of Representa- u Assembly chamber cT tives f c ~\_ Local traffic !^ > g vf cv Member of Congress vX" Bill of lading 1 . board of directors *\^/7 Member of Legislature S\ Mutual Life Ins. Co. capital punishment "a" : ~ f Capt. Caxton V. j-s Official stenographer Chamber of Commerce \/^~ Palace car y City bank \l Phonetic Journal -fs^ Citv and county of New- York y Postmaster-General p City, Courty, and State ' President of the U. 8. ^-- or' New York ^LP ef-^ Col. Dixon <\/~ = Professor Morgan p Constitution of the U. S. C^. Quinquennial valuation f Custom House o _xf Secretaiy of State 1 */ Secretary of War ^J Equitable Life Assur- ance Society Senate chamber vq- Farmer's Loan and Trust Co. / Stock Exchange s General Manager vP United States General Scofield V^D Vice-President L^_ German-American In- surance Co. t / Ways and Means !28 CHAPTER XXXVIll. LIST OF SIMILAR WORDS, DISTINGUISHED BY A DIFFERENCE OF OUTLINE. W\* tico or thrre vordi appear under one outline, they are diftinguithed by petition, marked by Jiffuret. Vowelt, and the prefix com or con, marked in Italic, thould be interted, even in Reporting. ptbl /\, 1 compatible ; 2 potable ; 3 computable ; J^ pitiable N ^ v ptk optic ; ] poetic ptns '^_P 1 aptness; [ pettiness ptrf v/V^ petrify; 4 putrefy "NO ptrfkshn -y^-^ petrifaction; \^__^ putrefaction ptrn \ patron; ^^ pattern pier \ 1 packer ; 2 pecker ; ^ \ epicure pstr N 1 compositor ; 2 pastry ; jV/ pasture, posture pshnt p passionate ; V/^ patient pnr \_^ 2 opener ; NX ^\ pioneer ; \^^ penury pljr y pledger ; f plagiary ; N// pillager plsd N> 1 placid ; \O 1 palsied ; 2 palisade ; 3 pellucid plsmn \-s placeman; \f* s ~* policeman prps \S\> 1 porpoise ; 2 purpose ; X^ perhaps, propose prprt NS appropriate ; \y1 property ; ^i propriety} X/^V purport prprshn NX^ appropriation ; ^\^> preparation prtTc "\ pai-take ; \/ 1 operatic ; 2 portico prtv \^_ comparative ; N/i operative prtnd \ pretend ; X^' portend prtr ^"v aperture ; ^] portray ; \^ operator ; x porter ; ^ / ^'~x parterre List of Similar Words. 229 prch ^> 2 approach ; 3 preach ; \^ 1 purch ; 2 perch, porch ptf>%N proffer ;\/ prefer; X/^N porphyry, periphery prvd % provide ; '^ pervade prst N V. poorest; \/ 3 purest; "vf pursuit .prsto %- prosecute ; ^V^" persecute prskshn "\^> prosecution ; \^~=> persecution . prsr *\~. oppressor; ^.x piercer; \S^ peruser; \/) ^ ^ pursuer prsn Nj^ 2 person ; 3 prison ; N V JJ *" X 1 parson ; 2 compari- son; 3 Parisian present, personate ; N/^ pursuant parcel, parsley ; \/* parasol, perusal Prussia ; \^ perish, Persia oppression, Prussian ; \S* portion, appor- tion, Persian prmnnt ^V--^^ 1 prominent ; 3 (rather than 2, to pre- vent clashing with the previous word) perman- ent; ^_^, pre-eminent prns ^N 3 poorness; \/^~ s> 3 pureness prnss o princes ; ^ princess prls \X 1 paralyze ; 2 perilous btf"\ beautify; \^ beatify blsm \-~^ blossom ; "V* 5 ^ balsam brb \^ bribe ; \/\ barb brbr ^\ briber ; ^^7 bribery ; vV Barbary brk *\ 2 break, broke ; 3 brick, brook ; \/ bark, Irkr 'X breaker, broker ; \S barker [barrack brth *> 1 broth; 2 breath; V( birth 230 List of Similar Words. brl *V barley; \f barrel, burial; ^-y" barely; \X barilla tnr |_^ 1 tanner; 2 tenor; 3 tuner; L^v tenure trtr h 2 traitor ; 3 treater ; ^-x Tartar ; 'U. torture ; \/\/ territory, Tartary trst \ 1 contrast ; 2 traced, trust ; \ 3 truest trshn \j attrition, contrition ; y> contortion, tertian ; \? iteration dtr *\ 1 daughter, auditor ; 2 debtor ; 3 doubter ; *~\ editor. I 1 awditory dietary ; 2 deter ; 3 detour dtrmnt *\ detriment-al ; K^ determined dfns k_p advance, defence, deafness ; I defiance, diaphanous dfr \ 2 defray ; 3 differ ; \^ 2 defer ; 3 devour ; L defier I ^ dvrs J divers, adverse ; \f diverse, divorce dstn \ destine ; V destiny ; p destination ; \^ distinction dss \ disease, disuse (v.) ; Ji disuse (n.) I 1 diocese; dsst 4 diseased ; \ deceased ; p desist [3 decease dltr \^ adulteiy ; rl idolatry ; *r idolater; Y adulator, dilwter jnt f^ giant ; / agent ; jnts (^ giants ; -1 giantess jntl i- genteel, gentle, gently ; j^- Gentile Mrs \ actors, actress ; k cateress ; [/? cauterize kvlr ^- 1 caviller ; ~ *-v cavalier kskrt o- execrate ; Q-^ excoriate kskrshn o-^ excursion, execration; r* ? excoriation kips c \o eclipse ; _j^\> collapse kltr c \ clatter ; L culture List of Similar Words. 231 1 clock ; 2 cloak, click ; f colic, calico 1 climb ; 2 claim, acclaim ; 7^ column, culm 1 climate ; 7T calumet ; ^ calamity culminate ; ~~ i calumniate corporal ; "^V-f corporeal krt =~ 1 accord, cart ; 2 court ; / 1 carat", accurate ; 2 curate; /I charta; c I cruet krtr c ~] 1 carter ; 2 Creator, crater ; ^ curator ; L creature, courtier ; ^~\^ criteria krdns J credence ; "" - 1 accordance krj I courage ; // carnage grdn ^^ 1 garden ; *\J 1 guardian, Gordian ; 2 guerdon gvnt c ^ l granite ; /~ garnet fktr ^ n factor; \. factory ford V^ favoured; V^ favourite fnrl \jtf funereal ; \y- funeral frtn V^-' fortune ; S frighten ; VXl fourteen frm ^. 1 farm, form, conform ; 2 firm, cowfinn, affirm ; \^/^^ f oinim frns V/ ferns, cowference ; ^~x fairness frwrd ^ foi-ward; C X ) froward vlshn vJ 1 violation; 2 volition, evolution; V eowvulsion vlns \J** 1 violence ; V vileness [2 verity vrt ^. convert ; vx avert ; ^i virtue ; v/| 1 variety ; sprt <\ spirit ; \/ support, suppurate ; ^ separate std f 2 stead, staid; 3 steed, stood; [ steady, study; P 1 sighted ; 2 seated, suited stshn J* 1 citation ; 2 station ; f situation 14 R. ^ 232 List of Similar Words. str J oyster, Easter; ^ austere, astir; \ astray, Austria ; ^ estuary sdrt \, considerate; 1 considered sst ) assist ; 9 consist ; ) essayist ; r society, siesta snt ^ 1 sent (to distinguish it from the present tense <, send, written on the line) sntr Q -^ f ] sentry ; |X century sltr ^lX solitary, conciliatory; &| sultry; ^~ psaltery, salutary mpsJint(d) /-v^ impassioned ; /-s^"" impatient 0m ^^ 1 many, my own ; 2 money mnstr s-^y 1 monster ; 2 minster, minister ; " | min- istry ; ^ IX monastei-y mrdr murders ; \ murderous, murderess ndfnt v ~U'indefinite ; s -\ i undefined njns i__p ingenious ; l*\ ingenuous nvdftjbl v ^\ v unavoidable ; ^1 inevitable Ibrt r* laboured ; XV elaborate Ikl (~ local; f~~ 1 likely; 2 luckily X9 .X^' Irnd f learned (verb) ; r leamed (adj.) rtsns X|j_p i righteousness, riotowsness ; 2 reticence rgrt /*~ regard; .XH regret rsm /^ 3 resume; / 0-% 3 reassume 9 , S> rsrs ^ racers, resource ; ^5^^ i-acehorse rust x^ 3 rinsed; "") earnest hmn /-^ 1 Hymen, human; 2 humane hind ^ HoUand ; ^Highland; <^ r Holy Land hrn \ 1 horn ; 3 hereon ; \__, 1 horny ; 3 herein ; eron ; .^_ s . $r / ON ( ~ P V J> v^x . J N^ x V, ^^\ , | <*s_ *^~^ .^. Hx ^.^ ^ Q^^X I ~^ y d .^. ~ '-e 1 Reporting Exercises. 243 CHAPTER XL. SPEECH OF PATRICK HENRY. Delivered before the Virginia, House of Burgesses in March, 1775. This speech is considered one of the great Masterpiece* of American Oratory. [856 words.] (For Shorthand see opposite page.) No man, Mr. President, thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gen- tlemen who have just addressed the House. But different men often see the same subjects in different lights ; and, therefore, I hope it will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen if, entertaining as I do, opinions of a character opposite to theirs, I should speak forth my sentiments freely, and without reserve. This is no time for ceremony. The question before the House is one of awful moment to this country. For my own part, I con- sidei it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery. And in proportion to the magnitude of the subject, ought to be the freedom of debate. It is only in this way that we can hope to arrive at truth, and fulfill the great responsibility which we hold to God and our country. Should I keep back my opinions at such a time, through fear of giving offence, I should consider myself as guilty of treason toward my country, and of an act of disloyalty toward the majesty of heaven, which I revere above all earthly kings. Mr. President : It is natural to man to indulge in the illusion of hope. We are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth, and listen to the song of that siren, until she transforms us into beasts. Is this the part of wise men engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty ? Are we disposed to be of the number of those who, having eyes, see not ; and having ears, hear not tr.e tilings which so nearly "concern our temporal salva- tion ? For my part, whatever anguish of spirit it may cost, I am willing to know the whole truth ; to know the worst, and to provide for it. I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided ; and that is the lamp of experi- ence. I know of no way of judging of the future but by the past, and judging by the past, I wish to know what 244 SPEECH OF PATRICK HENEY. I \ .L.? S I ^^v:-' ^ \ ~ "Wo v ' ~ ^ -- , ) x / - . Y^ . )x . Speech of Patrick Henry. 245 there has been in the conduct of the British ministry for the last ten years, to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the House ? Is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received ? trust it not, Sir, it will prove a snare to your feet. Suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss. Ask your- selves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land. Are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation ? have we shown ourselves so un- willing to be reconciled, that force must be called in to win back our love ? Let us not deceive ourselves, Sir; these are the implements of war and subjugation the last arguments to which kings resort. . . . They tell us, Sir, that we are weak unable to cope with so formidable an adversary. But when shall we be stronger ? will it be the next week or the next year ? will it be when we are totally disarmed, and when a British guard shall be stationed in every house shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction ? Shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance by lying supinely on our backs, and hugging the delusive phantom of hope, until our enemies have bound us hand and foot ? Sir, we are not %veak, if we make a proper use of those means which the God of nature hath placed in our power. Three millions of people armed in the holy cause of liberty, and in such a country as that which we possess, are invin- cible by any force which any enemy can send against us. Besides, Sir, we shall not fight our battles alone. There is a just God who presides over the destinies of nations, and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us. The battle, 246 INDUSTRY AND HAPPINESS. \ Q, >L:C; I > C w .y! L -P ^ -V T" ? 1 . ) 1 V I, ^ ! ^ ' ' ^ C ^ L_ ; ^ _ *r-.^ VX ^ I! INDUSTRY AND HAPPINESS. * , r v-<- V-e X>. x a X / Industry and Happiness. 247 Sir, is not to the strong alone ; it is to the vigilant, the active, the brave. Beside, Sir, we have no election. If we were base enough to desire it, it is now too late to retire from the contest. There is no retreat, but in submission and slavery ! Our chains are forged. Their clanking may be heard on the plains of Boston ! The war is inevitable and let it come ! I repeat it, Sir, let it come ! ! It is vain, Sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, peace, peace but there is no peace. The war is actually begun ! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms ! Our brethren are already in the field I why stand we here idle ? What is it that gentlemen wish ? what would they have ? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery ? Forbid it, Almighty God ! I know, not what course others may take ; but as for me give me liberty or give me death ! INDUSTRY AND HAPPINESS. [1093 words.] Health is the platform on which all happiness must be built. Good appetite, good digestion, and good sleep are elements of health, and industry confers them. As use polishes metal, so labor the faculties, until the body per- forms its unimpeded functions with elastic cheerfulness and hearty enjoyment. Buoyant spirits are an element of happi- ness, and activity produces them ; but they fly away from sluggishness. Men's spirits are like water, which sparkles when it runs, but stagnates in still pools, and is mantled with green, and breeds corruption and filth. The applause of conscience, the self-respect of pride, the consciousness 248 INDUSTRY AND HAPPINESS. \ ^ ^ ^_-/ / \ > If \ *f) I <\ O \ J^, ,_=, ^y { ' 6 s ' '**' ' -H \ G <: ; V. A JL ^* " V- Industry and Happiness. 249 of independence, a manly joy of usefulness, the consent of every faculty of the mind to one's occupation, and their gratification in it these constitute a happiness superior to the fever-flashes of vice in its brightest moments. After an experience of ages, which has taught nothing from this, men should have learned that satisfaction is not the product of excess, or of indolence, or of riches ; but of industry, temperance, and usefulness. Every village has instances which ought to teach young men that he who goes aside from the simplicity of Nature, and the purity of virtue, to wallow in excesses, carousals, and surfeits, at length misses the errand of his life ; and, sinking with shattered body prematurely to a dishonored grave, mourns that he mistook exhilaration for satisfaction, and abandoned the very home of happiness when he forsook the labors of useful Industry. The poor man with Industry is happier than the rich man in Idleness ; for labor makes the one more manly, and riches unmans the other. The slave is often happier than the master, who is nearer undone by license than his vassal by toil. Luxurious couches plushy carpets from Oriental looms pillows of eider-down carriages contrived with cushions and springs to make motion imperceptible is the indolent master of these as happy as the slave that wove the carpet, the Indian who hunted the northern flock, or the servant who drives the pampered steeds ? Let those who envy the gay revels of city idlers, and pine for their mas- querades, their routs, and their operas, experience for a week the lassitude of their satiety, the unarousable torpor ef their life when not under a fiery stimulus, their desperate ennui and. restless somnolency; they would gladly flee from their haunts as from a land of cursed enchantment. 250 INDUSTRY AND HAPPINESS. "-3 > / 7 /", \ / V . \ N S <^- X < ^ _ r / < r Industry and Happiness. 251 Industry gives character and credit to the young. The reputable portions of society have maxims of prudence, by which the young are judged and admitted to their good opinion. Does he regard his word ? Is he industrious f Is ke economical ? Is he free from immoral habits f The answer which a young man's conduct gives to these questions, settles his reception among good men. Experience has shown that the other good qualities of veracity, frugality, and modesty are apt to be associated with industry. A prudent man would scarcely be persuaded that a listless, lounging fellow would be economical or trustworthy. An employer would judge wisely, that where there was little regard for time, or for occupation, there would be as little, upon temptation, for honesty or veracity. Pilferings of the till and robberies are fit deeds for idle clerks and lazy apprentices. Industry and knavery are sometimes found associated ; but men wonder at it as at a strange thing. The epithets of society which betoken its experience are all in favor of Industry. Thus, the terms " a hard-working man," "an industrious man," "a laborious artisan," are employed to mean, an honest man, a trustworthy man. I may here, as well as anywhere, impart the secret of what is called good and bad luck. There are men who bemoan in the poverty of a wretched old age that luck forever ran against them. One, with a good profession, lost his luck in the river where he idled away his time a-fishing when he should have been in the office. Another, with a good trade, perpetually burnt up his luck by his hot temper, which provoked all his employees to leave him. Another, with a lucrative business, 252 r INDUSTRY AND HAPPINESS. \ s^ yj 1 b v. . x T AU % f r \r , U \ V. I \ ^ U \ , T r \ Industry and Happiness. 253 lost his luck by amazing diligence at everything but his business. Another, who steadily followed his trade, ho steadily followed his bottle. Another, who was honest and constant to his work, erred by perpetual misjudgments he lacked discretion. Hundreds lose their luck by indorsing, by sanguine speculations, by trusting fraudulent men, and by dishonest gains. A man never has good luck who has a bad wife. I never knew an early-rising, hard-working, pru- dent man, careful of his earnings, and strictly honest, who complained of bad luck. A good character, good habits, and iron industry are impregnable to the assaults of all the ill luck that fools ever dreamed of. But when I see a tatterdemalion creeping out of a groggery late in the fore- noon with his hands stuck into his pockets, the rim of his hat turned up, and the crown knocked in, I know he has had bad luck for the worst of all luck is to be a sluggard, a knave, or a tippler. Industry is a substitute for Genius. Where one or more faculties exist in the highest state of development and ac- tivity as the faculty of music in Mozart invention in Ful- ton ideality in Milton we call their possessor a genius. But a genius is usually understood to be a creature of such rare faculty of mind that he can do anything without labor. According to the popular notion, he learns without study, and knows without learning. He is eloquent without prep- aration, exact without calculation, and profound without reflection. While ordinary men toil for knowledge by read- ing, by comparison, and by minute research, a genius is supposed to receive it as the mind receives dreams. His mind is like a vast cathedral, through whose colored win- dows the sunlight streams, painting the aisles with the varied colors of brilliant pictures. Henry Ward JSeecTier. 254 PAPER MONEY. Jt2i <^ x \ ivs.fi, -,u v ^> l ^y K v_y ^ N/I^N . "cx\ ..r?.A x v V v - ' > < > X ^ ^ x^ J '"^~" x '^" -x. x ]s~\ , y~^ ( ^~ J...V^.; 6, . > J \^ "^C x ' c < . i \ w:, , .D., ^., * f~*\+ w: Paper Money. . 255 PAPER MONEY. [653 words.] The Paper Money of the United States is in the form of promissory notes of two kinds, namely : Convertible or Coin Notes, and Inconvertible Notes. The former consists of Gold Certificates, Silver Certificates, and Treasury Notes. A Gold Certificate is a note or bill containing a declaration to the effect that there has been deposited in the United States Treasury a sufficient amount of gold coin to redeem the certificate on demand of the holder. A Silver Certificate is a note or bill containing the same declaration -with reference to silver coin. Treasury notes are mere promises to pay in coin without specifying gold or silver. Inconvertible Notes are those which bear simply a promise to pay without refer- ence to time or manner in which they shall be paid. Na- tional Bank Notes are one form of inconvertible paper. These notes do not bear the promise of the government to pay, but that of the Bank by which they are issued ; they are secured by government bonds deposited with the United States Treasurer, and are payable on demand in some form of legal tender money, but not necessarily coin. Thus, it will be seen that the people of the United States are at present using four kinds of dollars the gold dollar, the silver dollar, the paper dollar, which may be exchanged for coin, and the paper dollar which cannot be exchanged for coin. They circulate at par ; that is, the purchasing power of one is equal to the purchasing power of any of the others. Coin is universally acknowledged to possess greater intrinsic worth than any other kind of money; so it would naturally seem that its purchasing power would be greater ; but it must be remembered that the purchasing power of a paper dollar is not based upon its own intrinsic value, but upon the coin for which it is exchangeable. The purchasing power of an inconvertible paper dollar, however, is based upon nothing but confidence in the government. Such a note has no value 258 PAPER MONEY. ' " V i 4- x \ .^:>L C , c A x Y^ ' -tS Jku 280; <= Paper Money. 257 in itself, nor is there any provision whatever made for its re- demption in coin ; yet, such is the confidence in the govern- ment's promise to redeem them, at some time and in some manner, not specified, that they are exchanged at par \vith the other kinds of paper money. Indeed, confidence is an element that enters largely into the value of all money. We do not know that a gold coin contains all that is claimed for it in the way of purity or weight, but we have confidence in the government's stamp upon it, and we receive it without question; nor do we know for a certainty that there are sufficient silver coins in the government treasury to make good all silver certificates, but such is our confidence in the statements and promises of the government that we freely receive such certificates in return for our goods or our labor. Thus, we see how several kinds of money with unequal values can be made to circulate with equal purchas- ing power; yet this equality in purchasing power may be destroyed. A notable example of depreciation of paper money happened during the civil war. At the beginning of the war the government borrowed large sums of money by the issue of bonds; the war continued and the money was soon exhausted. Unable to procure any more funds in this way, Congress voted to issue inconvertible notes. These notes were called "Greenbacks " and were simply promises to pay at some time or other, nobody knew when nor how. They were made legal tender and everybody was obliged to accept them in payment of debts. As confidence in the government sank, the purchasing power of the "Green- backs " became less. At one time, the price of gold went to 280; that is, it took two dollars and eighty cents in "Greenback" money to eoual, in purchasing pawer, one dollar in gold. 17 258 HOW AND WHEN TO READ. sX r c. . .V. W 5 How and When to Read. 58 HOW AND WHEN TO READ. [746 words.] The art of reading to the best advantage implies the com- mand of adequate time to read. The art of having time to read depends upon knowing how to make the best use of our days. Days are short, and time is fleeting, but no one's day ever holds less than twenty-four hours. Engrossing as one's occupation may be, it need never consume all the time remaining from sleep, refreshment, and social intercourse. The half hour before breakfast, the fifteen minutes waiting for dinner, given to the book you wish to read, will soon finish it and make room for another. The busiest men I have known have often been the most intelligent and the widest readers. The idle person never knows how to make use of odd moments; the busy one always knows how. Yet the vast majority of people go through life without ever learning the great lesson of the supreme value of moments. Let us sup- pose that you determine to devote two hours every day to reading. That is equivalent to more than seven hundred hours a year, or to three months of working time, of eight hours a day. What could you not do in three months, if you had all the time to yourself 1 You could almost learn a new language, or master anew science; yet this two hours a day, which would give you three months of free time every year, is frittered away, you scarcely know how, in aimless matters that lead to nothing. A famous writer of our century, some of whose books you have read Edward Bulwer-Lytton devoted only four hours a day to writ- ing ; yet he produced more than sixty volumes of fiction, poetry, drama, and criticism, of singular literary merit. The great naturalist, Darwin, a chronic sufferer from a de- pressing malady, counted two hours a fortunate day's work 260 HOW AND WHEN TO BEAD. \ l L < ..-^ ) k / V, "^ ^ ^vr^' 1 >^ x ."V I c ) vf N -f, y\ ^ x- -A- o X ( How and WJien to Read. 261 for him ; yet he accomplished results in the world of science which render his name immortal. Be not particular as to hours, or the time of day, and you will soon find that all hours are good for the muse. Have a purpose, and adhere to it with good-humored pertinacity. Be independent of the advice and opinions of others; the world of books, like the world of nature, was made for you ; possess it in your own way. If you find no good in ancient history or in metaphysics, let them alone and read books of art, or poetry, or biography, or voyages and travels. The wide domain of knowledge and the world of books are so related that all roads cross and converge, like the paths that carry us over the surface of the globe on which we live. Many a reader has learned more of past times from good biographies than from any formal history ; and it is a fact that many owe to the plays of Shakespeare and the novels of Walter Scott nearly all the knowledge they possess of the history of England and Scotland. Most writers en- velop the thought or the fact in so much verbiage, com- plicate it with so many episodes, beat it out thin by so much iteration and reiteration, that the student must needs learn the art of skipping in self-defense. To one in zealous pur- suit of knowledge, to read most books through is pa/ing them too extravagent a compliment. He has to read be- tween the lines, as it were, to note down a fact here or a thought there, or an illustration elsewhere, and leaves alone all that contributes nothing to his special purpose. As the quick, practised eye glances over the visible signs of thought, page after page is rapidly absorbed, and a book which would occupy an ordinary reader many days in reading is masteied in a few hours. The habit of 262 DEMAND FOR STENOGRAPHERS. v .^, , L |- ' CX X , _L, ./L...Y... DEMAND FOR STENOGRAPHERS. >x . I >X / J_. V^^*?>..., ^6 LD o ^ /^X ^- s ' _ ^....^.1. ' . ^"^ *4 \* '"\ C * ^ Ji Q-S \S>m ' \ LN x ^-^ ^-" -I- i 1 \j ^s ' .L. I L r\ . -S> Demand for Stenographers. 263 reading I have outlined, and which may be called the intuitive method, or, if you prefer it, the shorthand method, will more than double the working power of the reader. It is not diffi- cult to practise, especially to a busy man, who does with all his might what he has got to do; but it should be learned early in life, when the faculties are fresh, the mind full of zeal for knowledge, and the mental habits are ductile, not fixed. With it, one's capacity for acquiring knowledge, and consequently his accomplishment, whether as writer, teacher, librarian, or private student, will be immeasurably increased. A. R. Spofford, late Librarian of Congress. DEMAND FOR STENOGRAPHERS. [450 words.] A stenographer able to write accurately one hundred and twenty-five words a minute, operate the typewriter accu- rately at a fair speed, and who has a good common school English education is always reasonably certain of a good office position at a good salary. But stenographers should understand that it is not shorthand and typewriting alone that is in demand, nor is speed the only desideratum. It makes no difference how rapidly a lightning calculator adds a column of figures if the result is wrong in fact, it had better not be added at all. It does not help the stenog- rapher to write rapidly and then mutilate it when the tran- script is made. Accuracy is the first essential, and then get just as much speed as it is possible while maintaining accuracy. The trouble with the average stenographer is that he does not understand enough about English to know whether he is writing sense or nonsense, and if he is unable to read his notes he substitutes something which does not convey the idea of the dictator, and probably does not convey any idea at all. The stenographer, 264 DEMAND FOB STENOGRAPHERS. -f ND ' ' ^ u ' ^ X 3 ^" \^^t? Q o / V. r ^ 1 c f N *f x (Tl J- x s D x N/ O (T" 1 x , ^ \ X_^, S_P / /X V^~^ X_P . X^ .IP .\ o x~v XIP , I Ox c ^" \ yf " Xi3> S^/ Z/. I / S " o _ ,/'* \ \ - - -' , -xj, [ , V^ Demand for Stenographers. 265 like the young man in business, should keep his eyes and ears open, notice the drift of current events, read the news- papers, read good books, and extend his vocabulary as much as possible. No one, no matter what position in life, can make a pronounced success who never learns anything except when told of it. Reading, study, and observation will do more than teachers and schools. Experience alone will oftentimes send some people backwards, because by experi- ence they frequently learn many things that are not so. The average business man is improving in his business methods, his dictation, and his English (and for this thanks are due, we think, largely to the business schools and com- mercial departments), and he does not care particularly to have his dictated copy edited by the stenographer. He is satisfied if the stenographer is able to translate the hierogly- phics and get the copy as he dictated it. The average business man has a vocabulary sufficiently extensive, and one that will cause the average young stenographer to con- sult the dictionary quite frequently. And, by the way, the dictionary habit is a good one. The trouble with many people is that they do not consult the dictionary enough, and when they do, if they discover it does not spell the words as they are accustomed to spell them, they give up in despair. As a summary, we would say, read, study, observe, and consult the dictionary, become an expert in business philol- ogy, and your shorthand and typewriting may take care of itself. Penman's Art Journal. ABEAHAM LINCOLN'S SECOND INAUGITKAL ADDBESS. \ C. > i^x '(, ' L, \ 'I > r / < < Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address. 267 ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS. Delivered on thelth of March, 1865, only a few weeks before Tie was assassinated. [705 words.] FELLOW-COUNTRYMEN : At this second appearing to take the oath of the Presidential office, there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first. Then, a statement, somewhat in detail, of a course to be pursued, seemed fitting and proper. Now, at the expiration of four years, during which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation, little that is new could be presented. The progress of our arms, upon which all else chiefly depends, is as well known to the public as to myself; and it is, I trust, reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all. With high hope for the future, no prediction in regard to it is ventured. On the occasion corresponding to this four years ago, all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war. All dreaded it; all sought to avert it. While the inaugural address was being delivered from this place, de- voted altogether to saving the Union without war, insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war seeking to dissolve the Union, and divide effects by negotia- tion. Both parties deprecated war ; but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive, and the other would accept war rather than let it perish. And the war came. One-eighth of the whole population were colored slaves, not distributed generally over the Union, but localized in the southern part of it. These slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest. All knew that this interest was, some- how, the cause of the war. To strengthen, perpetuate, and extend this interest was the object for which the insurgents would rend the Union, even by war; while the Government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS. VI L.' / ' 3 x ^.^~-r. >'N"V-P t <:, JL & / i \ V V3 K X , <^< .... S ->- (, ^ u 4 i-^ ? V I ^^^.V^ r*" if 7 /^*7 ^S ^ ^^~^> v ^^-^^l ^-i.r^ <^-, T ^l^viJ \. ^_^ i ^ -i , > r .!)...t-.^. XL Abraham Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address. 269 enlargement of it. Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already at- tained. Neither anticipated that the cause of the con- flict might cease with, or even before, the conflict itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a re- sult less fundamental and astounding. Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces: but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The prayers of both could not be answered ; that of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has His own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of offenses ! for it must needs be that offenses come ; but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh." If we shall suppose American Slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which, having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that he gives to both North and South this terrible war, as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God always ascribe to him ? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three thousand years ago, so still it must be said, "The judgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether." 270 THE UNION. _D ) \ A 1 THE UNION. Vo V. /v_? x L NX ^ \ L -) ^ v^-./x *.;v /*- \^ ; i^ UV J ..|.. ^ v ) N a ^- -) ^ Ls, ^ ..}..