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BANCROFT 
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 AMERICAN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS 
 
 FOR 
 
 FOREIGN MISSIONS, 
 
 PRESENTED AT THE 
 
 THIRTY-NINTH ANNUAL MEETING, 
 
 HELD IN 
 
 BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, 
 
 Sept, 12-15, 1848, 
 
 BOSTON : 
 
 PRINTED FOR THE BOARD, BY T. R, MARVIN. 
 1848. 
 
Bancroft Ufcl 
 
 1848.] SANDWICH ISLANDS. 237 
 
 have made good progress in completing a stone meeting-house ; 
 and the people of Kaanapali, an outpost of the same station, 
 have rethatched their place of worship. The church at Waia- 
 lua have also repaired their meeting-house. 
 
 The contributions for various objects at the different stations, 
 have been on the same liberal scale as in former years. 
 
 TESTIMONY IN BEHALF OF THE MISSION. *. 
 
 To obviate, and more than obviate, the adverse testimony, 
 which occasionally appears from unfriendly persons, the Com 
 mittee are happy to quote a letter from Joel Turrill, Esq., the 
 American Consul at the Sandwich Islands, addressed to the 
 Treasurer of the Board, and dated Honolulu, March 1, 1848. 
 Mr. Turrill writes as follows : 
 
 " I find this climate as good as I expected, and more of civi 
 lization among the natives than I anticipated. Much, very 
 much, has been done for this people, the nation, by your 
 Board. For several years before leaving the United States, I 
 had been disinclined to favor the efforts that were making to 
 send missionaries abroad, believing that such efforts otherwise 
 directed would be productive of much more good ; but during 
 my residence in these Islands I have been an attentive observer 
 of the effects produced by those efforts on the Hawaiian race, 
 and I am free to confess that my feelings upon this subject have 
 undergone a material change. I find here, as missionaries, indi 
 viduals who, so far as my observations have extended, are 
 worthy of their high calling ; and the result of their labors, so 
 apparent in the vast improvement in the moral and physical 
 condition of the people, forces the conviction on my mind, that 
 they have devoted themselves to their arduous duties with a 
 zeal and a singleness of purpose worthy of the great work in 
 which they are engaged. I do not believe that another in 
 stance can be found, where, with the same amount of means, 
 so much good has been done to any people in so limited a 
 period. 
 
 " I might state many interesting facts upon this subject, but 
 I deem it unnecessary to go into detail in writing to one so 
 familiar with every thing connected with the mission at these 
 Islands, as yourself. 
 
 " The benefits that have already resulted from the disin 
 terested exertions of the missionaries, and the good they are now 
 constantly doing among the natives of these Islands, give them 
 in my opinion a strong claim upon the Christian and the Phi 
 lanthropist for a liberal support ; but I did not take up my pen 
 for the purpose of discussing this important subject, but simply 
 to do an act of justice too long deferred." 
 
I ffl M ram Illlllllrallllu 
 
OREGON INDIANS. 239 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 
 
 MISSION TO THE OREGON INDIANS. 
 
 WAitLATPu. Vacant. 
 
 CLEAR WATER. Henry H. Spalding, Missionary ; Mrs, Eliza Hart Spalding. 
 
 TSHIMAKAIN. Elkanah Walker, Gushing Eells, Missionaries; Mrs. Mary Walker, 
 Mrs. Myra Eells. 
 
 DALLS. Mr. Hinman and P. B. Whitman, Assistant Missionaries ; Mrs. Hinman. 
 (4 stations j 3 missionaries; 2 male and 4 female assistant missionaries ; total, 9 ) 
 
 The course of events in this mission, since the last Annual 
 Report, has been singularly disastrous and disheartening. One 
 who has labored during many years with great assiduity and 
 self-denial, for the temporal and spiritual good of the red man, 
 has fallen a martyr by the hands of the very people he was 
 seeking to bless and save. His amiable wife and a promising 
 assistant, in circumstances of appalling atrocity and faithless 
 ness, have shared the same fate. Another escaped a violent 
 and untimely death only by a signal interposition of Providence. 
 And the remaining members of the mission are supposed to 
 have been in much fear, in consequence of the actual or appa 
 rent dangers with which they saw themselves environed. 
 
 PLANS AND PROSPECTS OF THE MISSION. 
 
 Before the occurrence of this melancholy catastrophe, the 
 prospects of our brethren, though not particularly encouraging, 
 seemed to be about as hopeful as they had been for some time 
 previous. The winter of 1846-7, indeed, was one of remarkable 
 severity, inflicting considerable loss upon the mission, and doing 
 much greater injury to the natives, by the destruction of horses, 
 cattle, sheep, &c. ; while it necessarily and materially curtailed 
 the amount of direct missionary labor performed at the different 
 stations. At Clear Water, moreover, there had been, for some 
 months prior to the spring of 1847, a course of procedure on 
 the part of the Nez Perces, which was not less annoying to Mr. 
 Spalding and his family, than it was fatal, for the time being, 
 to all plans and expectations of usefulness. But as the season 
 advanced, a more friendly feeling was manifested by the chiefs, 
 who professed to deplore the misconduct of the " infidel party," 
 and expressed a strong desire that Mr. Spalding would remain 
 
240 OREGON INDIANS. [Report, 
 
 with them and continue his efforts in their behalf. The Ka- 
 yuse Indians were thought to be making commendable progress 
 in the arts of life ; while the gospel appeared to be gaining a 
 more efficient and most desirable influence over them. Under 
 date of May 12, Doct. Whitman wrote : " We think the affairs 
 of this station, in regard to the Indians, are in a very favorable 
 state ; such as gives promise of continued prosperity." 
 
 At a meeting of the mission, held at Tshimakain in June, 
 1847, the propriety of occupying another station came up for 
 discussion. Amid previous discouragements and trials, the ex 
 pediency of discontinuing the mission had forced itself upon 
 the minds of the brethren ; but the reasons for abandoning the 
 field entirely did not seem to be satisfactory. Now, however, 
 in consequence of the purpose of the Methodist mission to leave 
 the Balls (or Waskopum), and their formal offer of the station 
 to our brethren, the inquiry arose whether this important post 
 should be taken under their care. On the whole it was deemed 
 advisable to accept the offer ; especially as, by omitting to do 
 so, the place might go into the hands of the Romanists, or fall 
 under influences equally adverse to the spread of evangelical 
 religion among the natives of Oregon. The original plan of 
 the mission contemplated the removal of Mr. Walker to the 
 Dalls ; but as he thought it expedient to remain at Tshimakain, 
 different arrangements were made. A nephew of Doct. Whit 
 man, who had gained some experience in missionary life while 
 in the family of his uncle, was transferred to the new station ; 
 and a Mr. Hinman, formerly a school teacher at Waiilatpu, was 
 associated with him. By the adoption of this plan, it will be 
 seen, a fourth tribe of Indians was brought under the influence 
 of our brethren ; the station at Tshimakain having been estab 
 lished for the benefit of the Flat Heads, the one at Clear Water 
 being among the Nez Perces, the one at Waiilatpu having been 
 surrounded by the Kayuses, and the new station at the Dalls 
 being in the midst of the Walla Wallas. 
 
 During the autumn of 1847, till near its close, the missionary 
 work appears to have gone forward at all the stations, without 
 any. important change, or any striking event. Doct. Whitman, 
 in particular, was prosecuting his labors with cheerfulness and 
 assiduity. As it was a season of unusual sickness among the 
 Indians in his neighborhood, he spent much of his time in ad 
 ministering to their wants ; not forgetting, however, their 
 spiritual necessities. It was his purpose to erect a place of 
 worship for the Indians, at no distant day ; and he was taking 
 measures to build some permanent storehouses for their use. 
 While he was deeply solicitous for the improvement and re 
 generation of the red man, he was no less anxious to provide 
 the means of grace for the white population which was crowd- 
 
1848.] OREGON INDIANS. 241 
 
 ing into this sparsely settled and distant territory. In his latest 
 communication he dwelt with much earnestness upon this 
 topic, and was urgent that the American Home Missionary So 
 ciety and the American Tract Society should enter this broad 
 field without delay. The destinies of Oregon he regarded as 
 depending, in a very important sense, upon the influences 
 which should be thrown into it during the first years of its 
 history ; and he could not shut his eyes to the fact, that Ro 
 manism and irreligion were gaining a strong position in places 
 which promised to be central points at a future day. 
 
 But in the twinkling of an eye, this beloved brother was 
 ushered into the eternal world ; his wife, with Mr. Rogers, his 
 only associate in missionary labor, and two adopted children, 
 were involved in the same catastrophe ; the station on which 
 he had bestowed such an expenditure of time and money was 
 laid in ruins ; the continued occupancy of Clear Water became 
 unsafe and impracticable ; the mission families at Tshimakain 
 were kept for a long time in a state of painful suspense, and 
 they finally felt constrained to remove to Fort Colville for se 
 curity. The station at the Balls, as well as Waiilatpu, was 
 converted into a military post ; and it remained in that condi 
 tion at the date of our last advices from Oregon. And it seems 
 very doubtful whether any of these positions can be again oc 
 cupied by missionaries, unless it be Tshimakain ; and it is too 
 soon to affirm that even this can be henceforth considered as a 
 desirable (if it is a tenable) point for the prosecution of the 
 work in which our brethren have been engaged. 
 
 MASSACRE AT WAIILATPU. 
 
 The massacre of Doct. Whitman, his wife, and Mr. Rogers 
 at Waiilatpu, took place on the 29th of November. All the 
 causes of this sudden and melancholy event are not known to 
 the Committee ; they cannot, therefore, give a full and satisfac 
 tory account of it at the present time. The immediate occasion 
 of this outbreak of savage violence may probably be found in 
 the prevailing sickness among the Indians. In the train of the 
 emigrants from the United States, who went to Oregon last 
 year, there followed the measles and dysentery, making fright 
 ful ravages among the natives, the violence of disease having 
 been greatly aggravated by their imprudence. Those who 
 lived near Waiilatpu became greatly incensed against Doct. 
 Whitman, because he did not exert his supposed supernatural 
 powers in saving their lives. Some pretended even that he 
 was giving them poison, that he might effect the destruction of 
 their tribe ; while others professed their unabated confidence in 
 his integrity. For the purpose of putting him to the test, it is 
 21 
 
242 OREGON INDIANS. [Report, 
 
 said, an agreement was made that three of their people should 
 take his medicines ; and it is also said that all of them died ; 
 whereupon it was resolved to make war upon the station. As 
 soon as the last victims of Doct. Whitman's imagined treachery 
 were buried, the work of death commenced. 
 
 Mr. Spalding has written two letters, describing this dark 
 tragedy according to the testimony of eye witnesses, one of 
 them being his own daughter ; but the details are too revolting 
 to be embodied in this Report. Suffice it to say, that after having 
 been struck down by the hand of violence, the persons named 
 above were permitted to linger from an early hour in the after 
 noon till late in the night ; and, during this interval of intense 
 suffering, they were treated with almost every outrage which 
 savage ferocity could inflict. Five other Americans fell the 
 same day, two of whom left each a widow and five children. 
 On the following day another, having a wife and three sons, 
 was killed. * Eight days later two others were dragged from 
 their sick beds, and slain in the most brutal manner. One who 
 escaped, leaving behind him a wife and five children, is sup 
 posed to have been murdered by another band of Indians. 
 " The surviving children of Doct. Whitman's family," writes 
 Mr. Spalding, " were assembled to be shot in the room where 
 he was lying, horribly cut and mangled, but still breathing. 
 With their guns in their hands, the Indians stood thick around 
 them, waiting the order to fire. My daughter was among 
 them, and understood every word which they spoke. At 
 length the command was given to spare them." 
 
 RESCUE OF THE CAPTIVES. 
 
 A large number of women and children were held by the 
 Indians as captives for nearly one month, during which period 
 three of them died. By the efforts of Mr. Ogden, Chief Factor 
 of the Hudson Bay Company at Fort Vancouver, who deserves 
 the warmest thanks of the Committee and the Board, the sur 
 vivors were at length redeemed, after they had suffered almost 
 every wrong and indignity from the hands of their enemies. 
 The same benevolent individual sent an order to the Nez Per- 
 ces to deliver up Mr. Spalding and his family, together with 
 the other Americans at Clear Water ; who, consequently, joined 
 the captives from Waiilatpu at Walla Walla, making sixty in 
 all, January 1st. They proceeded thence to Fort Vancouver, 
 where they arrived January 8th ; and four days later Mr. Ogden 
 formally delivered the rescued party to the Governor of the ter 
 ritory at Oregon City. " Our arrival," says Mr. Spalding, " was 
 greeted by three guns and a hearty welcome of the citizens, 
 who mingle freely their tears of grief with ours at the terrible 
 
1848.] OREGON INDIANS. 243 
 
 calamity which has befallen the country, as also their tears of 
 joy that so many, by the interposing hand of Providence, have 
 escaped." " The benevolence of the city soon found places 
 for the widows and afflicted families. Governor Abernethy 
 and his lady kindly offered us the hospitalities of their house, 
 where we remained for a few days." 
 
 MR. 
 
 The perils and exposures of Mr. Spalding, prior to his being 
 sent for by Mr. Ogden, as mentioned above, demand a separate 
 notice. The narrative will be given in his own language. 
 
 At the time of the massacre, which was at noon-day, I was at the Utilla, 
 twenty miles west of Waiilatpu, and remained there, visiting the sick and 
 preaching to the Indians, till Wednesday morning ; at which time I left for 
 the residence of Doct. Whitman. Having arrived within two miles of the 
 station, I met a Catholic priest, his interpreter, and a Kayuse Indian. This 
 Indian had accompanied the priest with a view to shoot me on meeting me, as 
 they expected me that day. Providentially he had stopped to smoke, and, in 
 lighting his pipe, had accidentally discharged his pistol. The hand of the 
 Lord prevented him from reloading ; and in this situation he met me. He 
 wheeled to reload in a secret place, and wait my coming up. In the mean 
 time the priest informed me of the massacre. He said that the Indian had 
 accompanied him for the purpose of killing me, and he feared for me. He 
 said that he camped at the Indian village one mile from the station the night 
 before, and there had baptized the children of the murderers that morning ; 
 after which he went to the house to see the women and children, and to as 
 sist in burying the dead. He said that my daughter was alive ; that the 
 chief had assured him the women and children should not be killed ; that all 
 Frenchmen, Hudson Bay men, and Catholics should not be hurt ; that only 
 Protestants or Americans should be destroyed. I asked him to take charge 
 of my three horses, one packed ; and also asked him to look after my daugh 
 ter and the women and children. He furnished me with a little food, and I 
 wheeled upon the plains. 
 
 In the mean time the Indian waited for me to come along. At length he 
 mounted and pursued after the priest, thinking I had returned with him ; but 
 not finding me with him, he was obliged to return to the place of our meet 
 ing, before he could take my track, which he followed ; but the thick dark 
 ness of the night came on before he overtook me. I fled all night, changing 
 my course from the Wallamette to the Nez Perces country and my own home. 
 I crossed the Walla Walla river, kept the high grass, where the Indians the 
 next day lost my trail, followed the Tusha in its windings till light, and then 
 lay by next day. Next nigrht I continued up the Tusha, struck the trail from 
 Walla Walla to my place,~slept a few moments, and proceeded. Soon after 
 I heard the tramp of horses, coming directly in the trail from the station of 
 Messrs. Walker and Eells to Waiilatpu. This, I thought, is no other than a 
 band of Kayuse Indians returning from the murder of those brethren. Doubt 
 less all are cut off at my station also, and I am alone in the Indian country. 
 I wheeled my horse from the trail, lay flat, and seized him by the nose to 
 prevent him from calling out to the passing horses. Darkness prevented 
 them from seeing me. What that band was, I know not. It is certain they 
 had not been to the station of Messrs. Walker and Eells. About light I 
 stopped to bait my horse, when he escaped, leaving me to perform the rest 
 of the journey (ninety miles) on foot, without food. I was also obliged to 
 leave my blanket, and even my boots, as they were too small for traveling. 
 
244 OREGON INDIANS. [Report, 
 
 I have not time to give the interesting events of the remaining part of the 
 route. Suffice it to say, that, lying by days, on Monday night, the sixth of 
 my flight, I entered an Indian lodge, near my house, which had been vacated 
 that day by Mrs. Spalding ; and the news went to her that I had arrived. 
 The Nez Perces received me kindly, and treated us with friendship, while 
 we remained. They said they would protect us from harm from the Kayuses, 
 if we would protect them from harm from the Americans. This we agreed 
 to do, if they would keep their hands clean from blood and plunder. There 
 were with us my brother-in-law, Messrs. Craig, Jackson, Canfield, and two 
 Frenchmen. We built a log building to protect ourselves ; not knowing 
 when we could leave the country, as it was plain that we should not be able 
 to depart unless by the interposition of the Hudson Bay Company. In fact 
 it was certain that should the Kayuse Indians learn that the Americans were 
 coming up to avenge the death of the slain, they would immediately fall upon 
 the captives at Waiilatpu, fifty-two in all, and cut them off, and would also 
 be likely to make an attack upon the stations of Clear Water and Tshi- 
 makain. 
 
 The Nez Perces generally manifested a friendly spirit to Mr. 
 Spalding and his family in these trying circumstances. A 
 large party of them, indeed, assembled at his house, a few 
 hours before his return, with the design of robbing it, and turn 
 ing out Mrs. Spalding and the children on the plains, or making 
 them slaves. But better counsels prevailed. Mrs. Spalding 
 was assisted in removing to a place ten miles distant ; and the 
 house was guarded by one of the chiefs till the station was 
 abandoned. 
 
 TSHIMAKAIN ABANDONED. 
 
 Messrs. Walker and Eells experienced much sympathy and 
 kindness, after the destruction of Waiilatpu, from the Indians 
 among whom they were laboring. From other tribes, how 
 ever, who were arraying themselves against the whites, they 
 did not deem themselves secure. Indeed, it was entirely un 
 certain how far the hostile combination might extend, and what 
 course it would pursue. And even the approach of an Ameri 
 can force to punish the wrong doers might not be altogether 
 free from peril. At length, therefore, after a variety of rumors, 
 more or less startling, had been brought to Tshimakain, Messrs. 
 Walker and Eells deemed it expedient to remove their families 
 to Fort Colville. Accordingly, on the 15th of March, they left 
 their station for this place, where they remained at the date of 
 their last communications. These brethren acknowledge them 
 selves under very great obligation to Mr. Lewes, the Chief 
 Factor of the Hudson Bay Company at Fort Colville, for ten 
 dering to them a temporary home. 
 
1848.] CHOCTAWS. 245 
 
 MISSION TO THE CHOCTAWS. 
 
 WHEELOCK. Alfred Wright, Missionary ; Henry K. Copeland and Edwin Lathrop, As 
 sistant Missionaries ; Mrs. Harriet B. Wright, Mrs. Abigail Copeland ; Misses Sarah Ker, 
 Cornelia C. F. Dolbear, and Caroline Dickinson, Teacher-s and Assistants ; Pliny Fisk, Na- 
 tirv Preacher. 
 
 STOCKBRIDGE. Cyrus Byington, Missionary ; David H. Winship, Steward of the Board 
 ing School ; Mrs. Sophia N. Byington, Mrs. Winship ; Misses Lydia S. Hall and Harriet N. 
 Keyes, Teachers and Assistants. 
 
 PINE RIUGE. Cyrus Kingsbury, Missionary ; David Breed, Steward of the Boarding 
 School; Mrs. Electa M. Kingsbury, Mrs. Sarah A. Breed ; Misses Harriet Goulding, Han- 
 iiah Bennet, Juliet Slate, and Mary Ann Root, Teachers and Assistants. 
 
 GOOD WATER. Ebenezer Hotchkin, Missionary ; Mrs. Philena T. Hotchkin 5 Misses Lu- 
 cinda Downer, Catharine Belden arid Caroline A. Fox, Teachers and Assistants. 
 
 NOR WALK. Charles C- Copeland, Licensed Preacher', Horace W. Pitkin, Teacher ; Mrs. 
 Cornelia Copeland ; Miss Marcia Colton, Assistant. 
 
 MOUNT PLEASANT. Joshua Potter, John C. Strong 1 , Missionaries; Mrs. Potter, Mrs. 
 Strong ; Misses Catharine Fay and Jerusha Edwards, Teachers and Assistants. 
 
 OUT-STATIONS. Bushpotupa's and Good Land. 
 
 (6 stations, 2 out-stations ; 6 missionaries, 1 licensed preacher, 5 male and 25 female as 
 sistant missionaries, 1 native preacher ; total, 38.) 
 
 It is now thirty years since the mission to the Choctaws was 
 commenced by Messrs. Kingsbury and Williams. During the 
 first third of this period, however, but little success attended 
 the efforts of the brethren who were then in the field. The 
 number of those who gave satisfactory evidence of a Christian 
 life, was small. In the Annual Report of 1828, it was said : 
 " The faith of the missionaries has been tried by a long strug 
 gle against ignorance and sin, with comparatively few encour 
 agements from seeing the natives become pious, or sincerely 
 inquiring on the subject of religion." Even the schools estab 
 lished for the improvement and education of the people had 
 failed to realize all the hopes of their founders. 
 
 SPIRITUAL RESULTS OF THE MISSION. 
 
 About twenty years ago the mission entered upon a more 
 aggressive plan of operations. They perceived, as they 
 thought, indications that the set time to favor this tribe of In 
 dians had come. Greater prominence was given to the simple 
 and earnest preaching of the gospel. Meetings were held, not 
 only with more frequency, but in places where the message of 
 salvation had never been heard before. The Master was pleas 
 ed to bless the dispensation of his truth, and our brethren were 
 often cheered by the inquiry, " What shall I do to be saved ? " 
 From that time to the present, the Spirit of the Lord has al 
 most constantly displayed his converting power ; and the Choc- 
 
246 
 
 CHOCTAWS. 
 
 [Report, 
 
 taw churches have now a large body of communicants. In 
 the Annual Report of 1829, the Committee were enabled to 
 announce the addition of fifty or sixty native converts to the 
 mission churches. The distracting influence of the treaties of 
 March, 1830, (not ratified by the Senate,) and of September, 
 1830, did not wholly arrest the good work previously in pro 
 gress ; and in 1831 the number of communicants, not under 
 censure, was about three hundred and sixty. But the removal 
 of the nation to its present home, commencing in the autumn 
 of 1831, especially when taken in connection with the dis 
 tracting and demoralizing influences which grew out of this 
 change, materially retarded the increase of the churches for 
 several years. Indeed, the whole number of church members, 
 brought together in the Indian territory in 1833, was only one 
 hundred and eighty ; some having remained in the old nation, 
 others having' died upon the way, others still having fallen by 
 the diseases which now came upon them with such desolating 
 power, and many having been scattered abroad as sheep with 
 out a shepherd. And so late as the year 1840, the communi 
 cants in regular standing amounted to only two hundred and 
 twenty-five, the great mortality among the Choctaws having 
 created vacancies, during two or three years, faster than they 
 were supplied by new converts. For the last eight years, how 
 ever, -the blessing of the Lord has been with the mission, in a 
 very remarkable , manner. The gospel has been listened to 
 with interest and profit, and the additions to the churches have 
 been constant and gratifying. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the Annual Reports for 
 a series of years, will show the progress made in this depart 
 ment of the missionary .work.' Few missions in the world can 
 point to more cheering results. 
 
 Years. Yearly Additions. Whole Number.* Years. Yearly Additions. Whole Number 
 
 1833, 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 1834, 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 
 1835, 
 
 
 
 29 
 
 
 1836, 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 
 1837, 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 1838, 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 
 1839, 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 1840, 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 180 
 195 
 212 
 221 
 225 
 
 205 
 225 
 
 1841, 
 1842, 
 1843, 
 1844, 
 1845, 
 1846, 
 1847, 
 1848, 
 
 128 
 
 51 
 
 120 
 
 100 
 
 85 
 
 218 
 
 120 
 
 174 
 
 314 
 
 350 
 459 
 549 
 603 
 769 
 795 
 914 
 
 If now we add to the sum total of " yearly additions," em 
 braced in the faregoirig table, the four hundred who were re 
 ceived into the church in the old nation, we shall find that the 
 whole number admitted to the privileges of Christ's house, 
 from the beginning, exceeds fourteen hundred ! It may be 
 asked, perhaps, why these churches are no larger at the present 
 time. The answer is ( I) that many communicants were scat- 
 
1848.] CHOCTAWS. 247 
 
 tered and lost during the removal which followed the treaty of 
 1830 ; (2) the deaths have been very numerous, owing in part 
 to the diseases occasioned by this change of country ; (3) not a 
 few have been cut off in the course of discipline. 
 
 GENERAL IMPROVEMENT OF THE CHOCTAWS. 
 
 It was hardly to be expected that the progress of the people 
 in general intelligence, industry, and the arts of life, should be 
 equally marked an4 rapid. Whenever', in a heathen communi 
 ty, churches are multiplied and strengthened by unusual dis 
 plays of God's converting grace, Christianity will be sure to 
 outrun civilization. The most degraded idolater may become, 
 in a moment, the friend of Immanuel, and thus secure a good 
 hope of eternal blessedness ; but never, perhaps, during his 
 whole life will he attain to any considerable elevation as an 
 intellectual and social being. And the 'same general law ap 
 plies to communities. The reconstruction of society, in what 
 ever circumstances, is a work which requires time and patient 
 effort ; and the gospel even (however rapid the moral transfor 
 mation it produces) merely accelerates the process. 
 
 Still the Choctaws have made very commendable advances 
 in education, government, husbandry, and domestic comfort. 
 Indeed, they are not by any means the people whom the first 
 missionaries found in their ancient home. While there is some 
 .diversity in their personal appearance, and more in their style 
 of living, all who may be considered as having fairly come 
 under the influence of the gospel, show a degree of improve 
 ment that is manifest and decided ; and not a few are bright 
 examples of what a Christian civilization can accomplish. And 
 such is the general aspect of the country, that a stranger who 
 enters it from the States, will scarcely notice the transition, till 
 he is reminded of it by the complexion of the people. 
 
 It should be kept in mind, moreover, that whatever improve 
 ment has taken place in this tribe of Indians, has been gained 
 in the face of the most serious obstacles. Could the missiona 
 ries, at the commencement of their labors, have drawn aroimd 
 them a moral cordon sanitaire, and excluded every adverse in 
 fluence which the white man was destined to exert ; and could 
 they, at the same time, have expelled all the unhallowed leaven 
 which they found already at work, far different would have 
 been the state of the Choctaw community at the present time. 
 Intemperance and slavery, to say nothing of kindred and at 
 tendant evils, would have been unknown. The whole nation 
 would have become more orderly, industrious, intelligent and 
 moral. There would, especially, be less of that recklessness 
 in regard to human life, which is a somewhat painful feature of 
 
248 CHOCTAWS. [Report, 
 
 Choctaw society ; and there would also be a more stem and 
 rigorous infliction of the penalty of the law on notorious trans 
 gressors. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The interest taken by the Choctaws, even from the com 
 mencement of the mission, in the intellectual advancement of 
 the nation, has been highly praiseworthy. Often, indeed, there 
 has seemed to be a lack of that just appreciation of the benefits 
 of a Christian education, which was to be desired and hoped 
 for ; and the missionaries have at times been much tried by the 
 fickleness and inconstancy of those from whom they expected 
 better things. But the policy of the nation, as such, has been 
 remarkably liberal ; as will appear from the following table, 
 (prepared by Mr. Byingtori, on the authority of Cols. Pitchlyn 
 and HarkinSj) showing the sums appropriated for educational 
 purposes. Only a small part of this amount, however, has pass 
 ed through the hands of the mission. 
 
 Date of Treaty. Annual Grant. Number of Years. Total. 
 
 1816, $6,000 16 $96,000 
 
 1820, (54 sections of land valued at) 60,000 
 
 1824, 6,000 20* 120,000 
 
 J830, 2,500 25 62,500 
 
 1830, (provision for 40 youth 20 years $10,000) 200,000 
 
 1836, 18,000 20 360,000 
 
 $898,500 
 
 Of course it will not be inferred from this statement, that all 
 these sums have been actually expended for education ; much 
 less that they have, in every instance, been expended in the 
 best manner. For example, only a part of the allowance for 
 Choctaw youth is believed to have been paid, in point of fact, 
 by the United States Government ; nor has the benefit expected 
 from this arrangement, even where it has gone into effect, been 
 fully realized. Still the appropriation of such large sums for 
 such an object, by such a people, is worthy of special commen 
 dation, as having no parallel in history. 
 
 It will be seen, by a reference to the foregoing table, that 
 $26,500 are annually expended by the Choctaw nation for 
 schools at the present time. Of this amount $8,933 are paid 
 to our missionaries, toward the support of the five boarding 
 schools under their care. 
 
 As an indispensable auxiliary in the execution of their plans, 
 the missionaries have made frequent use of the press. Messrs. 
 Wright, Byington and Williams directed their attention, at 
 
 * This grant has been made perpetual. 
 
1848.] CHOCTAWS. 249 
 
 an early day, to the acquisition of the native language ; and 
 Mr. Byingtori has had a grammar and vocabulary in manuscript 
 for a number of years. Messrs. Wright and Byington have de 
 voted more or less time to the preparation of Choctaw books 
 and tracts. Mr. Wright, indeed, has expended much labor in 
 this department ; and he is now engaged in carrying an edition 
 of the entire New Testament through the press, at the expense 
 of the American Bible Society. In the course of a few weeks, 
 therefore, it is hoped that this portion of the Scriptures will be 
 made accessible to the whole Choctaw community. A list of 
 the works which have been published by the mission in the 
 vernacular language, from the commencement of the mission, 
 will be found in the Appendix. 
 
 PRESENT PROSPERITY OF THE CHURCHES. 
 
 Having taken this hasty survey of the work which the mis 
 sion has been permitted, with the blessing of God, thus far to 
 accomplish, the Committee now turn to the events of the past 
 year. And they are happy in being able to say, that the divine 
 favor has continued to. rest upon the labors of our brethren to 
 the present time. The same readiness to listen to the gospel, 
 which has been noticed in previous years, may again be men 
 tioned as a pleasing characteristic of a portion of the people. 
 Nor have they been hearers of the Word merely ; many, it is 
 believed, have become doers of the same ; and not a few, it will 
 be seen, have publicly entered into covenant with God and his 
 people. 
 
 Mr. Treat (who spent the month of February in visiting the 
 different stations under the care of this mission) was particular 
 ly struck with the solemn and earnest attention of the assem 
 blies which he addressed. The first Sabbath he spent at Good 
 Land, an out-station under the care of Mr. Hotchkin. In this 
 district, formerly one of the most degraded in the nation, there 
 was scarcely a professor of religion, three years ago. Now 
 there are one hundred and fifty church members in regular 
 standing. And it gives the Committee much pleasure to recog 
 nize the agency of a native, as intimately connected with this 
 result. A house of worship has recently been erected ; and on 
 the occasion of this visit, it was filled to overflowing. In the 
 afternoon one hundred and twenty communicants, one-half of 
 them being males, gathered around the table of our common 
 Lord. The Holy Spirit was manifestly present. On the fol-. 
 lowing Sabbath a large congregation came together in the neat 
 and commodious church at Wheelock ; and the services (which 
 were similar to those at Good Land) seemed to have the bless 
 ing of the Great Head of the Church. At Stockbridge, on the 
 
250 
 
 CHOCTAWS. 
 
 [Report, 
 
 next Sabbath, the assembly was smaller ; but the truth appear 
 ed to fall upon some hearts as seed upon good ground. The 
 congregation at Pine Ridge, on the last Sabbath in February, 
 though less homogeneous than the others, was solemn and at 
 tentive during all the exercises of the day. Mr. Treat left the 
 Choctaw nation fully persuaded that, for several years past, a 
 genuine and very pleasing work of grace had been going for 
 ward within its borders. And from accounts lately received, it 
 is evident that God is still rendering the Word quick and 
 powerful, particularly at Wheelock and its vicinity. 
 
 The nature of the field occupied by the mission requires a 
 large amount of labor. For instance, the entire district com 
 mitted to Mr. Hotchkin is forty miles long and ten or twelve 
 broad ; and meetings are held at four different places, by him 
 or his elders, almost every Sabbath. Mr. Wright's district is 
 still more extensive ; and he has nine different preaching places, 
 at nearly all of which religious instruction is given regularly. 
 He is assisted, however, by Messrs. C. C. Copeland and Pliny 
 Fisk (a very acceptable Choctaw preacher), and by others. 
 Mr. ByingtoVs church members are scattered over a territory 
 of thirty miles by twenty-two, and he has seven places for 
 public worship. As the Choctaws seldom live compactly, the 
 brethren have long deemed it advisable, and have, therefore, 
 been accustomed to hold two days' meetings, at stated seasons, 
 and in different localities. Such were the meetings which Mr. 
 Treat attended last winter ; and they seemed to him to be well 
 adapted to the character and circumstances of the people. 
 
 The present condition of the churches connected with this 
 mission, as also the additions made to them during the past 
 year, will appear from the following table : 
 
 Additions. Present JVo. 
 
 4 57 
 
 22 64 
 
 2 56 
 
 Churches. Additions. 
 
 Wheelock, 35 
 Stockbridge, 23 
 Pine Ridge, 6 
 Good Water, 82 
 Mount Pleasant, 
 
 Present No. 
 
 255 
 
 109 
 57 
 280 
 36 
 
 Churches. 
 
 Chickasaw, 
 Six Towns, 
 May hew, 
 
 174 
 
 914 
 
 The Committee are happy to find that there is an increasing 
 willingness on the part of these churches, not only to contri 
 bute to objects of benevolence within the nation, but also to 
 remember the benighted and lost in distant lands. Collections 
 were taken up last winter of a very gratifying character, and 
 more may be expected hereafter. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 Next to the churches, the boarding schools claim our atten 
 tion as the most striking feature of the Choctaw mission. Mr. 
 
1848.] CHOCTAWS. 251 
 
 Treat was highly gratified with the ability and faithfulness of 
 the teachers employed in these institutions, as also with their 
 general management. The course of instruction appears to be 
 appropriate and thorough, and the proficiency of the pupils is 
 all that can reasonably be expected. The leading men of the 
 nation, who very naturally and properly take a deep interest in 
 the successful working of a system to which they have con 
 tributed so liberally, seem to be more than satisfied with the 
 results thus far obtained. 
 
 It is the design of these schools to take a certain number of 
 children, and place them (except in vacations) under the ex 
 clusive direction of Christian teachers and guardians. They 
 are not allowed to use their native tongue, unless it be in a very 
 few excepted cases ; but they must employ the English lan 
 guage, in which alone their text-books are printed. The rou 
 tine of study is similar to that which has been introduced into 
 our own schools. Religious instruction, however, holds a much 
 more prominent place ; hence the comparatively large number 
 of the pupils (between thirty and forty) who have professedly 
 become new creatures in Christ Jesus. And this fact accounts, 
 in part, for the habits of order and propriety which are so gene 
 ral in these schools. There is no governing or regulating 
 power for the young like that which is derived from the word 
 of God. 
 
 In addition to those branches which are taught among us, 
 instruction is given in the arts and employments of domestic 
 life. The pupils in the girls' schools are required to perform the 
 ordinary work of a household, that they may carry with them 
 to their homes, and into all their future relations in society, a 
 kind of knowledge which is essential to the permanent im 
 provement of such a community. In the school at Good 
 Water, "thirteen have learned to cut and fit dresses; forty-two 
 can card and spin cotton ; and nine can weave. Forty yards of 
 cloth have been woven the last term, the filling of which was 
 all spun by the smaller girls." 
 
 In regard to the boys in the school at Norwalk, taught by 
 Mr. Pitkin, Mr. Copeland says, " Their progress in their daily 
 lessons has been good, and their labor has been turned to good 
 account. They have earned, in play hours, ten or twelve dol 
 lars, which they have cheerfully cast into the treasury of the 
 Lord." Special care has been taken to impart to the pupils a 
 knowledge of music ; and their proficiency is very remarkable. 
 And what is more important still, some of them manifest a 
 good deal of interest in religious instruction ; and they are evi 
 dently obtaining clearer views of divine truth. 
 
 The following table, compiled from the latest reports, will 
 show the number of pupils in these schools. 
 
252 CHOCTAWS. [Report, 
 
 Boarded at the Cost Other Day 
 Churches. of the Nation. Boarders. Scholars. Boys. Girls. Total. 
 
 Wheelock, 24 5 14 43 43 
 
 Stockb ridge, 27 3 6 36 36 
 
 Pine Ridge, 24 10 1 34 35 
 
 Good Water, 44 8 52 52 
 
 JNforwalk, 16 7 2 25 25 
 
 135 25 30 26 164 190 
 
 The statistics of the Pine Ridge boarding school, as given 
 above, exhibit its condition on the 19th of March last, when, 
 by a terrible and most distressing visitation of God, it was sud 
 denly closed. A violent tornado swept over the place, and laid 
 the station in ruins. The following letter from Mr. Kingsbury, 
 addressed to Mr. Treat soon after his return, describes this 
 calamity in detail. 
 
 As you have been here so recently, and remained with us several days, 
 and saw the smiling and happy group of children in our school and family ; 
 the comfortable and convenient buildings ; and the pleasant fruit, shade and 
 forest trees around the station, you will be prepared to appreciate the desola 
 tion by which we are now surrounded. Most of the children are now dis 
 persed to their several homes ; the greater part of the buildings are in ruins ; 
 and all the trees upon the hill that were of any size, are either broken off or 
 uprooted, and lie prostrate on the ground. The only building, after the tor 
 nado had passed, which could in the least shelter the numerous and suffering 
 family, was the old log-house, the dining room and kitchen attached to it, 
 and the two small bedrooms also connected with it. The roof of half the 
 dining room was thrown off. 
 
 The large two story house, occupied by Miss Bennet and Miss Slate, and 
 the girls under their charge, was carried entirely away, except the lower 
 floor and the sills and sleepers to which it was nailed. The bedsteads, bu 
 reau, chairs, tables, benches, and most of the other articles of furniture, were 
 dashed in pieces. A double brick chimney, standing in the centre of the 
 house, was thrown down, almost to the foundation. Seventeen persons were 
 in the house at the time of the disaster ; and yet, wonderful to relate, a hand 
 unseen preserved the life of every individual ! The injuries sustained were 
 few, and in most cases so slight as not to be regarded. Miss Slate was the 
 greatest sufferer. She was found with her lower limbs buried under the 
 fallen chimney. She was considerably bruised, and the small bone of one 
 ancle was broken ; but so great was her solicitude for the children of her 
 charge, that it was hard to persuade her that she was much injured. Miss 
 Bennet was attempting in vain to close the front door of her room, when 
 she heard a crash, saw the house parting at the corners, and expected it was 
 coming down upon her head. The next she knew, she was lying on the 
 ground, near to where the house had stood, having been carried over a box 
 and barrel of lime, and having received only some slight bruises. Several 
 of the children were more or less injured. One little girl who has suffered 
 most, said to Miss Goulding, her teacher : " Pray God to bless me, for I am 
 going to die." She was not as badly hurt, however, as it was at first feared ; 
 and she is now nearly recovered. 
 
 My son and two hired men had just time to escape from the house in 
 which they were, when it was leveled with the ground ; and amid trees fall 
 ing in every direction, and the fragments of broken buildings, which were 
 hurled through the air with great violence, they were, as by a miracle, pre 
 served from harm, except a few slight injuries. 
 
1848.] CHOCTAWS. 253 
 
 The entire roof of the school house, together with the piazzas, was blown 
 off, and much of it scattered in fragments to a great distance. The walls of 
 the house are so racked that it may be necessary to take them down before 
 it can be repaired. The study which you occupied while here, was first un 
 roofed, and then that noble pine which stood near it, and which was more 
 than thirty inches in diameter, was broken off and laid directly across what 
 remained of the building, crushing it to the ground. Most of the books and 
 papers that were of value, were preserved. 
 
 Providentially ten members of our family, including myself, were absent. 
 Thirty-four were on the premises; and yet so sudden and terrific was the de 
 struction, that no one knew what was done until all was over. Even those in 
 the large house that was broken in pieces and carried away, knew little of 
 what had taken place, until they found themselves lying in the rain, some on 
 the floor that remained, others on the ground. Not an animal about the 
 station was killed, except a few chickens. .Even the most thoughtless of 
 those who came to witness what had been done, were constrained to say, 
 " This is the hand of God." " No power but that of the Almighty could 
 have preserved so many lives, amidst such universal destruction." 
 
 Our kind friends from Doaksville, Fort Towson, and the neighborhood 
 around, and who had beheld at a distance the terrific war of elements, were 
 soon at the place, ready to render to the houseless, wet and wounded, all that 
 affectionate sympathy and kind attention, which their circumstances re 
 quired. On the three following days, a large number of our friends and 
 neighbors, including an efficient company of Choctaw lads from Spencer 
 Academy, headed by their teachers, were busily employed in repairing the 
 dwelling house that was left standing, putting a roof on the barn to secure 
 the corn and hay, opening a way through the fallen trees, removing rubbish, 
 and in putting up the fences around the garden and lots, all of which had 
 been leveled to the ground. Most of the glass in the windows, not only of 
 the houses destroyed, but also of the one that was left standing, was broken. 
 
 In a subsequent letter, Mr. Kingsbury says, " It more and 
 more excites our admiration, and calls for our devout gratitude, 
 that amid the destruction of almost everything else, the lives 
 and limbs of so many individuals should have been unharmed. 
 Twelve bedsteads were in one house ; and after the tornado, 
 not a whole one could be made from what remained unbroken 
 of them all. And yet seventeen females were in the iftilding ; 
 but with the exception of the small bone of an ancle, riot a 
 limb was injured, and no one was otherwise seriously injured.'' 
 Measures have been taken to repair the injury done to the sta 
 tion ; and it is hoped that the school will be opened again in 
 the course of a few weeks. 
 
 The day school at Mount Pleasant has been continued, and 
 thirty children have received instruction within the year. The 
 average attendance, however, has been only twelve, a smaller 
 number than has been heretofore reported, owing to the trans 
 fer of some of the pupils to the boarding schools. 
 
 " Saturday and Sabbath schools " are accomplishing not a 
 little for the Choctaw community. Though they are not al 
 ways successful, they generally impart the elements of knowl 
 edge, and thus enable the learner to read the works which have 
 been published in his native tongue, if nothing more. As 
 22 
 
254 CHEROKEES. [Report, 
 
 these are all useful, being intended to improve either his under 
 standing or his heart, the benefit conferred upon him in this 
 way is very great. The people are becoming more and more 
 alive to this fact ; and hence there is a call, from time to time, 
 for new schools of this description. " In three different places," 
 Mr. Hotchkin says, June 30th, in speaking of his field, " these 
 schools have been commenced ; and another is to be opened 
 to-morrow. The whole number of pupils will be one hundred. 
 The man of thirty or thirty-five is here seen by the side of the 
 little boy of six or seven, learning to read his own language." 
 The following extract of a letter from Mr. Potter will show the 
 value of these schools. 
 
 The Saturday and Sabbath school at Bennington was commenced a little 
 more than a year since, by the "Mount Pleasant Missionary Society." At 
 first the school met in the piazza of a log house ; but the place soon became 
 too strait, and they built a bower in the woods. At the commencement of 
 cold weather, last fall, they built a rough log house, eighteen feet by twenty. 
 Since February last, the interest in the school and in the religious meeting 
 has rapidly increased Early in the spring, I was requested to hold a mis 
 sionary meeting at that place, when about one hundred and fifty dollars were 
 subscribed for the benefit of the school. An intelligent half breed was im 
 mediately employed to teach it during the week. The school averages about 
 twenty-five pupils. 
 
 They have a Sabbath school and also a meeting every Sabbath. The 
 congregation averages about sixty-five. A large portion of them can now 
 read the Testament in their own language ; the children, however, are learn 
 ing English. Much interest is manifested on the subject of religion. About 
 fifteen have come forward and asked Christians to pray for them. A number 
 have commenced a life of prayer, and expressed a wish to join the church. 
 
 The numerous Sabbath schools, sustained by the mission, 
 appear to be in a flourishing state. In some instances the 
 whole congregation become either teachers or learners, thus 
 going uf on a common errand to Him who has " the words of 
 eternal life." The number who receive instruction in this way 
 is not reported. 
 
 Mr. David Breed and Mrs. Breed, Miss Jerusha Edwards, and 
 Miss Caroline A. Fox, joined the mission last winter. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Breed, it will be seen, are stationed at Pine Ridge ; Miss 
 Edwards teaches the school at Mount Pleasant ; and Miss Fox 
 is an assistant at Good Water. Miss Hannah Bennet became 
 connected with the mission a few weeks earlier, her post being 
 also at Pine Ridge. 
 
 MISSION TO THE CHEROKEES. 
 
 UWIGHT. Daniel S. Butrick. Worcester Willey, Missionaries; Jacob Hitchcock, James 
 Orr, and Kellogg Day, Assistant Missionaries; Mrs. Mary Ann Willey, Mrs. Nancy B. 
 Hitchcock, Mrs. Minerva W. Orr, Mrs. Mary L. Day ; Misses Eliza Stetson, Eliza Gid- 
 dings, Julia S. Hitchcock, Teachers and Assistants ; one native assistant. 
 
1848.] CHEROKEES. 255 
 
 FAIKFIELD Elizur Butler, M. D., Timothy E. Ranney, Missianaries ; Mrs. Lucy A. 
 Butler, Mrs. Charlotte T. Ranney ; Miss Esther Smith, Teacher ; one native assistant. 
 
 PARK HILL. Samuel A. Worcester, Missionary ; Stephen Foreman, Native Preacher; 
 Mrs. Ann O. Worcester; Miss Ann Eliza Worcester, Teacher; Edwin Archer, Native 
 Printer. 
 
 HONEY CREEK. John Huss, Native Preacher. 
 
 (4 stations; 5 missionaries (one a physician), 2 native preachers, 3 male and 12 female 
 assistant missionaries, 3 native assistants ; total, 25.) 
 
 As we have just adverted to the progress of the gospel among 
 the Choctaws during the last thirty years, it may be well, in 
 this place, to glance at the early history of the Cherokee mis 
 sion. It was on the 13th of January, 1817, that Mr. Kings- 
 bury commenced his labors at Chickamaugha, (afterwards known 
 as Brainerd,) in the old nation. The blessing of God attended 
 the preaching of the Word, almost from the beginning. In the 
 Annual Report of 1818, it was stated that a church had been 
 organized ; to which there had been admitted, within the pre 
 vious six months, ten or twelve persons, " who before were 
 strangers and foreigners, having no God in the world." Dur 
 ing the next ten years the communicants gradually increased ; 
 and in 1828 the whole number in regular standing amounted 
 to about one hundred and sixty. Pew missions, in so short a 
 period, have gained a stronger hold upon the native mind, or 
 shown more satisfactory results in almost every particular. 
 
 EFFECT OF THE REMOVAL OF THE CHEROKEES. 
 
 About this time, however, a new and disastrous era began in 
 the history of the Cherokees. Their ancient and cherished 
 " father-land " was wanted for another race. As was perfectly 
 natural, they were filled with anxiety and alarm ; but they de 
 termined to remain, if possible, in their ancestral home. They 
 made their appeal to natural right, to solemn treaties, to inter 
 national law. They pointed to their recent but rapid improve 
 ment ; and they spoke of the bright hopes they had begun to 
 indulge of future progress. But vain were their efforts. True, 
 they had argument, strong and unanswerable, on their side j 
 they had all the sympathy from the benevolent and humane 
 which they could ask ; and they had the verdict of the civil 
 ized world in their favor. But there was an iron purpose, long 
 cherished and deeply rooted, which demanded their removal ; 
 and this they could neither change nor resist. 
 
 The Committee have no wish to dwell upon the series of 
 events which ended in the transfer of this tribe of Indians to 
 their present territory. They make this passing reference to it 
 merely to account for the fact, that the success of the mission, 
 during the* last twenty years, has been so little in accordance 
 
256 CHEROKEES. [Report, 
 
 with its early promise. There is every reason to believe that, 
 had the Cherokees been permitted to remain undisturbed in the 
 old nation ; or had they removed, cordially and harmoniously, 
 to the country which they now occupy, they would have fur 
 nished one of the brightest illustrations of the transforming 
 power of the gospel which the world has ever seen. But when 
 we turn to the scenes through which they have passed ; when 
 we call to mind the wrongs they have received, and the suffer 
 ings they have endured ; when we think of the dissensions and 
 animosities and deadly strifes which were sown broadcast among 
 them, the fruit whereof has come down almost to the present 
 hour ; and when we also take into the account the diminished 
 power of the missionaries over them, (to say nothing of the 
 consequent decrease in the number of laborers employed,) the 
 wonder is, not that so little has been accomplished, but rather 
 that all has not been lost. 
 
 There was a time, indeed, prior to the removal of the Cher 
 okees beyond the Mississippi, when the number of communi 
 cants had risen to about two hundred and sixty ; and this not 
 withstanding the disastrous influences constantly at work 
 among them. But a large proportion of these were never gath 
 ered into the churches organized in the present Indian country. 
 The communicants among the Arkansas Cherokees were re 
 ported as amounting to about one hundred and sixty in 1836 ; 
 but the whole number in all the churches, in 1841, after the 
 removal was complete, scarcely exceeded two hundred ; and 
 since then it has not risen higher than two hundred and forty. 
 
 GENERAL IMPROVEMENT. 
 
 In other respects, however, the success of the mission has 
 been more decisive and gratifying. The Cherokees, it would 
 seem, are even before the Choctaws in general intelligence and 
 civilization. Their government is in advance of all other In 
 dian governments ; and Mr. Treat was informed, during his 
 late visit to the nation, that it was in the main well adminis 
 tered. Justice, it is said, is meted out to criminals with a good 
 deal of promptness and energy. How much of all this is the 
 result of the missionary labor performed by our brethren, can 
 not be easily ascertained. It is fair to presume, however, that 
 a large share of it may be ascribed to their exertions. 
 
 The progress made by the nation in temperance is very man 
 ifest and encouraging. There are some three thousand mem 
 bers of the different " total abstinence societies"; and the gen 
 eral sentiment of the people is against the sale of intoxicating 
 liquors within their bounds. Indeed, the introduction of such 
 liquors is rigorously prohibited by law ; and though among 
 
1848.] CHEROKEES. 257 
 
 them (as more frequently in the States) legal enactments are 
 sometimes evaded, the chief blame must be laid at the door of 
 their white neighbors. The benefit which has accrued to the 
 Cherokees, in consequence of this remarkable change in their 
 habits and practices, is owing, in large measure, to the efforts 
 of our mission. 
 
 And the same may be said of the good accomplished by 
 means of the press. With the exception of what has been 
 done by the Baptist mission, (which is only a small part of the 
 whole,) all the books in the Cherokee tongue have been issued 
 by our brethren. In speaking of their utility, Mr. Worcester 
 says, " They are exerting an extensive and permanent influ 
 ence on the nation ; in no other way, indeed, has the mission 
 done so much for the Gherokees who understand only their 
 own language. Our books are in every part of the nation. 
 Many of the people are fond of reading ; and those who are 
 ignorant of English, have nothing but our publications, those 
 of our Baptist brethren, and the Cherokee Advocate, to which 
 they can have access. They are completely shut out, there 
 fore, from all bad books." A schedule of these publications 
 will be found in the Appendix. 
 
 The Cherokees expend less for education than the Choctaws; 
 indeed, they have not the means of making so large an appro 
 priation for such an object. By the last report of the Superin 
 tendent of Common Schools, however, it appears that twenty- 
 one neighborhood schools are sustained by the public moneys, 
 thirty-three dollars a month being paid to each teacher ; which 
 is a liberal compensation in that country. Two high schools, 
 one male and the other female, have been established by law ; 
 and the necessary buildings are now in the course of erection, 
 near Tahlequah, at an expense of fifteen or twenty thousand 
 dollars each. It is expected that two hundred pupils will 
 eventually be accommodated in both schools, receiving board as 
 well as tuition at the public expense. Measures have also been 
 taken to establish a large orphan school ; and the Prudential 
 Committee, in common with three other missionary organiza 
 tions, have been requested to say upon what terms they will 
 open such a school. They have felt constrained, however, by 
 a variety of considerations, to decline making any proposals. 
 At the same time they rejoice that the nation is alive to the 
 importance of such an institution ; and they hope it will be 
 commenced under favorable auspices. 
 
 The desire of the Cherokees for education is certainly very 
 commendable. In their ability to read and write, they will 
 stand the test of a comparison with many portions of the civil 
 ized world. The structure of their alphabet affords great facil 
 ities for taking the first steps in the acquisition of knowledge ; 
 22* 
 
258 CHEROKEE s. [Report, 
 
 inasmuch as reading and writing are learned at the same time ; 
 and one individual, at least, has made such progress as to write 
 a brief note on the very first day that he received instruction. 
 The honor of inventing the Cherokee alphabet belongs exclu 
 sively to George Guess ; but its value to the nation has been 
 immeasurably increased by the labors of our missionaries. 
 
 OPERATIONS OF THE PAST YEAR. 
 
 In the events of the past year there has been nothing of spe 
 cial interest or importance. The churches have enjoyed the 
 ordinances of the gospel, without the distractions and anxieties 
 of some previous years ; but the good Shepherd has been 
 pleased to withhold those reviving influences of his grace which 
 are so refreshing and so desirable. It is hoped, however, that a 
 few have become new creatures in Christ Jesus ; as will appear 
 from the following table, showing the state of the churches at 
 the present time, as also the reported additions. 
 
 Churches. Additions. Present Number. 
 
 D wight, ... 5 56 
 
 Fairfield, ... 5 85 
 
 Park Hill, 1 42 
 
 Honey Creek, 1 35 
 
 12 218 
 
 It will be noticed that the Mount Zion church, containing 
 some twenty-two members, is not embraced in this table. The 
 reason of the omission is, that the station has been relinquished, 
 and the members are to transfer their relation to other churches. 
 Most of them will join the church which has been gathered in 
 the neighborhood by the United Brethren. For some time 
 past, in fact, Rev. David Z. Smith, the missionary at Canaan, 
 has had the charge of the Mount Zion station ; arid he will 
 henceforth regard it as a part of his proper field. 
 
 Our brethren report the churches under their care as being 
 very harmonious ; indeed, there has been much improvement 
 among the Cherokees generally in this respect. " Efforts in 
 the cause of temperance," they say, "have met with a good 
 degree of success ; and there seems to be an increasing desire 
 to hear the preached gospel, which we hope is the precursor of 
 better times. A written application has been made to the mis 
 sion for one new station ; and "other neighborhoods appear to be 
 inquiring in relation to the subject." The people are evidently 
 making advances in civilization. They are represented as be 
 coming more industrious and, consequently, more contented 
 and happy. 
 
 In the boarding school at Dwight there were, at the date of 
 
1848.] 
 
 CHEROKEES. 
 
 259 
 
 Mr, Treat's visit to that station, thirty-eight pupils, thirty-five 
 being then in attendance. With the general appearance of this 
 institution he was pleased. The ladies who have charge of it, 
 seemed to be laborious arid faithful ; and the scholars showed 
 that their interests had been diligently cared for, and not less in 
 regard to their studies, than their manners and morals. Still it 
 must be confessed that the spiritual results of this school, how 
 ever much it may have accomplished in other respects, have 
 not been such as were to be desired. Very few of the pupils 3 
 comparatively, have gained a saving knowledge of the truth, 
 either before or after the close of their studies. But this sub 
 ject is receiving the special attention of the mission at the pres 
 ent time ; and it is hoped that a different report may come from 
 the school at no distant day. 
 
 Day schools have been sustained at Park Hill and Fairfield 
 during the past year. The number of pupils in the former has 
 been about forty, the average attendance having been about 
 thirty. In the school at Fairfield the attendance has not been 
 so large, it having been on an average some fifteen or twenty. 
 In both these schools the course of instruction is similar to that 
 of our district schools ; and both appear to be exerting a favor 
 able influence. 
 
 From the report of Mr. Worcester in regard to the operations 
 of the press, it appears that the work done from July 8, 1847, 
 to June 12, 1848, including an edition of the Choctaw laws in 
 English, (printed aUthe expense of an individual,) and also the 
 third edition of the Gospel of John, has been as follows : 
 
 Work. 
 
 Choctaw Laws, 
 Temperance Songs, 
 
 Gospel of John, 3d edition, 
 Episile of James, 1st ed. 
 Select Pass, of Scr ., 5ih ed. 
 Epistles of John, 3d ed. 
 Cherokee Catechism, 2d ed. 
 Acts of the Apostles, 3d ed. 
 Cherokee Almanac, 1818, 
 
 IN ENGLISH. 
 
 Size. Pages. 
 
 12mo. . J07 
 24mo. 48 
 
 Copies. 
 
 300 
 3,500 
 
 3,800 
 
 Total Pages, 
 32,100 
 168,000 
 
 200,100 
 
 IN CHEROKEE. 
 
 24mo. 
 
 101 
 
 4,000 404,000 
 
 <> 
 
 16 
 
 4,000 ' H 
 
 64,000 
 
 '< 
 
 24 
 
 4,000 
 
 96,000 
 
 H 
 
 20 
 
 4,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 it 
 
 4 
 
 4,000 
 
 16,000 
 
 tt 
 
 120 
 
 4,000 
 
 480,000 
 
 12mo. ! 
 
 36 
 
 1,000 36,000 
 
 1,376,100 
 
 The Temperance Songs, mentioned in the foregoing list ? 
 were printed by subscription ; though the amount received has 
 hardly covered the expense. The demand for books appears to 
 be increasing ; and if it shall continue, the press will be em 
 ployed most of the time. 
 
 Mrs. Bu trick was removed from her missionary labors by 
 death, on the 3d of August, 1847. She joined the mission 
 
260 PAWNEES. [Report, 
 
 in the old nation in 1823. In describing her last hours, one of 
 her female associates says : " As she went on, from day to day, 
 down to the verge of the grave, the joy of the Lord was her 
 strength. All was peaceful, joyful. The Savior was magni 
 fied and honored, and he made her bed of death honorable, 
 glorious ; so that we are enabled to say, with the most heart 
 felt confidence, not one good thing has failed, which God has 
 promised to the believer." 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Ranney, formerly of the Pawnee mission, en 
 tered upon their new field of labor among the Cherokees last 
 winter. They are at present at Fairfield. Miss Julia S. Hitch 
 cock joined the mission in the autumn of 1847. She assists 
 Miss Giddings in the instruction of the boarding school at 
 Dwight. 
 
 MISSION TO THE PAWNEES. 
 
 This mission has been suspended for the present, in the hope 
 that a brighter epoch may yet occur in the history of the Paw 
 nees. The Committee have been anxious to resume operations 
 among them, believing that there was much in their character 
 and disposition, and especially in their desire for Christian in 
 struction, to encourage effort in their behalf. Indeed, arrange 
 ments were in progress last winter, which looked forward to 
 this result. But Mr. Treat had an interview with the Commis 
 sioner of Indian Affairs at Washington, in March last, which 
 seemed to close the door to any immediate effort in this 
 direction. 
 
 The obstacles to the prosecution of the missionary work 
 among the Pawnees are threefold. 1. They have become much 
 embroiled with other tribes of Indians, and are often, therefore, 
 engaged in deadly contests. 2. Growing out of this state of 
 things, missionaries who reside among them, cannot be assured 
 of their safety, unless they have some sort of protection from 
 the United States government. 3. It has been uncertain, for 
 some time, how long the Pawnees would be allowed to remain 
 in their present country. A removal would necessarily occa 
 sion very serious loss of time and property to a mission ; and 
 there might be disadvantages of a much graver character. 
 
 The Commissioner for Indian Affairs was requested to state 
 the intentions of the Government in regard to these Indians. 
 He frankly replied that (1) it was not the design of the 
 President of the United States to station a military force in the 
 Pawnee country, for the purpose of keeping the peace among 
 the Indians in that region ; and (2) it was highly probable 
 that this particular tribe, to say nothing of others, would soon 
 
1848.] sioux. 261 
 
 be transferred to a more northerly or southerly district. In fact, 
 a plan was then under consideration, which has since come 
 before Congress in a definite form, for the organization of a 
 territorial government on the Platte, with a view to facilitate 
 emigration to Oregon. Should this bill pass, as it doubtless 
 will in the course of a few months, it must very materially 
 affect the condition and prospects of the Pawnees. 
 
 In these circumstances the Committee cannot think it advi 
 sable to renew their operations in this field at the present time. 
 The risk to the missionary appears to be too great, and the re 
 sults to be attained appear to be altogether too uncertain. It 
 was with the greatest reluctance that Mr. Ranney relinquished 
 the design of returning to a people in whom he has become 
 very deeply interested, and from whom he has received such 
 urgent petitions to continue to break unto them the bread of 
 eternal life. But his judgment accords fully with the decision 
 of the Committee. And it will have been already noticed, that 
 both he and Mrs. Ranney are now members of the Cherokee 
 mission. 
 
 MISSION TO THE SIOUX. 
 
 LAC-QUI-PARLE. Stephen R. Riggs, Missionary ; Jonas Petijohn, Farmer and Teacher; 
 Mrs. Mary A. C. Riggs, Mrs. Fanny H. Petijohn. 
 
 TRAVERSE DES Sioux. Robert Hopkins, Licensed PreacJier ; Alexander G. Huggins, 
 Farmer and Teacher ; Mrs. Hopkins, Mrs. Lydia P. Huggins. 
 
 OAK GROVE. Gideon H. Pond, Licensed P 'readier ; Moses S. Titus, Farmer; Mrs. 
 Sarah P. Pond. 
 
 KAPOSIA. Thomas S. Williamson, Missionary and Physician; Sylvester M. Cook,, 
 Teacher; Mrs. Margaret P. Williamson j Misses Jane S. Williamson and Martha A. Cun 
 ningham, Teachers. 
 
 PRAIRIEVILLE. Samuel W. Pond, Missionary ; Mrs. Cordelia E. Pond. 
 
 Stations not known. Moses N. Adams, John F. Alton, Missionaries; Mrs. Mary A. M. 
 Adams, Mrs. Nancy H. Aiton. 
 
 (5 stations ; 5 missionaries (one a physician), 2 licentiates, 4 male and 11 female assistant 
 missionaries ; total, 22.) 
 
 While Mr. Treat was on his way to the Indian territory, he 
 had repeated interviews, in pursuance of a previous arrange 
 ment, with Doct. Williamson at Cincinnati, in reference to the 
 interests of the Sioux mission. He found that the brethren 
 laboring in that difficult and almost unproductive field, were 
 not discouraged by the obstacles which have thus far prevented 
 greater success ; but that, on the other hand, they were anxious 
 to impart new vigor to their operations. Doct. Williamson 
 thinks that the hinderances are gradually becoming less and less 
 formidable ; and, though the Sioux can by no means be regarded 
 as a particularly hopeful tribe of Indians, we may labor in the 
 
262 sioux. [Report, 
 
 reasonable expectation of hereafter seeing, with the divine 
 blessing, more fruit than we have hitherto gathered. 
 
 The opposition of the natives themselves to the efforts of 
 the missionaries appears to be less active and trying. Intem 
 perance, it is hoped, will not increase among them, but rather 
 decrease. Their wars with the Ojibwas may be expected, in 
 the course of a few years at least, to come to an end. If the 
 settlement of the Winnebagoes between these two hostile 
 tribes shall fail of producing all the effect which is anticipated, 
 one or two treaties will probably suffice to restore a general 
 peace. There will undoubtedly be new cessions of land made 
 by the Sioux to the United States Government within a few 
 years. But these, if fairly and honorably obtained, may have a 
 beneficial influence on their improvement, by bringing them 
 nearer together, and, consequently, more within the reach of 
 the missionaries, as also by obliterating their tribal distinctions 
 and jealousies, and making them more homogeneous. 
 
 REINFORCEMENT OF THE MISSION. 
 
 As the Committee are desirous to make full proof of the 
 power of the gospel among the Dakotas, they have resolved to 
 strengthen the mission. With this view, Rev. Messrs. Adams 
 and Aiton, late of Lane Seminary, with their wives, were des 
 ignated to this field last spring ; and they have already pro 
 ceeded to their destination. Their brethren, at a meeting to 
 be held simultaneously with the Annual Meeting of the Board, 
 will decide upon their location. Mr. Cook accompanied Doct. 
 Williamson on his return, expecting to take charge of a school 
 at Kaposia, which, it is presumed, the United States Govern 
 ment will mainly, if not entirely, support. Miss Cunningham 
 also accompanied Doct. Williamson ; but, though she is resid 
 ing temporarily in his family, she will probably be employed 
 at another station. Mr. Titus takes the place of Mr. Gideon 
 H. Pond as Government farmer at Oak Grove. 
 
 It is the wish of the Committee that the present stations 
 may riot only be strengthened by this reinforcement, but that 
 new posts may be occupied. And if this cannot be done with 
 the existing force, others may be sent to join the mission. 
 Red Wing's Village, or Remnica, formely in the occupancy of 
 the Missionary Society of Lausanne, Switzerland, but aban 
 doned by them some time since, still remains without a 
 missionary. 
 
 The mission have supposed, not without reason, that the 
 Government of the United States would be glad to employ 
 their agency, in expending considerable sums of money for the 
 education of the Sioux. The latter are entitled, by treaty, to 
 
1848.] sioux. 263 
 
 an annual expenditure of five thousand dollars for schools ; but 
 they have thus far received very little benefit from this pro 
 vision, chiefly, it is believed, in consequence of their own 
 mistaken opposition to its being carried into effect. They 
 seem to have imagined that by declining all connection with 
 the schools, they should receive the annual allowance of five 
 thousand dollars as an ordinary annuity, to be spent as they 
 might please. But finding that this is not the practical effect 
 of their refusal, they appear to be gradually yielding to the 
 idea, that they had better have the schools. In these circum 
 stances the Government are disposed to make a liberal provision 
 for the intellectual improvement of the people j and the money 
 appropriated to this object will naturally fall into the hands of 
 our brethren or of Roman Catholic missionaries. 
 
 EVENTS OF THE PAST YEAR. 
 
 It does not appear from the communications which have 
 been received, from time to time, that there have been any 
 striking incidents in the history of the mission during the past 
 year. Beginning at Kaposia, the nearest station, (which is 
 twelve miles below the mouth of the St. Peters by water, and 
 eight by land,) we learn from Doct. Williamson's report, that 
 after his return he had as many at his Sabbath service as could 
 be comfortably seated in the largest room in his house. The 
 whole number who have attended the school exceeds fifty, 
 more than one-fourth of the entire population of the village, 
 the average attendance being from twenty-five to thirty. And 
 among those who are found both at the religious exercises and 
 in the school, are the chief and several of the principal men. 
 
 Passing to Oak Grove, (which is on the north bank of the 
 St. Peters, and eight miles from its mouth,) we find that there 
 was much sickness among the Indians last year ; so that forty 
 persons died out of a population of three hundred. The posi 
 tion which they occupy appears to be unhealthy ; but they 
 have heretofore been unwilling to leave it, because the swamp 
 near the place, which occasions the sickness, protects them from 
 the Ojibwas. There was a general removal of the band, how 
 ever, to other places last autumn, which put them, for the time, 
 beyond the reach of religious instruction. It so happened that 
 among the victims of disease were the very persons who had 
 gained the best acquaintance with the Scriptures. " We feel 
 afflicted," says Mr. G. H. Pond, " when we see that the few 
 who, through our labors, seemed to be opening their eyes to the 
 wickedness and folly of heathenism, and to the glories of the 
 blessed gospel, and who, by attending the outward means of 
 grace, were exerting a good influence oa others, have been so 
 
264 sioux. [Report^ 
 
 soon removed from the world. But if any of them had truly 
 believed on Jesus Christ, as we hope was the case with one or 
 two, we will rejoice on their account." One woman at the 
 station gives evidence of a change of heart. 
 
 Mr. S. W. Pond was not able to remove his family to 
 Prairieville, (which is on the south bank of the St. Peters, 
 twenty miles from its mouth,) till the middle of last December. 
 He has a population of some six hundred Dakotas within four 
 or five miles of him, and two hundred and fifty belonging to 
 another band a little further off, except when they are absent 
 on their hunting expeditions. The attendance on the Sabbath 
 exercises appears to have been good thus far, considering all 
 the circumstances. 
 
 From Traverse des Sioux, (which is sixty or seventy miles 
 from the mouth of the St. Peters by land,) the quarterly 
 reports have not been particularly encouraging. The perma 
 nent population is not large ; and even this is frequently 
 tempted to a wandering mode of life. Mr. Hopkins has spent 
 considerable time in itinerant labors, without, however, any 
 very marked results. On the last thirteen Sabbaths reported 
 by him as having been spent at home, he had an average 
 congregation of only nine. And it has been impossible to 
 accomplish much with schools. The attendance is very irreg 
 ular ; and frequently there is no school at all. Some of the 
 Indians, however, are exhibiting more interest in agricultural 
 pursuits. The chief and his brother have each erected cabins, 
 which are decidedly in advance of any thing previously built 
 by the Dakotas in that neighborhood. 
 
 At Lac-qui-parle, (which is one hundred and thirty miles 
 beyond Traverse des Sioux,) the aspect of the missionary work 
 is less disheartening than it has been for some time past. The 
 treatment which our brethren have received from the Indians, 
 for the most part, has been respectful and friendly ; and no open 
 opposition has been made to their public services. The num 
 ber in attendance continued to increase during the summer of 
 1847 ; and on some individuals the truth seemed to be gaining 
 a firmer hold. The mass, however, show a determination 
 neither to enter the kingdom of God themselves, nor to suffer 
 those around them to enter. Still the number of communi 
 cants has increased, not by the addition of any new converts, 
 but by the restoration of two suspended members, and the 
 return of three non-residents. Mr. Riggs hopes that there has 
 been some advance in spirituality. 
 
 In the winter the principal part of the Indians removed to a 
 distance of some sixteen miles from the station. Inasmuch as 
 a majority of the church members were there, Mr. Riggs 
 deemed it his duty to spend every alternate Sabbath at that 
 
1848.] OJIBWAS. 265 
 
 place. He generally succeeded in collecting a very good 
 audience ; often, indeed, having as many as could crowd into 
 a single tent. On one occasion the Indians went in pursuit of 
 buffaloes on the Sabbath ; but the church members and some 
 others remained. 
 
 It has been found difficult to keep in operation efficient 
 schools at Lac-qui-parle ; the benefits of education being as yet 
 very imperfectly understood and appreciated by the people. 
 Three young men have been employed in giving instruction, 
 at different villages, with various success. As the children 
 were obliged to be in the fields in the time of corn-gathering, 
 the teachers were sometimes under the necessity of going in 
 search of pupils, wherever they could find them. Even this 
 mode of sustaining schools, with its obvious disadvantages, 
 was thought to be preferable to their absolute suspension. 
 
 Among the obstacles to success at this station, the war spirit 
 is particularly mentioned. In consequence of a sale of lands 
 in 1847 by the Ojibwas to our Government, (to provide a home 
 for the Winnebagoes beyond the Mississippi,) a part of which 
 are claimed by the Sioux, hostilities were commenced against 
 their ancient enemies. Mr. Riggs prevailed upon the Indians 
 in his neighborhood to represent the case to the President of 
 the United States ; but the young men could not wait for an 
 adjustment of the difficulty in this way. The war was in 
 progress, with most unhappy results, at the date of the last 
 accounts from Lac-qui-parle. It is evident, however, that 
 peace principles are gaining ground. A few, knowing that 
 they are a small minority, and that all their remonstrances will 
 be in vain, have nevertheless not hesitated to oppose the course 
 pursued by the majority. 
 
 MISSION TO THE OJIBWAS. 
 
 LA POINTE. Sherman Hall, Missionary; Edmund F. Elv, Teacher; Mrs. Betsey P. 
 Hall, Mrs Catharine B. Ely; Henry BlatchYord, Natire Catechist. 
 
 BAD RIVKR Leonard H. Wheeler, Missionary; Mrs. Harriet W. Wheeler ; Miss 
 Hannah Wood, Teacher. 
 
 RED LAKE. Frederick Ayer, Missionary Mrs. Elizabeth T. Ayer. 
 
 (3 stations ; 3 missionaries, 1 male and 5 female assistant missionaries, 1 native catechist ; 
 total, 10.) 
 
 Some degree of uncertainty has been thrown around the 
 prospects of the Ojibwas, by the conversion of Wisconsin Ter 
 ritory into a State ; its western boundary being a little more 
 than one hundred miles beyond La Pointe, and consequently 
 about twenty beyond Lake Superior, and running south to the 
 23 
 
266 OJIBWAS. [Report, 
 
 St. Croix River, along which it proceeds till it strikes the Mis 
 sissippi. What disposition will be made of the Indians who 
 reside within the chartered limits of the State, is a question of 
 very grave import, not only to them, but to all who take an 
 interest in their welfare. They have agreed to remove on the 
 requisition of the President of the United States ; and there are 
 rumors already in circulation that the demand will soon be 
 made. Last year, indeed, Mr. Ayer wrote from Red Lake 
 (under date of July 27th) as follows : " It is confidently ex 
 pected that a treaty will be held within a few days, with these 
 Indians and several neighboring bands, in regard to the cession 
 of their country to the United States, for the purpose of settling 
 upon it the Ojibwas who reside in the vicinity of Lake Supe 
 rior and farther south, and who have already sold their lands to 
 the United States." He then adds, " I suppose the country 
 will be considered an Indian reservation." 
 
 On the other hand, it would seem that there is no obvious 
 necessity for an immediate change. Mr. Hall says, " I feel 
 certain that this region is not to be settled very extensively at 
 present. There is too much good land unoccupied in a better 
 climate, and holding out stronger attractions to farmers, to make 
 us believe that this will be speedily taken up for agricultural 
 purposes." " The mining excitement has, in a great measure, 
 subsided ; and most who have engaged in the business, have 
 found it a more serious and expensive operation to dig copper 
 than they anticipated. There maybe valuable mines in the 
 country ; but they do not exist every where, as was for a time 
 supposed. Why then should the Indians be required to re 
 move ? Nevertheless, they may be." Mr. Wheeler, alluding 
 to ; 'the mining excitement," remarks, " Speculators have 
 generally left the country ; and the business has fallen back 
 into the hands of heavy companies, who will probably carry it 
 forward at a few points along the Lake with success. No 
 mines are now worked nearer than Iron River, about ninety 
 miles down the Lake." Still the history of Indian treaties 
 and Indian removals, for a long series of years, shows that we 
 cannot say, with any degree of confidence, what will take place 
 in regard to the Ojibwas. 
 
 Nor is it at ail certain what course is wisest and best, even if 
 we look simply at their interests. The extension of state laws 
 over them may be expected, on the whole, to operate unfavora 
 bly. To specify only one danger ; they will be more exposed, 
 it is presumed, to the inroads of intemperance than heretofore ; 
 and no enemy of the red man can be more formidable than 
 this. Should the apprehensions which already exist in some 
 minds be realized, it might be a favor to the Ojibwas to remove 
 them farther to the west, with their free consent, especially if 
 
1848.] OJIBWAS. 267 
 
 they can be placed beyond the reach of " white men and 
 whiskey." 
 
 PROSPECT AT RED LAKE. 
 
 The reports which have come to us from the different sta 
 tions, during the past year, are somewhat diversified in their 
 tone and language. At Red Lake the labors of Mr. Ayer have 
 been very much embarrassed and hindered by the conduct of 
 the Indians ; and the fruit which he hoped to see, has mostly 
 eluded his grasp. Under date of November 24th, he wrote as 
 follows : 
 
 To the eye of sense all is disheartening. For six months past Satan seems 
 to have been let loose among this people, exciting them to war abroad and 
 mischief at home. During the summer a very large war party was raised, 
 including almost every man of the band, and also all the lads large enough 
 to learn the art of war. They were joined by about fifty from other bands. 
 Their object was to take vengeance on the Sioux of the plains, who, a little 
 more than a year previously, had killed six of this band when out on a buffalo 
 hunt. They had referred the case to our Government ; but as no notice was 
 taken of it, they determined to obtain redress in their own way. 
 
 After working themselves up to a high pitch of military ardor by dances, 
 feasts, &c., they went to seek the enemy. Sickness and hunger thinned 
 their ranks, and several soon returned. The greater part, however, traversed 
 the plains to a great distance, thirsting for the blood of their foes. They 
 saw them, but always in too large parties to warrant success in attacking 
 them. They all returned in about a month, empty-handed, disappointed, 
 somewhat chagrined, and many of them in a state of mind which war natu 
 rally generates. Many of them (mostly young men and lads) were full of a 
 spirit of mischief, manifesting itself by clubbing, stoning and shooting our 
 cattle, and by throwing axes at them, thus harming them and endangering 
 their lives. Great depredations were committed upon our fields of potatoes 
 and corn ; our fences were torn down ; our cattle were turned out of the 
 yards in the night, and driven away, or suffered to roam about at large ; 
 while the Indians' fields, not being fenced, were exposed to their depreda 
 tions. Our patience was thus often put to the severest test ; and we found it 
 necessary to keep a guard upon our spirits, lest we should be " overcome 
 of evil." 
 
 Nor is this the only way in which the faith and patience of 
 Mr. Ayer have been put to the test. The sole adult male 
 member of his church has been carried away by the war spirit, 
 and has dishonored his profession. On his return from the ex 
 cursion mentioned above, he voluntarily confessed that he had 
 had no rest, day or night ; and he repeatedly told his associates, 
 while they were absent, that he and they were all doing wrong. 
 Still he has not gone back to the right way, but has abandoned 
 himself to gambling and kindred vices. This occurrence is 
 the more painful, from the fact that high hopes had been ex 
 cited in regard to this man's usefulness. He is represented as 
 "an Indian of uncommon sagacity and intelligence, quick of 
 comprehension, and capable of doing much good." 
 
268 OJIBWAS. [Report, 
 
 Another member of the church has been cut off for immoral 
 ity ; and still another has died, apparently with a good hope of 
 eternal life. " She was never heard," says Mr. Ayer, in de 
 scribing her last sickness, " to utter a complaining or peevish 
 word. She talked of her anticipated death with perfect com 
 posure, and seemed more than willing to depart and be with 
 Christ." " Her last words, addressed to her affectionate grand 
 daughter, who sat by her side day and night, anticipating every 
 want to the extent of her ability, were, ' Let us leave ; let us 
 go up to the Hill ! ' having doubtless the hill of Zion in her 
 mind. When she could no longer speak, she stretched her 
 arms towards heaven, pointing to her expected home." 
 
 A few weeks later, Mr. Ayer reported that there were indica 
 tions of the presence of the Spirit among the few who were 
 still hearers of the Word. This state of things continued for 
 some time, the native members of the church being much 
 quickened, and "all around appearing to be somewhat affected 
 by what they saw and heard." " A few professed to submit to 
 the authority of God; and we were fondly hoping that he 
 would subdue his enemies under him, and do a great work of 
 mercy among us." Suddenly, however, a change came over 
 the whole scene. Mr. Ayer continues the narrative as follows : 
 
 At this juncture, intelligence was received of the massacre of two young 
 men of the band by the Sioux. One was an individual of note, belonging to 
 our immediate neighborhood, and a son of the chief. His death caused a 
 great sensation among all classes. The cry of revenge and war was heard 
 from every quarter, and reiterated loud and long. Public attention was soon 
 almost wholly diverted from the interests of the soul. A common reply of 
 the men, when appealed to on the subject of religion, was, "We cannot 
 pray now ; we must go to war next summer ; and we cannot fight and pray 
 too." Satan triumphed. Only two came fully over to the Lord's side. These 
 were received into the church in March. One is a mother of a large family, 
 three of the children being members of the church. The other is a young 
 Avoman in a family, two of which are 'professing Christians. Both have ap 
 peared well, and continue to give fair evidence of a work of grace in their 
 hearts. 
 
 The latest accounts from this station indicate a studied neg 
 lect of spiritual things. "The Sabbath," says Mr. Ayer, "is 
 despised, and wholly disregarded by almost all. We have but 
 very few hearers except those who are styled ' praying Indians.' 
 The people seem resolved, as a band, to pursue their present 
 course of life. To the eye of sense their ruin appears to be 
 certain. The spirit of war is rife ; and preparations are now 
 going forward for a summer's campaign. A party, with the 
 chief at their head, are about to leave for Crow Wing River, 
 on the Mississippi, to obtain ammunition and whiskey. A 
 storm is gathering, some of the effects of which will doubtless 
 reach us." 
 
1848.] OJIBWAS. 269 
 
 LA POINTE AND BAD RIVER. 
 
 Missionary operations appear to have been carried forward at 
 La Pointe much as in past years. Owing to the accidental 
 lameness of the native catechist, there has been less preaching 
 from house to house than is desirable. On the Sabbath, how 
 ever, there have been four services, two in Ojibwa and two in 
 English ; and during the week there have been occasional 
 meetings, as circumstances seemed to require. A Sabbath 
 school of about thirty scholars meets in the morning, after pub 
 lic worship. " This," says Mr. Hall, " we regard as one of our 
 most promising means of good to this people." 
 
 Two day schools have been taught at La Pointe, and more 
 than ninety, at different times, have been pupils. Still the av 
 erage attendance has not been more than forty. The progress 
 of those who have been regular and punctual has been gen 
 erally gratifying ; others, of course, have derived but little ben 
 efit from their privileges. Miss Spooner, heretofore the teacher 
 of one of these schools, has been released, at her own request, 
 from her connection with the Board. Her school is now united 
 with Mr. Ely's, and he is expected to take charge of both 
 hereafter. 
 
 The number of church members, including the mission fam 
 ily at Bad River, is thirty. Six of these have been added dur 
 ing the past year, only two of them, however, having been re 
 ceived by profession. Mr. Hall bears testimony to the general 
 good conduct of the flock under his care. " The members of 
 the church," he says, "are for the most part prompt and reg 
 ular in their observance of the external ordinances of religion. 
 It is difficult to estimate the real amount of Christian principle 
 and heartfelt piety among them ; but while we would acknowl 
 edge that there is much room for improvement, we would be 
 devoutly thankful to Him who has kept them so steadfast amid 
 the temptations which beset them." 
 
 A temperance society was formed at La Pointe in the sum 
 mer of 1847, in very auspicious circumstances. " The traders," 
 writes Mr. Wheeler, "missionaries, Government men, and, I 
 believe, every person in our vicinity who can speak the English 
 language, are pledged to this cause. There is no place where 
 liquor is openly sold within one hundred miles ; and we hope 
 that this will always be the case." From a recent letter of 
 Mr. Hall, it appears that this society has been well sustained to 
 the present time. It must not be inferred, however, that no 
 intoxicating drinks are sold at La Pointe. When the annuities 
 are paid, if at no other time, the article is clandestinely intro 
 duced to some extent. This is greatly to be regretted ; but we 
 have much occasion for thankfulness that the evil is in any 
 23* 
 
270 OJIBWAS. [Report, 
 
 considerable measure restrained. Were alcoholic liquors access 
 ible to all, there would be no security for any class of residents 
 at La Pointe. 
 
 The prospects of the station at Bad River are evidently im 
 proving. The Indians have already made some progress in 
 outward improvement ; and they are beginning to feel a stronger 
 relish for a settled mode of life and a permanent home. The 
 following extract from a letter of Mr. Wheeler, written in De 
 cember last, exhibits the general aspect of his field, not only as 
 it was at that time, but as it continued through the winter. 
 
 The Indians are much more industrious than they were formerly. They have 
 better lodges, are better dressed, and (if I may use the term in a comparative 
 sense) are much more neat in their habits, and tidy in their personal appear 
 ance. The gospel, although it has not yet proved the power of God unto 
 salvation to many of them, has evidently done much to soften the savage 
 ferocity of their characters. They are much more quiet and peaceable, 
 much less addicted to theft, violence and lawless depredations, than they 
 once were, or than their less enlightened inland brethren now are. 
 
 They have also made some progress in religious knowledge. For a series 
 of years, since the missionaries have been in the country, the gospel has in 
 various ways been so brought to bear upon them, that a few of its scattered 
 rays have found a way into their darkened understandings. It is not often 
 we find an Indian here who does not say that the word of God is true, and 
 assent to its precepts as being good. But when urged to embrace it, they 
 all, with one consent, begin "to make excuse ;" and the nature of their ex 
 cuses shows plainly that they love darkness rather than light, and will not 
 come to it lest their deeds should be reproved. 
 
 More of the Indians have resided here this year than last. Heretofore, 
 since we have been here, they have all left the place about the first of No 
 vember for the Lake, to make their fall fishing, and they have been absent 
 during the winter. This year a number of families are remaining to spend 
 the winter. These, together with the carpenter's and farmer's establishments, 
 and three other lodges in our vicinity, give us a little community of some 
 sixteen families ; and we shall be able probably to sustain a small school of 
 ten or twelve pupils all winter. We also have three public religious exer 
 cises on the Sabbath, two in Indian, and one in English, and a Bible class in 
 English at the station Sabbath evening. The few who understand English 
 generally attend our public exercise in that language ; and those who attend 
 our meetings in Indian, have thus far been very punctual. Some of these 
 regard themselves as Christians ; and, in many respects, they seem to be 
 greatly changed for the better, though we do not see all that evidence of 
 ,piety which we should like to see before we receive them to our communion. 
 
 It should be borne in mind, however, that most of the Ojib- 
 was belonging to this band are pagans still ; and only a few of 
 them can be induced to attend the services of the sanctuary. 
 But in their lodges they are found to be accessible. They re 
 ceive Mr. Wheeler with kindness, and listen to his instructions 
 with apparent interest. Here then is an important and a very 
 hopeful field of labor. May the great Head of the Church be 
 stow his blessing upon it ! 
 
1848.] STOCKBRIDGE INDIANS. 271 
 
 MISSION TO THE STOCKBRIDGE INDIANS. 
 
 In the civil and social condition of this band of Indians, 
 there seems to have been no improvement during the past year. 
 And although the religious meetings have been pretty well 
 attended, such are the divisions and strifes in the church and in 
 the band generally, that the force of Christian truth appears to 
 be counteracted, and the ministrations of the Word are almost 
 without effect. Little spirituality is manifested by the church 
 members ; while disorders and improprieties abound, which ap 
 propriate discipline cannot, in the existing state of things, be 
 brought in to correct. For years the missionary at Stockbridge, 
 Rev. Mr. Marsh, has been laboring, praying, and waiting for a 
 favorable change ; and at times he has felt somewhat encour 
 aged at the prospect. But on the whole the state of things has 
 been growing worse. No compromise could be effected be 
 tween the parties into which the little community was divided. 
 Their numbers were diminishing ; their relations to the United 
 States Government, and to the white community around them, 
 were becoming more unsatisfactory ; and in regard to their 
 moral and social condition generally, they seemed to be retro 
 grading rather than advancing. 
 
 In these circumstances, Mr. and Mrs. Marsh have, for the last 
 year or two, been much disheartened ; and they have been an 
 ticipating that it might soon be their duty to seek some more 
 promising field of labor. Quite recently they have requested 
 and received a release from their connection with the Board : 
 and they will discontinue their regular labors among those In 
 dians ; though he may reside near them, and counsel and instruct 
 them, as he may have opportunity. Mr. Slingerland, one of 
 their own number, who has had a theological education, will 
 probably continue to reside among his people ; and he may be 
 useful as a religious teacher. 
 
 PAST HISTORY OF THE STOCKBRIDGE INDIANS. 
 
 These Indians, a kindred tribe to the Mohegans, were first 
 gathered into a community by the missionary John Sergeant, 
 about 1735 ; and he labored among them in the western part 
 of Massachusetts and the eastern part of New York, till his 
 death in 1749. During his fifteen years of labor, he baptized 
 one hundred and eighty-two of their number ; of whom forty- 
 two were communicants in the church which he organized. 
 Their whole number was then about two hundred and twenty. 
 They had learned to live in a settled manner ; had comfortable 
 
272 STOCKBRIDGE INDIANS. [Report, 
 
 houses and productive fields. Among these Indians, at about 
 the same period, Hollis, the early patron of Harvard College, 
 established a charity school, embracing twenty or thirty boys. 
 Another school taught among them embraced more than fifty 
 pupils ; and here was begun that course of education which 
 has enabled nearly the whole male portion of the tribe, down 
 to the present day, to speak and read the English language. 
 
 Mr. Sergeant was succeeded by President Jonathan Edwards, 
 and the latter by Mr. West. David Brainerd commenced his 
 missionary labors among the same people, at their old town of 
 Kaunameek. During the French and revolutionary wars, 
 these Indians seem to have been neglected, and their church 
 and schools became probably extinct. After the latter war, 
 they removed to Oneida County, New York, where, in 1818, 
 their church was reorganized with only ten or twelve members. 
 About four years later, a portion of them, embracing most of 
 the church, removed and settled on White River in Indiana. 
 Here, without any missionary, they sustained religious services 
 on the Sabbath. Not satisfied with their location, a part re 
 turned to the State of New York, and a portion removed to the 
 Fox River, near Green Bay ; at which place those in New 
 York joined them before 1830. In 1827, Rev. Jesse Miner, 
 who had labored among them in New York, was appointed a 
 missionary of this Board, and took up his residence on the Fox 
 River, where he died in March, 1829. Rev. Cutting Marsh 
 joined the mission in 1830. In the church are now fifty-one 
 members. 
 
 The unhappy issue to which this mission has come, and the 
 unpromising state in which those Indians now are, in all their 
 relations, are undoubtedly the consequence of their frequent 
 removals from one place to another, by which their counsels 
 have been divided ; the steady influence of religious instruc 
 tion and of their schools interrupted and diminished ; their 
 morals depraved by their long journeys ; and their attachments 
 to home associations and employments greatly weakened. 
 
 Still, though their prospects are now so dark, the Christian 
 and the philanthropist may rejoice in the good which Christian 
 beneficence has done them, during the one hundred and fifteen 
 years which have elapsed since the first missionary began his 
 labors among them. Their social condition has been rendered 
 far more elevated and comfortable, for three whole generations ; 
 and hundreds of them have, as we trust, been savingly taught 
 the gospel of Christ, and, dying, have gone to dwell with him 
 forever in heaven. And we would hope that this stream of 
 Christian influence and blessings, though in some measure ar 
 rested, will not wholly cease to flow ; but that, by means of 
 parental instruction and prayer, and the more or less frequent 
 
1848.] NEW YORK INDIANS. 273 
 
 enjoyment of Christian ordinances, not a few of those who re 
 main, children as some of them are, of eminent piety and 
 faith, may yet be brought into the fold of the Great Shep 
 herd, who has so long watched over their people for good. 
 
 NEW YORK INDIANS. 
 
 TUSCARORA. Gilbert Rockwood, Missionary; Mrs. Avis H. Rockwood ; one female 
 teacher. 
 
 UPPER CATTARAUGUS. Asher Wright, Missionary; Mrs. Laura M. Wright; one fe 
 male teacher 
 
 LOWER CATTARAUGUS. Asher Bliss, Missionary ; Mrs. Cassandra H. Bliss; one female 
 teacher. 
 
 GHASY. William Hall, Missionary ; Mrs. Caroline G. Hall ; Miss Margaret Hall, 
 Teacher ; one male assistant. 
 
 OUT-STATION. Old Town. Miss Sophia Mudgett, Teacher. 
 
 (4 stations, 1 out-station; 4 missionaries, 1 male and 9 female assistant missionaries j 
 total, 14.) 
 
 The history of this mission, during the last twelve months, 
 will bring together incidents of a somewhat varied character. 
 In September, 1847, a case of fever occurred on the Cattarau- 
 gus Reservation, of a decidedly typhoid character, such as had 
 been little known among the Indians. Other cases followed, 
 and the malady soon took the form of an epidemic. From 
 September 20th to January 20th, the deaths (partly from other 
 causes) amounted to two a week; and from the latter date they 
 became still more frequent. Under date of May 4th, Mr. Bliss 
 reported the whole number of the deceased at about seventy ; 
 among whom were four or five prominent chiefs ; also one in 
 dividual who was supposed to be one hundred years old. 
 About twenty church members were among the seventy men 
 tioned in the letter of Mr. Bliss. Some of these were " appa 
 rently in a very desirable frame of mind to the last, ready to 
 go, and anticipating a joyous meeting with their Redeemer.' 7 
 Others were unconscious of the approach of death, and did not 
 speak, therefore, of the peace and joy afforded by the gospel 
 in a dying hour; but most of them had attested the value of 
 their hope " by their Christian conversation before the attack 
 of disease." 
 
 The moral results of this sore dispensation were not so happy 
 as could have been wished. " The afflictions sent upon us," 
 says Mr. Wright, " seemed to paralyze rather than quicken the 
 religious feelings. At first there was solemnity ; then dread of 
 death ; then a fearful weight of apprehension and anxiety, in 
 creased by every new case of sickness ; then a looking about 
 
274 
 
 NEW YORK INDIANS, 
 
 [Report, 
 
 for any thing to lighten the long continued pressure ; then, in 
 many minds, insensibility and recklessness. And when the 
 epidemic ceased in the spring, every one seemed to sink at 
 once into a state of apathetic relaxation from excitement." A 
 late communication from Mr. Wright expresses the hope, that 
 a favorable change was taking place in the feelings of the 
 church members. 
 
 STATE OF THE CHURCHES. 
 
 The past year has not been marked by any signal manifes 
 tations of the grace of God, such as have been enjoyed in some 
 previous years ; and at all the stations complaint is made of the 
 coldness and indifference to spiritual things prevailing at the 
 present time. The congregations upon the Sabbath are not so 
 large as they were a year ago, the places of the dead not having 
 been filled by new hearers. Meetings for prayer, likewise, are 
 not so well attended. Still it should be stated that our breth 
 ren have not been left without some tokens of the divine favor. 
 In December last Mr, Hall reported " some ten cases of un 
 usual seriousness " at Alleghany, expressing, at the same time, 
 the hope that three or four had passed from death unto life. 
 The other stations have been permitted to welcome a few to 
 the ordinances of Christ's house for the first time. The fol 
 lowing table will show the condition of the four churches un 
 der the care of this mission. The few white persons who are 
 members of the churches, are riot embraced in the table, the 
 object being to illustrate the success of the gospel among the 
 Indians. The blanks indicate a deficiency in the returns. 
 
 
 ll 
 
 * 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 ^j? 
 
 2 
 
 II 
 
 
 = 
 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 . received 
 he year 
 ession. 
 
 imberrec 
 etter. 
 
 communi 
 ersons re 
 
 
 !l 
 
 '1 
 
 ! 
 
 iS 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 esejji JVu 
 
 
 ?~ 
 
 
 H 
 
 Q CJ 
 
 eg 
 
 t) 
 
 Z 
 
 Tuscarora, .... 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 63 
 
 Upper Cattaraugus, . 
 Lower Cattaraugus, . 
 Alleghany, .... 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 44 
 52 
 111 
 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 270 
 
 An extract from a recent letter of Mr. Wright may be appro 
 priately introduced in this place. He says : 
 
 In respect to the character of the church members, it should be stated that 
 almost all are dependent upon the ear alone in receiving instruction. It can 
 not be expected, therefore, that many of them shall possess the clear, dis- 
 
1848.] NEW YORK INDIANS. 275 
 
 criminating 1 , doctrinal views, and the well-balanced Christian character, 
 commonly found in well instructed communities. They are still more or less 
 under the influence of their old superstitions, and of their early habits of 
 thought. They have, from their childhood, been so familiar with certain 
 forms of sin, that they can never be brought to have the same degree of ab 
 horrence and disgust in regard to them, that one feels who has always been 
 surrounded with an atmosphere of moral purity. This would not be expected 
 of converts from among those who receive their whole early training in cer 
 tain localities in New York, Boston, or almost any other of our large cities. 
 But the Indian has had the additional disadvantage of the pagan con 
 science, instead of no conscience. It need not, therefore, excite surprise, if 
 we find it difficult to bring up the best of our church members to the pure 
 and strict standard of gospel morality ; nor that they should fail to realize 
 the importance of maintaining thorough discipline for offences which they 
 can scarcely avoid considering as quite venial, notwithstanding the instruc 
 tions of their teachers. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 The schools established among the Indians, though they do 
 not accomplish all that is -desirable, are nevertheless exerting a 
 meliorating influence upon the people. The one at Tuscarora 
 has been unusually prosperous during the year ; and the same 
 may be said of nearly (if not quite) all on the Alleghany Reser 
 vation. At Cattaraugus there has been less success in this de 
 partment of labor, because, apparently, of the engrossing influ 
 ence of other questions. And it may be affirmed with truth, 
 doubtless, that the value of education is but imperfectly appre 
 ciated by the great mass of the Indians. Many of the Chris 
 tian party take too little interest in the subject ; while a large 
 proportion of the pagan party are averse to the instruction of 
 their children. There is the less excuse for this state of things, 
 from the fact that, in addition to what the mission have done 
 and are doing, the State of New York is disposed to pursue a 
 very liberal policy toward the Indians. Appropriations have 
 been made from its funds for the erection of school houses on 
 the Cattaraugus and Alleghany Reservations; one of which has 
 been built, and a school is now kept in it by Mr. Carrier at the 
 expense of the State, the Indians being required to appropriate 
 one-fifth of the amount. On the other Reservation the house 
 has not been built as yet ; but the school has been opened, a 
 brother of Mr. Hall being the teacher. And were the entire 
 Indian population regularly divided into districts, the State 
 would allow it to participate in the school money, according to 
 the general law of distribution ; and the mission schools might 
 supply whatever deficiency there should be under this system. 
 The following table of the schools will exhibit their state for 
 the year ending June 30, 1848. 
 
276 NEW YORK INDIANS. 
 
 Stations. Whole Wo. of Pupils. Average Attendance. 
 
 Allegheny, 
 
 Old Town, .. 42 ... 30 
 
 Old Station, . . 30 ... 15 
 
 Jimeson Town, .. 20 ... 12 
 
 Cattaraugus Lower, 
 
 BigPlatte, . . 30 . . . 12 
 
 Meeting House, .. 24 ... 17 
 
 Cattaraugus Upper, 
 
 Meeting House, .. 50 ... 15 
 
 Turkey Settlement, . 17 . . . 12 
 
 New Town, .. 33 ... 14 
 
 Tuscarora, ... 45 ... 25 
 
 Total, 291 152 
 
 GOOD EFFECTED BY THE MISSION. 
 
 Having said all that seems to be necessary to explain the 
 operations of the mission the past year, the Committee will add 
 a few words on the general progress which has been made by 
 the New York Indians, since they first heard the gospel. If 
 we may believe the most competent testimony, there has been 
 very great improvement in the comforts and conveniences of 
 life. " At a very moderate estimate," says Mr. Wright, " it is 
 believed that there are three times as much productive labor as 
 there was in 1832, the first season I had the opportunity of no 
 ticing the agriculture of the Indians. My own impression is, 
 that more than five times the amount of provision was obtained 
 last year by Indian labor, than was obtained from the same 
 source in 1832. The same improvement has been manifest in 
 most things pertaining to worldly matters. In these respects 
 they can no longer be regarded as a savage (and scarcely as a 
 semi-barbarous) community." 
 
 The following extract from a letter of Mr. Wright, exhibiting 
 the views of the mission, will show the improvement of these 
 Indians in another respect. 
 
 The Indians are also, with the aid of the State legislature, beginning to 
 govern themselves by law. They have what is termed a " peace maker's 
 court," nearly equivalent to a justice's court among the whites, with an ap 
 peal to a jury of chiefs, by giving bonds to abide their decision, in case of 
 dissatisfaction ; or, if they prefer, they can elect to be tried in the first in 
 stance before a jury. They also tax themselves for labor on the highways ; 
 have their Reservations divided into road districts, with path-masters to su 
 perintend the labor appointed by the peace-makers. They have an annual 
 election of peace-makers, treasurer, clerk and chairman of the national coun 
 cil ; and their election last May was conducted with more propriety than or 
 dinary town meetings among the whites. In short, they are rapidly prepar 
 ing to become citizens of the State; and this result may be expected in a few 
 years, unless delayed by some unforeseen intervention. Our fear is that it 
 will occur before there will be a sufficient amount of intelligence to enable 
 them to prosper in the new relations involved by such a change. The pre- 
 
1848.] NEW YORK INDIANS. 277 
 
 ceding remarks apply to the Senecas and those who reside with them. It is 
 not known that the Tuscaroras have taken any steps towards coming under 
 law ; although they are, perhaps, quite as well prepared for it as the Senecas, 
 and even less likely to suffer from the extension of the State laws over them. 
 
 The change in regard to temperance, though not all that 
 could be wished, is certainly as great as was to be expected, 
 taking into the account the adverse influences that flow in upon 
 them from the surrounding population. While it is true that 
 many still drink to excess, whenever they can obtain the means 
 of intoxication, it is also true that the majority, in the stand 
 which they have taken, are decidedly in advance of most of 
 the neighboring towns. " The Tuscaroras," says Mr. Wright, 
 " as a body go against licenses ; and we believe, if the question 
 for the State of New York, or for the world, could be left to 
 the uninfluenced vote of the Senecas, on all their Reservations, 
 their glad response would be, * No license, and a rigid punish 
 ment for the sale of intoxicating beverages of all descriptions." : 
 
 But what, it may be asked, have been the spiritual results of 
 the labor which has been bestowed upon this field ? The 
 opinion of the brethren on this important point is set forth in 
 the subjoined extract. 
 
 An examination of the records of the churches shows that, from the com 
 mencement, there have been probably more than four hundred and fifty In 
 dian members connected with them ; while the number of children and others 
 who have died, expressing a hope of pardon through the Redeemer, without 
 having united with the churches, will probably make good the number o 
 those who have been excommunicated, and have remained permanently sep 
 arated from the churches. The population on the Reservations occupied by 
 the mission has probably, at no time, exceeded three thousand ; and to this 
 day nearly one-half of the people are professedly attached to the pagan party. 
 At present the population of the three Reservations is only about twenty-five- 
 hundred ; and as the number of church members is about two hundred and 
 seventy, about one in five of all who pretend to belong to the Christian party, 
 or to pay any attention at all to the preaching of the gospel, is a communi 
 cant. If half of these ever reach heaven, we shall have no cause to regret 
 the amount of labor and expense bestowed upon the New York Indians. 
 And yet, considering the difference in knowledge and the effect of past 
 habits, perhaps the average evidence of piety should be regarded equal to 
 that of most churches among the whites. 
 
 It is obvious, however, that much remains to be done before 
 the triumph of the gospel shall be complete. From the fore 
 going extract it appears that a large part of the population on 
 the Reservations is professedly pagan. For them the prayers 
 of Christians in this land should ascend continually, that the 
 veil may be taken from their hearts, and that they may receive 
 the truth as it is in Jesus. Many, moreover, who have renoun 
 ced the errors of their former faith, are still strangers to the 
 renovating power of the gospel ; and sad, indeed, will it be, if 
 the little light which has found its way to their minds, shall 
 24 
 
278 ABENAQ.UIS. [Report, 
 
 only aggravate their final condemnation. And even the disci 
 ples of our common Master need to understand the right way 
 of the Lord more perfectly. Let us continue our efforts, there 
 fore, in the hope of a more abundant harvest. 
 
 MISSION TO THE ABENAQUIS. 
 
 ST. FRANCIS. P. P. Osunkhirhine, Native Preacher. 
 (1 station} 1 native preacher.) 
 
 No material change has been reported in the state or prospects 
 of this mission since the last annual meeting. In September, 
 1847, Mr. Osurikhirhine stated that the whole number of ad 
 missions to the church at St. Francis, from its formation, had 
 been sixty-nine ; eight of whom had died, and twenty-four had 
 gone astray, some having been suspended, and others having 
 withdrawn. Of the thirty-six then in good standing, eleven 
 were males and twenty-five were females. Under date of July 
 10, 1848, he reported four additional deaths, and thirty-four 
 communicants in good standing ; two or three others having 
 g^ne astray, while five had been restored to church fellowship 
 the previous month. The irregularity arid apostasy of so many 
 who once professed to be born of the Spirit, is ascribed to their 
 unsettled manner of life, whereby they are exposed to peculiar 
 temptations, at the same time that they are deprived of the sus 
 taining influence of Christian intercourse and Christian ordi 
 nances. Among those who have recently finished their course, 
 was the wife of Mr. Osunkhirhine. Through the grace of God 
 in Christ Jesus, she was able to meet her last enemy without 
 fear. "I have been a great sinner," she said ; " yes, 1 have felt, 
 and now feel, that I have been a greater sinner than others. 
 But I also see that the goodness of God is greater. He has for 
 given all my sins." 
 
 The school taught by Simon Annance, one of the St. Francis 
 Indians, has varied in size from ten to eighteen ; the number 
 depending very much upon the presence or absence of a portion 
 of the families who have no permanent residence. The same 
 fluctuation has been experienced in the attendance on public 
 worship. A Sabbath school has been sustained, as heretofore ; 
 also a Bible class for adults, from which some appear to have 
 derived spiritual profit. 
 
1848.] SUMMARY. 279 
 
 SUMMARY, 
 
 From the foregoing survey, it will be seen that the Board 
 has under its care twenty-four missions, embracing ninety-six 
 stations, one hundred and fifty-two ordained missionaries nine 
 of them being also physicians, five licensed preachers, four phy 
 sicians not ordained, twenty-nine other male and two hundred 
 and four female assistant missionaries ; making three hundred 
 and ninety-four laborers who have been sent forth from this 
 country. Associated with these are twenty-four native preach 
 ers, and one hundred and thirty-nine other native helpers ; con 
 sequently the whole number of persons in connection with the 
 missions is five hundred and fifty-seven, being thirty-one more 
 than were reported last year. 
 
 The number of churches, organized and watched over by 
 these different missions, is seventy-five ; and one thousand eight 
 hundred and thirty-eight hopeful disciples of the Lord Jesus 
 Christ have been reported, since the last annual meeting, as 
 having been received into Christian fellowship ; making the 
 present number of communicants twenty-five thousand nine 
 hundred and thirty-nine. 
 
 The educational department embraces twelve seminaries for 
 the training of native preachers and teachers, in which there are 
 five hundred and eighty-six scholars ; eighteen other boarding 
 schools, in which there are one hundred and eighty- three male 
 and three hundred and fifty-eight female pupils ; also three 
 hundred and two free schools, in which ten thousand seven 
 hundred and eighteen children and youth are taught, making 
 the whole number, directly or indirectly under the instruction 
 of the missionaries, eleven thousand eight hundred and forty- 
 five. The common schools at the Sandwich Islands, as they 
 are wholly supported by the natives, are not included in this 
 estimate. 
 
 The present number of printing establishments is eleven ; 
 connected with which there are seven type and stereotype 
 founderies, and fonts of type for printing in nearly thirty lan 
 guages. During the past year 46,173,345 pages are reported as 
 having been printed, making the whole number of pages, from 
 the commencement of the missions, 635,040,844. 
 
PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS. 
 
 Expenditures of the Board during the year ending July 31, 1848, 
 
 Mission to South Africa. 
 
 Remittances and purchases, ..... $12,229 00 
 
 Outfit and expenses of Mr. and Mrs. Marsh, . . . 443 45 
 
 Do. Mr. and Mrs. Rood, . . 302 10 
 
 Do. Mr. Ireland, . . . . 110 00 
 
 Passage of Mr. and Mrs. Marsh and Mr. and Mrs. Rood from 
 
 Boston to Cape Town, ... 600 00 13,884 55 
 
 Mission to West Africa. 
 
 Drafts and purchases, . . . ... 1,94439 
 
 Outfit and expenses of Mr. and Mrs. Bushnell, ... 738 22 
 
 Do. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson, . . . 591 75 
 
 Do. Mr. and Mrs. Preston, ... 591 59 
 
 Do. Mr. Wheeler, . . . . 501 00 
 
 Do. Mrs. Griswold, . . . . 159 00 
 
 Passage of Mr. and Mrs. Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Preston, Mr. and 
 
 Mrs. Bushnell, Mr. Wheeler and Mrs. Griswold, to W. Africa, 1,200 00 5,725 95 
 
 Mission to Greece. 
 Remittances, purchases, &c., ..... 
 
 Mission to Turkey. 
 Remittances, drafts and purchases.. .... 
 
 Outfit of Mr. Crane, ...... 
 
 Expenses of Mr. Jackson and family, .... 
 
 Mission to Syria. 
 
 Remittances, drafts and purchases, .... 
 
 Outfit and expenses of Mr. Calhoun, .... 
 
 Do. Mr. and Mrs. Ford, 
 
 Do. Mr. and Mrs. Wilson, 
 
 Do. Mr. and Mrs. Foot, 
 
 Passage of Mr. and Mrs. Ford, Mr. and Mrs. Wilson, and 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Foot from Boston to Smyrna, . 
 Expenses of Mr. Laurie, ...... 
 
 Grant to Mr. Lanneau, . ..... 
 
 1,475 33 
 
 47,834 81 
 50 00 
 160 50 48,045 31 
 
 14,939 37 
 341 20 
 505 83 
 482 75 
 456 71 
 
 600 00 
 113 20 
 400 00 17,839 06 
 
 Mission to the Nestorians of Persia. 
 
 Remittances, purchases, &c., ..... 10,34368 
 Expenses of Mr. Breath, ...... 327 37 10,671 05 
 
 Bombay Mission. 
 
 Purchases, (the expenses of the mission having been defrayed 
 chiefly from previous remittances and avails of the press,) . 
 
 88 03 
 
1848.] 
 
 PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS. 
 
 281 
 
 Akmednuggur Mission. 
 
 Remittances and purchases, . 
 
 Passage of Mr. Abbott and family from Liverpool to Boston, 
 
 Expenses of do. since their return to this country, 
 
 Madras Mission. 
 
 Remittances, drafts and purchases, 
 
 Madura Mission. 
 
 Remittances and purchases, . 
 
 Outfit and expenses of Mr. and Mrs. Little, . . y 
 
 Passage of Mr. and Mrs. Little from Boston to Madras, . 
 
 Outfit and expenses of Dr. Shelton, 
 
 Expenses of A. North, including passage from London, . 
 
 Do. Mrs. Lawrence and family, including passage from 
 
 London, . . 
 
 Ceylon Mission. 
 
 Remittances, drafts and purchases, 
 Outfit and expenses of Mr. Mills, 
 
 Do. Mr. Burned, 
 
 Expenses of Mr. Hutchings and family, 
 Do. Dr. Ward and family, 
 
 Mission to Siam. 
 
 Remittances and purchases, .... 
 Expenses of Doct. Bradley and children, 
 
 Canton Mission. 
 
 Remittances, purchases, &c., . 
 
 Outfit and expenses of Mr. and Mrs. Williams, . 
 
 Passage of Mr, and Mrs. Williams to Canton, . 
 
 Amoy Mission. 
 
 Remittances, pnrchases, &c., 
 
 Fuh-chau Mission. 
 
 Remittances and purchases, ..... 
 
 Outfit and expenses of Mr. and Mrs. Cummings, . 
 
 Do. Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin, 
 
 Do. Mr. Richards, .... 
 
 Passage of Mr. and Mrs. Cummings., Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin, and 
 Mr. Richards from Philadelphia to Canton, . 
 
 14,670 00 
 174 24 
 546 49 15,389 73 
 
 29,742 24 
 273 59 
 460 00 
 38481 
 521 24 
 
 5,942 03 
 
 752 88 32,134 76 
 
 29,715 56 
 456 85 
 102 50 
 600 00 
 629 78 31,504 
 
 1,275 95 
 594 95 1,870 90 
 
 7,894 11 
 550 00 
 450 00 8,894 11 
 
 3,203 30 
 
 4,506 00 
 697 84 
 140 16 
 302 10 
 
 1,12500 6,771 10 
 
 Mission to Borneo. 
 The expenses of this mission have been defrayed by previous remittances. 
 
 Mission to the Sandwich Islands. 
 
 Remittances, drafts, purchases, &c., 
 Outfit and expenses of Mr. and Mrs. Kinney, 
 
 
 . 31,331 28 
 481 54 
 
 
 Do. Mr. Dwight, 
 
 
 271 82 
 
 
 Passage of Mr. and Mrs. Kinney and Mr. Dwig 
 
 it from 
 
 Boston 
 
 
 to Honolulu, .... 
 
 
 675 00 
 
 
 Expenses of Mr. Forbes, . '. ; 
 
 
 294 70 
 
 
 Grant to Mr. Ruggles, 
 
 
 100 00 
 
 
 Do. Mrs. Shepard, . 
 
 
 100 00 33,254 34 
 
 Oregon Mission. 
 
 
 Drafts and purchases, ........ 
 
 474 37 
 
 Mission to the Choctaws. 
 
 
 Drafts, purchases, &c., .,.'-'. 
 
 5,495 13 
 
 Mission to the Cherokees. 
 
 
 Drafts, purchases, &c., ........ 
 
 4,406 47 
 
 24* 
 
 
282 
 
 PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS. 
 
 [Report, 
 
 Drafts, purchases, &c., 
 
 DraAs, purchases, &c., 
 
 Drafts, purchases, &c., 
 
 Mission to the Sioux. 
 
 Mission to the Ojibwas. 
 Stockbridge Mission. 
 
 2,762 51 
 
 1,592 16 
 
 265 93 
 
 Mission among the Indians in New York. 
 
 586 06 
 1,226 G6 
 
 Tuscarora station, 
 Seneca do. 
 
 Cattaraugus do 815 89 
 
 Alleghany do . 1,55020 4,17881 
 
 Mission to the Abenaquis. 
 
 Expenses of the station at St. Francis, . . . : 'v. : " -, . 59338 
 
 Indian Missions Generally. 
 Transportation, cartage, labor, &c. for various stations, . , '",- '**' . 384 36 
 
 Agencies. 
 
 Salary of Rev. J. P. Fisher, 8 months, . 500 00 
 
 Traveling expenses, &c. of do. . . . 137 41 
 Salary of Rev. I. M. Weed, 11 months, . .55000 
 
 Traveling expenses, &c. of do. . 75 16 
 
 Salary of Rev. H. Coe, one year, . 600 00 
 
 Traveling expenses, &c. of do. . 37 69 
 
 Salary of Rev. A. S. Wells, one year, . 600 00 
 
 Traveling expenses, &c. of do. . . 142 20 
 
 Salary and traveling expenses of Rev. A. Gleason, 10 months, . 605 14 
 
 Salary of Rev. O. Cowles, 10 months, . 656 25 
 Traveling expenses, &c. of do. . . .9433 
 
 Salary of Rev. William Clark, one year, . 700 00 
 
 Traveling expenses, &c. of do. . . . 299 88 
 
 Salary of Rev. I. R. Worcester, one year, . 750 00 
 Traveling expenses, &c.of do. . .26869 
 
 Salary of Rev. F. E. Cannon, one year, . .. 900 00 
 
 Traveling expenses, &c. of do. . .: . 192 87 
 
 Salary of Rev. D. Malin, one year, . . 1,350 00 
 
 Traveling expenses, &c. of do. . . . 2l3 15 
 
 Services and traveling expenses of temporary agents, . 591 51 
 
 Deputations to attend anniversaries, &c., . . . 51810 9,78238 
 
 Agency in New York. 
 
 Salary of agent and clerk for the year ending July 31, 1848, 1,500 00 
 
 Office rent, . ..... 650 00 
 
 Stationery, &c., .... . 2550 2,17550 
 
 Publications. 
 
 Cost of the Missionary Herald, including the salaries of the editor 
 and agent, from August, 1847, to July, 1848, inclusive, 16,700 
 copies, . . . . . . 7,745 99 
 
 Deduct amount received of subscribers, . . 4,648 63 3,097 36 
 
 (There having been distributed to individuals, auxiliary societies, 
 &c. entitled to it by the rules of the Board. 9.568 copies which 
 cost #4,433.) 
 
 Cost of Dayspring from August, 1847, to July, 1848, in 
 clusive, 47,290 copies, .... 4,385 57 
 
 Deduct amount received of subscribers, . . 3,151 37 1,234 20 
 
 Thirty-eighth annual Report, 5,000 copies, . 862 87 
 
 Abstract of do. 200 do. 16 00 
 
 Maps, &c. of Missionary Stations, 2,000 copies 54 14 
 
 Missionary Tracts, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 21,500 do. 386 65 
 
 Dr. Magie's Sermon, 3,000 do. 96 50 
 
 Narrative of Nestorian Revival, 5,000 do. 104 21 
 
 Rev. J. L. Wilson's Address, 2,000 do. 47 00 
 
 Statement, &c., 17,000 do. 233 03 
 
 Dibble's Thoughts on Missions, 150 00 
 
 Circulars, notices, &c v 70 00 6,351 96 
 
1848.] PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS. 283 
 
 Secretaries' Department. 
 
 Salary of Dr. Anderson, for the year ending July 31, 1848, 
 $ 1,700; less $900 received from the fund created for this 
 purpose, . . . . . . . 800 00 
 
 Do. of Mr. Greene, $1,700 j less as above, $900 ; 800 00 
 
 Clerk hire . 50000 2,10000 
 
 Treasurer's Department. 
 
 Salary of the Treasurer for the year ending July 31, 1848, 
 $1,700; less $900 received from the fund created for this 
 purpose, . ...... 800 00 
 
 Clerk hire, . " _/. ./ X 1,15833 1,95833 
 
 Miscellaneous Charges. 
 
 Postage of letters and pamphlets, . . . . . 802 05 
 
 Fuel and oil, 130 50 
 
 Blank books, receipts, certificates, stationery, &c., . . 102 39 
 
 Periodicals and binding of books, &c., . . . . 98 30 
 
 Books for the Library, . 22214 
 
 Care of the Missionary House, making fires, lighting, attendance 
 
 and labor, . .... 314 00 
 
 Freight, cartage, wharfage, &c., . ', >-*".; 10471 
 Furnace for Missionary House, fixtures, carpenters' work and 
 
 painting, . . . . . . . . 288 23 
 
 Insurance on property in do. . '' . ,""''. . . 31 25 
 
 Copying of letters and documents, . . . . 131 68 
 
 Expenses of meetings in behalf of the Board, in Boston and New 
 
 York, held in May and June, 107 65 
 
 Discount on bank notes and drafts, counterfeit notes, and interest 
 
 on borrowed money, . . . . . 781 95 3,11485 
 
 Total expenditures of the Board, ...... 282,330 38 
 
 Balance for which the Board was in debt August 1, 1847, . . 31,616 86 
 
 Bancroft Ubrarj * 313 ' 94724 
 
 Receipts of the Board during the year ending July 31, 1848, 
 
 Donations as acknowledged in the Missionary Herald, 
 
 Legacies, do. do. 
 
 Interest on General Permanent Fund, ($22,613 61 being 
 
 Missionary House,) ..... 
 Interest on the Ashley Fund, .... 
 Avails of Maumee Lands, .... 
 
 nvested in the 
 
 225,595 01 
 26,157 49 
 
 1,953 00 
 
 300 00 
 
 50 96 
 
 254,056 46 
 Balance for which the Board is in debt, carried to new account, August 1, 
 
 1848, . ._ . 59,890 78 
 
 313,947 24 
 GENERAL PERMANENT FUND. 
 
 This Fund amounts, as last year, to . . . . . . $56,126 14 
 
 PERMANENT FUND FOR OFFICERS. 
 
 This Fund amounts, as last year, to . . . . . $39,835 87 
 
 FUND FOR OFFICERS, 
 
 Balance on hand last year, ....... 31 03 
 
 Received within the year, for interest on the Permanent fund for Officers, . 2,780 60 
 
 2,811 63 
 Paid balance of salaries of Secretaries and Treasurer, $900 to each, . 2,700 00 
 
 Balance on hand, . . . ;'., . . . 11163 
 
284 
 
 DONATIONS. 
 
 [Report, 
 
 SUMMARY OF DONATIONS RECEIVED DURING THE YEAR. 
 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 
 
 AUXILIARY SOCIETIES : 
 
 
 
 
 Cumberland County, 
 Franklin County, 
 
 Daniel Evans, Tr. 
 Rev. I. Rogers, Tr. 
 
 Portland, 
 Farmington, 
 
 2,491 54 
 
 4825 
 
 Kennebec Conf. of chs. 
 Lincoln County, 
 Penobscot County, 
 Somerset County, 
 
 B. Nason, Tr. 
 Rev. E. Seabury, Tr. 
 J. S. Wheelwright, Tr. 
 Calvin Selden, Tr. 
 
 Halloweli, 
 New Castle, 
 Bangor, 
 Norridgewock, 
 
 428 11 
 1,281 93 
 786 37 
 49 32 
 
 York Conf. of chs. 
 Washington County, 
 
 Rev. G. W. Cressey, Tr. 
 
 Kennebunk, 
 
 754 60 
 112 71 5,952 83 
 
 
 
 
 862 13 
 
 
 Legacies, 
 
 * : A '".- .'., 
 
 140 00 
 
 
 
 
 6,95496 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Cheshire County, 
 
 W. Lamson, Tr. 
 
 Keene, 
 
 1,187 04 
 
 Grafton County, 
 Hillsboro' County, 
 
 W. W. Russell, Tr. 
 J. A. Wheat, Tr. 
 
 Plymouth, 
 Nashua, 
 
 971 09 
 2,366 46 
 
 Mcrrimack County, 
 
 G. Hutchins, Tr. 
 
 Concord, 
 
 1,524 18 
 
 Rockiugham Conf. of chs. 
 Strafford Conf. of chs. 
 
 Joseph Boardman, Tr. 
 E. J. Lane, Tr. 
 
 Exeter, 
 Dover, 
 
 1,726 09 
 656 38 
 
 Sullivan County, 
 
 D. S. Dutton, 
 
 Clare mont, 
 
 631 11 9,062 35 
 
 
 Towns not associated, 
 
 ... 
 
 293 95 
 
 
 Legacies, 
 
 . 
 
 679 01 
 
 
 
 
 10,035 31 
 
 
 VEEMONT. 
 
 
 
 Addison County, 
 
 Amon Wilcox, Tr. 
 
 Middlebury, 
 
 704 12 
 
 Caledonia County, 
 Chittenden County, 
 Franklin County, 
 
 E. Jewett, Tr. 
 M. A. Seymour, Tr. 
 C. F. Saftord, Tr. 
 
 St. Johnsbury, 
 Burlington, 
 St. A 1 bans, 
 
 2,011 15 
 1,116 28 
 239 00 
 
 Orange County, 
 
 
 
 505 39 
 
 Orleans County, 
 
 T. Jameson, Tr. 
 
 Irasburgh, 
 
 202 69 
 
 Rutland County, 
 Washington County, 
 
 James Barrett, Jr. 
 J. W. Howes, Tr. 
 
 Rutland, 
 Montpelier, 
 
 1,697 75 
 410 14 
 
 Windham County, 
 
 F. Tyler, Tr. 
 
 
 948 67 
 
 Windsor County, 
 
 E. P. Nevens, Tr. 
 Towns not associated, 
 
 Royalton, 
 
 630 12 8,465 31 
 398 25 
 
 
 Legacies, 
 
 * ,/ '*- '' 
 
 . 1,524 39 
 
 
 
 
 10,385 95 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Bamstable County, 
 Berkshire County, 
 
 Walter Crocker, Tr. 
 Rev. J. J. Dana, Tr. 
 
 W. Bamstable, 
 
 S. Adams, 
 
 659 85 
 3,829 29 
 
 Boston, 
 
 S. A. Danforth, Agent, 
 
 Boston, 
 
 13,795 68 
 
 Brookfield Association, 
 
 William Hyde, Tr. 
 
 Ware, 
 
 3,302 80 
 
 Essex County, North, 
 
 James Caldwell, Tr. 
 
 Newburyport, 
 
 2,338 48 
 
 Essex County, South, 
 
 C. M. Richardson, Tr. 
 
 Salem, 
 
 4,869 53 
 
 Franklin County, 
 Hampden County, 
 Hampshire County, 
 Harmony Conf. of chs. 
 Lowell and vicinity, 
 
 Lewis Merriam, Tr. 
 Charles Merriam, Tr. 
 J. D. Whitney, Tr. 
 W. C. Capron, Tr. 
 W. Davidson, Tr. 
 
 Greenfield, 
 Springfield, 
 Northampton, 
 Uxbridge, 
 Lowell, 
 
 1,494 41 
 4,813 32 
 7,331 83 
 1,579 34 
 424 83 
 
 Middlesex Noith and vie. 
 
 J. S. Adams, Tr. 
 
 Groton, 
 
 1,336 77 
 
 Middlesex South Conf. of chs. 
 
 
 
 1,109 25 
 
 Norfolk County, 
 
 Rev. S. Harding, Tr. 
 
 East Medway, 
 
 3,078 46 
 
 Old Colony, 
 
 H. Coeeeshall, Tr. 
 
 New Bedford, 
 
 925 11 
 
 Palestine Missionary Society, Ebenezer Alden.Tr. 
 Pilgrim Association, Josiah Robbins, Tr. 
 
 Randolph, 
 Plymouth, 
 
 1,460 57 
 404 69 
 
 Taunton and vicinity. 
 
 
 
 1,310 76 
 
 Worcester County, North, 
 Worcester Central, 
 
 Benjamin Hawkes, Tr. 
 A. D. Foster, Tr. 
 
 Temple ton, 
 Worcester, 
 
 825 81 
 4,464 7359,358 51 
 
 
 
 
 . 5,518 26 
 
 
 Legacies, 
 
 .* 
 
 . 6,586 02 
 
 71,459 79 
 
1848.] 
 
 DONATIONS. 
 
 285 
 
 AUXILIARY SOCIETIES: 
 Fairfield County, East, 
 Fairfield County, West, 
 Hartfoid County, 
 Hartford County, South, 
 Litchfield County, 
 Middlesex Association, 
 New Haven County, East, 
 New Haven Co., W. Conso. 
 New Haven City, 
 New London and vicinity, 
 Norwich and vicinity, 
 Tolland County, 
 Windham County, North, 
 Windham County, South, 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Charles Marvin, Tr. 
 
 A. W. Butler, Tr. 
 
 H. S. Ward, Tr. 
 
 C. L. Webb, Tr. 
 
 S Silliman, Tr. 
 
 A. H. Maltby, Agent, 
 
 A. Townsend, Jr., Tr. 
 
 A. H. Maltby, Agent, 
 
 C. Chew, Tr. 
 
 F. A. Perkins, Tr. 
 
 Jonathan R. Flynt, Tr. 
 
 J. B. Gay, Tr. 
 
 Zalmon Storrs, Tr. 
 
 A Friend, 
 
 Legacies, 
 
 Wilton, 
 
 Hartford, 
 
 Middletown, 
 
 Litchfield, 
 
 Essex, 
 
 New Haven, 
 
 do. 
 
 do. 
 
 New London, 
 Norwich, 
 Tolland, 
 Thompson, 
 Mansfield, 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 1,139 68 
 2,357 77 
 7,587 63 
 1,828 41 
 4,143 25 
 
 961 74 
 1,199 98 
 2,066 59 
 4,079 30 
 1,349 97 
 1,990 72 
 2,170 06 
 1,607 06 
 
 918 51-33,400 67 
 
 50 00 
 
 . 6,037 50 
 
 39,488 17 
 
 Rhode Island Auxiliary Society, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Auburn and vicinity, 
 Board of For. Missions in 
 
 Ref. Dutch Church, 
 Buffalo and vicinity, 
 Chatauque County, 
 Geneva and vicinity, 
 Greene County, 
 
 Oneida County, 
 Otsego County, 
 Plattsburgh and vicinity, 
 St. Lawrence County, 
 Syracuse and vicinity, 
 Washington County, 
 Watertown and vicinity, 
 
 T. M. Hunt, Agent, 
 
 Auburn, 
 
 1,321 31 
 
 C. S. Little, Tr. 
 
 
 8,493 55 
 
 James Crocker, Agent, 
 
 Buffalo, 
 
 1,523 13 
 
 J. D. Carlisle, Tr. 
 
 Westfield, 
 
 292 09 
 
 C. A. Cook, Agent, 
 John Doane, Agent, 
 
 Geneva, 
 Catskill, 
 
 4,557 94 
 612 97 
 
 Ebenezer Ely, Agent, 
 L,J. W. Tracy, 
 James Dana, Tr. 
 
 Rochester, 
 New York City, 
 Utica, 
 
 3,944 50 
 11,598 39 
 1,818 13 
 
 
 
 787 38 
 
 
 
 511 61 
 
 H. D. Smith, Tr. 
 
 Gouverneur, 
 
 434 24 
 
 J. Hall, Agent, 
 
 
 308 77 
 
 M. Freeman, Tr. 
 
 Salem, 
 
 335 72 
 
 Adriel Ely, 
 
 Watertown 
 
 510 00-37,049 73 
 
 Towns not associated 
 
 
 . 12,291 85 
 
 Legacies, 
 
 . 
 
 . 4,36227 
 
 53,703 85 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Donations, 
 Legacies, 
 
 5,047 92 
 5,726 50 
 
 10,774 42 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Donations, 
 Legacies, 
 
 DELAWARE, 
 
 Donations, 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Board of Foreign Missions in Germ. Ref. Church, Rev. Elias Heiner, Tr., Baltimore, 
 Towns not associated, ........ 
 
 Legacies, .......... 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Donations, 
 
 610 99 
 
 1,300 00 
 
 1,254 00 
 
 10950 
 
 sT,663 50 
 
 367 08 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Richmond and vicinity, S. Reeve, Richmond, Tr., 
 Towns not associated, 
 
 1,074 
 659 
 
 1,734 
 
286 
 
 DONATIONS. 
 
 OHIO. 
 
 [Report, 
 
 Western For. Missionary Society, G. L. Weed, Cincinnati, Tr. 
 Western Reserve, Rev. H.Coe, Hudson, O., Agent, 
 Towns not associated, . . . 
 
 J ' . . 3,774 31 
 4,19631 
 * . >"t"" . 2,211 66 
 
 
 
 '. '.. .'' ' 380 00 
 
 
 
 10,562 28 
 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 
 Donations, . 
 
 
 
 . 1,030 03 
 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 Donations, 
 
 
 . 3,266 54 
 
 
 MICHIGAN. 
 
 
 Michigan Auxiliary Society, E. Bingham, Tr., Detroit, 
 Towns not associated, . . . . . 
 
 2,400 45 
 889 95 
 
 
 
 3,290 40 
 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 
 Donations, 
 
 
 " . % T : ~ . 80819 
 
 
 IOWA. 
 
 
 Donations, 
 
 
 ** .... i ., : "V ' 161 95 
 
 
 MISSOURI. 
 
 
 
 
 1,112 55 
 
 
 ARKANSAS. 
 
 
 Donations, 
 
 
 65 00 
 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 
 Donations, 
 
 
 14 . . *''. 193 29 
 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 
 Donations, . . 
 
 
 . ': v-'' -\ - 3500 
 
 
 ALABAMA. 
 
 
 Donations, 
 
 
 .... 61750 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Donation, . . . . . ' .:.'*', ''' ' . '; ". 1,55987 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Charleston and vicinity, R. L. Stewart, Tr., Charleston, . 
 
 484 40 
 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 
 Donations, 
 
 
 15 25 
 
 
 KENTUCKY. 
 
 
 Donations, 
 
 
 259 21 
 
 
 TENNESSEE. 
 
 
 Donation*, 
 Legacies, . 
 
 
 1,111 90 
 
 ; k - 154 30 
 
 
 
 1,266 20 
 
 
 FLORIDA. 
 
 
 Donations, 
 
 
 15 00 
 
 
 IN FOREIGN LANDS, fee. 
 
 
 Donations, 
 
 
 5,150 12 
 
 
 UNKNOWN. 
 
 
 Donations, 
 
 
 407 59 
 
 
 Total, .... 
 
 $251,752 50 
 
1848.] BOOKS PRINTED IN THE CHEROKEE LANGUAGE. 
 
 287 
 
 Books printed in the Cherokee Language previously to Jan. 18, 1848. 
 
 Gospel of Matthew 
 
 1st ed. 
 2d 
 3d // 
 4th i, 
 1st // 
 2d // 
 3d n 
 4th ,i 
 5th // 
 1st // 
 2d n 
 1st // 
 2d n 
 3d ,i 
 1st '/ 
 
 ad // 
 
 1st i 
 2d / 
 3d / 
 4th / 
 5th / 
 6th , 
 7th t 
 
 1st // 
 2d // 
 
 1st // 
 2d // 
 1st // 
 2d // 
 1st n 
 2d n 
 3d // 
 4th it 
 
 on, 
 
 1829 24mo. 124pp. 
 1833 n 124 
 1840 n 120 
 1844 // 120 
 1831 12mo. 12 
 1834 24ino. 24 
 1835 // 24 
 1843-4 // 24 
 1848 n 24 
 1834 // 127 
 1842 // 124 
 1839 / 101 
 1842 / 101 
 1847 / 101 
 1840 t 20 
 1843 / 20 
 1845 // 28 
 1847 n 16 
 
 1,000 copies, 
 3,000 
 3,000 
 5,00012.000 
 1,500 i 
 3,000 \ 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 2,00016,500 
 3,000 
 5,000 8,000 
 1,500 
 5,000 
 4,00010,500 
 3,000 
 5,000 8,000 
 5,000 
 4,000 
 
 124,000 pages in all 
 372,000 
 360,000 
 600,0001,456,000 
 18,000 
 72,000 
 120,000 
 120,000 
 48,000 378,000 
 381,000 
 620,000-1,001,000 
 151,500 
 505,000 
 404,0001,060,500 
 60,000 
 100,000 160,000 
 140,000 
 64,000 
 
 Select Passages of Scripture, . 
 
 Gospel of John, . . . 
 
 Epistles of John . . . 
 
 Epistles to Timothy 
 
 Epistle of James 
 
 
 Total of Scriptures, 64,000 
 1829 24mo. 52 800 
 1830 18mo. 36 1,500 
 1832 n 36 1,750 
 1833 24mo. 48 3,000? 
 1836 // 48 5,000 
 1841 // 68 5,000 
 1844-5 // 69 5,00022,050 
 1829 12mo. 12 300 
 1833 n 12 3,000 
 1843 24mo. 18 5,000 8,000 
 1835 18mo. 8 200 
 1836 12mo. 16 450 
 1838 // 24 500 
 1839 / 36 2,000 
 1840 / 36 1,800 
 1842 / 36 1,000 
 1843 / 36 1,000 
 1844 i 36 1,000 
 1845 / 36 600 
 1846 / 36 1,000 
 1847 / 36 1,000 
 1848 / 36 1,000-11,350 
 1838 24mo. 8 3,000 
 1838 12mo. 12 1,500 
 1844-5 24mo. 20 5,000 6,500 
 1838 12mo. 12 1,500 
 1844 24mo. 24 5,000 6,500 
 1839 // 24 1,500 
 1840 n 24 3,000 
 1841-5 n 24 1,000 
 1845-6 // 24 5,00010,500 
 1842 // 45 1,000 
 1842 // 11 5,000 
 1842 12mo. 54 1,000 
 1842 n 12 1,000 
 1842 // 8 1,000 
 1844-5 24mo. 24 4,000 
 1845-6 // 24 5.000 
 
 1846-7 n 69 5,000 
 
 4,359,500 
 41,600 
 54,000 
 63,000 
 144,000 
 240,000 
 340,000 
 345,0001,127,600 
 3,600 
 36,000 
 90,000 126,000 
 1,600 
 7,200 
 12,000 
 72,000 
 64,800 
 36,000 
 36,000 
 36,000 
 21,600 
 36,000 
 36,000 
 36,000 393,600 
 24,000 
 18,000 
 100,000 118,000 
 18,000 
 120,000 138,000 
 36,000 
 72,000 
 24,000 
 120,000 -252,000 
 45,000 
 55,000 
 54,000 
 12,000 
 8,000 
 96,000 
 120,000 
 
 345,000 
 
 Church Litany of U. Brethren, 
 Poor Sarah 
 
 Child's Book 
 
 Cherokee Almanac for .... 
 
 Cherokee Catechism 
 Tract on Marriage, 
 
 Tract on Temperance, .... 
 
 Discipline of Methodist church, 
 Address on Intemperance, . . . 
 Const and Laws of the Cher. Nati 
 Message of Principal Chief, . . 
 Special Message of Prin. Chief, . 
 Miscellanoous Pieces, .... 
 Sermon and Tract, David Rouge, 
 Dairyman's Daughter and ) 
 Bob the Sailor Boy, \ 
 
 155,400 
 
 7,278,900 
 
 It will be understood, of course, that several of the foregoing works were not published at the 
 expense of the Board. 
 
288 
 
 BOOKS PRINTED IN THE CHOCTAW LANGUAGE. [Report, 
 
 Books printed in the Choctaw Language. 
 
 SPELLING BOOKS. 
 Isted. Znded. 
 
 1825 Choctaw Spelling Book, with English translation, 
 
 1827 2nd edition of the same, enlarged, 
 
 Choctaw Spelling Book, without translation, 
 Same, enlarged, 
 
 3d edition of same, duodecimo, 
 4th do. do. 
 
 1st part of do. . 
 
 1827 
 
 1830 
 1836 
 1846 
 
 Pages. No.ofed. 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 500 
 3,000 
 1,000 
 1,000 
 
 84 
 160 
 
 107 
 72 
 
 HYMN BOOK. 
 
 1829 
 
 1827 
 
 1831 
 
 Choctaw Hymn Book, 
 1833 Same, enlarged, 
 1844 3d edition, revised and enlarged, 
 
 84 1,000 
 162 3,000 
 175 3,000 
 
 PORTIONS OF SCRIPTURE. 
 
 Selections from Genesis, embracing most of the first eleven chapters, ") 
 The 1st and 146th Psalm, . . . . . . [ 
 
 Selections from Matthew, containing 2d, 8th, 13th, 14th, 26th, 27th, ! . 
 
 and 28th chapters, with parts of 1st, 3d, 9th, 17th, and 25th chap. { 
 Also 3d and llth chapters of John, with part of the 2d chap. 
 The Ten Commandments, . . . . . .j 
 
 lost of the Gospels of Luke and John arranged in the form of a ) 
 
 500 
 
 1835 
 
 harmony of the two Gospels, . . . . . . ) 
 Selections from Genesis, embracing the History of Joseph and his 
 Brethren. 
 
 
 1,W.IU 
 
 
 Book of Jonah, with Reflections, ... . . ) 
 
 12 
 
 3,000 
 
 1839 
 
 Acts of the Apostles. 
 
 
 
 1840 
 
 Epistles of John, . . . . . . , 
 
 27 
 
 1,000 
 
 1842 
 
 Gospel of Matthew, with Questions, . ... 
 
 198 
 
 1,200 
 
 
 1845 2nd edition, - 
 
 115 
 
 1,200 
 
 1843 
 
 Epistle of James, with three first chapters of Revelation, . 
 
 48 
 
 1,000 
 
 1845 
 
 Gospel of Mark, . . . . . 
 
 73 
 
 1,200 
 
 
 Do. Luke, . . . . ' . 
 
 127 
 
 1,200 
 
 
 Do. John, . ; . v- '* 
 
 95 
 
 1,200 
 
 
 CATECHISMS. 
 
 
 
 1827 
 
 Dr. Watts second Catechism, . . .' . . , 
 
 12 
 
 500 
 
 
 1835 Do. do. . . . . 
 
 16 
 
 2.000 
 
 1847 
 
 Assembly's Shorter Catechism, . . . . * ' 
 
 48 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 OTHER BOOKS. 
 
 
 
 1831 
 1836 
 
 Choctaw Teacher, containing an Epitome of the History of the Old f 
 Testament, with Reflections, . . . . . . ) 
 Choctaw Reader, a Selection of Moral and Religious Pieces, suitable 
 
 136 
 
 
 
 for Reading. in Choctaw Schools. 
 
 
 
 1835 
 
 Na-holhtena, or Choctaw Arithmetic, ..... 
 
 72 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 1845 2nd edition, same, . . . . . 
 
 72 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 TRACTS. 
 
 
 
 1827 
 
 Henry Obookiah, abridged, ...... 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 1836 Same, ......... 
 
 
 3,000 
 
 1827 
 
 Catharine Brown, abridged, . . . . . . 
 
 
 500 
 
 
 1836 2nd edition, 
 
 
 3,000 
 
 
 Tract respecting Christ his Life, Character and Doctrines, . . \ 
 New Birth, its Nature and Necessity, . . . . . f 
 Repentance necessary to Salvation, . . . . . ( 
 Resurrection and General Judgment, . . . . . ) 
 1835 2nd edition, . 
 
 31 
 39 
 
 500 
 1,000 
 
 
 1845 3d edition, 
 
 28 
 
 1,000 
 
 1834 
 
 On the Sabbath, . . . . . . . <>*+; 
 
 17 
 
 3,000 
 
 1835 
 
 On Family Education and Government, from Prov. 22 : 6. . 
 
 48 
 36 
 
 ],500 
 1,000 
 
 
 
 54 
 
 3,000 
 
1848.] 
 
 BOOKS PRINTED IN THE CHOCTAW LANGUAGE. 
 
 289 
 
 3,000 
 
 3,000 
 3,000 
 3,000 
 
 15 3,000 
 
 1838 Am I a Christian ? 
 
 Do as you would be done by, 
 
 Explanation of the Ten Commandments, 
 
 He that toucheth you, toucheth the apple of h s eye, 
 
 Nuaman and Gehazi, . . . 
 
 Providence acknowledged, . . 
 
 Pray for them that persecute you, 
 
 Parents' neglect of Children, 
 
 The Bible 
 
 The Poison Tree, 
 1836 The Troublesome Garden, 
 
 1839 Gallaudet's Bible Stories, abridged, 
 1845 Same, do. 
 
 1839 Goodrich's Child's Book on the Creation, abridged, . 
 1845 Same, do. 
 
 1840 Gallaudet's Child's Book on the Soul, do. 
 
 2nd edition sent to the Piinter at Park Hill, Cherokee Nation. 
 
 1845 Sinners in the hands of an angry God : Sermon by Pres. Edwards, 28 1,000 
 
 Nana a kaniohmi Baibil vt haiakvchi, or things made known in the" 
 Bible, viz.: 
 
 Attributes of God, ;..... 
 
 The Bible how and when written its translation into the 
 English and other languages, ..... 
 What the Bible teaches about Angels, .... 
 The Bible account of ihe Creation and Fall of man, . 
 What the Bibln teaches about the duty of public worship and 
 aiding religious teachers, ..... 
 
 What the Bible teaches in relation to the Sabbath, 
 The goodness of God manifested in his works, 
 How do we know there is a God > from Dr Todd, 
 Fraud exposed and condemned extracted from Dr. Payson's Ser 
 mon. Sermon xviii. 
 
 3,000 
 400 
 
 1,0(10 
 400 
 
 1,000 
 400 
 
 30 1,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 TRACTS OF AMERICAN TRACT SOCIETY. 
 
 1836 
 
 1845 
 
 Irreverence in the house of God 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 3,000 
 
 Poor Sarah, 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 16 
 
 3,000 
 
 Patient Joe, . 
 
 
 
 
 . . 
 
 3 
 
 3,000 
 
 The incorrigible Sinner warned 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 12 
 
 3,000 
 
 The woith of a Dollar, . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 12 
 
 3,000 
 
 The new Biith, . 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 16 
 
 1,000 
 
 I will give liberally. Dr. Nevins 
 The act of faith, 
 
 , 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 4 
 
 ],()00 
 1,000 
 
 The world to come, . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 1,000 
 1 000 
 
 The Lord's Day, 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 l',000 
 
 25 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. 
 
 PAGE. 
 Corporate Members, ....... 3 
 
 Corresponding Members, ....... 8 
 
 Honorary Members, ....... 9 
 
 Officers of the Board, ....... 48 
 
 MINUTES OF THE ANNUAL MEETING. 
 
 Corporate Members Present, ...... 49 
 
 Honorary Members Present, ...... 50 
 
 Organization, ........ 55 
 
 Treasurer's Report, ........ 55 
 
 Report of the Prudential Committee, . . . . . 56 
 
 Reports of the Committees on the several parts of the foregoing, . . 5762 
 
 Special Report on Control of Missionaries and Mission Churches, . 62 
 
 Correspondence with the Cherokee and Choctaw Missions, . . 80 
 
 Dr. Pax ton's Appeal and Memorial, . . . . .113 
 
 Finances of the Board, . . . . . . .113 
 
 Change in a Regulation of the Board, . . . . .114 
 
 Resignation of Mr. Greene, . . . . . .114 
 
 New Members and Officers, . . . . . .116 
 
 Place and Preacher for the next Meeting, . . . .117 
 
 Resolutions, . . . . . . . .118 
 
 Devotional Services, . . . . . . .118 
 
 Adjournment, . . . . . . . .119 
 
 Concluding Remarks, . . . . . .119 
 
 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE PRUDENTIAL COMMITTEE. 
 
 DOMESTIC DEPARTMENT. 
 
 Labors at the Missionary House, . . . . .120 
 
 Agencies, ......... 121 
 
 Receipts and Expenditures, . . . . .124 
 
 Missionaries appointed and sent forth, . . . .125 
 
 Publications, . . . . . . .126 
 
 Co-operating Societies, .... .' . 127 
 
 THE MISSIONS OF THE BOARD. 
 
 Mission to the Zulus, in Southern Africa, . . . . 128 
 
 Mission to Gaboon, in Western Africa, . . .133 
 
 Mission to Greece, . . . . . . . .135 
 
CONTENTS. 291 
 
 Mission to the Armenians and Jews, . . 141 
 
 Mission to Syria, ..... 154 
 
 Mission to the Nestorians, . . . . . . .161 
 
 Bombay Mission, . . . . . . . .170 
 
 Ahmednuggur Mission, . . . . . . .172 
 
 Madras Mission, ........ 178 
 
 Madura Mission, . . . - . . . . .184 
 
 Ceylon Mission, . . . . . . . .197 
 
 Siam Mission, . . . . . . . .205 
 
 Canton Mission, ........ 215 
 
 Amoy Mission, ........ 218 
 
 Fuh-Chau Mission, . . . . . . . . 223 
 
 Borneo Mission, ........ 224 
 
 Sandwich Islands Mission, ....... 227 
 
 Mission to the Oregon Indians, ...... 239 
 
 Mission to the Choctaws, ....... 245 
 
 Mission to the Cherokees, ....... 254 
 
 Mission to the Pawnees, ....... 260 
 
 Mission to the Sioux, ....... 261 
 
 Mission to the Ojibwas, ....... 265 
 
 Mission to the Stockbridge Indians, - . . . . .271 
 
 New York Indians, ........ 273 
 
 Mission to the Abenaquis, ....... 278 
 
 SUMMARY, ......... 279 
 
 PECUNIARY ACCOUNTS, ....... 280 
 
 SUMMARY OF DONATIONS RECEIVED DURING THE YEAR, . . . 284 
 
 BOOKS PRINTED IN THE CHEROKEE LANGUAGE, . . . .287 
 
 BOOKS PRINTED IN THE CHOCTAW LANGUAGE, .... 288 
 
1848.] 
 
 \ 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. 
 
 11 
 
 Barker Joshua, New Bedford, Ms. 
 
 Barker Rev Nathaniel, Wakefield, N. H. 
 
 Barker Samuel F., Calais, Me. 
 
 Barlow Rev Joseph, Salem, Pa. 
 
 Barnard Rev John, Limn, N. Y. 
 
 Barnard Rev John, Jr., do. 
 
 Barnard Timothy, Pittsford, N. Y. 
 
 Barnes Albert H., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Barnes Mrs Abby A., do. 
 
 Barnes Charlotte W., do. 
 
 Barnes Charles. Jordan, N. Y. 
 
 Barnes Rev D. R., North Wrentham, Me 
 
 Barnes Rev Erastus, Chazy, N. Y. 
 
 Barnes Rev William, Foxboro', Ms. 
 
 Barnes Mrs Eunice A. H., do. 
 
 Barnes Rev Jeremiah, Evansville, la. 
 
 Barney Rev James O., Seekonk, Ms. 
 
 Earnhardt Mrs Anna B., Constantia, N. Y. 
 
 Barnit Mrs Hannah T., Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Barnum Rev George, Franklin, Mich. 
 
 Barnum Noah S., Norwalk, Ct. 
 
 Barr Absalom K. 
 
 Barr Rev Joseph, Williamstown, Pa. 
 
 Barr Rev Thomas H., Jackson, O. 
 
 Barrett Benjamin, Northampton, Ms. 
 
 Barrett Rev Gerrish. 
 
 *Barrett Mrs. Hannah I., Pittsburg, Pa. 
 
 Barrett Rev Joshua, Plymouth, Ms. 
 
 Barrett Rev Newton, Brecksville, O. 
 
 Barrett Samuel, Boston, Ms. 
 
 Barrows Rev E. P , Hudson, O. 
 
 *Barrows Rev E. S., Cazenovia, N. Y. 
 
 Barrows Experience, Dorset, Vt. 
 
 Barrows Rev Homer, Dover, N. H. 
 
 Barrows John S., Fryeburg, Me. 
 
 Barry Samuel S., New York city. 
 
 Barstow Rev E. H., Walpole, N. H. 
 
 Bartholomew Rev Orlo, Augusta, N Y. 
 
 Bartlett Andrew, Plymouth, Ms. 
 
 Bartlett Charles L., Haverhill, Ms. 
 
 Bartlett Rev Francis, Rushville, O. 
 
 Bartlett Rev John, Avon West, Ct. 
 
 Bartlett Rev Jonathan, Reading, Ct. 
 
 Bartlott Rev J. L. 
 
 Bartlett Rev Joseph, Buxton, Me. 
 
 Bartlett Rev Shubael, East Windsor, Ct. 
 
 Bartlett Rev S. C., Hudson, O. 
 
 Barton Rev Charles B., Bethel, III. 
 
 Barton Rev Frederick A., Chickopee, Ms. 
 
 Barton Rev John, Camden, N. Y. 
 
 Barton Mrs Susan D., do. 
 
 Barton Caroline A. P., do. 
 
 Barton Miss Nancy O. R. do. 
 
 Barton Thomas W., do. 
 
 Barton Rev William B., Woodbridge, N. J. 
 
 Barton Mrs Elizabeth, do. 
 
 Bascom Rev Flavell, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Bass Nathan, Scotland, Ct. 
 
 Bass William, Middlebury, Vt. 
 
 Bassett Isaac, Hinsdale, Ms. 
 
 Bassett Philo, Derby Ct. 
 
 Bassler Rev Benjamin, Farmersville, N. Y. 
 
 Batchelder Rev C. R., Westminster East, Vt. 
 
 Batchelder John, Needham, Ms. 
 
 Batchelder John P., Utica, N. Y. 
 
 Batclielder Jonathan, Mason, N. H. 
 
 Batchelder Nathaniel, Beverly, Ms. 
 
 Batcholler Ezra, N. Brookfield, Ms. 
 
 Batcheller Tyler, do. 
 
 Bates Rev Henry, Harmar, O. 
 
 Bates Rev James, Granby, Ms. 
 
 Bates Rev Lemuel P. 
 
 *Bates Rev Talcott, Manlius, N. Y. 
 
 Bates Rev William, Northbridge, Ms. 
 
 *Battell Joseph, Norfolk, Ct. 
 
 Battell Robbins, do. 
 
 Bay ley Robert, Sen., Newburyport, Ma. 
 
 Baylies Ephraim, Uxbridge, Ms. 
 
 Baylies Mrs Olive T., do. 
 
 Baynes Rev John W., St. Catharine, C. W. 
 
 Bayton Edward S., Utica, N. Y. 
 
 Beach Rev Aaron C., Wolcott, Ct. 
 
 Beach Rev Charles, Newark, N. J. 
 
 Beach Rev Ebenezer, Lysander, N. Y. 
 Beach Rev Edwards C. 
 Beach Rev Isaac C., Chester, N. Y. 
 Beach Isaac E., Bridgeport, Ct. 
 Beach James E., do. 
 Beach Rev James, Winsted, Ct. 
 Beach John, Hartford, Ct. 
 Beach John H. E., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
 Beach Mrs Cynthia M., do. 
 Beach Rev Nathaniel, Millbury, Ms. 
 Beach Mrs Elizabeth R., do. 
 Beach Theron, Litchfield, Ct. 
 Beach Uri, East Bloomfield, N. Y. 
 Beach William A., Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
 Beals Mrs Abigail, Canandaigua, N. Y. 
 Beals Samuel R., Slatersville, R. I. 
 Beaman Rev C. C., Wellfleet, Ms. 
 Beaman Rev C. P., Milledgeville, Ga. 
 Beaman Rev Warren H., Hadley, Ms. 
 Beane Rev John V., Haverhill, N. H. 
 Beane Rev Samuel, Little Compton. R. I. 
 Beard A. E., Norwalk, Ct. 
 Beard Rev. Spencer F., Montville, Ct. 
 Beardsley Rev. Nehemiah B. 
 Beardsley Rev. O. C., Honeoye Falls, N. Y. 
 Beardsley Rev William, Quincy, 111. 
 Beattie Rev Charles C., Steubenville, O. 
 Beattie Rev John, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Beattie William, Salem, N. Y. 
 Beaumont F., Natchez, Miss. 
 Beckly Rev Hosea, Dummerston, Vt. 
 Beckwith Rev B. B., Gouverneur, N. Y. 
 Beckwith Rev George C., Newton, Ms. 
 Beebe Rev Hubbard, South Wilbraham, Ms 
 Beebe James M., Boston, MB. 
 Beebe Mrs James M., do. 
 Beebe Rev L. S., Adrian, Mich. 
 Beebe Rev S. J. M., Clyde, N. Y. 
 Beebee Lewis A., Lima, N. Y. 
 Beecher Alfred, Livonia, NT Y. 
 Beecher David, do. 
 Beecher Edward, D. D., Boston, Ms. 
 Beecher Edward A., Livonia, N. Y. 
 *Beecher, Rev. George, Chillicothe, O. 
 Beecher Rev Henry W., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 Beecher Rev John, Ellsworth, Ct. 
 Beecher Mrs Lydia, Cincinnati, O. 
 Beecher Samuel, Livonia, N. Y. 
 Beecher Rev William H., Euclid, O. 
 Beekman Gerard, New York city. 
 Beers Rev D., Southampton, N. Y. 
 Beers Rev H. N., Westboro', Ms. 
 3eers Nathan, New Haven, Ct. 
 Belcher Harvey, North Brookfield, Ms. 
 Belden Rev Henry, Marlboro', N. Y. 
 3elden Rev Pomeroy, Amherst, Ms. 
 Belden Rev William, New York city. 
 3ell Rev Hiram, Marlboro', Ct. 
 iell Rev John, Lincoln co., Me. 
 Bell Rev Samuel, Newark, Del. 
 Bell Samuel, Chester, N. H. 
 Jement Rev William, East Hampton, Ms. 
 Jement Mrs. Sarah, do. 
 
 Benedict Rev Amzi, Framingham, Ms. 
 Benedict Rev E., Candor, N. Y. 
 Benedict George W., Burlington, Vt. 
 Benedict Rev Henry, Westport, Ct. 
 Benedict Jesse W., New York. 
 Benedict Rev Lewis, Verona, N. Y. 
 Benedict Rev W. U., Vermontville, Mich. 
 Benjamin Rev Nathan, Smyrna, Asia Minor. 
 Bennett Rev Asa, Lodi, N. Y. 
 tennett, Charles, Harwinton,Ct. 
 Bennett Rev Joseph, Woburn, Ms. 
 *Bennett Mrs Mary L., do. 
 Jennett Joseph L., do. 
 
 Bennett Philander, Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Jennett Richard R., New Utrecht, N. Y. 
 Jenson Rev Almon, Centre Harbor, N. H. 
 Jenson George W., Coxsackie, N. Y. 
 tentley Rev Charles, Harwinton, Ct. 
 Sentley Mrs Lucia, do. 
 
 Bent Rev Josiah, Amherst, Ms. 
 
\ 
 
 
 12 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE BOARD. 
 
 [Report, 
 
 Bergen Rev Henry, Big Rock Creek, 111. 
 
 Bergen Rev John G., Springfield, 111. 
 
 Berry Titus, Dover, N. J. 
 
 Bertody Charles, Leicester, Ms. 
 
 Bethune George W., D. D., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Belts Juliette, Norwalk, Ct. 
 
 *Betts Thaddeus, do. 
 
 Setts Rev. William R. S., Leeds, N. Y. 
 
 Bevridge Rev James, Erie, N. Y. 
 
 Bicfcnell Rev Simeon, Jericho Centre, Vt. 
 
 Bid well Mrs Esther C., Alleghany, Pa. 
 
 Bidwell Marshall S., New York city. 
 
 Bidwell Rev O. B., New York city. 
 
 Bidwell Rev Walter H., do. 
 
 Bidwell Mrs Susan M., do. 
 
 *Bigby Hervey, Bridgeport, Ct. 
 
 Bigelow Alpheus, Weston, Ms. 
 
 Bigelow Rev Andrew. 
 
 Bigelow Asa, Maiden, N. Y. 
 
 Bigelow Rev Asahel, Walpole, Ms. 
 
 Bigelow Benjamin, Cambridgeport, Ms, 
 
 Bigelow Edgar, Maiden, N. Y. 
 
 Bigelow Edward, New York city. 
 
 Bigelow Edward B.,Grafton, Ms. 
 
 Bigelow James, New York. 
 
 Bigelow Rev Jonathan, Rochester, Ms. 
 
 Bigelow Richard, New York city. 
 
 Bigelow T. B., Troy, N. Y 
 
 W 1 . 1_. 5 A I \jy j 11 . * 
 
 Biggs Rev Thomas J.. Cincinnati, O. 
 Bigler Rex David, New York city. 
 Biglow M%R Lucy W., Fitzwilli'am, N. H. 
 
 Billington Rev L. W., Scottsville, N. Y. 
 Billington Mrs Sophia, do. 
 
 Bingham Miss Esther, Hudson, N. Y. 
 Bingham Rev Hiram, East Hampton, Ms. 
 *Bingham Jeremiah, Cornwall, Vt. 
 Bingham Rev Luther G., Williston, Vt. 
 Bird Charles, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Bird Rev Isaac, Hartford, Ct. 
 Bird Mrs Ann P., do. 
 Bird William, do. 
 
 Birge Rev Chester, Vienna, O. 
 Bisbee Rev John H., Worthington, Ms. 
 Lev T. C., Grafton, Ms. 
 rs Ellen E., do. 
 
 Artemas, Sandwich Islands. 
 A. El., Astoria, N. Y. 
 Bishop Nathaniel, Medford, Ms. 
 Bishop Rev Nelson, Windsor, Vt. 
 Bissell Mrs Arabella, Suffield, Ct. 
 Bissell Clark, Norwalk, Ct. 
 Bissell Harvey H., Buffalo, N. Y. 
 Bissell Rev Henry, Lyme, O. 
 Bissell John, Pittsburg, Pa. 
 Bissell Mrs John, do. 
 *Bissell Josiah, Rochester, N. Y. 
 Bissell Rev Samuel, Twinsburg, O. 
 Bissell Rev Samuel B. S., Greenwich, Ct. 
 Bixby Miss Mary, Thompson, Ct. 
 Black Rev Felix G., Lebanon, O. 
 Blackler Mrs Mary J., Marblehead, Ms. 
 Blagden Rev George W., Boston, Ms. 
 Blagden Mrs George W. do. 
 Blagden George, do. 
 
 *Blagden John Phillips, do. 
 Blagden Samuel P., do. 
 
 Blagden Thomas, do. 
 
 Blain Rev William, Good well, N. Y. 
 Blair Rev Tyrrel, Blandford, Ms. 
 Blake Anson, Wrentham, Ms. 
 Blake Mrs Eliza M , do. 
 *Blake Gardiner S., do. 
 Blake Mrs Sally, do. 
 
 Blake Rev Elial B., E. Medway, Ms. 
 Blake Rev. Joseph, Cumberland, Me. 
 Blake Josiah, East Medway, Ms. 
 Blanchard Rev Amos, Lowell, Ms. 
 Blanchard Rev Amos, Meriden, N. H. 
 Blanchard Mrs A., do. 
 
 Blanchard Jonathan, D. D., Galesburg, 111. 
 Blanchard Mrs Mary A., do. 
 
 Blatchford Miss Alicia H., New York city. 
 Blatchford E. H., do. 
 
 *Blatchford Mrs. Alicia, Lansingburg, N. Y. 
 
 Blatchford Miss Mary M. W., do. 
 
 Blatchford Miss Sophia, do. 
 
 Blatchford Rev John, Missouri. 
 
 Blatchford Thomas, Troy, N. Y. 
 
 Blatchford Thomas W. do. 
 
 Blatchley Miss Polly, Burlington, Vt. 
 
 Bleecker Barnet, Albany, N.'Y. 
 
 Bleecker John R., do. 
 
 Bliss Mrs. Abigail, New York city. 
 
 Bliss Rev Asher, Cattaraugus, N. Y. 
 
 Bliss Mrs Chloe, Attleboro', Ms. 
 
 Bliss Mrs Mary K., Gainesville, Ala. 
 
 Bliss Rev Seth, Boston, Ms. 
 
 Blodgett Mrs. Catharine O , Dawfuskie, S. C. 
 
 Blodgett Miss Emily F., do. 
 
 Blodgett William I., do. 
 
 Blodgett Rev Constantino, Pawtucket, Ms. 
 
 Blodgett Mrs. Hannah M., do. 
 
 Blodgett Rev E. P., Greenwich, Ms. 
 
 Blodgett Rev Harvey. Euclid, O. 
 
 Blodgett Luther F., Fly Creek, N. Y. 
 
 Blodgett Rev Luther P., Waterville, N. Y. 
 
 Blood Rev C. E , Collinsville, 111. 
 
 Blood Rev Daniel C., Strongsville, O. 
 
 Blood Rev Mighill, Matinicus, Me. 
 
 Blood Rev William, Lachute, L. C. 
 
 Bloomfield John W., Rome, N. Y. 
 
 Blunt Ainsworth E-, Cross Plains, Ten. 
 
 Blunt John G., Nashua, N. H. 
 
 Blunt Miss Lucy W., do. 
 
 Blunt Mrs Mary, do. 
 
 Blunt John, do. 
 
 Blunt Mrs Caroline, do. 
 
 Boardman Charles, Worcester, Ms. 
 
 Boardman Rev Charles A., Youngstown, O. 
 
 Boardman Rev Elderkin J., Randolph, Vt. 
 
 Boardman Elisha J., Norwich, Vt. 
 
 Boardman Rev George S., Cherry Valley, N. Y. 
 
 Boardman Rev G%ore T., Columbus, O. 
 
 Boardman H. A., D. D., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 *Boardman Rev John, Douglass, Ms. 
 
 *Boardman Timothy, West Rutland, Vt. 
 
 Boardman Rev. William J., Dalton, Ms. 
 
 Bodley Mrs. Rachel W., Cincinnati, O. 
 
 Bogardus Rev Cornelius. 
 
 Bogardus Rev. William R., New York city. 
 
 Boggs Rev George W., Walterborough, S. C. 
 
 Bogue Rev Horace P. Seneca Falls, N. Y. 
 
 Boice Rev Ira C., Bergen, N. J. 
 
 *Boies Rev Artemas, New London, Ct. 
 
 Boies Joseph, Union Village, N. Y. 
 
 Bolls Matthew. 
 
 Bond Elias, Hallowell, Me. 
 
 Bond Rev Elias, Jr., Sandwich Islands. 
 
 *Bond Mrs Mehetable, Norwich, Ct. 
 
 Bond Rev William B., St. Johnsbury, Vt. 
 
 Bonney Rev Elijah El, Paulet, Vt. 
 
 *Bonney Rev William, New Canaan, Ct. 
 
 Booth Rev Chauncey, South Coventry, Ct. 
 
 Booth David, Longmeadow., Ms. 
 
 Booth Miss Elizabeth, New Castle, Del. 
 
 Borland John, Amherst, Ms. 
 
 Bost Rev A., Geneva, N. Y. 
 
 Bostwick Charles, New Haven, Ct. 
 
 Boswell Mrs Elizabeth, Norwich, Ct. 
 
 Boswell John L., Hartford, Ct. 
 
 Boswell Mrs Sarah M., do. 
 
 Bosworth Benjamin, Eaatford, Ct. 
 
 Bosworth Rev Eliphalet, Bladensburg, Md. 
 
 Bourne Benjamin S., Providence, R. I. 
 
 Boutelle Rev Asaph, Alexandria, O. 
 
 Boutelle Mrs Fidelia E., do. 
 
 Boutelle Rev Thomas, North Woodstock, Ct. 
 
 Boutelle Mrs Mary E., do. 
 
 Bouton Rev Nathaniel, Concord, N. H. 
 
 Boutwell Rev James, Brentwood, N. H. 
 
 Boutwell Mrs Mary P., do. 
 
 Boutwell Rev William T., Stillvvater, Wis. 
 
 Bowen Rev George, Jr., Bombay. 
 
 Bowen Mrs Lucy M., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Bowen William M., Pawtucket, Ms. 
 
 Bowers Rev John, North Wilbraham, Ma.