55" 8 
 C8U5 
 
 United States. Department of 
 
 agriculture. 
 
 Report on the use of maize 
 (Indian corn) in Europe.
 
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 REPORT. 
 
 AND ON THE 
 
 POSSIBILITIES OF ITS EXTENSION. 
 
 1. THE INTRODUCTION OF MAIZE INTO EUROPE. 
 
 By CHARLES J. MURPHY, Special Agent. 
 
 2. THE FOOD VALUE OF MAIZE. 
 
 By DR. H. W. WILEY, Chief Chemist. 
 
 3. THE INDIAN CORN INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 By B. W. SNOW, Assistant Statistician. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OP 
 THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 WASHINGTON : 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1891.
 
 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON THE 
 
 OH MAIZE (INDIAN CORN) IN EUROPE 
 
 AND ON THE 
 
 POSSIBILITIES OF ITS EXTENSION, 
 
 1. THE INTRODUCTION OF MAIZE INTO EUROPE. 
 
 By CHARLES J. MURPHY, Special Agent. 
 
 2. THE FOOD VALUE OF MAIZE. 
 
 By DR. II. W. WILEY, Chief Chemist. 
 
 3. THE INDIAN CORN INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 By B. W. SNOW, Assistant Statistician. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF 
 THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1891.
 
 PREFATORY NOTE. 
 
 In publishing for general information the following report of Special 
 Agent C. J. Murphy, to whom I intrusted the duty of introducing 
 American corn to the attention of the people of Europe as a human 
 food, I have thought well, for the information of those interested, to 
 supplement it with an article prepared by Dr. H. W. Wiley, Chief 
 Chemist of this Department, on the food value and chemical composi- 
 tion of corn. I have also caused to be prepared in the Statistical Divi- 
 sion an article upon the extension of foreign trade in Indian corn, 6f a 
 general character, for which the records of that division afford special 
 facilities, to which are appended various statistical tables which will 
 enable the reader to form a just estimate of the extent and availability 
 g of our resources in the production of this important cereal. 
 
 I desire to call special attention to two or three points in the matter 
 
 which follows. In the first place, I wish to emphasize the necessity, 
 
 indicated by Special Agent Murphy, for vigorously following up the 
 
 I efforts of this Department by the individual or combined efforts of 
 
 - parties interested in the trade in this product. 
 
 5 The thought is also suggested by the chapter on "The Food Value of 
 Maize" that this great American cereal is specially adapted, from its 
 constituents, for use as a part of the dietary of the inhabitants of north- 
 ern climates, who are unable to produce it on their own soil. Hence, if 
 properly introduced and adopted by these people, we may reasonably 
 look to them for a permanent market for a portion of our corn crop. 
 
 Thirdly, in his observations on the extension of the foreign use of 
 corn, the Statistician presents some features of special interest with 
 reference to the availability of Indian com as a part of the army 
 rations a matter of extraordinary importance for countries whose 
 conditions necessitate the maintenance of a large standing army. Pecu- 
 liar interest attaches to these considerations from the fact that our 
 special agent in Europe has already succeeded in interesting responsible 
 officers of a foreign government in the matter from this point of view. 
 
 Lastly, I desire to point out to those countries who are in a greater 
 or less degree dependent upon foreign imports for a portion of their 
 food supply the desirability of acquainting their people with the uses 
 of so nutritious and economical a substitute for other cereal foods as 
 
 ^59703
 
 Indian corn, particularly in view of the fact that the probability of 
 political complications interfering with their trade with this country is 
 especially remote. It would seem probable that the foresight of the 
 German Government has already recognized this fact, and the cordial 
 cooperation which our special agent is now receiving from Government 
 circles in that country is no doubt due to the conclusion that, in the 
 matter of food supply, it behooves a country not to limit its dependence 
 to any other single source of foreign supply, especially to one liable to 
 be checked at a critical moment as the result of political entanglements 
 which can not be foreseen. 
 
 The importance of our corn crop needs not to be emphasized. The 
 tables attached to this report present that in a stronger form than any 
 words could do ; but in the consideration of its enormous extent and 
 the vast possibilities of its future development it is worth while to note 
 the value of a foreign demand not dependent entirely upon reduction 
 of price in our own country, but which might be developed, as I am 
 confident it can be, to such an extent as to have a very sensible effect 
 in maintaining the price of this cereal at a figure which would insure 
 reasonable profit to the producer. Could we secure an advance of even 
 5 cents a bushel on an average for corn during the ensuing decade, 
 which might well be done and still enable us to supply the foreign de- 
 mand at a price far below that of other cereal foods of equal value, the 
 result would be to add $1,000,000,000 to the value of this crop during 
 that period. 
 
 J. M. BUSK, 
 
 Secretary.
 
 REPORT ON THE INTRODUCTION OF MAIZE INTO EUROPE. 
 
 Hon. J. M. BUSK, 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture: 
 
 SIR: The exports of our maize or Indian corn for the past ten years 
 may be said to have averaged about 4 per cent of the entire crop. The 
 United Kingdom, France, Germany, Belgium, Holland, and Denmark 
 rank as our best customers for the grain, while Spain and Norway and 
 Sweden take a small quantity. Except an insignificant amount, ex- 
 ported corn is chiefly used as food for animals, distillery purposes, and 
 starch-making. The only form of corn as human food at all known 
 abroad is corn starch, which is sold principally in the British Isles 
 under the name of corn flour. It is also put on the market under 
 various other names, sometimes in order that the public may not know 
 that it is a product of Indian corn or maize, as prejudice is strong 
 against the grain as human food. The manufacturers thereby restrict 
 the demand, and the public are kept in ignorance of what the article 
 really is. 
 
 A better knowledge of maize as human food, in addition to bringing 
 into use its other forms, will increase the demand for all its products 
 which shall call forth a supply that will cause the price in Europe to fall 
 from its present artificial high point. Corn in Europe is the generic 
 name for grain of whatever kind. Corn flour, therefore, does not con- 
 vey the same meaning as maize flour or corn starch, the latter of which 
 it really is. It is true, however, that some corn starch is sold as maize 
 flour, but there is no reason to believe that the public are not aware 
 that it is a simple product of the corn that is used for feeding cattle. 
 Some American firms do a brisk trade in this commodity, but most that 
 is sold abroad is manufactured in Paisley, Scotland. The fact that 
 many Europeans have already acquired (some of them unconsciously) 
 a taste for one product of our corn will act as a powerful lever in further- 
 ing the eflbrt to practically demonstrate to the mass of the people the 
 value of the entire grain, as mush (porridge), bread, etc., which are 
 cheaper and more nutritious, entering thus into their daily life, being 
 a means of providing economical dishes, corn starch figuring now as a 
 delicacy or dessert which is high in price and beyond the means of the 
 poor. Such preparations of corn as hominy, cereal ine, samp, maizena, 
 canned corn, etc., need only to be known to be appreciated, especially 
 in the United Kingdom, where variety in food, particularly that wliich 
 is cheap, does not appear on the table of either artisan or laborer. 
 
 5
 
 A somewhat inferior grade of corn is grown in Italy, and its home 
 consumption is considerable. Spain, central and southern France, pro- 
 duce a meager quantity, but it is less palatable as human food than the 
 American, and the use of it in that way is insignificant. From south- 
 eastern Europe comes Danubian corn, a small, round grain variety, 
 which is preferred to the American as chicken feed, owing to the si/e 
 of the grain. The very limited corn areas of Europe grow a grain which 
 can not compare with ours either as to quality or price; hence the 
 European production need not be taken into account in discussing the 
 question of creating a European market. 
 
 It has long been a matter of surprise that Indian corn is so little 
 known in Europe as an article of human diet. The merits of our flour, 
 beef, pork, and other food products are everywhere recognized abroad 
 and enter largely into the alimentary supplies of the people of other 
 nations, but corn, the leading grain of the New World, which is eaten 
 and enjoyed by the descendants of the various European races settled 
 on its shores, is not yet adopted as a breadstuff in the Old World, though 
 it is cheap, nutritious, and palatable, and scientific and medical au- 
 thority and the experience of millions of mankind pronounce it to be 
 one of the best foods supplied by bounteous nature. There are multi- 
 tudes of half-nourished toilers in Europe who would welcome our golden 
 grain, that would bring to them better living than their scanty earnings 
 now afford, were they but taught its merits. To supply that want 
 would be to render them a philanthropic service worthy of our best en- 
 deavors, and the increased export of the cereal would be a sure, practical, 
 and speedy benefit to the farming interests of our country. No one 
 can deny that to put our cereal in its proper place as a breadstuff would 
 be to confer a blessing on mankind and contribute much to the happi- 
 ness and prosperity of humanity, besides conferring on ourselves a di- 
 rect material benefit. Comfort, health, and effective effort being so 
 much dependent on what we eat, it behooves nations as well as indi- 
 viduals to seek the best and cheapest food. The cry of Europe is 
 "cheap bread;" it is a bitter, agonizing cry, and we may best respond 
 to it by instructing the toiling masses of the Old World in the excellence 
 and cheapness of maize and the proper methods of preparing it. 
 
 Stated in a few words, the way to increase the export of it as human 
 food, and that which I have as far as possible adopted, is to practically 
 illustrate abroad its value by ocular demonstrations, cooking it in pres- 
 ence of the public, serving it free or at nominal prices, distributing 
 literature giving full description of the grain, price as compared with 
 wheat, oatmeal, potatoes, etc., and enlisting public interest through 
 representative bodies and personages and the general and agricultural 
 press. This effort, extensively put forth and persisted in, can not fail 
 to have beneficial results. It would assis.t our farmers in an entirely 
 practical manner, with benefits certain and positive, raising the price 
 of every bushel of corn gathered by the American husbandman.
 
 INITIAL STEPS TO INTRODUCE CORN INTO EUROPE. 
 
 It having been iny privilege to make a practical display of corn for 
 edible purposes at the Edinburgh International Exhibition, and also 
 at the Glasgow Industrial Exhibition, I deem it fitting to refer here to 
 the facts and circumstances which led to these initial steps for the in- 
 troduction of Indian corn into Europe as human food. 
 
 In 1878 Congress was asked to make an appropriation for a special 
 exhibit in Europe of corn and its uses as human food, but no action was 
 taken. Between that date and the Paris Exposition in 1889, occasional 
 efforts toward the same end were made, but nothing systematic was 
 done and no valuable results were achieved. While preparations for 
 the Universal Exposition were under way, the officials were asked to set 
 apart a space for a maize exhibit. This was agreed to, but it was de- 
 cided that none of the money appropriated for the American exhibit 
 could be used for preparing such an exhibit of this cereal, and as private 
 enterprise could hardly be expected to sustain a fitting exhibition of 
 our national grain, the magnificent opportunity to impress upon the 
 25,000,000 intelligent visitors its advantages from a commercial and from 
 a dietary point of view, as a human food, was lost. 
 
 Impressed with the magnitude of the undertaking and the great 
 good that was to be derived from a comprehensive exhibit of that 
 nature, I sought to enlist financial aid through other sources. Under 
 the auspices of the New York Produce Exchange I made a tour of the 
 corn States, laying the plan before the legislatures, grain exchanges, 
 etc. A great deal of enthusiasm in favor of the plan was manifested 
 in the agricultural and general press and among the public, but con- 
 tributions failed, however, as the opinion prevailed that the General 
 Government should financially support a project that could well be 
 expected to aid largely the greatest 'branch of agricultural industry in 
 the United States. The propaganda, however, called attention to the 
 fact that an immense foreign demand might be created for our corn if 
 proper effort to that end is made, involving but slight expense and 
 sure to result in speedy and certain good. 
 
 Despite monetary discouragement I came to Paris and, in the capacity 
 of a private individual, labored for corn, lecturing before the National 
 Agricultural Society of France, and endeavoring to extend the use of 
 the grain and overcome the prejudice against it. Experience has 
 proved that energetic action intelligently persevered in on extensive 
 lines would result in an enormous increase in its consumption for human 
 food. At the close of the exhibition I visited Amsterdam and Rotter- 
 dam, in Holland; Antwerp, Bruges, and Brussels, in Belgium; Liver- 
 pool and London, working while in those cities, as far as opportunity 
 offered, to spread accurate knowledge as to the value of corn. At the 
 great International Exhibition, Edinburgh, Scotland, I determined to 
 erect a corn palace on my own personal account and completely develop
 
 8 
 
 the general plan upon which I had been working. I secured a promi- 
 nent space in the gardens for the buildings, and there during six months, 
 before nearly three million visitors, demonstrated in a convincing man- 
 ner the worth of corn as human food, serving it to the public at nominal 
 prices, distributing literature containing cooking recipes and other 
 necessary matter, giving free meals to inmates of charitable institutions 
 with a view to the introduction of corn dishes therein, and interesting 
 the people generally. 
 
 The American consul at Edinburgh reported as follows on the exhibit : 
 
 The American corn exhibit is a new move in the right direction in Europe, by 
 Col. Charles J. Murphy, who has recently been appointed statistical agent for Europe 
 in connection with Indian corn by Secretary Rusk, of the United States Agricultural 
 Department. He has for years entertained the idea that the abundant corn fields of 
 the great West should supply a cheap and nutritive food to the laboring classes of 
 Europe. He has labored for three years in that direction, and the little handbook 
 which he issued and distributed in Great Britain during the last few months is 
 awakening the attention of the people at large to the fact that the stored-up sunlight 
 in the autumn shocks of Kansas, Nebraska, and Missouri can be brought even cheaper 
 than oatmeal, etc., to the very table of the workingman in Great Britain, France, Ger- 
 many, Norway, and Sweden. His handbook presents forcibly and clearly the history, 
 production, medicinal virtue, and the cheapness of Indian corn as human food, with 
 one hundred and thirty formulas for preparing and cooking the same. The Scotch 
 people are said to move cautiously and slowly, but Col. Mui'phy possesses the 
 enthusiasm which is destined to win. He goes from Edinburgh to the East End 
 Industrial Exposition in Glasgow, which opens early in December, and he is entitled 
 to the best wishes and support of every farmer in the United States. 
 
 The exhibit was centrally located near machinery hall, and was of 
 great interest to visitors. The tasteful building was 75 feet in length 
 and 40 in width, w r here literature on the subject was issued and 
 where food prepared from the maize in various forms could be had at a 
 nominal price. Thousands of children from different charitable organ 
 izations were given free meals, and this has led to its use already in 
 several institutions. One of the daily newspapers has well said : 
 
 No doubt many, after seeing and tasting the numerous excellent qualities of that 
 form of food, will wonder why they have so long been kept in ignorance of them. 
 The object of the exhibit, which has been brought together through the enterprise 
 of Col. Murphy, is to stimulate throughout Europe the use of maize as an article of 
 human food. Hitherto it has only been used in Britain for feeding cattle and for 
 distilling purposes, but before long it is sure to take its place in the human dietary. 
 The corn seems to be as nourishing as wheat or oatmeal, and has many other advan- 
 tages. It is, for one thing, a good deal cheaper, being some years only one-third the 
 price of wheat and about one-half the price of oatmeal, while it can be sold in this 
 country, after importation, at a remarkably low price. If people are once acquainted 
 with the really wholesome and nutritious forms of food which can be made from 
 corn it is thought that it will become so popular that the exportation from America 
 will be large enough to prevent any waste whatever. Then there is so much more 
 land that can be put under Indian corn, and the crop is so steadily increasing in 
 quantity and quality that there is little fear of the demand exceeding the supply. 
 There are possibly many difficulties in the way of popularizing it; but, with 
 energy and enterprise, which, it may be taken for granted, would not be lacking, 
 hacked by the undoubted excellence of the food itself, these difficulties ought easily
 
 to be surmounted and the use of maize as a part of human diet become universal. 
 The Indian corn bread is pleasant to the taste, and it is lighter than oatmeal. Corn 
 is one of the staple articles of food in America, and the forms in which it can be 
 prepared for the table are innumerable. Col. Murphy was awarded a silver medal 
 for his admirable exhibition of America's great product. 
 
 The leading paper of Scotland thus refers to it: 
 
 The American corn exhibit of Mr. C. J. Murphy, New York, which occupies a posi- 
 tion in the grounds near the machinery hall, is a source of much interest to visitors. 
 It is designed to ilhistrate in a practical manner the nutritive qualities of maize as 
 an article of human food and to bring home to the people of this country the fact 
 that this important cereal provides a cheap, wholesome, and palatable diet, which 
 brings breadstuff's within the reach of the poorest. Indian corn is the greatest of all 
 the cereal crops of America. It is the staple product of seven of the largest States 
 Illinois, Iowa, Indiana., Ohio, Missouri, Kansas, and Nebraska which form the great 
 corn belt of the United States. There is no limit to the supply, the produce of the* 
 virgin soil of America being far in excess of the demand, so much so that the crop, 
 as a rule, only realizes 40 cents per bushel, while the exports form a very small pro- 
 portion of the whole 3 or 4 per cent. On this side of the Atlantic the grain is used 
 for farm stock and for distilling purposes. In America Indian meal is a familiar 
 article of diet, and it is presented in various nutritious and palatable forms, but for 
 human food it is practically unknown in this country. It is said that even during 
 the Irish famine of 1848 the starving peasants could not be induced to eat the meal 
 that was sent from America, and there is reason to believe that the same prejudice 
 still exists in favor of breadstuff's made from wheat, rye, or oats. Much, however, 
 depends on the manner in which the food is prepared for edible purposes, and Mr. 
 Murphy's exhibit does a great deal to dispel prejudice. He has fitted up a pavilion 
 with American stoves, and there, in presence of the visitors, the corn meal is made 
 iuto various kinds of food and, as the proof of the pudding is in the eating, the 
 public are able to satisfy themselves as to the value and importance of maize as a 
 healthy substitute for more costly food. 
 
 The results of the crusade at Edinburgh may be summed up as hav- 
 ing made many converts to corn, of establishing a growing trade 
 for it in Edinburgh and beyond, and marking an epoch in the history 
 of the grain by conclusively proving to a large section of the people of 
 the British Isles that Indian corn, besides being the best food for cattle, 
 is also nutritious, palatable, and cheap as an article of human food. 
 A verdict of this kind, obtained after full proof and in spite of the prej- 
 udice born of ignorance of years' and even centuries' duration, bodes 
 well for the future of Indian corn in Europe. A jury of food experts, 
 having awarded it a silver medal, the highest award a breadstuff could 
 obtain at the exhibition, the indorsement of undoubted scientific and 
 medical authority is thus given to the use of Indian corn as a food, so 
 that all Europe may know it and recognize its claims. 
 
 WORK UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 During the exhibition the receipt from the Secretary of Agriculture 
 of a commission to investigate and to prepare a report upon the subject 
 of the use and consumption of Indian corn in Europe, giving to my work 
 official countenance from the United States Department of Agriculture, 
 enabled me to continue my efforts and increased my influence with
 
 10 
 
 officials and prominent persons who could not be so well approached 
 by private effort. At the Glasgow Industrial Exhibition I followed 
 the same methods as at Edinburgh, with like favorable results. Corn 
 secured a foothold at Glasgow also, and there can be no doubt that the 
 demand for it will multiply and assume large proportions. The exhi- 
 bition lasted four months, and Indian corn was granted the highest 
 award as a cheap, wholesome, and nutritious food. 
 
 The exhibit occupied a large space and was well to the front. Every- 
 one entering the building was furnished with a circular setting forth 
 the merits of corn, and many visited the exhibition to partake of the 
 food. I am able to state that I rarely found a person who was not en- 
 tirely pleased with it. The value of corn is becoming appreciated, and 
 if the movement which has been so successfully begun be extended and 
 widened under the authority of the present Secretary of Agriculture, a 
 market for many millions of bushels of our corn can be opened in a di- 
 rect, simple, and easy way with exceedingly small expenditure of money, 
 by a continuance of the method of education already adopted, pursued 
 as circumstances may suggest and time develop, but preserving the 
 essentials of ocular demonstration, distribution of literature, and giving 
 the food to the public free or at nominal cost. 
 
 While American wheat is meeting with competition from Hungary, 
 Russia, India, and recently even from the Argentine Republic, it is sat- 
 isfactory to note that no coiintry in the world can compete with our 
 corn as to quality or price. The incomparable soil and climate of the 
 United States are conducive to a superior growth of the grain, while 
 the cold winters harden and dry it, and the favorable summers bring 
 it to perfection. Thoroughly developed railway facilities and a short 
 ocean voyage give us a marked advantage over Daimbian and Argen- 
 tine Republic corn. Occasionally Argentine corn undersells the Amer- 
 ican, but this is only because the former "sweats" on the long ocean 
 journey, caused by the intense heat of the tropics, and arrives in a dam- 
 aged state, the owners having therefore to sell it for less than the mar- 
 ket rate. American corn is less liable to deterioration, as it comes a 
 shorter distance, and is generally landed sound. 
 
 In order to obtain the best results, corn intended for human food in 
 foreign countries should be kiln-dried before shipment. AVhen thai is 
 done, it keeps for a long time in prime order. European millers are not 
 familiar with, or if so do not practice, the proper methods of grinding 
 corn; consequently an inferior meal is produced, which strongly mili- 
 tates against its introduction on the table. Kiln-dried, home-ground 
 meal is the first essential in order to make an effective and creditable 
 display of the nutritive qualities and general excellence of the grain. 
 This point should be strongly urged on all interested. The corn used 
 at the exhibits referred to was kiln dried, home-ground, and gave per- 
 fect satisfaction, but very little could be done with the meal that was 
 ground in Ireland, where most of the foreign-ground meal is obtained.
 
 11 
 
 Foreigners who assert that corn is not a fit or palatable article of 
 food base their opinion on their experience with European varieties of 
 the grain, which are all distinctly inferior to the American, inasmuch as 
 the taste is harsh and somewhat bitter. The little American meal 
 which is used as human food on this side is improperly ground by 
 foreign millers, and this fact, together with ignorance of formulas for 
 preparing and cooking it, has often added to the prejudice against it. 
 The only way that these false impressions and unfounded prejudices 
 can be dispelled is by practical ocular illustrations of its value, using 
 the best American home-ground, kiln-dried meal. 
 
 In Ireland corn in the form of mush, or, as they style it, "stirabout," 
 is consumed largely in some parts of the country. When several ship- 
 loads of it were sent over in 1848 the peasants at first refused it, but 
 the pressure of hunger soon drove them to it. Since then its use has 
 been slowly coining into favor, especially when the potato crop fails, 
 though the familiar tuber is generally preferred when plenty, notwith- 
 standing that corn is cheaper and more nourishing. The corn, not be- 
 ing kiln-dried, arrived in poor condition, and the peasants not knowing 
 how to cook it, the "famine food" did not have a fair trial. Under these 
 circumstances it could not be expected to become popular, yet Ireland 
 takes more corn as human food than any other country in Europe. 
 
 One instance may be here given as to the old prejudice against corn 
 in the city of Glasgow a few years ago, before any attempt was made 
 to enlighten the people as to its merits for edible purposes. It was 
 proposed by a member of the poorhouse board to substitute Indian corn 
 for a costlier food in their institution. The mere suggestion brought 
 a storm about his ears, and at the ensuing election he was overwhelm- 
 ingly defeated because of his inhumanity in thrusting on the defense- 
 less paupers a food which the honorable legislators thought only fit for 
 pigs. 
 
 American canned goods of all kinds are largely sold in Europe, but 
 it is a sad fact that the delicious canned corn is rarely seen. This 
 should not be; there is no reason why it should not figure on the table 
 of the European as well as on that of the American. The demand 
 that should exist for it would mean hundreds of thousands of dollars 
 yearly to the proprietors and workers of our extensive canneries. Of 
 those that have partaken of it at my exhibit I have not seen one reject 
 it, and it is therefore plain to me that the present small volume of trade 
 could readily be augmented to greater proportions by a few more ex- 
 hibitions on the same lines. 
 
 The partiality which people have shown to the dishes prepared and 
 distributed at the exhibition referred to, and the favorable notices 
 received from various representatives of public and medical opinion, 
 are evidence that the seed sown has fallen on good ground, and if the 
 efforts be continued in other fields a rich harvest will be the reward. 
 
 The use of potato, tobacco, and tomato, all of American origin, spread
 
 12 
 
 through Europe and other parts of the world in a few years and added 
 to the comfort and happiness of millions. There is more hope for corn 
 now than there was for any of those commodities, as it is already in 
 use by a large portion of mankind, and an active press and compara- 
 tively enlightened people, which did not exist in former times, will be 
 powerful factors in disseminating knowledge of corn, and will effect- 
 ively aid our Government in its endeavor to extend the demand for our 
 great staple. 
 
 In addition to showing corn and its different uses at exhibitions, fairs, 
 and other public gatherings throughout Europe, and presenting it to 
 the attention of vegetarian food-reform societies and similar bodies 
 when opportunity may allow, a grocery-store propaganda could be suc- 
 cessfully carried out which would aid materially in introducing the 
 food. Under this plan a large retail grocery establishment should be 
 selected for each city or town, in which a few feet of space can be util- 
 ized for a small gas stove and an expert baker who would prepare Indian 
 corn before the people, describing its merits and distributing literature 
 and samples free to customers of the house. A few weeks' effort of 
 that kind would make the district thoroughly acquainted with the food 
 and build up a trade for the grocer without expense to him. By this 
 system every man, woman, and child would be able to test thoroughly 
 our corn without trouble or expense, as the poorest part of the popula- 
 tion can not always afford to visit an exhibition. By giving away the 
 food many would be induced to try it for that reason alone, as people 
 are generally averse to paying for experiments they are asked to make. 
 
 To give away anything, especially food, is a rare proceeding in Europe, 
 and the unusual spectacle would, in all probability, be fully appreciated. 
 No one could refuse to give it a trial under those circumstances, and, 
 basing my belief on the result of long observation and experience in the 
 exhibition work outlined, I am of the opinion that many so reached 
 would become corn -eaters, and the new converts could not fail to influ- 
 ence others. It would not require many weeks to win over a whole 
 city to corn in this manner through a small corn display in the largest 
 grocery establishments of each district, as customers from other stores 
 would be drawn, and the notice of the general public would be attracted 
 by publicity in the newspapers and by other means of effective adver- 
 tisement. Unlike exhibitions, the groceries would be always open; they 
 could be visited without charge, and as fast as a demand was created 
 the corn to supply it could be procured from the grocer at lowest market 
 prices. To issue circulars to the families of the district, inviting them 
 to partake of the food at the grocery stores where exhibited, would 
 insure complete results and enhance the value of the scheme. It will 
 be obvious to all that this method would be efficacious and very inex- 
 pensive. Having interviewed some of the leading grocers, I find that 
 the idea is received with favor, and there would therefore be no obstacle 
 to the immediate opening of a campaign through the United Kingdom
 
 13 
 
 and other countries on the lines I have indicated. The work done at 
 exhibitions and other popular gatherings is valuable, though to properly 
 display corn at such places calls for considerable expenditure, and there 
 is always the possibility of not reaching all classes of people, the very 
 poor and the very rich. 
 
 In addition to the plan of grocery store missionary work just out- 
 lined, there is another opportunity for the spread of knowledge of corn 
 in the United Kingdom, which would be most effective and could be 
 easily seized upon, as I have already demonstrated by actual experi- 
 ence. In Great Britain, and upon the continent to a less extent, trav- 
 eling cooking schools or exhibitions, maintained usually by philanthropic 
 effort, go from town to town, instructing the people by means of lec- 
 tures, literature, and experimental cooking, in the proper preparation 
 of various foods. Knowledge of cooking as an art is thus disseminated 
 free of cost, it being the intelligent opinion of those who support these 
 peripatetic schools of instruction that no better charity can be done or 
 service rendered to humanity than by spreading a knowledge of the 
 proper methods of preparing food. These schools do more than give 
 instructions in the art of preparing edible dishes; they give advice as 
 to variety in food, necessary food for differing conditions, comparative 
 value from a scientific standpoint of different articles, and other points 
 valuable to the housewife for an economic study of the daily family 
 table. 
 
 The persons conducting these exhibitions are intelligent, easily ap- 
 proached, and working solely for the purpose of elevating the standard 
 of living and promoting the general welfare of the people. With 
 proper effort it would be possible to make arrangements to have at 
 least one dish prepared from corn included in the lecture or exhibition 
 of each school, it being necessary in advance to instruct their teachers 
 in the best methods of preparing palatable dishes, for of this all classes 
 are alike without information, and to furnish sufficient meal "for use in 
 the practical exhibition. Literature or circulars giving other recipes, 
 miscellaneous data upon the subject generally, and information as to 
 where the meal might be obtained, could also be circulated at the meet- 
 ings without very much expense. After a trade had been established, 
 grocers handling the meal might reasonably be called upon to bear a 
 share in such an expense in return for the advertisements which a state- 
 ment that the product might be obtained at their place would give them. 
 
 INDORSEMENTS OF THE WORK. 
 
 Recognizing the fact that persons above the average in intelligence 
 are more open to conviction than the general public, their prejudices 
 giving way sooner when the truth is presented, I have made a special 
 effort to attract the attention of prominent persons to my work. Another 
 reason for this is the influence which well-known names exercise in 
 molding public opinion. By securing an indorsement from such 
 sources I have been very much assisted in my efforts to dispel the prej-
 
 14 
 
 udice which exists in the common mind against the use of corn. I have 
 sent samples of bread and other preparations to prominent and public 
 personages, and they have almost uniformly given a warm approval of 
 the work. I need mention only one name that will be of special inter- 
 est to all Americans. The ex-premier of England, Right Hon. W. E. 
 Gladstone, writes me that the corn bread received from me suited his 
 taste perfectly, and he would be most happy to know that the British 
 people were taking more of our corn than they have in the past. 
 
 American diplomatic and consular representatives abroad, who have 
 been communicated with, are unanimous in their opinion that American 
 corn can be introduced into Europe as human food if proper methods 
 are taken to instruct Europeans as to its merits and cheapness. A few 
 extracts may be quoted from some of the letters that have come to me. 
 Consul R. W. Turner, of Cadiz, Spain, writes : 
 
 I am quite sure that if the food uses of corn were understood it would become a kitchen 
 staple in Spain. The masses are poor, wages low, and all kinds of food supplies very 
 high. There is no doubt in my mind that the fearful mortality in Spain is largely 
 due to the lack of a plenty of cheap and wholesome food. I am sure that the proper 
 efforts to instruct Spain in the food virtues of corn would meet with success. 
 
 Our minister to Copenhagen, Clark E. Carr, esq., states : 
 
 Indian corn is slightly known in the northern countries as human food. I tried 
 to procure some not long ago, but failed. Corn starch was the only product of- In- 
 dian corn known in the market. Finally I had some corn ground at the local mill, 
 but the corn was not in good condition, and further, being improperly ground, the 
 result was not happy. I think that with systematic effort, as you propose, our In- 
 dian corn can be brought into general use in all Scandinavian countries. I believe 
 that in introducing this wholesome, nutritious food among these people we shall be 
 doing them a greater kindness than to ourselves. 
 
 Consul Turner reports to the State Department as follows: 
 
 The great question with the working classes of Spain is how to get bread. This 
 question would be less difficult of solution were the food uses of Indian corn as well 
 understood here as in the United States. Corn bread, etc. % would be great gifts to 
 the workers of Europe, and it would seem that an understanding of their value 
 might be brought about wherever the bread is hard to get. Being wholesome and 
 cheap, corn should win its way. While corn has sold in the Missouri Valley 
 at 15 to 20 cents a bushel, the people of Spain pay 8 cents a pound for bread. Bis- 
 cuits manufactured by Peek, Frean & Co., London, retail in Cadiz for $1 a kilo- 
 gram. 
 
 Consul Rroosevelt, Brussels, Belgium, writes: 
 
 Corn is not used by the Belgians as an article of food. Belgian peasants are not 
 epicures, and devour almost every thing that grows, except horse chestnuts. Tlicy live, 
 principally on black bread, though the well-to-do classes use wheat bread. I am 
 confident that if corn were properly introduced in this market, and pamphlets pub- 
 lished in the French language showing the different methods of preparing the same 
 for food, the result would be that within twelve mouths two-thirds of the peasants, 
 mechanics, and well-to-do classes would be using it. It would not only be a blessing 
 to the poor, but as corn can not be properly raised in this country, it would make a 
 market for farmers of the Western States of our country. Once the people of Europe 
 are convinced that Indian corn is such a valuable breadstuff, there will be a great 
 demand for it. and inasmuch as we are the great corn-producing country, the supply 
 must naturally come from us.
 
 15 
 
 I endeavored to have an exhibit at the great Agricultural Exhibition, 
 Vienna (1S90), but I could not come to a satisfactory arrangement with 
 the authorities. I conducted part of the correspondence through our 
 consul-general at Vienna, Julius Goldschmidt, esq., who Avarrnly inter- 
 ested himself in my efforts. Referring to the exhibition, in his report 
 to the State Department, he says: 
 
 The people of Europe and adjacent countries do not eat what in America is called 
 corn, the word here meaning almost the same as grain does with us. Corn is our 
 largest crop, yet it is that which we get least for, and such exhibits (Indian corn 
 displays) would certainly result in an enlarged demand, which is at present only 
 jibout 3 per cent of the whole yearly sum of our exportation. Many enterprises 
 would profit by it besides the farmers, corn merchants, shippers, and transportation 
 companies. A display of our com at Vienna could be regarded as a nucleus and 
 starting point of a series of similar exhibits in other parts of Europe. There is room 
 in Europe for the consumption of several hundred million bushels of American corn 
 per year, much of it as food for human beings who do not now get enough to eat. 
 They do not know an y more to-day how to utilize it as a human foodthan they did fifty 
 years ago. All the known preparations of corn should be prepared, put on show, 
 and distributed as samples free of charge to visitors. 
 
 AMERICAN CORN IN GERMANY. 
 
 My transfer, under your orders, from Great Britain to Germany has, 
 to a certain extent, interrupted the progress of ray work in the former 
 country. At the same time, I think I may safely assert that the sub- 
 ject of Indian corn and its products for use as a human food has been 
 sufficiently well introduced through the various channels which I have 
 already indicated to insure progress in the work, for in these cooking 
 schools and among the various representatives of charitable or other 
 public institutions, and leaders in philanthropic work, the value of 
 American corn in this respect has at last begun to be understood. In 
 a word, then, though my work maybe temporarily interrupted, I feel sat- 
 isfied that I have left it in a condition to be made available by the indi- 
 vidual energy of our dealers in Indian corn and its products. Indeed, 
 I may confess to a little disappointment that my efforts heretofore have 
 not elicited a more energetic cooperation on the part of persons so di- 
 rectly interested in the development of this industry, and I deem it to 
 be my duty in closing the report upon the work which I have done in 
 Great Britain under your direction up to the present time to emphasize 
 the fact that, thanks to the encouragement given by you to this work 
 and as a result of my own humble efforts, the good seed has been 
 thoroughly well sown, and it remains for individual enterprise, in which, 
 certainly, our American people have never yet been found wanting, to 
 cultivate the field and reap the harvest. 
 
 In regard to the work in Germany, it is only possible at this writing to 
 sketch the outlook, and this, I am glad to say, is very flattering. While 
 so far I do not find, perhaps, as many channels through, which to reach 
 the people at large as in Great Britain, I am happy to say that I find a 
 disposition on the part of Government officers to cordially cooperate
 
 16 
 
 m my work, and I need hardly say that in this country the countenance 
 of the Government counts for a great deal. That I have been able so 
 promptly to present my. work to the consideration of influential 
 personages here is largely due to the cordial manner in which my mis- 
 sion has been welcomed by United States Minister Phelps, who has 
 shown much interest in the work, and has afforded me every opportunity 
 inhispower topushitm influential quarters. It givesme plea sure to take 
 this opportunity to state, however, that the action of the United States 
 minister hereis fully in accord with the general disposition of those of our 
 diplomatic representatives abroad with whom I have been brought in con- 
 tact in the prosecution of the work intrusted to me. I am also in receipt of 
 letters from individuals asking for information, and showing much in- 
 terest in the work. The condition of things on the continent is favorable 
 to the introduction of a new cereal food and a new source of supply. 
 I am, moreover, extremely hopeful of securing favorable consideration 
 on the part of the army officials of a bread to be composed half of corn 
 meal and half of rye meal, for use as army rations in place of a bread 
 made of rye exclusively. I have already caused several loaves of such 
 bread to be baked, and have submitted them to various persons, among 
 them some Government officials, and I may state that in every case 
 where tested this bread has received the highest commendation. It's 
 cost will be much less than a bread consisting of rye exclusively, and 
 I am satisfied that high medical authorities will substantiate its great 
 value as a food. 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 C. J. MURPHY, 
 Special Agent in Europe of the U. 8. Department 
 
 of Agriculture, in the Interest of Indian Corn. 
 
 BERLIN, October 1 } 1891.
 
 THE FOOD VALUE OF MAIZE. 
 
 By Dr. H. W. WILEY, Chief Chemist. 
 
 The value of maize as food can best be determined by actual use. A 
 fair idea of its character, however, can- be obtained by a comparison of 
 its chemical composition with that of other cereals used as food. The 
 vast extent of country over which maize can be grown and the immense 
 quantities of it which are produced render an accurate idea of its food 
 value of the greatest interest. In the United States there is perhaps 
 no other great staple crop of which it can be said that it can be pro- 
 duced abundantly and profitably in every State and Territory of our 
 Union. Indian corn grows well in Florida; it is also one of the abun- 
 dant crops of Minnesota. Along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts it can 
 be found in great luxuriance. It is true that there are certain parts of 
 the Missouri, Mississippi, and Ohio valleys, known as the great corn belt 
 of the Northwest, in which the greater portion of the crop of maize is 
 produced. It is nevertheless true that it is a valuable and indispensa- 
 ble crop in every part of our country. 
 
 Maize is also used as food in many other countries, but in the great 
 cereal-consuming countries of Europe its value is little appreciated. 
 In these countries rye, oats, barley, and wheat still form the great sup- 
 ply of cereal food for the consumption of the people. A proper under- 
 standing of the value of maize would at once place it in near competi- 
 tion with the other cereals mentioned as a supply for the inhabitants 
 of the continent of Europe. As a further means of appreciating the 
 position of maize as a food, it would perhaps be proper to call attention 
 to the particular value of each of its constituents in the nourish- 
 ment of the human body. Food, to be perfect, must give to the body 
 all the necessary constituents to supply tissues for its growth and to 
 take the place of the waste of tissue which is a necessary attendant on 
 the functions of life. That article of food which is best calculated to 
 supply the wants above mentioned would be, of necessity, the most val- 
 uable for food purposes. In general, we may say of foods that they 
 should be fat-producers, muscle-producers, bone-producers, and most 
 of all blood-producers, since it is through the blood that the tissues of 
 the body are nourished. The food should also supply to the body the 
 necessary materials which, by consumption within the body, supply 
 11625 2 11
 
 18 
 
 animal heat. A proper balance between all these functions of food is 
 necessary to constitute any one article preeminently a food. It would 
 be improper in this place to go into any extended discussion of the 
 physiological action of digestion, therefore only a mere allusion will be 
 made to these aspects of the subject. 
 
 As fat-producers are generally reckoned the starches and sugars 
 which the food contains. The albuminoids which arc taken in food are 
 supposed to serve chiefly for the nourishment of the muscular tissues 
 and to supply the nitrogenous principles of the blood. In the ash con- 
 stituents of food are found those mineral substances which are necessary 
 to supply the tissues of bone, such as phosphoric acid and lime, which 
 are its chief constituents.. The fats of food are supposed to be preemi- 
 nently the source of animal heat, furnishing the same by their combus- 
 tion in the different parts of the body under the action of the oxygen of 
 the air. 
 
 In cereal foods, together with starch, may be reckoned the entire 
 content of such foods in carbohydrates; that is, including starch, dex- 
 trine, and sugars in general, together with the fiber of the grain, which 
 is composed almost exclusively of carbohydrates, a large part of which 
 is digestible. The albuminoids of cereals contain various substances, 
 all being related to each other and containing approximately the same 
 percentage of nitrogen. This nitrogen content is the chief characteristic 
 of the albuminoid foods. In wheat, for instance, one of the chief albu- 
 minoid substances is gluten, while in maize the content of gluten is not 
 so large and other forms of albuminoids predominate. With these p're- 
 liminary observations we may proceed to make a short study of maize 
 as a food in comparison with the other cereals. 
 
 The Department of Agriculture has carried on extensive investiga- 
 tions in regard to the composition of American cereals. In regard to 
 the maize of the United States the following analytical data have been 
 determined and are recorded in Bulletin No. 1 of the Chemical Division 
 of the Department of Agriculture. The average composition of maize 
 for the whole country is shown in the following table : 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Water 10. 04 
 
 Ash 1.52 
 
 Fat 5.20 
 
 Carbohydrates exclusive of indigestible fiber 70. 69 
 
 Carbohydrates as indigestible fiber 2. 09 
 
 Albuminoids 10. 46 
 
 The highest albuminoids found in maize was 13.C5 per cent and the 
 lowest 7 per cent. There are slight variations found in maize grown in 
 different parts of the country, but these variations are not large enough 
 to materially affect the data given above. 
 
 In regard to the comparison of the analyses of maize by the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture and that given by other analyses, the following- 
 table will give all the necessary information :
 
 19 
 
 Average of American corn compared with averages of foreign investigations. 
 
 
 Department 
 of 
 
 Agriculture. 
 
 Kilenig. 
 
 Wolff. 
 
 Water 
 
 10.04 
 
 13.12 
 
 14.40 
 
 Ash 
 
 1.52 
 
 1.51 
 
 1.50 
 
 Oil 
 
 5.20 
 
 4.62 
 
 6.50 
 
 
 70 69 
 
 68 41 
 
 62 10 
 
 Fiber ' 
 
 2.09 
 
 2.49 
 
 5.50 
 
 
 10.46 
 
 9.85 
 
 10.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 100.00 
 
 100. 00 
 
 100. 00 
 
 In regard to this comparison of analyses Mr. Clifford Bichardson, 
 who conducted the investigations at the Department of Agriculture, 
 makes the following observations : 
 
 There is no marked difference between the averages, except in the matter of 
 water, where, as in the case of wheat, our maize is much drier. The American is 
 rather better than the foreign article, if anything. 
 
 In the averages for different sections of the country another fact is discovered, 
 which, after our experience with wheat, is still more surprising than the result ot 
 the comparison of American and foreign corns. 
 
 There is apparently the same aA^erage amount of ash, oil, and albuminoids "where- 
 ever it grows, with the exception of the Pacific slope, where, as with wheat, there 
 seems to be no faculty for obtaining or assimilating nitrogen. 
 
 The amount of water is variable, but, as has been said, many of the samples had 
 been on exhibition for a considerable time, and were consequently dried out. 
 
 The iu crease in fiber from east to west is not paralleled in the wheat, but, as we 
 have seen, is often a feature of increased vigor. 
 
 In regard to the composition of the ash of maize the following table 
 will give the necessary data : 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Phosphoric acid 39. 65 
 
 Magnesia 15. 44 
 
 Silica 2. 09 
 
 Oxide of iron .60 
 
 Soda 7.54 
 
 Lime 1. 59 
 
 Sulphuric acid 5. 54 
 
 Potash 26. 63 
 
 Loss ... .92 
 
 100.00 
 
 It is now necessary to bring together in a comparative table the 
 chemical composition of the leading cereals in order to determine, by 
 inspection, their relative value as foods, based upon the proportions of 
 digestible matter which they contain. 
 
 
 Hulled 
 oats. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Rye. 
 
 Barley. 
 
 Maize. 
 
 Water . 
 
 6 93 
 
 10 27 
 
 8 67 
 
 6 53 
 
 10 04 
 
 Ash 
 
 2 15 
 
 1 84 
 
 2 09 
 
 2 89 
 
 1 52 
 
 Oil or fat 
 
 8 14 
 
 2 16 
 
 1 94 
 
 2 68 
 
 5 20 
 
 
 07 09 
 
 71 98 
 
 74 52 
 
 72 77 
 
 70 69 
 
 
 1.38 
 
 1 80 
 
 1 46 
 
 3 80 
 
 2 09 
 
 Albuminoids 
 
 14. 31 
 
 11.95 
 
 11.32 
 
 11.33 
 
 10 46 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 20 
 
 The above results are based upon results obtained at the Department 
 of Agriculture, in the Chemical Division, in an extensive series of analy- 
 ses of American cereals extending over several years, beginning in 1882 
 and ending in 1886. It will be of interest to make a comparison of 
 these results with the mean data collected by European analysts in re- 
 gard to the composition of the chief cereals. 
 
 In the following table, taken from Koenig, are given the data referred 
 to above: 
 
 Mean composition of cereals. 
 [From Koenig. Compilation.] 
 
 
 Moisture. 
 
 Crude 
 protein. 
 
 Crude fat. 
 
 Nitrogen 
 free ex- 
 tract.* 
 
 Grade 
 fiber. 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Mean of 948 analyses of wheat from all 
 
 13.37 
 
 12.04 
 
 1.85 
 
 68.65 
 
 2 31 
 
 1 78 
 
 
 12.58 
 
 6.73 
 
 0.88 
 
 78.48 
 
 0.51 
 
 82 
 
 
 13 37 
 
 10 81 
 
 1 77 
 
 7(1 21 
 
 1 78 
 
 2 06 
 
 
 11 79 
 
 10 51 
 
 4 26 
 
 68 16 
 
 2 48 
 
 2 80 
 
 
 14 05 
 
 9.66 
 
 1.93 
 
 66 99 
 
 4 95 
 
 2 42 
 
 
 12.68 
 
 10 18 
 
 1.90 
 
 71.73 
 
 1 65 
 
 1 86 
 
 
 12.11 
 
 10.66 
 
 4.99 
 
 58.37 
 
 10.58 
 
 3 29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mean composition of maize from all 
 
 13.35 
 
 9.45 
 
 4.29 
 
 69.33 
 
 2.29 
 
 1.29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 From the above data it is possible to form a correct idea of the com- 
 parative food value of maize as compared with the other leading cereals, 
 viz, wheat, oats, rye, and barley. First of all, it will be seen that in 
 the water content of maize there is a striking resemblance to wheat. 
 It has slightly less water than wheat, and considerably more than 
 hulled oats, rye, or barley. In regard to the ash, it is as low or lower 
 than that of any other cereal. It approaches more nearly that of wheat 
 than that of hulled oats, rye, or barley. It is hardly fair, however, to 
 make a comparison with hulled oats alone, inasmuch as when oats are 
 used for food they are ground with the husk on. Especially is this true 
 when used for animal food. 
 
 In regard to the oil or fat, maize takes distinctively the first place, 
 with the exception of hulled oats. It contains more than twice as much 
 oil as wheat, three times as much as rye, twice as much as barley, and 
 two-thirds as much as hulled oats. In respect to the digestible carbo- 
 hydrates, meaning by this term sugar, starch, dextrine, and digestible 
 fiber, we find that maize takes its place along with the other cereals. 
 It has more digestible carbohydrates than hulled oats, almost the same 
 as wheat, and slightly less than rye or barley. 
 
 Concerning the quantity of indigestible carbohydrates, meaning by 
 this term the indigestible fiber contained in the cereal, it is found that 
 maize occupies a mean position in the list. It has not as large a per- 
 centage of indigestible fiber as hulled oats, a slightly larger quantity 
 than wheat or rye, and a considerable less quantity than barley. 
 
 * pigestible carbohydrates.
 
 21 
 
 In regard to the matters containing nitrogen, which are grouped 
 under the general head of albuminoids, it is seen by the table that the 
 first place must be awarded to hulled oats. Compared with the other 
 cereals maize has only a slightly lower percentage of these valuable 
 constituents. Concerning the digestible matters in general, indicated 
 in the above table, it may be said that the most important of the list 
 are the digestible carbohydrates. Next in importance must be placed 
 the bodies containing nitrogen, viz, the albuminoids. The third class 
 in value will contain the oils or fats. The ash must also not be left out 
 of consideration, since it is from this portion of the plant that the tis- 
 sues of the bones especially are nourished. Water may be left out of 
 account as of no food value, although it is indispensable to the nourish- 
 ment of the human body. Its lack of commercial value renders its 
 occurrence in foods in large quantities objectionable when their food 
 value is considered pound for pound. 
 
 As indicated by the above analyses maize is fully equal in value as a 
 food to any of the cereals, making up in its content of fat any deficiency 
 which may be noticed in its nitrogenous matters and digestible carbo- 
 hydrates. This conclusion, however, as to the food value of maize, does 
 not rest alone upon the comparison of analytical data. The long years 
 of use of this article by man and beast have shown its high character. 
 Whether'to be used as food for producing muscle for labor or as a means 
 of fattening animals, it has been found to be of superior value to any 
 of the other cereals produced in the United States. It feeds a large 
 portion of the laboring men of the country, especially in the South. It 
 is the almost universal food for fattening hogs, but in every function in 
 which it has been used it has been found to bear out equally well the 
 high place accorded to it from a study of its chemical composition.
 
 Prepared by B. W. SNOW, Assistant Statistician, under the direction of 
 J. E. DODGE, Statistician. 
 
 Indian corn or maize occupies the leading position in the agriculture 
 of the United States, both as regards aggregate volume of the annual 
 product and the area under cultivation. It is also the most widely dis- 
 tributed crop, being grown to more or less extent in every State and Ter- 
 ritory, and almost in every county in which agriculture is carried on. In 
 actual breadth cultivated it each year exceeds the aggregate area de- 
 voted to all other cereals and potatoes, is about double the breadth cut 
 for hay, and is groAVii upon an area greater than that devoted to wheat, 
 oats, and cotton together. With an acreage of 78,000,000 acres it is 
 the largest arable crop grown in any country, and our capabilities of 
 extension in its production are hardly appreciated. It is a promi- 
 nent if not the leading crop in every State except in some of the Rocky 
 Mountain districts, where the elevation is too great for the best results, 
 and on the Pacific coast, where it is a minor crop simply because farmers 
 have had more profitable croj>s to which they have turned their attention. 
 Its overshadowing importance in our agriculture is shown by the fact 
 that the area devoted to its culture in many districts exceeds that given 
 to the special crop for which that district is famous. Taking the eleven 
 cotton States as a whole, they devote a larger area of their cultivated 
 land to corn than to their snowy staple. In this respect corn is greater 
 than cotton in the very dominion of the kingly plant. The great wheat 
 belt of the Ohio and Missouri valleys gives maize a more prominent 
 position than that occupied by wheat itself. The acreage now planted 
 in a single year is greater than the total surface area of New England, 
 New York, and New Jersey combined ; greater than the whole area of 
 the United Kingdom, or of Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, Denmark, 
 Portugal, and Greece combined. It more than equals in extent the 
 total cultivated land in France, or Germany, or Austria-Hungary, and 
 is three-fourths as large as the aggregate acreage sown to wheat in all 
 the countries of Europe together. In measured quantity our crop of a 
 single year has exceeded the wheat crop of the civilized world, and no 
 other grain crop approaches it in volume. 
 
 The growing of maize is not only the most important branch of 
 our arable agriculture, but the product itself is again the foundation 
 
 23
 
 24 
 
 upon which rests a large part of our wonderful rural development. 
 About 90 per cent of our crop is annually consumed in this country, and 
 more than 80 per cent never crosses the lines of the county in which 
 it is grown is virtually consumed on the farm where grown. It is 
 the great American crop. On the farm it feeds the working animals, 
 fattens the beeves and hogs, is an important constituent in butter and 
 cheese production, and forms part of the family ration. It appeal's 
 upon the table in American homes both as meat and bread, and again 
 in the form of tempting and appetizing delicacies skillfully prepared 
 from some of its many products. The forage which its blades furnish 
 makes up a large portion of the winter feed of farm animals in many 
 sections of the country where it supplements and sometimes takes the 
 place of hay. This is especially true in the South where grasses for 
 hay have not generally been successfully cultivated, and in the dairying 
 districts where the use of the green plant entire in the form of ensilage 
 is a common practice. 
 
 INDIAN CORN AS AN ARTICLE OF EXPORT. 
 
 Occupying as it does the first place in American agriculture, corn 
 might naturally be expected to figure largely in our annual exports of 
 agricultural products. The farmer's contributions to our foreign com- 
 merce have always been large, the results of his labor furnishing 75 per 
 cent of the total value of our shipments abroad. Maize, however, has 
 never been an important export item, the average annual shipment dur- 
 ing the period, 1870 to 1890 inclusive, being but 56,000,000 bushels, and 
 the heaviest shipment in a single year amounted to only 103,000,000 
 bushels. Less than 4 per cent of the production of the period has been 
 sold abroad and G.5 per cent is the largest proportion for any year of 
 the two decades. The foreign demand has been almost entirely for use 
 as animal food, and it is wanted in competition with oats, roots, and the 
 ordinary European provender for work animals. The volume demanded 
 depends upon the price at home, as it is only wanted when cheaper than 
 other articles with which it can be used interconvertibly. The domes- 
 tic price regulates the Liverpool price and determines the volume of 
 shipment, an examination of trade returns showing that exports have 
 been large when prices were low and small when better values ruled in 
 tli is country. 
 
 Very little effort has ever been made by the people of this country to 
 extend their foreign shipments in corn, and the Government itself has 
 lent little or no aid in what has been done. There are abundant reasons 
 why our Government should interest itself in inaugurating a foreign 
 trade in this prod net. It is the greatest arable crop which we grow, 
 oceupies the largest portion of our cultivated area, and is suited for cul- 
 tivation in almost every section of our domain. On account of the su- 
 perior quality of American corn, due to the exceptional soil and climatic 
 conditions which we possess, whatever demand for this cereal is created
 
 25 
 
 throughout the world must largely be supplied from our own fields. 
 Under present conditions, the corn crop of the world is greater in aggre- 
 gate measured volume than that of wheat, and we grow at least three- 
 fourths of all, And the area devoted to its cultivation in the United 
 States is still sit sceptible of great extension. During the past fifty years 
 our population has increased less than fourfold, while our production of 
 this staple is now five times as great as it was in 1840, and if the demand 
 existed o;si farmers might easily double their present acreage and prod- 
 uct. Whatever competition might be met in its production would be 
 a competition among our own people, and one which we ourselves could 
 satisfactorily regulate. 
 
 No private agency exists which can be depended upon to make the 
 effort to enlighten foreign people upon the merits of our great crop, or 
 to push its exportation upon lines any broader than those which have 
 been laid down by the commerce of the present day. In the case of 
 wheat, a demand already exists which private firms are ready to supply, 
 but if the demand did not exist, private individuals would interest 
 themselves but very little in pushing the introduction of a product not 
 already an article of commerce. In addition to the demand for our 
 wheat, we have our great mills which are able and ready to push the 
 introduction abroad of the flour which they produce, and in the case of 
 our meat production, our packing houses may be trusted to take advan- 
 tage of every possible opportunity for enlargement of their foreign 
 trade. In the ase of maize, however, there are no individuals or asso- 
 ciations that can be relied upon to enter into the work of educating the 
 tastes of the people of other countries. While all of our own people, 
 especially those who are engaged in tilling the soil, are interested in 
 anything tending to enlarge the trade in maize and its products, none 
 of them have such a special interest as would result in their organizing 
 an effort upon the proper lines. If such a systematic and organized 
 effort is to be made, it must therefore naturally be made by the Govern- 
 ment. The part which the Government has to play, however, will of 
 course properly end when the j)eople of foreign countries have been 
 taught to appreciate the merits of maize as a food product, and a de- 
 mand for our surplus has been created. 
 
 As a matter of course, the interest of this Government in the inau- 
 guration and extension of such a trade ends with the advantages and 
 benefits which our own people are to derive from it. There is, how- 
 ever, another point of view which might be termed the philanthropic 
 side of the question. Under present conditions, there is but little 
 variety in the breadstuffs which form the daily rations of the populous 
 empires of China, Japan, and British India. In the oriental countries, 
 where the struggle for existence is most fierce, and where the search is 
 continually for the cheapest material with nutritious value sufficient for 
 the support of human life, it seems as if there might be a wide field for 
 the introduction of our product. Certain it is that in China and Japan
 
 26 
 
 the native population among the lower classes are hard pressed by the 
 wants oi' nature, and if they could be taught that our niaixe furnishes! 
 a food stuff of exceptional value, cheap and in regular supply, a demand 
 of enormous proportions might be created. In Europe the kind of 
 grain used marks in a distinct manner the differences between the 
 upper or wealthy class and the more numerous poorer classes. Wheat 
 is the aristocratic and rye the plebeian grain, and there is but little 
 gradation between these extremes of breadstuff's. The introduction of 
 maize and its products might well give a welcome addition to the dietary 
 of all classes those who dine upon the dainty white loaf, as well as 
 those whose subsistence is largely upon the coarse and cheaper breads 
 from rye and other grains. To the first will be offered numerous 
 toothsome dishes, maizeuas, starches, and other preparations, while 
 for those occupying less favored stations in life, a cheap grain capable 
 of indefinite variations in preparation, both nourishing and healthful, 
 will give more variety to the daily food supply, and bring additional 
 comfort and contentment into the lives of the great mass of the Old 
 World's population. From a hygienic standpoint, the introduction of 
 a new food giving additional variety is desirable, and in this case on 
 account of the valuable qualities of corn the extension is doubly 
 desirable. 
 
 Prior to the effort which is now r being made by this Department, this 
 Government has never taken any organized or systematic means of 
 calling attention of either foreign people or foreign governments to the 
 advantages which might follow a more general consumption of maize 
 and its products. The failure to take any such steps has sometimes 
 been so marked as to savor of neglect. In the exhibition of the prod- 
 ucts of this country, which have been prepared for foreign expositions 
 during the last decade, but little attention has been paid to a show- 
 ing of corn and its products. The opportunity which the gathering 
 together of millions of the most intelligent people of the different Euro- 
 pean countries has offered for an extension of knowledge upon this 
 subject has heretofore been disregarded. The foreign exhibitions 
 which we have made have usually been vastly creditable both to the 
 genius of our people and to the energy of our Government, but they 
 have been usually prepared with a view to showing what we are doing 
 and what we are capable of doing in the way of supplying demands 
 which already exist. Maize, making but a small showing in our for- 
 eign trade, has been given but small space, whereas a new trade might 
 have been created had special effort been made in its behalf. 
 
 The governments of the principal countries of Europe are already 
 favorable to the importation of our corn, leaving the prejudice of their 
 people against its use as food the only obstacle to be overcome. The 
 importation is free of duty in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, 
 Holland, and Denmark, and only a moderate rate of duty is imposed in 
 Germany and Spain. It seems that it might be possible to accomplish
 
 27 
 
 much in the work now in hand by an intelligent effort to interest gov- 
 ernment officials in the question. One of the greatest problems con- 
 fronting the statesmen of Europe to-day is the question of maintaining 
 the present enormous military establishment, imposed upon each coun- 
 try by existing conditions, at the highest point of possible efficiency 
 with the lowest charge upon the tax-burdened citizen. The ration to 
 be issued is a. serious question; the necessity from a hygienic point of 
 view of supplying a diet concentrated, highly nutritious, and at the 
 same time varied enough to meet the requirements of modern dietary 
 demands, is in direct conflict with the necessity for an economical 
 administration of the commissary department. Maize makes a concen- 
 trated food stuff, palatable and nourishing when properly prepared, and 
 is especially valuable for use where muscle and hard labor are required. 
 This is pointedly shown by the fact that in the United States it is the 
 principal breadstuff of the colored workers of the South, where long 
 hours of arduous labor in the cotton fields under conditions severely 
 testing the endurance of workers are required. 
 
 Its value as part of the soldier's food is appreciated in this country, 
 where the rations established by the military authorities include for 
 bread " 18 ounces of soft bread or flour, or 16 ounces of hard bread, or 1 
 pound and 4 ounces of corn meal." The value of corn meal as a con- 
 stituent of the army ration was demonstrated practically during the 
 war of the rebellion. The larger portion of the bread used by the 
 Southern armies was made from corn, while at the same time it furnished 
 a large part of the food supply of the Federal forces. Its value here 
 received the most crucial test which could possibly be applied, and the 
 wonderful strength and endurance shown by combatants on both sides 
 is sufficient evidence of its value. It is apparent that its adoption as 
 part of the army ration in European countries would be highly desir- 
 able, looking at the question from all points of view. The advantage 
 to the governments would be in the fact that it would give as a part of 
 the ration a grain cheaper than any other in first money cost, and a supply 
 certain and abundant, not subject to such fluctuations in production as 
 wheat or rye, being better adapted than most other crops to withstand 
 our climatic disabilities, drought especially. The joint benefit to the gov- 
 ernment and to the individuals making up the military establishments 
 would be the addition of a food to the ordinary supply rich in fat and 
 muscle-producing qualities, full of the properties producing animal heat, 
 and giving additional powers of endurance. This means increased mili- 
 tary efficiency for the whole body, as well as increased comfort for the 
 individuals making up the service. 
 
 A properly directed effort, setting forth the manifest and manifold 
 advantages which would result from its adoption as part of army ra- 
 tions, might be eminently successful, and would be especially appro- 
 priate at the present time in view of the fact that the regular bread- 
 stuffs now dealt out are deficient in supply and high in price, two
 
 28 
 
 conditions which it might be pointed ont could hardly obtain were 
 mai/e depended upon. Experiments will undoubtedly be carried on 
 in different countries to determine whether any other bread, and, if 
 any. what bread, can be used this year to take the place of or supple- 
 ment the use of rye in the rations issued to the armies of Eastern 
 Europe. An opportunity for presenting the advantages of corn is 
 given this year which may not be had again for years, and our Govern- 
 ment has been prompt in taking advantage of it. The .special agent 
 in Europe is now working on this line with evidences of ultimate suc- 
 cess. Should corn be adopted as part of the army food it would at 
 once create a very large and new demand for our surplus grain, giving 
 an impetus to our agricultural interests which would be felt through- 
 out the length and breadth of the land. Tremendous, however, as 
 is the military establishment of Europe, and enormous as is the vol- 
 ume of corn which might be demanded to supply it alone, a still 
 greater advantage would accrue to us were the various Governments 
 to merely recognize and indorse corn as a food for man. It would 
 result in breaking down the barriers of prejudice which the ignorance 
 of centuries has erected against its use in the minds of the common 
 people. Not only would the example of the Government in its recog- 
 nition be a powerful agent in securing it a foothold, but the thousands 
 of soldiers who while in service had acquired a taste for the prepara- 
 tions of corn would become, when they left the service to return to 
 civil life, agents in spreading the knowledge of its virtues in all walks 
 of life. 
 
 CANNED COEN. 
 
 During recent years a very important industry has grown up in this 
 country which has resulted in making a very desirable addition to our 
 American daily food supply. The canning of green sweet corn has be- 
 come in many sections a very large interest, and the product enters 
 into the channels of trade in all sections of the country, is found in 
 every grocery store, and reaches the family table of a large portion of 
 our American homes. The roasting ear. or green corn upon the cob, 
 during the season in which it may be obtained, is recognized as not 
 only a seasonal luxury, but a standard article of food, and it appears 
 and is appreciated both upon the table of the farmer and of that of the 
 urban citizen. 
 
 In this form corn has been an article of diet in this country from the 
 earliest times. It is only, however, within comparatively recent years 
 that methods have been followed in preparing it for use outside of its 
 regular season of growth. The canning industry is now a very large 
 and flourishing one, and factories for preserving fruits and vegetables 
 of different kinds are found in every State and in almost every large 
 agricultural district. In 1890 the pack of canned corn amounted to 
 1,588,860 cases of 2 dozen tin cans each, and in 1888, the largest year
 
 29 
 
 on record, to 3,491,474 cases. The reputation of this class of our in- 
 dustrial product is attested by the steady and rapid increase of con- 
 sumption in our domestic markets. Our people are particular, even 
 fastidious, as to their diet, and the popular taste for delicacies and ap- 
 petizing preparations of standard articles of food requires an intelligent 
 study of methods by packers that insures a constant elevation of the 
 standard of quality. 
 
 The question of cheapness is second to that of quality of product, 
 and commercial records show that during the past few seasons there 
 has been demand for superior articles at remunerative prices, and infe- 
 rior grades have been a drug on the market at low values. Our 
 packers appreciate this, and by the law of the survival of the fittest, 
 the struggle to maintain place in the market has constantly tended 
 toward educating and elevating the public taste to a still higher stan- 
 dard. The present should be an auspicious time for a permanent and 
 valuable enlargement of our foreign trade in this branch of corn prod- 
 ucts. American canned meats are known in every portion of the 
 civilized world, and are exported from this country directly to almost 
 every nation upon the globe. "With proper effort, intelligently and 
 systematically directed, it should be possible to build up a similar trade 
 in our canned vegetables, and especially in corn, in the production of 
 which it is not probable that we shall ever meet any competitor worthy 
 of the name in any foreign market. A careful investigation of methods 
 used by canners and packers shows that the most scientific practices 
 prevail, that all the latest improvements are adopted, and that there 
 is a constant striving to attain perfection in method of packing and 
 quality of goods. 
 
 The development of a large trade in canned corn would be particularly 
 valuable to this country. Not only would there be an increased plant- 
 ing of sweet corn and other varieties used by packers, which would 
 benefit farmers in the way of a direct cash return, but the offal result- 
 ing from the preparation of the product would remain at home. An ex- 
 amination of the system followed at a number of large packing houses 
 shows that the offal in the way of soft cobs, nubbins, tips of ears, etc., 
 is returned to the farmers growing the stock, by them hauled back to 
 the farm and used as forage for different classes of farm animals, and 
 when it has accumulated in excess of immediate requirements cured for 
 future use. In some districts it has been extensively used in the form 
 of ensilage. 
 
 The following note, received from the manager of a large packing 
 house in Syracuse, N". Y., is typical of the state of facts which have been 
 found to exist quite extensively throughout the districts where corn 
 canning is largely carried on. 
 
 Farmers, as fast as they bring the corn picked from the stalk in wagonloads and 
 unloading same at our factory, are quite anxious and ready to wait their turn, if 
 necessary, to load back with the fresh cobs and husks, which of course we have in 
 large quantities. By this means they remove our offal as fast as it accumulates.
 
 30 
 
 We understand that it is taken to their pastures, as a rule, and fed to milch cows, 
 as nearly all the farmers who raise crops for us are dairymen. They have found by 
 experience that there is no food that they can give their cows that gives the same 
 return as this fresh oti'al. Foremen in charge of creameries have told us that they 
 can always tell when a canning factory has been started by the increase in amount 
 and quality of milk received by them. We pres-ume that we could make a consider- 
 able profit from this material were we to preserve it in the form of ensilage for sale 
 later in the season. It has, however, become one of the conditions of farmers plant- 
 ing corn for us that they should have their share of this offal in return. 
 
 An increase in this form of manufacture necessarily carries with it an 
 increase in the amount and quality of food for farm animals, and returns 
 directly to the soil upon wliich the corn is grown the valuable constit- 
 uent elements withdrawn by the crop. By this means fertility is main- 
 tained and the heritage of future generations preserved intact. 
 
 INDIAN CORN STATISTICS. 
 
 In connection with the report upon the possibility of extending corn 
 consumption for food in foreign countries a number of statements have 
 been compiled, which will be interesting as a showing of the progress of 
 corn production in this country, its geographical distribution, the for- 
 eign movement from the earliest period, and prices under different con- 
 ditions. In the statement first presented there is a showing of the ag- 
 gregate volume of production as returned by five decennial censuses, 
 beginning with 1840 and coming up to 1889 ; the figures for the census 
 of 1890 have not yet been made puplic. As enumerations are made too 
 early in the season to include crop returns for the census year, the crop 
 of each preceding year is reported, as appears in the table. 
 
 In 1839 the total crop amounted to 377,531,875 bushels, while forty 
 years later it was nearly five times as great. In the first year the pro- 
 duction per capita amounted to 22 bushels, and in 1879 to 35 bushels, 
 showing that production has considerably more than kept pace with the 
 increase in population. 
 
 An interesting feature in this table is the showing which is made of 
 the continued westward movement of corn production. In 1839 the 
 center of production had already moved to the west of the Alleghany 
 Mountains, and Tennessee, with 44,980,188 bushels, was the first in 
 rank, closely followed by the sturdy, growing Commonwealths of the 
 Ohio Valley. Ten years later, in 1849, the center of production had 
 moved north and westward, and Ohio, with 59,000,000 bushels, stood 
 first, closely followed by Kentucky with 58,000,000 and Illinois with 
 57,000,000. The returns for 1859 bear evidence of the magnificent de- 
 velopment of the agricultural districts of the central West, and the cen- 
 ter of production had shifted to the rich prairie soil of Illinois, where it 
 remained for three decades. In 1879 Illinois still kept first place, but 
 during the ten years which have since elapsed the scepter has crossed 
 the Mississippi Eiver, and Iowa now ranks as the greatest corn produc- 
 ing State in the country. It must not be assumed that in the move-
 
 31 
 
 ment of corn production westward the areas which have at one 
 time held first rank in production and then fallen back to positions of 
 less prominence have been left with depleted fertility, or that corn- 
 growing lias been abandoned upon them. Such has not been the case. 
 The yield per acre in Kew York and Pennsylvania, and again in the 
 Ohio Valley, is not less now than it was in the days of primitive fertility, 
 but, on the contrary, has grown larger with the application of better 
 methods of husbandry and a more lively appreciation of the advantages 
 of soil and climate which have come with additional experience. The 
 decline in relative position of the older States results from the immense 
 areas developed in newer regions. Tennessee, which ranked first in 
 1839, now produces nearly double the volume of that year, but in 1889 
 stood only ninth in the rank of production. 
 
 Indian corn production in the United States according to decennial census returns. 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 1839. 
 
 1849. 
 
 1859. 
 
 1869. 
 
 1879. 
 
 
 Bushels. 
 950 528 
 
 Bushels. 
 1 750 056 
 
 Bushels. 
 1 546 071 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 1 089 888 
 
 Bushels. 
 960 633 
 
 
 ] 162 572 
 
 1 573 670 
 
 1 414 628 
 
 1 277 768 
 
 1 350 248 
 
 
 1 119 678 
 
 2 032 396 
 
 1 525 411 
 
 1 699 882 
 
 2 014 271 
 
 
 1, 809, 192 
 
 2,345 490 
 
 2 157 063 
 
 1 397 807 
 
 1 797 768 
 
 
 450 498 
 
 539 201 
 
 461 497 
 
 311 957 
 
 372 967 
 
 
 1 500 441 
 
 1 935 043 
 
 2 059 835 
 
 1 570 364 
 
 1 880 421 
 
 
 10 972 286 
 
 17 858 400 
 
 20 061 049 
 
 16 462 825 
 
 25 690 156 
 
 
 4,361 975 
 
 8, 759 704 
 
 9 723 336 
 
 8 745 384 
 
 11 150 705 
 
 
 14, 240, 022 
 
 19, 835, 214 
 
 28 196 821 
 
 34 702 $06 
 
 45 821 531 
 
 
 2 099 359 
 
 3 145 542 
 
 3 892 337 
 
 3 010 390 
 
 3 894 264 
 
 
 8 233 086 
 
 10 749 858 
 
 13 444 922 
 
 11 701 817 
 
 15 968 533 
 
 
 34, 577 591 
 
 35 254 319 
 
 38 319 999 
 
 17 649 304 
 
 29 119 761 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 23, 893, 763 
 
 27, 941, 051 
 
 30 078 564 
 
 18 454 215 
 
 28 019 839 
 
 
 14 722 805 
 
 16 271 454 
 
 15 065 606 
 
 7 614 207 
 
 11 767 099 
 
 
 20 905 122 
 
 30 080 099 
 
 30 776 293 
 
 17* 646' 459 
 
 23 202 018 
 
 'Florida - - 
 
 898 974 
 
 1 996 809 
 
 2 834 391 
 
 2 225 056 
 
 3 174 234 
 
 
 20, 947, 004 
 
 28,754 048 
 
 33 226 282 
 
 16 977 948 
 
 25 451 278 
 
 
 13, 161, 237 
 
 22, 446, 552 
 
 29 057 682 
 
 15 637 316 
 
 21 340 800 
 
 
 5 952 912 
 
 10 266 373 
 
 16 853 745 
 
 7 596 628 
 
 9 889 689 
 
 
 
 6 028 876 
 
 16 500 702 
 
 20 554 538 
 
 29 065 172 
 
 
 4,846 632 
 
 8, 893 939 
 
 17 823 588 
 
 13 38 9 145 
 
 24 156 417 
 
 
 44, 986, 188 
 
 52, 276 223 
 
 52 089 926 
 
 41 343 614 
 
 62 764 429 
 
 West Virginia 
 
 
 
 
 g 197 865 
 
 14 090 609 
 
 
 39 847 l?o 
 
 58 672 591 
 
 64 043 633 
 
 50 091 006 
 
 72 85'' 9 63 
 
 Ohio 
 
 33, 668 144 
 
 59 078 695 
 
 73 54s' 190 
 
 67 501 144 
 
 111 877 124 
 
 
 2, 277, 039 
 
 5, 641 420 
 
 ]2 444 676 
 
 14 086 238 
 
 32 461 452 
 
 
 28 155 887 
 
 52 964 363 
 
 71 588 919 
 
 51 094 538 
 
 115 482 300 
 
 
 22, 634 211 
 
 57 646 984 
 
 115 174 777 
 
 129 921 395 
 
 325 792 481 
 
 
 379 359 
 
 1 988 979 
 
 7 517 300 
 
 15 033 998 
 
 34 '30 579 
 
 
 
 16 725 
 
 2 941 952 
 
 4 743 117 
 
 14 831 741 
 
 
 1 406 ''41 
 
 8 656 799 
 
 42 410 686 
 
 68 935 065 
 
 275 014 247 
 
 
 17,332 524 
 
 36 214 537 
 
 72 892 157 
 
 66 034 075 
 
 202 414 413 
 
 
 
 
 6 150 727 
 
 17 025 525 
 
 105 729 325 
 
 
 
 
 1 482 080 
 
 4 736 710 
 
 65 450 135 
 
 
 
 12 236 
 
 510 708 
 
 1 221 222 
 
 1 993 325 
 
 
 
 2,918 
 
 76 122 
 
 72 138 
 
 126 862 
 
 
 
 
 460 
 
 9 660 
 
 12 891 
 
 
 
 
 
 231 903 
 
 455 968 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 041 
 
 34 746 
 
 THkota 
 
 
 
 20 269 
 
 133 140 
 
 2 000 864 
 
 Idaho 
 
 
 
 
 5 750 
 
 16 408 
 
 
 
 
 
 320 
 
 5 649 
 
 
 
 365 411 
 
 709 304 
 
 640 823 
 
 633 786 
 
 Utah 
 
 
 9 899 
 
 90 482 
 
 95 557 
 
 163 342 
 
 
 
 
 4' 712 
 
 21 781 
 
 39 183 
 
 
 39 485 
 
 65 230 
 
 go' 840 
 
 28 020 
 
 29 750 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 377,531 875 
 
 592 071 104 
 
 838 792 742 
 
 760 944 549 
 
 1 754 591 676 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Census data for the crop of the year 1889 not being available, a state- 
 ment made up from the estimates of this office, showing acreage, prod-
 
 32 
 
 net, and farm value by States is presented. This statement is practi- 
 cally a continuation of the preceding table, and rounds off a showing of 
 the progress of corn production during the last half century. It pre- 
 sents the largest crop ever grown in this country and the largest cereal 
 crop ever grown in any country, \vith a volume larger than the aggre- 
 gate wheat crop of the civilized world for that year. 
 
 Indian corn crop in the United States, 1S89. 
 
 States and Territories. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Acres. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 1 034 000 
 
 28 717 
 
 $589 273 
 
 
 1 311 000 
 
 35 9'M 
 
 734 287 
 
 
 2 044 000 
 
 58 397 
 
 1 124 142 
 
 
 1 997 000 
 
 58 209 
 
 ] 078 147 
 
 
 393 000 
 
 12 558 
 
 220 116 
 
 
 1 766 000 
 
 56 977 
 
 953 795 
 
 
 20 475 000 
 
 698 800 
 
 10 03' 672 
 
 
 10 792 000 
 
 357' 342 
 
 5 395 864 
 
 
 41 225 000 
 
 1 383 377 
 
 18 963 332 
 
 
 3,905 000 
 
 2 9 3 136 
 
 1, 640 050 
 
 
 15, 105, 000 
 
 733 239 
 
 6, 495, 031 
 
 
 34 31 000 
 
 2 152 911 
 
 15 061 765 
 
 
 33 050 000 
 
 2 754 127 
 
 17 516 248 
 
 
 18 310 000 
 
 1 59 1~>2 
 
 9 887 264 
 
 
 33, 730, 000 
 
 3 Oil 602 
 
 18 551 468 
 
 Florida 
 
 5 206. 000 
 
 486 562 
 
 3,019 604 
 
 
 33. 944, 000 
 
 2, 514, 370 
 
 17, 311, 437 
 
 
 29 474 000 
 
 1 991 481 
 
 14 736 960 
 
 
 18 949 000 
 
 1 082 8?6 
 
 9 664 W2 
 
 Texas 
 
 83, 698, 000 
 
 4, 573, 645 
 
 29, 294, 196 
 
 
 42 608 000 
 
 2, 130 399 
 
 18 321 431 
 
 
 80, 831 000 
 
 3, 674 140 
 
 29, 907 500 
 
 
 15, 199 000 
 
 678. 518 
 
 6, 079, 521 
 
 
 75, 382, 000 
 
 2, 844, 601 
 
 25, 629, 855 
 
 Ohio 
 
 88, 953, 000 
 
 3, 005, 184 
 
 27, 575. 568 
 
 
 22 737 000 
 
 967 513 
 
 8 412 5 9 6 
 
 
 106,656 000 
 
 3, 677, 808 
 
 28,797 237 
 
 
 259,125 000 
 
 8, 022, 454 
 
 62, 190, 063 
 
 
 28, 415, 000 
 
 1, 080, 414 
 
 8,240,318 
 
 
 21, 263, 000 
 
 746, 067 
 
 5, 740, 986 
 
 Iowa 
 
 349, 966, 000 
 
 8, 859, 898 
 
 66, 493, 534 
 
 
 218,841,000 
 
 6, 796, 318 
 
 50, 333, 531 
 
 
 240, 508, 000 
 
 6, 813, 251 
 
 43, 291, 397 
 
 
 149, 543, 000 
 
 4, 097, 067 
 
 25, 422, 301 
 
 California 
 
 4, 464, 000 
 
 158, 288 
 
 2, 544. 322 
 
 
 157, 000 
 
 7,854 
 
 102 102 
 
 
 1, 092, 000 
 
 42, 993 
 
 633 373 
 
 Dakota 
 
 14, 743. (KM) 
 
 819, 068 
 
 4, 865, 2i>4 
 
 
 1, 126, 000 
 
 56, 289 
 
 675 468 
 
 Utah 
 
 644, 000 
 
 35, 175 
 
 392 659 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 2, 112, 892, 000 
 
 78, 319, 651 
 
 597, 918, 829 
 
 
 
 
 
 As an epitome of the statistics of production, a table is presented 
 showing the aggregate production by years from 1880 to 1890, inclusive, 
 with the acreage and value of the crop, the value per unit of quantity, 
 the yield per acre, and value per acre for each year, and for the period 
 as compared with the average production of the preceding decade. 
 
 As the year 1890 was a disastrous one in the history of the crop, an 
 average in the period 1880 to 1889, inclusive, is also presented. This 
 table shows an increase of nearly 50 per cent in the average annual pro- 
 duction for the period 1880 to 1889 as compared with the period 1870 
 to 1879. The increase in volume has naturally resulted in a decrease in 
 the average farm price, but not in proportion. The very small decline 
 in average price shows that production te not been unduly stimulated,
 
 33 
 
 and that consumption has practically kept pace with it. It must not be 
 assumed that because the average yield per acre for the first decade 
 was returned 3 bushels larger than that of the second, that there has 
 been any permanent impairment of fertility or that corn lands have been 
 exhausted by continued cropping. The difference in meteorological con- 
 ditions of different seasons accounts for the decline. The first period 
 included a large number of years in which the most favorable condi- 
 tions prevailed, while the latter period includes an unusual number in 
 which drought or early frosts seriously interfered with crop results. 
 That the possibilities of our soil are fully as great now as in earlier 
 years is demonstrated by the fact that during the present season, 1891, 
 not wholly favorable to corn-growing, the yield per acre is less than 
 one-half of 1 bushel below the average of the period 1870 to 1879. 
 
 Indian corn crop in the United States, 18SO-1S90. 
 
 Tear*?. ' 
 
 Total 
 production. 
 
 Total 
 area of crop. 
 
 Total 
 value of crop. 
 
 Average 
 value per 
 bushel. 
 
 Average 
 yield per 
 acre. 
 
 Average 
 value per 
 acre. 
 
 1880 
 
 Bushels. 
 1, 717, 434, 543 
 
 Acres. 
 62, 317, 842 
 
 $679, 714, 499 
 
 Cents. 
 39.6 
 
 Bushels. 
 27.6 
 
 $10.91 
 
 1881 
 
 1 194 916 000 
 
 64 262 025 
 
 759 482 170 
 
 63 6 
 
 18 6 
 
 11 82 
 
 1882 
 
 1 617 025 100 
 
 65, 659, 545 
 
 783 867 175 
 
 48 5 
 
 24.6 
 
 11 94 
 
 1883 
 
 1,551,066.895 
 
 68, 301, 889 
 
 658, 051, 485 
 
 42.4 
 
 22.7 
 
 9.63 
 
 ISM 
 
 1, 795, 528, 000 
 
 69, 683, 780 
 
 640, 735, 560 
 
 35.7 
 
 25.8 
 
 9.19 
 
 1xv"> 
 
 1 936 176 000 
 
 73 130 150 
 
 . 635 674 630 
 
 32 8 
 
 26 5 
 
 8 69 
 
 188(5 
 
 1, 665, 441, 000 
 
 75 694, 208 
 
 610 311 000 
 
 36 6 
 
 22 
 
 8.06 
 
 1887 
 
 1, 456, 161, 000 
 
 72, 392, 720 
 
 646, 106, 770 
 
 44.4 
 
 20.1 
 
 8.93 
 
 1888 
 
 1 987 790 000 
 
 75 672 763 
 
 677 561 580 
 
 34 1 
 
 26 3 
 
 8 95 
 
 1SS1I 
 
 2 112 892 000 
 
 78 319 651 
 
 597 918 829 
 
 28 3 
 
 27 
 
 7.63 
 
 1890 
 
 1, 489, 970 000 
 
 71, 970, 763 
 
 754, 433, 451 
 
 50.6 
 
 20.7 
 
 10.48 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 18 524 400 538 
 
 777 405 336 
 
 7 443, 857 149 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Average, 11 years, 1880 to 
 1890 
 
 1 684 036 413 
 
 70 673 212 
 
 676 714,286 
 
 40.2 
 
 23.8 
 
 9.58 
 
 Average, 10 years, 1880 to 
 1889 .. 
 
 1 703 443 054 
 
 70 543 457 
 
 668 942 370 
 
 39 3 
 
 24.1 
 
 9.48 
 
 Average, 10 years, 1870 to 
 1879 
 
 1, 184, 486, 954 
 
 43, 741, 331 
 
 504, 571, 048 
 
 42.6 
 
 27.1 
 
 11.54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In connection with the sho wing of aggregate production and dis- 
 tribution of the crop by States, which is given in the preceding tables, 
 a showing of the distribution of the crop in comparison with the total 
 surface area of the States is presented. This shows that there are ten 
 States which devote more than 10 per cent of their total surface area, 
 including land both in and out of farms, to the cultivation of this one 
 crop. The great agricultural State of Iowa gives up 25 per cent, while 
 in Illinois the proportion is but little less. The smallest proportion is 
 naturally in the Eocky Mountain region, where the elevation is too 
 great for a full development of the cereal, and to NCAV England, where 
 with small farms and intensive culture other crops are found more 
 profitable. 
 
 In the following statement the country is divided into five groups 
 according to the proportion of total surface area given up to corn in 
 1889, the first group including all having more than 100 acres and the 
 11625 -3
 
 34 
 
 last group having less than 20. The general average for the whole 
 country is 42.2 acres for each 1,000 acres of land surface, exclusive of 
 Alaska: 
 
 loo AND OVER. 
 
 Delaware 178 
 
 Maryland 116 
 
 Tennessee 138 
 
 Kentucky Ill 
 
 Ohio ....' 115 
 
 Indiana 160 
 
 Illinois -'^ 
 
 Iowa 250 
 
 Missouri 155 
 
 Kansas 130 
 
 71 TO 100. 
 
 New Jersey 75 
 
 Virginia 81 
 
 North Carolina 89 
 
 South Carolina 83 
 
 Georgia 80 
 
 Alabama 76 
 
 Nebraska 81 
 
 41 TO 70. 
 
 Pennsylvania 48 
 
 Mississippi 67 
 
 Arkansas 63 
 
 "West Virginia 43 
 
 21 TO 40. 
 
 New York 23 
 
 Louisiana 37 
 
 Texas 27 
 
 Michigan 26 
 
 Wisconsin 31 
 
 20 AND UNDER. 
 
 Maine 2 
 
 New Hampshire C 
 
 Vermont 10 
 
 Massachusetts 11 
 
 Rhode Island 18 
 
 Connecticut 18 
 
 Florida 14 
 
 Minnesota 15 
 
 California 2 
 
 Oregon 1 
 
 Colorado 1 
 
 Dakota 9 
 
 Utah 1 
 
 New Mexico 1 
 
 General average .. 42.2 
 
 We have had a limited foreign trade in corn and its products from 
 very early times, but the demand for consumption in foreign countries 
 has never been great enough to make it a prominent feature in our 
 agricultural exports. As far back as 1821, we exported a little more 
 than 1,000,000 bushels, and it was more than twenty years from that 
 date before the amount had doubled. The quantity sent abroad yearly 
 in the earlier history of the trade was remarkably uniform. 
 
 In the table presented there is a showing of the exports of corn and 
 meal, and the total in the form of corn by five year periods from 1821 
 to 1880, and yearly from that time until the present, the figures being 
 for the fiscal years ending on June 30 of the years named since 1842; 
 prior to that date the fiscal year ended on September 30. 
 
 In 1890, following the magnificent crop of 1889, and as a result of 
 the low-price which prevailed throughout this country, the hundred 
 million bushel mark was reached for the first time. The fact that our 
 foreign importation depends upon the price at home is well illustrated 
 by the record of the year following, when, with a short crop and high 
 prices, we had less than one-third as much.
 
 35 
 
 Exports of Indian corn and meal from the United States. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Corn meal. 
 
 Total corn. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 
 Jluxhelg. 
 702, 870 
 706, 142 
 513, 789 
 236, 995 
 694, 822 
 8,764,431 
 4, 781, 039 
 5, 519, 579 
 10, 522, 406 
 9, 598, 655 
 29, 230, 583 
 78, 056, 356 
 91,908,175 
 43, 184, 915 
 40, 586, 825 
 45, 247, 490 
 51, 834, 416 
 63, 655, 433 
 40, 307, 252 
 24, 278, 417 
 69, 592, 929 
 101, 973, 717 
 30, 768, 213 
 
 Dollars. 
 374, 944 
 403, 985 
 360, 942 
 174, 621 
 351, 120 
 6, 255, 584 
 3, 542, 540 
 3, 957, 836 
 6, 980, 673 
 9, 428, 763 
 20, 892, 989 
 43, 374, 050 
 50, 702, 669 
 28, 845, 830 
 27, 756, 082 
 27, 648, 044 
 28, 003, 863 
 31, 730, 922 
 19, 347, 361 
 13, 355, 950 
 32, 982, 277 
 42,658,015 
 17, 652, 687 
 
 Barrels. 
 152, 281 
 156, 682 
 163, 477 
 168, 786 
 226, 550 
 498, 740 
 224, 291 
 258, 268 
 235, 321 
 271, 005 
 320, 811 
 396, 535 
 434, 993 
 288, 942 
 267, 207 
 252, 779 
 260, 510 
 293, 546 
 265, 333 
 270,613 
 312, 186 
 361, 248 
 318, 329 
 
 Dollars. 
 435, 424 
 480, 874 
 546, 215 
 694, 243 
 607, 404 
 1, 796, 850 
 829, 464 
 983, 503 
 1, 064, 654 
 1, 469, 090 
 1, 292, 318 
 1, 237, 192 
 1, 270, 200 
 994, 201 
 980, 798 
 818, 739 
 816, 459 
 858, 370 
 705, 343 
 765, 036 
 870, 485 
 896, 879 
 946, 977 
 
 Bushels. 
 1, 311, 995 
 1, 332, 868 
 1, 167, 696 
 912, 139 
 1, 601, 021 
 10, 759, 391 
 5, 678, 204 
 6, 552, 653 
 11,463,691 
 10, 682, 674 
 30, 513, 825 
 79, 642, 495 
 93, 648, 147 
 44, 340, 683 
 41, 655, 653 
 46, 258, 606 
 52, 876, 456 
 64, 829, 617 
 41, 368, 584 
 25, 360, 869 
 70, 841, 673 
 103, 418, 709 
 32, 041, 529 
 
 Dollars. 
 810, 368 
 884, 859 
 907, 157 
 868,564 
 958, 524 
 8, 052, 434 
 4, 372, 004 
 4, 941, 339 
 8, 045, 327 
 10, 897, 853 
 22, 185, 307 
 44, 611, 242 
 51, 972, 869 
 29, 840, 031 
 28, 736, 880 
 28, 466, 783 
 28, 820, 322 
 32, 589, 292 
 20, 052, 704 
 14, 120, 986 
 33, 852, 762 
 43, 554, 894 
 18, 599, 664 
 
 is-'ii :;o 
 
 1831 35 
 
 1836-40 
 
 1841-45 .. . 
 
 1846 50 
 
 1851 55 
 
 1856-60 
 
 1861 65 
 
 1866-70 . 
 
 1871 75 
 
 1876-80 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 . 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 1889 
 
 1890 . . 
 
 1891 
 
 
 The insignificance of the consumption of our corn abroad as compared 
 with the consumption at home has already been shown, but in the fol- 
 lowing table the estimated annual production each year from 1870 to 
 1890, with the amount which has been shipped abroad from each crop, 
 is presented, in order that a showing of the proportion of each crop 
 sent abroad may be made. From this it appears that less than 4 per 
 cent of the average crop of the last twenty-one years has been shipped, 
 and that the largest proportion sold abroad was only 6.5 per cent in 
 1877, ranging from that to 1 per cent in 1870. 
 
 It should be stated, perhaps, that in this table the figures referring 
 to production relate to calendar years, while those referring to exports 
 relate to fiscal years, beginning with July 1 of the year which is men- 
 tioned. The object of this arrangement is to show as accurately as 
 possible what proportion of a given crop is exported. 
 
 Production and export of corn. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Production. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Exporta- 
 tion. 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Production. 
 
 Exports. 
 
 Exporta- 
 tion. 
 
 1870 
 
 Bushels. 
 1 0!)4 255, 000 
 
 Bushels. 
 10, 673, 553 
 
 Per cent. 
 1.0 
 
 1882 
 
 'Bushels. 
 1 617 025 100 
 
 Bushels. 
 41 655 653 
 
 Per cent. 
 2 6 
 
 1871 
 
 991. 898, 000 
 
 35, 727, 010 
 
 
 1883 
 
 1 551 OG(i 895 
 
 46* 258* C06 
 
 3 
 
 1872 
 
 1 092 719 000 
 
 40, 154 374 
 
 3.7 
 
 1884 
 
 1 795 58 000 
 
 52 876 456 
 
 2 9 
 
 1S73 
 
 932 274, 000 
 
 35, 985 834 
 
 3.7 
 
 1885 
 
 1 936 176 000 
 
 64 829 617 
 
 3 3 
 
 1874 
 
 850 148 500 
 
 30 025 036 
 
 3 5 
 
 1886 . 
 
 1 665 441 000 
 
 41 368 584 
 
 2 5 
 
 1875 
 
 l ::'! 069 ooo 
 
 50 910 532 
 
 3.9 
 
 1887... . 
 
 1,456 161 000 
 
 25 360 8(i9 
 
 1 7 
 
 1876 
 
 1 'J*:: 827 500 
 
 72 65 611 
 
 5.7 
 
 1888 
 
 1.987,790,000 
 
 70,841 673 
 
 3 6 
 
 1877 
 
 1 34'' 558 000 
 
 87 19 9 110 
 
 6 5 
 
 1889 . . 
 
 2 112 892 000 
 
 103 418 709 
 
 4 9 
 
 1878 
 
 1 iiss ''18 7oO 
 
 87 884 KO'^ 1 
 
 6 3 
 
 1890 
 
 1 489 970 000 
 
 32 041 5^9 
 
 2 2 
 
 1879 
 
 1 7 r >4 501 676 
 
 99 57' 1 39 
 
 5 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 1880 
 
 ] 717 I'd ",)'; 
 
 93 648 147 
 
 5 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881 
 
 1, 194 OKI 000 
 
 44 340 083 
 
 3 7 
 
 
 1 455 998 094 
 
 55 591 372 
 
 3 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 In t'he showing of average prices of corn for a long series of years 
 Chicago has been selected as being near the center of the great .sur- 
 plus region. Three dates in each year since 1871 have been selected 
 upon which to present the cash price of No. 2 corn, the standard com- 
 mercial grade j and in connection with this a showing of the farm price 
 in December of each year, as returned to the Statistician of the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture by its corps of county correspondents, is given. 
 The export price for each fiscal year during the same period is also 
 shown. In making comparisons of these various prices it must be re- 
 membered that Chicago, being in the surplus district where the trans- 
 portation charges from the field to the warehouse are small, shows at 
 times a lower commercial price than the average farm price for the 
 country. The farm price represents the value in the hands of growers, 
 either upon the farm where grown or at local purchasing points, while 
 the export price is the value at the seaboard after the product has 
 borne the cost of transportation, commissions of middlemen, and general 
 handlers. 
 
 [Cents i:er bushel.] 
 
 Tears. 
 
 Chicago prices on the first Saturday 
 of the month. 
 
 Farm 
 price, 
 Decm- 
 ber. 
 
 Export 
 
 price, fis- 
 cal yrar 
 follow- 
 ing. 
 
 January. 
 
 May. 
 
 September. 
 
 1871 
 
 43J-44J 
 40|-414 
 30|-31 
 49 -54J 
 64|-69 
 43 -45 
 43f-44f 
 42S-43J 
 
 29J-30 
 39J-40| 
 36 -37fc 
 60*-63i 
 49|-5 .J 
 54J-57J 
 34J-34J 
 36J-36i 
 3GJ-37J 
 48|-494 
 33J-3:ii 
 294-29* 
 49* 
 
 54 -56 
 42J u- 
 37 -:;s 
 64 -6oJ 
 71 -76| 
 44|-46 
 50-57J 
 39J-41J 
 33J-34J 
 36 -30| 
 42J-43J 
 7:if-75| 
 54 -56 
 52J-56 
 48|-49 
 36J-37 
 37J-38J 
 57g-57f 
 34 
 33J-34 
 68 -68J 
 
 43|-46 
 35J-39J 
 39J-42J 
 66i-7HJ 
 61 -63J 
 41J-43| 
 41J-4:i| 
 35J-37J 
 32i-33J 
 38J-40J 
 60J-63J 
 72J-76* 
 49 -51 J 
 51J-58J 
 43 -44 
 40 -42 
 40J-41J 
 44A-14J 
 33J-33i 
 454-45J 
 65 -67J 
 
 48.2 
 39.8 
 48,0 
 64.7 
 42.0 
 37.0 
 35.8 
 31.8 
 37.5 
 39.6 
 63.6 
 48.5 
 42.4 
 35.7 
 32.8 
 36.6 
 44.4 
 34.1 
 28.3 
 50.6 
 
 69.6 
 61.7 
 71.9 
 84.7 
 67.2 
 58.7 
 56.2 
 47.1 
 54.3 
 55.0 
 67.0 
 68.0 
 61.0 
 54.0 
 50.0 
 48.0 
 55.0 
 47.0 
 49.0 
 57.4 
 
 1872 
 
 1873 
 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 1876 
 
 1877 
 
 1878 
 
 1879 
 
 1880 . 
 
 1881 
 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 
 1888 
 
 1889 
 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 
 

 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES 
 THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 This book is DUE on the last date stamped below 
 
 I 
 
 \it 2 ^ 
 
 fjttl i5 
 MAYS t 
 
 
 1 5 f 9fiT 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 Form L-9-15wi-2,'36 
 
 " 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CAUFORNIA 
 
 AT 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 LIBRARY
 
 
 Agric. - 
 Report on the 
 
 J "" 
 
 use of maize 
 
 A OOP 503 330 3 
 
 TX