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IRRIGATION 
 
 BEING A BRIEF TREATISE COMPILED 
 FROM AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES AND CON 
 TAINING THE FULL TEXT OF THE 
 "CAREY ACT." 
 
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 COPYRIGHT 1908 
 BY 
 
 j. S. & W. S. KUHN 
 
 Compliments of 
 J. S. & W. S. Kuhn, Incorporated 
 
 Pittsburgh^ Philadelphia, 
 Chicago and St. Louis. 
 
Contents. 
 
 Note - Page 1 
 
 Arid Lands of the United States " 5 
 
 "Irrigation" " 11 
 
 Some " Irrigation" Legal Features " 15 
 
 The Carey Act - '' 19 
 
 Development of Irrigation " 27 
 
 The Largest and Most Successful Irrigation Project in 
 
 the United States The Twin Falls Tract ' 35 
 
 Opportunities for Investment afforded by Irrigation " 57 
 
 193425 
 

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NOTE; 
 
 T^HE purpose of this book is to familiarize its readers with 
 "Irrigation" its meaning, and its bearing on the National 
 prosperity through a brief, and at the same time, comprehen- 
 sive presentation of the subject. 
 
 An effort has been made to convey a clear appreciation of 
 what it accomplishes the enormous possibilities of its contri- 
 bution to the wealth of the Nation the opportunities offered by 
 it, to the conservative investor, for the employment of capital, 
 in large or small amounts, under the strong safeguards estab- 
 lished by the Government. 
 
 The book may be divided into three parts. 
 
 I. An academic treatment of the subject of Irri- 
 gation. 
 
 II. An illustration of one of its conspicuous under- 
 takings. 
 
 III. The participation afforded investors in re- 
 claiming the arid lands. 
 
 The information contained herein has been compiled from 
 official and authoritative sources, and due acknowledgment 
 is made to those responsible for the data contained in the several 
 reports of the United States Government Reclamation Service; 
 the Idaho State Engineer, the State Board of Horticultural 
 Inspection, the State Bureau of Immigration, Labor and Sta- 
 tistics; and to J. Warner Mills, Esq., author of "Mills' Irrigation 
 Manual," D. W. Ross, Esq., Supervising Engineer, and C. J. 
 Blanchard, Esq., Statistician of the Government Reclamation 
 Service, and to Messrs. R. H. McCollum and Edw. T. Barber, 
 of Idaho. 
 
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''Water is the mother of the vine, 
 The nurse and fountain of fecundity, 
 The adorner and refresher of the world." 
 
 Chas. Mackay The Dionysia. 
 
 Of all the Wonders of the World, who shall say that any one 
 is conspicuous, in magnitude or marvel, beside those collossal 
 undertakings of modern times transforming the vast tracts of 
 desert waste, into fertile fields, prolific with crops beyond belief! 
 
 Or, in the history of man's work, what progress is more note- 
 worthy than that which has made possible "two blades of grass to 
 grow on the same spot of earth where only one grew before, ' ' and 
 has converted more than 1,000,000 square miles of desolate plains 
 into a dozen commonwealths of 25,000,000 inhabitants! 
 
 The Government at Washington is shouting the slogan "Irri- 
 gation" to advance the Nation's standards of wealth and power, 
 and the farmer with his toil, and the capitalist with his gold, are 
 taking up the cry, as they realize that the development of the latent 
 resources of the country, in the reclamation of its arid lands, will 
 keep it the foremost Nation of the earth for centuries to come. 
 
 What then might be this magic "Irrigation," which finds today 
 the wide extending plains, and gently sloping plateaus, mottled 
 with the cancerous sage brush, neglected and deserted, except by 
 the jackrabbit and howling coyote, and tomorrow presents to the 
 world, for admiration, luxurious farms, rich in their waving 
 grasses and heavy laden grain fields, and orchards, brilliant with 
 the variegated hues of ripening clustered fruits? 
 
Arid Lands of the United States. 
 (The shaded portions indicate semi-arid and humid tracts.) 
 
Arid Lands of the United States. 
 
 Aridity, or the unequal distribution of moisture, 
 Aridity and is largely the result of topography, or inequal- 
 its causes. ities of land surface. The general movement 
 
 of the atmosphere in this country is from 
 West to East. The prevailing winds from the Pacific, warmed 
 by the Japan current, and filled with moisture, soon reaching 
 the mountain ranges paralleling the coast, are forced upward, 
 and condensed by the rapid cooling of the higher altitudes. 
 Their moisture, precipitated on the mountains, they pass East- 
 ward as dry winds, denying the thirsty plains and lowlands the 
 moisture they formerly held, and with which they so extrava- 
 gantly parted. 
 
 The lands of the United States may be divided into 
 Lands three groups, differentiated by relatively decreasing 
 
 Grouped. rainfall, as "Humid," "Semi-arid" and "Arid." 
 In the first group are all of the states east of the 
 Mississippi River, and those bordering it on the West, together 
 with the Western portions of Oregon and Washington. 
 
 The Semi-arid group includes the greater portions of the 
 Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, Central 
 Colorado, Northern Idaho and the Eastern part of California 
 and Washington, 
 
 The Arid region that wherein the average annual rain- 
 tall is 20 inches or less, and where the rainfall during the grow- 
 ing season is insufficient for raising crops covers Montana, 
 Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, 
 Western Texas, Eastern Oregon and the Southern portions of 
 California and Idaho. 
 
 This region embraces two-fifths of the entire area of the 
 United States, in view of which, little wonder attaches to the 
 importance of its reclamation, as a vital contributor to the 
 wealth and future prosperity of the Nation. 
 
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The arid lands actually desert are comparatively 
 Soil of few, but the scanty vegetation on the balance is 
 
 Arid lands. of little value. The soils, however, are rich in 
 mineral ingredients. The soluble salts are not 
 washed out by rain, as they have been in the humid regions, 
 but as stimulating chemicals have been accumulated and re- 
 tained. These soils are also usually of the same quality to great 
 depths, and plant roots penetrate more deeply, finding good 
 feeding area and ability to resist drought. The rainfall farmer 
 is obliged to resort to the "rotation of crops" and "fertilizers" 
 to maintain the productiveness of his soil, but where arid lands 
 have been farmed for forty years, there has been no perceptible 
 diminution in the quality or quantity of crops, proving con- 
 clusively the stability of the richness of soil. 
 
 Mr. F. H. Newell, the chief engineer of the Government 
 Reclamation Service, in one of his earlier reports says: "The 
 open range of the arid region is capable of supporting one cow 
 to every twenty or thirty acres, the same land when watered 
 and put in alfalfa will feed twelve cows to every twenty acres, 
 or in orchard, in favorable altitudes, will support a family of 
 from three to five persons. An enormous enhancement in land 
 values therefore attaches to the reclamation of these arid tracts ; 
 as an open range its value may be 50 cents per acre, while under 
 irrigation the selling price may be from $50 to $1,000 per acre. 
 
 "One of the great economic questions now before the people 
 of the country is the utilization of this vast area whose soil is 
 so rich. 
 
 "The Public Lands embrace nearly one- third of the 
 Public entire extent of the United States, and are widely 
 Lands. scattered, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to 
 the Pacific, and from Canada to Mexico, and of 
 these it may be said, that practically all of the land now re- 
 maining in the hands of the Government is arid." 
 
 Long since were the available public lands of the humid 
 and semi-arid states absorbed by the rapidly increasing popu- 
 lation, and pioneers set out on the arid lands to endeavor, 
 by artificially produced moisture, to raise remunerative crops. 
 These pioneers quickly demonstrated the immense superiority 
 
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of the arid lands over the humid lands, in the greater produc- 
 tiveness of richer soil, when stimulated by regulated moisture 
 and abundant sunshine. And so, instead of the arid lands re- 
 maining the last resort of a crowded community seeking cheaper 
 lands, they became, wherever susceptible of individual irrigation, 
 the coveted prize of the progressive farmer who set out to locate 
 them. 
 
 Of the arid lands, however, not all are va- 
 Obstacles to cant, many of them having passed into the 
 
 Reclamation hands of private individuals or corporations, 
 
 of Arid Lands. including land grants to railroads for the 
 
 purpose of aiding construction, or those 
 donated to States for various purposes, or again, those upon which 
 homesteads and other entries have been made, along the banks of 
 the rivers and about springs and other sources of water supply. 
 The problem of reclamation is, therefore, not simply one dealing 
 with public land, but is complicated by private ownership. 
 Much of the arid land, too, cannot be reclaimed for physical 
 reasons, which include unsuitable topography, lack of proper 
 water supply, or soil and climate not adapted to agricultural 
 pursuits. And so it is that the lands which are actually irri- 
 gable are relatively small in extent, there being probably not 
 over 5% of arable land, in any one state, which can be irri- 
 gated. 
 
 Dairy Cows in Idaho. 
 
"Permitting the water 
 
 to course through 
 
 the furrows." 
 
 The Twin Falls Main Line Canal, 
 
Irrigation. 
 
 The term "Irrigation," as here treated, refers to the 
 "Irrigation" application of moisture to land by artificial means, 
 simply de- for the purpose of fertilizing land, and stimulat- 
 fined. ing the growth of crops thereon. It may be 
 
 briefly explained as the permanent diversion of 
 water from rivers, lakes and other sources of supply, and its 
 subsequent conveyance over tracts of land, by means of canals 
 and ditches of gradually diminish ing size, until, through miniature 
 ditches or furrows perhaps but a foot or two apart it serves 
 to fertilize the soil with which it is brought in contact. 
 
 The ideal engineering conditions in irrigation projects 
 involve, initially, a natural lake, at an altitude, considerably 
 above that of the lands to be irrigated, or a river whose flow 
 is dependable, and whose fall and that of the land, is sufficient 
 to permit of the conveyance of the diverted water through canals, 
 
 by gravity, over the entire contemplated 
 Physical area, together with natural reservoir sites, 
 
 features of for the storage of water to supplement the 
 
 an Irrigation river's flow in times of unusual drought, and 
 system. as a safeguard against any contingency which 
 
 might arise. The diversion from the river 
 may be accomplished by means of dams, those of more recent 
 construction being of rock and concrete, raising the river to a 
 proper height, and provided with numerous gates for the proper 
 regulation of the flow. 
 
 The main canals, to be of permanency, are constructed of 
 rock, earth and concrete, as are also the laterals, leading off 
 from the main canals, to the ditches, which carry the supply 
 to the individual farms, upon which the flow is regulated, by 
 .means of frequent headgates, permitting, thereby the water to 
 course through the furrows, made by the farmer according to 
 his needs, or enabling him to irrigate his land by flooding it. 
 
 The process of irrigation by no means contemplates a con- 
 tinuous flow of water, but involves a thorough moistening of 
 the soil, perhaps but three or four times during the growing 
 
 11 
 
DEVELOPMENT OF AN IRRIGATED FARM 
 
 The arrival of the Settler. 
 
 II 
 
 Clearing off Sage Brush. 
 
season, according to the character of the crops, and then requir- 
 ing the water to be "turned on," but for twelve or twenty-four 
 hours at a time. 
 
 Irrigation is not a modern art; its successful 
 Irrigation history dates back to the most ancient times. 
 Ancient. Ample evidences are found through the oldest 
 
 historians, of its practice on a large scale by the 
 Egyptians, from the days of the Pharaohs, by the Assyrians, 
 Babylonians and Persians, and by the ancient Chinese. . The en- 
 gineering feats, apparent in the cataracts of the Nile, conclu- 
 sively indicate their object for irrigation and navigation, while 
 India possesses canals and aqueducts, still wonders of engin- 
 eering skill. 
 
 That the wonderful results of Irrigation were in ancient 
 times relatively what they are today, may be inferred from the 
 attitude of Herodotus, the Greek historian, who, after returning 
 from his trip to Egypt about 450 B. C., withheld the whole 
 truth concerning the immense crops he found there, fearing to 
 risk his discredit in the eyes of his countrymen. 
 
 It is also interesting to note that laws, written centuries 
 Ancient before the time of Moses, carefully treated the various 
 Laws. details of Irrigation. Mr. J. Warner Mills, in his 
 
 "Irrigation Manual," quotes one of these laws as fol- 
 lows: "Any one failing to keep his irrigating dam in repair, 
 and through his neglect and laziness, a break occurs in the 
 dam, and his neighbors' lands are flooded by the overflow of 
 the water therefrom, he shall compensate the owner of the 
 damaged land for his loss of grain or other property occasioned 
 by the overflow. ' ' 
 
 In later years, but still within the early history of the 
 Roman Empire, Irrigation laws had their liberal consideration. 
 The Incas of South America have contributed 
 Irrigation many evidences of their knowledge of the art, and 
 
 on the the traces of long since ruined works in Cen- 
 
 Western Con- tral America, Mexico and even in Arizona, 
 tinent. show its elaborate development, by a prehis- 
 
 toric people on this continent before, in more 
 modern times, the establishment of the Jesuit missions in Cali- 
 fornia, a century back, resurrected the utilization of the old 
 canals and reservoirs constructed by the early Indians. 
 
 13 
 
Ill 
 
 Same land cleared of Sage Brush. 
 
 IV 
 Same land four months later. 
 
Some " Irrigation" Legal Features. 
 
 The enactment of National Irrigation law has its founda- 
 tion in a combination of the laws relating to water, and the 
 laws relating to land; the working of the water laws of the 
 several States being responsible for the provisions embodied in 
 the former, and the latter comprising a development of the 
 several Federal laws governing the settlement of public lands. 
 
 To follow the development of laws pertaining to 
 Development water those relating to riparian rights, appro- 
 of priations, priority, and the general adjudication 
 
 Irrigation of water rights, would be a long story. It is 
 
 Laws. sufficient to mention, that as a general principle, 
 
 in all of the arid states, the doctrine of appro- 
 priation prevails, as against the common law doctrine of riparian 
 rights, and that, because of its necessity, "water in the various 
 streams thus acquires a value unknown in moister climates. 
 Instead of being a mere incident to the soil, it rises, when 
 appropriated, to the dignity of a distinct usufructuary estate or 
 right of property. " 
 
 To quote from the report of the State Engineer 
 Water appur- of Idaho, "throughout a very large proportion 
 tenant to the of our state, land titles would mean absolutely 
 land in arid nothing in the absence of water titles, and 
 states. water titles are of little force and validity, unless 
 
 the state, through its duly authorized officers, 
 sees to it that these titles are made forceful and valid. ' ' 
 
 The constitution of the State of Idaho specifically denies 
 the private ownership of water, and dedicates it to the public 
 use, under laws and regulations governing its appropriation. 
 
 The Desert Land Act and the Homestead Law mark stages 
 of development, leading to the Federal statute known as the 
 "Reclamation Act," (under which arid lands are reclaimed by 
 the Government,) and the "Carey Act," which has made possible 
 the reclamation of large tracts, through the employment of 
 individual and corporate capital . 
 
 15 
 
The Desert Land Act, passed in 1877, provides 
 Desert Land that any citizen of the United States, by paying 
 Act. 25 cents per acre, may file on desert land in 
 
 certain states and territories, not exceeding 
 640 acres, and having reclaimed the land filed upon, within three 
 years, upon the additional payment of $1.00 per acre a patent 
 for the land shall be issued to him. The Act was amended in 
 1891, requiring plans to be filed at the time of application, the 
 expenditure of not less than $1.00 per acre annually on irri- 
 gation, etc., for three consecutive years, and the actual culti- 
 vation of one-eighth of the acreage, or the expenditure of not 
 less than $1.00 per acre annually for four consecutive years on 
 irrigating, etc., before a patent shall issue. Failure to make the 
 expenditures as stipulated, renders the entry subject to can- 
 cellation and forfeiture of all rights. The amendment also 
 limits the holdings of any one individual to 320 acres. Under 
 the provisions of this Act, however, two or more persons may 
 associate themselves together and jointly improve the land. 
 
 The Homestead Law enacted in 1872, provides that any 
 citizen, not owning over 160 acres in any state or territory, 
 may enter upon, settle, and acquire title to not exceeding 
 160 acres of public land, by establishing and maintaining 
 residence thereon, "and improving and cultivating the land for 
 
 the continuous period of five years. This law 
 Homestead amended provides that, upon fourteen months 
 Law. fulfillment of the conditions, a patent may issue 
 
 upon payment of $1.25 per acre. This amend- 
 ment is referred to as the "commutation" feature of the Act. 
 
 The Reclamation Law, under which the Govern- 
 Reclamation ment is now operating, in the reclamation of 
 Law. arid lands, was passed in 1902. Provision was 
 
 made for the examination, survey and construc- 
 tion of irrigation works, required to reclaim public lands, and 
 for this purpose there were appropriated the receipts from the 
 sale and disposal of public land in sixteen states and territories 
 of the arid region. These' receipts constitute what is known as 
 the "Reclamation Fund." The Act provides for the entry of 
 the lands reclaimed, in accordance with the provisions of the 
 
 16 
 
"Homestead Law," which is modified in certain important 
 particulars among them the following: The entryman must 
 repay, in annual installments, to the Reclamation Fund, the 
 cost of constructing the works necessary to reclaim the land he 
 has taken ; the time of residence cannot be commuted, as by the 
 amendment to that law, involving therefore, residence on the land 
 for the entire five years, as well as an additional requirement 
 that one-half of the land must be cultivated. The area of the 
 entry is also limited to an amount not less than forty nor more 
 than 160 acres at the discretion of the Secretary of the Interior. 
 Upon the payment for the major portion of the lands irrigated, 
 the management and operation of the works shall pass to the 
 owners of the lands irrigated thereby, under certain further pro- 
 visions of the Government. Failure on the part of the entryman 
 under this Act, to make any two consecutive payments when 
 due, shall render the entry subject to cancellation with the for- 
 feiture of all rights under this Act, as well as any moneys paid 
 thereon. 
 
 Wheat yields as high as 84^ bushels per acre. 
 
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The Carey Act. 
 
 By far the ablest Irrigation legislation, and that most far- 
 reaching in its effects, calculated, at the same time to encour- 
 age the investment of private capital, by securing its repay- 
 ment, after providing for a liberal compensa- 
 Carey Act tion, and to attract settlers, through afford- 
 
 Comprehensive ing them full protection against pernicious 
 and Just. speculative, or ineffectual "schemes," and by 
 
 vesting them, eventually, with the proprietor- 
 ship of the Irrigation system, upon payment therefor at a fair 
 value on easy terms, is the Federal Statute, known as the 
 "Carey Act." 
 
 This Act, for which Senator -Carey of Wyoming was sponsor, 
 originally passed in 1894, and twice amended, stands today the 
 culmination of laws, evolved after an experience of forty years, 
 under whose just and comprehensive provisions, the reclamation 
 of all the remaining irrigable lands bids fair to be secured, as 
 soon as capital shall receive the proper presentation and the 
 progressive farmer the word. 
 
 This legislation was enacted by Congress, 
 Reasons for through its realization of the enormous 
 
 the "Carey Act." wealth, hidden in the agricultural resources 
 
 of the Public Lands barren wastes of 
 arid tracts, though they might appear. The work of reclama- 
 tion, under the then existing laws, was too gigantic for individ- 
 ual or corporate capital, and attended with too great risk to 
 warrant its hazard, and irrigation, on alarge scale, was as yet too 
 much in its infancy, to warrant the vast necessary expenditures 
 by the Government. Rather than delay development, how- 
 ever, the plan was conceived for the Government to assist in 
 this work, by donating 1,000,000 acres of Public Lands in each 
 of the arid states, to the states themselves, in consideration of 
 the irrigation and settlement of not less than 20 acres in each 160 
 reclaimed, whether at the hands of the respective common- 
 wealth, or through contract with private corporations. 
 
 19 
 
The act in detail works out as follows: 
 
 Workings of the A certain tract of Government land having 
 "Carey Act." been determined upon as suitable for reclama- 
 
 tion, the corporation desiring to construct irri- 
 gation works thereon, for the purpose of reclaiming the land 
 under the act, files with the State Board of Land Commission- 
 ers its application, together with its proposal for constructing 
 the works. This application must be accompanied with a de- 
 tailed plan, covering the proposed works, including an estimate 
 of the cost of construction, and showing the source of the water 
 supply, and that filings for the water appropriation have been 
 made, also the terms per acre at which the perpetual water 
 rights will be sold to settlers. These plans must be approved 
 by the State Board of Land Commissioners, and the water supply 
 must be thoroughly examined and reported on by the State 
 Engineer. The State then makes application, to the Secretary 
 of the Interior, for a segregation of the lands embraced in the 
 application, submitting the exact plans for the proposed system, 
 and if after due consideration, the Secretary of the Interior 
 complies with the request, the State Board enters into a contract 
 with the corporation, covering the specifications, as set forth 
 in the application, the corporation giving an adequate bond for 
 the faithful performance of their part of the contract, and the 
 work proceeding under the direct supervision of the State 
 Engineer. 
 
 These safeguards as to the feasibility and effectiveness of 
 the project, innure to the benefit of both the investor and the 
 settler, preventing ill-advised undertakings on the part of the 
 former, and affording the latter protection in the character and 
 quality of the works, and in fixing a fair valuation to the cost 
 of the individual water rights 
 
 Under authorization of the United States Government, 
 and upon the segregation of the lands to be irrigated, the state 
 creates a first and prior lien in favor of the corporation, under 
 which none of the land may be sold, until the purchaser has 
 acquired from the corporation, at the stipulated price, cor- 
 responding water rights, or shares in the carrying capacity of 
 the canals, sufficient to deliver the water required for the irri- 
 gation of his land. These water rights are purchased on terms 
 
 20 
 
of a certain amount in cash down, and the balance in deferred 
 payments, the settler giving his promissory notes therefor, 
 secured by a first lien on the land until finally paid, these repre- 
 senting virtually purchase money mortgages. Patents from 
 the State may only be issued when the settler shall have actually 
 settled the land, and cultivated at least one-eighth of the acre- 
 age. The settlement must be accomplished within six months, 
 and the cultivation completed within two years, after the water 
 has been made available for irrigation. The land also may be 
 sold only in divisions of not less than 40 nor more than 160 acres. 
 
 The strong security to the corporation for the return of its 
 investment, will be noted in the above, since a first lien is created 
 on all of the lands, which must be immediately cultivated and 
 settled by a large body of individuals, thus dividing the re- 
 sponsibility for prompt payments and assuring an increased 
 valuation to the land, such as naturally attaches to the lands 
 of a settled community. 
 
 Through these provisions also, the speculative holdings of 
 large tracts of land is prevented, and bona fide owners are ob- 
 tained, each directly interested in the development of the land. 
 
 A further feature of the "Carey Act" vests the proprietor- 
 ship of the irrigation works in the settlers, upon payment there- 
 for to the corporation, who will have then received back the 
 original investment, and the profit, as contemplated in the orig- 
 inal application. The terms of transfer are usually stipulated 
 in the contract between the State and the Corporation. 
 
 It is hard to conceive how a more comprehensive law could 
 have been framed, just alike to the capitalist and to the settler, 
 nor a plan more calculated to effect the results contemplated 
 for it. 
 
 The following extract from the Rules and Regu- 
 Text of the lations of the State Board of Land Commissio tiers 
 "Carey Act." of the State of Idaho, sets forth in full the 
 "Carey Act," and its several amendments. 
 
 "Section 4 of the Act of Congress, approved August 18, 1894, 
 entitled, "An Act Making Appropriations for Sundry Civil 
 Expenses of the Government for the Fiscal Year ending June 
 30, 1895, and for Other Purposes," (28 Stat. 372-422) authorizes 
 
THE GREAT DAM AT MILNER, IDAHO 
 
The gates extend 530 feet along 
 the crest of the dam whose total 
 length is 2000 feet. 
 
the Secretary of the Interior, with the approval of the Presi- 
 dent, to contract and agree to patent to the states of Washing- 
 ton, Oregon, California, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, 
 Colorado, North Dakota, South Dakota and Utah, or any other 
 states, as provided in the act, in which may be found desert 
 lands, not to exceed 1,000,000 acres of such lands to each state, 
 under certain conditions. 
 
 The text of the act is as follows : 
 
 "That to aid the public land states in the reclamation of the desert lands therein 
 and the settlement, cultivation and sale thereof, in small tracts to actual settlers, 
 the Secretary of the Interior with the approval of the President, be, and hereby is, 
 authorized and empowered, upon proper application of the state, to contract and 
 agree, and from time to time in each of the states in which there may be situated 
 desert lands, as defined by the act entitled 'An Act to Provide for the Sale of Desert 
 Land in Certain States and Territpries' approved March third, eighteen hundred and 
 seventy-seven, and the act amendatory thereof, approved March third , eighteen hundred 
 and ninety-one, binding the United States to donate, grant and patent to the state 
 free of cost for survey or price such desert lands not exceeding one million acres in 
 each state, as the state may cause to be irrigated, reclaimed, occupied, and not less 
 than twenty acres of each one hundred and sixty acre tracts cultivated by actual set- 
 tlers, within ten years next after the passage of this act, as thoroughly as is required 
 of citizens who may enter under the desert land law. 
 
 "Before the application of any state is allowed, or any contracts or agreement 
 is executed, or any segregation of any of the land is ordered by the Secretary of the 
 Interior, the state shall file a map of the said land proposed to be irrigated which shall 
 exhibit a plan showing the mode of the contemplated irrigation and which plan shall 
 be sufficient to thoroughly irrigate and reclaim said land and prepare it to raise ordinary 
 agricultural crops, and Shall also show the source of the water to be used for irrigation 
 and reclamation, and .the Secretary of the Interior may make necessary regulations 
 for the reservation of the lands applied for by the states to date from the date of the 
 filing of the map and plan of irrigation, but such reservation shall be of no force what- 
 ever if such map and plan of irrigation shall not be approved. That any state con- 
 tracting under this section is hereby authorized to make all necessary contracts to 
 cause the said lands to be reclaimed, and to induce their settlement and cultivation 
 in accordance with and subject to the provisions of this section; but the states shall 
 not be authorized to lease any of said lands or to use or dispose of the same in any 
 way whatever, except to secure their reclamation, cultivation and settlement. 
 
 "As fast as any state may furnish satisfactory proof according to such rules and 
 regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior, that any of said 
 lands are irrigated, reclaimed and occupied by actual settlers, patents shall be issued 
 to the state or its assigns for said lands so reclaimed and settled: Provided, that said 
 states shall not sell or dispose of more than one hundred and sixty acres of said lands 
 to any one person, and any surplus of money derived by any state from the sale of 
 such lands in excess of the cost of their reclamation, shall be held as a trust fund for 
 and be applied to the reclamation of other desert lands in such state. That to enable 
 the Secretary of the Interior to examine any of the lands that may be selected under 
 the provisions of this section, there is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the 
 treasury, not otherwise appropriated, one thousand dollars/' 
 
 In the act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses 
 of the government for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1897, and 
 
 24 
 
for other purposes approved June 11, 1896, there is, under the 
 head of appropriation for ''surveying public lands," the follow- 
 ing provisions: 
 
 "That under any law heretofore or hereafter enacted by any state, providing 
 for the reclamation of arid lands, in pursuance and acceptance of the terms of the 
 grant made in section four of an act entitled, 'An Act Making Appropriations for the 
 Sundry Civil Expenses of the Government for the Fiscal Year Ending June Thirtieth, 
 Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-five,' approved August eighteenth, eighteen hundred 
 and ninety-four, a lien or liens is hereby authorized to be created by the state to 
 which lands are granted and by no other authority whatever, and when created shall 
 be valid on and against the separate legal subdivisions of land reclaimed for the actual 
 cost and necessary expenses of reclamation and reasonable interest thereon from the 
 date of reclamation until disposed of to actual settlers ; and when an ample supply of 
 water is actually furnished in a substantial ditch or canal, or by artesian wells or reser- 
 voirs, to reclaim a particular tract or tracts of such lands, then patent shall issue for 
 the same to such state without regard to settlement or cultivation: Provided, that 
 in no event, in no contingency and under no circumstances shall the United States be 
 in any manner directly or indirectly liable for any amount of any such lien for liability 
 in whole or in part." 
 
 The limitation of time in the above quoted section 4 was 
 modified by section 3 of the Act entitled "An Act Making Ap- 
 propriations for Sundry Civil Expenses of the Government for 
 the Fiscal Year Ending June Thirtieth, Nineteen Hundred and 
 Two, and for Other Purposes," approved March 3, 1901 (31 
 Stat., 1133-1188) which provides as follows: 
 
 "Sec. 3. That section 4 of the act of August eighteenth, eighteen hundred and 
 ninety- four, entitled, 'An Act Making Appropriations for Sundry Civil Expenses of 
 the Government for the Fiscal Year ending June Thirtieth, 1885, and for other pur- 
 poses,' is hereby amended so that the ten years' period in which any state shall cause 
 the lands applied for under said act to be irrigated and reclaimed, as provided in said 
 section as amended by the act of June eleventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-six, 
 shall begin to run from the date of approval by the Secretary of the Interior of the 
 state's application for the segregation of such lands: and if the state fails within the 
 said ten years to cause the whole or any part of the lands so segregated to be so irri- 
 gated and reclaimed, the Secretary of the Interior may. in his discretion, restore such 
 lands to the public domain." 
 
 Fattened on Alfalfa and Field Peas. 
 25 
 
8. S> 
 
 J 
 2 -a 
 
"Development of Irrigation, 
 
 The modern development of irrigation in the 
 Primitive United States has its foundation in the grad- 
 Irrigation ual absorption of the public lands in the 
 
 humid and semi-arid regions, half a century since. 
 Then it was that the pioneer on the arid lands, locating his 
 ranch near some source of water supply, with his own appli- 
 ances, began to construct ditches leading from the mountain 
 creeks, and by them irrigated his farm. His ingenuity and toil 
 thus enabled him to secure crops on the lowlands along the 
 rivers. Those who followed later on, found the lowlands along 
 the small streams, preempted, and were obliged to establish their 
 farms at greater distances from the streams, involving greater 
 expense in conveying the necessary water. 
 
 This led to the combination of farmers in jointly 
 Co-operative constructing main canals from the streams and 
 Ditch Asso- rivers, and subsequently dividing among them- 
 ciations. selves the flow, and thus came into being the 
 
 "co-operative ditch associations," and later the 
 formation of "municipal irrigation districts." 
 
 The demand for irrigation constantly growing, 
 Irrigating with the salutary results in evidence , was met by the 
 Companies, organization of companies for the purpose of 
 
 building ditches and reservoirs, and delivering 
 water to users through rentals. These at first were on a small 
 scale. As questions of law and equity arose and legislation was 
 enacted, recognizing certain rights or establishing precedent, 
 capital was encouraged by the gradually increasing protection 
 afforded it, until such safeguards have since been established, 
 that there are now in operation, large enterprises of private cor- 
 porations, operating under the strong provisions of the Carey 
 Act, and works of the Government, fostered under the Reclama- 
 tion Act, which are gigantic in their engineering undertakings, 
 and which involve the expenditure of millions of dollars in a 
 single project. 
 
 27 
 
It has been estimated that approximately 
 Government 10,000,000 acres of arid land have already 
 
 interest in been reclaimed, for the most part through 
 
 Reclamation. private and corporate enterprises. The Gov- 
 ernment, however, has, in later years, become 
 alive to the enormous benefits which accrue to the Nat ion, through 
 the development of its agricultural resources, and has appropri- 
 ated over $30,000,000, which is being expended in reclamation 
 projects already under way, and is preparing to expend as much 
 again in this most profitable investment. And well it may, 
 for, according toC. J. Blanchard, Esq., Statistician of the Govern- 
 ment Reclamation Service, the 3,198,000 acres already re- 
 claimed, or in process of reclamation, together with the 3,270,000 
 acres additional now contemplated, will add forthwith over 
 $200,000,000 to the taxable property of the people of the United 
 States, and will provide substantial homesteads and gainful 
 occupations for 80,000 families. Nor does this take into 
 consideration enhancements in land values and in population, 
 through the subsequent development of the several areas re- 
 claimed, but is estimated on values at the time of the completion 
 of the several works. 
 
 It is well recognized that lands in completed 
 Values of Irri- irrigated districts rapidly enhance in values, 
 gated Land. as development proceeds. It is hard indeed 
 to find improved land selling for less than 
 $50.00 per acre, and orchard land may bring as high as $2,000 
 per acre, as it has in California. In Eastern Washington, in 
 the lower Yakima Valley, improved land, suitable for small 
 fruits, is selling at prices reaching $1,000 per acre, and at Lewis- 
 ton, Idaho, where cherries are very successfully grown, land has 
 sold as high as $1,500 per acre. On the recently developed 
 Twin Falls Tract in Southern Idaho, agricultural land has 
 brought as high as $300 per acre, and in small tracts as high as 
 $600 per acre. 
 
 A step further will include the valuations of all the col- 
 lateral development associated with the settlement of the 
 desert the steam railroads and electric lines, so essential for 
 transportation, the telegraph and telephone system 
 
 29 
 
THE HARNESSING OF THE MANY NATURAL 
 WATER-POWERS. 
 
 Power House of the Great Shoshone and 
 Twin Falls Water Power Company. 
 
 Salmon Falls of the Snake River. 
 
industrial necessities with their demand for power, which will 
 involve the harnessing of the many natural water powers to be 
 found scattered through the arid regions. All these enterprises 
 will require the employment of thousands of skilled and un- 
 skilled laborers, who, with their dependent families, will naturally 
 add to the home market demand for the products of the irrigated 
 farms. 
 
 And so the $200,000,000 already referred to may be more 
 properly said to represent a future addition of $1,000,000,000 
 to the taxable property of the Nation. 
 
 Among the more notable of the Govern- 
 Some Govern- ment projects, which appear in the last re- 
 ment Reclamation port of the Reclamation Service, may be 
 Projects. mentioned, 
 
 The Salt River Valley project near 
 
 Phoenix, Arizona, with an irrigable area of 270,000 acres and 
 involving the construction of the mammoth Roosevelt Dam, 
 with a capacity of 1,300,000 acre feet, this being the largest 
 dam in the world. The allotment from the Reclamation fund, 
 for this project, arrounts to $4,539,161, half of which has 
 already been expended; 
 
 The Yuma project in California, now well under construc- 
 tion, with an irrigable area of 92,000 acres; 
 
 The North Platte project of Nebraska- Wyoming, with the 
 Pathfinder reservoir, having a capacity of 1,000,000 acre feet; 
 $3,300,000 has already been allotted to this project; 
 
 The Truckee-Carson project in Nevada, with the irrigable 
 area of the first unit 200,000 acres, and for which $3,700,000 has 
 been allotted; 
 
 The Shoshone project in Big Horn County, Wyoming, with 
 an irrigable area of 125,000 acres; 
 
 The Klamath project in Oregon to irrigate 236,000 acres; 
 
 The Payette-Boise project of Idaho, having an irrigable 
 area of 372,000 acres, the first division of which is soon to be 
 completed, and 
 
 The Minidoka, Idaho, project recently completed in 
 the Snake River Valley, and having an irrigable area of 
 130,000 to 150,000 acres. In this project water is carried 
 
at the present time to about 80,000 acres by gravity, and will be 
 pumped on the balance at some future time. 
 
 These projects, though only part of the Government's present 
 undertakings, will serve to give some idea of the scope of the 
 Government's interest. 
 
 To sum up briefly, the Reclamation Service, which was 
 organized the same month as the Panama Canal Commission, 
 has dug 1,815 miles of canals, or nearly the distance from 
 New York to Denver. Up to January, 1908, it has excavated 
 40,000,000 cubic yards of earth and rock, or one-third the total 
 excavation required for the Panama Canal. It has erected 214 
 large structures, built 611 miles of wagon road in mountains 
 and heretofore inaccessible regions, excavated 10 miles of 
 tunnels and has surveyed and mapped an area larger than the 
 combined area of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. 
 
 Under the provisions of the Carey Act over 
 Extent of 2,000,000 acres have already been segregated, in- 
 Carey Act volving an expenditure of over $20,000,000. Idaho 
 Projects. alone has now exhausted her 1,000,000 acres do- 
 nation, followed, however, closely by Wyoming, 
 in which between 700,000 and 800,000 acres have been segre- 
 gated, while Montana with 400,000 acres, Oregon, and Colorado 
 are the only other states, where any considerable progress 
 has been made. 
 
 Among the private irrigation projects operating 
 The Twin Falls under the Carey Act, the Twin Falls develop- 
 Pro ject. ment on the Snake River, in Southern 
 Idaho, stands out conspicuously, as the largest 
 and most successful irrigation project of any kind in the United 
 States. In combination, the development of the south and 
 north sides of the river, represents a segregation of 425,000 acres, 
 over half of which acreage is already settled, and over three- 
 fourths of which has already been sold. 
 
 As the Twin Falls project is so noteworthy, and as the Twin 
 Falls North Side is practically a continuation of the project on 
 the South Side of the Snake River, and is of especial interest to 
 the reader of this booklet, the development will be treated in 
 detail as an example of what may be accomplished by "Irrigation ' 
 
 33 
 
bfl 
 
 <U 
 
 <u 
 
 rt 
 
 C 
 
 ^ 
 
 4-> 
 
 OH 
 
 *"? 
 bJD 
 
The Largest and Most Successful Irrigation Pro- 
 ject in the United States- -The 
 Twin Falls Tract. 
 
 The year 1903 dawned in Southern Idaho, ''Land of Sun- 
 shine" where that writhing and winding river, aptly named 
 the Snake, hisses through its canyon, walled with massive sides 
 of rugged lava rock, to see stretched out for miles on either 
 side, vast wastes of treeless desert plains, bristling with the 
 bushy sage, and shunned by man and beast. 
 
 The year passed by, and then appeared the tented camps 
 of a busy swarm, with transit and chain, or drill and shovel, 
 preparing the way for the marvelous transformation scene so 
 soon to follow. Then, too a house, or rather bungalow was built, 
 and with it swaths of sage brush cleared the nucleus of a 
 future city center of a thriving land. 
 
 In 1904 prospective settlers came from north, and south, 
 and east, and west, and viewed the land, selecting here and there 
 their future homes. 
 
 And now another year had passed, the spring of 1905 had 
 come, when, at the Milner Dam, the mighty heart of all the re- 
 gion around, the gates shut down, the water rose and filled the 
 dam, and then began to back, and then to spill. And soon were 
 slowly opened other gates, and from them spurted streams, 
 which, coursing through canal and ditch, two hundred miles of 
 arteries and veins of that vast desert waste, brought vigor to the 
 languid soil. And then it was that, with the water's rush, extend- 
 ing out to all extremes, the pulse of that great sleeping tract 
 began to beat, the stupor now forever gone. The sallow sage 
 brush scale peeled off, and in its stead the green alfalfa grew, 
 or maybe fields of wheat, or corn, or oats now pushing out their 
 shooting blades, or later radiant with their golden grains. And 
 everywhere sprang signs of life. The spell was off, and in the 
 place of that long dormant waste, arose a strong and healthy 
 fertile land. 
 
 Such then is the chronicle of events, transforming the largest 
 single tract of desert waste, so far attempted, into farms, prolific 
 with luxtiriant crops and fruits. 
 
 35 
 
The entire city of Twin Falls, Aug. i, 1904, and Main Street, Twin Falls, 1907, 
 
 Hotel Perrine, Twin Falls. 
 
 The daily arrival of children from the Twin Falls tract at the Bickel School House. 
 
Since then ho:r.es have dotted the landscape at frequent 
 intervals all over the tract, to house the 2,500 settlers' families, 
 and half a dozen substantial towns have been established, with 
 populations of from 1,000 to 3,500. The County Cassia has 
 been divided, and the town of Twin Falls is the county seat of 
 the new Twin Falls County. 
 
 All manner of modern conveniences attach to this 
 City of town, including an excellent water supply, sewage 
 
 Twin Falls and telephone systems, electric light and power. It 
 boasts of several hotels, one of which, erected at a 
 cost of $100,000, is hard to find equalled in any other town of 
 similar size. The school facilities are excellent, and in keeping 
 with the liberal policy of the State of Idaho, jealously guarding 
 the education of the young. There are three banks in Twin Falls, 
 one national and two state, with deposits of over $500,000. Town 
 lots, 25 x 125, command from $1,500 to $7,000. Its mercantile 
 houses do it credit, and manufactories are being rapidly estab- 
 lished, with the recent acquisition of electric power, and as fast 
 as the supply of labor can be depended upon. 
 
 Such a town then is this, three years old, substantial in all 
 its elements, and yet with a growth only consistent with actual 
 demands, far removed from pernicious speculative "boom." 
 
 Seventeen miles below Twin Falls, on the western edge 
 Buhl, of the tract, is the town of Buhl, at the present time 
 terminus of the Minidoka & Southwestern Railroad, 
 which runs through the tract, joining the Oregon Short Line at 
 Minidoka, 75 miles above. This railroad was constructed at 
 a cost of about $1,000,000 simply to meet the demands of this 
 tract, and it is said to be today the second best paying branch 
 of the Oregon Short Line. 
 
 At Milner, 20 miles east of Twin Falls, a town of 
 Milner. 1200 at the present writing, and where the great 
 dam is located, the electric line now building from 
 Gooding, on the Oregon Short Line to the southeast, will form 
 a junction with the Minidoka & Southwestern. The devel- 
 opment of this town is proceeding on industrial lines. Its close 
 proximity to hydro-electric power, its railway connections, and 
 its river navigation (for the Snake River is here navigable for 
 
 37 
 
CO 
 
 <u 
 
some thirty miles or more) assisting in locating creameries, 
 canning factories, sugar beet factories, flour and alfalfa mills, 
 breweries, cement works, packing houses, etc. 
 
 The source of the power referred to is found 
 Water in the several falls of the Snake River canyon, di- 
 Power. viding the two tracts ; these are the Great Shoshone 
 
 Falls, with a drop of 210 feet 55 feet higher than 
 Niagara Falls ; Twin Falls, Auger Falls and Salmon Falls, indi- 
 cating an aggregate possible power development of 150,000 H. P. 
 A still greater transformation is in store for this district from 
 the industrial development of these falls. Electric power is 
 now being distributed on both the North and South side tracts, 
 and the settler can enjoy electric light in his home, at a cost of 
 about 1 cent per hour for a 16 C. P. light. Besides their 
 utilization, these Falls are magnificent in their grandeur; 
 visitors come to marvel from all countries of the world, 
 giving this very district a world-wide reputation. Within the 
 60 miles of canyon, dividing the two tracts, the river's drop is 
 1500 feet. 
 
 But the main factor in all this development, the 
 Richness of reasons for its primary undertaking, its present 
 Soil. prosperity, and its bright perspective, is not to 
 
 be found in the grandeur of its scenery, nor in 
 the conveniences of the towns, nor in the railroad facilities, nor 
 even in the great power advantages ; the secret is in the extra- 
 ordinary richness of the deep lava loam, fertilized by the water 
 conveyed to it by the net work of canals and ditches, extending 
 over hundreds of miles, and the perfect climate, assisting this 
 fertilization in the furtherance of the growth of crops. 
 
 Southern Idaho has been termed the "Land of Sun- 
 Climate, shine," and so it is, for with an average annual rain- 
 fall of only about 12 inches, but 3 to 5 inches of which 
 are in the growing season, 300 clear days may be counted on 
 throughout the year; thus affording crops a wonderful amount 
 of sunlight, and spoiling no harvests by rain. The temperature 
 is mild, and sensibility to extremes is lessened by the dry atmos- 
 phere. The thermometer seldom touches zero in the winter, 
 
 39 
 
H< 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Showing course of the Snake River. 
 
nor rises above 100 degrees in the summer. Cyclones, hot winds 
 and devastating storms are unknown in this land. 
 
 The soil is a "rich volcanic ash, with slight admixture of 
 Soil. sand, which renders it more easily irrigated than the 
 
 heavier clay soils." It extends to great depths, and, 
 bedded with lava rock, will retain its moisture a long time. 
 
 The land of the North Side tract has somewhat 
 Drainage. of an advantage over that of the South Side, in 
 that it gradually slopes towards the south, afford- 
 ing excellent drainage, and an ideal exposure for orchards and 
 growing crops. A strata of excellent water is also found from 
 200 to 300 feet under the North Side tract, enabling the 
 settlers at all times to secure, by wells, the purest water for 
 their homes. 
 
 The combination of climate, soil and moisture on 
 Scientific the Twin Falls tracts has produced results in the 
 Farming. production of crops, truly marvelous and calculated 
 to tax credulity. These marvelous results, how- 
 ever, are made ordinary on these tracts due to another element 
 injected into the attending conditions, and which ably supple- 
 ments the advantages of climate and soil. It is that of "scien- 
 tific farming." 
 
 Mr. Edward T. Barber, editor of the "Shoshone (Idaho) 
 Journal" has written an article on irrigation farming which 
 affords some points of interest: 
 
 "The farmer in the rain belt hears of the phenomenal crops of the irri- 
 gation farmer, and pronounces the stories fakes of the rankest kind. Occa- 
 sionally he gets an opportunity to actually behold some of the wonderful 
 returns of the irrigation farmer and then he is filled with wonder and in- 
 stinctively asks "why?" *.* Soil supplies the necessary chemical 
 elements for plant life, sunshine supplies the mysterious power by which 
 these elements are brought in place in the plant, and water is the vehicle 
 which dissolves the chemicals and conveys them to the organs of the plant. 
 The irrigation farmer, by controlling his water supply, is master of the three 
 elements under consideration. He can control them with as certain results, 
 as can the master of a factory or a machine shopman his materials, into a 
 finished product. In other words the irrigation farmer is a manufacturer 
 of farm products. 
 
 In the rain belt every rain which falls, dissolves and carries away with 
 its excess run-off water the chemical elements in the soil so necessary to 
 
 41 
 
h 
 
 .s 
 
 h 
 
 o 
 
 (U 
 
 <u 
 
plant life. * * * In a desert country no such leaching of the soil c,iii 
 take place. The soil of the desert retains all of its original chemical ele- 
 ments necessary to plant life. * * * Another condition which fre- 
 quently injures the crop of the rain belt farmer, and which the irrigation 
 farmer does not have to meet, is the damage to a growing crop from a hard 
 rain, coming just at the time the plant is in the critical stage of blossom, 
 so as to wash off the polen and blast the seed pods to a certain extent. 
 
 "The very conditions which are necessary to bring rain to the rain belt 
 farmer, of necessity shuts off his sunshine. In Idaho the number of sun- 
 shiny days during the growing season is perhaps greater than in any other 
 farming community on earth. Its high latitude brings some sixteen hours 
 of sunshine each day during the height of the growing season, and a cloudy 
 day is a rare occurrence at that time-. of the year. The peculiar location 
 of Southern Idaho in relation to the mountains, and the warm currents 
 of the Pacific, give her an added advantage in the matter of warm atmos- 
 phere to her long days of sunshine. 
 
 "The key to the great advantage of irrigation farming over rain belt 
 farming lies in the power to regulate the quantity of water applied and the 
 application of it to a growing crop at the right time. The rain belt farmer 
 is at the mercy of the chance rain for the application of water to his crops. 
 * * * * Give a crop of oats all the water it will use in its early stages 
 of growth and it fairly runs riot in its wealth of straw. It grows, entirely 
 unmindful of its duty to its kind, in the matter of self perpetuation by rais- 
 ing a seed head. Give it all the soil, sunshine and water it can use, and it 
 will produce little but straw. The irrigation farmer permits his oat crop 
 to expend its energies in producing straw, to a certain point ; he then shuts 
 off the supply of water, and the plant's instinct warns it to begin to throw 
 out a seed head. When the head is fairly started the irrigation farmer then 
 feeds the plant again, and stimulates the energies of the plant in that direc- 
 tion to its utmost capacity. * * The same principal applies to all other 
 crops the same as oats. * * * * 
 
 The new settler on the Twin Falls tracts is assisted in 
 Experimental learning the best methods of irrigating, and in producing 
 Farm. satisfactory crops, through the establishment of an experi- 
 
 mental farm, maintained under an experienced superin- 
 tendent, Mr. Alexander McPherson, for fourteen years State Horticul- 
 turalist of Idaho. Lectures on agriculture, horticulture, dairying, etc., 
 are given somewhere on the tracts nearly every night in the week. Ex- 
 periences are exchanged and discussions engaged in, which are resulting 
 in the adoption of farming methods all over the tracts calculated to pro- 
 duce the best results from the soil. 
 
 Some Following is a letter from Mr. McPherson, dated January 25th. 
 yields. 1907, quoted in part as follows: 
 
 43 
 
: The Reference to Winter Apples is Worthy of Note. 
 
 One limb of an apple tree on the Twin Falls tract. 
 
"The past two years has amply demonstrated that practically all crops grown 
 in the temperate zone can be raised successfully on the Twin Falls tract, and I believe 
 that for many varieties, there is no section in the northwest where the crop production 
 can be equalled. To illustrate this last year some of our wheats produced as high 
 as 84.5 bushels per acre, oats 119 bushels per acre, barley 84 bushels per acre, corn 
 94 bushels per acre, potatoes 524 bushels per acre and sugar beets 22 tons per acre, 
 giving 19.7 per cent, sugar on raw land, while melons, including the Rocky Ford 
 Canteloupe, were the most productive crop that I ever saw. 
 
 Alfalfa went as high as nine tons to the acre the second year, while in a number 
 of instances in large tracts, the average was seven tons to the acre the first year's 
 crop. All kinds of garden vegetables, including celery, were the finest I ever saw 
 
 The orchards that have been set out are making a very fine showing and won- 
 drous growth. Some of these orchards, from actual measurement, grew ten to fif- 
 teen branches from four to six feet in length. I believe that all kinds of fruit will be 
 grown successfully on the tract, and especially do I think that this will be a country 
 for raising winter apples." 
 
 The reference to winter apples is worthy of note, inasmuch 
 as carload after carload of most delicious apples were shipped 
 this year to Chicago and the East. 
 
 "Besides the cereals, grasses and vegetables already enumerated 
 Other others may be mentioned as having done exceedingly well here: 
 Crops. Rye, buckwheat, clover, timothy, red-top, orchard grass, hops, 
 
 peaches, pears, prunes, plums, nectarines, apricots, Japanese 
 plums, quinces, cherries, grapes, currants and all small fruits. Straw- 
 berries are extremely prolific, and their season lasts from the middle of 
 May to the middle of November. Peanuts, sweet potatoes and tobacco 
 have also grown splendidly. It would be difficult to find a place adapted 
 to a wider range of profitable crops. Wherever the Idaho ''Italian" prune 
 has come into competition with the same prune of any other section, the 
 Idaho product has brought from $250.00 to $300.00 per car more than any 
 other competitor. 
 
 "One of the demands of the Rocky Mountain States is poultry 
 Other and eggs. There never has been enough of either Bee-keeping 
 
 Products, is profitably carried on in the older districts. Alfalfa yields a 
 
 delicious white honey, for which there is an abundant market. 
 Hogs give immense profits where the grower raises them on alfalfa. Milk and 
 butter are in constant demand. Butter in great quantities is continually 
 being brought from other states to supply the cities, towns and mining 
 camps of the Northwest." 
 
 On the Twin Falls North Side tract, along the 
 A World bank of Snake river, is the famous Blue Lakes 
 
 Famous Fruit Fruit Farm the pioneer farm of the district. 
 farm. It w r as here that Ira B. Perrine years ago drove 
 
 his herds of sheep, for shelter in the canyon. 
 Impressed with its beauty and natural advantages, he quickly 
 
 45 
 
"In Idaho are quartered 4,000,000 sheep." 
 
 Thousand Springs on the north side of the Snake River. 
 
decided to make the canyon his permanent home, planting his 
 first fruit orchard and his forage farm, which he watered by 
 means of ditches of his own construction, leading from the two 
 lakes, whose bluish cast have given them their name. 
 
 This farm has in the neighborhood of twenty thousand bearing 
 fruit trees of almost every kind, and it was the fruit from this 
 noted farm that won the first prize and Gold Medal at the Trans- 
 Mississippi Congress, Buffalo Exposition, World's Fair at 
 Chicago, Lewis & Clark Exposition, and World's Fair at Paris, 
 for the best fruit exhibit. 
 
 In this orchard are produced almonds and walnuts. 
 English walnut trees are flourishing, but are yet too young to 
 have produced. In the plum line every species is found here, 
 even to semi-tropical fruit. 
 
 The question may be raised, if this country pro- 
 Demand for duces so marvelously, will the available market 
 Products. be sufficient to keep farming so profitable?- In 
 
 answer to this, let it be known that in Idaho are 
 quartered 4,000,000 sheep, besides great quantities of cattle. 
 In Cassia County alone over 100,000 cattle are quartered on the 
 ranches there. To supply winter forage for the present demand, 
 is more than the farmers of the Twin Falls tracts are doing now, 
 and as the cattle industry increases on the tract, even more 
 provender will be required. 
 
 Within the current year the population of the corn- 
 Local bined tracts will be close to 20,000 people, and as the 
 Market. sub-division of lands has already begun, the colon- 
 izers coming in with purchases of five or ten acre 
 lots laborers and mechanics for the various industries there 
 will be a liberal and continually growing local market to pro- 
 vide for. The Pacific coast is also close by, which furnishes, 
 besides the market of the seaboard cities, an export market as 
 well. 
 
 The many mining camps are all great consumers of the pro- 
 ducts of the Twin Falls tract, and may be included in the local 
 market. 
 
 The demand for sugar beets by the factories locating on 
 the tract is not likely to ever become oversupplied, for the sugar 
 
 47 
 
beet is a staple and will always be in great demand, and hops, 
 by reason of their excellent quality, are shipped in quantities 
 as far east as New York. 
 
 The fruit market is found largely in the states East 
 Fruit of the Mississippi River, which have in recent years 
 
 Market become great consumers of the Northwestern fruits. 
 
 It may not be known that two-thirds of the North- 
 western fruits found in the New York market come from Idaho, 
 and Idaho fruits, as well, bring the best prices by reason of 
 their quality. The market for canned fruits is also an extended 
 one, being both domestic and export. In fact the question of 
 market for products is not one to give any anxiety to the 
 settlers on the Twin Falls tracts. 
 
 With the great resources of this irrigation tract as yet 
 only partially developed, and with the knowledge of what has 
 been already accomplished, the future of this district within the 
 next decade baffles prediction. 
 
 The success of the North Side project bids fair 
 Extraordinary to outstrip that of the South Side, so that their 
 Sales of consideration may properly be that of one 
 
 Land. tract. The sales of land at Jerome, on the 
 
 North Side amounted to nearly 50,000 acres in 
 one day, all in blocks of from 40 to 160 acres, distancing any- 
 thing of the kind ever known. Within a few weeks, more than 
 half the entire acreage had been disposed of, to settlers anxious 
 to develop the new tract. 
 
 There is abundant water for the proper irrigation 
 Water of the Twin Falls tracts at all seasons of the year, 
 Supply. however dry that season may be. The total ap- 
 propriation of water rights accruing to the Twin Falls 
 North Side Land and Water Company is 5,650 second feet, the 
 contract with the State requiring the company, however, to pro- 
 vide a carrying capacity of but 1,800 second feet, as being an 
 ample supply for the proper irrigation of the entire 180,000 acres. 
 The Company's agreement with the settlers, based on the State's 
 contract, allows each settler 1-80 of a second foot per acre con- 
 tinuous flow, which is equivalent to a monthly rainfall of 9 inches. 
 
 49 
 
Construction work on Twin Falls North Side Canal 
 
The Milner Dam diverting the water from the 
 The Dam at Snake River, twenty-three miles above the 
 Milner. Great Shoshone Falls at the head of the 
 
 famous Snake River Canyon, is declared by 
 engineers to be one of the finest pieces of construction of its 
 kind in the world. Its cost was half a million dollars, and it 
 was built with most exacting specifications for permanency. 
 Upon the initial development of the North Side of the Snake 
 River, by the Twin Falls North Side Land & Water Company, 
 title to an undivided interest in this dam passed to the latter 
 company under the sanction of the State. Of concrete, earth 
 and rock construction, it raises the level of the river 49 feet and 
 backing the water 14 miles, forms in itself a large reservoir. 
 "The gates extend 530 feet along the crest of the dam, whose 
 total length is 2000 feet. Incorporated in the dam are two 
 islands of rocks ; on the south island are located the gates and on 
 the north island is a permanent concrete waste weir, which takes 
 care of the excess flow of the great river. Beneath the north 
 island is a tunnel 50 feet wide and 10 feet high, divided into 
 eight compartments, all lined with cement. The two islands, 
 which disputed the river's path divided the stream into three 
 channels, each of which has been stopped by a substantial 
 dam. The rock portion of the dam is 160 feet wide at the base, 
 80 feet high and 20 feet across. The upstream side is filled 
 with puddled earth sluiced in. The base is 450 feet with a 
 margin of safety 6J to 1. No irrigation tract is more secure in 
 the supply of water." 
 
 In addition to the storage capacity of the Milner 
 Features of Dam, the North Side tract is guarded through pro- 
 Irrigation vision for three reservoirs to supplement the sup- 
 System, ply at any time, or to provide for any possible 
 
 contingency The aggregate capacity provided 
 for by these three reservoirs is 200,000 acre feet; an exceptional 
 liberal reserve supply. A participation in the huge government 
 dam at Jackson's Lake in the Teton Mountains at the head- 
 waters of the Snake River has also been acquired, an evidence 
 of the liberal precautions taken to insure ample water supply at 
 all times. The canals are constructed of rock, earth and con- 
 
 51 
 
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 Hi 
 
 i -'-v 
 
 
 :.*?*;*;,. . ;v, ; - 
 ;-^^S-^T^MK 
 
 -.-, 8 
 
 i^ 
 
 .!B& : 'ifi^ 
 
 ^Mm- ^ ^^SlP^l^^^^fi 
 :2 5V 18l?^Blft 
 
 1 
 
 (U 
 
crete, comprising a system of 300 miles. The engineering has 
 been under the charge of P. S. A. Bickel, who constructed the 
 irrigation work of the South Side, and both D. W. Ross, Esq., 
 Government Supervising Engineer in charge of the Minidoka 
 project and A. J. Wylie, Esq., the well known hydraulic engi- 
 neer and irrigation expert, have reported most favorably upon 
 the project. 
 
 The towns of Milner, Jerome, and Wendell are 
 Towns of the fast building, and will doubtless hold prominent 
 Northside. positions, not only in the Commonwealth, but 
 
 throughout the entire Northwest. 
 
 With such wide interest in the subject of irrigation, much 
 has been written recently for publication in current magazines. 
 The Twin Falls tract being conspicuously the most successful 
 of private irrigation projects has been frequently mentioned in 
 the articles referred to, and more elaborate descriptions have 
 been given than is herein attempted. Its fame has attracted 
 numerous visitors of prominence, and it may be interesting to 
 quote from the impressions of a few of them as follows : 
 
 In the summer of 1907 William Jennings Bryan said 
 A Few in a speech : "No one who has visited the irrigated 
 
 Comments, regions can understand the transformation that 
 
 water makes in the appearance of a desert. But 
 even those accustomed to the miracle, that has been wrought 
 by the irrigation canals, is hardly prepared for the change that 
 has taken place within three years in the land about Twin Falls. 
 We visited Jerome, the new town on the North Side Twin Falls 
 project, in order that we might compare it with the develop- 
 ment which we expect to see when we return a few years hence. 
 With your climate, your soil, and the abundant water of your 
 great river, you are destined to be one of the most famous, if 
 not the most famous of the irrigated sections of the country." 
 
 The Congressional Committee on Irrigation and Reclama- 
 tion made a tour of the arid states and visited the Twin Falls 
 Tract. In reporting this visit the Twin Falls News says: 'The 
 Twin Falls Irrigation project is by far the grandest private 
 enterprise of the kind we have ever seen since we began our 
 journey through the arid regions of the west, and we have seen 
 
 53 
 
o 
 
 CO 
 
 "E 
 
 ci 
 
 > 
 
 < 
 
practically every project of note in the country." Said Con- 
 gressman Mondell of Wyoming: "Your water supply is illimit- 
 able and the method of diverting and distributing it is superb. 
 You have a magnificent stretch of land. I have not a single 
 criticism to offer." 
 
 "All you need is a Pennsylvania Dutchman to farm your 
 lands," declared Congressman A. F. Cooper of Pennsylvania. 
 "We have seen many projects on our journey, but none of them 
 suits me like this one. The soil, the climate and the water sup- 
 ply are first class, and your citizens are evidently people of brains 
 and capital. I am not authority on irrigation, but I do not need 
 to be, to appreciate your magnificent project ; a schoolboy could 
 do that." 
 
 Congressman Reeder of Kansas, could speak with author- 
 ity, being familiar with irrigation for years. "As an old irri- 
 gator," he said "it was easy for me to become enthusiastic over 
 the Twin Falls project. It is an enterprise I want to remember. 
 Your water supply is secure and ample; your land is fertile and 
 easy to irrigate; and your climate is such that people may live 
 here in comfort the year around." 
 
 Such corroborative evidence may be heard from all who 
 visit this tract. They come with doubting minds, they see, 
 they hear, and with conviction of the miracle, they turn away 
 again with keen regret that word and pen so utterly fail to de- 
 scribe this truly greatest wonder of the age. 
 
 Company House at Milner, Idaho. 
 55 
 
Typical Farm Houses 
 
 on the Twin Falls tract. 
 
Opportunities for Investment Afforded 
 by "Irrigation." 
 
 While Irrigation bonds have had a place in the 
 The Carey Act investment market for many years, being 
 responsible principally the issues of "municipal irrigation 
 
 for invest- districts," or those of corporations organized 
 
 ment possi- to supply water to land owners at a stipu- 
 
 bilities of lated rental for irrigating purposes, not until 
 
 Irrigation the passage of the Federal Carey Act in 1894, 
 
 Securities. and its vitally important amendment in 1897, 
 
 was there any special protection afforded the 
 investor in irrigation securities of private undertakings, beyond 
 that which might obtain in each individual case on its own merits. 
 Investors until then, therefore, naturally held aloof from 
 a class of securities, which placed the layman at such a disad- 
 vantage in determining the relative security afforded by each 
 offering. And properly so, for certain essential features might 
 be lacking which would render the project unsuccessful, causing 
 the bondholders to foreclose on a property which might prove 
 of little merit. 
 
 It was, therefore, for this reason that the United 
 Elements of States Government evolved a plan for the en- 
 Success are couragement of capital investment in irrigation 
 Guaranteed, securities, resulting in the passage of the ' 'Carey 
 
 Act." 
 
 Reclamation projects operating under its provisions are 
 guaranteed liberal safeguards to the investor: 
 
 (1) A sufficient water supply, and its proper distribution 
 over the tract to be irrigated 
 
 (2) A climate and soil suitable for agricultural pursuits. 
 
 (3) Stability and completion of the irrigation works, 
 which must be constructed under the supervision of the State, 
 and whose completion is guaranteed by a substantial bond. 
 
 (4) A statement of the estimated cost of the works, and 
 the margin of profit contemplated in the sale of the water rights . 
 the maximum price of which to settlers i? fixed. 
 
 57 
 
(5) Perfect titles to the land, direct from the Govern- 
 ment and the State. 
 
 (6) Eventual proprietorship of the irrigation system by 
 the land owners each water right purchased representing a 
 share in the Irrigation Company. 
 
 (7) A first and prior lien created by the State, on all the 
 segregated land in favor of the irrigation company. 
 
 (8) A settled community of improved and developed farms 
 of 160 acres or less, each. 
 
 All the elements necessary for success are thus assured to 
 " Carey Act" irrigation projects. 
 
 This has been made possible by the earnest endeavor of the 
 United States Government, , to encourage its citizens to assist in 
 reclaiming the arid lands, by affording them security for the 
 return of their capital, together with proper compensation for 
 its use. 
 
 There are, of course, features which render "Carey 
 Carey Act Act" projects more or less desirable. These are 
 projects those which bear on the attractiveness of the irri- 
 of gated district to prospective settlers, and which con- 
 
 relative tribute to a reasonably quick sale of the land and 
 worth water rights, through which the irrigation company 
 
 is reimbursed for its investment, and secures its 
 profits. Among these collateral features are the relative pro- 
 ductiveness of the soil, advantages of climate, the market for 
 products, the transportation facilities afforded, the character of 
 settlers, the educational opportunities, and the cost of fuel and 
 power. 
 
 In addition to the obligation of the irrigation 
 Special se- company and the security afforded, by the mort- 
 
 curity af- gaging of its works, (including dams, reser- 
 
 forded voirs and canals, and its right to distribute water 
 
 through and sell its shares), the bonds of "Carey Act" 
 
 "Carey Act" projects are further protected through a first 
 features. and prior lien, on the entire segregated tract, 
 
 created by the state, in favor of the Company. 
 This lien provides that the lands of projects under this Act may 
 be sold to settlers by the state, only after the settlers shall have 
 
 58 
 
purchased a corresponding amount of water rights, or shares 
 in the Irrigation Company, at a price representing a proportion- 
 ate cost of the works, together with the profit permitted by 
 the State. 
 
 To facilitate the colonization of the land, the water rights 
 are usually sold on terms of a definite payment down, and the 
 balance in annual installments. A still further security is thus 
 made possible as the basis for a bond issue by the Irrigation 
 company, in that the purchase money mortgages, given to the 
 company by the settler to secure the deferred payments, may be 
 pledged with a trustee, giving the bondholders the additional 
 security of first mortgages on individual farm lands. As the 
 installment payments are made on these purchase money mort- 
 gages, the equity in the mortgages correspondingly increases. 
 Moreover, the value of the land securing the mortgages invari- 
 ably increases with the development of the district, so that where 
 the original mortgage represents say 80 per cent of the first cost of 
 the undeveloped land, after, say, four or five installment payments 
 have been made, the mortgage lien represents perhaps only 
 one-half of the original cost, and may be only five or ten per cent, 
 of the then actual market value of the land securing the mort- 
 gage. This feature of increasing security, renders the long ma- 
 turities of the serial bond issue, especially desirable from an 
 investor's standpoint. 
 
 With perfect titles afforded through patents from 
 Perfect the state, and with the validity of the mortgages 
 titles unquestionable, (since the original lien is created 
 
 assured. by the state under authorization of the United States 
 
 Government), the only element open for consider- 
 ation, in establishing the security presented, is the sufficiency of 
 the margin of equity, and the stability of land values. 
 
 A recent report of the Reclamation Service gives 
 Land the average value of lands reclaimed by the Govern- 
 
 Values. ment as $47.00 per acre. The terms upon which Gov- 
 ernment project lands are sold to settlers are much 
 less attractive than those of the lands sold under Carey Act pro- 
 jects. It stands to reason, therefore, that the average value of the 
 latter lands should considerably exceed this figure. As a matter 
 
 59 
 
of fact they do, and it is a rare instance where any improved 
 land, in any irrigated district, can be purchased for as little as 
 $50.00 an acre anywhere. On a newly irrigated district the 
 lands bring from $75.00 to $300.00 an acre, and as development 
 proceeds, the values enhance, until $300.00 no longer seems a 
 high price for good agricultural land. Orchard land is in demand 
 at much higher figures, it frequently changing hands at as high 
 as $2,000 per acre. The reason for this is due to the prolific 
 soil of irrigated land, the absence of crop failures, the abundance 
 of sunshine and the regulated moisture making scientific farm- 
 ing possible, and assuring future crops, many times in excess 
 of those grown in the humid regions. A farmer may dispose 
 of his eastern farm at a price for which he can purchase three 
 times the acreage on a district about to be irrigated, and upon 
 it, when the water is "turned on," produce crops three or four 
 times in amount per acre those produced by his former farm. 
 In this way he not only doubles or trebles his income, but in- 
 creases it maybe eight or ten times over. 
 
 The magazines and newspapers of the coun- 
 Increasing try are active in extending a wider interest 
 
 demand for in irrigated lands, and the wide awake farmer 
 
 Irrigated Land. of the East and Central West is becoming 
 
 alive to the vast opportunities presented, 
 and is settling upon the new lands, leaving his worn-out farm 
 for his less progressive neighbor. At a recent opening of a tract 
 in Idaho by the Twin Falls North Side Land & Water Company, 
 over 48,000 acres of land were sold in one day, to nearly 1900 
 settlers, representing forty of the states of the Union. 
 
 The demand today for irrigated land is greater than the 
 supply. Thousands of United States citizens have been aroused 
 to settle the irrigated districts in the Canadian- Alberta Province, 
 owing to the limited area of irrigated land in this country. It 
 seems that, as fast as an irrigated tract is opened for settlement, 
 the land is quickly occupied. Little doubt, therefore, can exist 
 regarding not only the stability of present values of irrigated 
 lands, but of the certain increase in values, as the demand for 
 the lands grows, with the increasing appreciation of their real 
 worth. 
 
 60 
 
With this question disposed of, the bonds of irrigation com- 
 panies, which operate under the provisions of the' 'Carey Act," 
 and which pledge the individual settlers' purchase money mort- 
 gages with a reasonable margin of equity attaching, present, as 
 a class, an opportunity for an exceedingly safe and conservative 
 investment. In addition to the fact that they are secured by 
 individual farm mortgages, their issue is of a necessity based on 
 cost values, and is not susceptible to valuations fictitious or 
 ''watered." With crops insured against failure from drought 
 or flood, with strikes and lockouts, conflagration and financial 
 panic, no factor to the irrigation farmer's success, prompt pay- 
 ments may be with the utmost certainty depended upon. 
 
 In the relative security value of the several 
 Relative classes of investments, first place is conceded 
 
 position of to Government bonds, and those bonds which 
 
 investments. have been legally issued by substantial munici- 
 palities. Such securities are based on the sov- 
 reignty of the State, and the prior claims of taxation. 
 
 Second only to these are first mortgage bonds secured by 
 real estate. Their relative value is determined by the sufficien- 
 cy of the margin of equity, the marketability and stability of 
 values of the property mortgaged, and the responsibility of the 
 mortgagor. There is further entailed upon the investor how- 
 ever, scrutiny of property titles and position of the lien. In 
 this class may be properly included irrigation bonds of com- 
 panies which operate under the "Carey Act," and which pledge 
 as additional security the purchase money mortgages received 
 from settlers. 
 
 Such bonds have distinct points of advantage for 
 Advantages investment purposes over many local mortgages: 
 over (1) The sufficiency of the margin of equity is 
 
 Mortgages, usually ample, even based upon values of the land 
 
 in an undeveloped state, and these values, as has 
 been shown, invariably increase greatly with development. 
 There is no danger then of basing the margin of equity on a 
 high valuation, which is likely to decrease, wiping out the margin, 
 as is not infrequently the case in mortgages on city property, 
 even in the most substantial cities. The price of irrigated farm 
 
 61 
 
and orchard land is on the increase, the price of farm land in the 
 East seems to have passed its maximum. 
 
 (2) The demand for the irrigated lands of ''Carey Act" pro- 
 jects is such as to guarantee an assured market for the proper- 
 ties under mortgage, practically eliminating all possibility for 
 the necessity of "buying in" the property under foreclosure, 
 for self protection. 
 
 (3) The question of title is eliminated, inasmuch as the 
 title to the irrigated lands under mortgage is received through 
 patent from the state. 
 
 (4) The position of the priority of the mortgage is absolute 
 by Federal and State enactment, there being created a first and 
 prior lien "which said lien is in all respects prior to any and all 
 other liens created, or attempted to be created by the owner 
 or possessor of the lands." 
 
 (5) The responsibility of the mortgagor is a question passed 
 upon by the Secretary of the Interior, as well as by the State 
 Board of Land Commissioners, before granting the application, 
 and is further assured by the filing of a substantial bond with 
 the state. 
 
 (6) The convertibility of irrigation bonds is usually much 
 more readily effected, than in the case of any individual mort- 
 gage, on either farm or city property. 
 
 Granting that the above statements cannot 
 Certain Irrigation be successfully disputed, the bonds of "Carey 
 bonds rank Act" irrigation projects, which pledge the 
 
 next to settlers' mortgages as additional security, 
 
 Government and take rank as a class., in point of security 
 Municipal bonds, next to Government and municipal bonds. 
 
 As the security now afforded the investor in irrigation 
 bonds becomes more fully appreciated, and more widely known, 
 it is certain that irrigation bonds will within the near future sell 
 at relatively much higher prices. Especially is this so in view of 
 the recent financial disturbances, which have warned the careful 
 investor, to seek investments remotely removed from the in- 
 fluences of speculation, and direct dependence upon industrial 
 development. 
 
 62 
 
Farm lands are the basis of security for 
 
 Farm Products the irrigation bonds now under con- 
 
 Always in Demand. sideration ; and farm lands supply a 
 
 necessity at all periods, whether of pros- 
 perity or depression. The 80,000,000 people in this land must 
 depend on the products of the soil for food, and other nations, 
 as well, must look to this country to supplement their food and 
 provender supplies. Mr. J. J. Hill, the well known railroad 
 pioneer and developer of the Northwest, is quoted in a recent 
 speech as saying "The greatest resourcefulness of this country 
 lies not in her iron and steel, nor in her gold and silver, but in the ' 
 fertility of her soil, and its development in agricultural pursuits. " 
 President Roosevelt in his message to Congress of Decem- 
 ber, 1907, says "Irrigation should be far more extensively de- 
 veloped than at present****** The work of the Reclamation 
 Service in developing the larger opportunities of the Western 
 half of our country by irrigation is more important than almost 
 any other movement. ' ' 
 
 With the Government active in the performance 
 Opportunity of its share, in adding to the general prosperity, 
 for investor through the reclamation of the arid lands, en- 
 to couraging capital by the enactment of protective 
 
 participate. laws, and donating millions of acres of its lands, 
 
 and with prospective settlers only awaiting the 
 call, it remains for the capitalist and the investor to avail them- 
 selves of the invitation to assist in the great work, by familiar- 
 izing themselves with the subject, and by lending their money 
 in this cause, where they are certain not only to receive it back 
 again, but to be liberally compensated for its use. 
 
REPUBLIC BANK NOTE COMPANY 
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY, 
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