THE L POPULAR HISTORY OF OLD & NEW SARUM. ^ BV T. J. NORTHY, AUTHOR OK ''THE POPULAR HISTORY OF EXETER," &-c. Salisburg : Published by the " Wiltshire County Mirror & Express " Co., Ltd., 1897. PREFACE. TN presenting- the "Popular History of Old and New Sariun " to the reader, the aiithor desires to make it known that his chief object in undertaking the compilation is to present the public with the leading details of the extremel}- interesting annals of the ancient and historic eit}^ of Salisbury. He is aware of the existence of several able and exhaustive works upon various branches of the history of this city — notably that of Hatcher — but those tomes are inaccessible to many, both on account of their expense and their scarcity. In the present volume all the leading facts of interest, from prehistoric days to the present time, are collected and presented to the reader in a form which the author trusts may be accept- able. The arrangement of some chapters may need explanation, and it is this : that instead of recording events of importance which, extend over prolonged periods in widely separated and disjointed paragraphs (in order to adhere to strict chronological form) the story is presented connectedly and complete in a chapter or series of chapters. To give an example : records of the cj^uarrels between the bishops and citizens of Salisbury, which we find occurring and recurring at intervals during a long period of time in the early days of history of New Sarum, are presented in the form of a continuous nari-ative. The writer ventures to believe that in this way the taste of the reader will be best consulted. It remains to be added that if the issue of this humble Avork be the means of popularising the History of Old and New Sarum, the author's object Avill have been accomplished. Salisbuky, August, 1897. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE. A Glance at Prehistoric Times — Occupation by the Celts and Belgians — Discovery of Local Evidences — Ancient Ditches and their Uses— Old Sarum in Roman Times — Remains of Roman Roads ... ... ... 3-10 CHAPTER II. Post-Roman History — Defeat of Vortigern by Ambrosius at the Battle of Wallop Fields— Old Sarum in the West Saxon Kingdom — The Battles of Charford and Old Sarum — The Identity of Natan-Leod ... ... 11-15 CHAPTER III. King Alfred and the Danes — The Northmen defeated near Wilton— Repairing and Strengthening the Fortress at Old Sarum — " Amours of King Edgar " : The Romantic Story of Elfrida and Athelwolf ... ... ... 16-23 CHAPTER IV. Great gathering convened by William the Conqueror at Old Sarum — The P'eudal System — Domesday Book — Memorable Local f>ents Conspiracies against William Rufus— A Trial by Battle — Tortured to Death ... 24-27 CHAPTER V. Archbishop Anselm's disputes with Henry I. - Effect of the quarrel on the See of Sarum — Another (ireat Council at Old .Sarum Matilda and Stephen — Local events during the Civil War ... ... ... ... ... 28-34 CHAPTER VI. The Tournament between Sarum and Wilton : Description of the Scene — A Reign of ierror — the Earls of Salis- bury Romantic .Story of Kla and Her Suitors- the Earl of Salisbury of To-day ... ... ... 35-45 1 ii. CONTENTS. CHAPTER VII. PAGE. A Mint at Old Sarum — Known Coins — Formation of the See of Old Sarum — A Sketch of its History from the Days of the Apostle of Wessex — Herman's Removal to " the Dry and Waterless Hill" — Foundation and Build- ing of the Old Cathedral ... ... ... 46-51 CHAPTER VIII. The Episcopacy of St. Osmund : Formation of a Cathedral Chapter — His Canonisation — Remarkable Accounts of Miracles Wrought — Extraordinary Negociations ... 52-61 CHAPTER IX. The Removal of the Cathedral Establishment to New Sarum — Causes for the Translation — Soldiers and Clerics — Traditions — The Fortress Dismantled ... ... 62-67 CHAPTER X. The' Political History of Old Sarum — Its Association with the Agitations for Parliamentary Reform — Curious Mode of Election — Disfranchisement ... ... 68-72 CHAPTER XI. The [Building of the Cathedral — Great Rejoicings at the Laying of the Foundation Stones and Consecration — Religious zeal — The Dominican Friars at .Salisbury — Educational Movement ... ... ... ... 75-79 CHAPTER XII. A time of Prosperity for the City — The Wool Trade Flourishing — Commercial Rivalry between Salisbury and Wilton — Taxation and Rebellion — The Clergy and their Rights — Gatheringof Barons at Salisbury — Nobles Defy the King — Plundering of the Clerical Houses and Churches — Quarrel between Bishop and Citizens — Privileges renounced by the City ... ... ... 80-88 CONTENTS. iii. CHAPTER XIII. PAGE. The Quarrel between the Bishop and Citizens — Repenting at Leisure — Reconciliation between the Disputants — Some Curious Clauses of the Agreement — How the Citizens did their Marketing — The Raising of the Ram- part — Episcopal Discipline ... ... ... 89-96 CHAPTER XIV. The Bishop and People Still at Loggerheads — John Halle to the Fore — The King Desires an Explanation and Settle- ment — Contempt in the Royal Presence : Salisbury Council defy the King — Preparations for a Royal Visit — Attempt at Reconciliation of Differences— The " Be- ginning of the End " ... ... ... ••• 97-105 CHAPTER XV. Regulations for the Government of the Corporation — Fines for Not Attending the Mayor— Expulsions from the Council — The Dignity of the Mayoralty- The Dresses of the Mayor and his Brethren Regulated by Resolution — What they wore at Feasts and at Church — Penalties for Default— At the Feast of St. George — The Costumes of the \Vi\es of the Mayor and his Brethren also Regulated ... ... ... ... ••• 106-111 CHAPTER XVI. Salisbury and the Troubles in Edward IPs. Reign — Parliament Convened at Salisbury — Roger Mortimer's Design on his Opponents — The Countess of Kent Im- prisoned at the Castle of Sarum — Richard II. at the Bishop's Palace — Fortifying the City " Against the P'rench " — How the Citizens showed their loyalty ... 112-117 CHAPTER XVII. A New Bishop's Welcome — P^inancial Aid for the French War: Arrest of an Objecting Citizen--Fight on Fisherton Bridge, between Men of the City and Soldiers en roicte to the Wars — Array of Armed Men in Salisljury — The Murder of liishop Ayscough -One of Jack Cade's Quarters sent to Salisbury Royal Visits— The Wars of the Roses Brutal Assassination of the Earl of Salisbury 118-127 IV. CONTKNTS. CHAPTER XVIII. PAGE. Internal Aftairs of the City — Curious Market Bye-laws — Sanitary Arrangements — The Quality and Price of Beer — Street Names — Streams and Bridges ... ... 128-132 CHAPTER XIX. Execution of Rebel Noblemen at Bemerton Gallows — Demands for Levies by the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence— John Halle in Evidence — Halle asked to Render an Account of his Stewardship — The Temporary Triumph of Henry VI. and the ultimate \ictory of Edward I\'. ... ... ... ... 133-137 CHAPTER XX. Conviviality in the Early Days — Citizens sup off the Duke of Clarence's Deer — TheTailors' Company — Ceremonies at their Anniversary — Master, Journeyman and Appren- tice : The order of Dining — Complaints as to the Conduct of the Clergy officiating in the Cathedral — Trade Guilds and the Royal Service — The Defences of the City — Capture of the Duke of Buckingham — The Duke brought to Salisbury and Executed in the Market' Place ... ... ... ... ... ... 138-144 CHAPTER XXI. The Watching Ceremonies^ — The Mayor and Corporation Encourage Social " Conviviality — Gradual Decline of Public Interest Therein — Religious Persecutions — Some Curious Cases — The Injunctions of Bishop Shaxton ... 145-149 CHAPTER XXII. The Dissolution of Monasteries — Houses Suppressed in Salisbury— The "Royal Visitation"— Removal of Images from the Cathedral and City Churches — Effect of the Sweeping Away of Religious Establishments — The Enclosure Riots— Uproar on Harnham Hill— Religious Persecutions — Burning at the Stake at Fisherton and in Salisbury Market Place — Resumption of Superstitious Practices ... ... ... ... ... 150-155 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXIII. i'ac;e. The V'agrancy Problem in Salisbury — Public Action and Private Charity — A Workhouse Established — Over- crowding the Labour Market — Trades Swamped by Strangers— Salisbury Visited by a Plague — Establish- ment of Salisbury Races — Gentlemen and Tradesmen in Salisbury Corporation — Interesting Regulations of the Incorporated Trades and Callings ... ••• 156-164 CHAPTER XXIV. City visited again by the Plague — Panic among the Residents — General Exodus — Stringent Internal Regulations- Shocking Scenes— Charges of Burying People Alive ... 165-173 CHAPTER XXV. Local Events in the Reign of Charles I. — Establishment of a Public Brewhouse— Opposition by Local Brewers — A Troublesome Mayor— Visit of Charles I.— A Royal Beggar — Summary Act of Judicial Vengence — Recorder Sherfield's Puritanic Zeal — Trial before the Star Chamber — The Corporation and their Seats in St. Edmund's Church : More " Class" Distinctions ... 173-180 CHAPTER XXVI. Salisbury and the Civil War — Laud's \'isitation of the Diocese — The representation of the City and the Com- motions of the Time — Hyde and the Corporation : Party Feeling Runs High — Cavaliers and Roundheads in Salisbury — Fighting in the Market Place and the Close ... ... ... ... ... ... 181-191 CHAPTER XXVII. Continuation of the Narrative of Salisbury's Connection with the Civil War- A Scene at the Catherine Wheel : Toast- ing the Devil -Royalists Levy Blackmail on the Citizens —The Surrender of Langford House — The Rising under Penruddocke and (irove — Judges of Assize and Sheriff Seized in Salisbury Surrender and Execution of Penruddocke and Grove — Persecutions by the Puritans — Executions for Witchery... ... ... ... 192-203 CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXVIII. I'AGE. Restoration of Monarchy : Local Efifects— Visit of Charles II. — Remarkable E.xactions by the Royal Retinue — Religious Persecutions — Pepys at Old Sarum — Evelyn's Opinion of Salisbury — Flight of Charles II. after the Battle of Worcester — Hiding at Hele House — A Visit to Stonehenge — Royalist Head-quarters in Exeter Street — A Secret Chamber in the Close — The Naviga- tion of the Avon — Charles and the City Charter ... 204-216 CHAPTER XXIX. The Legal Butcheries in the Reign of James II. — The King and Salisbury Corporation —Charter again Surrendered — The Coming of the Prince of Orange : James' Terror : His Forces in Salisbury — The King Deserted by his Friends — Superstitious Fears — Triumphant Entry of the Prince of Orange into Salisbury — Right of the Corporation to Elect Members of Parliament — Messages Congratulatory and Sympathetic — Mayor's Right of Precedence in the Close — Marlborough's Victories — New Charter Granted by Queen Anne — " A Health to the King " — Discipline in the Corpora- tion — Fines for Non-Attendance on the Mayor at Church ... ... ... ... ... ... 217-225 CHAPTER XXX. Decline of the Cloth Trade : Causes and Effects— The Un- employed — Outbreaks of Small Pox : Lord Folkestone's Generosity — Dear Food and Discontent — Poverty and Public Improvements — " The Dead Drummer of Salis- bury Plain"— Canals— New Council Chamber ... 226-241 CHAPTER XXXI. Nineteenth Century Salisbury— Bad Times for the Poor — George 1 1 1's Jubilte — Peace Rejoicings — Royal Visits — The Accessions of William IV. and Victoria — Events in Queen Victoria's Reign ; Commercial Crises ; Visit of Her Majesty ; Coming of Age of the Earl of Pembroke ; Manceuvres ; other Events ... ... 243-269 CONTENTS. vii. CHAPTER XXXII. PACE. Salvation Army Riots — Dynamite Outrages in Salisbury ; Exemplary Punishment of the Culprit — Railway Disaster near Downton ; Local People Injured -En- thronin-g a Bishop of Salisbury ... ... ... 270-279 CHAPTER XXXIII. The Queen's Jubilee — How it was kept in Salisbury — Bonfire on Harnham Hill— A Happy Day and a Hot Day — Procession to the Cathedral— Dinner in the Market Place — Sports and Fireworks — Festivities for the Children — Presentations to the Mayor and Mayoress — The Jubilee and Public Improvements ... ... 280-289 CHAPTER XXXIV. The Education Question — Voluntary v. Board Schools — Estal^lishment of the Free Library — A Noisy Meeting — \'isit of the A.M.C.— Old Sarum in Danger — A Royal Wedding — The Diamond Jubilee-How it was Com- memorated in Salisbury — The Permanent Memorial Schemes — Thanksgiving Service at the Cathedral — A Gay City — Bonfire on Harnham Hill — Grand Pro- cession — Feasting in the Market Place— Sports and Fireworks — The Children's Great Day ... ... 290-302 CHAPTER XXXV. A Chapter on Salisbury's Municipal Government — The Power of the Bishops over the City — Relations of City and Close — The Corporation Supports Church and State —Civic Rulers Past and Present j^3-j' j CHAPTER XXXVI. Defensive Forces -History of the Volunteer Movement in Salisbury —A Sketch of tlie History of the Wiltshire ^'eomanry Cavalry .Salisbury Yeomanry as Preservers of the Public Pcice The Machinery Riots Desperate Fight on Bishop Down ... ... ... ... 314-339 viii. CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXXVII. I'AGE. A Chapter on Crime — The Severity of the Penal Code — Death for Offences against Property — A Ghastly Procession— Bank Note Forger's Fate — Pillory and Whipping Post. ... ... ... ... ... 340-348 APPENDICES. Educational Facilities in Salisbury — Church Lads' Brigade — Public Buildings, etc. — Musical Societies — Friendly Societies — Political Clubs — Recreations — Early Closing Movement — Salisbury Volunteer Fire Brigade — The City Club — Cycling and Athletic Club— Chess Club — Principal Charitable Institutions— The Salisbury Hymn Book ■ — Bishops of Salisbury — Mayors under the Municipal Corporation Acts — Members of Parliament — City Magistrates — County Magistrates — Representa- tives of Salisbury on the County Council — Salisbury Members of the Board of Guardians — Milford (Without) Parish Council — Salisbury Bell Founders — Philately in Salisbury — A List of Subscribers ... ... i.-.xxviii. PART I OLD SARUM. CHAPTER I. A Glance at Prehistoric Times— Occupation by the Celts and Belgians- Discovery of Local Evidences — Ancient Ditches and their Uses — Old Sarum in Roman Times — Remains of Roman Roads. (^LD Sx\KUM has manifold charms and attractions. Its easy distance from the modern City of Sahsbury makes it a popular resort with the local holiday keeper and the saunterer to places of interest in the environments, whilst to the lover of spots around which traditional and historic associations cling Old Sarum proves a loadstone to draw visitors from far and near. Here it is that invigorating and healthful breezes blow, and as one stands upon the crowning height the eye can wander over a panorama of landscape beauty which, if not charac- terised by very great variety, is at least distinguished by that effect of expansivencss which is often as stimulating to the imagination as it is charming to the view. We can easily appreciate the feelings of a man of sentiment as he takes his stand upon the summit of Old Sarum in the declining hours of a delightful summer's day. What a grand opportunity is here presented for the exercise of his reflective faculties ! He may turn his absorbing thoughts to the marvellous mound on wliich he finds himself, may ponder upon the stories ho has heard and read of the peoples who inhabited the site in ancient times, and conjure up in his imagination scenes that may have been wit- THE POPULAR HISTORY OF nessed in it in the bye-gone days. He may direct his gaze to the remains of an ancient road* that Hes beneath him, and trace in the fading hght its whitened Hne as it stretches away in the direction of that other " fortress upon a hill,'' standing out boldly to his view against the eastern sky, and may follow with his eye the track as it mounts to the horizon and vanishes in the distance. He may look out across the great extent of open country, and remember, though the lact may not be perceptible to his then limited vision, that between him and that horizon are many of those ancient graves from the like of which so much evidence of peoples of a far off age have been discovered. And whilst he stands enrapt at the thoughts of the picture that has charmed his sight, and is pondering on what he feels sure must be the marvellous story of such a locality if ever it could be properly told, the curtain of the night decends upon the scene, and all is uncertain, distant and obscure. As it is with this reflective visitor, standing on the summit of Old Sarum at the dechne of the delightful day of which we have spoken, so it must always be with any- one who would attempt the task of telhng the story of so importantly historic a spot. In such a matter thought and speculation may travel far, but in search of facts a writer endures the sensations of one who is groping in the dark. From the earliest days of Old Sarum right on through all the centuries to the present is a long journey to take ; but, like many another journey, the difficulty is in the starting. Historians of the greatest ability, scholars of the highest standing, and authorities whose conclusions, when they have the courage to arrive at them, seem indis- putable, are in doubt and at varience in regard to the whole country in the remotest days, and how, then, can it be expected that a positively clear light can be thrown upon one district or upon a solitary fortress ? Much has been written concerning the very earliest history of Old * The Roman road leading to Winchester, and passing King Chlorus's Camp. OLD AND NEW SARUM. Sarum which, of course, must he mere conjecture, and to pretend more than that sometimes savours of presump- tion. It would serve no good purpose, and be foreign to the object of a popular local history, to deal at any length with the multiplicity of theories and statements that have been promulgated in regard to the physical conditions of our island, and the characters of the peoples who dwelt therein, in those ages when we have not the faintest glimmer of the light of authentic history to guide us in our wanderings. In those very remote times which geologists designate the Pleistocene Age (the division of the tertiary formation known as the Mammalian), when what we now call Britain was attached to the continent, so that animals could pass to and fro on dry land, the climate was much colder than it is at the present time, and our country was inhabited by wolves, bears, mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, and other creatures no longer known to be in existence. At this time there lived a race of men known as Palaeolithic, or men of the Old Stone Age. They are said to have been a race of stunted savages who did not cultivate the ground, but were hunters, and lived on the animals they killed with their weapons. The latter were chipped flints, which they had not yet learned to polish artificially. This race was followed by a cave-dwelling race. They also were known as Palaeolithic men, as their weapons were still very rude, though their intelligence had so far developed that they knew how to make handles for them, and they could construct arrows, harpoons, and javelins, could make awls and needles of stone, and were possessed of an artistic conception which enabled them to draw rude outlines of horses, reindeer, mammoths, and other crea- tures. In a succeeding age, when the climate had become more temperate, and the earth's surface sank and created depressions over which the North Sea and the English Channel now flow, and the country had become an island instead of being a portion of the great mainland of Europe, THE POPULAR HISTORY OF another race appeared, having, it is presumed, crossed the sea in rafts and canoes and displaced the Palfeohthic men. These latter arrivals were known as the Neolithic, or men of the New Stone Age, their stone implements being polished and of a more efficient type than those of the Palaeolithic men. In addition to being possessed of superior imple- ments, they enjoyed an altogether higher degree of civiliza- tion. They brought with them a number of domestic animals, manufactured a rude kind of pottery, and grew corn and other crops, and the " lynchets " or terraces to be found in various parts of Wiltshire are pointed out as the work of these people, or, at any rate, the doings of agriculturists of very early days. The Neolithic men were followed by hordes of fresh settlers known as the Celts, who belonged to a group of races sometimes called the Aryan group, to which Teutons, Slavonians, Italians, Greeks, and the chief ancient races of Persia and India also belong. Bands of these people sailed up the Wiltshire Avon, and taking up their quarters on the fertile and con- venient lands by the banks of the stream, drove the people they found already there on to the downs and the hill tops, where they constructed their rude villages, and pro- bably fortified them with mounds and ditches.* Of occupation in the remote ages mentioned above abundant evidences have, to use a literal expression, been unearthed in the neighbourhood. Chipped flints found in the brick earth and gravels at Bemerton attest occupation in the Old Stone Age, and in the barrows of the Plain not far from the city, parts of which, to use the apt language of the late Mr. Stevens, constitute "a vast prehistoric cemetery," relics of the Newer Stone Age and the Bronze Age have been found, whilst pit dwellings have been brought to light at Highfield (Fisherton), and on Grovely Down, close to Wishford Railway Station. Mr. Stevens *This latter theory is worked out in detail in Mr Doran Webb's interesting lecture (Museum Series) on "Our Rude Forefathers." OLD AND NEW SARUM. thus describes the Higbfield settlement in "Flint Chips : " " The pits are single or in groups communicating with each other. They are of a bee-hive form, ranging in diameter at the base from 5 feet 6 inches to 7 feet, although in some exceptional cases they measure as much as 14 feet. The entrance to each pit or group of pits, appears to have been by a shaft of about 3 feet in diameter." The animal remains found in the Highfield Pits belong to Bos longi- frons (the small long fronted ox), red deer, roe deer, goat (a small variety), sheep, dog, fox, pig, horse, rabbit, water rat, field vole, field mouse, house mouse, weasal, hedgehog, shrew, birds (several kinds), toad, frog, and fish (probably salmon). " The circular form of habitation exhibited in these pit dwellings appears to be that most universally adopted by savages." The trenches seen at Highfield probably served as a protection to the settlement. " These trenches in places," says the author of "Flint Chips," " are too shallow alone to have served as a barrier to foes. The Mandaiis surrounded their village with a palisade, having a trench only three or four feet deep inside it ; the object of this trench was to screen the bodies of the defenders while they discharged their weapons through the palisade. Perhaps the trenches at Highfield served a similar purpose." Of the Celts there are reminders in the nomenclature of the district. Whilst the Teutons in later times left traces of their identity in the names of towns and villages along the banks, the flowing stream and the adjacent hill still have the Celtic designation, and thus testify to that very early occupation of the district. The late Mr. Stevens finds the Celtic origination in the name of the Avon (which literally means a river), the word Durnford (formerly Dur-en-ford) which means the water-ford ; the Wylye, which signifies a " flow or flood," &c. The next hordes attracted to this island in whom we are most interested locally were the Belgii3, who, three and THE POPULAR HISTORY OF a half centuries before Christ, inhabited parts which inckided the modern counties of Wilts, Hants, and Dorset, and part of Somerset. Celtic scholars differ very widely as to the identity of these people, but a very general view is that they belonged to the Gallic branch of the Celtic stock, and had migrated to Britain from north-eastern Gaul. In several places in this part of AViltshire remains are to be traced of certain dykes or ditches, and according to the late Dr. Guest, they are supposed to have been constructed by the Belgse as they gradually expelled the British tribes who had preceded them. In his " Early English Settlements in South Britain ' ' (a valuable paper read at the meeting of the Archaeological Institute of Great Britain, in 1849, at the Salisbury meeting), Dr. Guest alludes to Bokerley Ditch, situated south of Salisbury ; the Old Ditch, north of Amesbury ; and AYansdyke, " portions of which may yet be traced across the Island from Berks to the Bristol Channel." Dr. Guest was an illustrious scholar to whom Professor Freeman, in his well-known work, " The Norman Conquest," more than once pays the very highest tribute as a reliable authority, and he was an author whose state- ments have always been received with the greatest respect. But no writer is infallible, and even Dr. Guest may have been in error in what he wrote concerning- the dykes. Lieut. -General Pitt-Rivers, whose great and practical services in the matter of research render all his statements worthy of every consideration, certainly thinks the dis- tinguished scholar was wrong, and ascribes a much later date to the dykes, viz., Roman or Post Roman. On this point much interesting evidence may be read in the General's paper " Excavations in Wansdyke, 1881-91," which appears in volume XX vi. of the Wiltshire Archmo- logical Magazine. South of Salisbury there is an earthwork called Grimsditch, and for the construction of this Dr. Guest fixed a date long prior to the arrival of the Saxons. In his opinion the word " Grimsdyke " or " Grimsditch " OLD AND NEW SARUM. signifies a boundaiy line, and does not, as Stukely and later writers have suggested, mean " witches' work — because the vulgar generally think these extraordinary works were made by the help of the devil." Near these dykes are often found names which seem to indicate the vicinity of different races ; and in this connection Dr. Guest instances Britford, near Salisbury, not far from the ford of the Saxon, Cerdic (Charford), and argues that it would not be easy to account for either of those names, " except on the hypothesis that around the Grimsdykes, Bi itains and Englishmen were once neighbours, and con- tinued so for a period long enough to fix on certain localities names derived from their respective occupants." If the theory that these dykes were of British origin is a correct one, it is probable that the Saxons selected them as convenient lines of demarcation. The original name of Old Sarum is said to have been Caer-Sarflog, or " The Citadel of the Service Tree," and it is first recorded as the residence of Ergen, daughter of Caradoc, who was married to the Chief Ruler of the City. It has also been called Caer Caradoc, by the unreliable Jeffery of Monmouth, but Caer Caradoc is believed really to have been situated near Amesbury. When the Komans arrived in this Island they seized upon Old Sarum, in common with other British earthworks and fortifications that came in their way, and duly appreciating its advan- tageous position they made it a station for troops in con- nection witli other posts, which were united by military roads, the latter being either constructed by the Romans, or were British ways which they adopted- As a defensive position Old Sarum was retained when many other camps such as Ogbury (near Amesbury), Chlorus's Camp* (at Three Mile Hill) and Clearbury were abandoned, and this may have been due to the circumstance that it (Old Sarum) lay in the direct line of traffic in early times. There are six Also called Figbiry Ifin^s. 10 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF of these Eoman roads that are known to have led out of Old Sarum : — One, South West, passing near Bemerton Church, crossing the Wily by the Parsonage Barn, over Lord Pembroke's Warren, to Tony Stratford, Woodyates Inn, and Badbury Bings to Dorchester ; a second. East, crossing the London-road, near King Chlorus's Camp, by Ford, Winterslow Mill, Buckholt Farm, and Bossington, to Winchester ; a third. North East, running to Silchester ; a fourth. North, towards Kennet ; a fifth. North West, by Bishopstrow, and Yarnbury, Scratchbury and Battlesbury Castles, to Aquae Solis (Bath) ; and a sixth, West, to Ilchester. The second and third named roads can easily be traced at the present time. It is the interestingly curious fact that the road which bore the traffic in the neighbourhood of Ford in ancient times, is, at present, intersected by a great road over which so much modern traffic flows, i.e., the main line of the South-western Kailway, at the point where the railway arch is spanned by a bridge which carries the road from Salisbury round into the thoroughfare that leads to the Winterbournes, whilst the Eoman road that led to Silchester may be seen running parallel to the same rail- way, between Idmiston and Grately, for a distance of about four miles. Dr. Guest only lays down four roads — to Winchester, to Silchester, a western road lea,ding to the Severn, and " Atchling Ditch " which leads direct to Bad- bury Rings in Dorset. In the " Itineraries " of Antoninus and Richard of Cirencester, we find Old Sarum indicated under the name of Sorbiodunum, and it is numbered among the ten British cities which were permitted to enjoy the advantages of the Latian Laws. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 11 CHAPTEE II. Post-Roman History — Defeat of Vortigern by Ambrosius at the Battle of Wallop Fields — Old Sarum in the West Saxon Kingdom — The Battles of Charford and Old Sarum —The Identity of Natan-Leod. T^HE student of history is aware of the straits in which the withdrawal of the Eomans from the country left the Britons. Not only had they unaided to struggle against the Picts, but the western coasts were harried by hordes of marauders from Ireland (the inhabitants of which were then called Scots), whilst the southern and western coasts were beset with swarms of Saxon pirates. Several events of interest to this part of Wiltshire provide an excuse for introducing remarks which might seem to apply rather to general than to local history. When the Britons sent to Rome for help against their many enemies that succour was refused ; and then, as if to illustrate what peoples, as well as individuals, can do when thrown upon their own resources, they " put their trust in God," and attacked and repulsed the enemy. After the British successes gained on the refusal of aid from Rome, a period of " peace and plenty " prevailed, but the Britons having eventually relapsed into their old ways, they knew again the miseries of invasion. This time the aid of Saxons was invited, and mercenary bands of Teutonic adventurers readily accepted the proposals made to them. The first party arrived in A.D. 44U, and were stationed on the eastern part of the Island. What after- wards happened readers are aware of. The Saxons were joined by larger bands of their brethren, and making the failure on the part of the BritoDS to comply with their 12 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF exorbitant demands for supplies a pretext for a quarrel, they proceeded to ravage the whole country. The Britons held out against their enemies with a dogged resistance and courage which are among the most remarkable facts in early Enghsh history. " It is only by reahsing," says Mr. Green, in his fascinating " History of the English people," " the physical as well as the moral circumstances of Britain that we can understand the character of its earher conquest. Field by field, town by town, forest by forest, the land was won. And as each bit of ground was torn away by the stranger (the Saxon invader), the Briton sullenly withdrew from it, only to turn doggedly and fight for the next." It should be remembered that in addition to the. external enemies named, the Britains suffered from the great evil of internecine warfare. After the retirement of the Romans there were two great parties in Britain ; the Koman, which seems to have been headed by members of the family of Ambrosius (descendents of the Emperor Constantine), and the native, or British, party. The application for help which was made to the Bomans undoubtedly came from the Romanised Britons, and the refusal to grant the succour asked naturally gave the ascendency to the British Party.* At the head of this native party was Vortigern, and a man of whom he lived greatly in fear was Ambrosius, who was at the head of the Romanised British party. In A.D., 457, the Britons under Vortigern were defeated in a battle with the Saxons at Crayford, in Kent, and they " fled with much fear" to London. Here Vortigern is supposed to have met bis political enemies, and the quarrel between him and the party lead by Ambrosius and one Guitohnis (Archbishop of London), gradually resulted in open war, and in about twelve years after he became King, Vortigern was defeated by the dissentient party, with Ambrosius at their head, at *Dr Guest'.s "Early English Settlements in South Britain." OLD AND NEW SARUM. IS the battle of Gualoph. This sanguinary affray is beheved to have taken place in the tract of country now called the "Wallop Fields, near the Roman road which leads from Old Sarum to Silchester, and immediately below the fortress on Quarley Hill. Interesting as it would be to pursue the story of the Anglo-Saxon conquests in detail, the space at our disposal forbids. With the second settlement of these German invaders in 477, in Sussex, we have little concern, but the interest broadens when we allude to the third settlement of Teutonic visitors, those who were really the founders of our noble English race. In 495 a number of Saxons landed at a spot on the eastern side of Southampton W'ater, under Cerdic and his son, Cynric. They found the Britons by no means an easily yielding foe, and till 5] 4 it required great firmness and valour on the part of the invaders to hold their ground, but Stuff and W^ightgar, " who are called Jutes," in that year came to their assistance. Still the fight went on, till at length, in 519, we find the combined forces of the strangers securing a great victory over the Britons at Cerdic's-ford. The latter is the Anglo- Saxon name for Charford, near Downton. This victory (the object of which is conjectured to have been to secure a passage over the Avon), is so important that it is com- memorated in the " Saxon Chronicles "' as the first establishment of the West Saxon kingdom. 'o^ Before resuming his conquering enterprises, Cynric (Cerdic having died) seems to have paused for the purpose of making secure his position and authority, and with the object of augmenting his forces. Immediately after the battle of Charford he appears to have formed the camp of Clearbury, and in 522 we find this fortification playing a part in a tragedy in which we are deeply interested, for it was none otlier than the vanquisliment of the ]Britons, who were at that time in possession of the stronghold of Old Sarum- The advantage was no doubt only secured after 14 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF the exercise of a considerable amount of strateg3\ The Saxons having left a body of their countrymen at Clear- bury, in order to make sure of their position beyond the Avon, and to command the country below and around them, moved their main body along the ridge skirting the Avon and Bourne, and established themselves at Figbury , (King Chlorus's camp) whither a strong reinforcement was, no doubt, speedily sent. Having thus secured themselves, the Saxons forced the Britons to leave their fortress and risk the chances of a fight in the open, with the result that they were routed, and their citadel taken. In later years, in the course of road making operations, and excavations for building purposes, discoveries have been made which are connected with the great fight of 522. For instance, in the year 1771, whilst workmen were employed in levelling a part of the old rampart that crossed the garden at St. Edmund's College (now the residence of Sub-Dean Bourne), they came across the remains of nearly thirty human beings, iron helmets, pieces of shields, pikes, a double edged sword, a brass coia of Constantine the Great, and several pieces of iron (use unknown). The gentleman who then lived at the College (Mr. Wyndham) had no doubt that these were relics of the battle between the Britons and Saxons at the fall of Old Sarum, and erected on the spot a commemorative urn bearing the following inscription : — " Hoc in campo, Cynricus, occidentalium Saxonum Rex, Britannos, adeo gravi hominum strage profligavit, ut vicinum urbem Sorbiodunum facile mox expurgnaret. Hujus cladis indicio sunt, armorum rubigine nee non ossium putredine confectorum, insignes relinquite nuper hie in apricum erutae. " Ne loci saltem memoria periret, haec rite dedicatur urua, A.D., 1774." Again, in June of the j-ear 1853, some remains were discovered in a field near Harnham Hill, including a skull. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 15 with teeth entire, an iron spear head, and a portion of a shield. These were also considered rehcs of the fight between Cynric and the Britons, and the discovery led the Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries (Mr. Akerman) later in the year to make excavations near the spot, with the result that between 40 and .50 skeletons, more or less perfect, epear heads, rude knives, a portion of a shield, beads of amber, glass and stone, gold, silver and bronze rings, and other personal ornaments and weapons were brought to light ; and these, after being exhibited for a time at Salisbury Council Chamber, were removed to the British Museum. Before quitting the Saxon period, attention must be called to the entry in the " Saxon Chronicle," under date of A.D. ,503 : " Now Cerdic and Cynric slew a British king, whose name was Natanleod, and 5,000 men with him. Then after that was the land called Natanleaga as far as Cerdic's ford." According to Dr. Guest, there never was a British King of the name of Natan leod, and he believes it was not a proper name but a title of honour. " The word is formed of the Welsh term nawt, a sanctuary, and would, according to all analogy, be known to the Saxons as Nat-e (gen. Nat-an)." Leod occurs in Anglo-Saxon poems in the sense of Prince ; and the whole word would mean Prince of the Sanctuary, and it was, according to Dr. Guest, a title borne by Ambrosius, who gave the name to Amesbary (Ambresbury, the borough or town of Ambrosius). The sanctuary referred to was the great monastry of which Amesbury was once the site. Here was located one of the three perpetual choirs of the Isle of Britain, commemorated in the Welsh Triads, " in each of which there were 2,400 saints ; that is, there were 100 for every hour of the day and night in rotation, perpetuating the praise of God, without rest or intermission." The hamlet of Netton, near Salisbury, bears a name which is but a corruption of the Anglo-Saxon Nate-tun, the village of the Nat-e. 16 THE POPULAR HISTORY CHAPTER III. King Alfred and the Danes —The Northmen defeated near Wilton — Repairing and Strengthening the Fortress at Old Sarum— " Amours of King Edgar": The Romantic iStory of Elfrida and Athelwolf. 'THERE is nothing to detain us for local consideration in the progress of events onward to the union of the seven principal Saxon kingdoms in 827 under Egbert, sometimes called the eighth Bretwalda* — no necessity, even, to pause and consider the very doubtful point whether Ellandune, the spot at which Egbert completed the union of the kingdoms by the defeat of Bernwolf, the Mercian King, can be identified as Wilton. But we may take up our story again when we come to the reign of Alfred — ^Elfred ^-Ethelwufing, as he was called in his own times, Alfred the Great and Good, as he was justly designated in later days. He was King of Wessex (of which Old Sarum was a part) between 871 and 90.1 , and his reign was marked by the scourge of the Danish invasions. Alfred had not long taken up his position at the head of the West Saxon Kingdom, when we find him giving battle to the enemy on a hill situated at the south side of Wilton. Alfred's force was, in numbers, an inferior one compared with the host against which he led it, whilst sharp previous brushes with the Danes had seriouslj^ told *It has been held that the term Bretwalda simply means a ruler of the Britons. It was a title assumed by Edwin (Son of Ella), who ruled over Britons an well as Saxons, but it has been given to some later kings who were in no sense rulers over the Britons. OLD AND NEW SARUM. upon the strength of Alfred's band of warriors. Eemark- able courage, however, characterised his devoted followers. For the greater part of a day the conflict was maintained, and in the end the Danes gave way before the onslaught of the valorous English. But the success of Alfred's forces tempted them to the oversteping of the bounds of prudence, and being too eager in the desire for the complete routing of the foe whose strength they had shaken, they were surprised whilst in a position of disorder, and at last fled vanquished from the field. For some reason or other the engagement was not renewed. The opinions of historical authorities are divided between the one view that the English king lost heart in the face of defeat, and the other, and the more probable conjecture, that he deemed further fighting for the present useless, and so came to terms with the Danes. The latter thereupon marched off to London (which they made their winter quarters) and early the following year quitted the country. It is probable that Alfred struck the bargain with the enemy with the wise design of gaining time to recuperate his strength, to increase his forces, improve his equipments and perfect his defences. The Roman works at the impor- tant fortress of Old Sarum had become sadly in need of repair ; and Alfred accordingly issued an urgent order on the subject to Leofric, " Earl of Wiltunscire." By the royal mandate Leofric was "not only to preserve the Castle of Sarum, but to make another ditch to be defended by palisadoes," and all who dwelt about the said castle, as well as all his other subjects, were to immediately apply themselves to the work. The ditch referred to in Alfred's order formed what is now called " the second ring." We take up the thread of our local history again in the reif'n ot Kins Ed^ar. This monarch was called the " Peaceful King," though it is doubtful whether his most enthusiastic advocates could attribute to him the honour of Ijeing personally the chief cause of the period of pacifica- B 18 THE POPULAR HISTOPtY OF tion. In his reign the Danes were not so formidable as they had been in some previous years (probably through having obtained settlements in France), but ever and anon there were threatenings of a renewal of troubles at the hands of the Northmen, and accordingly, about the year 960, Edgar called together a national Council to devise some means of protecting the country against them. Old Sarum was the place of assembly selected, and once again we thus see how important a part that interesting old fortress has played in the history of England. And now for a short space we must step aside from the path of authentic history, and wander in the pleasant but uncertain regions of romance. To this period belongs the popular story of Athelwolf and Elfrida and the " amours of King Edgar." We suppose there are not many pages of local history which have caused much more controversy — and often angry controversy — than this. In the minds of some, the narrative is pure fiction, founded on the authority of mere ballads ; others think it one of a series of groundless attacks on Edgar's private character ; whilst even those who agree to accept the statements as " history " quarrel among themselves as to the locality of the scenes of action. One version, however, brings the narration within the gates of Old Sarum, and this will be our excuse for here at once introducing the story. The tomb had not long received the remains of Edgar's Queen, Elfleda, when the romantic curiosity of the King- was roused by statements made to him as to the surpassing beauty of a lady named Elfrida, daughter of Orgar, Earl of Devonshire. Anxious to know whether Dame Eumour for once spoke truthfully, he gave to his confident and favourite, an atheling named Athelwolf, the delicate commission of travelling into the fair western county,, for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not the beauty of Elfrida had been painted in too brilhant colours. Edgar had not heard of the adage, "If you will be well OLD AND NEW SARUM. 19 served, you must serve yourself," and Shakespeare was not yet born to remind him that : Friendship is constant in all other things, Save in the office and affairs of love ; Therefore all hearts in love use their own tongues. Let every eye negoeiate for itself, And trust no agent ; for beauty is a witch, Against whose charms faith melteth into blood. Athelwolf departed on his errand, but his own tender feehngs overcame the sense of duty, and when he saw the lady he straightway fell in love with her ; and left her presence with little thought of yielding her to the King. On his return to Edgar, he reported to that monarch that although Elfrida certainly wore fair features, her beauty was marred by ungainly deformities. He craved the liberty of submitting that she was scarcely a woman fitted to be the consort of so illustrious a monarch, but that she was rich, and that her wealth would make her a suitable companion for a " poor noble" like himself — if the King so willed. Edgar placed no obstacles in the way, and not long afterwards Athelwolf was wedded to the woman whom fame called beautiful, but whose charms were represented to the King in a depreciated light. After a while it dawned upon Edgar that he had been deceived, and accordingly when arrangements were being made for holding the National Council at Old Sarum, he made up his mind to pay a visit to Athelwolf's castle. Consternation filled the breast of Athelwolf on hearing of this determination, and gaining permission to precede his royal self-invited guest a little (under the pretence of making due preparations), he hastened to the castle, and implored Elfrida to employ some art to conceal her beauty as nmch as possible. Alas ! for the hopes of poor Athel- wolf. Elfrida, too proud of her charms on the one hand, and no doubt smarting under a sense of wrong at the act of duplicity which had robbed her of queenly rank, did exactly the contrary to that which her despairing spouse desired. She appeared before the monarch in the most dazzling personal splendour, and smote him amorously. 20 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Evil resolves immediately possessed Edgar. He was deter- minded to enjoy the society of the woman whose charms now fascinated him, and of whom he had been defrauded by the cupidity of Athelwolf. And so Athelwolf must be got rid of. When the Council met at Old Sarum, Edgar adverted to the danger besetting the northern parts of the country through inroads of the Danes, and intimated, that it was his will that Athelwolf should hasten thitherwards, and take charge of the city of York. It was never intended, however, that he should reach the post assigned him. Assassins, at the instigation of the king, were lurking in wait for Athelwolf in Wherwell Forest, and as he passed that way he was set upon and slain. Almost immediately afterwards the marriage of Edgar and Elfrida was celebrated with extraordinary magnificence and pomp. That is the version of the story which most interests us, but there are various accounts as to the place and manner of Athelwolfs death. The favourite with West of Englanders is that Elfrida and her husband were living at the castle of the Earl of Devonshire, at Tavistock ; that Athelwolf and the King formed two of a hunting party in the " Forest of Dartmoor," in Devonshire, and that Edgar, watching his opportunity, slew Athelwolf with an arrow, at a place called Wilverley (since Warlwood). William of Malmesbury located the scene of death " in a wood at Ware well, or Hare wood, in Dorset," while other accounts have placed it at Harewood, in Cornwall, and still others mention a spot in Yorkshire, on the estate of Lord Harewood. The subsequent conduct of Elfrida very clearly ex- hibited her character, as a wicked and designing woman. On the death of her husband, at the ago of 33, she endeavoured to secure the crown for her son Ethelred, who was only seven years old, but through the influence of Archbishop Dunstan, it was obtained for Edgar's eldest son, Edward II., who was only 13 years of age, and who OLD AND NEW SARUM. 21 was siirnamed the Martyr, from the manner of his death. One day, as he was hunting in Dorsetshire, the chase brought him in the direction of Corfe Castle, the residence of Elfrida. It is beheved that he went thither — being; unattended at the time — to visit his stepbrother Ethelred, but was met by Elfrida and greeted with every token of welcome. He was in the act of drinking a cup of wine at the Castle gates, when he was stabbed from behind by a servant of Elfrida, and by that woman's orders. Edward immediately put spurs to his horse and rode away, but soon fell from the saddle and was dragged along by the stirrup till he died. That tragic event is said to have originated the custom of " pledging " a friend whilst the latter was partaking of the Loving Cup. As the manner of drinking was to stand up and hold the cup or bowl with both hands, thus leaving the body without defence, the occasion was often made use of by the drinkers' enemies to plunge some weapon into them. To obviate treachery of this kind the plan was adopted of making the person next to the drinker responsible for his safety. The " pledger " had also to stand up, with drawn sword, to defead his comrade should occasion arise. This practice of " pledging a friend in the loving cup " still survives, in an altered form, and, of course, with a different motive, in connection with some existing corporations and companies. There is a " loving cup" used at the banquets given by the Mayors of Salisbury. It is passed round the entire circle of the company at the festive board, and the form of pledging is gone through by the drinkers, with more or less of an air of gravity. It is held to be a gross breach of the rules of hospitality to refuse to participate in the custom, and even those who are not friends of the potent liquor that the bowl is presumed to contain, at least go through the ceremony of bringing the honoured vessel to their lips. And now to regain the path of authentic history. 22 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF It was not until the year 1,006 that we find Old Sarum again harassed by the Danish pests, though more than once in the remaining days of Alfred's reign trouble from that quarter was threatened in Wessex. In the month of January, 878, it is true, the Danish army had surprised and seized Chippenham, but in the conflicts that ensued between the Danes and English, Alfred's forces defeated the warriors from the north lands in a battle which was supposed to have been fought at Edington, near Westbury (though the spot cannot be identified with certainty) . In the year before mentioned, 1,006, the kingdom was being governed by Ethelred the Unready, who encouraged the troublesome Northmen in their attacks by his very at- tempts to buy them ofi". For this purpose he had raised the odious tribute known as the Danegelt (Dane money), and with a view further to propitiate his enemies had resolved on a marriage with Emma, sister of Richard II., duke of Normandy. This took place in 1,001, but the following year the fear of the pusillanimous and unstatesmanlike Ethelred tempted him to the terrible experiment of securing his position by a general massacre of the Danes. It began on the 13th November, 1,002, and among the victims was Gunilda, sister of the King of Denmark. That lady with her dying breath prophesied vengeance on the English ; and soon her brother Sweyne appeared off the English coast to give fulfillment to her prophecy. Sailing up the Exe to Exeter, his hordes seized and plundered that city, and having satisfied their vengeance there, a number of them advanced eastward in the direction of Old Sarum. On being apprised of their approach, a strong force of Wiltshire and Hampshire men gathered themselves under the command of Elfric, the Ealdorman, for the purpose of resisting the Danes. Just, however, as the two forces were about to join issue an untoward event occurred. Elfric was seized with a sudden sickness, or, OLD AND NEW SARUM. 23 as is said, pretended to be ill, and the result was the precipitate retirement of his troops. This left the ground open to the Danes, who were pouring forward on the errand of vengeance, and they soon reached Wilton, which they plundered and committed to the flames. Old Sarum, it is believed, sharing a similar fate. If the latter really happened, it is probable that the religious establishmenta suffered in common with the rest of the buildings, for within a few years from the date of Sweyne's visitation to these parts there is a record of their restoration. Editha, Queen of Edward the Confessor, is cited in Price's Account of the Cathedral as conveying the lands of Shorston to the nuns of St. Mary. 24 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTER lY. Great gathering convened by William the Conqueror at Old Saruni — The Feudal System — Domesday Book — Memorable Local Events — Con- spiraoie.s against William Rufus— A Trial by Battle — Tortured to Death. ^MONG records of interest to our readers at the period when Wilham the Conqueror came upon the scene, it may be mentioned that early in this redoubt- able monarch's reign the garrison at Sarum shared, with those of London and Winchester, the task of assisting to quell an insurrection which had broken out in the West of England. But an event more memorable and important — and one which the inhabitants of this historic part of the world may look back upon with no small degree of interest — is that which took place in the Old City in the year 1085. The troubles of conquest had taught William many a serious lesson ; but he was a wise man, and took care to profit by them. He saw the need of taking steps not only to defend his newly acquired territory, but his person also, and all the rights he had assumed. Therefore he convened that great National Assembly which is one of the landmarks of English history, and yet again Old Sarum was the site. At the royal bidding there came hither his prelates, nobles, sheriffs, and knights, to take an oath of fealty to WiUiam.as their feudal lord — to swear that they would defend him against all enemies, whether at home or abroad. This great gathering took place in the month of August, and with the 60,000 people who thronged to Old Sarum on that occasion, the spectacle must have been a magnificent one. The result was the introduction of OLD AND NEW SARUM. 25 the feudal system into England, and it led the following year to the compilation of that great record of the landed estates in the kingdom called the Domesday Book. Doubtless there are many persons born, to speak figura- tively, almost within the shadow of the imposing elevation where this historic assemblage had its location who, when the)' hear the " curfew toll the knell of parting day," and think of the event back to which that custom is said to be traceable, yet are not conscious of the fact that it was at Old Sarum that the feudal system was settled, and that, as already remarked, it was in consequence of this Old Sarum conclave that the Domesday Book was compiled. In the Sarum Domesday (a copy of which may at present be seen in the Keference Department of the Salisbury Free Library) the city is mentioned as producing to the King " six pounds from the third penny and twenty shillings from half the profit of a mill." In explanation, it must be stated that of the fees and other profits arising from the courts of the county, two parts were allotted to the King, and the third part, or penny, to the Earl. The Bishop is described as holding Sarum (Saresberie), and the manor is stated to have been taxed at 50 hides, and the land (according to the Norman valuation) is estimated at thirty two carucates. The hide, let it be said, has been considered to be the quantity of land which could be cultivated by one plough in a year ; while a carucate is also supposed to mean such a quantity of land as could be cultivated with a plough in a year, but it included meadow and pasture, and the necessary dwellings and shelter for the labourers and cattle. The modern calculation of the land described above would be about 5,000 acres. A quantity of pasture land is mentioned, to the extent of two miles and a half long and a mile and tVu'ee quarters wide, and meadow land is stated at 142 acres. It is calculated that the manor, or lordship, held by the Bishop of Old Sarnm occupied the greater portion of the space between the Bourne and the Avon in one 26 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF direction, and between Old Sarum and the confluence of those streams on the other. The lower portion of the Bishop's demesne, referred to in Domesday as meadow, was, it appears, the Lady Mead, which was selected by Bishop Poore as the site of the cathedral and its precints. After the death of William the Conqueror, the govern- ment of England devolved on his second son, William (known as the Eed King subsequently). In Normandy he had been succeeded by his eldest sor, Eobert ; but Robert was an easy-going, sluggish and incapable personage, and was not credited by his august father with the ability to control such a difficult nation as the newly-conquered English were found to be. There being at that time no settled regulations as to the succession to the Enghsh Crown, no obstacle was placed in the way of this arrange- ment, and Wilham Rufus lost no time in crossing the sea to England, and was crowned king at Westminster Abbey in the year ]087. Wilham Rufus's character has been summed up in the phrase that " he feared not God, nor regarded man." But in this crisis the English displayed a characteristic which, unfortunately, is only too often revealed by their descendants of the present day in many departments of pubhc life. They knew this William to be a rascal, but they rallied to his standard, because his reputation as a strong-willed man had reached them, and on the principle of setting a rogue to catch a rogue, they were glad to avail themselves of the services of this royal ruffian, as in his personality they saw the prospect of the reign of a king who would defend them against the wicked barons. The latter, on their part, were ready to throw in their lot with Robert, as they thought an indolent and indifferent king would be just the one to favour their unrighteous practices, or, at least, that he was one who would connive at those practices on the principle of non-intervention. In the name of Robert, therefore, the Barons rebelled against Wilham II., and William, by the force of a number OLD AND NEW SARUM. 27 of promises which he never intended to keep, secured the help of the Enghsh on his side. With the Enghsh aid Wilham put the Norman barons under his feet ; and when the victory was won, he hterally turned and rended those who had brought him success. He kept his promises to none, and was a tr3^ant to all ; he moved about the country with bands of mercenary foreigners, and on his approach people fled for their lives to the fast retreats of the wood- lands. No wonder that in such an unsettled era, and in the reign of such a despicable despot, plots and counterplots were rife. In the year 1096 there was another great gathering of of prelates, abbots, and leading men of the kingdom at Old Sarum. It had been summoned by the Ked King, and the object was to enquire into a rebellion and conspiracy that had been raised against him. At this enquiry one Godfrey Baynard made an indictment implicating a cousin of the King, V/illiam d'Ou or d'Eu, who, however, Btrenously denied the accusation, and elected to prove his innocence by that ancient, but precarious, method of plead- ing, a " trial by battle." In this conflict he was worsted by his adversary ; and by that strange method of reasoning which sometimes still gives evidence of its survival, d'Ou's misfortune in the fight was reckoned as sufiicent and com- plete evidence of his guilt. Sentence was then pronounced against him, and was carried out with all the ferocity which was common in those days. By orders of the King he was tortured to death. For supposed complicity in the same crime, William d'Audry was hung, though in his confession to Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, and at the place of execution, he stoutly maintained his innocence. Other noblemen, who were alleged to be parties to the same conspiracy, had to suffer the total deprivation of their estates, whilst yet others were dealt with in a more summary manner, they being sent to London and hanged. 28 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTER V. Archbishop Anselm's disputes with Henry I.— Effect of the quarrel on the see of Sanim— Another great Council at Old Sarum— Matilda and Stephen — Local events during the Civil War. QNE of the most interesting characters in early Enghsh history is that of Anselm, the successor of Lanfranc in the Archbishopric of Canterbury. He was not only the most learned person of the age, but was a gentle and righteous man. He was not only tender hearted to man and woman, but was wonderfully kind to animals, and had " created great astonishment by saving a hunted hare from its pursuers." In .1092 the vassals of the King assembled in the Great Council urged William Kufus to choose a successor to Lanfranc, as the Archbishopric of Canterbury had been left vacant for nearly four years. William scornfully refused. But he was, hke most other ruflians, an arrant coward, and in the spring of 1093 he fell sick, and, thinking he was about to die, " promised to become a better man," and named Anselm as Archbishop. Anselm unwillingly took the post, but the King did not die, and during the rest of this reign there were constant contentions between William and the Archbishop on vari- ous ecclesiastical matters, among them being the question as to which of the two Popes then claiming obedience from Christendom should be recognised in England — Urban II. or Clement III. Anselm declared for Urban, but the King, saying that his father had laid down the rule that no Pope should be acknowledged in England without the King's OLD AND NEW SARUM. 29 assent, decided to acknowledge neither Urban nor Clement. The Council of Rockingham was held in 1095, but nothing practical came of it. Two years later Anselm, who had been refused by the King permission to go to Rome and fetch from Urban the pallium, quitted the country, and William at once seized the Archbishop's estates. Anselm returned earl}' in the reign of the next King Henry I., and after his coronation paid him a visit at Old Sarum. Soon there began the celebrated dispute between archbishop and monarch, Anselm refusing homage to the King a,nd also declining to consecrate newly-chosen Bishops who had received investiture from Henry. In the year 1102 the See of Sarum had been bestowed by Henry I. on Bishop Roger, and as Anselm declined to consecrate him, the King proceeded to grant investiture by the delivery of the pastoral staff. The dispute continued till 1107, when it was finally settled by Henry I. renouncing the right of investiture, and the Pope (who had been appealed to by both parties) permitted the clergy to do homage to the King. Roger was then consecrated by Anselm, and so the matter ended. A celebrated man was Bishop Roger. It is seriously recorded that he first attracted the notice of King Henry when he was going out hunting, by saying mass in a shorter time than any other priest ; but it was the order and system which he introduced into the Government, and his general administrative abilities, that really caused Henry to continue his favour. The splendid system which he introduced into the control of public affairs caused prosperity in trade all over the country, and under the administration of Bishop Roger, Old Sarum grew greatly in importance. By virtue of his office of sheriff, he obtained the custody of the fortress ; he repaired and improved the fortifications ; and put embellisbing touches to the Bishop's residence and the cathedral church. To secure also the interests of the church he obtained from 30 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF • — . . _ a . the King a charter confirming and increasing the privileges ah'eady enjoyed by the ecclesiastical authorities. In this charter was included the tithe of the Eoyal forests in Wilts, Hants, Dorset, and Berks, " together with timber required for the repair of the church," and besides this there was the privilege of holding an annual fair at Old Sarum for seven days, and there was still the further advantage of freedom " for ever " in markets and fairs from all tolls and customs throughout the kingdom. We referred above to the breach in the direct line of suc- cession caused by the raising of William II. to the crown over the head of his indolent brother Robert. Henry I. was anxious that this precedent should not be followed up, and accordingly, in the month of March, 1116, he convened a meeting of prelates, abbots, nobles and other great men of the kingdom. This gathering was held at Old Sarum, and the object of it was to obtain acknowledgement of William, the son of Henry, as heir to the crown. The laymen did homage, and took oaths of fealty to the young prince, but the ecclesiastical party were not so ready to acquiesce. They would go no farther than promise that if the prince survived his father, they would assist to put him in possession of the crown, and render him the usual homage. But Henry's purposes were frustrated in a most tragic manner, the Prince William having been drowned at sea on the wrecking of the White Ship on its voyage from Normandy to England. After this Henry persuaded the barons to accept his lawful daughter, Matilda, as their future sovereign. Among the barons who had thus sworn obedience to Matilda was Stephen de Blois, the king's nephew, but as soon as he heard of Henry's death he hastened to London and was received as Henry's suc- cessor. The barons chose him king at AVinchester, where his brother Henry de Blois was the Bishop. Not long afterwards some of these very barons rose against him, OLD AND NEW SARUM. 31 but the rebellion was suppressed. Civil conflicts, however, rased for a long time between the adherents of Matilda on the one hand, and of Stephen on the other. The clergy- upheld the cause of Stephen for the somewhat selfish reason that he had promised to take the liberties and dis- cipline of the church under his care, and to further as far as in him lay the interests of the ecclesiastical party. So far as Old Sarum is concerned, Stephen at first signified his pleasure at the attitude adopted by the clergy by increasing the privileges enjoyed by the church, and that Bishop Koger, in his post of Justiciar, had not for- gotten his own interests and those of his family, there is abundant testimony. One of his nephews, Nigel of Ely, was Treasurer, another nephew, Alexander, was Bishop of Lincoln, and Koger, his own illegitimate son, was Chan- cellor. In 1139 Stephen, for some cause which does not appear quite clear, cast Bishop Roger, with his son and his nephew Alexander, into prison. Nigel escaped to the castle which the Bishop had built at Devizes, taking refuge with Matilda of Bamsbury, the younger Rogers's mother. A pathetic story of maternal afiection is told in connection with this incident. Stephen carried the son of Matilda of Ramsbury before the castle, and placing a rope round his neck threatened to hang him unless the place was surrendered. This touched the mother's heart, the castle gates were thrown open, and the stronghold was in the hands of Stephen. Historians have very generally agreed that Stephen might have done less justifiable things than to deprive such an insatiably ambitious man as Roger of liis castle, but the wisdom of the policy which he was now adopting towards the clergy has been questioned, for he drew down upon himself the antagonism of every priest in the country. Having thrown Bishop Roger into prison, the King resumed possession of the fortress of Old Sarum, and the clergy in tlie city generally no doubt tasted of bis displeasure. In the earlier parts of the civil war wo find Old 32 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Sarum — at any rate so far as those important people, the Bishop and clergy, were concerned — taking up the cause of Stephen, but after Stephen's change of front it is not a surprising matter to have to record a change of sympathy on the part of the inhabitants. Under the command of Bobeit, Earl of Gloucester, the adherents of Matilda (who had been made Queen after the defeat and capture of Stephen at the battle of Lincoln in 1141) occupied Old Sarum. Stephen had, however, subsequently regained his liberty, and with the object of securing the fortress of Sarum came into South Wilts, " and took up a position in the nunnery at Wilton. Being warned of Stephen's presence in the locality, Gloucester, under the cover of darkness, stole out of Old Sarum with a band of followers, and rushing suddenly into Wilton, whither they had marched, they set fire to that town. They had reckoned, too, on surprising and captur- ing Stephen, but the latter, deeming discretion the better part of valour, took a hasty flight from the place. The civil war, with its direful consequences, lasted several years, but in 1148 (Gloucester having died the year previously) Matilda gave up the struggle, and left Stephen in undisputed possession of the Crown. After all that had taken place, it was, perhaps, not surprising that Stephen could not forget the opposition he had had to endure in so many places. Soon after the end of the war he addressed a writ to Patrick, Earl of Salisbury, and Sheriff of Wilts, commanding him to destroy " pa.rt of the monastery and church adjoining his castle, and even the castle itself." So far as the church in the country generally is con- cerned, Matilda had behaved in a very harsh manner (probably remembering the support it had at first given to Stephen), but there is evidence of acts of liberality on her part to the church of Sarum, for reasons that are also obvious. Among her gifts there is the record of a grant to the canons, of the " tolls and forfeitures, and pleas OLD AND NEW SARUM. :?3 arising from tolls in the market of Sariim." Despite the sign of anarchy, therefore, the old city does not seem to have lost all the prosperit}' in trade of whicli it enjoyed so much in the time of Henry I. Stephen died in 1154, and was succeeded by Henry II., in whose reign there took place a national event in which we have great local interest. In that reign there arose the celebrated contest between the King and Thomas (a Becket). Henry desired to put a check upon the abuses which had arisen out of the liberties which the clergy had been allowed to enjoy. They had been exempted b}' the Conqueror from the jurisdiction (in all ecclesiastical matters) of the ordinary law courts. They had set up tlie claim, even in criminal cases, to be responsible only to the ecclesiastical courts, and, as a consequence, many grievous crinies connnitted by clerics went un- punished. To prevent the continuance of such a state of affairs, Henry convened a Great Council to meet at the Palace of Clarendon, near Salisbury, and here the cele- brated " Constitutions of Clarendon " were drawn up. Besides the question of the irregularities of the clergy, Henry proposed, if possible, to restrain the papal preten- sions, and among the " Constitutions " was one setting. forth that no appeal to Rome was to be allowed without the permission of the Curia Regis (or King's Court). Archbishop Thomas objected to all that was proposed. The then Bishoj) of Salislnu-y, Jocelin, however, took a leading part in the drawing up of the Constitutions, and for this he was excommunicated, as he was a second time foi- assisting the Archbisho]) of Yoil^ in the coronation of the young Prince Henry, 'i'hc reigning King had deter- mined (in order to m lintain the line of succession) to adopt the French plan of having his son chosen and crdwn(Ml in his lifetime. The coronation was performed on June 14, 1170, \)y Poger, Archbishop of York. The day before the ceremony Poger received from Thomas a notice of the 34 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF excommunication of all Bishops taking part in the cere- mony (on the gromid that it was the privilege only of an Archbishop of Canterbury to crown a king. In 1170, Thomas was brutally murdered in Canterbury Cathedral, and Bishop Jocelin of Sarum was suspected by many of being implicated in some way in the tragedy. He succeeded, however, in clearing himself from all imputa- tions to that effect, and afterwards obtained papal absolution. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 35 CHAPTER YI. The Tournament between Sarum and Wilton — Description of the Scene— A Reign of Terror— the Earls of Salisbury — Romantic Story of Ela and Her Suitors— the Earl of Salisbury of To-day. T\riTH the death of King Henry II. we have brought our story to the stirring times of Richard I., when the enthusiasm of the " Warriors of the Cross " was at its highest, and we find ourselves in the era of chivahy. The prowess of the Hon-hearted king aroused in the breasts of the young men of the day a spirit of emulation, and their greatest ambition seemed to be to win glory and applause by dexterity of horsemanship and feats of arms. Hitherto, having had no opportunity of winning their spurs in England, they were wont to repair to the Continent for the purpose of securing their laurels. Richard, however, was desirous that the English knights should not be behind the youth of France. In this respect he was not only actuated by feelings of pride for his subjects ; he had also a more selfish and practical motive, and that was that he wished his knights to add this dexterity and promptitude to their valour, in order that tliey might be of all the greater assistance to him in the war which he was about to renew with Philip of France. With tliis end in view, he addressed a communication to Hubert Walter (Archbishop of Canterbury, and formerly Bishop of Sarum), commanding him to make arrangements for the holding of several tournaments. One of them was to be between Sarum and Wilton ; and the spot fixed upon for tliis trial at anus was a convenient piece of ground 30 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF situated between the Wilton and Devizes roads, and to this day known as " the tournament field." One can well imagine the magnificence of the spectacle presented on this memorable occasion. We can in our imagination picture the principal galleries occupied by the noble and wealthy men of the neighbourhood, in the gorgeous array betokening their high station, while fair women added colour to the scene, with faces of beauty, costumes of magnificence and smiles of welcome, and the commoner people, who thronged less exalted parts of the space al- lotted for spectators, made up in loudly expressed interest and enthusiasm what was lacking in them in the matter of dazzling attire. We can imagine we hear the loud pro- clamations of the heralds, and see the showers of gold and silver pieces falling towards them from the galleries, in response to their cry of " Largesse, largesse !" with the subsequent acknowledging shouts of grateful thanks and gallant flattery. And when the trumpets have ceased to blare, and the acclamations of the populace have died away, and the heralds in gay procession have withdrawn from the arena, leaving only the marshals of the field, " armed cap-a-pie, sitting on horseback, motionless as statues," w^e seem to share the general breathless anxiety for the contests to commence. We see the barriers leading to the enclosures at last opened, and valiant knights, clad in magnificent armour and mounted on gaily caparisoned steeds, ride in to try their skill against the challengers. We note theprelimary details of courtesy, and the usual methods of challenge ; we see the opposing knights take up their respective stations ; we hear again the trumpets of the heralds signalling for the onset ; we observe the terrific rush of the competing horsemen at one the other ; we hear the crash of the impact, with the " spHntering of lances;" and observe how the inferior of the combatants is hurled from his saddle, and sent to bite the dust and gnash his teeth in chagrin.* * In " Ivanboe," Sir Walter Scott (who quotes as his authority the Wardonr Mtnuaeripts) has a graphic and detailed account of a " tourney." OLD AND NEW SAKUM. 37 All this, and more midoubtedh% was to be witnessed at the Sarum tournej^ and very probably after this form of battle was over, there were the bull tight and the bear baiting, and other classes of sport to amuse the commoner people. To manage the details of the tournament two clerks and two knights were appointed, and a part of their duties was to receive the oaths of those who were desirous of displaying their skill, for which the following scale of fees was arranged : for an earl twenty marks, for a baron ten, for a knight with lands four, and for a knight without lands, or an adventurer, two marks. The terms of the oath required by these frequenters of the tournament were rather exacting. In the conditions, earls, barons and all other persons were forbidden to act as robbers on their way to and from the tournament, but were to secure their necessaries, and pay for them, in a proper market ; extor- tion was not to be practised, and the takers of the oaths were sworn not only to keep the peace themselves, but to make it their business to see that others kept it also. Moreover, as Richard took care to have as many channels, legitimate, of course, for the raising of money for the pur- poses of his foreign expeditions, all were to swear that they would not tourney before they had paid the fees due to the king, and they were further pledged to take into custody all whom they found in the act of endeavouring to shew off their valour in the lists without first paying for the privilege. The precautions contained in the compulsion to take the oaths referred to above were very necessary, as those were, indeed, lawless times. The barons held a brutal sway, and they kept the peaceably disposed and inoffensive sections of the community in a state of terror. A descrip- tion of the condition of affairs which prevailed during the time of Stephen will apply equally to the period of Richard's reign. The Saxon Chronicle tells us that the Norman barons " grievously oppressed the poor people by 38 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF building castles, and when they were built they filled them with wicked men, or rather devils, who seized both men and women who they imagined had any money, threw them into prison, and put them to more cruel tortures than the martyrs ever endured," with the object of making them confess the whereabouts of concealed treasure. " They hanged men up by the feet, and smoked them with foul smoke ; some were hanged up by their thumbs, others by their heads, and burning things were hung on to their feet. They put knotted strings about men's heads, and twisted them till they went to the brain. They put men into prisons, where adders and snakes and toads were crawling ; and so they tormented them. Some they put into a chest, short and narrow and not deep, and that had sharp stones therein ; and forced men therein so that they broke all their limbs. In many of the castles were hateful and grim things called neckties, which two or three men had enough to do to carry. This instrument of torture was thus made : it was fastened to a beam, and had a sharp iron to go about a man's neck and throat, so that he might no way sit down or lie or sleep, but he bore all the iron. Many thousands they starved with hunger. . . . Men said openly that Christ and his saints were asleep." One of those who took great interest in the Sarum V. Wilton tournament was undoubtedly the Earl of Salisbury, who occupied the fortress and was a man of valour and distinction. He is very hkely the personage who is introduced into Sir Walter Scott's romance of "Ivanhoe." The Disinherited Knight, who had over- thrown the whole five of the boastful Norman challengers in the lists, declined to reveal his identity, and there was much speculation as to who he really could be. " * It may be the Earl of Salisbury,' said De Bracy. " ' Sir Thomas de Multon, the Knight of Gilsland, rather.' Said Fitzurse. ' Salisbury is bigger in the bones.' " OLD AND NEW SARUM. 39 This will be a convenient point at which to give a few notes on the interesting history of the ancient earls of Salisbury. The first earls of Salisbury derived their surname from the stronghold of Old Sarum ; and in Domesday there is mention of Edward de Sarisberie, who was the vice-comes of Wiltshire ; the term vice-comes being considered equivalent to that of Sheriff. Edward died about 1119, leaving a son Walter, who was married to Isabella de Chaworth, or Cadurcis. Asa baron he wit- nessed a charter of King Stephen in the year 113(3, and in 1142 he founded the priory of Bradenstoke, in the vale of Malmesbury. He placed in the priory regular canons of the order of St. Augustine, and it is said that after the death of his wife he himself assumed the tonsure and habit. By his wife Sabilla de Cadurcis, he left a son and heir, Patrick, afterwards the first Earl of Sahsbury. The latter was a witness to King Stephen's treaty with Henry, Duke of Normandy, in the year 1153; but having during the civil war sided with the Empress Matilda, he was raised by her to the Earldom of Salisbury. He was lieutenant of Acquitaine for King Henry II., and whilst holding that post went in pilgi-image to the shrine of St. lago in Gallicia, and on his way back was (on the 27th March, llGy; slain by Guy de Lusignan. Earl Patrick had two wives, the second being Ela, the widow of William, Earl W^arren. The eldest son born of this union was William, the next Earl, and the one to whom we alluded in the description of the tournament ; indeed in the year 1194 he was appointed keeper of the king's charter for licensing tournaments throughout the country. William took a prominent part at both the first coronation of Kichard I. at Westminster in 1189, and at his second coronation at Winchester in 1194, after his return from captivity in Germany. By his wife, Alianor, he had three daughters, Ela (the eldest), Julianna, and Joanna. The earldom was an indivisable fief, and so the younger daughters received but moderate fortunes, and their matrimonial partners were not of a high rank. 40 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Concerning Ela, a romantic story is related. Its anthenticit}^ has been doubted — as indeed is the case with most ancient legends — but what has been related is sufficientl}^ interesting to repeat. AVhen her parents died, her friends, realising the lawless character of the times, and being well aware that there was not a superabundance of respect for womanhood, despite the zealous outbursts of " chivalry," caused Ela to be removed to Normandy, where she might be well brought up, and where her honour might enjoy something like safety. There were certain ambitious and unprincipled persons who were particularly anxious to discover the young lady's whereabouts, and in the time of Kichard I. there was a certain knight, named William Talbot, who undertook to discover her abode. He crossed over to Normandy, disguised as a pilgrim, and after wandering up and down the country for about two years, achieved his object. Having ascertained where the Lady Ela was staying, he doffed the pilgrim's dress, and donned that of a minstrel. Entering the court of the castle where Ela was living, he began playing skillfully on the harp, and drew eager listeners to him as he sang to them stirring songs of love and war. A minstrel whose harmony could so enthral his listeners found himself soon a welcome guest ; and, being much in the place, contrived one day to gain access to Ela, and soon afterwards he was on his way back to England, taking her with him. Whether or not she was a willing companion on the voyage, does not seem clear. On her arrival she was welcomed by King Richard, who, exercising the strange prerogative claimed by the monarchs of those days, undertook (she being an heiress) to provide her with a husband, and so gave her in marriage to his brother William Longespee (Long Sword), the natural son of the Fair Rosamund Clifford — " Rosamund of the Bower of Woodstock." As an illustration of this arbitrary custom of the king disposing of the destinies of females who found themselves OLD AND NEW SARUM. 41 in the possession of hereditary estates, the narration of the romance of Ela may well be continued. In the year 1224, Earl William of Salisbury (Longespee I.) repaired to France with the King's brother (Richard Earl of Cornwall and Poictou), with the object of suppressing the rebellion in Gascony. The expedition landed at Bordeaux, on Palm Sunday, 7th of April, and they were engaged in the work of reducing the insurgents for the next six months. In the October following the Earl of Salisbury attempted to return home, but was wrecked on the Isle of Ehe. Fearing capture — although promised shelter by a friendly abbot — he dared not remain on the island, but once more put to sea, and was buffetted about badly, and did not effect a landing on English soil until about Christmas, when he arrived on the Cornish coast. By many he was given up as lost, and accordingly some of the " gallant courtiers " thought the Countess Ela was fair prey for an adventurous marriage. One of these presumptuous suitors was Reimund de Burgh, a nephew of Hubert de Burgh, the Justiciary, the latter a man of great power and importance. The King agreed to approve of Reimund's suit, but condescended to add the proviso that Ela herself must be agreeable to the match. Thus encouraged, Reimund repaired to the residence of the Countess at Old Sarum, gorgeously arrayed, and attempted the conquest of her heart by a flattering wooing and tempting promises. But he did not find Ela the mailable woman he had hoped to discover. Her answer to him was that she could not marry him, for the simple and chief reason that she was still a wife, for intelligence had been brought her that her lord and husband was still alive, and on his way to rejoin her. But she added, with justifiable scorn, that even if the earl had been dead, it would not have been to Reimund that she would have trusted her future, their unequal rank in regard to marriage forbidding such a union. " You must seek a marriage elsewhere ; do you not see you have come hither in vain ?" 42 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF she continued by way of dismissal. Reimund de Burgh left the lady, deeply chagrined at his reception ; but three years later found a convenient opportunity to secure a profitable alliance by wedding the widow of William Mandeville, Earl of Essex. The Earl of Salisbury arrived at his castle of Sarum on Saturday, January 4th, 1225. His wife received him with feelings of great delight, but her faithful heart could not conceal from him the intelligence of the indignity that had been offered him in his absence by Hubert de Burgh and his nephew, and on the morrow she told him all that had passed. At this time the king was lying ill at Marl- borough, and thither the earl repaired without delay. On meeting Eichard, who greeted him most cordially, he at once poured into the royal ears the story of his bitter com- plaint against Hubert, and warned the king that unless he caused the justiciary to show him full satisfaction, he would himself take personal steps to secure a redress for the outrage, no matter what stir it might make in the king- dom. The justiciary, who was present, made the politic avowal that the fault of the indiscreet occurrence rested alone with him. He tendered an apology, and further assuaged the anger of the earl with the present of some valuable horses and other things ; and an amicable settle- ment bsing apparently effected, the earl consented to dine at the justiciary's table. After the feast he was seized with a serious sickness — he is alleged to have been poisoned, at the festive board — and on the 7th of March, 1225 (less than two month's after the royal feast at Marlborough) he died. It is recorded by de Wanda that Longespee's body was brought to New Sarum, " with many tears and deep sighs," and at the very same hour at which, just eight weeks previously, he had been welcomed to the new Cathedral. The following day (a Sunday) he was buried with honours in the " new Church of the Blessed Virgin," among those OLD AND NEW SARUM. 43 who attended the obsequies being the Bishop of Salisbury and an Irish Bishop, the Earls of Pembroke and Essex, the Barons Robert de Vipont, Hugh de Gurnay, and Ealph de Toani, and a great concourse of knights and others.* It is not surprising to hear that Ela, after losing her husband in such a tragic manner, almost at the moment of a happy reunion, turned a deaf ear to all other suitors. The mother of eight children, she claimed the privilege of a free widowhood, and to act in her own person in the administration of her estates and jurisdiction, and this she was permitted to do, having previously, no doubt, paid those large fines to the Crown which were customary for such privileges."! For a time she administered the revenues of her county, and subsequently paid a fine of 200 marks to hold for life the custody of the county and of the Castle of Sarum. This took place in the ] 5th year of the reign of King Henry III., and ten years later the Countess retired as a nun to Lacock Abbey, which she herself had founded. The son of the Earl of Salisbury, William Longespee II., though having attained to the dignity of knighthood, does not appear to have ever been raised to the Earldom of Salisbury, which honour was also withheld from his son, William Longespee III., who died of injuries received at a tournament at Blythe, in 1256. The Countess Ela died in 12G1, and for some time the earldom of Salisbury lay dormant, the inheritance being vested in the Countess Margaret, daughter of Longespee III., and afterwards descended to her only surviving child Alice, the wife of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, Leicester, and Derby, " who, in her right, claimed also, if he did not actually enjoy, the two additional earldoms of Lincoln and Salisbury." He was beheaded in 1322, and the Countess died without issue •Longespee's effigy is to be seen in SalLsbury Cathedral. t J. a. XickolH,K.s..\., in the Proceedings of the Archreological In.stitute, 1849. 41 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF in 1348. The representation of the Earldom of Sahsbury rested on her death with the family of Audley, as des- cendants from Ela, daughter of Longespee II. The actual inheritance of the earldom was, however, practically at an end with the death of Longespee I., but a new creation of the dignity was made in 1337 in favour of Lord Montacute. There were four earls in the family of Montacute, two afterwards in the family of Neville (including the celebrated Eichard Neville, the " King Maker "), two in the regal house of the Plantagenets, and of the same house, Lady Margaret Pole, the only surviving child of George, Duke of Clarence, was in 1513 raised to the dignity of Countess of Salisbury. Her successor would have been her son Henry, who was, in 1533, sum moned to Parliament as Lord Montague. Both mother and son were, however, attainted in the year 1539, and in the May of 1541 Lady Margaret was beheaded on Tower Hill. From that time there were no earls of SaHsbury right through the reigns of Edward YL, Mary, and Elizabeth, In the year 1(305 James I. bestowed the title on his Prime Minister and Lord High Treasurer, SirKobert Cecil, whom he had before raised to the titles of Baron Cecil and Vis- count Cranbourne. The title of Earl of Salisbury has been held in lineal succession from Sir Kobert Cecil down to the present holder of the dignity, Robert Arthur Talbot Gas- coyne-Cecil, ninth Earl and third Marquess of Salisbury,* who is the great leader of the Conservative and Unionist party in England at the present day. At a mass meeting held a year or tw^o since in the town of Trowbridge, it was matter of surprise to some to hear the statement of the late Marquess of Bath, which was confirmed by Lord Sahsbury himself, that that was his (Lord Salisbury's) first speech in Wiltshire. It is therefore patent that his lordship has *The grandfather of the preset Earl was raise 1 to the Marquessate in the year 1789. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 45 never publicly spoken in the ancient city from which he takes his title, though he has for several years shown his interest in this district by accepting the presidency of a local political institution, the Wyndham Park Conserv- ative Club.* • Several events briefly referred to for the piirix)se of making this chapter compete ar« chronologically anticipated, but are dealt with more in detail in later chajjters 46 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTEE YII. A Mint at Old Sarnm— Known Coins — Formation of the See of Old Sarum ^ — A Sketch of its History from the Days of the Apostle of Wessex — Herman's removal to '• the Dry and Waterless Hill "' — Foundation and Building of the Old Cathedriil. T'HOUGII there are no "written records " of a mint at Old Sarum, other evidence, in the shape of coins themselves, of the establishment of such an institution has been discovered, the earliest struck being of the reign of Ethelred II., 978 to 1016. In Hatcher and Benson's and other local works mention is made of a coin of Edward the Confessor, which was said to have been struck by GoDRic ON Searrvm. On this subject some important and even startling remarks are made by Mr. Edward Hawkins, F.K.S., F.S.A., in his " Notices of the Mints of Wiltshire," in the Proceedings of the Archaslogical Insti- tute, 1819. He points out that the inscription on the coin just referred to "differs from the reading of any known exist- ing coin ; it differs also fromthe orthography of this town {i.e., Old Sarum), in the Old Sarum records ; but it corres- ponds in sound with the modern name of the ancient city. Of this coin, I believe, no other specimen has ever been seen than the one from which the engraving was taken, and that was in the possession of Mr. , who was notorious for his skill and practice in falsifying coins. The pieces upon which he exercised his fradulent ingenuity were the rude productions of our early Saxon and English mints, requiring no great amount of artistic skill. His motive could only have been a disreputable enjoyment of deceiving the antiquary and reaping some pecuniary profit. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 47 With this person this piece probably owes its origin ; at all events, his ordinary practice? entitle him to the reputa- tion of adding this to his other forgeries and falsifications." In reference to the orthographical question, it. may be mentioned that the name of the city on the coins of Etheldred II. was spelt Searbe ; on the coins of Canute it was written Saebee, Seber, See, or Sere. No Salisbury coins of the time of Harold II. are known. There is no mention made of the Salisbury mint in Domesday Book, but coins have been found testifying that the operations of the Old Sarum mint were carried on during the reigns of the Conqueror and Rufas. It is prob- able that for some reason or other the operations of the mint at Old Sarum were suspended during the time of the Confessor and Harold. Mention has been made of a coin of Sarum mint in the reign of Henry I., and in the British Museum one has been identified which was probably struck here in the time of Stephen. Traces have been discovered of money turned oat of the local mint in the reigns of Henr}^ II. and Henry III., the latter being the last of the Old Sarum coins.-' Besides Salisbury, the only other towns in Wiltshire known, or believed, to have been the sites of mints are Wilton, Bradford, Cricklade, Marl- borough and Malmesbury. The point has now been reached at which we may conveniently present a brief survey of the ecclesiastical history of Old Sarum. If we d^esired to give a complete account of this famous see we should have to begin our story so far back as the early part of the seventh century, at the days of Birinus, the "Apostle of Wessex," out of whose immense diocese there had, in the course of years, been taken the episcopates of not only Sarum but Win- chester, Sherborne and Eamsbury. The little town of * Wh have no reason " to suppose; that a mint was ever worked at Salisbury at any later period, except, perhaps, during the troublous period of Cliarlts I." — Hawkins's " Notices of the Mints of Wiltshire." 48 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Dorchester in Oxfordshire was the original see of Wessex, but the " bisliop stool " was afterwards removed to Win- chester. During the reign of Kmg Ina, in 705, the diocese of Wessex was sub-divided, the bishop-stool of the one episcopate formed, being fixed at Winchester and of the other at Sherborne, the prelate appointed to the former being Daniel, and to the latter Aldhelm. The last named was not only a pious man, but was a musician, a poet, and, moreover, a preacher of resource. It is recorded of him that, finding a difficulty in getting the country people to listen t3 the exhortations of the preacher, he hit upon the following expedient to impress the truth of Christianity upon them. Disguising himself as a minstrel, he would stand upon a bridge leading to a town or village and sing some popular ballads, and then when a crowd had collected he would preach to them. It will thus be seen that the mode of " spiritually reaching the masses " adopted by certain evangelists of to day is by no means so novel as some people have supposed. Though the exact limits of the two new dioceses of Winchester and Sherborne have not been defined with accuracy, it is believed that " though Hampshire, Berkshire and the eastern part of Wiltshire were retained in the newly constituted diocese of Winchester, much of the w^estern portion of Wiltshire (containing not only Malmes- bur}-, but Bradford-on-Avon and Bishopstrow), together with the whole of Dorset and Somerset, were included in that of Sherborne."* Ten bishops in succession ruled over the diocese of Sherborne, as it was constituted in the days of Aldhelm, prominent among them being Asser, the friend and biographer of Alfred th3 Great. Even with the alteration, it was found that sees had been produced which were unwieldy in their proportions, and though during the unsettled reign of Alfred a further sub-division which had been contemplated Was not carried into effect, it is 'Jones's " Annals of the Church of Salisbury." OLD AND NEW SARUM. 49 probable that assistant bishops were appointed for the purpose of dividing the labour in the extensive diocese of Sherborne, for it will surprise many to learn that by the end of the ninth century Devonshire and Cornwall were included in the Sherborne Diocese. The second sub - division actually took place in the year 909 (eight years subsequent to Alfred's death). " King Edward and the Bishops (wrote William of Malmesbury) chose for themselves and their followers a salutary council, and heeding our Saviour's words, 'The harvest is truly plenteous, but the labourers are few,' elected and appointed one bishop to every province of the West Saxons, and divided that district which formerly possessed two into five bishoprics." The sees thus formed were fixed at Winchester, Wells, Crediton, Ramsbury, and Sherborne. The Diocese of Sherborne as reconsti- tuted comprised Dorsetshire only, and its bishop-stool was at Sherborne ; as that of Eamsbury was at Eamsbury, a little town in the north-east of Wiltshire, the original name of which was "Hra3fenesbyrif," ovBavens-hxxvy. The prelates in the latter diocese have also been called bishops of Sunning, which is to be explained by the fact that they had an estate and residence at Sunning, in Berkshire, as had their successors, the bishops of Salisbury, up to a com- paratively recent period. Though Ramsbury was an insignificent see, it reckoned some distinguished men among its prelates, three out of the ten of them having subsequently become Archbishops of Canterbury, viz., Odo, Siric, and Elfric. The bishop in whom we have the most immediate interest, however, was Herman, the last of the bishops of Ramsbury. In consequence of the poor endowments of Ratnsbury, Herman attempted to annex the Abbey of Malmesbury to his bishopric ; and, failing in his scheme, retired from his see in a fit of disappointment, and for sometime took refuge in a French monastery. Three years after this, the see of Sherborne fell vacant, owing to 50 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF the death of Bishop Elfwold (in the year 1058), and Her- man was successful in obtaining the bishopric of Sher- borne as well as that of Ramsbury. For seventeen years he held those two sees (residing principally at Sherborne) , and he then removed (as bishop of the combined see) to Old Sarum. The foregoing cursory glance at the history of a pro- tracted period thus brings us to the establishment of the see of Sarum, with its first bishop in the person of Herman, who, though an old man at this time, set himself the task of building a cathedral in the ancient fortress. He could do little more, however, than lay the foundations, for within two years of his establishing the see on the " dry and waterless hill," he was removed by the hand of death, leaving his work to be carried on and completed by Bishop Osmund, sometimes called the "founder" of Old Sarum Cathedral. Osmund is believed to have been a relative of William the Conqueror, and he has been referred to as Earl (or Count) of Seez, in Normandy. When the Con- queror bethought himself to be generous with the property of the people he had vanquished, he did not forget Os- mund, to whom he made presents of land in Wilts, Hants, Somerset, and Berks. Osmund has also been called Earl of Wilts, and also of Dorset, but on this point the proof positive is wanting. There is no doubt on the point, however, that he was made Lord High Chancellor of England, and was probably one of the Commissioners appointed to compile Domesday Book, to which we have referred in a previous chapter. Osmund completed his Cathedral in the year 1095, and only a few days after its consecration it fell a " prey to the elements" in a manner which created much remark and somewhat of conster- nation at the time, a thunderstorm having totally destroyed the roof, and created grievous damage to the walls of the building. Bobert of Gloucester refers to the circum- stance in the following quaint rhyme : — "So gret lytnynge was the vyste yer, so that all to nogte The rof the Chyrch of Salesbury is broute Rygt even the vyste day that he y halwed vvap." OLD AND NEW SARU^I. 51 The foundations of this early cathedral were discovered in a very remarkable manner during a prolonged drought in the year 1834. The portion of Old Sarum known as the city ward, or the large annular portion situated below the topmost or Castle ward, was at the time mentioned laid down in grass, and upon this the plan of the old cathedral was to be seen in brown outline. The situation was in the north west quarter of the ward. The plan was a plain cross, 270 feet long by 150 feet broad, with a flat east end, the chapter house being formed by an additional bay at the north end of the north transept, and there were double aisles to nave, choir and transepts. When the soil was removed the foundations were revealed, and in them a cavity, which has been identified as the grave of Bishop Osmund. A square of 140 feet on the north side of the choir was the site of the cloisters. Burial grounds for both clergy and laity were also found there. 52 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTER YIII. The Episcopacy of St. Osmund : Formation of a Cathedral Chapter — His. Canonisation — Remarkable Accounts of Miracles Wrought — Extra- ordinary Negociations. TN our last Chapter we referred to the Cathedral of Osmund, and the remarkable manner in which the outlines of that church were discovered in the summer of 18B4. We must now add something about this remark- able prelate himself. Among Osmund's important acts after assuming the bishopric was the formation of a cathedral chapter. " It was constituted on the Norman model, with the ' Quatuor Personte ' at its head, viz., the dean, precentor, chancellor and treasurer, together with a number of canons. Of this chapter the bishop himself was the undoubted and recognised head — the whole body of canons forming his ' Council,' which he summoned on all emergencies."* His canons were " canons secular," some were probably married men and each lived in his own house, and the earliest of these church functionaries chosen by Osmund, were, it is related, noted for their learning and skill in music. In the time of Osmund there was a great variety of rituals in vogue in different parts of England, and about the year 1085 this prelate, with a view to securing something like uniformity in church services^ drew up for use in his own diocese that form of ritual so celebrated under the name of the Use of Sarum, which he had compiled from various sources, and was not, as has. ■ been supposed by some, an entirely original work. It was very generally adopted in the South of England and other parts of the kingdom, was introduced into Ireland in 1172. and into Scotland about the year 1241. • Jones's Annals. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 53 Osmund died on Dec. 3rd, 1099, after a painful illness, endured with great fortitude. About three hundred years afterwards he was canonized as a saint. The date at which this occurred will cause us to take, as it were, a bold leap into a period that will be covered by later chapters. The subject, however, deals with a celebrated character in the history of Old Sarum, and adopting the plan with which we set out — viz., that of making this story as connectedly interesting as possible, — we make little apology for dealing with so curiously important a topic without further delay. The details of some of the miracles attributed to the intercession of Osmund, and on which claims to the veneration of his memory were largely based, afford a startling evidence of the remarkable amount of supersti- tion which existed in those days. We should pass them by as incredible, but for the fact that they are gravely and seriously chronicled in the records of the negociations connected with the canonisation. Considering the day in which he lived, Osmund was undoubtedly a good, as well as a great, man, and we caa scarce forbear a feeling of regret that such fables are to be found associated with his otherwise venerated and honoured memory. The first series of depositions regarding " miracles " wrought through Osmund's intervention were taken (by virtue of a mandate from Eome) by the Bishops of Bath and Coventry, and the Abbot of Stanley, and here is some of the stupendous nonsense that they found it their business to chronicle. Master Peter, a priest, governor of the schools at Sarum, related that a certain paralysed pilgrim, who was wont to lie at the gate of the Castle in Old Sarum, was told that " he should be conveyed to the tomb of Osmund, the Bishop, and should there recover his health." The veraci(5us Peter, in his evidence, then went on to say that he saw the paralytic raise himself unaided, and go to tlio altar (whither 54 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF he accompanied him), bearing a wax taper. A centenarian, " Sampson, the Skinner," made testimony to the effect that the pilgrim was carried to the church in a cart, and then borne in the arms of fom- persons to the tomb of Osmmid, where he passed the night in prayer ; and that next day he was cured. Still another addition was made to the foregoing story by Agatha, wife of Godfrey of Sarum, who testified that she was one of the persons who assisted in removing the pilgrim to the gate of the Castle, and " that Philip de St. Edward, a canon of Sarum, caused a certain enclosure to be made for him with twigs." There the poor wayfarer lay a year and more, and then declared that Osmund had appeared to him in the night, and he had recovered his health. An aged priest, named Ralph Barvill, alleged that while one day " sitting irreverently " on Osmund's tomb, he was seized with a violent pain in the head, and lost his appetite for some time. Subsequently he took the advice of a friend, and, returning to the tomb, and craving Os- mund's pardon for his irreverence, was cured ! In yet another case a child, belonging to a woman named Jocasta, fell into a well of water, and on being taken out was considered dead. " The child lay cold from the ninth hour to vespers." At length the nurse and father, calling on the name of Osmund, made a taper to be offered at his tomb, and the child immediately stirred I This was at " the first sound of matins." Early the next morning the presumably dead child was carried to the Cathedral, and immediately on being placed on the tomb of Osmund " opened its eyes and smiled " — it smiled, possibly, at the credulity of its parents. The relatives and others present, dehghted at the "miracle," offered their devotions, and the infant was taken home alive and well. One of the " miracles " on which evidence was taken at a second enquiry, conducted by the Abbot of Bindon and Prior of Breamore, reads like the effort of a man who OLD AND NEW SARUM. 55 would have been a successful writer of fiction, had be given bis mind to the work. What follows is said to be the statement of " persons worth}^ of credit," and it is needless to remark that credit must have been a wonder- ful thing in those days. During the lifetime of Bishop Osmund, a man hailing from the neighbourhood of Salis- bury, on returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, waited at the Port of Joppa for the coming of a ship in which he was to voyage homeward. Whilst there he fell asleep, and a beautiful woman appeared to him, and enquired whence he came, and to what people he belonged. " I am an Englishman," replied the pilgrim, " and was born near the city of Sarum, where I reside." " Dost thou know Osmund, the Bishop of Sarum?" asked "the beautiful woman." The pilgrim answered that he knew him well. " Then," said the woman, " take this letter, sealed from my hands, take it to your couutry, and' carry it to good Osmund the Bishop, with these words, ' Thy lad}' salutes thee, and sends thee this letter, delivered at the port of Joppa.'" She thereupon touched the man with her hand on his naked breast, and the prints of her fingers remained there as long as be lived ! ^^"hen he awoke he was aston- ished not only to find the letter in his hand, but that he had returned to his own country — a remarkable example of quick travelling which has not yet been reached even by the " ocean greyhounds " of the present day. The story was, of course, an audacious fabrication, but the most astonishing feature of all is that "people worthy of credit " were ready to believe it. The hero of this rapid voyage was said to be a clerk living in the village at Bemerton. Another of these romancing testimonies was to the effect that a certain dyer, named John Swift, when- ever he found anything going wrong with his dyeing ajoparatus, had only to call on the name of Osmund, and all was well ! We have no more space for the class of narrative with which we have just dealt, but will now proceed to give 56 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF one or two interesting details as to the negociations that had to he carried on before Osmund's name could be placed in the calendar of the Saints. In the year 1228 (after the Cathedral had been removed to New Sarum) Bishop Poore and the Cathedral Chapter, out of consideration for the veneration in which Osmund was held, set themselves the task of endeavouring to procure his canonisation, " conceiving it fit that such a hidden treasure should be opened, such a shining light placed in a candlestick, to the edification of many." Pope Gregory IX., in the year mentioned, sent a mandate to the Bishops of Bath and Coventry and also to the Abbot of Stanley, instructing them to make careful enquiry into this subject and report to him, and some of the particulars of their elaborate investigations have been stated above. The enquiry having been made, the result was chronicled in the records of the church ; but the removal of Bishop Poore from Salisbury to Durham, and fresh demands on the time and means of the church in the city having arisen, the matter was allowed to stand in abeyance. It was revived in 1387, but Bishop Erghum and his Chapter found that the quarrels prevailing between themselves monopolised all their energies, and again the proposal for canonization had to stand aside. Another futile attempt was made during the prelacy of Bishop Hallam, 1406, and again in 1417. In 1423 a commission of enquiry was granted by the Pope to James, Bishop of Trieste, and to the Bishops of Winchester and Hereford, but the two latter prelates had affairs of their own to attend to, and so transferred their inquisitorial duties to the Abbot of Bin- don and the Prior of Breamore, who commenced their sittings on the 18th of January, 1424, and sat until the May following. Their report was duly sent to Kome, and " pro- curators," or agents, jwere appointed with a view to hasten- ing the negociations to as speedy a conclusion as possible. For some time, however, it was still but poor progress that was made in the transaction. Popes Martin V. and OLD AND NEW SARUM. 57 Eugenius IV. bad too much trouble in Eome to botber about affairs in a Soutb of England diocese. Tbe design was resumed during tbe more peaceful occupancy of tbe Papal cbair by Nicbolas V., wben tbe Bisbopand Cbapter sbewed tbeir generous interest in tbe project by taxing tbe prebends of tbe canons in order to raise funds to furtber tbe object. Simon Hutcbyns (Master of St. Nicholas), and Precentor Nicbolas Upton were sent to Eome as tbe " procurators," or agents. Some curiois correspondence bas been preserved, sbewing tbat tbe mission upon wbicb tbese " procurators " bad entered was by no means an easy one. On arriving at Eome tbey managed to secure an audience witb__Pope Nicbolas, wbo, after asking the messengers of tbe Bishop, Dean and Chapter a great variety of questions, and bearing tbeir replies, put tbe letters tbey bad brought " in a casket and said he would read them at night," adding tbat be would communicate with his most reverend brethren, the cardinals, and return tbe messengers an answer. The messengers from Salisbury bad not long been absent on tbeir errand when financial difticulties began to trouble them. Upton, in a letter which he wrote to the Bishop, Dean and Cbapter on July 15th, 1452, expressed the not unreasonable view that tbe bankers' commission and tbe carriage of letters should be provided for, for the porterage of eight letters connected with the business bad already cost him eight ducats. " You are aware (said he) that neither of us bas any money to pay for such things. And know, that if hereafter letters come, and the carriage is not paid, they shall lie for us ; because we came with our own money, and nobody is to be found who will accommodate us with a single ducat, even if we should die." From this it is evident either tbat the credit of tbe poor Sarum agents was not good, or tbat tbe spirit of hospitality was not great in Eome in those days. Upton and Nicholas applied for pecuniary aid to the Archbishop of Tarento, wbo, instead of putting his band 58 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF into his own coffers, said he would " speak with the bankers," and the bankers were read}' with accommodation up to one or two thousand ducats, at the modest interest of twenty pence a ducat. " We request you therefore," wrote Upton to the Bishop, Dean and Chapter of Sarum, " earnestly to write to Tarento to hasten our affair." The letters to the Pope still lay unopened. Probably they had not emerged from ihe privacy of the casket in which he placed them, when he promised to " read them at night " — but forgot to do so. " Those monies," plain- tively concluded Upton, "which were granted in your Chapter House cannot suffice for the maintenance of a horse and servant and clothes, according to the fashion of the Court of Pome, which is sumptuous. It is to provide for the expenses of the church, not my own ; for no one is obliged to make war at his own charge. Many other expenses have I incurred, for I lost two horses on the road." It is perfectly clear that those in Pome through whose hands the negociations would have to filter, intended to do little or nothing unless well paid for it. The Sarum agents at the end of July, 1452, approached the Arch- bishop of Tarento and begged him to press forward their suit, but the Archbishop informed them that " the Pope would do nothing further till more cardinals came to court, and therefore they must have patience," while a certain consistorial advocate, to whom they had been referred, and who had, he said, composed a "notable sup- plication" on their behalf, not only refused to deliver the aforesaid " supplication," but also dechned to return the documents which the agents had placed in his hands, " till he had been well feed for his pains." " In their perplexity," says Hatcher, who has a full account of these transactions in his elaborate work on Salisbury, " they recurred to the Archbishop, entreating him to pay the advocate, but he adroitly evaded their request, and they were left without OLD AND NEW SARUM. 50 the means of recovering their documents, or even of pro- curing a solitary ducat " (except at an exorbitant rate of interest). "They, therefore, earnestl}' pressed for remit- tances to the bank with all speed, because ' when the sound of money ceases in the court the despatch of busi- ness ceases also.' " Under these circumstances it is no wonder that Upton in his letters expressed feelings of mortification and even of anger, for we suppose the axiom " human nature is human nature " held good even in those days. A sensitive reader of Hatcher might, there- fore, be inclined to lose patience at that painstaking chronicler's allusions to Upton's " peevishness," " querrel- ousness," " great degree of ill humour," and so forth. The fact was that the Archbishop of Tarento, and others connected with the Eoman court, were a set of knaves, and Upton and his companion were a couple of poor tools in the hands of ecclesiastical rascals. " I trust in God," says poor Upton, in a subsequent letter to the Bishop, Dean and Chapter, "your wisdom and sadness may be such, and so conceive, that the matter may be sped by, for in good faith unto the time that money be in the bank, I cannot see that any answer may be had, which is essential. ... I had an ofiice which was worth to me ten pounds and more, which will avail me less bj^ mj' absence, letting you wit that I never made instance by myself, or any mene person, to take this labour on me, as you know right well. Benefice I have none, so that by my absence there is nothing that groweth to mine avail. If I had known that this matter should have been thus long tarried I would not have taken it ou me for nothiLg, for I have spent twenty pounds and more of mine own good, over that ye took to me when I went, in good faith." Other letters in a similar strain were written, and at length the Salisbury ecclesiastics — who had not the common sense to see that nothing could be done in the court, in which the motive power was money, without sending pecuniary aid — cancelled Upton's contract of repre- 60 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF sentation and entrusted to Hutchyns the continuation of the negociatione. From the letter sent withdrawing the power of attorney from Upton, it would seem that the latter had suggested that the canonisation would most hkely be secured by a secret treaty with the Pope, at a cost of 3,000 ducats, " which ye desire to be sent by some bank, letting us wete {i.e., 'giving us to understand') that the Pope is ill of the gout, which, as you write, is universal in all his body, with a sore cramp in his neck and shoulders, so that ye dread his death." Upton was evidently desirous to close the negociations before the gout carried off the pontiff. " Truly," continued the Sarum church dignit- aries, " it is not in our power to make purveyance of the said 8,000 ducats, for ye know well that the charge of procurement of money, for four terms of the year, during three years, which should and must rest on every prebend of the church of New Sarum, after the tax of their pre- bends, by a grant made last Lent, will not, for the two terms that have to run, extend to the value of 1,000 ducats." It is clear that the church authorities at Sarum had at last to come to the conclusion that Upton's com- plaints and accounts of financial difficulties were not groundless, for in a letter which Hutchyns, now the sole "procurator," wrote to the bishop, he acknowledges letters of advice and announces the lodging of ] ,000 ducats in the bank. He admits that no definite estimate of the money that would be required could be given, because the fees varied according to the varying natures of the canon- isation. As a matter of fact canonisations were in great request just then, and the court of Rome, or, at any rate, its dependents, practically made their own terms for con- ferring the honour. Pope Nicholas died without bestowing the favour which had been so eagerly solicited. He was succeeded in the pontifical chair by Calixtus III. — Alphonso Borgia, OLD AND NEW SAHUM. 61 the Spaniard — and now the Bishop and Chapter met better fortune, for both Cahxtus and his secretary John Lax. (an Enghshman), were both warmly in favour of the canonisation of Osmund, and of their own free will pressed matters forward to the desired conclusion. At the end of the year 145G the Pope wrote that " the grace of God had illuminated his own mind and conscience, and those of his College Cardinals, in moving them to an unanimous sentence for the canonisation of Bishop Osmund." On the 1st of January ensuing it was his intention to " proceed personally to the completion of this affair, as was becoming to the king and kingdom, and to the salutary state of the church of Salisbury." The procurator Lax, however, was not to go unremunefated for his share in the business, and his Holiness requested lh3 Bishop, Dean and Chapter to associate him in their body and to secure to him a share in the partrimony of Osmund. The costs of the canonisa- tion were chiefly met by a tax levied on the Prebends, made at the order of the Bishop, Dean, and others. In the Bull of Canonisation the following occurred : — " In the church of Salisbury itself we order that his (Osmund's) tomb be set in a more worthy place, that the multitude of the faithful in Christ may visit it freely, and his memory and festival be celebrated with more propriety. We grant farther, to the faithful of both sexes, trul}^ penitent and having confessed, who shall visit annually and devoutly the church of Salisbury, and the tomb of the said glorious confessor, on his festival and the whole octave ensuing, and who shall contribute to the repair of the tomb, and the adornment and preservation of the church, three years and as many times forty days" release from penance enjoined at the present and all future times." C2 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTER IX. The Removal of the Cathedral E*tabli.shment to New Sarum— Causes for the Translation-- Soldiers and Clerics — Traditions— The Fortress Dismantled. T^HE history of Old Sarum practically closes with the removal of the cathedral from the hill-top fortress to the pleasant valley in which chm-ch and city are located at the present day. For a considerable period before this, the church of Sarum had passed through anxious times. In the days of Richard I. and John, it shared the hard- ships which vrere common among Christians in England. Having suffered impoverishment through the exactions made in the former reign for the ransom of the " pious king:," it had worse to endure in the time of King John. It was during the reign of that monarch that the whole of the kingdom was laid under the interdict of Pope Innocent III., and readers of English history are familiar with the story of the sadness of those times, and their knowledge renders detailed references here unnecessary. Hither than proclaim the interdict (with its awful consequences) many bishops fled from their charges and sought refuge abroad. Herbert Poore was the Bishop of Sarum at this time, but it is believed that instead of flying like the others, he stood courageously to his post and helped his flock as best he could to tide over the troubl-s that were falling upon them. In those days, as has ever been the case when the voice of th ) church has been stilled, and would bs again if ever her sanction and influence were withdrawn from the land, a reign of terror ensued, and the clergy (in common with other Christians) OLD AND NEW SARUM. G3 received far more than a fair share of brutal treatment meted out by the lawless. " The king's soldiers ransacked towns, houses, churches, and even cemetaries, robbing everyone and sparing neither women nor children. Even the priests, standing at the altars and clad in their sacred robes, were seized, ill-treated, robbed, and tortured. Mar- kets and traffic ceased, goods were exposed for sale only in churchyards, agriculture was at a standstill — man}' feared to go beyond the limits of their chui'ches or their pre- cincts, whither they fled for sanctuary."*-' In a temporal sense, it is true, the church made a little progress in Sarum, even in those unsettled days. A royal charter augmented its revenue, and private liberality was bestowed upon it. But there is no doubt that by this time the ecclesiastical authorities realised that their position in the fortress of Old Sarum w^as becoming unbearable, and their continuance there impossible. Taking advantage of the licence of the times, the soldiers attached to the Castle adopted an insolent bearing towards the clerics, and often accompanied their insults with attempts at, if not actual perpetration of, acts of violence. " So long," wrote Clark, the author of the "Ancient Earthworks of the Avon," " as the bishops held the Castle either independently or for the Crown, the position of the cathedral was sufficiently secure, but when lay castellans took their place, and were men powerful enough to illtreat their neighbours, the clergy began to suffer, and to make the most of the natural disadvantages of so high and exposed a situation." A writer of those ancient days (Peter de Blois) referred to the church of Sarum as a "captive on tlie hill," and likened it to the " Ark of God in the House of Baal." " Let us in God's name," cried he, " descend into the plain. There are rich champaign fields and fertile valleys, abounding with the fruits of the earth, and watered by tlie living stream. There is a seat for tlie Virgin patroness of our church to which the world cannot produce a parallel." • Joiuh's a nnalH. 64 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF As we have said, what induced the clergy to think of changing their quarters was the ill-treatment they suffered at the hands of the soldiery, though others have alleged that want of water was the cause. " Sum think (wrote Leland in his quaint language) that lak of water caussid the inhabitants to relinquish the place ; yet were tber many welles of swete water. Some say, that after that in tyme of civil warres that castles and waullid towns were kept, that the castellanes of Old-Saresbyri and the chanons could not agree, insomuch that the castellanes upon a time prohibited them, coming from Procession and Rogation, to re-entre the toun. Whereupon the bishop and they consulting together, at the last began a chirch on his oun proper soyle ; and then the people resorted strait to New- Saresbyri and builded ther ; and then, in continuance, were great number of the houses of Old-Saresbyri pulled down and set up at New-Saresbyri." Having decided on the removal, the question of the site arose, and in this connection the legend-monger has been busy, as he has been with many branches of our local history. One tradition describes how the site was deter- mined by the fall of an arrow, shot by a soldier standing on the r imparts of Old Sarum, whilst another alleges that the Blessed Virgin one night appeared to Bishop Poore in a dream and pointed out the spot to him. The site fixed upon was in the Merryfield, or Merefield, the name being said by some to be a corruption of the phrase " Mary's- field " (the church was dedicated to the Virgin Mary), and by others it is alleged to refer to Mere-field, signifying a damp or marshy ground. Those who knew the Cathedral and Close in earlier days, when the flooding of the church and its precincts was a serious matter, may be inclined to favour the latter view. However this may be, the site chosen was on ground which was probably Bishop Herbert Poore's private propert}'. Special messengers were sent to Home to crave the sanction of the Pope to the removal, and the canons, in order to further the work, OLD AND NEW SARUXI. (55 agreed to give a quaiter of their revenues for the ensuing seven years towards the object. It was left to Bishop Plerbert Poore's* brother and successor, Richard, to see his dear wish acconiphshed, and Eichard succeeded in obtaining the Bull necessary for the translation from Honorius III.- There is a tradition to the effect that Bishop Pooie frequently consulted with the Abbess of Wilton concerr.- ing a proposal to purchase some groard belonging to that convent for the site of the new cathedral. It was on the frustration of his object in this direction that the Virgin Mary is said to have appeared to Poore and advised him to build a church in a place called " Merryfield." On this subject the following more or less humorous verses were written by Dr. Pope, an intimate friend of Bishop Ward, who was appointed to the see in ldG7 : — " One time as the prelate lay on hi?; down bed, Recruiting his spirits with rest, There appeared, as "tis said, a beautiful maid, With her own dear babe at her breast. To him thus she spolie (the day was scarce broke, And his eyes yet to slumber did yield), ' Go build me a cluuch without any delay, (io build it in Merry-tield.' He wates and he rings, up ran rrionks and friars At tlie sound of his little bell ; ' I must know,' said he, ' where Merry-tield is,' But the devil-a-bit could they tell. Full early he rose on a morning grey. To meditate and to walk, And by chance overheard a soldier on guard, As he ttius to iiis fellow did talk :— ' I will lay on tiie side of my good yew'en bow, Tliat I shoot clean over the corn. As far as that cow in yon Merry-field, Which grazes under the thorn.' Then the Bishop cry'd out, ' Wheie /.s Merry-field ? ' For h's mind was still on his vow ; The soldier reply'd, ' By the river side, \\ h'l-e you see that brindled cow.' Bishop lliiberc i'ujre died in 1217. 66 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Upon this he declared his pious intent, And about the indulgences ran ; And brought in the people to build a good steeple, And thus the Cathedral began." After the removal of the cathedral estabhshment the importance of Old Sarum began to wane ; the influence attached to the castle graduall}^ decreased, and the soldiers (probabl)^ because there were no priests to harass) no doubt found "their occupation gone." It took a little time, however, to properly effect the translation of church and city, for it was not until 1260 that New Sarum was granted by the king (Henry III.) to the bishop " in capite,"^ as parcel of the temporalities of the see, the citizens being, in fact, the demesne men of the bishop. King Edward III. in 1332 granted the Bishop, Dean, and Chapter of Salisbury permission to remove the walls of the cathedral and canonical houses in the royal fortress of Old Sarum, and to use the materials in the repairs of the Cathedral and Close of New Sarum. The date of the dismantling of the castle proper is not known, and, according to the late Edward T. Stevens, the views occasionally exhibited of it were probably taken from the representation of Sherborne upon Bishop Wyvil's brass in Salisbury Cathedral. Leland thus describes the ruins of Old Sarum, which he visited when in these parts: — " Ther was a paroch of the Holy Kode in Old Saresbyri ; and an other over the est gate, whereof yet some tokens remayne. ... I do not perceive that ther wer any mo gates in Old Saresbyri than 2, one by est^ and an other by west. Without eche of these gates was a faire suburbe. And in the est suburbe was a paroch chirch of St. John ; and there is yet a chapelle standinge. Ther hath bene houses in tyme of mind inhabited in the est sub- urbe of Old Saresbyri ; but now ther is not one house neither within Old Saresbyri, nor without it, inhabited. Ther was a right fair and strong castelle within Old Saresbyri longging to the Erles of Saresbyri, especially the Longspees. I read that one Gualterus (Walter D'Eureux) was the first Erie, OLD AND NEW SARUM. 67 after the Conquest, of it. Much notable ruinus building of this castelle yet ther remayneth." On the 10th of June, 1668 — about a century after Leland's visit — Pepys, the celebrated and eccentric diarist— was travelling in Wilt- shire. " So over the plain (he wrote), by the sight of the steeple to Salisbury, by night ; but before I came to the town, I saw a great fortification, and there light, and to it, and in it; and find it prodigious, so as to fright me to be in it all alone at that time of night, it being dark. I understand since it to be that that is called Old Sarum." It was on this occasion that poor Pepys experienced the inconvenience of having to pay a high price for good accommodation, at the George Inn, in High Street.* He particularly objected to the charge for horse hire, and 7/6 for beer and bread. At the contents of his bill he was "mad," and "resolved to trouble the mistress about it and get something for the poor." • Tli.sH preini.se.s which have, of conrne, undergone much alteration, are now partly in the occupation of Mr. F. Sutton, restauratt-ur, and partly in the y the reception of tlui king and queen on their visit to Salisbury. TIk^ citizens were 100 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF ordered to ride out to meet their majesties in green gowns, and it was decided to make presents of money, oxen and sheep to the queen. For the twenty sheep and two fat oxen allowance was to be made to the city chamberlain in his accounts, and twenty members of the council guaranteed a pound each towards making up the purse of money. It has been thought that these acts of loyal generosity were induced by a desire to regain favour in the eyes of the king, whom the refractory people had offended. Too much value should not, however, be placed on such an opinion, inasmuch as for a very long series of years it was a custom to make these public presents on the coming of royal personages. But no amount of preparation for royal visits could heal the sore existing between prelate and people. For instance, an effort was made by Lord Audley, Lord Stafford of South wyck, and Maurice Berkeley, an esquire, to pro- cure an amicable settlement of the differences. Their proposal was that they, with eight merchants, chosen indifferently on either side, should conclude the dispute ; but the proposal was rejected on the ground that as the tenants of the Bishop were partly resident and partly not, no one could be found to undertake the performance of any agreement on their behalf. It is a noteworthy fact that although the citizens were so continually at loggerheads' with the episcopal authority, they were by no means at peace among themselves. In 1452 we find the commonalty, for the purpose of preventing the re-election of John Halle as mayor, passing a resolu- tion debarring anyone from taking the post who had held it within the past five years, and instituting a fine of ten pounds for any member of the Twenty-four (aldermen) who should attempt to contravene the regulation. In 1455, five years after the time when a certain portion of the populace shewed their hatred of tlie Church by the unpro- voked murder of Bishop Ayscough — and in the very year OLD AND NEW SARUM. 101 when the citizens were making efforts to obtain a new charter — a special oath was imposed on the aldermen, enforcing loyalty to the mayor, and binding the oath-taker to the obligation to assume the duties of the mayoralty whenever chosen. But neither oaths, obligations, fines, imprisonments, remonstrances, nor anything else, seemed sufficient to restrain the notorious John Halle, and perhaps some other prominent civic personages whose names have not been handed down to us in this respect. Opposed to Halle in business (the cloth trade) was, as we have before indicated, William Swayne, and these two opponents were so per- sistent and noisy in their quarrels that it is said that they actually interfered with the proper conduct of public business. For instance, we can imagine how " dignified " it would be if one member of the present council were to address another in the following language, which was used dm'ing one of the wordy l)attles referred to above : — " I defy thee ; what art thou ? I am as rich as thou, churl, knave, harlot. I am as rich as thou, and greater beloved than thou, and thou sittest here in semble to contrary thee, and never to agree to thee. I am better of birth than thou, and have borne the worship and estate of this city, and kept it as well as thou." This is beheved to be but a mild example of the " eloquence" adopted in those assemblies, and if there had been newspaper reporters what a variety of choice speeches they would have had to record at that time ! To such an extent did these disputes and their annoy- ing consequences grow that in 1457 a special resolution was passed l)y the mayor and the council dealing with the evil. At that meeting it was stated that at different times quarrels and discords had occurred, and malicious and unbecoming speeches had been used, whereby several convocations {i.e., meetings of i\\('. iiuiyor and comicillors) had been annulled, to the great detriment and scandal of 102 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF the city. It was therefore decided that " whensoever the Mayor of the city, or his successors, should convene, or cause to he convened, any council or convocation for the advantage and utility of the city, in the house called the Semplehouse, or in any church, or any other place within the city, no one of the Twenty-Four, nor anyone of the society of the Forty-Eight, should indulge in personal invective or reproach, under the penalty of 3s. 4d., to be levied by the chamberlain, at the mandate of the mayor, on the chattels of those offending. Farther, it is ordered that if William Swavne or John Halle shall again offend in this respect, they are to be fined twenty shillings for the benefit of the city ; if a second time forty shillings ; and a third time to be imprisoned." The names subscribed to this agreement include the bishop, the mayor (John "Wheeler), and the obstreperous Halle and Swayne. The bickerings between the citizens and the bishop continued till at last, in 1474, in Whitsun week, his lordship met the mayor and council by appointment, with a view to settling existing difficulties. The mayor and citizens were apparently of opinion that it would be to their advantage to withdraw their strenuous opposition, and accordingly his worship consented to take the oath before the bishop, as was provided for in the charter, and as his predecessors had done. The sensible portion of the inhabi- tants followed the example of the mayor, and yielded such submission to the bishop as that personage had a right to expect, and all " litigations, discords and disputes " were referred to him, in the hope that everything would be settled to common and mutual advantage, and that the inhabitants would continue to enjoy the privileges and liberties that were available to them through his lordship. But it must not be inferred that the arrangement just quoted really meant an ending of the trouble between the two opposing authorities. AVhatever advantage the citizens divined would accrue from accomo- OLD AND NEW SARUM. 103 dations of the kind described, the feeHiig of jealousy which had led to so many disputations and so niiicli rancorous (]uibbling still existed, often in a dormant state, but ever and anon bursting out. In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, for instance, the differences once more cropped up, the dispute being chiefly in this case anent the appointment of magistrates, which, by this time, although virtually at the discretion of the Lord Chancellor or Lord Keeper was in this city invariably made on the recommendation of the bishops, with whom, by former acts of parliament, the right of choice had originally lain. On July 15, 1578, the council passed a resolution to approach the bishop with the view of establishing a prac- tice that all past, present and future maj^ors should be justices of the peace. This tended by no means to prevent the perpetual jarring of that harmony which should have existed, and the civic records contain frequent allusions to the arising of new disputes. These at length culminated in a violent quarrel between prelate and citizens, in 1598, and both parties laid their claims and grievances before the king's high officers. The citizens complained that the bishop and his officials obstructed the due election of mayors by the attempt to force upon them unreasonable oaths ; " that the Lord Bishop hath placed lewd persons, and of light behavioui-, to be his officers within the city to arrest men, and do other his connnandments, \vlio daily do commit divers misdemeanours, and thereby give occasion of divers quarrels and riots within the city, to the trouble of Her Majesty's peace there ;" that the bishop's officers had encroached on the citizens' rights of possession at Bugmore and part of the ditch "wliereof the citizens have been in possession these three hundred years;" that the bishop bad been in llie habit of ordering tlic markets in the city without troubling to consult the civic authorities ; that he (the bishop) liad openly spoken in a sligliting manner of the mayor at the city Quarter Sessions, and there and elsewhere had affii-mcd tbat he was ucillicr mavor nor 104 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF justice of the peace ; that the hishop and others of the cathedral body had prevented the mayor and his brethren from attending Divine service at the Cathedral at Christ- mas time, according to custom, " to the hazzard of a tumult within the church," and that the " said Bishop hath been greatly offended with those preachers that have prayed for the mayor in their sermons, as hath been accustomed.'' Other grievances are catalogued, and the petition concludes with the assertion that " by reason of these innovations and dissensions, the good government of the city is over- thrown ; poor, idle, and dissolute persons daily increase ; and also quarrels and misdemeanours which will, as they fear, grow to greater mischief, if a settled course of govern- ment be not in short time provided." Although the above by no means exhausts the list of the people's murmurings, enough has been written to shew that at length the time had come when they could no longer endure the restraints which their allegience to epis- copacy under the bishops' chartered rights practically involved. The prelate who occupied the See at the time was Caldwell, and he was by no means disposed to allow the powers that he and his predecessors had so long enjoyed, to slip lightly from his hands. He, therefore, submitted to the Lord Chancellor a reply on the various points involved ; and touching the question of the appointment of magistrates said, " The time was, my Lord, that the Bishops of this diocese had authority to make justices of the peace within this city of Sarum. But sithence the statute of King Henry VIII., which deprived them of that pre-eminence, they have found favour of their predecessor's hands to give the names of such as should be in commission." More negociations ensued between the parties, and subsequently it would appear that once again the inhabi- tants of the city saw it would be to their advantage to submit to the bishop's exercise of his feudal rights. But " the beginning of the end" had been reached, and OLD AND NEW SARUM. 105 eventually, in the reign of James I., after a wearying- repetition of the quarrels, the people of the city succeeded in obtaining a new charter which made them practically free from that absolute dependency on the will and favour of the bishops which had so long been their lot. That charter embraced the customary privileges of corporate bodies ; but at the same time, judical powers of a character similar to those conceded to the citizens were granted to the bishop and dean within the Liberty of the Close. The mayor was still to take the oath, on election, in the presence of the bishop ; or before the dean in the event of the see being vacant ; or, in the further alternative, before the retiring mayor, the recorder, or the aldermen.'* See later chapter on the sketch of munh ipnl hi.story. 10(3 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTER XV. Regulations for the Government of the Corporation — Fines for Not Attend- ing the Mayor— ExiJulsions from the Council — The Dignity of the ^Mayoralty — The Dresses of the Mayor and his Brethren Regulated by Resolution — What they wore at Feasts and at Church — Penalties for Default — At the Feast of St George — The Costumes of the Wives of the Mayor and his Brethren also Regulated. ASSOCIATED with this question of the civic struggle for independence in medioBval days in Salisbury, it is interesting to note the manner in which the members of the corporation seemed unconsciously preparing for a new condition of affairs, by, as it were, setting their own house in order. Either, at times, the honour of member- ship of such an august body lost its charm and attraction, or the duties had become irksome, for there are frequent allusions in the records to the passing of resolutions and regulations designed to awaken in the members a sense of their responsibilities. It is perfectly plain, too, that the spirit of objection to any kind of subservience or restraint which often was the leading motive of the resistence to, and attacks on, the bishops, induced consequential and noisy members of the corporation to snap their fingers at the deference and obedience due to the mayor or any other superior personage. It would exhaust the limits of the space at our disposal to dwell with anything like de- tail on the steps taken from time to time on this subject ; but a few out of many examples may be quoted, from which readers will glean a general idea. There having evidently been a disposition to ignore the authority and dignity of the mayoral office, we find that on the 10th of April, 1480, the council were warned to attend his worship whenever OLD AND NEW SARUM. 107 he should call a meeting at the Council House or else- where. If a member had urgent business, or desired to go out of the town on the day and at the hour for which the assembly was convened, he was to attend before the mayor and his brethren and make his excuses, wdiich, if reasonable, were to be accepted. Failing to so report themselves a fine of l'2d. was imposed on aldermen and of 6d. on common councillors; " the money to be applied to the reparation of the tenancies of the common livelihood." The penalty of refusing to pay the fine was expulsion from the corporation. It was perfectly clear, too, that it was not intended that regulations of this kind should be regarded lightly, for we find that on the 7th May, 1565, Eichard Bryan was expelled from the corporation and " utterly disfranchised" for his " misdemeanour and contemptuous acts, of him declared and by him committed and done." Nor was it permitted that those who belonged to the corporation should be merely ornamental members, who could, if they chose, lightly escape the financial obligations due from them, for among the other stringent regulations that we have lighted upon we find one under date of October 2(Jth, 1588, by which it was stipulated that if any member was absent from the city for a year and a day, and did not during his absence pay the usual taxes for the relief of the poor, " as also for watches and all accustomed duties and charges," he should be expelled from the "company" until that company should think fit to recall him. Another interesting feature of this aspect of the history of the city is that the members were evidently at times very jealous of the dignity of the mayoralty, for in 1584, when one Richard Williamson, an innkeeper, was elected alderman, i: was resolved " with his own consent " that when he was chosen mayor, he " should not keep any ordinary table for money," during bis mayoralty, l)ut keep a tabic l>y liini- self, and in tlie interval conuint liis inn iind la\'eni to another person. 108 THE POrULAR HISTORY OF It was a wise act, too, which induced the leading citizens to be waiy as to the kind of man who should occupy so important a post as that of mayor, especially as among his duties were some obHgations that could only be fulfilled by a person of clear-headedness, an impartial dis- position and a respectful bearing. For instance, a resolu- tion was passed in November, 1584, by wdiich it was agreed that his worship should attend at the Council House every Wednesday between one and two o'clock in the afternoon, accompanied by as many of the senior brethren as could conveniently be at leisure, " to hear controversies between neighbour and neighbour, and to make some ends of such controversies, if they may ; and also as to other matters touching the welfare of the city." It is interesting to note that despite the passing of regulations for the internal order of the governing body, things appear to have gone so badly that it was thought fit to see what the introduction of religious influence would do towards softening rebellious spirits, and establishing a better feeling between the members. Thus we find in 1567 a form of prayer was drawn up and ordered to be used at the commencement of the public business of the council. To many this may read as an amusing fact, but we can scare forbear a feeling of respect for those civic fathers who looked upon the control of public business as a matter of such importance that it could only properly proceed under Divine guidance. Whilst on the subject of municipal regulations, we may appropriately take a glance at some of the vanities of the corporation in those earlier days. In the centuries that have passed ostentation and the display of all kinds of grandeur impressed, and, as it were, awed the populace as much as they do at this day — and very much more. It has been asserted that the gowns and wigs of judges and barristers, and all the solemn ceremonies per- formed in assize courts, are often as awe-inspiring and OLD AND NEW SARUM. lo9 deterrent in effect to a certain class of people as the most severe sentences passed. It is, at any rate, quite certain that members of the corporation in the old days were great believers in " shov^," and they were, no doubt, often right when the thought entered their proud heads that they were striking the common people dumb with admiration at their magnificence ! The local records that have been preserved shew us enough to justify the assumption that when the Mayor and his brethren publicly appeared in state, either to attend divine service at the Cathedral, or to be present at the Feasts of St. George, etc., or, again, as was often the case, to welcome some royal visitor, their array was gorgeous, and their de- meanour characterised by an air of pompousness which would be amusing to a latter day crowd. The feast of St. George was always a great event m the city so long as that function continued, and on those occasions the mayor and his brethren were always conspicuous by the elaborateness of their attire. It was in no sense a matter of choice — , whether these good people should please themselves about putting on the sartorial embellishments. The regulations on the subject were made, and had to be obeyed. Thus in 1480 it had been decided that every alderman should pro- vide himself each with a livery of long gown, " of one suit of party playne, or ray, of such colour as the Mayor and other of his brethren shall seem them good, worshipful and necessary for the worship of the city," to be ready and worn at the ensuing feast of St. George. A similar regulation was made as to the official raiment of the common councillors, and the penalty for default in t'acli case was the same, viz., a tine of 13s 4d. Every member who attended the George feast was called on to pay a shilling, whether in disbursement for the dinner, or as a sort of formal collection for some charitable purpose, does not appear. This payment was not to be evaded by abstaining from attending the feast, for if any member was not present, it had to be paid as a sort of penalty for non- attendance. At this "festival " the niavor's codk had, no 110 THE POPULAR HISTORY OP doubt, a busy time. We have evidence that such a functionary was attached to the worshipful office, and the mayor for the fime being had to pay for the honour at the rate of 20 shihings in money, and a Hvery gown, for . the cook. In the year 1574, there was great stir and excitement in the city at the news that Queen EHzabeth was coming hither, and prodigious were the preparations made to fitly welcome so illustrious a guest. It was, of course, decided to make her the usual presents, for monarchs never sojourned in Salisbury without taking away some substan- tial reminder of their visits. No doubt it was an extravagant and unreasonable practice, but it was the custom and there was an end to the matter. On this occasion the gift was to take the shape of a cup worth 20 marks or upwards, and £'20 in gold. In honour of the royal visit the corporation passed a resolution that " for the apparelling Mr. Mayor and his associates who have been mayors, and others of that number, they shall be clad in scarlet gowns." The common councillors were, however, to be content each with a " comely black citizen's gown, lined with tafetta or other silk," and " certain others " were to be dressed in a similar manner to attend the mayor. It was apparently the custom for the wives of the mayor and other important personages to accompany their husbands on the occasion of state functions. A resolution arrived at on October 22nd, 1580, ordered that in future every mayor should not only clothe himself but his wife in scarlet. This was not a new resolution — for it contains the words " according to the orders and customs heretofore used " — but some departure from the general practice had presum- ably rendered it necessary. A fine of 20s "to the benefit of the Chamber " was the penalty incurred for disobedience to the ordinance. It was further agreed that " every magistrate or alderman, having passed the office of mayor, shall not, by himself nor his wife, accompany the mayor and his brethren, nor the mayor's wife and the mistresses, OLD AND NEW SARUM. Ill upon principal festival days * without wearing their scarlet gowns," under a penalty of five shillings, which was also to be imposed in cases of absence without leave on those occasions. The resolution went on to enact that " every- one of the Twenty-four (i.e., the aldermen) shall meet at the said festival days, clothed in a citizen's gown, of black cloth, or brown or blue, furred with foynes, upon the like pain aforesaid. + And also that everyone of the Forty-eight shall meet at the same daj^s aforesaid, clothed in a citizen's gown, faced or furred with black, upon the like pain afore- said. And also that all this company* shall keep the like order in apparel, as well on the election days as on the day of the mayor's oath, excepting scarlet." • The Days referred to were : Christmas Day and the two days following ; New Year's Day, Twelfth Day, " Paritication of our Lady," Easter Sunday and Ea.st<'r Monday, Ascension Day, Whit Sunday and Whit Monday, and All Hallows Day. t The penalty of five shillings. + The Mayor and Coriwration. 112 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTER XVI. Salisbury and the Troubles in Edward II's. reign— PaTliament Convened at Salisbury --Roger Mortimer's Design on his Opponents — The Countess of Kent Imprisoned at the Castle of Sarum— Richard II. at the Bishop's Palace— Fortifying the City " against the French '" — How the Citizens showed their loyalty. TN several previous chapters we have dealt with matters introduced with the design of illustrating to some extent not only the form of local government in those earlier days, but also with the view of showing the intimate connection between citizens and church, which association for so very long a period played such an important part in our history. In the endeavour to preserve the interest of the subject by dealing with it as connectedly as possible we have, of course, anticipated a good deal, but wc must now hark back to other matters which we trust may merit the readers' attention. So important a city as Salisbury could not fail to evince in some form or another an interest in the events of the reign of that hapless and foolishly weak monarch, Edward II. The bishop of the time, Simon de Gandavo, was among those whose names appeared in connection with the '' ordinances " of reform exacted by Parliament from the king, with the view of keeping in check the evil effects of the corrupting influences of Edward's worthless favourite. Piers Gaveston ; and Gandavo's successor, Eoger de Mortival, took the side of the Earl of Lancaster, and those barons who at length (June 19, 1312), put an end to Gaveston's annoyances by capturing him and sending him to the block on Blacklow Hill. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 113 In relation to the disgraceful episode associated witli the names of Queen Isabella (the wife of Edward II.) and Roger Mortimer — a story of cruelty and immorality among the worst in English history — this neighbourhood played a most conspicuous part. Through the despicable intri- guing of Isabella, the deposition of the king (who was afterwards brutally murdered in Berkeley Castle) was brought about, and his son, Edward III., who was only 15 years of age at the time, was placed on the throne. A council of regencj'', with the Duke of Lancaster at its head, was nominated by the parliament, but in reality the power was in the hands of the queen and her paramour, Mortimer. The object of the latter was the attainment of supreme personal authority, and he set about the procuring of it by acts of shameful treachery. Not long after the coronation of the young king, Mortimer called a parliament to meet at Salisbury, his object being, as after events proved, to secure by a trick the persons of some of his leading opponents. The character of Mortimer, and the effects likely to arise from the visit of such an evil fellow to these parts, were too well known for the inhabitants not to dread acts of violence and disorder. The dean and canons, fearing encroachments on their rights, and outrages on their pro- perties and persons, appealed to the bishop for protection, and Bishop Roger de Mortival followed the example of his predecessor, Gandavo, by pronouncing against all wlio should offend in such way the penalty of the greater excommunication . Among those who repaired to Salisbury on tbis occasion were the Earl of Kent (the king's uncle), iiud the Earls of Lancaster and Norfolk, but tbcy knew the manner of man they would meet in Mortimer, and so took the precaution to come with a strong escort. Tlic queen's party was, however, better supported lunncu-ically, and, therefore, the nobles named retired in order to collecl -i II 1 14 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF sufficient force of men at arms. Conflicts between the parties actually began, but the Archbishop of Canterbury and others intervened and succeeded in procuring a tem- porary cessation of hostilities. The troubles feared in Salisbury were not realised, but tlie inhabitants had occasion to anxiously watch the progress of events. Treachery on the part of the malicious Mortimer afterwards secured the apprehension, and subsequent execution, of the Earl of Kent, who was proceeding to attend the parliament called to meet at Winchester on the 13th of March, 1329. In accordance with the law of attainder, the earl's property was confiscated, and his widow and children were arrested at Arundel Castle, the countess's jewels and property having been seized by order. The countess and her children were committed to custody at the Castle of Sarum, where the Sheriff of Wilts was ordered " securely and honourably to keep them till further orders," and to give them a competent main- tenance out of the revenues of his bailiwick. No doubt the citizens of Salisbury felt great sympathy for the bereaved and captive countess ; and were not displeased when they heard of the capture of the queen and Mortimer at the Castle of Nottingham, the subsequent hanging of Mortimer at Tyburn (November 29, 1330), and the incarceration of the queen at Castle Rising, near Lynn, where she remained for the rest of her life. Salisbury, in 1384, was honoured by a visit of King Richard II., wdio in the month of April attended a parliament held in the Bishop's Palace, which had been specially prepared for the occasion. Some sensation was felt in connection with this gathering, as among the business which it was thought would be there dealt with was the hearing of a charge, brought by a Carmellite friar, against the Duke of Lancaster, of plotting to murder his majesty and take his place on the throne. Lancaster indig- nantly repudiated the accusation, and demanded that the OLD AND NEW SARUM. 115 fuiar should be secured in order to substantiate it. Before tiiis could be done, however, the "holy father" was assasin- ated — some think for the purpose of preventing him giving damnatory testimony, whilst the other, and perhaps more probable, supposition was that the murder was committed with the view of placing on Lancaster the odium of having caused the death of an awkward witness. As a matter of fact, it was doubtful whether parliament dealt with the matter at all ; it was perhaps either disposed of before the king in council, or allowed to fall through on the death of the accuser. A few years later Richard again visited the city — just before his first expedition against the Irish — and, of course, the usual steps w^ere taken to give his majesty the custom- ary greeting in state, the presents taking the shape of three hogsheads of wine. He probably entered the city by the way of Minster-street, as that thoroughfare was then ordered to be put in repair. The wars with France and Scotland were at that time progressing, and the citizens took advantage of that circumstance to impress on parlia- ment the necessity of the defences of the city, by means of the ditches tlien in course of construction, being made as perfect as possible. Parliament acquiesced and issued an authority to the mayor and bailiffs to see tliat all who were able should duly contribute their share to the heavy expenses of the undertaking. Tlie spirit of tlic "Vicar of Bray" was very much in vogue in those days in Salisbury. The citizens generally liked to be on the winning side. In this they, no doubt, felt an element of safety. Nor was this to be wondertnl at, for it was no light matter for a community to be at loggci-- heads with a strong ruling power. Winn Kichaid II. resolved to make iiimself independent of the regency council, and followed this up l)y compassing the ruin and murder of the iJukc of (rloucestcr, the citizens sent the usual loyal arldrc^ss, which iiichard Spcnci-r, William Hall, 116 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF and William Walter (or Walker) conveyed to Coventry, where parliament was then sitting. Their business thither took ten days, and they had forty shillings out of the corporation exchequer as their expenses. When, however, (1399) Henry, Duke of Lancaster, returned with a party of adherents from France, to avenge the banishment into which his royal cousin had sent him, and Eichard was taken prisoner and forced to abdicate, the citizens (through the Mayor and Corporation) were among the first to send their loyal salutations to the new king. The very agents who had been sent to Lichfield with a sum of two hundred pounds collected to help Richard in his war-like enterprises, were the persons who conveyed letters of congratulation, and so on, to the Duke of Lancaster. The " honourable persons " who conveyed the letters to the duke were William Hall and William Walker, and the new king in the course of his acknowledgment of the missives from Salisbury, said : " We greatly thank you and will always regard you favourably, knowing thus that you have a goodwill to be loyal to us and truly obedient. We intend and firmly propose to be a good lord and friend to you, and to preserve your liberties and franchises, as you have enjoyed and used them in the past, without hindrance." The citizens had expected something from their outburst of loyalty, and it will be seen that they obtained it. After the suppression of the rebellion in the north, m which the Earls of Northumberland and Worcester, and the celebrated " Hotspur " were leading spirits, a body of 115 men was sent from this city to the Isle of Wight on some sort of service to the King. They appear to have been accompanied by the maj'or and some of his brethren, and judging from the bill of expenses presented to the corporation for payment, "high old times " were enjoyed on OLD AND NEW SARUM. 117 the inarch — hy the corporate brethren at any rate. Tht* expense of the dinner to th i soldiers at Southampton " in beef and mntton " was 8s 6d, and there was an " item to the friar's, for wood and other things, lis.," making up 19s 6d on the soldiers" account. Beef and mutton were not, however, good enough for his worship and companions. In their bill we find a couple of capons at Kid ; a couple of ducks at 7d : a pig and a goose, 18d ; and pigeons, -Id. They drew up to slake their thirst at Romsey, and con- sumed sevenpsnny worth of ale ; and at Lockerley, five- penny worth. They were not, either, without amusements, for we find they paid 16d to " our minstrel"* at Southamp- ton, and 8d to a "merry friar there." The manner in which the merry friar earned his eightpence is not officially recorded. •In tin- corporation accounts thtirc arc frcfjucnt r fcrciiccs at this pcr'od to priyincnts ma'lc to min.strcis of the king, or of tho nolilinicn mu] others, cither vJHJtinj.' in or panning tlirongh the city. 118 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTEE XVJT. A New Bishop's Weloome — Financial Aid for the French war : Arrest of an Objecting Citizen Fight on Fisherton Bridge, between Men of the City and Soldiers en ravtc to the Wars — Array of Armed Men in Salisbury — The Murder of Bishop Ayscough— One of Jack Cade's Quarters sent to Salisbury— Royal Visits— The Wars of the Roses — Brutal Assassination of the Earl of Salisburj'. TN the year 1408 public attention was locally diverted for a time from national affairs to those of interest nearer home. At this period there was a change in the occupancy of the episcopal see, Robert Hallam having succeeded Nicholas Bubwith, on the latter's translation to Bath. We mention this incident, in passing, in order to illustrate the fashion in which in those days the citizens were in the habit of greeting new bishops. It was decided that the Mayor and Corporation should attend the installation in state, with the usual regard as to dress, wdiilst his lordship was to have a present of 40 marks, or its equivalent value in wine. Expenses of this kind were practically paid out of the puljlic funds, though, in this instance, i'lO represented the fine of one John Forest, for escaping service as mayor, and (30 shillings that of Thomas Noyle, senior, for exemption from the office of alderman. The decision was come to at a meeting held in August, but the installation of the bishop did not take place till later (in the mayoralty of William Bishop), in whose accounts there appears the sum of i'2(3 13s. 4d., " to the Lord Bishop at his installation, in the name of the whole community of the city, and 20d. for a purse to contain the money." It might be mentioned, by the way, that the same series of accounts atibrd pretty plain evidence OLD AND NEW SARUM. 119 that gifts of public money were frequently made in the shape of bribes, for besides presents to the circuit judges, we find such items as the payment of 53s, 4d. "presented to Walter Beauchamp, Sheriff of Wilts, to make him a friend for the year!" But the citizens were soon to be called upon to provide money for other purposes than complimentary gifts. Henry Y. had entered upon his memorable campaign against France, and at a public meeting (probably presided over by the mayor, who was present), a letter was read from the king, asking for monetary aid in his expedition. The amount demanded was evidently a larger one than the citizens felt themselves called upon or able to pay, for Walter Shirle and William Walker were deputed to put themselves in comnnmication with the council of the king, in order to procure, if possible, a reduction of the sum. In this respect they were successful, and the royal demand was reduced to 100 marks. This sum it was decided to raise among the citizens, each to pay in proportion to his position and means. One, Thomas Pistour, was called upon to contri- bute his share of Gs. 8d., but he absolutely refused to do so, nor would he appear before the mayor and his fellows, to explain his conduct, though repeatedly summoned. Subsequently the mayor (William Dowding), with several of the principal inhabitants, went to the house of Pistour and not finding liini at home, " sealed the place with their seal." On the departure of the authorities, Pistour put in an appearance, and, breaking the seal, entered his dwelling. This being considered an act of contempt, Pistour was apprehended, and committed to tlu; custody of the city sergeant, Walter Shi-oto. The authorities, in reporting the matter to the king and council, stated tbat soon after the house had been sealed, Pistour, " in very great despite and rebellion, broke open and re-entered his house, and even shamefully 120 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF cursed the mayor and his neighbours loudly, and to the evil example of others. Thereupon the mayor and his neighbours caused the said Thomas Pistour to be taken into custody, and put under ward, till your wise and high advice and discretion should decide what is to be done with him." The royal council were, however, spared the trouble of imparting their " wise and high advice and discretion," as Pistour thought it discreet to forbear his contumacious conduct, and was released on finding a surety for his good behaviour. To join the expedition to France, a large number of men passed through Salisbury, and between one party and the citizens there was a serious fracas. A body of men attached to the Earl of Lancaster, who were lodging in Fisherton, under the leadership of James Harpyndon, offered insults to several men of the city, who were con- gregated on Fisherton Bridge. The soldiers attacked them with arrows and swords, killing three men, John Baker, a labourer, William Hore, a tucker, and his servant, Henry. The ringing of the bells of the city called the inhabitants together to dehberate concerning this untoward occurrence ; and a cessation of hostihties would appear to have been brought about by a minstrel, hailing from Wales, for the following occurs in the accounts of John Levesham, Mayor : — " To a certain minstrel of Wales, for purchasing peace, and for making him a hood, because he lost his hood in defence of the city, in the insult offered on the bridge at Fisherton, by the men of the Earl of Lancaster." The political affairs of the day caused the king to be somewhat anxious concerning the internal security of the country, and that was probably the reason why about this time there came another letter from Henry, asking not for money, but for the array of armed men, hobblers* and • Hobblcr- One who by his tenure was to maintain a horse for military .'•ervice ; a kind'of light horseman in the middle ages who was mounted on a hobby. A hobby was a strong active horse, said to have been originally from Ireland. — Wehstcr's International Dictionarv. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 121 archers, and other defensible men in SaHsbury. The Chancellor and Privy Council also wrote directing an ex- amination of the barriers and other defences of the city, and accordingly the members of the various gilds turned out for review. Events in France were watched here with the keenest interest. The news of the English successes at Harfleur and Agincourt, of which an official account was sent to Salisbury, was received with great satisfac- tion. The money advanced to Henry V. for this expedi- tion was not a gift but a loan, and when the succeeding monarch requested financial aid from the citizens, also for the purposes of " exploits " in France, they took occasion to remind those concerned that the loan to Henrv V. had not yet been paid. That money was in the hands of the Cardinal Bishop of Winchester, and he was directed to give it up for the use of the king (in accordance with the royal request made), and due security was given to the citizens for repayment. la the year 1433 the Duke of Bedford and the Duke of Gloucester (prominent personages at this period of his- tory) passed through Salisbury ; and at a meeting of the corporation it was decided to meet the noble visitors with due state and ceremony. At the same gathering a decision was come to, which might or might not have had special reference to the auspicious occasion. The said resolution ordered that women of ill repute were not to " dwell in the city promiscuously," but were to have their houses at the cottages at Freren Street, leading to Bugmore. In the year 1452 a more decisive order was issued, removing these women from their houses in Culver Street, out of the city, which they were forbidden on pain of imprisonment to enter or remain in, unless they wore the striped hood significant of their wretched calling. In 1434 King Henry VI. himself came to the city, and the civic authorities turned out to meet his majesty m liveries of green colour. Th(!y had not long to wait before 122 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF the king again favoured them with his attention, for the following year, when Henry undertook new " exploits " in France, under the conduct of the Duke of York, " the mayor and commonalty of the City of Saresberie " were asked for a loan of 300 marks. This they granted and also decided to furnish " twelve defensible and able men " to help in the raising of the seige of Calais. In 1445 the queen came hither. On this occasion all " citizens keeping house within the city " where ordered to provide a gown of "blood colour," in honour of her majesty's coming, under a penalty of 6s. 8d. for failing. Three years later all the citizens and men of substance were ordered to provide themselves with good gowns of blood colour, and a red hood, in anticipation of the arrival of the king. The penalty for non-compliance in this case was 13s. 4d. Salisbury had but little direct connection with the struggle that so long was carried on between the houses of York and Lancaster. But Bishop Ayscough, of Salis- bury, had taken a part in it which rendered him extremely unpopular, and when the unruly section of the people in this neighbourhood caught the fever of disorder which the rebellious conduct of Jack Cade was spreading abroad, excuse was found for the murder of the unlucky prelate* Realising something of his danger, Ayscough had retired to the village of Edington, in Wilts ; but he soon discovered that he had not removed far enough out of danger. A party of brutal malcontents, headed by a Salisbury brewer, marched out to Edington, and finding the bishop at the church in the act of saying mass (it being the festiv il day of St. Peter and St. Paul) they dragged him from the altar, hurried him to an adjacent eminence, and dashed out his brains. Even this did not satisfy their rage, for they robbed the mangled body of its covering, and tearing it into strips carried them away as trophies of • See reference in previous chapter. OLD AND NEW SARUxM. 123 their bloody deed. They afterwards pkindered the country- side, spreading terror everywhere they went. The rahng powers at hist found it high time to do something to put a stop to the spirit of lawlessness of which evidence had been found in so many parts of the country, and when the remains of Cade were mutilated after execution, one of the quarters was ordered to be brought to Salisbury and exposed here, as a warning to the rebellious and turbulent. After the restoration of order the king came to Salisbury, and whilst staying at Clarendon Palace inflicted d le punishment on those who were proved to have had a hand in the brutal murder of Bishop Ayscough. In 1454 Henry came again to Clarendon, where he spent a good portion of the year, having retired hither, probably, in the hope of finding something like rest from the cares of state, which at this time were hanging heavily upon him. In passing, it may be mentioned that in the person of the Earl of Salisbury was found one of the most prominent and active among the Yorkists. To follow the career of this nobleman throughout the "Wars of the Roses " would be to occupy more space than we have available ; but in his death we find an example of the savagery which became frequent in connection with the doings of those bloody times. On the return of the Duke of York from lielaud in 1460, he made for the first time a formal claim to the crown before parliament, and that assembly pronounced in favour of his title. York had twice been protector during the king's illness. Parliament agreed tliat Henry should retain the crown during his life time, and l)e succeeded at death by the Duke of York, into whose hands the achninis- tration was to be committed meanwhile. Queen Margaret rejected the compromise, and assembled an army, '20,000 strong, in the north of England. She was met by the Duke of York with a force of only about a fourth of that 124 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF number ; and at a battle near Wakefield, York was defeated and killed, and bis son, the Duke of Eiitland, aged 16, who was said to have been a mere spectator of the contest, was despatched in a cold blooded fashion by the Lord Chfford. The fate of the Earl of Salisbury (who shared in the leadership of the Yorkists with the Earl of March and the Earl of Warwick) was also sealed. He was dragged by the mob from the Castle of Pontefract, beheaded, and his head set up as a warning and derision on one of the gates of the city of York. By the side of this ghastly token of revenge were placed the heads of York, mockingly decoratd v;ith a paper crowa, and Kutland. This took place on 31st December, 1460, and xhree days later a letter in the name of the king was received by the Mayor of Salisbury, ask- ing for the immediate raising of a body of supporters of the king's person, who were to be conducted to his majesty by the mayor himself or some proper subsitute. A force of 130 men was collected in obedience to the royal summons. They included William Hore, junior, and Henry Waryn, constables of the city. It was permissable at this time for wealthy and peacefully inclined folks to pay others of a more warlike character to take their places, and there is little doubt that the rest of the Salisbury contingent were substitutes. A week or two later the citizens were alarmed at another message from the King, to the effect that " those misruly and outrageous people in the north parts of this land are coming hitherwards, proposing the utter destruction, as well of this country, of you, and other our true subjects, as the subversion of the commonweal of all this land, the which we in no wise may nor will suffer, but will defend in able wise." The communication concluded with an urgent request for " all the might and number of defensible men " that could be raised in this city. The citizens appear to have responded with loyal enthusiasm, not only raising a levy of men, but providing a banner to be borne before them, which is referred to thus in a memorandum attached to the writ: "Walter Steynour OLD AND NEW SARUM. 123 received by the hand of the Mayor of the aforesaid city, (5/8 for a certain standard, with the image of the Blessed Mary painted on the same." The sum of 16d was paid for the " bokerham of the said standard," " for the fringe of the same 14d, foi* the making lOd, for the spear of the same 8d, for the covering 2d." This writ was dated the 28th January (1461), and on the 8th of March another letter was received, in the name of Henry, addressed to the mayor and citizens, and asking for the immediate remittanc'3 of another month's wages for the men whom they had provided — for it must be remembered that the citizens had to support their own levies whilst on service. This message is supposed to have been written by Queen Margaret, who, with the help of the Earl of Pembroke and the Earl of Wiltshire, were endeavouring to follow up the success of the battle of Wakefield with a view to retrieving the king's falling fortunes. But their cause was lost at the battle of Towton, Henry was deposed, and Edward Duke of York (son of Eichard Duke of York, killed in the battle of W^akefield) had been crowned king. The proclamation of the change of mouarchs was made in London on the 3rd of March, and the follow- ing day a meeting of citizens was convened in Salis- bury, at which it was agreed to grant lUO marks to Edward for the wages and other expenses of 100 defensible men. The latter were probably those who did service for the previous king, for it only too often happened in those days that bodies of men and individuals alike transferred themselves and their allegiance, with the greatest ease, from the vanquished to the victois. In order to be prepared for any emergency and to move with the strongest party, it was decided that the d(^fences of the city be again vigonmsly Icx^ked to. Watchmen were placed at each of the gates and bridges giving access to the place, and the inhabitants of the streets adjacent were to be obedient to the keepers of the respective gates and bridges. 126 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Soon after his coronation, Edward IV. proceeded on a tour of his dominions, and coming westward probably made a brief stay at SaHsbury. There were the usual prepara- tions for a welcome, and the dress ordered to be worn by the council and leading citizens t:his time comprised " a cloak of dark green, with black felts," and in the name of the mayor and commonalty a present was secured for the king, consisting of a sum of 20 pounds, contained in a gilt box worth just half that amount. Though the deposition of Henry VI. had ended the dynasty of Lancaster, Edward was not allowed to reign unmolested by his enemies of that line. Some leaders of the latter (including the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence) fled to France, and there formed a conspiracy for the restoration of Henry to the throne. Of these pro- ceedings Edw^ard soon gained tidings, and lost no time in sending out " commissions of array " to the various towns and cities of the kingdom. Among other places one came to Salisbury, and on the 3rd of January, 1463, the citizens in " convocation " granted a sum of 50 marks as the wages of forty men, for the service of the king at Alnwick, Dunsterford, and Bamborougli, besides making paymentsof '' ship money," for victualling and equipping The Trinitij, of Lymington, wiiich was under the command of Lord Audley. During the fighting that followed there were frequent applications to Sahsbury for reinforcements. In response to an appeal addressed from Nottingham on the '20th June, by the king, SaHsbury granted 150 marks as the wages of 40 men in the royal service for two months at Doncaster. The wages were fixed for that period at 23s. 4d. per head, and the men were to be under the captaincy of Henry Swayne. Further, in order to show the careful, if not parsnnonious character of tlie citizens, it was decided that Swayne should hold the money in his own hands ; and if the men's services were not required for the second month, they should only receive money for the period in whioli they were actually engaged. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 127 But before the specified two months had expired another pressing request was sent from the king for men to support him at Newcastle-on-Tyne, and again twenty- seven men, under the command of a captain, marched out of the citv en route to the scene of battle. The wages of the contingent were fixed at 7jd. daily her head, and each was to "bear on his dress, before and behind, the letter S." In the April of the next year (1464) Edward sent another appeal for men " defensibly arrayed" to support him at Leicester, where he contemplated being in the May following. The appeal was responded to as usual. Whether or not the citizens yielded to these repeated exactions in a cheerful spirit is a matter on which we can only conjecture. They probably were no more rejoiced at it than they were at the receipt of the news about this time, that parliament had granted the king an " aid " of A'37,000, and that each citizen of Salisbur}^ was called upon for his proportionate contribution to the amount. 128 THE POrULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTER XVIII. In'ernal Affairs of the City — Curious Market Bye-laws~?anitary Arrange- ments — The Quality an 1 Price of Beer— Street names — Streams and Bridges. J^ GLANCE at some of the local arrangements dm-ing the period dealt with in the last two or three chap- ters will suffice to show that, despite all the national disturbances, the government of the city was well looked after. Some of the regulations concerning the markets are curious and worth referring to. During the mayoralty of William Waryn, in the third year of Henry Y., the council passed a resolution forbidding persons bringing goods into the city for sale to sell them at inns, or in private places. They were only to be sold in the proper places assigned for the purpose. Horses "bringing provisions or other necessaries to the city, " after being unloaded were to be taken by their drivers, or others, to the inn without the market or common street, lest they should do injury to passengers." Venders of dairy goods, fruits, butchers' meat, etc., were forbidden to sell their goods anywhere except in the places allotted to them, and strange "victuallers " were to be entirely separated in their standings from those of the]city. No resident was to re- ceive any grain, "pitched in the market to be sold, into his house after nine o'clock, to keep, under the penalty of half a mark, nor fish and meat, under a like penalty." During the mayoralty of Kobert Poynaut (6th Henry V.) an order was made that keepers of pigs, geese, or ducks " shall hinder them from going out of their houses." OLD AND NEW SARUM. 129 Another " ordinance " passed a little later casts a curious light on some trade customs. It was " ordered that butchers shall not kill their animals before the Butcher Row, in the common street, but behind, on account of the abomination or filth of the said animals. Also, that they shall not melt the fat of them by day, but by night, and that they shall not carry out the putrid intestines of the animals by day but by night." During the time of John Bromble (mayor 6th Henry VI.) it was resolved that strange fishermen should have their standings separate from those of the city (" on the common trench behind the fishermen of the city,") and that "all beasts to be sold shall be kept in their proper place near Barn- well's Cross and Culver Street." At a very early period we find references to the cleans- ing of the channels in the city ; and in May 1452 a kind of sanitary committee was formed, whose duties may be gathered from the following resolution : — " That certain persons, as well from the number of 21 citizens, as of the other commoners, should be chosen for surveying the pave- ments of the streets, the drains and trenches, and other places, that these might be cleansed, and the banks of the trenches repaired, to preserve the good estate and cleanli- ness of the city." It was further resolved " that no drivers of carts to the city should hang boughs to their carriages or carts, which thus hung were called dreys, within the bars or compass of the city ; nor should anyone carry on the backs or saddles of horses, long bundles, which are commonly call trusses or draughtys, within the bars or circuit of the city, under the penalty of the forfeiture of such dreys, trusses and draughtys, lest l)y these dreys the pavement of the city slKJuld be worn, as formerly, the bank of the common trench injured, or the course of the water changed or obstructed." Salisbury has always been well represented by those traders who are known as l^rewers ; and in the fifteenth century their business was in a fiourishing and prosperous I 130 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF condition, both at Salisbury and the neighbouring town of Wilton, between which places rivalry and competition apparently existed. In 1464 an agreement was come to between the mayor and corporation on the one part, and the bishop on the other, the point of interest being not only the time and mode of brewing, but also as to the strength and quality of the beer, of which presumably the parties to the agreement were allowed to be judges. A taster for each of the four wards in this city was appointed ; the best beer was to be sold at one penny the flagon (containing nearly a gallon and a half of present measure- ment), and the inferior at a third of a penny. Those who at the present time cannot purchase good ale at less than a shilling the gallon niight be astounded at the above statement, until they come to reflect upon the fact that the penny in those days was of much more value than now. Thanks to the researches of Hatcher into a number of documents of the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries, we have references to the names of streets which indicate the long roll of years that most of our existing thoroughfares have borne their present appella- tions. There are references to the Butcher Row, Minster Street, Castle Street, Gigant (or Gigore) Street, Endless (or Endle's) Street, the Poultry Cross, New Street, Fisherton, High Street, Brown Street, Scot's Lane, Eolveston (or Bollestone) Street, Chipper Street, Winchester (or East) Street, Melmonger (sometimes Fellmonger) or Culver Street, and others. The present Milford Street was then called Wynemand Street; St. Ann Street was St. Martin's street ; and what is now the Fria.ry was then Freren Street. In very early days the thoroughfares now known as Castle Street, Minster Street, and High Street were one prolonged way called Minster Street; the line con- sisting of Endless Street, Catherine Street, St. John Street, and Exeter Street were known under the one name of High Street ; and the whole line leading from OLEl AND NEW SARUM. 131 Crane Bridge to Barnwell's or Barnard's Cross was originally only known as New Street. Endless Street was apparently continued right along to what is now Queen Street (thus curtailing the Market Square space). Winchester Street once extended to Castle Street, occupy- ing the place of the present Blue Boar Row. By the end of the fourteenth century references occur to Endless Street, Cartere or Carteren Street (now Cather- ine Street), and Drakehall Street (now Exeter Street). Between the north part of Rollestone Street and the present Green Croft was apparently an open space of ground which is frequently mentioned as Martin's Croft. Of this space, that piece now called Green Croft once formed a part ; for in 1428 we find a grant from " John Judde, of Salfcerton, to Richard Payne, of Xew Sarum, of a garden, with racks, in Martin's Croft, opposite to the Cemetery of St. Edmund."* We also gather from documentary evidence of the same period that there was a corn market in Castle Street; and that wool and linen markets were regularly held. There are very early references to the High or Poultry Cross. It is alluded to in a transference of property in 1335. This disposes of the popular tradition that the cross was built by one of the Montacutes, or by a person named Lawrence, in the time of Bishop Erghura, as a punishment for insulting a passing procession bearing the host, as ,the date given is before Bishop Erghum's time. The evidence of deeds, conveyances, and grants reminds us of the existence at the same early period of the Batcher Row, the Fish Shambles (now the Fish Row), the Potrewe • Referring to this subject of street namea, ITatclier makes these observa- tions : " This la.st appellation (I^rakehall, now Kxeter Street) is derived from a person named Drake, who built a house there, to whioli he gave the name of Drake Hall. Within a few years it was commonly known as Drag-all Street. . . . . At thi! upiier or Kistera End (of Now Street) stood a Cross, which derivefl its designation from a person named Raniwell, who lived in this quarter .... 'I'he name of Kulleston, or Uolveston Street, ai)i)oars in 1391), and was derived from a person named Rolfe, who built a collection or row of houses, then called a town." 132 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF (or Pot Eow), a continuation of the Butcher Eow west- wards. There was also a Wheelers' (or Wheelwrights' Row), an Ironmongers' Row (near the present Oatmeal Row), a Cordwainers' Row (near the Poultry Cross), a Cook Row (at the bottom of Castle Street), and a Smiths' Row (in Winchester Street). Many street corners were designated by the names of the occupiers of corner houses (such as Steynte's corner) at the junction of Brown Street and Wynemand Street (or Milford Street), just as some of the corners and courts at the present day are called after their owners, &c., for example, Wilke's corner and Roe's corner in Queen Street, Fullford's Court in Castle Street, and Griftin's Court in Fisherton Street. Streams of some considerable width evidently ran through the streets at the time referred to (perhaps not what were known as the channels later), for there are several references to the Black Bridge in New Street (1365) ; to the three bridges in the Market Place ; to a bridge (1413) in St. Ann Street (over the water course leading from Trinity Street, into St. Ann Street, called Ivy Bridge) ; to a bridge in Endless Street, at the lower end ol Scot's Lane (1429) ; and to a bridge in Castle Street. The bridges spanning the rivers in Fisherton Street and at Harnham were objects of great attention, and bequests in behalf of their maintenance frequently occur. To the numerous gilds or confraternities of various callings- — there was a confraternity of great importance attached to the cathedral establishment — we have more than once already alluded, whilst the very numerous references to sums of money left for charitable purposes, and for the saying of masses for the benefit of the donors' souls, give us an insight into the religious tendencies of the age. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 133 CHAPTER XIX. . Execution of Rebel Noblemen at Bemerton Gallows — Demands for Levies by the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence — John Hall in Evidence— Hall asked to Render an Account of his Stewardship — The Temporary Triumph of Henry VI. and the ultimate Victory of Edward IV. JN the previous chapter we have given such a ghmpse as space would allow into the internal arrangements of the city; but must now leave for a time the domestic life of the good people of Sahsburj^ and revert once more to the stirring national events in which, locally, great interest was perforce taken by the inhabitants of this neighbourhood. The conspiracy formed under the Earl of Warwick and the Duke of Clarence against Edward IV. — in helping to repel which the Earl of Pembroke and his brother, Sir Kichard Herbert, met their deaths at the hands of the rebels after capture at the battle of Banbury — extended westward, and infected many people in this part of the country. Henry Courtenay, brother of the Earl of Devon (beheaded at York in 1461), and Lord Hungerford, of Rowde, near Devizes, were apprehended for attempting to excite a rising in Salisbury and otlier parts of this county, and were committed to the custody of the Sherift'. Edward did not come to Salisbury in person, as was at first intended, to sit in judgment on the prisoners, but their trial was conducted by the royal council, with the co-opera- tion of the mayor, John Aporte. Both of the noblemen were adjudged guilty of treason, and were taken to the gallows at Bemerton, and there hung. 134 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF In the end, Warwick and Clarance met defeat, and dismissing their levies retired into Devonshire, with the hope of finding supporters there. The king resolved to follow on their track, and accordingly he despatched a letter to Salisbury, warning the inhabitants against harbouring the retreating rebels, and urging them to secure their arrest if they came this way. Edward also asked for " a convenient and sufficient fellowship of men on horseback, defensibly arrayed, to assist and go with us and our host, in this our journey, providing also horse and man's meat against our coming, for us and our said host, to the number of 40,000 men, not failing hereof, as you will eschew our high displeasure." The citizens accord- ingly provided ten horsemen, and raised a contribution of ±'12 12s 3d for the use of the king. Edward pursued the rebels, Warwick and Clarence, into Devonshire, but they escaped him by embarking at Dartmouth, en route to Calais. On his return from this vain chase, King Edward paid a visit to Salisbury, and was entertained in the customary fashion, and received the usual presents. On the subsequent return of the fugitives from France (where they had formed an alliance with Louis XI., and a compact with Margaret, Queen of the late Henry VI.) they passed through Salisbury, en route, to try conclusions with the king in the north, and here demanded the levies of men (forty), cVc, usually granted to the king. At a meeting of the Twenty-Four, on 21st April, 1470, the demand was tendered on Warwick's behalf by John Pike, Esquire, but at the same time a letter was received from Thomas Selenger, esquire of the king's body, calling on the citizens to resist and oppose the rebels. Consternation naturally prevailed in the city at these demands and counter demands. The authorities w'ere, however, unable to treat the strength of Warwick and Clarence with contempt, and sought to effect a compromise by olfering the rebel lords 40 marks instead of the armed men. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 135 This amount was collected, but on being offered to the ageiit of the rebels he refused it, and said the men must be supplied at once, on pain of the visitation of un- pleasant penalties. But the redoubtable John Halle was to the fore. It is true he had already promised to support the king; but he now undertook to find the men for the rebel lords, if the citizens would hand him the forty marks, which Warwick's agent had refused. This was agreed to^ and Halle appears to have carried out his bargain, and followed Warwick's forces, with which it was intended to try issues at Nottingham * with the king. The latter, shortly afterwards, overwhelmed by treachery and dispair, gave up the crown, and beat a hasty retreat to the continent. At a meeting of the council of the city on the 28th October, 1470, the allegation was made that Halle had not raisecl the number of men for whom he received the money ; and it was decided that the council would not be satisfied without assurance by letter from Clarence and Warwick that the stipulated number of men had been provided; failing that, Halle was to refund the sum he had received. But curious events were about to happen. After the flight of Edward, and the temporary triumph of the Lancastrians, Henry was released from the Tower, where he had been imprisoned, and proclaimed king. On April 14th, 1471, John Halle (deputy mayor) received from the Duke of Somerset a demand for armed men from this city to support the re-instated king. A day or two later tlian this, how- ever, Henry's burlesque of authority was at an end. Edward had returned to England, landed on the Yorkshire coast, and marched almost unmolested to London, where the people triumphantly received him, whilst Henry, deserted once more by pseudo friends, became a prisoner again. On news of this change in national affairs reaching Salishiii V the inhal>itants assembled in St. Thomas' Churcli, under the presidency of John Halle, and decided to transfer tlie contingent of forty incii \\lii<-h they had [)r()mised to 136 THE POrULAR HISTORY OF Henry to the service of Edward, and a sum of ^"'24 15s 3d was collected from the citizens for the pay and appoint- ments of the soldiers. Great anxiety and excitement prevailed in the city during this crisis, and the inhabitants were at their wit's end at a report that Queen Margaret (consort of Henry VI.) and her son Edward were marching towards Salisbury, with a large army, to utterly destroy the place. The defences of the town were accordingly looked to, and a contingent of soldiers kept here on guard. Under the influence of this fright the mayor (John Wyse) hesitated to proclaim Edward on his return, and 6s. 8d. was spent on a messenger to ride out and meet Edward and make excuses for the fion-proclamation. The deaths of Warwick and the Marquis of Montacute having crushed the hopes of the Lancastrians, and the triumph of Edward being now certain, the citizens had no difficulty in making up their minds to show their loyalty to the winner of the prolonged contest, by granting him contingents and almost anything else he desired or demanded. They also despatched a party of forty horse soldiers to Kent to help in putting out the flickering light of rebellion in that county, each man being allowed 5s. lOd. a week for three weeks. Among those who went on that expedition were two valiant members of the corporation, John Aporte and AVilliam Johnes. But the spirit of in- surrection died hard. The contest between the Yorkists and Lancastrians had been a long one ; the vanquishel had yearnings for revenge, and there were debts of blood that they desired to pay. This spirit led to the formation of those " Associations " whose existence with impunity would have boded ill to the King. It was a spirit that existed to some extent in Salisbury, as elsewhere ; and CO-isequently brought from his majesty a command to the mayor and other city authorities to repress any such associations, or demonstrations of opposition to the exist- OLD AND NEW SARUM. 137 ing law and menaces against the king's peace and safety. Accordingly the civic rulers issued an announcement to the effect that all ill-disposed persons and evil-doers would be punished in accordance with the king's pleasure. As, however, the royal writ was dated Feb. 11th, and the injunction of the local council was only issued on Aug. 8, they do not seem to have been iii any particular hurry about obeying Edward's commands. 138 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTEE XX. Conviviality in the Early Days— Citizens sup off the Duke of Clarence's Deer— The Tailors' Company— Ceremonies at their Anniversary- Master, Journeyman and Apprentice : The order of Dining— Com- plaints as to the Conduct of the Clergy officiating in the Cathedral- Trade Guilds and the Royal Service— The Defences of the City- Capture of the Duke of Buckingham— The Duke brought to Salisbury and Executed in the Market Place. JN spite of national troubles, in spite of those constant bickerings which distiu-bed the harmony that should have existed between the church and the people locally, we have proofs that in the mediaeval period of Sahsbury's history, the spirit of conviviality, in many forms, was by no means conspicuous by its absence. In 1472 the Duke of Clarence directed the keepers of his park at Wardour to deliver two deer to the mayor and citizens " in the hunting season " ; and a similar order was made in respect to the park at Canford. As, however, four deer were not sufticient .to procure a banquet for the whole of the citizens, it was resolved in council assembled, and at which the Duke of Clarence's "warrants" were read, to procure other "appropriate victuals," to provide a common supper to which all should be invited, at the "ensuing Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross," at the house kept by Edith Clerk, near Crane Bridge, those having the the management of the feast being John AVishford, Andrew Corne, WilHam Pole, and John Petewyn. The regulations of the Tailors' Company (incorporated by charter by Edward IV., on the 14th December, 1461), throw a light upon the social side of these confraternities, OLD AND NEW SARUM. 139 whose annual feasts might ahnost be said to be represented in the present day by the large number of friendly societies' and other dinners or suppers which come upon us in such abundance in Salisbury every winter. The anniversary of the Tailors' Company was on the Feast of the Nativity of St. John, and the proceedings always commenced with a service in the church of St. Thomas, at which mass was said for the souls of the founder, AVilliam Swayne, and his wife, Christen, as well as for the .souls of all brothers and sisters of the craft departed this life. The mayor, council, civic officers, and all leading citizens attended in the church in state, " to bring ynne the light of our said fraternitie, from the chandeleris hous, unto the said Seint Thomas Church, unto Seint John's Chaple tlier ; and ther to abide at the mass and offer at the same, all our craft." Members of the craft absent without lawful excuse were fined a pound of wax. The stewards of the company were every year to make two wax tapers, weighing one pound each, and set them upon the altar in St. John's Chapel (in St. Thomas' Church), to place a garland of roses on the saint's head, and to strew the chapel with green rushes. Mass over, on these occasions, all went together to dinner, for which the charge was the following : — A master and his wife, twelve pence, " and for his {i.e., their) soper (supper) if they come thereto, the same money;" the price for a man only was eightpence, and for a woman alone, sixpence. All who promised to attend and failed were to pay the stewards eightpence. The servants (or journeymen) of the chief members of the craft had to wait upon their masters, both at the mass and at the dinner ; and they in turn were to be waited upon by the apprentices. But despite the per- formance of the duties of waiters, the journeymen did not escape paying for the meal, for which each li.id to liand to the stewards fourpence. The following regulation is curious : — " Our said stewardis, whanne the masters be served in at tlie first course, they sliall pur\(>v ;in hon(>st 140 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF place for all soche servants {i.e., journeymen), to be sette at a borde or bordes conveniently wythin the same place, and to be served by the apprentises, at the masters' assign- ment, conveniently for here {i.e., their) degree. And then for the second corn's of the masters, by the seyd stewardis they shall be warned to arise, and for to serve ynn lykewyse the said masters, as they did the first com-s, and then to go to their place agen, and to be served agen of their second corn's, making theym as merry as they can." Another regulation ordered the making every year of eight torches (" weighing five score lb. and seven ") and five tapers to be offered at St. Thomas' Church every Mid- summer Day, for the manufacture of which the chamber- lains of the confraternity were to " receyue of every brother and sister, that be coupled, twelve pence, and for every journeyman, four pence." The spirit of material enjoyment which seemed to pervade all classes of people, appeared, however, to have had some degenerating effects, even among the grade of persons from whom better things might reasonably have been expected. Some years earlier than the date to which we have just alluded, that is to say in 1440 (on the '20th July), a visitation of the cathedral was held by Bishop Ayscough (whose murder has been the subject of remark in other chapters), and there are some rather startling revela- tions in connection with the enquiries made. Witnesses who were examined alleged that "by the babbling garrula- tions of the canons and vicars in the choir, the divine offices are often interrupted," and the devotion of the people much diminished by the unseemliness of the conduct of these clergy. Each canon, it was complained, was represented in his absence by his vicar, and though for such servic3 a certain salary was payable from each stall, the bishop discovered that the amount of arrears was large. It was also not only charged against the vicars that they left the cathedral at night before the services were nearly con- cluded, and that they grossly neglected their duties in OLD AND NEW SARUM. 141 respect to celebrating, but that when they went in pro- cession to the chapter, instead of walking in pairs as was right according to the orders of the church, they rushed forward in a crowd, talking loudl}' and improperly all the time. Their conduct at mass was minus all appearance of or even pretence at devoutness, and altogether their behaviour was astonishingly bad, a fact that might be explained by still another complaint to the effect that the canons frequently committed the fault of chosing as their vicars people totally unfit in every way to perform the duties of such a sacred office. But even the prelate's intervention does not appear to have mended matters, for when a second visitation was held seven years later the condition of things was reported to be even worse than before. The vicars attended morn- ing service in coloured jackets, instead of copes and sur- plices, they failed to treat the holy sacrament with due respect, they kept hawks, and allowed their dogs to follow them into the church. Thej^ are even accused of play- ing a game called " pile " at the time of divine service. Worse than all, the serious charge is made against their moral characters that they lived in open adultery with the waves of other men. To cure such a frightful scandal to the church, only the most sweeping and drastic measures would have sufficed, but there is no record of such being taken. If we turn again for a moment to the trade guilds of Salisbury, we shall discover that not only did their com- bination serve to promote their mutual interests, but they were of service to the country at large : that is, if the fre- quent wars with continental kings which our monarchs seemed to have often indulged in as a kind of royal pastime, can be admitted to be of national advantage. In 1474, when Edward IV. resolved on picking a quarrel with the French king, twenty-four men of tliis city were supplied for his service, and a lialt of the number were furnislied and accountred by the following crafts : the mercers, tailors, 142 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF butchers, saddlers, smiths, dubbers, brewers, bakers, fish- mono-ers, tanners, innholders and weavers, one man each. AVhen a second contingent was demanded in the February of the following year, the founders and pewterers supplied two men ; the brewers, one ; the tuckers, barbers, and shoemakers, one each; the mercers, nine; the brewers, four ; the tailors, three ; the carpenters, two ; the weavers, tuckers, butchers, saddlers, fishmongers, innholders, tanners, bakers, smiths, dubbers, and others, onfe man each. We have only to mention now the present of two oxen, twenty sheep, four cygnets, and six heron mews which the council resolved to make in 1476, when Edward IV. decided on visiting Sahsbury, and to record that the city had to pay a hundred pounds towards the grant from the people called the "benevolence" in order to allow Edward to carry on his wars with Scotland, and we have finished with that monarch so far as Salisbury is concerned. Little is known of the municipal or social life of Salisbury during the brief and tragic reign of Edward v., but the anxiety manifested at the troubled state of the country is shewn by the precautions taken to protect the city as much as possible from assaults and surprises. In the April of 1488 it was resolved to repair the barriers, which were then in a bad condition, and for this purpose a tax was levied, to be paid as follows :-.- The aldermen, twenty pence each ; the common councillors, twelve pence each; and every inhabitant of the city eligible to be members of the body of aldermen or coun- cillors, but not yet of those bodies, were likewise to pay twelve pence each.* The uneasiness experienced in the city increased on the coronation of the blood-thirsty and despicable Kichard III., ♦The barriers referred to were :— Oastle Gate, the Ban es by Seyiit Edmund, Winchester Gate, Milford Barre.«, St. Martyn'.? Barres, Harnham Bridge, the Nether Bridge (Crane Bridge), and Fisherton Bridge. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 143 against whom plots were being formed with the object of ridding the country of his detestable rule. Cognizant of these facts, - Richard seems to have taken measures to prevent insurrections as far as possible ; and it was very likely acting on his instructions that at the council meeting held on September 14th, 1488, it was decided to appoint a special body of men to keep watch in the streets and at the gate and barriers, with the orders to close the barriers " in times of peril," "save such barriers as the mayor and his brethren, with the constables, can think ought to be opened." The constables, by the way, were in charge of the watch. One of the principal instigators of the conspiracies against Eichard was his whilom comrade and supporter, the Duke of Buckingham. The circumstances under which Buckingham fell into the hands of his enemies at Shrews- bury (having been betrayed by Banister, the man whom he had so much befriended) are known to readers of history. In scene 4, Act W. of " King Eichard III.," Shakespeare thus makes Sir William Catesby announce to Eichard the longed-for capture of Buckingham : — My liege, the l^iike of Bue'iiingliam is taken, That is the best news. Then Eichard replies, in a burst of gratified and exultant frenzy, and of impatience to make the best of the turn affairs had taken : — Away towards SalJBbury ; wliile we rea.son here, A royal battle might bf won and lost : — Someone take order Buckingham be brought To Sali.sbury :— the rest march on with nie. In accordance with Eichard's comniiiiKl the ]^uke of Buckingham was sent from Shrewsbury, in the custody of Sir James Tyler, and after an examination in private (in which he is said to have confessed his guilt and explained the details of the plot) he was ordered lor iniincdiate execution. The decapitation is recorded to have taken place on a " new scaffold " erected in the conrtyai-d of the Blue Boar Inn. On the site of tlml hostchv the Siu-acen's 144 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Head was subsequently erected, and a few years ago that was pulled down and the handsome premises of Messrs. Style and Gerrish erected in its stead. As to the place of burial of the murdered Duke opinions differ. About sixty years ago a mutilated human skeleton was discovered beneath the brick flooring of one of the rooms of the Saracen's Head, and this led many to believe Buckingham was buried at the spot on which he was executed. By others St. Thomas' Church has been fixed on as the place of interment; by yet others it is averred that the remains were entombed in the Church of the Grey Friar's (which was situated at the back of St. Ann's Street), whilst the most common belief fixes on Britford Church as the place which received the Duke's remains. In the chancel of Britford Church there is an altar tomb commemorating the Duke of Buckingham's fate. "We must not omit to mention that for a very long time doubts existed in the minds of many students of history as to whether it was not at Shrewsbury, rather than at Salisbury, that the execution of the Duke took place, but historical proof has decided in favour of Salisbury. After the execution of Buckingham, Richard marched from Salisbury, at the head of a large army, and put out the flames of rebellion with rigorous measures, wreaking his vengeance on ringleaders whenever he had a chance. At Exeter his own brother-in-law, Sir Thomas St. Leger, was was among those put to death. At the Parliament which assembled on the 23rd day of January following a bill of attainder for treasonable acts was passed against several persons residing in this locality, including Roger Tocotes, knight (of Bromham), Edmund Hampden, gentlemen (of Eisherton), John Cheyney, esquire (of Falston), Thomas Milborne and John Milborne, gentlemen (of Laverstock), William Hall and Michael Shilling, gentlemen (of Salis- bury), etc. The Bishop of Salisbury (like his brother bishops of Ely and Exeter) was also attainted and whilst his life was spared, he was ordered to forfeit all his temporal and feudal possessions and privileges. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 145 CHAPTER XXI. The Watching Ceremonies — The Mayor and Corporation Encourage Social Convivialty— Gradual Decline of Public Interest Therein— Religious Persecut'ons — Some Curious Cases — The Injunctions of Bishop Shaxton. "\\/"E do not find Salisbury evincing more than the average interest in the events that marked the reign of Henry VII., though that monarch visited the city no less than four times, viz., in 1486, 1488, 1491, and 1496, when he was accompanied by his queen and the Duchess of Somerset. They were received in state, as usual, and a minute of the corporation referring to the last named visit gives an interesting description of the spectacle that was to be witnessed on the occasion. All aldermen who had served the office of mayor rode out to meet the king in scarlet robes, and those who had not served the office were in crimson, each riding before his worship, the common councillors coming after the mayor in green. Besides these a number of men, representing each craft in the city, joined in the gay calvacade. The king was met on the western road about a mile bej'ond Harnham. There the mayor delivered him the mace, in token of submission to the royal authority, and his worship having received it back, the procession moved on once more, the mayor, bearing the mace, riding before the king all the way to his palace at Clarendon. Having escorted his majesty thus far, the party rode out to bring in the Queen juid the Duchess of Somerset in the like manner, the only variation from the former programme being that the mace was not delivered up. At the departure of the loyal party tlu; procedure was somewhat similar. 146 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF In the course of this reign there were several demands of contingents for the king's service on various expeditions, which were compHed with as usuaL It is not necessary to particularise them, but, as shewing that by degrees the citizens were becoming tired of these constant calls on their purses and patience, it may be mentioned that they at length made it a rule, whilst providing and equipping bodies of men, to bid them look to the king and not to the authorities of the city for their wages. At this period the ceremonies of keeping the watches on Midsummer night, St. Peter's night, St. Osmund's night, &c., were observed ; and the pageants were doubtless gorgeous and interesting to the common people who played the part of spectators. A great feature was the procession, in which the members of the various crafts took part, with the mayor and council, the armed men, the merchants and their fellowship, and the constables and theirs. The houses on these occasions were made gay with garlands and bouquets, and were illuminated with quaint lamps, making the scene interesting and picturesque. Mirth and conviviality prevailed among all classes, and the bowl flowed quite as freely as was advisable. By degrees, and probably owing to the sentiment of puritanism that was gradually growing up among the people, interest in these pageants began to wane, and there are instances of endeavours made by the civic authorities to revive the dying custom by the imposition of penalties. In 1510 (April 4) every alderman was ordered to find two men, and every common councillor one man, "well and cleanly harnessed to wait on the George yearly, to Church and from Church." Later, however, in the reign of Henry VIII. we have evidence that the local ruling powers had come to the conclusion that the spirit of conviviality, which was a common feature all over the country in those days, was leading to undesirable excesses ; and in 1520 we have an order issued to the various crafts to only hold their OLD AND NEW SARUM. 147 revels, and tliat in an orderly manner, once a year, under the penalty of various fines. One regulation was for the punishment of journeymen who were in the habit of getting obstreperous and disobedient to their masters whilst in their cups. Two years later (April 14, 1522) it was decided to put a stop to the holding of all feasts (with the exce^Dtion of the George and the Mayor's feasts). It is probable that these merry customs were dying a natural death, and that such regulations were unnecessary, for in 1524 the council issued an order for the keeping of the watch on St. Osmond's night " in the best manner that might be done," and any citizens refusing to take part in the procession, or declining to contribute their share of the cost, were to be punished "in accordance with the Mayor's discretion." In 1526 and 1527 resolutions with a similar purport were adopted, but in course of time the custom was abandoned altogether. As we reach the period when so many suffered horrible deaths for their opinions' sake, we find in Salisbury there were several wdio were victims of the ecclesiastical tyranny of the time, though many escaped the worst of fates by recan- tation of what were termed their heresies. John Powle, weaver, and William Wynch were thus persecuted in 1506 ', and Eichard liandyll, in 151K. The offence of Powle was his declaration that " the time shall come that the world shall be burnt, and there shall a water come, and purge it ; and so shall it be one of the seven heavens, and full of mirth, every man of the world being here dwelling". And at the day of doom, devils h()])e to be saved, and then shall nothing be in hill but tlic sin of llieworld." " 1 luue lioldcii and said (confessed Wynch) that a man's soul is nothing but a blast of wind ; and that among the relics that be worshipped in churches is many a sheep's bone." Richard Kandyll, living in the parish of St. JOdmund, said "1 have (jpenly sp(jken that confession ought not to Ijc made l)y me, or by any (jlher man, not hurting or deceiving an\ man, hill only for a custfj^m of IIk; church. "" 148 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Powle, for his expression of opinion, was ordered the Sunday following to walk before the cross in the procession in St. Edmund's Church, with head and feet naked, and bearing a faggot on his shoulder, and further was to read his recantation in the presence of the people at the time of celebration of the mass. A similar sentence was passed on Randyll, who was to read his recantation publicly, first in St. Edmund's Church one Sunday, in St. Thomas's Church the Sunday following, and the next day in the Market Place, the apparitor preceding him, and the curate of St. Edmund's, in his surplice, following. Wynch, for his offence, was ordered to feed on bread and water every Eriday in Lent, and to repeat the Psalter of the Blessed Virgin every Friday during his life. A similar penalty was awarded to Robert Eiley, a Salisbury Friar, for saying that "'a dog might have resurrection,' and other words offensive to pious souls." In dealing with the Reformation, at which period the passing of the Act of Supremacy entirely severed the church from any control by Rome, it should be mentioned that Salisbury's Bishop, Campeggio (the pope's nominee), was one of the papal delegates appointed to hear the question of the divorce of Henry VIII. from Catherine of Arragon, and for his action in this matter he was in 1535 deprived by act of parliament of his see (on the ground of non-residence), and was succeeded by Nicholas Shaxton. This Bishop in 15B8 issued a number of injunctions* to be carried out throughout the diocese, and they shew the earnestness of his wish to remedy the evils and abuses that existed in the church at that period. He issued instructions against non-residents, and forbade French and Jewish priests, who could not properly speak the English tongue, to act as curates. The gospel and epistle were to be read in the English tongue at high mass, and the king's supremacy was to be set * See Bishop bhaxton's " Injunctions," in Burnet's " History of the Reformation." OLD AND NEW SARUM. 14'.) forth, and the usurpation of the bishop of Rome protested against. Sermons were to be preached purely, sincerely and according to the scriptures ; and friars or persons in religious habits were to be forbidden to perform any service in the Church. The clergy were to commit to memory the gospel of St. Matthew and St. John, with other portions of the New Testament (including the Epistles to the Romans, Corinthians, Galatians, and the Acts of the Apostles). The people were to be taught the Lord's Prayer and the Creed in their own tongue. Preaching was not to be discontinued for "any procession or other service ;" priests were to take care that the parishioners were present at the preaching ; and to s ee that n o one at that time resorted to the ale-house, tavern, or elsewhere. There were to be no night watches in the churches, nor adoring of images, no one was to be permitted to kneel to images, or to " offer candles, oats, cake, bread, cheese, wool or other things ; but to instruct the people to look upon them as one looketh upon a book." He complains of the deceiving of the people by false relics, " such as stinking boots, mucky combs, ragged rochetts, rotten girdles, pyled purses, great bullocks' horns, locks of hair, filthy rags, and gobbets of wood, under the name of parcels of the Holy Cross, and such peltries, to the shameful abuse of such as peradventure ba true relies indeed, whereof certain proof is none." Therefore all such things were to be brought to him at his house at Ramsbury, or else- where, that he might examine them, promising to restore such as were to be found true relics, with an instruction how they ought to be used. He also ordered the discon- tinuance of the tolling of the Ave or Pardon Bell, which used to be tolled three times a day. Unfortunately this well-meaning prelate was forced to recant later under the terrorising provisions of tlic Six Articles. He was con- demned to the stake at the same time as Latimer, but saved his life by recanting.* • He preached a recantation .sermon at the burning >: a coninicinorative .service is conducted every year by the Rev. K. X. Tliwaites. 154 THE POrULAR HISTORY OF " turn to the living God," and whilst the vicar was reading the Bede roll and was about to pray for souls in purgatory, they interrupted him by various exclamations, among other things declaring that purgatory was the pope's " pin- pound." For this they were apprehended and set in the stocks during the rest of the service, and next day a magis- trate sent them in custody before Capon and Jefferies. Being examined in prison, they denied the three proposi- tions which w^ere always put forward as tests of heresy,* and also refused to acknowledge the pope's supremacy. Having heard their denials, Jefferies handed the three men over to the Sheriff to be burnt. "0, Mr. Sheriff," exclaimed Spencer, on hearing the sentence, "now must you be the butcher, that you may be guilty also with them of innocent blood before the Lord." The following day, March '24th, 1556, they were carried from the goal to a place called Fisherton Fields, (probably near Fisherton Church) where stakes were erected for their burning. A great crowd of people assembled, and though the terrorising effects of the law against heresy awed many into a suppression of the opinions which they really held, and though, further, there were no doubt in Salisbury many who were as bigotted as the bigotted Capon himself, yet we may assuredly surmise that in that crowd there were a great number who were openly touched at the revolting scene, and who could not forbear tears and excla- mations of admiration and sympathy on witnessing the fortitude with which these men met their horrible deaths for their faith's sake. * These were: (1) Whether the natural body of Christ be really preset. t under the species of bread and wme, by virtue of the consecrating words six)ken by the priest ; (2) whether the substances of bread and wine cease to exist after consecration (this was known as the transubstantiation doctrine) and (3) whether the Mass be a propitiatory sacritice for the sins of the living and the dead. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 155 On reaching the stake, the condemned men fell on their knees, and engaged in silent prayer. They were then stripped of their clothing, save their shirts ; and the ordinary form was gone through of the sheriff offering them the queen's pardon if they would recant. They refused, however, to save their lives by what they considered condemnatory falsehoods. " Not for all Salisbury," cried Maundrel. " Amen," rejoined Spencer, adding, " This is the most joyful day I ever saw." The faggots were then lighted, and the bodies gradually consumed by the fire. " Coberley," says Foxe, "was some- what long in burning. After his body was scorched, and his arm drawn and taken from him by the violence of the fire, so that the flesh was burnt to the white bone, at length he stooped over the chain, and with the right hand knocked on his breast softly, the blood and matter issuing out of his mouth." Somewhat later a similar horrible scene was enacted in Salisbury Market Place at the burning of three Pro- testants named Spenser (a former Romish priest), Ramsey, and Hewitt, who were condemned for heresy. Alice, the wife of Coberley, one of the martyrs of Fisherton Fields, escaped sharing her husband's cruel fate by recantation. In common witli the rest of the country, Salisbuiy resumed its superstitious religious practices under the Marian rule, as records in the parish churches bear ample testimony, which testimony is corroborated by a resolution passed at the time of the arrest of the martyr, INIaundrel, and his brethren, by which the Corporation decided to revive the annual singing of the dirges in the parish church of St. Thomas. The watch on St. Osmund eve, and other customs which had flourished under the old order of things religious, were not, however, resumed, all interest in tlieni having very likely been lost, whilst perhaps, also, times were too troubled for ])eople to think niucli of Ccstivitics 15G THE POPULAR HISTOPvY OF CHAPTER XXIII. The Vagrancy Problem in Salisbury — Public Action and Pri vate Charity — A Workhouse Established — Overcrowding the Labour Market — Trades Swamped by Strangers — Salisbury Visited by a P ague — Establishment of SalisburyRaces— Class Distinctions in the Reignof James I.— Gentle- men and Tradesmen in Salisbviry Corporation — Interesting Regulations of the Incorporated Trades and Callings. TN the reign of Queen Elizabeth we find in SaHsbury, as in other parts of the country, appaHng indications of poverty and vagrancy, traceable to want of employment among agricultural labourers and others, which want of employment in its turn arose from causes which we have already explained. To meet the evils thus accruing, and to dispose of the number of idle people who flocked into the city, overcrowding houses and swamping trades and occupations, the authorities and leading townsmen cast about to find an effectual remedy. But it is pleasing and interesting to know that it was not the authorities alone who evinced a desire to grapple with this difficulty, for it is from this period that several of those charities for which Salisbury has been so much noted bear date. It may be said that it was out of the troubles of the time now under consideration that the workhouse system was evolved — a system originally started with humane, as well as politic motives, and, moreover, a system which in course of time took the shape of a method of dealing with the poor that was grossly inhuman and scandalously and brutally tyran- nical. It will suffice to add to the last remark the gratify- ing reflection that in these latter days the abuses of administration and officialdom have for the most part disappeared, and that not only philanthropists, but even politicians, do not think it beneath the dignity of their OLD AND NEW SARUM. 157 public duty to see if they cannot so amend the hiw relating to the poor that unavoidable indigence shall no longer be stamped with the stigma of shame and with the likeness to a crime ; and who realise that the time has at last arrived when a difference must be made, if possible, between honesty in poverty as distinguished from wilful idleness, abuse of indulgence and criminal lazmess. It was at the meeting of the city council of Salisbury, on April 10, 15(34, that it was decided to convert premises situated in Winchester Street into a workhouse, "to hold and set to work idle people, so that there shall be none which be able to work that shall be suffered to go idly abroad, in begging; nor also any impotent person shall be permitted to beg abroad, within or without the city, dwell- ing within the city." Four years later, at a meeting on June 22, the council appointed Kobert Wall, Eobert New- man, Thomas Wolf and Eobert Hart, "to expel all vag- rants and idle persons," in which duties they were to have the assistance of the beadle, Humphrey Yerey, saddler, " which beadle shall be attended by all officers within the city." Among the inconveniences and dangers arising from the large number of strangers who flocked into the town — many probably tramping in search of employment, just as so many tramp now, and others coming to sojourn in the city — was the increase of pauperisation by the overcrov^'d- ing of the labour market. It was the realization of this fact that prompted the citizens (reconciled for the moment with the bishop in the midst of those unceasing quarrels to which we have already devoted enough space) to petition Bishop Cotton, in the year 1598, to secure the royal incor- poration of the various trades and crafts in order to prevent the evils and inconveniences arising from tl;e influx of strangers and " foreigners." In compliance with this request a n umber of reguliilions were drawn ii[), among 158 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF others one forbidding anyone who had not served an apprenticeship of seven years in the city of SaHsbury to sell goods appertaining to any of the incorporated crafts ; another ordering all who had not served a seven years' apprenticeship, and who had settled in the city within a period of ten years, to remove their dwellings and goods out of the city and not to return ; a third forbidding anyone to let premises to any tradesmen who had not served the apprenticeship aforesaid ; and a fourth, which provided that " any stranger or foreigner or other, not having served his apprenticeship by the space of seven years, in the said city of Sarum, or in the suburbs thereof, exercising any trade or mystery, used in the said city, who shall hereafter plant himself, to dwell in the said city, or else shall continue dwelling and exercising his trade there, every such person or persons shall be from time to time taxed, assessed and rated at double so much, in all payments, taxes and rates, as such persons of the same mystery or trade, inhabiting in the same city, is or shall be subject to be rated, assessed or taxed." The corporation records of the period (reign of Queen Elizabeth) several times have references to resolutions passed for the purpose of empowering responsible persons to make periodical surveillance of the houses in the city, with the object of preventing overcrowding ; and an entry made in November, 1597, plainly shews that all efforts made, all steps taken, and all protective regulations in support of incorporation privileges failed to have the desired effect. Strangers still continued to find their way into the city and overcrowd it ; and so at the meeting held on the date just referred to the following more stringent course of action was decided on : " At this assembly order is taken for the requiring of all new comers, idle and common beggars, both young and old, which are able to work, that they may be set to work, and such obstinate persons as shall refuse to be reformed be sent to Bridewell, or other- OLD AND NEW SARUM. 159 wise punished according to law ; and also all persons to keep the streets and water courses clean and wholesome before their houses, and that none be suffered to go about the streets begging, in performance whereof several tickets are at this assembly delivered to divers several persons, to govern in their several streets." The order that all persons were to " keep the streets and watercourses clean and wholesome before their houses " reminds us of another fact connected with this reign. About this time Salisbury was visited by a grave sickness, probably brought about by the overcrowded and unwhole- some conditions of living, which had been one of the results of the poverty and vagrancy of which we have spoken, and which sickness was but a forerunner of the more terrible plague which followed later. It is generally supposed that the plague which visited England about the year 1579 was brought hither from the Netherlands. That might have been so, but its growth in Salisbury, as elsewhere, was undoubtedly fostered by the causes alluded to, for filth, especially when accompanied l)y want, is an apt assistant to the plague fiend. In the year named, lo79, the sickness was so bad in the streets near St. Edmund's Church, about the time of the election of mayor, that it was deemed advisable, lest the Mayor and his brethren be infected, to perform the ceremony of electing the mayor in St. Thomas's Church, instead of in St. Edmund's Church as heretofore. An event of this period of great interest to a large number of persons both in Salisbury and out of it, was tlie establishment, in the year 1584, of Salisbury Kaces, of which a notice has been preserved in the following tcuMiis : — " These two years, in March, there was a race iiiii with horses, at the' farthest three miles from Sarum, at which there were divers nol)le personages, whose names are underwritten, and the Earl ol' ("umberland won the (rolden 160 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Bell, which was valued at £50 and better, the which earl is to bring the same again, next year, which he promised to do, upon his honour, to the Mayor of the city." The names appended give an indication of the importance of the personages who patronised the races in these early days : the Earl of Cumberland, the Earl of Warwick, the Earl of Pembroke, the Earl of Essex, the Lord Chandos, the Lord Thomas Howard, the Lord AVilliam Howard, Sir Walter Hungerford, Sir John Danvers, Sir Thomas Wroughton, Sir William Coiirtenay, Sir Mathew Arundel, Mr. Thomas Gorge (Privy Councillor), &c. In the course of time a golden snafHe was provided as a prize, as well as the golden bell, for in 1603 we have the following entry : — " Mr. Maior hath received the golden snaffle, and an obli- gation wherein Mr. Stanbj^e standeth bounden for the de- livery of the golden bell, given to the city by the late Earl of Pembroke." In the Corporation records of the 17th century there are, frequently, other entries which shew the keen interest taken by the authorities, in conjunction with the country gentry, to develop the sport. If we may judge, however, of a minute of February, 18, 1650, it would appear that sometimes the country people had to be stirred up to the keeping of their bargain. In the minute referred to it was decided to entreat them "to make good their articles to the city, as the city have done their part, or else we shall not provide a cupp of the same value as formerly." It was, however, decided to present the cup of usual value that year, but not to deliver it up until the contribution due to the city in respect of it had been paid. There is extant an agreement between Sir Edward Bajaiton and the Mayor and Corporation, which throws an interesting light on the conditions on which the races were founded. It is dated 28th March, 1654, and among the facts set forth are these : that a previous Earl of Pembroke gave a golden bell, and a previous Earl of Essex a golden OLD AND NEW SARUM. 161 snaffle, as prizes for the encouragement of the races ; that in 1619 patrons of the race raised a " stocke of money " to buy a silver gilt cup, to be competed for yearly ; and that it was decided to sell the bell and snaffle and add the proceeds to any subscriptions that could be raised on behalf of the race cup fund. In 1G29 the Mayor and Corporation had in hand the sum of ±'40, the proceeds of the sale of the bell and snaffle, as well as £246 16s 9d, representing subscrip- tions raised. It was agreed between the parties to the indenture that the inhabitants should be requested to raise voluntary subscriptions sufficient to increase the amount in hand to A'320, which should remain in possession of the Mayor and Corporation for ever, as a settled stock for the providing of a race cup. Out of these funds the Mayor and Corporation undertook to annually find a cup of the value of £18, and in connection with this was the arrangement that if any cup provided was not quite of the value of £18 the difference should be paid to the winner, but if it was over the value then the winner should refund the surplus value. Each person entering the race had to pay a fee of 20 shillings " for stables for the race;" and the Corporation had to provide starters and judges for the events. On March 30, 1695, the City Chamberlain was ordered to pay £5 to Mr. Thomas Goddard, to be added to money already held by him towards buying a piece of plate, to be run for at the " races on the Plain." Later, in the year 1722, a new arrangement for the conducting of the races was come to, with the consent of the representatives of Sir Robert Baynton. It was agreed tliuL instead of a cup a montest (or monteth), of the value of £18 be provided. The plate was to be run for on the first Thursday in May yearly, "on the new round course on Salisbury Plain," and the ceremony of presenting tlic tropliy to the winner was performed at the Greorge Inn, in High Street, probably with " felicitious speeches " and so on, but without the K 162 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF presence of the newspaper reporter, who would be in evi- dence on similar occasions in these present days. The conditions of the race for this City Plate are interesting. Each horse was to carry ten stone, with saddle and bridle ; the race was run in three heats, the best (first) horse to take the plate, and the second best horse to win the stakes. The entries were to be made before the head sergeant at Salisbury, the entrance fee being one guinea, and the post entry two guineas. Evidence of the interest taken in the racing by in- habitants of this city is found in the fact that sometimes when some local or district notable personage won the race, the event was signalised by the merry ringing of church bells. For instance, in the Churchwardens' Accounts of St. Thomas there is, under date, 1646, the entry: "Einging the Race Day that Ye Erie of Pembrook his horse woon the Cupp, 5s." The Mayor and Corporation still yearly provide the sum of .i'18, out of the city funds, towards the prizes in connection wdth the race known as the City Bowl. In Charles Knight's History of England there is a very entertaining description of Court, Town, and Country, in the reign of James I., from which we make the following extract, dealing with the social peculiarities of the time, for purposes of local illastration : — " It is amusing to observe the jealous distinctions that still prevailed among the different classes. Only a great magnifico or royal merchant was worthy to prefix Master or Mr. to his name ; and if he was addressed as the * worshipful ' it was only when a soothing compliment was necessary; but the addi- tion of ' gentleman ' or ' esquire ' would have thrown the whole Court into an uproar. Even in such a trifling matter as a light in the dark streets at night the same scrupulous distinctions were observed ; the courtiers were lighted with torches, merchants and lawyers with links, and OLD AND NEW SARUM. 163 mechanics with lanthorns." These remarks refer parti- cularlj'' to London, but that the same class distinctions existed in a very pronounced form in Salisbury is evidenced by the following resolution, passed by the corporation on April 25, 1625 : — " It is ordered, that if any gentle- men, who are inhabitants or residing, or that shall inhabit or reside, within this city, and bear office within the same, that their formalities, that is to say, their walking in robes and ranks, and sitting in assemblies and meetings, shall be dispensed withal, if they desire it, in such manner that after any of them shall have borne the office of mayor, he shall not be enforced to keep his place, as others who have been merchants or trades- men have used to do ; but resort to the company of gentle- men, in such place as they had before, where they shall chuse it ; and the like dispensation to be for their wives. But during the time of the mayoralty, he is to use all formalities as other mayors have used to do ; and in all meetings of councils and assemblies, all such gentlemen shall have a place of sitting, assigned to be proper for them, in some seat by themselves, if they desire it. And they are then to use the formalities as other the Council of this city in their respective places use to do. ' And touching attendance upon Councils, they are to be named, and to attend in person, as other of the Council by order of the house are to do." We may conclude this chapter with a brief reference to some of the bye-laws and regulations of the various companies existing at the period of James I. The regula- tions invariably forbade working or trading on Sundays on the part of members of the companies or their employes, and there were also provisions aimed at preventing acts that would prejudice the individual or public health and safety. Thus the butchers and their servants were forbidden to " empty the bellies or cast the entrails of any beefs, etc., into the town ditch, or over Fishcrton Bridge, 164 ■ THE POPULAR HISTORY OF except it be in the current of the river, or down the stairs appointed for the purpose." It is also eA'ident that at one time there was a cattle market held at Barnard's Cross, for we have the following regulation : — "No foreign butcher shall, by himself or other, buy any fat ware, either oxen, kine, steers, sheep or lambs, at the market usually kept for fat beasts, at Barnard's Cross, before nine o'clock in the morning. All foreign butchers and their servants are also to cease buying, and depart out of the market, by twelve o'clock." Among the rules of the barber-surgeons was one forbidding unskilful persons to " take or meddle with any cure of chirurgery," and another provided that " for the better increase of skill and knowledge among the chirurgeons and barbers of this city," the wardens of the company, upon making request to the mayor, recorder and justices, might have the body of any executed felon " to make an anatomy thereof," a practice which continued in England till comparatively recent times. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 165 CHAPTEE XXIY. City visited again by the Plague— Panic among the Residents— General Exodus— Stringent Internal Regulations — Shocking Scenes— Charges of Burying People Alive. Jn the year 1604 there was another visitation of the Plague, and the results that were dreaded caused the civic authorities to agani resort to the plan of changing the place for mayor choosing. Thus it was decided that the election on November 2nd of the year named should be held in the Council Chamber ; but that in succeeding years they should revert to the practice of holding the election in St. Edmund's Church. The mortality in the city on this occasion (1604) was very great. In St. Thomas' parish, the number of deaths was 358 ; in St. Edmund's 501 ; and in St. Martin's, 148 ; besides many deaths in Fisherton and the suburbs. Great distress naturally pre- vailed, and a special rate was raised in the city for the relief of the sufferers. There is every cause to fear that during the prevalence of this disorder many shocking spectacles were witnessed, and acts of outrage committed by that class of persons who seem to have existed in every age, as they exist even now — who apparently take grim delight in scenes of horror, and whose very souls are dead to compassion while they are insensible of any desire to spare the feelings of others. On the 17th of September, 1625, over twenty years after this particular outbreak, an enquiry was held for some reason or other as to certain allegations against those connected with the burial of infected cor])ses. A statement made by a collar maker, named Thomas Saddler, 166 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF charged Ursula Barrett, " one of the sworn searchers of such as do die of the plague," with being instrumental in causing a child to be buried alive. " Thomas Saddler, being again examined," — we are quoting the depositions — " saith it is true that there being one child dead in the said Freestone's house, he saw the bearers carrying it out of the door to burial. The said Ursula Barrett called to the bearers, and told them they should have another child to carry to burial by- and- bye, and then he heard him bring the child downstairs, and heard the child cry, but saw it not ; and saith that he then departed, and came no more back to that house, but he heard the child was buried an hour and a half afterwards," Defoe, in his "Journal of the Plague Year," makes the following observations, which, though they refer to the later and " Great " Plague of 1665, give a pretty fair idea of the panic and general flight which an outbreak invari- ably caused : — ' ' This hurry of the people was such for some Weeks that there was no getting at the Lord Mayor's Door without exceeding Difficulty ; there was such pressing and crowding there to get passes and Certificates of Health for such as travelled abroad, for without these, there was no being admitted to pass through the Towns upon the Koad or to lodge in any Inn. Now as there had none died in the City for all this tnne My Lord Mayor gave Certificates of Health without any Difficulty to all those who lived in the 97 parishes, and to those within the Liberties, too, for a while. This Hurry, I say, continued some Weeks, that is to say, all the Month of May and June, and the more because it was rumoured that an order of the Government was to be issued out to place Turnpikes and Barriers on the Koad and not suffer People from London to pass for fear of bringing the Infection along with them, though neither of these Rumours had any Foundation but in the Imagination, especially at first." OLD AND NEW SARUM. 167 In accordance with custom on such sad occasions the governing bodies of the city took rigorous steps to prevent strangers bringing the plague into SaHsbury. At a meeting of the mayor and justices, held on 29th July, 1625, it was decided to strengthen the watch and w ard of the city, and men, bearing halberts, were appointed to stand one at each of the entrances into Salisbury. The watchmen and warders had orders to allow no strangers to lodge or stay in the city unless they could prove that they had not come from London, or any other infected quarter; and if any such desired to pass through the town they were to be conducted by the warders or watchmen by way of the " utmost streets," and not to be allowed to enter any inn or house, or to stay in the streets. Any Sahsbury person who chanced to be in London during the time of the plague was forbidden to enter his city within three months after returning to these parts — having to stay outside for a three months' quarantine, as we might now express it. No one (save the owners or those set to watch the property) was allowed to go near any goods that had come from London, and which happened to be lying outside Salislrarv, on pain of imprisonment ; and the city carrier was ordered not to bring London goods any nearer Salisbury tlian Three Mile Hill. Householders were ordered to permit no one to enter their houses who had been in London within a month prior to their coming hither ; and any residents offending in this way were not to be allowed to stir out of their houses, either themselves or their guests, except upon the licence of the mayor or the magistrates. Watchmen, too, were warned against drinking or fraternising in any way with Londoners or other prohibited persons. The following resolution passed on the same occasion is interesting enough to (|U(;te in full, illustratiiigas it does the serious straits to which the city hud been reduced, and the feeling even of the authorities that it was a Divine visitation, as well as the penalty of grossly bad sanitation, 168 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF that was upon them : — " Seeing it hath pleased the King's majesty to command that a general fast be held and observed throughout this whole kingdom, which hath in this cit}' been solemnly entered into, and proposed to have continuance until it shall please God to turn away his heavy wrath from us, which is now inflicted by the general infec- tion and disease of the Plague, and it being therefore con ceived by us that it is agreeing unto and intended by his said Royal commandment, that seeing we are to fast on one day in the week, for the cause aforesaid, therefore we ought not to feast upon any day, until it shall please i\.lmighty God to be appeased, and to turn his wrath from us. We do therefore direct and advise that all public feasting be forborne, and that none of the companies of this city do keep their feasts neither upon the said day of Fast, nor upon any other day until other directions shall be given in that behalf. Item, that the common musicians of this city shall forbear to repair to inns and other houses on the Sundays or Wednesdays, and shall not at their repair to inns or other places during the time of the infection, nor afterwards, until further order be made therein by us, wear the chains or the arms of this city ; and all others are hereby advised to forbear the use of public or private music so far forth as may seem best to accord withhis Majesty's said royal commandment." Persons were appointed to search, examine, and report to the mayor as to persons sick, dying, or dead, and others for the purpose of burying the victims of the disorder. These officials were compelled to carry a staff when they walked abroad, so that passers-by could identify the nature of their calling, and so avoid coming in contact with them, with the risk of being infected. In the month of March, 1627, the dread disease made its appearance in Salisbury, and threw people into a state of alarm and misery. Panic seized upon the inhabitants, and all who had the means of flying from the city did so OLD AND NEW SARUM. 169 with all expedition, even the clergj' who had at first tried to find safet}' in shutting the gates of the Close against the people of the city joining in the general exodus.* It is calculated that about three quarters of the inhabitants left, and those who remained were in a sorry plight. The scene of desolation can be better imagined than described — the closed houses, the almost deserted streets, the stricken citizen staggering homeward to die, it may be, on the threshold of his house, the agonising cries that came from afflicted dwellings, the rumble of the dead cart, the call of the buryers to the householders to " bring out their dead," and, worse than all eventuall}', the acts and sounds of brutal wantonness on the part of those appointed to deal with the dying and the dead, hurrying away bodies for iaterment in some common pit ere life had scarce flown, and, to crown their infamies, rioting and making merry among the tombs of the departed sufferers. It was a fortunate circumstance, liowever, that the mayor at the time was not only a philanthropic, but a brave man. His name was John Ivie, and he was a gold- smith. I vie was the only magistrate who remained behind to do what he could to relieve the sufferings of the distracted people, and to govern the city under most painful and trying circumstances. In a narrative written by him- self, he said : " There was none left to assist me and com- fort the poor in so great a misery, neither recorder, justice, churchwarden, or overseer in all the city, nor high con- stable, but only two of the petty constables that had no friends to receive them in the country, wherefore I got them to stay with me, and they did prove to me a great comfort, both by night and by day." Ivie had sent his wife out of •rhey refiwed to open the Close gates and allow the people to worship in the Cathedral, but one Sunday as a lady of the Eyre family w.v< a * Poor Pepys harl before his Stonehenge trip been similarly disappointed when he took his " wife and people " to see the Cathedral. N 210 THE POrULAR HISTORY OF reckoning, which was so exorbitant, and in particular in rate of my horses and 7s 6d for bread and beer, that I was mad, and resolve to trouble the mistress about it, and get something for the poor, and come away in that humour." Evelyn, who had come hither some years previously (July, 1654), did not tell a very flattering tale of Salis- bury's appearance. " The Market Place, with most of the streets (he says in his Diary) are watered by a quick current and pure stream, running through the middle of them, but are negligently kept, where, with small charge, they might be purged and rendered infinitely agreeable, and made one of the sweetest townes, but now the common buildings are despicable, and the streets dirty." Evelyn considered the Cathedral to be the " completest piece of Gothic work in Europe." Other remarks of his in the same document shew that the love of coursing and other sports was as keen in the neighbourhood then as now. He says, after visiting Wilton House, " we returned this evening by the Plain, ani Fourteen Mile Kace, where, out of my Lord's harewarrea, we were entertained with a long course of a hare, for near two miles in sight. Near this is a pergola, or stand, bdlt to view the sports." Whilst writing of the visits of distinguished persons, it may also be mentioned that in 1669, the city was honoured by the presence of Cosmo de Medici (Hereditary Prince of Tuscany) . He was received in state by the mayor and leading citizens, being also met by the Earl of Pembroke (with his son, Lord Herbert), who afterwards entertained him at Wilton House. During his stay the Duke visited Stonehenge, and the Cathedral, being much impressed with the marvellousness of the one and the beauty of the other. Before closing our remarks with- reference to Charles II., there are two or three incidents connecting that monarch with Salisbury that are worth touching upon. OLD AND NEW SA.RUM. 2II It should b3 remambered that Charles became " king de jure," by the death of his father on June 30, 1649, and from that date the years of his reign are legally computed. Therefore the first year of his actual reign (1660-1685) is counted in the statutes as his twelfth. He was for a short period during the Commonwealth " king de facto,'' (1650- 1651), but his defeat at the battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651, made him an exile oa the continent till the Eestora- tion. It is with his flight after that battle of Worcester that we shall now deal. Subsequently to his hiding in the oak at Boscobel, Charles had many other " hairbreadth 'scapes," and among the places in which he found secret shelter on his flight to the coast, was Hele House, not far from Salisbury, no.v the residence of Hon. Louis Greville, son of the fourth, and brother of the present, Earl of Warwick. Charles II., in the account which he dictated to Pepys, relates the manner in which he came in from Mr. Frank Wyndham's seat at Trent, near Sherborne, to this neighbourhood. Whilst at Wyndham's (he spells it Windham) " I sent away (he says) " presently to Colonel Robert Philips, who then lived at Salisbury, to see what he could do for the getting me a ship, which he undertook very willingly, and had got one at Southampton but by misfortune she was, amongst others, pressed to transport their soldiers to Jersey, by which she failed us also. * Upon this I sent further, into Sussex, where Robin Philips knew one Colonel Gunter, to see whether he could hire a ship anywhere upon the coast. And not thinking it convenient for me to stay much longer at Frank Windham's (where I had been in all about a fortnight, and was become known to very many), I went directly away to a widow gentlewoman's house, one Mrs. Hyde, some four or five miles from Salisbury, where I came into the house just as it was almost dark, with Robin Philips only, • The word "also " is an alluHion to previous attempts in Dorset and else- where to get a convenient vessel in wliich the king might leave our shores. 212 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF not intending at first to make myself known. But just as I alighted at the door Mrs. Hyde knew me, though she had never seen me but once in her life, and that was with the king, my father, in the army, when we marched by Salis- bury, some years before, in the time of the war, but she being a discreet woman took no notice at that time of me, I passing only as a friend of Eobin Philips' s, by whose advice I went thither. " At sapper there were with us Frederick Hyde, since a judge, and a sister ia law, a widow, Robin Philips, myself, and Dr. Henshaw, since Bishop of London, whom I had appointed to meet me there. While we were at supper, I observed Mrs. Hyde, and her brother Frederick, to look a little earnestly at me, which led me to believe they might know me. But I was not at all startled at it, it having been my purpose to let her know who I was ; and accordingly after supper Mrs. Hyde came up to me, and I discovered myself to her ; who told me she had a very safe place to hide me in, till we knew whether our ship was ready or no. But she said it was not safe for her to trust anybody but herself and her sister, and there- fore advised me to take my horse next morning, and make as if I quitted the house, and return again about night ; for she would order it so that all her servants and every- body should be out of the house, but herself and her sister, whose name I remember not. So Robin Phillips and I took our horses, and went as far as Stonehenge, and there we staid looking upon the stones for some time, and returned back again to Hale (the place where Mrs. Hyde lived), about the hour she appointed; where I went up into the hiding hole, that was very convenient and safe, and staid there all night alone (Robin Phillips then going away to Salisbury) some four or five days." At length (Oct. 15, 1651), the King left his hiding place early in the morning, leaving the house by the back way, and made OLD AND NEW SARUM. 213 all speed for Shoreham, where a ship had been secured. Sail was set for France, and the royal fugitive landed at Fecamp, in Normandy, on the 17th. It is said of Mrs. Hyde that she was so " transported with joy and loyalty " at having the king in her house, " that at supper, though his majesty was set at the lower end of the table, yet the good gentlewoman had much ado to overcome herself, and not carve for him first. However, she could not refrain from drinking to him in a glass of wine, and giving him two larks, when others had but one." In reference to " hiding holes " there is a note in the late Mr. E. T. Stevens' " Jottings " for the Stonehenge excursion, on the occ ision of the meeting of the Wiltshire Archaeological Society in Salisbury in 1876, which it may be interesting to quote here : — " An ingeniously concealed ' hiding hole ' was discovered, a few years since, in a wainscotted summer-house, in the garden behind Mr. Morris's residence, in the Close, Salisbury-* A spring was accidentally touched, and a panel immediately opened, disclosing a small cupboard with a shelf in it; this shelf is sliding, and, when removed, access is gained to a small door, only twelve or fourteen inches wide, on the right- hand side of the cupboard. This door is kept shut from the outside by the sliding shelf; it may also be fastened by the occupant of the hiding place, on the inside, by means of an iron hasp and staple, which can be secured by an iron pin having a hole in its bent top ; through this hole a cord was intended to be passed to fasten the pin to the staple. Behind the door is a very narrow steep ascent, formed by the arch of the chimney of a hidden fire place ; this leads to the joists above the ceiling of the summer- house, and apart from its main ceiling. Here is a wooden •The house referred to is that ni .t. I iinmediately within St. Ann-street Gate, an I in at present the residence ut .\lifs.s Marrioii. 214 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF platform, so contrived as to allow a person to sit or lie down ; and through a chink, left in the carved ornamental facing of the building, it is possible for a person so con- cealed to see what is going on outside, and to observe the approach of anyone. At the time of the discovery of this ' hiding hole,' there were found in it a mattress and hand- somely worked velvet pillow, both of which fell to pieces on being touched. There was likewise found a drinking horn, the metal rim of which had been removed ; this vessel, being a veritable tumbler, was inverted upon the boards .... There are other concealed chambers in the mansion itself." It is interesting to note that the King's Arms Inn, in St. John-street, is celebrated in connection with the flight of King Charles, this house having been a rendezvous of his supporters both before and after the disastrous battle of Worcester. Among those who undertook to bring about the safe journey of the king from Col. Wyndham's seat at Trent (near Sherborne) to Hele House were John Coventry, a resident of the Close, and Dr. Henchman, formerly a precentor of the Cathedral, afterwards the Bishop, who was transferred to the see of London on September 13th, 1663. He is the person referred to in Charles' narrative as Dr. Henshaw. Lord Wilmot, who was one of the first of those who were taken into the king's confidence concerning his escape, lay concealed at the King's Arms whilst Charles was at Hele. At the same inn there lodged for the time Henry Peters, a trusted ser- vant of AVyndham's, w^io kept a " look out " for Charles' adherents, and made himself useful in carrying mes- sages from one party of royalists to the other. Charles refers to " Frank Windham's man Peter" in his narra- tive. The Corporation succeeded in securing from Charles 11. a new charter, and at a council meeting on March 16, OLD AND NEW SARUM. 215 1675, it was formally produced. Among the new provisions was the reduction of the number of common councilmen from 40 to 30. Aldermen were to be fined 5s, and common councilmen 2s 6d, for non-attendance at meetings, and a fine of not exceeding .i'lOO was to be enforced against any person refusing to serve the office of mayor. The mayor, ex-mayor, and ten aldermen were constituted justices of the peace, and their orders were to be executed by the city bailiff, as sheriff. The privilege of filling up vacancies on the magisterial bench was vested in the mayor, recorder and aldermen. The mayor and corporation w^ere em- powered to purchase and hold lands up to the . annual value of i'lOO. When Charles, as a punishment of the citizens of London, for their devotion to the cause of the people, deprived the corporation of that city of their charter, there was a general surrender of charters throughout England. For the favour of receiving them back corpora- tions had to pay heavy sums of money, and Charles only restored that of London on the condition of his having the disposal of the chief municipal offices. The Mayor of Salisbury at the time (William Clement) was either over- zealous to shew subserviance to the king, or was afraid of incurring the royal wrath, for it is alleged against him that he delivered up the charter before it was required. Before closing the present chapter, we might mention, as an item of local interest, that in September, 1673, the Corporation determined that the place in St. Thomas's Churchyard which had long been used as a Bridewell- house, or House of Correction, should no longer be used for that purpose, but that it be leased out as Chamber land, for the benefit of the city. It was further decided that in future the Workhouse at Crane Bridge be used as the Bridewell. The Workhouse referred to (now the Church House) was formerly known as Audley HSiR, " I flatter myself it will be readily believed that I am too sensible of the many favours which I have received in my family, and in my own person. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 237 from yoar city, not to be anxious to contribute by every means in my power to the external dignity and respect, as well as to tlie real welfare, of the Corporation. "The accident which befel our Council House last year seemed to afford me an opportunity of gratifying my wishes, by giving immediately a lasting proof of my gratitude and respect ; and, indeed, you would not have been so long without an offer, for j'ou have already had an intimation of my intention to provide a more commodious and elegant chamber than the present one ever was, had there been either less difficulty in fixing upon a situation, or had the expense been limited to that of accommodating a Corporation ; but as from local circumstances courts of justice must likewise be provided, and as no new building could be thought of but such as should be at once substantial, capacious, and decently elegant, I have taken some time to consider of and digest a proposal, and the result is that— " If it be the sense and choice of the body to have the present Council House pulled down, and an entirely new one erected, I hereby offer to provide one, in the situation which I think by far the most eligible, the centre of the Market Place. But I must fairly premise that then the building must be upon my own plan ; and that I must have my own time allowed me for the performance of the engagement. " Should not this meet the approbation of the body, the only alternative which I can propose is the reparation of the present edifice, with such improve- ments and accommodations as may suggest themselves, which, if agreeable, I will immediately take upon myself. "I have taken the liberty of troubling j'ou. Sir, with this letter, and of requesting you to communicate it to the Council, believing it to be more respectful to the body at large, and possibly more agreeable to individuals, to leave a matter in which I am .so nmch concerned to be considered in my absence. I offer this as an a^xjlogy for not attending a council summoneJ at my own request.* I am, sir, etc., '•R.^DNon." It would have been an unnatural and ungrateful act for the Corporation to have refused such an offer, and at the specially convened meeting they accepted the proposal to rebuild. The citizens generally could not have failed to appreciate the value of such an example of munificence, yet the plan was not allowed to be carried out without some opposition at first. There was a great objection to the project on the ground that it would unduly encroacli on the Market -Square, and this view bavin;,' been strongly •In the capacity of recorder, the Earl of Radnor li:ul a nglit tj participate in the deliberations of the Corixjiation. 238 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF urged at a subsequent meeting (on the last day of Decem- ber) of the Council, the scheme was temporarily abandoned. Even this discouragement did not turn the Earl from his generous purpose. Negotiations were effectually carried on, and by 1785 had reached such a satisfactory stage that an agreement was come to (in order to provide land on which to erect the new building) by which the Dean and Chapter gave up ground in the Guildhall Chequer in exchange for the Vine and Old Theatre in the Cheese Cross, and a tenement in High Street. By the autumn of 1795, the new building was completed, and still stands (with certain alterations) a monument to liberality by no means common — a building which so long as it, or any portion of it, lasts will bear eloquent testimony to the cordial relationship which has for such an extended period existed between the citizens of Salisbury, and their distinguished neighbours at Long- ford Castle. A letter from Lord Badnor, handing over the Council Chamber to the city, is worth giving in full, not only as being a missive replete with sentiments of noble generosity, but as an example of the style of thoughtful and elegant letter writing which is rapidly " going out of fashion ": — "Camp near Folkestone, Sept. 14, 1795. "Sir, "The term has at last arrived when I can announce to you, and I do it with real pleasure, that my engagement entered on your minutes, July 9lh, 1787, is performed. The new Council House is ready for your acceptance. I trust you will find it to your perfect satisfaction. " Honoured as my family has been by you, upon various occasion.s, and especially by the delegation of different individuals of it, during a period of more than balf-a-century, without a single interruption, to represent your city in Parliament, a circumstance seldom paralleled in tlie annals of the kingdom, I am bound to deliver to you a monument of my respect, gratitude and attachment, which I believe to be without a parallel. 'Tf the genuine principles of loyalty— if the love of le*al freedom — if the habitual observance of municipal decorum— if a manly sense of individual independence, shall migrate with you to your new Council House, and continue the characteristics of the members of this body, I shall, zealous as I OLD AND NEW SARUM. 239 am for you welfare, and sharing in j-our credit, have reason to be proud indeed. "It is an anxious wish of ray heart that it may not, in after times, ever bo suggested that with the remains of our homely but venerable building disappeared the simplicity of manners, the disinterestedness of conduct, the consistency of character of the citizens of Salisbury. " 1 has'e the honour to be, " With much respect and esteem, " Your faithful and very obedient servant, •'R.^UXOR." "To the Mayor." Whilst dealing with the subject of the Council Chamber it is worthy of being put on permanent record that, within the last few j'ears, the desirability of enlarging and improving the accommodation of the building has been much to the front. Mr. E. F. Pye-Smith, during his mayoralty in 1895, evinced much practical interest in this subject, and brought forward for the consideration of the Corporation and citizens, a well thought-out scheme, the aim of which was to meet the increasing demands for better arrangements. He had been induced to give his long-considered views tangible expression in order to remove, if possible, the frequent and often well-founded complaints of Her Majesty's judges that the conveniences and accommodation of the Council Chamber were not what they ought to be. Of course, to describe the Salis- bury Assize Com-ts as " the worst in England," or even " the worst in Wilts " is gross exaggeration, as any whose business takes them into other similar buildings, in the county of Wilts even, can readily testify. Still, the fact remains that these complaints have been made by those in high places, a statement which, we believe, the present Earl liadnor, the late member for the city (Mr. E. H. Hulse) and others can personally corroborate. In the present day, when efforts are being made to centralise all county l)usiness at Trowbridge, and when there is even talk of attempts to deprive Salisbui-y altogether of the title of being an assize town, it behoves 240 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF the authorities of Sarum — the chiefest town in Wilts, and the county town, to boot — to see that their Town Hall is, both from the architectural and accommodative points of view, a building w^orthy not only of an ancient and historical city, but of a place of commercial growth and enterprise. At the same time, citizens are naturally anxious for the preservation of a building which has so long done service, and which, as we have explained, became their property under circumstances of such extraordinary munificence. And it was with this thought uppermost that Mr. Pye-Smith, in his scheme, proposed that, whilst making extensive alterations, the character of the existing building, from a point of view of design and architecture, should be as much as possible preserved. His idea was not only to provide better accommodation for assize and sessions business, but also for the transaction of municipal affairs, for the facilitating of which he proposed gathering the various offices, which are now scattered broadcast over the city, under one roof. The plans were in due course set forth in detail by their author, and were the subject of friendly criticism in the Council and in the columns of the local press. On one point there was a concensus of opinion, and that was that there must be no undue encroachment on our fine old Market Square. Mr. Pye-Smith pointed out at the time that his project, if carried out, would mean a very little encroachment beyond the present frontage line, whilst it is interesting, from an historical point of view, to note that his proposed building would not encroach so far on the open space as the structure which was displaced by the present Council Chamber. The cost of what was pro- posed was estimated at about £4,000. To find this sum, Mr. Pye-Smith suggested that the Corporation should obtain the authority of the Local Government Board to take funds belonging to the city, and now invested in consols OLD AND NEW SAKUit. 241 — representing a sum of about £4,100 cash, and being the proceeds of sale of corporation properties. There is a provision in an act of parhament (Pubhc Health Act) to the effect that if the Local Government Board is satisfied that the money is wanted for a public and strictly permanent improvement, the Corporation are empowered to utilize it without repayment of the same ; but as it might be a question whether the mere alteration of the Council Chamber could be considered a "permanent improvement," the amount might have to be refunded by a small annual payment. The desire of Mr. Pye-Smith to provide better accom- modation at the Council Chamber has been cordially approved by Mr. Maiden, and the present Mayor (Mr. Arthur Whitehead) ; and the result of their efforts, seconded by the hearty co-operation of the Town Council, is that a new Crown Court has been erected, and other internal accommodation made which will go far to remove the reproach under which Salisbury, so far as its chief civic building is concerned, has so long suffered. PART III. MODERN SALISBURY. CHAPTEE XXXI. Nineteenth Century Salisbury — Bad Times for the Poor ; George III'-s Jubilee — Peace Kejoicings — Royal Visits — The Accei^sions of William IV and Victoria — Events in Queen Victoria's Reign ; Commercial Crises ; Visit of Her Majesty ; Coming of Age of the Earl of Pem- broke ; Manoeuvres ; other Events. TN the course of our narrative we have now reached the Nineteenth Century, and in this section we shall record the leading events in Salisbury's history from the year 1800 down to the present. This portion of the work should be especially interesting at this period, when we are on the eve of celebrating the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, inasmuch as it will embrace all local occurrences of any importance during the reign of Her Most Gracious Majesty. The Eighteenth Century had closed with very trouble- some times. The wars with the French had occupied public attention. Salisbury people had shared in the national rejoicings at the victory of Nelson at the Battle of the Nile, and when that great hero passed through Salisbury on the 20th of December, 1800, the Mayor and Cor- poration bestowed on him the Freedom of the City, as a mark of recognition of his illustrious deeds in the service of his country. But despite the nation's pride at the glorious achievements of Nelson, there was, among the people, a great longing for peace. 244 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Taxation was heavy, money was scarce, food was dear, and the effects of these combined difficulties were severely felt in Salisbm-y. In the year 1800 butter had become so expensive a luxury, that the inhabitants took the extraordinary step of resolving, at a meeting at the Council Chamber, to enter into a general agreement not to use that article of diet until the price was reduced to one shilling a pound. The harvest of 1800 was a bad one, and that year and the following the price of corn rose till it reached 156 shillings a quarter. Bread was at famine prices, and the distress among the poor was intense. To make matters worse, Salisbury was fast losing its manufacturing industries, and this had the effect of raising the rates, which in 1801 were no less than 12s. in the pound. The peace, which was longed for, was not vouchsafed until 1802, when a short respite from war was granted by the promulgation of the treaty of Amiens, which was settled on the 28th of March. The first of June following was observed as a day of thanksgiving, and the public rejoicings in Salisbury were carried out with great zest. The Mayor and Corporation, attended by the various companies and gilds, marched in procession to the Cathedral. Later in the da.y the mayor and his brethren entertained a number of friends at dinner at the Council Chamber, and in the evening the general public were treated to a splendid display of fireworks, which w^ound up a happily-spent day. The Jubilee of the reign of George III. was celebrated on October 25th, 1809, at the commencement of the 50th year, instead of the end. In Salisbury the day was kept as one of general holiday and festivity. The houses and shops were gaily decorated, there was the usual procession to the Cathedral, and to wind up the rejoicings a public ball and supper were held. The citizens had come forward liberal!}', indeed lavishly, with their subscriptions, OLD AND NEW SARUM. 24.-, and "s\'hen all was over and a reckoning made, it was found that there were funds sufficient in hand to give 1,000 blankets to be divided among the aged and deserving poor — a practical memento of the day, which was no doubt greatly appreciated during the ensuing winter. Among the notable events of the year 1810 — and one which seriously affected the commercial portion of the population — was the failure of Messrs. Bowles, Ogden and Wyndham, bankers, of Salisbury and Shaftesbury. The occurrence of note the following year was the arrival in the city of the Duke of Gloucester, who, after having visited the Cathedral, left for West Park, and dined on the 8th November with Sir Edward Hulse. In 1812 the brave Duke of Wellington, whose achievements were adding fresh glories to England's name, made his triumphant entry into Madrid, after defeating Marmont at Salamanca. This was on July 22Qd, and on the 9th of September, on the news of this exploit reaching home, the city of Salisbury was illuminated in honour of the event. On August 20th, 1818, the Duke of Cambridge, who was on a visit to Chancellor Douglas, was presented with the Freedom of the City. At the time a musical festival was being held (at which Madame Catalani and Mr. Braham were the principal artistes). His Royal Highness attended all the performances, and his presence no doubt largely accounted for the big audience, over 4,000 tickets having been sold. The signing of " The Peace of Paris " on the oOth oT May, 1814, was tlu; first act of Louis X\T1I, brother oT the murdered Louis XVI. This termination of a long series of wars with America, in wliidi so many nations were involved, and so much blood sjjilt, was hailed with great delight in the country. The rornial proclamation was made in Salisbury on June 28th, with great ceremony. 246 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF The Mayor and Corporation, with sergeants at mace, constables and other ofticials, and attended by a band of music, assembled in the Market Square, where the glad tidings were published to a crowd which numbered many thousands of persons ; and subsequently a move was made to the Poultry Cross and High Street, where the procla- mation was repeated. • Two fat sheep and an ox were roasted whole in the Market Place, and served among the people, the other gifts to the populace being 2,500 loaves of bread and 12 hogsheads of beer. In addition to the public programme, there were festivities of a semi-private character. The Mayor (Mr. W. Andrews) entertained a party of 60 at dinner at the Spread Eagle, and 100 friends and neighbours feasted off a fat sheep, roasted whole by Mr. James Meatyard, butcher, of Castle Street. In the evening the city was brilliantly illuminated, and a display of fireworks was given in front of the residence of Mr. James Hussey, in New Street, the following night. " Thanksgiving Day " was the following Monday, and the civic authorities went in procession to the Cathedral, where the Dean preached an impressive and appropriate sermon. The same day the Mayor and Corporation gave a banquet, to which a numerous company sat down, and dinners were also held at most of the companies' gild- halls. A grand illumination was generally the wind up of rejoicings in the city, and it was intended to have adhered to this interesting custom the following evening, but the rain, which often comes just at the time when it is not wanted, was too much in evidence on this occasion to allow the project to be carried out. On December 15th, 1814, Salisbury was honoured by the visit of Princess Charlotte of Wales, who was enter- tained at the Bishop's Palace. The Princess paid a visit to the Cathedral and tarried a while at the historic home of the Pembroke's at "Wilton, and afterwards continued OLD AND NEW SARUM. 247 her journey to Cranboiirne. Her Koyal flighness was in Salisbury again on the 1st January, 1816, and stayed at the Palace for one night. During her sojourn Messrs. Seagrim, Thring and Nightingale, carpet manufacturers at Wilton, were introduced to the Princess, who was pleased to accept four elegant hearthrugs, emblazoned with Her Koyal Highness's arms, and which were presented to her as a memento of an important local industry. Another distinguished visitor arrived in Sahsbury, on the 23rd February, 1817,' in the person of the Grand Duke Nicholas of Eussia, brother to the Czar. The Grand Duke spent some days at Wilton House, and before leaving shewed the interest and pleasure he had experienced during his stay by planting a tree on the lawn at Lord Pembroke's residence. The Cathedral, Stonehenge, and other places of interest in the neighbour- hood were also visited. The winter of 181(5-17 was very severe, and a large number of men were thrown out of work. The more fortunate of the citizens, however, were ready with their customary generosity and ready help. About £400 was raised in subscriptions, and this was used to pay the unemployed men and youths, who were engaged for two months on the task of lowering Harnham Hill. Added to the distress caused by the rigour of the weather were the dearness and scarcity of food. The price of wheat was high, and bread in the beginning of the year was 2s. Bd. per gallon. It rose 2d. by May, and tliough the price was lowered somewhat during the sununer, by Michaelmas it had gone up again to 2s. Other articles of food were also dear, and tlie poor experienced a terrible time. Two distinguished visitors were in Sahsbury in 1818, His Serene Highness Prince Leopold, who was passing through the city, was the guest of the Bishop, on the 5th Jarmary, and (;n May lOth, Chancellcjr Doughis entertained 248 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF the Prince of Hesse Homburg, who next day paid visits to places of local interest. The Archduke Maximilian, brother of the Emperor of Austria, arrived on the 2nd January, 1819, and made the White Hart Hotel his quarters. He w^as shewn the local " lions," and on the Sunday (the day before his departure) attended service at the Eoman Catholic Church. Their Eoyal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Kent, with their infant Princess (now our G-racious Queen) and Princess Feodore, came to Salisbury from Kensington, on December 20th. They were entertained at the Bishop's Palace, and next day were pleased to receive in audience the Mayor and Corporation, as well as the Dean and other Cathedral dignitaries. They subsequently visited the Earl of Radnor at Longford Castle, and the next day paid a call at Wilton House. The usual objects of interest were inspected, and the royal party left the following day for Sidmouth, in Devonshire. King George III. died on January 29th, 1820, anl was succeeded by his son, George IV. As, however, the latter had for many years been acting as Regent, the change was only a nominal one. But there was, of course, the usual proclamation, and the ceremony took place in Salisbury with the customary form, the Mayor publishing the event in the Market Place, at the Poultry Cross and in High Street. The Duchess of Clarence (Queen Adelaide) and the Princess Amelia honoured Salisbury with a visit on July 11th, 1827, being escorted by the Salisbury troop of Yeomanry on their arrival. The royal party sojourned at the Prince Regent's Hotel ; the following day they were conducted over the Cathedral and ascended the tower as far as the eight doors. On their departure for Weymouth the Yeomanry* escorted the distinguished visitors two *The Salisbury Yeomanry also formed the escort to this royal party when they were in the city again in the Autumn of the same year (1827). OLD AND NEW SARUM. 249 miles on their outward journe}'. Don Miguel was here on the loth January of the following je&v, and stayed at the Prince Eegent's Hotel, the Yeomanry forming an escort on his departure. The duty and honour of proclaiming William IV. as King fell to the lot of the Town Clerk, who on the 1st July, 1830, read the proclamation in the Market Place, at the Poultry Cross, at Mitre Corner (the Hi^^^h Street end of New Street) and at the corner of the Canal and Catherine Street. The Mayor and Corporation were present in their robes of office, and there was a large concourse of people. There were greater rejoicings, however, at the coronation of William and Queen Adelaide on September 8tli of the year following. Merry peals clangoured forth from the church towers, there was voile}' firing by the A^olunteers in the Market Place, flags, banners and bunting gaily adorned the city, and when evening came the streets were bright with illuminations. Hospitality, which has nearly always been characteristic of such functions in this locality, was not forgotten. Sums of money were distributed among the poor ; the Mayor and Corporation, and many of the leading citizens dined at the Council Chamber, and the Volunteers were rewarded for their loyal services by being regaled at the various hostelries. The 10th of January, 1833, is notable as the date on which gas was first used as an illuminant in the streets of Salisbury. Its welcome was not an unanimous one. Many were the forebodings of the evils that would result from its use, suffocation and poisoning, explosion and conflagration, being aujong the terrors dreaded by the more nervous of those who looked upon the innovation with disfavour. Its value and utiHty were soon demon- strated and acknowledged, until at length it has come into universal service, not only as an illuminant, but as an 250 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF agent for heating and cooking purposes, and as an invaluable motive power, whilst the Salisbury Gas Company is so prosperous a concern that to hold shares in it is to be possessed of a good investment. Incidentally we may remind readers that an Electric Lighting Com- pany has also been formed in Salisbury, and sooner or later we may find that illuminant in general requisition. In the earlier days of the present century, smuggling was a common practice, and there have been exciting scenes in connection with the running of contraband goods into convenient spots on the Hampshire and Dorset coasts. Strange stories have been told, too, of the manner of the disposal of the illicit stores, and of the people who were the receivers of them. Many good folks of Salisbury were not free from suspicion in this respect ; and that suspicion was heightened when on May 16th, 1834, a cart containing eleven packages of tobacco, and the same number of tubs of contraband spirit, were seized near Harnham Cliff. On October 8th, 1834, the famous Lord Brougham (Lord Chancellor) was on a visit to the Earl of Radnor at Longford Castle. His lordship desired, in order that Lord Brougham might be able to deliver a speech, the use of the Council Chamber — which, be it remembered, was his father's munificent gift to the city — but the mayor declined on political grounds. The difiiculty was, however, got over by the Lord Chancellor going to the White Hart Hotel, from the balcony of which he addressed a large crowd of enthusiastic people. On September 4th, 1835, Prince George of Cambridge slept at the White Hart Hotel, and four days later the Due de Nemours came to Salisbury to view the Cathedral. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 251 The great event of 1837, was, of course, the accession of our good Queen Victoria to the Throne. The Town Clerk, on June 'i-lth, read the proclamation at the Council House, in the middle of the Market Square, at the Poultry Cross, near the Sun Inn (Fisherton), in the Close, and at the top of St. Ann Street. Her Majesty's coronation was celebrated in Salisbury in a manner that testified both to the loyalty of the citizens, and their aptitude for keeping great holidays in a fashion that was adequate and pleasing. It is needless to say that the decision come to at meetings previously held to make the 28th of June, 1838, one of fitting festivity was heartily endorsed by the inhabitants. The day was not allowed to grow very old before the spirit of gaiety was abroad in the ancient streets, and by ten o'clock the carrying out of the prearranged programme was begun. At that hour there was a parade of 300 Sunday School children, and shortly afterwards the strains of martial music were heard, and the Salisbury troop of Yeomanry marched through the town en route to their training ground on the Kace Plain. Sometime subsequently the Yeomanry returned and joined the Volunteers in a parade through the streets, through which also wended a procession of which our familiar friends the Giant and Hobnob were conspicuous figures. Such an auspicious event could not, of course, pass off without the feasting so dear still to the heart of an Englishman worthy the name. Accordingly the Mayor and Corporation, with the magistrates, charitable trustees, and officers of Yeomanry and Volunteers, sat down at the Council Chamber to a sumptuous Ijanquct — to which Mr. Sidney Herbert contributed a line buck — supplied by Clapperton of tlu; Tlirce Swans. The members of the volunteer corps dined at their lu'ad quarters; meals of a less formal kind were held at iiumy of the inns, whilst there were also feasting and ivjoicing in most of the homes in the old city. Mr. J. Naisli, of 2g2 the popular HISTORY OF the White Horse Inn, in Castle Street, roasted a sheep whole outside his premises, and a similar event also took place in Fisherton Street. The poor were not forgotten, and each necessitous family was visited and supplied with a certain sum of money to provide comforts which would help to make their hearts glad at a time when all should be merry. Lastly the Earl of Radnor signalised the event by allowing double wages to the whole of the workmen on his estate. During the day various amusements were provided in the Green Croft, where in the night a brilliant display of fireworks was given, which, with the illumina- tions of the city, fittingly brought the rejoicings to a close. When the Queen opened Parliament in person on the 16th January, 1840, she announced her intention to marry her cousin. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. It was a betrothal founded on pure affection rather than political or state considerations, and the announcement was hailed with great satisfaction in the country, and when the marriage took place on the following 10th of February there was no community more loyal in its joyous demon- strations than that of Salisbury, where the event was cele- brated much in the fashion of festivities already described. There was great public rejoicing, too, in the city on January 25th, 1842, when the christening of the Prince of Wales was celebrated. Eoyal salutes in the Market Place ushered in the dawn of the auspicious day, and soon the sound of joyous music from the church bells in the fine old city floated on the air. There was the inevitable procession through the public streets, dinners at the inns, and a free entertainment of music at the Council Chamber in the evening, the whole winding up, as usual, with a grand pyrotechnic exhibition on the Green Croft. A generous public had subscribed for the occasion no less a sum than <£'800, and after the entertainments described had been provided for, the organisers of the OLD AND NEW SARUM. 253 festivities were enabled to gladden the hearts of M,000 persons with presents of beef, bread, beer and coals. On the 29th of June, 1844, the Kino- of Saxony arrived in Salisbury, and made his stay at the White Hart. His majesty had come from Oxford, passing Stonehenge on his way to the city, and during his brief sojonrn he attended service at the Cathedral and the Boman Catholic Chapel, and visited Wilton House. Subsequently he continued his journey to Weymouth. In 1844 another great blow to the commercial interests of Salisbury and district was struck by the failure of Messrs. Brodie, bankers, who were gazetted bankrupts on November 5th of that year. The un- fortunate firm were tlie subject of nnich well-placed sympathy. Their collapse was unnecessary, as after the assets had been realised, and the enormous expenses attendant on such occasions had been met, the estate shewed a value of over 20s. in tlie pound. As will have been observed from what has been u i itten in previous chapters, the people of Salisbury in earlier times had known more than once what it was to be afflicted with the scourge of epidemics, and in ,) uly of the year 1849 cholera broke out in the city with terrible virulence. Between July 8th, when the first death IVoni this fell disease occurred, to September 15th, cholera had claimed 1(30 victims, 2(j succumbed to bad attacks of diarrhu'a, and 48 died from other causes, many of them of a character suspected to be akin to the most (lr(;aded of the maladies. The total number of deaths for the quarter c iiding in September was 2()8, whereas the average lor Ihc corres- ponding period of the four preceding years was only 48. It is needless to picture the scenes of terror and sullcring that must have been exporicnfcd. As the colder weather of the. winter came, the cloud \im\ pruciically ]>us,se(i, and 254 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF when, on the 15th November, thanksgiving services were held in the churches and chapels, we may depend that there was the voice of genuine gratitude in the prayers of thanksgiving offered in the churches and chapels. We shall not be judged guilty of nnpiety if we remark that the insanitary condition of the city, and the laxity of the local government on matters pertaining to health, were, no doubt, largely responsible for the visitation. It is a pleasing commentary and comparison concerning the present day,to remark that to Salisbury's excellent system of sanitation, and its well framed bye-laws, are largely attributable the fact that the local Sanitary Authority can claim New Sarum as one of the healthiest towns in the kingdom. The year 1849, by the way, is the date of the meeting of the Royal Archaelogical Association in Salisbury, the visit being renewed in 1858. On the 22nd September, 1864, when the association was meeting at Bath, a number of the members came to Salisbury and visited the places of interest in the city and neighbourhood. On the 11th August, 1851, Prince Albert, accompanied by the Prince of Wales, came to Salisbury. He arrived by special train, and being met by General Buckley was conducted by that gentleman to Stonehenge. His Eoyal Highness spent some time in his examination of this wonderful monument of past ages, and, returning to the city, left at 5.30 in the evening. The years 1854 and 1855 form a period that will never be forgotten by Englishmen. It was in 1853 that Nicholas, Czar of Russia, after failing in his proposals to divide the " sick man's inheritance " (as he called the Sublime Porte) with England, decided, in the alternative, to seize it for himself. In 1853, England and France declared war in defence of Turkey, and sent expeditions to the Baltic and OLD AND NEW SARUM. 255 the Euxine. The victories of the alHed armies on the river Ahna, the splendid charge of the Light Cavalry Brigade on the Enssian guns at the l)attle at Balaklava, and the heroic conduct of the British Infantry at Inker- man (1854) are marks in the modern history of the phick and bravery of Enghsh forces v^hich will never be obliterated. The entry of the allies into the city of Sevastapol* took place on September 8th, 1855. The news of the fall of that city soon reached England, and on the 10th there was great rejoicing in Salisbmy at the event. The church towers rocked once more with the swinging bells, clanging forth their joyous music ; and the picturesque old Market Place was lighted up with the flames of a roaring bonfire when evening came, whilst four days later there was a display of fireworks in the Cricket Ground to celebrate the same event. An event of interest on the 17th of December of the same year was the arrival at the railway station of His lioyal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, who had come on a visit to the Hon. Sidney Herbert at Wilton House to join a shooting party, at which there were other distinguished guests. Peace with Kussia was concluded at Paris on the 30th March, 1856. On the 30th of the following month peace was proclaimed in the usual places in Salisbury, and on the 29th of May a grand peace festival was held. After the procession, a public dinner of roast beef and plum pudding, besides a supply of 900 gallons of beer, was partaken of in the Market Place by 3,000 persons ; and 4,000 others (to whom were allotted 310 gallons of beer) were regaled with the " good old English fare " at their • A Russian gun taken at b'evastopol wa.s received by the Mayor and Corporation of Salisbury, in state, on .January 2nth 1H5S. ft now stands on a 8tin(\ (Wilts) Ref,'inient, who fell during the L'rimcan War. 256 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF homes. Sports in the Green Croft and fireworks in the Market Place were inchided in the programme of festivities. On the 15 th of August following the citizens were gratified by a visit of the Queen, Prince Albert, and other members of the Poyal family and suite, who were passing en route to Osborne from Plymouth. The Mayor and Corporation received the Royal party at the railway station, and they were escorted to the White Hart Hotel by a detachment of the 11th Hussars, who had arrived in Salisbury. The royal guests made an inspection of the Cathedral and Chapter House, and afterwards visited the Bishop's Palace. They left Salisbury on the way to their destination at quarter past four. On the 14th October the Prince of Wales was here, in the company of the Hon. Colonel Cavendish, his tutor, on their way to Osborne. They spent a pleasant time at various places of interest in the city and neighbourhood, including the Chapter House of the Cathedral, Wilton House, and Wardour Castle. The most notable local event of the year 1857 was the meeting of the Royal Agricultural Society in Salisbury. The show opened in the Butts on the 21st July, and was continued the three following days. The numbers passing the turnstiles were : — FirKt day... ... ... ... ... 1)69 Second „ ... ... ... ... ... 2 620 Third , 14,000 Fourth,, .. ... ... ... ... 18,430 Total ... 36,01!) The Prince Consort was present at the show on the second day, being entertained at the Bishop's Palace at luncheon . OLD AND NEW SARUM. 257 On July 29th, 1861, the Crown Prince and Princess of Prussia and suite made a brief stay at SaHsbury. They hinched at the White Hart, and made a special point of visiting the Cathedral, which, it is believed, they came on purpose to see. On the 14th January, 1863, Princess Louis of Hesse was in these parts, on a visit to Stonehenge. Salisbury, which had so many times previously during the present century been a city of rejoicing, was once more en fete on the 10th of March, 1868, on the occasion of the marriage of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales. There was the customary procession, sports in the Market Place, and a bonfire in the Green Croft, besides a concert in the Market House, followed by a "people's ball," with a full dress ball also at the Assembly Rooms. About 250 persons sat down to a sumptuous breakfast at the Council Chamber, and feasts were held by the local clubs at their club rooms. The wherewithal to provide dinners at their own homes was furnished for 4,557 adults, and 8,440 children. The infants were given a liberal breakfast of tea and cake, and the older children were similarly regaled in the evening, Those whose memories carry them back 30 years or so will remember the serious devastation wrought among live stock by the cattle plague. So great was the evil in this district, that the 8rd of March, 1866, was observed as a day of Immiliation, when prayers were offered in the places of worship, moving Heaven to stay the visitation. Since that time beneficial legislation dealing with the importation of diseased cattle has had the effect of practi- cally eradicating the worst form of disorders. Two events of social interest in the year 18()6 wwo the holding of the show of the Bath and West of Kng- land Society in the Butts, from June 14tli to Lsili, 28,025 persons having paid for entrance; and the visit of •J 258 THE POrULAR HISTORY OF Mr. W. E. Gladstone, who had been staying with the Bishop, and who on September 6th addressed a crowded meeting on the pohtics of the day, at the Council Chamber. In regard to the show, it may be mentioned that the plague referred to above was responsible for the non-exhibition of cattle ; but the buildings that would have accommodated them were allowed to remain, and the society came to Salisbury again in June of the following year. The show was opened from the 10th to the 14th, during which time it was visited by nearly 25,000 persons. On the 19th December, 1870 — a year memorable in the history of education in this country — the Corporation decided that they would apply to the Education Depart- ment for the establishment of a School Board in Salisbury, and on the '25th February of the following year (1871) the mayor received from the Department instructions to proceed to an election. The candidates were Rev. G. R. Swayne, afterwards Canon, Mr. Alfred Williams, Mr. E. T. Stevens, Mr. W. Hicks, Mr. W. Pinckney, Mr. R. M, Wilson and Mr. J. Style. There being no opposition the gentlemen named were elected, and formed the first School Board for Salisbury. Still another royal visit. On August 10th, 1871, the Crown Prince and Princess of Prussia, with their son (afterwards the Emperor of Germany) came to Salisbury, and whilst here viewed various objects of interest, including the Cathedral and Stonehenge. The people of Salisbury were much interested in the rejoicings which took place on July 6th, 1871, at the neighbouring town of Wilton, on the occasion of the Earl of Pembroke obtaining his majority. Wilton was decorated in a most profuse and charming manner, and the example the mayor (Mr. Mayo) and his fellow townspeople had thus set was followed at Quidhampton, Ditchampton, and OLD AND NEW SARUi\[. 259 other villages in the district. The arrival of the yoiiug ear] was announced by a salute from a small battery of guns placed in a held near the railway station. At 4.30 a procession, which included 150 of the tenantry, mounted and riding four abreast, was formed, with two bands of music (the Volunteer Band and the Wilton Town Brass Band). His lordship was accompanied by his revered mother, Lady Herbert of Lea, and on being seen by the public they were received with deafening and hearty cheers. Outside the entrance to Wilton Park a halt was made, and the mayor presented an address, in which the people of Wilton welcomed the noble earl to the home of his ancestors. In the evening the grounds of Wilton Park were illumin- ated with lanterns and various devices which converted the lawns and gardens into what has been described as a veritable fairy land, and the attractions also included a magnificent display of fireworks, by the well-known pyrotechnist, Mr. Brock. There was a banquet at Wilton House, followed by a concert, and the Salisbury Promenade Band performed selections of music in the Hop (Grarden. On the following day (a Friday) the workmen and labourers and their wives (to the number of 450) had dinner, and dancing followed, whilst the children and their teachers were also regaled. The Salishary Standard (now incor- porated in the Wilts County Mirror and Express), writing of the event at the time, remarked of the new lord of WiUon : "The Earl is about 6ft. 4in. in height, and his features bear a strong resemblance to those of his late father (when a young man), whose statue adorns the Salisbury Market Place." Tiiis descrip- tion is adjudged by those who knew the Earl best to be an accurate one. His lordship, in ackn(nvledging the congratulations and kind expressions of the Mayor and others, who looked forward to a long and happy relation- ship between Wilton House and the borough, said, with that modesty which was always one of the late earl's 260 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF characteristics, that he feared he did not deserve all their good wishes, but hoped he would one day. It is needless now to say how thoroughly the earl (whose loss by death was so deeply lamented) earned all the confidence and affection which the people of the district then reposed in and felt for him. He succeeded in creating a bond of sympathy and interest between the Pembrokes and the Wilton and Salisbury folks which has never since been broken, and which the present earl, by the aid of his esteemed partner, the countess, is not only doing so much to strengthen, but even to increase among all classes. The year 1872 was a noteworthy period locally, in two respects. On the '27th February there were great demonstrations of rejoicing at the recovery of the Prince of AVales from his serious illness, and in September of the same year his Koyal Highness visited Salisbury in connec- tion with the Autumn Manoeuvres, which were carried out in this neighbourhood on a grand scale. The manoeuvres presented a spectacle which still lingers in the memory of those who were fortunate spectators of it. Such details, therefore, as our limited space may permit of will be interesting. The limits of the area within which the manoeuvres were to take place were thus laid down : The area was deemed to be enclosed by a boundary line drawn from the railway bridge over the river Avon, near King- wood, westerly along the high road leading to Crawford Bridge ; thence along the high road to the church at the village of Kingstone ; thence along an imaginary straight line to the western point of the ancient entrenchment on Hameldon Hill ; thence along an imaginary straight line to the church at Longbridge Deverill ; thence along the high road to the railway station at Warminster ; thence along an imaginary straight line to the railway station at Woodborough ; thence along the railway easterly of the engine house, near the town of Wilton ; thence along an OLD AND NEW SARUM. 261 imaginary straight line to the Grately station on the South Western Railway ; thence along that railway to the bridge over the river Avon to Salisbury ; thence along the river Avon to the railway bridge near Eingwood. The troops engaged were formed into two armies, the Northern, which was to assemble at Aldershot, and the Southern, which was concentrated in the neighbourhood of Blandford. The southern force assembled some time before the northern, and was complete by the 20th of August, when the first field day was held, which was devoted to practising outpost duties. This army con- sisted of two divisions, under the command of General Sir John Mitchel, G.C.B. Its total complement was six regiments of cavalry, 19 battalions infantry, 18 horse artillery guns, 24 field guns, 4 companies of engineers — total, about 15,000 men. The northern army, which was meanthiie being concentrated at Aldershot, consisted of 7 regiments of cavalry, 19 battalions of infantry, 18 Eoyal Horse Artillery guns, 24 field guns, and 2 com- panies of engineers — total, about 15,000 men. This army corps was commanded by Lieut. -General Sir E. Walpole, K.C.B., and consisted of two divisions, num- bered the third and fourth. The following official pro- gramme for the manoeuvres, issued at Salisbury on the 31st August, 1872, gives the "general idea" of the movements : "The operations of the tnaiKEUvres are represented by the action of the two corps forming the advance portions of the two opposing iiniiics. The Blandford or Southern Corps is part of a force marcliing from Weymouth on London. " Dorchester is occupied, and a strong detacliinent is sent forward to- wards Yeovil to cut the Wilts, Somerget, and Weymouth line of railway. Another strong detachment hus readied StiirminHtiT Newton (in .'ith Septem- ber in order Ui watch the Sumerxet and Dorset railway, and U> prevent any atta<;k being made on tin- comnnuiieation of the Southorn Army, fnun the directions of Kath and Wilts. 262 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF "The right flank is protected by a force of 10.000 men, which has landed at Poole, for the purpose of co-operating with the Dorchester force, and has reached Ringwooil by September 5th. "Moreover, the whole of the inv.iding force on this side of England (which may be taken at less than 50,000 men), is subsidiary to a main invasion on the Eastern or South Eastern Coast. This invasion is in process of being checked. "On the North side a corps of 15,000 men is collected at Pewsey, and constitutes the advanced portion of a force assembled at Aldershot to stop the progress of the invaders. In addition to this force troops are being got together at Bristol and Bath, and are preparing to join the Pewsey corps, should it advance to the river Wylye, or to support it if forced to retreat from the line of that river. Part of these reinforcements are capable of being sent forward to the neighbourhood of Warminster bj' the 6th September. " A strong position, the b'outh of Salisbury, as well as the city itself, is held by the defending army, the force here being reckoned at 6,000 men of all arms. Wilton is occupied by a force of 3 000 men. The Salisbury ]Dosition is too strong to allow of its being carried by a force advancing from the direction of Ringwood. " The generals in command of the respective corps at Pewsey and BlaniJford have, on the above supposition, full liberty of action (subject, of course, to orders to be issued daring the progress of the oi^erations), with one restriction, namely, that neither force must cross the Wylye before 4 a.m. on September 6th. In naming this date no reference is made to the movements of the Cavalry and Horse Artille^ y. " Salisbury Plain offers peculiar advantages for the manoeuvring of these arms, and, no doubt, the generals in command of the corps will make the fullest use of their .services during the advance."- We have not sufficient space to describe in detail the manoeuvres which were carried out upon instructions of so coniphcated a nature as the above. There are, however, one or two facts of local interest to be mentioned. The Prince of Wales, who was accompanied by the Duke of Cambridge and a number of foreign officers, took a great interest in the proceedings. His Royal Highness lodged from the 4th September to the 9th of that month at Bemerton Lodge, which had been placed at his disposal by Dr. Finch, whilst the Duke of Cambridge stayed at Miss Townsend's (now Mr. W. M. Hammick's) residence in the Close. On the 7th the foreign officers were enter- OLD AND NEW SARUM. 263 tained by Dr. Lush, M.P., to a banquet at the Council Chamber, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Cambridge and the Duke of Teck being also among the guests. The march past, which took place on the 12th, was a sight which, as we have already said, will long live in the memory of the spectators, and is even now a subject of interesting "local talk." The scene was the portion of the plain lying at the base of Beacon Hill, and was a spot most admirably adapted for the purpose, whilst the slopes and summit of the hill afforded splendid opportunities of watching the movements of the troops. Early on the morning of the review day (a Thursday) pedestrians began moving out of Salisbury, en route to the " scene of battle," and from eight or nine o'clock onwards, large numbers of vehicles commenced leaving the city for the same destina- tion, many hundreds having come hither from long distances in the country. By ten o'clock avast concourse of people had assembled in the neighbourhood of Beacon Hill, and by the time fixed for the review at noon it is calculated that there were about 100,000 lookers-on at this grand military display. At 12 o'clock the royal salute boomed from a battery of artillery, announcing the arrival of the Prince of Wales, who was received by the Duke of Cambridge, a large staff of general officers, and the foreign military representatives. Needless to say his lioyal Highness was received with a veritable roar of enthusiasm from the lungs and throats of loyal Wiltshire- men and other patriotic people. Among the spectators was a distinguisiied company, including Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck, Lord Shaftesbury, the Mar- quis of Salisbury, the Marquis of Westminster, liie Marquis of Ailesbury, the Duke of Sutlierland, the Duko of Beaufort, the Mav(juis of ^\'illchcstt'r, Sir Tlcnry Stocks, the Ja])aiiese Ambassador, the I foil. I'-. 1'. p.r.nvfri.', ^rP. th.. l?iles as well as men. It goes to the credit of the Chief Constable and of Super- intendent Stephens, who was with him on some occasions - -and, who by the way, has only recently left Salisbury to fill a higher post, after many years of valuable public service here — to say that they personally did their best to protect those who were being assailed. Happily such manifestations against the Salvationists have not occurred since in this locality. People of all shades of opinioa now realise that, strange though some of tlieir methods are, the members of the Salvation Army are doing a good work among a class of people whom churches and chapels alike have hitherto been unable to reach. The year 1882 is a period marked by the prevalence all over the country of stupid scares perpetrated by a number of foolhardy and. inconsiderate persons who took advantage of the public state of terror at the time to commit what were called "dynamite outrages," but which were often nothing more than alarming tricks played by wickedly mischievous youths. " On ^^'ednesday morning," said a local paper,* dated Tuesday, April 24th, 1882, " the citizens of Salisbury were thrown into a degree of the greatest consternation by the report that there had been made a diabolical attempt to blow up their beautiful Cathedral. The report was on all liands discredited. It soon proved, unhappily, that either an outrageous hoax had been perpetrated, or that the re- ported attempt had been actually made, and there were put in circulation various rumours more or less exag- gerated." The Chief Constable (Mr. Mathews) made the following oflicial report in his Occurrence Book : — "At 11 p.n-i. ou Tuesday P.C. Tomkins was patrohing ' '^ • Tho IViltuhirc Coiniti/ Mirror. 272 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF the Close, when in one of the recesses he discovered a mysterious looking box under the Cathedral wall. He reported the circumstances, after which he returned with Inspector Ains worth and Mr. Lucas, oneof theconstables of the Close, to the spot. The box was found to be in dimensions 18in. by 12in. by lO^in. of wood, and l^in. thick. It was fastened with two bands of iron hoops and six screws, with a piece of paper inserted in a touch hole at the top, which was sprinkled with white powder. On being removed and lighted by Inspector Ainsworth, the powder burnt slowly with a hissing noise. The box was at once taken to Superintendent Mathews at the Police Station, and he and Inspector Ainsworth opened it. A portion of the substance taken from the paper bag under the touch hole, on being tested, exploded slightly. The box was, by direction of Superintendent Mathews, removed to the magazine at the back of the Market House. Afterwards Superintendent Mathews, Inspector Ainsworth, and Mr. Lucas, one of the Close constables, examined the Cathedral and the Bishop's Palace, also the Cloisters, but they failed to make any discovery." This affair turned out to be a stupid hoax. The Chief Constable afterw^ards made an examination of the "infernal machine" in company with Inspector Lans- downe, of Scotland Yard, and found it filled with mould and saw dust, whilst a grim looking bottle with a label, " Nitro-glycerine, to be kept in a cool place, and do not take out the cork," was found to contain gum water ! The Dean and Chapter offered a reward of £50 for the apprehension of the persons guilty of this insane act of " facetiousness," and also for the seizure of the writer of an anonymous threatening letter to the Bishop. About 10.30 on the night of Wednesday, July 26th, 1884, a loud report of an explosion was heard in the OTM) AXn \K\V SARUM. 273 neiohbourhood of the Market Place, and on an investi- gation being made, it was found that about a pound of gun powder, phiced in a box, had been lodged at tlie foot of the Hon. Sidney Herbert's statue, and ignited. The occurrence was looked upon as another imbecile freak, having for its object the alarm of people, but a reward of A'50 was offered for the perpetrators of this act of criminal folly. A third, and even more serious outrage of this kind, was committed on the night of September '27th (a Satur- day) of the same year. Shortly before eleven o'clock, just as tradesmen were closing their shops, and when only a comparatively few loiterers were in the streets, people in the neighbourhood of the Council Chamber were startled by the sounds of a terrific explosion. This time, too, investi- gation showed that some explosive machine had been used, the chemical, whatever it was, having been enclosed in a canister, which was shattered to pieces. It had been placed on the platform in the recess to the left of the Council Chamber, on wliich the Russian Gun stands, and the force of the explosion had been sufficient, not only to slightly damage the exterior of that end of the ])uilding, but to smash fourteen panes of glass in the banqueting room, whilst windows were also broken on the premises of IVfr. (rould and Mr. Horder, in Queen Street. Colonel Ford, Chief Government Inspector of Explosives, made a personal investigation on the spot, and it turned out that the material that had been used was merely coarse blasting powdei-. a fact which did not, however, minimise tiie seriousness of the offence. A reward of I'-JOO was offered fm- tlie appi'olicnsion of the offenders. For some Uwiti the police authoiiLics were; unable to obtain any clue to the miscreants, and iniinhitants were beginning to forget the occurence, \\iieii,(iii the evening K 274 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF of Wednesday, January 17, 1885, the alarm was renewed by an explosion at Warminster, described as an " attempt to blow up the Town Hall." This increased thevigilence of the police. The comity authorities placed the matter in the hands of that astute officer Superintendent Stephens, and in the end seven Salisbury young men were arrested, five of whom were afterwards released. The remaining two — who were first charged with committing the outrage at W^arminster, but w-ere acquitted of that for want of evidence — on the conclusive testimony Chief Constable Mathews was able to bring forward as to the local outrages, were sent for trial at the summer assizes and arraigned on a charge of " unlawfully and maliciously causing, by an explosive substance, an explosion of a nature likely to endanger life, or cause serious injury to property." The prisoners were proved to have had connection with all the outrages referred to in Salisbury, as well as one at Andover Town Hall, and the Judge (Mr. Justice Field), whilst believing that the offences arose merely out of a mischievous desire to alarm the public, said he felt bound to pass a sentence which would " tend to induce foolish, and wicked, and stupid people to abstain from such conduct in the future." The principal offender was sentenced to twelve months' imprisonment with such hard labour as his state of health would allow, and his less culpable accompHce was Ordered to be detained in prison for two months. It is satisfactory to note that these exemplary sentences put a stop not only to the serious class of offence for which the two culprits suffered, but to a system of dangerous practical joking which had passed out of the stage of the ridiculous and had become a public nuisance. On Tuesday afternoon, June 10th, 1884, a shocking accident occurred on the London and South Western Railway, to the train which left Salisbury for Weymouth OLD AND NEW SARUM. 275 at 4.43 p.m. About amile beyond Downton, near the College of Agriculture, after having just passed a well-known bridge over the Avon, the train by some means fell over the embankment (on the College side), and became a wreck. Four persons were killed, and a number of others injured, the latter including Mr. Hillier, bookseller, of Fisherton ; Miss Kate Fawcett, Church Fields, Salisbury ; and Samuel Fennel, Wyndham Park, Salisbury. Among those who were killed was Mr. G. Waters, of Toyd Farm, Fordingbridge, a member of the Salisbury and Hindon Troop of Yeomanry. On Wednesday, July 13th, 1884, the National Rose Society held a show at the Palace Grounds, The exhibition was a great success, and at a luncheon held in connection with it at the White Hart Hotel, the Mayor (Mr. T. S. Futcher) expressed a hope that "the love of roses which prevailed would lead to the successful issue of the movement to start a Horticultural Society in the city." At a meeting of the Local Committee later, it was resolved that the balance of iil78 10s. lid. be paid into Messrs. Pinckney's Bank on deposit, to form the neucleus of a fund for future horticultural shows. In its proper place will be found a list of bishops of the diocese, but we think it will be convenient to give at this point a brief account of the ceremonies in connection with the enthronization (on November 4th, 1885) of the present occupant of the See of Sarum, Bishop Wordsworth, they being very much of the character of those associated with the introduction of bishops to the actual and corporal possession of the bishopric in former times.* •Dr. Worflswortli'.spredeceR.'3or(Hishoi)Moberly)diedon Monday, July (Jth, 188.5, being buried in the Cluinters of Salisbury Cathedral the following FriJay. Hi- had bi'i'n a poj)ul;u' |>iiln,ti', wliosc lows was sincerely nu)iiriu>(]. 276 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF The usual preliminary of the Bishop turning a sod at Bishoj)sdown was on this occasion dispensed with. Shortly before noon Dr. Wordsworth arrived at the Council Chamber, and was received at the entrance by the Mayor (Mr. George Fullford) and the Town Clerk" (Mr. W. C. Powning) . Preceded by the Sergeants of the Mace, the Bishop was conducted into the Council Chamber, where the Corporation, attired in their robes of office, awaited the Bishop's arrival. The Mayor then took the ' chair, and Dr. Y\''ordsworth w^as seated on his right. It may be interesting here to recall the names of those who were also present, viz., the ex-Mayor (Mr. T. S. Futcher), Aldermen Norton, Read, Aylward, Brown, and Hicks ; Councillors Marlow, Parker, Newton, Harris, Brittan, Gibbs, Stevens, Waters, Dear, Hammick, Moody, Griftin, Lovibond and Fawcett. The Mayor of Dorchester (Mr. Gregory) was also present, as were Mr. Coleridge J. Ken- nard, M.P., Mr. H. J. F. Swayne, Mr. A¥. Pinckney and Mr. C. Williams. The Bishop was accompanied by his brother-in-la.w Eev. H. Coxe, who carried the pastoral staff, the Eev. E. E. Bernard (chaplain), Mr. John Hassard, the principal registrar, and Mr. Francis Hodding, (bishop's secretary). After an address of welcome by the Mayor and a reply by the Bishop, a move was made towards Mitre House, whither Dr. Wordsworth drove, in conse- quence of the rain, the procession of the Mayor and Cor- poration following his lordship's carriage. Mitre House, situated near the north gate of the Close, at the end of New Street, was then occupied by Mr. Broadbeer, second- hand bookseller ; within the last year or two the place has been altered and now forms a provision shop, occupied by Mr. Crook. The Dean and Canons met his lordship at Mitre House, and they having robed, the Dean called on Mr. D. J. K. Macdonald to be a witness of their proceed- ings. The Bishop, vested in his episcopal habit, having been introduced to the Chapter, delivered to the Dean the OLD AND NEW SARUM. 277 mandate of the Archbishop of Canteibury for his induc- tion, enthronization and installation into the Bishopric of .the Cathedral Church of Sarum. The Chapter Clerk read the archiepiscopal mandate, and the Dean nominated Canon Gordon the Proctor for administering to the Bishop the declaration required to be taken at the time of enthroni- zation. Next, the Bishop, with the Dean on his right hand, and Canon Gordon (senior canon) on his left, the other members of the chapter, prebendaries, &c., following in procession, and led by the vergers, proceeded through the north gate, where they found in attendance the Mayor and Corporation, the vicars choral and a full choir. The procession now advanced in the following order : — The Chief Constable. The City Police. The Sergeants at Mace. The Town Clerk and City Treasurer. 'I'he Mayor of Dorchester. Mr. H. .T. F. Swayne, J.P., Mr. J. H. Jacob, J.F. Mr William Pinckney, J. P.. and Mr. C. Williams, J. P., Mr. Coleridge Kennard, M.P. The Mayor of Sali.>ibiiry (Mr. George Fullford). The Members of the Corporation. Students of the Theological College. Diocesan Clergy (207 in number). The Clergy of the city churches. The Organist (Mr. >'oatli). The Cathidral Choir. The Lay Vicars. The Cathedral Vergers. The Vicar's Choral : Revs. H. W. Carpenter, H. J. Morton, and G. Bennett. The Non-Residentiary Canons : — Canons Banks, Hodgson, liernard, Broadley, Xash, Rooke, .Tohn Smith, Ho'ighton, .Jacob, Warre, Lowndes, Parr, Stephenson Sir Talbot Baker, Bart., Woodcock, Goddard, Cholmeley, Meade, Ilutchings Glyn, Morrice, Sir ■ Jam es Phillips, Bart., Green, Lyon, Daw.son Damer, Duncan, Kingsbury, Dugmore, and Olivier. The Archdeacon of V\ ilts (Archdeacon Buchanan). The Sub-Dean (Rev. Slater- Brown), and the Sub-Chanter. The Bishop's Verger. The Rev. Hilgrove Coxe I earing the pastoral staff. Rev. Canon Gordon. TH K BISIIO)'. The Dean. Ven. Archdeacon Lear, Rev. Chancellor .Swaj'ne. 278 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Ven. Archdeacon Sanctuary, Rev. Snccentor Lakin. Bishop's Chaplains. The Chapter Clerks (Messrs. Macdonald & Maiden). Bishop's Secretaries (Messrs. Hassard & Hodding). The choir, as the procession continued on its way, sang Psahn cxxii., " I was glad when they said unto me, We will go into the House of the Lord." On arriving opposite the Choristers' School, one of the scholars (Master A. E. Collins) addressed the Bishop in a Latin congratu- latory oration, his lordship making a feeling reply in the same tongue. The procession then resumed its progress towards the west door of the Cathedral, the choir singing the hymn 239 A. & M., " Christ is our corner stone." A large number of persons had already assembled within the Cathedral, which after the entry of the procession was soon crowded with spectators of the imposing ceremonies. The Cathedral having been entered, the Mayor and Cor- poration took up positions on each side of the nave, and the Bishop, kneeling, made the declaration tendered to him by the Proctor of the Chapter, in which he undertook to be faithful to the Church of Sarum and to inviolably observe the ancient and approved customs of the said church, and defend its rights, privileges and dignities to the utmost of his power.* The procession next advanced up the nave, the choir singing the hymn, "Hark! the sound of Holy Voices." The Bishop was conducted by the Dean and Canon Gordon to the Altar, where his lordship knelt during the reading of the proper prayers, and was afterwards raised from his kneeling position by the Dean and Canon Gordon - . — • • ■ ^ ^ *"The exact wording was as follows : — '■ In the name of God, Amen. We, John Wordsworth, by Divine permission, Bishop of the Church of Sarum, do promise and declare that we will be faithful to the said Church of Sarum, and that we will inviolably observe the ancient and approved customs of the said church, and will, to the utmost of our power, defend the rights, privileges and dignities of the said church, as far as they are consistent with the Word of God and the statutes of this realm." OLD AND NEW SARUM. 279 and conducted to the throne, at the entrance to which the Dean declared his lordship about to be inducted, installed and enthroned, in accordance with the mandate of the Archbishop of Canterbury. Dr. Wordsworth then took his seat on the throne, the Te Deum was sung, the Dean offered an appropriate prayer, his lordship pronounced a benediction, and this portion of the service was concluded. The Bishop was afterwards conducted to the Chapter House, where he was instituted to the probend of Potterne, held in commendiim with the bishopric, afterwards returning to the Choir, where the canons installed him in the stall of Potterne. Once more the Canons, with the Bishop, returned to the Chapter House, where the installation was duly reported. The next step was the declaration of the Dean : " We assign the said John, Lord Bishop of this Church, a place ani voice in our chapter." After the reading, by the Dean, of special Latin prayers, and the giving of the Kiss of Charity or Welcome, the chapter was dissolved. The members of the latter, together with the Bishop, then returned to the Choir. The anthem, " The grace of God that bringeth salvation hath appeared to all men," was sung, and the service was concluded by the pronouncing of the Benediction by the Bishop. At two o'clock his lordship was entertained at luncheon at the Council Chamber by the Mayor and Corporation, the guests invited to meet him numbering about 1'20. 280 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTER XXXIII. The Queen's Jubilee — How it was ke])t in Salisbury — Bonfire on Harnham Hill — A Happy Day and a Hot Day — Procession to the Cathedral — Dinner in tiie Market Place — Sp rts and Fireworks — Festivities for the Children — Presentations to the Mayor and Mayoress — The Jubilee and Public Improvements. 'pHE chief events in the year 1887, were, of course, the festivities in connection with Her Majesty's Jubilee ; and in view of the fact that the people of Salis- bury will this year celebrate a still more important occurr- ence, namely, the Queen's enjoyment of the longest reign of any British monarch, afew particulars concerning the doings of 1887 may be of interest. The Mayor at the time was Mr. Fred Griffin, and he carried out the duties of his office on that momentous occasion with so much success that it will always stand out as one of the most auspicious mayoralties of the modern days of Salisbury's history. The Jubilee festival took place in Salisbury on the 22nd June, the day after the great ceremonies in London were carried out, but the '21st was by no means unevent- ful, so far as this city was concerned. The latter, of course, looked picturesque and gay with the decorations of the streets, shops, and houses, whilst at night there were illuminations on what a chronicler of the time des- cribed as a " fairly extensive scale." A large bonfire was also erected on Harnham Hill, to which shortly after ten o'clock, after a few words had been spoken by the Mayor and Mr. Hulse, M.P., a torch was set and the pile blazed up, amid the cheers of the large crowd assembled. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 281 Early on the Wednesda}^— Jubilee mo: 11:110— many of the inhabitants were astir, and as the day grew older the streets became more and more filled with people in lioli-* day attire, bent on the enjoj'ment which fell to their lot, and with which only the too potent rays of the brilliant Midsummer sun lent anything like inconvenience. At nine o'clock merry music clanged forth from the belfries of the parish churches, and at the same hour a procession began to move forward. ■^o"- The roul:e to the Cathedral was as follows : — The pro- cession started from the AVest-end of the Blue Boar Bow, and proceeded via Castle-street, Chipper Lane, Endless Street, Bedwiii Street, to London Koad, along the top of the Green Croft, through Winchester Street, Queen Street, New Canal, part of High Street, Bridge Street, Fisherton Street, Dew's Road, West Street, South Street, to Har- court Terrace, Crane Bridge Eoad, Crane Street, into High Street, through High Street Close Gate to the West Front of the Cathedral. On arriving at the Cathedral the members of the pro- cession were conducted to seats set apart for their use. The service was the " Special Form of Thanksgiving and Prayer to Almighty God, u]:)on the completion of 50 years of Her Majesty's reign;" the devotions commencing with the singing of the National Anthem by the choir and the immense congregation. Among the clergy who took part in the service were the Lord Bishop of the Diocese, the Dean, the Sub-Dean of Salisbury, Archdeacon Lear, Chancellor Swayne, Rev. G. H. Fowler, Canon Hutchings, Rev. H. W. Carpenter and Rev. H. J. Morton. The Mayoress (Miss Grifhn) and Mrs. Wordsworth (wife of the Bishop) occupied seats in the front stalls. The Bishop preached a powerful and impressively appropriate sermon from 17th chapter of Samuel, the 18th and 14th verses. After the discourse the liNinn, "All people that on earth do 282 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF dwell " (to the tune of " The Old Hundreth ") was sung, his lordship concluding the service with four short special 'prayers from the pulpit, whilst Mr. South played Handel's Coronation Anthem as an out-voluntary. Those constituting the procession having in an orderly and decorous fashion moved out of the Cathedral, re-formed outside the West-front entrance, and returned to the city by the following route : — Through the Broad Walk and St. Ann's Gate, to St. Ann's Street, through Love Lane, Gigant Street, Milford Street, Catherine Street, New Street, High Street, Silver Street, Minster Street, to the Market Place, which was reached about 1.30 p.m. Here dinner was served at long tables, placed in the open square. Between 3,000 and 4,000 men sat down, and their wants were ministered to by a staff of no less than 400 carvers. Grace was said by the Dean, and then the great company " set to," and the grand old Market Place echoed with the sound of cutlery, the chinking of glasses, and the merry chatter of the diners. The Mayor and Corporation, with tlie member for the city (Mr. Hulse), the Bishop, the Dean, and several magistrates occupied a raised table near the Council Chamber. Dinner over, and grace said, the Mayor mounted the table and addressed to the assembled people a few remarks appropriate to the occasion. On the proposal of his worship the Queen's health was drunk with much enthusiasm, and when the band afterwards struck up the air of the National Anthem, the strain was heartily sung by nearly 4,000 throats. Next the Bishop proposed the health of the Mayor, and after referring to Mr. Griffin's energy and public enter- prise, concluded with these remarks: — " I will only say that though his mayoralty will pass away — and I have already, in the short time I have been with you, seen two mayors retire — yet he will leave behind him an enduring monument in the shape of the Recreation Ground. That, OLD AND NEW SARUM. 283 I believe, was wholly his idea from the first, and we at once saw it was a right thing. AVe shall, I hope, adjourn thither very soon, and see with our own eyes what it will be for Salisbury on days of holiday like this, which, I trust, may be many in the future. I believe it is a very great blessing to a town and neighbourhood that happy, wholesome, and innocent holidays of this kind should recur with some frequency, and if that is to be the case it will be through the help of the Eecreation Ground, which we shall owe to the present Mayor." Needless to say the toast was drunk with every cordiality, and Mr. Griffin made a reply, in the course of which he showed signs of emotion, concluding his address in the subjoined language: — "I hope my friends — and especially the young — that you will always recollect this as a red-letter day in your lives. It is not very likely there will be many amongst us here who will, perhaps, live to see another jubilee day. There are but a few amongst us at the present moment who can recollect a jubilee day ; but amongst those, I am happy and proud to say, my good old father — who is here present — recollects well the last jubilee, that of George III. May God grant that many of you young ones may live as long and as good a life as he has. And may I emulate such a man who has brought up a son, I hope, to be worthy of him, and I am sure to-day he is proud to see me here." A number of sturdy young fellows near then " chaired " the Mayor, and amid the ringing plaudits of the crowd bore him to the Council Chamber. After dinner, the Mayor and Corporation, accompanied by the City Member, and followed by the bands and large numbers of citizens, proceeded to the Eecreation Ground. Mr. (irinhi formally declared it open, his worship being thanked in the name of the citizens by Mr. Hulse ; and Mr. G. Fullford, who, from the very inception of the 284 THE POrULAR HISTORY OF movement down to the present time has taken great interest iu this public acquisition, also added some obser- vations. Kustic sports, witnessed by some 10,000 people, were carried out in the grounds by a Sports Committee, of which Mr. W. Leach was chairman, and Mr. J. E. Adams, hon. sec, while Mr. F. Carey acted as starter, and Mr. W. G. Knight as judge. At five o'clock 3,560 women sat down to tea in the Market Place, their wants being ministered to by a number of ladies, who had the advantage as secretary of the services of Mrs. Brown, a lady who worked zealously and hard to secure the pleasure of all. Here, as at the dinner, the band played the "National Anthem," which the women joined in singing. In the evening there were illuminations, the principal being at the Council Chamber, the Mayor's residence in Fisherton Street, and the White Hart Hotel. A torch- light procession, with about 300 torch bearers, many of the processionists being in grotesque costumes, started from the yard of the " Three Swans " (now no longer a licensed house) in Winchester Street, and after a parade of the principal streets reached the Green Croft, where the day's rejoicings were wound up with a grand pyro- technic display. Several thousands of persons were present, and the Kector of St. Edmund's (Eev. W. J. Tait) kindly placed the rectory grounds at the disposal of ladies. Among the "set pieces" was one in honour of the mayor, and, as a finale, a portrait of the Queen, during the exhibition of which the Volunteer Band played the National Anthem, in the singing of which the assembled people joined. The following day (Thursday) there was a children's demonstration. Shortly after three, the schools began to assemble in the Market Place, according to a plan that had been previously issued by Sergt. -Major Ball and Mr. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 285 A. AVheeler (St. Edmund's Schools). We give the plan (which placed the children in groups) in order that readers might form an idea as to Ihenmnber of schools in the city at the time : Group A consisted of Choristers' School, Godolphin, Miss Goddard's, Miss Oldings, Mrs. Miles', Mrs. Skinner's, Mr. Bentley's, Mr. Foreman's and Mr. Notley's; Group B, the children from the Alderbury Union ; Group C, the Baptist School, Brown Street; Group D, the Baptist School, Harcourt Terrace and Bethany Hall ; Group E, the Congregational School ; Group F, the Congregational School, Fisherton ; Group G, St. Edmund's Girls' School ; Group B, St. Edmund's Boys' School ; Group I, St. Edmund's Infant's ; Group J, Fisherton Church Girls; Group K, Fisherton Church Boys ; Group L, Fisherton Church Infants; Group M, the Free School; Group N, St. Martin's Girls' ; Group 0, St. Martin's Boys' ; Group P, St. Martin's Infants' ; Group Q, St. INIartin's Park ; Group R, St. Osmund's; Group S, the Primitive Methodists ; Group T, the Salvation Army ; Group U, St. Thomas' Girls' ; Group V, St. Thomas' Boys' ; Group "\V, the United Mission ; Group X, the United Methodist ; Group y, the Wesleyan, Church Street; Group Z, the Wesleyan, Wilton Road. The whole of these groups arrived marching four abreast, and entered the Blue Boar Row from the east end, and advanced towards the Market Place. The number of children present was estimated at 3,700, and these were massed into two columns, ten deep, each column facing the other. At lialf-past three the children passed in procession through the principal streets, accompanied by the 1st W.R.A'. Band, St. Edmund's Brass Band, Salisbury Tem- perance Brass Band, Salvation Army Band, and the Drum and Fife Band. At (juarter-past foui- tli(>y retuiiicd to the Market Square, and fifteen ujiimtcs afterwards were 286 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF feasting to their hearts' content, the infants who could not accompany the procession having been previously re- galed. The youngsters were presented with the mug and plate they had used as mementoes of the occasion. At quarter-past six the children re-assembled at their schools and were marched to the Market House, where at 7 o'clock Mr. J. M. Hayden (conductor of the Salisbury Vocal Union), gave a capital concert as an appropriate wind-up to the day's proceedings. Mr. Hayden conducted, and the orchestra was composed of the follow^ing : — 1st violins : Mr. Calkin, Miss Calkin, Miss Nellie Harding, Mr. Bentley, Mr. Leach, Mr. F. Sly, and Mr. Smith; 2nd viohns : Mr. Woodrow, Mr. AVhite, Mr. Morris, Mr. Harding, Mr. Moore, Mr. Kirby, Mr. Davies, and Mr. A. Scamell. Violas : Mr. Walter Harding and Mr. Plowman. Violincello : Mr. Leonard J. Sly and Mr. J. Scamell. Double Bass : Mr. Scamell and Mr. Parker. Clarionets : Mr. Carter and Mr. Orchard. Flutes : Mr. Kamshaw, Mr. Bartlett and Mr. Moore. Cornets : Mr. Saunders and Mr. Lovibond. Trombones : Mr. Williams, Mr. Jerred, and Mr. Davies. Side Drums : Mr. Archer. Kettle Drums : Mr. Mills. The Organ : Mr. Alfred Foley. The concert over, the Mayor, in the name of those present, thanked all who had contributed to the day's enjoyment, and Mr. Hayden and Mr. S. B. Atkins acknowledged the compliment. It need hardly be mentioned that at the Workhouse, Fisherton Asylum, the Infirmary, and other local institu- tions, where the unfortunate inmates could not join in the day's festivities, care was taken to signalise the occasion in some appropriate fashion. So great had been the success attending the Jubilee celebrations that the citizens felt that the Mayor's efforts should not be allowed to pass without public recognition. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 287 A proposal was set on foot to organise a public testimonial to his worship and Miss Griffin, and the public response was hearty. On Wednesday, October '26th, a large audience assembled at the Hamilton Hall, which had been embellished and beautified for the occasion by a number of willing workers, under the superintendence of Mr. Charles Haskins, Mr. Cockett, jun., Mr. F. Simmonds, Mr. Bailey and others, Messrs. Keynes, Williams it Co., having lent plants and flowers, and Messrs. G. Fullford, F. Simmonds, H. Mullins, and A. H. Cockett having sent valuable articles to assist in the transformation of the interior. A committee, of which Mr. A. H. Cockett was chairman, Mr. P. Bentliff vice-chairman, Mr. George Fullford treasurer, and Mr. George Harris hon. secretary, was formed, and subscriptions amounting to £223 2s were collected, the sub- scribers numbering 977. The articles comprised in the testimonial were a very handsome solid silver candelabra and epergne, and an album containing an illuminated address and names of the subscribers. Mr. A. H. Cockett made the presentation in the name of the subscribers, and Mr. Fullford afterwards placed on the wrist of Miss Griffin a 20-guinea gold bracelet in recognition of her efforts in connection with the organisation of the Women's Jubilee Offering in Salisbury. In addition to many other valuable gifts during Jubilee year one that the Mayor highly prized was a spontaneous offering by the working-men and women of Salisbury of a silver salver and illuminated album con- taining the names of the subscribers. In connection with the commemoration of the Jubilee, several juiblic improvements were suggested, among which we shall briefly mention two. One suggestion of the mayor would have constituted a public boon if it could have been carried out. The proposal was to get the sanction of the directors of the London and South Western Railway Company to the making of a footpath by the side of their 288 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF line, with a foot-bridge crossing the river in Castle Street, from the street named to the station at Fisherton. The conveniences of such a route to people journeying from Fisherton to Milford and vice versa are obvious, and it was hoped at first that the project would be carried out, but it fell through, the railway company deeming the expense too great. It is interesting to note that com- paratively recently a similar idea has been much before the public. Already Mr. T. Scamell has constructed a bridge and road by the route alluded to, and at no great distance of time it will be opened to the public. It is also worthy of record that at the present time the Mayor and Mr. Councillor Folliott are engaged in organising a petition to the London and South Western Railway Company for a platform near the London Eoad tunnel, for the con- venience of persons living in the growing districts of Milford and Wyndham Park.* Another proposal, also emanating from the Jubilee Mayor, was to form a public walk along the riverside, through the Infirmary property, thus connecting Fisherton Street and Crane Bridge Road for the purpose of pedestrian traffic. This project also came to nothing, the Governors of the Infirmary objecting on the ground that such a path would be most prejudicial to the interests and welfare of the institution named. " It would," said a special report, presented to the Connnittoe of Management by the medical staff in May, 1837, and signed by Messrs. W. D. AVilkes, F. R. P. Darke, F. Fawson Lee, Harcourt Coates, and L. S. Luckham, " destroy its (the Infirmary's) privacy, and lessen the cheerfulness by the loss of space and extent of view ; but what is of more importance, it would preveiit the quietude, and thereby lessen the hope of recovery of poor women who have undergone operations of the *Since the above was written we are sorry to learn tliat the Loirlo i and South Western Railway Company have refused to entertain the project. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 2St) abdomen, as ovariotomy, etc. They are placed and operated on in a room of the children's ward, adjoining the river, for the purity of the air and quietude of the surroundings. The path would also be a nuisance from its proximity to the out-patient department. They wish also to state that every resident officer and nurse join with them in feeling how annoying it will be to their privacy and comfort." Altogether 1837 was an eventful one for Salisbury. In that year the trees which give such a refreshing and additionally picturesque appearance to the Market Place were planted ; in May, the Bath and West of England Agricultural Society held their show in Salisbury ; in June there was a Choral Festival at the Cathedral ; in August the city was honoured by another visit of the Koya.l Arch^o- logical Society of Great Britain and Ireland ; in September the Hospital Saturday and Sunday movement was started; and on the 5th of November the Bonfire Boys (a society all too short-lived) gave a Guy Fawkes demonstration. It may be mentioned that in the January of the same year an effort was made to organise a Co-operative Society in Salis- bury, but without success at that time. On the 25th of the month named, a meeting (presided over by Mr. R. G. Wilson), was held in the Assembly Booms, Mr. Vansittart Keale, of the Guild of Co-operators, being the principal speaker. The promoters encountered a good deal of oppo- sition, it l;eing feared l^y many that the project would be unfairly prejudicial to the interests of local traders. The proceedings were of a noisy description ; and in the end the n^eeting carried a resolution, proposed by Mr. Terrill, and seconded by T. Scamell, to the effect that " No co-opera- tive trade, society or store, is needed in the city for th(^ working or any other class." 290 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTEE XXXIV. The Education Question— Voluntary V. Board Schools— Establishment of the Free Library— A Noisy Meeting— Visit of the A M.C.— Old Sarum in Danger- A Koyal Wedding— The Liamond Jubilee— How it was Comnoemorated in !?alisbury — The Permanent Memorial Schemes— Thanksgiving Service at the Cathedral — A Gay City — Bonfire on Harnham Hill— Grand Procession— Feasting in the Market Place — Sports and Fireworks — The Chi'dren's Great Day. "POR many years subsequent to the formation of the School Board in Sahsbury the question of education was one which absorbed a good deal of the attention of the inhabitants. Controversy was frequent, and two parties were formed — one in favour of maintaining the Voluntary system of education, whilst the other section advocated the establishment of Board Schools. In 1890 the Salisbury School Question formed the subject of an important speech by Mr. Mundella (Minister of Education) in the House of Commons, to which oration Mr. E. H. Hulse, the Member for Salisbury, made a memorable reply, in the course of which he rendered great service to the Voluntary Party, whose cause he espoused during the long period in which he represented Salisbury (1885-1897) in the Legislature. It is not the province of a local historian to write in a partizan spirit, but it is only just and proper to point out that at the date of Mr. Hulse's speech the Voluntary School Party were successfully providing — as they are doing at the present time — the whole of the elementary education of the city. In addition to this a good class of secondary education is now available at the Bishop's OLD AND NEW SARUM. 291 Organized Science School. The result, however, of the opposition that Yoluntarists had to meet in several quarters was the formation in 1888 of the Salishury Church Day Schools' Association, a useful institution which still does good work in watching the interests of the Voluntary Schools in the city and the rest of the diocese. At the first annual meeting in May, 1889, the Council of the Association pointed out that in addition to " the immediate object of meeting the more pressing needs in the city," they had in view, according to their rules, " the mainten- ance of the efficiency of such church schools as may avail themselves of their organization." The report added : " The Council feel that unless strenuous efforts are made by the richer districts helping the poorer, by the super- intendanoe and advice of a perambulating master or inspector, and the formation of supplementary central classes for pupil teachers, it will be difficult for our country schools to satisfy the requirements of the age." Kelying, therefore, on the experience of similar associations, they had engaged the services of Mr. J. Gale, B.A., Oxford, who was for three-and-a-half years assistant inspector to the Manchester and Salford Association; and he commenced his duties as Organizing Master on September 10th, 1888. Centres were formed for the purposes named in the report at Marlborough, Devizes, Calne, Melksham, AVarminster, Tisbury, Wilton, Lyme Regis, and Bournemouth, "in order that schools in their neighbourhood might avail them- selves of his (Mr. Gale's) services, which they may obtain at a rate not exceeding Jt^5 a week, exclusive of travelling expenses and lodging." A considerable amount of interest was revived in the education question in this city in 189'2, when Mr. Diggle, a prominent member of the Ijondon School Board, attended at the County Hall, and addressed a large meeting there in the interests of the Voluntary Party. There was some opposition, and Mr. Alfred Goodere made a forcible speech on behalf of the Board 292 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF School Party. Since that time Httle concern has been shewn in the subject, people apparently being content with the present excellent system of providing instruction for the children of the city. In view of the movement that is at present afoot for establishing more suitable premises for the Free Public Library in this city, it may be interesting to note that on the 5th of May, 1890, a public meeting was held to consider the advisability of adopting the Free Libraries Act. After discussion a poll was demanded and the meeting adjourned for a month, when at a council meeting the mayor was able to declare that the result of the polling was as follows : — In favour of adopting the act ... 984 Against ... ... ... ... 856 The number on the register at the time was 2,838 ; and the balance of 998 represents non-votes, spoilt papers, &c. There was a stormy scene at the Council Chamber, on the 17th February, 1890, at a meeting held under the auspices of the Central Association for the Stopping of the Sale of Intoxicating Liquors on Sundays. The chair was occupied by the Lord Bishop of the Diocese, but the meeting was so disorderly, and it was so utterly impossible for the speakers to obtain a hearing that his lordship declared the meeting closed, and vacated the chair. The bishop's place was immediately taken by Mr. W. C. Wells ; and Mr. George Hicks, of the Traders' Defence Association, moved a resolution to the effect that in the opinion of the meeting the compulsory closing of public-houses on the Sunday would be an infringement of the rights and liberties of the producing classes of the country. The motion was seconded by the chairman, and carried, and the meeting soon after broke up. The great event of the year 1891, was the meeting of the Annual Moveable Committee of the Ancient Order of OLD AND NEW SARUM. 293 Oddfellows (Manchester Unity), in Salisbury. The citizens determined to give the delegates a very hearty welcome, and succeeded in their endeavours. The proceedings commenced on Monday, May 18th, but by the preceding Saturday the elaborate decorations of the city had been nearly completed. In order to carry out this work a Decoration Committee was appointed, of which the chairman was Mr. E. Hale, and the secretary, Mr. J. Shelley Curtis. Those responsible for the various districts were : — Market Place and Canal, Mr. J. Shelley Curtis, Mr. Fred Burroughs, and Mr. A. Crick ; Fisherton, Messrs. E. Brittan, S. Perkins, and Hillier; Castle Street, Messrs. A. Cox and S. Wooff; High Street, Mr. W. MuUins, Mr. F. Highman, Mr. AV. Pearce, and Mr. Woodroffe ; Catherine Street, Mr. E. Alexander, and Mr. F. Butt; Minster Street and Silver Street, Mr, Haskell, Mr. E. G. Kiinber, and Mr. Snook. On the Saturday there was a reception service. The Grand Master of the Order was at the function met by the Mayor (Mr. J. W. Lovibond), who was attended by the following members of the Corporation : — Aldermen Hicks and Brown ; Councillors Grithn, Fullford, Woolley, Marlow, Pye- Smith, Parker, Waters, Hammick, and AVilliams. Among the others present was the Bishop of the Diocese, who evinced great interest in the proceedings of the A.M.C. throughout the whole of the week. Music was supplied at the reception, and the orchestra was under the conductorship of Mr. A. Foley. On the Sunday there were special services at the Cathedral, the parish churches, and Noncomformist places of worship. There was a special service at St. Thomas' in the morning, when the liev. H. G. Bogers occupied the ])ulpit. The Mayor and Corporation attended the Cathedral in the afternoon in the company of a large num])er of the delegates, who went in procession, headed l>y a l^and. 'J'he sermon was preached 294 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF by the Rev. L. B. "Weldon, D.D. In the evening the delegates walked in procession from the Market Place to the Congregational Church, where an excellent sermon was preached by the Eev. E. Hassan. The business of the A.M.C. commenced at nine o'clock on the Monday morning, the meeting being held at the County Hall, where the Grand Master (Mr. Campkin), gave the inaugural address, which, on account of the eloquence of the speaker, and his masterly grasp of the details of his large subject, created a great impression upon all hearers. In the evening there was a procession round the streets, and subsequently an adjournment to the Victoria Park, where a fete was held, the enjoyment of the spectators being somewhat marred by the bad weather. The same evening a large party visited the Salisbury and Blackmore Museums, over which they were conducted by the custodian, Mr. Hill, who gave an intelHgent and interesting address on the unique and valuable collections. On the Wednesday night there was a banquet at the Market House, which had been beautifully decorated for the occasion by Mr. F. Simmonds. The Earl of Eadnor was in the chair, and Viscount Folkestone was present, but the member for the city, Mr. Hulse, was unfortunately absent owing to illness. During the week there was a "social evening " at the Red Lion Hotel, and other entertainments were provided with the view of making the stay of the delegates in Salisbury as enjoyable as possible. In the month of July, 1891, the Town Council received a communication from the Dean and Chapter to the effect that certain gentlemen interested in archaeological subjects were desirous of purchasing Old Sarum. There was, however, great opposition to the project among the majority of the citizens, and a memorial was sent to the Dean and Chapter asking that the people of Salisbury OLD AND NEW SARUM. 295 should have the opportunity of piu'chasing the site of the old city "before it passed into the hands of strangers." The Dean replied to the effect that whatever decision was arrived at " it would be their most earnest endeavour to secure the rights of the people in the preservation of the valuable relic." It is gratifying to note that the threatened loss of the site to the citizens did not take place, and that afterwards the Dean and Chapter placed it under the pro- tection of the Ancient Monuments Act. The 6th of July, 1898, will long be remembered by the present generation of Salisbury people, as a day of rejoicing in connection with the marriage of Princess May and the Duke of York. On this occasion there was the customary procession (in which the Giant and Hobnob figured conspicuously) round the streets, with a service afterwards at the Cathedral. In the evening there were sports in the Victoria Park, a torchlight procession in the evening, and a display of fireworks on the Green Croft to wind up the day's pleasure. The following day there was a treat to the school children. It is needless to add that the streets of the city were gaily decorated on this auspicious occasion. We cannot do better, in concluding the section dealing with the history of Salisbury in Victoria's reign, than to present our readers with a brief account of the manner in which the inhabitants of this city celebrated the great event of 1897, viz., the completion by Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen of her sixtieth year of reign. In March of the year named the Mayor (Mr. Arthur White- head) convened a public meeting of citizens to decide upon the mode of celebration, and at that gathering it was resolved that the commemoration of the auspicious event should be in two sections, one a permanent memorial and the other the giving up of two or three days in the week to public rejoicings. 296 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF The only matter on which there was any difference of opinion was as regarded the permanent memorial. Two schemes were placed before the meeting. One, which the Mayor expressed himself in favour of, was for the provision of a wing to the Salisbury Infirmary, for the better accommodation of the nurses, and to be called the Victoria Nurses' Home. The other scheme took the form of a proposal to amalgamate the Free Library and the Salisbury and South Wilts and Blackmore Museums under one roof, the central house to be at the Museums in St. Ann Street. The Nurses' Home project found most favour and that was adopted. As to the festivities there was no dispute, and there w^as a unanimous deter- mination to make the celebration one well worthy of the city. The week's rejoicings began on Sunday (tZOth June), the day appointed for thanksgiving services to be held throughout the country. At 2.20 p.m. there was a grand procession to the Cathedral in the following order : — Police. Marshal, Sergeant- Major Glass. Stewards with wands of office. Chairmen of Procession Committee. Band of the 1st Wilts R V. Yeomanry. A and B Companies 1st Wilts R. V. Chief Constable (Mr. A. Mathews). The Mayor (Mr. A. Whitehead) and Mr. Allhusen, I\[.P. The Members of the Corporation. Church Lads' Brigade. Volunteer Fire Brigade. Town Band. Wilts Friendly Society. New Sarum Lodge of Oddfellows. Victoria Lodge of Oddfellows. Widow and Orphans Lodge of Oddfellows. Lenity Lo'ge of Oddfellows. Juvenile Oddfellows. Re 1 Club. Odstock Band. Court B^gerton and VVyndham— Foresters. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 297 Court Lush and Alexandra — Foresters. Juvenile Foresters. Pride of Sarum Tent of Rechabites. Jubilee Tent of Rechabites. Juvenile Rechabites. Hearts of Oak. City Club. Post Office Officials. Salisbury Cycling and Atliletic Club. Old Sarum Lodge of "Buffaloes." The route taken by the procession was via Minster Street, Silver Street, High Street, to the Close, and Dean's walk. A large crowd lined the streets the whole way to the Close, and here an immense concourse was found waiting. At the Dean's Walk the Volunteers lined the pathway, whilst the rest of the procession passed into the Cathedral, where already a large number of ladies (who had been admitted early by the north front door) had congre- gated. The general public were admitted afier all the processionists had entered, and the large building was soon crowded to its utmost capacity, and very many were un- able to obtain admission. The clergy and city choirs robed in the Chapter House, and, accompanied by the banners of the choirs, passed through the Cloisters and also entered by the west door. Messrs. Keynes, Williams & Co., and residents in the Close had kindly supplied quantities of roses (England's national emblem), and the clergy and choristers wore these flowers. " All people that on earth do dwell " had been selected as the processional hymn, and was led by the cornets from the Volunteer Band. The clergy in the procession were the Bishop of Salisbury, who was accompanied by the Eev. G. Myers, carrying the pas- toral staff. Precentor Carpenter, the Hon. and Rev. Canon Gordon, Archdeacon Buchanan, Subdean Bourne, Succentor Lakin, Canon Sidebotham (Mentone), Kev. W. J. Birkbeck, Eev. J. D. Morrice, Kev. H. J. Trueman, Kev. H. C. T5ush, Eev. E. E. Dorling, liev. S. Baker, Rev. J. H. Thomas, Rev. S. J. Buchanan, Rev. P. A. C. P^llis, Rev. 298 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF W. K. S. Majendie, Kev. H. E. Hadow, Eev. H. A. Caryl, and Kev. A. B. Portman. The Dean was present at the service, but did not take part in the procession. The ser- vice was intoned by the Kev. E. E. Dorhng, and the Mag- nificat and Nunc Dimittis were sung to Smart in B flat. The proper Psahns were xx., ci., and cxxi. The Kev. J. D. Morrice read the first lesson, Joshua i. 10 ; and Archdeacon Buchanan the second lesson, Komans xiii. 11. The anthem was " Zadok the Priest," the Coronation Anthem com- posed by Handel in honour of George the Second. The special hymns included the Bishop of Wakefield's Diamond Jubilee hymn " King of Kings," which was sung as an offertory hymn to music composed by Sir Arthur Sullivan. The other noticeable feature in the musical portion of the service was the magnificent rendering of the National Anthem by the augmented choir and the congregation, the organ music (played by Mr. South) being supplemented by brass instruments and drums of the 1st W.R. Volun- teer band. The Lord Bishop of the Diocese (Dr. Words- worth) preached a powerfully appropriate sermon from Proverbs xvi. 12, "The Throne is established in righteous- ness." The citizens spent Monday in hastening on the de- corations and illuminations, which when completed (as most of them were before Tuesday afternoon) were on a score of grandeur and brilliancy that, it was believed, had never been equalled in Salisbury before. A large number of people journeyed to Harnham Hill on Tuesday night to witness the lighting of a bonfire the size of which may be calculated when we state that over a thousand faggots, besides other materials, were used in its construction. From the eminence named and other vantage points around Salisbury many fires burning in various parts of the county were discerned. Previous to the lighting of the bonfire (which ceremony was per- OLD AND NEW SARUM. 299 formed by the Mayor) a commemoration flight of 60 rockets appeared in the air, having been ht by His Worship's eldest son. The proceedings on Wednesday morning — the day fixed for the festivities proper — commenced with the firing of 2, feu dejoie at 10 o'clock, in front of the Comicil Cham- ber, by the Salisbury Volunteers under the command of Capt. Hodding. About 11 o'clock the procession (the greater portion of which had been arranged in the Green Croft), proceeded on a perambulation of the principal streeet in the following order : — Chief Constable and Police. Marshal (Sergeant-Major Glass). Stewards with wands of office. Chairmen of Procession Committee. Town Band. Hob Nob and the Giant. V\ ilts Friendly Society. New Saram Lodge of Oddfellows. Victoria Lodge of Oddfellows. Widow and Orphans Lodge of Oddfellows. Unity Lodge of Oddfellows. Juvenile Oddfellows. Red Club. Odstock Band. Court Kgerton and Wyndham — Foresters. Court Lush and Alexandra. Juvenile Foresters. Pride of Sarum Tent of Rechabites. Jubilee Tent. Juvenile Rechabites. Bishopstone Band. Hea' ts of Oak. L. &S.VV.R. Men. City Club. Post Office Officials. Salisbury Cycling and Athletic Club. Decorated Cycles. Salisbury Football Club. TheR.A.O.B. Building Trades' Association. Volunteer Fire Brigade. Chu cli Lads' Brigade. Sali.sbury Companies 1st Wilts R.V., with their Band. County Magistrates. The Local Press City Magistrates. The Mayor (Mr. A. Whitehead) and tlie City Member (Mr. H. E. Allhusen). Menibers of the Corjjoration. Decorated Carriages. 300 THE POrULAR HISTORY OF Several cars were very novel and effective. The " Harriett Bartlett " Lodge, I.O.O.F., had an Empire car, members of the lodges disposed on the three tiers of the trolley being dressed in costumes illustrative of different nations of the world, "Brittania" crowning the whole " Bear ye one another's burdens," was the inscription on a canopy surmounting a car contributed by Court Egerton and Wyndham (Foresters), whilst the Juvenile Lodge of Oddfellows had a splendid car emblematic of our Empire in its broadest sense, and having a conspicuous inscription, "Greater Britain; What we've got we'll hold," with young Oddfellows in dresses typical of the Colonies. The United Juvenile Foresters were represented by a car representing a child's sick room with doctor, patient, visitors and every accessory complete. A handsome car was supplied by the Salisbury Cycling and Athletic Club, which was effectively decorated, and carried examples of the latest types of machine. The City Club contributed two cars, one decorated and arranged to represent the boat- ing and the other the cricketing sections of their club. Members of the Salisbury Football Club had taken up positions in a wagon to represent a six-a-side tournament. A very effective car was furnished by the Salisbury Build- ing Trades' Association, with picturesque groups of work- men busy at their respective trades. A section of Sahs- bury cychsts, headed by Mr. Henbest and Mr. T. B. Bridle, turned out on decorated machines, Mr. and Mrs. Blanchett, of Wilton, riding a tandem bicycle, fitted so as to repre- sent a yacht. Mr. Keevil, of St. Mark's Eoad, had organized a very amusing group, representing milkmen in old fashioned smock frocks and carrying milk pails. Mr. Hale, Milford, was also present with a milk cart. The decorated carriages, which were a feature in- troduced at the suggestion of the Mayoress (Mrs. Whitehead), w^ere very handsome and effective and OLD AND NEW SARUM. 301 attracted a good deal of attention. Among those con- tributing to the display were the Mayoress (Mrs. "Whitehead), Mrs. Wordsworth (wife of the Bishop of Salisbury), Mrs. Maiden, Mrs. Kichard Dear, Miss Townsend, Miss Pinckney, Mrs. Harcourt Coates, Mrs. C. Woodrow, Miss Lovibond, Mrs. Corbin, Miss Witcomb Mrs. Marlow, Misses Squarey, Mr. Parsons, Mr. Gale and Mr. Sparey. After perambulating the City the processionists re- turned to the Market Place, where a public dinner was held in the open air. It is calculated that nearly 4,500 sat down, and for these there had been provided nearly 4,000 pounds of beef and over 1,500 pounds of pudding. Included in the supply of beef was 300 pounds from the Jubilee Ox, (which had been roasted whole in the Market Place the previous day, in the presence of large crowds of people, numbers of whom paid a small fee for basting the carcase.) A tea for women was held at five o'clock, for which over 4,000 tickets had been given away, and in the afternoon and evening very large numbers of people witnessed the sports in the Victoria Park. From thence, at dusk, a torchlight procession was formed, many of those composing it being in grotesque costumes, and marched to the Green Croft, via Castle Street, Minster Street, Silver Street, High Street, The Canal, Queen Street and Winchester Street. Here a grand display of fireworks was held, under the direction of Mr. E. W. Gawthorne, Captain of the Salisbury Volunteer Fire Brigade. The latter kept the ground here as at the bonfire. At five o'clock on the following afternoon (Thursday, the '24th), a grand procession of children* proceeded from the Blue Boar liow, headed by the Mayor and Mayoress, •U|X)n Mr. A. Wheeler, assisted ly Mr. N. J. Wills, fell the "lion's «hare" «if tin- work in coiiiii'ction witli the Children's Festival. 302 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF Mrs. Wordsworth, Mrs. Maiden, and Mr. H. E. Allhusen, M.P., and walked via Castle Street to the Victoria, Park. There were about 5,000 children, all in costumes, carrying banners, &c., and in addition there was a floral parade of decorated cars, donkeys, mail carts and groups, arranged by the Mayoress, and for which prizes were given. We have no space to deal with this portion of the week's cele- brations in detail, and must content ourselves by recording the fact that it was one of the prettiest and most success- ful functions ever held in the city, and evoked expressions of general admiration. The non-ofhcial programmes of rejoicing included an illuminated procession of boats organized by the Boating Club in connection with the City Club, at West Harnham, on Monday, the 21st, and a public "garden party" on the evening of the '25th, when the Bishop and Mrs. Wordsworth threw open the Palace Grounds at the nominal charge of one penny, the proceeds being devoted to Sahsbury Infirmary. The Volunteer Band was in attendance. The public were loud in their praise of the manner in which Mr. and Mrs. Whitehead carried out their duties on this momentous occasion, and at a meeting of the Town Council held on the 1st July, his worship was accorded a vote of thanks for his very large share in promoting the great success of Salisbury's commemoration of the Diamond Jubilee. .^ c^^^@5s^p^ PART IV- LOCAL MISCELLANEA. CHAPTER XXXV. A Chapter on Salisbury's Municipal Government — The Power of the Bishops over the City— Relations of City and Close — ^The Corporation Sup^xcts Church and State— Civic Rulers Past and Present. ]\TANY readers will find it interesting to contrast the municipal government of the city at present with what it was at the time of the passing of the Reform Bill. The authority at present is vested in a mayor, six aldermen, and eighteen councillors (six of the latter for each of the three wards of St Thomas, St. Martin, and St. Edmund. The borough officials include a town clerk, borough treasurer, borough surveyor and deputy-surveyor, clerk of the peace, a coroner and deputy-coroner, a medical officer of health and police surgeon, a public analyst, a chief constable (who is also inspector of weights and measures, inspector under the Foods and Drugs Act, inspector of hackney carriages, inspector under the Explosive's Act, etc.), a public librarian, an inspector of water waste, a sanitary inspector, an inspector under the CD. (Animals') Act, a rate collector, a town crier, and three sergeants-at-mace. The market tolls are leased. The judicial business of the city is conducted by a recorder, the mayor and ex-mayor, and several magistrates. The chief officials are a magis- trate's clerk for Petty Sessions work, and a clerk of the peace for Quarter Sessions. X 306 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF The Mayor at the present time (July, 1897) is Mr. Arthur Whitehead, and the Deputy Mayor (Mr. Arthur Eussell Maiden) , the rest of the Corporation being com- posed as follows: —Aldermen : Mr. J. Bead, Mr. H. Brown, Mr. AV. M. Hammick, Mr. J. W. Lovibond, Mr. G. Fullford, and Mr. F. Griffin (the last named recently appointed in the room of the late Mr. S. Parker). Councillors: Mr. C. Haskins, Mr. E. J. Brittan, Mr. E. F. Pye-Smith, Mr. H. Harris, and Mr. E. Alexander (due to retire in 1897, as is Mr. Whitehead), Mr. E. Waters, Mr. S. Fawcett, Mr. J. A. Folliott, Mr. E. Dear, and Mr. D. Stevens (due to retire in 1898, as is Mr. Maiden), Mr. H. G. Gregory, Mr. T. Scamell, Mr. E. W. Gawthorne, Mr. C. J. Woodrow, Mr. W. Marlow, and Mr. A. Watson (due to retire in 1899). The term of service is three years, but members are eligible for re- election ; and it is a noteworthy fact that so great is the confidence of the public in the way in which the members of the Corporation do their duty that municipal contests are very few, and there are seldom any changes except those for which death is responsible. The Eecorder is Mr. Charles WiUie Mathews, appointed in 1893 ; and the city is ably represented in Parliament by Mr. H. E. AUhusen. That gentleman succeeded Mr. E. H. Hulse, who retired in January, 1897, after faithfully serving the city for ten-and-a-half years, and who for his devotion to the interests of the inhabitants during that long x^eriod, is, within a few days of our going to press, to be presented with the Freedom of the City. Salisbury is repre- sented on the County Council, and the Board of Guardians by the gentlemen whose names appear iu an appendix. In connection with Quarter Sessions it is interesting to note that Salisbury enjoys a great immunity from the OLD AND NEW SARUM. 307 more serious forms of crime. So much is this the case that the presentation of white gloves to the Recorder is an almost invariable function at Quarter Sessions. This same immunity was also responsible for the step which the Town Council took about two years ago in deducting i'oO per annum from the Recorder's salary (formerly i'lOO). Real economy was, however, apparently not the object, as the amount was immediately added to the Mayor's salary, which now stands at i^'lOO per annum, instead of i'50 as hitherto. We may now compare the mode of government described above with that in vogue up to the passing of the Reform Bill, and it will surprise many to learn of the very extended power enjoyed by the Bishop and Close authorities even down to so late a date as that mentioned. Tbe powers of the Bishop of Salisbury gave him the same authority over the city and its inhabitants as the lord of a manor in his demssnes. He held half yearly a court leet to which every inhabitant was supposed to come, if required, and take the oath of allegiance. If present at the court held next after Michaelmas Day the bishop administered the oath of office to the Mayor. The bishop was also empowered to hold a court baron every fortnight, at which the freeholders, with a few exceptions, were bound to pay a just rent and take an oath of fealty. His lord- ship w^as entitled also to hold a court for all actions, " be the debt or damages ever so great," the proceedings being by jury according to the common law. Citizens or house- holders could not, however, be arrested or their goods attached till they were first sunnnonod to appear in person or by attorney. Tlie Bishop appointed a bailiff by patent, the office being held in 1H34 by the Earl of Pembroke. The deputy bailiff and the coroner were also appointed by his lord- ship. 308 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF In the reign of James I. the Close, by charter, was constituted a separate jurisdiction, and so remained up to the passing of the Eeform Bill. The magistrates of the Close were the bishop, dean, precentor, chancellor of the church, treasurer and canons residentiary. They were empowered to hold sessions for the Liberty of the Close, either in the Guild Hall (Council Chamber), or within the precincts of the Close itself with the Bishop's license, and they enjoyed the same privileges in every respect as the justices of the peace of Salisbury or the county of Wilts. By the same charter all persons were prohibited from serving any handicraft or trade, within the Liberty of the Close, except one carpenter and one glazier, whose services might be required for the repair of the fabric. The municipal rights and privileges of the Corpora- tion were founded on the charter of James I., as modi- fied by those of Charles II. and Queen Anne. The Cor- poration (Mayor and Commonalty of the City of New Sarum) consisted of a mayor, a recorder, a deputy recorder, twenty-four aldermeu, and thirty assistants (or common councillors). The mayor for the time being, the ex-mayor, the recorder, deputy recorder, and ten senior alderman who had served the office of mayor, were the magistrates for the city. The first Thursday after St. Matthew's Day (Septem- ber 21st), and the third Wednesday after Easter Monday were called " charter days," and at the first named, annually, took place the election of mayor. Vacancies among either the aldermen or councillors were also filled on charter days. The recorder was elected within fifteen days of the death or removal of his predecessor, and the deputy recorder " at any fit time." Proper and regular forms were gone through in regard to the election of mayor, the modus operandi being the OLD AND NEW SARUM. 30!) following : — Shortly before the autumn charter day a meeting of the mayor and aldermen was held, and two persons selected as competent to fill the post. The names were submitted to the Common Council on Charter Day, a vote taken, and the person selected was from that day till the AVednesday after the Feast of St. Martin (November 11th), termed the mayor-elect. On the 11th November he took the usual oaths, and entered upon his mayoral duties. The mayor, aldermen and councillors elected the Eecorder, subject to the approval of the Crown, the choice of the deputy recorder laying with the mayor and alder- men only. For the election of aldermen a meeting of the mayor and aldermen was held on the day before Charter Day, when two common councillors were nominated, and one of them afterwards elected by the vote of members of their own body. Assistants were chosen by the Common Council on either of the Charter Days. The mayor-elect was sworn in in the presence of the Bishop, or if there was a vacancy in the See, in the presence of the Dean, or else before the retiring mayor, the mayor of the previous year, the recorder and aldermen (or any four of that body). The recorder was sworn before the mayor and aldermen,, and the deputy recorder before the mayor only. Alder- men and councillors took their oaths before the mayor, recorder or deputy recorder. Twenty-five members in- cluding the mayor, recorder or deputy recorder, were requisite to form a quorum, and except on the two charter days the mayor had not the power to convene a council meeting without the previous consent of the magistrates of the city. Under the charter of James I. the magis- trates in the General Sessions were vested with the power of dealing with all cases of crime below treason. The recorder or his deputy presided at the Sessions. During the present century, at any rate, the most cordial relationsliip seems to liave existed between the civic 310 THE POPULAR HISTOBY OF authority and the bishop, dean and chapter. This happy state of affairs is often referred to at the present day by post-prandial orators, and in connection with it a charac- teristic letter sent by the mayor and corporation at their meeting in Aug., 1839, to the bishop on the occasion of his marriage, may be worth quoting. It is as follows : — To the Right Reverend Father in Ooil, Edimrd. hy Divine Permission Lord Bishop of Sarum. May it please your lord.ship— We, the Mayor, Aldermen and Burge.sses of the City of New Sarum in council assembled do hereby, with feel ngs of profound respect and esteem, tender to your lordship our heartfelt congratulations on the auspicious event of your lordship's marriage, aconmpanied by the expression of our most sincere wishes and our ardent hope that by God's blessing an union based upon the present affection and cemented by the tenderest sympthiea may be crowned by many years of that happiness which piety and virtue can alone secue. We gladly avail ourselves of .so fitting an occasion t") manifest our grateful sense of the eminent services rendered to this diocese by ^our lordship's exemplary d scharge of your sacred functions, by the unremitting fidelity and zeal with which your lordsh p lias watched over and promoted the best interests of the Christian Religion and the Established Church as well as the spiritual and temporal interests of the "fold committ d to your charge," and by the devoted earnestness wherewith you have upon all occasions laboured as became a faithful servant of the ''Lord and Shepherd of All" in stimulating and encouraging the inculation not only throughout your diocese but throu^-hout the empire of that first and greatest of all national blessings, the leligious instuction of Oie people in the principles of the Protestant faith and under the superintendence of Protestant Ministers of the Gospel. At the following meeting of the Council the reply of the Bishop was read as follows : — Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen,— I return you my best thanks for the address of congratulation which you have done me the honour to present to me. I recognize in it equally the expression of kind feeling to myself personally, and that of respect for the office which I have been called to fill in the Church of Clirist, and I beg to a.ssure you that 1 meet botli these sentiments with a corresponding return. It is highly gratifyingto me to feel that though the necessary and formal con- nections which used to subsist between the Bishop of Salisbury and the Corpora- tion of the city, has been terminated by the C'hanges which have taken place in your municipal constitution, you do not the less recogni.se that higher bond of union which naturally connects those who as " powers ordained of God " have different but not unconnected spheres of t'utj' assigned to them by His ordinance. The wisdom of our ancestors in blending throughout our institutions sacred with civil things, marked their sense that piety towards God is the only sure foundation of social order, and that it is the duty of a Christian Govern- ment to uphold in its outward ordinances that religion from which it receives in return its best and firmest support. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 311 I am sensible, therefore, that in endeavourinsf, by the Divine assistance, to discharge to the best of my powers my duties, I a-n co-operating with you in the fulfilment of yours ; and I also rejoice in the assurance that in every effort to promote in this city the Church of Ciirist established among us, I may rely with confidence on your zealous co-operation and steady support. I have the honour to be, Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, With much respect and regard, Your very faithful friend and servant, E. Sarum. As shewing that up to as comparatively late a date as the year of our gracious Queen's accession the Salisbury Corporation mixed politics and religion with their public business in a way that would not now be countenanced, it may be mentioned that on the 22nd May, 1837, they pre- sented a petition to Parliament against the measure for the abolition of Church rates. " Your petitioners," they urged, " are fully persuaded that the proposed measure directly leads to the destruction of the alliance between the Church and State which, under Divine Providence, has been the means of exalting the national character of the country to a position signally pre-eminent among the nations of the world." In contrast to the above, it may be added that at the present time it is impossible to urge against the Corporation charges of political or sectarian bias in connection with the discharge of their public duties ; while the result of a strict and unwavering attention to the interests of the ratepayers generally, and the proper carrying out of sanitary requirements, is that at the present time Salisbury can claim to be one of the lowest rated and most healthy boroughs in the kingdom. The rigidity with which the Corporation enforced their regulations in the present century is shewn in connection with the office of mayor, for the non-acceptance of which there were frequent fines. In 1803, no less than four were fined t'lOO — Thomas Tatum, Alexander Minty, Blackmore and George Short — Joseph Everett being eventually elected; in 1807, Targett was fined for 312 THE POrULAR HISTOKY OF refusal to fill the office; in 1811, Fisher; in 1814, Dowding and John Hussey; and in 1816, Thomas Lake. On Charter Day (September 21st), 1819, there was no mayor, and consequently there could be no election of officers of the Corporation. Under these circumstances a writ of mandamus was applied for and granted, and on the 1st of October William Boucher was elected. He refused to serve, however, and paid the fine; and on November 17th, Joseph Tanner was elected. C. W. Everett, Henry Shorto, and John Woolfrye each paid the fine in 1820, as did Dr. John Grove the following year ; Walter Goddard in 1825 ; Henry Everett and J. D. p'. Loderinl826; George Brown, Jun., in 1828; whilst in 1829 no less than five persons chose to forleit the ±100 rather than undertake the responsibilities of the office, viz., William Blackmore, Aldermen Atkinson and Loder, George Brown, Stn., and Dr. Fowler; on this occasion George Sutton was elected. In 1830, George Sampson, Alderman Minty, W. B. Blackmore, Mathew Targett' and Thomas Brown, each refused the honours of the mayoralty, and were mulct in the usual sum. The Court of King's Bench on being acquainted with the dilemma sent down a writ of mandamus, and Mr. John Pinckney, who had served in 1810, volun- teered to accept the post. In 1831 it was found that all the old members of the Council had either filled the office or paid the fine, and so were exempt. Under these circumstances William Fawcett was elected as a councillor, and on taking his seat was appointed as mayor. Since the passing of the Municipal Keform Act the fine has only been exacted in one instance, viz., that of Mr. George Kichardson in 1871, \Vhen that gentleman was mulct in the penalty of ilOO for refusing to act as mayor, a decision which created some dissatisfaction both OLD AXD NEW SARUM. 313 inside and outside the Council, as Mr. Richardson repeatedly expressed his inability to serve that year, though he intimated that he would be willing to accept the post at a later date. 314 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTER XXXVI. Defensive Forces— History of the Volunteer Movement in Salisbury — A Sketch of the History of the Wiltshire Yeomanry Cavalry — Salis- bury Yeomanry as Preservers of the Public Peace — The Machinery Riot — Despe-ate Fight on Bishop Down. The history of the Volunteer movement practically dates from 1799. In that year volunteer companies were generally formed, liberally backed up by public subscrip- tions, in view of French aggression. In the city of Salisbury two companies were raised,- being liable for service in any part of Great Britain, and, contrary to the present conditions of service, also liable, like the Yeomanry, to assist the civil power in the event of public disorder. These companies were known as the Sarum Armed Associations. On the 7th October their colours, which were given by Mr. William Hussey, were presented by Miss Hussey, this interesting ceremony being followed by a dinner in the Council Chamber. The Peace of Amiens (October 1st, 1801), did not last long, and war broke out again in all its rancorous vigour in the year 1803. It was on this occasion that Bonaparte affronted England by pubhcly insulting the British Am- bassador, Lord Whitworth, and the Mayor and Corpora- tion of Salisbury were among the public bodies that addressed to the King expressions of indignation. The martial spirit was at the same time aroused and Sahsbury decided to raise a battalion of volunteers 600 strong. Government accepted the loyal offer in part ; a corps of 430 was raised and no less a sum than i*2,000 collected towards the cost of the equipment. Mr. AVilliam OLD AND NEW SARUM. 315 Boucher had distinguished himself as an officer connected with the Sahsbury Armed Association, and to him the command of the Volunteers was assigned. The Corpora- tion offered to piovide arms, but this the Government, with a ready generosity which was not shewn to the auxiliary forces in some later days, decided to do themselves. On the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte in 1815, and the establishment of peace, the volunteers were disbanded. In 1831 another body of "citizen soldiers" was formed — consisting of four companies, under the command of two field officers, a colonel and a major — and when the Corpo- ration decided to establish a watch and ward, in conse- quence of the frequency of night robberies, the newly formed corps cheerfully undertook to do that duty, so that in the volunteers of these earlier days we have, as it were, the first police of Salisbury. The officers gazetted were the following : — Lieut. -Colonel, W. B. Brodie ; Major, C. W.Everett; Captains, C. G. Brodie, George Short, George Pain, and C. Finch ; Lieutenants, James Bennett, A. H. Minty, J. Sparshatt, and J. B. H. Tanner ; Ensigns, T. 0. Stevens, W. Blackmore, H. Cooper, and T. N. Chubb; Surgeon, George Sampson. In the year 1859 there was reason to fear further troubles from France, the serious differences between the two countries being chiefly occasioned this time by the refusal of the British Government to extradite the political fugitive Orsini, who was charged with being a leader of the conspirators who had attempted to assassinate the Emperor of the French. The menaces which came from across Channel were met by another and more effectual volunteer movement, which was attended with such success that it has meant the adding to our forces of a permanent reserve. Of the towns and cities to first l^estir themselves in this dircctir)n one was Salisbury. On \V(vhiesday, May 316 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF 18th, 1859, a meeting of citizens was held at the White Hart Hotel, to take into consideration the expediency of forming a Volunteer Eifle Corps, and to adopt the best means to accomplish that ol)]ect. Mr. J. H. Jacob, of the Close, presided over a very large attendance. A lengthy discussion on the objects of the meeting ensued, and it was eventually resolved, on the motion of Mr. T. W. Gilbert, seconded by Mr. J. Pinckney : — " That in the opinion of this meeting it is desirable that a Rifle Corps be estabhshed in this city, to be called the Salisbury Rifle Corps, and to be under the regulations received from the War OfBce." A committee to carry out the work of form- ing the corps, enrolling members, receiving subscriptions, making regulations, Arc , was afterwards appointed, on the motion of Mr. A. Denis Hussey, seconded by Mr. James Brown, the committee to consist of Messrs. J. H. Jacob, A. D. Hussey, T. W. Gilbert, J. Pinckney, James Brown, E. W. Brodie, E. Fisher, John Read,W. Pain, E. Sidford, Y\^. Fawcett, jr., R. Cobb, and N. Davis, with power to add to their number. Mr. George Smith, solicitor, was appointed honorary secretary to the committee. At a subsequent meeting of the committee it was resolved to open subscription lists at the local banks for the purchase of arms and accoutrements, the Government having not only required members to find their own clothing, but compelled the corps to be at the charge of providing arms, etc. It was calculated that the expense of becoming a member of the corps would be about the following: Rifle (Lancaster), i'4 6s; suit of uniform, JB2 15s; chaco and ornament, 7s 6d ; belt and pouch, £1 2s 6d; total, £S lis. This meeting appointed Mr. John Pinckney as Treasurer, and then adjourned. Mr. Hussey and Captain Robinson were enabled to report at the meeting of the committee on June 10th, that sub- scriptions to the extent of .i'151 5s 6d had been obtained. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 317 and at the meeting on the 17th, the following motion, by Mr. T. W. Gilbert, seconded by Mr. James Brown, was adopted : — " That the Lord Lieutenant of the County having intimated that he would recommend Her Majesty's Government to accept the services of an independent rifle corps for the city of Salisbury, and it appearing that 58 persons have consented to enrol themselves members of such corps, providing uniform at their own expense, and that sufticient funds have been raised for providing the necessary arms and accoutrements, the committee are requested to make application to the Lord Lieutenant to advise Her Majesty's Government to embody the corps under the provisions of 44 George 3rd c. 54." It was also decided to ask the Lord Lieutenant to issue commissions to the following gentlemen : — Commanding Officer — Mr. John Henry Jacob. / Mr. Beverley Eobinson (late ^nbaltPvns Captain Wilts Militia). feuDaiteins < ^^^ Ambrose Denis Hussey. V Mr. John Pinckney. Surgeon Mr. John Magor Cardell. When the committee assembled on the l(3th August, the Secretary informed them that a letter had been received from the Lord Lieutenant, bringing information from the War Office that the Queen had been pleased to approve and accept the services of the proposed corps. The establishment of the company was to consist of one Captain, one Lieutenant, one Ensign, and one hundred men of all ranks. The letter, which was signed Charles H. Radcliffe, added that the County of Wilts held the ninth place in the Volunteer force of Great Britain, and tluit the Salisbury corps was the first company in the County of Wilts. It continued :— " I have no doubt Mr. Foot (Clerk to the Lord Lieutenancy) will shortly receive instructions to prepare the necessary commissions." But there appears to have been, in these early days, a great H18 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF deal of laxity and indifference on the part of the Govern- ment in regard to volunteers, and the remarkable fact was recorded at a later meeting of the committee that although it was understood that the appointment of officers recom- mended had been approved, none of them were gazetted. But despite discouragement from the legislature and sneers and snubs from the military authorities, the move- ment in Salisbury seemed steadily to gain popularity, and at a general meeting of the members of the Corps, held at the Council Chamber, on August 17th, 1859, the com- mittee were able to report a membership of 67, and sub- scriptions to the amount of M'dll. They also announced that they had been in constant communication with the Lord Lieutenant on the subject of a ground for rifle prac- tice, and had obtained a most favourable site, about a mile from Salisbury at AVest Harnham, which site had been approved by the Government officer sent down to inspect it. Very shortly afterwards, however, the butts were erected at Laverstock Down.--' When the corps had been duly formed, the next thing necessary was to frame rules for its management, and accordingly at a committee meeting held on the '29th October, it was reported that a communication had been received from the Secretary for War (the Hon. Sidney Herbert), through the Lord Lieutenant, pointing out that Her Majesty " did not disallow " (!) the rules drawn up for the control of the corps. Among the *The approval of the Secretary of War to this range was reported to the committee on the 19th November. A resolution of thanks was tendered to Mr. Thomas Pain, "for his great liberality in kindly allowing the corps the use of Laverstock Down for a target practice ground, and further Mr. Pain be and hereby is elected an honorary meuiber of the corps." Votes of thanks to the owners and tenants of the farm on which the range is situated were subsequently recorded at every annual meeting. Thanks were also ten- dered at the Nove liber meeting referred to to Mr. Jo'm Waters (surveyor), " for his kindness in preparing the plans and survey of the target practice ground at Laverstock." Sergeant-Major Brown afterwards jiresented a flag staff, on which to hoist the red danger flag, and was duly thanked by the corps. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 319 rules it was provided that the corps should consist of two classes (1) — enrolled members consisting of effectives, non- effectives and supernumaries ; and of (2) honorary mem- bers, the latter contributing to the funds of the corps, but not enrolled for service. A general meeting of the enrolled members was to have the power of requiring a subscription from every member of not less than £1 Is. Candidates for admission to the corps were to be proposed by two enrolled members of the corps, and be elected by a majority of the committee. The senior officer in com- mand was to have power, subject to the approval of the commanding officer, to inflict fines for minor offences as follows : — F(yr talking: or other misbehaviour in the ranks 6d. Loading contrarj' to orders, o ■ shooting out of turn 2s. 6d. For discharging the I ifle accidentally 5s. Od. For pointing the same loaded or unloaded ac any person without orders 10s. Od. The last rule, to sa}'' the least, was a novel one, but if a similar penalty could at the present time be inflicted on civilians who are fond of carelessly handling guns and revolvers, and "playfully " pointing them at people, with fatal results often, it would be a good thing. On the 3rd December a report was read from the committee appointed to consider the question of organi- zing a band, stating that they had received subscriptions or promises for the object amounting to £205, and that Mr. Aylward had promised to undertake the details con- nected with the formation of the band. " It was deemed most desirable (the committee continued) to provide first- class instruments, and the committee have great satisfac- tion in reporting that Mr. Aylward having most liberally offered to supply the 17 necessary instruments of the very first make for the sum of 1'154 14s., they have instructed him to furnish them. It is understood by the bandsmen that they have to render themselves effective members of 320 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF the corps, and that both their clothes and instruments will be the property of the corps. The committee beg to congratulate the corps on the prospect of a most efficient band, the bandsmen selected, with one or two exceptions, being already skilful musicians, and your committee hope that efforts will hereafter be made to raise the number of bandsmen to 21." It was resolved that the band uniform be of grey cloth, with red braid facings, " similar in every respect to that now worn by the bugler." At the follow- ing committee meeting it was decided to accept the tender of Mr. Perris to make the band uniform, "including caps, but not buttons or badges," at £3 5s, per suit. The band were to be permitted to wear gloves on parade, " provided they are of a black colour."* At a very early date it became necessary to look round and see what could be done to popularise the corps, many desirable young men evidently abstaining from becoming members owing to the initial expense. The provision of clothing seemed to be a serious item, and at a meeting held on October 20, 1860, it was resolved unanimously, on the motion of Mr. Pain, seconded by Mr. Cardell, that "the available balance to the credit of this committee, be applied in providing clothing for members of the corps already or hereafter to be enrolled, and wishmg to take advantage of such accommodation ; that all volunteers hereafter becoming enrolled, and avaihng themselves of the resolu- tion be proposed and seconded in the usual way, and that the proposer, seconder, and volunteer do severally under- take to repay the cost of the uniform by monthly instal- ments of 5s., a deposit of 5s. on account being paid on delivery of the order for the uniform by the Hon. Secretary." In the minutes there are several other entries of a similar character, but the above will suffice as an example. It may be interesting to note in this •Committee minute, 4th February, 1860. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 821 connection that at the present time vohinteers are pro- vided with one new and one part worn suit on joining, and another new suit the following year. But it must not be forgotten that at length the Government has come to the conclusion that the volunteers are a body of men worth encouraging, and that accordingly something in the shape of financial help — though still inadequate — is now given. The 1st Administrative Battalion of Wiltshire Rifle Volunteers was (as briefly stated above) formed in 1861, the eight corps being thus placed : — 1st Corps, Headquarters Salisbury 2nd „ Trowbridge 6th „ Maiden Bradley 8th „ Mere 9th „ Bradford-on-Avon 10th „ Warminster 13th „ Westbury 11th „ Wilton The 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 11th and l'2th corps represent the 2nd Administrative Battalion (North Wilts). Lieut. -General Buckley, M.P. for Salisbury (and father of our esteemed neighbour, Mr. A. Buckley), an officer of the Guards, and a Subaltern at Waterloo, was appointed Lieut. -Colonel ; Captain J. H. Jacob, of the 1st Corps, Major ; and Captain E. D. Gibney, of the Indian Army, as Adjutant ; Mr. Charles Bleeck was the Battalion Surgeon ; Mr. William Fawcett, Quarter- Master ; and the Marquis of Bath, Honorary Colonel. The complete list of oflicers of the Salisbury Corps (which now consisted of two companies) was thus given : — Beverley Robinson, Captain. E. D. Fisher, Lieutenant. George Smith, Lieutenant. 322 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF "Wyndham Pain, Lieutenant. James Brown, Ensign. C. Brown, Ensign. John M. Cardell, Assistant Surgeon. Kev. Eobert G. Swayne, Chaplain. On the lamented death of Major Jacob, on the 24th August, 1862, the vacancy in the battalion was filled by Captain T. Clark, of Trowbridge ; and in April, 1866, Captain J. F. Everett, of the Borderers, assumed the command of the regiment, as Lieut. -Colonel in the room of General Buckley, deceased. Under Lieut. -Colonel Everett the condition of the corps rapidly improved, and at present he takes a deep interest in its welfare. On the 25th July of the same year a review was held on the race-course, Lansdowne, Bath, and we find the names of the staff of the Administrative Battalion on this occasion to be the following : — Lieutenant-Colonel Everett, com- manding ; Captain Max, Major of Brigade. The Salis- bury Corps was thus composed : — Captains Pinckney and Smith ; Lieutenants J. Brown and Pain ; Ensigns Wilton and Kelsey ; 7 sergeants ; rank and file 51 ; total 90. The selection of Mr. W. Pinckney as Captain was quite a popular choice in the corps. He took great interest in it and in volunteering generally, and the following extract from his letter of thanks shews how inadequate he even then believed to be the assistance which these citizen soldiers received from Government : "I sincerely hope that a new era has commenced for the volunteers, and that the increased efficiency demanded of the officers and non-com- missioned officers w^ll tend towards making the force a reality. It is composed of first-rate material and might be made into anything if it had the support of Govern- ment." In 1874 we find Mr. George Smith as Captain Commandant in the place of Mr. Pinckney ; Mr. F. Hodding raised in rank from Ensign to Lieutenant ; and Mr. F. Fawson Lee, M.B., as assistant surgeon. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 323 Captain Smith's tenn of office came to a close in the latter part of 1874, under somewhat unfortunate circum- stances. He had been a most- valuable officer, and was a great advocate of proper discipline, on which point he seems to have fallen foal of the band attached to the corps. We note from the minutes to which we have already re- ferred that in March, 1871, a falling off was noticed in the numbers of the band owing to a disagreement between the Bandmaster and the men, and this difficulty was sur- mounted by a change of bandmasters. In December of the same year the General Committee of the Corps gave the Band Committee power to manage their own affairs subject to their submitting their accounts periodically to the General Committee, and with the strict understanding that in no year shoild that expsaditure be allowed to ex- ce3d the amount of income they received in the shape of subscriptions and donations. In Mr. Kimber, who suc- ceeded the Bandmaster whose term of office was cut short under the circumstances mentioned above, an officer was evidently found who was popular with those under him. But the feeling which existed between the bandsmen and the officer commanding at this period, seenxs to have been of a by no means amicable character. Indeed, Capt. Smith in 1874 felt called upon to disband the body of musicians for acts of insubordination, including a refusal to march into camp on a certain date in that year. Plis resignation was received with regret, and he declined to listen to the appeal of the General Connnittee that he should reconsider his decision. iSIr. Smith was followed in the command of the corps by Lieut. Kelsey, who, in turn was succeeded by Capt. Hodding, who still holds that position. The latter' s accession to the post was received with general acclamation and dming the whole time he has been in the corps he has done much to improve its discipline, and to increase its popnliirity, so much so that more tlian once recruiting lias hadt(j bo discontinued. Capt. Jlodding's inti- 324 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF mation of retirement at no very distant date has been re- ceived with expressions of genuine regret. It is not flattery to say that his place will be a difficult one to fill. Apart from his ability as captain in command, he has always taken the deepest interest in the " social side " of volunteering, and glancing through the minute books we find his name prominent among the arrangers of public recreations, of balls and bazaars held to augment the funds of the corps, and in other ways he has made himself a useful and most agreeable officer, for whom the men have always had a real affection. In the summer of 189(3 Capt. Hodding intimated his intention of retiring at no distant date after over 30 years' service in the corps, but was desirous, before doing so, of once more meeting comrades in arms, of whom many, by lapse of time, and in consequence of business calls, and through other causes and contingencies, had become scattered over all parts of the country. He therefore organized a parade of veterans, and evidence of the Captain's popularity was found in the readiness with which the old members answered to his invitation to take part in a church parade on Sunday, June 28th. The scene in the Cathedral was one such as spectators will long remember, and as the day might be far distant ere a spectacle of the kind is again witnessed in this city, we append herewith a list of all who answered to the roll on this occasion, both past and present members : — PAST MEMBERS. Oi-'KICKRS.-Col. J. F. Everett, 1st Wilts R.V., Major W. Pinkney, 1st Wilts R. v., Hon. Co'. E. F. Kelsey, 1st Wilts R.V. (from Bideford), Hon. Major Wheaton, SB., 1th V.B East Surrey Regiment, formerly a Sergeant in the Salisbury Companies, Capt. G. Harris, 1st Wilts R.V., Capt. R. Kelsey, 2nd Sussex Vol. Artillery, Eastbourne, formerly a Corj)oral in the Salisbury Companies, Lieuts. G. H. Gordon, J. KeUand, R. A. Wilson, A. Whit head. NoN-CoMMrssioNEi) Officers.— Sergeants G. Bartlett, F. Blake, Band- Sergeant W. Collins, Sergeants N. Davis, G. Edgar senr. (from Swanage*, OLD AND NEW SARUM. 825 Sergeant Edgar jmi'". (now Sergeant in Dorset Artillery V( Is., from Swanage), Band -Sergeants R. C. Harding, F. Highman, Sergeants T. A. Judd, E. W. Judd, F. Masters, W. G. Newbery, G. Parton, Band-Sergeant \V. Saunders, Sergeants T. Verrinder (from London), E. J. West, VV. Young. Privates. — R. Aubrey, E C. Alexander, E. J. Abrahams (from London), R. J. Adlam (from Guildford), A. Brown, C. G. Baker (from Andover), E. Barnes, A. G. Bedford, E. Bath (from Bournemouth), T. Bugden (from Stock- bridge), C. B. Bartlett (from London), M. Beaven, P. B. Brown, H. Brooks, E. J. Brittan, S. J. Britton, W. Butt, A. B .th, W. Bunsell, F. Butt, F. Bailey, A. C. Bothams, A. C" Barnwell, W. H. Brown, A. U. Best, W. E. Blanehetb (from Wilton), C. A, Bentlif, S. Brown, A. Brown, H Clark, W. Carter, J. E, Calkin (from Salcombe), H. Cook (from Tytherley), F. Chalke, W. J. Curtis, J. Carter, G. Clark, W. Cripps, J. Clyde, G. Carter, S. Coombs, W. Curtis, S. Chalke, E. Chew, W. H. Coward, E. G. Collins, G- Conduit, S. A. Curtis, Edwin Crockett, K. Collins, D. T. Dyke, W. B. Dyke (from Maidstone) H. G. Davis (f'om Romsey), J. A. Dixon, G. Dolman (from Bournemouth^ Richard Dear, S. Deal', G. Dear, J. Daniells, S. Dennis, G. H. Davis, J. F. Eynon, Henry Elliott, A. Earle, Herbert Elliott (from Bournemouth\ E. Elliott, H. J. Fulker, E. Franklin, A. H. Franklin, A. E. Fryer, H. J. Foley, L. T. Fulker, L. G. Fulker, W. Franklin, J. Foot, S. Fawcett, J. A. Folliott, C. T. Farr, C. R. Farrant, W. E. Fryer, F. Goddard, F. Griffin, E. Gale, J. Hopkins, W. B. Haskell, F. W. Hill, H. S. Hill, S. A. Border, W. W. Hart, S. Hibberd, J. J. Hiscock, H. J. Horder, W. J. F. Hill, W. Hayter (Winterbourne), W. B. Harman, G. Han is, E. Hodgson, Ireland, S. J. Jennings, J. M. Jenkins, G. Jeffery, A. H. Jones (from London), J. King, W. G. Knight, F. C. Keene (from Bournemouth), R. J. Latty, C. Ling, F. M. Luxton, E. \V. Lear, C. J. Langford, J. Lush (from Bristol), 8. Lawrence, H. W. Lirkam, Frank Lodge, A. L. Morris, W. B. MuUins, G. Marlow, E. J. Mist, G. Maton, J. Miller, W, Marlow, JI. Marlow, Tom Miles, G. Nicholson (from Weymouth), J. H. Naish, F. Newton, E. Newton, S. R. Naish, T. Norris, W. M. Neale, A. Newton (from Wimborne), W. Noble, J. Parsons, C. Parsons, S. Parker, F. Pern, F. Pike, W. H. Pearce, J. D. Powell, J. E. Poynton, F. R. Pepperell, C. Parsons, W. Pickett, H. Pocock, J. Podger, F. Payne, J. Parfitt, J. F. Passmore, J. H, Plank, W. Pearce, A. Quinton, E. Roe, W. Robbins, H. Rowland, W. Rowland, F. J. Robinson (from London), T. Rawlings, S. Eumbold (from Bulford), J. Robbins, N. Rumboll(from Andove-), J. N. Sutton (from London), D.Stevens, W. Sheppard, A. J. Saunders (from Winterbourne), G. Sheppard, W. G. Snook (from Lymington), G. Strong, F. Syms, A. Sheppard, A. Sawkins, H. A. Small, E. F. Smith, W. Sewell junr., C. Scammell, Josiah Saunders, A. Tucker, P. Tryhorn, B. Tabor, E. H. Turner (from Reading), R. Voce, W. Verge, J. Vincent, W. J. Valters, R. T. Wooff (from London), G. West (from London), C. W. White, S. Witcombe (f-om Bournemouth), J. Whapshare, A. H. Warjn, T. Wingrove A. Watson (from Reading), G. Woodgate, H.B. Wells, H. J. West, C. J. Witcombe, C. A. Wright, W. C. Westmoreland, C. J. AVliapshare, S. West (Aust-alia), A. F. Wingrove, J. C. Watts, W. F. Wort, T. Wade, A. W. Whitlock, W. F. Young, J. B. Young, E. F. Young. The members belonging to the corps at the time of the parade fell in 326 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF according to orders at 2.80, nearly the whole being present, and here it may be interesting to give their names. MEMBERS IN JUNE, 1896. "A" Company— Officers.— Captain C. MacGill, Lieut. W. H. Jackson. NoN-CoMMissioNED OFFICERS.— Sergeant-Major E. Glass, Bandmaster C. Fanner, Col. -Sergeant F. Simmonds, Drum-Major \V. M. Bungay, Sergeants A. F. Horder, H. W. Young, A. R. Dixon, R. Canaway, F. H. B adbeer, R. Bracher, F. Carter, Corporals \V. Bingham, F. Newton, C. N. Carter, H. Folliott, Lance-Corporal J. Bryant, Bugler J. Hathrill. Privates,— H. Abel, F. Ashford, A. G. Berry, J. G. Biles C. Brider, A. E. Burfitt, E. S. Case, A. E. Chalk, J. Chapman, W. A. Chapman, W. Chinnety. H. Cool, G. T. Collins, \V. G. Collins, S. Coombs, B J. Cooper, E. H. Cooper, J. M. Cooper, A. H. Cope, A. H. W. Corry, VV. Cripps, R. L. Deall, H. J. Dear, A. Dolman, H. F. Dolman, J. H. Dolman, C. J. Drape-, J. Dyer, AV. H. Fleming, A. J. Fletcher, C. Forder, J. F. Gale, F. Gauge, W. J. Gaulton C. Godwin, F. Goodridge, O. A. W. Gollop H. Hale, M. Hall, G. B. Hardy, F. S. C. Hill, W. Holton, S. Hu-nby, W. Humby, J. Jacobs, T. J. Jacobs, F. H. Jenkins, C. Josling. R. W. Kellow, A. VV. Kimber, H. W. King, R. C. Lake, A. Lever, E. Mabbett, H. G. Maddock, J. Moo e, F. Mussell, F. W. Newman, F. H. Newton, G. W. C. Newton. W. J. Orchard, W. H, Parfitt, F. J. Pearce, J. Pengelly, A. Pistell, A. W. Poolman, A. J. Raindle. R. Robey, H. G. Roper, W. E. Rowland, S. Safe, F. R. Saunders, S. Silk, A. T. Smith, J. J. Smith, H. J. Snook, E. Tarrin? D. J. Thorn, G. Tryhom. G. W. Viney, W. Waite, C. E. Ward. H. C. Whale, C. Whapshare, A. E. "Whitlock, I. Williams, A. Wilton, S. W. Wingrovv, B. J. Witt, E. H. Witt, C. J. Wood row, W. A. Woodroffe, W. S. Wooff. "B" Company— Officers.— Major Viscount Folkestone, Brigade-Surgeon Lieut. -Col. F. F. Lee, Captain F. Hodding, 2nd Lieut. Hon. S. Bouverie. NoN-CoMMissiONED OFFICERS. — Col -Sergeant J. M. Folliott, Sergeants F. W. Cox, H. Soper, ¥,. Hieks, A. E. White, M Harding Lante-Sergeants G. Vick, E. F. Norton, F. S itton, A. Scamell, Corporals W. E. M. George, J. Feltham, E. Godda'-d, Lance-Corporals H. Usher, C. J. Ling, A H. Jay, T. Edgar, S. Best, G. Lailey, Bugler Lance-Corporal C. Mill?. Privates.- E. A. Adev, W. Adlam, T. Baker. A. E. Bast, W. E. Bast, W. H. Bast, C. Beaver, J. Blake A. J. Burfitt, C. W. Bush.F. Butler, G. Camtield, T. Clissold, J. C. Coleman, S. Cooper, F. R. Coram, H. Coram, J. Daniels. G. S. Day, W. Day, S. Dear. C. J. Elliott, E. G. Elsworth, F. W. Eynon, E. J. Farr, W. T. Farr, H, A. C. Foot, A. Fry, G. G.ay, C. M. Hale, G. W. Harris, E. G. Harrison. C. E. Hibberd, J. E. Hill, H. F. .Jav, F. Jenkins, J. Judd, T. F. Kimber, C. King, E. King, T. R Lewi.s, W. H. Ling, C. W. Luxtrn, F. Marlow, C. E. Martin, J. Mi lard, T. F. C. Miles, E. Moore, W. Newman, G. T. Oram J. Partridge. T. J. Paine, P. J. Paine, C. H. Pike, H. C. Plow- man, W. Porton, F. C. Prince, G. F. Prince A. J. Pritchett, S. .J. Rambridge, A. E. Rawlings. G. W. Risley, C. H. Risley, C. H Roberts, A. T. Sansom, W. Sain,sbury, F. Skutt, F. W. Small, T. C. Smith, G. Street, T. G. Tavlor, E. M. Terry, C. J. Titt, W. P. Tizard. W. C. Viney, D. Wardlev, W. Wardley, C. W. Warren, A. J. Wells, F. J. V\ heeler, A. J.' White, W. S. Wi.se, W. E. Woolley, F. H. Wort, J. G Wort, H. G. Young. Total past members on parade ... ... 2154 Total present members on parade ... 199 G and total ... ... ... 433 OLD AND NEW SARUM. 327 Above we have spoken of the Salisbury Volunteer Band in the past, and it will be appropriate to add a word or two as to its present constitution. Mr. Kimber (alluded to above) died suddenly in the year 1877, and as a tribute of the esteem in which his comrades held him a memorial was sent to his widow (signed by Mr. J. T, Calkin, as Bandmaster) and the whole of the bands- men. It recorded the fact that Mr. Kimber had been associated with the band since its formation, and added : — " We admired his straightforward, manly ways, we re- spected him as our leader, we esteemed him as our friend, and it will be long before the recollection of his sterling qualities, his geniality of manner, and his kindness of heart fades from our memory." This touching memorial of a man's worth is signed by W. Sanders, W. Collins, G. Woodgate, H. Mould, AV. J. Jay, G. Sheppard, I. J. Williams, C. Belcher, A. J. Lenton, G. Marlow, T. Norris, F. Marlow, A. Barnwell, T. Barnes, C. Mills, W. Wingrove, W. Verge, S. Hibberd, W. Porton, G. Gilbert and T. Archer. Mr. Calkin, whose name heads the above address to Mrs. Kimber, was succeeded by Mr. C. Fanner in 1884. During Mr. Fanner's mastership the band has been raised to a high musical standard. Locally it is a corps of musicians of which the citizens are proud, Ijut in other parts, notably at the great camp at Aldershot, its excellence has been the subject of high praise. Its composition is as follows : — Eb clarinet, Sergt. Carter ; 1st Bb clarinets. Privates Orchard, Cooper, Small; solo cornet. Lance- Sergt. Scamell ; 1st cornets. Privates Titt, Mabbett, Whitlock ; repiano cornets, Privates Whapshare and Percy ; solo horn, Private Martin ; 1st Eb tenor, Private Sainsbury ; 2nd Eb tenor, Private Plowman ; 1st baritone, Private Marlow ; 2nd baritone, Private Lewis ; solo euphonium. Private Hathrill ; 1st euphonium, Private Fry; 1st trom- bone, Private Stretch ; 2nd trombone. Private Warren ; 328 THE POrULAR HISTORY OF basses, Privates Porton, Baker, Yiney ; glockenspiel, Pri- vate I. Williams; bass drum, Private J. Dolman ; side drmn. Private A. Dolman ; tenor drum, Private Street ; cymbals, Private F. Williams. The post of Drmn Major is held by Mr. W. M. Bungay, w^hose fine presence and soldier- like bearing makes him a conspicuous and appropriate figure at the head of the band when on the march. Captain Hodding is at present still the commanding officer of the corps, the details of the staff being as follows : — A Company, Captain MacGill and Lieut. Jackson ; B Company, Captain Hodding, Lieut, the Hon. Stuart Bouverie (in charge of the Maxim gun detachment), and Second Lieut. C. G. Bennett. In the Medical Depart- ment are Brigade - Surgeon Lieut. - Colonel Lee and Surgeon-Lieut. Wilks. -t)^ We may conclude our remarks on the Volunteers with a brief reference to the more prominent achievments of the local corps in regard to the shooting. For some years past the SaHsbury companies have produced the best shot in the 1st Wilts Battalion, whilst in 1895 Sergt. (now Quarter-Master Sergt.) Soper created what was considered a record shoot for England, making a total of 191 out of a possible 196 in three courses of Government class firing. Excellent as that achievement was he beat it in the following year, establishing an undoubted record by compihng a total of 194 out of a possible 196. But the great surprise of the year 1896 was the fact that Quarter-Master Sergt. Soper was beaten before the close of the shooting season by another Salisbury A^olunteer, viz., Pte. A. J. Wells, who, although he tied with Soper, secured the premier honour in all the country by making the highest score at the long ranges. The challenge cup, which was presented by Sir Alexander Malet, Bart., in 1860, was won in that year by Sergt. Butler; in 1861, by OLD AND NEW SARUM. 329 Corpl. C. Sheppard ; in 1862, by Col.-Sergt. (afterwards Lieut.) Wilton ; in 1863, by Pte. Young ; in 1864, by Pte. A. Watson ; in 1865, by Pte. (now Major) Wheaton ; in 1866, by Corpl. A. Watson ; in 1867, by Ensign (now Major) Kelsey ; in 1868, by Corpl. (now Capt.) Harris ; in 1869, by Col.-Sergt. Clapperton ; in 1870, by Qimrter- Master Harris; in 1871, by Ensign (now Capt.) Hodding; in 1872, by Col.-Sergt. Calkin; in 1878, by Corpl. Wheaton ; in 1874, by Pte. Masters ; in 1875, by Corpl. Stewart ; in 1876, by Pte. T. A. Judd ; in 1877, by Sergt. W. G. Newbery ; in 1878, by Pte. A. AVells ; in 1879, by Sergt. Wells; in 1880, by Sergt. Butcher; and in 1881, 1882 and 1883, by Sergt. W. G. Newbery. Sergt. Newbery having won the cup three times in succession it became his absolute property. At a volunteer dinner at the Council Chamber in October, 1883, at which Sir John Whittaker Ellis, a candidate for Parliamentary honours, w^as present, it was decided to raise a subscription to provide another cup, to be shot for on the condition that it should remain the property of the corps and not become any winner's absolute property. The following are the winners in the respective years named : — 1884, Capt. Hodding ; 1885 and 1886, Lance-Corpl. (now Quarter- Master Sergt.) Soper; 1887, 1888 and 1889, Corpl. (now Sergt.) Horder; in 1890 and 1891, Sergt. (now Quarter- Master Sergt.) Soper; 1892, Corpl. (now Sergt.) Horder; 1893, Sergt. (now Quarter-Master Sergt.) Soper; 1894, 1895 and 1896, Pte. Woodrow, who thus holds the cup at present. The local winners of the County Challenge Cup have been :— 1861, Sergt. Butler; 1862, Col.-Sergt. Wilton ; 1867, Pte. Perris ; 1868, Pte. (now Major) Wheaton ; 1875, Corpl. W. Wells ; 1881, Sergt. Newbery; 1884, Pte. (now Sergt.) Horder. Since that year the cup has gone to Devizes men. The Officers' Challenge Cup (given by the late Mr. T. H. Allen Poynder, High Sheriff of Wilts, 1H64), has been won by Salisbury officers as 330 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF follows :— 1865, Lieut. Pain; 1871, Ensign (no\y Capt.) Hodding ; 1877, Lieut, (now Capt.) Hodding. The writer cannot close this chapter without mention- ing that in addition to the facts gathered by him from the official records of the corps (for the use of which he is indebted to Captain Hodding), he has received much assistance in regard to returns, etc., from the present very popular Sergeant-Major. It may be mentioned that Sergeant-Major Glass joined the old 62nd Wiltshire Springers (now the 1st Wilts Kegiment) in 1868, and went to India with them the same year ; served with them all the time they were in India, and returned to England with them in 1882. He was promoted Colour- Sergeant on the 17th March, 1876, and was transferred to the Permanent Staff of the 1st Wilts E.V.C. on the 1st of September, 1883, and was appointed Sergeant-Major on joining. During the time he has been in Salisbury he has trained no less than 460 recruits for A and B Companies. We need hardly remind readers of the very great and practical interest taken in the corps by the late Colonel Commandant of the Division, Earl Pembroke, news of whose death was received with such profound sorrow in Volunteer Corps. His lordship has been succeeded by a most capable and much liked commander, the Duke of Somerset. Associated with the Volunteers we may now add a few brief particulars of another defensive force, though we regret that it is our duty to remark that at the time of writing the Salisbury troop of Yeomanry has become almost a " thing of the past." The troubles with France which led to the outburst of patriotic feeling of which the raising of volunteer forces was one result, has already been alluded to, but we may mention that the decision to raise a body of Yeominry Cavalry for the County of Wilts was come OLD AND NEW SARUM. 331 to, at the meeting held at Devizes on the 31st May, 1794, and the first parade of the Sahsbury troop took place on November 10th, the men presenting a smart and soldier- like appearance. Their dress is described as consisting of a blue coatee, white leather breeches, and long black gaiters, and a black leather helmet, with a black plume over the ridge, and a small red feather plume at the side. They were armed with a sword and pistol. In 1797, through the instrumentality of Lord Frederick Bruce, the ten troops, which up to now had had practically an inde- pendent existence, were amalgamated into one regiment under the title of the Eegiment of Wiltshire Yeomanry Cavalry, of which Lord Bruce was the Colonel Com- mandant ; Captain James Sutton, Lieut. -Colonel ; and Captain John Audry, Major. On Tuesday, June 12, 1798, Lord Bruce assembled the whole of his regiment together at Devizes, for the purpose of presenting them with the colours . which he desired them to bear. The regiment was drawn up in five squadrons, composed as follows : — 1st, Marlborough and Swindon ; 2nd, Devizes and Everley ; 3rd, Melksham and Warminster; 4th, Malmesbury and Chippenham; 5th, Hindon and Salisbury. The colours were of crimson silk, fringed with gold ; they bore the insignia of the regiment, i)ainted in the centre, and the number of the respective squadrons to which they would belong. They were presented by Lady Bruce (who had prepared them with her own hands), in the presence of a large crowd of people, and amidst a scene of great enthusiasm. The total number on parade on the occasion was 28 officers, 564 non-commissioned officers and men. The parade state of the Salisbury troop was as follows: — Captain Wyndham, Lieut. Pettit, Cornet Weeks, 67 non-com- missioned officers and nicn. 332 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF The earlier history of the Eegiment is of extreme interest, but space forbids more than the very briefest men- tion of facts immediately concerning Salisbury- In pass- ing, however, we must point out, as a matter of general interest, that on the 18th February, 1863, the Prince of AVales came to Wiltshire on a visit to the Marquis of Ailesbury (Colonel of the Wiltshire Yeomanry), at his residence in the beautiful Forest of Savernake. On this occasion the Marlborough troop formed an escort to His Royal Highness, who expressed his high approval of the soldierlike bearing of the men, together with the completeness of their movements. Considering the ad- miration expressed so complimentary to the whole regi- ment, the Marquis of Ailesbury suggested that His Royal Highness should give it some permanent record, and in- asmuch as this was the first regiment of Yeomanry Cavalry that had had the honour of attending the Prince of Wales, he (the Colonel) desired that it should hence- forth bear the Royal visitor's name, and be called " The Prince of AVales' Own." To this the Prince readily assented, on condition that it received the approval of the Queen and a communication from the War Office, dated April 23rd, 1863, stated that "the Queen had been graciously pleased to approve of the title of ' The Prince of Wales' Own ' Royal Regiment being borne by the Wiltshire Yeomanry Cavalry." As an appropriate addendum to the facts just men- tioned we may record that in the year 1885, the Wiltshire Y^eomanry Cavalry was allotted the premier position in the Precedence Table of Yeomanry Cavalry ; and secondly, that in 1893, the regiment celebrated its centenary, the Prince of Wales honouring his regiment by inspecting it in person. The muster roll of the Salisbury troop on this occasion was as follows : — Captain Sir John Kelk, Bart. ; Lieutenant J. Benett-Stanford, Lieutenant R. A. Poore, OLD AND NEW SARUM. 333 Sergeant-Major A. Simons (Kegimental Sergeant-Major), Quarter Master J. Nutbeam, Sergeant F. Herring, Ser- geant H. Woods, Corporal C. M. Brown, Corporal J. Roper, and the following Troopers (names arranged alphabetically) : — T. Airs, M. Braithwaite, H. Curtis, S. Dennis, T. buxon, H. Field, G. Ford, G. George, T. Grierson, F. Highman, T. W. Jennings, H. Moore, H. Korthover, J. Bead Roe, and C. Wallbridge. An important part of the duties of the Yeomanry was to assist the civil authorities in the suppression of insur- rections and the maintenance of public order, and the Salisbury troop gave a signal instance of this in 1810, when they were engaged in the quelling of a serious riot at Devizes, caused by serious acts of insubordination on the part of one Marmion, a Salisbury brushmaker, and a member of the Wiltshire Militia. Bat far more serious than the troubles created by Marmion, and the malcontent weavers of West Wilts, later (in 182()) were what is known as the Machinery Riots. The effects of these were felt all over the county of Wilts, and the neighbourhood of Salis- bury was by no means exempt. By the third week in November, 1830, rioting had become general in Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berkshire, Hampshire, and Buckingham- shire. On tlie 19th November the Salisbury magistrates were apprised of a contemplated attack on Mr. Figes's ironworks in this city. An application having been made for the assistance of the Salisbury Yeomanry, the men assembled the same afternoon under the command of Lieut. Peniston (in the absence of Lord Arundell), and Cornet Henry Everett. That very afternoon the farm buildings of Mr. White, of Knook, and Mr. Ford, of Collingbourne, had been burned down, and the assembly of a large and threatening mob in the neighbourhood of Porton caused renewed apprehensions in this locality, and Lieut. Penis- ton sent an urgent message to Capt. Wyndham, asking for 334 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF the help of the Hiiidon troop. For a time trouble was prevented in this locality by the clever capture of twenty- four of the organizers of the insurrection, who were sur- rounded by a strong detachment of Yeomanry, under Capt. Phipps, in a public house at Woodborough, where the agitators were busy with their deliberations when the troops arrived suddenly on the scene. On the morning of Tuesday, November 23rd, Salis- bury was thrown into a state of agitation and alarm by the news brought into the city that a large number of rioters was marching hither along the London-road. The design of the leaders, two of whom had gone on to Downton and Whaddon, had been to collect men from different points in the neighbourhood and make an attack on Salisbury, but they had reckoned without their host in the shape of the wide-awake Yeomanry. A message was at once sent for help to the Hindon troop ; the Salisbury Yeomanry promptly assembled, and accompanied by several special constables and one of the city magistrates, Mr. Wyndham, of the College, marched towards the London- road to meet the rioters. The latter had made a halt on Bishop Down, and having destroyed all the machinery they could find on the farm there, had just resumed their journey towards Salisbury when they were somewhat surprised to find their progress arrested by the local cavalry. An effort was made to induce the men to disperse quietly, but this being unavailing the Kiot Act was read, and the special constables charged the mob. The latter was num'erically too strong for the " specials," and the services of the Yeomanry were promptly brought into play. The rioters were in the Green Croft and along the road between the Croft and the Y\^eeping Cross Trees.' The mob harrassed the troop by stone-throwing, where- upon Lieut. Peniston charged down upon them. The special constables took advantage of the consequent OLD AND NEW SARUM. 335 scattered condition of the rioters, and, rushing in and laj'ing about them with their staves, sent them flying in every direction. Twenty-two of the disturbers of the peace were taken prisoners, and marched back to Fisherton Gaol, under the escort of the cavahymen. The dispersal of the mob at Bishop Down did some- thing to restore public confidence, but m?cny of the inhabitants slept with uneasy heads that night, as it w^as known that numbers of suspected characters were loitering about the city, and to prevent them assembling the Salisbury troopers paraded the streets. A dismounted guard of ten men, armed with carbines, was posted at the Council House, and it was decided that the Salisbury troop should remain on duty all night, and be relieved in the morning by the Hindon troop, who had already in the afternoon marched into the city, under the command of Capt. Wyndham, Lord Arundell arrived on the evening of the 23rd, and the following morning, Lieut. Col. Baker arrived and established his headquarters in the city. At two o'clock on the afternoon of the 24th, whilst the men of the Salisbury Troop were at dinner at the Three Swans, an express arrived with an appeal from Lord Eadnor and Mr. Fort, for assistance against a mob that had gathered at Alderbury, and who would not listen to the desire expressed to them by the gentlemen named that they should disperse. No time was lost in putting the troops on the road to Alderbury, where they found the rioters had been creating havoc among the machinery and other property in the neighbourhood. A part of their plan had been to collect men in that locality, and to join the other sections in the attack on Salisbury. The leaders were holding a consultation in the (Ireen Dragon Inn, when the Yeomanry surrounded the liousc and took them prisoners, allowing the rest to disperse, which they did not 336 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF hesitate to do so after hearing of the defeat of their com- rades at Bishop Down, and knowing the trap into which the men had fallen who were in confab at the Green Dragon. "to^ The troops returned with their prisoners to Salisbury, but soon found that their work in the public service was by no means at an end. A letter was awaiting Col. Baker on his return at five o'clock in the afternoon. It was from Mr. Eyre Coote, of West Park, and stated that a large party was on its way to attack his house. The Salisbury troop at once marched to the spot, and found that a number of gentlemen and their servants had come to Mr. Coote's assistance, and driven the rioters off, after taking eleven prisoners. Lord Arundell, with a portion of the troop, returned at 10 o'clock to Salisbury, with the prisoners, and Lieut. Peniston* and twelve men remained till the next morning, as Mr. Coote stated that the rioters were still hiding in the woods, and would return again to the attack, adding that he and his friends had had no sleep for three nights and were worn out with anxiety and watching. The next morning the Hindon Troop hastened out from Salisbury (in the company of Mr. Wyndham), with the object of frustrating the designs of a large party of marauders who were marching on Pyt House. On their arrival they found that a large quantity of machinery had been destroyed in that neighbourhood, and that Mr. Benett had narrowly escaped with his life, after haranguing the mob in front of his house. The residence •Lieut. Peniston was the grandfather of Mr. Peniston, De Vaux Place, Salisbury. For acme time Lieut. Peniston also acted as Adjutant, and was, we believe, the only civilian ever appointed to the Adjutancy of any regiment of Yeomanry, whether in Wilts or elsewhere. Government refused to gazette him, though Lord Bath (then Colont^l of the Regiment), desired that that should be done. The father of Mr. Peniston, of De Vaux Place, also for some time acted as Adjutant, pending a permanent appointment of the .successor of Lieut Peniston (referred to above). OLD AND NEW SARUM. 337 waj not atfcackeJ, but all the machinery and farm buildings were destroyed. By threats the men secured beer, bread, and other food, as well as a sum of money from the servants at Pyt House, and they proceeded to Lindley Farm, where they continued their work of destruction. After that the men took the road to Tisburv, where in the portion of the roadway that runs through a cutting they came up with the Hindon Troop. A severe hand-to-hand fight ensued, the rioters using pieces of broken machinery, axes, sledge-hammers, pickaxes, and any other weapons they could lay their hands on. The melee lasted twenty minutes, and as the result of it Capt. Wyndham was severely wounded in the head and face, many of the troopers were cut and bruised, and their horses also maimed. The rioters fared badly. A large number received severe wounds, one, named Harding, was shot dead by a Yeoman (who could not keep his temper as well as his fellows could), and twenty-five were taken prisoners and sent on to Fisherton Gaol. There were further disturbances, in the quelling of which the Salisbury and other Troops of Yeomanry rendered service, but with those we are not immediately concerned. By the 6th December, order had been so far restored that the Salisbury and Hindon troops were dis- missed with Lieut. Colonel Baker's warmest thanks for the zeal and good conduct they had uniformly displayed " throughout the late tedious and harrowing duties," but with a request that they would " liold themselves in readi- ness to turn oat for active service at the shortest notice." A spscial commission to try the rioters who had been apprehended was appointed, and the Judges arrived in Salisbury on the 27th December, and found that there were no less than 830 prisoners for trial. Of these two men, named Peter Withers (indicted for feloniously assault- v 3?8 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF ing Oliver Codriiigton, at Eockley), and James Lush (for taking a leading part in an attack, at midnight, on the house of Mr. Pinniger, at Coombe Bissett) were condemned to be hanged. The death sentence was afterwards commuted, a petition having been j^resented to the Crown, signed by no less than 1,100 of the most respectable inhabitants of the county, including those who had been injured by the rioters and nearly all the jurymen who convicted. Twenty-six other prisoners were transported for life, otbers to varying terms of imprisonment or transportation, and many were acquitted or discharged on recognizances. The trial lasted three weeks. Subsequently the Wiltshire Yeomanry received not only the thanks of the County Magistrates, but of the King himself for their services in restoring public order. It may be interesting to note that the Yeomanry have assembled for their annual training at Salisbury m the following years:— 1805 (when the regiment was inspected by Lieut. -General H.E.H. the Duke of Camber- land, commanding the district) ; in 1809 ; in 1840 (when they were inspected on Homington Down, by Lord de Roos, in the presence of over 10,000 spectators) ; in 1844 (inspected by Lord Eosslyn) ; in 1848 ; in 1856 (inspected by Lord George Paget ; in 1859 ; in 1864 ; in 1869 (in- spected by Colonel the Earl of Mountcharles) ; in 1870 ; in 1873 ; in 1875 ; in 1876 ; in 1877 (when the head- quarters of the regiment were transferred from Marl- borough to Sahsbury; in 1878; in 1880; in 1882; in 1884; in 1886; in 1888; and, the last time, in 1892, when they they were inspected by His Eoyal Highness the Duke of Connaught. For some reason that appears unaccountable, the Sahsbury troop has gradually dwindled in numbers and interest until at last a " mere handful of OLD AND NEW SARUM. S39 men" represent what was once a good troop. They are at the present time amalgamated with the Warminster troop, whilst the head-quarters of the regiment which for a number of years had been at Salisbury are now removed to Chippenham. 340 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF CHAPTER XXXVII. A Chapter on Crime— The Severity of the Penal Code— Peath for Offences against Property— A Ghastly Procession— Bank Note Porger's Fate— Pillory and Whipping Post. "YyE purpose now to give a glance at the procedure of the local assizes and quarter sessions during the first half of the present century. The facts that come to light concerning that period reveal the existence of a great amount of the more serious forms of crime, as well as the harshness of the penal code, and the utmost rigour with which judges and magistrates " carried out the law " against offenders. In the piece of old wall now standing near the Infirmary, and on which the Eobert's memorial clock has been erected, we have a remnant of a gaol on gallows outside which, no doubt, many a wretched criminal has been launched into the unknown in the presence of a callous, morbid-minded rabble, who have flocked to the foot of the scaffold more in the spirit of holiday keepers than anything else. In the remains of the subsequent gaol in Fisherton (near the site of the present church of St. Paul) we have also a reminder of days when the felon's rope was the reward for crimes for which now imprison- ment for six or nine months is often held to be adequate punishment. In all parts of the country it was frequently the custom, in cases of murder, not to hang the culprits in the precincts of the prisons where they were last confined, but on some gallows near the spot where the crime was committed, and where the corpse was allowed for a certain period to remain suspended as a hideous warning to evil-doers, and as a gruesome object to fright wayfarers along lonely roads. More than once during the OLD AND NEW SARUM. 341 earlier half of the present century has the spectacle been witnessed in this part of the world of some condemned wretch, sitting on his own coffin in the death cart, being drawn to the place of execution, followed by a ribald and merciless mob, who could not have been more hilarious if they had been on their way to the village fair. We may instance here the execution of George Carpenter and George Ruddock, two young agricultural labourers of 20 and 21 years of age, respectively, who were self-confessed murderers of a farmer named Webb, and his domestic, Mary Gibbons, at Roddenbury. They were convicted at the Salisbury Lent Assizes in the year 1813, and were condemned to be hung near the scene of murder. The dread sentence of the law was carried out on Warminster Down on the 15th of March, the unhappy men being conveyed to the scene of their doom with a parade which was no doubt intended to act as an awe- inspiring warning, but which to a more modern observer would appear revoltmgly ridiculous. When the hour arrived the following escort was formed, a patrol of yeomanry ou each side keeping the way: — First came a detachment of the Wiltshire Yeomanry Cavalry, followed by about 200 "peace officers," and gentlemen on foot, with white wands, they being under the connnand of Captain C. L. Phipps ; next came the bailiff of Warminster ; then a mounted sheriff's officer ; then the under-sheriff", the magistrates of the division, and about one hundred gentlemen, mounted ; and following them the captain and a party of the javelin men. The executioner was in the centre of this melancholy calvacade, and behind him came the culprits seated in a cart, attended by a clergyman who, as the mournful ]»tocession passed onward, exhorted the terror-stricken youths to repent of their evil deeds, and to hope for the future beyond the felon's grave. Next, in order to give the })rocee(iings the exti'cmest suggestion of 342 THE POrULAR HISTORY OF horror, there walked eight men bearing two coffins. Behind these came the clergymen of Warminster, and the following, m the order named, brought up the rear : — The county gaoler and his attendants ; another party of javelin men ; the sheriff's officer and others, with white wands, and, finally, another detachment of yeomanry. It is^said that the prisoners died penitent, and had profited by the ministrations of their spiritual advisers in the short interval between the day when their sentence was pronounced and the hour of their ignominious death. Another case that might be referred to was the execution of Robert Turner "VVatkins, who was tried at the Salisbury Assizes in 1819, for the murder, on the 7th May of that year, of a coal and salt merchant, named Stephen Bodney, whom the prisoner waylaid and shot at Moor Stones, a spot lying between Purton and Purton Stoke. Watkins was found guilty and ordered to be hung near the scene of the crime. Early on the morning of the appointed day, he was removed from Fisherton Gaol to Moor Stones in a mourning coach, in the company of the Governor of the prison, the chaplain, and other officials. A short distance from the gallows he was placed on a hurdle in a cart, in which was also his coffin ; and in this way the culprit was drawn to the place of execution. Before the latter was reached some touching scenes were witnessed by the mob — numbering about 15,000 people— who flocked to see the hangman carry out his gruesome business. The prisoner's wife had died of a broken heart on his arrest, but near the scaffold the felon's cart passed the poor, weeping, distracted mother, whose devotion had drawn her to be a spectator of the carrying out on her son of a well d'^'served sentence for a premeditated and brutal murder. The cart having once been brought to a standstill, in consequence of some kind of obstruction, the mother and son were able to shake hands and take of each other a farewell for ever, so far as this world is concerned. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 313 On the jouniej^ when there had been a stoppage for refreshments, prisoner's children were brought to him. " Mammy is dead," said one of the httle ones. " Ah !" he rejoined, "and so will yom' daddy be shortly." He appears to have behaved throughout with perfect com- posure. On the scaffold he joined in prayer with the chaplain, and,, at his own request, was permitted to read aloud to the people the 108th psalm. Having done this he called down a blessing on all whom he saw around him, and as the executioner was adjusting the rope, he ejaculated, "This can only kill the body." At the very moment that the hangman performed his last grim office, the sky, which had bsen singularly bright with sunshine, became suddenly overcast. A violent thunderstorm burst, as it were, just over the fatal spot, and for the space of thirty minutes or so the thunder rolled and the lightning flashed and quivered in a manner that struck terror in a good many, and greatly impressed everybody present on this solenm occasion of the satisfying of justice. During the period referred to, there were numerous executions for murder. To particulars of these we need not devote space, but some other cases of hanging for offences of a less serious character may be mentioned. In 1801, there were seven executions for sheep stealing, one for horse stealing, one for calf stealing, and one for high- way robbery. The alleged horse-stealer was a gipsy, forty years of age, named Joshua Shcmp, and concerning his death at the scaffold, and a subsequent startling revel- ation of his innocence, the last governor of Fisherton Gaol (Mr. William Dowding) has given the following account in his compilation, " Statistics of Crime ": — " At his execution he ascended the platform with firnmess, and looking round saw his wife and daughters, called them to him, and asked if they were prepared to take away liis body. On their answering in tlie aflirmativ(;, he com- 344 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF mended their care and then conversed with other persons. Turning to one of the many gipsies present, he said : — ' You see what you have brought me to. Live soberly and take care of your family.' He asserted his innocence to the last, and behaved with undaunted courage, unmixed with indecent insensibility. Having stretched the rope tight, and tried it with his own hand, he gave the signal and died almost immediately. He was a remarkably robust and powerful man. Sometime after his execution it became known that the gipsy whom he particularly addressed was his daughter's husband, and who, being afterwards executed at Winchester, confessed that his father-in-law had been hanged innocently, to save the life of his son-in-law, who had actually stolen the horse." A monument to the memory of the victim of this mis- carriage of justice is to be seen in Odstock Churchyard. In 1802 John Everett (or Everard) was executed for passing forged bank notes ; and the following year Thomas Hilliker was hung for participation in machinery riots, and there were two executions for horse stealing ; one for horse stealing and two for oxen stealing in 1804 ; one for uttering forged bank notes in 1805 ; one for highway robbery and two for sheep stealing in 1806 ; one for cattle stealing in 1807 ; four for burglary in 1810 ; one for arson in 1814 ; one for arson and one for sheep stealing in 1815 ; one for forgery and one for highway robbery in 1816 ; two for highway robbery and two (man and wife) for sheep stealing in 1817 ; one for burglary in 1818; two for burglary in 1819. In 1820 AVilliam Lee, a native of High Wycomb, Bucks, and a man of respectable family connection, was executed for uttering forged bank notes. Of this case Mr. Dowding (before quoted) thus wrote : — " The prisoner did not betray much anxiety during his trial, but while sentence was being passed dropped on his knees, and cried out in a wild OLD AND NEW SARUM. 345 tone for mercy, and in that state was removed. Great exertions were made to obtain a reprieve, but the bank directors were inexorable. His penitence appeared deep and unfeigned, he was distressed in mind even to agony, and doubted much if God would forgive one who had led so dissolute a life. He made an artless confession, and said that as often as conscience had produced in him a convic- tion of the wrong course he had been taking, just as often did he stifle feelings so ill-suited to his viscious propensi- ties. In the final interview with his family, it is recorded that no language can do justice to the pathetic emphasis of his broken prayers, in which, with the unstudied eloquence of a broken heart, he implored mercy for him- self, his family, his fellow prisoners, and all who occurred to his hurried recollections About this period a legislative enactment had passed into law, making the mere possession of forged bank notes a minor offence, liable (i.e., the offender was liable) to fourteen years' transportation. An application was made to the bank directors to obtain their consent to Lee's pleading guilty to this minor crime, but they refused to do so, as he appears to have been the. primum mobile in a very extensive system of fraud." In connection with the above case it is interesting to note that the following year four men received sentence of 14 years' each transportation for " possessing " forged bank notes. There was sufficient evidence to have hung the men on tlie indictment for uttering, but the prosecutors (the bank • directors) decided to proceed on the minor charge — an indication of the gradual growth of that humane feeling which at last culminated in the limitation, practically, of the capital sentence to the crime of nuu'der. There was one execution for rape in IH'28 ; two for high- way robbery in 18'24 ; one for rape and one for burglary in 1827; one for sheep stealing in 1828; one foi- arson in 340 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF 1831 ; three for rape and one for arson in 1832 ; one for arson in 1834 ; and two for arson in 1835. We have seen in a previous chapter that the bodies of malefactors were often placed at the disposal of surgeons for anatomical purposes. Later, friends were allowed to remove the bodies for decent burial, and prisoners have been known to have often struck bargains for the sale of their own corpses. For instance, in the year 1736, a con- demned felon named James Brooke had written to Mr. Edward Goldwyr, a surgeon, residing in the Close, a letter, in the course of which he said: — " Having no friends on earth that will speak a word to save my life, nor send me a morsel of bread to keep body and soul together until that fatal day {i.e., the day of execution), so, if you will vouchsafe to come hither, I will gladly sell you my body (being whole and sound) to be ordered at your discretion, knowing that it will rise again at the general resurrection as well from your house as from the grave." At Fisherton Gaol the bodies of executed murderers were generally given to the prison surgeon for purposes of dissection. The burial of corpses not taken away by their friends or otherwise disposed of were sometimes interred in Fisherton Churchyard, and sometimes at the foot of the gallows ; but about the year 1830 an act of Parliament was passed by which all malefactors' bodies were to be buried within the precincts of the prison in which they were last confined. The site of the gallows attached to the new Fisherton Gaol, which was ready for the reception of prisoners at the end of the year 1822, was at the point of junction of the Wilton-road and Devizes-road. Near here in October, 1851, some men who w^ere laying gas mains found a number of skeletons, believed to be those of persons executed, and only a year or two ago similar remains were discovered near the same spot. OLD AND NEW SARUM. 347 Punishment by flogging or exposure in the stocks and pillory was frequently ordered by the Salisbury magistrates. When the chastisement was not inflicted at the cart's tail, it was generally administered at the whipping-post which was set up in the Market-place, nearly opposite what are now Messrs. Style and Gerrish's premises. Here also were the pillory and stocks. To be pilloried was to suffer a greater punishment than many people may imagine, apart from the question of the disgface. It was the common practice for the jeering rabble who assembled to pelt the hapless culprits with evil smelling eggs, potatoes, turnips, and other missiles, often maiming the wretches for life, if not actually causing death. The stocks were removed to the Canal about forty years ago, but the pillory-post, which was taken down at the same time, was not again erected. The abolition of punishment by pillory took place in the year 1837. In the year 1808, two young men of property and good social standing were ordered to be publicly whipped three times in the Market-place for cutting and destroying young trees in woods belonging to the Earl of Radnor. This punishment was in addition to three months' imprisonment, which the magistrates were bound to award in accordance with the law as it stood. The damaging of trees was a serious offence, and under the Act of George III., "the cropping and spoiHng of timber trees" in the night time was felony, and rendered the offender liable to seven years' transportation. Indeed, in the year 1823, a man was sentenced at Salisbury to 14 years' transportation for cutting and injuring young trees. The ease with which, under the law as it stood in forLner days, lawyers were able to procure the acquittal of guilty persons has often been the subject of connnent ; and Salisbury Assize and Sessions courts have from time to time afforded examples. In iH'iU a domestic servant was tried at the Salisbury Hilary Sessions for stealing 318 THE POPULAR HISTORY OF five sovereigns, an offence which, under an act of Parha- ment passed the previous year, would have rendered her hable to the penalty of death. When the five sovereigns in this case were weighed, one was proved to be light, and on this ground the capital charge was abandoned. Again, at the Lent Assizes in 1832 three men were acquitted of a charge of arson, because in the bill of indictment they were alleged to have set fire to a rick of straw, whereas they were able to prove it was stubble ; and in a sub- sequent case two of the saine men escaped punishment after having been found guilty of setting fire to a cowshed, which, their council contended, had been wrongly described in the indictment as an " outhouse or barn." la still another case (1837), in which it was perfectly clear that a man and woman (James Curtis and Ann Pontin) had stolen a sheep, they were acquitted, as the stolen property was described in the indictment as "mutton." It is a fact that has been well observed that not only were counsel apt to take advantage of any flaws of this kind, but judges were often ready to admit the validity of them. Probably they had begun to realise that to forfeit life for mere offences against property was a terrible duty, and that they were sometimes glad of technical excuses to avoid performing it. PART V. In paragraph one, line seven, of Appendices read "two British Schools" instead of " two Board Schools." APPENDICES. EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES IN SALISBURY. OALISBURV, as we had occasion to remark in a previous chapter, is ^ exceptionally well provided for in the matter of education for the youth of the city. The Church Day Schools Association, with Canon Steward as secretary, managed about the year 1889 to raise the sum of ^20,000 and thus were enabled to meet the demand, of the Educational Department in the matter of school accommodation, which had become inadequate (chiefly owing to the closing of two board schools), by the building of new schools, including Fisherton (the largest in Salisbury), the boys' department at St. Thomas,' new schools for boys,' girls' and infants in Wyndham Park (St. Mark's), a new school in Gigant Street (for infants), and extensive alterations in St. Martin's.* About the same time the Bishop of the Diocese (Dr. Wordsworth) expressed a desire to do something for a higher grade of education, and his views on this point were all the more appropriate from the fact that the subject of technical education was just at that time coming to the front. The result of his lordship's efforts has been the raising of the educational establishment in Exeter Street named after him (the Bishop's School). Here, under the able mastership of Mr. R. Bracher and a capable staff of assistant masters, not only is a sound general education given, but a training in practical science, carpentery and other technical forms of instruction which serve to etjuip lads for the battle of life in a manner that people a score of years ago would hardly have dreamed of as being possible in a school intended for the sons of middle class people. So highly are the educational advantages at the Bishop's School valued, that scholars attend it from even remote parts of the diocese ; and to meet the convenience of these an excellent boarding house (in connection with the school and under the supervision of Mr. and Mr?. Bracher), was opened in September, 1893. This school, which began wiili 20 boys has now 150, whilst the boarders number 30. Several boys holding scholarships awarded by the Wilts Technical Education Ccjmmittee attend this school, and receive an advanced secondary and technical education. St. Thomas' Schools, occupying a central position in the city, consist of three departments, boys', girls' and infants', accommodaling 480 scholars. The schools are under the control of a committee at the head of which is (he * This year (iSgy) important additions havu been made at St. Kdniuiiir> Scliu<.U in onlcf fo satisfy departmental demands. APPENDICES. vicar of St. Thomas', the Rev. W. J. Pirkbeck. The boys' school was erected in 1890 at an expense of ;,^i,500 and contains all the modern arrangements and appliances for carrying on the work of education in an efficient manner. The head master of this department is Mr. E. J. Batt, and the school curriculum, in addition to the ordinary elementary subjects, provides for the teaching of shorthand, book-keeping and commercial correspondence. Miss Hunt is the head mistress of the girls' department Here drawing, cookery and domestic economy are the additional subjects taught in the upper classes of the school. The physical education of the children receives much careful attention ; military drill is under the efficient care of Sergt. -Major Glass, and the staff of the school have in their own hands the control of the sports. Si\ Edmund's National Schools were erected in 1861, with accom- modation for 189 boys, 190 girls, and 195 infants. With the alterations referred to in a preceding page the accommodation is increased to 220 boys, 120 girls and 235 infants. Mr. Alfred Wheeler, who takes a great i.iterest in all affecting the welfare of children, has held the post of headmaster since 1874. The mistress of the girls' school is Miss Filley, and of the infants' school, Miss Fanner. St. Mark's School has accommodation for 120 boys, 120 girls, and 120 infants. Mr. N. J. Wills is the head master of the boys' school, Miss Griffiths, mistress of the girls' school, and Miss Anderson, mistress of the infants' school. St. Martin's School dates from 1810, since when a most valuable educational work has been done among a class of children who in many instances most needed scholastic attention. The schools are large, there being accom- modation for 263 boys, 174 girls, and 190 infants. Mr. Daniel Sutton is the master of the boys' school ; Miss M. Walden, mistress of the girls' school, and Miss Curtis infants' mistress. The Old Fisherton Schools, which were erected in 1867 for boys, girls and infants, are now used only for senior girls and infants, there being accommodation for about 120 girls and 240 infants. Miss Evans is the girls' mistress, and Miss Lucy King mistress of the infants' school. The Fisherton New Schools were among those places of education erected in 1890 as an outcome of the education agitation referred to in Chapter XXXIV. They give accommodation for 350 boys and 150 junior girls. Mr. Smith is the headmaster. What is known as the Church Schools in Milford Street, of which Mr. Sydney John Brilton is the master, is doing a most valuable service in promoting education chiefly among the poorer class of children. The schools were erected in 1873, and give accommodation for 128 boys and 132 girls and infants. The George Herbert (another Church school corresponding to the last named) is situated in Gigant Street. It was erected in 1890 for the accom- modation of 2C0 infants. The mistress is Miss Mary Wo 3d. APPENDICES. iii. The Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent cle Paul conduct the School for Roman Catholic children in Exeter Street, which was erected in 1868 for the^accommodation of 90 children. The same charitable ladies have the control of St. Elizabeth's Home and Industrial School, which was founded in 1 87 1 by Lady Herbert of Lea. The TiiKOLOGiCAi. College, in the Close, which was founded by Bishop Hamilton, has as its principal Canon Whitefoord, M.A., and the Rev. H. F. Stewart, vice-Principal. The Rev. E. E. Dorling is master ofthe Chorister.s' School in the Close. Canon Steward is the principal of the Traininc School for Xaiional Schoolmistresses, in the Close ; Miss Hill is the lady superintendant, and the staff is composed as follows : — Mistresses — Misses Forth, Manning, Newman, Hayward, Whatley, and Hinton ; music tutor, Mr. J. ^L Hayden. This college has haa a career of great success since its formation in 1841, and in consequence of the thorough training given here the students on the com- pletion of their terms seldom find any difficulty in getting good situations as mistresses. There are several important private schools, of which one of the best is Salisbury School, situated on the London Road, and of which the principal is the Rev. J. C. Alcock. Pupils at this school have received high distinctions, particularly in connection with the O.xford and Cambridge Local Examinations. Technical EDfCATiON is provided for at the School of Science and Art in New "-treet (of which Mr. Joseph Harris is head master, whilst Mr. W. M. Hammick is secretary), and at the Technical Institute in Brown Street. At the time of writing, however, the question of Technical Education in the city is in an unsettled state, owing to a dispute between the Town Council and the County Technical Education Committee as to the disposal of the funds. The county authorities demand that due attention shall be given to the needs of the Scliool of Sc'enceand .-Vrt, and help afforded to Evening Continuation Schools, if possilile. It remains to be seen whether, under these circumstances, many of the classes at the City Institute, which have done a useful work, will not have to be curtailed. CHURCH LADS' BRICADE In Salisbury the Church Lads' Brigade is a very popular and successful organization. It may be explained that in the Salisbury Diocese ihe work was commenced ijy the Rev. W. Cardiner, of Marlborough, in March, 1893 ; and but a few months later it was started in Salisbury, on October 26th, 1893, by Rev. H. G. Rogers, and continued with much success by Rev. W. J. Birkbeck, with .Mr. J. Freestone as the commanding officer. Since the date of com- mencement, Salisbury has formed a good centre for this branch of Church organization. Two other companies have been started in the city, one at w iv. APPENDICES. S. Martin's by Rev. C. Myers, and the other at S. Edmund's by Rev. J. D. Morrice. A Company has been organized at Alderbury by the Rev. Canon Hutchings, and others are working successfully at Weymouth, West Lavington, Calne, Charminster, Parkstone, Wimborne, Swanage, Marlborough, Dorchester, Warminster and Christchurch. It is gratifying also to know the movement is rapidly increasing. It will interest readers to learn that consent has been granted by Head Quarter's Staff to form theJDiocesan Companies into three battalions. The total muster in Salisbury and district is upwards of loo. An interesting feature in connection with the^Diocesan' Regiment was a Review of Companies held in the Palace Grounds, by kind permission of the Bishop, on September 3Cth, 1896. The total muster was about 430. Lieut. -Col. Chaloner, M. P. ,ist Wilts Rifle Volunteers, accompanied by Col. W. M. Gee, C. L. B. , inspected the battalion, which was commanded by Major Beresford, and Capt. Hodding and Capt. Mac- Gill, 1st Wilts Rifle Volunteers. The Inspecting Officer spoke in highly com- mendatory terms of the Brigade movements, and of the way in which the drills were performed. On July 14th, 1897, the Church Lads' Brigade of the Diocese of Salisbury took part in a Royal Review (by the Duke of Connaught) at Hyde Park, when their march past evoked loud plaudits from the thousands of spectators. PUBLIC BUILDINGS, &c. In addition to the Cathedral, the Council Chamber, and other public buildings which have been referred to, there are several other objects of interest in the city, such, for instance, as the Poultry Cross at the junction of Silver Street and Minster Street, which is a source of great attraction to the visitor. It is popularly supposed to have been erected as an act of penance by Montacute, nephew of the Earl of Salisbury. Tradition alleges that Bishop Erghum (1375-1378) imposed this task on Montacute as a punishment for insulting the Host whilst it was being carried through the streets in procession. The Cross is believed, however, to have been in existence long before Bishop Erghum's days. The Halle of John Halle, situated on the Canal, and now forming a portion of the business premises of Messrs. Alfred Watson and Co., was built by John Halle, Wool Stapler, Mayor and Parliamentary representative of the city, in the year 1470. It is an object of great antiquarian interest and is opened for inspection daily (Sundays excepted). In High Street are the remains of the celebrated Geor(^.e Inx (referred to on page 67). The premises occupied by representatives of the late Mr. Courtenay as boot shops are generally pointed out as "The George," but there is little doubt that the interesting old premises of Mr. Fred. Sutton were included in this ancient hostelry. At any rate, Mr. Sutton's premises are rich in antiquities, and there is no finer oak carving to be found in the city. In the summer of 1893 Mr. APPENDICES. Sutton, whilst carrying out a renovation of the interior of some of bis rooms uncovered the following quaint inscription, supposed to be of the Elizabethan period : — '''Have God before thine eies, who searcheth hart and raiiia : and /h>e according to his laivc, then glorye is thy gaincs. " In the same room as that in which the inscription appears Mr. Sutton has, with much skill and taste, put together a mantelpiece composed of materials obtained in the course of alterations carried out on the premises. A conspicuous feature of this mantelpiece is a carving of the Early Tudor period, consisting of four medallion portraits, supposed to represent a merchant and his wife, with their son and daughter-in-law. The men wear the looped up birelta, the furred amice and the short ruff which are characteristic of the costume of a merchant of the period. The head dress of the women is also of a typical character. As in the case of the inscription before referred to, the four figures (which were all in one panel) had been covered over with paint by some person to whom such unique relics of past ages evidently had no interest. The Church House in Crane Bridge Road (which with adjicent premises formely belonged to Lord Audley,who was executed on Tower Hill for a shocking crime in 1631, and which was afterwards a Workhouse) and the Joinkrs' Hai.i. in St. Ann Street (a building reminiscent of the old days of the Trades Guilds) are also worthy of observation. The objects of chief interest in the environments of the city are George Herbert's Church at Bemerton (associated with the name of the .saintly George Herbert), Wilton House (the historic home of the Earl of Pembroke), Longford Casti.e (the seat of the Earl of Radnor), and Clarendon Park, a once royal domain, where Henry II., in 1164, con- vened the Great Council of the Nation at which the celebrated Constitutions of Clarendon were adopted. The Puhlic Free Library. — This institution in Endless Street was practically the outcome of a discussion initiated in the old Parliamentary Debating Society by Mr. J. B. Gullett, who enlisted the sympathies of a large number of workingmen in the neighbourhood, with the result mentioned at page 292. The Library is under the control of the following committeee : — The Mayor, the Ex-Mayor, Mr. Alderman Brown, Mr. Alderman Fullford, Mr. Alderman Ilammick, Mr. Alderman Griffin, Mr. Haskins, Mr. Pye-Smith, Mr. Gregory, Mr. Watson, Rev. Canon Whitefoord, Mr. C. W. Ilolgate, Mr. S. R. Atkins, Mr. J. B. Gullett, Rev. W J. Birkbeck, Mr. E. J. Tatum (the last six named not being members of the Town Council) with power to supply vacancies. The Chief Librarian is Mr. Oliver Langmead. Victoria Park. — At the celebration of I ler Majesty's Jubilee in 1SS7 it was decided by the citizens that the permanent memorial should be the acquisition of a Public Park and Recreation Ground. Accordingly, sixteen acres of land situate mainly in the parish of Milford, within threc-cjuartcrs of a mile of the centre of the City, at the North side, were purchased of the Dean vi. APPENDICES. and Chapter of Salisbury for ;^i,6oo. Of this sum ^1,550 was subscibed, and the remaining ^50 was given by Mr. Fred Oriffin, the Jubilee Mayor of Salisl)ury, in addition to his earlier and liberal subscription, and to whose energy, continuous generosity, and public spirit the citizens are principally indebted for their possession of this extensive pleasure ground. The Park was formally conveyed to twenty-five Trustees, who are responsible for its manage- ment, and it is controlled by them under Bye-laws sanctioned by the Charity Commissioners for England acting under the Recreation Grounds Act. Sub- ject to being closed to the public on twenty-one days in each year, when entrance money can be taken (as at Fetes, &c. ) it is entirely free. It has never received any support from rates, and is almost solely supported by voluntary subscriptions. Including the cost of purchase, the formation of Cycling Track (four laps to the mile), Cricket and Football held, 'J'ennis Courts, laying out gardens, making roads, erection of buildings, planting, «S:c., the entire outlay was, up to December, 1895, ^4,090 ; but this by no means represents the actual cost, as much labour of both men and horses in road making, &c., was provided without cost to the Trustees, and gifts of materials for building, of trees, shrubs, &c., were received. The Pavilion, costing £2^0, was paid for by (in addition to many other generous gifts received from them) a gift of ;^I50 from Mr. E. H. Hulse, then M.P. for the City, and Mrs Hulse, bya;^i5from the Cycling and Athletic Club, and by receipts for letting the Park for football matches to the various clubs of the city. A bazaar held by many ladies and gentlemen of the city and neighbourhood in May, 1888, produced ^700, almost wholly spent in labour in the initial work of laying out the grounds. The subsoil is a very dry white gravel. The Park with the growth of trees is becoming more beautiful year by year and is a valuable acquisition to the city. The duties of Hon. Treasurer and Secretary have since October, 1887, been discharged by Mr. George FuUford, who also acts as Hon. Manager to the Trustees, and in every way takes a deep and real interest in the Park. MUSICAL SOCIETIES. For very many years — certainly during the whole of the present century — Salisbury has enjoyed the well-earned reputation of being essentially a " musical city," and evidence of this fact is found to-day in the existence of several societies having for their object the promotion of the divine art. First among these must be mentioned the Sarum Choral Society. Its age may be judged from the fact that next year (1898) it will celebrate its Jubilee, but it is believed by many to be really the resuscitation of a Salisbury Musical Society which existed so early as the year 1801. Mr. W. H. Jackson (the Secretary of the Sarum Choral Society) has placed in the hands of the writer a programme of a " Choral Concert," held in the city on Thursday, December I7ih, 1801, when the vocalists were Mrs. Second, Mr. Harrington, Mr. Burden, Mr. Lacy and Master Ball, and when in addition to other selections a portion of the " Messiah " was performed.* * In the parcel handed to the writer by Mr. Jackson is a programme (\n which the names of Messrs. Lacy and Burden appear) of a concert given at the Blandford Assembly Rooms, on October 15th, 1794. APPENOIOES. vii. The Saru.m Choral Socikiy has seen many viscistitudes, and even now cannot boast of that amount of public support which it deserves, but there is no over estimating its value as a medium for the encouragement of high-class music in the city. The chairman of the society is the Very Rev. the Dean of Salisbury, Mr. Edward Waters is the hon. tieasurer, and the secretarial duties are carried out by Mr. W. H. Jackson. The baton is wielded by Mr. W. T. Bowey, who has shewn such marked ability, that it justified his selection for the post of conductor when Mr. C. F. South re- tired a few years ago. Miss Aylward (well-known in local musical circles) is the accompanist. Mr. LI. Bartlett, a talented young violinist, is leader of the orchestra, and among the vocalists is Mr. Walter Foreman, a young Salisburian who gives much promise of a successful career in the musical world. The Salisbury Vocal Union was founded at the end of the year 1S79 by Mr. J. M. Hayden, for the especial study and practice of unaccompanied vocal mu^ic. The first concert was given in 1880 (by invitation) in the small Assembly Room, with 40 members, and the success of this at once led to an increase of members who soon afterwards gave a concert of sacred and secular music on a larger scale, which in turn was followed by a series of un- broken successes extending over fifteen years, during which no less than forty- four concerts were gA-cn. The results attending the earlier efforts of the Society led to the natural desire to do better work still. Hence we find the introduction of a long list of Cantatas and lengthy selections from such Oratorios as the Messiah, Judas urASai/i sou, with orchestral accompaniment, all of which were performed with success. A grand Musical Festival for school children was given in 1887, and is referred to in another chapter. We may also mention the splendid conceit of November, 1S94, at the County Hall, in which 160 performers took part, including a choir of 40 voices selected from the Schools and especially trained by the conductor for this concert. The incessant labour during many years in connection with the Vocal Union, in addition to the manifo'd duties of con- ductor, entailed on Mr. Ilayden a period of enforced rest ; and the last concert was given to the inmates of the Salisbury Infirmary, an institution in which the Society has frequently given much pleasure by their annual enter- tainments. It is, however, to be hoped that with the restored health and strength of the conductor the good work of this Society may be continued in future. Another Salisbury .Musical Society is the Philhakmonic ; founded and still conducted by Mr. Alfred P'oley, and which is the means of annually pro- viding for music lovers concerts nf a very high order. The Oki'HEUS Glf.k Sociriv (conducted by Mr. Si)inncy] might also be mentioned. viii APrENDICES. POLITICAL CLUBS. The Conservative Party in Salisbury has three clubs. The parent institu- tion is situated in St. Ann Street. It was opened by the Earl Nelson in July, 1882. Its affairs are controlled at present by the following officials : — President, Viscount Folkestone, M. F. ; Chairman, Mr. E. C. Boyle ; Treasurer, Mr. Caleb W. Gater, J. P. ; Secretary, Mr. W. L. Anset (who has held the post and that of Librarian since the commencement) ; Collector, Mr. W. G. Newbery ; Caterer, J. Bennett ; Committee, Messrs. F. T. Brown, W. Wort, W. Shergold, A. Harwood, G. Hann, S. Spearing, Harry Rowe, II. Hazel- wood, H. Turpin, T. Read, W. L. Keith, J. Carey, C. Prewitt, W. C. Low, and H. T. Lancaster. — In January, 1891, the Secretary (Mr. W. L. Anset), was presented with a handsome barometer and clock combined, and also an illuminated address, on the occasion of his second marriage, as a token of the energetic manner in which he had filled the cffice of secretary, and as an acknowledgment of the many valuable services rendered by him to the Conservative cause. The presentation was made by the then Chairman, Mr. Arthur Whitehead. FiSHERTON Conservative Club. — This flourishing club is situated in Fisherton Street. The official list for 1896-7 was the following : — President, the Right Hon. the Earl Nelson ; Vice-President, Mr. W. H. Gramshaw ; Chairman, Colonel Everett ; Vice-Chairman, Mr. Edward Waters ; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. H. W. Rigden ; Hoq.' Sec, Mr. H. W. Major; Assistant Sec, Mr. F. Sheppard ; Librarian, W. Noble; Committee, Messrs. F. Griffin, C. Haskins, A. Cockett, Jos. Snook, C. Adey, F. Searle, T. Harris, F. Baker J. A. Mills, G. N. Beal, C. J. Tutt, E. Sawkins, T. J. Northy, W, Osmond, F. Prince, A. Naish, H. Coram, A. R. Best, T. Scammell, F. High- man, S. Best, E. T. Burns, F. R. Sheppard, S. T- Wooff, E. H. Major, L. J. Parker, F. Butt, Inight, W. Whitehorn, A. Henning, W. Wiltshire, H. E. Berry, C. W. Anset, S. Cooper, F. D. Trapnell, and S. Dennis ; Caretaker, Mr. S. White. Mr. Major has held the post of secretary for a great number of years, and has performed his duties so faithfully and satis- factorily that a year or two since the members of the club presented him with a handsome gift in recognition of his long and valuable services. In connection with this club there is a very excellent Amateur Dramatic Society whose members at frequent intervals give very meritorious performances in behalf of charities and movements that have nothing at all to do with politics. One of the members — Miss Irene Rooke— has during the last year or two achieved marked success on the professional stage, in connection with Mr. Ben Greet's well known companies. In the provinces she has scored a triumph as Menia in the " Sign of the Cross," and during the present spring played successfully the role of Ophelia at the Olympic Theatre, London. Wyndham Park ConservativeCi.ub. — Present officials : President, Marquis of Salisbury ; Chairman, Mr. R. Dear ; Vice-Chairman, Mr. S. Fawcelt ; Committee : Mr. F. Alexander, Mr. J. A. Folliott, Mr. W. Brown, Mr. H.W. Rumbold, Mr. G. Way, Mr. W. Tryhorn, Mr. E. Scammell, Mr. H, APPENDICES. ix. Rowlhorne, Mr. T. Lewis, Mr. W. Smith, Mr. F. Payne, Mr. G. Burrows, :Mr. A. Corry, and Dr. Proctor ; Hon. Secretary, Mr. James R. Adams ; Librarian, Mr. Rowthorne ; Caretaker, Mr. Wingrove. Mr. Adams' long- continued, jiractical and ever valuable services in the inteiest of his party have been more than once publicly and substantially recognized. South Wilts CoxsTrTUTioxAL Association". — This Association was started in March lo, 18S5. The President is the Earl of Pembroke ; and the Chief Secretary (whose offices are in Castle Street), is Mr. W. ^L Hammick. The Liberal Cllb. — The members have commodious premises in Endless Street. Secretary, Mr. Thring. Salisbury Liberal Association.— President, Mr. C. J. Horder ; Chairman, Mr. IL Ware ; Hon. Secretary, Mr. C. J. Woodrow. The Conservative Agent is Mr. Francis Hodding ; and the Liberal Agent Mr. (.juUett. (The latter post was held by Mr. Robert Hall for many years). FOOTBALL AND CRICKET. There are few places of the size of Salisbury that are better provided for in the matter of. recreation and healthy amusement. In the summer time boating and cricketing are in vogue, whilst garden parties and fetes are numerous. In winter great interest is taken in the game of football. Previous to 1892, football in Salisbury was of a very uninteresting character, and no matches, except witli clubs in the surrounding villages, were played at all. There was practically no organization, the players one week were assisting one Club and the following week another. There were only about thirty men who were playing regularly. In the year mentioned, however, it was thought by a few older footballers that an endeavour should be made to create more interest in the game. .\ meeting was held in the Schoolroom at St. Thomas', Rev. J. A. Jacob in the chair, and after a long discussion it was decided to ofter a Challenge Cup to be competed for between the various Clubs in the neighbour- hood. Mr. C. Hibberd was elected to the post of Secretary, and by means of subscriptions a Cup was purchased, and called the " Salisbury and District Football Challenge Cup," the competition being open to four Salisbury Clubs, and others outside the City. The entries for the first year of the League numbered six, viz., Salisbury Wanderers, Sarum Central, St. Edmunds, Wilton, Downton College, and Fordingbridgc Turks. The contests were very much appreciated and caused a great amount of enthusiasm. The winners were the Sarum Central. The first annual meeting was held in 1893, under the chairman- ship of Mr. Gale (the Organizing Master of Schools), and then the matter was further advanced by the addition of one more team lo the League, viz. , Sarum Swifts. In 1893 the matches were more evenly contested and resulted in the Cup being won by the .Sarum Swift.s. l-'.nthusiasm in the game was now at its height, and the following year saw an addition lo Ihe League of two more Clubs, viz., Andover and Guilder Rovers, the Sarum Central having become ilefuncl. APPENDICES. The Cup was won in 1894 by the Andover Club, and was presented to them at the annual meeting held in the Council Chamber. The next season Downton College and the Salisbury Wanderers withdrew from the League, the latter Club having amalgamated with the Sarum Swifts. Now came the tug of war : should Andover be allowed to keep the Cup for the second year ? They, however, managed to go through the season with almost an unbroken record, the only Club to make a draw with them being the Fordingbridge Turks, on the latter's ground, at Fordingbridge. Last year (1896) the Andover Club won the Cup outright, after a hard tussle with the Salisbury teams. The League at that time was placed on a soand working basis, the committee con- sisting of Mr. F. Hodding, Chairman ; Mr. W. M. Hammick, Vice-Chairman ; Mr. H. VV. Major, Secretary ; Mr. W. H. Brown, Assistant Secretary ; and Mr. E. H. Parham, Treasurer, with two representatives of each of the com- peting Clubs. The Headquarters were at the Chough Hotel. The League was affiliated to the English Association and the Referee's Association. Several members of the League passed the examination for Referees, and a sub-district of the Referees' Association was allotted to Salisbury, by the sanction of the parent body. Mr. E. J. Naish was Chairman, and Mr. W. H. Brown and Mr. H. J. Humljer were the committee to carry out the duties for this district. With the loss of the Challenge Cup, Salisbury players began to seriously con- sider the question — which had been mooted on many previous occasions — of forming one united club for the city. At the close of 1896-97 season a public meeting was called, when it was unanimously decided to form a city club, Messrs. Summerbee and W. Usher being elected joint hon. secretaries. It may be mentioned that in the year 1894, with a view to popularising football, the Salisbury Early Closing Association presented a cup to be competed for by the Salisbury Teams. It was won by the Sarum Swifts twice in succession, and became their property. In Salisbury there are some very good Cricket Clubs in connection with local schools, &c., but the South Wilts C.C. is without doubt the leading Club in the district from which it takes its name. The average number of members (including players and honorary) is about ninety. The President is the Earl of Pembroke. The executive consists of a Committee of eight, a Captain> Secretary, and Treasurer. The ground is at Bemerton and is considered one of the prettiest in the County. Thanks to the energy of the Ground man, Mr. Vining, it has been much improved in the last few years. About twenty matches are played a year, but it is to be much regretted that more in- terest in cricket is not taken by people residing in the neighbourhood, for though the ground is open to the public, free, hardly ever do more than fifty persons, excluding the eleven, repair to the ground to witness matches. EARLY CLOSING MOVEMENT. The Early Closing Movement practically dates from 1889, when a few drapers and outfitters set the example by closing their shops at 4 p.m. on Wednesday afternoons. The following spring an Associa- APPENDICES. tion was formed, .Mr. C Ilaskins acting as chairman, and Mr. (leorge H. Haynes as secretary. This post Mr. Haynes held till 1896, when he retired, after having rendered valuable services to the Society, apprecia- tion of which devotion to their interests the members shewed by publicly presenting him with a testimonial. The Society .secured the services of Mr. B. S. Hiscock in September, 1896, as secretary. At the present time most of the shops close at two o'clock on Wednesdays, and the object of the Society is to popularize the mid-week holiday, and make the two o'clock closing general. — In connection with this association, Mr. Hulse (the iate member) and Mrs. Hulse organized a series of Wednesday evening entertainments for shop assistants, and they also shewed their interest in the working classes by providing excellent Saturday evening entertainments. With these latter Mrs. Hulse is still actively identified, .Major Vincent (as successor to Mr. Rathmell Wilson, who formerly undertook the duties) being the hon. secretary. SALISBURY VOLUNTEER FIRE BRKIADE. One of the mcjst useful institutions in the city of Salislauy is the Volunteer Fire Brigade. Prior to the formation of this body there was a public brigade, under the control of and in the pay of the Corporation, but for many years the want of an efficient body of firemen to cope promptly and thoroughly with c )nfligrations in the city had been sorely felt, an I, accordingly, on the 17th July, 1884, a meeting was held to consider the subject. A number of citizens decided to form themselves into a \'oluntecr Fire Brigade. They determined that their services should be entirely gratuitous, deciding not only to buy their own clothes, but to provide themselves with fire axes and other etjuipment a* their own cost. At the August meeting (1884) of the Town Council, Mr. Lovibond brought the matter before ihe body named, explaining that the brigade was to consist of 25 active members, and as many honorary members as would come forward with their support. The brigade officials were the fol- lowing :— Captain, Mr. F. Style ; ist Lieutenant, Mr. E. W, Gawthorne ; 2nd Lieutenant, Mr. L. Waters; 3rd Lieutenant, Mr. O. B. Gibbs ; Hon. Sec, Mr. A. Bingham ; Hon. Treasurer, Mr. A. Anderson ; Committee, Messrs. J. W. Lovibond, G. Wilkes, F. Aston Dawes, S. Fawcett, and W. Leach. junr. It was resolved that the uniform should consist of a dark blue serge auii, with helmet, belt and axe. In the first roll of active members were the follow- ing : — Messrs. F. Griffin, E. W. (lawthorne, E. C. Harris, A. Folliott, J. Folliott, S. Fawcett, A. Crick, W. Leach, Jun., C. Woodrow, E. J. Roe, Jun., F. C. Gibbs, R. (ierrish, F. Style, A. D. Stroyan, S. Gibbs, L. Waters, E. H. Steer, G. B. Gibbs, VV. J. Stileman, W. IL Williams, A. Bingham, .\. F. Holder, A Anderson and F. A. Dawes. The present ( 1897) composition of the JJrigade is as follows: — Captain, Mr. E. W. Gawthorne ; Second-Officer, Mr. S. I'awcelt ; Engineers, J. M. Folliott and Bingham ; Firemen F. .\. Dawes, S. Laming, R. D.iwes, F. Newton, J. A. I'olli.lt, E. E. Parham, H. loUiott, M. Parker, J. Feltham, F. Rigden, W. l]. M. (leorge, A. E. Rawlings. J. J. Smith, 1,. [. Sly, W. S. Woof! ; Resident Fireman and Station Keeper, XII. APPENDICES. Herbert Hobbs ; Auxiliary Members, Mr. F. Griffin, and Mr. R. Gerrish ; Com- mittee, ihe Mayor (Mr. A. Whitehead), Mr. Alderman Brown, Captain Gaw- thorne, 2nd Officer Fawcett, Engineers Folliott and Bingham ; Firemen Feltham, Parham, George, Rigden, Smith; Hon. Secretary, Fireman W. E. M. George; Hon. Treasurer, Fireman F. Rigden. Mr. Gawthorne has occupied the post of Captain without intermission since the date of his appointment in 1885, and under his direction the organization has achieved much success. For many years Mr. E. C. Harris occupied the joint posts of Second-Officer and Hon. Secre- tary, and filled them with great ability. He retired in 1896, and as his successor in the second-officership a much respected and genial member of the Brigade was found in the person of Mr. Sidney I""awcett ; Mr. W. E. M. George kindly undertaking the secretarial duties. THE CITY CLUB. The City Club, which is situated in Catherine Street, was opened in 1S92, and is doing a good work among the young men of the city, pro- viding for them wholesome physical and intellectual modes of enjoyment. The membership is at present about 40. The following are the officials : — ■ Treasurer, Mr. E. J. Tatum ; Chairman, Rev. Chancellor Bernard ; Vice- Chairman, Mr. Frank Alexander ; Hon. Secretary, Mr. Sidney J. Rawlings ; Committee, Rev. H. C. Caryl, Mr. E. H. Major, Mr. G. B. Hardy, Mr. G. H. Procter, Rev. H. F. Stewart, Mr. F. Fry, Mr. A. Foley, and Mr. H. J. Roper. CYCLING AND ATHLETIC CLUB. At a meeting held at the Council Chamber on June 23rd, 1885, it was decided to form a Cycling and Athletic Club. Mr. W. Pinckney was appointed President (a post that gentleman still holds); Mr. H. Sidford, Captain, and Mr. W. F. Folliott, Hon. Secretary. Shortly afterwards Mr. Folliott resigned and his pLice was taken by Mr. C. Brown. Subsequently Mr. H. Weston Major undertook the office. Mr. Major resigned in March, 1887, and the duties of secretary were undertaken by Mr. Leonard J. Sly, who still retains this important post. On the retirement of Mr. Sidford, Mr. C. Bentlif became captain, and on his having to relinquish the leader- ship owing to ill-health in March, 1890, a successor was found in the person of Mr. Geo. Fullford, who at present enjoys great popularity in that capacity. The officials for 1897 are : — President, Mr. W. Pinckney ; Vice-Presidents, the Right Hon. the Earl Pembroke, the Right Hon. the Earl of Radnor, the Right Hon. Viscount Folkestone, M.P., Sir H. Malet, Bart., Sir F. Bathurst, Bart., Mr. H. E. Allhusen, M.P., Mr. E. H. Hulse, Mr. L. E. Pyke, Q.C., the Very Rev. the Dean of Salisbury, the Rev. the Sub-Dean, the Rev. Chan- cellor Bernard, the Rev. Canon Renaud, the Rev. A. Earle, Die Mayor of APPENDICES. xiii. Salisbury (Mr. A. Whitehead), Mr. A. R. Maiden (Ex-Mayor), Captain Hodding, Mr. W. H. Gramshaw, Mr. E. F. Pye-Smith, Mr F. Grittin, J. P., Mr. G. Fullford, ;.P., Mr. K. Waters, J. P., .Mr. C. Haskins, Mr. H. W. Rigden, Mr. H. j. King, Mr. H. Fulton, Mr. C. Bentlif, Mr. A. Foliiott. Captain, Mr. G. Fullford ; Road Captain, Mr. W. J. Saunders ; Sub-Cap- tains, Mr. T. Bridle, Mr. T. M. Jameson ; Hon. Secretary, Mr. Leonard J. Sly ; Hon. Treasurer and Assistant Hon. Secretary, Mr. H. E. Ilenbtst ; Com- mittee : Mr. G. Blagrove, Mr. J. Wort, Mr. H. T. Fullford, Mr. A. T. Fricker, iNIr. M. Harding, Mr. G. Haynes, .Mr. F. Henbest, Mr. C. King, Mr. G. Kington, Mr. T. Perkins ; Auditor, Mr. P. Bentlif. CHESS CLUB. The city of Salisbury and the neighbourhood can boast of some good chess players, and with a view to the improvement of the " King of Games " locally, and as well affording means of mutual intercourse and enjoyment between players, it was decided in iSSS to form a Chess Club. For the first season the members met at the Church House, but not long afterwards the head-quarters were fixed at Mr. Fred Sutton's Restaurant, in High Street, where they remained till last year (1895), when, owing to the increase of Mr. Sutton's business, a change of premises becune necessary. After temporary sojourns at one or two different places the club has at last settled down in con- venient anci commodious quarters at Mr. Mursell's Crown Hotel. The officers for 1896-7 are as follows : — President, Mr. J. W. Clark ; Hon. Secretary and Treasurer, *Mr. C. J. Woodrow ; Committee, Mr. A. Goodere, Mr. Oakley Gammer, *.Mr. W. M. Hammick. *.Mr. W. H. Jackson, *Mr. F. Sutton, *Mr. A. Watsor ; Membersof the Cli.b(not including the above) — Mr. Bowden Bennett, Mr. T. Brinsmead, Mr. E. C Boyle, Mr. H E. Chapman, Mr. B. Chaffcy, Mr. F. W. Fry, Mr. H. T. Fullford, Mr. E. H. Hulse, Mr. A. S. Huife, Mr. H. J. King, Colonel Law, Mr. P. T. Mussell, Mr. E. Musselwhite, Mr. F. H. I'arfitt, *Mr. iL J. Manning, Mr. T. Perkins, Mr. L. J. Parker. Mr, E. Roe, Mr. J. Sargent, Mr, C. F. South, Mr. K. R. Ward, *Rev. E. Wells, Rev. J. F. Welsh, Canon Whitefoord and Mr. F. E. Voung. [*Past Presidents of the Club.] PRINCIPAL CHARH'ABLE INSTITt TIOXS. The Chief of these is the Samsbury I.N'KIRMAKV, founded through the liberality of Anthony, Lord Feversham, who in the year 1763, left ^^500 to the first county hospital that should be estaljlished within five years after his death. Salisbury secured liie legacy, the foundation stone of the Infirmary having been laid in 1767, and the building opened in 177 1 f(jr tiie reception of patients. xiv. APPENDICES. The Earl of Radnor is the Visitor ; the Earl of Pembroke, President ; Mr. Alfred Buckley, Chairman ; Mr. S. J. Buchanan Smith, Secretary ; Mr. G. F. Henbest, Clerk. The Medical and Nursing Staffs are as follows : House Surgeon, Mr. W. Gordon ; Matron, Miss Johnstone ; Consulting Physicians, Dr. John Roberts and Dr. F. W. Coates ; Consulting Surgeon, Mr. F. R. P. Darke; Physicians, Mr. F. F. Lee, M.B., Mr. G. G. Morrice, M.D., and Mr. J. Kelland ; Surgeons, Mr. H. Coates and Mr. L. S. Luckham. The Salisbury and South Wilts Provident Disprnsary, situated in High Street, is a most valuable society, whose claims are not always so thoroughly recognised as they ought to be. The affairs are managed by a representative committee of honorary and benefit members, under the guidance of Mr. Charles Southby as Secretary and Manager. The members number over 8,250. THE SALISBURY HYMN BOOK. Or page 52 (Chapter VIH.) there is a reference to the Use of Sarum. The knowledge of that work (the oliject of which was to produce uniformity in church services) is world-wide, but the Salisbury Hymn Book is not so well known in these later days. Thanks to the courtesy of the Earl Nelson, the writer is able to present his readers with a few interesting particulars of the .Sarum Hymn Book.* In 1855, the Earl Nelson induced the famous churchman and poet, Mr. Keble, to help him in bringing out the first book of Hymns Ancient and Modern. Before that they had only the " Hymnal Noted,"' with very stiff translations from the Latin and some small four-verse collections of modern hymns to be used with Tate and Brady's collection. Until Roundell Palmer (Lord Sf-lborne) brought out his splendid book, with the originals of the modern hymns, Earl Nelson and Mr. Keble had only the four verse collections to be guided by, and in " polishing these up " Mr. Keble often remarked how poor they were in scripture reference compared with the ancient hymns. The omitted verses of the original supplied the want abundantly. When the Nelson -Keble book was compiled, the Earl Nelson asked from Bishop Hamilton of Salisbury permission to call it the Salisbury Hymn Book. The desired leave was granted, and the Bishop wro;e to the Earl Nelson : "I have to thank you for having secured to my diocese so very valuable a work, and I am very sanguine about the good fruits it will bear." In another communication his lordship said : " I very much like the Hymn Book you have sent me, and I quite approve of your publishing it." Thus for the time the " Sarum Use " again led the way, and with Mr. Keble's permission selections from "The Christian Year" were allowed to be used in the Church Service. Hymns Ancient and Modern soon followed, the arrangers appropriating many hymns from the " Salisbury Hymn Book," and when the compilers of " Hymns Ancient and Modern " followed up * Letter to author from Earl Nelson, December 5th, 1895. APPENDICES. XV. with tunes our local compilers were driven out of the field. Bishop Hamilton then asked Canon (afterwards Bishop) Woodford and Mr. Ileathcote (his chaplain) to bring out a fuller book, and with tunes. There, again, the local compilers forestalled " Hymns Ancient and Modern " with many hymns used by them for the first time. But once more they were beaten, although the last edition of " Hymns Ancient and Modern" contained nearly all of the hymns to be found in the " Salisbury Hymn Book." Bishop Hamilton just before his death saw the new book, but would not agree that it was as good as its predecessor. After all, "The Salisbury Hymn Book" led the devotions of praise in our churches for along time, and thus once more "The Use of Sarum " was brought to the front. BISHOPS OF SHERBORNE. (See Chapter VII). 705, Aldhelm ; 709, Forthere ; 736, Herewald ; 778, Athelmond ; 793, Denefrith ; 801, Wigbert ; 824, Ealdslan ; 868, Heahmund ; 872, Ethelheage ; 883, Alfsyor Wulfsy ; 900, Asser ; 910, Ethelweard ; Werstan ; 918, Elhelbald; 926, Sighelm ; 933, Alfred ; 943, Wulfsy ; 958, Elfwold ; 992, Wulfsy ; 978, Ethelsy ; looi, Eihelric ; Brihtwy ; 1017, Elmer; Brihtwy ; 1045, Elfwold; 1058, Herman. BISHOPS OF SALISBURY. 1072, Herman ; 1078, Osmund ; 1107, Roger ; 1142, Toscelin de Bailul ; 1 189, Hubert Walter ; 1194, Herbert (the Poor) ; 1217, Richard (the Poor) ; 1228, Robert de Bingham ; 1246, William of York ; 1256, Giles de Bridport ; 1263, Walter de la Wyle ; 1274, Robert de Wykehampton ; 1284, Walter Scammel ; 1287, Henry de Braundeston ; 1289, Walter de la Corner ; 1291, Nicholas Longespeye ; 1297, Simon of Ghent ; 131S, Roger de Morlivallis ; 1330, Robert Wyville ; 1375, Ralph Erghum ; 1388, John de Wallham ; 1396, Richard Mitford ; 1407, Nicholas Bubbewyth ; 1408, Robert Hallum ; 1417, John Chaundeler ; 1427, Robert Nevill ; 1438, William Ayscough ; 1450, Richard Beauchamp ; 1482, Lionel Woodvill ; 1485, Thomas Langton ; 1493, John Blythe ; 1500, Henry Dean; 1502, Edmund Audley ; 1525, Lawrence Campegius ; 1535, Nicholas Shaxton ; 1539, John .Salcote; 1558, Francis Mallet; 1560, John Jewel; 1571, Edmund tlheast ; 1577, John Piers; 1591, John Coldwell ; 1598, Henry Cotton; 1615, Robert Abbott ; 1618, Martin Fotherby ; 1620, Robert Townson ; 1621, John Davenant ; 1641, Brian Duppa ; i66o, Humphrey Henchman; 1663, John Earle ; 1665, Alexander Hyde ; 1667, Seth Ward ; 1689, CWlbert Burnet; 1715, William Talbot; 1721, Richard Willis; 1723, Benjamin Hoadley; 1734, Thomas Sherlock ; 1748, John Gilbert ; 1757, John Thomas ; 1761, Robert Hay Drummond ; 1761, John Thomas; 1766, John Hume; 1782, Hon. Shute Barrington ; 1791, John Douglas; 1807, John Fisher ; 1825, Thomas Burgess; 1837,' Fd ward Denison ; 1854, Waller Kerr Hamilton; 1869, George .Moberley ; 1885, John Wordsworih. xvi. APPENDICES. MAYORS UNDER THE MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ACTS. 1835, William Smith ; 1836, Charles Finch ; 1837, Alexander Lucas ; 1838, Richard Hetley ; 1839, Thomas Norwood Chubb ; 1840, Robert Mack- rell ; 1841, William Biackmore ; 1842, William Corbyn Finch, M.D. ; 1843, James Hussey ; 1844, Edward Edmund Peach Kelsey ; 1845, William Brown- john ; 1846, George Full ford ; 1847, Robert Farrant ; 1848, Robert Farrant (2) ; 1849, Thomas Robert Moore, ALD., ; 1850, George Brown ; 1851, Edward Edmund Peach Kelsey (2) ; 1852, Edward Edmund Peach Kelsey (3) ; 1853, John Lambert ; 1854, Thomas Pain ; 1855, Abraham Jackson ; 1856, Thomas Pain (2) ; 1857, Coard William Squarey ; 1858, Philip Pinckney Cother ; 1859, William Woodlands ; i860, Philip Watson Ottaway ; 1861, Charles Mann CornwaUis Whatman ; 1S62, John Style ; 1863, John Waters ; 1864, Richard Henry Rigden ; 1865, Robert Stokes ; 1866, John Alfred Lush, M.D. ; 1867, Stephen Eldridge ; 1868, William Price Aylward ; 1869, Charles Richard Norton; 1870, William Fawcett, junr. ; 1871, John Harding Jackson ; (G. Richardson elected, but paid fine) ; 1872, James Read ; 1873, Henry Brown ; 1874, Samuel Ralph Atkins ; 1875, Charles Henry Radcliffe ; 1876, John Keynes ; 1877, Richard Monkhouse Wilson ; 1878, Joseph Williams Lovibond ; 1879, William Hicks; 18S0, Edward Frederick Kelsey ; 1881, William Leach ; 1882, Charles Moody ; 1883, Thomas Stephen Futcher ; 1884, George Fullford ; 1S85, William Maxwell Hammick ; 1886, Frederick Griffin ; 1887, Edward Waters ; 1SS8, Samuel Parker ; 1889, George Nodder ; 1890, Joseph Williams Lovibond (2) ; 1891, William Marlow ; 1892, Arthur Whitehead ; 1893, Charles Haskins ; 1894, Edward Foulger Pye-Smith ; 1895, Arthur Russell Maiden ; 1896, Arthur Whitehead (2). MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT. The following is a list of Members of Parliament representing Salisbury, who have sat since the passing of the Reform Bill : — 1833, William Bird Brodie and Duncombe Pleydell Bouverie (Wadham Wyndham who had been declared returned was unseated on petition to Parliament) ; 1835, William Bird Brodie and Wadham Wyndham ; 1837, William Bird Brodie and Wadham Wyndham ; 1841, Wadham Wyndham and WiUiam Bird Brodie; 1842, John Henry Campbell was elected in the stead of Wadham Wyndham, deceased ; 1843, Ambrose Hussey, in the place of William Bird Brodie, resigned ; 1S47, William James Chaplin and Charles Baring Wall ; 1852, William James Chaplin and Charles Baring Wall ; 1857, Edward Percy Buckley and Matthew Henry Marsh ; 1865, Matthew Henry Marsh and Edward William Terrick Hamilton ; 1868, John Alfred Lush, M. D. , and Edward Terrick Hamilton ; 1869, Alfred Seymour vice Hamilton, resigned ; 1874, Granville Richard Ryder and John Alfred Lush ; 1880, William Henry Grenfell and John Passmore Edwards ; 1882, Coleridge John Kennard vice Grenfell, appointed groom-in-waiting to the Queen ; 1885, Edward Henry Hulse (Distribution of Seats Bill reducing the representation to one member). Mr. Hulse, who was elected in the summer of 1885, held the seat till January, 1897. APPENDICES. xvii. On the 19th July, 1897, at a mass meeting at the County Hall, the Mayor (Mr. Arthur Whitehead) in the names of the Mayor and Corporation of Salisbury presented Mr. Hulse with the honorary freedom of the city, the fust time such an honour had ever been conferred. Mr. Hulse was elected by the votes of the Conservative party ; but two prominent Liberals, Mr. J. W. Lovibond and Mr. S. R. Atkins, delivered addresses in which they bore testi- mony to the fact that having once been elected Mr. Hulse faithfully represented all classes of his constituents, and Wiis a firm and genuine friend to all, irrespective of creed or politics. On Mr. Hulse retiring in January of 1897, Mr. H. E. Allhusen was elected by 1,425 votes against 1,278 of his opponent xMr Fuller. It is interesting to note that Mr. and Mrs. Allhusen are giving evidence of a desire to carry on the good work inaugurated and fostered by Mr. and Mrs. Hulse. PRESENT CITY MAGISTRATES. Mayor Mr. Arthur Whitehead, Recorder, Mr. Charles Willie Mathews, 1893 ; Ex-Mayor, Mr. A. R. Maiden, Mr. James Read, 1872 ; Mr. Philip Watson Ottaway, 1880; Mr. Samuel Ralph Atkins, 1880 ; Mr. Wm. Maxwell Hammick, 1886 ; Mr. George Fullford, 1888 ; Mr. Frederick Griffin, )8S8; Mr. Edward Waters, 1889 ; Mr. Henry Brown, 1889 ; Mr. Henry Charles Kadcliflfe, 1892 ; Mr. Henry George Gregory, 1893 ; Mr. Robert Curtis Harding, 1893 ; Mr. William Marlow, 1S93 ; Mr. Caleb William Gater, 1896 ; Clerk to the Magistrates. Mr. Wm. Chas. Powning, 1877. PRESENT COUNTY MAGISTRATES. For Salisbury and Amesbury Petty Sessional Divisions : — The Earl of Radnor, The Earl of Pembroke, Viscount Folkestone, M. P., The Earl Nelson, Sir Edmund Antrobus, Sir Edward Hulse, Sir H. C. E. Malet, Rev. J. E. Gordon Bond, ^^r. F. A. Bradburne, Mr. A. Buckley, Mr. ICyre Coote, Mr. William Eyre Eyre Matcham, Colonel Everett, Mr. G. M. Fort, Mr. F, C. Fowle, Mr. H. N. Good, Mr. J. Ledger Hill, Mr. M. H. W. Devenish, Major Goff, Mr. G. E. B. Eyre, Mr. P. Yates, Mr. E. IL Hulse, Mr. J. H. Jacob, Mr. F. J. E. Jervoise, Mr. W. F. Lawrence, M.P., Mr. Cieorgc Henry Eyre Matcham, Mr. Charles Penruddocke, .Mr. Charles Penruddocke, Tun., Mr. W. Pinckney, Major Robert Poore, Mr. J. A. T. I owell, Mr. IF C. Stephens, and Mr. J. M. Swayne (the chairmen of District Councils are magistrates ex-qfficio). Mr. H. W. Cobb is Clerk to the Magistrates. Super- intendent Longstone, is the head of the police in the ilivision. xviii. APPENDICES. REPRESENTATIVES OF SALISBURY ON THE COUNTY COUNCIL. Ur. C. H. Ridcliffe, Mr. J. W. Lovibbnd, Mr. S. R. Atkins, and Mr. W. Lane. SALISBURY MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF GUARDIANS Mr. W. M. Hammick, Mr. C. H. Radcliffe, Mr. J. Bingham, Mr. R. C. Harding, Mr. C. W. Anset, Mr. S. J. M. Moody, Mr. T. Perkins, Mr. E. J. Brittan, Mr- H. W. Larkam, Mr. F. C. Gibbs, Mr. G. Bar'lett, & Mr. J. Naish. MILFORD-WITHOUT PARISH COUNCIL. Chairman, Mr. Hamilton Fulton ; Vice-Chairman, Rev. J. C. Alcock : other members, Mr. E. M. Austin, Mi. J. R. Adams, Mr. C. Hale (Laver- stock), Mr. E. Hale (Castle Street), Mr. E. Bowie, Mr. S. Gibbs, Mr. F. T. B. Bates, Mr. M. Phillips, and Mr. Adlam. Clerk, Mr. J. Clyde. CITY OFFICIALS. Ward Aldermen — St. Edmund, Alderman Read ; St. Thcmas, Alderman Lovibond ; St. Martins, Alderman Brown. Elective Auditors — Messrs. F. Aston Dawes and J. K. Dowden. Mayor's Auditor — Mr. Alderman Brown. Town Clerk and Clerk to the Urban Sanitary Authority — Mr. W. C. Powning, appointed 18S2. Clerk of the Peace — Mr. F. Hodding — 1866. Corporation Surveyor— Mr. J. C. Bothams, M. Inst. C.E.— 1866. Urban Sanitary Authority Surveyor — Mr. J. C. Bothams, M. Inst. C. E. — 1853. Treasurer to the Town Council and Urban Sanitary Authority — Mr. M. H. W. Devenish — 1894. City Coroner — Mr. S. Buchanan Smith — 1895. Deputy Coroner — Mr. VV. J. Trethowan — 1895. Assistant Surveyor — Mr. A. C. Bothams, M. Inst. C. E. — 18S9. Medical Officer— Mr. Harcourt Coates— 1891. Public Analyst— Mr. F. W. Stoddart, F.C.S. —1880. Police Surgeon— Mr. Harcourt Coates — 1887. Chief of Police and Inspector of Weights and Measures — Mr. A. Mathews — 1874. Inspector under Food and Drugs Act— Mr. A. Mathews — 1878. Inspector of Nuisances, Common Lodging Houses and Slaughter Houses — Mr. G. Carey — 18S7. Inspectors under the " Diseases of Animals Acts"— Mr. E. R. Harding, M.R.C. V.S. — 1893, and Mr. G. Carey— 1888, Collector of Sanitary Rates — Mr. W. C. Westmoreland — 1872. Inspector of Water Waste- Mr. W. R. Carter— 1S86. Public Librarian— Mr. Oliver Lang- mead — 1894. Clerk to the Commissioners of Taxes for the District of New Sarum — Mr. W. C. Powning — 1877. Surveyor of Taxes— Mr. J. Thomas. Postmaster — ^Mr. Frederick Mackland. Captain of Volunteer Fire Brigade — Mr. E. W. Gawthorne. Trustees of Municipal Charities — Ex-Officio Trustee APPEXDir-ES. xix. — The Right Worshipful the Mayor. Co-optative Trustees — Messrs. T. Bloom, H. Brown, S R. Atkins, R. A. Wilson, J. Pinckney, J. Read, E. Waters, E. W. Gawthorne and R. Stokes. Representative Trustees — Messrs. G. Fullford, J. A. Folliott, W. M. Hammick, J. H. Jacob, F. Griffin, G. J. Main, S. Parker,* and T. Sly ; Mr. H. Fulton, Clerk. Salisbury Burial Board— Consist- ing of 15 members, of whom the following 12 are appointed by the Urban Sanitary Authority, viz. — The Right Worshipful the Mayor, the Ex-Mayor, Mr. Alderman Read, Mr. Alderman Parker,* Mr. Alderman Fullford, Mr. Alderman Hammick, Mr. Marlow, Mr. Folliott, Mr. Harris, Mr. Alexander, Mr. Fawcett, and Mr. Ciawthorne, together with three members appointed by the Parish Council of Milford Without ; Mr. W. C. Povvning, Clerk. Fisher- ton Anger Burial Board — Consisting of nine members, of whom the following six are appointed by the Urban Sanitary Authority, viz. — The Right Worship- ful the Mayor, the Ex-Mayor, Aid. Griffin, Mr. Waters, Mr. Gregory and Mr. Scamell, together with three members appointed by the Parish Council of P'isherton Anger Without ; Mr. W. C. Powning, Clerk. School Board — Mr. W. M. Hammick (Chairman), Rev. E. N. Thwaites (Vice-Chairman), Messrs. H. Brown, J. Saunders, E. F. Pye-Smiih, R. A. Wilson, and Major Vincent ; Mr. G. Flarris, Clerk. * Since the compilation of this list Mr. Parker has died. FISHERTON WITHOUT PARISH COUNCIL. The following were elected at the 1897 meeting : — Messrs. W. Beck, E. J. Briltan, T. Clissold, G. Coles, J. Dowdell, H. Elliott, T. Harding, R. C. Harding, G. F. Henbest, T. Perkins, H. Scott, J. Sansom, and C. J. Tutt. l-RIENDLY SOCIETIES. As to these organizations locally, the author has had a mass of most interesting information placed at his disposal, but limits of space prevent the touching of more than the barest fringe of the subject on the present occasion. Oddfellowship appears to have been the order introduced into Salisbury the earliest, and to a Polish Jew, whose name was pronounced in convenient English as Joseph Simmonds, the crcditof the introduction in July, 1843, is due. The first lodge was held in a public house in Trinity Street, known as the " Bird-in-IIand," and its popularity became so great that on the 23rd July, the year following, "The Loyal Victoria Lodge" was set on foot at the "Vine Inn" (now St. Edmund's Society's House) in Bedwyn Street; and about a year later, "The Widow and Orphans" Lodge and the "Pride of Avon " Lodge were started. Up to 1849, they were all attached to the Devizes district, but at the date mentioned all, with the exception of the ' \'ic'.oria "' Lodge, dissolved partnership with Devizes, and in combination laid the foundation slonesof the Salisbury district. From this time forward the District began to grow in num- bers and usefulness. It was in 1865 that Mr. (ieorgc Bartlett became Correspond- ing Secretary, and from that time he has aided the cause of (3ddfellowship and of other friendly societies in general, with advice and practical guidance such as few men have been able, in this district at any rate, to bring to bear upon the conduct X XX. APPENDICES. of such organizations. In connection with friendly societies, as well as other things, there has long existed a prejudice against the admission of women into the order as numbers who should enjoy advantages similar to men, but the long standing barrier against them has at length been Ijroken, and female lodges of Oddfellows and Foresters are being formed all over the country. In Salis- bury the " Harriett Bartlett " Lodge of Oddfellows, started early in 1897, was named after the daughter of the Corresponding Secretary, as a tribute to her emulati m of her father's zeal in regard to friendly societies, and the Foresters of Salisbury have also a female lodge. In addition to the Oddfellows and the Foresters there are in Salisbury branches of the Society of Shepherds, Rechabites, &c., whilst the Old Sarum Lodge of the Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes, though not a friendly society in the ordinary acceptation of the phrase, is a benevolent order that is the means of doing many acts of charity, as well as being a medium for social recreation among members. Strong as is the temptation to draw upon our store of interesting facts and traditions concerning the past, we must be content (owing to the limitations of space) to briefly mention the names of the existing societies : — Oddi-'EI.lows. — New Sarum Lodge. — Secretary, Mr. J. Charlton. Vic- toria Lodge.— Secretary, Mr. W. L. Keith. Unity Lodge.— Secretary, Mr. F. Tapper. Widows and Orphans Lodge. — Secretary, Mr. J. H. Davis. Juveniles— Mr. T. Marshall. " Harriett Bartlett."— Secretary, Miss Bartlett. Juvenile Female Lodge. — Secretary, Mrs. Stride. Wilts Friendly Society. — Steward of Salisbury Branch, Mr. Bush. Foresters. — Court " Egerton and Wyndham."— Secretary, Mr. R. Jarvis. Court "Lush and Alexandra."— Secretary, Mr. T. Wingrove. Juveniles. —Secretary, Mr. J. Bower. Hearts of Oak. — Local Secretary, Mr. Harry Barber. Royal Antediluvian Order ok Buffaloes. — Old Sarum Lodge. —Secretary, "Sir" H, Weston Ma]oi [via; Primo Butt, who held the oflice for many years). TEMPERANCE ORGANIZATIONS. The Temperance party in Salisbuiy is very strong numerically and doing a good work. The Organizing Secretary of the Diocesan Branch of the Church of England Temperance Society is Mr. Kathmell G. Wilson, who is also actively identified with the " Spare Time" Movement, the object of which is to provide healthy and profitable recreation in leisure hours, whilst at the same time it helps to put into the hands ot the British workmen money which has hitherto gone to the foreigner for toys, etc. The Salisbury Temperance Association was established in 1840 and re-organized in 1893. Mr. Robert APPENDICES. xxi. Ha'I is president, Mr. II. G. Gregory vice-president, Mrs. A. C. Bothams treasurer, and Mrs. Robert Hall hon. secretary. Other temperance organiza- tions are the following : — Rising Star Jubilee Tent of Rechabites, Mr. II. T. Cooke, secretary ; Jubilee Tent of Rechabites, Mr. F. J. Jacobs, secretary ; Vale of Avon (Female) Tent of Rechabites, Mrs. Jacobs, secretary ; Pride of Sarum (Juvenile) Tent of Rechabites, Mr. J. Adlam, secretary ; Barnard's Cross Mission Band, Mr. G. Bath, secretary; Fisherton Branch of the C.F.T.S., Mr. Arthur Smith, secretaiy ; Fisherton Branch of the C.E.T.S. ijunior), Miss Kate Rooke, secretary ; Wesleyan Temperance Society (Wilton-road), Mr. F. Harris, secretary ; Wesleyan Band of Hope (Wilton-road), Mr. F, C. Miles, secretary ; Wesleyan Temperance Society (Church-street), Mr. Howes, secretary ; Wesleyan Band of Hope (Church-street), Miss C. A. Barber, secretary ; St. Thomas' Branch of the C.E.T.S., Rev. W. J. Birkbeck, secretary ; St. Thomas' Band of Hope, Mr. W. A. Collis, secretary ; Salisbury Branch of the V. A. U., Mrs. C. S. Welch, secretary; Brown-street Band of Hope, Mrs. a. C. Bothams, secretary ; British Women's Temperance Associa- ■ lion, Mrs. C. J. Woodrow, secretary ; United Kingdom Railway Temperance Mission, Mr. C. Reed, secretary ; Salvation Army, Mr. V. J. Blew, secretary; Salvation Army Band of Love, Mr. W. Tapper, secretary ; Congregational Band of Hope, Mrs. W. H. Carter, secretary ; Pride of ^'arum Tent of Rechaljites, Mr. M. Phillips, secretary ; Barnard's Cross Bnnd of Hope, Mr. Medway, secretary ; Primitive Methodist Temperance Association (Park), Mrs. H. Portnall, secretary ; Primitive Methodist Band of Hope (Park), Mrs. H. Portnall, secretary ; Primitive Methodist Temperdnce Society (Fisherton), Mr. C. Haynes, secretary ; Primitive Methodist Band of Hope (Fisherton), Mr. C. Haynes, secretary ; United Free Methodist Band of Hope, Mr. A. S. Davis, secretary ; Brown-street Temperance Association, Miss B. Foley, secretary ; S'. Mark's Band of Hope, Miss Griffiths, secretary ; St. Edmund's C.E.T.S., Miss M. E. Parham, secretary; St. Edmund's Band of Hope, Rev. S. J. Buchanan, secretary ; St. Martin's Band of Hope, Mrs. Lardner Green, secretary. CABMEN'S ASS()CLA.TION. During his term of office as representative of the city in Parliament, Mr. E. H. Hulse frequently urged on the cabmen of the city the advantages of co- operation for the purposes of mutual aid. The question was brought forward again at a dinner to cabmen and busmen held at the Angel Hotel in January of this year (1897), when Mr. Hulse's views were heartily endorsed by the present parliamentary representative, Mr. H. E. Allhusen, Mr. Fred Grillin and others. .Mr. Fred B.-iker, who had charge of the arrangements at the dinner referred to, promised that those concerned should take the proposal into serious consideration, «nd the result has been the formation of an association called "The Salisbury Cabmen's and Busmen's Association," of which the following are the officials for 1897 : — President, Mr. F. Griffin; chairman, xxii. APPENDICES. Mr. H. Turner ; secretary, Mr. Frank Baker, who for the past nine years has been actively engaged in connection with the annual dinners of the local cab- men), and the foiiowing commiiiee : Messrs. T. Lucas, J. Osmond, Y. Stan- ford, M. Beauchamp, and F. Walts. Present membersliip about 40. SALISBURY BELL FOUNDERS. Bell Founding was in early days a "staple trade" in Salisbury. The industry is now extinct, so far as actual founding is concerned, though it is re- presented at the present time by the belfry work done by Mr. Blackbourne, of St. Ann Street. We are indebted to Mr. J. R. Jerram (an authority on Campanology) for the following notes on Salisbury Bell Founders : — Henry Penker's name as a bell founder appears as early as 1494. In St. Edmunds' accounts, 1494-5, appears the following : — " Henrico Penker pro effasione Xc de belle bras pro seciinda pariia Campana ecclesie predicte fienda VI Vlljd" He is said to have cast the original peal that was first hung in the old tower of St. Edmunds. If any of his bells were left in 1653, they were destroyed then in the fall of the tower. John Wali.is commenced business about 1580. He cast a large number of bells throughout the neighbourhood of Wilts, Dorset, and ad- joining counties. He was churchwarden of St. Edmunds, Salisbury, in 1606. During his year of ofifice he recast the second and fifth bells then in the old tower, before it fell. His bells usually bore short English inscriptions in plain Roman capitals, such as : " Hope well "— " Feare God "— " Piaise the Lord " — " Geve thankes to God" and sometimes " Be mec (meek) and loly (lowly) to heare the worde of God." His initials were generally added (J.W.) and the date. He was buried in the old church of St. Edmunds in 1624. John Danton carried on business with Wallis during the latter part of Wallis's life and for some years after his death. He used much the same inscrip- tions as Wallis, and his initials (J.D.) and date. He cast the tenor at St. Martin's, Salisbury and put on it— " Call a solemme assemblie ; gather the people.' Died about 1640. William Puruue followed Danton and cast a large number of bells in the southern counties, among which was a peal of six for St. Edmunds, in r655, after the tower was rebuilt ; and the former peal that used to hang in St, Thomas' tower five years later. Also the large bell now in the Cathedral tower, which was the sixth of the old peal of eight formerly in the campanile. He rarely put any inscriptions on his bells beyond the names of the parochial officers, etc., and his initials (W. f.) often in conjunction with his brother Roger's (R.P.) and those of Nathiel Bolter, a partner. He was buried at Limerick Calheihal. APPENDICES. xxiii. John Lett seems to have also been in business on his own account during the latter part of Purdue's time and for some years after his death. He usually put the dale on his bells, accompanied by the words "Anno Domini," in large capitals, and his initials (J.L.), with a rude figure of a bell between them. Clement Tosier began business about 1680, and in that year recast the seventh and tenor of the peal in the old campanile of the Cathedral, in con- junction with Elizabeth Flowery. Many of his bells are to be found in the neighbourhood. He was a very illiterate man, who s})elt his own name in a variety of ways. On Downton tenor, which he cast, he put " Clement Tosier cast me in the 12 yer of Quin .Ann rain, 1731, pes this yere " (i.e. *' peace this year.'") He was followed by William and John Tosier, and the foundry (which is supposed to have been situated somewhere in Culver St.) was finally wound up in 1 73 1, most of the trade having gone to Aldbourne in North Wilts, where first Oliver, then William with Robert, and then John Corr, and afterwards Robert and James Wells in succession, carried on a flourishing business in the bell-founding line from the end of the seventeenth century till 1S30 or thereabouts. PIHLATELV IN SALISBURY. The study of the now " fashionable" science of philately is very popular in Salisbury, and interest in it has heen largely fostered by the existence of an excellent philatelic society. The Salisbury and I^istrict Philatelic Society was started on November 22nd, .1895, with Mr. W. Erown as president and Mr. S. C. Skipton as vice-president. The first annual meeting was held on October 9th, 1896, when the hon. secretary (Mr. H. Weston Major) announced in his report that, at the instigation of Mr. W. Brown, His Honour Judge Philbrick had consented to act as president, a position to which he was un- animously elected and still holds. At the annual meeting in 1896, Mr. Major tendered his resignation of secretary (through pressure of business), and Mr. E. Palmer was unanimously appointed in his stead. We learn fiom Mr. Palmer at the moment of going to press that the membership is now 28. Philately in Salisbury also boasts journalistic representation, the "Philatelic Journal of (ireat Britain," which is published by Mr. William Brown, of Salisbury, having secured several honours at philatelic exhibitions. SWIMMLNG CLUBS. The Salisbuiy Swimming Club's Head Ouaiters are at the Baths in Rolltstone Street, the Secretaries beirg Messrs. W. Prown and S. C. Skipton. Of a recently foi med Ladies .Swimming Club Miss \'. Pinckney is the I Ion. Sec. xxiv. APPENDICES. A LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. The following is a list of those who have subscribed for copies of "The Popular History of Old and New Sarum " up to the time of going to press, the figures opposite the names representing the number of copies ordered : — Alexander, E. (T.C.), WiJ ton -road, Salisbury ... ... ... i Alexander, P., The Brambles, I.ondon-road, Salisbury ... ... 2 Alexander, Mrs. J., The Chestnuts, London-road, Salisbury ... 2 Allhusen, Henry, RL P. for Salisbury .. ... ... ... 4 Anset, W. Louis, Kelvin Villa, St. Mark's-road, Salisbury ... Arnold, Thos., Architect, 10, Basinghall-street, London, E.C. Aiundel, Lord, Wardour Castle, Wilts Atkins, S. R. (J. P.), (C.C), The Mount, Elm Grove, Salisbury Atkinson, W. R., Chief Librarian, Walthamstow Austin, E. M., Bourne Avenue, Salisbury Bailey, Henry, The Commons, Chipping Norton ... Baglin, P., 65, Milford-street, Salisbury Baker, F., Usherton-street, Salisbury Bartlett, Geo., High-street, Salisbury Bait, A., Bournemouth Bast, W., College-street, "-alisbury Batt, E. J., Headmaster, St. Thomas' Schools, Salisbury Baxter, Stanley Villa, Gaultonroad, Lower Clapton Bell, Rev. G. E., Marlborough College, Wilts ... Bennett, F. J., 2, Belle Vue, London-road, Salisbury Bennett, Rev. Canon, 6, The Beacon, Exmouth, Devon Bennett, W. S., Tower House, Slough Bentlif, P., Rozel, Manor-road, Salisbury Blackmore, Dr., St. Ann-street, Salisbury Blandford, H., 5J, Silver-street, Salisbury Bond, Mrs., 252, Fylde-road, Preston, Lancashire Bowes, H. T., White Hart Hotel, Salisbury Bowey, W. T., Endless-street, Salisbury Bowie, E., Bishopdown Farm, Salisbury Bracher, R., Headmaster, Bishop's School, Sahsbury Brown, W., Villette, Salisbury Brown, Henry (J. P.), (Aid.), Canal, Salisbury Brown, Henry, Blacklands Park, Calne Brown, Geo., iii, Exeler-street, Salisbury Buckley, A. (J. P.), (C.C), New Hall, Nunton ... Bungay, W. M., 47, Canal, Salisbury Burroughs, F., Clarendon Terrace, Salisbury Bush, J., St. Martin's Crescent, Salisbury Butt, F., 35, Canal, Salisbury APPENDICES. XXV. Carpenter, Rev. Precentor, The Close, Salisbut)' Carter, C. H., Rocklands, (J rays, Essex Carter, H. J., Builder, Grays, Essex ... Carter, John, 3, Penrose Villas, London-road, Salisbury Clyde, J., Wyndham-road, Salisbury Cockett, A , Market Place, Salisbury ... Cookman, A., 64, Milford-street, Salisbury Cooper, F., 86.V, Salt-lane, Salisbury... Coram, Mrs. C, 24, Milford-street, Salisbury Coram, F., 24, Milford-street, Salisbury Cowmeadow, F. J., 19, High-street, Salisbury Crook, F., High-street, Salisbury ... Curtis, J. Shelley, Brixham, Devon Darke, F. R. P., 20, (^)ueen-street, Salisbury Dartnell, George E. , Abbotsfield, Stratford-road, Salisbury ... Davis, G. H., York House, Wyndham-road, Salisbury Dawes, F. Aston, New-street, Salisbury Dear, Richard (T.C.), Castle-street, Salisbury Dell, C, London-road, Salisbury Dennis, S., 15, Minster-street, Salisbury Devenish, M. H. W. (J.P.), Little Durnford, Salisbury Diamond, Rev. Robert, 36, Harcourt Terrace, Salisbury Dredge, William, Capethorne, Christchurch, Hants Ellis, Mrs., Belle \'ue, Southsea Fawcett, S., (T.C. ), St. Edmund's Church-steet, S.ilisbury Feery, Patrick, 34, Park-street, Salisbury P'inch, Dr. Corbin, Bemerton Lodge, Salisbury ... Folliott, J. A., Rollestone-street, Salisbury Folliott, J. M., Tanierton, London-road, Salisbury... Folliott, H., Tamerton, London-road, Salisbury ... Folkestone, N'iscount, I\LP., Longford Castle, Wilts Foster, John, junr.. Green Bank Bolt Works, Preston, Lancashire I'owle, F. C. , (J. P.), Amesbury Freestone, J., St. Ann-street, Salisbury (Co. Officer C.L.B.) ... Fricker, A. T., 12, St. Martin's Crescent, Salisbury Fullford, G. (J. P.) (Aid.), Avon Dene, Salisbury ... Gale, J., (^ueen-street, Salisbury Garrett, ^^ .,Ea.st London Recreation Ground and Land Company, Limited, Elms Club, Walthamstow Gawthorne, E. W. (T.C), Castle-street, Salisbury George, W. E. M., Wyndham-road, Salisbury Gibb«, Frank C, Arundell House, Salisbury Gibbs, S. T., St. .Vnn-^treet, Salisbury xxvi. APPENDICES. Gifford, William W., 25, Deviz^s-roac^, Salisbury ... ... ... i Glass, Sergeant-Major, St. Mark's-road, Salisbury ... ... 2 Griffin, F. (J.P. ) (Aid. ), Fisherton-street, Salisbury ... ... 4 Hall, Robert, 31, Castle-street, Salisbury .. ... ... i Hammick, W. M. (J.I.) (Aid.), The Close, Salisbury ... ... 2 Harris, Geo., Langside, London-road, Salisbury .. ... ... 2 Harris, G. W., Langside, London-road, Salisbury Harris, Howard, (T.C.), Winchester-street, Salisbury Harris, A. J., Secretary National Trade Defence Fund, Bristol Harrison, J., The Gardens, Wardour Castle, Wilts Harrison, P., Park-street, Salisbury Harwood, G., H.M.S. Majestic, Channel Fleet ... Harwood, J., Rath Keale, South bourne, Hants ... Hassan, Rev. E., Wavertree Lodge, Salisbury Haskins, Charles, (T.C.), Poultry Cross, Salisbury Hayden, J. M., Ivydale, Exeter-street, Salisbury ... Hazelwood, H., St. Ann-street, Salisbury Henbest, G. F., 2, Everley Villas, Churchfields, Salisbury Henbest, H. E., 27, New-street, Salisbury Hems, Harry, Fair Park, Exeter Highman, F., High-street, Salisbury ... Holgate,' Clifford W., Secretary to the Lord Bishop of Salisbury, The Close Hodding, F., Clerk of the Peace, etc., Market House, Salisbury Hodding, Mrs., Selwood House, Barnard's Cross, Salisbury ... Hope, Andrew, 36, Prospect Park, Exeter Hulbert, Charles, Estate Offices, Longford Castle, Salisbury .. Hulse, E. H. (late M.P. for Salisliury), 26, Upper Brook-street, London, W. Hunt, Miss, Headmistress, St. Thomas' Schools, Salisbury ... Hutchinson, Rev. S. N. Broadchalke, Salisbury ... Jackson, W. H., The Martins, Endless-street, Salisbury Jacob, Miss, Crane Lodge, Salisbury ... Jones, F. D., Richmond Villas, VA althamstow Keating, T., Surveyor, 30, Hatherley-road, Hoe-street, Walthamstow ... Keith, W. L., Fernleigh, Wyndhatn-road, Salisbury... Kerley, W., St. Thomas' Row, Milford Hill, Salisbury Keevij, J. C, St. Mark's-road, Salisbury Kimber, E. G. , Butcher-row, Salisbury Knight, W. G., Ivy House, Devizes-road, Salisbury Lane, Wm. (C.C. ), Allhallows, London-road, Salisbuiy Lansdowne, The Marquis of. Secretary of State for War, Bowood, Calne Lansdowne, G., Wingfield-road, Trowbridge Le Masurier, Giffard T. , 96, Victoria-road, Guernsey, Channel Islands 2 Longmore, W. A., F.R.I. B.A., 13, Prospect-hill, Walthamstow ... i APPENDICES. xxvii. Macty, H. J., ico, Eedwyn-slreet, Salisbury Major, II. Wesion, B!ue Boar-row, Salisbury • ... ... • Marlow.W. (T.C.), Castle-street, Salisbury ' ... ' •- Matcham, \V. Eyre, New House, Salisbury Matthews, C, Stoke Gabriel, Totnes, Devon ... • ... Mathews, Alfred J., Littltshall House, Bourne Avenue, Salisbury Md'herson, J- R-, C. E., Meadow Lodge, Grove-road, WaUhanistow Mullins, Wm., High-street, Salisbury ... ■ ... Mursell, W. S., Crown Hotel, Salisbury ... ... ... 2 Nelson, The Earl, Trafalgar, near Salisbury ... ... ... 4 Newbery, W. G., Brown-street, Salisbury ... ... ... 2 Palmer, E., Milbrook, Salisbury Parham, E. E., South Bank, Salisbury Parker, Louis J., 37, Castle-street, Salisbury Passmore, J. F., Exeter-street, Salisbury Pembroke, The Earl of, Lord High Steward, Wilton House ... Penman, G., 5, Lauderdale-street, Preston, Lancashire Penruddocke, Charles (J. P.), Compton Park, Compton Chamberlayne Penruddocke, C, Junr. (J. P.), Bratton St. Maur, Wincanton Penruddocke, Rev. J. H., Baverstock Rectory, Salisbury Perry, I., Wheat Sheaf Inn, Salisbury Pickett, F. , London -road, Salisbury ... Pitt- Rivers, Lieut-Genl., Rushmore, Dorset Porter, A., 23, High-street, Salisbury Preece, T. , Gigant-street Brewery, Salisbury Pritchard, W., Manchester House, Salisbury Pye-Smith, E. F. (T.C.), The Close, Salisbury ... Radcliffe, Charles H., Endless-street, Salisbury ... Read, William, 71, Soutliampton-road, Salisbury Rickards, Tayleur, Fulham-road, South Kensington, London Rigden, H., St. Arvans, Castle- street, Salisbury Rigden, F., Belle Vue, Salisbury Risley, Geo. W., 48, Fisherton-street, Salisbury ... Rooke, George, South-street, Dorchester Ross, Mrs., Great Missenden, Herts. ... Rowland, W., St. Germains, St. Mark's-road, Salisbury Rowe, Henry, Butcher-row, Salisbury Salisbury, The Bishop of, the Palace, Salisbury Salisbury, Dean of, the Deanery, Salisbury Salisbury, Sub-Dean of, the College, Salisbury Salter, J., Bird-in-IIand Inn, Salisbury Sansom, James, 149 Fisherton-street, Salisbury ... Scarnell, T. (T.C. ), Fisherton, Salisbury XXV 111. APPENDICES. Shackleton, W., Avon Valley, Stratford-road, Salisbury Sharp, E. J., Contractor, Peel-road, South Woodford Sheppard, F. , Campbell-road, Salisbury Simmonds, F. , 38, Catharine-street, Salisbury Simmonds, W., Towcester, Northampton Skipton, S. C, 78, Castle-street, Salisbury Smith, Joseph J., Butcher-row, Salisbury Smith, S. J. Buchanan, City Coroner, Crown Chambers, Salisbury Smeed, Geo. William, St. Hilda, Swayne's Close, Salisbury ... Stanford, J. C. , Chief Engineer, City Water Works, Salisbury Stephens, J., Deputy Chief Constable of Wilts, Devizes Stockholm, J. G., 7, Queen-street, Salisbury Stokes, Robert, The Mount, Salisbury Sworn, Robert, Lansdowne-road, Bournemouth ... Sween, A. D., Surveyor, 177, Palmerston Buildings, Broad-street, London Taylor, Arthur J., C.E., Fairlight, Grove-road, Walthamstow Tizard, Mrs. A. A., Chough Hotel, Salisbury Tissington, F., Kingston Cottage, Wilton, Salisbury Towl, F., Architect, Walthamstow Turpin, H., 3, Harnham View, Milford-way, Salisbury Vincent, Major J. A., 3, Hughenden Terrace, Salisbury Walling, R. H., Mutley, Plymouth ... Waters, E., Elm Grove, Salisbury Watson, A. (T.C.), Bowerhill, London-road, Salisbury Watson, F., Bowerhill, London-road, Salisbury ... Westmoreland, W. C, 83, Crane-street, Salisbury Whitehead, Arthur, Mayor of Salisbury, Rougemont, London-road, Salisbury ... Williams, Mrs., Llangarren, Wilton-road, Salisbury Williams, Jos., 21, StraTid-road, Preston, Lancashire Williams, J. B., London-road, Salisbury Wilkes, Geo., Queen-street, Salisbury Wilson, E. R. , Cambria Villa, London-road, Salisbury Wilson, R. G., Cotswold, London-road, Salisbury Wilson, R. A., Crane-street, Salisbury Wise, W., Wyndham Hotel, Salisbury Woodall, T. J. Rev., Vicar of Britford, near Salisbury Woodroffe, W., High-street, Salisbury Woolley, y. T., Wilton-road, Salisbury Wyatt, Charles George, Campbell -road, Salisbury Young, Geo., 34, Harcourt Terrace, Salisbury Young, Miss M., High-street, Salisbury •s\-.. Wilts County Mirror & Express" ,^Z— =) — Canal, Salisburj'. S^sxV"^-"^ THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. Series 9482 UC SOUTHER': Rr'^""\^L '^'""^"\ c."/~" iTY AA 000 241647 \ JJK..