-76 #p 
 
SELECTIONS 
 
 LATIN CLASSIC AUTHORS. 
 
 PILEDRUS, -JUSTIN", NEPOS. 
 
 WITH NOTES AND A VOCABULARY. 
 
 BY 
 
 FRANCIS GARDNER, 
 
 HEAD MASTER, 
 
 A. M. GAY AND A. H. BUCK, 
 
 MASTERS IN THE BOSTON LATIN SCHOOL. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 LEE AND SHEPARD, PUBLISHERS. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 LEE, SHEPARD AND DILLINGHAM. 
 1872. 
 
. , 
 Sniered- nccovdiii^ to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, 
 
 6y Lfck AND SHEPARD, 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
 Electrotyped at the Boston Stereotype Foundry, 
 19 Spring Lane. 
 
TO 
 
 HENRY F. WASHBURN, ESQ., SAM'L K. LOTHROP, D. D., 
 
 FRANCIS H. UNDERWOOD, ESQ., LYMAN MASON, ESQ., 
 JOHN P. REYNOLDS, M. D., 
 
 MEMBERS OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE UNDER 
 WHOSE AUSPICES 
 
 THE NEW COURSE OF INSTRUCTION 
 
 WAS INTRODUCED INTO THE 
 PUBLIC LATIN SCHOOL, 
 
 Slljis Serie0 of Catin aulr (Sfmk 2lutl)ar0 
 
 IS MOST RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 
 BY THE EDITORS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 IN presenting to the public this, the first of the 
 series of the Greek and Latin authors, included in 
 the new programme of the studies of the Latin School, 
 the editors think it desirable to state in a few words 
 the plan which has been adopted. 
 
 The present state of classical learning demands 
 that the scholar shall be able, at the close of his 
 course of study, to read a Latin author with a facility 
 which the methods hitherto pursued of studying the 
 language have rendered impossible. To arrive at the 
 desired result, and to secure the greatest possible 
 interest on the part of the pupil, a programme has 
 been prepared embracing a wide range of the ancient 
 classics. As in many cases it is impossible that the 
 whole of an author should be read, the editors have 
 undertaken the task of making such selections as 
 shall contribute to the most rapid and pleasant ad- 
 vancement of the pupil. 
 
 It has been assumed that in the books preparatory 
 to this series the scholar has become tolerably well 
 acquainted with the usual constructions and the more 
 common words. Therefore such notes have been 
 added as may enable him, by casting his eye to the 
 bottom of the page, to go forward with his reading, 
 without being retarded by difficulties of construction 
 or translation. References, however, have been added, 
 for the use of those pupils who may wish to consult 
 their Grammars upon the points elucidated. 
 
 As it is believed that a more rapid and equally 
 thorough progress can be made by having the notes 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 at the bottom of the page, the usual custom of placing 
 them at the close of the volume has been abandoned. 
 Experience has shown that, unless the class is espe- 
 cially examined upon the contents of the "Notes/' 
 they are in most cases neglected, unless absolutely 
 necessary for ascertaining the meaning of the passage. 
 This being the case, the more immediately they are 
 placed before the eye of the student, the more readily 
 will their contents be mastered. 
 
 It has not been expected that all of the notes will 
 meet the approval of every teacher. Each one will 
 direct his pupils to such as he prefers should receive 
 their attention. One may think that at this point of 
 the course too much attention has been given to the 
 subjunctive mood ; another may think that now is not 
 the time to draw the pupil's attention to the syno- 
 nymes. But in the belief that much profit can be de- 
 rived from attention to them, a good deal of pains 
 has been taken to insert those which are manifestly 
 within the power of discrimination of quite young 
 persons. In a great majority of cases, the words 
 whose difference of meaning is pointed out occur in 
 the volume ; in many, in close proximity, and in no 
 case is a word given with w r hich the pupil is sup- 
 posed to be unacquainted. So, too, an occasional 
 point of construction or translation may seem to a 
 teacher to be hypercritical. If so, he can direct his 
 scholars to disregard it. 
 
 In preparing the notes the editors have freely 
 availed themselves of all the materials within their 
 reach. The best and most recent German editions of 
 all three of the authors have been consulted. 
 
 In conclusion, the editors wish to acknowledge 
 the'ir great indebtedness to Professor George M. Lane, 
 of Harvard University, for the valuable suggestions 
 kindly afforded by him in the progress of the work. 
 
 BOSTON, March 25, 1872. 
 
LIFE OF 
 
 THE few facts we know respecting the personal his- 
 tory of Phsedrus, the author of the following fables, 
 are gathered from his own writings. He was a native 
 of Thrace or of Macedonia, and at a very early age 
 was brought to Rome, where he became the slave of - 
 Augustus, whose attention he attracted by the integrity 
 of his character and his superior abilities, and from 
 whom he subsequently received his freedom. In the 
 reign of Tiberius, he became the object of the hate 
 and persecution of Sejanus, the infamous confidant of 
 the emperor ; but in the same court he found friends 
 and protectors, and it was to these noble patrons that 
 he dedicated the ingenious work in which, under the 
 veil of pleasing allegory, he not only covered his ene- 
 mies with shame and ridicule, but gave to the world 
 beautiful lessons of wisdom, justice, and moderation in 
 good as well as in evil fortune. By many pointed 
 allusions in these fables he so far incurred the wrath 
 of Sejanus as to be banished from the imperial court ; 
 but under Caligula we find him in hopes of being 
 restored to favor by the influence of his friend Euty- 
 
 1 
 
2 LIFE OF PH^EDRUS. 
 
 * 
 
 chus. The date of his birth, as well as of his death, 
 is uncertain; but he is known to have lived in the 
 reigns of Augustus, Tiberius, and Caligula, which em- 
 brace a period between B. C. 29 and A. D. 41. He was, 
 therefore, only a little later than Virgil, Horace, and 
 Ovid, the tlr-ee greot poets of the Augustan age. His 
 works, as the;; h-ive come down to us, consist of ninety- 
 sevoiT fables, distributed into five books, which are 
 'written wiih a purity of niyle and clearness of expres- 
 sion which show him to have possessed no inferior tal- 
 ents as an author, and to have been a complete master 
 of elegant composition. 
 
 In comparing him with La Fontaine, the greatest 
 of the French fabulists, the historian Hallam says, 
 " Phaedrus, a writer scarcely prized enough, because he 
 is an early school-book, has a perfection of elegant 
 beauty which very few have rivalled. No word is out 
 of its place, none is redundant, or could be changed for. 
 a better; his perspicuity and ease make everything 
 appear unpremeditated, yet everything is wrought by 
 consummate art." 
 
REMARKS ON IAMBIC VERSE. 
 
 1. The verse in which the fables of Phsedrus are 
 written is called the Mixed Iambic Trimeter ; 
 
 Iambic, from its prevailing foot, the Iambus ( ^ ), 
 which consists of one short and one long syllable ; 
 
 Trimeter, from the fact that each verse contains 
 three Dipodies, or Pairs of feet ; 
 
 Mixed, as distinguished from the Pure Iambic, be- 
 cause, while the earlier verse of this kind admitted 
 only the Iambus, in later times Metrical Equivalents 
 and Metrical Substitutes took the place of the Iambus. 
 
 2. Metrical Equivalents are feet having the same 
 quantity as the Original foot. Thus dommus, a Tri- 
 brach ( ^ ^ ^ ), has three short syllables, which in 
 quantity are equivalent to those of parens, an Iam- 
 bus ( ^ ). 
 
 Metrical Substitutes are feet used for others to which 
 they are not equivalent in quantity. Thus a Spondee 
 
 ( ), containing two long syllables, may be used 
 
 for an Iambus (^ ). 
 
 3. The feet employed in this verse are : 
 Iambus (^ ), one short and one long, as . oves. 
 
 Spondee ( ), two long, as vulpes. 
 
 Tribrach (^^^ ), three short, as .... dommus. 
 Dactyl ( ^ ^ ), one long and two short, as carmina. 
 Anapaest ( ^ ' ^ ), two short and one long, as capmnt. 
 Proceleusmatic ( ^ ^ ^ ^ ), four short, as . memoria. 
 
 3 
 
4 REMARKS ON IAMBIC VERSE. 
 
 4. The Iambus is allowed in any place, but is always 
 found in the last. 
 
 The Proceleusmatic is found only in the first place. 
 
 The Spondee, Tribrach, Dactyl, and Anapaest may 
 stand in any place except the last. 
 
 The Iambus receives the Ictus or Rhythmic accent 
 on the last syllable. The Equivalents and Substitutes 
 take the ictus of the Iambus, and always on the first 
 of the two short syllables into which a long one is 
 resolved. 
 
 5. SCALE OF MIXED IAMBIC TRIMETER. 
 
 
 1st. 
 
 2d. 
 
 3d. 
 
 4th. 
 
 5th. 
 
 6t 
 
 1. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ^_x 
 
 v^x 
 
 ^_x 
 
 'v-x 
 
 ^x 
 
 2. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 v^ 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5. 
 
 *^/ ^^ _ 
 
 \^ v^y 
 
 v^^ ^_X 
 
 ^^ 
 
 V-/ Vs_X 
 
 V^ 
 
 6. 
 
 ^-^ v_>/ v^x v^x 
 
 
 
 
 
 vx 
 
 6. EXAMPLE OF SCANNING IAMBIC VERSE. 
 
 pus auc | tor quam' | materi | am rep 7 | pe-nt,* 
 Hanc e'go | poll | vl vei y | sibus | sena' | rils. 
 Duplex 7 | libel | II dos' | est : quod | rlsum 7 | mo vet.* 
 
 The Csesural Pause occurs most frequently before 
 the arsis of the third foot ; sometimes, also, before that 
 of the fourth, in which case the second foot usually 
 ends with a word. 
 
 auctor | qnam materiam repperit. 
 Quod arbores loquantur, | non tantiim ferae. 
 
 * The last syllable of a verse may be made long at the option of the 
 poet. H. 665. 
 
PHJEDRI FABULJL 
 
 PEOLOGUS. 
 
 -5CSOPUS auctor quarn materiam repperit, 
 Hanc ego polivi versibus senariis. 
 Duplex libelli dos est : quod risum movet, 
 Et quod prudent! vitam consilio monet. 
 Calumniari si quis autem voluerit, 
 
 PROLOGUS. 1. ^Esopus] The 
 celebrated fabulist, who had the 
 reputation of being the originator 
 of fables. Of his life and works 
 scarcely anything is known. 
 Many critics, among others Lu- 
 ther, have even doubted his ex- 
 istence. According to Herodotus, 
 Plutarch, and Diogenes Laertius, 
 he lived about the sixth century 
 B. C., and was a cotemporary of 
 Solon of Athens. He was by 
 birth a Phrygian, served under 
 several masters as a slave, and re- 
 sided at last at the court of Croe- 
 sus, King of Lydia, by whom he 
 was sent on an embassy to Delphi, 
 where, accused of sacrilege, he 
 was thrown from a precipice and 
 killed, about 564 B. C. auctor] 
 1 Originally,' first ' ; lit. the au- 
 thor ' or * inventor.' -ZEsop is so 
 called in opposition to Phsedrus, 
 who placed the fables in a new 
 form. materiam] Lit. 'the ma- 
 terial from which anything is 
 made.' The antecedent, as is not 
 unusual in Latin, is "put in the 
 
 relative clause. H. 445, 9. Con- 
 strue : materiam, quam jEsopus 
 auctor repperit. repperit] Writ- 
 ten also reperit. 
 
 2. polivi] A metaphor, taken 
 from the artist or workman (fa- 
 ber) who polishes the rough mate- 
 rial (materiam}. senariis] ' With 
 verses of six feet.' 
 
 3. Duplex] From duo, plico, to 
 fold.' Compare the English words 
 * twofold,' * threefold,' etc. dos] 
 In its prominent signification, 
 means a 'dowry' or 'portion ;' and 
 by -duplex dos Phsedrus means the 
 double portion which his book, 
 the child of his brain, has received 
 for its recommendation. 
 
 4.prudenti monet] * Gives wise 
 counsels for the conduct of life.' 
 
 5. Calumniari] Conveys the idea 
 of a groundless, malicious criti- 
 cism. voluerit] Lit. ' shall have 
 wished.* The English, in express- 
 ing the relations of time, is much 
 less exact than the Latin, using 
 often, for the future perfect, the 
 simple future or present. 
 
PILEDRI 
 
 Quod arbores loquantur, non tantum ferae, 
 Fictis jocari nos meminerit fabulis. 
 
 6. loquantur} Subjunctive, as 
 containing the allegations of the 
 malicious critics. H. 520, II. With 
 arbores supply et, ' but also.' 
 
 7. Fictis fabulis] Fdbula\for, 
 fdri), like our word 'story,' is used 
 
 for both true and false narrative. 
 Hence Jictis is here appropriately 
 added. nos} Subject of jocari. 
 meminerit] The hortatory sub- 
 junctive, 'I beg him to remem- 
 ber.' H. 488, 1. 
 
 EABULA I. 
 
 LTirUS ET AGNUS. 
 
 Ad rivum enndem lupus et agnus venerant, 
 Siti compulsi ; superior stabat lupus, 
 Longeque inferior agnus. Tune fauce improba 
 Latro incitatus jurgii causam intulit. 
 " Cur," in quit, " turbulentam fecisti mihi 
 Aquam bibenti ? " Laniger contra timens : 
 " Qui possum, qua3so, facere, quod quereris, lupe ? 
 A te decurrit ad meos baustus liquor." 
 
 FABULA I. 2. superior] ' High- 
 er up the stream.' In expressing 
 the more intimate modifications 
 of the verb, the Latin often uses 
 an adjective where we use an ad- 
 verb. H. 443. 
 
 3 . Longe] Observe the force of 
 this word, as showing more clear- 
 ly the utter groundlessness of the 
 wolf's accusation. fauce impro- 
 ba] Limits incitatus, ' by his rav- 
 enous appetite.' 
 
 4. Latro] The wolf. In fables, 
 human attributes and character- 
 istics are ascribed to animals, as 
 rapacity to the wolf, cunning to 
 the fox, stupidity to the ass, &c. 
 
 5. mihi] Dative of disadvan- 
 tage. 
 
 6. Laniger] i. e. agnus. Ob- 
 serve how the poet uses different 
 words for the same object. In 
 prose, the pronoun would be em- 
 ployed. contra'] Supply inquit. 
 timens'] The participle, involving 
 a relation of time, here momen- 
 tary ; the adjective (timidus] ex- 
 presses a permanent characteristic. 
 7. Quf] An old ablative with 
 an adverbial signification. quod 
 quereris'] ' Of which you com- 
 plain.' 
 
 8. decurrit] ' Runs down ' ; de 
 often has this signification in com- 
 position. ad meos haustus] Po- 
 etic for ad me bibentetn, 'to me 
 drinking.' liquor] i. e. aqua, but 
 here appropriate as signifying 
 
FABUL^E I., II. 
 
 Repulsus ille veritatis viribus, 
 
 "Ante hos sex menses male," ait, "dixisti mihi." 10 
 Respondit agnus : " Equidem natus non eram." 
 "Pater hercule tuus," inquit, "male dixit mihi." 
 Atque ita correptum lacerat injusta nece. 
 
 Hsec propter illos scripta est homines fabula, 
 Qui fictis causis innocentes opprimunt. 15 
 
 flowing water ; hence that which 
 
 is pure, clear, and fit for drinking. 
 
 10. Ante] * Six months ago.' 
 
 13. Atque ita] 'And so,' i.e. while 
 
 the wolf is justifying himself in 
 
 this manner. correptum lacerat] 
 
 Sc. eum, * seizes and tears him.' So 
 
 the English uses verbs connected 
 with * and ' ; but the Latin is more 
 precise ; correptum implies a tem- 
 poral relation antecedent to lace- 
 rat. 
 
 15. fictis causis] ' Under false 
 pretences ; ' the ablative absolute. 
 
 FABULA II. 
 
 REGEM PETIEKUNT. 
 
 Athene quum florerent a3quis legibus, 
 Procax libertas civitatem miscuit 
 Frenumque solvit pristinum licentia. 
 Hie conspiratis factionum partibus 
 
 FABULA II. I.Athena] Athens, 
 capital of Attica, famed for its 
 learning and culture. cequis legi- 
 bus] ' Impartial ' ; that is, where all 
 the citizens are equal before the 
 law. The laws of Solon are meant. 
 
 2. Procax] From proco =peto. 
 The termination -ax denotes an 
 inclination, generally a faulty one. 
 Trans, 'grasping'; not content with 
 its own present advantages, but 
 always striving after more, and 
 never satisfied. miscuit] * Threw 
 into confusion/ 
 
 3. Frenum] i. e. of the govern- 
 ment. A metaphor, taken from 
 
 horses, which are controlled by 
 the bit and rein, as citizens by a 
 wise government. licentia'] 'A 
 spirit of lawlessness.' The sub- 
 ject of solvit. 
 
 4. Hie] ' On this occasion,' * un- 
 der these circumstances.' Several 
 particles such as hie, ibi, ubi, 
 inde, etc. are used in Latin to 
 express both a temporal and a lo- 
 cal relation. conspiratis] Used 
 actively for conspirantibus. fac- 
 tionum partibus~] Both of these 
 words mean political parties ; ' 
 but factiones conveys the idea of 
 a union for a common aim, whilst 
 
FABUL^i. 
 
 Arcem tyrannus occupat Pisistratus. 
 Quum tristem servitutem flerent Attici, 
 (Non quia crudelis ille, sed quoniam grave 
 Omne insuetis onus) et coepissent queri, 
 ^Esopus talem turn fabellam rettulit. 
 
 RanaB vagantes liberis paludibus 
 Clamore magno regem petiere a Jove, 
 Qui dissolutos mores vi compesceret. 
 Pater deorum risit atque illis dedit 
 
 10 
 
 partes implies a separation from 
 a whole; hence factionum paries, 
 * divisions into parties,' or ' differ- 
 ent political parties.' 
 
 5. Arcem] ' The Acropolis.' In 
 ancient times, an eminence was 
 selected at the first settlement of 
 a town, as being the place most 
 easily defended. The same cus- 
 tom of occupying the hill-tops 
 against the attacks of the Indians 
 obtained in the early settlement of 
 New England. tyrannus] 'As 
 ruler.' The word tyrannus did 
 not at first imply the odium which 
 we attach to tyrant, but simply 
 meant an absolute ruler of a state 
 previously free. Vid. Nep. Milt., 
 8. Compare the history of our 
 words knave and villain, meaning 
 originally ' boy ' and ' peasant/ 
 Pisistratus] The son of Hippo- 
 crates. He became despot B. C. 
 560, and died B. C. 527. He 
 gained possession of the Acropo- 
 lis by means of a body-guard, 
 which had been assigned to him 
 for his defence against assassina- 
 tion from political opponents. 
 
 6. Attici] i. e., Athenienscs. 
 
 7. Non quia crudelis sed quo- 
 niam] In both of these clauses 
 erat is to be supplied. "With the 
 first, as containing a reason re- 
 
 jected as invalid, esset would be 
 required in prose. By poetical 
 license, however, the indicative 
 can be used in both. grave] 
 Predicate adjective. H. 438, 2. 
 
 8. Omne onus] ' Every ' (how- 
 ever slight). insuetis] ( To those 
 unaccustomed to bear burdens.' 
 To be scanned in four syllables. 
 For the sake of the metre v is 
 sometimes regarded as a vowel : 
 silwB for silcce, soluit for soli-it 
 (Diuresis) ; and u as a consonant : 
 tenvia for tenuia, milvus for 
 miluus (Synasresis). cocpissenf] 
 H. 518, II. 
 
 9. rettulit] For retulit ; see 
 repperit. Prol. v. 1 . 
 
 10. liberis] * Which were sub- 
 ject to no ruler.' The realm of 
 the frogs is compared with the 
 republic of Athens. paludibus'] 
 Ablative of place. H. 422, 1. 
 
 11. a Jove] The usual con- 
 struction with verbs of asking is 
 two accusatives ; but peto takes 
 ace., and abl. with a. H. 374,3,4). 
 
 12. vi] 'By his authority.' 
 compesceret] Subjunctive after 
 qui in the sense of ut ille. H. 
 500. 
 
 13. Pater deorum] Jupiter. 
 risit] At seeing the frogs im- 
 patient in their liberty. 
 
FABULA II. 
 
 Parvum tigillum, missum quod subito vadi 
 
 Motu sonoque terruit pavidum genus. 15 
 
 Hoc mersum limo quum j ace" ret diutius, 
 
 Forte una tacite profert e stagno caput, 
 
 Et, explorato rege, cunctas evocat. 
 
 Illae, timore posito, certatim adnatant, 
 
 Lignumque supra turba petulans insilit ; 20 
 
 Quod quum inquin assent omni contumelia, 
 
 Aliura rogantes regera misere ad Jovem, 
 
 Inutilis quoniam esset, qui fuerat datus. 
 
 Turn misit illis hydrum, qui dente aspero 
 
 Compere coepit singulas ; frustra necem 25 
 
 Fugitant inertes ; vocem praecludit metus. 
 
 Furtim igitur dant Mercurio man data ad Jovem, 
 
 14. tigillum] Diminutive from 
 tignum. H. 315, 3. missum quod] 
 'Which having been thrown,' 
 subito sonoque] * By the sudden 
 motion and sound of the shallow 
 water.' vadi] Vadum, of the 
 same origin as the English wade,' 
 means primarily < fordable water;' 
 stagnum, * standing water.' 
 
 15. pavidum] The suffix -Idus 
 added chiefly to the stem of in- 
 transitive verbs in-eo, denotes the 
 condition and property expressed 
 by the verb ; often with the col- 
 lateral idea of fulness. H. 328, 2. 
 
 16. Hoc] Refers to genus. 
 limo] Properly the ablative of 
 instrument, but better translated 
 with ' in.' diutius] Observe the 
 quantity of the antepenult. The 
 force of the comparative may be 
 given by ' somewhat ' or * rather.' 
 
 18. exployato] l After he had 
 thoroughly examined.' H. 431, 2. 
 
 20. Lignum supra] Anastrophc, 
 the placing of a preposition after 
 its case, occurs in prose almost 
 
 always with polysyllabic prepo- 
 sitions which govern the oblique 
 cases of qui and hie, but is em- 
 ployed freely by the poets. 
 
 21. Quod] To be translated 
 like a demonstrative. H. 453. 
 inquinassent] For inquinavis- 
 sent. H. 234. 
 
 22. rogantes'] Agrees with lega- 
 tos understood. H.578, V. The 
 accusative of the person is here 
 omitted as being sufficiently ob- 
 vious from the context. The pur- 
 pose, with verbs of motion, is ex- 
 pressed in Latin more frequent- 
 ly by qui and the subjunctive; 
 thus : misere legates, qui rogarent. 
 
 23. esset] That is, in the opin- 
 ion of the frogs. H. 520, II. 
 
 26. Fugitant] 'Make frequent 
 efforts to escape.' Here as in many 
 cases the present tense represents 
 an action as attempted but not 
 completed ; the frequentative form 
 expresses the frequent repetition 
 of the action. H. 332, 1. 
 
 27. Mercurio'] The son of Ju- 
 
10 PH^DRI FABUL^. 
 
 Adilictis ut succurrat. Tune contra deus, 
 " Quia noluistis vestrum ferre," inquit, " bonum, 
 Malum perferte." " Vos quoque, o cives," ait, 30 
 " Hoc sustinete, majus ne veniat malum." 
 
 piter and Maj a, messenger of the 30. perferte] Stronger than 
 
 gods. ferre ; ' endure as best you can.' 
 
 28. succurrat] '. Entreating him ait] ^Esop is speaking to the 
 to succor them in their affliction.' Athenians. 
 
 29. bomtm] Here neuter ; * your 31. Hoc] Sc. malum ; the rule 
 good fortune.' H. 441, 2. of Pisistratus. 
 
 FABULA III. 
 
 GRACULUS SUPERBUS ET PAVO. 
 
 Ne gloriari libeat alienis bonis 
 Suoque potius habitu vitam degere, 
 -^Esopus nobis hoc exemplum prodidit. 
 
 Tumens inani graculus superbia, 
 Pennas pavoni quae deciderant sustulit 5 
 
 Seque exornavit. Delude contemnens suos 
 Immiscuit se pavonum formoso gregi. 
 Illi impudent! pennas eripiunt avi 
 Fugantque rostiis. Male mulcatus graculus 
 
 FABTJLA III. 1. libeat] Im- ' with them.' Deinde] Ei in 
 
 personal. H. 556, 1. 'That one deinde and dein is always a 
 
 may not be pleased to plume him- diphthong in Phaedrus. suos] 
 
 self on others' good properties, ' His fellows.' 
 
 but rather pass his life in his own 7. formoso] H. 323. gregi] 
 
 position.' Gloriari and degere are * Flock ;' seldom of birds, but Hor- 
 
 subjects of libeat, which depends ace uses grex avium. Ep. 1. 3, 19. 
 
 on prodidit. bonis] The neuter 8. Illi] i. e., pavones. avi] H. 
 
 plural of the adjective is often 386, 2. 
 
 used like a noun. H. 441, 1. 9. Fuganf] Sc. eum. Observe 
 
 2. Suo degere'] Sc. ut libeat. that the transitive verb fugo 
 
 3. exemplum] i.e.,fabulam. means 'to put to flight,' while 
 
 5. pavoni] H. 386, 2. the intransitive verb fugio means 
 
 6. exornavit] Supply his, 'to flee.' Male mulcatus] 'Bad- 
 
III., IV. 
 
 11 
 
 Redire maerens coepit ad proprium genus ; 10 
 
 A quo repulsus tristem sustinuit notam. 
 
 Turn quidam ex illis, quos prius despexerat : 
 
 " Contentus nostris si fuisses sedibus 
 
 Et quod natura dederat voluisses pati, 
 
 Nee illam expertus esses contumeliam, 15 
 
 Nee hanc repulsam tua sentiret calamitas." 
 
 ly punished.' Mulco means prop- 
 erly ' to beat, cudgel.' 
 
 11. notam] * Mark of disgrace.' 
 A term borrowed from the Roman 
 censors, who branded (notabant) 
 unworthy citizens as such, and 
 punished them by incapacitating 
 them for certain honors and dis- 
 tinctions, and by degrading them 
 from their rank. 
 
 12. quidam] Sc. inquit. H. 
 367, 3. ex illis] Expressing the 
 same relation as the partitive 
 genitive illorum. H. 398, 4, 2). 
 
 13. fuisses} ' Had you been,' as 
 you were not. H. 510. sedibus} 
 ' With our station.' H. 419, IV. 
 
 15. illam hanc] Of two per- 
 sons or things previously spoken 
 of, hie generally refers to the last 
 mentioned; ille, to the more re- 
 mote: hie, however, not unfre- 
 quently may refer to the immedi- 
 ate subject of discourse. Hero 
 ille refers to vv. 8, 9 ; hie to v. 11. 
 
 16. calamitas} ' Nor would 
 you, in your misfortune, meet this 
 repulse which we have given you.' 
 In poetry a substantive which 
 signifies a characteristic or a 
 quality (in the abstract) is often 
 used instead of the person to 
 whom this characteristic or quali- 
 ty belongs. Cf. 4, 5 ; 5, 11. 
 
 TABULA IV. 
 
 CANIS PER FLUVIUM CAKNEM FEKENS. 
 
 Amittit merito proprium qui alienum adpetit. 
 
 Canis per flumen, carnem dum ferret, natans, 
 Lympharum in speculo vidit simulacrum suum, 
 Aliamque praedam ab alio ferri putans, 
 
 FABULA IV. 1. adpetit] Ob- 
 serve the force of ad in this con- 
 nection: 'seeks, in addition to 
 what he already possesses.' 
 
 2. dum ferret] Dum, like quum, 
 is joined with the subjunctive, 
 when it implies, in addition to the 
 
 temporal, a causal relation exist- 
 ing between the principal and 
 subordinate clauses. Compare 
 Dum tefugeret. Virg., Geo. IV. 
 457. 
 
 3. Lympharum} A poetic word 
 for aquae. 
 
12 PH^EDRI FABULJE. 
 
 Eripere voluit ; veruTm decepta aviditas, 5 
 
 Et quern tenebat ore dimisit cibum, 
 Nee, quem petebat, adeo potuit attingere. 
 
 5. Eripere] Sc. itti. aviditas] 1. adeo} < After all.' Nee is 
 ' But, in his greediness, he was equivalent to et non, and its nega- 
 disappointed.' Cf. 3, 16. tive element modifies potuit. 
 
 FABULA V. 
 
 VACCA, CAPELLA, OVIS, ET LEO. 
 
 Nunquam est fidelis cum potente societas : 
 Testatur haec fabella propositum meum. 
 
 Vacca et capella et patiens ovis injuriae, 
 Socii fuere cum leone in saltibus. 
 Hi quum cepissent cervum vasti corporis, 5 
 
 Sic est locutus, partibus factis, leo : 
 " Ego primam tollo, nominor quia leo ; 
 Secundnm, quia sum fortis, tribuetis mihi ; 
 Turn, quia plus valeo, me sequetur tertia; 
 Malo adficietur, si quis quartam tetigerit." 10 
 
 Sic totarn pra3clam sola improbitas abstulit. 
 
 FABULA Y. 1. fidelis] * To be gion and valley, plateau and ra- 
 
 depended upon/ vine, wholly or partially covered 
 
 2. propositum] * My point.' with trees. 
 
 3. pattens'] ' Patient "under 5. corporis] i Size ; ' genitive 
 wrong.' injuries] Depending of characteristic. H. 396, IV. 
 upon patiens. H. 399, 2. 6. partibus] Ablative absolute ; 
 
 4. Socii] Not socia, as the lion * after a division had been made.' 
 was included in the partnership. 7. primam] Sc. partem. leo] 
 When nouns are of different Predicate noun. H. 362. 
 genders and denote animate ob- 9. me sequetur] ' Shall fall to 
 jects, the adjective modifying me.' So Hor. Sat. I. 8, 13. 
 them is masculine. H. 439, 2,1). 10. tetigerit] Future perfect. 
 saltibus] In silva, the idea of Cf. Pro), v. 5. 
 
 trees of a large growth is prom- 11. improbitas] ' In his insati- 
 inent ; in saltus, the nature of able knavery he alone.' Cf. 3, 
 the ground, as mountainous re- 16 ; 4, 5. 
 
TABULA VI., VII. 13 
 
 FABULA VI. 
 
 VULPES ET PERSONA TRAGICA. 
 
 Personam tragicam forte vulpes viderat ; 
 
 " O quanta species," inquit, " cerebrum non habet ! " 
 
 Hoc illis dictum est, quibus honorem et gloriam 
 Fortuna tribuit, sensum communem abstulit. 
 
 FABULA VI. 1. Personam] performer in his part." Miller. 
 
 * Mask.' Roscius first introduced 2. O quanta] * O what a fine ex- 
 masks on the Roman stage about terior, says he, to have no brains ! ' 
 100 B. C. " The mask concealed or better, ' What a fine head, and 
 the individual features of well- nothing in it ! ' 
 
 known actors, and enabled the 3. illis] 'For the advantage 
 spectators entirely to forget the of tkose.' 
 
 FABULA VII. 
 
 LUPUS ET GRUIS. 
 
 Qui pretium meriti ab improbis desiderat, 
 Bis peccat ; primum quoniam indignos adjuvat ; 
 Irapune abire deinde quia jam non potest. 
 Os devoratum fauce quum haereret lupi, 
 Magno dolore victus, ccepit singulos 5 
 
 Illicere pretio, ut illud extraherent malum. 
 Tandem persuasa est jurejurando gruis; 
 Gulseque credens colli longitudinem, 
 Periculosam fecit medicinam lupo. 
 
 FABULA VII. 2. indignos] pretio is usually regarded as the 
 
 * Those who do not deserve his ablative of price ; but it is better to 
 aid.' consider it the ablative of means. 
 
 3. jam] i. e., after he has done so. malum] i. e., os devoratum. 
 
 4. fauce] Is poetic, and is the 7. gruis] As nominative, occurs 
 only case found in the singular ; only in this passage. 
 
 here used as the ablative of place. 8. coUi longitudinem] For Ion- 
 H. 422, 1. gum collum. 
 
 6. pretio] In such cases as this, 9. Periculosam] ' Full of peril/ 
 
14 PHJEDRI FABULJ5. 
 
 Pro quo quum pactum flagitaret premium, 10 
 
 " Ingrata es," inquit, " ore quae nostro caput 
 Incolume abstuleris et mercedem postules." 
 
 i.e., he wrought a cure for the wolf the different word s used, pretium, 
 
 which was dangerous to himself, premium, mercedem. Pretium is a 
 
 10. jtagitaref] ' To demand' price of anything that is bought 
 
 earnestly.' .or sold; pr&mium, a due recom- 
 
 12. abstuleris] Subjunctive after pense for an honorable action ; 
 
 qua quod tu ; ' because you.' merces, wages allowed for servi- 
 
 H. 519. mercedem] Observe ces rendered. 
 
 FABULA VIII. 
 
 LUPUS ET VULPES JUDICE SIMIO^ 
 
 Quicunque turpi fraude semel innotuit, 
 Etiam si verum dicit, amittit fidera. 
 Hoc adtestatur brevis ^Esopi fabula. 
 
 Lupus arguebat vulpem furti crimine ; 
 Negabat ilia se esse culpa3 proximam. 5 
 
 Tune judex inter illos seclit simius. 
 Uterque causam quum perorassent suam, 
 Dixisse fertur simius sententiam : 
 "Tu non videris perdidisse quod petis ; 
 Te credo snbripuisse, quod pulchre negas." 10 
 
 FABULA. VIII. 4. crimine] H. be so. perdidisse] The wolf had 
 
 410, III. 4, 3). lost nothing, because what he had 
 
 5. culpce proximam] ' Guilty.' was not his own, but stolen 
 
 6. inter illos] ' To decide be- property. quod petis] The rcl- 
 tween the contending parties.' ative refers to id, the omitted ob- 
 
 7. Uterque] In a collective ject of perdidisse. H. 445, 6. 
 sense ; hence the plural verb. H. 10. Te] i. e., vulpem. subripu- 
 461,3. perordssent] For pero- isse] Observe the force of sub, 
 ravissent. * Had pleaded.' ' secretly,' or ' by stealth.' 
 
 9. Tu] i. e., lupus. videris] pulchre] 'Speciously,' ' smooth- 
 
 The usual way in which judges ly.' quod negas] i.e. t tesubripu- 
 
 pronounced their opinion ; not isse. Quod is the object of subripu- 
 
 that the thing was, but seemed to isse understood. 
 
FABULA IX. 15 
 
 FABULA IX. 
 
 ASINUS ET LEO VENANTES. 
 
 Virtutis expers, verbis jactans gloriam, 
 Ignotos fallit, notis est derisui. 
 
 Venari, asello comite, quum vellet leo, 
 Contexit ilium frutice. et admonuit simul, 
 Ut insueta voce terreret feras, 5 
 
 Fugientes ipse exciperet. Hie auritulus 
 Clamorem subito totis tollit viribus, 
 Novoque turbat bestias miraculo. 
 Quae, dum paventes exitus notos petunt, 
 Leonis adfliguntur horrendo impetu. 10 
 
 Qui, postquam caede fessus est, asinum evocat, 
 Jubetque vocem premere. Tune ille insolens : 
 " Qualis videtur opera tibi vocis mea3 ? " 
 " Insignis," inquit, " sic, tit nisi nossem tuum 
 Animum genusque, simili fugissem metu." 15 
 
 FABULA IX. 1. Virtutis} ' He the ass to frighten the animals, and 
 
 who is without courage, but is then adds the declaration that he 
 
 continually boasting of his glori- would catch them as they came 
 
 ous exploits.' forth. auritulus] Diminutive 
 
 2. Ignotos notis] Used ac- from auritus, ' furnished with 
 
 tively. ' Deceives those that don't ears.' H. 323. 
 know him, but is a laughing-stock 8. miraculo] ' By the new won- 
 
 to those that do.' notis deri- der ; ' as his voice had never be- 
 
 sui] Two datives after est. H. 390. fore been heard in the woods. 
 
 4. Contexit] ' Concealed him 9. notes] Familiar,' or ' well- 
 in the bushes.' known.' 
 
 5. insueta] Scanned in four 12. vocem premere} 'To stop 
 syllables by Diaeresis ; ' strange his braying.' 
 
 to them,' i. e., the beasts. 14. Insignis'] The predicate ad- 
 
 6. exciperet} The subjunctive is jective of opera understood. sic] 
 here used by a species of attrac- ' To such a degree.' nossem 
 tion to terreret. Regularly the in- fugissem] H. 510. 
 
 finitive with the accusative would 15. Animum genusque] Hendia- 
 be employed after dicens implied dys for animum generis tui. H. 
 in admonuit. The lion first directs 704, II. 2. 
 
16 PEL3EDRI TABULA. 
 
 FABULA X. 
 
 CERVUS AD FONTEM. 
 
 Laudatis utiliora, quse contempseris, 
 Ssepe inveniri, hsec adserit narratio. 
 
 Ad fontem cervus, quum bibisset, restitit 
 Et in liquore vidit effigiem suam. 
 Ibi dum ramosa mirans laudat cornua 5 
 
 Crurumque nimiam tenuitatem vituperat, 
 Venantura subito vocibus conterritus 
 Per campum fugere coepit et cursu levi 
 Canes elusit. Silva turn excepit ferum, 
 In qua retentis impeditus cornibus 10 
 
 Lacerari coepit morsibus saevis canum. 
 Tune moriens vocem hanc edidisse dicitur: 
 " O me infelicem ! qui rmnc deinum intelligo, 
 Utilia mihi quam fuerint, quaa despexeram, 
 Et, qua3 laudaram, quantum luctus habuerint." 15 
 
 FABULA X. 1. Laudatis] Ab- 10. retentis} ' Held fast in the 
 
 lative after the comparative with- branches of the trees.' 
 
 out quam; 'than those things \\.Lacerari] With passive infin- 
 
 which are praised.' H. 417. itives, the passive form of ccepi is 
 
 contempseris] In the subjunctive usually employed. H. 297, 1. 
 
 after the indefinite antecedent 12. vocem hanc] 'This excla- 
 
 talia, to be supplied. H. 501, I. mation.' 
 
 The second person singular is to 13. O me infelicem] Accusative 
 
 be translated by ' one ' or * any of exclamation. H. 381 and 1. 
 
 one.' H. 460, 2, 1). gut] The relative qui may refer 
 
 7. Venantum] The genitive to an antecedent of the first, sec- 
 plural in urn is often used by the ond, or third person ; and its verb 
 poets, whilst in prose ium is more takes the person of the antecedent, 
 common. nunc demum] 'Now at last/ 
 
 8. leri] ' Swift,' nimble.' i. e., ' too late.' 
 
 9. elusit] 'Baffled the pursuit 14. fuerint habuerint.'] Sub- 
 of.' Eludere is a word used of junctives of indirect question, 
 gladiators, who, by the quick mo- 15. laudaram] For laudaveram. 
 tion and turn of the body, escaped luctus'] Partitive genitive. H. 
 the blows of their antagonists. 396, III/3), (3). 
 

 XL, XII. 17 
 
 FABULA XI. 
 
 VULPES ET COKVUS. 
 
 Qui se laudari gaudet verbis subdolis, 
 Fere dat pcenas turpi poenitentia. 
 
 Quum. de fenestra corvus raptum caseum 
 Coraesse vellet, celsa residens arbore, 
 Yulpes hunc vidit, deinde sic coepit loqui : 5 
 
 " O qui .tuarum, corve, pennarum est nitor ! 
 Quantum decoris corpore et vultu geris ! 
 Si vocem haberes, nulla prior ales foret." 
 At ille stultus, dum vult vocem ostendere, 
 Emisit ore caseum, quern celeriter 10 
 
 Dolosa vulpes avidis rapuit dentibus. 
 Turn demum ingemuit corvi deceptus stupor. 
 
 Hac re probatur, ingenium quantum valet. 
 Yirtute semper prsevalet sapientia. 
 
 FABULA XL 2. pcenas'] Means, 9. stultus] ' Foolishly,' * like a 
 
 primarily, ' quit-money for blood fool.' Cf. 1, 2. 
 
 spilt,' hence satisfaction, penalty, 12. corvi deceptus stupor'] l The 
 
 dare pcenas, ' to pay the penalty ; ' stupid raven having been out- 
 
 or ' suffer punishment.' witted ; ' lit. ' the deceived stupid- 
 
 4. Comesse] Present infinitive ity of the raven.' Cf. 3, 16. 
 
 from comedo. H. 291, 3. H. Virtute] Ablative depend- 
 
 7. geris'] Poetic for habes. Cf. ing on prce in prcevalet, where a 
 
 Virginia os habitumque gerens, comparison is implied. * Wisdom 
 
 Virg. ^iEn. I. 315. is superior to strength.' H. 434. 
 
 FABULA XII. 
 
 EX SUTOEE MEDICUS. 
 
 Mains quum sutor, inopia deperditus, 
 Medicinam ignoto facere coepisset loco, 
 
 FABULA XII. 1. Malus sutor] 2. facere] ' To practise.' igno- 
 * A bungling cobbler.' to] ' Where no one knew him.' 
 
 2 
 
18 PH2EDRI FABULJE. 
 
 Et venditaret falso antidoturn nomine, 
 
 Yerbosis adquisivit sibi famam strophis. 
 
 Hie quum jaceret morbo confectus gravi 5 
 
 Rex urbis, ejus experiendi gratia, 
 
 Scyphum poposcit ; fusa dein simulans aqua 
 
 Antidote raiscere illius se toxicum, 
 
 Hoc bibere jussit ipsum, posito praemio. 
 
 Timore mortis ille turn confessus est, 10 
 
 Non artis ulla medicae se prudentia, 
 
 Veriini stupore vulgi factum nobilem. 
 
 Rex, advocata contione, haac edidit : 
 
 " Quantae putatis esse vos dementiae, 
 
 Qui capita vestra non dubitatis credere, 15 
 
 Cui calceandos nemo commisit pedes ? " 
 
 Hoc pertinere vere ad illos dixerim, 
 Quorum stultitia quaestus impudentiae est. 
 
 3. falso nomine] i.e., an an- 12. factum] Supply esse; 'had 
 tidote ' falsely so called.' become famous.' 
 
 4. strophis] l By wordy tricks/ 14. vos] Subject of esse. de- 
 Stropha means properly ' a turn ; ' mentia. H. 402, III. 
 
 hence 'a trick' or * artifice,' which 15. credere] Supply ei. 
 
 persons employ when they wish 16. calceandos] * To be shod.' 
 
 to elude or deceive. 17. mv] ' With good reason.' 
 
 6. ejus experiendi] ' For the dixerim] The subjunctive is 
 sake of trying him,' ' of putting here used to make the assertion 
 him to the proof.' H. 562. less positive. Compare our Eng- 
 
 7. simulans] ' Pretending that lish expressions, * I should say,' 
 he mixed poison with his anti- ' I should like/ etc., in colloquial 
 dote.' usage. H. 486, III. 3. 
 
 9. ipsum] i. e., sutorem. 18. Quorum] ' From whose folly 
 
 11. prudentia] ' Knowledge.* gain accrues to the impudent.' 
 
 FABULA XIII. 
 
 ASINUS AD SENEM PASTOEEM. 
 
 In principatu commutando ssepius 
 
 Nil praeter domini nomen mutant pauperes. 
 
 FAIV LA XIII. 1. scepias] The given by the expression, in the 
 force of this comparative ma} 7 be majority of cases.' H. 444, 1. 
 
FABUL^E XIII., XIV. 19 
 
 Id esse verum parva haec fabella indicat. 
 
 Asellum in prato timidus pascebat senex. 
 Is hostium clamore subito territus 5 
 
 Suadebat asino fugere, ne possent capi. 
 At ille lentus : " Quaeso, num binas mihi 
 Clitellas impositurum victorem putas ? " 
 Senex negavit. " Ergo quid refert mea, 
 Cui serviam? clitellas dum portem meas." 10 
 
 7. ille] i. e., asellus. lentus'] the dative singular feminine, * rei 
 
 'In no great haste.' Cf. 1, 2. fert mea.' Here fero would be 
 
 binas] The distributive, instead used absolutely, but it is difficult 
 
 of the cardinal, is employed with to account for the dative ' rei ; ' 
 
 nouns used only in the plural. H. others, with whom Madvig agrees, 
 
 174, 2, 3). take the pronoun as the ablative 
 
 9. refert mea] This construe- singular feminine, ' re fert mea.' 
 tion has occasioned great diffi- Refert also takes the genitive of 
 culty to grammarians. Some re- the person whose interest is affect- 
 gard the possessive pronoun as the ed. H. 408, 1, 2). 
 accusative plural neuter ; some as 10. serviam] Subjunctive of 
 a shortened form of the accusative indirect question. portem] Sub- 
 feminine, and the phrase equiva- junctive of condition after dum = 
 lent to * remfert meam ; ' some as dummodo. H. 503, 1. 
 
 TABULA XIV. 
 
 KANA KUPTA ET BOS. 
 
 Inops, potentem dum vult imitari, perit. 
 
 In prato quondam rana conspexit bovem, 
 Et tacta invidia tantae magnitudinis 
 Rugosam inflavit pellem ; turn natos suos 
 Interrogavit, an bove esset latior. 5 
 
 Illi negarunt. Rursus intendit cutem 
 Majore nisu et simili quaesivit modo, 
 
 FABTTLA XIV. 5. an latior] parative. H. 417. esset] Sub- 
 
 This clause takes the place of the junctive of indirect question, 
 
 second accusative. H. 374, 4. 6. negurunf] For negaverunt, 
 
 bove] Ablative after the com- * They said no.' 
 
20 PH^EDRI FABULJE. 
 
 Quis major esset. Illi dixerunt, bovem. 
 
 Novissime indignata, dum vult validius 
 
 Inflare sese, rupto jacuit corpore. 10 
 
 8. Quis] In the sense of uter, vissimum agmcn. Goes. B. G. 1, 15. 
 'which of the two.' bovem] Sup- 10. jacuit] ' She lay a corpse.' 
 plv esse major em. So jacere is often used of those 
 
 9. Novissime] 'At last.' Cf. no- who have met a violent death. 
 
 FABULA XV. 
 
 CANES ET COKCODILI. 
 
 Consilia qui dant prava cautis hominibus, 
 Et perdunt operam, et deridentur turpiter. 
 
 Canes currentes bibere e Nilo flumine, 
 A corcodilis ne rapiantur, traditum est. 
 Igitur quum currens bibere coepisset canis, 5 
 
 Sic corcodilus, " Quam libet lambe otio ; 
 Accede, pota leniter, et noli dolos," 
 In quit, " vereri." At ille : " Facerem meliercule, 
 Nisi esse scirem carnis te cupidum meae." 
 
 FABTJLA XV. 3. currentes] your leisure.' The ablative of 
 
 ' While running.' This fact, il- manner. H. 414. 
 
 lustrating the sagacity of the dog, 7. noli vereri] ' Don't be at all 
 
 is mentioned by JElian (N. A. 6, afraid.' Instead of ne, rarely non, 
 
 53). with the present imperative, we 
 
 4. corcodilis] Metathesis for have, as often happens, noli with 
 
 crocodilis, for the metre. the infinitive. H. 535, 1, 3). 
 
 6. Quam] For quantum. ' As 8. mehercule] To be read in 
 
 much as you please.' otio] ' At three syllables. 
 
 FABULA XVI. 
 
 VULPES ET CICONIA. 
 
 Nulli nocendum ; si quis vero laeserit, 
 Multandum simili jure fabella admonet. 
 
 FABULA XVI. 1. nocendum] 2. jure] The ablative of man- 
 Supply e&t, not esse. ner. H. 414. 
 
TABULAE XVI., XVII. m 21 
 
 Yulpes ad cenam dicitur ciconiam 
 Prior invitasse, et illi in patena liquidam 
 Posuisse sorbitionem, quam nullo modo 5 
 
 Gustare esuriens potuerit ciconia. 
 Quaa, vulpem quum revocasset, intrito cibo 
 Plenam lagonam posuit; huic rostrum inserens, 
 Satiatur ipsa, et torquet convivam fame. 
 Quae quum lagonss collum frustra lamberet, 10 
 
 Peregrinam sic locutam volucrem accepimus : 
 " Sua quisque exempla debet aequo animo pati." 
 
 4. Prior] The comparative, as finitive require the subjunctive, 
 only two objects are mentioned. H. 528 ; 531. 
 invitasse'] For omission of sub- 7- Qua] i. e., 'the stork.' 
 ject, see H. 545, 2. patena] 'A revocasset] For revocavisset. Ob- 
 broad dish/ or 'platter;' from serve the force of re; ' in turn.' 
 pateo, to^ lie open. liquidam intrito cibo] ' Finely minced food.' 
 sorbitionem'] ' A thin soup.' 9. convivam] i. e., vulpem. 
 
 6. esuriens] From esurio, a 11. Peregrinam"] Whence the 
 desiderative verb, from edo ; 'be- English pilgrim. The stork, 'the 
 hungry.' potuerit] In the bird of passage,' so called from its 
 oratio obliqua dependent clauses migratory habits. locutam] Sup- 
 after the accusative with the in- ply esse. H. 545, 3. 
 
 FABULA XVII. 
 
 MILUUS ET COLUMB^E. 
 
 Qui se committit homini tutandum improbo, 
 Auxilia dum requirit, exitium invenit. 
 
 Columbse saepe quum fugissent miluum 
 Et celeritate penna3 vitassent necem, 
 Consilium raptor vertit ad fallaciam, 5 
 
 Et genus inerme tali decepit dolo ; 
 
 FABULA XVII. 1. tutandwri] 3. miluum] For milvum. Cf. 2, 8. 
 
 * For protection.' H. 565, 3. 4. penned] Singular for plural ; 
 
 2. Auxilia'] Poetic for auxilium. ' by swiftness of wing.' 
 
 requirif] 'Seeks in vain,' for 5. raptor] i. c., miluus. For the 
 
 such here is the force of re. termination -or, see H. 321, 1. 
 
22 
 
 PIJ^DRI FABUL^E. 
 
 u Quare sollicitum potius aevum ducitis, 
 Quam regem me creatis icto foedere, 
 Qui vos ab omni tutas prsestem injuria?" 
 Illae credentes tradunt sese miluo, 
 Qui, regnum adeptus, coepit vesci singulas, 
 Et exercere imperium saevis unguibus. 
 Tune de reliquis una : " Merito plectimur." 
 
 10 
 
 7. ovum] Poetic for titam. 
 
 8. Quam] To be joined with 
 potius. icto foedere] The Latins 
 used the expression icere, ferire 
 fcedits in the sense offacere, be- 
 cause, among other ceremonies, 
 in concluding a treaty, a swine 
 was killed as a sacrifice to the 
 gods. Liv. I. 24. 
 
 9. Qui prasteni] qui = ut ego. 
 Hence the subjunctive. H. 500. 
 
 11. singulas] * One after an- 
 other.' Vesci is usually followed 
 by the ablative, but occasionally, 
 as in this instance, by the accusa- 
 tive. H. 419, 4,1). 
 
 13. De reliquis'] In the relation 
 of partitive genitive. * One of the 
 survivors.' H. 398, 4, 2). Merita} 
 Because by our credulity and 
 imprudence we are the authors of 
 our own calamity. 
 
 FABULA XVIII. 
 
 JTJVENCUS, LEO ET PREDATOR. 
 
 Super juvencum stabat dejectum leo ; 
 
 Prsedator intervenit, partem postulans. 
 
 " Darera," inquit, " nisi soleres per te sumere ; " 
 
 Et improbum rejecit. Forte innoxius 
 
 Viator est deductus in eundem locum, 
 
 Feroque viso, retulit retro pedem. 
 
 Cui placidus ille, " Non est quod timeas," ait ; 
 
 FABULA XVIII. 3. Darem 
 nisi soleres'] This form of the 
 conditional clause gives a denial 
 both to the condition and conclu- 
 sion ; as if he had said, ' I shall 
 not give it, for you are accus- 
 tomed.' H. 510. 
 
 4. innoxius} Used actively 
 1 Harmless.' 
 
 6. retulit retro] A pleonasm 
 not uncommon with the poets 
 Cf. retro vestigia Turnus refert 
 Virg. -)n. 9, 797. 
 
 7. Non est] ' There is no reason 
 
TABULAE XVIII., XIX. 
 
 23 
 
 " Et, quae debetur pars tuae modestiae, 
 Audacter tolle." Tune, diviso tergore, 
 Silvas petivit, homini ut accessum daret. 
 
 Exemplum egregiuni prorsus et laudabile ; 
 Verum est aviditas dives, et pauper pudor. 
 
 10 
 
 why you should fear/ timeas] 
 Subjunctive in a relative clause af- 
 ter a general negative. H. 501, 1. 1. 
 
 8. qua debetur pars] The rela- 
 tive and antecedent in the same 
 clause. Cf. Prol. v. 1. Construe 
 tolle partem qua, etc. H. 445, 9. 
 
 9. Audacter] By syncope for 
 audaciter. H. 335, 2. tergore'] Is 
 primarily the back ; but is here put 
 by metonymy for the whole body. 
 
 10. accessum daret] ' So that he 
 might give the traveller an oppor- 
 tunity to approach.' 
 
 11. Exemplum pudor] 'The 
 example is excellent, doubtless, 
 and worthy of praise; but, in 
 truth, covetousness is rich and 
 modesty is poor.' laudabile] The 
 termination -bile denotes capabil- 
 ity, generally in a passive sense. 
 H. 328, 3. 
 
 FABULA XIX. 
 
 EEPENTE CALVUS. 
 
 A feminis utcunque spoliari viros, 
 Ament, amentur, nempe exemplis discimus. 
 -^Etatis mediae quendam mulier non rudis 
 Tenebat, annos celans elegantia, 
 Animosque ejusdem pulchra juvenis ceperat. 
 Ambae, videri dum volunt illi pares, 
 
 FABULA XIX. 1. utcunque] 
 Explained by ament, amentur. 
 ' Whatever be the case, whether 
 they love or are loved.' spoliari] 
 Object of discimus. H. 551. 
 
 2. Ament, amentur] Supply 
 sive sive. nempe"] Spoken 
 ironically; as if he had said, 
 * Though we know by daily ex- 
 perience that men are plundered 
 by women, yet, as if this were not 
 
 sufficient, we ought to learn it by 
 fables.' exemplis] i. e., fabulis. 
 So often in Phasdrus. 
 
 3. non rudis] 'Not inexperi- 
 enced in the world.' 
 
 4. Tenebat] 'Held as an ad- 
 mirer.' Cf. dum me Galatea te~ 
 nebat. Virg. E. 1, 32. elegantia] 
 ' By her taste.' 
 
 5. Animos] ' The affections.' 
 
 6. pares] Supply estate. 
 
24 PH^EDRI 
 
 Capillos homini legere ccepere invicem. 
 
 Quum se putaret fingi cura mulierum, 
 
 Calvus repente fact us est ; nam funditus 
 
 Canos puella, nigros anus evellerat. 10 
 
 7. homini] Dative after the as accusative of specification. H. 
 verb, instead of genitive after 380. ' That his hair was ar- 
 capillos. H. 398, 5. ranged.' 
 
 8. se fingi] Supply capillos, 10. Canos nigros] Sc. capillos. 
 
 TABULA XX. 
 
 HOMO ET CANIS. 
 
 Laceratus qnidam morsu veliementis canis, 
 
 Tinctum cruore paneni misit malefico, 
 
 Audierat esse quod remedium vulneris. 
 
 Tune sic ^Esopus : " Noli coram pluribus 
 
 Hoc facere canibus, ne nos vivos devorent, 
 
 Quum scierint esse tale culpse praemium." 
 Successus improborum plures allicj^. . 
 
 Jc> (hu4 
 
 FABTTLA, XX. 1. vehementis] ^g(r^i^1lec *^X the *it^^cur.^/ > 
 ' Savage,' or fierce/ 4. Noli facere] Cf. 15, 7. 
 
 2. malefico'] An adjective agree- 6. scierint] Future perfect. Cf. 
 ing with a^wT^d6teiidr^a^>tlie^ Prol. v. 5. 
 
 FABULA XXI. 
 
 MTJLI ET LATKONES. 
 
 Muli gravati sarcinis ibant duo ; 
 Unus ferebat fiscos cum pecunia, 
 
 FABULA XXI. 2. fscos~\ f Large fscus, under the Empire, was ap- 
 
 bnskets made of osiers, Spanish plied to that portion of the public 
 
 broom, or rushes,' which the Ro- revenue designed for the main- 
 
 mans sometimes used for the tenance of the sovereign. Corn- 
 
 custody of coin ; whence the word pare the English word ' fiscal.' 
 
FABUL^E XXI., XXII. 25 
 
 Alter tumentes multo saccos hordeo. 
 
 Hie onere dives, celsa cervice eminet, 
 
 Clarumque collo jactat tintinnabulum, 5 
 
 Comes quieto sequitur et placido gradu. 
 
 Subito latrones ex insidiis advolant, 
 
 Interque caedem ferro mulum sauciant, 
 
 Diripiunt-nummos, ni'gligunt vile hordeum. 
 
 Spoliatus igitur casus quum fleret suos, 10 
 
 " Equidem," inquit alter, " me contemptum gaudeo ; 
 
 Nam nil amisi, nee sum Isesus vulnere." 
 
 Hoc argumento ttita est hominam tenuitas ; 
 Magna? periclo sunt opes obnoxiae. 
 
 3. -Alter] 'The other of the 9. vile] In comparison with tho 
 two ; ' alius, ' another of many.' money. . 
 
 4. Ilk'] Refers to units in v. 2. 10. Spoliatus] The mule that 
 
 5. collo] Ablative of place. H. was robbed of the money. 
 
 422, 1. 13. hominum tenuitas] i. e., 
 
 6. Comes] Referring to alter in tenues, ' men of scanty resources ; ' 
 v. 3. for the expression, cf. 3, 16. 
 
 8. cadem] ' In the fray ; ' ccedes 14. Magnce opes] ' Men of 
 does not necessarily imply death, great wealth.' 
 
 FABULA XXII. 
 
 ANUS AD AMPHORAM. 
 
 Anus jacere vidit epotam amphoram, 
 
 Adhuc Falerna faece, e testa nobili, 
 
 Odorem quaa jucundum late spargeret. 
 
 Hunc postquam totis avida traxit naribus, 
 
 " O suavis anima ! quale in te dicam bonum 5 
 
 FABULA XXII. 1. epotam] 3. spargeret] H. 501, I. 
 
 * Emptied,' i. e., ' empty.' 4. totis naribus] 'With dis- 
 
 2. Falerna] Falernus .(ager) tended nostrils.' 
 
 was a district or territory in the 5. anima] * O delicious flavor !' 
 
 northern part of Campania, celc- in te] Refers to amphoram. 
 
 brated for its fertility and the ex- quale bonum] ' What excel- 
 
 cellence of its wine. lence.' 
 
26 PIIJEDKI FABUL^E. 
 
 Antehac fuisse, tales quum sint reliquiae?" 
 Hoc quo pertineat dicet, qui me noverit. .. 
 
 7. Hoc quo pertineaf] s The ap- this fable, comforts himself, as he 
 plication of this fable ; ' lit., to was growing old, with the refiec- 
 what this pertains/ Phacdrus, in tion of what he was in better days. 
 
 FABULA XXIII. 
 
 SIMII CAPUT. 
 
 Pendere ad lanium quidam vidit simium 
 
 Inter reliquas merces atque obsonia ; 
 
 Quaesivit, quidnam saperet? Turn lanius jocans, 
 
 " Quale," inquit, " caput est, talis prsestatur sapor." 
 
 Ridicule magis .hoc dictum, qnam vere aestirno, 5 
 Quando et formosos ssepe inveni pessimos, 
 Et turpi facie multos cognovi optimos. 
 
 FABULA XXIII. 1. ad lanium] being the principal part ; cf. 18, 9), 
 
 Ad is here used in the sense of so is the taste ; ' or, * as is the cx- 
 
 apud. ' At the butcher's.' terior, so is the understanding.' 
 
 3. quidnam] * What its taste 4. prcestatur] * Is warranted.' 
 
 was.' saperet] Subjunctive of The usual expression of the seller, 
 
 indirect question. The wit (3) who guarantees that his wares 
 
 jocans, (5) ridicule of the reply will be such as he has represented 
 
 lies in the double signification of them. 
 the word sapere, * to taste,' and 5. Ridicule'] ' In jest.' 
 ' to be wise.' It could be taken 6. Quando] In a causal rela- 
 
 with either of the following mean- tion ; ' since.' 
 ings: 'As is the exterior (repre- 7- turpi facie] Ablative of 
 
 sented by caput, ' the head,' that characteristic. H. 428. 
 
 TABULA XXIV. 
 
 ^ESOPUS ET PETULANS. 
 
 Successus ad perniciem multos devocat. 
 
 jEsopo quidam petulans lapidem impegerat ; 
 "Tanto," inquit, "melior!" Assem deinde illi dedit, 
 
 FABULA XXIV. 2. impegerat] 3. Tanto melior] ' So much 
 From impingo. * Had thrown.' the better you ! * a phrase of ap- 
 
FABUL-E XXIV., XXV. 27 
 
 Sic prosecutus : " Plus non habeo raehercule, 
 Sed, unde accipere possi^, monstrabo tibi. 5 
 
 Yenit ecce dives et potens ; huic similiter 
 Impinge lapidem, et dignum accipies prsemium." 
 Persuasus ille fecit, quod monitus fuit ; 
 Sed spes fefcllit imp uden tern audaciam ; 
 Comprensus namque pcenas persolvit cruce. 10 
 
 proval. It may be rendered here, mehercule] An oath commonly 
 'Well done! my fine fellow.' used by men; the women eni- 
 Afisem] The as, as money, was ployed the expression mecastor. 
 originally a pound of uncoined 8. Persuasus] ' He was per- 
 copper ; but, in process of time, its suaded and did.' quod] Refers 
 weight was gradually reduced, for its antecedent to id, the omit- 
 and it became a coin of very small ted object of fecit. 
 worth; hence used to denote any- 10. cruce] ' On the cross.' This 
 thing of insignificant value. It kind of punishment was employed 
 may be rendered here by * a far- in Rome until the time of Con- 
 thing.' stantine, who abolished it, as the 
 4. prosecutus] Sc. vcrbis. cross had become a sacred symbol. 
 
 TABULA XXV. 
 
 MUSCA ET HULA. 
 
 Musca in temone sedit, et mulam increpans, 
 
 " Quam tarda es ! " inquit ; " non vis citius progredi ? 
 
 Vide,.ne dolone collum compungam tibi." 
 
 Respondit ilia : " Verbis non moveor tuis ; 
 
 Sed istum timeo, sella qui prima sedens 5 
 
 Jugum flagello temperat lento meum, 
 
 Et ora frenis continet spumantibus ; 
 
 FABULA XXV. 2. vis] From Evidently implying that threats, 
 
 volo. . minas (11), are only words, in 
 
 3. dolone] Properly 'a staff opposition to flagello (6) and 
 with a sharp iron point,' but frenis (7). 
 
 here used by metonymy for the 5. sella qui prima sedens'] i. e., 
 sting of the fly. * the driver.' 
 
 4. ilia] i. e., mula. Verbis] 6. temperat] * Controls.' lento] 
 
28 PH^DRI FABUL^E. 
 
 Quapropter aufer frivolam insolentiam ; 
 
 Nam, ubi tricandum et ubi currendum sit, scio." 
 
 Hac derideri fabulfi merito potest, 1C 
 
 Qui sine virtute vanas exercet minas. 
 
 * Supple,' or ' flexible,' as made 9. tricandum currendum sit] 
 
 of thongs. Supply mihi after these verbs, as 
 
 8. aufer] ' Away with/ H. 237. the dative of agent. H. 388, 1, 1). 
 
 FABULA XXVI. 
 
 LUPUS AD CANEM. 
 
 Quam dulcis sit libertas, breviter proloquar. 
 
 Cani perpasto macie confectus lupus 
 Forte occurrit ; dcin salutantes invicem 
 Ut restiter.unt : " Unde sic, quaeso, nites ? 
 Aut quo cibo feeisti tantum corporis ? 
 Ego, qui sum longe fortior, pereo fame." 
 Canis simpliciter : " Eadem est conditio tibi, 
 Praestare domino si par officium potes." 
 "Quod?" inquit ille. "Gustos ut sis liminis, 
 A furibus tuearis et noctu domum." 1( 
 
 "Ego vero sum paratus ; mine patior nives 
 Imbresque in silvis asperam vitam trahens ; 
 Quanto est facilius rnihi sub tecto -vivere, 
 Et otiosum largo satiari cibo ? " 
 " Veni ergo mecum." Dum procedunt, adspicit 15 
 Lupus a catena collum detritum cani. 
 
 FABULA XXVI. 3. salutantes] 9. Quod] Referring to officium 
 
 Used absolutely for se salutantes. ' What is that service ? ' 
 
 4. Ut] 'As.' wide nites] Sup- 14. otiosum] Instead of agree 
 ply inquit lupus. 4ng with mihi t as is the frequen 
 
 5. feeisti tantum corporis] construction, this adjective agree 
 * Have you become so fat ? ' with the omitted subject of sa 
 
 7. conditio] 'The same condi- tiari. 
 tion is yours.' tibi\ Dative of 16. cani] Dative, instead of 
 possessor. H. 387. genitive, after collum. H. 398, 5. 
 
TABULAE XXVI., XXVII. 
 
 29 
 
 Unde hoc, amice?" " Nihil est." "Dic,qua3so,tamen." 
 
 Quia videor acer, alligant me interdiu, 
 
 Luce ut quiescam, et vigilem, nox quum venerit ; 
 
 Crepusculo solutus, qua visum est, vagor. 
 
 Adfertur ultro panis ; de mensa sua 
 
 Dat ossa dominus ; frusta jactant familia, 
 
 Et, quod fastidit quisque, pulmentarium. 
 
 Sic sine labore venter impletur meus." 
 
 "Age, si quo abire est animus, est licentia?" 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 plane est," inquit. "Fruere, qua3 laudas,, cam's ; 
 Regnare nolo, liber ut non sim.mihi." 
 
 17. tamen] < Yet ; ' although 
 it be a trifle, yet tell me.' 
 
 19. Luce] Ablative of time = 
 interdiu, * in the daytime.' H. 426. 
 
 21. ultro] * Without my asking 
 for it.' 
 
 25. Age] 'Come, tell me.' 
 est licentia] ' Have I the liberty ? ' 
 
 26. Non plane est] Sc. licentia. 
 ' Certainly not.' Fruere] In the 
 present imperative ; sc. iis. 
 
 27. Regnare nolo] The idea is, 
 * I would not be a king at the ex- 
 pense of my liberty.' mihi] Da- 
 tive of advantage. ut] * On the 
 condition that.' H. 490. 
 
 FABULA XXVII. 
 
 SOROR ET FRATER. 
 
 Praecepto monitus saepe te considera. 
 
 Habebat quidam filiam turpissimam 
 Idemque insignem pulclira facie filium. 
 Hi, speculum, in cathedra matris ut positum fuit, 
 Ptieriliter ludentes forte inspexerunt. 
 Hie se formosum jactat ; ilia irascitur 
 Nee gloriantis sustinet fratris jocos, 
 Accipiens, quid enim ? cuncta in contumeliam. 
 
 FABULA. XXVII. 2. turpissi- 
 mam] 'Extremely ugly.' The 
 superlative often denotes, not that 
 decree which is exclusively the 
 highest, but only a very high 
 degree of the positive, and then 
 
 is called the absolute superlative. 
 
 5. inspexerunt] The penult is 
 here short by Systole. H. 669, IV. 
 
 8. quid enim] ' For why should 
 she not ? ' for women are so sen- 
 sitive in this respect. 
 
30 PHJEDRI FABUL^. 
 
 Ergo ad patrem decurrit laesura invicem, 
 Magnaque invidia criminatur filium, 
 Vir natus quod rem feminarum tetigerit. 
 Amplexus ilie utruraque et carpens oscula 
 Dulcemqae in ambos caritatem partiens, 
 " Quotidie," inquit, " speculo vos uti volo : 
 Tu formam ne corrumpas nequitiaB malis ; 
 Tu faciem ut istam moribus vincas bonis." 
 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 9. lasura] Sc. eum, i. e. t filnan 9 
 * in order to vex him in her turn.' 
 
 10. Magnaque invidia] * With 
 great spite.' 
 
 11. rem feminarum'] 'Meddled 
 with women's affairs ' ; particu- 
 larly those which belonged to 
 her toilet, such as the mirror, 
 
 paints, and the like. tetigerit] 
 Subjunctive, as containing the al- 
 legation of another. H. 520, II. 
 
 14. speculo] Ablative after uti. 
 H. 419, I, 1. 
 
 15. Tu} i. e., Jilius. malis] 
 ' By the blemishes.' 
 
 16. Tu] i. e.,Jllia. 
 
 TABULA XXVIII. 
 
 SOCRATES AD AMICOS. 
 
 Vulgare amici nomen, sed rara est fides. 
 
 Quum parvas aedes sibi fundasset Socrates, 
 (Cujus non fugio mortem si famam adsequar, 
 Et cedo invidise, dummodo absolvar cinis ;) 
 
 FABULA. XXVIII. 1. fides] 
 'The fidelity of a friend.' 
 
 2. Socrates] The celebrated 
 Athenian philosopher, son of 
 Sophroniscus, the statuary. He 
 was born B. C. 468. Accused of 
 corrupting the youth, and of in- 
 troducing innovations into the re- 
 ligion of his country, he was con- 
 demned to die, by drinking hem- 
 lock, B. C. 399. After his death 
 he was acquitted of these charges, 
 and held in great honor by his 
 countrymen. 
 
 3. Cujus mortem] 'Such a 
 death as his I do not shrink 
 from/ 
 
 4. ccdo invidia] The idea is, 
 I am ready to submit to unpopu- 
 larity, provided that after my 
 death I shall be pronounced inno- 
 cent. cinis] * When I am be- 
 come ashes ; ' referring to the Ro- 
 man cu-stom of burning the dead, 
 which had become almost univer- 
 sal in the time of Phaedrus. 
 absolvar] The subjunctive after 
 dummodo. H. 503, I. 
 
FABUL^E XXVIII., XXIX., XXX. 31 
 
 Ex populo sic nescio quis, ut fieri solet : 5 
 
 " Quaeso, tarn angustam talis vir ponis domum?" 
 " Utinara," inquit, " veris hanc amicis impleam ! " 
 
 5. Ex populo] ' Some one of 6. talis vir] In apposition with 
 
 the people.' ut fieri solet] l As tu t the omitted subject of ponis. 
 
 is usually the case, when one en- 7. inquit} Sc. Socrates. im- 
 
 gaged in some enterprise is ex- plearn] The subjunctive after the 
 
 posed to the judgment of the particle of wishing, utinam. H. 
 
 public.' 488, II. 1. hanc] Emphatic. 
 
 TABULA XXIX. 
 
 PULLUS AD MARGAKITAM. 
 
 In sterquilino pull us gallinaceus, 
 Dum quserit escam, margaritam repperit. 
 " Jaces indigno quanta res," inquit, "loco! 
 Hoc si quis pretii cupidus vidisset tui, 
 Olim redisses ad splendorem pristinum. 5 
 
 Ego, qui te inveni, potior cui multo est cibus, 
 Xec tibi prodesse, nee mihi quicquam potes." 
 Hoc illis narro, qui me non intelligunt. 
 
 FABULA XXIX. 3. quanta res] as follows : nee ego, qui te invent, 
 
 An appositive of tu, subject of tibi prodesse possum, nee (tit) mihi 
 
 jaces. * How valuable a thing quicquam (prodesse) potes. 
 art thou, to lie in this unworthy 8. illis] * For the benefit of 
 
 place!' those.' In this fable Phsjedrus 
 
 4. Hoc vidisset] ' Had seen complains of those who were in- 
 
 this,' i. e., the pearl in such a place, sensible to the merits of his 
 
 7. tibi prodesse] Understand writings. 
 
 FABULA XXX. 
 
 APES ET FUCI, VESPA JUDICE. 
 
 Apes in alta quercu fecerant favos ; 
 Hos fuci inertes esse dicebant suos. 
 Lis ad forum deducta est, vespa judice ; 
 
 FABULA XXX. 2. suos] Predi- 3. vespa judice] Ablative abso- 
 cate of hos, the subject of esse. lute. ' Before a wasp as judge.' 
 
32 PH^DRI FABULA. 
 
 Quae, genus utrumque nosset quum pulcherrime, 
 
 Legem cluabus hanc proposuit partibus : 5 
 
 " Non inconveniens corpus, et par est color ; 
 
 In dubium plane res ut merito venerit ; 
 
 Sed, ne religio peccet imprudens mea, 
 
 Alvos accipite, et ceris opus infundite, 
 
 Ut ex sapore mellis et forma favi, 10 
 
 De quis mine agitur, auctor horum appareat." 
 
 Fuel recusant ; apibus conditio placet. 
 
 Tune ilia talem protulit sententiam : 
 
 " Apertum est, quis non possit, et quis fecerit ; 
 
 Quapropter apibus fructum restituo suum." 15 
 
 Hanc praeterissem fabulam silentio, 
 Si pactam fuci non recusassent iidem. 
 
 5. Legem] ' Made this offer,' or bus. H. 187, 1. agitur] *Con- 
 ' proposal.' cerning which the inquiry is now 
 
 6. Non inconveniens] * Not dis- before us.' 
 
 similar.' 13. ilia} i. e., vespa. protulit] 
 
 7. plane] 'Altogether;' this mod- ' Gaye judgment as follows.' 
 ifies in dubium venerit. 14. qui fecerit] 'Who can not 
 
 8. ne religio} The sense is, make and who has made them.' 
 'But lest I, sworn as a judge, 17. pactam fidem] 'The terms 
 should err through ignorance, and agreed upon.' In this fable, Pha3- 
 violate my oath.' drus is supposed to refer to those 
 
 9. opus] i. e., mel. who had claimed some of his 
 11. quis] Contracted from qui- verses as their own. 
 
 FABULA XXXI. 
 
 DE LUSTJ ET SEVERITATE. 
 
 Puerorum in turba quidam ludentem Atticus 
 ^Esopum nucibus quum vidisset, restitit, 
 
 FABULA XXXI. 1. ludentem nuces,' 'to give up childish sports.' 
 
 nucibus] * Playing with nuts.' Suetonius, in his life of Augustus 
 
 This was one of the favorite pas- (c. 83), relates of him, that for 
 
 times of the Roman children, amusement he would sometimes 
 
 Hence the proverb : ' Relinquere angle, or play with dice, pebbles, 
 
FABULJE XXXI., XXXII. 
 
 33 
 
 Et quasi delirum risit. Quod sensit simul, 
 
 Derisor potius quam deridendus, senex, 
 
 Arcum retensum posuit in media via ; 5 
 
 "Hens!" inquit, "sapiens, expedi, quid fecerim." 
 
 Concurrit populus ; ille se torquet diu, 
 
 Nee quaestionis positse causam intelligit ; 
 
 Novissime succumbit. Turn victor sophus : 
 
 " Citq rumpes arcum, semper si tensuni habueris ; 10 
 
 At si laxaris, quum voles, erit utilis." 
 
 Sic ludus animo debet aliquando dari, 
 Ad cogitandum melior ut rede at tibi. 
 
 or nuts with little boys collected 
 from various countries.' The 
 game appears to have been played 
 by laying three nuts together and 
 casting a fourth so that it would 
 rest upon them, or by casting a 
 nut from a distance into a hole. 
 
 3. quasi delirum] 'As though 
 he were a madman/ 
 
 4. Derisor deridendus'] * The 
 one to laugh rather than to be 
 laughed at.' 
 
 7. se torgueQ ' Perplexes him- 
 self.' 
 
 9. Novissime] < At last/ Cf. 
 14,9. 
 
 13. Ad cogitandum] The accu- 
 sative of the gerund. H. 565, 1. 
 
 FABULA XXXII. 
 
 AEBOKES IN DEORUM TUTELA. 
 
 Olim, quas vellent esse in tutela sua, 
 Divi legerunt arbores. Quercus Jovi, 
 Et myrtus Yeneil placuit, Phoebo laurea, 
 
 FABULA XXXII. 1. vellent] 
 The subjunctive of result; that is, 
 1 such as they would wish to have 
 under their protection/ H. 501, I. 
 
 2. Jovi] The oak, the monarch 
 of trees, was naturally ascribed to 
 Jupiter, the king of the gods ; and 
 his oldest sanctuary was the sa- 
 cred oak of Dodona. 
 
 3. Veneri] The goddess of love. 
 
 3 
 
 The myrtle was assigned to her, 
 on account of its luxuriant growth 
 and blossoms ; or according to the 
 old fable, because, at her birth, it 
 afforded a place of concealment as 
 she rose from the foam of the sea. 
 Phccbo~\ An epithet of Apollo, 
 as god of the clear, beaming light, 
 especially the light of the sun. 
 He delighted in the laurel, be- 
 
34 
 
 PJLEDRI FABUL^E. 
 
 Pinus Cybeba?, populus eels a Herculi. 
 Minerva admirans, quare steriles sumerent, 
 Interrogavit. Causain dixit Jupiter: 
 "Honorem fructu ne videamur vendere." 
 "At, mehercules narrabit, quod quis voluerit; 
 Oliva nobis propter fructura est gratior." 
 Tune sic deorum genitor atque horainum sator : 
 " O nata, merito sapiens dicere omnibus ! 
 Nisi utile est quod facimus, stulta est gloria." 
 Nihil agere, quod non prosit, fabella admonet. 
 
 10 
 
 cause his favorite Daphne was 
 transformed into this tree. Ovid, 
 Met, I. 4-52-565. 
 
 4. Cybeba] Cybele, called also 
 M'tgna mater, or the mother of 
 the gods. The name in Latin is 
 usually written CybSle, but here, 
 on account of the verse, Cybeba. 
 The pine was attributed to this 
 goddess, because Attis, her favor- 
 ite, was turned into this tree. 
 Herculi] Hercules, the most cele- 
 brated of all the heroes of anti- 
 quity. He was the son of Jupiter 
 by Alcmcne, of Thebes, in Boeo- 
 tia. It was from the leaves of the 
 poplar that he made himself a gar- 
 land, on his return from the low- 
 er world, whither he had gone to 
 bring the monster Cerberus. 
 
 7. Honor em fructu'] The sense 
 of this passage seems to be, ' We 
 have chosen no fruit-bearing trees, 
 in order to avoid the appearance 
 of selling their products for hon- 
 or, or of receiving honor as a con- 
 sideration for the fruit which we 
 have supplied to men.' fructu} 
 Ablative of price. H. 416. 
 
 8. mehercules] An elliptical ex- 
 pression for 'ita me Her cities 
 juvet,' usually employed by males. 
 
 Cf. 24, 4. narrabit] In the sense 
 of narrc-ty or narrato. 
 
 II. dicere] Present passive sec- 
 ond " person singular. omnibus] 
 Instead of ab omnibus. H. 388, 4. 
 
 13. prosit] The subjunctive in 
 a relative clause after a general 
 negative. H. 501, I. 
 
 FABULA XXXIII. 
 
 JUNO ET PAVO. 
 
 Pavo ad Junonem venit, indigne ferens 
 Cantus luscinii quod sibi non tribuerit ; 
 
 FABULA XXXIII. 1. Pavo] 
 The peacock was Juno's favorite 
 bird ; according to fable, the eyes 
 
 of Argus, when slain by Mercury, 
 were transferred to its tail. 
 2. tribuerit] H. 520, II. 
 
TABULAE XXXIII., XXXIV. 35 
 
 Ilium esse cunctis avibus admirabilem, 
 
 Se derideri, simul ac vocem miserit. 
 
 Tune consolandi gratia dixit dea : 5 
 
 " Sed forma vincis, vincis magnitudine ; 
 
 Nitor smaragdi collo praefulget tuo 
 
 Pictisque plumis gemmeam caudam explicas." 
 
 "Quo mi," in quit, "mutam speciem, si vincor sonoj" 
 
 " Fatorum arbitrio partes sunt vobis datse : 10 
 
 Tibi forma, vires aquilae, luscinio melos, 
 
 Augurium eorvo, laeva cornici omina ; 
 
 Omnesque propriis sunt contents dotibus." 
 
 Noli affectare quod tibi non est datum, 
 Delusa ne spes ad querelam recidat. 15 
 
 3. Ilium] i. e., luscinium. esse] 12. Augurium] From the flight 
 Sc. dicens. H. 530, II. ' 1. of ravens auspices were taken, and 
 
 4. miserit] Perfect subjunctive were of favorable import if they 
 in a dependent clause of the oratio appeared on the right of the 
 obliqua. H. 529. augurs. The crow, on the contra- 
 
 8. gemmeam] ' Begemmed.' ry, gave its lucky omens on the 
 
 9. Quo mi] Sc. divi dederunt. left hand. Cic. de Div. I. 7 ; 39. 
 mutam speciem'] That is, ' beauty 14. ajfcctare] Aspire to that.' 
 without song.' 15. Delusa] * Lest deluded in 
 
 10. Fatorum'] The reply of your hopes you return to com- 
 Juno. vobis] * To you (birds).' plaining.' 
 
 TABULA XXXIV. 
 
 ^ESOPUS KESPONDET GAKRULO. 
 
 JEsopus domino solus quura esset familia, 
 Parare cenam jussus est maturius. 
 Ignem ergo quaerens, aliquot lustravit domus, 
 Tandemque, invenit, ubi lucernam accenderet. 
 
 FABULA XXXIV. 1. domino] 2. maturius'] 'Earlier than 
 
 'When ^Esop alone formed his usual.' 
 
 master's entire establishment ;' da- 3. domus] Accusative plural; 
 
 tive of the possessor. H. 387. domos is the common form. 
 
36 PfLEDRI FABULA. 
 
 Turn circumeunti fuerat quod iter longius, 5 
 
 Effecit brevius : namque recta per forum 
 Coepit redire. Et quidam e turba garrulus : 
 "^Esope, medio sole quid cum lumine?" 
 " Hominem," inquit, " quaero," et abiit festinans domum. 
 Hoc si molestus ille ad animum rettulit, 10 
 
 Sensit profecto se hominem non visum seni, 
 Intempestive qui occupato adluserit. 
 
 5. Turn] Construe Turn effecit Cynic. domum] H. 379, 3, 1). 
 iter brevius, quod fuerat longius 11. hominem] ' A man ' in the 
 (ei) circumeunti.' proper sense of the word. 
 
 6. recta} Sc. ma. H. 335,4,2). 12. occupato adluserit] 'Who 
 
 8. medio sole} i. e., medio die* or would put a jest upon him while 
 meridie. quid] Sc. agis. busily engaged.' - adluserit} In 
 
 9. Hominem guard] The the subjunctive after qui in the 
 same story is told of Diogenes the sense of quum is. H. 517, I. 
 
 FABULA XXXV. 
 
 ASLNTTS ET GALLI. 
 
 Qui natus est infelix, non vitara modo 
 Tristem decurrit, verum post obitum quoque 
 Persequitur ilium dura fati miseria. 
 
 Galli Cybebes circum in qusestus ducere 
 Asinum solebant bajulantem sarcinas. 5 
 
 Is quum labore et plagis esset mortuus, 
 Detracta pelle sibi fecerunt tympana. 
 Rogati mox a quod am, "delicio suo 
 Quidnam fecissent?" hoc locuti sunt modo : 
 
 FABULA XXXV. 3. dura fati she had a temple. Cybebes] Cf. 
 
 miseria] ' The rigorous hardship 32,4. in qucestus] \.e.,utface- 
 
 offate.' rent qucestum, 'in order to beg 
 
 4. Galli] The priests of CybSle money.' circum ducere] Sep- 
 
 were so called from the river aratcd by Tmesis, H. 704, IV. 3. 
 
 Gallus, in Phrygia, near which 8. delicio] * Their good friend.' 
 
FABUL^I XXXV., XXXVI. 37 
 
 " Putabat se post mortem securum fore, 10 
 
 Ecce aliae plagae congeruntur mortuo." 
 
 TABULA XXXVI. 
 
 POETA. 
 
 Joculare tibi videtur; et sane levi, 
 
 Dum nihil habemus majns, calamo ludimus. 
 
 Sed diligenter intuere has naenias, 
 
 Quantam sub illis utilitatem reperies ! 
 
 Non semper ea sunt, quaa videntar; decipit 5 
 
 Frons prima raultos ; rara rnens intelligit, 
 
 Quod interiore condidit cura angulo. 
 
 Hoc ne locutus sine mercede existimer, 
 
 Fabellam adjiciam de mustela et muribus. 
 
 Mustela, quum annis et senecta debilis 10 
 
 Mures veloces non valeret adsequi, 
 Involit se farina et oBscuro loco 
 Abjecit neglegenter. Mus escam putans 
 Adsiluit et compressus occubuit neci. 
 Alter sirniliter periit, deinde et tertius ; 15 
 
 Aliquot secutis venit et retorridus, 
 
 FABULA XXXVI. 1. videtur] instruction is too frequently dry 
 
 Sc. hoc meum opus. levi ludi- and uninteresting. Accordingly 
 
 mus] ' We play with a light reed,' the moralist recounts a story or 
 
 that is, 'we divert ourselves by fable. Thus Pha^drus will have 
 
 writing on trivial subjects.' the foregoing moral reflections 
 
 3. intuere} Second person sin- perused, not without compcnsa- 
 
 gular present imperative. tion (sine mercede), not without a 
 
 6. Frons prima} The first ap- remunerative or attractive form, 
 pearance.' rara mens~\ * There locutus] When the subject of 
 is but here and there a mind that the infinitive and of the leading 
 comprehends.' verb is the same, the participle of 
 
 7. cura] Sc. poetce. the compound form of the infini- 
 
 8. sine mercede} Without re- tive takes the case of the subject 
 compense,' or * reward.' Without of the leading verb, usually the 
 examples and illustrations moral nominative. II. 547, 2. 
 
38 PILaSDRI TABULAE. 
 
 Qui saepe laqueos et muscipula cffugerat ; 
 
 Proculque insidias cernens hostis callidi, 
 
 " Sic valeas," inquit, " ut farina es, quae jaces !" 
 
 19. Sic valeas] Subjunctive of against an emissary or spy of 
 
 desire. H. 488, 1. 'So may you Tiberius or Scjanus, who lived at 
 
 thrive,' that is, 'may you not Rome, and in outward appearance 
 
 thrive, as you are not meal, which seemed incapable of doing any 
 
 you pretend to be.' Some critics harm, yet caused the ruin of many 
 
 suppose that this fable was levelled by his informations. 
 
 TABULA XXXVII. 
 
 DE VULPE ET UVA. 
 
 Fame coacta vulpes alta in vinea 
 Uvam adpetebat summis saliens viribus ; 
 Quam tangere ut non potuit, discedens ait : 
 "Nondum matura est; nolo acerbam suinere." 
 
 Qui, facere quaa non possunt, verbis elevant, 5 
 Adscribere hoc debebunt exemplum sibi. 
 
 FABULA XXXVII. 1. Fame] arbor, can be understood ; here it 
 
 Fames in the ablative has e long, is equivalent to viti. 
 
 and in this case belongs to the 5. elevant] ' Disparage,' ' un- 
 
 fifth declension, whilst in the other dervalue.' 
 
 cases it is of the third. vinea] 6. Adscribere] 'To apply*; 
 
 Properly an adjective, with which properly of money ' to place to 
 
 sometimes terra, and sometimes one's account.' 
 
 TABULA XXXVIII. 
 
 EQUUS ET APER. 
 
 Equus sedare solitus quo fuerat sitim, 
 Dum sese aper volutat, turbavit vadura. 
 Hinc orta lis est. Sonipes, iratus fero, 
 Auxilium petiit hominis, quern dorso levans, . 
 
 FABULA XXXVIII. 2. sf>sr 3. Sonipes] A poetic expres- 
 volutat] ' While he is wallowing/ sioii for equus. 
 
XXXVIII., XXXIX. 39 
 
 Redit ad hostem. Jactis hunc telis eques 5 
 
 Postquam interfecit, sic locutus traditur : 
 
 " Laetor tulisse auxilium me precibus tuis, 
 
 Nam praedam cepi, et didici quam sis utilis." 
 
 Atquc ita coegit frenos invitum pati. 
 
 Turn maestus ille : " Parvae vindictam rei 10 
 
 Dum quaere demens, servitutem repperi." 
 
 Ha3C iracundos admonebit fabula, 
 Impune potiiis laedi, quam. dedi alteri. 
 
 5. hostem] i. e., aprwn. Redif] up to the rule of another.' The 
 Contraction for rediit ; hence the e invention of this fable belongs to 
 long. Jactis telis] 'By throw- Stcsichorus, a Greek lyric poet, 
 ing weapons.' who flourished about B. C. e570, at 
 
 6. locutus'] H. 547, 2. Cf. 36, 8. HimGra, a town of Sicily. When 
 8. sis'] Subjunctive of indirect the citizens had chosen Phalaris 
 
 question. general with absolute power, and 
 
 10. Parvce vindictam rei] f Re- were on the eve of assigning him 
 
 vengc for a trifle.' a body-guard, Stesichorus relat- 
 
 13. dedi] Present passive in- ed a fable of the same import. 
 
 finitive from dedo, ( to be delivered Aristot. Rhet. II. 20. 
 
 FABULA XXXIX. 
 
 PUGNA MUEIUM ET MUSTELAKUM. 
 
 Quum victi mures mustelarum exercitu, 
 (Historia quorum in tabernis pingitur) 
 Fugerent, et artos circum trepidarent cavos, 
 ^Egre recepti, tamen evaserunt necem. 
 Duces eorum, qui capitibus cornua 5 
 
 Suis ligarant, ut conspicuum in proelio 
 Haberent signum, quod sequerentur milites, 
 Haesere in portis s unique capti ab hostibus ; 
 Quos immolatos victor avidis dentibus 
 
 FABULA XXXIX. 4. JEyre] of a concessive clause. H. 578, IV. 
 4 With great difficulty.' recepti] 9. Quos immolatos] 'Which 
 This participle supplies the place the conqueror sacrificed with his 
 
40 PH^EDRI FABUL/E. 
 
 Capacis alvi mersit tnrtareo specu. 10 
 
 Quemcunque populum tristis eventus premit, 
 Periclitatur magnitude principum; 
 Minuta plebes facili praesiclio latet. 
 
 greedy teeth, and sunk in the is, ' the leaders on account of their 
 
 horrible cavern of his capacious greatness.' 
 
 belly.' 13. facili] * In a place of shel- 
 
 12. magnitude principum] That ter which they easily find.* 
 
 FABULA XL. 
 
 VIPERA ET LIMA. 
 
 Mordaciorem qni improbo dente adpetit, 
 Hoc argumento se describi sentiat. 
 
 In omcinam fabri venit vipera ; 
 Hsec quum tentaret, si qua res esset cibi, 
 Limam momordit. Ilia contra contumax, 5 
 
 " Quid me," inquit, " stulta, dente captas laedere, 
 Onme adsuevi ferrum quae corrodere?" 
 
 FABULA XL. 1. improbo dente] 5. Ilia] i. e., lima. -~ contumax] 
 
 'With malicious tooth.' * Unyielding.* 
 
 2. Hoc araumento] i. e., hac 6. Quid] ' How is it that,' or 
 
 fabula. sentiat] 'Let him un- 'why?' H. 454, 2. 
 
 derstand.' H. 488, 1. 7. Omne ferrum] i. e., omne 
 
 4. tentaret} 'Was trying to genus ferri. adsuevi] To be 
 
 discover.' esset] Subjunctive in read in four syllables. Cf. note 
 
 an indirect question. on insuetis, 2, 8. 
 
 TABULA XLI. 
 
 VULPES ET HIRCUS. 
 
 Homo in periclum simul ac venit callidus, 
 Reperire effuginm quaBrit alter! us malo. 
 Quum decidisset vulpes in puteum inscia, 
 
 FABULA XLI. 2. alter MS malo] 3. decidisset] Cf. note on 1, 8. 
 'At another's cost.' inscia] 'Unwarily.' H. 443. 
 
XLL, XLII., XLIII. 41 
 
 Et altiore clauderetur margine, 
 
 Devenit hircus sitiens in eundem locum ; 5 
 
 Simul rogavit, esset an dulcis liquor, 
 
 Et copiosus ; ilia fraudem rnoliens ; 
 
 " Descende, amice ; tanta bonitas est aqua9, 
 
 Yoluptas ut satiari non possit mea." 
 
 Immisit se barbatus. Turn vulpecula 10 
 
 Evasit puteo, nixa celsis cornibus, 
 
 Hircumque clauso liquit haerentem vado. 
 
 4. altiore margine] ' By the 10. barbatus] i. e., the goat. 
 
 brink being too high.' H. 444, 1. 11. nixa} ' Taking a spring.' . 
 
 7. ilia] i. e., vulpes. 12. vado] Cf. note on 2, 14. 
 
 FABULA XLII. 
 
 DE VITIIS HOMINUM. 
 
 Peras imposuit Jupiter nobis duas : 
 Propriis repletam vitiis post tergum dedit, 
 Alienis ante pectus suspendit gravem. 
 
 Hac re videre nostra mala non possumus ; 
 Alii simul delinquunt, censores sumus. 5 
 
 FABULA XLII. 1. duas] The 2. repletam] Sc. unam. 
 
 cardinal, where the strict prose 3. suspendit] Sc. alterant. 
 
 construction would require the 4. Hac re] * On this account,' 
 
 distributive binas, 'two each.' * for this reason.' H. 414. 
 
 FABULA XLIII. 
 
 FUR ET LUCEKNTA. 
 
 Lucernam fur accendit ex ara Jovis 
 Ipsumque compilavit ad lumen suum. 
 
 FABULA XLIII. 2. Jpsum] i. e., that is, 4 by the light taken from 
 Jupiter, for ipsius fanum. ad Jupiter's altar.' Suum refers to 
 lumen suum] * By his own light,' the main subject of discourse. 
 
42 PH^DRI FABUL.E. 
 
 Onustus qui sacrilegio qtium discederet, 
 
 Repent e vocem s an eta misit religio : 
 
 " Malorum quamvis ista fuerint munera 5 
 
 Mihique in visa, ut non offendar subripi, 
 
 Tamen, sceleste, spiritu culpam lues, 
 
 Olim quum adscriptus venerit poenaa dies. 
 
 Sed ne ignis noster fucinori prseluceat, 
 
 Per quern verendos excolit pietas deos, 10 
 
 Veto esse tale luminis commercium." 
 
 Ita hodie nee lucernarn de flam ma deum 
 
 Nee de lucerna fas est accendi sacrum. 
 
 Quot res con tin eat hoc argumentum utiles, 
 Non explicabit alius, quam qui repperit. 15 
 
 Significat priino sa3pe, quos ipse alueris, 
 Tibi inveniri maxirne contrarios ; 
 Secundo ostendit scelera non ira deum, 
 Fatorum dicto sed puniri tempore ; 
 Novissime interdicit, ne cum malefico 20 
 
 Usum bonus consociet ullius rei. 
 
 3. sacrilegio] With the booty of light,' that is, of common and 
 
 acquired by this sacrilege.' sacred fire. 
 
 5. ista munera] * These gifts 13. sacrum] Sc. ignem. Phae- 
 which you are now carrying clrus means that Jupiter had for- 
 away.' H. 450. bidden that the caudles should be 
 
 6. subripi] 'That they are sto- lighted from the sacred altar, as 
 len,' munera being understood. had been done b} r the thief, or that 
 
 8. Olim] * Hereafter.' the fire on the altar should be kin- 
 
 9. facinori] For facinorosis. died from a common light. 
 
 10. Per quem] i. e., ignem. 16. quos] Refers to eos, the 
 
 11. co?nmercium] * Intercnange omitted subject of inveniri. 
 
 FABULA XLIV. 
 
 DE FORTUXIS HOMINUM. 
 
 Quum de fortunis quidam quereretur suis, 
 ^Esopus finxit consolandi gratia : 
 
 FABULA XLIV. 2. finxit} Sc. genitive of the gerund after gra- 
 hanc fabulam. consolandi} The tia, ' for the sake of.' H. 563. 
 
FABULA XLIV., XLV., XL VI. 43 
 
 Vexata saevis navis tempestatibus, 
 Inter vectorum lacrimas et mortis metura, 
 Faciem ad serenam subito ut mutatur dies, 5 
 
 Ferri secundis tuta coepit flatibus 
 Niraiaque nautas hilaritate extollere. 
 Fnctus periclo turn gubernator sophus, 
 " Parce gaudere oportet et sensim queri, 
 Totam quia vitam miscet dolor et gaudium." 10 
 
 6. secundis flatibus} 'With 9. sensim] ' To be slow to coin- 
 favorable winds.' plain;' that is, not to complain 
 
 7. extollere] * To transport.' until the real danger is upon us. 
 
 8. periclo] f From experience.' 10. vitam miscet] * Checker life.' 
 
 FABULA XLV. 
 
 SERPEXS. MISERICORDIA NOCIVA. 
 
 Qui fert mails auxilium, post tempus dolet. 
 Gelu rigentem quidam colubram sustulit 
 Sinuque fovit, contra se ipse misericors : 
 Namque ut refecta est, necuit hominem protinus. 
 Hanc alia quum rogaret causam facinoris, 5 
 
 Respondit, " Ne quis discat prodesse improbis." 
 
 FABULA XLV. 3. contra se] 6. Ne quis discat] ' That one 
 ' To his own hurt.' may learn not to bestow favors 
 
 5. Hanc rogaret] H. 374. upon.' 
 
 FABULA XLVI. 
 
 MONS PARTURIENS. 
 
 Mons parturibat, gemitus immanes ciens ; 
 Eratque in terris maxima expectatio ; 
 At ille murem peperit. Hoc scriptum est tibi, 
 Qui, magna quum minaris, extricas nihil. 
 
 FABULA XLVI. 1. parturibat] ing to pass.' This short fable 
 
 An old form of the imperfect ; Horace makes still shorter in the 
 
 * was in labor.' H. 239, 1. verse, ' Parturiunt monies, nasne- 
 
 4. extricas nihil] * Bring noth- tur ridiculus mus.' Ars Poet. 139. 
 
44 PILEDKI FABUL^E. 
 
 FABULA XLVII. 
 
 FORMICA ET MUSCA. 
 
 Nil agere, quod non prosit, fabella indicat. 
 Formica et musea contendebant acriter, 
 Quae pluris esset. Musca sic ccepit prior : 
 " Conferre nostris tu potes te laudibus ? 
 Ubi immolatur, exta praegusto deum ; 5 
 
 Moror inter aras, templa perlustro omnia. 
 In capite regis sedeo, quurn visum est mihi, 
 Et matronarum casta delibo oscula. 
 Laboro nihil, atque optimis rebus fruor. 
 Quid horum simile tibi contingit, rustica ? " 10 
 
 " Est gloriosus sane convictus deum, 
 Sed illi, qui invitatur, non qui in vis us est. 
 Reges commemoras et matronarum oscula. 
 Ego granum in hiemem quum studiose congero, 
 Te circa muruin pasci video stercore. 15 
 
 Aras frequentas ; nernpe abigeris, quo venis. 
 Nihil laboras ; ideo quum opus est, nil habes. 
 Super etiam jactas, tegere quod debet pudor. 
 ^Estate me lacessis ; quum bruma est, siles. 
 Mori contractam quum te cogunt frigora, 20 
 
 FABULA XLVII. 3. Quce] For can eat with the gods from the 
 
 utra ; * which was of the greater same altar or table, 
 
 consequence.* plums'] Sc.pretii; 12. illi] Se. gloriosus. H. 391. 
 
 sum and verbs of valuing are fol- 14. granuni\ In the singular is 
 
 lowed by the genitive denoting used poetically for grana, plural, 
 
 the degree of estimation. H. 402, 16. quo} i.e., quocunque y where- 
 
 III. 1. soever.' 
 
 5. immolatur'] ' When a sncri- 18. Super] i. e., insuper, pra- 
 ties is made.' exta deum] * The terea, ' Moreover.' 
 entrails which are to be offered to 19. me lacessis] ' You plague or 
 the gods.' annoy me.' 
 
 11. convictus deum] 'Banquet- 20. contractam"] 'Shrivels you 
 
 ing with the gods ; ' because you up and causes your death. ' 
 
TABULA XLVII., XLVIII. 
 
 45 
 
 Me copiosa recipit incolumem domus. 
 Satis profecto rettudi superbiam." 
 
 Fabella tails hominum discernit notas 
 Eorum, qui se falsis ornant laudibus, 
 Et quorum virtus exhibet solid um decus. 
 
 25 
 
 21. copiosa] 
 plies.' 
 
 22. rettudi} Lit., ' I have blunt- 
 ed,' that is, * I have humbled your 
 pride.' This line does not seem 
 
 Filled with sup- appropriate to the modesty of the 
 ant. Hence some editors have 
 proposed the reading rettudit. 
 23. notas] ' Characteristics/ 
 25. virtus] 'Merit.' 
 
 FABULA XLVIII. 
 
 VIATORES ET LATRO. 
 
 Duo quum incidissent in latronem milites, 
 Unus profugit, alter autem restitit 
 Et vindicavit sese forti dextera. 
 Latrone occiso, timid us accurrit comes 
 Stringitque gladium, dein rejecta psenula, 
 "Cedo," inquit, "ilium ; jam curabo sentiat, 
 Quos adtentarit." Tune, qui depugnaverat : 
 "Vellem istis verbis saltern adjuvisses modo; 
 Constantior fuissem vera existirnans. 
 
 FABULA XLVIII. 3. vindicavit 
 Defended himself.' 
 
 6. Cedo] ' Give me the fellow, 
 says he.' Cedo is an old impera- 
 tive equivalent to da, or without 
 an accusative to die. H. 297, III. 
 curabo] Sc. ut. H. 493, 2. 
 
 7. Quos] ' What sort of persons 
 he has attacked.' depugnaverat] 
 'Who had ended the strife (as 
 victor) ' ; ' who had come off victor 
 in the fight.' 
 
 8. Vellern] The potential sub- 
 
 junctive. H. 485. The imperfect 
 implies the consciousness that the 
 wish could not be fulfilled. ad- 
 juvisses] The subjunctive after ut 
 omitted. H. 493, 2. modo] 'Just 
 now ' ; ' a little while ago.' 
 
 9. fuissem] The conclusion of 
 a conditional sentence, of which 
 the protasis is implied in vera ex- 
 istimans, and may be given thus : 
 ' if I had believed what you say 
 to be true.' H. 578, III. vera] 
 Predicate adjective. H. 373, 3. 
 
46 PH-EDRI TABULAE. 
 
 Nunc conde ferrum et linguam pariter futilem, 10 
 Ut possis alios ignorantes fallere. 
 Ego, qui sum expertus, quantis fugias viribus, 
 Scio, quam virtuti non sit credendum tuse." 
 
 Illi adsignari debet hsec narratio, 
 Qui re secunda fortis est, dubia fugax. 15 
 
 10. pariter futilem] * As worth- 13. quam] ' How.' sit creden- 
 less as your sword has been.' dum] H. 301, 2. 
 
 11. ignorantes] Sc. te, ' who 15. fugax] * Scampers away 
 don't know you.' when there is danger.' 
 
 FABULA XLTX. 
 
 CALVUS ET MTJSCA. 
 
 Calvi momordit musca nudatum caput ; 
 Quam opprimere captans alapam sibi duxit gravem. 
 Tune ilia irridens : " Punctum volucris parvulse 
 Voluisti morte ulcisci ; quid facies tibi, 
 InjmiaB qui addideris contumeliam ? " 5 
 
 Respondit : "Mecum facile redeo in gratiam, 
 Quia non fuisse mentem Isedendi scio. 
 Sed te, contempti generis animal improbum, 
 Qua3 delectaris bibere humanum sanguinem, 
 Optem necare vel majore incommodo." 10 
 
 Hoc argumentum veniam ei dari docet, 
 
 FABULA XLIX. 2. alapam] blow which he had given himself 
 
 Probably an onomatopoetic word, on his bald head, 
 
 like the English slap.' sibi 7. fuisse mentem] Sc. mihi. The 
 
 duxit] f Gave himself.' injury is estimated according to 
 
 3. ilia] i. e., musca. parvulce] the intent of the one who does it. 
 
 A diminutive adjective from par- 8. te] Object of necare, in v. 10. 
 
 MS, * a very small fly.' 10. Optem] The potential sub- 
 
 5. Injurite contumcliam\ The junctive. H. 485. majore in- 
 
 fonner of these words refers to commodo] * Even at greater in- 
 
 the bite of the fly, the latter to the convenience to myself.' 
 
FABULA XLIX., L., LI. 47 
 
 Qui casu peccat. Nam qui consilio est nocens, 
 Ilium esse quamvis clignum pcena judico. 
 
 13. quamvis dignum] Quamvis, positive to designate a very high 
 like valde, is often used with the degree of a quality. 
 
 FABULA L. 
 
 TEMPUS. 
 
 Cursu volucri, pendens in novacula, 
 
 Calvus, comosa fronte, nudo corpore, 
 
 Quern si occuparis, teneas; elapsum semel 
 
 Non ipse possit Jupiter reprehendere, 
 
 Occasionem rerum significat brevem. 5 
 
 Effectus impediret ne segnis mora, 
 Finxere antiqui talem emgiem Temporis. 
 
 FABULA L. 1. Cursu volucri] 5. Occasionem] Subject of esse, 
 
 'In rapid flight.' pendens in to be supplied. brevem] Predi- 
 
 noracula] The idea is, that he cate adjective, 
 
 moves so quickly that he can run 6. Effectus} The sense of the 
 
 upon the edge of a razor without passage is, ' The ancients repre- 
 
 cutting himself. Pendens is ele- sented Time by such an emblem, 
 
 gantly used for leviter insistens, in order that slothful delay might 
 
 ut mx attingat. not hinder the execution of our 
 
 3. elapsum] H. 578, III. best enterprises.' 
 
 FABULA LI. 
 
 TAURUS ET VITULUS. 
 
 Angusto in aditu taurus luctans cornibus, 
 Quum vix intrare posset ad prsesepia, 
 Monstrabat vitulus, quo se pacto plecteret ; 
 " Tace," inquit ; " ante hoc novi, quam tu natus es." 
 Qui doctiorem emendat, sibi dici putet. 
 
 FABULA LI. 1. taurus luctans] 4. ante] To be joined with quam. 
 
 A strict prose construction would 5. did] This infinitive has for 
 
 require tauro luctanti, depending its subject the preceding sentence, 
 
 on monstrabat. Tace, ante hoc novi, quam tu, etc. 
 
EPILOGUS. 
 
 DB IIS, QUI LEGUNT LIBELLUM. 
 
 Hoc qualecunque est Musa quod ludit mea, 
 Nequitia pariter laudat et frugalitas, 
 Sed haec simpliciter ; ilia tacite irascitur. 
 
 (48) 
 
JTJSTI^TUS. 
 

 LIFE OF JUSTIN. 
 
 THE age in which Justin lived, and even his entire 
 name, are matters of doubt. In most manuscripts, 
 merely the name Justinus is given ; in one he is called 
 Justinus Frontinus, and in another M. Junianus Justi- 
 nus. According to some, his age is supposed to be 
 that of the Antonines ; but the words " Imperator 
 Antonine," which occur in the preface of the early 
 editions, are now considered an interpolation of some 
 one of the earlier editors. The first writer by whom 
 he is mentioned is Saint Jerome, about A. D. 407. 
 How long before this time his abridgment was writ- 
 ten, it is impossible to decide. That he lived some- 
 what after the Augustan age, is conclusively proved by 
 his use of several words which occur only in the later 
 writers, as aduno, impossibility restaurare ; the indis- 
 . criminate use of cimtas and urbs ; by the numerous 
 instances of his disregard of the regular sequence of 
 tenses; and by the employment of Greek constructions 
 in the use of the infinitive. 
 
 Trogus Pompcjus, of whose history Justin's work is 
 an abridgment, was a Roman who flourished under the 
 
 51 
 
52 LIFE OF JUSTIN. 
 
 reign of Augustus. He himself writes that his ances- 
 tors had their origin from the Vocontii, a people of 
 Gallia Narbonensis ; that his grandfather received the 
 right of citizenship from Porapey the Great, in the 
 Sertorian war; that his uncle led a troop of cavalry 
 under the same Pompey; and that his father served 
 under Julius Caesar. Trogus's name Pompejus seems 
 to have been derived from his connection with the 
 family of Pompey. 
 
 Trogus's history was entitled "Liber Historiarum 
 Philippicarum," and was intended to give a complete 
 history of the rise, progress, decline, and fall of the 
 Macedonian monarchy. In the execution of his plan, 
 the author introduced the history of the Assyrians, 
 Medes and Persians, as well as of the several states of 
 Greece. The sources of his information were doubt- 
 less the Greek historians, and to Theopompus he was 
 indebted for the general plan of his work. It is prob- 
 able that the style of the history which is greatly 
 admired for its purity and elegance is chiefly that 
 of Trogus, though the intermixture of post-Augustan 
 words proves that the book is not simply a collection 
 of extracts. 
 
J U S T I N I 
 
 HISTORIJE PHILIPPICS 
 
 ALEXANDEI MAGNI VITA. 
 
 HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION. 
 
 BEFORE the time of Philip, the father of Alexan- 
 der the Great, Macedonia had but little influence 
 upon the condition of Greece. At the accession 
 of Philip to the throne, the kingdom was a narrow 
 territory around Pella, excluded partially by inde- 
 pendent and powerful Grecian cities even from 
 the neighboring sea-coast. He first manifested his 
 ability by changing his rude subjects into disci- 
 plined soldiers, and conquering the surrounding 
 nations. Next he availed himself of the dissen- 
 sions between the Grecian states, so that, at the 
 time of his death, Macedonian ascendency was 
 established from the coasts of the Propontis to 
 those of the Ionian Sea ; and all Greece, with 
 the exception of Sparta and some mountainous 
 districts, submitted to his control. It was with 
 soldiers trained in the twenty-four years of his 
 father's reign that Alexander made the conquest 
 of the Persian empire. 
 
 53 
 
54 
 
 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 LIBER I. 
 
 I. IN exercitu Philippi, sicuti variae gentes erant, ita, 
 
 eo occiso, diversi motus animorum fuere. Alii quippe in- 
 
 justa servitute oppress!, ad spem se libertatis erigebant : 
 
 alii taedio Ionginqua3 militia?, remissam sibi expeditio- 
 
 5 nem gaudebant: nonnulli facem nuptiis filia3 accensam, 
 
 rogo patris subditam dolebant. Amicos quoque, tarn 
 
 subita mutatione rerum, baud mediocris metus ceperat, 
 
 reputantes nunc provocatam Asiam; nunc Europam 
 
 nond-nm perdomitam; nunc Illyrios, et Thracas, et 
 
 lODardanos, ceterasque barbaras gentes fidei dubiae, et 
 
 LIBER I. 
 
 I. On the death of Philip, 
 Alexander succeeds to the 
 throne, and suppresses all dis- 
 affection. 
 
 3. se erigebant} l Roused them- 
 selves.' 
 
 4. teedio] ' Aversion.' 
 longinquce] l Distant.' Philip, 
 
 at the time of his death, was mak- 
 ing preparations for the conquest 
 of the Persian empire. 
 
 rem issam expeditionem] f At 
 being released from the expedi- 
 tion' (into Asia). 
 
 5. gaudebanf] Gaudere, to re- 
 joice inwardly; Icetari, to show 
 one's gladness. 
 
 facem} By the Roman custom, 
 the bride was brought to the 
 bridegroom's house by the light 
 of a torch. 
 
 nuptiis fili(E\ Philip was assas- 
 sinated at the celebration of the 
 nuptials of his daughter Cleo- 
 patra. 
 
 7. hand mediocris] An instance 
 
 of litotes i. e., a mode of ex- 
 pressing something by denying 
 the contrary. 
 
 metus] The apprehension of an 
 evil ; timor, cowardly fear. 
 
 8. reputantes} ' Considering.' 
 
 Asiam] The name Asia, in 
 Latin authors, meant, at different 
 times, regions very different in 
 extent. In Justin and Nepos, by 
 it is usually meant so much of the 
 continent as was under the sway 
 of the King of Persia. The Ro- 
 man province Asia included, at 
 first, only the dominions of Atta- 
 lus, King of Pergamus. In Cice- 
 ro's time, it embraced Phrygia, 
 Mysia, Caria, and Lydia, while 
 subsequently the Tigris and the 
 Euphrates became the limit of 
 the Roman empire in the East. 
 
 Europam] i. e., Greece, which 
 was not wholly subdued. 
 
 10. barbaras] A term applied 
 by the Greeks and Romans to 
 all nations except themselves. 
 fidei dubice] < Of doubtful faith.' 
 

 ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 
 
 55 
 
 entis infidse; qui omnes populi si pariter deficiant, 
 sisti nullo modo posse. Quis rebus veluti medela quae- 
 dam interventus Alexandri fuit ; qui pro contione ita 
 vulgus omne consolatus, hortatusque pro tempore est, 
 ut et metum timentibus demeret, et in spem sui omnes 5 
 impelleret. Erat hie annos viginti natus : in qua setate 
 ita moderate de se multa pollicitus est, ut appareret, 
 plura eum experimentis reservar'e. Macedonibus im- 
 munitatern cunctarum rerum, prseter militias vacati- 
 onem, dedit ; quo facto tantum sibi favoris apud omnes 10 
 eonciliavit, ut corpus hominis, non virtutem regis mu- 
 tasse se dicerent. 
 
 II. Prima illi cura paternarum exsequiarum fuit ; in 
 quibus ante omnia, caedis conscios ad tumuluin patris 
 occidi jussit ; soli Alexandro Lyncistae fratri pepercit, 15 
 servans in eo auspicium dignitatis sua?; nam regem 
 eum primus salutaverat. ^Emulum quoque imperil 
 
 The predicate genitive. H. 402, 3. 
 
 1. deficiant] Subordinate clause 
 in the oratio obliqua. H. 531. 
 
 2. sisti nullo modo posse] * In no 
 way could safety be secured ; ' sis- 
 ti, the subject of posse. H. 549, 2. 
 
 Quis] For quibus, a monosyl- 
 lable only as a relative. 
 
 qucedam] Quidam, a certain one 
 whom we can name; aliquis, a 
 certain one whom we cannot, or 
 do not choose to, name. 
 
 3. interventus'] 'The succession.' 
 
 4. pro tempore'] ' As the time 
 demanded.' 
 
 6. annas'] With the adjective 
 natus, the number of years (the 
 measure of the age) is put in the 
 accusative. H. 378. 
 
 II. The beginning of Alex- 
 ander's reign. He prepares to 
 invade Persia. 
 
 14. omnia'] Omnes, all, in a 
 
 general sense ; cuncti, all togeth- 
 er, opposed to sejuncti ; universi, 
 all, opposed to singuli. 
 
 15. occidi] It is said that Augus- 
 tus Caesar put to death three hun- 
 dred captives at an altar raised to 
 Julius Caesar on the ides of March. 
 
 jussit] Jubere, to bid, to ex- 
 press a wish ; imperare, to order 
 with authority, where obedience 
 is required. 
 
 Lyncista] An appositive of fra- 
 tri. Three brothers from Lyncis- 
 tis, a district of Macedonia, were 
 privy to Philip's assassination. 
 
 16. auspicium] Regularly means 
 divination only from birds ; au- 
 gurium, from any appearance in 
 the ordinary course of nature. 
 
 regem eum] Two accusatives. 
 H. 373. 
 
 17. primus] * He was the first 
 who had saluted.' H. 442, 1. 
 
56 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 Caranum, fratrem ex noverca susceptum, interfici cura- 
 vit. Inter initia multas gentes rebellantes compescuit ; 
 orientes nonnullas seditiones exstinxit. Quibus rebus 
 erectus, citato gradu in Graeciam contendit ; ubi, exem- 
 5 plo patris Corinthum evocatis civitatibus, dux in locum 
 ejus substituitur. Inchoatum deinde a patre Persicum 
 bellum aggreditur; in cujus apparatu occupato nuntia- 
 tur, "Athenienses et Thebanos, ab eo ad Persas defe- 
 cisse, auctoremque ejus defectionis, magno auri pon- 
 
 10 dere a Persis corruptum, Deniosthenem oratorem 
 exstitisse; qui Macedonum deletas omnes cum rege 
 copias a Triballis affirmaverit, producto in contionem 
 auctore, qui in eo praalio, in quo rex ceciderit, se quo- 
 que vulneratum diceret. Qua opinione mutatos omni- 
 
 15 um ferme civitatium animos esse ; pra3sidia Mace- 
 donum obsideri." Quibus motibus occursurus, tanta 
 celeritate instructo paratoque exercitu Graeciam oppres- 
 sit, ut, quem venire non senserant, videre se vix crede- 
 rent. 
 
 20 III. In transitu hortatus Thessalos fuerat; benefi- 
 ciorumque Pbilippi patris, maternasquc suae cum his ab 
 
 1. ex noverca susceptum] ' The tive participle often denotes inten- 
 son of his step-mother ' Cleopa- tion or purpose. H. 578, 5. 
 
 tra. 17. exercitu] Exercitus is an 
 
 2. Inter initia] ' In the begin- army, with reference to its disci- 
 ning of his reign.' pline ; acies, an army in battle 
 
 4. citato gradu] ' In all haste.' array; agmen, an army on the 
 
 7. occupato] Dative case, * to march, 
 him occupied.' 
 
 13. auctore] 'The authority' III. Alexander brings into 
 
 (for the news). subjection the Greeks, who 
 
 prfplio] Bellum, war ; pugna, a nad risen in revolt, 
 
 fight ; pra'ium, an engagement. 21. matern&que nccessitudinis] 
 
 se] i. e., the false messenger. * His mother's relationship with 
 
 15. civitatium] Ciritas refers them through the fami'y of the 
 
 chicly to the inhabitants; urbs, -<Eacidae,' Olympias, his mother, 
 
 tj the dwellings. being descended from ^Eacus. 
 
 1C. occursurus] The future ac- ^lacides, a patronymic. H. 316. 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 57 
 
 JEacidaram gente necessitudinis admonuerat. Cupide 
 haec Thessfilis audientibus, exemplo patris dux univer- 
 sae gentis creatus erat, et vectigalia omnia, reditusque 
 suos ei tradiderant. Sed Athenienses, sieuti primi de- 
 fecerant, ita primi pcenitere coeperunt, contemptum 5 
 hostis in admirationem vertentes, pueritiamque Alex- 
 andri spretam an tea, supra virtutem veterurn ducum 
 extollentes. Missis itaque legatis, bellum deprecantur : 
 quibus auditis ct graviter increpatis, Alexander bellum 
 remisit. Inde Thebas exercitum convertit, eadem in- 10 
 dulgentifi usurus, si parem poenitentiam invenisset. 
 Sed Thebfmi armis, non precibus, nee deprecatione usi 
 suiit. Itaque victi gravissima quaeque supplicia mi- 
 scrrimze cnptivitatis experti sunt. In consilio cum de 
 excidio urbis deliberaretur, Phoeenses et Plataeenses et 15 
 Thespienses et Orchomenii, Alexandri socii victoriaeqae 
 part.icipes, excidia urbium suarum, crudelitatemque 
 Thebanorum reierebant ; stadia in Persas non prsesen- 
 ti;i tantum, verum et vetera adversus Graecia? libeita- 
 tem increpantes : " quamobrem odium eos omnium popu- 20 
 lorum esse : quod vel ex eo manifestari, quod jureju- 
 
 1. gente] Gens, a clan or race, as 14. experti sunt] TheThebans 
 
 coming from the s:imc progenitor; were sold as slaves, except the 
 
 natio, a single collection of the priests, those joined by ties of 
 
 same ; poprdus, a people, with rcf- hospitality with the Macedonians, 
 
 erence to their social and political and the descendants of Pindar. 
 
 relations. 9Q. increpantes] * Urging against 
 
 Cupide'] ' Gladly.' them.' 
 
 5. pcenitere] Used personally. quamobrem'] Before quamob- 
 
 6. hostis] An enemy (in war) ; rem dixerunt is to be understood. 
 inimicus, a private enemy. jj. 530, II., 1. 
 
 pueritiam] Demosthenes had odium] For odiosos homines, by 
 
 called Alexander a 'boy,' 'a sec- metonymy, the abstract for the 
 
 ond Margitcs,' i. e., a silly fellow, concrete. Here the predicate noun 
 
 8. legatis] Among the ambassa- does not agree with the subject, 
 
 dors from Athens was Demosthe- either in gender or in number, 
 
 nes, who however, from fear of H. 362, 1. 
 
 Alexander, returned, having gone 21. quod manifestari] 'And 
 
 half way. this was plain from the fact.' 
 
58 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 rando se omnes obstrinxerint, ut, victis Persis, Thebas 
 diruerent." Adjiciunt et scelerum priorum fabulas, qui- 
 bus omnes scenas repleverint, ut non praesenti tantum 
 perfidia, verum et vetere infamia invisi forent. 
 5 IY. Tune Cleadas, unus ex captivis, data potestate 
 dicendi, "Xon a rege se defecisse, quern interfectum 
 audierint, sed a regis heredibus : quidquid in eo sit 
 admissum, credulitatis, non perfidise culpam esse; cujus 
 tarn en jam magna se supplicia pependisse, deletfi ju- 
 
 10 ventute : nunc senum feminarumque, sicuti infirm um, 
 ita innoxium restare vulgus, quod ipsum contumeliis 
 it a vexatum esse, ut nihil amarius unquam sint passi : 
 nee jam pro civibus se, qui tarn pauci remanserint, 
 orare, sed pro innoxio patriae solo, et pro urbe, quge 
 
 15 non viros tantum, veriim et deos genuerit." Privata 
 etiam regem superstitione deprecatur, geniti apud ipsos 
 Herciilis, undo originem gens .JEacidanim trahat, ac- 
 taequc Thebis a patre ejus Philippe . pueritiae : rogat, 
 
 2. scelerurti] Facinus, from / ado, ey, pendere f cenas, to pay the 
 denotes a bold, daring deed, HSU- penalt}-. 
 
 ally, unless joined with a favora- jutcntute] ' The youth/ the 
 
 l)le epithet, an evil deed ; scelus abstract for the concrete. Juven- 
 
 implies greater crimin:;i;ty. tus extended from the twentieth 
 
 fabulas] See Nepos, Epami- to the fonieth year, 
 
 nondas p. 161, line 4, note. 15. deos} Bacchus and Hercu- 
 
 3. prcesenti] The ablative singu- les. 
 
 lar of things is usually prcesenti; 16. Privata deprecatur} 'He 
 
 of persons, prasente. attempts to influence the king 
 
 IV. Alexander subdues the ^ his reverence on personal 
 
 Thebans, and destroys their grounds,' appealing to him in 
 
 city. He compels the submis- consequence of his assumed de- 
 
 sion of the Athenians. scent from Hercules. 
 
 5. ex captivis'] The relation of 17. jEacidarum] The JEacids 
 
 the partitive genitive. H. 398, 4. derived their origin from JEacus, 
 
 9. pependisse] Pendo originally and not from Hercules. On his 
 
 meant to weigh out, hence to pay, father's side, Alexander was a de- 
 
 as, in the earliest times, payments scendant of Hercules, 
 
 were made by weighing out met- 18. pueritice] Probably Philip 
 
 als ; then, as a punishment frc- was taken to Thebes by Pelopidas 
 
 quently consisted of fines in mon- for his safety. 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 59 
 
 "urbi parcat, quae majores ejus partim apud se genitos, 
 deos adoret; partim educates, suinmse majestatis reges 
 viderit." Sed potentior fuit ira, quam preces. Itaque 
 urbs diruitur, agri inter victores dividuntur, captivi 
 sub corona venduntur : quorum pretium non ex emen- 5 
 tium commodo, sed ex inimicorum odio extenditur. 
 Miseranda res Atheniensibus visa. Itaque portas re- 
 fugiis profugorum contra interdictum regis aperuere. 
 Quam rem ita graviter tulit Alexander, ut secunda 
 legatione denuo bellum deprecantibus ita demum re- 10 
 miserit, ut ora tores et duces, quorum fiducifi toties 
 rebellent, sibi dedantur : paratisque Atbeniensibus, ne 
 cogantur subire bellum, eo res deducta est, ut, retentis 
 oratoribus, duces in exsilium agerentur: qui ex conti- 
 nenti ad Darlum profecti, non mediocre momentum 15 
 Persarum viribtis accessere. 
 
 Y. Proficiscens ad Persicum bellum, omnes no- 
 vercae siue cognates, quos Philippus in excelsiorem di- 
 gnitatis locum provehens imperils praefecerat, interfecit. 
 Sed nee suis, qui apti regno videbantur, pepercit ; ne 20 
 qua materia seditionis, procul se agente, in Macedonia 
 
 1. parcat} Ut omitted. H. purchaser, to take vengeance on 
 493, 2. an enemy, would readily pay a 
 
 majores] 'Ancestors ; ' with deos, high price, 
 two accusatives. H. 373. 7. refugiis profugorum} ' For 
 
 2. partim} Used adverbially, the refuge of the exiles.' 
 
 'in part.' 9. ita ut} 'On the condition 
 
 4. diruitur} The house of Pin- that.' In this sense, ita is usually 
 d,ir, the poet, and those of his followed by si. 
 
 descendants, alone were saved. v . Having put to death such 
 
 5. sub corona venduntur} The of his kinsmen as he feared or 
 number sold was thirty thousand, mistrusted, Alexander starts 
 It was the custom in early times upon his expedition into Asia, 
 to place a chuplet on the head of 18. exceUior em locum} The 
 a captive, when offered for sale as comparative used as in English. 
 a slave. The chaplet indicated Translate the higher places.' 
 that the seller gave no warranty. 20. apti} Fit/ In aptus real, 
 See Festus, 269, 12. in idoneus presumed, fitness is im- 
 
 6. extenditur} ' Is raised.' The plied. 
 
60 
 
 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 reman eret : et reges stipendiaries conspectioris ingenii 
 nd commilitium secum trahit, segniores ad tutelam 
 regni relinquit. Adunato deinde exercitu naves one- 
 rat: unde conspecta Asia, incredibili ardore mentis 
 5 nccensus, duodecim aras deorum in belli vota statuit. 
 Patrimonium omne suum, quod in Macedonia Euro- 
 paque habebat, amicis dividit, sibi Asiam sufficere prze- 
 fatns. Priusquam ulla navis litore excederet, hostias 
 caedit, petens u victoriam bello, quo toties a Persis pe- 
 10 titaa Graecise ultor electus sit : quibus longa jam satis, 
 et matura imperia contigisse, quorumque tempus esse 
 vices excipere melius acturos." Sed nee exercitus ejus 
 alia, quam regis animoruin praesumptio fuit : quippe 
 obliti omnes conjugum, liberorumque, et longinquaa a 
 
 1. remanerci~\ Mancre, to re- 
 main, not to leave a place ; rema- 
 nere, to remain, if others leave. 
 
 2. t'ltelam] For the protection 
 of Macedonia, he lefc Antipater 
 with thirteen thousand men. 
 
 3. Adunato exercitu] 'Hav- 
 ing united his forces ; ' but for 
 syntax, sec H. 419, 2, 1). 
 
 4. incredibili] The termination 
 -bills denotes capability, generally 
 in a passive sense. H. 328, 3. 
 
 5. duodecim] Agrees with cho- 
 rum. The D.ii Cnnsentes of the 
 Romans were twelve in number, 
 whose gilded statues were ranged 
 along the forum, the same doubt- 
 less with those enumerated by 
 Ennius, Juno, Vesta, Minerva, 
 Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars, Mer- 
 curius, Jovis, Neptunus, Vulca- 
 nus, Apollo. According to Ar- 
 rian, Alexander erected altars to 
 Jupiter, Pallas, and Hercules. 
 
 aras] The ara was the low 
 altar, upon which was sometimes 
 erected the aUare t or high (altus) 
 
 altar ; this was dedicated only 
 to the gods above, while the ara 
 was dedicated both to the supe- 
 rior and inferior gods. 
 
 9. jietitce] * Assailed.' 
 
 10. ultor'] The termination -or 
 denotes agent or doer. II. 321, 1. 
 
 longa jam satis] From the time 
 of Cyrus the Elder to the time of 
 Darius, two hundred and thirty 
 years had elapsed. 
 
 11. quorumque acturos] 'Whose 
 place (vices} it was now time that 
 (the Greeks) should take, as likely 
 to conduct affairs better.' 
 
 12. exercitus animorum prce- 
 sumptio] The anticipation of his 
 army.' 
 
 14. obliti] The accusative is 
 often put with those verbs which 
 signify to remember, and to forget, 
 when they denote to have a thing 
 in the memory (knowledge of a 
 thing), or the reverse (but not to 
 think of a thing, or not to think 
 of it). See also H. 406, II. , and 
 407,1. 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 61 
 
 domo militise, Persicum aurum et totius Orientis opes 
 jam quasi suarn prsedam ducebant ; nee belli periculo . 
 rumque, sed divitiarum meminerant. Quum delati in 
 continentern essent, primus Alexander jaculum velut 
 in hostilem terrain jecit, arraatusque de navi tripudi- 5 
 anti similis prosiltiit, atque ita hostias casdit, precatus, 
 " ne se regem illse terrse invitse accipiant." In Ilio quo- 
 que ad tuinulos heroum, qui Trqjano bello ceciderant, 
 parentavit. 
 
 VI. Imle hostern petens, milites a populatione Asiaa 10 
 prohibuit, "parcendum suis rebus" prsefatus, "nee per- 
 denda ea, qua3 possessuri venerint." In exercitu ejus 
 fuere peditum triginta duo millia, equitum quatuor millia 
 quingenti, naves centum octoginta duse. Hac tarn 
 parvfi manu universum terrarum orbem utrum admira- 15 
 bilius vicerit, an aggredi ausus fuerit, incertum est. 
 Quum ad tarn perieulosum bellum exercitum legeret, 
 
 4. jaculum] With the ancients, VI. A description of the 
 when hostilities were decided on, Macedonian army. The over- 
 a javelin was hurled across the throw of the Persians at the 
 hostile frontier as a token of war. ran i< 
 
 5. hostilem'] The termination II. prohibuit] Prohibere, to keep 
 His denotes belonging or relating off somehody from something; 
 to. H. 325. arcere, to bar the progress. Pro- 
 
 navi] Ablative case. H. 87, hibens acts on the offensive, arcens 
 
 III. 1. on the defensive. 
 
 7. In Ilio] When, instead of parcendum suis rebus] That 
 the genitive of place, the name they ought to spare their own 
 of a town stands in the ablative property ;' parcendum (esse), used 
 with the preposition in, the region impersonally. 
 
 about the place is included. H. 1-5. terrarum orbem] ' The world, 
 
 423, 3, 2). the circle of the earth,' since the 
 
 8. tumulos heroum] Itwasheire ancients regarded the earth ns a 
 that Alexander stood by the tomb circular plane or disk. 
 
 of Achilles, and said that he en- 16. vicerit] Indirect question, 
 vied that hero two things first, here the subject of incertum est. 
 that in his lifetime he had found incertum est] ' It is uncertain 
 one true friend, Patroclus; and, -whether we are more to wonder 
 secondly, that after his death his (admirabilius, an adverb) that he 
 praises had been sung by Homer, conquered,' etc., ' or that he dared 
 
62 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 non juvenes robustos, nee primura florem rctatis, sed 
 veteranos, plerosque etiam emeritae militiae, qui cum 
 patre patruisque militaveran t, elegit: ut non tarn mili- 
 tes, quam magistros militiaB electos putares. Ordines 
 5 quoque nemo nisi sexagenarius duxit: ut, si princij'ia 
 castrorum cerneres, senatum te alicujus priscse reipu- 
 Jblicse videre diceres. Itaque nerno in prselio fugam, sed 
 victoriam cogitavit ; nee in pedibus cuiquam spes, sed 
 in lacertis fuit. Contra rex Persarurn Darius, fidueia 
 
 10 virium, nil astu agere, affirmans suis, " occulta eonsilia 
 victoriaa furtivae convenire:" nee hostem regni finibus 
 arcere, sed in intimum regnum accipere, gloriosius 
 ratus repellere belluin, quam non admittere. Prima 
 igitur congressio in campis. Adrastia3 fuit. In acie 
 
 15 Persarum sexcenta millia fuere, quae non minus arte 
 Alexandri, quam virtute Maeedonum superata, terga 
 verterunt. Magna itaque caedes Persarum fuit. De 
 exereitu Alexandri novern pedites, centum viginti equi- 
 tes ceeidere : quos rex impense ad ceterorum exem- 
 
 mnke the attempt.' Vincere, to erected, the soldiers harangued, 
 conquer by mastering obstacles and justice administered. By me- 
 and resistance; ezpugnare,to con- tony my in this passage it may be 
 quer by storm ; superare, to con- rendered the ' chief officers.' 
 . quer by being an overmatch. 6. cerneres] ' One could see.' 
 2. veteranos] Veteranus, one H. 460, 2, 1.) Videre, simply to 
 who has grown old in a certain see ; cernere, to see clearly, in op- 
 occupation, an old soldier, in position to a dim or transient view. 
 Rome, from the forty-fifth year; 12. arcere] Mcmnon, one of. 
 emeritus, one who has served out Darius's generals, advised laying 
 his period of service. waste the country, retiring with a 
 
 4. ordines duxit] In the Ro- portion of the Persian forces, and 
 man legion, ducere ordines meant sending a portion into Macedonia ; 
 to be a centurion. Translate here, but his ndvice was overruled. 
 
 * was a captain.' 14. Adrastiai] The Grumctis, 
 
 5. principia] 'The head-quar- which gave the name to the battle 
 ters ' of a Roman camp compris- (B. C. 334), flows through the plain 
 ed that portion where the tents of Adrastia. 
 
 of the general officers were situ- 19. ad exemplum'] ' As an en- 
 ated, the legionary standards were coui\,gcment to the rest.' 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 63 
 
 plum humatos statuis equestribus donavit, cognatisque 
 eorum immunitates derlit. Post victoriam major pnrs 
 Asiaa ad eurn defecit. Gessit et pi lira bella cum prae- 
 fectis Darii, quos jam non tani armis, quam terrore 
 nominis sui vicit. 5 
 
 VII. Dum liaec nguntnr, interim indicio captivi ad 
 eum defertur, " insidias ei ab Alexandro Lyncista," ge- 
 nero Antiputri, qtii prsepositus Macedonia erat, "parari." 
 Ob quam causam timens, ne quis interfecto eo in Mace- 
 donia motus oriretur, in vinculis eum habuit. Post 1'iaec 10 
 Gordium urbem petit, quaB posita est inter Phrygiam 
 majoreni et minorem : cujus urbis potiundaa non turn 
 propter praedam cupido eum cepit, sed quod audierat, 
 in efi urbe in tempi o Jo vis, jugum plaustri Gordii posi- 
 turn; "cujus nexum si quis solvisset, eum tota Asia re- 15 
 gnaturum," antiqua oracula ceciuisse. Hujus rei causa 
 et origo ilia fuit. Gordius quum in his regionibus bu- 
 bus con duct is araret, aves eum omnis generis circum- 
 volare cceperunt. Profectus ad consulendos augures 
 vicinae urbis, obviain in porta habuit virginem eximiae 20 
 
 VII. Alexander, having es- 562, 4. The gerundive construc- 
 
 caped from the plot of the tion is almost always employed 
 
 Lyncistian, cuts the Gordian whcn no ambiguity would arise 
 
 from its use. 
 
 7. defertur] Deferre rem, to 14. juguni] The English word 
 
 carry information ; referre rem, yoke is of the same origin with 
 
 to bring back a report. jugum, not a derivative from it. 
 
 Lyncista] The Lyncistian pro- 17. bubus] Ablative plural of 
 
 posed to Darius to murder Alex- bos, contracted from bovibus. H. 
 
 ander ; in turn, Darius promised 90, 2. 
 
 him the throne of Macedon and a 19. augures] Were Roman 
 
 thousand talents. Alexander was priests who interpreted the will 
 
 informed of the plot by the mother of the gods, or revealed future 
 
 of Darius, according to the ac- events from observations taken on 
 
 count of Diodorus. the flight and singing of birds, the 
 
 12. potiundce] ~FoYpotie?idce. H. feeding of the sacred fowls, light- 
 
 238. As potior was originally ning, dreams, or any unusual oc- 
 
 construed with the accusative, it currence. 
 
 can take the gerundive form. H. 20. obviam habuit] * He met/ 
 
64 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 pulchritudinis ; percontatusque est earn, " quern potlssi- 
 mum augurem consuleret." Ilia, audita causa consu- 
 lendi, gnara artis ex discipline parenturn, "regnum ei 
 portendi," respondit : polliceturque "se et matrimonii et 
 5 spei sociam." Tarn pulchra conditio, piima reghi felici- 
 tas videbatur. Post nuptias inter Phrygas oita seditio 
 est. Consulentibus de fine discordiarum oractila re- 
 sponderunt, " regem discordiis opus esse." Iterato qua3- 
 rentibus de persona regis, jubentur eum regem obser- 
 
 10 vare, quein reversi primum in templum Jovis euntem 
 plaustro reperissent. Obvius illis Gordius fuit, statim- 
 que eura regem consalutant. Ille plaustrum, quo ve- 
 henti regnum delatum fuerat, in templo Jovis positum, 
 JVIajestati regise consecravit. Post hunc filius Mida 
 
 15 regnavit, qui, ab Orpheo sacrorum solennibus initiatus, 
 Phrygiam religionibus implevit : quibus tutior onini 
 vita, quam armis fuit. Igitur Alexander, capta urbe, 
 quum in templum Jovis venisset, jugum plaustri Gordii 
 requisivit : quo exhibito, quum capita loramentorum in- 
 
 20 tra nodos abscondita reperire non posset, violentius 
 oraculo usus, gladio loramenta caadit: atque ita resolu- 
 tis nexibus, latentia in nodis capita invenit. 
 
 5. conditio] By metonymy, 12. quo vehenti] 'In which as 
 * bride.' ' he rode ; ' vehenti, with a neuter 
 
 6. Phryyas] Accusative plural signification. 
 
 of Phryges. H. 98. 14. Majestati region] 'To royal 
 
 8. regem 'esse] 'That a king Majesty,' as a goddess; an in- 
 was necessary for composing their stance of personification, 
 diiferences.' H. 419, V. Mida] For the various stories 
 
 quasrentihus] An anacoluthon. connected with Midas, see Class. 
 
 Had the word quarentes been Dictionary. 
 
 used, the construction would have 20. violentius usus] 'Having 
 
 been regular. put a forced interpretation upon 
 
 9. persona] Means, first, a mask the oracle.' 
 
 used by a stage player ; then the r'eperfre] Invenire, as a general 
 
 characters assumed by the player ; term, to find ; reperire supposes a 
 
 then a person. Here translate per- previous concealment of the thing 
 
 sond regis 'what sort of a charac- found, and a painstaking on the 
 
 ter they were to have for a king.' part of the finder. 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 
 
 65 
 
 VIII. Haec illi agent! nuntiatur, Darlum cum in- 
 genti exercitu adventare. Itaque timens angustias, 
 magna celeritate Taurum transcendit; in qua festina- 
 tione quingenta stadia cursu fecit. Quum Tarsum ve- 
 nisset, captus Cydni fluminis amcemtate per mediam 5 
 urbem influentis, projectis armis, plenus pulveris ac su- 
 doris, in preefrigidam undam se projecit. Turn repente 
 tantus nervos ejus occupavit rigor, ut, interclusa voce, 
 non spes modo remedii, sed nee dilatio periculi inveni- 
 retur. Unus erat ex medicis, nomine Philippus, qui 10 
 solus remedium polliceretur. Sed et ipsum Parmenio- 
 nis pridie a Cappadocia missaa epistolae suspectum fa- 
 ciebant; qui ignarus infirmitatis Alexandri scripserat, 
 " a Philippo medico caveret : nam corruptum ilium a 
 Dario ingenti pecunia esse." Tutius tamen est ratus, 15 
 se fidei medici credere, quam indubitato morbo 
 
 VIII. Alexander's sickness 
 and restoration to health. 
 
 1. cum ingenti'] Ablative of 
 accompaniment. H. 414, 7. 
 
 3. Taurum] A mountain chain 
 extending from Lycia through 
 the south central part of Asia 
 Minor, thence easterly, forming 
 the water-shed between the sour- 
 ces of the Tigris on the south and 
 the Araxes on the north. 
 
 4. stadia] A stadium, or stade, 
 was a distance of 625 Roman feet, 
 equal to 606 feet 9 inches Eng., 
 somewhat less than an eighth of 
 an English mile. 
 
 Tarsum] A city near the centre 
 of Cilicia, on the river Cydnus, 
 the birthplace of many distin- 
 guished men, among whom was 
 P. nl, the apostle. 
 
 o. Cydni] The Cydnus, which 
 
 flows through the city of Tarsus, 
 
 was celebrated for the clearness 
 
 and coldness of its water, es- 
 
 5 
 
 teemed useful in gout and ner- 
 vous diseases. 
 
 amoenitate] * Pleasantness/ used 
 especially of scenery, a garden, a 
 river, etc. 
 
 mediam urbem] ' The midst of 
 the city.' H. 441, 6. 
 
 7. prafrigidam] Very cold.' 
 Pram composition usually means, 
 (1) before; (2) very. 
 
 9. non modo] For non modo 
 non. The second non is omitted 
 if both clauses have the same 
 verb, and if the verb is contained 
 in the second clause. 
 
 10. nomine] Ablative of specifi- 
 cation. H. 429. 
 
 12. suspectum faciebant] ' Made 
 him an object of suspicion.' H. 
 373, 1. 
 
 14. caveret] In direct speech 
 the imperative would have been 
 used. H. 529. 
 
 16. indubitato morbo] l By a dis- 
 ease resulting in certain death.' 
 
66 JUSTINI HISTOKLaG PHILIPPICS. 
 
 perire. Accepto igitur poculo. epistolas medico tradi 
 dit, atque ita inter bibendum oculos in vultum legentis 
 intendit. Ut secnrum conspexit, laBtior factus est ; sa- 
 nitatemque qnartfi die recepit. 
 
 5 IX. Iriterea Darius cum qnadringentis millibus 
 peditum, ac centum millibus equitum, in aciem pro- 
 cedit. Movebat haec multitudo hostium, respectu pau- 
 citatis suaa, Alexandrum : sed interdum reputabnt, 
 quantas res cum istfi paucitate gessisset, quantosque 
 
 10 populos fudisset. Itaque quum spes raetum vinceret, 
 periculosius differre bellum ratus, ne desperado suis 
 cresceret, circumvectus suos, singulas gentes diversa 
 oratione alloquitnr: Illyrios et Thracas opum ac divi- 
 tiarum ostentatione, Graecos veternm bellorum me- 
 
 15 moria internecivique cum Persis odii accendebat ; Ma- 
 cedduas autem nunc Europae victaa admonet, nunc 
 Asiaa expetitae ; nee inventas illis toto orbe pares vires 
 gloriatur. Ceterum et laborum fin em hunc, et gloria? 
 cumulum fore. Atque inter haac identidem consistere 
 
 20 aciem jubet, ut hfic mora consuescant oculis turbam 
 hostium sustinere. Nee Darli segnis opera in ordi- 
 
 1. epistolas'] Justin in several round among his men.' H. 371, 
 cases used the plur.il when only 4, 2). 
 
 one letter was meant. 17. expetita] Petere, desiring, 
 
 2. rultuni] Fades, the features ; striving to obtain, and, in this 
 vvltus, the expression of eountc- sense, begging ; postulare, de- 
 nance; om (from 05), the expres- manding hy right; fagitare, de- 
 si. >n of tlie lower part of the face, manding urgently ; poscere, de- 
 
 3. Ut] When followed by the in- manding something in the expec- 
 di cative usually means as or when, tation that it must be granted. 
 
 Ex strengthens these meanings. 
 
 IX. The battle of Issus, re- 18. gloria'ur'] ' And boasts that 
 suiting in the complete over- no forces in the whole world h;;d 
 throw of the Persians, and the been found a match for these.' 
 capture of the wife, mother, 2 1. sustinere] Ferre, to bear a 
 and daughters of Darius. burdcn . tolfjrare ^ to kcep up the 
 
 8. interdum] * In the mean burden, and not to sink down ; 
 time.' sustinere, to keep up the burden. 
 
 12. circumvectus suos] Riding in ordinanda ar.ie] The ab- 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 67 
 
 nanda acie fuit: quippe omissis ducum officiis, ipse 
 omnia circumire, singulos hortari, veteris glorise Persa- 
 rum, imperiique perpetual a diis immortalibus data? pos- 
 sessionis admonere. Post ha3c prselium ingentibus 
 animis commit titur. In eo uterque rex vulneratur. 5 
 Tamdiu cert amen anceps fuit, quoad fugeret Darius. 
 Exinde caades Persarum secuta est. Caasa sunt pedi- 
 tum unnm et sexaginta millia, equitum decem millia ; 
 capta quadraginta millia. Ex Macedonibus cecidere 
 pedestres centum triginta, equites centum quinqua- 10 
 ginta. In castris Persarum multum auri, ceterarum- 
 que opum inventum. Inter captives castrorum mater, 
 et uxor eademque soror, et filia? duae Darli fuere. Ad 
 quas visendas hortandasque quum Alexander venisset, 
 conspectis armatis, invicem se amplexae, velut statim!5 
 moriturse, complorationem ediderunt. Provoluta? de- 
 inde genibus Alexandri, non mortem, sed, dum Darli 
 corpus sepeliant, dilationem mortis deprecantur. Mo- 
 tus tanta mulierum pietate Alexander, et Darlum vi- 
 vere dixit, et timentibus mortis metum dempsit, easque 20 
 haberi et salutari nt reginas praacepit. Filias quoque 
 non sordidius dignitate patris sperare matrimonium 
 jussit. 
 
 Intive of the gerundive. H. 566, ander, to throw herself at his feet. 
 
 II. Seeing her covered with confusion 
 
 1. omissis officiis] 'Reject- at her error, Alexander reassured 
 
 ing the services of his officers.' her by saying, * Mother, you are 
 
 4. prcelium] The battle of Is- not wrong, for he is another Alex- 
 
 sus, B. C. 333. .ander.' 
 
 6. fugeret] Subjunctive of eademque soror] 'Who was 
 time. H. 522, II. also his sister.' H. 451, 3. 
 
 13. uxor] Diodorus relates that 17. dum sepelianf] 'Until they 
 
 Alexander, accompanied by He- should bury/ Subjunctive of 
 
 plicstion, visited his illustrious time with cause. H. 522, II. 
 
 c iptives on the day after the bat- 19. pietate] ' Dutiful love,' which 
 
 tie. The loftier stature of Hephae- is owed to parents, relatives, bene- 
 
 stion led Sisygambis, the queen- factors, etc. 
 
 mother, mistaking him for Alex- 21. ut reginas] ' Like queens.' 
 
68 JUSTIXI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 X. Post haec opes Darii, divitiarumque apparatum 
 contemplatus, admiratione tantarum rerum capitur. 
 Tune primum luxuriosa convivia, et magnificentiam 
 epularum sectari : tune Barsinen captivam diligere 
 5propter formae pulchritudinem coepit: a qua postea 
 susceptum pueruin Herculem vocavit. Memor tamen 
 adhuc Darium vivere, Parmeniona ad oceupandani Per- 
 stcam classem, aliosque amicos ad recipiendas Asia3 
 civitates raisit : qua3 statim audita fama victoriaB, ipsis 
 
 lODarli praefectis cum auri raagno pondere tradentibus 
 se, in potestatem victorum venerunt. Tune in Syriam 
 profici-scitur, ubi obvios cum infulis multos Orientis 
 reges habuit. Ex his pro mentis singulorum alios in 
 societatem recepit, aliis regnum ademit, suffectis in 
 
 15loca eoruin novis regibus. Insignis prseter ceteros fnit 
 Abdalonimus, rex ab Alexandra Sidonise constitutus, 
 quern Alexander, quum operam oblocare ad puteos ex- 
 hauriendos, hortosque irrigandos solitus esset, misere 
 vitam exhibentem, regem fecerat, spretis nobilibus, ne 
 
 20 generis id, non dantis beneficium putarent. Tyriorum 
 
 X. Alexander follows up his behalf was unsuccessfully urged 
 
 victory, and takes Tyre after a by Nearchus. 
 
 siege of seven months. 1.' vivere] Depends upon me- 
 
 1. opes] ' Riches,' * power,' as mor . H. 552, 3. 
 
 a means of obtaining an end : divi- 12, infulis] The infula was a 
 
 tia, riches, goods of this world in flock of wool dyed red and white, 
 
 abundance. and knotted at regular intervals 
 
 3. convivia] Convivium, a so- with a ribbon (vitta), so as to form 
 cial meal ; epulum, a sumptuous a long fillet, worn by the priests 
 dinner ; epulce, a magnificent ban- and vestals or suppliants; cm- 
 quet. ployed also as an ornament for 
 
 4. Barsinen] The wife of Mem- . the temples, altars, and victims, 
 non the Rhodian. She and her 13. reges] The high priest of 
 children were sent by Memnon to the Jews is supposed to have been . 
 Darius as hostages for his fidelity, one of the suppliants. 
 
 She fell into Alexander's hands, 17. puteos exhauriendos] Byme- 
 
 bv whom she had a son named tonymy, the container for the 
 
 Hercules. On Alexander's death thing contained. 
 
 a claim to the throne on this boy's 19. ne putarent] * Lest they 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 
 
 69 
 
 civitas quum coronam auream magni ponderis per le- 
 gatos in titulum gratulationis Alexandro misisset, 
 grate munere accepto, "Tyrum se ire velle ad vota 
 Herculi reddenda," dixit. Quum legati "rectius id euin 
 inTyrovetere et antiquiore templo facturum" dicerent, 5 
 in dcprecantes ejus introitum ita exarsit, ut urbi exci- 
 dium minaretur; confestimque exercitu insulae appli- 
 cato, non minus animosis Tyriis fiducia Carthaginien- 
 sium, bello excipitur. Augebat enira Tyriis animos 
 Didonis exemplum, qua3 Carthagine conditfi, tertiam 10 
 partem orbis qua3sisset ; turpe ducentes, si feminis suis 
 plus animi fuisset in imperio quaarendo, quam sibi in 
 tuenda libertate. Amota i^itur imbelli setate Cartha- 
 
 o 
 
 ginem, et arcessitis mox auxiliis, non magno post tern- 
 pore per proditionem capiuntur. 15 
 XI. Inde Rhodum Alexander, ^Egyptum, Ciliciam- 
 
 should regard it as a favor shown 
 to their birth, and not as proceed- 
 ing from the giver ' ; generis, ob- 
 jcctive genitive, dantis, subjective. 
 H. 396, I., II. 
 
 1. magni ponderis] Character- 
 istic genitive. H. 402, III. 
 
 2. in titulum] As a token. 
 
 3. Tyrum] Before the time of 
 Alexander, old Tyre, on the main 
 land, had been abandoned, and a 
 new city erected on an island half 
 a mile distant from it. Alexan- 
 der 1 lid siege to the city for seven 
 months, and connected the island 
 to the main land by a mole, which 
 still exists. The site is now oc- 
 cupied by a poor village. 
 
 8. animosis] Animosits, coura- 
 geous, confiding* in one's strength ; 
 fortis, brave, enduring without los- 
 ing courage ; strenuus, resolute. 
 
 9. bello excipitur] ' Is met with 
 war.' 
 
 11. turpe} Base, that which ex- 
 
 cites disapprobation or contempt 
 fcedus, foul, that which excites 
 loathing or aversion ; deformis t 
 deformed, displeasing. 
 
 ducentes] An anacoluthon. The 
 usual construction would require 
 ducentibus. 
 
 13. imbelli estate'] < Those of an 
 age unfit for war.' 
 
 XI. After the submission of 
 Rhodes and Egypt, Alexander 
 visits the temple of Jupiter 
 Hammon, and causes himself 
 to be pronounced the son of 
 that god. 
 
 16. Rhodum] Limit of motion. 
 H. 379, 3, 2). 
 
 JEgyptum] The Egyptians were 
 glad to submit to Alexander, as 
 they had been deprived by the 
 Persians of their political and re- 
 ligious freedom. 
 
 Ciliciam] As Alexander was 
 already in possession of Cilicia, it 
 
70 
 
 JUSTINI HISTORIC 
 
 que sine certamine reeipit. Ad Jovem deinde Ham- 
 monem pergit, consulturus et de eventu futurorum, et 
 de origine sna. Ingredientem templum statim anti- 
 stites ut Hammunis filium salutant. Ille laetus del 
 5 adoptione, hoc se patre censeri jubet. Rogat deinde, 
 " an omnes interfectores parentis sui sit ultus?" Re- 
 spondetur, "patrem ejus nee posse intcrfici, nee mori; 
 regis Philippi peractam plene ultionem esse." Tertia 
 interrogjitione poscenti " victoriam omnium bellorum 
 
 10 possessionemque terrarum dari" respondetur. Comiti- 
 bus quoque suis responsum, " ut Alexandrum pro deo, 
 non pro rege eolerent." Hinc illi aucta insolentia, 
 mirusque animo increvit tumor, exempta comitate, quam 
 et GraBcorum literis, et Macedonum institutis didicerat. 
 
 15 Reversus ab Hammone Alexandrian! condidit, et colo- 
 niam Macedonum caput esse ^Egypti jubet. 
 
 XII. Darius quum Babyloniam profugisset, per 
 epistolas Alexandrum deprecatur, " redimendarum sibi 
 
 has been conjectured that the 
 reading should 1)e Syriam. 
 
 1. Bammonem'] The temple of 
 Jupiter Hammon was situated in 
 tl.\e burning sands of the desert of 
 Liliya. Alexander's visit to it was 
 one of the most dangerous of his 
 enterprises. 
 
 2. pergit] Ire, to go, in gen- 
 eral ; pergere, to go pursuing one's 
 object or aim without resting; 
 vadere, to go, without allowing 
 one's self to be detained by ob- 
 stacles. 
 
 3. antistitcs] Sacerdos, a priest 
 in gcneiv.l; pontifex (whence the 
 Eng. word pontijf), a high priest ; 
 antistes, a superintendent of a 
 temple and its holy rites, which 
 he assists in celebrating. 
 
 5. hoc jubet] ' Orders that he 
 should be rated by this father/ 
 
 i.e., be considered his (Jupiter's) 
 son. 
 
 10. corn-titbits'] Comes, the com- 
 panion who goes with some person 
 by way of company ; socius, the 
 associate, participator in the same 
 undertaking ; sodalis, a comrade, 
 member of a gay company. 
 
 12. eolerent] Adorare, to adore, 
 more emphatic than venerari, to 
 revere one as a higher being; cole- 
 re, to hold in honor, to show rever- 
 ence by services and religious rites. 
 
 13. tumor] 'Arrogance.' 
 
 XII. Alexander rejects the 
 terms of peace offered by Da- 
 rius, and demands his whole 
 kingdom. Renewed prepara- 
 tions for the prosecution of the 
 war. 
 
 18. epistolas] Epistola, a letter, 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 71 
 
 captivarum potestatem faciat," inque earn rem mnguam 
 pecuniam pollicetur. Sed Alexander pretium captiva- 
 rum regnum omne, non pecuniam petit. Interjecto 
 tempore, alia3 epistolae Darii Alexandro redd tin tur, qui- 
 bus filise matrimonium et regni portio oifertur. Sed 5 
 Alexander " sua sibi dari " rescripsit ; jussitque " suppli- 
 cern venire, et regni arbitria victor! perrnittere." Turn 
 spe pacis amissa, bellum Darius reparat : cutn quadrin- 
 gentis millibus peditum, et centum millibus equitum 
 obviam vadit Alexandro. In itinere nuntiatur, "uxo- 10 
 rem ejus decessisse, ejusque mortem illacrimatum 
 Alexandrum, exsequiasque benigne prosecutum, idque 
 eum non amoris, sed humanitatis causa fecisse. Nam 
 semel tantum earn Alexandro visam esse, quum ma- 
 trem filiasque ejus parvulas frequenter consolaretur." 15 
 Tune Darius se ratns vere victum, quum post prselia 
 etiam beneficiis ab hoste superaretur, gratumque sibi 
 esse, si vincere nequeat, quod a tali potissimum vince- 
 retur. Scribit itaque et tertias epistolas, et gratias 
 agit, quod nihil in suos hostile fecerit. Offert deinde 20 
 majorem partem regni usque tinmen Eupbraten, et 
 
 inasmuch as it is sent from one to uxorem ejus] i. e., of Darius, 
 
 another, a missive ; liters, a letter, 12. exsequias prosecutum] 'Had 
 
 as something written. kindly attended her funeral.' 
 
 2. pollicetur] Polliceri, to prom- 13. humanitatis causa] Instead 
 ise, generally from a free impulse ; of humanitate. . H. 414, 2, 3). 
 promittere, to promise, generally 14. Alexandro] Dative of the 
 at the request of another. agent. H. 388. 
 
 3. interjecto tempore] l Some 19. gratias agit] Habere gratiam, 
 time after.' H. 431. to be grateful ; referre gratiam, to 
 
 7. regni arbitria'] ' The dispo- make a grateful return ; agere 
 sal of his kingdom.' gratias, to return thanks in words. 
 
 8. amissa] Amittere, to lose 20. hostile'] Termination -His, 
 something, so that it censes to be belonging to. H. 325. 
 
 in our possession ; perdere, to lose fecerit] The subjunctive is 
 
 something, so that it is destroyed used to assign the reason on the 
 
 and rendered useless. authority of Darius. H. 520, II. 
 
 10. Alexandro'] Dative after 21. Euphraten] Follows usque, 
 
 obviam. H. 392, 2. H. 437. 
 
72 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 alteram filiam uxorem; pro reliquis captivis triginta mil- 
 lia talentu'm. Ad haec Alexander, "gratiarum actionern 
 ab hoste supervacaneam esse" rcspondit, "nee a se quid- 
 quam factum in bostis adulation ern, nee quod in dubios 
 5 belli exitus, aut in leges pacis sibi lenocinia qusereret ; 
 sed animi magnitndine, qua didicerit adversus vires 
 hostium, non adversus calamitates contendere ; " polli- 
 ceturque, " praestaturuin se ea Dario, si secundus sibi, 
 non par baberi velit. Ceterum neque mundura posse 
 
 10 duobus solibus regi, neque orbem summa dtio regna 
 salvo statu terrarum hnbere; proinde aut deditionem 
 ea die, aut in posteram, aciem paret ; nee polliceatur 
 sibi aliam, quam sit expertus, victoriam." 
 
 XIII. Postera die aciem producunt : turn repent e, 
 
 15 ante praeliutn, confectum curis Alexandruni somnus 
 arripuit. Quum ad pugnam solus rex deesset, a Parme- 
 nione segre excitatus, quserentibns somni causas omni- 
 bus inter pericula, cujus etiam in otio semper parcior 
 fuel-it : " magno se aestu liberatum" ait, " somnurnque sibi 
 
 20 a repentina securitate datum, quod liceat cum omnibus 
 Dnni copiis confligere : veritum se longarn belli moram, 
 si PersaB exercitum divisissent." Ante praelium utraque 
 
 1. alteram filiam\ 'One of his 14. repente] Suddenly, so that 
 
 daughters.' "The camp of Dari- we are surprised thereby ; subito, 
 
 us was taken, together with his on a sudden, without surprising 
 
 mother, his wife, his sister, his us. 
 
 infant son, and two daughters." 17. qucerentibus] Ablative abso- 
 
 Grote, vol. viii. p. 350. lute. H. 431. 
 
 4. nee qivid sibi lenocinia qncere- 19. cestu~\ 'Anxiety.' The figure 
 
 ret in] ' Nor because he sought is taken from the surging of the 
 
 favors for himself with reference sea. 
 
 to.' 21. veritum] Mcttiere, to appre- 
 
 XIII. The two armies con- hend an evil, said of the cautious 
 
 front each other. Both com- an ' * tmere > to fear ' sa i d of , tlie 
 
 manders exhort their soldiers, coward ; veren, to shun from fear 
 
 Darius dwelling upon his mini- of the result, and also from es- 
 
 bers, Alexander upon the valor teem or reverence ; tremere, to 
 
 of his followers. tremble from fear and fright. 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 73 
 
 acies hostibus spectaculo fuit. Macedones multitudi- 
 nem hominum, corporum magnitudinem, armorumqQe 
 pulchritudinem mirabantur. Persaa a tam paucis victa 
 suovum tot millia stupebant. Sed nee duces circumire 
 suos cessabant. Darius " vix denis armatis singulos 5 
 hostes, si divisio fie ret, evenire " dicebat. Alexander 
 Macedonas monebat, "ne nmltitudine hostium, nee 
 corporis magnitudine, vel colons novitate moverentur : 
 tantum meminisse jubet, cum iisdem se tertid pugnare ; 
 nee meliores factos putarent fuga, quura in aciera secum 10 
 tam tristem memoriam caedium suarum, et tantum san- 
 guinis duobus praeliis fusi ferrent : et quemadmodum 
 Dario majorem turbam hominum esse, sic virorum sibi." 
 Hortatur. " spernant illam aciem, auro et argento ful- 
 gentern, in qua plus prsedse, quam periculi sit ; quuin 15 
 victoria non arniorum decore, sed ferri virtute quaera- 
 tur." 
 
 XIV. Post haec praelium committitur. Macedones 
 
 1. hostibus spectaculo] Two the prevailing usage, and that, 
 
 datives. H. 390, 1. too, when it is changed, hostes 
 
 5. denis] i. e., ten Persians to understood being the subject, 
 
 one Macedonian. which belongs also to ferrent. 
 
 7. Macedonas] Greek accusa- 11. tantum sanguinis] Is equiv- 
 
 tive plural. H. 98. alent to memoriam tanti san- 
 
 monebat] The following clauses guinis. 
 
 take the place of the genitive of 13. Dario} Dative of the pos- 
 
 the thing, in respect to which sessor. H. 387. 
 
 the admonition is given. H. hominum] Homo, a man as a 
 
 410, 1. human being ; vir, a man as dis- 
 
 9. meminisse] The remainder tinguished for strength, intrepid- 
 of the sentence takes the place of ity, courage. Vir is applied to a 
 the accusative or genitive. v H. man in his relations to the state ; 
 406, II. also, vir, a husband. 
 
 jubet] A very common construe- XIV. The battle of Arbela, 
 
 tion ofjubeo is with the accusa- in Assyria, B. C. 331. Darius 
 
 tive and infinitive. Here the ac- utterly defeated. Alexander 
 
 cusative must be supplied from wins the sovereignty of Asia, 
 
 the context. 18. prcelium] Gaugamela, where 
 
 10. putarent] The subject of the battle was fought, to which 
 factos is also omitted, contrary to place Darius had moved from Ar- 
 
74 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPIC/E. 
 
 in ferrum, cum contemptu toties a se victi hostis, rue- 
 bant: contra PersaB inori, quam vinci praeoptabank 
 Raro in ullo praelio tantum sanguinis fusum est. Da- 
 rius quum vinci suos videret, mori voluit et ipse : sed a 
 5proximis fugere compulsus est. Suadentibus deinde 
 quibusdam, ut pons Cydni fluminis, ad iter hostium im- 
 pediendum, intercideretur : " Non ita se saluti suae vel- 
 le consultum " ait, " ut tot raillia sociorum hosti objiciat ; 
 debere et aliis fugae viam patere, quae patuerit sibi." 
 
 10 Alexander autem periculosissiraa quaeque aggredieba- 
 tur, et, ubi confertissimos hostes acerrime pugnare 
 conspexisset, eo se semper ingerebat, periculaque sua 
 esse, non militis volebat. Hoc praelio Asiae imperiuni 
 rapuit, quinto post acceptum regnum anno: cujus tan- 
 
 15 ta felicitas fuit, ut post hoc nemo rebellare ausus sit: 
 patienterque Persae, post imperium tot annorum, jugura 
 servitutis acceperint. Donatis refectisque militibus 
 triginta quatuor diebus praedam recognovit. In urbe 
 deinde Susa quadraginta millia talentum invenit. Ex- 
 
 20pugnat et Pers^epolin, caput Persici regni, urbem multis 
 annis illustrem, refertamque orbis terrarum spoliis, quae 
 
 bela for the better marshaling of self,' * rushed/ * threw himself.' 
 
 his forces,was situated about thirty 14. acceptum regnum} * His 
 
 miles west of Arbela, towards the accession to the throne.' H. 580. 
 
 Tigris, and about as much south- cujus] Relates to anno. 
 
 east of the modern town of Mo- 15. rebellare] To begin war 
 
 sul. again ; defaere, to fall off from a 
 
 3. sanguinis] According to Di- country or ally, to revolt, 
 
 odorus, ninety thousand Persians 18. recognovif] ' He took an 
 
 and five hundred Macedonians account of.' 
 
 fell. 19. talentum] Although the tal- 
 
 8. ait] Ajo, to assert some- ent is usually computed in round 
 
 thing, to say "yes," opposed to numbers at $1000, yet that gives 
 
 nego, to say "no;" dico, to speak but a slight notion of its value, 
 
 in order to inform ; loquor, to ex- For instance, in Solon's time, 
 
 press one's thoughts by language, about 600 B. C., a sheep could be 
 
 sociorum} ' Companions of his bought for one drachma, about 
 
 flight.' seventeen cents, and an ox for 
 
 12. se ing&reba\ * Betook him- five drachmas, about eighty cents. 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 
 
 75 
 
 inter! tn ejus primum apparuere. Inter ha3C octingenti 
 adrnodum Graeci occurrunt Alexandro, qui poenam cap- 
 tivitatis truncata corporis parte tulerant : rogantes, " ut 
 sicuti Graeciam, se quoque ab hostium crudelitate vin- 
 dicaret." Data potestate redeundi, agros accipere ma- 5 
 luemnt, ne non tarn gaudium parentibus, quam dete- 
 standum sui conspectum reportarent. 
 
 XV. Interea Darius in gratiam victor! s a cognatis 
 suis aureis compedibus catenisque in vico Parthorum 
 Thara vincltur. Credo ita diis immortalibus judicanti- 10 
 bus, ut in terra eorum, qui successuri imperio erant, 
 Persarum regnuin finiretur. Alexander quoque citato 
 cursu postera die supervenit ; ibique cognovit Darium 
 clauso vehiculo per- noctem exportatura. Jusso itaque 
 exercitu subsequi, cum sex millibus equitum fugientem 15 
 insequitur: in itinere multa et perieulosa praalia facit. 
 Emensus dehlde plura millia passuum, quum nullum 
 Darli indicium reperisset, respirandi equis data potesta- 
 
 1. inter itu ejits] * At its destruc- 
 tion.' Ablative of time. H. 426. 
 One hundred and twenty thou- 
 sand talents were found in the 
 citadel, according to Diodorus. 
 
 5. redeundi] Sc. dotnum. ' Of 
 returning home/ 
 
 XV. Darius, having been 
 thrown into chains by his own 
 followers, falls into the hands 
 of the Macedonians. He mani- 
 fests a royal mind to the last. 
 
 8. victoris] To gain the favor 
 of the conqueror.' According to 
 Arrian the conspirators seized 
 upon Darius in order to make 
 themselves masters of the em- 
 pire, and eventually murdered 
 him to prevent his falling into 
 Alexander's hands. 
 
 cognatis] Bessus and Nabar- 
 zanes, who, however, were not 
 
 kinsmen of Darius. The Persian 
 grandees received this appellation 
 from the king as a title of honor. 
 
 9. catcnis] Catena means a 
 chain, both for fettering and for 
 ornament. "Probably the con- 
 spirators made use of some chains 
 which had formed a part of the 
 ornaments of the royal wardrobe." 
 Grote. Compes, a fetter applied 
 to the ankle (con-pcs). 
 
 11. successuri erant] In the in- 
 dicative, as containing a descrip- 
 tion of eorum, being a remark 
 of the author. H. 527, 2, 1). 
 
 17. millia passuum] 'Miles.' 
 The Roman mile consisted of 1000 
 paces of five feet each = 5000 feet. 
 Taking the Roman foot at 11.6496 
 English inches, the Roman mile 
 would be 4854 feet 428 feet less 
 than an English mile. 
 
76 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 te, unus ex militibus, clum ad fontem proximtim pergit, in 
 vehiculo Darium multis quideni vulneribus confossum, 
 sed spirantem adhuc invenit : qui, applicito captivo, 
 quum civem ex voce cognovisset, " id saltern pnesentis 
 5 fortunsB solacium habere se " dixit, " quod apud intel- 
 lecturum locuturus eeset,nec incassum postremas voces 
 emissurus." Perferri ha3C Alexandro jubet, " se null is 
 in eum meritorum officiis, maximorum illi debitorcm 
 mori, quod in matre liberisque suis regium ejus, non 
 
 10 hostilem animum expertus, felicius liostem quam cogna- 
 tos propinquosque sortitus sit : qnippe matri et liberis 
 suis ab eodem hoste vitam datam, sibi a cognatis erep- 
 tain, quibus et vitam, et regna dederit. Quamobrenv 
 gratiam illis earn futuram, quarn ipse victor volet. 
 
 15 Alexandro referre se, quam solam moriens potest, gra- 
 tiam; precari superum inferiimque nuinina, et regales 
 Deos, uti illi terrarum omnium victor! contingat impe- 
 rium. Pro se justa3 magis quam gravis sepultura3 ve- 
 niam orare. Quod ad ultionem pertineat, jam non 
 
 20 suam, sed exempli, commuiiemque omnium regum esse 
 causam, quam negligere, illi et indecorum et periculo- 
 sum esse: quippe quum in altero justitiae ejus, in altero 
 etiam utilitatis causa versetur. In quam rem unicum 
 pignus fidei regiaB, dexteram se ferendarn Alexandro 
 
 1. unus ex militibus'] This was 12. cognatis} i. e., Bessus and 
 
 Polystratus, a Macedonian, who Nabarzanes. 
 
 did not understand the Persian 13. vitam] ( Means of life.' 
 
 language. 14. HUs] i. e., Bessus, etc. 
 
 3. applicito captivo'] ' Through 16. regales] * The protectors 
 the services of a captive (Persian), of kings.' 
 
 who had been brought in.' 18. just a> veniam] Translate : 
 
 4. civem] Predicate accusative. * the favor of an appropriate rather 
 H. 546. than of a magnificent funeral.' 
 
 7. se nullis, etc.] ' That he died 20. exempli] Sc. causam, * a 
 
 without having performed any precedent.' 
 
 acts of kindness towards him.' 22. quippe quum] l Since.' 
 
 9. reffium] ' Belonging to a 24. dexteram] The giving of the 
 
 king,' ' royal.' H. 325. right hand was, with the Persians, 
 
ALEXANDRI MAQNI VITA. 
 
 77 
 
 lare:" Post haec porrecta maim exspiravit. Quse ubi 
 Alexandro nuntiata sunt, viso corpore defuncti, tarn 
 indignam illo fastigio mortem lacrimis prosecutus est : 
 corpus que regio more sepeliri, et reliquias ejus majo- 
 rum tumulis inferri jussit. 
 
 the most solemn pledge possible. 
 It could be given by proxy. In 
 the present case the Macedonian, 
 Polystratus, who found Darius, 
 
 was commissioned to carry the 
 pledge to Alexander. 
 
 3. illo fastigio] That dignity/ 
 i. e., royalty. 
 
78 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 LIBER II. 
 
 I. Alexander in persequendo Darlo amissos milites 
 magnis funerum impensis extulit ; reliquis expeditionis 
 ejus sociis tredecim millia talentum di visit. Equorum 
 5 major pars aestu amissa, inutilesque etiam, qui superfu- 
 erant, facti. Pecunia omnis centum nonaginta millia 
 talentum Ecbatana congesta, eique Parmenio praeposi- 
 tus. Dum liaBC aguntur, epis tolas Antipatri e Macedo- 
 nia ei redduntur, quibus bellum Agidis, regis Spartano- 
 
 10 rum, in Graecia; bellum Alexandri, regis Epiri, in Italia; 
 bellum Zopyrionis, praefecti ejus in Scythia, contineba- 
 tur. Quibus varie affectus, plus tamen laetitiae, cogni- 
 tis mortibus duorum aemulorum regum, quam dolo- 
 ris amissi cum Zopyrione exercitus, cepit. Namque 
 
 15 post profectionem Alexandri Graecia ferme omnis in 
 
 LIBER II. cadia, was attacked and slain by 
 
 1. Alexander secures the A ntipater, hut with a greater loss 
 allegiance of his soldiers by of men to Alexander than he had 
 praises and rewards. Renewal sustained at the battle of Issus, or 
 of hostilities in Greece in his of Arbela. 
 
 absence. 10. Alexandri] Alexander, the 
 
 2. impensis] Ablative of price, brother of Olympias, was made 
 H. 416. king of Epirus by Philip. 
 
 4. inutiles] In joined with ad- 13. duorum regum] King Agis 
 
 jectivcs generally denotes negu- in Sparta and Alexander in Epi- 
 
 tion. rus. 
 
 7. Ecbatana} Limit of motion, 14. amissi] ' By the loss of the 
 were carried to Ecbatana, and de- army.' H. 580. 
 
 posited there. 15. Gratia ferme omnis] For 
 
 8. Dum] Joined with the in- the Spartans were instigating all 
 dicative, as showing simply coin- the Peloponnesus, and Demos- 
 cidence of time. H. 522, I. Cf. thencs and Harpftlus, the disloyal 
 Phaed. 4, 2. satrap of Babylonia and Syria, 
 
 9. Agtdis] Agis, while laying were rousing the Athenians 
 siege to Megalopolis, a city of Ar- against Alexander. 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 79 
 
 occasionem reciperandae libertatis ad arma concurrerat, 
 auctoritatem LacedaBinoniorum secuta ; qui Philippi Al- 
 exandrique et pacem soli spreverant, et leges respuerant. 
 Dux hnjus belli Agis, rex Laccdaemoniorum, fuit; quern 
 motum Antipater contractis militibus in ipso ortu op- 5 
 pressit. Magna tarn en utrinque caades fuit. Agis rex, 
 quum suos terga d antes videret, dimissis satellitibus, ut 
 Alexandro felicitate, non virtute inferior videretur, tan- 
 tarn stragem hostium edidit, ut agmina interdum fugaret. 
 Ad postremum, etsi a multitudine^victus, gloria tamenlO 
 omnes vicit. 
 
 II. Porro Alexander, rex Epiri, in Italiam a Taren- 
 tinis, auxilia adversus Bruttios deprecantibus, sollicita- 
 tus, ita cupide profectus fuerat, veluti in divisione orbis 
 terraruin, Alexandro, Olympiadis sororis suaa filio, 15 
 Oriens, sibi Occidens sorte contigisset ; non minorem 
 rerum materiam in Italia, Africa, Siciliaque, quani ille 
 in Asia, et in Persis habiturus. Hue accedebat, quod 
 sicut Alexandro Magno Delphica oracula insidias in 
 Macedonia; ita huic responsurn Dodonaai Jovis circa 20 
 urbem Pandosiam, amnemque Acherusium prsedixerat. 
 QUOB utraque quum in Epiro essent, ignarus eadem et in 
 
 3. spreverant] Spernere, to dis- II. The expedition of Alex- 
 
 daln, not to want in the least ; con- ander, king of Epirus, into 
 
 temnere, to consider worthless ; Italy. Defeat and destruction 
 
 fastidire, disdaining, as not fit of z opyrion and his army in 
 
 for us, not good enough for us. Scythia. 
 
 respuerant} To thrust away 16. contigissef] Subjunctive of 
 
 with disgust ; repudiare, to thrust condtion. H. 503, II., and 506. 
 away as worthless. minorem materiam'] 'Less 
 
 6. cades] The cutting to pieces, materials for glorious exploits.' 
 the act of killing ; strages, the 20. Dodoneei] At Dodona, in 
 defeat, as the mass of bodies lying Epirus, was the most ancient ora- 
 upon one another. cle of Greece. The responses 
 
 7. terga dantes] ( Turning their were given from lofty oaks or 
 backs/ ' flying.' beech trees. 
 
 8. felicitate] Ablative of speci- 21. amnem Acherusium] 'The 
 fication. H. 429. river Acheron.' 
 
80 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 Italia esse, ad declinanda factorum pericula, peregrinam 
 militiam cupidius elegerat. Igitur, quum in Italiam 
 venisset, primum illi bellum cum Apulis fuit; quorum 
 cognito urbis fato, brevi post tempore pacem et amici- 
 5 tiam cum rege eorum fecit. Erat namque tune tem- 
 poris urbs Apulis Brundisium, quam ^Etoli, secutL 
 dudum farna rerum in Troja gestarum clarissimum 
 ac nobilissimum ducem Diomeden, condiderant: sed 
 pulsi ab Apulis, consulentes oracula, responsum accepe- 
 
 10 rant, " locum quern repetissent, perpetuo possessuros." 
 Hac igitur ex causa, per legatos cum belli commina- 
 tione, restitui sibi ab Apulis urbem postulaverant. Sed 
 ubi Apulis oraculum innotuit, interfectos legatos in 
 urbe sepelierunt, perpetuam ibi sedem habituros. At- 
 
 15que ita defuncti responso, diu urbem possederunt. 
 Quod factum quum cognovisset Alexander, antiquitatis 
 fata veneratus, bello Apulorum abstinuit. Gessit et 
 cum Bruttiis Lucanisque bellum ; multasque urbes cepit : 
 turn et cum Metapontlnis, et Pediculis, et Romanis, 
 
 20 foedus ami ci tiam que fecit. Sed Bruttii Lucanique, quum 
 auxilia a'finitimis contraxissent, acrius bellum repeti- 
 vere. Ibi rex juxta urbem Pandosiam, et flumen 
 Acheronta, non prius fatalis loci cognito nomine, quam 
 occideret, interficitur ; mtfriensque, non in p atria fuisse 
 
 25 sibi periculosam mortem, propter quam patriam fugerat, 
 intellexit. Corpus ejus Thurii publice redemptum se- 
 pulturae tradiderunt. Dum hsec aguntur in Italia, Zo- 
 
 1. esse] Depends upon ignarus. known, famous, celebrated ; in 
 
 H. 552, 3. clytus, much heard of, renowned. 
 
 4. tempore'] Ablative of differ- 10. repetissent} 'Had sought to 
 ence. H. 418, 2. recover.' 
 
 5. temporis] Partitive genitive. 11. perkgatos'] ' By means of 
 H. 396, III. ambassadors.' H. 414, 5, 1). 
 
 7. Troja] i. e., 'The region 15. defuncti response} 'Having 
 
 about Troy/ Cf. Book I., 5. fulfilled the response.' H. 419, 1. 
 
 clarissimum} Clarus, bright, 25. periculosam mortem] ' In 
 
 hence illustrious ; nobilis, well danger of the death.' 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. SI 
 
 pyrion quoque, praefectus Ponti ab Alexandro Magno 
 relictus, otiosum se ratus, si nihil et ipse gessisset, adu- 
 nato triginta millium exercitu, Scythis bellum intulit ; 
 cassusque cum omnibus copiis, pcenas temere illati belli 
 genti innoxiae luit. 5 
 
 > III. Ha3c quum nuntiata in Parthis Alexandro es- 
 sent, sirnulato maerore, propter Alexandri cognationem, 
 exercitui suo triduurn luctum indixit. Omnibus deinde, 
 velut perpetrato bello, reditum in patriam spectanti- 
 bus, ^conjugesque ac liberos suos animo jam quodam-10 
 modo complectentibus, ad contionem exercitum vocat : 
 Ibi " nihil actum tot egregiis praeliis " ait, " si incolumis 
 orientalis barbaria relinquatur ; nee se corpus, sed re- 
 gnum Darli petisse ; persequendosque esse eos, qui a 
 regno defecerint." Hac oratione velut ex integro inti- 15 
 tatis militum animis, Hyrcaniam Mardosque subegit. 
 Post haec Alexander habitum regum Persarum, et dia- " 
 dema insolitum antea regibus Macedomcis, velut in 
 
 2. otiosum se] ' That he would indixit] Nuntiare, to commu- 
 be regarded inefficient.' nicate news, make known ; in- 
 
 3. triginta millium] Genitive dicere, to proclaim something 
 of characteristic. H. 396, IV. fixed for execution at a subse- 
 
 4. pcenas luit] Luere, to wash quent time. 
 
 off the guilt by suffering punish- 10. liberos] Liberi, children of 
 
 ment ; dare pcenas, to undergo freemen (the idea of freedom by 
 
 punishment. birth) ; nati, children as the issue 
 
 of their parents. 
 
 III. Alexander's pretended 15. ex integro'] 'Anew,' *a- 
 
 grief at the death of Alexander fresh;' integer, untouched; in- 
 
 of Epirus. He assumes the columis, uninjured. 
 
 Persian dress. His luxury. 17. diadema] In its original 
 
 7. marore] Dolor, pain, espe- notion means the blue and white 
 cially when the feeling is fresh; band worn by the Asiatic mon- 
 maror. grief, deep and silent ; archs round the tiara ; but subse- 
 luctusj mourning, as manifested quently the diadem was a broad 
 by the appearance, lamentation. white band, fastened round the 
 
 Alexandri} King of Epirus. head, and tied in a bow behind, 
 
 8. triduum] 'For three days.' adopted by other nations as an 
 H. 378. ensign of sovereignty. 
 
 6 
 
82 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 leges eorum, quos vicerat, transiret, adsumit. Quse ne 
 invidiosius in se uno conspicerentur, amicos quoque 
 suos longam vestem auratam purpureamque sumere 
 jubet. His rebus ingentes epularum apparatus adjicit, 
 5 ne jejuna et destructa luxuria videretur, conviviumque 
 juxta regiam magnificentiam ludis cxornat; immemor 
 prorsus, tantas opes amitti his moribus, non qua3ri 
 solere. 
 
 IV. Inter hsec indignatio omnium totis castris erat, 
 
 10 a Philippo ilium pat/re tan turn degenerasse, ut etiam 
 patrias nomen ejuraret, moresque Persarum adsumeret, 
 quos propter tales mores vicerat. Sed ne solus vitiis 
 eorum, quos armis subegerat, succubuisse videretur, 
 militibus quoque suis permisit, si quarum captivaruni 
 
 15 consuetudine tenerentur, ducere uxores ; existimans 
 minorem in patriam reditus cupiditatem futuram, lia- 
 bentibus in castris imasinem quandam larium, ac do- 
 mestics sedis ; simul et laborum militiae molliorem fore 
 dulcedine uxorum. In supplementa quoque militum 
 
 20 minus exhauriri posse Macedonian!, si veteranis patri- 
 
 1. Qua*] Nevertheless he great- 15. consuetudine tenerentur] 
 ly offended, by this conduct, his 'Had formed an intimacy.' 
 Macedonian subjects, and made ducere uxores] ' To marry.' 
 himself odious thereby. The bride was invariably con- 
 
 2. amicos sumere] The object ducted (ducere) on the evening of 
 clause of jubet. H. 551, II. 1. the marriage day from the home 
 
 5. destructa] As the Persian of her parents to her new home, 
 
 power was overthrown, even their 17. larium] Tutelary spirits, ac- 
 
 luxury would seem also to be cording to the religious belief of 
 
 " destroyed." the Romans, supposed to be the 
 
 8. solere] Depends upon tm- souls of deceased persons, who 
 
 memor. H. 552, 3. exercised a protecting influence 
 
 over the interior of every man's 
 
 IV. The effects of Alexan- household, himself, his family, 
 
 der's conduct on his troops. an( j property. They were not re- 
 
 His mode of conciliating them. gardec i as divinities, like the pe- 
 
 12. propter] l In consequence nates, but simply as guardian 
 
 of,' i. e., their manners had ren- spirits, whose altar was the do- 
 
 dered the Persians effeminate, mestic hearth. 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 83 
 
 bus tirones filii succederent, militaturi in vallo, in quo 
 essent nati ; constantioresque futuri, si non solum tiro- 
 cinia, verum et incunabula in ipsis castris posuissent. 
 Quae consuetudo in successoribus quoque Alexandri 
 mansit. Igitur et alimenta pueris, et instrumenta armo- 5 
 rum equorumque juvenibus data; et patribus pro numero 
 filiorum praemia statuta. Si quorum patres occidissent, 
 nihilominus pupilli stipendia patrum trahebant; quo- 
 rum pueritia inter v arias expeditiones, militia erat. 
 Itaque a parvula fetate laborious periculisque indurati, 10 
 invictus exercit us fuere : neque castra aliter quam pa- 
 triara, neque pugnam aliud unquam quam victoriam 
 duxere. Haac suboles nomen habuit "Epigoni." Par- 
 this delude domitis, prefect us his statiiitur ex nobilibus 
 Persarum Andragoras; unde postea originem Partho-15 
 rum reges habuere. 
 
 V. Interea Alexander non regio, sed hostili more 
 ssevire in suos coepit. Maxirne indignabatur carpi se 
 sermonibus suorum Philippi patris, patria3que mores 
 subvertisse. Propter qua3 crimina Parmenio quoque 20 
 senex, dignitate regi proximus, cum Philota filio, de 
 utroque prius .quaBStionibus habitis, intern' citur. Fre- 
 niere itaque omnes universis castris ccepere, innoxii 
 senis filiique casum miserantes ; interdum " se quoque 
 
 4. consuetudo] A mode of ac- quests of Alexander. Bessus 
 tion which by repetition has be- is delivered up to justice, 
 come habitual ; mos, a mode of 20. subvertisse'] The infinitive as 
 action which by length of time object a f ter a verb of saying, im- 
 has become a rule, a usage. P lied in car P l sermonibus. H. 551,1. 
 
 5. .instrumenta] 'Equipments/ 21. dignitate'] Ablative of speci- 
 IS.Epigdni] Here, although it fication. H. 429. 
 
 can be declined, Epigdni takes the 23. innoxii] Innocens, innocent, 
 form of the nominative case, as i- e., not sharing in a crime ; in- 
 being a mere word, and express- noxius, that does harm to no one. 
 ing no relation except as a word. 24. miserantes'] Misereri, to feel 
 
 compassion at another's misfor- 
 
 V. Parmenio and Philotas tune; miserari, to show compas- 
 
 are put to death. Further con- sion, to deplore, commiserate. 
 
84 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 non debere melius sperare" dicentes. Quae quum nun- 
 tiata Alexandro essent, verens, ne haac opinio etiam 
 in Macedonian! divulgaretur, et ne victoriarum gloria 
 ssevitias maculis infuscaretur, simulat se ex amicis quos- 
 5 dam in patriam victoriaB nuntios missurum. Hortatur 
 milites suis scribere, rariorem habituros occasionem 
 propter militiam remotiorem. Datos fasces epistola- 
 rura tacite ad se deferri jubet ; ex quibus cognito de 
 se singulorum judicio, in unam cohortem eos, qui de 
 
 10 rege durius opinati fuerant, contribuit, aut consumptu- 
 rus eos, aut in ultimis terris in colonias distributurus. 
 Inde Drancas, ceterosque populos, qui in radice Caucasi 
 morabantur, subegit. Interea unus ex amicis Darii 
 Bessus vinctus perducitur, qui regem non solum pro- 
 
 15 diderat, yerum et interfecerat. Quern in ultionem per- 
 fidia3 excruciandum fratri Darli tradidit ; reputans non 
 tarn hostem suum fuisse Darium, quam amicum ejus, 
 a quo esset occisus. Et, ut his terris nomen relinque- 
 ret, urbem Alexandrian! super amnem Tanaim condi- 
 
 20 dit, intra diem septimum decimum muro sex inillimn 
 
 5. Hortatur] Here followed by the name Caucasus to the range. 
 
 the infinitive, but usually by the 13. morabantur} * Dwelt,' as 
 
 subjunctive. wandering tribes tarried but a 
 
 10. durius fueranf] Means short time in one place, 
 
 here not merely 'had entertained 19. amnem] Flurius,J?umen,thQ 
 
 harsh opinions,' but * had given ever-flowing mass of water ; am- 
 
 expression to them.' nis, the stream, larger than fluvi- 
 
 consumpturus] Curtius states us; rivus, a small stream, rivulet, 
 
 that this division was compelled Tanaim] Mr. Taylor, in his 
 
 to march apart from the rest of "Names and Places," chnp. 9, 
 
 the army as in disgrace, and that takes ground that the syllable 
 
 the desire of washing away the Tan- of Tanais, in Celtic, is the 
 
 stain urged them to the display same that appears in the modern 
 
 of their bravery. name Don, and means water or 
 
 12. Caucclsi] When Alexander river, and that the termination -is 
 crossed the Paropamisus (Hindu has the same meaning. The Greeks 
 Rush] chain, his followers regard- gave the name of Tanais to the 
 ing this achievement as the highest Jaxartes, as if Alexander had ex- 
 geographical adventure, applied tended Europe to that river/ 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 85 
 
 passuum constimmato, translatis eo trium civitatium 
 populis, quas Cyrus condiderat. In Bactrianis quoque 
 Sogdianisque duodecirn urbes condidit, distributis his, 
 quoscunque in exercitu seditiosos habebat. 
 
 VI. His ita gestis, sollemni die amicos in convivium 5 
 vocat. Ubi orta inter ebrios rerum a Philippe gesta- 
 rum mention e, praeferre se patri ipse, rerum que suarum 
 magnitudinem extollere caelo tenus coepit, assentante 
 majore convivarum parte. Itaque quum unus e senibus 
 Clitus, fiducia amicitiaa regia3, cujus palmam tenebat, 10 
 memoriam Philippi tueretur, laudaretque ejus res ge- 
 stas ; adeo regem offendit, nt telo a satellite rapto eun- 
 dem in convivio trucidaverit. Qua ca3de exsultans, 
 mortuo patrocinium Philippi, laudemque paternaa mi- 
 ll tia3 objectabat. Postquam satiatus caede animus con- 15 
 quievit, et in irse locum successit aestimatio, modo per- 
 sonam occisi, modo causam occidendi considerans, pi- 
 gere facti coepit : quippe paternas laudes tarn iracunde 
 accepisse se, quam nee convicia debuisset ; amicumque 
 senem et innoxium a se occisum inter epulas et pocula, 20 
 dolebat. Eodem igitur furore in pcenitentiam, quo pri- 
 dem in iram versus, mori voluit. Primum in fletus 
 
 VI Alexander kills his friend bat] ' He scoffed at the dead man 
 
 Clitus at a banquet. His sub- for his defence.' " Go HOW," said 
 
 sequent repentance and re- h e> t o Philip, Parmenio, and 
 
 morse - Attrilus." 
 
 7. prceferre se ipse patri] Means 16. personam occisi] * The char- 
 that he himself (and not some one acter.' 
 
 else) preferred himself to his fa- 17. pigere] Used personally, 
 ther, whereas se ipsum would Other editions insert eum, but 
 mean that he preferred himself then there is an anacoluthon, the 
 (and not some one else) to his fa- regular construction requiring cos- 
 tlier, sidcrans to be considerantem. 
 
 8 ceelo tejius] The usual ex- 18. tarn iracunde quam nee de- 
 pression is in ccelum or ad ccclwn. buisset] Literally, { as angrily as 
 Tenus always follows its case. he ought not,' but translate, * with 
 
 10. cujus tenebaf] ' Of which more anger than he ought to have 
 
 he held the principal place.' felt in listening to insults to his 
 
 14:. -mortuo patrociniiun objecta- memory.* ' 
 
86 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 progressus, amplecti mortiium, vulnera tractare, et quasi 
 audienti confiteri dementiam; arreptnm telum in se 
 vertit, peregissetque facinus, nisi amici intervenissent. 
 Mansit hsec voluntas moriendi etiam sequentibus die- 
 5 bus. Accesserat enim poenitentia3, nutricis suse, sororis 
 Cliti, recordatio, cujus absentis eum maxirae pudebat : 
 tarn feed am illi alimentorum suorum mercedem reddi- 
 tam, ut in cujus manibus pueritiam egerat, huic juve- 
 nis, et victor, pro beneficiis funera remitteret. Repu- 
 
 10 tabat deinde, quantum in exercitu suo, quantum apud 
 devictas gentes fabularum atque inyidiaB, quantum apud 
 ceteros amicos metum et odium sui fecerit : quam ama- 
 rum et triste rediderit convivium suum, non armatus in 
 acie, quam in convivio terribilior. Tune Parmenio et 
 
 15 Philotas, tune Amyntas consobrinus, tune noverca fra- 
 tresque interfecti ; tune Attains, Eurylochus, Pausanias, 
 aliique Macedonia exstincti principes, occurrebant. Ob 
 haec illi quatriduo perseverata inedia est, donee exerci- 
 tns universi precibus exoratus est, precantis, " ne ita 
 
 20 mortem unius doleat, ut universes perdat, quos in ulti- 
 
 1. amplecti] Historical infini- niece of Attains, whom Philip 
 
 tive. H. 545, 1. married when he divorced Olym- 
 
 5. pcenitentiai] Dative after ac- pias. After Philip's murder, she 
 cesserat. H. 386. was put to death by Olympias, and 
 
 6. cujus eum] , Governed by her infant child perished with 
 pudebat. H. 410, III. 1. her. 
 
 pudebat] Piget, it is mortify- 16. Attains] Was one of the 
 
 ing, causes distaste ; poenitet, it is generals of Philip, who gave of- 
 
 painful, makes us regret, repent ; fence to Alexander, with whom 
 
 pudet me, I am ashamed at being he tried in vain to make terms, and 
 
 exposed. by whose order he was finally as- 
 
 10. quantum invidice] 'How sassinated. . 
 
 ntfmy remarks and how much ill Euryldchus] Of Eurylochus, 
 
 will.' H. 396, III. 2, 3). (3). if Justin is correct, nothing is 
 
 13. non] Modifies terribilior. known. Subsequently to this 
 
 15. Amyntas] Was a cousin of time, one of that name received 
 
 Alexander, and put to death by from Alexander a magnificent re- 
 
 him for a plot against his life. ward for exposing the plot of 
 
 noverca] Cleopatra was a Hermolaus. 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 
 
 87 
 
 mam deductos barbariam, inter infestas et irritatas bello 
 gentes, destituat." Multum profuere Callisthenis phi- 
 losophi preces, condiscipulatu apud Aristotelen famili- 
 aris illi, et tune ab ipso rege ad prodenda memoriae acta 
 ejus accitus. Revocato igitur ad bellum animo, Clio- 5 
 rasmos et Dahas in deditionem accepit. 
 
 VII. Deinde, quod primo ex Persico superbiaa regiaa 
 more distulerat, ne omniapariter invidiosiora essent, non 
 salutari, sed adorari se jubet. Acerrimus inter recu- 
 santes Callisthenes fuit. Quae res et illi, et rnultis prin- IQ 
 cipibus 'Macedonum exitio fuit : siquidem sub specie 
 insidiarum omnes interfecti. Retentus tamen est a 
 Macedonibus mos salutandi regis, explosa adoration e. 
 Post haec Indiani petit, ut Ocean o, ultimoque Oriente 
 finiret imperium. Cui glorias, ut etiam exercitus orna- ^5 
 nienta convenirent, phaleras equorum et arma militum 
 
 VII. Alexander vents his 
 rage upon his discreet advi- 
 sers; marches to the east; un- 
 dertakes to surpass Bacchus 
 and Hercules. 
 
 7. quod] Has for its antecedent 
 adorari. H. 445, 7. ' Which point 
 of the Persian fashion of royal 
 pride he had put onV 
 
 8. pariter] ' At the same time,' 
 to be joined with omnia. 
 
 invidiosiora] H. 444, 1. 
 
 9. adorare] 'That he should 
 be worshipped ' after the oriental 
 fashion of making the saldm, or 
 prostrating one's self before kings 
 and superiors. 
 
 inter recusantes] The relation 
 of the partitive genitive H. 398, 
 4,2). 
 
 10. Callisthenes] Alexander's 
 ambition prompted him to take 
 with him on his expedition men 
 of literary talent, in order that 
 
 his exploits might be commemo- 
 rated by their genius. Conspicu- 
 ous among these was Callisthenes, 
 a man of sedate character, of sim- 
 ple and severe habits. He wrote 
 a history of the expedition, ex- 
 tending to the battle of Arbela, 
 in which he did full justice to the 
 greatness and success of Alexan- 
 der. He subsequently fell under 
 the monarch's displeasure for re- 
 fusing to exalt him into a god, and 
 lost his life in consequence of his 
 refusal. 
 
 illi] Two datives. H. 390, I. 
 and II. 1, 1). 
 
 11. sub specie] ' Under the pre- 
 tence.' 
 
 13. explosa] 'Discontinued.' 
 
 16. phaleras] Bosses of gold, 
 silver, or other metal, cast or 
 chased, with some appropriate de- 
 vice, such, for instance, as the im- 
 age of a king, worn upon the 
 
88 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 argento inducit ; exercitnmque suum, ab argenteis cly- 
 peis, Argyraspidas appellavit. Qmim ad Nysam urbem 
 venisset, oppidanis non repugnantibus fiducia religionis 
 Liberi patris, a quo condita urbs erat, parci jussit ; laetus 
 5 non militiam tantum, verum et vestigia se dei secuturn. 
 Tune ad spectaculum sacri montis duxit exercitum, na- 
 turalibus bonis, vite, hederaque non aliter vestiti, quani 
 si manu cultus, colentiimique industrial exornatus esset. 
 Sed exercitus ejus, ubi ad raontem accessit, repentino 
 
 10 impetu mentis, in sacros dei ululatus instinctus, cum 
 stupore regis, sine noxa discurrit ; ut intelligeret, non 
 tarn oppidanis se parcendo, quam exercitui suo consu- 
 luisse. Peragrata India quum ad saxum mirae asperi- 
 tatis et altitudinis, in quod rnulti populi confugerant, 
 
 15 pervenisset, cognoscit, Herculem ab expugnatione ejus- 
 dem saxi terra motu prohibitum. Captus itaque cu- 
 pidine Herculis acta superare, cum summo labore ac 
 periculo potitus saxo, omnes ejus loci gentes in deditio- 
 nem accipit. 
 
 20 VIII. Unus ex regibus Indorum fuit, Porus 
 
 breast of persons of distinction, 17. superare] Depends upon 
 
 and by soldiers as a military deco- cupidine. The infinitive is used 
 
 ration. Similar ornaments were instead of the gerund in -di. This 
 
 attached to the headstalls of departure froUi the general rule 
 
 horses, to a throat-collar, or to a occurs in the best authors, and es- 
 
 martingale. pecially in the poets. 
 
 2. Argyraspldas] ' Silver shield- 18. saxo] Ablative in special con- 
 bearers.' struction after potitus. H. 419, I. 
 
 6. naturalibuA bonis] ' The beau- 
 ties of nature.' VIII. Defeat of Porus. Alex- 
 
 7. vestiti] Agrees with mon- ander seems to yield to the re- 
 tis. quest of his soldiers to push 
 
 8. manu cultus] Tilled by art.' his conquests no farther. 
 
 10. mentis] Mens, the reasoning 20. Porus] Was of a stature so 
 
 powers ; animus, the mind in gigantic, that seated upon an ele- 
 
 general. phant he seemed of the same pro- 
 
 12. pdrcendo] 'By showing portions to the animal, that an ordi- 
 
 mercy '; ablative of the gerund, nary horseman bears to his horse. 
 
 H. 566, 1. His ability, beauty, and valor cor- 
 

 ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 89 
 
 nomine, viribus corporis et animi rnagnitudine pariter 
 insignis, qui bellum jampridem, audita Alexandri opi- 
 nione, in adventum ejus parabat. Coumiissoitaque prse- 
 lio, exercitum suum Macedonas invadere jubet; sibi re- 
 gem eorum privatum hostem deposcit. Nee Alexander 5 
 pugnse moram fecit : sed prima congressione vulnerato 
 equo, quum praeceps ad terram decidisset, concursu 
 satellitum servatur. Porus*multis vulneribus obrutus 
 capitur. Qui victum se adeo doluit, ut, quum veniam 
 ab hoste invenisset, neque cibum sumere voluerit, ne- 10 
 que vulnera curari passus sit, segreque sit ab eo obten- 
 tum, ut vellet vivere. Quern Alexander ob honorem 
 virtutis incolumem in regnum remisit. Duas ibi urbes 
 condidit, unam Nicaeam, alteram ex nomine equi Bu- 
 cephalen vocavit. Quum ad Cuphltes venisset, ubi eum 15 
 cum ducentis millibus equitum hostes opperiebantur, 
 exercitus omnis, non minus victoriarum numero quam 
 laboribus fessus, lacrimis eum deprecatur, "finem tan- 
 dem belli faceret, aliqtiando patriaa reditusque meminis- 
 
 responded to his stature. Having demanded Alexander especially 
 
 been captured and brought before as his antagonist. 
 
 Alexander, he was asked how he 13. incolumem] Predicate accu- 
 
 would like to be treated. " Like a sative. H. 373, 3. 
 
 king," was his answer. The con- 14. alteram] The other of two, 
 
 queror, pleased with his un- the second. 
 
 daunted bearing, not only released 15. vocavit] Vocare, to call, refer- 
 
 him, but enlarged his dominions, ring to the sound of the name ; ap- 
 
 In return for this generosity, Po- pellare, to call by its right name. 
 
 rus became a faithful and efficient 16. opperiebantur] Exspectare, to 
 
 ally. wait in conscious anticipation of 
 
 1. nomine, viribus, magnitudine] some event; opperirij to wait with 
 Ablatives of specification. H. 429. the accessory notion that the per- 
 
 2. Alexandri opinione] Alex- son waiting intends to do some- 
 andri is the objective genitive, thing on the arrival of the object 
 ' The opinion entertained of Alex- waited for. 
 
 ander.' Id.patria] H. 406, II. Memini, 
 
 4. Maceddnas] Greek accusa- with the genitive, means to be 
 tive plural. H. 98. mindful of; with the accusative, to 
 
 5. privatum hostem] Poms remember. 
 
90 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 set; respiceret militum annos, quibus vix aetas ad redi- 
 tum sufficeret : " ostendere alius canitiem, alms vulnera, 
 alius aetate consurapta corpora, alius cicatricibus ex- 
 hausta : " solos se esse, qui duorum regum, Philippi 
 5 Alexandrique, continuam militiam pertulerint : " tan- 
 dem orare, " ut reliquias saltern suas paternis sepulchris 
 reddat, quorum non studiis deficiatur, quam annis : ac 
 si non militibus, vel ipsi sibi parcat ne fortunam suani 
 nimis onerando fatiget." Motus his tarn justis precibus, 
 
 lOvelut in finem victorias castra solito magnificentiora 
 fieri jussit, quorum molitionibus et hostis terreretur, et 
 posteris admiratio sui relinqueretur. Nullum opus mi- 
 lites loetius fecere. Itaque cassis hostibus, cum gratula- 
 tione in eadem reverterunt. 
 
 15 IX. Inde Alexander ad amnem AcesTnem pergit : 
 per hunc in Oceanum devehitur. Ibi Hiacensanas 
 Sileosque, quos Hercules condidit, in deditlonem ac- 
 cepit. Hinc in Ambros et Sugambros navigat ; quaa 
 gentes eum armatis octoginta millibus peditum, et 
 
 20 sexaginta millibus equitum excipiunt. Quum pne- 
 lio victor esset exercitum ad urbem eorum ducit. 
 
 2. alius] In apposition with 14. in eadem] ' To their qnar- 
 milites understood, or used in a ters,' i.e., to the same places from 
 collective sense. which they had come. 
 
 3. cicatricibus] By metonymy 
 
 for vulneribus. IX. The war is renewed. In 
 
 7. non] Supply tarn, correspond- the city of the Sugambri Alex- 
 ing to quam. ander fights for his life ; though 
 
 quorum deficiatur} ' Whose wounded, he maintains the 
 support he fails to receive.* contest till rescued by his sol- 
 
 8. rcl parcat} 'At least, he diers ' 
 
 should spare himself.* 15. Acesinem] Acesines, the 
 
 ncfatiget] 'Lest he should chief of the five great tributaries 
 
 tire out.' of the Indus, which gave the 
 
 10. solito] In this connection name Punjab (i. e., Five Waters) 
 with the comparative, so&'fo is fre- to the great plain of North-west 
 quently omitted. See Harkness, India. Its Sanscrit name, if Hel- 
 417, 6. lenized, would have made a word 
 
 11. molitionibus] ' Vastness.' so much like 'Alexander-eater* 
 
ALEXANDKI MAGNI VITA. 91 
 
 Quam desertam a defensoribus, quum de muro, quern 
 primus ceperat, animadvertisset, in urbis planitiem 
 sine ullo satellite desiluit. Itaque quum eum hostes 
 solum conspexissent, clamore edito, undique concur- 
 runt, si possint in uno capite orbis bella finire, et ultio- 5 
 nem tot gentibus dare. Nee minus Alexander con- 
 stanter restitit, et unus adversus tot millia praliatur. 
 Incredibile dictu est, ut eum non multitude hostium, 
 non vis magna telorum, non tantus lacessentium cla- 
 mor terruerit ; solus tot millia ceciderit ac fugaverit. 10 
 Ubi vero obrui multitudine se vidit, trunco se, qui 
 propter muruni stabat, applicuit : cujus auxilio tutus, 
 quum diu agmen sustinuisset, tandem cognito periculo 
 ejus, amici ad eum desiliunt; ex quibus multi ca3si; 
 pra3liumque tamdiu anceps fuit, quoad omnis exerci- 15 
 tus, muris dejectis, in auxilium veniret. In eo praelio 
 sngitta sub mamma trajectus, quum sanguinis fluxu defi- 
 ceret, genu posito tarn diu praeliatus est, donee eum, a 
 quo vulneratus fuerat, occideret. Curatio vulneris gra- 
 vior ipso vulnere fuit. 20 
 
 X. Itaque ex magna desperatione tandem saluti 
 redditus, Polyperchonta cum exercitu Babyloniam mit- 
 
 that the Macedonians changed it 14. ex quibus'] Relation of the 
 
 to avoid the evil omen, the more partitive genitive. H. 398, 4, 2). 
 
 so, perhaps, on account of the dis- 16. veniret] Subjunctive of time 
 
 aster which befell the Macedo- with cause. H. .522, II. 
 
 ni;in fleet at the turbulent June- 18. genu posito] * Having placed 
 
 tion of the river with the Hydas- his knee ' on the ground. * 
 
 pes. Smith's Diet. 20. vulnere] Ablative after the 
 
 I. defensoribus] The termina- comparative. H. 417. The sever- 
 tion -or denotes the agent or doer, ity of the wound was increased 
 H. 321, 1. by the necessary means taken for 
 
 muro] Murus, any wall ; mce- the extraction of the arrow-head, 
 
 ma, a wall of defence ; par.*, the x Alexander reaches the 
 
 wall of a house. shores of the ocean and the 
 
 8. dictu] The supine in -u. H. limit O f his conquests. He re- 
 
 570. turns to Babylon, and marries 
 
 II. trunco se applicuit] ' He Statira. 
 
 placed himself against the trunk 22. Babyloniam] Limit of mo- 
 of a tree.' tion. H. 379. 
 
92 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 tit : ipse cum lectissima manu navibus conscensis Oce- 
 ani litora peragrat. Quum venisset ad urbem Ambi- 
 geri regis, oppidani invictum ferro audientes, sagittas 
 veneno armant ; atque ita gemino mortis vulnere, ho- 
 5 stem a muris subrnoventes, plurimos interficiunt. Quum 
 inter multos vulneratus etiam Ptolemaeus esset, moritu- 
 rusque jamjam videretur, per quietem regi monstrata 
 in remedia veneni herba est ; qua in potu accepta, statim 
 periculo liberatus est; majorque pars exercitus hoc re- 
 
 IQmedio servata. Expugnata deinde urhe, reversus in 
 naves, Oceano libamenta dedit, prosperum in patriam 
 reditum precatus : ac veluti curru circa metam acto, 
 positis imperil terminis, quatenus aut terrarum solitu- 
 dines prodire passae sunt, aut mare navigabile fuit, se- 
 
 15 cundo aestu ostio fluminis Indi invehitur. Ibi in monu- 
 menta rerum a se gestarum urbem Barcen condidit; 
 arasque statuit, relicto ex numero amicorum litoralibus 
 Indis praefecto. Inde iter terrestre facturus, quum arida 
 loca medii itineris dicerentur, puteos opportiuiis locis 
 
 20 fieri prsecipit; quibus ingenti dulci aqua inventa, Baby- 
 loniam redit. Ibi multa3 devictaB gentes praefectos suos 
 accusaverunt ; quos sine respectu amicitiae, Alexander 
 in conspectu legatorum necari jussit. Filiam post haec 
 
 3. invictum'] Predicate accusa- (spina) round which the chariots 
 tive, esse being understood, of turned. 
 
 which Alexandrum understood is 13. quatenus] 'As far as.' 
 the subject. 14. secundo cestu] ' With a favor- 
 
 4. gemino mortis vulnere] ' "With able tide.' 
 
 wounds doubly fatal.' 15. monumenta] The termina- 
 
 7. per quietem] * In his sleep.' tion -mentum generally denotes the 
 
 9. periculo} Ablative of sepa- means of the performance of an 
 
 ration. H. 425, 2, 2) and 3, 2). action. H. 320, 3. 
 
 12. metam] The meta was the 17. relicto] Ablative absolute 
 
 goal or turning-post in a race- with uno understood. 
 
 course. It consisted of three coni- 19. medii itineris] f Of the mid- 
 
 cal-shaped columns placed upon die parts of his route.' H. 441, 6. 
 
 a raised basement, and was situ- 23. necari] Occidere, to cut 
 
 ated at the end of the barrier down (as in open battle) ; interfi- 
 

 
 ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 
 
 93 
 
 Darii regis, Statiram in matrimonium recepit : sed et 
 optimatibus Macedonian 4ectas ex omnibus gentibus 
 nobilissimas virgines tradidit, ut comniuni facto crimen 
 regis levaretur. 
 
 XI. Hinc ad contionem exercitum vocat, et promittit, 5 
 " se aes alienum omnium propria impensa soluturum," 
 ut prsedam praemiaque Integra domos ferant. Insignis 
 ha3c munificentia non summa tantum, verum etiam 
 titulo muneris fuit, nee a debitoribus magis, quam a 
 creditoribus gratius excepta : quoniam utrisque exactio 10 
 pariter ac solutio difficilis erat. Viginti millia talentum 
 in hos sumptus expensa. Dimissis veteranis, exercitum 
 junioribus supplet. Sed retenti veteranorum disces- 
 sum segre ferentes, missionem et ipsi flagitabant ; "nee 
 annos, sed stipendia sua numerari " jubebant : " pariter in 15 
 militiam lectos, pariter sacramento solvi, aaquum " cen- 
 sentes : nee jam precibus, sed convicio agebant, juben- 
 tes " eum solum cum patre suo Hammone inire bella, 
 
 cere, to put to death (in any way) ; 
 necare, to kill violently, with the 
 additional idea of want of feel- 
 ing. 
 
 1. Statiram] Within a year 
 after Alexander's death, Statira 
 was treacherously murdered by 
 Roxana. 
 
 3. crimen levaretur] ' That 
 the offence of the king might be 
 lessened.' 
 
 XI. Alexander's munifi- 
 cence. He discharges a por- 
 tion of his veterans. Sup- 
 presses a mutiny of the rest 
 at the risk of his own personal 
 safety. 
 
 6. CBS alienum] ' Debt.' As the 
 first Roman coins were struck in 
 copper, as readily came to mean 
 money; then as alienum, the 
 
 money of another, with reference 
 to him who has it, meant debt. 
 
 7. domos] Limit of motion. H. 
 379, 3, 1). 
 
 9. titulo] ' For the reason al- 
 leged.' 
 
 magis gratius] For magis gra- 
 te, a not unusual pleonasm. 
 
 12. veteranis] These were prob- 
 ably the soldiers who had served 
 under Philip, and were enlisted 
 anew by Alexander when he 
 marched into Asia. By retenti 
 we can understand the younger 
 soldiers, who were first enlisted 
 at the same time with Philip's 
 veterans. 
 
 14. tegre ferentes] * Discon- 
 tented.' 
 
 16. pariter censentes] ' Think- 
 ing it just that they who had been 
 enlisted in the service at the same 
 
94 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 quatenus milites suos fastidiat." Contra ille nunc castl- 
 gare milites ; nunc lenibus verbis monere, ne " gloriosam 
 militiam seditionibus infuscarent." Ad postrenmm 
 quum verbis nihil proficeret, ad corripiendos seditionis 
 5auctores, e tribunal! in contionem armatam inermis ipse 
 desiluit, et nemine prohibente, tredecim correptos manu 
 sua ipse ad supplicia duxit. Tantam vel illis moriemU 
 patientiam metus regis, vel huic exigendi supplicii con- 
 stantiam disciplina militaris dabat: 
 
 10 XII. Inde separatim auxilia Persarum in contione 
 alloquitur. Laudat perpetuam illorum, turn in se, turn, 
 in pristinos reges fidem ; sua in illos beneficia comme- 
 morat: "ut nunquam quasi victos, sed veluti victoria3 
 socios habuerit : denique se in illorum, non illos in gen- 
 
 15tis suse morem transisse; affinitatibus conubiorum vic- 
 tos victoribus miscuisse. Nunc quoque," ait, " custodi- 
 am corporis sui non Macedonibus tantimi se, verum et 
 illis crediturum." Atque ita mille ex his juvenes in 
 numerum satellitum legit: auxiliorum quoque portio- 
 
 20 nem, formatam in disciplinam Macedonum, exercitui 
 suo miscet. Quam rem asgre Macedones tulerunt, 
 
 time should receive their dis- leaders, and handed them over to 
 
 charge at the same time.* his guards. 
 
 1. quatenus} l Since,' in which moriendi] Genitive of the ger- 
 
 meaning it is not uncommon. und ; exigendi, of the gerundive. 
 
 castigare] Castigare, to pun- 
 ish with a view of correcting ; pu- X H. Alexander proceeds to 
 nire, to make one suffer for some- gain the favor of the Persians, 
 thing. and silences the discontented 
 
 4. nihil] Accusative of specifi- Macedonians. The death of 
 cation. H. 380, 2. Hephaestion. 
 
 ad corripiendos} Accusative of 14. Habuerit] An indirect ques- 
 
 the gerundive. H. 562 and 565, 1. tion. H. 525. 
 
 5. tribunali} In a camp the 18. mille'} An adjective. H. 178. 
 tribunal was an elevated platform 19. portionem} Only by the 
 upon which the general sat to ad- later writers is portio used in the 
 minister justice. sense of pars. 
 
 7. duxit] Curtius relates that 21. cegre tulerunt] 'Were dis- 
 he seized thirteen of the ring- pleased at.' 
 
ALEXANDEI MAGNI VITA. 95 
 
 jactantes, hostes suos in officium suum a rege subjectos. 
 Tune universi flentes, regem adeunt : orant, " suppliciis 
 suis potius saturet se, quam contumeliis." Qua mo- 
 destia obtinuerunt, ut undecim millia militum vetera- 
 noruHi exauctoraret. Sed ex aifiicis dirnissi senes, 5 
 Polyperchon, Clitus, Gorgias, Polydamas, Amadas, 
 Antigenes. Dimissis his Craterus prseponitiif, jussus 
 pra3esse Macedonibus in Antipatri locum ; Antipatrum- 
 que cum supplernento tironum in locum ejus evocat; 
 stipendia revertentibus, velnti militantibus, data. Dum 10 
 hsec aguntur, unus ex amicis ejus Hephaestioh decedit, 
 dotibus primo formae pueritiaeque, mox obsequiis regi 
 percarns : quern contra decus regium Alexander diu 
 luxit ; tumulumque ei duodecim millium talentum fecit ; 
 eumque post mortem coli ut deura jussit. 15 
 
 XIII. Ab ultimis litoribua Oceani Babyloniam re- 
 vertenti nuntiatur, legationes Carthaginiensium, cetera- 
 rumque Africa3 civitatium, sed et Hispaniarum, Siciliaa, 
 
 1. jactantes] 'Exclaiming.' 13. percanis] ' Very dear.' Per 
 in officium suum subjectos] in composition with adjectives and 
 
 'Were put in their places.' adverbs usually means very. 
 
 2. suppliciis suis] * By punish- decus regium] * The dignity of 
 ing them.' H. 449, 2. Suis is here a king.' 
 
 equal to the objective genitive. 15. jussit] In accordance with 
 
 3. saturet] Subjunctive of pur- the response of the oracle of Ju- 
 pose or result. H. 493, 2. piter Aminon. 
 
 6. Clitus] Surnamed Leucos 
 
 (the White), to distinguish him XIII. The western nations 
 
 from Clitus Mela's (the Black), send ambassadors to Alexan- 
 
 murdered by Alexander. der - He falls sick of a fatal 
 
 10. reoertentitos] i. e., to Mace- disease at Bab y lon - 
 
 donia. Redire, to go back to the 18. sed et] Before Carthagini- 
 
 place from which we started ; re- ensium insert non solum. This 
 
 verti, to return from the place to- omission is not infrequent. Cf. 
 
 wards which we had moved. Phredr. prol. 6. 
 
 12. pueritia] Pueritia regu- Hispaniar.um] The Spanish 
 
 larly extended till the seventeenth peninsula was divided by the 
 
 year. river Iberus (Ebro) into Hispania 
 
 obsequiis] 'Courtly obsequi- Citerior (Hither) and Hispania 
 
 ousness.' Ulterior (Farther). 
 
96 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 GalliaB, Sardinia, nonnullas quoque ex Italia ejus ad- 
 ventum Babylonia? opperiri. Adeo universum terra- 
 rum orbem nominis ejus terror invaserat, ut cunctae 
 gentes veluti destinato sibi regi adularentur. Hac igi- 
 5 tur ex causa Babytoniam festinanti, veluti conventum 
 terrarum orbis acturo, quidam ex Magis prsedixit, " ne 
 urbem introiret," testatus " hunc locum ei fatalem fore." 
 Ob hoc omissa Babylonia, in Borsippam urbem trans 
 Euphraten, desertam olim, concessit. Ibi ab Anaxar- 
 
 lOcho philosopho compulsus est rursum Magorum prae- 
 dicta contemnere, ut falsa et incerta ; et, si fatis con- 
 stent, ignota mortalibus : at, si naturae debeantur, 
 immutabilia. Reversus igitur Babyloniam, multis die- 
 bus otio datis, intermissum olim convivium sollemniter 
 
 15 instituit : totusque in laetitiam effusus, quum diei noc- 
 tem pervigilem junxisset, recedentem jam e convivio 
 Medius Thessalus, instaurata comissatione, et ipsum et 
 sodales ejus invitat. Accepto poculo, media potione re- 
 pente veluti telo confixus ingemuit : elatusque e convi- 
 
 20 vio semianimis, tanto dolore cruciatus est, ut ferrum in 
 remedia posceret, tactumque hominum velut vulnera 
 indolesceret. Amici causas morbi, intemperiem ebrie- 
 tatis disseminaverunt : re autem vera insidise fuerunt, 
 quarura infamiam successorum potentia oppressit. 
 
 1. ex Italia] Notice the change sleep,' i. e., had feasted all night. 
 of construction from the genitive 17. comissatione] Comissatio 
 to the ablative. Historians differ was a reveling, feasting, or drink- 
 on the question whether or not ing bout, commencing after the 
 the Romans sent an embassy. cena, and often protracted to a late 
 
 2. Babylonia] The genitive of hour of the night. 
 
 place. H. 421, II. 21. tactumque hominum indole- 
 
 6. Magis'] The Magi were the sceref] * And felt pain at the 
 
 ministers of religion among the touch of his attendants.' 
 
 Persians, and held in great esteem. 22. intemperiem] The best au- 
 
 10. compulsus est] < Was con- thenticated accounts establish the 
 
 strained.' fact that Alexander's death was 
 
 ^ 15. diei] Dative case; 'had caused by excess, and not by 
 
 joined to the day a night without poison. 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 97 
 
 XIV. Auctor insidiamm Antipater fuit, qui quum 
 carissimos amicos ejus interfectos videret ; Alexandrum 
 Lyncistarn, generurn suurn occisum ; se magnis rebus 
 in Gracia gestis, non tarn gratum apud regem, quam 
 invidiosum esse ; a matre quoque ejus Olympiade va- 5 
 riis se criminationibus vexatum. Hue accedebant ante 
 paucos dies supplicia in pr&feetos devictarum nationum 
 crudeliter habita. Ex quibus rebus se quoque a Mace- 
 donia non ad societatem militiae, sed ad pcenam evoca- 
 tum arbitrabatur. Igitur ad occupandum regem, Cas- 10 
 sandrurn tilium dato veneno subornat, qui cum fratribus 
 Philippe et lolla ministrare regi solebat : cujus veneni 
 tanta vis fuit, ut non sere, non ferro, non testa contine- 
 retur, nee aliter fern, nisi in ungulfi equi potuerit ; prae-- 
 monito filio, ne alii quam Thessalo et fratribus crederet. 15 
 Hac igitur ex causa, apud Thessalum paratum, repeti- 
 tumque convivium est. Philippus et lollas praegustare 
 ac temperare potum regis soliti, in aqua frigida vene- 
 
 XIV. Alexander's death oc- aliter nisi alii quam] Alius, 
 
 casioned by .poison adminis- aliter may stand with quam if the 
 
 tered at the instigation of Anti- proposition in which they occur is 
 
 P a * er - negative, or interrogative with a 
 
 1. qui] An anncoluthon, the negative sense, and sometimes 
 
 sentence being incomplete. H. under other circumstances in the 
 
 704, III. 4. later writers. Instead of nihil 
 
 10. ad occupandum regem] ' To aKud quam we often find nihil 
 
 get the start of the king/ aliad nisi. Madvig. 
 
 12. lolla] lollas .is represented 16. apud Thessdlum] 'At the 
 as being the one who offered the house of the Thessalian.' 
 
 fatal draught to the king ; but 17. pragustare} It was a custom 
 Plutarch states that the story was with the Persians (and Alexander 
 never heard of till after lollas's was served after the Persian man- 
 death, and six years after that of ner) that the cup-bearer should 
 Alexander. first drink of the cup which he 
 ministrare regi] * To attend the offered to the king. In this way 
 king at table.' the princes were able to avoid the 
 
 13. testa] ' Earthen vessel.' danger of being poisoned. 
 
 14. nee aliter ferri potuerif] 18. temperare'] ' Mix.' The an- 
 *And could not be carried in any cients seldom drank the wine 
 other way.' pure. 
 
 ' 7 
 
98 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 num habuerunt, quam praegustataB jam potioni super- 
 miserunt. 
 
 XV. Quarto die Alexander indubitatara mortem 
 sentiens, " agnoscere se fatum domus majorum suorum" 
 5 ait : " nam plerosque ^Eacidarum intra trigesimum an- 
 num defunctos." Tumultuantes deinde milites, insi- 
 diis perisse regem suspicantes, ipse sedavit; eosque 
 omnes, quum prolatus in editissimum urbis locum esset, 
 ad conspectum suum admisit, osculandamque dextram 
 
 10 suam flentibus porrexit. Quum Incrimarent omnes, ipse 
 non sine lacrimis" tantum, verhm etiam sine ullo tristi- 
 oris mentis argumento fuit, ut quosdam impatientius 
 dolentes consolatus sit: quibusdam mandata ad pa- 
 rentes eorum dederit : adeo, sicuti in hostem, ita et 
 
 15 in mortem invictus animus fuit. Dimissis militibus, 
 amicos circumstantes percontatur, " videanturne simi- 
 lem sibi reperturi regem ? " Tacentibus cunctis, turn 
 ipse, " ut hoc nesciat, ita illud scire vaticinarique 
 se, ac pene oculis videre " dixit, " quantum sit in hoc 
 
 20 certamine sanguinis fusura Macedonia; quantis csedi- 
 bus, quo cruore, mortuo sibi parentatura." Adpostre- 
 
 XV. Alexander's death. 17. tacentibus] Silcre, to be still, 
 
 5. plerosque] It is chiefly in not to talk ; tacere, to keep silence 
 later writers that plerique is found when one might or ought to 
 followed by the partitive genitive, speak. 
 
 6. defunctos] A euphemism. 18. nesciat] Subjunctive of con- 
 Defungi y literally to have done cession. H. 515, 1. 
 
 with a thing ; with vita expressed 19. oculis videre] Pleonasm. H. 
 
 and without it, to" die. 704, II. 
 
 12. argumento} 'Evidence,' 20. sanguinis] Sanguis, bloocl 
 
 * token.' circulating in the body, support- 
 
 16. percontatur] Qucerere, to ing life ; cruor, blood gushing 
 
 ask, if one desires more accu- from the body, gore 
 
 rate information on the spot; ro- 21. parentatura] An allnsion to 
 
 gare, if one addresses his question the gladiatorial exhibitions which 
 
 to the good will of the person in- sometimes took place at the fu- 
 
 terrog itcd ; percontari, if a per- ncrals of distinguished men. The 
 
 son desires information respecting ancients supposed that the dead 
 
 something not known. were propitiated by the shedding 
 
ALEXANDRI MAGNI VITA. 99 
 
 mum, corpus suum in Hammonis templo condi jubet. 
 Qtmm deficere eum amici viderent, quaerunt, " quern im- 
 peril faciat heredem?" Respondit, "dignissimum." 
 Tanta illi magnitude animi fuit, ut, quum Herculem 
 filium, quum thitrem Aridaeum, quum Roxanen uxorem 5 
 praegnantem relinqueret ; oblitus necessitudinum, di- 
 gnissimum nuncuparet heredem: prorsus quasi nefas 
 esset, viro forti alium, qtiam virnm fortem, succedere ; 
 aut tanti regni opes aliis, quam probatis, relinqui. Hac 
 voce veluti bellicum inter amicos cecinisset, aut malum 10 
 discordiae misisset, ita omnes in aemulationem consur- 
 gunt, et ambitione vulgi taciturn favorem militum quae- 
 runt. Sexto die praeclusa voce, exemptum digito anu- 
 lum Perdiccae tradidit : quas res gliscentem amicorum 
 dissensionem sedavit. Nam etsi non voce nuncupatus 15 
 heres, judicio tarnen electus esse videbatur. 
 
 XVI. Decessit Alexander, mensem unum, annos tres 
 et triginta natus ; vir supra humanam potentiam magni- 
 tudine animi praeditus. Prodigia magnitudinis ejus in 
 ipso ortu nonnulla apparuere. Nam ea die, qua natus 20 
 est, duae aqnilae tota dieperpetes supra cnlmen domus 
 patris ejus sederunt, omen duplicis imperil, Europae 
 
 of human blood. Hence, also, infinitive takes the case of the 
 
 the sacrifice of captives who have subject of the leading verb, 
 been taken in battle. Cf. Book I. 
 
 c. 2, line 3. XVI. His eulogy. 
 7 '. prorsus quasi] 'Just as if.' 17. Decessit] A euphemism. De- 
 10. malum discordia] See Pan's ccdere, literally, to depart; dece- 
 it Class. Diet. dere de vita or decedere vita, to 
 
 12. ambitione vulgi] l By paying die. 
 
 court to the common soldiers.' tres et triginta] In express- 
 
 tacitum] ' Exciting no re- ing the numerals from twenty to 
 
 mark.' a hundred, the smaller with et is 
 
 13. pr&clusa voce] ' Having lost put first, or the larger without et. 
 his voice.' annos] "With natus, the mini- * 
 
 16. electus essc] When the sub- ber of years (the measure of the 
 
 ject of the leading verb and of the age) is put in the accusative, 
 
 infinitive :>rc the same, the pnrti- 21. perpctes] Continually.' H. 
 
 ciple of the compound form of the 443. 
 
100 
 
 JUSTINI HISTORIC PHILIPPICS. 
 
 Asiseque praeferentes. Eadem quoque die nuntium pater 
 ejus duarum victoriarum accepit; alterius, belli Illyri- 
 ci ; alterius, certaminis Olympici, in quod quadrigarum 
 currus miserat : quod omen universarum terrarum vic- 
 5 toriam infanti portendebat. Puer acerrimus literarum 
 studiis eruditus fuit. Exacta pueritia per quinquennium 
 sub Aristotele doctore inclito omnium philosophorum 
 crevit. Accepto deinde imperio, " regem se terrarum 
 omnium ac mundi " appellari jussit : tantamque fiduciam 
 
 lOsui militibus fecit, ut illo praesente nullius hostis arma, 
 nee inermes, timuerint. Itaque cum nullo hostium un- 
 quam congressus est, quern non vicerit ; nullam urbem 
 obsedit, quam non expugnaverit ; nullam gentem adiit, 
 quam non calcaverit. Victus denique ad postremum est, 
 
 15 non virtute hostili, sed insidiis suorum et fraude civili. 
 
 3. Olympici] The Olympic 
 games were celebrated in honor 
 of Zeus Olympius at Olympia, a 
 plain in Elis, every fifth year, the 
 interval of four years between 
 each celebration of the festival 
 being called an Olympiad. The 
 dating by Olympiads extended 
 from 776 B. C. to 440 A. D. In 
 addition to the athletic games, 
 horse and chariot races, there 
 were contests in which musicians, 
 poets, and artists strove for the 
 victory. 
 
 5. acerrimits] ' Very zealous.' 
 7. philosophorum] Depends up- 
 on inclito, in the relation of the 
 partitive genitive, ' a renowned 
 one of the philosophers,' ' a re- 
 nowned philosopher.' See Zumpt, 
 430, n. 1. 
 
 11. nee inermes] Nee qualifies 
 timuerint , 'not even when un- 
 armed.' 
 
 14. calcaverit] 'Subdue.' 
 
 15. fraude civili] The treach- 
 ery of his subjects.' 
 
CORNELIUS ISTEPOS. 
 
LIFE OF CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 THE little that has been written on the origin and 
 life of Cornelius Nepos is based mainly on inferences 
 and conjectures. As tlie elder Pliny calls him accola 
 Padi, and Ausonius makes Gaul the country of his. 
 nativity, it has been conceded that he was born some- 
 where in Cisalpine Gaul, perhaps, as is often stated, at 
 Hostilia, but, according to Mommsen, more probably 
 at Ticinum, now Pa via. The date of his birth cannot 
 be exactly determined, but his intimacy with Atticus 
 who was born B. C. 109 and died B. C. 33, and 
 whom Nepos survived at least four years may justify 
 the assumption that he lived during the first three quar- 
 ters of the century preceding our era. In early life he 
 took up his residence at Rome, where, in social and 
 literary intercourse with such friends as the orator 
 Cicero, the poet Catullus, and the polished and amiable 
 Atticus, he pursued a long career of literary activity, 
 undisturbed by the ambitions and strifes which at that 
 time distracted the Roman world. He belonged to 
 the equestrian order, and sympathized with the Opti- 
 mates, or the party of the aristocracy, to which his 
 
 (103) 
 
104 LIFE OF CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 distinguished friends also belonged. His moral superi- 
 ority is seen in his hearty admiration of noble qualities 
 and virtuous deeds, and in his generous appreciation 
 of foreign characters, especially of Rome's greatest 
 enemy. But intellectually he did not rank so high: 
 he seems to have possessed but little of the judicial 
 faculty, and is sometimes obnoxious to the charge of 
 credulity, if not of carelessness, in the use of his 
 authorities. The biographies of his Greek and Bar- 
 barian heroes are to be viewed, therefore, as inartificial 
 sketches, written from a moral point of view for that 
 portion of the Roman public which was supposed to 
 be unacquainted with the Greek authors. His subjects 
 are, for the most part, attractive and interesting ; and 
 his style, notwithstanding occasional inaccuracies, Grae- 
 cisms, and peculiarities, is generally simple, perspicu- 
 ous, and classical, and approaches more nearly than 
 that of Cicero and Caesar to the language of conversa- 
 tion and daily life. Nepos wrote also on history, geogra- 
 phy, and morals ; but only a part of a work, de viris 
 illustribus, is extant. This was divided into at least 
 sixteen books, one of which, de excellentibus ducibus 
 exterarum gentium, we possess complete ; while from 
 another, de Latinis historicis, only the lives of Cato 
 and Atticus remain. For many centuries, the book 
 de excellentibus ducibus exterarum gentium, was as- 
 cribed to ^Emilius Probus ; but the comparative 
 purity of the style of the work, raid a comparison with 
 the lives of Cato and Atticus, known as the produc- 
 tions of Nepos, led Lambinus, in 1569, to dispute the 
 claims of Probus ; and, this judgment having been 
 confirmed, Cornelius Nepos has become a familiar 
 name in the classical schools of the civilized world. 
 
CORNELII NEPOTTS 
 
 EXCELLENTIUM IMPERATORUM 
 VIM. 
 
 MILTIADES. 
 
 I. MILTIADES, Cimonis filius, Atheniensis, quum et 
 antiquitate generis, et gloria majorum, et sua modestia 
 unus. omnium maxime floreret, eaque esset aetate, ut 
 non jam solum de eo bene sperare, sed etiam confidere 
 
 I. Miltiades conducts a col- 
 ony to the Thracian Cherso- 
 nese; is mocked by the Iiem- 
 nians, B.C. 515. 
 
 1. Cimonis} The celebrated 
 Cimon, whose life has been 
 sketched by Nepos, was not the 
 father, but the son, of Miltiades. 
 
 Atheniensis} Origin or nation- 
 ality is usually expressed in Latin 
 by derivatives from the names of 
 places or countries. H . 326 and 3. 
 
 et et et} The first et is cor- 
 relative to the third; the second 
 connects the two terms denoting 
 the inherited distinctions, which 
 are to be considered conjointly. 
 
 2. antiquitate generis} Accord- 
 ing to Herodotus, Miltiades could 
 
 trace his lineage to JEacus, who 
 lived about B. C. 1270. 
 
 gloria majorum] ^Eacus was a 
 son of Zeus, and one of the judges 
 in Hades, Ajax son of Telamon, 
 one of the Homeric heroes, and 
 Codrus, the last king of Athens, 
 were numbered among the ances- 
 tors of Miltiades. 
 
 modestia] ' Good conduct,' as 
 regulated by the bounds (modus) 
 of discretion. 
 
 3. unusforeref] 'Was most 
 conspicuous of all,' sc. Athenien- 
 sium or hominum ; the addition 
 of unus or unus omnium brings 
 out more strongly the exclusive 
 signification of the superlative. 
 Omnium i- the partitive genitive. 
 (105) 
 
106 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 cives possent sui talem eum futurum, qualem cognitum 
 judicarunt : accidit, ut Athenienses Chersonesum colonos 
 vellent mittere. Cujus generis quum magnus numerus 
 esset, et multi ejus dernigrationis peterent societatem, 
 5 ex his delecti Delphos rleliberatum missi sunt, qui con- 
 sulerent Apollinem, quo potissimum duce uterentur. 
 Naraque turn Thraces eas regiones tenebant, cum qui- 
 bus armis erat dimicandmn. His consulentibus nomi- 
 natim Pythia pwecepit, ut Miltiadeni imperatorem sibi 
 10 sumerent : id si fecissent, incepta prospera futura. Hoc 
 
 1. sui] Ejus would be more 
 natural, but the reflexive is used 
 with especial emphasis, as his own 
 fellow-citizens could best judge 
 him. 
 
 futurwri] So. esse, which Ne- 
 pos always omits with the future 
 infinitive active. H. 545, 3. 
 
 qualem judicarunt] ' As they 
 judged him on acquaintance.' 
 
 2. accidit] The subject is ut vel- 
 lent, etc. H. 495, 2. 
 
 Chersonesum] The word signi- 
 fies land-island, i. e., peninsula. 
 Several Greek names of maritime 
 countries ending in its are con- 
 strued like names of towns. H. 
 379, 4. 
 
 3. Cujus generis] ' Of this class.' 
 5. Delphos] This was a small 
 
 but noted town in Photis, on the 
 south-western slope of Mount 
 Parnassus, and was the seat of 
 the most celebrated oracle of an- 
 tiquity. 
 
 deliberatum] * To ask advice ; ' 
 it denotes the purpose, but this 
 construction, though quite classi- 
 cal, is not very common. H. 
 569, 4. 
 
 qui Apollinem] Is explana- 
 tory, showing how the purpose 
 was to be effected. Apollo is con- 
 
 sulted as the god of prophecy, re- 
 vealing the will of Zeus in oracles 
 through the Pythia. 
 
 6. duce] ' As leader,' an apposi- 
 tive of condition or quality. 
 
 7. cum quibus] Ncpos always 
 places cum before the relative ; 
 the best authors usually append 
 it when not emphatic. 
 
 8. nominatim] l Expressly ; ' for 
 the responses were usually vague 
 and ambiguous. For the deriva- 
 tion, see H. 334, 2. 
 
 9. Pythia] The Pythia, or 
 priestess of the Pythian Apollo, 
 was, in early times^ a young girl ; 
 afterwards, no woman under fifty 
 years of age could be elected a 
 prophetess. Seated on a tripod, 
 over a chasm in the earth, whence 
 rose an intoxicating smoke, she 
 fell into a state of delirium, and 
 uttered the sounds which were 
 believed to be the revelations of 
 the god. In the most flourishing 
 period of this oracle, there were 
 three Pythias. The name is de- 
 rived from Pytho, the older name 
 of Delphi and its environs. 
 
 10. fecissent] The pluperfect 
 subjunctive for the future perfect 
 in direct discourse. H. 533, 4. 
 
 futura] Depends on a verbum 
 
MILTIADES. 
 
 107 
 
 oraculi response Miltiades curn delecta maun classe 
 Chersonesum profectus quum accessisset Lemnum, et 
 incolas ejus insulae sub potestatem redigere vellet Athe- 
 niensium, idque Lemnii sua sponte facerent, postulas- 
 set: illi irridentes responderunt, turn id se facturos, 5 
 quum ille, domo navibus proficiscens, vento aquilone 
 venisset Lemnum. Hie enim ventus, ab septentrioni- 
 bus oriens, adversum tenet Athenis proiiciscentibus. 
 Miltiades, morandi tempns non habens, cursum direxit, 
 quo tendebat, pervenitque Chersonesum. 10 
 
 II. Ibi brevi tempore barbarorum copiis disjectis, 
 tota regione, quam petierat, potitus, loca castellis ido- 
 nea communiit, multitudinem, qnam secum duxerat, in 
 agris collocavit, crebrisque excursionibus locupletavit. 
 Neque minus in ea re prudentia, quam felicitate, adju-15 
 tus est. Nam quum virtute militum devicisset hostium 
 
 declarandi implied in pracepit. 
 Translate; if they did that (she 
 said) their undertakings would be 
 successful.' 
 
 1. response] * In accordance 
 with this response.' Ablative of 
 cause. H. 414, 2. 
 
 2. profectus quum] In render- 
 ing, begin the period with quum, 
 and translate the participle as if 
 it were profectus esset, supplying a 
 conjunction. H. 579. 
 
 4. sua sponte'] Is opposed to 
 compulsion ; ultro, to the sugges- 
 tion or influence of another. 
 
 facerent] Follows postulasset, 
 ut being omitted, as the construc- 
 tion is free from ambiguity. H. 
 493, 2, and 558, VI. 
 
 6. domo] Ablative of place from 
 which. H. 424, 2. 
 
 navibus'] Translate with profi- 
 ciscens, as one word; ' sailing.' 
 
 aquilone] Appositive to vento. 
 
 the specific to the generic, but the 
 specific generally precedes the 
 generic. Observe that vento aqui- 
 lone belongs to venisset, and that 
 this wind would be favorable as 
 far as Cape Sunium. 
 
 7. enim] Like autem, quidem, 
 etc., follows one or more words. 
 H. 602, III. 
 
 8. adversum tenet] Sc. cursum, 
 * blows against.' 
 
 9. morandi habens'] *As he 
 had no time to lose.' 
 
 H. Miltiades, having con- 
 quered the Chersonese, re- 
 turns to Lemnos and reduces 
 that island and the Cyclades. 
 
 12. regione'] Ablative after po- 
 titus. H. 419, 1. 
 
 castellis'] Ablative of means. 
 
 16. decicisset] ' Had completely 
 subdued.' For the force of de t cf. 
 debellare, decertare. 
 
108 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 exercitus, summa sequitate res const! tuit, atque ipse 
 ibidem manere decrevit. Erat enim inter eos dignitate 
 regia, quamvis carebat nomine ; neque id magis impe- 
 rio, quam justitia, consecutus. Neque eo secius Athe- 
 5 niensibus, a quibus erat profectus, officia prasstabat. 
 Quibus rebus fiebat, ut non minus eorum voluntate 
 perpetuo imperium obtineret, qui miserant, quam illo- 
 rum, cum quibus erat profectus. Chersoneso tali modo 
 constituta, Lemnum revertitur, et ex pacto postulat, ut 
 10 sibi urbem tradant. 111! enim dixerant, quuin, vento 
 borea domo profectus, eo pervenisset, sese dedit 111*03 - 
 se autem domum Chersonesi habere. Cares, qui turn 
 Lemnum incolebant, etsi praeter opinionem res cecide- 
 
 1. res const ituit] * Settled af- 
 fairs.' 
 
 2. Erat regia] 'For he held 
 the rank of a king among them ; ' 
 esse, with the genitive or ablative 
 of character or quality, is often to 
 be translated rather freely by 
 * have/ * enjoy,' t hold, ' show,' etc. 
 
 3. carebat] The subjunctive 
 would have been more in har- 
 mony with classical usage. H. 
 516, II. 3. 
 
 nomine] i. e., regis ; for the ab- 
 lative with verbs and adjectives 
 of plenty and want, cf. H. 419, III. 
 
 neque magis] In such expres- 
 sions, non minus is followed by 
 the more important, non magis 
 by the less emphatic, of the two 
 contrasted terms. 
 
 neque consecutus'] ' Having 
 attained it not more by,' etc. 
 
 4. eo] Ablative singular neu- 
 ter ; 4 on that account.' 
 
 5. a quibus'] Here the preposi- 
 tion denotes not so much a local 
 as a causal relation; 'at whose 
 order,' ' under whose direction.' 
 
 8. Chersoneso constituta'] i. e., 
 re^us Chersonesi constitutis. 
 
 9. revertitur'] The historical 
 present is employed to give greater 
 liveliness to the narrative. 
 
 10. urbem] Probably the city 
 of Myrina, representing the whole 
 island. 
 
 tradant] Sc. Lemnii, implied in 
 Lemnum. 
 
 vento bored] The same as vento 
 aquilone, on p. 107, 1. 6. 
 
 11. sese dedituros] The omis- 
 sion of the subject of the future 
 infinitive active, when it is a pcr- 
 sonal or reflexive pronoun whicL 
 corresponds to the subject of the 
 leading verb, is very frequent in 
 the historians, in which case esse 
 is generally omitted, always in 
 Nepos. Cf. ch. I. 1. 4. 
 
 12. fte habere] Is the language 
 of Miltiadcs ; supply dixit. 
 
 Chersonesi] Genitive of place. 
 H. 424, 3, 2). 
 
 13. res ceciderat] l The event 
 had fallen out ; ' a figure derived 
 from dice-playing. 
 
MILTIADES. 
 
 109 
 
 rat, tamen, non dicto, sed secunda fortuna adversario- 
 rum capti, resistere ausi non sunt atque ex insula demi- 
 grarnnt. Pari felicitate ceteras insnlas, quaa Cyclfides 
 nominantur, sub Atheniensium redegit potestatem. 
 
 III. Eisdem temporibus Persarum rex Darius, ex 5 
 Asia in Europam exercitu trajecto, Scythis bellum in- 
 ferre decrevit. Pontem fecit in Histro flumine, qua 
 copias traduceret. Ejus pontis, durn ipse abesset, cu- 
 stodes reliquit principes, quossecum ex Ionia et^Eolide 
 duxerat ; quibus singulis suarum urbium perpetua de- 10 
 derat imperia. Sic enim fadllime putavit se Graeca 
 lingua loqtientes, qui Asiam incolerent, sub sua reten- , 
 turuni potestate, si amicis suis oppida tuenda tradi- 
 
 1. dicto] Sc. advcrsariorum ; 
 many understand it dicto suo. 
 
 2. atque] This particle, like 
 et and -que, is often best ren- 
 dered by ' but,' when it connects 
 an affirmative to a negative sen- 
 tence, thus forming an antithesis. 
 
 3. ceteras insulas] i. e., of the 
 JE<rean ; but there are other is- 
 lands in this sea besides Lemnos 
 and the Cyelaxles. 
 
 According to older and more 
 trustworthy writers, it was not 
 Miltiadcs son of Cimon, but his 
 uncle, Miltiades son of Cypselus, 
 who colonized the Chersonese. 
 Miltiades son of Cimon after- 
 wards succeeded his elder brother 
 Stesagoras as " tyrant of the Cher- 
 sonese," and cnpttired Lemnos. 
 
 III. Miltiades, while guard- 
 ing Darius's bridge over the 
 Hister, suggests a plan for the 
 liberation of Greece, but its 
 execution is prevented by His- 
 tiaeus. B. C. 513. 
 
 5. Eisdem temporibus} i.e., when 
 Miltiades was in the Chersonese. 
 
 Darius'] Son of Hystaspes, 
 reigned from B. C. 521 to B. C. 
 485. 
 
 6. trajecto] Translate by the 
 infinitive, supplying the conjunc- 
 tion: H. 579. 
 
 7. Histro] With the Romans, 
 the lower Danube; the Greeks 
 called the whole river Hister. 
 
 qua traduceret] * In order to 
 take over his troops there ; ' qua 
 is equivalent to ut ea. H. 500. 
 
 8. abesset] The subjunctive 
 shows that the thought is Dari- 
 us's. According to Herodotus, he 
 expected to return within sixty 
 days. 
 
 10. quibus imperia] * And to 
 whom severally he had given per- 
 manent sovereignt} 7 over their 
 cities ; ' suarum refers to quibus. 
 H. 449, II. 2. 
 
 11. facillime] Modifies reten- 
 turum. 
 
 Grceca loquentes] Is equiva- 
 lent to Grace loquentes, and a 
 circumlocution for Grcecos ; with 
 qui incolerent, it may be trans- 
 
110 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 disset, quibus, se oppresso, nulla spes salutis relinque- 
 retur. In hoc fuit turn numero Miltiades, cui ilia cu- 
 stodia crederetur. Hie quum crebri afferrent nuntii, 
 male rein gerere Darium, premique a Scythis, Miltiades 
 5 hortatus est pontis custodes, ne a fortuna datam occa- 
 sionem liberandse Grseciae dimitterent. Nam si cum his 
 copiis, quas secum transportaverat, interisset Darius, 
 non solum Europam fore tutam, sed etiam eos, qui Asiam 
 ihcolerent Graeci genere, liberos a Persarum futures 
 
 10 dominatione et periculo ; id et facile effici posse. Ponte 
 enim rescisso, regem vel hostium ferro, vel inopia pancis 
 diebus interiturum. Ad hoc concilium quum plerique 
 aecederent, Histiaeus Milesius, ne res conficeretur, 
 obstitit, dicens : non idem ipsis qui summas imperil te- 
 
 15 nerent expedire et multitudini, quod Daiii regno ipso- 
 
 lated * the Greek-speaking inhab- 
 itants of Asia.' 
 
 1. se oppresso] Translate by a 
 conditional clause ; so ponte re- 
 scisso and quo exstincto below* H. 
 578, III. 
 
 relinqueretur] Expresses the 
 conclusion to the condition in- 
 volved in se oppresso; but the 
 subjunctive is that of a subordi- 
 nate clause in indirect discourse. 
 H. 531. 
 
 2. In hoc crederetur] 'Then 
 Miltiades was among the number 
 of those to whom that charge was 
 intrusted ; ' hoc cui means ' so 
 constituted that to it,' and the sub- 
 junctive is therefore one of result. 
 H, 500. Turn implies that after- 
 wards the relations of Miltiades to 
 the king were different. Cui re- 
 fers to numero. 
 
 3. Hie] ' At this juncture.' Cf. 
 Phaedrus, 2, 4. 
 
 afferrent] * Brought the news.' 
 
 4. gerere premique] Follows 
 
 afferrent as an object clause. H. 
 550. 
 
 5. a fortuna] Fortune is here 
 viewed as a real agent. H. 388, 2. 
 
 7. transportaverat] The indica- 
 tive shows that the clause does 
 not strictly belong to the indirect 
 discourse, but is an explanatory 
 remark of the author. H. 476 and 
 531, 4. 
 
 9. Greed] An appositive of qui. 
 
 genere'] Ablative of specifica- 
 tion. H. 429. 
 
 Persarum] Subjective genitive. 
 H. 396, I. 
 
 12. Ad hoc accederent] f When 
 a great many were foiling in with 
 this proposal.' 
 
 13. Alilesfus] ' Of Miletus.' See 
 Atheniensis,c\}.I. line 1. Miletus 
 was the capital of Ionia. 
 
 ne obstitit] Prevented the 
 execution of the project.' 
 
 14. summas imperil] * Chief 
 places of authority.' 
 
 15. regno} Ablative as means 
 
MILTIADES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 rum niteretur dominatio ; quo exstincto, ipsos potestate 
 expulsos civibus suis poenas daturos. Itaque adeo se 
 abhorrere a ceterorum consilio, ut nihil putet ipsis 
 utilius, quam confirrnari regnura Persarum. Hujus 
 quum sententiam plurimi essent secuti, Miltiades, non 5 
 dubitans tarn multis consciis ad regis anres consilia sua 
 perventura, Chersonesum reliquit ac rursus Athenas 
 demigravit. Cujus ratio etsi non valuit, tamen magno- 
 pere est laudanda, quum amicior omnium libertati quam 
 sure fuerit dominationi. 10 
 
 IV. Darius autem quum ex Euro pa in Asiarn re- 
 disset, hortantibus amicis, ut GraBciam redigeret in suam 
 potestatem, classem quingentarum navium comparavit, 
 eique Datim praefecit et Artaphernem, bisque ducenta 
 peditum, decem milia equiturn dedit : causam interse- 15 
 
 or instrument of support. H. 
 419, II. and 1. 
 
 1. quo] i. e., Dario. Trans- 
 late * for if he were destroyed.' 
 
 2. ade*> abhorrere} * He was 
 so completely averse to.' 
 
 3. putet] The transition from 
 the imperfect to the present im- 
 plies that the leading verb, (obsti- 
 tit) understood, is thought of as 
 if it were the historical present ; 
 and the result is thus viewed in 
 its relation to the present rather 
 than to the past. H. 482, 2. 
 
 5. plurimi] Antithetic to pleri- 
 que ; ' most,' or ' a majority ; ' 
 plurimi says more than plerique, 
 plerique more than complures. 
 
 non dubitans] 'Feeling as- 
 sured.' Non dubito, ' I doubt not,' 
 is followed uniformly in Nepos by 
 the accusative with the infinitive* 
 whereas Cicero and Cresar always 
 use quin with the subjunctive. H. 
 498, 3 and 2). 
 
 6. tarn conbciis] * Since so 
 
 many were privy thereto.' H. 
 430 find 431, 2. 
 
 8. demigravit] He did not re- 
 turn to Athens till B. C. 493, 
 when Mardonius began to threaten 
 Greece. 
 
 "9. amicior] i. e., Miltiades. 
 
 IV. On the invasion of the 
 Persians, Miltiades insists on 
 meeting them in the open field. 
 B. C. 490. 
 
 11. autem] Is here, as often, a 
 particle of transition, used to pre- 
 vent abruptness, which was par- 
 ticularly distasteful to the Latin 
 authors. 
 
 12. hortantibus amicis] * At the 
 exhortation of his friends.' H. 
 431, 2. 
 
 rediyerei] Subjunctive of pur- 
 pose following comparavit. H. 
 489. 
 
 14. ducenta"] Supply milia. 
 
 15. interserens] The usual word 
 is interponens. 
 
112 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 rens, se hostem esse Atheniensibus, quod eorum auxilio 
 lones Sardis expugnassent, suaque praesidia interfecis- 
 sent. Illi praefecti regii, classe ad EubcEam appulsa, 
 celeriter Eretriam ceperunt, omnisque ejus gentis cives 
 5 abreptos in Asiam ad regem miserunt. Inde ad Atti- 
 cam accesserunt, ac suas copias in campum Marathona 
 deduxerunt. Is est ab oppido circiter rnilia passutim 
 decem. Hoc tumultu Athenienses tarn propinquo 
 tamque magno permoti anxilium nusquam, nisi a Lace- 
 
 10 daemoniis, petiverunt, Phidippumque, cursorem ejus ge- 
 neris, qui hemerodromoe vocantur, Lacedaemonem mi- 
 serunt, ut nuntiaret, quam celeri opus esset auxilio. 
 Domi autem creant decem praatores, qui exercitui praa- 
 essent, in eis Miltiadem. Inter quos magna fuit con- 
 
 15tentio, utrurn moenibus se defenderent, an obviam irent 
 hostibus, acieque decernerent. Unus'Miltiades maxime 
 nitebatur, ut primo quoque tempore castra fierent. Id 
 
 1. hostem] Is used adjectively 12. auxilio'} Ablative after opus 
 for inimicus, to represent his en- esset. H. 419, V. 
 
 mity to the Athenians as based on 13. prcetores] ' Leaders ; ' the 
 
 national, and not merely on per- original meaning. In the classi- 
 
 sonal, grounds. cal period, the prastors were judi- 
 
 2. Sardis] This antiquated end- cial officers. 
 
 ing of the accusative plural of prceessenf] The imperfect sub- 
 words that have turn in the gen- junctive often follows the histori- 
 itive plural was quite common till cal present. H. 481, IV. 
 the time of Cicero. 15. utrum\ From its deriva- 
 4. ejus gentis] ' Of this com- tion, implies a choice or alterna- 
 munity.' tive, and is often used, as here, 
 
 6. Marathona] Greek accusa- with an, in double questions. For 
 tive in apposition to campum. H. other interrogative particles, see 
 93. Marathon is twenty-two Eng- H. 346, II. 1 and 2. 
 
 lish miles north-east from Athens. 16. hostibus] Dative after 06- 
 
 7. oppido'] Athens. viam. H. 392, II. 2. 
 
 milia passuum] For the Ho- 17. nitebatur] < Insisted;* the 
 
 man mile, see Justin I. c. 15, 1. 17. imperfect here denotes continued 
 
 11. qui] Agrees with the pred- or persistent action. H. 469, II. 
 
 icate noun. H. 445, 4. primo tempore] 'At the very 
 
 hemerodrtimce] Is a Greek word first opportunity ; ' quoque is here 
 
 transcribed; 'day-couriers.' tlie ablative of yuivqut. 
 
MILTIADES. 113 
 
 si fact um esset, et civibus animum accessurum, quum 
 viderent, de eorurn virtute non desperari, et hostes 
 eadem re fore tardiores, si animadverterent, auderi 
 adversus se tarn exiguis copiis dimicari. 
 
 V. Hoc in tempore nulla civitas Atheniensibus aux- 5 
 ilio fuit prsBter Plataeenses. Ea mille mi sit militum. 
 Ifcaque horum adventu decem milia armatorum com- 
 pleta sunt: quse manus mirabili flagrabat pugnandi 
 cupiditate. Quo factum est, ut plus, quam collegse, 
 Miltiiides valeret. Ejus auctoritate impulsi Athenien- 10 
 ses copias ex urbe eduxerunt, locoque idoneo castra 
 fecerunt. Deinde postero die sub montis radicibus, 
 acie regione instructa non apertissima prcelium corn- 
 miserunt (namque arbores multis locis erant rarae), hoc 
 consilio, ut et montium altitudine tegerentur, et arbo- 15 
 rum tract u equitatus hostium impediretur, ne multitu- 
 dine clauderentur. Datis, etsi non sequum locum vi- 
 debat suis, tamen, fretus numero copiarum suarum, 
 
 1. et accessurum] 'Not only 6. Ea] i. e., civitas Plat&en- 
 would courage be added to the stum, implied in Plat&enses. 
 citizens.' mille] As a noun, is used in the 
 
 2. eorum] Is used for stia, be- singular, only in the nominative 
 cause Miltiades speaks from his and accusative. H. 178. 
 
 own point of view ; but se is found 8. pugnandi] Gerunds are con- 
 in the last clause of the period. strued like nouns in like circum- 
 
 non desperari] ' That there was stances. H. 560. 
 no loss of confidence ; ' an imper- 9. Quo factum est] ' Of this 
 sonal construction, like that of the result was.' 
 auderi below. H. 301, 3. ut valeret] Is subject of fac- 
 et hostes tardiores] 'But also turn est. H. 495, 2. 
 the enemy, for the same reason, 11. loco] For the omission of 
 would be less bold.' in, see H. 422, 1, 1). 
 
 3. auderi] ' That there was 13. regione] Seldom local with- 
 couragc.' out in. Construe acie instructa 
 
 (in] regione non apertissima. 
 
 V. Battle of Marathon, Sep- 14. namque] Introduces an ex- 
 
 tember 29, B. C. 490. planation of non apertissima. 
 
 5. tempore] ' Crisis,' 4 emer- rarce] ' Here and there.' 
 
 gency,' not merely an ablative of 18. numero] Ablative after^re- 
 
 time. H. 426, 2, 1). tus. H. 419, IV. 
 8 
 
114 
 
 CORNELIUS KEPOS. 
 
 confligere cupiebat : eoque magis, quod, priusquam 
 Lacedaemonii subsidio venirent, diinicare utile arbitra- 
 batur. Itaque in aciem peditum centum, equitum de- 
 cem milia produxit, proeliumque comniisit. In quo 
 5 tanto plus virtute valuerunt Athenienses, ut decempli- 
 cein nuraerum hostium profligarint ; adeoque perterru- 
 erunt, ut Persae non castra, sed naves petierint. Qua 
 pugna nihil adhuc exstitit nobilius ; nulla enim um- 
 quam tarn exigua man us tantas opes prostravit. 
 
 10 VI. Cujus victoriae non alienum videtur quale prae- 
 mium Miltiadi sit tributum docere, quo facilius intelligi 
 possit, eandem omnium civitatum esse naturam. Ut 
 enim populi Romani honores quondam fuerunt rari et 
 tenues, ob eamque causam gloriosi; nunc autem effusi 
 
 15 atque obsoleti : sic olim apud Athenienses fuisse reperi- 
 
 2. venirent] Subjunctive of 
 time, with the accessory notion 
 of purpose or design. H. 523, II. 
 
 5. plus valuerunf] i. e., quam 
 Persce. 
 
 6. projUgarinf] The use of the 
 perfect subjunctive for the imper- 
 fect in clauses denoting result, 
 though exceptional, is a favorite 
 construction with Nepos, and rep- 
 resents the action or state, not in 
 its temporal relation to the lead- 
 ing clause, but simply as com- 
 pleted or past. So also petierint, 
 below. 
 
 8. adhuc] Is equivalent to ad 
 hoc tempus i. e., till the time of 
 Nepos. 
 
 VT. The reward of Miltiades. 
 
 10. Cujus victoria, etc.] 'It 
 seems not irrelevant to state what 
 sort of a reward for this victory,' 
 etc. ; victoria is the objective gen- 
 itive after premium. H. 396, II. 
 
 11. quo] A final conjunction, 
 preferred to ut when a compar- 
 ative follows. It retains here 
 something of its ablative char- 
 acter. 
 
 12. possit] Has for its subject 
 the following clause. H. 549. 
 
 eandem] Emphatic. H. 594, I. 
 Ut] Correlative to sic, line 15, 
 belo\v. 
 
 13. populi] The subjective gen- 
 itive. H. 396, I. 
 
 rari et tenues} * Infrequent and 
 inexpensive.' 
 
 14. nunc] Antithetic to quon- 
 dam. Supply sunt. H. 460, 3. 
 
 effusi atque obsoleti] * Profuse 
 and worthless ; ' effusi is opposed 
 to rari et tenues ; obsoleti, to glo- 
 riosi. 
 
 15. fuisse] The subject, being 
 indefinite, is omitted. H. 545, 
 2,2). 
 
 reperimus] 
 
 Present; the per- 
 
 fect would be reperimus. 
 
MILTIADES. 
 
 115 
 
 mus. Namque huic Miltiadi, quia Athenas totamque 
 Grseciam liberarat, tails honos tributus est in porticu, 
 qua3 Poacile vocatur, quum pugna depingeretur Mara- 
 thonia, ut in decem praetorum numero prima ejus imago 
 poneretur, isque hortaretur milites, prceliumque commit- 5 
 teret. Idem ille populus, posteaquam majus imperium 
 est nactus, et largitione magistratuurn corruptus est, 
 trecentas statuas Demetrio Phalereo decrevit. 
 
 VII. Post hoc preelium classem septuaginta navium 
 Athenienses eidem Miltiadi dederunt, ut insulas, quae 10 
 
 1. Namque] Is equivalent to 
 an emphatic nam, and is mainly 
 causal or explanatory, but like- 
 wise implies a close connection 
 with the preceding sentence ; nam 
 introduces a conclusive reason, 
 enim a confirming circumstance. 
 
 huic] i. e., to the person under 
 consideration. H. 450. Construe : 
 tails honos tributus est ut quum 
 pugna Marathonia depingeretur 
 in porticu qua vocatur Pcecile, etc. 
 
 3. Pceclle] Is a Greek adjec- 
 tive, meaning ' pictured,' ' deco- 
 rated.* A portions was a walk 
 covered with a roof, which w.ia 
 supported by columns, at least on 
 one side. Such public walks were 
 sometimes built in the most mag- 
 nificent style, and adorned with 
 pictures and statues by the most 
 celebrated .artists. Polygnotus is 
 said to have painted the fresco 
 representing the battle of Mara- 
 thon. 
 
 depingeretur} The subjunctive 
 is regularly used after quum, when 
 the relation of cause is implied, 
 even if it be only one of several 
 concurring causes. 
 
 5. isque] * And that he.* 
 
 7. largitione] Reference is had 
 
 to the custom of distributing to 
 the people money from the public 
 treasury. This practice eventu- 
 ally led to all sorts of abuses, and 
 to wide-spread corruption. 
 
 7. est] Is repeated because its 
 participle is passive, while nactus 
 is active in meaning. 
 
 8. trecentas] So stated from a 
 love of round numbers ; there 
 were really 360. 
 
 Demetrio] A native of Phale- 
 rum, a borough of Attica. He 
 governed Athens-, under Cassan- 
 der, from B. C. 317 to B, C. 307, 
 when he was driven from power, 
 and sentenced to death. He, how- 
 ever, withdrew to Egypt, where 
 he died B. C. 283. He was the 
 last of the distinguished orators 
 of Greece. 
 
 VII. Miltiades fails to reduce 
 Faros ; is condemned to pay a 
 fine, and dies in prison. 
 
 9. navium] The genitive of ex- 
 ternal quality. 
 
 10. eidem] 'Likewise.' Idem, 
 when joined to a noun or pro- 
 noun, is often to be translated 
 ' also/ ' likewise,' ' at the same 
 time,' etc. H. 451,3, 
 
116 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 barbaros adjuverant, bello perse queretur. Quo imperio 
 plerasque ad officiura red ire coegit, nonnullas vi expu- 
 gnavit. Ex liis Parum insulain, opibus elatam, quimi 
 oratione reconciliare non posset, copias e navibns 
 5 eduxit, urbem operibus clausit omnique commeatu pri- 
 vavit.; dein vineis ac testudinibus constitutes, propius 
 muros accessit. Quum jam in eo esset, ut oppido poti- 
 retur, procul in continenti lucus, qui ex insula conspici- 
 ebatur, nescio quo casu, nocturno tempore incensus est. 
 
 10 Cujus flamma ut ab oppidanis et oppugnatoribus est 
 visa, utrisque venit in opinionem, signura a classiariis 
 regiis datum. Quo factum est, ut et Parii a deditione 
 deterrerentur, et Miltiades, timens, ne classis regia ad- 
 ventaret, incensis operibus, quae statuerat, cum totidem 
 
 15 navibus, atqiie erat profectus, Athenasinagna cum offen- 
 sione civium suoruni rediret. Accusatus ergo est prodi- 
 
 1. imperio] The ablative of 
 means. 
 
 2. coe'git] Takes the subjunc- 
 tive with ut ot'tener than the in- 
 finitive. 
 
 3. Ex his quum] Construe: 
 quum ex his, etc. 
 
 5. operibus] ' With (military) 
 works.' 
 
 6. vineis ac testudinibus] It is 
 thought that Nepos has been guilty 
 of an anachronism in ascribing 
 the use of these engines to Mil- 
 tiades. 
 
 propius] And proxime, 1 ike pro- 
 pe, take the accusative. H. 437, 1. 
 
 7. Quum potiretur] ' When 
 he was already on the point of 
 becoming master,' etc. ; but est in 
 the expression in eo est, ut is al- 
 ways used impersonally. 
 
 oppido] Called urbem in line 5 
 i. e., Paros, the island and town 
 having the same name. 
 
 8. in continenti] Improbable, 
 as a fire on the main land would 
 hardly be seen at Paros. 
 . 9. nescio quo] Is equivalent to 
 aliquo. The expression nescio quis 
 always requires that a verb be 
 supplied to complete the sentence. 
 
 1 1 . utrisque opinionem] * Both 
 parties conceived the idea ; ' alicui 
 venit in mentem is the usual ex- 
 pression. 
 
 12. regiis'] i. e., the Persian 
 king's. 
 
 datum] Sc. esse. H. 545, 3. 
 
 14. totidem atque] ' As many 
 as.' Ac and atque are used in the 
 sense of ' as ' and ' than ' after ad- 
 jectives and adverbs denoting 
 similarity and dissimilarity, equal- 
 ity and inequality. 
 
 15. magnd offensione\ ' To the 
 great displeasure.' 
 
 16. proditionis] The genitive of 
 crime. H. 410, 2. 
 
MILTIADES. 
 
 117 
 
 tionis, quod, quum Parum expugnare posset, a rege cor- 
 ruptus infectis rebus discessisset. Eo tempore seger 
 erat vulneribus, quse in oppugnando oppido acceperat. 
 Itaque quoniain ipse pro se dicere non posset, vcrba 
 fecit frater ejus Stesagoras. Causa cognitfi capitis abso- 5 
 lutus, pecunia multatus est, eaque lis quinquaginta ta- 
 lentis aestirnata est, quantus in classern sum plus factus 
 erat. Hanc pecuniam quod solvere in praasentia non 
 poterat, in viucula publica conjectus est ibique diem 
 obiit supremum. 10 
 
 VIII. Hie etsi crimine Pario est accusattis, tamen 
 alia causa fuit damnationis. Namque Athenienses 
 propter Pisistrati tyranuidem, quse paucis annis ante 
 fuerat omnium civium suorum potentiam extimesce- 
 bant. Miltiades, multum in imperiis magnisque versa- 15 
 
 2. infectis rebus] l Without hav- 
 ing accomplished his object.' 
 
 3. in oppugnando oppido] The 
 gerundive does not imply the idea 
 of necessity which is contained in 
 the future passive participle. For 
 gerundives and their use, see H. 
 582 and 3 ; for the construction in 
 this case, H. 536, II. 
 
 4. ipse pro sc] ' For himself in 
 person.' 
 
 posset] The subjunctive as the 
 statement of Stesagoras. H. 520, II. 
 
 5. capitis] Caput comprehends 
 life, freedom, and citizenship ; 
 Ncpos generally uses it with ref- 
 erence to the first. 
 
 6. pecunia] ' But was fined in 
 a sum of money ; ' the omission 
 of the conjunction intensifies the 
 antithesis. 
 
 muitatus est} Est belongs also 
 to absolutus. 
 
 talentis] The ablative of price. 
 H. 416. 
 
 7. quantus sumptus] ' For so 
 great an outlay.' 
 
 8. prcesentia] Is the ablative 
 singular i. e., 'just then,' 'at the 
 moment.' 
 
 9. diem supremum] A eu- 
 phemism for * died.' 
 
 VIII. The real cause of tha 
 condemnation of Miltiades. 
 
 11. crimine Pario] * On a 
 charge relating to Paros ; ' the 
 ablative of means. 
 
 13. Pisistrati tyrannidem] The 
 rule of Pisistratus lasted, with in- 
 terruptions, from B. C. 560 to B. C. 
 527, and was continued under the 
 Pisistivitidae till the ejection of 
 Hippias, in the year B. C. 510. 
 
 14. potentiam] A Capacity, 
 which can be exerted at will, of 
 producing an effect; potcstas, le- 
 gal authority, delegated power. 
 
 15. multum versatus] * As he 
 had been much engaged in mill- 
 
118 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 tus, non videbatur posse esse privatus, pra3sertim quum 
 consuetudine ad imperil cupiditatem -Irani videretur. 
 Nam in Chersoneso omnes illos, quos habitarat, annos 
 perpetuam obtinuerat dominationem, tyrannusque fu- 
 5 erat appellatus, sed Justus. Non erat enim vi consecu- 
 tus, sed suorum voluntate, eamque potestatem bonitate 
 retinebat. Omnes autem et dicuntur et habentur ty- 
 ranni, qui potestate sunt perpetufi in ea civitate, quse 
 libertate usa est. Sed in Miltia.de erat quum summa 
 10 humanitas, turn mira communitas, ut nemo tarn humilis 
 esset, cui non ad eum aditus pateret, magna auctori- 
 tas apud omnes civitates, nobile nomen, laus rei milita- 
 ris maxima. Hsec populus respiciens maluit ilium in- 
 noxium plecti, quam se diutius esse in timore. 
 
 tary offices, and that, too, in im- Observe, in the last part of this 
 
 portant ones.' period, the absence of connectives 
 
 I. esse privatus] 'Remain a (asyndeton), and compare ch. I. 
 private individual/ 1. 1. The rule is, omit all, or ex- 
 
 3. habitarat] Sc. ibi i. e., in press all, if each notion is to be 
 
 the Chersonese. made prominent. 
 
 8. sunt] 'Hold,' 'exercise.' 13. maluit timore] * Preferred 
 
 Cf. ch. II. page 108, line 2. rather that he should be punished, 
 
 II. cui pateref] 'As not to though guiltless, than that they 
 have free access to him.' H. 500. should live longer in fear.' 
 
THEMISTOCLES. 
 
 119 
 
 THEMISTOCLES. 
 
 I. THEMISTOCLES, Neocli filius, Atbeniensis. Hujus 
 vitia ineuntis adolescentiae magnis sunt emendata virtuti- 
 bus, adeo ut anteferatur huic nemo, pauci pares putentur. 
 Sed ;ib initio est ordiendus. Pater ejus Neocles genero- 
 sus fuit. Is uxorem Halicarnasiam civem duxit, ex qua 5 
 natus est Themistocles. Qui quum minus esset proba- 
 tus parentibus, quod et liberius vivebat et rem familia- 
 rern negligebat, ,a patre exberedatus est. Quse contu- 
 melia non fregit eum, sed erexit. Nam quum judicasset 
 sine summa industria non posse earn exstingui, totum se 10 
 dedidit rei publicae, diligentius amicis famaeque serviens. 
 
 I. The talents and ambition 
 of Themistocles. 
 
 The introduction is a mere su- 
 perscription ; no fuit is to be sup- 
 plied. 
 
 1. Nedcli] Many Greek proper 
 nouns in -cs not increasing, form 
 their genitive in -i, for -?s, in writ- 
 ers of the golden age. H. 92, 2. 
 
 Hujus] Limits vitia, which is 
 also modified by ineuntis adoles- 
 centiffi ; l his youthful faults,' the 
 shortcomings of his youth.' 
 
 3. anteferatur'] The present 
 makes the assertion valid to the 
 time of the author. 
 
 4. ordiendus] The personal con- 
 struction, in place of est ordien- 
 dum, has here the best authority. 
 See also Alcibiades, last clause. 
 
 generosus] Is equivalent to no- 
 bili genere ortus. 
 
 5. Halicarnasiam] Is a noun, 
 uxorem being predicate accusa- 
 tive, and civem appositive. Hali- 
 
 carnassus was a celebrated city on 
 the coast of aria. 
 
 ex qua] After nascor, ffiffni, 
 and oriri, the name of the father 
 is put in the ablative, generally 
 without a or ab ; the mother's 
 name also stands in the abla- 
 tive, more commonly with ex or de. 
 
 6. minus parentibus] 'Did 
 not meet the approval of his par- 
 ents ; ' minus is often used for 
 non ; probatus is a participial ad- 
 jective. H. 391. 
 
 7. liberius] 'Too freely.' H. 
 444, 1. 
 
 8. Quce contumelia] * This dis- 
 grace nevertheless.' The connec- 
 tive force of the relative may 
 often be expressed by ' and,' 
 * now,' ' for,' ' but,' ' however,' 
 etc., according to the context. 
 
 10. industria] ' Activity.' 
 
 11. diligentius serviens] 'Pay- 
 ing more than ordinary atten- 
 tion/ 
 
120 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 Multum in judiciis privatis versabatur; saepe in conti- 
 onem populi prodibat; nulla res major sine eo gereba- 
 tur ; celeriter qua3 opus erant, reperiebat, facile earl em 
 oratione explicabat. Neque minus in rebus gerendis 
 5 promptus, quam excogitandis, erat, quod et de instanti- 
 bus, ut ait Thucydides, verissime judicabat, et de futu- 
 ris callidissime conjiciebat. Quo factum est, ut brevi 
 tempore illustraretur. 
 
 II. Primus autem gradus fuit capessendse reipublica3 
 
 10 bello Corcyrseo ; ad quod gerendum praetor a populo 
 fact us non solura praesenti bello, sed etiam reliquo tem- 
 pore ferociorem reddidit civitatem. Nam quurn pecu- 
 nia publica, quae ex metallis redibat, largitione magistra- 
 tuum quotannis interiret, ille persuasit populo, ut efi pe- 
 
 15 cunia classis centum navium aedificaretur. Qua celeriter 
 
 1. privatis'] 'Affecting indi- 
 vidual interests.' 
 
 in contionem prcctibaf] ' Took 
 part in the assembly of the peo- 
 ple.' 
 
 3. qua] The antecedent of the 
 relative is often omitted when it 
 is the object of the preceding verb. 
 H. 445, 6. 
 
 opus] Here stands as a predi- 
 cate. H. 419, 3, 2). 
 
 5. instantibus] ' The present.' 
 
 6. Thucydides] A celebrated 
 Greek historian, born at Athens 
 about B. C. 470. His work, which 
 contains an account of the first 
 twenty-one years of the Pelopon- 
 nesian war, is one of the master- 
 pieces of antiquity, though unfin- 
 ished at the author's death, which 
 happened about B. C. 400. 
 
 II. Themistodes begins his 
 career as a statesman and gen- 
 eral. 
 
 9. capessenda rci public a] f ' In 
 managing affairs of state.' For 
 verbs in -esso, see H. 332, 2, 2). 
 
 10. Corcyrceo] Probably a mis- 
 take for JEginetieo, as Herodotus 
 and Thucydides mention a war 
 with JEgma, but none against 
 Corcyra. 
 
 12. ferociorem] * More war- 
 like.' 
 
 13. metallis] i. e., from the sil- 
 ver mines of Mount Laurium, near 
 Cape Suniuni, the yearly product 
 of which was said to be one hun- 
 dred talents. 
 
 redibat] ' Accrued.' 
 
 largitione m:igistratuum\ Here, 
 as in Miltiades, ch. VI. line. 7, the 
 expression ought to be largitione 
 publica, for the money was dis- 
 tributed according to law, ten 
 drachmas (about $1.85) to each 
 citizen. 
 
 14. interiret] * Perished/ or 
 'was wasted.' 
 
THEMISTOCLES. 121 
 
 effecta, priraum Corcyraeos fregit, deinde mavitimos prae- 
 dones consectando mare tutum reddidit. In quo quum 
 divitiis ornavit, turn etiara peritissirnos belli navalis fecit 
 Athenienses. Id quanta} saluti fuerit universae Gras- 
 cise, bello cognitum est Persico. Nam quum Xerxes 5 
 et mari et terra, belluin universae inferret Europae cum 
 tantis copiis, quantas neque antea, nee postea babuit 
 quisquam : hujus enim classis mille et ducentarum 
 navium longarum iuit, quam duo milia onerariarum se- 
 quebantur ; terrestres autem exercitus septingenta pedi- 10 
 turn, equitum quadringenta milia fuerunt : cujus de ad- 
 ventu quum fama in Graeciam esset perlata, et maxime 
 Athenienses peti dicerentur propter pugnam Maratho- 
 niam, miserunt Delphos consultum, quidnam facerent 
 de rebus suis. Deliberantibus Pythia respondit, ut 15 
 moenibtis ligneis se munirent. Id responsum quo vale- 
 ret, quum intelligent nemo, Themistocles persuasit, 
 consilium esse Apollinis, ut in naves se suaque confer- 
 
 2. tutum] Predicate adjective, were called, from their banks of 
 
 H. 373, 3. oars, biremes, triremes, etc., while 
 
 In quo] ' Hereby.' the naves onerarice, ' transports,' 
 
 4. Id] i. e., the fact that he were bro.;d and capacious, 
 made Athens a naval power. 11. cujus fama] 'When the 
 
 saluti Gracice] Two datives, report of his approach.' 
 H. 399. 14. miserunt] Sc. legates ; but 
 
 5. bello -Persico] i.e., in the the verb may here be considered 
 second Persian war, B. C. 480, as used absolutely. 
 
 with particular reference to the facerent de] 'They should do 
 
 buttle of Salamis. Xerxes was about; ' but de with faccre is gen- 
 
 the second son of Darius Hystas- erally to tjc translated ' with.' 
 
 pis, and succeeded him in the 15. respondit,ut] Instead of the 
 
 year B.C. 485. accusative with the infinitive to 
 
 6. et mari et terra] Is less com- denote a fact, the subjunctive is 
 mon than terra marique. used to express a direction. 
 
 8. hujus classis fuit] 'For 16. Id valcret] 'What this 
 his fleet consisted of.' response meant;' literally, 'in 
 
 9. navium longarum] The pred- what direction it had force.' 
 icate penitive. H. 403. These 17. persuasit] Sc. Atheniensi- 
 wcre built long and narrow, and bus. When this verb means to 
 
122 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 rent : eum enim a deo significari murum ligneum. 
 Tali consilio probato, addunt ad superiores totidem 
 naves triremes, suaque omnia, qua3 moveri poterant, 
 partim Salamina, partim Trcezena deportant ; arcem sa- 
 5 cerdotibus paucisque mnjoribus natu ad sacra procu- 
 randa tradunt, reliquum oppidum relinquunt. 
 
 III. Hujus consiiium plerisque civitatibus displice- 
 bat, et in terra dimicari magis placebat. Itaque missi 
 sunt delecti curn Leomda, Laceda3moniorum rege, qui 
 
 10 Thermopylas occuparent, longiusque barbaros progredi 
 non paterentur. Hi vim hostium non sustinuerunt, 
 eoqne loco omnes interierunt. At classis communis 
 GraBciaa trecentarum navium, in qua ducenta3 erant 
 Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium, inter Euboeam 
 
 15 cpntinenteinque terram, cum classiariis regis conflixit. 
 Angustias enim Themistocles quserebat, ne multitudine 
 circumiretur. Hie etsi pari prcelio discesserant, tamen 
 
 convince, it takes the accusative the Temple of Minerva Proma- 
 
 with the infinitive, as in this pas- chos being the most conspicuous, 
 
 snge ; otherwise it is followed by 5. ad sacra procuranda} * To 
 
 ut with the subjunctive, to denote attend to the sacred rites.' 
 
 the purpose of the persuasion. 6. reliquum] Is here partitive 
 
 1. eum ligneum} ' For that * the rest of.' H. 441, 6. 
 was the wooden wall meant by 
 
 the god ; ' eum for eas (naves} is III. Leonidas falls at Ther- 
 
 made to agree with the following mopylse; the naval action off 
 
 noun, which belongs to the predi- Artemisium. 
 
 cate. H. 445, 4. 11. non paterentur} 'Hinder,' 
 
 2. Tali} Is equivalent to hoc, 'prevent.' 
 
 with the notion of shrewdness. 12. omnes'] i. e., the Spartans 
 
 4. arcem} Is emphatic, and, and the Thespians; the rest of 
 
 with reliquum oppidum, forms an the allies had been sent away 
 
 antithesis. By arcem the Acropo- when Leonidas saw that they 
 
 lis is meant, which was a precipi- must be overwhelmed, 
 
 tous rock rising 3-50 feet from the classis] Is limited by two geni- 
 
 plain, 1000 feet in length, and 500 tives. H. 397, 2. 
 
 in breadth. In after-times it was 17. pari prcelio} 'After a drawn 
 
 covered with temples, statues, and battle ; ' ablative of manner, 
 
 other works of art the Propy- discesserant] i. e., Grceci t im- 
 
 laea, Parthenon, Erechtheum, and plied in classis Gratia. 
 
THEMISTOCLES. 
 
 123 
 
 eodem loco non sunt ausi manere ; quod erat periculum, 
 ne, si pars navium adversariorurn Eubo3am superasset, 
 ancipiti premerentur periculo. Quo factum est, ut ab 
 Artemisio discederent, et exadversum Athenas apud 
 Salamma classem snam constituerent. 5 
 
 IV. At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus 
 acccssit astu, idque, nullis defendentibus, interfectis 
 sacerdotibus, quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit. 
 Cujus flamma perterriti classiarii qtmm manere non au- 
 derent, et plurimi hortarentur, ut doraos suas discede- 10 
 rent, mcBnibusque se defenderent : Themistocles unus 
 restitit, et universes pares esse posse ajebat, disperses 
 testabatur perituros, idque Eurybiadi, regi Lacedsemo- 
 niorum, qui turn summse imperil praBerat, fore affirma- 
 bat. Quern quum minus, quam vellet, moveret, noctu 15 
 de servis suis, quern liabuit fidelissimum, ad regem 
 misit, ut ei nuntiaret suis verbis : adversaries ejus in 
 fuga esse : qui si discessissent, majore cum labore et 
 
 2. superassef] 'Doubled.' The 
 Persians are said to have attempt- 
 ed this, but the part of the fleet 
 detached for that purpose was lust 
 in a storm. 
 
 3. ancipiti] 'Twofold,' i.e., 
 in front and rear. 
 
 IV. The Persians burn Ath- 
 ens ; their defeat at Salamis, 
 September 20, JB. C. 480. 
 
 7. accessit} Acccdere followed by 
 the accusative without a preposi- 
 tion is not used by the best authors. 
 
 axtii] Is a Greek word Lat- 
 inized, meaning 'city,' used es- 
 pecially of Athens. 
 
 nulls'] The plural is rarely used 
 suhstantively. 
 
 9. Cujus] i. e., incendii. 
 
 10. domos] ' To their homes ; ' 
 plural, as different localities are 
 
 meant. This word in both num- 
 bers follows the construction of 
 names of towns. H 379, 3, 1). 
 
 12. universes'] * Combined ; ' 
 antithetic to disperses. 
 
 pares] i. e., Per sis ; * be a match 
 for.' 
 
 ajebat testabatur affirmabaf] 
 Observe the persistence of the 
 speaker, and the energy of the ex- 
 pressions. 
 
 13. regi] He was not king, but 
 Commander-in-chief. 
 
 15. vellet} Potential subjunc- 
 tive. H. 485. 
 
 mover ef] ' Impressed.' 
 
 16. fi.delissinmm'] Belongs logi- 
 cally to the antecedent clause 
 'the most faithful slave that he 
 had.' 
 
 17. suis verbis] ' In his words,' 
 i. e., in those of Themistocles. 
 
124 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 longinquiore tempore bellum confecturum, quum singu- 
 los consectari cogeretur ; quos si statim aggrederetur, 
 brevi universes oppress urum. Hoc eo valebat, ut in- 
 gratiis ad depugnandum omncs cogerentur. Hue re 
 5 audita barbarus, niliil doli subesse credens, postridie 
 alienissimo sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, 
 adeo angusto mari conflixit, ut ejus niultitu lo naviuin 
 ezplicari non potuerit. Victus ergo est magis etiam 
 consilio Themistocli, quam armis Graeciae. 
 
 10 Y. Hie etsi male rein gesserat, tamen tantas habebat 
 reliquias copiarum, ut etiamtum his opprimere posset 
 hostes. Iterum ab eoclem gradu depulsus est. Nam 
 Themistocles verens, ne bellare perse veraret,' certiorem 
 eum fecit, id agi, ut pons, quern ille in Hellesponto 
 
 15 fecerat, dissolveretur, ac reditu in Asiam excluderetur ; 
 idque ei persuasit. Itaque qua sex mensibus iter fece- 
 rat, eadem minus diebus triginta in Asiam re versus 
 
 1. confecturum} The subject 
 of the infinitive is sometimes omit- 
 ted when it can be readily interred 
 from the context. 
 
 2. quos si, etc.] ' But if he at- 
 tacked them at once/ 
 
 3. Hoc valebat] ' This had 
 for its aim.' 
 
 8. etiam] With the compara- 
 tive, means ' even,' * still.' H. 
 444, 3, 1). 
 
 9. Themistdcli] See Xedcli, ch. 
 I., line 1. 
 
 V. Xerxes, duped by The- 
 mistocles, returns in haste to 
 Asia. 
 
 10. Ric] ( Here,' i. e., at Saia- 
 mis. 
 
 tantas copiarum] ' Had such 
 forces left.' 
 
 11. opprimere posset] ' He might 
 have crushed.' 
 
 12. eodem] \.v.,Themistdcles. 
 
 gradu depulsus est] * Was baf- 
 fled,' ' driven from his vantage- 
 ground ; ' a term of the gladiato- 
 rial school and camp. 
 
 13. certiorem agi] 'Informed 
 him that it was in contemplation ; ' 
 certiorem face re, literally ' to make 
 more certain,' i.e., 'to inform/ 
 here takes the accusative with 
 the infinitive, like a verbum decla- 
 randi. 
 
 15. excluderetur] i. e., Xerxes. 
 Such changes of subject are not 
 infrequent. 
 
 16. idque persuasit] ' And he 
 mnde him believe it.' 
 
 17. diebus] Ablative of time 
 with in which. H. 426. Minus lias 
 no influence on the construction. 
 H. 417, 3. 
 
 reversus est] Revertit would 
 have been more in accordance 
 
THEMISTOCLES. 125 
 
 cst, seque a Themistocle non superatum, sed conserva- 
 tion judicavit. Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia liberata 
 est, Europfleqne snecubuit Asia. Hasc altera victoria, 
 qua? cum Marathonio possit comparari tropaGo. Nam 
 pari modo apud Salamlna parvo numero navitirn maxima 5 
 post hominum memoriam classis est devicta. 
 
 VI. Magnus hoc bello Themistocles fuit, neque mi- 
 nor in pace. Quum enim Phalerico portu, neque ma- 
 gno neque bono, Athenienses uterentur, hujus consilio 
 triplex Piraei portus constitutus est, isque mcenibus cir- 10 
 curndatus, ut ipsam urbem dignitate aequipararet, utili- 
 tate superaret. Idem muros Atheniensium restituit 
 praecipuo stio periculo. Namque Lacedsemonii, causam 
 id one am nacti propter barbarorum excursiones, qua 
 negarent, oportere extra Peloponnesum ullam urbem 15 
 habere, ne essent loca munita, quas hostes possiderent, 
 Athenienses aedificantes proliibere sunt conati. Hoc 
 
 with classical usage. Cicero al- VI. Themistocles constructs 
 
 ways uses the active form of the the harbors of the Piraeus, and 
 
 perfect, but the deponent forms fortifies it and the city, against 
 
 alone of the present tenses are the wishes of the Lacedaemo- 
 
 used. mans ' B - C ' 4 77. 
 
 2. liberata est] Substantially 8. neque bono] 'Which was,' 
 true ; for Mardonius, who re- etc. An adjective or a participle 
 mained with 300,000 barbarians, is often best translated by a rela- 
 was defeated at Platiea the fol- tive clause. 
 
 lowing year. 10. triplex] As it consisted of 
 
 3. succubuit Asia] Is the Ian- three basins. 
 
 gnage of rhetoric. Alexander be- . 13. prcecipuo periculo'] 'At 
 
 came the master of Asia B. C. his own especial peril.' 
 331. 14. qua negarent] * For saying 
 
 Hcec altera] < This is the sec- that no city,' etc. ; literally, ' by 
 
 ond;' supply esf. which they might say that no 
 
 4. possit] Subjunctive of re- city,' etc. H. 501, III. 
 
 suit. H. 501. 16. habere] Subject of oportere. 
 
 tropceo] The sign is put by H. 549, 2. Supply mitros. 
 
 metonymy for the thing signified ne possiderent] * That there 
 
 i.e., victory. might be no strongholds for the 
 
 6. post memoriam} ' Men- enemy to occupy.' 
 
 tioncd in the history of mankind.' 17. cedificantes] This present 
 
126 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 loBge alio spectabat, atque videri volebant. Athenienses 
 enim duabus victoriis, Marathonia et Salaminia, taut am 
 gloriam apud omnes gentes erant consecnti, ut intellige- 
 rent Lacedaemonii, de principatu sibi cum iis certamen 
 5 fore. Quare eos quam infirmissimes esse volebant. 
 Postquam autem audierunt, muros instrui, legates 
 Athenas miserunt, qui id fieri vetarent. His prsesenti- 
 bus desierunt, ac se de ea re legates ad eos missuros 
 dixernnt. Hano legationem suscepit Themistocles, et 
 
 10 solus prime prefect us est ; reliqut legati ut turn exirent, 
 quum satis altitude muri exstructa videretur, prae- 
 cepit; interim omnes, send atque liberi, opus facerent, 
 neque ulli loco parcerent. sive sacer, sive privatus esset, 
 sive publicus, et undique, quod idoneum ad muniendtim 
 
 15 putarent, congererent. Quo factum est, ut Atheniensium 
 muri ex sacellis sepulcrisque constarent. 
 
 VII. Themistocles autem, ut Laceda9monem venit, 
 adire ad magistratus noluit, et dedit operam, ut quam 
 
 participle implies that the Athe- contentions of these states m;ide 
 
 nians were already engaged in it easy for Alexander the Great 
 
 their work, as otherwise ne or to annex them to his empire. 
 
 quominusy with the subjunctive, 5. qii'tni] With the superlative, 
 
 would have been expected after denotes the highest possible de- 
 
 prohibcre. gree. H. 170, 2. 
 
 1. atque] ' Than.' H. 417, 4. 6. instrui] ' Were in process 
 
 videri] The subject is hoc un- of erection.' The verb here marks 
 
 derstood. the initial stage of the building; 
 
 4. principatu] 'Leadership,' exstructi. below, means 'built up,' 
 
 ' hegemony.' This was a political actually erected i.e., raised from 
 
 and military preeminence, con- below. 
 
 ceded to that state of Greece which 8. desierunt] Sc. Athenienses. 
 
 showed the greatest power, valor, ad eos] i.e., ad Lacedcemonios. 
 
 and efficiency in war. From the 10. turn] ' Only then,' * not till 
 
 beginning of the Persian inva- then.* 
 
 sions till B. C. 477, Sparta took 12. facerent] The imperative 
 
 the lead ; then Athens until B. C. of direct discourse takes the sub- 
 
 404, when Sparta regained her po- junctive in indirect discourse. H. 
 
 sition : but Thebes overcame Spar- 529. 
 
 ta at Leuctra and Mantinea. The VII. Themistocles, by his 
 
 continued rivalries, feuds, and skilful diplomacy while deal- 
 
THEMISTOCLES. 127 
 
 longissime tempus duceret, causam interponens, se col- 
 legas exspectare. Quum Lacedaemonii quererentur, 
 opus nihilo minus fieri, eumque in ea re conari fallere, 
 interim reliqui legati sunt consecuti. A quibus quum 
 atidisset, non mulium superesse munitionis, ad ephoros 5 
 Laceda3moniorum accessit y penes, qnos summum erat 
 imperium, atque apud eos contenclit, falsa iis esse dela- 
 ta; quare raquum esse, illos viros bonos nobilesque 
 mittere, quibus fides haberetur, qui rem explorarent ; 
 interea se obsidem retinerent. Gestus est ei mos,~tres- 10 
 que legati, functi summis honoribus, Athenas miissi 
 sunt. Cum his collegas suos Themistocles jussit profi- 
 cisci, iisque praedixit, ut ne prius LacedaBinoniorum le- 
 gatos dimitterent, quam ipse esset remissus. Hos post- 
 quam Athenas pervenisse ratus est, ad magistratum se- 15 
 hatumque Lacedaemoniorum adiit, et apud eos liberrime 
 professns est: Atheniensis suo consilio, quod communi 
 
 ing with the Spartans, gains 7. Us} i. e., Lacedcemoniis. 
 
 time to complete the walls of 8. illos] i. e., ephoros. 
 
 Athens. 10. Gestus mos] ' His wish 
 
 1. tempus duceref] * Spin out was complied with.' 
 
 the time.' 11. functi] Is equivalent to a 
 
 4. sunt consecuti] Observe the relative clause. H. 577. 
 
 force of con, ' came up with/ i. e., 13. prcedixit] 'Told them be- 
 'joined.' forehand ; ' nearly equivalent to 
 
 5. munitionis'] ' Of the work prcecepit. 
 
 of fortifying.' Verbal nouns in ut ne] The negative belongs to 
 
 -io are primarily abstract. H. prius, not to the whole clause. 
 
 321, 2. 15. magistratum'] The govern- 
 
 ephoros] The ephori were five ment,' i. e., the ephors. 
 
 in number, and were elected an- senatum] This consisted of 
 
 nually. They constituted the twenty-eight elders over sixty 
 
 highest civil magistracy, control- years of age, and the two kings, 
 
 ling even the kings. The terrn 17. Atheniensis'] Accusative 
 
 signifies ' supervisors,' and as such plural. Cf. Miltiadcs, p. 112, 1. 2. 
 
 they managed the affairs of the quod possent] The relative 
 
 state in all its internal and exter- refers to the following deos 
 
 nal relations, using the kings as sepsisse, and is introduced before 
 
 their generals and executive offi- that, to mitigate the indignation 
 
 cers. of the Spartans when they heard 
 
128 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 jure gentium facere possent, deosque publicos suosque 
 patrios nc penates, quo facilius ab hoste possent defen- 
 clere, muris sepsisse ; neque in eo,quod inutile esset Grse- 
 cioe, fecisse. Nam illorum urbem ut propugnaculum op- 
 5 positum esse barbaris, apud quam jam bis classes regi.is 
 fecisse naufragium. Lacedaemonios autem male et in- 
 juste facere, qui id potius intuerentur, quod ipsorum 
 dominationi, quam quod universse GraBciae utile esset. 
 Quare, si suos legatos recipere vellent, quos Athenas 
 
 10 miserant, se remitterent ; aliter illos numquam in patri- 
 am_ essent recepturi. 
 
 VIII. Tamen non effugit civium suorum invidiam. 
 Namque ob eundem timorem, quo damnatus erat Mil- 
 tiades, testularum suffragiis e civitate eje'ctus, Argos 
 
 15 habitatum concessit. Hie quum propter multas ejus 
 virtutes niagna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii 
 legatos Athenas miserunt, qui cum absentem accusa- 
 
 the admission of Themistocles. 
 
 I. deos] The dii publici were 
 the national gods, worshipped 
 alike by all the Greeks ; the dii 
 patrii were the gods of Athens 
 or Attica; the penates^ those of 
 the family or household. 
 
 4. oppositum] Following the 
 predicate noun, agrees with it 
 rather than with tirbem. 
 
 6. fecisse naufragiuni] Refer- 
 ring to the battles of Marathon 
 and Salamis. 
 
 7. intuerentur] Subjunctive of 
 cause or reason. H. 517. 
 
 8. universes] ' As a whole.' 
 
 10. miserant] Cf. Miltiades, 
 p. 110, line 7, transportaverat. 
 
 II. essent recepturi] Would 
 regularly have been recepturos 
 esse. Cf. Phaedrus, 9, 6 ; where a 
 similar construction occurs. 
 
 VIII. Banishment of The- 
 mistocles. B. C. 471. 
 
 13. quo] Ablative of cause. H. 
 414, 2. 
 
 14. testularum suff"ragiis~\ Os- 
 tracism is here meant. By this 
 means the Athenian democracy 
 banished, generally for ten years, 
 any one who was suspected of 
 ambitious designs, or whose pre- 
 eminence was regarded as danger- 
 ous to the state. This was effected 
 by 6000 votes, which were record- 
 ed on pieces of tile. But the sen- 
 tence involved no loss of honor or 
 of property. 
 
 Argos'] Is probnbly accusative 
 plural, as the neuter form is used 
 mostly by poets and geographers. 
 
 15. ejus] Irregular, as a result 
 of the author's negligence, for 
 suoa. 
 
TIIEMISTOCLES. 
 
 129 
 
 rent, quod societatem cum rege Perse ad Graeciam op- 
 primendam fecisset. Hoc crimine absens proditionis 
 damnatus est. Id ut audivit, quod non satis tuturn se 
 Argis videbat, Corcyram demigravit. Ibi quum cjtis 
 principes animadvertisset timere, ne propter se bell um 5 
 iis Lacedaeraonii et Athenienses indicerent, ad Adme- 
 tura, Molossum regem, cum quo ei hospitium erat, con- 
 fugit. Hue quurn venisset, et in praesentia rex abesset, 
 quo majore religion e se receptuin tueretur, filiam ejus 
 parvulam arripuit, et cum ea se in sacrarium, quod 10 
 summa colebatur caerimonia, conjecit. Inde non prius 
 egressus est, quam rex eum data dextra in fidem re- 
 ciperet; quam praestitit. Nam quum ab Atlieniensi- 
 bus et Laceda3moniis exposceretur publice, supplicem 
 non proclklit, monuitque, ut consuleret sibi ; difficile 15 
 enim esse, in tarn propinquo loco tuto eum versari. Ita- 
 que Pydnam eum deduci jussit, et quod satis esset 
 praesidii, dedit. Hie in navem omnibus ignotus nautis 
 escendit. Quaa quum tempestate maxima Naxum fer- 
 
 1. Perse] From Perses, ce ; it 
 is an appositive of rege, and is 
 used perhaps to give prominence 
 to the nationality. So Molossum, 
 below, for Molossorum. 
 
 6. Us] i. e., Corcyreeis, implied 
 in Corey ram, above. 
 
 7. hospitium^ Guest- friendship.' 
 This was a mutual agreement be- 
 tween two persons to receive and 
 entertain, to succor and protect, 
 each other, under all circumstan- 
 ces. This relation was hereditary, 
 and was regarded as sacred until 
 it was renounced, which may have 
 been the case here, as Thucydides 
 says that Admetus was at variance 
 with Thcmistucles. 
 
 9. quo tueretur\ ' In order 
 that he might protect himself 
 9 
 
 when received with a greater re- 
 ligious obligation.' 
 
 12. in fidetn reciperef] ' Took 
 him under his protection.' Sub- 
 junctive of time, with the acces- 
 sory notion of cause. H. 523, II. 
 The pluperfect would have been 
 expected. 
 
 13. quam prastitit] 'And he 
 kept this engagement.' 
 
 15. monuitque] ' But warned 
 him.' 
 
 dfficile esse] Supply dixit. 
 
 16. tuto~] An adverb of manner. 
 H. 33o, 4, 2). 
 
 17. Pydnam] A town of Mace- 
 donia, near the Thcrmaic Gulf, on 
 which it had a harbor. 
 
 satis esset] The subjunctive ex- 
 presses the opinion of Admetus. 
 
130 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 retur, ubi turn Atheniensium erat exercitus, sensit The- 
 mistocles, si eo pervenisset, sibi esse pereundum. JIac 
 necessitate coactus domino navis, qui sit, aperit, raulta 
 pollieens, si se conserv asset. At ille, clarissimi viri 
 5 captus misericordia, diem noctemque procul ab insula 
 in salo navem tenuit in ancoris, neque quemquam ex 
 eii exire passus est. Inde Ephesum pervenit, ibique 
 Themistoclen exponit ; cui ille pro mentis gratiam 
 postea retulit. 
 
 Iff IX. Scio, plerosque ita scripsisse, Themistoclen, 
 
 ^* Xerxe regnante, in Asiam transisse. Sed ego potissi- 
 
 mum Thucydkli credo, quod aetate proximus de iis qui 
 
 illorum temporum historiam reliquerunt, et ejusdem 
 
 civitatis fuit. Is autern ait, ad Artaxerxem eum venis- 
 
 15 se, atque his verbis epistolam misisse : " Themistocles 
 veni ad te, qui plurima mala omnium Grajorum in 
 
 2. pervenisset] i. e., Themisto- 
 cles. 
 
 sibi] Dative of the agent. H. 
 388, 1. 
 
 esse pereundum] Used imper- 
 sonally. H. 301, 2. 
 
 3. qui sit] ' Who he is,' i. e., 
 as to rank, condition, etc. ; quis 
 sit would mean * what his name 
 is.' H. 454. 
 
 4. clarissimi] Best translated 
 by 'so distinguished.' 
 
 6. in salo] * In the roads,' in 
 opposition to in portu. 
 
 1. Ephesum] This was a city 
 of great celebrity and wealth, to 
 which its excellent harbor largely 
 contributed. Its temple of Diana 
 was so magnificent as to be ac- 
 counted one of the seven wonders 
 of the world. The burning of this 
 sanctuary in A. D. 232 by the 
 Goths, disastrous earthquakes, 
 and the destruction of the harbor 
 by the deposits of the Cayster, 
 
 effected, in the course of time, the 
 total ruin of the city. 
 
 8. Themistoclen] Some Greek 
 proper names in -es of the third 
 declension sometimes form the 
 accusative in -en, after the manner 
 of the first. H. 93, 3. 
 
 gratiam retulit] 'Returned the 
 favor.' Cf. Justin, p. 71, line 19. 
 
 IX. Themistocles repairs to 
 the king of Persia. 
 
 11. Xerxe] Emphatic, as opposed 
 to Artaxerxes, below. Xerxes 
 reigned from B.C. 485 to B. C. 
 465 ; Artaxerxes Longimunus, 
 from B.C. 465 to B.C. 424. 
 
 13. ejusdem fuit] 'Belonged 
 to the same state.' H. 402, III. 
 
 16. veni] Perfect, with refer- 
 ence to the time when the letter 
 would 1)3 read; ' I, Thcmistocres, 
 have come.' Themistocles is ap- 
 positive to ego, the subject of veni. 
 
 Grajorum] For Gr&corum ; au 
 
THEMISTOCLES. 131 
 
 domain tuam intuli, quamdiu raihi necesse fuit, adver- 
 sum patrem tuura bellare, patriamque meam defendere. 
 Idem mul to plura bona foci, postquam in tuto ipse, et 
 ille in periculo esse coepit. Nam quum in Asiam re- 
 verti vellet. proelio apud Salamlna facto, litteris cum 5 
 certiorem feci, id agi, ut pons, quern in Hellesponto 
 fecerat, dissolveretur, atque ab hostibus circumiretur : 
 quo nuntio ille periculo est liberatus. Nunc autem con- 
 fugi ad te, exagitatus a cuncta Gra3cia, tuam petens 
 amicitiam : quam si ero adeptus, non minus me bonum 10 
 amicum habebis, quam fortem inimicum ille expert us 
 est. Te autem rogo, ut de iis rebus, quas tecum collo- 
 qui volo, annuum mihi tempus des, eoque transacto ad 
 te venire patuiris." 
 
 X. Hujus rex animi magnitudinem admirans, cupi- 15 
 ensque talem viram sibi conciliari, veniam dedit. Ille 
 omne illud tempus litteris sermonique Persarum se de- 
 dedit : quibus aded eruditus est, ut multo* commodius 
 dicatur apud regem verba fecisse, quam ii poterant, qui 
 
 archaism, i.e., the use of an an- 13. ad te venire] Supply me as 
 
 ticnt word or expression. The subject from mihi. 
 
 genitive here limits qui. 
 
 1. domurti] As we say, ' the X. Themistocles finds favor 
 
 house of Brunswick/ meaning with Artaxerxes, and fixes his 
 
 fimily residence at Magnesia, where 
 
 3. ipse] Sc. esse ccepit. he di s ' about B ' 460 ' 
 
 6. ayi] * That it was in con- 17. litteris] ' The literature.' 
 
 templation.' Cf. p. 124, line 14. sermoni] * The language,' as a 
 
 9. exagitatus'] ' Pursued.' means of communication. 
 
 10. non minus, etc.] 'You will 18. eruditus est] Is equivalent 
 have (in) me a no less valuable to a reflexive verb; ' he instructed 
 friend than he found me a vnliant himself,' with adeb y 'he became 
 e.ierny;' amicum is appositivc to so learned.' 
 
 me. mult**] Ablative, denoting the 
 
 12. quas] Irregular for de qui- measure of difference. H. 418. 
 bus. Colloquiy being intransitive, 19. qui in Perstde] The Asiatic 
 properly takes only the neuter Greeks arc probably meant; oth- 
 accusative of a pronoun. erwise the statement of Ncpos is 
 
 13. annuum] Here a grammat- an exaggeration. Thucydides 
 ical equivalent for anni. says Themistocles learned what 
 
132 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 in Perside erant nati. Hie quum multa regi esset pol- 
 licitus, gratissimumque illucl, si suis uti consiliis vellet, 
 ill u in Graeciam bello oppress urura : magnis muneribus 
 ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam rediit, domiciliumque 
 5 Magnesia sibi constituit. Namque hanc urbem ei rex 
 donarat, his quidem verbis : quae ei pan em praeberet (ex 
 qua regione quinquaginta talenta quotannis redibant) ; 
 Lanipsucum autem, unde vinum sumeret; Myunta, ex 
 qua obsoniura haberet. Hujus act nostram memoriam 
 10 monumenta manserunt duo: sepulcrum prope oppidum, 
 in quo est sepultus ; statua in foro Magnesias. De cu- 
 
 be could of the language of the 
 Persians. 
 
 1. multa illud] * Many prom- 
 ises, and especially this most wel- 
 come one.' 
 
 5. sibi] The dative of advantage 
 following constituit, in place of 
 suum modifying domicillum. 
 
 6. quidem] Gives an emphasis 
 to the preceding word, but need 
 not always be translated. 
 
 praberet] Subjunctive of pur- 
 pose. H. 500. The Oriental kings 
 were wont thus to make presents, 
 to friends and favorites, of the 
 entire income of cities and dis- 
 tricts. 
 
 7. regione} This explanatory 
 term includes urbem, the antece- 
 dent of qua, aud its environs. 
 
 quinquaginta] Stands for the 
 distributive, as quotannis is ex- 
 pressed. 
 
 8. autem] This adversative and 
 vero mark only a transition, and 
 follow Jhc words which they con- 
 nect; sed and verum denote a di- 
 
 * rect opposition ; at emphasizes the 
 opposition. H. 587, III. 2. 
 
 9. ad memorirtm] To our t : mc,' 
 i. e., to that when Nepos wrote. 
 
 10. oppidum] i. e., Athens. The 
 tomb of Thcmistocles accord- 
 ing to Pausanias, a writer of the 
 second century of our era stood 
 near the Piraeus. 
 
 11. est sepultus] * Lies buried.' 
 The perfect especially the per- 
 fect passive may sometimes de- 
 note the condition in which a 
 thing now is in consequence of a 
 previous action ; cf. mortuus est, 
 1 died,' ' is dead.' 
 
 foro] A forum was an open 
 place suitable in situation and sur- 
 roundings for the transaction of 
 public or private business. A Ro- 
 man forum was a levelled space of 
 ground of an oblong form, and 
 surrounded by buildings, temples, 
 porticoes, etc. Some fora were 
 devoted exclusively to purposes 
 of trade, and called, from their 
 special use, forum boarium, the 
 cattle market; forum olitorium, 
 the vegetable market, etc. Others,, 
 like the forum Romanum, were 
 appropriated mainly for the ad- 
 ministration of justice, for hold- 
 ing assemblies of the people, and 
 f >r the transaction of public aff u'rs,. 
 though such persons as bankers 
 
THEMISTOCLES. 
 
 133 
 
 jus morte multimodis apud plcrosque scriptum est ; sed 
 nos eundem potissimum Thueydideni auctorem proba- 
 mus, qui ilium ait Magnesia3 morbo mortuum neque 
 negat, fuisse famam, venenum sua sponte sumpsisse, 
 quum se, quse regi de Graecia opprimenda pollici- 
 tus esset, prsestare posse desperaret. Idem, ossa ejus 
 clam in Attica ab amicis sepulta, quoniarn legibus non 
 concederetjur quod proditionis esset damnatus, me- 
 moria3 prodidit. 
 
 and usurers occupied shops in the 
 adjacent porticoes. The word /b- 
 rum, in conjunction with a gcni- 
 tivc or proper adjective, forms 
 the name of many market and as- 
 size towns, as Forum Appii, Fo- 
 rum Aurelium, etc. 
 
 1. multimodis] Antiquated and 
 colloquial for multis modis. 
 
 apud plerosque} * In a great 
 manv authors.' 
 
 3. neque negat] * Without de- 
 nying,' or * though he does not 
 deny.' 
 
 4. venenum sumpsisse] Ap- 
 positive to famam. H. 554, II. 
 Supply eum. 
 
 7. quoniam] Refers to clam. 
 
 8. concederetur esset damna- 
 tus] The subjunctives show that 
 the statements are those of Thu- 
 cydides. 
 
134 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 ARISTIDES. 
 
 I. ARISTIDES, Lysimachi filius, Atheniensis, aequalis 
 fere fuit Themistocli. Itaque cum eo de principatu 
 contendit: namque obtrectarurit inter se. In his au- 
 tem cognitura est, quanto anteataret eloquentia inno- 
 5 centiaa. Quamquam enim adeo excellebat Aristldes 
 abstinentia, ut unus post hominum memoriam, quern qui- 
 dem nos audierimus, cognomine Justus sit appellatus : 
 tamen, a Themistocle collabefactus, testula ilia exsilio 
 
 I. Aristides, the rival of 
 Themistocles, is banished for 
 ten years, B. C. 483, but is re- 
 called on the invasion of the 
 Persians. 
 
 1. aqualis fere] 'Nearly of the 
 same a^e with.' 
 
 2. Themistocli] With aqualis, 
 the genitive of names of persons 
 is more common, in the classic 
 period, than the dative. 
 
 de principatu] 'For the pre- 
 eminence.' 
 
 3. obtrectarunt inter se] ' Were 
 rivals.' Grote thinks it highly 
 probable that one cause of their 
 rivalry was the attempt of The- 
 mistocles to convert Athens from 
 a land power into a sea power. 
 
 4. quanta] The ablative of 
 measure of difference. H. 418. 
 
 antestarct] ' Is mightier ; ' a 
 general remark, and therefore 
 better translated by the present. 
 
 innocenticp] ' Blamelessness.' 
 
 6. abstinentia] ' In disinterest- 
 edness.' 
 
 ut unus audierimus'] ' That 
 he is the only one in the history 
 
 of mankind, that at least I have 
 heard of, that has been,' etc. A 
 relative clause, used to limit or 
 restrict a general statement, takes 
 the subjunctive. H. 501, II. 
 
 7. nos] i.e., ego. An individ- 
 ual not infrequently spe iks of 
 himself in the first person plural 
 when he thinks more of the con- 
 dition and bearings of the subject 
 under discussion than of himself 
 personally in distinction from oth- 
 ers. H. 446, 2. 
 
 cognomine} ' By the surname 
 of.' Ablative of specification. H. 
 429. 
 
 Justus] Is predicate adjective 
 after appellatus. 
 
 sit appellatus] The perfect here 
 represents the result as valid even 
 to the time of the author. H. 
 482, 2. 
 
 8. testula] Is equivalent to tcs- 
 tularum suffragiis, in Themisto- 
 cles, ch. VIII. p. 128, lino 14. 
 
 ilia] Represents the thing as 
 well known. H. 450, 5. 
 
 exsilio] The ablative of pun- 
 ishment. H. 410, 5, 3). 
 
ARISTIDES. 
 
 135 
 
 decem annorum multatus est. Qui quidem quum intel- 
 ligeret, reprimi concitatam multitudinem non posse, 
 cedensque anirnadvertisset quendam scribentern, nt 
 patria pelleretur, quaesisse ab eo dicitur, quare id face- 
 ret, aut quid Aristides commisisset, cur tanta poena 5 
 dignus duceretur? Cui ille respondit, se ignorare Ari- 
 stidem ; sed sibi non placere, quod tarn cupide elabo- 
 rasset, ut praeter ceteros Justus appellaretur. Hie de- 
 cem annorum legitimam poenam non pertulit. Nam 
 postquam Xerxes in Graeciam descendit, sexto fere 10 
 anno, quam erat expulsus, populiscito in patriam resti- 
 tutus est. 
 
 II. Interfuit autem pugnae navali apud Salamina, 
 qua3 facta est prius, quam poana liberaretur. Idem 
 praetor fuit Atheniensium apud Plataeas in proelio, quo 15 
 
 3. cedensque] 'And giving up 
 the struggle.' 
 
 scribentem] In this act lies the 
 purpose expressed in ut pelleretur. 
 The name only of the person to 
 be banished was written on the 
 tile. For the difference between 
 the present participle and the in- 
 finitive after verbs of perceiving, 
 see H. 551, 4. 
 
 5. cur duceretur] Subjunc- 
 tive of result. H. 500 ; cur is here 
 a relative adverb. 
 
 pccna] Not intended to be, but 
 really such. 
 
 6. se Aristidem] Ignorare is 
 stronger than non nosse. * Did 
 not know Aristides at all.' 
 
 7. placere} The subject is quod 
 appellaretur. 
 
 8. ceteros] Ccteri means the 
 others of the same species ; alii, 
 others, different from those al- 
 ready mentioned ; reliqui, the rest, 
 remaining ones. 
 
 9. annorum] Genitive of char- 
 acteristic. H. 396,*IV. 
 
 non pertulit] 'Did not suffer 
 to the end.' He was in exile only 
 three years at most. 
 
 10. flcscendit] 'Came down,' i.e., 
 from the interior to the coast. 
 
 11. quam] For postquam. H. 
 427, 3. 
 
 erat expulsus] The pluperfect 
 is used after postquam when a 
 definite intervening time is men- 
 tioned. Cf. III. ad Jin. 
 
 II. Aristides commands the 
 Athenians at Plataea, and caus- 
 es the transfer of the hegem- 
 ony to Athens. 
 
 13. Interfuit] Not in the Athe- 
 nian fleet, but he captured P*yt- 
 talui, a small island near Salumis, 
 and killed the Persians that had 
 occupied that position. 
 
 15. quo Mardonius, etc.] The 
 facts would have led us to expect 
 
136 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 Mardonius fusus, barbarorumque exercitus interfectus 
 est. Neque aliud est ullura hujus in re militari illustre 
 factum, quam hujus imperil memoria; justitia3 vero, et 
 sequitatis, et innoeentias inulta: in primis, quod ejus 
 5 sequitate factum est, quum in cotnmimi classe esset 
 Graeciae simul cum Pausania, quo duce Mardonius erat 
 fugatus, ut summa imperil maritimi ab Lacedaemoniia 
 transferretur ad Athenienses. Nainque ante id tempus 
 et mail et terra duces erant Lacedaemonii. Turn autem 
 
 10 et intemperantia Pausaniae, et justitia factum est Ari- 
 stidis, ut omnes fere civitates Graeeiae ad Atheniensium 
 societatem se applicarent, et ad versus barbaros hos 
 duces deligerent sibLj 
 
 III. Quos quo facilius repellerent, si forte bellum 
 
 15 renovare conarentur, ad classes sedificandaa exercitus- 
 que comparandos quantum pecuniaB quaeque civitas 
 daret, Aristides delectus est, qui constitueret, ej usque 
 arbitrio quadringena et sexagena talenta quotannis 
 Delum sunt collata. Id enim commune serarium esse 
 
 quo barbarorum exercitus fusus 10. intemperantia] * The over- 
 
 Mardoniusque interfectus est. bearing conduct.' 
 
 2. JNV/we ulluni] 'But there 12. hos sili] 'Chose them 
 
 is no other.' (the Athenians) as their leaders; ' 
 
 Z.quhni] 'Except.' Nisi might duces is predicate. H. 373, 1. 
 also have been used here. In 
 
 "such instances, alius and aliter III. Aristides is appointed 
 
 stand in a negative clause, or to fix the amount to be contrib- 
 
 with an interrogative used nega- uted *>? each state to a common 
 
 t j ve l treasury, but dies in poverty 
 
 memorial 'Account.' Accord- ^bout B. C. 470. 
 
 ing to Plutarch, Aristides was 18. quadringena, etc.] Four 
 
 second only to Miltiades at the hundred and sixty talents a year, 
 
 battle of Marathon. H. 174, 2, 1). 
 
 4. in primis factum esf] ' Es- 19. Delum'] Limit of motion, 
 
 pecially that which resulted,' etc. Cf. Justin II. ch. I. line 7. 
 
 6. quo duce] ' Under whose /rf] i- e., Delum ; the pronoun 
 lead;' ablative absolute. H. 430. agrees in gender with the prcdi- 
 
 7. summa maritimi] 'The cate noun, instead of the antece- 
 chief command on the sea.' dent. H. 445, 4. 
 
ARISTIDES. 137 
 
 voluerunt. QuaB omnis pecunia postero tempore Athe- 
 nas translata est. Hie qua fuerit abstinentia, nullum 
 est certius indicium, quara quod, quum tantis rebus 
 prsefuisset, in tanta paupertate decessit, ut, qui efferre- 
 tur, vix reliquerit. Quo factum est, ut filire ejus pu- 5 
 blice alerentur, et de com muni serarto clotibus datis 
 collocarentuF. Decessit autem fere post annum quar- 
 tum, quam Themistocles Athenis erat expulsus. 
 
 3. quam prafuissef] ' Than supported at the expense of the 
 the fact that, though he had had state,' i. e., in the Prytaneum, a 
 charge of so important affairs.' building where the guests and 
 
 4. decessit] Sc. de vita. beneficiaries of the state were en- 
 qui efferretur] * Means for his tertained at the public charge. 
 
 burial ; ' literally, ' wherewith he 6. dotibus datis] * With dow- 
 
 could be carried out,' i. e., for ries.' Plutarch states they were 
 
 burial ; qui is an old ablative. H. in this case 3000 drachmas, or 
 
 187, 1. about $580. 
 
 5. publice alerentur} * Were 8. erat expulsus'] Cf. p. 135, 1. 11. 
 
138 
 
 CORNELIUS NEP-OS. 
 
 ALCIBIADES. 
 
 I. ALCIBIADES, Cliniae filius, Atheniensis. In hoc, 
 quid natura efficere possit, videtur experta. Constat 
 enim inter omnes, qui de eo memorise prodiderunt, 
 nihil illo fuisse excellent-ins, vel in vitiis, vel in virtu- 
 5tibus. Natus in amplissima civitate, summo genere, 
 omnium aBtatis sure multo formosissimus, ad omnes 
 res aptus, consiliique plenus (namque imperator fuit 
 summus et mari et terra) ; disertus, ut in primis dicendo 
 valeret, quod tanta erat commendatio oris atque ora- 
 10 tionis, ut nemo ei posset resistere ; dives ; qiumi tern- 
 pus posceret, laboriosus, patiens; liberalis, splendidus 
 non minus in vita,-quam victu; affabilis, bland us, tem- 
 poribus callidissime serviens : idem, simulac se remise- 
 
 1. The origin and character 
 of Alcibiades. 
 
 For the beginning, cf. Themis- 
 tocles, ch. I. line 1. 
 
 2. natura] Observe thnt the 
 leading subject stands in the de- 
 pendent clause. 
 
 possit] According to the rule 
 for the sequence of tenses, posset 
 would be the regular tense after 
 experta (essc), cf. antestaret, Ari- 
 stides, ch. I. line 4, but the 
 present marks more emphatically 
 the universality of the proposi- 
 tion. 
 
 3. memories prodiderunt] 'Have 
 written.' 
 
 4. nihil] More comprehensive 
 and stronger than neminem. So 
 Cicero ad Attlcum, 2, 24: " Xihil 
 me infortunatius, nihil fortunatius 
 est Catiilo." 
 
 excellentius] 'More remarkable.' 
 
 vel vel] * Either,' ' or ; ' i. e., 
 will you thus, or will you thus ? 
 vel being a contracted form of 
 velis j from volo. Aut indicates a 
 difference of the object, and vel 
 a difference of expression. 
 
 o. Natus] This word and the 
 following adjectives belong to the 
 predicate of the sentence agreeing 
 with idem, below ; * born, etc. 
 he on the other hand was found 
 to be,' etc. 
 
 9. commendatio orationis] 'The 
 fascination of his elocution and 
 language.' 
 
 11. laboriosiis'] 'Painstaking.' 
 patiens] ( Hardy.' 
 
 12. vita] ' Public life.' 
 
 victu] ' Style of living,' with 
 reference to his dwelling, attire, 
 table, etc. 
 
 13. se remiserat] l Had unbent 
 himself.' The pluperfect here, in 
 
ALCIBIADES. 
 
 139 
 
 rat, neque causa suberat, quare animi laborem perferret, 
 luxuriosus, dissolutus, libidinosus, intemperans reperie- 
 batur, ut ornnes admirarentur, in uno lioinine tantam 
 esse dissimilitudinem, tanique divcrsain naturam. 
 
 II. Educatus est in domo Pencil (privignus enim 
 ejus fuisse dicitur), eruditus a Socrate; socerum habuit 
 Hippomcum, omnium Grasca, lingua loquentium divitis- 
 simum; ut, si ipse fingere vellet, neque plura bona 
 comminisci, neque majora posset consequi, quam vel 
 natura vel fortuna tribueret. 
 
 10 
 
 conjunction with the imperfect, 
 denotes a repeated action. H. 
 472, 2. 
 
 I. animi laborem] * Mental 
 toil.' 
 
 4. diversam] ' Contradictory.' 
 
 II. The youth and education 
 of Alcibiades. 
 
 5. in clomo Perlcli] He lost his 
 father, Clinias, at the battle of 
 Coionea, and Pericles became his 
 guardian, 
 
 Perlcli] This illustrious Athe- 
 nian orator and statesman was 
 b >rn about B. C. 500, and began 
 his political career in the year 
 B.C. 469. By his talents, wis- 
 dom, and eloquence, he soon 
 gained a prominent position, and, 
 in B. C. 444, the foremost place in 
 the state. By his liberality and 
 enterprise, with the cooperation 
 of the great sculptors, architects, 
 and painters of his day, he not 
 only raised Athens to a degree of 
 splendor befitting the imperial 
 rank which she had acquired by 
 her maritime ascendency, but 
 made his age an epoch in the his- 
 tory of art. He died of a linger- 
 ing fever, in the year B. C. 429, in 
 
 the third year of the Peloponne- 
 sian war. 
 
 privignus'] A mistake ; the 
 grandfather of Alcibiades and the 
 mother of Pericles were brother 
 and sister. 
 
 6. Socrate] Cf. Phaedrus, 28, 2. 
 socerum] Alcibiades received 
 
 with his wife ten talents, which 
 was regarded as an immense dow- 
 ry in those times. Note that in- 
 herited wealth is placed by the 
 author among the gifts of nature, 
 while the dowry is regarded as 
 one of the favors of fortune. 
 
 7. Grceca loquentium] A pe- 
 riphrasis for Grcecorum ; cf. Mil- 
 tiacles, ch. III. line 11. 
 
 8. faigere] * To give play to his 
 imagination.' 
 
 vellet] This use of the imper- 
 fect, either in the condition or in 
 the conclusion of hypothetical 
 sentences, in the place of the plu- 
 perfect, by which completed ac- 
 tions of the past are transferred, 
 at least partl3 r , to the present, 
 is a peculiarity of the Latin lan- 
 guage. In translating, conform 
 to the English idiom. 
 
 10. tribueret] The subjunctive 
 of attraction. H. 527. 
 
140 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 III. Bello Peloponnesio hujus consilio atque aucto- 
 ritate Athenienses bellum Syracusanis indixerunt ; ad 
 quod gerendum ipse dux delectus est; duo praBterea 
 colleges dati, Nicia et Lamachus. Id quurn appara- 
 5retur, priusquam classis exiret, accidit, ut una nocte 
 omnes Hennse, qui in oppido erant Atlienis, dojice- 
 rentur praeter unum, qui ante januain erat Andocidi. 
 Itaque ille postea Mercurius Andocidis vocitatus est. 
 Hoc quum appareret non sine magna multorum con- 
 10 sensione esse fact urn, quse non ad privatam, sed pu- 
 blicam rem pertineret, magnus multitudini timor est 
 
 HI. Alcibiades instigates a 
 war against Syracuse : he is 
 suspected of sacrilege and trea- 
 son. B.C. 415. 
 
 1. Bello] This war, which was 
 waged between the Athenians and 
 Spartans, began B. C. 431, and 
 ended with the discomfiture of 
 the Athenians, B. C. 404. 
 
 2. Syracusanis] Syracuse, once 
 the largest, richest, and most pow- 
 erful city of Sicily, was situated 
 on the eastern coast of the south- 
 ern portion of that island. It was 
 founded by the Dorians, B. C. 735. 
 In its most prosperous times, it 
 had a circumference of 180 stadia, 
 or over 20 English miles. Being 
 connected with Sparta by ties of 
 race, it would naturally side with 
 that state, rather than with Ath- 
 ens. 
 
 4. dati] Sc. sunt t to be supplied 
 from est, at the end of the preced- 
 ing clause. 
 
 Nicia] For Nicias, a Latin for 
 a Greek form. H. 43, 3. Nicias, 
 on whom alone, in consequence 
 of the recall of Alcibiades and the 
 death of Lamachus, the conduct 
 of this war devolved, though a 
 brave and experienced general, 
 
 was at last compelled, after great 
 disasters and sufferings, to surren- 
 der himself and his army to 
 the Syracusans, who put him to 
 death, B. C. 413. 
 
 5. priusquam exiret] The 
 subjunctive shows a connection 
 between this clause and accidit ut 
 dejicerentur, which is merely a 
 periphrasis for dejecti sunt. H. 
 523, II. and 2. 
 
 6. Hermaf] These were square 
 blocks of stone, surmounted with 
 a head of Hermes or Mercurius, 
 and were placed in the streets and 
 at the entrances of houses. The 
 Pclasgians represented Hermes 
 without hands and feet. 
 
 dejicerentur] Thucydides and 
 Plutarch say that they were mu- 
 tilated. 
 
 7. Andocidi] The genitive ; cf. 
 Pericli, ch. II. 1. 5. AndocTdes 
 was one of the ten Attic orators. 
 Being implicated in this act of 
 sacrilege, he was punished w'th 
 atimy, a state of infamy, by which 
 one lost the protection of the 
 laws, and in general the rights 
 of a citizen. 
 
 11. pertineret] The subjunctive 
 of result. H. 501. 
 
ALCIBIADES. 
 
 141 
 
 injectus, ne qua repentina vis in civitate exsisteret, 
 quse libertatem opprimeret populi. Hoc maxim e con- 
 venire in Alcibiadem yidebatur, quod et potentior et 
 major, quam privatus, existimabatur. Multos enim 
 liberalitate devinxerat, plures etiam opera forensi suos 5 
 reddiderat. Quare fiebat,. ut omnium oculos, quoties- 
 cumque in publicum prodisset, ad se converteret, ne- 
 que ei par quisquam in civitate poneretur. Itaque non 
 solum spem in eo habebant maximam, sed etiam timo- 
 rem, quod et obesse plurimum et prodesse poterat. 10 
 Aspergebatur etiam infamia, quod in domo sua facere 
 mysteria dicebatur; quod nefas erat more Athenien- 
 sium; idque non ad religionem, sed ad conjurationem 
 pertinere existimabatur. 
 
 IV. Hoc crimine in contione ab inimicis compella- 15 
 batur. Sed instabat tempus ad bellum proficiscendi. 
 Id ille intuens, neque ignorans civium suoruin consue- 
 
 1. vis] ' Act of violence.' 
 
 2. Hoc] i. c., the presumed con- 
 spiracy against the freedom of the 
 people. 
 
 convenire] ( To apply.' 
 
 4. privatus] Cf. Miltiades, ch. 
 VIII. p. 118, line 1. 
 
 5. opera forensi] ' By his ser- 
 vice as an advocate,' i. e., in the 
 assemblies of the people, and in 
 the courts of law. 
 
 stios] 'His adherents.' The 
 predicate accusative. 
 
 7. in publicum prodisset] ' Ap- 
 p'feared in public.' 
 
 11. Aspergebatur] He (i. e., his 
 character) was stained.' 
 
 facere mysteria] ' To celebrate 
 the mysteries,' i. e., those of the 
 Elcusinian Ceres (Demeter),which 
 it was unlawful to celebrate oth- 
 erwise than in the prescribed 
 ways ; a ** sham celebration " of 
 
 these rites was alleged against 
 AlcibiMes. 
 
 IV. Aloibiades is accused, 
 and recalled from Sicily, but 
 escapes to Sparta. 
 
 15. compelldbatur'} ' "Was called 
 to account.' This was only pre- 
 liminary to a formal accusation, 
 which was brought against him 
 after his arrival in Sicily. See 
 below. 
 
 17. neque ignorans] * Knowing 
 very well ; ' an example of litotes. 
 The two negatives here, and gen- 
 erally when the second is em- 
 phatic, not only destroy each 
 other, but produce a stronger 
 affirmation. 
 
 consuetudinem] i. e., of accusing 
 persons in their absence, or of 
 getting rid of prominent and sus- 
 pected citizens. 
 
142 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 tuilinern, postulabat, si quid de se agi vellent, potius 
 d<> prsesente quaestio haberetur, quam absens invidise 
 crirnine accusaretur. Iniraiei vero ejus quiescendurn 
 in praesenti, quia noceri non posse intelligebant, et illud 
 5 tempus exspectandum decreverunt, quo exisset, ut ab- 
 sentem aggrederentur ; itaque fecerunt. Nam post- 
 quam in Siciliam eum pervenisse crediderunt, absen- 
 tem, quod sacra violasset, re urn fecerunt. Qua de re 
 quum ei nuntius a'magistratu in Siciliam missus esset, 
 
 10 ut domum ad causam dicendam rediret, essetque in 
 magna spe provinciae bene administrandae ; non parere 
 noluit, et in trierem, quas ad eum deportandum erat 
 niissa, ascendit. Hac Thurios in Italiam pervectus, 
 multa secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum 
 
 15 licentia crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum ratus, 
 impendentem evitare tempestatem, clam se ab custo- 
 dibus subduxit, et inde primum Elidem, dein Thebas 
 venit. Postquam autem se eapitis damnatum, bonis 
 
 2. haberetur"] For the omis- 11. non pirere] 'D-sobey.' 
 sion of ut, see H. 493, 2. 12. trierem} A Greek word for 
 
 i/ividifs crimine] * On an invid- triremem. 
 ious charge.' 13. Uac] Refers to trierem. 
 
 3. quteicenddi*] Sc. esse sibi. Thurios} A city founded, B. C. 
 H. 301, 2, and 388. 443, by a colony of Athenians, 
 
 4. noceri} Sc. ei. For this im- near the ruins of Sybaris. 
 personal construction, cf. Justin, 15. ergo} In classical language 
 I. ch. I. line 2, p. 55. is seldom used in a hostile sense. 
 
 8. sacra] Refers to mysteria, utilissimum} Predicate adjec- 
 in ch. III. line 12, p. 141. ' tive. H. 373, 2. 
 
 reum fecerunt} 'Accused;' a 17. Elidem} The capitil of the 
 
 juridical expression. country of the same name ; if the 
 
 9. a majistratu} 'By the gov- latter had been meant, it would 
 eminent.' have been in Elidem. 
 
 10. ad causam dicendam} 'To 18. bonis pubUcatis} We occa- 
 plead his cause ; ' cf. reum fece- sionally find ablatives absolute 
 runt, above. formed with the perfect participle, 
 
 essetque administrandce} ' And to express a circumstance which 
 cherished strong hopes of con- does not precede, but accompanies 
 ducting his command success- or follows, the main action. Mad- 
 fully.' vig, 431, Obs. 2. 
 
ALCIBIADES. 143 
 
 publicatis, audivit, et, id quod usu venerat, Eumolpidas 
 sacerdotes a populo coactos, ut se devoverent, ej usque 
 devotionis, quo testatior esset memoria, exemplum, in 
 pilfi lapidea incisum, esse positum in publico, Lacedae- 
 monein demigravit. Ibi, ut ipse praedicare consueverat, 5 
 lion ad versus patriam, sed inimicos suos bellum gessit, 
 quod iidem hostes essent civitati. Nam quum intelli- 
 gerent, se plurimum prodesse posse reipublicaB, ex ea 
 ejecisse plusque iraa suse, quam utilitati communi paru- 
 isse. Itaque hujus consilio Laeedremonii cum Perse 10 
 rege amicitiam fecerunt ; dein Decellam in Attica rnu- 
 nierunt, pra3sidioque ibi perpetuo posito in obsidione 
 Atbenas tenuerunt. Ejusdem opera loniara a societate 
 averterunt Atheniensiura. Quo facto multo superiores 
 bello esse coeperunt. 15 
 
 V. Neque vero his rebus tarn amici Alcibifidi sunt 
 facti, quam timore ab eo alienati. Nam quum acerrimi 
 
 1. et venerat] 'And, as had 8. sc] i. e., Alcibiadem. 
 actually happened, that ; ' id quod ex ea ejecisse'] ' They had ban- 
 relates to the entire statement ished him.' Supply subject and 
 which follows ; usu is an ablative object from the context. 
 
 of cause. \\.rege] Darius Nothus reigned 
 
 Eumolpidas] The Eumolpidae from B. C. 424 to B. C. 405. 
 
 were an ancient priestly family, Deceliam] This was a village 
 
 descended from Eumolpus, a about fifteen miles north of Ath- 
 
 Thracian, who is said, as priest ens, on the road to Euboea, whence- 
 
 of Ceres, to have founded the the Athenians obtained many of 
 
 Eleusinian mysteries. By virtue their supplies, 
 
 of their office, it would be their 12. in obsidione} ' In a state of 
 
 duty to take cognizance of the siege.' 
 crime of Alcibiades. 
 
 2. se] Refers to Alcibiades, the V. Alcibiades, suspected by 
 leading subject. trie Spartans, flees to the Per- 
 
 3. testatior] < Better attested.' sians, in the year B. C. 411, 
 
 4. lapidea] An adjective of ma- but is afterwards reinstated in 
 terial (H. 324) ; -eus answering to command by the Athenians, 
 the English -en, as in golden, oak- 16. Neque vero] So also we find 
 en, etc. regularly neque tamen for non ta- 
 
 7- inteHigerent] Subjunctive of men, and usually neque enim, ne- 
 concession. H. 515, I. que igitur. 
 
144 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 viri prasstantem pruclentiam in omnibus rebus cogno- 
 scerent, pertimuerunt, ne caritate patriae ductus ali- 
 quando ab ipsis descisceret, et cum suis in gratiam 
 rediret. Itaque tempus ejus interficiundi quaerere in- 
 Sstituerunt. Id Alcibiades diutius celari non potuit: 
 erat enira ea sagacitate, ut decipi non posset, praesertim 
 quum animum attendisset ad cavendum. Itaque ad 
 Tissaphemem, praefectum regis Darii, se contulit. Cu- 
 jus quum in intimam amicitiam pervenisset, et Athe- 
 
 10 niensium, male gestis in Sicilia rebus, opes senescere, 
 
 contra Lacedaemoniorum crescere videret: initio cum 
 
 Pisandro praetore, qui apud Samum exercitum habebat, 
 
 per internuntios colloquitur, et de reditu suo facit men- 
 
 N tionem. Erat enim eodern, quo Alcibiades, sensu, 
 
 15 populi potentiaa non amicus, et optimatium fautor. 
 Ab hoc destitutus primum per Thrasybulum, Lyci 
 filium, ab exercitu recipitur, praetorque fit apud Sa- 
 
 2. pertimuerunt] * Feared great- oases, the Latin lias no word. 
 ly ; ' cf. perterreo, permag?ius, in Z. 767. 
 
 which likewise per heightens the 12. Pisandro] This Pisander 
 
 signification. was one of the chiefs of the oli- 
 
 3. cum rediret] 'Should be- garchical faction in the Athenian 
 come reconciled to his country- army. Androcles, the leader of 
 men.' the popular party at this time, was 
 
 4. interficiundi] For inter/id- an enemy of Alcibiades. 
 
 endi. H. 238. Samum] Was principally cele- 
 
 5. Id] Accusative after celari. brated as the birthplace of Pytha- 
 H. 374, 1 and 1). goras. 
 
 cetari] * Be kept ignorant of.' 14. ecdem, quo] * Of the same 
 
 6. sagacitate'] 'Acuteness ; ' the as.' H. 451, 5. 
 
 word properly denotes keenness 15. optimatium] The more usual 
 
 of the senses, especially of smell- genitive plural of optimates. H. 
 
 ing. 89, o. 
 
 8. Tissaphernem] He was sa- 16. per] l Through the medin- 
 trap of Lydia and Cam, and the tion of.' The person here is re- 
 enemy of Cyrus the You'.iircr. garded rather as the means than 
 
 11. Lacedamoniorum] 4 Tliat as the agent. H. 414, c, 1). 
 
 (i. e., the power) of the Laceda3- Tlirasybuhmi} An energetic 
 
 monians.' For ' that,' as the rep- and enterprising leader, who after- 
 
 resentative of a noun in such wards, as the champion of the 
 
ALCIBIADES. 145 
 
 mum; post, suffragante Theramene, populiscito resti- 
 tuitur, parique absens iniperio praeficitur simul cum 
 Thrasybulo et Theramene. Horum in imperio trnita 
 commutatio rerum facta est, ut Lacedaemonii, qui 
 paullo ante victores viguerant, perterriti paceni pete- 5 
 rent. Victi enim erant quinque prceliis terrestribus, 
 tribus navalibus, in quibus ducentas naves triremes 
 amiserant, quae captae in hostium venerant potestatem. 
 Alcibitides simul cum collegis receperat loniam, Helle- 
 spontum, multas praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in ora 10 
 sitas sunt Thraciae, quarum expugnarant complures, in 
 iis Byzantium; neque minus multas consilio ad amici- 
 tiam adjunxerant, quod in captos dementia fuerant usi. 
 Ita praedfi onusti, locupletato exercitu, maximis rebus 
 gestis, Athenas venerunt. 15 
 
 VI. His quum obviarn universa civitas in Piraenm 
 descendisset, tanta fuit omnium exspectatio visendi 
 Alcibiadis, ut ad ejus trireme m. vulgus conflneret, 
 proinde ac si solus advenisset. Sic enim populo erat 
 
 popular party, overthrew the oli- 14. lorupletato gestis] Et is 
 
 garchy at Athens. generally omitted Ijetween two 
 
 1. suffragante Th era mene] 'With ablatives absolute, 
 the cooperation of TherumSnes.' 
 
 Theramenes was one of the Tiiirty VI. Alcibiades is received at 
 
 Tyrants. He possessed superior Athens with great enthusiasm, 
 
 abilities, but was so inconstant and tno curse of the Eumolpi- 
 
 and time-serving that he became d89 is removed. B. C. 408. 
 
 unpopular with both parties, and 16. Pireeum] Cf. Themistdcles, 
 
 was finally seized, and put to ch. VI. line 10. The Pirseus is 
 
 death by poison, at the order of about five miles south-west from 
 
 Crifias, the chief of the Thirty. Athens. 
 
 2. par i imperio] ' With equal 17. omnium'] Subjective geni- 
 auth:>r!ty.' tive. 
 
 s'mitl citm] ' Together with ;' visendi] Visere, a frequentative 
 
 not temporal here. from video, has often rather an 
 
 9. Hellespontum] i. e., the re- intensive force. H. 332, 2, 2). 
 
 gion bordering on the Hellespont. 19. Sic persuasum] 'For the 
 
 12. neque multas] 'And quite people had become convinced of 
 
 as many.' this ; ' populo is the dative of ad- 
 
 consilio] ' By their policy.' vantage. H. 385. 
 10 
 
146 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 persuasum, et adversas superiores, et prsesentes secun- 
 das res accidisse ejus opera. Itaque et Siciliae amis- 
 sum, et Lacedaemoniorum. victorias culpae SUSB tribue- 
 bant, quod talem virum e civitate expulissent. Neque 
 5 id sine causa arbitrari videbantur. Nam postquam 
 cxercitui praesse coeperat, neque terra, neque mari 
 hostes pares esse potuerant. Hie ut e navi egressus 
 est, quamquam Theramenes et Thrasybulus iisdem 
 rebus praefuerant, simulque venerant in Piraeum, taraen 
 
 lOunura omnes ilium prosequebantur ; et, id quod nuin- 
 quam autea usu venerat, nisi Olympiaa victoribus, coro- 
 nis laureis taeniisque vul^o donabatur. Ille lacrimans 
 talem benevolentiam civiurn suorum accipiebat; rerni- 
 nisci pristini temporis acerbitatem. Postquam in astu 
 
 15 venit, contione advocata sic verba fecit, ut nemo tarn 
 ferns fuerit, quin ejus casu illacrimarit, inimicumque iis 
 se ostenderit, quorum opera patria pulsus fuerat, pro- 
 inde ac si all us populns, non ille ipse, qui turn flebat, 
 enm sacrile<rii damn as set. Restituta ergo huic sunt 
 
 o o 
 
 20 publice bona; iidemque illi Eumolpldae sacerdotes 
 rursus resacrare sunt coacti, qui eum devoverant ; pilae- 
 que illae, in quibus devotio fuerat scripta, in mare 
 praecipitatas. 
 
 2. amissum] Occurs nowhere 13. remmisct] . Historical infini- 
 
 else as a noun. tive for the historical present, or 
 
 6. ca>pera] The pluperfect is imperfect indicative. H. 545, 1. 
 used on account of the pluperfect 16. casu] An old dative. H. 
 
 potuerat, in the leading clause. 116, 4, 3). 
 
 11. lictnribus] i. c., on their re- illacrimarit'] Subjunctive of 
 I'.irn home ; but they received result after qmn t in the sense of 
 also, at Olympia, chaplets of wild ut non. H. 498. 
 
 olive leaves. " The re-entry of 17. proinde ac si] Is less.com- 
 
 AlcibiAdes was not merely unos- mon than perinde a? si. 
 
 tentations, but even mistrustful 21. resicrare] f To release from 
 
 and apprehensive." He had been the curse.' 
 
 in exile from B. C. 415 t-> B. C. 407. pil&rjue Wai] Refers to p. 143, 
 
 12. tcBniis] These sei*ved as or- line 4, where, however, only one 
 naments to the chaplets. pila is mentioned. H. 450. 
 
ALCIBIADES. 147 
 
 VII. Hsec Alcibiadl laetitia non nimis fuit diuturna. 
 Nam quum ei omnes essent honores decreti, totaque 
 respublica domi bellique tradita, ut unius arbitrio gere- 
 retur; et ipse postulasset, ut duo sibi college darentur, 
 Thrasybiilus et Adimantus, neque id negatum esset: 5 
 classe in Asiam profectus, quod apud Cymen minus 
 ex sententia rem gesserat, in invidiam recidit. Nihil 
 enim eum non efficere posse ducebant. Ex quo fiebat, 
 ut omnia minus prospere gesta culpae tribuerent, quum 
 eum aut negligenter, aut malitiose fecisse loquerentur: 10 
 sicut turn accidit. Nam, corruptum a rege eapere Cy- 
 men noluisse, arguebant. Itaque huic maxime puta- 
 rnus malo fuisse nimiam opinionern ingenii atque virtu- 
 tis. Timebatur enim non minus, quam diligebatur, ne, 
 secunda fortuna magnisque opibus elatus, tyrannidem 15 
 concnpisceret. Qtiibus rebus factum est, ut absent! 
 magistratum abrogarent, et aliiim in ejus locum substi- 
 tuerent. Id ille ut audivit, domum reverti noluit, et se 
 Pactyen contulit, ibique tria castella communiit, Bor- 
 nos, Bisanthen, Neontlchos; manuque collecta primus 20 
 civitatis in Thraciam introiit, gloriosius existi- 
 
 VII. Alcibiades is removed 11. corruptum] * Because lie 
 
 from his command, and retires had been bribed.' H. 578, II. 
 
 to Thrace, in the year B. C. 12 . huic malo] Two datives. 
 
 407 ' H. 390. 
 
 1. non diuturna] 'Was none 13. opinionem virtutis] 'The 
 
 too lasting.' opinion which they (i. e., the Athe- 
 
 7. ex sententia] l To their mind,' man's) had of his ability and val- 
 
 i. e., of the Athenians. or.' Ingenii and virtutis are ob- 
 
 Nihil dttzebant] ' For there jective genitives. H. 396, II. 
 
 was nothing that they thought he 1C. absenti] Sc. ei, dative of 
 
 could not do;' ' they thought he disadvantage, 
 
 could do everything.' Non after 20. yeontichos] A Greek word, 
 
 a general negative gives it the equivalent to Newcastle. 
 
 force of a general affirmative : H. collecta civitatis'] * And was 
 
 58-5, 1. the first man of a Greek state that 
 
 10. malitiose'] ' With evil in- assembled,' etc. 
 
 tent.' i. <?., with traitorous designs. 21. in Thraciam] The interior 
 
148 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 mans, barbarorum praeda locupletari, quam Grajorum. 
 Qua ex re creverat quura fama, turn opibus, magnain- 
 que amicitiani sibi cum quibusclam, regibus ThraciaB 
 pepererat. 
 
 5 VIII. Neque tamen a caritate patrise potuit rece- 
 dere. Nam quum apud ^Egos flumen Philocles, prae- 
 tor Atheniensium, classem constittiisset suain, neque 
 longe abesset Lysander, praetor Lacedaemoniorum, qui 
 in eo erat occupatus, ut belluin quam diutissime duce- 
 
 10 ret, quod ipsis pecunia a rege suppeditabatur, contra 
 Atheniensibus exhaustis p raster arma et naves nihil 
 erat super: Alcibiades ad exercitum venit Athenien- 
 sium, ibique praesente vulgo agere coepit; si vellent, 
 se coacturum Lysandrum dimicare, aut pacem petere 
 
 15 spondet ; Lacedasmonios eo nolle classe confligere quod 
 pedestribus copiis plus, quam navibus, valerent; sibi 
 autem esse facile Seuthen, regem Thracum, adducere, 
 ut eos terra depelleret ; quo facto necessario aut classe 
 conflicturum, aut bellum compositurum. Id etsi vere 
 
 20 dictum Philocles animadvertebat, tamen postulata fa- 
 cere noluit, quod sentiebat, se, Alcibiade recepto, nul- 
 
 must have been intended, as there writers translate only the limited 
 
 bad long before this been Greek noun, retaining the Greek geni- 
 
 colonies on the coast. tive. 
 
 Phildcles] There were five other 
 
 VIII. In his exile Alcibiades Athenian commanders, but Phi- 
 remains devoted to his coun- locies was acting general the day 
 try, but his counsels are disre- o f the battle. He was taken pris- 
 garded. oner, and shortly afterwards put 
 
 5. Xeque tameri\ Cf. neque vero, to death. 
 
 ch. V. line 16. 9. in eo lit] * Was intent 
 
 6. Nam quum\ The conclusion upon.' 
 
 begins at line 12. 12. erat super'] Unusual for su- 
 
 SEgos flumeii] Called from the percrat ; a case of hyperbaton. 
 
 Greek JEyospotami, i. c., 'Goat's H. 704, IV. 
 
 River.' It was a small stream in 13. prcesente vulgo] ' In the 
 
 the Thracian Chersonese, directly presence of the soldiery ;' proba- 
 
 opposite to Lampsacus, about two bly in order to gain their support, 
 
 m.ies from Sesto^. The Latin agere] 'To declare.' 
 
ALCIBIADES. 149 
 
 lius moment! apud exercitum futurum, et, si quid se- 
 cundi e-venisset, nullam in ea re suam partem fore; 
 contra ea, si quid adversi accidisset, se untim ejus 
 delicti futurum reum. Ab hoc discedens Alcibiades, 
 "quoniam," inquit, "victoria patriaB repugnas, illud mo- 5 
 neo, juxta hostem castra habeas nautica; periculum est 
 enim, ne imrnodestia militurn vestrormn occasio detnr 
 Lysandro vestri oppritnendi exercitus." Neque ea res 
 ilium fefellit. Nam Lysander, quum per speculatores 
 comperisset, vulgum Atheniensium in terrain praeda- 10 
 turn exisse, navesque paene inanes relictas, tern pus 
 rei gerendaB non dimisit, eoque impetu belluin totum 
 delevit. 
 
 IX. At Alcibiades, victis Atheniensibus non satis 
 tuta eadem loca sibi arbitrans, penitus in Thraciam se 15 
 supra Propontidem abdidit, sperans, ibi facillime suam 
 fortunam occuli posse. Falso. Nam Thraces, post- 
 quam eum cum magna pecunia venisse senserunt, insi- 
 dias fecerunt; qui ea, qua3 apportarat, abstulerunt, 
 ipsum capere non potuerunt. Ille cernens, nullum 20 
 locum sibi tut urn in GraBoia propter potentiam Lfice- 
 daemonioram, ad Pharnabazum in Asiam transiit ; 
 
 4. futurum reum} * Would be vestrorwri] Alcibiades now in- 
 held accountable. ' eludes the other commanders in 
 
 5. illud moneo] * I give you this his remarks. 
 
 warning;' the accusative for the 11. tempus gerendce] 'The 
 
 genitive. H. 410, 3, 1). chance to strike a blow.' 
 
 6. castra nautica] 'A naval 13. delemf] * Put an end to.' 
 camp.' The ships of the ancients 
 
 were drawn ashore, and some- IX. Alcibiades leaves Thrace, 
 
 times protected by works, while and, crossing over to Asia, tries 
 
 the men pitched their tents around to wi n the Persian king as an 
 
 them ; in the present instance it a11 ^ to the Athenian*. 
 
 seems to mean the place where 15. penitus se abdidit"] *Re- 
 
 the ships were moored. Habeas tired into the interior.' 
 
 is in the subjunctive after ut 17. fortunam} ' His condition/ 
 
 omitted. H, 4^3,2. Falso] 'In vain.' Sc. spe- 
 
 7. ne] Is dependent upon per- ravit. 
 
 iculum. H. 493, 3. 22. Pharnabazum} The satrap 
 
150 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 quern quidera adeo sua cepit humanitate, ut eum nemo 
 in amicitia antecederet. Namque ei Grynium dederat 
 in Phrygia castrum, ex quo quinquagena talenta vecti- 
 galis capiebat. Qua fortuna Alcibiades non erat con- 
 5 tentus, neque Athenas victas Lacedaemoniis servire 
 poterat pati. Itaque ad patriam liberandam orani fe- 
 rebatur cogitatione. Sed videbat, id sine rege Perse 
 non posse fieri; ideoque eum amicura sibi cupiebat 
 adjungi; neque dubitabat, facile se consecuturum, si 
 
 10 modo ejus conveniundi habuisset potestatem. Nam 
 Cyrum fratrem ei bellum clam parare, Laceda3moniis 
 acljuvantibus, sciebat ; id si aperuisset, magnam se 
 initufum gratiam videbat. 
 
 X. Hoc quum moliretur, peteretque a Pharnabazo, 
 
 15 ut ad regem mitteretur, eodem tempore Critias ceteri- 
 
 of the Persian provinces near the 
 Hellespont. 
 
 1. cepit humanitate] ' Charmed 
 by his culture.' 
 
 2. in amicitia] i. e., in Phar- 
 nabazus's. 
 
 Grynium] "Was a small for- 
 tress in the south-west of Mysla. 
 Though thus situated, it belonged 
 to the satrapy of Phurnabazus, 
 for which Phrygia seems to have 
 been the general term. 
 
 3. castruni] Is seldom found 
 except in connection with names 
 of places ; as Castrum Inui, Cas- 
 trum Novum, etc. ; otherwise cas- 
 telium. 
 
 quinquagena'] i. e., annually, 
 as the distributive shows. 
 
 6. omni cogitutione] Trans- 
 late ' all his thoughts were turned/ 
 
 7. rege Perse] Artaxerxes Mne- 
 mon, who reigned from B. C. 405 
 to B. C. 359. 
 
 10. ej'ua conveniwidi potestatem] 
 
 1 An opportunity of meeting him.* 
 11. Cyrum] Cyrus the Younger, 
 who, having assembled an army 
 of 10,000 Greeks and 100,000 Per- 
 sians, rebelled against his brother, 
 B. C. 401, and fell at Cnnaxa, 
 near the Euphrates, the same 
 year. 
 
 X. Pharnabazus, instigated 
 by the Thirty Tyrants at Ath- 
 ens, causes Alcibiades to be 
 assassinated in the year B. C. 
 404. 
 
 15. Critias] A man of high 
 rank, large wealth, and eminent 
 abilities, who, as a poet, orator, 
 and historical writer, is mentioned 
 with praise. He was a pupil of 
 Socrates and an uncle of Plato. 
 As chief of the Thirty Tyrants, he 
 displayed such a lust of power, 
 such malignity and atrocity, that 
 he brought ruin on himself and 
 his party. 
 
ALCIBIADES. 151 
 
 que tyranni Atheniensium certos homines ad Lysan- 
 drum in Asiam miserant, qui eum certiorem facerent, 
 nisi Alcibiadem sustulisset, nihil earum rerinn fore 
 ratum, quas ipse Athenis constituisset ; quare, si suas 
 res gestas man ere vellet, ilium persequeretur. His Laco 5 
 rebus commotus statuit accuratius sibi agendum cum 
 Pharnabazo. Huic ergo renuntiat, qua3 regi cum Lace- 
 daBmoniis essent, nisi Alcibiadem vivuin aut mortuum 
 sibi tradidisset. Non tulit hunc satrapes, et violaro 
 clementiam, quam regis opes minui maluit. Itaque mi- 10 
 sit Susamithren et Bagaeum ad Alcibifidem interficien- 
 dum, quum ille esset in Phrygia, iterque ad regem com- 
 pararet. Missi clam vicinitati, in qua turn Alcibifides 
 erat, dant negotium, ut eum interficiant. II li quum 
 ferro aggredi non auderent, noctu ligna contulerunt 15 
 circa casam earn, in qua quiescebat, eaque succende- 
 runt, ut incendio conficerent, quern manu superari posse 
 diffidebant. Ille autem ut sonitu flarnmaB est excitatus, 
 
 1. tyranni] . Who had been find satraps, satrapis, and satra- 
 
 placed in power at Athens, by pern, but the other forms are of 
 
 Lysander, on the overthrow of the first declension, 
 
 the democracy at the close of the 10. clementiam] ' The claims of 
 
 Peloponnesian war. humanity.' 
 
 certos] 'Trustworthy ;' not* cer- 11. Susamithreri] The uncle of 
 
 tain ' in the sense of quosdam. Pharnabazus ; Bagaeus was a 
 
 3. nisi sustulisset] ' If he did brother of the satrap. 
 
 not make away with.' 13. clam] Belongs to dant. 
 
 4. ratum] 'Secure.' 14. interjicianf] Is in the plu- 
 
 5. res yestas manere] . ' His ral, because vicinitati is a collec- 
 measures to be permanent.' tive noun. H. 461. 
 
 Laco] i. e., Lysander. Illi] i. e., vicini, implied in vi- 
 
 7. Huic essent] ' He told him, cinitati. 
 
 therefore, that he disclaimed the 17. quern, etc.] One who they 
 
 alliance of the king with the did not believe could,' etc. 
 
 Lacedemonians.' 18. ut] * As soon as,' like post- 
 
 9. Non satrapes] < The satrap quam, ubi, etc., is in narratives 
 
 did not hold out against him.' generally followed by the liistori- 
 
 Sat rapes is a Persian word, which cai perfect. 
 
 the Latin writers sometimes trans- sonitu] * Crackling.' Justin says 
 
 late by praetor or prafeclus. We he was burned in his chamber. 
 
152 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 etsi gladius ei erat subductus, familiaris sui subalare 
 telum eripuit. Namque erat cum eo quidam ex Arca- 
 dia hospes, qni numquam disced ere voluerat. Hunc 
 sequi se jubet, et id, quod in praesentia vestimentorum 
 5 fuit, arripit. His in ignem ejectis, flammae vim transiit. 
 Quern ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, telis 
 eminus missis interfecerunt, caputque ejus ad Pharna- 
 bazurn retulerunt. At mulier, quae cum eo vivere con- 
 suerat, muliebri sua veste contectum aedilicii incendio 
 
 10 mortuum cremavit, quod ad vivum interimendum erat 
 comparatum. Sic Alcibiades, annos circiter quadra- 
 ginta natus, diem obiit supremurn. 
 
 XI. Hunc infamatum a plerisque tres gravissimi 
 historic! summis laudibus extulerunt : Thucydides, qui 
 
 15 ejusdem aetatis fuit; Theopompus, qui post aliquanto 
 natus, et Timaeus ; qui quidem duo maledicentissimi, 
 neseio quo modo, in illo uno laudando conspirant. 
 Namque ea, quae supra scripsimus, de eo praedicarunt, 
 atque hoc amplius : quum Athenis, splendidissima civi- 
 
 20 tate, natus esset, omnes splendore ac dignitate supe- 
 rasse vitas ; postquam inde expulsus Thebas venerit, 
 
 1. erat subductus] ' Had been 13. gramssimi} ' Very authori- 
 secretly withdrawn.' tative.' 
 
 subalare telum] ' Side-weap- 14. summis extulerunt] " Thn- 
 
 on ; ' probably a dagger that could cydides extols only the capacity 
 
 be worn sub ala, 'under the arm.' and warlike enterprise of Alci- 
 
 2. cripuif] i. e., from its sheath, biades. His picture of the dis- 
 5. arripit] * Catches up.' positions and conduct of Alcibi- 
 8. mulier] Her name was Ti- Sdes is the reverse of eulogy." 
 
 mnndra. Grote, vol. vi. p. 23. 
 
 10. cremavif] The Greeks some- 15. Theopompus] "Was born at 
 times buried their dead and some- Chios about B. C. 380. He was a 
 times burned them. considerable orator as well as h'is- 
 
 11. (juadraginta~\ He is suppos- torian, but of his works only a 
 ed to have been at least forty-five few fragments remain. 
 
 years old at the time of his death. 16. et Timmts] Et connects 
 
 Theopompus' and Timaens as to- 
 
 - XI. Some authors blame, gcther opposed to Thucydides ; it 
 others praise Alcibiades. forms no exception to the rule 
 
ALCIBIADES. 153 
 
 adeo studiis eorum inservisse, ut nemo eum 1 above cor- 
 porisque viribus posset aequiparare (omries enira Boeotii 
 magis firrnitati corporis, quani ingenii acumini inservi- 
 unt) ; eundem apud LacedaB monies, quorum moribus 
 summa virtus in patientia ponebatur, sic duritiae se 5 
 dedisse, ut parsimonia victus atque cultus omnes Lace- 
 daamonios vinceret ; venisse ad Persas, apud quos sum- 
 ma laus esset fortiter venari, luxuriose vivere: horum 
 sic imitatum consuetudinem, ut illi ipsi eum in his 
 maxime admirarentur. Quibus rebus effeeisse, ut, apud 10 
 quoscumque esset, princeps ponerctur, habereturque 
 carissimus. Sed satis de hoc; reliquos ordiaraur. 
 
 stated on page 118. Timseus was eorum'] i. c., Thebanorum, im- 
 
 a Sicilian, who died B. C. 256, at plied in Thebes. 
 the age of ninety-six years. Some 5. patientia] 'Endurance.' 
 fragments only of his work are 6. victus cultus] ' Of diet and 
 
 extant. manner of life.' 
 1. studiis] Favorite pursuits.' 12. satis] Sc. scripsimus. 
 
154 COKNELIUS NEFOS. 
 
 EPAMINONDAS. 
 
 I. EPAMINONDAS, Polymnidis filius, Thebanus. De 
 hoc priusquam scribitnus, haec praacipienda videntur 
 lectoribus, ne alienos mores ad suos referant ; neve ea, 
 quaa ipsis leviora sunt, pari mocto apud ceteros fuisse 
 
 5 arbitrentur. Scimus enim, musicen nostris moribus 
 abesse a principis persona ; saltare vero etiam in vitiis 
 poni : qua3 omnia apud Gra3cos et grata, et lande digna 
 ducuntur. Quum autera exprimere imaginem consue- 
 tudinis atque vitaB velimus Epaminondae, nihil videmur 
 
 lOdebere praetermittere, quod pertineat ad earn declaran- 
 dara. Quare dicemus primura de genere ejus ; deinde, 
 quibus disciplinis et a quibus sit eruditus ; turn de mo- 
 ribus ingeniique facultatibus, et si qua alia memoria 
 digna erunt ; postremo de rebus gestis, quaa a plurimis 
 
 15 animi anteponuntur virtutibus. 
 
 II. Natus est igitur patre, quo diximus, genere 
 
 1. Hemarks of the author on 8. exprimere imaginem] ' To 
 the customs of the Greeks, and draw a picture ' 
 
 a statement of what he pur- 9> videmur debere ^ It see ms 
 
 poses to treat. that we ought.' 
 
 2. hac videntur'] 'The fol- 10. pertineat] Subjunctive of 
 lowing directions seem necessary result. 
 
 to be given.' declarandam] ' To throw light 
 
 3. ad suos] Sc. mores, i. e., as on> 
 
 a standard of judgment. { 2 . quibus disciplinis] ' In what 
 
 4. ipsis leviora] < Rather trivial branches of learning.' 
 in their sight.' 
 
 6. abesse a] f Is inconsistent II. The youth and education 
 
 with.' of Epaminondas. 
 
 in vitiis poni] ' Is set down as 16. igitur] Here a transition 
 
 a fault.' Cf. Cicero, pro Mure- particle, resuming the interrupted 
 
 na, sec. 13, nemo fere saltat sobri- narrative, like autem in ch. IV. 
 
 tis, nisi forte insanit. But sacred line 14. 
 
 dances were customary at Rome. diximus] i. e., eum natum esse. 
 
EPAMINONDAS. 155 
 
 honesto, pauper jam a majoribus relict us ; eruditus 
 autem sic, ut nemo Thebanus magis. Nam et cithari- 
 zare, et cantare ad chordarum sonum doctus est a 
 Dionysio, qui non rainore fuit in musicis gloria, quam 
 Damon aut Lamprus, quorum pervulgata stint nomina; 5 
 cantare tibiis ab Olympiodoro, sal tare a Calliphrone. 
 At philosophise praBceptorem habuit Lysim, Tarenti- 
 num, Pythagoreum ; cui quidem sic fuit deditus, ut 
 adolescens tristem et severum senem omnibus aequali- 
 bus suis in familiaritate anteposuerit ; neque prius eum 10 
 a se dimiserit, quam in doctrinis tanto antecesserit 
 condiscipulos, ut facile intelligi posset, pari modo su- 
 peraturum omnes in ceteris artibus. Atque ha3c ad 
 nostram consuetudinem sunt levia, et potius contem- 
 nenda; at in GraBCia utique olim magnae laudi erant. 15 
 Postquam ephebus est factus et palaestrae operam dare 
 coepit, non tam magnitudini virium servivit, quam velo- 
 citati. Ill am enim ad* athletarum usum, hanc ad belli 
 existimabat utilitatem pertinere. Itaque exercebatur 
 plurimura currendo et luctando ad eum finem, quoad 20 
 
 1. eruditus] Sc. est. ' Was so pher, who lived in the sixth cen- 
 well educated.' tury B. C. ; he spent a great part 
 
 2. nemo\ Is used adjectively. of his life in M-;gna Grrccia. 
 H. 457, 1. 13. Atque] ' Now indeed.' 
 
 citharizare] Is a Greek word ad consuetudinem] 'Accord- 
 Latinized, used only by Nepos. ing to our customs.' But phil- 
 
 5. Damon] He and Lamprus osophical studies at least had be- 
 were contemporaries of Pericles. come respectable in the time of 
 
 6. cantare tibiis] 'To play on Nepos. 
 
 the pipes.* The tibia was of vari- 16. palcestra:} The pnlcrstra has 
 
 ous shapes and materials, and been supposed by some to form a 
 
 was the most common of the part i.f the gymnasium. Running, 
 
 musical instruments among the jumping, throwing quoits, wres- 
 
 Greeks and Romans. When the tling, and boxing were the priuci- 
 
 performer used two of these pipes pal athletic exercises, 
 
 at the same time, he was said 19. exercebatur] ' He trained 
 
 canere or cantare tibiis. himself.' The passive is here used 
 
 8. Pythagoreum] Pythagoras in a reflexive sense, 
 
 was a celebrated Greek philoio- 20. ad eumjincm, quoad] ' Only 
 
CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 stans complecti posset atque contcndere. In armis 
 vero plurimum stndii consumebat. 
 
 III. Ad hanc corporis firmitatem plura etiam ani- 
 mi bona accesserant. Erat enim modestus, prudens, 
 5 gravis, temporibus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis^ 
 manu, animo maximo; adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne 
 joco quidem raentiretur. Idem continent, clemens, pa- 
 tiensque admirandum in modura, non solum populi, sed 
 etiam amicorum ferens injurias ; in primis commissa 
 
 10 celans, quod interdum non minus prodest, quam diserte 
 dicere ; studiosus audiendi : ex hoc enim facillime disci 
 arbitrabatur. Itaque quum in circulum venisset, in 
 quo aut de republica disputaretur, aut de philosophia 
 sermo haber,etur, numquam inde prius discessit, quam 
 
 15 ad fineni sermo esset adductus. Paupertatem adeo 
 
 so far as.' This belongs only to 
 lur.tando. 
 
 1. stans] There were two kinds 
 of wrestling: in one the antago- 
 nists contended while standing, 
 in the other while lying on the 
 ground. The latter method was 
 inconsistent with the purpose of 
 Epaminondas, as he desired to in- 
 crease his agility for the purposes 
 of war, and not to become a fin- 
 ished wrestler. 
 
 posset} Subjunctive of time, 
 with the accessory notion of pur- 
 pose. H. 521. 
 
 III. The mental and moral 
 characteristics of Epaminon- 
 das. 
 
 4. modestus'] 'Unassuming.' 
 
 5. gravis} * Staid ; ' as denot- 
 ing sobriety of character. 
 
 temporibux} ' Opportunities.' Cf. 
 Aldi.iades, ch. I. line 12. 
 
 6. diligens] A participle in 
 
 many cases becomes a mere ad- 
 jective. This occurs when the 
 word, having lost the element of 
 time, expresses a permanent qual- 
 ity or condition; whereas, while 
 it retained its participial significa- 
 tion, it expressed simply an act 
 or state of its verb. Most of these 
 words admit of comparison, and 
 are frequently followed by the 
 genitive. H. 399, 2, 1). 
 
 9. in primis celans} f (And) 
 especially a keeper of secrets.' 
 
 11. disci] ' That knowledge was 
 acquired ; ' an infinitive without a 
 subject, which is contained in the 
 verb itself. 
 
 12. quurn] 'Whenever;' repeated 
 action is here denoted. H. 471, 3. 
 
 13. de republica disputaretur] 
 ' There was a discussion of politi- 
 cal questions ; ' the subjunctive is 
 one of result. 
 
 de philosophia] ' About a phil- 
 osophical subject.' 
 
EPAMINONDAS. 157 
 
 facile perpessus est, ut de republics nihil prater g]o- 
 riam ceperit, amicorum in se tuendo carueiit facultati- 
 bus : fide ad alios sublevandos ssepe sic usus est, ut 
 judicari possit, omnia ei cum amicis fuisse communm. 
 Nam. quum aut civium suorum aliquis ab hostibus esset 5 
 captus, aut virgo amici nubilis quaa propter pauperta- 
 tem collocari non posset, amicorum consilium habebat, 
 et, quantum quisque daret, pro facultatibus imperabat. 
 Eamque summain quum fecerat, priusquam acciperet 
 pectmiam, adducebat eum, qui quaerebat, ad eos, quilO 
 conferebant, eique ut ipsi numerarent, faciebat; ut ille, 
 ad quern ea res perveniebat, sciret, quantum cuique 
 deberet. 
 
 'IV. Tentata autein ejus est abstinentia a Diome- 
 donte, Cyziceno. Namque is rogatu Artaxerxis regis 15 
 Epaminondam pecunia corrumpendum susceperat. Hie 
 magno cum pondere auri Thebas venit, et Micythum 
 adolescentulum quinque talentis ad suam perduxit vo- 
 luntatem, qnem turn Epaminondas plurimum diligebat. 
 Micythus Epaminondam convenit, et causam adventus 20 
 Diomedontis ostendit. At ille Diomedonti coram, 
 
 l.nihilceperif] i. e., for his 11. ipsi] Is the nominative, 
 services. 
 
 2. in se tuendo] * For his own IV. The incorruptibility of 
 support.' Epaminondas. 
 
 caruerif] ' Did without.' 14. autem] Is here a transition 
 
 3. fide] Sc. amicorum ; their particle, which may be omitted in 
 confidence in him is meant. translating. 
 
 4. possif] The present brings 15. Artaxerxis] i. e., Mnemo- 
 the possibility down to the times nis, who wished to counteract 
 of the author. Spartan influence by securing the 
 
 6. virgo] l Maiden daughter ; * friendship of the Thebans. 
 
 supply esset. 17. pondere] The sum is said 
 
 paupertatem] ' Narrowness of to have been 30,000 darics about 
 
 means,' requiring the practice of $160,000. 
 
 economy; inopia and egestas, 21. DiomSdonti] Dative after 
 
 galling poverty, involving suffer- inquit. 
 
 ing. coram} ' To his face. 1 
 
158 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 " Nihil," inquit, " opus pecunia est. Nam si ea rex vult, 
 quae Thebanis sunt utilia, gratis facere sum paratus; 
 sin autem contraria, non habet auri atque argenti satis. 
 Namque orbis terrarum divitias accipere nolo pro pa- 
 Striaa caritate. Tu quod me incogniturn tentasti, tuique 
 similem existimasti, non miror, tibique ignosco;. sed 
 egredere propere, ne alios corrumpas, quura me non 
 potueris. Et tu, Micythe, argent um huic redde, aut 
 nisi id confestim facis, ego te tradarn magistratui." 
 
 10 Hunc Diomedon quum rogaret, ut tuto exiret, suaque, 
 quae attulerat, liceret efferre: "Istud quidem," inquit, 
 " faciam ; neque tua causa, sed mea, ne, si tibi sit pecunia 
 adempta, aliquis dicat, id ad me ereptum pervenisse, 
 quod delatum accipere noluissem." A quo quum quaa- 
 
 15 sisset, quo se deduci vellet, et ille Athenas dixisset ; 
 presidium dedit, ut tuto perveniret. Neque vero id 
 satis habuit, sed etiam, ut inviolatus in navem ascen- 
 deret, per Chabriam Atbeniensem, de quo supra men- 
 tionem fecimus, efFecit. Abstinentiae erit hoc satis te- 
 
 1. Nihil] Fornon, is often used magistratui] ' To the govern- 
 with verbs, rarely with adjectives, mcnt.' 
 
 pecunia] May be either nom- 11. Istud.] Is the regular de- 
 
 inative or ablative. H. 419, V. monstrative of the second person, 
 
 and 3, 2). H. 450. 
 
 2. gratis] A contracted abla- 12. tibi\ Dative of disadvan- 
 tive plural, from gratia, used ad- tage. 
 
 verbi.illy. 13. ereptum] * By seizure.' 
 
 facere'] Follows paratus. H. 15. Athenas'] Sc. se velle deduci, 
 
 552, 3. and the whole is the object of 
 
 5. tuique similem] Similis is dixisset. 
 
 generally followed by the geni- 17. satis] Is here an adjective. 
 
 tive when an internal or essential See below, erit satis. 
 
 likeness is denoted. H. 399, 3, 2). 18. supra] A brief sketch of the 
 
 8. potueris'] Subjunctive of con- life of Chabrias forms a part of 
 cession, alter quum. H. 515, I. the extant works of Nepos. He 
 
 9. ego] The nominative of the died in the year B. C. 357. 
 personal pronouns of the first and 19. Abstinentia, etc.] Arrange : 
 second persons is expressed when hoc testimonium abstinentice erit 
 they are emphatic or antithetic. satis. Cf. Ariatides, ch. I. line 6. 
 
EPAMINONDAS. 
 
 159 
 
 stimonium. Plurima quidem prefer re possumus ; sed 
 modus adhibendus est, quoniam uno hoc volumine 
 vitam excellentium virorum compluriurn concludere 
 constituimus, quorum separatirn multis milibus versuum t 
 complures scriptores ante nos explicarunt. 5 
 
 V. Fuit etiam disertus, ut nemo ei Thebanus par 
 esset eloquentia; neque minus concinnus in brevitate 
 respondendi, quam in perpetua oratione ornatus. Ha- 
 buit obtrectatorem Meneclidem quendam, indidem 
 Thebis, et adversarium in administranda republica, 10 
 satis exercitatum in dicendo, ut Thebanum scilicet : 
 namque illi genti plus inest viriurn, quam ingenii. Is, 
 quod in re militari florere Epamiuondam videbat, hor- 
 tari solebat Thebanos, ut pacem beilo anteferrent, ne 
 illius imperatoris opera desideraretur. Huic ille, 15 
 " Fallis," inquit, " verbo cives tuos, quod hos a bello 
 revocas ; otii enim nomine servitutem concilias. Nam 
 
 1. possumus] Possemus is found 
 in some texts. The indicative 
 here denotes real, unconditional 
 ability. 
 
 sed modus est] ( But a limit 
 must be set.' 
 
 4. quorum] Sc. vitam. 
 
 versuum] From verto, 'turn,' 
 from the turning of the hand or 
 writing instrument to a new line; 
 we should say * pages,' or * vol- 
 umes,' in the modern sense 
 terms inapplicable to the long 
 papyrus or parchment rolls (vo- 
 lumina) of the ancients. Pliny 
 speaks of pages (pagince) in let- 
 ters, which were often written on 
 wax tablets. 
 
 V. Epaminondas shows his 
 adroitness in the aptness of 
 his replies. 
 
 6. disertus ut] The adverbs 
 
 ita, sic, tarn are often omitted 
 with verbs and adjectives, and ut 
 alone is equivalent to ita, etc., 
 ut. 
 
 10. Thebis] Ablative of source 
 or origin. H. 425. 
 
 11. ut Thebanum scilicet] t For 
 a Theban, you understand.' Sc. 
 exercitatum in dicendo esse ex- 
 spectari poterat, where Thebanum 
 exercitatum esse would be the sub- 
 ject of poterat. Ut denotes a lim- 
 itation by the comparison, and 
 scilicet adds the notion of sarcasm. 
 
 15. imperatoris] Is appositive 
 to illius, ( as commander.' The 
 appositive often denotes not the 
 character of the person or thing 
 generally, but only during the 
 time implied in the sentence. 
 
 16. verbo] The word,' i. e., 
 * peace.' Cf. otii nomine, below. 
 
 qubd hos revocas] i In trying 
 
160 COENELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 paritur pax bello. Itaque qui ea diut'ina volunt frui, 
 bello exercitati esse clebent. Quare si principes GraBciae 
 vultis esse, castris est vobis utendum, non palaestrfi." 
 Idem ille Meneclides quum huic objiceret, quod liberos 
 5 non haberet, neque uxorem duxisset ; maximeque inso- 
 lentiam, quod sibi Agamemnonis belli gloriam videretur 
 consecutus: "at," ille, "desine," inquit, "Meneclida, de 
 uxore mihi exprobrare; nam nullius in ista re minus uti 
 consilio volo." (Habebat enim Meneclides suspicionem 
 
 10 adulterii.) " Quod autem me Agamemnonem aemulari 
 putas, falleris. Namque ille cum universa GraBcia vix 
 decem annis unam cepit urbem ; ego contra ea una 
 urbe nostra dieque uno totam Graecram, Lacedaamoniis 
 fugatis, liberavi." 
 
 15 VI. Idem quum in conventum venisset Arcadum, 
 petens, ut societatem cum Thebanis et Arglvis face- 
 rent ; contraque Callistratus, Atheniensium legatus, qui 
 eloquentia omnes eo praestabat tempore, postularet, ut 
 potius amicitiam sequerentur Atticorum, et in oratione 
 
 20 sua multa invectus esset in Thebanos et Arglvos, in 
 
 to restrain.' The imperfect here VI. The eloquence of Epam- 
 denotes an attempted action. H. inondas, in opposition to Cal- 
 469 ? i t listratus, B. C. 370. 
 
 3. vultis] The The bans are ad- 15. quum venisset] The con- 
 dressed, elusion begins with huic in re- 
 
 5. neque uxorem duxissef] Celi- spondendo Epaminondas, below. 
 bncy was regarded as inconsistent 17. Callistratus] A celebrated 
 with patriotism in the early times Athenian orator, whose eloquence 
 of Greece and Rome. excited the admiration and fired 
 
 6. sibi\ Dative after videretur. the ambition of Demosthenes. In 
 Agamemndnis gloriam] <Ag- public affairs he generally sided 
 
 amemnon's glory in war.' with Sparta. 
 
 10. Qubd putas] ' As to your 18. omnes] Omnibus is the more 
 supposing.' usual construction. 
 
 11. falleris] 'You deceive your- 20. multa] The neuter accusa- 
 self.' H. 465, 1. tive of a pronoun or of a numeral 
 
 13. Lacedcemo?iiis fugatis] At adjective (unum, multa, pauca) 
 the battle of Leuctra, in the year sometimes follows a verb to ex- 
 B. C. 371. press the extent of the action. 
 
EPAMINONDAS. 
 
 181 
 
 eisque hoc posuisset; animadvertere debere Arcadas, 
 quales utraque ci vitas civis procreasset, ex quibus de 
 ceteris possent judicare; Arglvos enim fuisse Orestem 
 et Alcmseonem, matricidas ; Thebis CEdipum natum, 
 qui qmim patrem suum interfecisset, ex matre liberos 5 
 procreasse: hie in respondendo Epaminondas, quurn 
 de ceteris perorasset, postquam ad ilia duo opprobria 
 pervenit, admirari se dixit stultitiam rhetoris Attici, 
 qui non animadverterit, innocentes illos natos domi, 
 scelere admisso, quum patria essent expulsi, receptos 10 
 esse ab Atheniensibus. Sed maxime ejus eloquentia 
 
 2. utraque] Duo, 'two,' in op- 
 position to any other number, is 
 used of two objects hitherto un- 
 mentioned, or when it is unknown 
 that only two exist. When two 
 objects already spoken of are to 
 be viewed conjointly, ambo is em- 
 ployed ; while uterque represents 
 them as separated in space or 
 time. 
 
 civis] Accusative plural. Cf. 
 Sardis, page 112, line 2. 
 
 3. Orestem} He killed his moth- 
 er, Clytemnestra, because she had 
 murdered his father, Agamem- 
 non. Alcmteon slew his mother, 
 Eriphyle, for having betrayed his 
 father, Amphiaraus. 
 
 . 4. matricidas] An objective 
 compound ; i. e., one in which one 
 element is related to the other as 
 a grammatical object. 
 
 (Edipum] He was a son of 
 Lams, king of Thebes, and lo- 
 caste. Having been exposed on 
 Mount Cithaeron, he was found 
 by a Corinthian shepherd, and 
 reared by the king of Corinth. 
 Having reached the age of man- 
 hood, though ignorant of his birth, 
 11 
 
 he resolved to visit Thebes. On 
 his way thither, he met Lalus on 
 the road between Delphi and 
 Daulis. In a scuffle provoked by 
 the charioteer of the king, LaYus 
 was slain by his son, who knew 
 neither the rank of the king, nor 
 his relationship to him. After- 
 wards, having destroyed the 
 Sphinx, a monster which was 
 molesting the Thebans, he mar- 
 ried his mother, locaste. Some 
 years thereafter, he discovered 
 his origin, and the crimes he 
 had ignorantly committed. Filled 
 with grief and remorse, he ban- 
 ished himself from Thebes, and 
 retired to Attica, where he died 
 in a grove sacred to the Furies, 
 near Colonus. 
 
 5. qui quum] Is equivalent to 
 et quum is. 
 
 6. procreasse'] Supply eum as 
 subject. 
 
 7. duo opprobria] i. e., against 
 the Thebans and Argives. 
 
 8. rhetoris] This term is here 
 used contemptuously. 
 
 9. animadverterit} Subjunctive 
 of cause or reason. H. 517. 
 
162 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 eluxit Spartas, legati ante pugnam Leuctricam. Quo 
 quum omnium sociorum convenissent legati, coram fre- 
 quentissimo legationum conventu sic LacecloBmon id- 
 rum tyrannidem coarguit, ut non minus ilia oratione 
 5 opes eorum concusserit, quam Leuctrica pugnfi. Turn 
 enim perfecit, quod post apparuit, ut auxilio Laceua3- 
 monii sociorum privarentur. 
 
 VII. Fuisse patientem suorumque injurias ferentern 
 civium, quod se patriae irasci nefas esse duceret, haac 
 
 10 sunt testimonia. Quum eum propter invidiam cives 
 sui pra3ficere exercitui noluissent, duxque esset delectus 
 belli imperitus, cujus errore eo esset deducta ilia rnulti- 
 tudo militum, ut omnes cle salute pertimescerent, quod 
 locorum angustiis clausi ab hostibus obsidebantur : de- 
 
 15 siderari coepta est Epaminonda3 diligentia; erat enim 
 ibi privatus numero militis. A quo quum peter ent 
 opem, nullam adhibuit memoriam oontuineliaB, et exer- 
 citum, obsidione liberatum, domum recluxit incolumem. 
 !N"ec vero hoc semel fecit, sed saBpius. Maxirne au- 
 
 20 tem fuit illustre, quum Peloponnesum exercitum duxis- 
 set adversus Laceda3monios, baberetque collegas duos, 
 quorum alter erat Pelopidas, vir fortis ac strenuus. 
 Hi quum criminibus adversariorum omnes in invidiam 
 
 1. legati] ' When he was am- nondas. H. 520, II. 
 
 bassador.' 12. eo deducta] Had been 
 
 5. Leuctrtca pugna] Leuctra brought to that pass.' 
 
 was a village in the south of 16. privatus militis] l In a 
 
 Bceotia, not far from Plateea; private capacity, as a common 
 
 Cleombrotus, the Spartan king, soldier/ 
 
 was defeated and siain. 19. hoc fecit] i. e., * acted in 
 
 this way.' 
 
 VII. Epaminondas, forget- 20. fait illustre'] Sc. hoc testi- 
 
 ful of injuries, rescues the monium. 
 
 army, and assumes a grave 2 2. vir fortis'] He was one of 
 
 responsibility for the salvation the most distinguished and sue- 
 
 01 the state. /. -, 
 
 cessful commanders of his age, 
 
 9. duceret] Subjunctive, as ex- and second only to his friend 
 pressing the thought of Epami- Epaminondas. 
 
EPAMINONDAS. 163 
 
 enissent, ob eamque rem imperitim iis esset abroga- 
 tum, atque in eorum locum alii praetores successissent : 
 Epaminondas populiscito non paruit, idemque ut face- 
 rent, persuasit collegis, et bellum, quod susceperat, 
 gessit. Namque animadvertebat, nisi id fecisset, totum 5 
 exercitum propter praetorura imprudentiam inscientiam- 
 que belli periturum. Lex erat Thebis, quse morte mul- 
 tabat, si quis imperium diutius retinuisset, quam lege 
 prafinitum foret. Hanc Epaminondas quum reipubli- 
 ca3 conservanda3 causa latam videret, ad perniciem civi- 10 
 tatis conferre noluit; et quattuor mensibus diutius, 
 quam populus jusserat, gessit imperium. 
 
 VIII. Postquam domum reditum est, collegse ejus 
 hoc crimine accusabantur. Quibus ille permisit, ut 
 omnem causam in se transferrent, suaque opera factum 15 
 contenderent, ut legi non obedirent. Qua defensione 
 illis periculo liberatis, nemo Epaminondam responsu- 
 rum putabat, quod, quid diceret, non haberet. At ille 
 in judicium venit; nihil eorum negavit, qua? adversarii 
 crimini dabant, omniaque, quae collega3 dixerant, con- 20 
 fessns est, neque recusavit, quo minus legis poanam 
 subiret; sed unum ab iis petivit, ut in periculo suo 
 scriberent : " Epaminondas a Thebanis morte multatus 
 
 9. foret] Unusual for esset. the ablative with a preposition. 
 
 11. conferre] Repeat as subject 14. crimine] The ablative of 
 
 hanc (legeni). means. 
 
 mensibus] Ablative of meas- 18. quid haberet] 'He would 
 
 ure of difference. H. 418. not know what to say ; ' non habeo 
 
 quod dicam is equivalent to ' I 
 
 VIII. Epaminondas defends have nothing to say.' 
 himself when accused, and is 2 0. crimini dabant] 'Alleged 
 
 honorably acquitted. against him> , thc datiye Qf tho 
 
 13. reditum est] By the passive person being understood. H. 
 
 of intransitive verbs, it is simply 390, 2. 
 
 asserted that the action takes 22. subiret] The subjunctive of 
 
 place, usually without special ref- purpose. H. 499. 
 
 erence to the agent, which, how- periculo] < In the record of his 
 
 ever, is sometimes expressed by condemnation.' 
 
164 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 est, quod eos coegit apud Leuctra superare Lacedsemo- 
 nios, quos ante se iruperatorem nemo Bceotiorum ausus 
 fuit aspicere in acie; quodque uno proelio non solum 
 Thebas ab interitu retraxit, sed etiam universam Gra3- 
 5 ciam in libertatem vindicavit, eoque res utrorumque 
 perduxit, ut Thebani Spartam oppugnarent, Laced re- 
 inonii satis haberent, si salvi esse possent; neque pritis 
 bellare destitit, quam Messene restituta urbem eorum 
 obsidione clausit." Haac quum dixisset, risus omnium 
 
 10 cum hilaritate coortus est; neque quisquam judex au- 
 sus est de eo ferre suffragium. Sic a judicio capitis 
 maxima discessit gloria. 
 
 IX. Hie extremo tempore imperator apud Manti- 
 neam quum acie instructa audacius instaret hostes, 
 
 15 cognitus a Laceda3momis, quod in unius pernicie ejus 
 patriaB sitam putabant salutem, universi in unum im- 
 petum fecerunt, neque prius abscesserunt, quam magna 
 caede multlsque occisis fortissime ipsum Epaminondam 
 
 2. ante se imperatorem] 'Be- Epaminondas restored the inde- 
 
 fore he was commander.' Se is pendence of the Messenians, in 
 
 used for eum y as if the language order to check the ambition of 
 
 of Epaminondas were reported in Sparta. 
 
 indirect discourse. .11. judicio capitis] 'A capital 
 
 ausus fuit] The perfect par- trial.' 
 ticiple withfui expresses a lasting 
 
 condition. IX. Epaminondas falls vic- 
 
 6. Spartam oppugnarent] This torious at Mantinea, B. C. 362. 
 
 could not have been cited by 14. instaret hostes] Unusual, for 
 
 Epaminondas as a fact, and the instaret hostibus. 
 
 insolence of the whole speech, as 15. cognitus] Agrees with Epa- 
 
 here given, is quite inconsistent minondas, the intended subject, 
 
 with his character. but, by an anacoluthon, universi 
 
 Lacedamojiii] The omission (Lacedcemonii) is made the sub- 
 
 of the conjunction (asyndeton) ject. 
 
 heightens the contrast. 17. ahscesserunf] In compound 
 
 8. Messene restituta] It-home verbs, abs is used before c, p, and 
 
 had been captured, and the whole t. H. 338, III. 1. 
 
 district subdued, by the Spar- magna ccede, etc.] The ablative 
 
 tans, in the year B. C. 455. of manner. Amid great carnage, 
 
EPAMINONDAS. 
 
 165 
 
 pugnantem, sparo eminus percussum, concidere vide- 
 runt. Hujus casu aliquantum retardati sunt Bceotii ; 
 neque tamen prius pugna excesserunt, quam repugnan- 
 tes profligarimt. At Epaminondas, quum animadver- 
 teret, mortiferum se vulnus accepisse, simulque, si fer- 5 
 rum, quod ex hastili in corpore remanserat, extrax- 
 isset, animam. statim emissurum, usque eo retinuit, 
 quoad renuntiatum est, vicisse Boeotios. Id postquam 
 audivit; " satis," inquit, " vixi ; invictus enim morior." 
 Turn feiTo extracto confestim exanimatus est. 10 
 
 X. Hie uxorem numquam duxit. In quo quum re- 
 prehend eretur, quod liberos non relinqueret, a Pelo- 
 pida, qui filium habebat infamem, maleque eum in eo 
 patriaa consulere diceret : " vide," inquit, " ne tu pejus 
 consulas, qui talem ex te natum relicturus sis. Neque 15 
 vero stirps mihi potest deesse. Namque ex me natam 
 relinquo pugnam Leuctricam, quse non modo mihi su- 
 perstes, sed etiam immortalis sit necesse est." Quo 
 
 and after many had been slain.' 
 
 1. pugnantem] * While fight- 
 ing.' 
 
 sparo] This missile had, fixed 
 to a wooden shaft (hastile), a 
 pointed iron head (ferrum), with 
 a curved blade attached. It was 
 not a regular weapon of warfare. 
 It is called by Virgil agrestis spa- 
 rus, and might be used by rude 
 levies of the peasantry. 
 
 concidere} Pausanias says thnt 
 he was killed by Gryllus, the son 
 of Xenophon. 
 
 7. usque eo quoad] * Until.' 
 H. 522, I. 
 
 X. His apology for not mar- 
 rying. At his death, Thebes 
 loses her pre-eminence. 
 
 14. diceret] i. e., Peloptdas. The 
 
 subjunctive follows quum, and is 
 in the same construction with re- 
 prehenderetur. 
 
 vide ne~\ ' Beware lest.' H. 
 558, VI. 
 
 15. relicturus sis] Subjunctive 
 of cause or reason. H. 517. 
 
 16. ex me natam] ' As a daugh- 
 ter.' 
 
 17. Leuctricam] A proper ad- 
 jective is often equivalent to the 
 English objective with of. H. 
 441, 5. 
 
 mihi superstes] 'Survive me.' 
 H. 391. 
 
 18. necesse est] Observe the sub- 
 ject and result preceding. In 
 this construction ut is usually 
 omitted. H.495, 2. 
 
 Quo tempore] This was the 
 year B. C. 379. 
 
166 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 tempore, duce Pelopida, exsules Thebas occuparunt, et 
 presidium Lacedaemoniorum ex arce expulerunt, Epa- 
 minondas, quamdiu facta est caedes civium, domo se 
 tenuit; quod neque defendere malos volebat, neque 
 5 impugnare, ne manus suorum sanguine cruentaret. 
 Namque omnem civilem victoriam funestam putabaf. 
 Idem, postquam apud Cadmeam cum Lacedaemoniis 
 pugna coepit in primis stetit. Hujus de virtutibus vita- 
 que satis erit dictum, si hoc unum adjunxero, quod 
 10 nemo it infitias, Thebas et ante Epaminondam natum, 
 et post ejusdem interitum, perpetuo alieno paruisse 
 imperio ; contra ea, quamdiu ille praBfuerit reipublicae, 
 caput fuisse totius GraecisB. Ex quo intelligi potest, 
 unum hominem pluris, quam civitatem, fuisse. 
 
 3. domo] The ablative of place ; 10. it infitias] Infitiatur would 
 se tenere is thus often followed by ?3e more classical. Ire infiiins is 
 an ablative, as castris, oppido, etc. said not to occur in Cicero or 
 
 4. mates'] i. e., those who sym- Caesar. 
 
 pathized and acted with the Spar- 11. paruisse'] By this is meant 
 
 tans. only that Thebes generally held a 
 
 6. civilem] ( Over one's fellow- secondary place among the Gre- 
 citizens.' cian states. 
 
 7. Cadmeam} So called from 14. pluris} *0f more impor- 
 Cadmus, the mythical founder of tance ; ' genitive of value. H. 
 Thebes. 402, 1. 
 
HANNIBAL. 
 
 167 
 
 HANNIBAL. 
 
 I. HANNIBAL, Hamilcaris films, Garth agini en sis. 
 Si verum est, quod nemo dubitat, ut populus Romanus 
 omnes gentes virtute superarit, non est infitiandum, 
 Hannibalem tanto praestitisse ceteros imperatores pru- 
 dentia, quanto populus Romanus antecedat fortitudine 5 
 cunctas nationes. Nam quotiescumque cum eo con- 
 gressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior. Quod 
 nisi domi civium suorum invidia debilitatus esset, Ro- 
 manos videtur superare potuisse. Sed multorum ob- 
 trectatio devicit unius virtutem. Hie autem velut lie- 10 
 reditate relictum odium paternum erga Romanos sic 
 conservavit, ut prius animam, quam id, deposuerit; qui 
 quidem, quum patria pulsus esset, et alienarum opurn 
 
 I. Hannibal's genius for com- 
 mand, and his hatred of the 
 Romans. 
 
 1. Hamilcaris] Hamilcar Bar- 
 cas, the father of Hannibal, was 
 one of the greatest generals that 
 Carthage ever produced. Cato 
 said that in comparison with him 
 no king was worth mentioning. 
 He fell in Spain, in the year B. C. 
 229, when Hannibal, according to 
 Mommsen, was twenty years old. 
 
 2. quod] For de with the abla- 
 tive; only the neuter of a pro- 
 noun can thus follow dubito. 
 
 ut] Such expressions as ve- 
 rum est take more frequently the 
 infinitive alone, or the accusative 
 with the infinitive. Si verum est 
 ut is by some explained as 
 equivalent here to si vere factum 
 est ut. Z. $623. 
 
 4. prcrstitisse imperatores] 
 Hannibal himself admitted the 
 claims of Alexander the Great 
 and Pyrrhus to be ranked as great 
 generals. 
 
 5. antecedat] The subjunctive 
 is here used on account of the 
 accusative with the infinitive pre- 
 ceding. H. 527, 3. 
 
 6. cum eo] i. e., populo Romano. 
 
 7. Quod nisi] Quod denotes 
 the connection of the thought 
 here expressed with the preced- 
 ing statement. Translate : ' Now, 
 if he had not been.' H. 453, 6. 
 
 9. videtur potuisse] 'He might, 
 it seems, have overcome.' 
 
 10. virtutem] 'Ability.' 
 
 12. qui quidem] * Since in fact 
 he.' 
 
 13. pulsus esset indigeret] Ob- 
 serve the sequence of events de- 
 
168 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 incligeret, numquam destiterit animo bellare cum Ro- 
 manis. 
 
 II. Nam ut omittam Philippum, quern absens ho- 
 stem reddidit Romanis ; omnium his temporibus poten- 
 5tissimus rex Antiochus fuit. Hunc tanta cupiditate 
 incendit bellandi, ut usque a rubro mari arma conatua 
 sit inferre Italic. Ad quern quum legati venissent Ro- 
 mani, qui de ejus voluntate explorarent darentque ope- 
 ram, consiliis clandestinis ut Hannibrdem in suspicio- 
 10 nem regi adducerent, tanquam ab ipsis corruptum alia, 
 atque antea, sentire ; neque id frustra fecissent, idque 
 Hannibal comperisset, seque ab interioribus consiliis 
 segregari vidisset : tempore dato adiit ad regem, eique 
 quum multa de fide sua et odio in Romanos comrnemo- 
 
 noted by different tenses, which 
 are otherwise in the same con- 
 struction. 
 
 I. animo] ' In thoughj.' 
 
 II. Hannibal incites Philip 
 of Macedonia and Antiochus 
 of Syria to take up arms 
 against the Romans; he gives 
 an account of his oath of ever- 
 lasting enmity to the Romans. 
 
 3. Nam] This causal intro- 
 duces the proof of the last asser- 
 tion. H. 587, V. 
 
 ut omittam] * To leave un- 
 mentioned.' Philip V., the son 
 of Demetrius II., reigned from 
 B.C. 220 to B.C. 179. He was twice 
 engaged in war with the Romans, 
 but his power was broken by the 
 battle of Cynoscephalae, in the 
 year B. C. 197. 
 
 absens] i. e., while he was in 
 Italy. 
 
 4. omnium] i. e., regum y rex 
 belonging to potentissimus. 
 
 5. Antidchus] Suruamed the 
 
 Great, reigned from B. C. 223 to 
 B. C. 187. His war with the 
 Romans lasted from B. C. 192 to 
 B. C. 189. 
 
 6. rubro mari] The author 
 means the Mare Erythrcpum, ly- 
 ing between Arabia and India. 
 
 10. regi] ' With the king : ' the 
 dative for the possessive genitive. 
 H. 398, 5. 
 
 tanquam] Limits corruptum 
 only. 
 
 11. sentire] Follows suspicio- 
 nem. Supply eum, i. e., Hanniba- 
 lem, as subject. 
 
 neque] Quum is to be repeat- 
 ed here. 
 
 12. se interioribus segregari] 
 ' Was excluded from his more se- 
 cret plans.' 
 
 13. tempore dato] * When an 
 opportunity presented itself/ Cf. 
 p. 144, line 4. 
 
 14. quum multa commemoras- 
 sef] Translate : * after reminding 
 him of his many manifestations 
 of his good faith,' etc. 
 
HANNIBAL. 
 
 169 
 
 rasset, hoc adjunxit: "Pater meus," inquit, "Hamilcar, 
 puerulo me, utpote non araplius novem annos nato, in 
 Hispaniam imperator^proficiscens Carthagine, Jovi op- 
 timo maximo hostias immolavit. Qua3 divina res dum 
 conficiebatur, qua3sivit a me, vellemne secum in castra 5 
 proficisci? Id quum libenter accepissem, atque ab eo 
 petere coepissem,ne dubitaret ducere; turn ille, "faciam," 
 inquit, " si mihi fidem, quam postulo, dederis." Simul 
 me ad aram adduxit, apud qnam sacrificare instituerat, 
 eamque, ceteris remotis, tenentem jurare jussit, num-10 
 quam me in amicitia cum Romanis fore. Id ego jusju- 
 randum patri datum usque ad hanc aetatem ita conser- 
 vavi, ut nemini dubium esse debeat, quin reliquo tern- 
 pore eadem mente sim futurus. Quare, si quid amice 
 de Romanis cogitabis, non imprudenter feceris, si me 15 
 celaris; quum quidem bellum parabis, te ipsum frustra- 
 beris, si non me in eo principem posueris." 
 
 2. puerulo me] The ablative 
 absolute of time, belonging to 
 proficiscens. H. 431, 2. 
 
 3. Jovi] The Greek and Ro- 
 man authors called foreign divin- 
 ities by the names of the Greek 
 and Roman gods, according to 
 their assumed similarity. The 
 Phoenician Baal is here meant. 
 
 optima maximo~\ Without a 
 conjunction, when used in con- 
 nection with prayers and sacri- 
 fices. 
 
 4. divina res] ' Religious rite/ 
 i. e., the sacrifice. 
 
 5. a me] Queer o, peto, and pos- 
 tulo never take two accusatives, 
 but always have the ablative of 
 the person with a preposition. 
 
 6. libenter accepissem] i. e., 
 with the ear or mind ; * had heard 
 with pleasure.' 
 
 10. tenentem] Sc. me ; this added 
 
 solemnity to the oath. Oaths 
 were confirmed, also, by the im- 
 .ages of the gods, as now by the 
 Bible or the crucifix. 
 
 \\.jusjurandum~] A spurious 
 compound ; i. e., one which con- 
 sists of two unaltered words in 
 the nominative, and which may 
 again be resolved into its constit- 
 uent parts. Cf. respublica. 
 
 14. sim futurus] The subjunc- 
 tive with quin, after non dubium, 
 implied in nemini dubium. H. 
 498, 3. 
 
 15. feceris] The use of the fu- 
 ture perfect for the future in the 
 consecutive clause here denotes 
 the act as simultaneous with that 
 expressed by celaris in the fol- 
 lowing conditional clause, and 
 both these clauses form the con- 
 clusion to the condition, si quid 
 coyitabis. H. 473, 1. 
 
170 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 III. Hac igitur, qua diximus, aetate cum pat re in 
 Hispaniam profectus est ; cujus post obitum, Hasdrubale 
 imperatore suffecto, equitatui omni praefuit. Hoc quo- 
 que interfecto, exercitus summam imperil ad eum de- 
 5tulit. Id Carthaginem delatum publice comprobatum 
 est. Sic Hannibal, minor qninque et viginti annis natus 
 imperator factus, proximo trieimio omnes gentes Hispa- 
 niae bello subegit; Saguntum, foederatam civitatem, vi 
 expugnavit; tres exercitus maximos comparavit. Ex 
 10 his unum in Africam misit, alterum cum Hasdrubfile 
 fratre in Hispania reliquit, tertium in Italiam secum 
 duxit. Saltum Pyrenaeum transiit. Quacumque iter 
 fecit, cum omnibus incolis conflixit; nemiDem, nisi vtc- 
 tum, dimisit. Ad Alpes posteaqtiam venit, qutB Italiam 
 
 HI. After Hasdrubal's death 
 Hannibal is elected Command- 
 er-in-chief ; he captures Sa- 
 guntum, B. C. 219, and cross- 
 ing the Pyrenees and the Alps, 
 invades Italy, B. C. 218. 
 
 1. qua diximus] Sc. eum patre 
 profectumesse. Cf. Epaminondas, 
 p. 154, line 16. 
 
 3. imperatore] Belongs to the 
 predicate, and agrees with Has- 
 drub&le in case. This construc- 
 tion is, with passive participles, 
 confined mainly to the nomina- 
 tive and accusative. 
 
 5. Id] i. e., the act of conferring 
 on him the supreme command. 
 
 6. annis] The ablative after 
 minor (major), with natus added 
 as a complement, is uncommon. 
 Hannibal was older than the au- 
 thor represents him, as he became 
 general in the year B. C. 221. 
 
 8. Saguntum] The capture of 
 this place cost Hannibal a siege 
 of nearly eight months, and was 
 the cause of the second Punic 
 
 war. The modem name, Murvie- 
 dro, is a corruption of muri -ceteres. 
 
 fcederatam] i. e., cum Roma- 
 nis, which would readily be un- 
 derstood by a Roman reader. 
 
 10. Hasdrubale'] He was worthy 
 of his father and brother. After 
 many years of efficient service as 
 a general, he was defeated and 
 slain in the battle on the Metau- 
 rus, in the year B. C. 207. 
 
 12. Pyrenceum] This range of 
 mountains extends from the At- 
 lantic to the Mediterranean, about 
 two hundred and seventy miles, 
 separating France from Spain. 
 
 13. incolis'] Some Gallic tribes 
 allowed Hannibal to pass without 
 resistance. 
 
 14. Alpes'] These mountains, 
 from their situation and difficulty 
 of passage, have been a prominent 
 feature in the military history of 
 Europe from the earliest times to 
 the present century. The Gauls 
 had crossed the Alps before the 
 Carthaginians. What pass Han- 
 
HANNIB4L. 
 
 171 
 
 ab Gallia sejungunt, quas nemo umquam cum exercitu 
 ante eum, prseter Herculem Grajum, transierat, quo 
 facto is hodie saltus Grajus appellatur: Alpicos, conan- 
 tes prohibere transitu, concidit, loca patefecit, itinera 
 muniit, effecit, ut ea elephantus ornatus ire posset, qua 5 
 antea unus homo inermis vix poterat repere. Hac co- 
 pias traduxit, in Italiamque pervenit. 
 
 IV. Conflixerat apud Rhodanum cum P. Cornelio 
 Scipione consule eumque pepulerat. Cum hoc eodem 
 
 nibal chose is uncertain some 
 say that of Mont Genevre ; Momm- 
 sen and many others, that of the 
 Little St. Bernard. 
 
 2. IJerculem Grajuni] Hercu- 
 les is here so called in distinction 
 from the Cretan, Phoenician, and 
 Celtic Hercules. The whole story 
 is, of course, a myth. 
 
 3. Grajus] Graian ; ' the term 
 is of native origin. 
 
 Alpicos] These were the wild 
 and hardy mountaineers. 
 
 5. ornatus'] 'With its equip- 
 ments.' 
 
 elephantus, etc.] Observe in this 
 and the following clause the an- 
 titheses. 
 
 
 
 IV. Hannibal's victories in 
 Italy in the years B.C. 217 and 
 216. 
 
 8. Rhodanum] This river rises 
 in the Alps, and, flowing through 
 Lake Geneva, enters France 
 through the Jura Mountains, and 
 empties into the Gulf of Lyons, 
 in the Mediterranean. As the 
 successive peoples of the Aryan 
 race migrated to the west, they 
 gave each its own name, signify- 
 ing "water" or "river," to the 
 streams. Not knowing that the 
 
 name which the stream bore on 
 their arrival at it already meant 
 "water" or "river," the new 
 tribe, in many cases, added its 
 own word to the name already 
 given. Thus the roots rhe, dan, 
 is, ter y all of which mean " wa- 
 ter," appear once, and some- 
 times two or three times, in the 
 names of very many of the rivers 
 of Europe. For instance, we have 
 Rho-dan-us, Rhc-n-us, E-r(h)i- 
 dan-us, Is-ter, Dan-uv-ius, Tyr-as, 
 Dan-as-ter (Dn-ies-ter). 
 
 P. Scipione] Was the father 
 of Scipio Afrkanus ; he fell in 
 Spain, in the year B. C. 211. For 
 a Roman who claimed to belong 
 to an ancient family, three names 
 were thought indispensable a 
 prcenomen (Publius), a nomen 
 . (Cornelius), and a cognomen (Sci- 
 pio). Thepranomen distinguished 
 the individual, and is generally 
 represented by a letter ; the nomen 
 marked the gens or clan ; and the 
 cognomen, generally derived from 
 mental or bodily peculiarities, or 
 from remarkable experiences, des- 
 ignated the family. A very dis- 
 tinguished person might have an 
 agnomen, as African us, Asiaticus, 
 etc., given him to commemorate 
 
172 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 Clastidi apud Padum decernit sauciumqtie inde ac 
 fugatum dimittit. Tertio idem Scipio cum collega, 
 Tiberio Longo, apud Trebiam adversus eum venit. 
 Cum his manum conseruit, utrosque profligavit. Inde 
 5 per Ligures Apenninum transiit, petens Etruriam. Hoc 
 itinere adeo gravi morbo afficitur oculorum, ut postea 
 numquam dextro seque bene usus sit. Qua valetudine 
 quum etiamnum premeretur, lecticaque ferretur, C. Fla- 
 minium consulem apud Trasimenum cum exercitu 
 IQinsidiis circumventum occidit; neque raulto post C. 
 Centenium praetorem, cum delecta manu saltus occu- 
 pantem. Hinc in Apuliam pervenit. Ibi obviarn ei 
 
 his achievements. These names 
 were used separately, or variously 
 combined. 
 
 1. Clastidi] For Clastidii, apud 
 or ad Clastidium would be the 
 regular construction. The engage- 
 ment really happened at the Tici- 
 nus, and Clastidium was captured 
 afterwards. 
 
 Padum] Called also Erida- 
 mis ; it rises at the junction of the 
 Maritime and Cottian Alps, and 
 flows about three hundred and 
 forty miles in an easterly direction 
 into the Adriatic. 
 
 3. Tiberio} His full name was 
 Tiberius Sempronius Longus ; the 
 nomen is here omitted. 
 
 Trebiam'] A small river which 
 rises in the Apennines, about ten 
 miles from Genoa, and flows into 
 the Po, about three miles west of 
 Piacenza (Placentia). 
 
 4. utrosque] The plural is sel- 
 dom used for two individuals. 
 
 5. Ligures] The name of the 
 people is often put for the name 
 of the country. The Ligurians 
 were a fierce and warlike race. 
 
 Apenninum] Is a continua- 
 
 tion of the Maritime Alps, and 
 runs through the middle of the 
 entire peninsula. 
 
 Etruriam] This was in early 
 times a rich and populous coun- 
 try, and a formidable rival to, 
 Rome ; it was also called Tuscia, 
 and extended from Liguria to La- 
 tium, being bounded on the east 
 and south by the Tiber. 
 
 7. dextro} He lost it entirely, 
 according to all the other author- 
 ities. The whole army also suf- 
 fered greatly on this march. 
 
 8. C. Flaminium] When censor, 
 he built the Circus Flaminius and 
 the Via Flaminia, in the year B. C. 
 220. 
 
 9. cum exercitu] Fifteen thou- 
 snnd Romans are said to have 
 fallen here, and as many more to 
 have been taken prisoners. 
 
 12. Hinc] From this point to 
 the middle of the next chapter, 
 Nepos has not followed the order 
 of events. 
 
 Apuliam] Was situated on 
 the Adriatic, east of Samniurn 
 and Lucania, and north of Cala- 
 bria. 
 
HANNIBAL. 
 
 173 
 
 venerunt duo consules, C. Terentius et L. ^E mil ins. 
 Utriusque exercitus uno proelio fugavit ; Paulum con- 
 sulem occidit, et aliquot prseterea consulares, in his Cn. 
 Servilium Gemmum, qui superiore anno fuerat consul. 
 
 V. Hac pugna pugnata Romam profectus est, nullo 5 
 resistente. In propinquis urbi montibus rnoratus est. 
 Quum aliquot ibi dies castra habuisset, et Cnpuam re- 
 verteretur; Q. Fabius Maximus, dictator Roman us, in 
 agro Falerno ei se objecit. 
 
 1. C. Terentius] His cognomen 
 was Varro. He was an incompe- 
 tent and imprudent commander. 
 
 L. ^Emilius] He was a brave 
 and prudent general; but, being 
 forced by the rashness of Varro 
 to fight the battle of Canna3, he 
 fell, with nearly 70,000 of his 
 men, in the year B. C. 216. He is 
 called Paulus in the next line, 
 that having been his cognomen. 
 
 3. consulares] In the better 
 days of the Roman state, this 
 word denoted those who had been 
 intrusted with the consulship. 
 
 V. Hannibal escapes from 
 Fabius by a stratagem ; he de- 
 feats Gracchus in the year B. C. 
 212, and Marcellus in the year 
 B. C. 208. 
 
 5. pugna pugnata] This con- 
 struction is explained by the ac- 
 tive form pugnam pugnare, in 
 which pugnam is a cognate accu- 
 sative. H. 371, 1, 3). 
 
 Romam] He never made an 
 attack on Rome, and did not even 
 approach it till five years after the 
 battle of Cannae. His failure to 
 follow up his victory led Mahar- 
 bal to say to him, Vincere scis, 
 Hannibal ; victoria uti nescis. 
 
 Hie clausus locorum angus- 
 
 7. Capuam] This large, opu- 
 lent, and luxurious city revolted 
 to Hannibal after the battle of 
 Cannae, and suffered severely in 
 consequence of such action. The 
 love of luxury, the rigor of the 
 Roman government, and the rav- 
 ages of the Vandals and Arabs, 
 caused the destruction of the an- 
 cient city: its ruins are situated 
 about three miles from the mod- 
 ern town. 
 
 8. Q. Maximus] Fabius was 
 a general of eminent talents and 
 virtue. He was surnamed " Cunc- 
 tator," or the " Delayer," because 
 he successfully withstood Hanni- 
 bal, not by fighting him, but by 
 harassing him with marches and 
 countermarches. 
 
 dictator] An extraordinary 
 magistrate, originally called ma- 
 gister populi, who was invested for 
 six months with absolute power 
 in times of public danger, and 
 from whose decision there was no 
 appeal. The consuls did not re- 
 sign their office, but were subject 
 to the dictator until his abdica- 
 tion, or the expiration of his term 
 of authority, when they resumed 
 their power. 
 
 9. Hie] Is here an adverb. 
 
174 
 
 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 tiis noctu sine ullo detrimento exercitus se expeclivit, 
 Fabioque, callidissimo imperatori, verba dedit. Nam- 
 que obducta nocte sarmenta in cornibus juvencorum 
 deligata incendit, ejusque generis multitudinera ma- 
 5gnam dispalatam immisit. Quo repentino objecto visa 
 tantum terrorem injecit exercitui Romanorum, ut egredi 
 extra vallum nemo sit ausus. Plane post rem gestam 
 non ita multis diebus M. Minucmm Rufum, magistrum 
 equitum, pari ac dictatorem imperio, dolo productum in 
 lOproelium, fugavit. Ti. Semproniutn Gracchum, iterum 
 consulem, in Lucanis absens in insidias inductum sus- 
 
 2. rerba dedit] ' Deceived ; ' 
 literally, * gave words,' as opposed 
 to deeds. 
 
 3. obducta nocte] Sc. ccelo, 
 * when night had come on.' 
 
 7. vallum} Sc. castrorum. The 
 term properly means the palisade 
 which ran along the outer edge 
 of the rampart; but very fre- 
 quently it includes the rampart 
 also. The vallum, in the latter 
 sense, with the ditch (fossa} 
 which surrounded the camp out- 
 side of the vallum, formed a com- 
 plete fortification. 
 
 sit ausus] Fabius had posted 
 4000 men to guard the pass, while 
 the main body lay encamped on a 
 neighboring hill. Hannibal, by 
 his stratagem, frightened away 
 the guards, and so extricated his 
 army. 
 
 8. Minuciwri] This officer was 
 associated with Fabius in the 
 command of the Roman army, 
 when the cautious movements of 
 that general led the people to dis- 
 trust his courage. Minucius, how- 
 ever, recognizing the wisdom and 
 abilities of Fabius, resigned his 
 authority as co-dictator. 
 
 magistrum equitum] No dic- 
 tator could be without a magister 
 equitum, whom he was generally 
 permitted to nominate himself. 
 The magister equitum was subject 
 to the command of the dictator ; 
 but in the absence of his supe- 
 rior, he became his representative 
 and exercised his power. This 
 investment of Minucius with dic- 
 tatorial power, by which two dic- 
 tators were virtually created, is 
 expressly mentioned as an anom- 
 aly which had never occurred be- 
 fore. 
 
 9. ac dictatorem] The accusa- 
 tive by attraction. 
 
 10. Gracchum] Ti. Sempronius 
 Gracchus was a brave and active 
 general, and distinguished for his 
 high character and abilities. 
 
 iterum] Should be bis, as he 
 was not consul the year of his 
 death ; iterum implies that he 
 was. 
 
 11. in Lucanis] Belongs to sus- 
 tulit, which is here equivalent to 
 occidit. Hannibal did this though 
 absent, inasmuch as it was done 
 by Mago, surnamed the Samnite, 
 one of his lieutenants. 
 
HANNIBAL. 
 
 175 
 
 tulit. M. Claudium Marcellum, quinquies consulem, 
 apud Yenusiam pari modo interfecit. Longum. est, 
 omnia enumerare proelia. Quare unum hoc satis erit 
 dictum, ex quo intelligi possit, quantus ille fuerit : 
 quamdiu in Italia full, nemo ei in acie restitit, nemo 5 
 adversus eurn post Cannensem pugnam in campo ca- 
 stra posuit. 
 
 YI. Hinc invictus patriam defensum revocatus bel- 
 lum gessit adversus P. Scipionem, filium ejus Scipionis, 
 quem ipse primo apud Rhodanum, iterum apud Pa- 10 
 dum, tertio apud Trebiam fugarat. Cum hoc, exhau- 
 stis jam patrise facultatibus, cupivit impraesentiarum 
 bellum componere, quo valentior postea congrederetur. 
 In colloquium convenit; conditiones non convenerunt. 
 Post id factum paucis diebus apud Zamam cum eodem 15 
 conflixit : pulsus (incredibile dictu) biduo et duabus 
 
 1. Marcellum] This Roman gen- 
 eral was celebrated for his many 
 public and private virtues, as well 
 as for the ability which he dis- 
 played against Hannibal. 
 
 quinquies] Should be quin- 
 tum t because Marcellus fell in his 
 fifth consulship. 
 
 2. Venusiam] This town was 
 celebrated as tho birthplace of 
 the poet Horace. 
 
 Longum est] 'It would lead 
 too far ; ' th : subjunctive, though 
 more logical, would be quite un- 
 idiomatic. 
 
 VI. Hannibal is vanquished 
 by Scipio, near Zama, in the 
 year B. C. 202. 
 
 8. revocatus] This happened 
 towards the end of the year B. C. 
 203. He had been in Italy about 
 fifteen years. 
 
 9. P. Scipionem] This was P. 
 
 Cornelius Scipio AMcanus, one 
 of the greatest men of Rome. He 
 proposed the invasion of Africa, 
 to which the senate reluctantly 
 acceded. Though his country- 
 men honored him with the name 
 of Africanus, and decreed him a 
 splendid triumph, they soon for- 
 got his services, and tried to de- 
 grade him ; whereupon he retired 
 to Liternum, a town of Campania, 
 where he died, probably in the 
 year B. C. 183. He was the first 
 Roman that was called the Great. 
 12. imprcesentiarum] A vulgar 
 adverbial term, formed from in 
 preesentia rerum, and equivalent 
 to in prcesentia. 
 
 15. Post paucis diebus] The 
 battle occurred the next day after 
 the parley. 
 
 16. dictu] A supine in -u, used 
 as an ablative of specification. 
 H. 570. 
 
176 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 noctibus Hadrumetum pervenit, quod abest ab Zama 
 circiter milia passuum trecenta. In hac fuga Nnmidse, 
 qui simul cum eo ex acie excesserant, insidiati sunt ei ; 
 quos non solum effugit, sed etiam ipsos oppressit. Ha- 
 5 drumeti reliquos e fuga collegit ; novis delectibus pau- 
 cis diebus multos contraxit. 
 
 VII. Quuni in apparando acerrime esset occupatus, 
 Carthaginienses bellura cum Romania composuerunt. 
 Ille nihilo secius exercitui postea praefuit, resque in 
 
 10 Africa gessit, itemque Mago, frater ej us, usque ad P. 
 Sulpicium et C. Aurelium consules. His enim magi- 
 stratibus legati Carthaginienses Romam venerunt, qui 
 senatui populoque Romano gratias agerent, quod cum 
 iis pacem fecissent, ob eamque rem corona aurea eos 
 
 15 donarent, simulque peterent, ut obsides eorum Fregel- 
 lis essent, captivique redderentur. His ex senatus con- 
 sulto responsum est : munus eorum gratum acceptum- 
 que esse ; obsides, quo loco rogarent, futures ; captivos 
 non remissuros, quod Hannibalem, cujus opera suscep- 
 
 20 turn bellum foret, inimicissimum nomini Romano, etiam- 
 
 1. Hadrumetum] A seaport 11. His mngistratibus] The 
 south-east of Carthnge, on the ablative absolute, ' in their term 
 eastern coast of the Carthaginian of office,' i. e., in the year B. C. 
 territory, or of what afterwards 200, the year after the treaty of 
 formed the Roman province of peace was concluded. 
 
 Africa. 13. cum Us] i. e., Carthaginien- 
 
 2. milia trecenta] Over two sibus. The ambassadors do not 
 hundred and seventy-five miles! speak for themselves, but for those 
 The actual distance is less than by whom they were sent. 
 
 half that stated here. 15. Fregellis essent] ' Might re- 
 side at Fregella3.' Observe that 
 
 VII. Hannibal takes refuge essent is here an independent verb, 
 
 with Antiochus, king of Syria, and not a mere copula. 
 
 in the year B. C. 196. 17> acceptum] Is a participial 
 
 10. usque ad consules~\ 'Even adjective, / acceptable.' 
 
 until the consulship of.' Between 18. quo 'loco rogarent, futures] 
 
 the names of two associates in Instead of eo loco futures (esse) 
 
 office et is very frequently omit- quo, ut essent, rncjarent. 
 
 ted. Z. 783. 19. remissuros] Sc. esse se. 
 
HANNIBAL. 177 
 
 mine cum impcrio apucl exercitum haberent, itemque 
 fratrem ejus Magonem. Hoc responso Carthaginienses 
 coghito Hannibalem domum et Magonem revocarunt. 
 Hue ut rediit, rex fact us est, postquam iraperator fue- 
 rat, anno secunclo et vicesimo. Ut enim Romse con- 5 
 sules, sic Carthagine quotannis annul bini reges crea- 
 bantur. In eo magi strata pari diligentia se Hannibal 
 praebuit, ac fuerat in bello. Namque effecit, ex novis 
 vectigalibus non solum ut esset pecunia, qua3 Romanis 
 ex foedere penderetur, sed etiam superesset, quaB in 1Q 
 serario reponeretur. Deinde, M. Claudio, L. Furio 
 consulibus Roma legati Carthagmem venerunt. Hos 
 Hannibal ratus sui exposcendi gratia missos, priusquam 
 iis sen at us daretur, navem ascendit clam, atque in Sy- 
 riam ad Antiochum. profugit. Hac re palam fa eta, 15 
 Poeni naves duas, quaa eum comprehenderent, si pos- 
 sent consequi, miserunt; bona ejus publicarunt; doinurn 
 a fundamentis disjecerunt; ipsum exsulem judicarunt. 
 
 YIII. At Hannibal anno quarto, postquam dorno 
 profugerat, L. Cornelio, Quinto Minucio consulibus cum OQ 
 quinque navibus Africam accessit in finibus CyrenaBO- 
 rum, si forte Carthaginienses ad bellum Antiochi spe 
 
 4. rex] The Carthaginian term 18. a fundamentis] Is equiva- 
 
 was suffet. lent to funditus. 
 
 fuerat] See Aristides, ch. III., 
 
 ad fin. VIII. Hannibal tries in vain 
 
 IQ. penderetur, reponeretur] Sub- * arouse the Carthaginians to 
 
 junctives of purpose. wa T' He returns to Antiochus, 
 
 n raturt Thp nprfpot nqi-tir-i and en S a es m naval warfare 
 
 ' against the Rhodians, B.C. 193 
 
 pies of deponents and serai-depo- to B C 190 
 nents correspond to perfect active 
 
 participles in English ; some of 21. Cyren<p,oruni\ Gyrene, the 
 
 these not infrequently may he best capital of Cyrenalcn, was a cele- 
 
 translated by the present partici- brated city near the coast of 
 
 pie. Northern Africa, on the table- 
 
 14. iis senattis daretur] i. e., adi- land of Barca. Extensive ruins 
 
 tus ad senatum daretur. * An au- attest its former importance, 
 
 dience of the senate was given 22. Antidchi\ An objective gen- 
 
 them.' itive after spe jiduciaque. 
 
 12 
 
178 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 fiduciaque induci possent; cui jam persuasernt, ut cum 
 exercitibus in Italiam proficisceretur. Hue Magonem 
 fratrem excivit. Id ubi Poem resciverunt, Maguneni 
 eadem, qua fratrem, absentem affecerunt poena. Illi 
 5 desperatis rebus quum solvissent naves, ac vela ventis 
 dedissent, Hannibal ad Antioehum pervenit. De Ma- 
 gonis interitu duplex memoria prodita est. Namque 
 alii naufragio, alii a servulis ipsius interfectum eum, 
 script urn reliquerunt. Antiochus autein, si tarn in 
 
 lOgerendo bello consiliis ejus parere voluisset, quam in 
 suscipiendo instituerat, propius Tiberi, quam Thermo- 
 pylis de summa impeiii dimicasset. Quern etsi raulta 
 stulte conari videbat, tamen nulla deseruit in re. PraB- 
 fuit paucis navibus, quas ex Syria j ass us erat in Asiam 
 
 15 ducere, iisque adversus Rhodiorum classem in Pamphy- 
 lio mari conflixit. Quo quum niultitudine adversario- 
 rum sui superarentur, ipse, quo cornu rem gessit, fuit 
 superior. 
 
 IX. Antiocho fugato, verens, ne dederetur, quod 
 
 I. possent] The subjunctive of 15. Rhodiorum] Rhodes was a 
 indirect question, si being equiva- considerable island south of Caria. 
 lent to num. H. 525, 1. The Rhodians were distinguished 
 
 8. naufragio] For this word for their extensive commerce and 
 
 we must take the idea of perish- their naval power. The Colossus, 
 
 ing (periisse), from interfectum which stood at the entrance of the 
 
 (esse) ; a case of zeugma. harbor of Rhodes, the capital of 
 
 servulis] Is a diminutive, with the island, was one of the seven 
 
 the notion of contempt. H. wonders of the world. For more 
 
 315 1- than two centuries, Rhodes be- 
 
 10. ejus] Relates to Hannibal, longed to the Kn'ghts of St. John. 
 
 II. Tiberi] The Tiber rises in 16. Quo] Supply proelio, implied 
 the Tuscan Apennines, and flows in conflixit. 
 
 in a south-westerly direction, emp- 
 tying into the Mediterranean about IX. Hannibal flees to Crete, 
 17 miles below Rome. It is about B - c - 189 - 
 
 200 miles long, and at Rome 19. Antiocho fugato] Near Mag- 
 about 350 feet broad. nesia, in Asia Minor, where Anti- 
 Thermopylis] Here Antiochus ochus was defeated by L. Corne- 
 was defeated by the Romans in lius Scipio, in the year B.C. 190; 
 the year B. C. 191. fugare ib a Causative of fugere ; 
 
HANNIBAL. 
 
 170 
 
 sine dubio accidisset, si sui fecisset potestatem, Cretmn 
 ad Gortynios venit, ut ibi, quo se conferret, considera- 
 ret. Yidit autem vir omnium callidissimus, magno se 
 fore periculo, nisi quid providisset, propter avaritiam 
 Cretensium. Magnam enim secum pecuniam portabat, 5 
 de qua sciebat exisse famam. Itaque capit tale consi- 
 lium. Amphoras complures complet plumbo ; sunimas 
 operit auro et argento. Has, praesentibus principibus, 
 deponit in templo Dianae, simulans, se suas fortimas 
 illorum fidei credere. His in errorem inductis, statuas 10 
 ae'neas, quas secura portabat, omni sua pecunifi com- 
 plet, easque in propatulo domi abjicit. Gortynii tem- 
 plum magna cura custodiunt, non tarn a ceteris, quam 
 ab Hannibale, ne ille, inscientibus iis, tolleret secumque 
 duceret. 15 
 
 X. Sic conservatis suis rebus, Posnus, illusis Cre- 
 tensibus omnibus, ad Prusiam in Pontum pervenit. 
 
 so cado, jacio, pendo, from cado, 
 jaceo, pendeo. 
 
 ne dederetur] It was stipu- 
 lated by the Romans, in, the con- 
 ditions of peace, that Hannibal 
 should be surrendered to them. 
 
 1. Cretam] The largest of the 
 Greek islands. Its favorable situ- 
 ation, salubrity, and fertility had 
 made it rich and populous even 
 in the time of Homer. 
 
 2. Gortynios] Gortyna, one of 
 the five most considerable cities 
 of Crete, was situated in the 
 south-central part of the island. 
 
 4. nisi providissef] * Unless 
 he took some precaution.' 
 
 avaritiam Cretensium] For the 
 opinion which Epimenides, a co- 
 temporary of Solon, entertained 
 of the Cretans, see Paul's Epistle 
 to Titus, ch. i. v. 12. 
 
 7. summas] Sc. amphoras, 
 
 1 their tops.' H. 441, 6. Z. 685. 
 
 10. statuas aeneas] * Some bronze 
 statues;' aeneus is another form 
 of aereus, n and r being inter- 
 changeable : #?s, with the ancients, 
 was never brass, no zinc having 
 been found in the metal thus 
 called. 
 
 12. domi] Limits abjicit. H. 
 117, 1. 
 
 abjicit] * Throws down,' i. e., 
 as if they were worthless. 
 
 X. Hannibal flees to Prusias, 
 the king of Bithynia, and stirs 
 him up to war against the Ko- 
 mans. B. C. 184. 
 
 16. Pcenus} ' The (wily) Cartha- 
 ginian.' Poenus is intentionally 
 used here, in antithesis with Cre- 
 tensibus, who were also proverbi- 
 ally shrewd and cunning. 
 
 17. Pontum] Is here used loose- 
 
180 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 Apud quern eodem aninio fuit ergaltaliam,neque aliud 
 quicquarn egit, quam regem armavit et exercuit ad ver- 
 sus Romanes. Quern quum videret dornesticis opibus 
 minus esse robustum, conciliabat ceteros reges, adjun- 
 5 gebatque bellicosas nationes. Dissidebat ab eo Perga- 
 menus rex, Eumenes, Rornanis amicissiinus, bellumque 
 inter eos gerebatur et mail et terra; quo magis cupie- 
 bat eum Hannibal opprimi. Sed utrobique Eumenes 
 plus valebat propter Roman or um societatera ; quem si 
 
 10 removisset, faciliora sibi cetera fore arbitrabatur. Ad 
 hunc interficiundum talem iniit rationem. Classe pau- 
 cis diebus erant decreturi. Superabatur navium multi- 
 tudine; dolo erat pugnandum, quum par non esset 
 armis. Imperavit quam plurimas venenatas serpentes 
 
 15 vivas colligi, easque in vasa fictilia conjici. Harum 
 quum effecisset magnam multitudinem, die ipso, quo 
 facturus erat navale prcelium, classiarios convocat, iis- 
 que praecipit, omnes ut in unam Eumenis regis concur- 
 rant navem, a ceteris tantum satis habeant se defen- 
 
 20 dere. Id illos facile serpentium multitucline consecu- 
 turos. Rex autem in qua nave veheretur, ut scirent, se 
 
 ly for Bithyniam, as bordering on the more common construction, 
 
 the Euxine. Pontus was strictly H. 551, II. 1 and 2. 
 
 a country lying on the south- 15. vivas] Belongs to the predi- 
 
 eastern part of the Euxine. cate. 
 
 6. EumSnes] A king of Perga- 17. classiarios] The termination 
 
 mus, in Mysia, who, by the favor -arius denotes either the idea of 
 
 of the Romans, extended his lit- belonging to, or a person who is ' 
 
 tie kingdom till it included a engaged in something as an occu- 
 
 great part of Asia Minor. pation. H. 318, 1. 
 
 8. utrobique] ' On both ele- 18. omnes ut] For a still more 
 
 ments.' unusual position of ut, cf. p. 168, 
 
 11. Classe decreturi] ' Were line 9. Connectives generally 
 
 intending to fight a naval battle/ stand at the beginning of a clause, 
 
 etc. H. 228. 19. tantum] ' Merely,' modifies 
 
 14. serpentes colligi] Though se defendere. 
 
 the accusative with the infinitive 21. ut scirent, se facturum] * He 
 
 passive sometimes follows impe- would take care that they should 
 
 rare, ut with the subjunctive is know.' 
 
HANNIBAL. 181 
 
 facturum; quem si aut cepissent, aut interfecissent, 
 mngno iis pollicetur praemio fore. 
 
 XI. Tali cohortatione militum facta, classis ab utris- 
 que in proeliura deducitur. Quarum acie constitute, 
 priusquam signum pugnaB daretur, Hannibal, ut palam 5 
 faceret suis, quo loco Eumenes esset, tabellarium in 
 scaplia cum caduceo mittit. Qui ubi ad naves adver- 
 sariorum pervenit, epistolamque ostendens se regem 
 profess ns est qua3rere, statim ad Eumenem deductus 
 est, quod nemo dubitabat, aliquid de pace esse scrip- 10 
 turn. Tabellarius, duels nave declarata suis, eodem, 
 unde erat egressus, se recepit. At Eumenes, solutfi 
 epistola, nihil in ea repent, nisi qna3 nd irridendum eum 
 pertinerent. Cujus esti causam mirabatur, neque repe- 
 riebatur, tamen proelium statim coramittere non dubi- 15 
 tavit. Horum in con curs u Bithynii Hannibal is praecep- 
 to universi navem Eumenis adoriuntur. Quorum vim 
 rex quum sustinere non posset, fugfi salutem petit; 
 quam consecutus non esset, nisi intra sua praasidia se 
 recepisset, quae in proximo litore erant collocata. Reli- 20 
 qua3 Pergamenaa naves quum adversaries premerent 
 acrius, repente in eas vasa fictilia, de quibns supra men- 
 tionern fecimus, conjici co3pta sunt. Quaa jacta initio 
 risum pugnantibus concitarunt, neque, quare id fieret, 
 poterat intelligi. Postquam autem naves suas comple- 25 
 
 2. iis] One of two datives with The tablets on which letters were 
 
 fore. H. 390. written were tied with a thread or 
 
 string, which was secured with 
 
 XI. Hannibal vanquishes wax. 
 
 Eumenes by a stratagem. U. pertinerent] Subjunctive of 
 
 4. Quarum] i. e., classium,im- result. 
 
 plied in classis ab utrisque. Cujus] Sc. epistola. 
 
 7. caduceo] A wand or staff reperiebdtur] Sc. causa. The 
 carried by heralds and ambassa- change to the passive implies that 
 dors, and corresponding to the others were curious as to the mo- 
 modern flag of truce. tive of the letter. 
 
 12. soluta episto/a] Is equiva- 19. prccsidia] Defences; i.e., 
 
 lent to vinctis epistola laxatis. castra nautica, below. 
 
182 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 tas conspexerunt serpentibus, nova re perterriti, quum, 
 quid potissimum vitarent, non viderent, puppes verte- 
 runt, seque ad sua castra nautica retulerunt. Sic Han- 
 nibal consilio arma Pergamenorum siiperavit; neque 
 5- turn solum, sed saepe alias pedestribus copiis pari pru- 
 dentia pepulit adversaries. 
 
 XII. Qua3 dura in Asia geruntur, accidit casu, ut 
 legati Prusiae Romae apud T. Quintiam Flamininum, 
 consularem, cenarent, atque ibi, de Hannibale mentione 
 
 10 facta, ex iis unus diceret, eum in Prusise regno esse. 
 Id postero die Flaminmus senatui detulit. Patres con- 
 scripti, qui, Hannibale vivo, numquam se sine insidiis 
 futures existimarent, legatos in Bithyniam miserunt, in 
 iis Flamininum, qui ab^rege peterent, ne iiiiinicissimum 
 
 15 suum secum haberet, sibique dederet. His Prusia ne- 
 gare ausus non est ; illud recusavit, ne id a se fieri 
 postularent, quod adversus jus hospitii esset ; ipsi, si 
 possent, comprehenderent ; locum, ubi esset, facile in- 
 venturos. Hannibal enim uno loco se tenebat in castello, 
 
 20 quod ei a rege datum erat muneri ; idque sic aedificarat, 
 ut in omnibus partibus aedificii exitus haberet, scili- 
 cet verens, ne usu veniret, quod accidit. Hue quum 
 
 XH. Hannibal commits sui- by Brutus after the expulsion of 
 
 cide to escape being delivered Tarquin. 
 
 up to the Romans, about the U. ne inimicissimum dederef] 
 
 'Not to keep their worst enemy 
 
 5. alias] A case of alius used with him, but to give him up to 
 
 adverbially; 'at other times.' them;' from ne, ut is to be sup- 
 
 8. apud] 'At the house of.' plied before dederet. Observe that 
 
 T. Flamininum] He was the suum and sibi relate to the lead- . 
 
 conqueror of the Philip of Mace- ing subject (patres), while se re- 
 
 donia mentioned at the begin- fers to the subject of the dcpen- 
 
 ning of ch. II. dent clause in which it stands. 
 
 \\.Patresconscripti'] i.e., Pa- 16. we id, etc.] Appositive to 
 
 tres et Conscripti, ' fathers ;md illud. 
 
 elect,' was the title of the assem- 18. comprehenderent] The sub- 
 bled senate; conscripti refers to junctive in indirect for the hnper- 
 the enrolment of new senators ative in direct discourse. H. 529. 
 
HANNIBAL. 183 
 
 legati Romanorum venissent, ac multitudine dornuin 
 ejus circumdedissent, puer ab janua. prospiciens Hanni- 
 bali dixit, plures praeter consuetudinetn armatos appa- 
 rere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aadificii circum- 
 iret, ac propere sibi renuntiaret, num eodem modo 5 
 undique obsideretur. Puer quum celeriter, quid esset, 
 remmtiasset, omnesque exitus occupatos ostendisset; 
 sensit, id non fortuito factum, sed se peti, neque sibi 
 diutius vitam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbi- 
 trio dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum, venenura, 10 
 quod semper secum habere consuerat, sumpsit. 
 
 XIII. Sic vir fortissimus, multis variisque perfunc- 
 tus laboribus, anno acquievit septuagesimo. Quibus 
 consulibus interierit, .non convenit. Namque Atticus, 
 M. Claudio Marcello, Q. Fabio Labeone consulibus 15 
 mortuura, in annali suo scrip turn reliquit; at Polybius, 
 L. -ZEmilio Paulo, On. Ikebio Tamphilo; Sulpicius au- 
 
 2. puer] A slave was so called, 14. Atticus'] Titus Pomponius 
 without regard to his age. Atticus was a polished and wealthy 
 
 3. plures] 'A considerable num- Roman knight, and a friend of 
 ber.' Nepos. His liber annalis con- 
 
 6. obsideretur] Sc. adificium. tuined the history of Rome to the 
 
 8. se peti] Cf. Themistocles, year B. C. 54. 
 
 page 121, line 13. 15. Marcello] Marce'llus and La- 
 
 10. virttctum] l Deeds of valor.' beo were consuls in the year B. C. 
 
 venenum sumpsit] Suicide 183. 
 
 (mors voluntaria) was regarded 16. Polybius] Was a Pelopon- 
 
 by the ancients as honorable in nesian. After the fall of Perseus, 
 
 such cases as this. the king of Macedonia, having 
 
 been taken to Rome as a hostage, 
 
 XIII. Hannibal's attachment he became acquainted with Scipio 
 
 to literature. JEmilianus Africanus Minor, un- 
 
 13. acquievit] Went to his der whom he joined the Roman 
 
 rest; ' here antithetic to laboribus ; army, and was present at the cap- 
 
 a euphemism. ture of Carthage. He died about 
 
 septuagesimo] True, if he was the year B. C. 122, at the age of 
 
 born in the year B. C. 249, as eighty-two, leaving a valuable 
 
 Mommsen says, and died in the historical work, of which a part 
 
 consulship of Cethegns and Tarn- is still extant, 
 
 philus; i. e., B. C. 181. 11. Paulo} Lucius Paulus and 
 
184 CORNELIUS NEPOS. 
 
 tern Blitho, P. Cornelio Cethego, M. Baebio Tamplulo. 
 Atque hie tantus vir tantisque bellis districtus nonnihil 
 temporis tribuit litteris. Namque aliquot ejus libri 
 sunt, Graeco sermone confecti ; in iis ad Rhodios de Cn. 
 5 Manlii Vulsonis in Asia rebus gestis. Hujus belli gesta 
 multi memoriae prodiderunt: sed ex iis duo, qui cum eo 
 in castris fuerunt simulque vixerunt, quamdiu fortuna 
 passa est, Silenus, et Sosilus Lacedaemonius. Atque 
 hoe Sosilo Hannibal litterarum Graecaruni usus est 
 10 doctore. 
 
 Sed nos tempus est hujus libri facere finem, et Ro- 
 manorum explicare imperatores ; quo facilius collatis 
 utrorumque factis, qui viri praeferendi sint, possit judi- 
 cari. 
 
 Cn. Tnmphilus were consuls in grsdd or Galatinns in Asia Minor, 
 
 the year B. C. 182. 8. Silenus] His work, as well 
 
 1. Blitho} Is otherwise un- as that of Sosilus, is lost, 
 
 known. 11. hujus libri] i. e., de excel- 
 
 4. ad Rhodios} Sc. liber. lentibus ducibus exterarum gen- 
 
 5. Vulsonis] Vulso was consul tium. 
 
 B. C. 189, and, as such, made a facere} Subject of tempus est, 
 treaty with Antiochus, and con- which is equivalent to tempesti- 
 ducted a war against the Gailo- mini est. H. 549, 1, 1). 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Numerals with H. refer to Harkness's Latin Grammar. 
 
 adj adjective. 
 
 adv. ...... adverb. 
 
 cf. confer, compare. 
 
 dcf. defective. 
 
 dep deponent. 
 
 dim diminutive. 
 
 esp especially. 
 
 f. feminine. 
 
 fig- figuratively. 
 
 freq frequentative. 
 
 indef. indefinite. 
 
 int intensive. 
 
 intr intransitive. 
 
 irreg irregular. 
 
 lit literally. 
 
 m masculine. 
 
 n neuter. 
 
 num numeral. 
 
 opp opposed. 
 
 P page. 
 
 pron pronoun. 
 
 so scilicet, supply. 
 
 subs substantive. 
 
 syn synonyme. 
 
 tr transitive. 
 
 v verb. 
 
 Z. refers to Zumpt's Latin Grammar. 
 
 (185) 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 A-ACCIPIO 
 
 A. 
 
 a, ab, abs, prep, with abl.* A 
 only before consonants ; ab before 
 vowels and consonants ; abs 
 chiefly in compounds. From, by. 
 
 Abdalonimus, i, m. A gar- 
 dener, but of royal descent, made 
 king of Sidon by Alexander the 
 Great. 
 
 ab-do, ere, dldi, dttum, v. tr. 
 To hide, conceal, put out of the 
 way. 
 
 ab-eo, ire, wi (ii), ttum, v. intr. 
 To go off or away. 
 
 ab-horreo, ere, ui, v. tr. and 
 intr. To shrink back in dread; 
 to abhor; to be averse to, differ 
 greatly. 
 
 ab-igo, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. 
 (ago). To drive off or away. 
 
 ab-jicio, $re,jeci,jectum, y. tr. 
 (jacio). To throw off or away; 
 reject, despise. 
 
 ab-ripio, $re, rlpui, reptum, v. 
 tr. (rdpio). To take away by 
 force. 
 
 ab-rogo, are, art, atum, v. tr. 
 To repeal, annul ; to take from. 
 
 abs-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. 
 intr. To depart from, desist. 
 
 abs-condo, ere, di and dldi, 
 dltum and consum, v. tr. To hide, 
 conceal. 
 
 absens, entis, part, (dbsum). 
 Absent, not here, being away. 
 
 ab-solvo, ere, solvi, solutum,v. 
 tr. To free from ; to free from a 
 charge, declare innocent, absolve, 
 acquit. 
 
 abstinentia, a, f. (absttneo). 
 A withholding from, abstinence as 
 opposed to covetousness ; modera- 
 tion, temperance. 
 
 abs-tlneo, ere, ttnui, tentum, v. 
 tr. and intr. (teneo). To hold 
 or keep back or away ; to abstain. 
 
 abstuli. See aufero. 
 
 ab-sum, esse,fui, v. irr. To be 
 absent ; to be wanting. 
 
 ac, or atque, conj. And. 
 
 accedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. 
 intr. (ad, cedo). To approach, go 
 to; to be added; to accede; ad 
 rempublicam, to engage in the 
 business of the state. 
 
 accendo, ere, ndi, nsum, v. tr. 
 (ad, candeo, to shine). To kindle, 
 set on fire ; to light. 
 
 accessus, us, m. (accedo). Ac- 
 cess, approach. 
 
 accldo, ere, cldi, v. intr. (ad, 
 cado). To fall to, come to, happen. 
 
 accio, ire, ivi, Itum, v. tr. (ad, 
 cieo). To call, summon. 
 
 accipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
 (ad, cdpio). To take, get, receive, 
 accept ; to learn, hear. 
 
 187 
 
188 
 
 ACCURATE ADJUNGO 
 
 accurate, adv. (ad, euro). Ac- 
 cu:-Vitely, carefully. 
 
 accurro, ere, curri (cucurri, 
 rare), cursum, v. intr. (ad, curro}. 
 To run to or towards. 
 
 accuse, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ad, causa). To call one to ac- 
 count ; to accuse openly of crime, 
 arraign, impeach ; to blame, cen- 
 sure. 
 
 acer, or acris, acris, acre, adj. 
 Sharp, tart, pungent ; violent, 
 fierce, savage, vehement ; eager ; 
 passionate, bold. 
 
 acerbitas, atis, f. (acerbus). 
 Harshness or bitterness of taste ; 
 distress ; severity, rigor. 
 
 acerbus, a, urn, adj. (acer}. 
 Sour or disagreeable to the taste. 
 
 Acesines, ce, m. A river of 
 India, which falls into the Indus. 
 
 Acheron, tis, m. The Ache- 
 ron, a river of Bruttii. 
 
 Acherusius, a, um, adj. Per- 
 taining to the Acheron in Epiius. 
 
 acies, ei, f. The edge of a cut- 
 ting instrument ; order of battle, 
 line of battle, army in battle ar- 
 ray ; the eye or sight. 
 
 acquiesce, ere, em, etum, v. 
 intr. (ad, quiesco}. To rest or re- 
 pose ; to acquiesce, be pleased or 
 satisfied with ; to die. 
 
 acqulro, ere, quisivi, quisitum, 
 v. tr. (ad, qucero). To acquire, 
 procure, get. 
 
 acrlter, adv., comp. acrius, sup. 
 acerrlme (acer}. Vehemently, 
 vigorously, sharply, keenly ; 
 bravely, courageously, fiercely. 
 
 actio, onis, f. (ago). A doing, 
 performing ; actio gratiarum, the 
 giving of thanks. 
 
 tic turn, i, n. (ago}, plur. acta, 
 drum. Glorious deeds, exploits. 
 
 acumen, tnis, n. (Ocuo, to 
 
 sharpen). A sharp point, edge; 
 acuteness, ingenuity, smartness. 
 
 ad, prep, with ace. To, to- 
 Wiirds ; at, before ; ad tempus, 
 about the time. 
 
 Adaspii, drum, m. The Adas- 
 pii. 
 
 ad-do, $re, Idi, Hum, v. tr. To 
 add, put to ; to say in addition. 
 
 ad-duco, ere, duxi, ductum, v. 
 tr. To lead, bring to; to induce, 
 persuade, influence. 
 
 ad-eo, adv. So, so far, so 
 much. 
 
 ad-eo, ire, ivi (ii},Uum, v. intr. 
 To go to, approach; to attack, 
 encounter ; to speak to, address. 
 
 adeptus, a, urn, part. See 
 adipiscor. 
 
 ad fee to. See affecto. 
 
 adficio. See afficio. 
 
 ad-fligo, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. 
 (figo, to strike). To dash to the 
 ground ; to distress, afflict. 
 
 ad-hlbeo, ere, ui, Hum, v. tr. 
 (habeo). To use, admit, apply. 
 
 ad-huc, adv. To this place ; 
 hitherto, until now, still, as yet ; 
 besides, moreover. 
 
 Adimantus, i, m. An Athe- 
 nian general, colleague of Alcibi- 
 ades in the Spartan war. 
 
 ad -lino, ere, emi, emptum, v. tr. 
 (emo}. To take away, deprive of, 
 remove. 
 
 ad-ipiscor, ci, eptus sum, v. 
 dep. (apiscor, to reach after). To 
 get, obtain. 
 
 ad it us, us, m. (ddeo). An ap- 
 proach ; access, liberty of ap- 
 proach ; a passage, entrance. 
 
 ad-jicio, ere,jeci,jectum, v. tr. 
 (jdcio}. To add. 
 
 ad-jungo, ere, nxi, nctum, v. 
 tr. To join to, annex ; to attach, 
 gain over. 
 
ADJUVO ADTINGO 
 
 189 
 
 ad-jfivo, are, uvi, utum, and 
 avi, atum, v. tr. To aid, assist, 
 help ; to favor. 
 
 ad-ludo, ere, usi, usum, v. tr. 
 To play upon ; to impose upon. 
 
 Admetus, i, m. A kins; of the 
 Molossians, at whose court Thc- 
 mistocles took refuge, when ban- 
 ished by his countrymen. 
 
 ad-ministro, are, avi, atum, 
 v. tr. To attend upon, serve ; to 
 take in hand, manage; to exe- 
 cute, perform. 
 
 . ad-mirabilis, e, adj. (miror). 
 Worthy of admiration, wonderful. 
 
 admirandus, a um, adj. (ad- 
 tniror). Wonderful, admirable. 
 
 admiratio, onis, f. (admirer). 
 Admiration. 
 
 ad-miror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 To wonder greatly, be astonished ; 
 to admire. 
 
 ad mitto, ere, mist, missum, v. 
 tr. To allow a person or thing to 
 come ; to admit, give access to"; 
 to commit, perpetrate. 
 
 ad modum, adv. Very, of a 
 truth ; with numerals : about. 
 
 ad m one o, ere, m, Itum, v. tr. 
 To remind, admonish, warn. 
 
 ad-nato. are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 To swim to or towards. 
 
 adolescens, ntis, m. and f. 
 (addlesco, to grow up). A young 
 man or worn in from the age of 
 fifteen to thirty, or even forty. 
 
 adolescentia,<z?, f. (adolescens). 
 Youth. 
 
 adolescentulus, /, m. (dim. 
 of dddlfisce>;s). A little youn. 
 man, stripling. 
 
 adoptio, onis, f. (ad, opto, to 
 choose). A- taking or receiving 
 one in the place of a child. 
 
 addratio, onis, f. (adoro). Ad- 
 oration, worship. 
 
 ad-orior, iri, ortus sum, v. dcp. 
 To attack ; to attempt ; to accost. 
 
 ad-oro, are, avi, atum t v. tr. 
 To worship, revere, adore. 
 
 ad-peto, ere, Im (ii), Hum, v. tr. 
 To strive after ; to seek or grasp 
 after. 
 
 ad-quiro, 8re, siti, sltum, v. tr. 
 (qucero). To gain, acquire. 
 
 Adrastia, <e, f. A region of 
 Mysia, through which the river 
 Granicus flows. 
 
 Adrumetum, or Hadrume- 
 tum, i, n. A town in Africa Pro- 
 pria. 
 
 ad-scendo, Sre, ndi, nsum, v. 
 intr. (scando, to climb). To climb 
 up, ascend. 
 
 ad-scribo, 8re, psi, ptum, v. tr. 
 To ascribe to, apply ; to appoint. 
 
 adscriptus, a, um, part, (ad- 
 scrlbo). Appointed. 
 
 ad-sequor, i, secutus sum, v. 
 dep. To attain to, get, acquire. 
 
 ad-sero, ere, ui, turn, v. tr. 
 (sero, to join). To affirm, assert. 
 
 ad-signo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (signum). To assign, ascribe, ap- 
 
 piy- 
 
 ad-silio, ire, sllui, suHum, v. 
 intr. (sdUo). To leap to or upon. 
 
 adspergo. See aspergo. 
 
 adspicio. See asplcio. 
 
 ad-suesco, ere, uevi, uetum, v. 
 intr. (suesco, to be wont). To be 
 accustomed to. 
 
 ad-sum, esse t fui, v. irr. To be 
 present. 
 
 ad-sumo, ere, sumpsi, sump- 
 turn, v. tr. To take something to 
 one's self; to assume. 
 
 ad-tento, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (tSneo). To set upon, ntrack. 
 
 ad-testor, ari, atus sum, v. dcp. 
 To bear witness to anything. 
 
 ad- tin go, ere, tlgi, tactum t v. 
 
190 
 
 ADULATIO ^ESTIMATIO 
 
 tr. (tango). To touch, reach, ar- 
 rive at. 
 
 adulatio, onis, f. (adulor). 
 Fawning, flattery. 
 
 add I or, art, atus sum, v. dep. 
 To fawn upon, flatter; (of the ser- 
 vile reverence paid to Asiatic 
 kings), to prostrate one's self in 
 reverence. 
 
 adulterium, i, n. (aduUer, an 
 adulterer). Adultery. 
 
 ad-uiio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (unus). To make one ; to unite. 
 
 ad-vento, are, avi, atum, v. 
 intr. (freq. of advenio). To ap- 
 proach, come frequently. 
 
 ad-veiitus, us, m. (ad, venio). 
 An arrival. 
 
 adversarius, a, um, adj. (ad- 
 versus). Contrary, opposite to. 
 Subs. An adversary, opponent, 
 enemy. 
 
 adversus, a, um, adj. (ad, 
 verto). Opposite, fronting; con- 
 trary, hostile, adverse. 
 
 adversus, or adversuni, adv. 
 and prep, with ace. (ad, verto). 
 Against, towards, opposite. 
 
 ad-voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To call to ; to -summon. 
 
 ad-volo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 To fly to or towards; to spring 
 upon. 
 
 ^Eacides, a, m. A descendant 
 of JEacus. 
 
 redes, and aedis, is, f. A tem- 
 ple (prop, one apartment). Plur. 
 cedes, ium, a house, consisting of 
 several apartments. 
 
 aedificium, i, n. (adlfico). A 
 building, edifice, house. 
 
 aedlf ico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cedes, fdcio). To build, frame. 
 
 aes?er, gra, grum, adj. Sick, 
 weak ; distressed in body or mind ; 
 anxious, sorrowful. 
 
 umen, in Greek JEgos 
 Potami, Goat's river, in the Thra- 
 cian Chersonesus. 
 
 aegre, adv. (ceger}. With diffi- 
 culty, scarcely, hardly. 
 
 jEryptus, t, f. E.nypt. 
 
 semiilatio, onis, f. (amulor). 
 Emulation, rivalry. 
 
 aemulor, ari, atus sum, v. dcp. 
 (cemulus}. To desire to excel, ri- 
 val, emulate ; with dat., to envy. 
 
 aemulus, a, um, adj. Vying 
 with or emulating another. Subs. 
 A rival. 
 
 aeneus, a, um, adj. (as). Of 
 brass, brazen. 
 
 ^Eolia, ce, or ^Eolis, idos, f. A 
 country in the north-western part 
 of Asia Minor, and north of Ionia. 
 
 aequalis, e, adj. (ccquus). Equal, 
 constant; of the same age, co- 
 temporary. 
 
 aeque, adv. (aquus). Equally; 
 with quam or ac, as. 
 
 sequiparo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (atquus, paro). To equal, com- 
 pare. 
 
 aequltas, atis, f. (cequus). 
 Equality, justice, equity. 
 
 aequus, a, um, adj. Plain, level ; 
 equal ; fair, impartial ; favorable, 
 advantageous ; cequo animo, pa- 
 tiently. 
 
 aerarium, i, n. (&s). Treasury, 
 the place where public money is 
 kept, the exchequer. 
 
 aes, ceris, n. Any crude metnl, 
 except gold and silver, dug from 
 the earth, copper, brass ; money. 
 
 ^Esopws, t, m. ^Esop, the cele- 
 brated fabulist. 
 
 aestas, atis, f. (cestus). Sum- 
 mer. 
 
 aestimatio, onis, f. (asttmo). 
 The estimating a thing according 
 to its value, estimation. 
 
ALIO 
 
 191 
 
 aestimo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To estimate, value, rate, appraise ; 
 to account. 
 
 aestus, us, m. (aestuo, to boil). 
 Heat, commotion ; exertion (of the 
 mind), excitement ; tide. 
 
 aetas, atis, f. (avum> contr. from 
 cBvitas}. Time of life, age, time ; 
 season ; an age or space of thirty 
 years. 
 
 ^Etolus, a, um, adj. JEtolian. 
 Subs. jEtdli,-orum, m. The ^Eto- 
 lians. 
 
 aevum, i, n. Age, life. 
 
 affabilis, e, adj. (ad, for, to 
 speak). Affable, courteous, ac- 
 cessible. 
 
 affecto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (frcq. of afflcio}. To strive after, 
 aspire to. 
 
 affero,/<?rre, attuli, allahim,v. 
 tr. (ad,fero). To carry or bring 
 to ; to report or bring word. 
 
 afficio, ere, fed, fectum, v. tr. 
 To put into a certain state of mind ; 
 to affect, influence, move. 
 
 affinitas, atis, f. (ad, finis}. 
 Relationship by marriage. 
 
 affirm o, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ad, firmo). To affirm, declare, 
 assert, maintain. 
 
 Africa, ce, f. Africa. 
 
 Agamemnon, tints, m. King 
 of Argos and Mycenae, brother 
 of Menelaus, and commander-in- 
 chief of the Greeks in the Trojan 
 war. 
 
 ager, gri, m. A field, territory, 
 land. 
 
 aggrgdior, i, essus sum, v. dep. 
 (ad, grddior, to go). To go to, 
 approach ; accost, address ; to set 
 about, undertake, attempt, begin ; 
 to attack, assault ; to accuse. 
 
 Agis, tdis, m. Agis, a king of 
 Sparta. 
 
 agmen, inis, n. (dgo). A train; 
 a march of an army ; an army. 
 
 agnosco, Sre, novi, nltum, v. 
 tr. (ad, nosco). To know, per- 
 ceive, recognize ; to own. 
 
 agnus, i, m. A lamb. 
 
 aso. ere, egi, actum, v. tr. To 
 drive, act, do, pursue a course of 
 action ; to treat, transact ; to con- 
 duct ; to spend, pass. Age ! Come 
 now ! id agitur, it is proposed or 
 intended. 
 
 ajo, ais, ait, v. def. To say 
 yes ; to say, assert. 
 
 alapa, <e, f. A slap, blow. 
 
 Alcibiades, is, m. An Athe- 
 nian. 
 
 Alcmaeon, dnis, m. Son of 
 Ampliianuis and Eriphyle. 
 
 ales, Mis, m. and f. (ala, a wing). 
 A bird. 
 
 Alexander, dri, m. I. The 
 son of Philip, king of Macedonia; 
 died B. C. 323, at the age of 32. 
 II. Alexander Lyncistas, so called 
 from Lyncistis, a district of Mace- 
 donia. III. King of Eplrus, broth- 
 er of Olympias, the mother of 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 Alexandria, #, f. I. Alex- 
 andria, a city of Egypt. II. Al- 
 exandria, in the Caucasus. 
 
 alias, adv. At other times. 
 
 alien o, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (dliemis). To cast off; to estrange, 
 alienate ; to transfer the property 
 of a thing to another. 
 
 alienus, a, um, adj. (alius}. 
 Belonging to another, foreign ; ad- 
 verse ; alienus locus, disadvanta- 
 geous ground. 
 
 alimentum, t, n. (alo). Nour- 
 ishment. 
 
 alio, adv. (alius). To another 
 place, thing, or person ; to another 
 end, purpose, intent, or use. 
 
192 
 
 ALIQUANDO ANA'XARCHUS 
 
 aliquando, adv. (dllquis). At 
 some time, at length, now at last. 
 
 allquanto, or -turn, adv. (ali- 
 us, quantus). Somewhat, a little, 
 considerably. 
 
 aliquis, qua, quod or quid, pron. 
 indef. (alius, quis). Some one, 
 somebody, some. 
 
 aliquot, adj. pi. indecl. (alius, 
 quot). Some, several, a few. 
 
 aliter, adv. (alius). Otherwise, 
 in another manner. 
 
 alius, a, ud, gen. alius, adj. 
 Another, other of many ; alter, of 
 two; different, contrary. Alii 
 alii, some others. 
 
 allieio, Sre, exi, ectum, v. tr. 
 (ad, lacio, to draw gently). To 
 allure. 
 
 allisro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ad, llgo, to bind). To tie up. 
 
 alldquor, i, cutus sum, v. dep. 
 (ad, Idquor). To speak to one ; 
 to exhort. 
 
 alo, ere, ui, itum or altum, v. 
 tr. To nourish, feed ; to maintain. 
 
 Alpes, ium, f. The Alps, the 
 highest mountains of Europe. 
 
 Alpicus, a, um, adj. (Alpcs). 
 Belonging to the Alps. Subs., an 
 inhabitant of the Alps. 
 
 alter, era, erum, gen. tus, adj. 
 Another; the other of two; the 
 second. 
 
 altitude, fnis, f. (altus). 
 Height ; depth. 
 
 altus, a, um, adj. (alo). High, 
 tall. 
 
 alvus, t , f. Belly ; bee-hive. 
 
 Am ad as, ce, m. Amadas, one 
 of Alexander's officers. 
 
 amarus, a, um, adj. Bitter; 
 sad, unpleasant; revolting, calam- 
 itous. 
 
 Amazon, dnis, f. An Amazon. 
 Amazdnes, um* a community of 
 
 warlike women, who dwelt on the 
 river Thermodon. 
 
 Amblger, eri, m. Ambiger. 
 
 ambitio, onis, f. (ambio, to go 
 around). A going around, a striv- 
 ing for one's favor or good will ; 
 flattery. 
 
 ambo, ce, o, adj. Both. 
 
 Ambri, drum, m. The Ambri. 
 
 amice, adv. (amicus). In a 
 friendly manner, cordially, kindly. 
 
 a mieiti a, ce, f. (amicus). 
 Friendship. 
 
 amicus, a, um, adj. (dmo). 
 Friendly, benevolent, favorable, 
 courteous. 
 
 amicus, i, m. (&mo). A friend. 
 
 amissus, us, m. (amitto). Loss. 
 
 a-mitto, ere, misi, mis sum, v. 
 tr. To send away ; to let go, dis- 
 miss ; to lose. 
 
 amnis, is. m. A stream, river. 
 
 amo, are, am, atum, v. tr. To 
 love. 
 
 amrenitas, atis, f. (dmosnus, 
 pleasant). Pleasantness, delight- 
 fulness (as of a garden, river, etc.). 
 
 amor, oris, m. (amo). Love. 
 
 a-moveo, ere, movi, motum, v. 
 tr. To remove from a place. 
 
 amphora, ce, f. A vessel with 
 two handles, jar. 
 
 am-plector, i, plexus sum, v. 
 dep. To wind around a person or 
 thing, to embrace. 
 
 amplius, adv., comp. of ample 
 and amplUer (amplus). More, 
 more copiously ; besides. 
 
 ampius, a, um, adj. Large, 
 ample ; great, noble. 
 
 Amyntas, ce, m. Amyntns, a 
 Macedonian officer in Alexander's 
 army. 
 
 an, conj. Whether, or. 
 
 Anaxarchus, i, m. Anaxar- 
 chus, a philosopher of Abdera. 
 
ANCEPS APPAREO 
 
 193 
 
 anceps, clpltis^ adj. (am,caput). 
 Double, on both sides ; two-edged ; 
 doubtful, undecided, uncertain ; 
 dangerous. 
 
 anchora, or aiicora, #, f. An 
 anchor ; fig. support, stay, refuge. 
 
 Anddcides, is, m. An Athe- 
 nian orator cotemporary with 
 Socrates. 
 
 Andragoras, ce, m. Andrag- 
 oras. 
 
 angulus, i, m. Corner, nook. 
 
 angustia, ce, f. (angustus). 
 Narrowness ; sing, rare ; plur. an- 
 gustice, arum, f. a narrow place, 
 straits, defile ; difficulties. 
 
 an gust us, a, um, adj. (ango, to 
 choke). Narrow, strait ; scanty, 
 pinching, small. 
 
 anima, ce, f. Air, breath, odor ; 
 the soul, life. 
 
 aiiimadverto, Sre, ti, sum, v. 
 tr. (animus, ad, verto). To direct 
 the thought or attention to a 
 thing ; to consider, observe, at- 
 tend to ; to punish. 
 
 animal, dlis, n. (antma). A 
 living being, animal. 
 
 animdsus, a, urn, adj. (ani- 
 mus}. Full of courage, bold, 
 spirited. 
 
 animus, i t m. The soul ; will ; 
 mind ; passion ; courage ; pi. the 
 affections. 
 
 aunalis, e, adj. (annus). Of a 
 year ; subs., a register of a year's 
 transactions ; journal, memoir. 
 
 a u 11 ill us, i, m. A ring, espe 
 cially for the finger ; signet-ring 
 annus, i, m. A year. 
 animus, a, um, adj. (annus). 
 Yearly, annual, for a year. 
 
 ante, adv. and prep, with ace. 
 Before ; ante-quam, before that. 
 antea, adv. (ante, ea). Before 
 formerly ; before that. 
 
 13 
 
 ante-cedo, 8re, cessi, cessum, v. 
 titr. To go before, excel, surpass. 
 ante'-fe'ro, 4 /em?, tuli, latum,\. 
 tr. To carry before, prefer. 
 ant6-hac, adv. Before this. 
 ante-pono, Sre, pdsui, posttum, 
 v. tr. To place or set before ; to 
 prefer. 
 
 ante-sto, or antisto, are, steti, 
 stltum and stdtum, v. intr. To 
 stand before ; to excel, surpass. 
 antldotum, i, n. An antidote. 
 Antigen es, is, m. A general 
 of Alexander the Great. 
 
 Antiochus, i, m. A king of 
 Syria. 
 
 Antipater, tri, m. One of the 
 generals and successors of Alex- 
 ander the Great. 
 
 antiquitas, atis, f. (antiquus}. 
 Antiquity. 
 
 antiquus, a, um, adj. (ante). 
 Old, ancient. 
 
 antistes, stitis, m. and f. (ante t 
 sto). Overseer ; high priest. 
 aniilus, i, m. See annulus. 
 anus, us, f. An old woman. 
 Apeimmus, i, m. A range of 
 mountains in Italy. 
 aper, pri, m. A wild boar. 
 aperio, ire, ui, apertum, v. tr. 
 (ab, pdrio). To open, uncover, 
 bring to light, disclose ; to unfold, 
 explain. 
 
 apertus, a, um, adj. (apgrio). 
 Open, plain, manifest. 
 apis, or -es, is, f. A bee. 
 Apollo, tnis, m. Son of Jupi- 
 ter and Latona, brother of Diana. 
 apparatus, us, m. (apparo). A 
 getting ready ; magnificent prepa- 
 ration, splendor, pomp, magnifi- 
 cence. 
 
 appareo, ere, ui, Itum, v. intr. 
 (ad, pdreo). To appear, be visi- 
 ble, be evident. 
 
194 
 
 APPARO ARRIPIO 
 
 apparo, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 (ad, paro). To prepare, make 
 ready ; to make provision for. 
 
 appello. are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ad, pello). To call, name ; to ad. 
 dress, speak to. 
 
 appello, ere,puli, pulsum, v. tr. 
 (ad, pello). To drive, make go; 
 navem, to bring a ship to land. 
 
 applico, are, avi, atum, and ui, 
 ttum, v. tr. (ad, pllco, to fold). To 
 join to ; to bring near, place near 
 to ; to attach, join ; navem, to 
 bring a ship to land. 
 
 apporto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ad, porto). To bring or carry to, 
 convey, bring on, bring with. 
 
 aptus, a, urn, adj. Fit, suita- 
 ble, meet, proper. 
 
 apud, prep, with ace. At, by, 
 near, among, with. 
 
 Apulia, a, f. A district of 
 Italy, on the Adriatic Sea. 
 
 Apulus, a, um, adj. (Apulia]. 
 Apulian. Subs., Apuli, drum, m. 
 The Apulians. 
 
 aqua, ce, f. Water. 
 
 aqiiila, ce, f. An eagle. 
 
 aquilo, onis, m. The north 
 wind, any violent wind. 
 
 ara, , f. An altar. 
 
 arbitrium, *, n. (arbiter, um- 
 pire). The judgment, decision 
 of an arbitrator; will, pleasure. 
 
 arbitror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (arbiter, umpire). To observe, 
 hear, believe, suppose, think. 
 
 arbor, or -os, oris, f. A tree. 
 
 Arcadia, ce, f. A country in 
 the centre of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Areas, adis and ados, m. An 
 Arcadian. 
 
 arceo, ere, cui, v. tr. To keep 
 off. 
 
 arcesso, ere, slvi, situm, v. tr. 
 To call, summon, send for. 
 
 arcus, us, m. A bow. 
 
 ardor, oris, m. (ardeo, to burn). 
 Heat, ardor. 
 
 argenteus, a, um, adj. (argen- 
 tum). Of or from silver, made of 
 silver ; highly adorned with silver. 
 
 argentum, i, n. Silver ; money. 
 
 Argivi, drum, m. Citizens of 
 Argos. 
 
 Argos, eos, n. ; plur. Argi, 
 drum, m. The capital of the dis- 
 trict of Argolis, in the Pelopon- 
 nesus. 
 
 argument um, i, n. (arguo). 
 Argument, proof; fable. 
 
 arguo, ere, ui, uitum and utum* 
 v. tr. To show, indicate; to ac- 
 cuse, convict. 
 
 Argyraspis, idis, pi. Argyras- 
 pldcs, adj. Having a silver shield. 
 
 Aridaeus, i, m. A natural son 
 of Philip of MacMon, brother of 
 Alexander the Great, whom he 
 succeeded in the government. 
 
 aridus, a, um, adj. (areo, to be 
 dry). Dry, withered. 
 
 Aristides, is, m. A celebrated 
 Athenian. 
 
 Aristoteles, is, m. Aristotle, 
 a very learned and distinguished 
 pupil of Plato, from Stagira in 
 Macedonia, teacher of Alexander 
 the Great, and founder of the 
 Peripatetic philosophy. 
 
 arma, orum t n. (from root AR, 
 to fit). Arms, armor, weapons. 
 
 armatus, i, m. (armo). An 
 armed man, a soldier. 
 
 armo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (arma). To arm, equip, fit out; 
 veneno, to tip with poison. 
 
 aro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 plough. 
 
 arripio, ere, ui, reptum, v. tr. 
 (ad, rapio). To seize ; to learn 
 quickly ; to engage in eagerly. 
 
ARS AUDIO 
 
 195 
 
 ars, tis, f. (root AR, to fit). Art, 
 skill, ability, invention, method. 
 
 Artaphernes, is, m. A Per- 
 sian general. 
 
 Artaxerxes, is, m. A king of 
 Persia, who succeeded his father, 
 Xerxes. 
 
 Artemisium, *, n. A promon- 
 tory on the north-east of Eubcea. 
 
 artus, a, urn, adj. (arceo, to 
 press). Close, narrow, confined. 
 
 arx, cis, f. Fortress, castle, 
 citadel; place of refuge. 
 
 as, assis, m. A unit ; a small 
 coin ; a farthing. 
 
 ascendo, ere, di, sum, v. intr. 
 (ad, scando, to climb). To go up, 
 mount ; to ascend, climb. 
 
 asellus, i, m. (dim. of dsinus). 
 A little ass. 
 
 Asia, ce, f. Asia. 
 
 asiuus, i, m. An ass. 
 
 asper, era, entm, adj. Rough, 
 violent, sharp ; harcl, difficult. 
 
 aspergo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
 (ad, spar go). To besprinkle; to 
 asperse, revile. 
 
 asperitas, atis, f. (asper}. Un- 
 evenness, roughness. 
 
 aspicio, ere, exi, cctum, v. tr. 
 (ad, specio, to look). To look at, 
 see, behold ; to look up to, esteem. 
 
 asporto, are, avi, atu/n, v. tr. 
 (abs,porto). To carry or convey 
 to ; to carry or conduct away. 
 
 assentor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (ad, sentio). To assent to fully ; 
 to acknowledge one as right. 
 
 assumo, &re, sumpsi, sumptum, 
 v. tr. (ad, sumo). To take some- 
 thing to one's self; to take, adopt. 
 
 astu, nt, indccl. A city, espe- 
 cially the city Athens. 
 
 astus, us, m. Adroitness, craft, 
 cunning. 
 
 at, conj. But. 
 
 Athenae, drum, f. Athens, the 
 capital of Attica. 
 
 Atheaiensis,e,adj. Athenian. 
 S\ibs., Athenienses, ium,ni. and f. 
 The Athenians. 
 
 athleta, ce, m. A wrestler, or 
 any one who contended at the 
 public games ; champion, athlete. 
 
 atque, or ac [in classical lan- 
 guage ac is used only before con- 
 sonants], conj. (ad, que). And 
 also ; and besides, and even, and. 
 
 Attalus, i, m. One of Alex- 
 ander's officers. 
 
 attendo, ere, di, turn, v. tr. 
 (ad, tendo). To attend, apply. 
 
 Attica, ce, f. A country of 
 Greece. 
 
 Attlcus, a, um, adj. (Attica). 
 Attic, of Attica; subs., an inhab- 
 itant of Attica ; an Athenian. 
 
 Attlcus, i, m. A name given 
 to Titus Pomponius, a Roman 
 knight, from his long residence in 
 Athens. 
 
 auctor, oris, m. (augeo). An 
 author, founder; adviser, insti- 
 gator; inventor, originator. 
 
 auctdritas, atis, f. (auctor). 
 Authority, influence, interest, 
 weight. 
 
 audacia, a, f. (audax). Bold- 
 ness, audacity. 
 
 audaciter, or audacter, adv. 
 (attdax). Boldly, with audacity; 
 impudently. 
 
 audax, ads, adj. (audeo). Bold. 
 
 audeo, ere, ausus sum, v. semi- 
 dep. [participles, audens, ausu- 
 rus, ausus, and audendus ; ausns 
 being used both in an active and 
 passive sense]. To venture to do ; 
 to dare, presume, undertake. 
 
 audio, $re, iri, itum, v. tr. To 
 hear, listen ; to obey ; audiens 
 dido, obedient. 
 
196 
 
 AUFERO BENEFICIUM 
 
 auf ero, ferre, abstiili, ablatum 
 v. tr. (ab, fero). To take away! 
 carry otf, remove ; aufer, away 
 with. 
 
 augeo, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. To 
 increase, augment. 
 
 augur, uris, m. An augur, 
 diviner, soothsayer. 
 
 augurium, i, n. (augur). Divi- 
 nation. 
 
 auratus, a, um, adj. (aurum). 
 Ornamented with gold, gilded. 
 
 Aurelius, 2, m. L. Cotta, a 
 Roman consul. 
 
 aureus, a, um, adj. (aurum). 
 Of gold, golden. 
 
 auris, is, f. The ear. 
 
 auritulus, i, m. (dim. of aurl- 
 tus, auris). The long-eared beast, 
 t. <?., the ASS. 
 
 aurum, i, n. Gold, money. 
 
 auspicium, i, n. (auspex ; avis, 
 spScio, to look). The observation 
 of the birds bred for auspices ; 
 auspices, omens. 
 
 aut, conj. Or ; aut aut, cither 
 or. 
 
 aut em, conj. But, on the other 
 hand, however; now, truly, in- 
 deed. 
 
 auxilium, f, n. (anged). Help, 
 aid, assistance, remedy; plur. 
 anxiMa, auxiliary troops. 
 
 avarltia, ce, f. (dvarus, greedy). 
 Avarice, covctousness. 
 
 a-verto, ere, ti, sum, v. tr. To 
 turn away, remove, bear away. 
 
 aviditas, at is, f. (dmdus). 
 Greediness. 
 
 avidus, a, um, adj. (&veo, to 
 des-rc). Greedy, eager. 
 
 avis, is t f. A bird. 
 
 a-voco, are, di'i, dttim, v. tr. 
 To call off, withdraw, divert. 
 
 B. 
 
 Babylonia, ?, f. The Syrian 
 province, named after its capital, 
 Babylon ; also the city Babylon. 
 
 Bactriani, drum, m. The 
 Bactrians, inhabitants of Bactria, 
 now Balk. 
 
 Baebius, i, m. M. Tamphilus, 
 a Roman consul. 
 
 Bagaeus, i, m. One of the as- 
 sassins sent by Pharnabazus to 
 despatch AlcibiSdes. 
 
 bajulo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (bajulus, a porter). To bear, carry. 
 
 barbaria, a, f. (bariarus). A 
 foreign country, in opposition to 
 Greece or Rome. 
 
 barbarus, a, um, adj. Alien, 
 barbarian. The Romans called 
 all nations barbarians, except the 
 Greeks. 
 
 barbatus, a, um, adj. (barba, 
 the beard). Bearded; subs., the 
 ;oot. 
 
 Barce, es, f. Barce. 
 
 Barslue, es, f. Barsinc, daugh- 
 ter of Artabazus, the satrap of 
 Bithynia, and wife of Memnon, 
 the Rhodian. 
 
 bellicosus, a, um, adj. (bellum). 
 Warlike, fierce. 
 
 bellicus, a, um, adj. (bellum). 
 Of, or pertaining to, war. Subs., . 
 bellicum, i, n. The signal for 
 march, or for the beginning of an 
 attack. 
 
 bello, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (bellum). To wage war, fight. 
 
 beHum, i, n. War. 
 
 bene, adv. ; comp. melius, 
 sup. optlme. Well, rightly, hap- 
 pily. 
 
 beneftcium,;, n. (bgn8,fdcio). 
 A benefit, favor, service, kind- 
 ness. 
 
BENEVOLENTIA - CALCEO 
 
 197 
 
 benevolentia, a, f. (bene,v8lo). 
 Benevolence, kindness, good- will. 
 
 benigne, adv. (benignus, kind). 
 Kindly, generously. 
 
 Bessus, i t m. Bcssus, a fol- 
 lower of Darius, who betrayed 
 and murdered him. 
 
 bestia, ce, f. A beast. 
 
 bibo, ere, blbi, v. tr. To drink. 
 
 blduunt, i, n. (bis, dies}. The 
 space of two days, two days. 
 
 bini, ce, a, distrib. num. adj. 
 (bis). Two each, two by two, 
 two ; twofold, double. 
 
 bis, num. adv. Twice. 
 
 Bisanthe, es, f. A castle in 
 Thrace. 
 
 blandus, a, um, adj. Kind, 
 courteous, flattering. 
 
 BIthyni, drum, m. Bithyni- 
 ans. 
 
 Bceotia, ce, f. A country of 
 Greece. 
 
 Bceotii, drum, m. Boeotians. 
 
 boiiitas, atis, f. (bonus). Good- 
 ness. 
 
 bonus, a, um ; comp. melior, 
 sup. optlmus ; adj. Good. As 
 subs., bdni, drum, m. Good men. 
 Bona, drum, i, n. Goods, prop- 
 erty. 
 
 boreas, ce, m. The north wind. 
 
 Borni, drum, m. A castle in 
 Chersonesus. 
 
 Borsippa, n. A town of Bab- 
 ylonia. 
 
 bos, bdvis, m. and f. An ox, 
 cow. 
 
 brevis, e, adj. Short, little, 
 concise. 
 
 bre vitas, atis, f. (brSvis). Short- 
 ness, conciseness. 
 
 brgviter, adv. (brSvis). Briefly. 
 
 bruma, a, f. (contr. from bre- 
 vtma, br&visslma). Winter. 
 
 Brundisium, less correctly 
 
 Brundusium, i, n. Brundisium, a 
 very ancient town in Calabria, 
 with the most important harbor 
 for those passing to and from 
 Greece; now Brindisi. 
 
 Bruttii, drum, m. The Brut- 
 tii, inhabitants of the southern 
 part of Italy. 
 
 Bucephale, es, f. Buccphalc, 
 a town in India, on the Hydnspes, 
 founded by Alexander the Great, 
 and named after his horse Bu- 
 cephalus. 
 
 Byzantium, i, n. A city of 
 Thrace, afterwards called Con- 
 stantinople. 
 
 c. 
 
 C., abbrev. for Cajus. 
 
 Cadmea, ?, f. The citadel of 
 Thebes. t 
 
 cado, ere, cecidi, castim, v. intr. 
 To fall; to happen; to incur, as 
 cadere in suspicionem. 
 
 caduceus, i, m., or -um, i, n. 
 The wand of Mercury ; rod, staff, 
 with the figure of snakes" twisted 
 round it, carried by ambassadors 
 who sued for peace. 
 
 caedes, is, f. (ccedci). Slaughter, 
 havoc, massacre ; scuffle. 
 
 csedo, ere, cecidi, ccesum, v. tr. 
 To cut, to cut down ; to kill. 
 
 caelum, i, n. See ccelum. 
 
 caeterus, a, um, adj. The other. 
 C&terum, neut., used adverbially; 
 for the rest, but, notwithstanding, 
 on the other hand. 
 
 calamltas, atis, f. (c&lamus). 
 Loss, misfortune. 
 
 calamus, i, m. A reed, pen, 
 *quill. 
 
 calceo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (calceus, a shoe). To furnish with 
 shoes ; to shoe. 
 
198 
 
 CALCO CAKPO 
 
 calco, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 (calx, the heel). To tread under 
 foot. 
 
 callide, adv. (cattidus). 
 Shrewdly, cunningly. 
 
 callidus, a, urn, adj. (calleo, to 
 be versed in). Shrewd, cunning, 
 crafty. 
 
 Calliphron, dnis, m. A teacher 
 of dancing. 
 
 Callisthenes, is, m. A phi- 
 losopher of Olynthus, nephew and 
 pupil of Aristotle, and a youthful 
 friend of Alexander the Great ; 
 finally put to death by him for 
 his freedom of speech. 
 
 Callistratus, i, m. An Athe- 
 nian orator. 
 
 calumnior, art, atus sum, v. 
 dep. (calumnia, false accusation). 
 To calumniate ; to carp at, be 
 captious^ 
 
 calvus, a, um, adj. Bald. 
 
 campus, i, m. A plain, level 
 field. 
 
 canis, is, m. and f. A dog. 
 
 caiiities, ei [only in nom. ace. 
 and abl.] f. (canus). A grayish- 
 white color ; gray hair ; oid age. 
 
 Cannensis, e, adj. Of Canna. 
 
 cano, ere, cecini, canttim, v. tr. 
 To sing; to foretell, predict; to 
 sound or blow a musical instru- 
 ment. 
 
 canto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (freq. of cano). To sing 
 or chant; to play on a musical 
 instrument. 
 
 cantus, its, m. (cano). Song. 
 
 canus, a, um, adj. White, 
 gray. 
 
 capax, ads, adj. (capio}. Ca- 
 pacious, large. 
 
 capella, a, f. (dim. of capra, a 
 goat). A she-goat. 
 
 capesso, ere, ivi t ttum, v. tr. 
 
 (desid. of capio). To take; rcm- 
 publicam, to engage in public af- 
 fairs. 
 
 capillus, i, m. (cdput). A hair ; 
 hair of the head. 
 
 capio, ere, cepi, captum, v. tr. 
 To take, win, gain, captivate; to 
 contain ; to seize ; consilium, to 
 form a scheme or resolution. 
 
 Cappadocia, a, f. A country 
 of Asia Minor. 
 
 capti vitas, atiSj f. (captious). 
 Captivity. 
 
 captivus, , um, adj. (capio'). 
 Captive, taken in war ; subs, (of 
 men), a captive, prisoner ; (of 
 things), booty, plunder. 
 
 capto, arc, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (freq. of capio). To catch at ; to 
 try, strive. 
 
 Capua, ce, f. An ancient town 
 of Campania, near Naples. 
 
 caput, ttis, n. The head, top, 
 extremity, end ; person, li!e ; 
 safety, liberty ; a capital city ; 
 accusatus capitis^ accused of a 
 capital crime; damnatus capitis, 
 condemned to death; a judicio 
 capitis discessit, he was acquitted 
 of a capital charire. 
 
 Car, arts, m. and f. A Carian. 
 
 Caranus, i, m. A half-brother 
 of Alexander the Great. 
 
 careo, ere, ui, itum, v. intr. 
 To be without, want, stand in 
 need of, dispense with ; to be ex- 
 cluded from. 
 
 caritas, atis, f. (earns). Dear- 
 ness, love, esteem, affection, 
 charity. 
 
 carmen, inis, n: (cano). A 
 song, poem. 
 
 caro, carnis, f. Flesh, a piece 
 of meat. 
 
 carpo, ere, psi, ptum, v. tr. To 
 pluck, tear off; to gnaw (as it 
 
CARTHAGINIENSIS CEHNO 
 
 199 
 
 were) with envious tooth ; to 
 slander, calumniate. 
 
 Carthaginiensis, e, adj. 
 (Carthago). Of, or belonging to, 
 Carthage, Carthaginian ; subs., a 
 Carthaginian. 
 
 Carthago, Inis, f. Carthage. 
 
 cams, a, um, adj. Dear, pre- 
 cious, valued, esteemed, loved ; 
 valuable. 
 
 casa, ce, f. A cottage, hut. 
 
 caseus, i, m. Cheese. 
 
 Cassander, dri, m. A son of 
 Antipater, whom he succeeded on 
 the throne of Macedonia. 
 
 castellum, i, n. (dim. of cas- 
 trum). A little fort, castle, redoubt. 
 
 castigo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (castus). To correct, chastise, pun- 
 ish, censure, chide. 
 
 castrum,i, n. A fortress. Plur. 
 castra, drum, n. A camp ; castris 
 uti, to live in camp. 
 
 castus, a, urn, adj. Clean ; 
 pure, chaste, innocent. 
 
 casus, us, m. (cddo). A fall; 
 chance, misfortune, calamity ; 
 death. 
 
 catena, ce, f. A chain, fetter. 
 
 cathedra, ce, f. An arm-chair, 
 easy-chair. 
 
 Caucasus, i, m. The rough 
 Caucasian chain of mountains 
 inhabited by wild tribes in Asia, 
 between the Black and Caspian 
 Seas. 
 
 cauda, ce, f. The tail. 
 
 causa, and caussa, ce, f. A 
 cause ; causci, for the sake of. 
 
 cautus, a, um, adj. and part. 
 (caveo). Cautious; on one's guard. 
 
 caveo, ere, cdvi, cautum, v. 
 intr. To be on one's guard, use 
 precaution ; to beware, guard 
 against ; to take care. 
 
 cavus, a, um, adj. Hollow. 
 
 cavus, i, m. A hole. 
 
 cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. intr. 
 To give place, yield, go, depart ; 
 to resign ; cedere vita, to die. 
 
 cedo, imper. of def. verb, equiv- 
 alent to da or die. Give ; tell. 
 
 celer, en's, e, adj. Swift, 
 speedy, quick. 
 
 celeritas, atis, f. (cekr). Swift- 
 ness, speed, celerity. 
 
 celeriter, comp. celerius, sup. 
 celerrime, adv. (celer}. Quickly, 
 speedily. 
 
 celo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 conceal, hide. 
 
 celsus, a, um, adj. High, lofty. 
 
 cena, or ccena, <e, f. The prin- 
 cipal meal among the Romans; 
 dinner, supper. 
 
 ceno, or CGGIIO, are, avi, atum, 
 v. intr. (cena). To sup, be at 
 supper. 
 
 censeo, ere, ui, censum, v. tr. 
 To count, reckon ; to estimate, 
 think, judge. 
 
 censor, or is, m. (censeo). A 
 censor, the name of two Roman 
 magistrates, who presided over 
 the rating of citizens, watched 
 over their morals, and performed 
 other duties ; a censurer, fault- 
 finder. 
 
 Centenius, i, m., C., a Roman 
 prastor. 
 
 centum, num. adj., indecl. A 
 hundred. 
 
 cera, ce, f. Wax ; plur., waxen 
 cells of bees. 
 
 cerebrum, i, n. The skull ; 
 brains. 
 
 cerimonia, and czerimpnia, 
 ce, f. A ceremony ; veneration, 
 sanctity ; splendor, pomp. 
 
 cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, v. tr. 
 To sift ; to perceive, see, discern, 
 distinguish. 
 
200 
 
 CERTAMEN CLAMOR 
 
 certamen, tnis, n. (certo, to 
 contend). A contest, struggle, 
 battle, engagement ; rivalship. 
 
 certatim, adv. (certo, to con- 
 tend). With contest, emulously ; 
 eagerly, hastily. 
 
 certe,adv. (certus). Certainly, 
 assuredly. 
 
 certus, a, um, adj. (cerno). 
 Sure, certain ; trusty ; resolved ; 
 stated, fixed. 
 
 cervix, ids, f. The neck. 
 
 cervus, *, m. A stag, deer. 
 
 cesso, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. and 
 intr. (freq.,* from cedo). To cease 
 from ; to stop. 
 
 ceter, cetera, ceterum [the 
 nom. sing. in. not in use ; the sing, 
 rare], adj. The other, the rest. 
 
 Cethegus, i, m. Publius 
 Cornelius, a Roman consul. 
 
 Chabrias, ce, m. An Athenian 
 general. 
 
 Chersonesus, , f. A peninsula 
 of Thrace. 
 
 Chorasmi, drum, m. The 
 Chorasmi, inhabiting both banks 
 of the Oxus. 
 
 chorda, ce, f. The string of a 
 musical instrument ; cord. 
 
 cibus, i, m. Food. 
 
 cicatrix, lets, f. A scar. 
 
 ciconia, ce, f. A stork. 
 
 cieo, ere, civi, citum, v. tr. To 
 move, raise, utter. 
 
 Cilicia, ce, f. Cilicia, a province 
 in the southern part of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 CIXROII, onis, m. I. An Athenian 
 general, the father of Miltiades. II. 
 The son of Miltiades. 
 
 c in is, en's, m., rarely f. Ashes. 
 
 circa, adv. and prep, with ace. 
 About, around, round about. 
 
 circiter, adv. (circa). About, 
 near, somewhere about. 
 
 circiilus, i, m. (dim. of circus, 
 a ring). Circle ; company of 
 people standing or sitting in a ring. 
 
 circum-do, dre, dedi, datum, 
 v. tr. To put around ; to encom- 
 pass, surround, environ, invest. 
 
 circum-duco, ere, xi, ctum, v. 
 tr. To lead around or about. 
 
 circum-eo, ire, ivi (ii), ttuni, 
 v. intr. To go around, encom- 
 pass, surround; to go from one 
 to another, entreating, admonish- 
 ing, etc. 
 
 circum-sto, are, ststf, v. tr. 
 and intr. To stand around. 
 
 circum-vghor, *, rectus sum, 
 v. dep. To ride around. 
 
 circum-venio, ire, veni, ven- 
 tum, v. tr. To come around, sur- 
 round ; to overreach. 
 
 circum-volo, are, avi, atum, 
 v. intr. To fly around. 
 
 citatus, a, um, part. (clto). 
 Hurried, quick, rapid. 
 
 citharizo, are, v. intr. (ctth&ra, 
 a harp). To play on the harp. 
 
 cito, are. am, atum,v. tr. (intens. 
 from cieo}. To put into quick 
 motion. 
 
 cito, comp. cltius, sup. cttis- 
 slme, adv. Soon, speedily, quickly. 
 
 civilis, e, adj. (civis). Of, or 
 pertaining to, a citizen ; civic, 
 civil, political. 
 
 civis, is, m. and f. A citizen, 
 free man or woman of a city, fel- 
 low-citizen. 
 
 civltas, atis, [gen. plur. some- 
 times cicitatium], f. (civis). An as- 
 semblage of citizens ; city, state, 
 republic. 
 
 clam, adv. and prep, with abl. 
 Secretly ; without the knowledge 
 of. 
 
 clamor, dm, m. (clamo, to cry 
 out). A loud call, shout, or cry. 
 
CLANDESTINUS COLO 
 
 201 
 
 clandestlnus, a, nm, adj. 
 (clam). Secret, clandestine. 
 
 clarus, a, um, adj. Clear, 
 bright ; celebrated, renowned, il- 
 lustrious, famous ; loud, distinct. 
 
 classiarius, i, m. (classis). 
 One who fights in a fleet ; a 
 marine. 
 
 classis, is, f. A class ; a num- 
 ber of ships, a fleet. 
 
 Clastidium, i, n. A town of Li- 
 guria or Genoa, now Chiasteggio. 
 
 Claudius, i t m. Marcus Clau- 
 dius Marcellus. 
 
 claudo, ere, clausi, clausum, v. 
 tr. To shut in, close, surround. 
 
 clausus, a, urn, part. See 
 claudo. 
 
 Cicadas, <z, m. Cleadas, a 
 Theban. 
 
 Clemens, ntis, adj. Mild, 
 merciful. 
 
 dementia, ce, f. (clemens). 
 Gentleness, mercy. 
 
 CHiieas, ce, m. An Athenian, 
 father of Alcibiades. 
 
 clipeus, i, m. Around brazen 
 shield. 
 
 clitellae, arum, f. Pack-saddle ; 
 a pair of panniers. 
 
 Clitus, *, m. I. A friend of 
 AJexander, killed by him in a fit 
 of drunkenness. II. One of the 
 generals remanded to Macedonia. 
 
 Cn. Abbreviation for Cnceus. 
 
 coactus, a, um, part. See cogo. 
 
 coarguo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 (con, arguo). To convict ; to 
 prove incontestably. 
 
 coelum, or caelum, i, n. ; plur. 
 cccli, drum, m. Heaven ; heavens. 
 
 coe n a, coeno. Se cena; ceno. 
 
 ccepi, cccpisse, v. def. To begin, 
 undertake. 
 
 cogitatio, onis, f. (cog f to). 
 Thought, meditation. 
 
 cdgito, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 con, agtto). To think, reflect 
 upon, consider, meditate ; to de- 
 vise, intend, design. 
 
 cognatio, onis, f. (cognoAus). 
 Blood relationship, kindred. 
 
 cognatus, i, m. (con, nascor). 
 A biood relation, kinsman. 
 
 cognitus, a, um, part. See 
 cognosce. 
 
 cognomen, fnis, n. (con, wo- 
 men). A surname. 
 
 cognosco, ere, gnovi, gnttum, 
 v. tr. (con, nosco). To find out, 
 know, learn, recognize ; in perf. 
 tenses, to examine. 
 
 cogo, ere, coegi, coactum, v. tr. 
 (con, ago). To compel ; to gather 
 together, assemble, collect. 
 
 cohors, rtis, f. A company 
 of soldiers, a cohort. 
 
 cohortatio, onis, f. (con, 
 hortor). An encouraging; ex- 
 hortation. 
 
 collabef 10, fieri, factus sum, 
 v. pass, (con, labn, fio). To be 
 ruined, supplanted, overthrown. 
 
 collega, CB, m. (con, lego). A 
 colleague, partner in office. 
 
 colligo, ere, legi, lectum, v. tr. 
 (con, lego). To gather together, 
 collect. 
 
 colllsio, onis, f. (con, Icedo). A 
 concussion. 
 
 colloco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (con, Idco). To place together ; 
 to settle in a place; to settle in 
 marriage. 
 
 colloquium, i, n. (colldquor). 
 Conversation, conference. 
 
 colldquor, i, cutus or quutus 
 sum, v. dep. (con, Itiquor). To 
 speak with one, speak together, 
 have a conference. 
 
 collum, i t n. The neck. 
 colo, ere, ui, cuUum, v* tr. To 
 
202 
 
 COLONIA COMPESCO 
 
 till, cultivate ; to esteem, worship, 
 honor. 
 
 colonia, ce, f. (colonus). A 
 farm, colony. 
 
 colon us, i, m. (co7o). A hus- 
 bandman, colonist. 
 
 color, dm, m. Color, com- 
 plexion. 
 
 colubra, a, f. A snake, viper. 
 
 columba, a, f. A dove, pigeon. 
 
 comedo, ere or esse, edi, esum 
 
 or estum, v. tr. (con, edo). To eat 
 
 up, devour. 
 
 comes, ttis, m. and f. (con, eo). 
 A companion, associate. 
 
 comissatio, onis, f. (comis- 
 sor, to revel). A Bacchanalian 
 revel, revelling. 
 
 comitas, atis, f. (comis, kind). 
 Courteousness, affability, gentle- 
 ness, mildness. 
 
 commeatus, us, m. (con, meo, 
 to go). A going to and fro ; con- 
 course of people ; provisions, sup- 
 plies. 
 
 comme'moro, are, avi, atum, 
 v. tr. (con, memoro). To call to 
 mind ; to recount, relate, mention. 
 commendatio, onis, f. (con, 
 mando). Commendation, recom- 
 mendation. 
 
 commercium, 2, n.(con, merx), 
 Trade, traffic ; communication, 
 interchange. 
 
 commiSItium, i, n. (con, mili- 
 tia). Companionship in war. 
 
 comminatio, onis, f. (con, 
 minor}. A threatening. 
 
 commlniscor, i, mentus sum, 
 v. dep. To design, imagine, in 
 vent, contrive, devise. 
 
 commissum, t, n. (committo). 
 A secret ; fault, crime. 
 
 committo, ere, mm, missum, 
 v. tr. (con, mitto). To connect, 
 join ; to arrange a battle or con- 
 
 test ; to begin ; to commit, intrust ; 
 to commit a trespass ; prcelium, to 
 join battle. 
 
 commode, comp. -ius, sap. 
 -isslme, adv. (con, modus). Fi ly, 
 conveniently ; well ; advanta- 
 geously. 
 
 commodum, t, n. (con, modus). 
 Advantage, profit. 
 
 commotus, a, um, part. See 
 'ommoveo. 
 
 commoveo, ere, mdvi, mdtum, 
 v. tr. (co?i, mo ceo}. To move to- 
 gether ; to alarm, disquiet. 
 
 commuiiio, ire, ivi, Uum, v.tr. 
 (con, munio). To fortify, strength- 
 en, secure. 
 
 communis, e, adj. (con, mu- 
 nus). Common, general ; belong- 
 ing to one as well as another. 
 
 communitas, atis, f. (commu- 
 nis). A community, fellowship, 
 society; affability. 
 
 commiitatio, onis, f. (commu- 
 to}. A change. 
 
 commit to, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (con, muto}. To exchange. 
 
 comosus, a, um, adj. {coma, 
 hair). Hairy. 
 
 comparo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (con, paro}. To put together, 
 unite ; to prepare, purchase ; to 
 compare ; to levy. 
 
 compello, are, avi, atum, v.tr. 
 (con, pello). To address, speak 
 to; to accuse. 
 
 compello, $re, pull, pulsum, v. 
 tr. (con, pello}. To drive together, 
 collect, drive, compel, force. 
 
 compe'rio, ire, peri, pertum, v. 
 tr. (con, pdrio}. To find out, as- 
 certain by inquiry, learn, detect. 
 
 compes, Sdis, f. (con, pes). A 
 fetter. 
 
 compesco, &re, ui, v. tr. (com- 
 pes}. To hold in check, restrain. 
 
COMPILO CONDO 
 
 203 
 
 compilo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (con, pllo, to rob). To rob, steal, 
 plunder. 
 
 complector, i, xus sum, v. 
 dep. (con, plecto). To encompass, 
 surround, embrace, clasp ; to com- 
 prehend. 
 
 complep, ere, em, etum, v. tr. 
 To fill up ; to complete, finish. 
 
 comploratio, onis, f. (complo- 
 ro, to bewail). Loud, violent com- 
 plaint ; lamentation. 
 
 complures, a and ia, adj. (con, 
 plus}. Several, good many. 
 
 com pon o, ere, pdsui, posttum, 
 v. tr (con, pono). To place to- 
 gether, or in order ; to settle ; bel- 
 lum, to finish a war by treaty. 
 
 comprehendo, ere, di, sum, 
 v. tr. (con, prehendo). To lay 
 hold of, apprehend ; seize, arrest ; 
 to comprehend. 
 
 comprimo, ere, pressi, pres- 
 sum, v. tr. (con, premo). To press 
 together, to squeeze up. 
 
 comprobo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (con,prdbo). To approve, sanction. 
 
 compulsus, a, um, part. See 
 compello. 
 
 com pun go, ere, nxi, nctum, v. 
 tr. (con, pungo, to sting). To 
 prick, puncture, sting. 
 
 con-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. 
 tr. and intr. To go, betake one's 
 self somewhere, depart ; to yield, 
 give place, withdraw ; to grant, 
 allow ; to agree, give up. 
 
 con-cido, ere, cidi, cisum, v. tr. 
 (c&do). To cut in pieces,, slay, kill. 
 
 con-cido, ere, cldi, v. intr. 
 (ccldo). To fall down ; to be 
 slain ; to be ruined. 
 
 concilio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (concilium). To call together, 
 unite ; to gain over, make friend- 
 ly ; to attach one to another, pro- 
 
 cure the favor of, win, gain ; to 
 procure ; to reconcile. 
 
 concilium, ?', n. (concieo, to 
 collect). A council, assembly; 
 place of meeting. 
 
 concinnus, a, um, adj. Con- 
 cise, neat, elegant. 
 
 concio, or -tio, onis, f. (con- 
 ventio, a meeting). An assembly ; 
 assembly of the people; a dis- 
 course before the same, or before 
 an army. 
 
 con-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, 
 v. tr. (capio}. To take hold of, 
 receive ; to conceive, become preg- 
 nant. 
 
 con-cito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To move greatly ; to stir up, ex- 
 cite, provoke, spur on. 
 
 con-cludo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
 (claudo). To shut up, confine ; to 
 contain ; to conclude. 
 
 con-ciipisco, ere, ivi, Hum, v. 
 tr. incept, (cupio). To desire 
 earnestly, covet ; to aspire to. 
 
 con-curro, ere, curri and cii- 
 curri, cursum, v. intr. To run or 
 meet together ; to engage in bat- 
 tle. 
 
 concursus, us, m. (concurro). 
 A running, meeting, or flocking 
 together; concourse; onset. 
 
 con-cutio, ere, cussi, cussum, 
 v. tr. (qudtio, to shake). To shake 
 violently ; to alarm. 
 
 condisclpulatus, us, m. (con- 
 disctpulus). Companionship in 
 school. 
 
 con-discipulus, t, m. (disco). 
 A school-fellow. 
 
 conditio, or -cio, onis, f. 
 (condo). A state, condition, situa- 
 tion ; fortune ; offer, proposal, 
 privilege ; terms of peace. 
 
 con-do, ere, dldi, dUum, v. tr. 
 To bring together ; to found, 
 
204 
 
 CONDUCO CONSECRO 
 
 establish ; to hide, bury, conceal ; 
 to sheathe. 
 
 con-duco, ere, duxi, ductum, 
 v. tr. To bring together ; to hire. 
 
 confectus, a, urn, part. See 
 conflcio. 
 
 con-f ero, ferre, tuli, colldtum, 
 v. tr. To bring together, collect ; 
 to compare ; to contribute ; se t to 
 go ; to convey ; arma, to fight. 
 
 coiif'ertus, a, um, adj. (con- 
 fcrdo, to press together). Close 
 together, crowded. 
 
 confestim, adv. (confero). Im- 
 mediately, speedily, without de- 
 lay, forthwith. 
 
 con-ficio, ere, fed, fectum, 
 v. tr. (facio). To finish, com- 
 plete, accomplish ; to make ; to 
 weaken, reduce, exhaust ; to sub- 
 due, kill ; orationes, to write. 
 
 con-fido, ere, flsus sum, v. 
 semi-dep. To trust, confide; to 
 be assured. 
 
 con-figo, &re t fici,Jixum,v. tr. 
 (flgo, to fix). To join, fasten to- 
 gether, pierce through, transfix. 
 
 coii-firmo, are, avi, atitm, v. 
 tr. (firmo, to strengthen). To 
 strengthen, confirm ; to affirm, 
 declare solemnly. 
 
 con-f iteor, eri, fessus sum, v. 
 dep. (fateor). To confess, ac- 
 knowledge. 
 
 con-fligo, ere,flixi, flictum, v. 
 tr. (flgo, to strike). To strike 
 together ; to contend, fight, strive. 
 
 eon-fluo, Zre, xi, v. intr. (fluo, 
 to flow). To flow together; to 
 flock together, assemble. 
 
 con-f odio, ere, fudi, fossum, 
 v. tr. (fddio, to dig). To dig 
 thoroughly ; to pierce, transfix. 
 
 con-f u^io, ere, fugi, fugitum, 
 v. intr. To flee for refuge or 
 succor. 
 
 con-gero, ere, ess?, fstum, v. tr. 
 To bring together, coLcct, beat 
 up; to fill up. 
 
 coii-gredior, i, gressus sum, v. 
 dep. (gradior, to step). To meet 
 with one, go together ; to accost ; 
 to fight, contend, en gage in battle. 
 
 congress io, onis, f. (congredi- 
 or). A coming together, a hostile 
 meeting, attack, contest. 
 
 con-jicio, ere, jeci, Jectum, v. 
 tr. (jdcio). To throw together; 
 to aim, cast ; to conjecture. 
 
 con HI ratio, onis, f. (con, juro, 
 to swear). A conspiracy, combi- 
 nation. 
 
 coiijux, ugis, m. and f. (con, 
 jungo). Husband ; wife. 
 
 connubium, t, n. \con, nubo, 
 to veil). Marriage. 
 
 conor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 To endeavor, try, attempt. 
 
 con-quiesco, ere, quievi, quie- 
 tum, v. intr. To rest; to be 
 calmed. 
 
 con-saluto, are, avi, atum, v. 
 tr. To greet, salute. 
 
 con-scendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (scando, to climb). To 
 climb, mount; navem, to go on 
 board a ship, embark. 
 
 con-scisco, ere, id, itum, v. tr. 
 (scio). To vote together by com- ' 
 mon consent, agree ; to determine, 
 resolve, decree. 
 
 conscius, a, um, adj. (con,scio}. 
 Knowing or conscious of some- 
 thing with another ; privy to, 
 witness to ; conscious. Subs, an 
 accessory, confidant, accomplice. 
 
 conscript!, drum, sc. patres, 
 m. (con, scribo). Conscript fa- 
 thers, the title by which the Ro- 
 man senators were addressed. 
 
 con-secro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (sacer). To consecrate, dedicate. 
 
CONSECTOR - CONSUMO 
 
 205 
 
 con-sector, art, atus sum, v. 
 dep. (freq. of consequor). To fol- 
 low after diligently, pursue, over- 
 take ; to obtain. 
 
 consensio, onis, f. (con,sentio). 
 Agreement, consent ; combina- 
 tion. 
 
 con-sequor, *, cutus and quutus 
 sum, v. dep. To follow, pursue, 
 overtake ; to get, obtain. 
 
 con-sero, ere, ui, turn, v. tr. 
 (sero, to knit). To join, knit to- 
 gether ; manum, to fight in close 
 combat. 
 
 con-servo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To hold together ; to keep close, 
 contain ; to restrain. 
 
 coii-sidero", are, avi, atum, v. 
 tr. (sidus). To look at carefully ; 
 to consider, observe. 
 
 coiisilium, i, n. (consulo). 
 Deliberation, advice, counsel ; de- 
 sign, wisdom, talent, scheme, pur- 
 pose ; council ; consilio, purposely, 
 designedly. 
 
 con-sisto, ere, sttti, stttum, v. 
 intr. To stand still, halt, make a 
 stand. 
 
 con-sobrinus, i, m. (sdbrinus, 
 a cousin). A cousin-german. 
 
 con-socio, are, avi, atum,\. tr. 
 (sdcius). To associate with. 
 
 con -sol or, art, atus sum, v. 
 dep. (solor, to comfort). To con- 
 sole. 
 
 conspectus, a, um, adj. (con- 
 spicio). Conspicuous, remarkable. 
 
 conspectus, tis, m. (consplcio). 
 Look, sight, view. 
 
 con-spicio, ere, spexi, spectum, 
 v. tr. (specio, to look). To behold 
 with attention; to look at, ob- 
 serve, see, behold ; pass, to attract 
 notice ; to be the object of atten- 
 tion ; to be conspicuous or re- 
 markable. 
 
 conspicuus, a, um, adj. (corc- 
 splcio). In sight, manifest, plain, 
 distinct. 
 
 coii-spiro, are, avi, atum, v. 
 intr. To breathe together; to 
 conspire. 
 
 constans, ntis, adj. (consto). 
 Standing firm, firm, steady. 
 
 constanter, adv. (constans). 
 Firmly, steadily. 
 
 constantia, ce, f. (constans*). 
 Steadiness, firmness. 
 
 con-stituo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 (stdtuo). To place, erect, make, 
 build; to establish; to appoint, 
 create ; to determine, resolve. 
 
 con-sto, are, sttti, statum, v. 
 intr. To stand together, be steady ; 
 to stand still, be established, be 
 settled; to consist; to cost; to 
 be evident. 
 
 con-suesco, ere, suevi,suetum, 
 v. tr. and intr. (suesco, to be wont). 
 To accustom ; to accustom one's 
 self, be accustomed. 
 
 consiietudo, Inis, f. (consues- 
 co). Custom, habit, use; acquaint- 
 ance, familiarity. 
 
 consul, ulisy m. (consulo). A 
 consul. 
 
 consularis, e, adj. (consul). 
 Of, or belonging to, a consul, con- 
 sular. 
 
 consulo, Sre, ui, turn, v. tr. To 
 consult, deliberate; consulo te, I 
 ask your advice ; consulo tibi, I 
 provide for your welfare. 
 
 consultum, i, n. (consulo). A 
 decree. 
 
 con-summo, are, avi, atum, v. 
 tr. (summa). To complete, finish, 
 perfect. 
 
 con-sumo, Sre, sumpsi, sump- 
 tum, v. tr. To waste, consume, 
 spend ; to Destroy, annihilate, 
 kill. 
 
2C6 
 
 CONSURGO COPIA 
 
 con-surgo, ere, surrexi, surrec- 
 tum, y. intr. To rise up together ; 
 to rise. 
 
 con-tSgo, ere, exi, ctum, v. tr. 
 To cover all over, hide, conceal. 
 
 con-temno, ere, mpsi, mptum, 
 v. tr. (temno, to scorn). To con- 
 sider of small importance ; to 
 despise, contemn. 
 
 con-templor, art, atus sum,v. 
 dep. (templum). To consider, con- 
 template. 
 
 contemptus, us, m. (con- 
 temno). A. despising, contemning, 
 contempt. 
 
 con-tendo, ere, di, turn, v. tr. 
 and intr. To stretch, strain ; to 
 act with great effort ; to go, hasten 
 to a place ; to contend against, 
 fight, strive, dispute, vie with ; to 
 maintain. 
 
 contentio, onis, f. (contendo). 
 A strong exertion, earnest en- 
 deavor; contest, dispute. 
 
 contentus, a, um, adj. (con- 
 tlneo). Content, satisfied. 
 
 con-terreo, ere, id, ttum, v. tr. 
 To frighten greatly, scare, terrify. 
 
 eon tineas, ntis, adj. and part. 
 (contlneo). Moderate, temperate ; 
 hanging together ; adjoining, suc- 
 cessive, uninterrupted ; terra, the 
 continent, main land. 
 
 coii-tmeo, ere, tlnui, tentum, 
 v. tr. (teneo). To hold together ; 
 to contain ; to restrain. 
 
 con-tingo, ere, tigi, tactum, 
 v. tr. (tango}. To touch ; to hap- 
 pen to one, to fall to one's lot ; to 
 take hold of. 
 
 con tin uo, adv. (conttnuus). 
 Presently. 
 
 contlnuus, a, um, adj. (con- 
 tlneo). Uninterrupted. 
 
 contio. See concio. 
 
 contra, adv. and prep, with 
 
 ace. On the other hand ; against, 
 opposite to ; contrary to. 
 
 coiitractus, a, um, part, (con- 
 trako). Shrivelled. 
 
 con-traho, ere, traxi, tractum, 
 v. tr. To draw together, assemble. 
 
 contrarius, a, um, adj. (con- 
 tra). Contrary, opposed, oppo- 
 site. 
 
 con-tribuo, Sre, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 To allot, assign, join. 
 
 contuniax, acis, adj. (con, root 
 TEM, whence tcmno, to despise). 
 Unyielding, obstinate, hard. 
 
 contumelia, &, f. (contemno). 
 An affront, abuse ; bad usage. 
 
 conubium. See connubium. 
 
 con-venio, ire, veni, ventum, 
 v. intr. To come together, meet 
 with ; to fit with, in, or to some- 
 thing, to fit, agree, suit, be ap- 
 propriate ; to become ; to be 
 agreed upon ; imp., it is agreed. 
 
 coiiventus, us, m. (comenio). 
 A meeting, assembly ; agreement. 
 
 con-verto, ere, ti, sum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To turn round, change, 
 turn, appty, convert. 
 
 coiivicium, i, n. (con, vox). A 
 violent, loud noise ; insult, re- 
 proach, abuse. 
 
 convictus, us, m. (con, vivo). 
 An intimacy ; banquet. 
 
 con -viva, a, m. and f. (vivo). 
 A table companion ; guest. 
 
 con-vivium, i, n. (vivo). A 
 feast, banquet. 
 
 con-voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To call together, summon, as- 
 semble. 
 
 coorior, iri, ortus sum, v. dep. 
 (con, drior). To arise with vio- 
 lence ; burst forth. 
 
 copia, ce, f. (con, ops). Plenty, 
 abundance. Plur. copice, arum. 
 Forces, troops, men. 
 
COPIOSUS CUMULUS 
 
 207 
 
 copiosus, a, um, adj. (copia). 
 Abundant, well supplied, well 
 stored. 
 
 coram, adv. and prep, with abl. 
 (con, os, oris). Before, in the 
 presence of; openly. 
 
 corcodilus. See crdcodilus. 
 
 Corcyra, ce, f. An island in 
 the Ionian Sea, opposite Eplrus, 
 now Corfu. 
 
 Corcyraeus, a, um, adj. Of 
 Corcyra. 
 
 Corinthus, i, f. Corinth, a 
 city in the northern part of the 
 Peloponnesus, destroyed by Mum- 
 mius B. C. 146. 
 
 comix, ids, f. A crow. 
 
 cornu, us, n. A horn; wing 
 of an army. 
 
 corona, cc, f. A crown. 
 
 corpus, oris, n. A body. 
 
 corripio, ere, rtpui, reptum, v. 
 tr. (con, rapio). To seize upon 
 violently, snatch or seize hastily. 
 
 corrodo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
 (con, rodo, to gnaw). To gnaw to 
 pieces ; to devour. 
 
 corrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, v. 
 tr. To destroy ; to corrupt, bribe. 
 
 corvus, i, m. A raven. 
 
 Crate'rus, i, m. One of the 
 most distinguished of the generals 
 of Alexander the Great. 
 
 creber, bra, brum, adj. Fre- 
 quent, thick, close. 
 
 creditor, oris, m. (credo). A 
 creditor. 
 
 credo, 2re, dtdi, dltum, v. tr. 
 To trust, believe ; to think. 
 
 credulitas, dtis, f. (credo). 
 Credulity, easiness of belief. 
 
 ere mo, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 To burn. 
 
 creo, are, am, atum, v. tr. To 
 create, make ; to beget ; to choose, 
 elect. 
 
 crepusculum, f, n. (crSpcr, 
 dark). Twilight, evening. 
 
 cresco, ere, crevi, cretum, v. 
 intr. (creo). To grow, increase; 
 to arise, grow up. 
 
 Creta, a, f. Candia, an island 
 in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Cretenses, ium, m. (Creta). 
 The inhabitants of Crete. 
 
 crlmen, inis, n. (contr. from 
 cerntmen, cerno). A charge, ac- 
 cusation, impeachment ; crime, 
 offence. 
 
 criminatio, onis, f. (criminor). 
 A complaint, accusation, calumny. 
 
 crimmor, ari, atus sum, v. 
 dep. (crimcii). To accuse. 
 
 Critias, <z, m. The chief of 
 the thirty tyrants of Athens. He 
 fell in a battle with Thrasybulus, 
 the assertor of his country's free- 
 dom, B C. 403. 
 
 crocodilus, i, m. A crocodile. 
 
 crucio, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 (crux). To crucify, torture, tor- 
 ment. 
 
 crudelis, e, adj. (crudus, 
 bloody). Cruel. 
 
 crudelitas, atis, f. (crudelis). 
 Severity, cruelty, inhumanity. 
 
 crudellter, adv. (crudelis). In 
 a cruel manner. 
 
 cruento, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 (cruor). To stain with blood. 
 
 cruor, oris, m. Blood. 
 
 crus, uris, n. The leg, shin. 
 
 crux, ucis, f. A cross. 
 
 culmeii, tnis, n. The top. 
 
 culpa, a, f. Crime, fault, blame, 
 guilt ; involuntary offence. 
 
 cultus, us, m. (ctito). Culture, 
 manner of life; splendid dress, 
 splendor; respect; worship. 
 
 cum, prep, with abl. With. 
 
 cfimuius, t, m. (akin to culmeii). 
 A heap, pile. 
 
208 
 
 CUNCTUS - DEBEO 
 
 cunctas, a, u??i, adj. (contr. from 
 conjunctus). All united in one 
 whole, all together, all, the whole. 
 
 Cuphites, urn, m. The Cu- 
 phites. 
 
 ciipide, comp. -ius, sup. -isst- 
 me, adv. (cupldus). Eagerly. 
 
 cuplditas, atis, f. (cupidus). 
 Desire, eagerness ; covetousness, 
 ambition. 
 
 cupido, m"s, f. (ctipio). Desire, 
 wish, longing. 
 
 cupidus, a, um, adj. (cupio). 
 Desirous, covetous, fond. 
 
 cupio, ere, ivi (ii), Uum, v. tr. 
 To desire, wish, covet. 
 
 cur, adv. (contr. from guare). 
 Why, wherefore ; because. 
 
 cura, ce, f. (qucerd). Care, 
 solicitude, concern ; charge. 
 
 curatio, onis, f. (euro). A car- 
 ing, care for something ; healing, 
 cure. 
 
 euro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (cura). To take care for ; to take 
 care of; to take care ; to cause. 
 
 curro, ere, cucurri, cursum, v. 
 intr. To run, pass away speedily. 
 
 currus, us, m. (curro). A 
 chariot, car. 
 
 cursor, oris, m. (curro). A 
 runner, courier. 
 
 cursus, us, m. (curro). A run- 
 ning, race, course ; voyage. 
 
 custodia, ce, f. (custns). A 
 keeping, imprisonment, custody; 
 prison. 
 
 custodio, ire, ivi, Uum, v. tr. 
 (custodia). To guard, watch, keep. 
 
 custos, odis, m. and f. A 
 guardian, guard, keeper ; watch. 
 
 cutis, is, f. The skin, hide. 
 
 Cybebe, es, f. A goddess 
 of Crete and Phrygia, later wor- 
 shipped in Rome as Magna Mater ; 
 her priests were called Galli. 
 
 Cyclades, um, f. Islands in 
 the ^Egean Sea, lying in a circular 
 form around Delos. 
 
 Cydnus, t, m. A river of Ciii- 
 cia* 
 
 Cyme, es, f. A city of -^Eolia, 
 in Asia Minor. 
 
 Cyrensei, drum, m. Inhabit- 
 ants of Cyrene, a city in Africa. 
 
 Cyrus, i, m. I. Cyrus, the 
 founder of the Persian empire. 
 II. Cyrus Minor, brother of Ar- 
 taxerxes ; was slain at the battle 
 of Cunaxa, B. C. 401. 
 
 Cyzicenus, a, um, adj. Of 
 Cyzicus, a city of Mysia. 
 
 Dahae, arum, m. A Scythian 
 tribe beyond the Caspian Sea. 
 
 damnatio, onis, f. (damno). 
 Condemnation. 
 
 dam no, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (damnum). To condemn. 
 
 damn urn, f, n. Loss, injury, 
 damage. 
 
 Damon, onis, m. A poet and 
 musician of Athens. 
 
 Dardani, drum, m. A people 
 in upper Mcesia, modern Servia. 
 
 Darius, i, m. I. The son of 
 Hystaspes, and father of Xerxes. 
 
 II. Darius Nothus, father of Ar- 
 taxerxes and Cyrus the Younger. 
 
 III. Darius Codomannus, with 
 whose death the Persian empire 
 ended B. C. 333. 
 
 Datis, is, m. One of the gen- 
 erals of Darius, son of Hystaspes. 
 
 de, prep, with the abl. From, 
 of, concerning, about, out of. 
 
 dea, (e, f. A goddess. 
 
 debeo, ere, ui, Uum, v.' tr. (de, 
 habeo). To owe, be indebted; to 
 be obliged. With the iufin. it is 
 
DEBILIS DELECTUS 
 
 209 
 
 translated, ought. Impers. debet, 
 it behooves, ought. 
 
 debllis, e, adj. (de, habilis, 
 active). Feeble, weak. 
 
 debllito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (debilis). To weaken, discourage. 
 
 debitor, oris, m. (debeo). A 
 debtor. 
 
 de-cedo, 8re, cessi, cessum, v. 
 intr. To go away, depart; to 
 yield ; to decease, die. 
 
 Decelia, ce, f. A village of 
 Attica. 
 
 decem, num. adj. indecl. Ten. 
 
 decem-plex, plids, adj. (pltco, 
 to fold). Tenfold. 
 
 deceptus, a, urn, part. Sec 
 decfpio. 
 
 de-cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, v. 
 tr. To decree, determine, resolve ; 
 to fight. 
 
 de-cido, 8re, tidier, intr. (cado). 
 To fall down ; to fall off; to fall. 
 
 decimus, a, urn, num. adj. 
 (decem). Tenth. 
 
 de-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum,v. tr. 
 (cdpio). To catch, insnare, de- 
 ceive ; to make to forget. 
 
 de-claro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (clarus). To show, make evident, 
 declare. 
 
 de-el in o, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To turn aside ; to avoid. 
 
 de-curro, 8re, cucurri, more 
 commonly curri, cur sum, v. intr. 
 To run off or away ; to run down ; 
 to pass, spend. 
 
 dec us, dris, n. (dScet, it is 
 proper). Grace, worth ; orna- 
 ment, honor, dignity, splendor. 
 
 deditio, onis, f. (dedo). A sur- 
 render. 
 
 de-do, Sre, didi, dltum, v. tr. 
 To surrCnderf give up, submit. 
 
 de-duco, Ire, duxi, ductum, v. 
 tr. To lead away ; to bring, bring 
 
 14 
 
 down ; to lead out, lead, con- 
 duct. 
 
 defectio, onis, f. (deftcio). De- 
 sertion, revolt. 
 
 de-fen do, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 (root FEND, to strike). To keep 
 off ; to defend. 
 
 defensio, onis, f. (defcndo). A 
 defence. 
 
 defensor, oris, m. (defcndo). 
 One who defends or wards off; a 
 defender, protector. 
 
 de-fero, ferre, ttdi, latum, v. 
 irr. To bear or bring away ; to 
 bring, carry, report, tell ; to defer ; 
 navem, to drive a ship to a place. 
 
 de-f icio, ere, fed, fectum, v. 
 tr. and intr. (facio). To desert, 
 rebel, revolt ; to bo wanting ; to 
 fail. 
 
 de-fungor, i, nctus sum, v. dep. 
 (fungor, to perform). To have 
 done with ; to finish ; to depart ; 
 to die ; hence defunctus, de- 
 ceased. 
 
 de-genero, are, ari, atum, v. 
 intr. (genus). To depart from its 
 race or kind ; to degenerate. 
 
 dego, ere, degi, v. tr. (de, ago). 
 To spend, pass, lead. 
 
 de-hinc, adv. After that. 
 
 deiii, adv. (de, inde). After- 
 wards, and then, furthermore. 
 
 deiiiceps, adv. (dcin, cdpio). 
 One after the other, successively. 
 
 de-iiide, adv. Thereafter, af- 
 terwards, after that, then. 
 
 de-jicio, Sre, jeci,jectum, v. tr. 
 (jacio). To throw down, cast 
 down ; to dispossess. 
 
 de-lecto, are, avi. atum, v. tr. 
 (lacto, to gladden). To delight in. 
 
 delectus, a, um, part. See 
 dellgo. 
 
 delectus, its, m. (detigo). A 
 choosing, levy of soldiers. 
 
210 
 
 DELEO DEPUGNO 
 
 deleo, ere, em, etum, v. tr. To 
 blot out, efface ; to destroy ut- 
 terly, kill ; to raze. 
 
 de-libero, arc, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (libra, pair of scales). To weigh 
 well in one's mind ; to deliberate, 
 consult, consider. 
 
 de-libo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (libo, to take a little from any- 
 thing). To take off a little from 
 something ; to taste. 
 
 delicium, i, n. (de, LAC, root of 
 lacio,to draw gently). Delight; 
 darling, pet. 
 
 delictum, t, n. (delinquo). 
 Fault, crime, offence, oversight. 
 
 de-ligo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To bind up, tic, fasten. 
 
 de-Hgo, ere, egi, cctum, v. tr. 
 (lego}. To choose, pick out, se- 
 lect. 
 
 de-linquo, 2re, Uqui, lictum, 
 v. tr. and intr. To commit a fault. 
 
 de-lirus, a, urn, adj. (lira, a 
 furrow). Crazy, mad, foolish. 
 
 Delos, i, f. The central island 
 of the Cyclades ; the birthplace 
 of Apollo and Diana. 
 
 Delphi, drum, m. The chief 
 town of Phocis, a country in 
 Greece. 
 
 Delphicus, a, um, adj. (Del- 
 phi). Delphic, of, or belonging 
 to, Delphi. 
 
 de-ludo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. To 
 delude, deceive, disappoint. 
 
 de-mens, ntis, adj. Mad, de- 
 mented. 
 
 dementia, ce, f. (d'emens). The 
 being out of one's mind, insanity, 
 madness. 
 
 Demetrius, i, m. Phalereus, 
 an Athenian. 
 
 demi^ratio, onis, f. (demtyro). 
 An emigration. 
 
 de-mlgro, are, avi, atum, v. 
 
 intr. (mtgro, to remove). To re- 
 move ; to move off or away. 
 
 de-mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. 
 tr. To let fall from. 
 
 demo, ere, dcmpsi and dcmsi, 
 demptum and demtum, v. tr. (de, 
 emo). To take away. 
 
 Demosthenes, is, *m. The 
 most celebrated of the Grecian 
 orators ; he committed suicide by 
 taking poison B. C. 322. 
 
 deiiium, adv. At length, at 
 last. 
 
 deni, a, a, num. adj. distrib. 
 (decem}.' Ten each, ten at a tune, 
 by tens. 
 
 denique, adv. (dein, que). 
 Thereupon, at last, finally. 
 
 dens, tis, m. A tooth. 
 
 denuo, adv. (de, ndvus). Anew, 
 afresh, again. 
 
 de-pello, Sre, puli, pttlsum, v. 
 tr. To drive away, repel, keep 
 off. 
 
 de-perditus, a, um, part. See 
 deperdo. 
 
 de-perdo, ere, dtdi, dltum, v. 
 tr. To ruin, destroy. 
 
 de-pingo, ere, nxi, pictum, v. 
 tr. To paint, describe. 
 
 de-pono, ere, posui, ptisUum, 
 v. tr. To lay down; to deposit; 
 to lay aside, resign. 
 
 de-porto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To carry away, convey, banish. 
 
 de-posco, ere, poposci, v. tr. 
 To demand, request earnestly. 
 
 de-precor, ari, atus sum, v. 
 dep. To avert, ward off from 
 one's self or others by praying; 
 to deprecate ; to pray for some- 
 thing which is in danger. 
 
 de-pugno, are, an, atum, v. 
 tr. and intr. To fight eagerly ; 
 to strive, contend ; to fight out, 
 come off as victor. 
 
DERIDEO DEXTER 
 
 211 
 
 de-rideo, ere, risi, rswm,v. tr. 
 
 To deride, laugh at. 
 
 derisor, dm, m. (derldeo). A 
 mocker, scoffer. 
 
 derisus, us, m. (derldeo}. 
 Mockery, scorn, derision. 
 
 de-seen do, ere, di, sum, v. intr. 
 (scando, to climb). To go down, 
 come down, descend, dismount ; 
 to condescend. 
 
 de-scisco, ere, scivi (*), itum, 
 v. intr. (scio). To revolt, rebel. 
 
 de-scribo, ere, scripsi, scrip- 
 turn, v. tr. To write out ; to de- 
 scribe. 
 
 de-sero, ere, ui, turn, v. tr. 
 (sero, to join). To sever one's 
 connection; to leave, forsake, 
 abandon, desert. 
 
 de-sidero, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 (sidus). To desire or regret a 
 thing lost ; to long for, desire, ex- 
 pect. 
 
 de-sllio, ire, silui, sultum, v. 
 intr. (salio). To leap down. 
 
 de-smo, ere, ivi (ii), ttum, v. 
 tr. and intr. (slno, to let). To 
 leave off, give over; to terminate. 
 
 de-si sto, err, stiti, stUwn, v. 
 intr. To desist from, discontinue, 
 cease. 
 
 desperatio, onis, f. (despero). 
 Hopelessness, despair. 
 
 de-spero, are, ad, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To despair, to be with- 
 out hope. 
 
 de-spicio, ere, exi, ectnm, v. tr. 
 (specio, to look). To look down 
 upon ; to despise. 
 
 de-stlno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (akin to sto}. To make fast; to 
 establish ; to intend; to appoint. 
 
 de-stituo, 8re, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 (statuo). To leave alone, forsake, 
 abandon, desert; to disappoint, 
 break a promise. 
 
 de-struo, ere, struxi, structum, 
 v. tr. (struo, to pile up). To pull 
 down, destroy. 
 
 de-sum, esse, fui, v. irr. To 
 be absent, be wanting ; to fail ; to 
 be wanting in one's duty. 
 
 de-tero, ere, triri, tritum, v. tr. 
 (tero, to rub). To wear away ; to 
 wear bare. 
 
 de-terreo, ere, ui, Mum, v. tr. 
 To frighten from, deter; to dis- 
 suade, discourage. 
 
 de-testor, dri, atus sum, v. 
 dep. To curse while calling a 
 deity to witness ; to execrate, de- 
 test. 
 
 de-traho, ere, traxi, tractum, 
 v. tr. To draw or take off. 
 
 detrimentum, i, n. (detero). 
 Loss, damage, detriment. 
 
 detritus, a, um, part. See de- 
 ter o. 
 
 deus, i, m. A god, deity, di- 
 vinity. 
 
 de-veho, Ire, vexi, vectitm, v. tr. 
 To carry away. Detehor, i, vcctus 
 sum, v. pass, with reflect, signif., 
 to go down, descend. 
 
 de-venio, ire, vent, ventum, v. 
 intr. To come down. 
 
 de-vincio, ire, nxi, nctum, v. tr. 
 To bind fast ; to oblige ; to attach, 
 gain the affections of. 
 
 de-vinco, 8re, vici, mctum, v. 
 tr. To conquer completely; to 
 overcome, subdue, vanquish. 
 
 de-voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To call away ; to lure, entice. 
 
 de-voro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (voro, to swallow up). To devour. 
 
 devotio, onis (devdveo). A de- 
 voting or giving up ; curse. 
 
 de-voveo, ere, roi'i, rotum, v. 
 tr.* (vdveo, to vow). To vow, de- 
 vote, curse. 
 
 dexter, tSra, tgrum, and tra, 
 
212 
 
 DEXTERA DISCURRO 
 
 trum, adj. Right, on the right 
 hand; prosperous, lucky. 
 
 dextera, and dextra, a, sc. 
 manus, f. (dexter). The right hand. 
 
 diatlema, atis, n. A royal 
 head -dress, a diadem. 
 
 Diana, &, f. The daughter of 
 Jupiter and Latona, and twin sis- 
 ter of Apollo. 
 
 dico, ere, dixi, dictum, v. tr. 
 To say, tell, mention, speak; to 
 n.une, appoint ; to plead. 
 
 dictator, oris, m. (dicto, to or- 
 der, dictate). A dictator, a Ro- 
 man magistrate, created in times 
 of extraordinary difficulty, with 
 absolute power. 
 
 dictum, i, n. (dico). A saying, 
 word ; wise saying, proverb. 
 
 dictus, a, um, part. (dico}. Said, 
 appointed. 
 
 Dido, us and onis, f. Dido, the 
 queen of Carthage. 
 
 dies, ei, m. and f. ; phtr. m. A 
 day ; time, season. 
 
 differ o, ferre, distuli, dilatum, 
 v. irr. (dis, fero). To carry dif- 
 ferent ways ;. to defer, put off. 
 
 difficilis, e, adj. (dis, facllis). 
 Hard, difficult; morose, peevish. 
 
 diffido, ere,fisus sum,v. semi- 
 dcp. (dis, fido). To distrust, de- 
 spair of. 
 
 digltns, i, m. (root DIG, to 
 point out). A finger. 
 
 dignitas, atis, f. (dignus). Dig- 
 nity ; authority ; greatness, gran- 
 deur 
 
 dignus, a, urn, adj. Worthy, 
 deserving of. 
 
 dilatio, onis, f. (differo). A 
 putting off, delaying. 
 
 diligens, ntis, adj. (diligo). 
 Careful, attentive ; fond. * 
 
 diligenter, adv. (diligens). Dil- 
 igently, carefully. 
 
 dlligentia, #, f. (ditigens). Dil- 
 igence, attention. 
 
 dl-ligo, ere, exi, ectum, v. tr. 
 (lego}. To love, esteem highly. 
 
 di-mico, are, avi and cui, atum, 
 v. intr. (mlco, to quiver). To fight, 
 contend. 
 
 di-mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. 
 tr. To send away, dismiss, dis- 
 band ; to let go or let slip ; to dis- 
 card; to arrange or draw up an 
 army ; uxorem, to put away, di- 
 vorce. 
 
 Diomedes, is, m. Diomedes, 
 son of Tydeus, king of JEtolia. 
 
 Didmedon, ontis,m. A native 
 of Cyzlcus. 
 
 Dion y si us, i, m. A musician 
 of Thebes. 
 
 dl-rigo, ere, exi, ectum, v. tr. 
 (rego). To direct, guide. 
 
 di-ripio, ere, ui, reptum, v. tr. 
 (r&pio). To take away by vio- 
 lence, plunder, steal away. 
 
 di-ruo, ere, ui, ilium, v. tr. To 
 overthrow, destroy. 
 
 dis-cedo v ere, cessi, cession, 
 v. intr. To go in another direc- 
 tion ; to go away, depart ; to die. 
 
 dis-cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, 
 v. tr. To distinguish ; to mark. 
 
 discessus, us, m. (discedo). A 
 going asunder, a going away, de- 
 parture. 
 
 disciplina, a, f. (disco). Teach- 
 ing, instruction, learning, knowl- 
 edge ; discipline, skill. 
 
 disco, Sre, dldici, v. tr. To 
 learn ; to become acquainted with. 
 
 discordia, ce, f. (dis, cor). Dis- 
 union, variance, disagreement, 
 discord. 
 
 dis-curro, 8re, curri and cU- 
 curri, cursitm, v. intr. To run 
 different ways; to run to and 
 fro. 
 
DISERTE DOLOR 
 
 213 
 
 diserte, adv. (disertus). Clear- 
 ly, eloquently. 
 
 dlsertus, a, urn, adj. (dissero, 
 to discuss). Clear and copious in 
 expression ; fluent, eloquent. 
 
 dis-jicio, ere,jeci,jectum, v. tr. 
 (jdcio). To disperse, scatter; to 
 cast down, overthrow. 
 
 dis-palor, art, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (palor, to wander). To wander 
 here and there, straggle. 
 
 di-spergo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
 (spar go). To disperse, scatter. 
 
 dis-pliceo, ere, ui, ttum, v. tr. 
 (pldceo). To displease. 
 
 dis-puto, are, avi, alum, v. tr. 
 To reason or discourse of, discuss, 
 dispute. 
 
 dis-semino, are, ari, atum, 
 v. tr. (semen, seed). To spread 
 abroad, disseminate. 
 
 disseiisio, onis, f. (dis, sentio). 
 Disagreement, discussion, dis- 
 cord. 
 
 dis-sideo, ere, edi, essum, v. 
 intr. (sedco). To be at variance, 
 differ, quarrel. 
 
 dissimilitude, fnis, f. (dis, 
 stmilis). Unlikcness, difference, 
 diversity. 
 
 dissolutus, a, um, adj. (dis- 
 soho). Loose, careless, profligate, 
 unrestrained, dissolute, licentious. 
 
 dis-solvo, ere, solvi, solutum, 
 v. tr. To loosen, dissolve, loose ; 
 to destroy. 
 
 dis-trlbuo, 8re, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 To divide, distribute. 
 
 di-stringo, Sre, nxi, ctum, v. tr. 
 To draw asunder. Pass, to be 
 much engaged. 
 
 dill, comp. diutius, sup. diutis- 
 slme, adv. (dies). A long time, 
 long, long since. 
 
 diiltinus, a, um, adj. (diu). 
 Long, lasting, continual. 
 
 diuturnus, a, um, adj. (diu). 
 Long, lasting. 
 
 di versus, a, um, adj. (di, verto). 
 Turned aside or out of the way, 
 different. 
 
 dl-verto, ere, ti, sum, v. intr. 
 To turn aside. 
 
 dives, Uis, adj. Rich, wealthy. 
 
 di-vido, ere, visi, vlsum, v. tr. 
 (VID, bereft, whence vulua). To 
 part asunder, divide, separate. 
 
 divinitas, atis, f. (o'ivvius). 
 Divinity, divine nature. 
 
 divinus, a, um, adj. (dicus). 
 Divine, godlike. ' 
 
 divisio, onis, f. (divtdo). A 
 division, separation. 
 
 divitiae, arum, f. (dives). Rich- 
 es, wealth. 
 
 dl-vulgo, are, av.i, atum, v. tr. 
 (vulgus). To spread among the 
 people ; to make common, publish. 
 
 divus, i, m. A god. 
 
 do, are, dedi, datum, v. tr. To 
 give, grant, allow. 
 
 doceo, ere, cut, ctum, v. tr. To 
 teach ; to inform, tell. 
 
 doctor, cm, m. (doceo). A 
 teacher, instructor. 
 
 doctrina, ce, f. (doceo). Learn- 
 ing, instruction, doctrine. 
 
 doctus, a, um, adj. (doceo). 
 Learned, experienced. 
 
 docihnentum, i, n. (doceo). 
 "Warning, example. 
 
 Dodouaeus, a, um, adj. Do- 
 doncan; of Dodona, a city in 
 Epirus, famed for its oracle situ- 
 ated in an oak grove. 
 
 ddleo, ere, ui, ttum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To feel pain, to grieve for, 
 lament. 
 
 dolon , onis, m. A sword-stick, 
 rapier; dagger. 
 
 dolor, oris (ddleo). Pain, dis- 
 tress, sorrow, grief. 
 
214 
 
 DOLOSUS EDUCO 
 
 ddJosus, a, um, adj. (dolus). 
 Crafty, cunning, deceitful. 
 
 dolus, i, m. Deceit, treachery, 
 wile, trick, stratagem. 
 
 domesticus, a, um, adj. (dd- 
 mus). Of, or belonging to, the 
 house or family, domestic, house- 
 hold. 
 
 domicilium, i, n. (ddmus). A 
 place of abode, lodging, dwelling- 
 place, residence. 
 
 ddmmatio, dnis, f. (domlnus}. 
 Lordship, power, sway, sover- 
 eignty. 
 
 dominus, i, m. (ddmus}. A 
 master of slaves, owner ; master, 
 lord. 
 
 ddmo, are, ui and avi, ttum, v. 
 tr. To tame ; to conquer, subdue. 
 
 ddmus, us and i, f. A house ; 
 gen. domi, at home ; domo and a 
 domo, from home. 
 
 donee, conj. (contr. from dont- 
 cum, ante and post-class). So 
 long as, until. 
 
 dono, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (do- 
 num., a gift). . To give as a pres- 
 ent; to grant, bestow, give freely, 
 present. 
 
 dorsum, *, n. The back. 
 
 dos, dot is, f. (do). A dowry, 
 marringe portion; gift, endow- 
 ment of body or mind. 
 
 Drancae, arum, f. The Dran- 
 cae. 
 
 dubito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (duo). To doubt, hesi- 
 tate. 
 
 diibium, i, n. (dubius). Doubt, 
 hesitancy. 
 
 dubius, a, um, adj. (duo). 
 Doubtful, dangerous, uncertain; 
 dubia res, a matter of doubt. 
 
 ducenti, ?, a, num. adj. (duo, 
 centum). Two hundred. 
 
 duco, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. To 
 
 lead, conduct, bring, take ; to 
 think, reckon, esteem ; to pro- 
 long. 
 
 dud urn, adv. (diu, dum). A 
 short time ago, formerly. 
 
 dulcedo, inis,f.(dutcis). Sweet- 
 ness, deiightfulness, charm. 
 
 dulcis, e, adj. Sweet. 
 
 dum, conj. While, until ; pro- 
 vided that. 
 
 dum-modo, conj. Provided 
 that. 
 
 duo, #, o, num. adj. Two. 
 
 duodecim, num. adj. indecl. 
 Twelve. 
 
 duplex, Ids, adj. (duo, phco, to 
 fold). Twofold, double ; crafty. 
 
 dure, adv. (durus). Hardly, 
 harshly, unfavorably. 
 
 duritia, ce, f. (durus). Hard- 
 ness, austerity, frugality; cru- 
 elty. 
 
 durus, a, um, adj. Hard. 
 
 dux, ducts, in. and f. (duco). 
 A guide, leader, general. 
 
 E. 
 
 e, ex, prep, with abl. Out of, 
 from, of. 
 
 ea, adv. There, that way. 
 
 eadem, adv. (idem). By the 
 same way. 
 
 ebrietas, atls, f. (ebrius). 
 Drunkenness, ebriety. 
 
 ebrius, a, um, adj. (e, btbo). 
 Intoxicated, drunk, drunken. 
 
 Ecbatana, orwm, n. The prin- 
 cipal city of Media. 
 
 ecce, inter] . Lo! 
 
 editus, a, um, adj. (edo). High, 
 lofty. 
 
 e-do, ere, dldi, itum, v. tr. To 
 put forth, lead forth ; to utter. 
 
 e-dilco, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
 To bring up ; to educate. 
 
EDUCO EO 
 
 215 
 
 e-diico, ere, xi, ctitm, v. tr. To 
 lead forth or out ; to draw out. 
 
 effectus, us, m. (efficio). Ef- 
 fect, the execution of one's 
 plans. 
 
 effero, farre, extiili, elatum, v. 
 irr. (ex, fero). To carry out ; to 
 carry out for burial ; to bury ; to 
 extol, elate, puff up. 
 
 efflcio, ere, feci,fectum, v. tr. 
 (ex, fdcio). To finish, accom- 
 plish, make, effect, cause, bring 
 about. 
 
 effigies, ei, f. (ex, jingo). An 
 image. 
 
 effugio, 8re,fugi,fugttum (ex, 
 ftigio). To flee from, escape, elude, 
 avoid, 
 
 effugium, i, n. (effugio). An 
 escape, means of escaping, a place 
 to which to escape. 
 
 effundo, ere, -fudi, fusum, v. 
 tr. (ex, fundo). To pour out ; to 
 give one's self up to ; to give loose 
 to, yield to. 
 
 effusus, a, um, part, (effundo'). 
 Lavished ; extravagant. 
 
 ego, mei, pers. pron. I. 
 
 e-gredior, i, gressus sum, v. 
 dep. (grddior, to go). To go out. 
 
 e-gregius, a, um, adj. (grex). 
 Distinguished, surpassing, illustri- 
 ous, eminent. 
 
 e-jicio, ere, jeci, jectum, v. tr. 
 (jatio). To cast out, discard ; to 
 banish. 
 
 e-jiiro, are, act, atum, v. tr. 
 (juro, to swear). To refuse or re- 
 ject by an oath ; to abjure. 
 
 e-labor, t, lapsus sum, v. dep. 
 (labor, to fall). To glide away; 
 to escape. 
 
 e-laboro, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 To make or finish with labor ; to 
 labor greatly or diligently. 
 
 elatus, a, um, part. See effero. 
 
 elegantia, #, f. (e, ttgd). Ele- 
 gance, nicety. 
 
 elephantus, *, m. An ele- 
 phant. 
 
 e-levo, are, art, atum, v. tr. 
 To lighten ; to make insignificant ; 
 to disparage, undervalue. 
 
 e-ligo, ere, legi, lectum, v. tr. 
 (lego}. To pick out, select, choose. 
 
 Elis, Idis, f. A district of the 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 eldqueutia, , f. (e, loguor). 
 Eloquence. 
 
 e-luceo, ere, xi, v. intr. (lux). 
 To shine forth, be conspicuous. 
 
 e-ludo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. To 
 elude, baffle. 
 
 e-mendo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (mendum, a fault). To free from 
 fault ; to correct, amend, improve. 
 
 e-mereo, ere, ui, ttum, v. tr., 
 and* emereor, eri, itus sum, v. 
 dep. (mereo, to deserve). To 
 serve out ; to completa one's term 
 of service. 
 
 e-metior, tiri, mensus sum, v. 
 dep. (metior, to measure). To 
 measure out. 
 
 e-mineo, ere, ui, v. intr. (mineo, 
 to project). To project out; to 
 be conspicuous. 
 
 e-mmus, adv. (mdmis). At a 
 distance. 
 
 e-mitto, $re, misi, missum, v. 
 tr. To send out, send forth ; to 
 let escape from ; animam, to ex- 
 pire, die. 
 
 enio, &re, emi, emptum, v. tr. 
 To take ; to buy. 
 
 eiiiin, conj. (8 intcns., nam). 
 For. 
 
 e-num6ro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To reckon up'; to recount. 
 
 eo, ire, ivi, Uum, v. irr. To go. 
 
 eo, adv. Thither, to that place, 
 so far ; therefore. 
 
216 
 
 EODEM EVENIO 
 
 eodem, adv. To the same 
 place. 
 
 Epaminoudas, a, m. A na- 
 tive of Thebes in Breotia. 
 
 ephebus, i, m. A youth from 
 sixteen to twenty years of age. 
 
 Ephesus, i, f. A city of Ionia, 
 in Asia Minor. 
 
 ephorus, i, m. One of the 
 ephors, or magistrates of Sparta. 
 
 Epigoni, drum, m. The After- 
 born. 
 
 epilogus, i, m. An epilogue. 
 
 Epirus, i f f. Epirus. 
 
 epistola, a, f. A letter, epistle. 
 
 e-poto, are, am, potum, v. tr. 
 To drink out or up. 
 
 epotus, a, um, part. See epoto. 
 
 epulum, i, n-. ; plur. epiilce, 
 arum, f. A banquet, feast. 
 
 eques, Mis, m. and f. in sense, 
 but m. only in gram, construction, 
 (equus). A horseman. 
 
 equester, or -tris, tris, tre, 
 adj. (equ-s). Belonging to horse- 
 men, equestrian. 
 
 equldem, adv. (S intens., qui- 
 dem). Indeed [used generally 
 with the first person]. 
 
 equltatus, us, m. (eques}. Cav- 
 alry. 
 
 equus, i, m. A horse. 
 
 Eretria, ?, f. A city of Eu- 
 boea, on the Euripus. 
 
 erga, prep, with ace. Towards, 
 against. 
 
 ergo, conj. Therefore, then. 
 
 e-rlgo, ere, rexi, rectum, v. tr. 
 (rego). To raise up, set up; to 
 erect, build; to arouse, encour- 
 age. 
 
 e-ripio, ere, ui, reptum. v. tr. 
 (rdpio). To take or snatch by 
 force, take away, wrest from. 
 
 error, dm, m.(erro, to wander). 
 A wandering ; mistake, offence. 
 
 e-rudio, ire, ivi (ii), Uum, v. 
 tr. (rudis). To teach, educate, in- 
 struct. 
 
 eriiditus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (erudio). Learned, skilful. 
 
 esca, #, f. (edo). Food. 
 
 e-scendo, ere, di, sum, v. intr. 
 (scando, to climb). To disembark ; 
 to ascend, mount up. 
 
 e-surio, ire, , ittim, v. intr. 
 (desid. of edo). To be hungry. 
 
 et, conj. And ; et et, not only 
 but also ; both and. 
 
 etiam, conj. (et, jam). And 
 also, likewise, and even ; etiam at- 
 que etiam, again and again ; etiam- 
 num, still, yet, till now ; etiamnunc, 
 even now ; etiamtum, even then, 
 still. 
 
 Stiam-si, conj. Even if, though, 
 although. 
 
 Etruria, a, f." Tuscany, a dis- 
 trict of Italy. 
 
 et-si, conj. Though, although. 
 
 Eubcea, a, f. A large island 
 of Greece, now Negropont. 
 
 Eumenes, is, m. A king of 
 Pergamus. 
 
 Eumolpidae, arum, m. The 
 descendants of Eumolpus, son of 
 Neptune. 
 
 Euphrates, is, m. A river of 
 Syria. 
 
 Europa, , f. Europe. 
 
 Eurybiades, is, m. A king of 
 Sparta. 
 
 Eurylochus, i, m. Eurylo- 
 chus. 
 
 e-vado, ere, si, sum, v. intr. 
 To escape, get away. 
 
 e-vello, ere, 'velli (vulsi), vul- 
 sum, v. tr. (vello, to pluck). To 
 pluck out. 
 
 e-venio, ire, rent, ventutn v. 
 intr. To come out; to fall out, 
 happen, come to pass. 
 
EVENTUS EXIMO 
 
 217 
 
 eventus, its, m. (ecenio). An 
 occurrence, event, issue, result. 
 
 e-vlto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 shun, avoid. 
 
 e-voco, are, a>:i, atum, v. tr. 
 To call out; to summon to ap- 
 pear. 
 
 ex, prep, with abl. Out, out of, 
 from. 
 
 exactio, onis, f. (exlgo}. A 
 driving out ; a demanding. 
 
 ex-adversum,or-us,adv. Op- 
 posite to ; over against. 
 
 ex-aglto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (dtjo). To drive oat; to harass. 
 
 ex-animo, are, avi, atum, v. 
 tr. (animus}. To kill. Pass, to 
 die. 
 
 ex-ardesco, ere, am', arsum, 
 v. intr. (ardeo, to burn). To be 
 inflamed ; to break out. 
 
 ex-auctoro, are, avi, atum, v. 
 tr. (anctor}. To discharge from 
 service ; to dismiss. 
 
 ex-cedo, ere, cessi, ccssum, v. 
 intr. To go out or away, depart, 
 retire. 
 
 excellens, ntis, part, and adj. 
 (excello). Excelling, excellent, 
 eminent. 
 
 ex-cello, ere, ui, sum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To excel, surpass; to be 
 eminent. 
 
 exeelsus, a, um, adj. (excello}. 
 Lofty, high. 
 
 excidium, i, n. (for exscidium, 
 from exscindo, to destroy). Over- 
 throw, destruction. 
 
 ex-cio, ire, and -cieo, iere, ivi, 
 ttum, v. tr. To excite ; to call or 
 send for. 
 
 ex-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
 (capio). To take out ; to receive, 
 take ; to catch. 
 
 ex-cito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (freq. ofexcio). To call forth, wake 
 
 up, stir up ; to excite, arouse, in- 
 stigate. 
 
 ex-cludo, ere, clusi, clusum, v. 
 tr. (claudo). To shut out. 
 
 ex-cogito, are, dci, atum, v. tr. 
 To think ; to devise. 
 
 ex-colo, ere, ui, cultum, v. tr. 
 To worship. 
 
 ex-crucio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To torment excessively. 
 
 excursio, onis, f. (ex, curro). 
 A sally ; inroad, invasion. 
 
 exemplum, i, n. (erfmo). An 
 example, copy ; illustration, fa- 
 ble. 
 
 ex-eo, ire, ivi (ii), Uum, v. irr. 
 To go out. 
 
 ex-erceo, ere, cui, citum, v. 
 tr. (arceo, to shut up). To exer- 
 cise, train ; to practise, use. 
 
 exercitatus, a, um, part, and 
 adj. (exercito, to practise). Prac- 
 tised, experienced, disciplined. 
 
 exercltus, us, m. (exerceo}. An 
 army. 
 
 ex-haurio, ire, hausi, haus- 
 tum, v. tr. (kaurio, to draw). To 
 draw or drink out ; to empty by 
 drawing ; to exhaust, consume. 
 
 ex-heredo, are, avi, atum, v. 
 tr. (heres). To disinherit. 
 
 ex-hibeo, ere, id, Hum, v. tr. 
 (Jtabeo}. To hold forth, show, ex- 
 hibit ; to support, sustain. 
 
 ex-Igo, ere, egi, actum, v. tr.' 
 (ago'). To drive out ; to enforce, 
 exact ; to spend or pass time ; to 
 end. 
 
 exiguus, a, um, adj. (exlgo). 
 Small, scanty. 
 
 exilium, or exsllium, i, n. 
 (exul, or exsul). Banishment. 
 
 eximius, a, um, adj. (exlmo}. 
 Uncommon, extraordinary, dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 ex-imo, ere, emi, emptum, v. tr. 
 
218 
 
 EXINDE EXSPIRO 
 
 (emo). To fake out or away, re- 
 move, take off. 
 
 ex-inde, adv. A fter that, then. 
 
 ex-istlmo, are, dvi, dtum, v. 
 tr. (cesttmo). To judge, think, 
 suppose, consider: to esteem. 
 
 ex-isto, or -sisto, ere, stlti, sti- 
 tum, v. intr. To come forth; to 
 become; to be, exist; to appear. 
 
 exitium, i, n. (cxeo). Destruc- 
 ti m, ruin. 
 
 exitus, us, m. (exeo). A going 
 out, issue, end, termination ; way 
 of escape. 
 
 ex-orno, are, act, dtum, v. tr. 
 To fit out, equip, furnish ; to adorn. 
 
 ex-6ro, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
 To move, prevail upon by en- 
 treaty. 
 
 expectatio, or exspectatio, 
 onis, f. (expecto). Expectation, 
 desire. 
 
 expecto, or exspecto, are, dvi, 
 dtiun, v. tr. (ex, specto). To look 
 or wait for ; to hope or wish for ; 
 to fear ; to expect. 
 
 ex-p6dio, ire, ivi, itum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (pes). To disentangle, 
 extricate, free; to explain. Im- 
 pers. expedit, it is expedient or 
 profitable. 
 
 expedltio, onis, f. (cxpedio). 
 An expedition. 
 
 ex-pello, ere, ptili, pulsum, v. 
 tr. To drive out, expel. 
 
 ex-pendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 To weigh out ; to weigh out money 
 in payment ; to pay out. 
 
 experimentum, i, n. (expSri- 
 or). A proof, trial, experiment. 
 
 ex-perior, Iri, pertus sum, v. 
 dep. (perior, whence pSritus). To 
 try, prove, put to the test ; to find 
 or know by experience. 
 
 ex-pers, tis, adj. (pars}. Des- 
 titute, void of. 
 
 ex-peto, 8re, in (?0, itum, v. 
 tr. and intr. To long for, desire, 
 seek after. 
 
 ex-plico, are, dvi or ui, dfum 
 or cUum, v. tr. (pllco, to fold). 
 To unfold ; to draw out in battle 
 array ; to explain. 
 
 ex-piodo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
 (plando, to clap). To drive out 
 or .off by clapping ; to reject. 
 
 ex-ploro, are, dci, dtum, v. tr. 
 (ploro, to cry out). To search out, 
 examine carefully, exp'ore. 
 
 ex-pono, ere,posui, posltum, v. 
 tr. To lay or put out ; to disem- 
 bark ; to explain. 
 
 ex-porto, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
 To convey out, carry away. 
 
 ex-posco, ere, poposci, v. tr. 
 To asly earnestly, demand urgent- 
 ly. 
 
 ex-primo, ere, prcssi, pressum, . 
 v. tr. (premo}. To press or squeeze 
 out ; to extort ; to express ; to re- 
 semble. 
 
 ex-probro, are, dri, dtum, v. 
 tr. (probrum, a shameful aci). To 
 upbraid, reproach. 
 
 expugiiatio, onis, f. (expugno). 
 The taking, carrying, storming. 
 
 ex-pugno, are, dci, dtum, v. tr. 
 To take by assault ; to storm ; to 
 attack with success ; to vanquish, 
 capture. 
 
 exsequiae, drum, f. (ex, sequor}. 
 The following out of a corpse ; a 
 funeral procession, obsequies. 
 
 ex-sisto. See existo. 
 
 exspectatio, onis, f. (exspecto). 
 An awaiting, expecting, expecta- 
 tion. 
 
 ex-specto, are, dvi, dtum, v. 
 tr. (specio, to look). To look out, 
 be on the lookout ; to watch or 
 wait for. 
 
 ex-spiro, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
 
EXSTINGUO FAMILIA 
 
 219 
 
 and intr. To breathe out; to 
 breathe one's last. 
 
 ex-stinguo, ere, nxi, nctum, v. 
 tr. (stinguo, to quench). To put 
 out, extinguish ; to kill, destroy ; 
 to put an end to, suppress. 
 
 ex-sul. iilis, m. and f. (ex, so- 
 luni). A banished person, an ex- 
 iie. 
 
 ex-sulto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (salio). To jump up ; to exult ; to 
 revel. 
 
 ex-struo, 8re, ^lx^, uctum, v. tr. 
 (struo, to pile up). To pile up, 
 raise; to build, erect. 
 
 exta, orum, n. The nobler in- 
 ternal organs of the body, such as 
 the heart, lungs, liver ; vitals. 
 
 ex-ten do, ere, tendi, tentum 
 and tensum, v. tr. To stretch out ; 
 to extend, increase. 
 
 externus, a, um, adj. (exter, 
 outward). Outward, foreign, alien. 
 
 extinguo. See exstinguo. 
 
 extollo, ere [properly no per- 
 fect or supine ; but extuli, elatum, 
 from effero, having the same mean- 
 ing, may supply their place], v. tr. 
 To raise up, exalt ; to praise. 
 
 extra, prep, with ace. Without, 
 opposed to within; beyond, be- 
 sides, except. 
 
 ex-traho, ere, traxi, tractum, 
 v. tr. To draw out ; to disengage. 
 
 extremus, or extimus, a, um 
 [sup. of exter, outward], adj. Out- 
 ermost, last; utmost. 
 
 ex-trico, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
 (trlcce, trifles). To bring to pass ; 
 to produce. 
 
 extuli. See efftro. 
 
 exul, or exsul, illis, m. and f. 
 (ex, solum}. A banished person, 
 an exile. 
 
 ex-uro, ere, ussi, ustum, v. tr. 
 (uroj to burn). To burn up. 
 
 F. 
 
 fabella/?, f. (dim. offabiila). 
 A short story, a little fable. 
 
 faber, bri, m. A workman, 
 smith. 
 
 Fabius, i, m. The name of a 
 patrician family in Rome. 
 
 fabula, a (for, to say). A 
 narration, story, tale, fable. 
 
 fades, ei, f. Form, figure ; 
 face, visage. 
 
 facile, adv. (fdcilis}. Easily, 
 readily. 
 
 facilis, e, adj. (facio). Easy. 
 
 f acinus, oris, n. (facio). A 
 deed, action, exploit, either good 
 or bad ; a wicked deed ; villany. 
 
 facio, ere, fed, factum, v. tr. 
 To do, make, cause, effect, per- 
 form. 
 
 factio, onis, f. (facio}. Fac- 
 tion, party. 
 
 factum, i, n. (facio}. A deed; 
 an act. 
 
 facultas, atis, f. (facio}: Abil- 
 ity, power, opportunity ; wealth, 
 riches. 
 
 faex, feeds, f. Grounds, sedi- 
 ment/dregs. 
 
 Falernus, a, um, adj. Falrr- 
 nian ; subs., sc. ager. A district 
 at the foot of Mount Massicus, in 
 Campania, celebrated for its wine. 
 
 fallacia, <*>, f. (fallo). Deceit. 
 
 fallo, Sre,fefclk,fal.st(.m, v. tr. 
 To deceive ; to disappoint. 
 
 false, adv. (falsus}. Falsely, 
 vainly. 
 
 falsus, a, ttm, adj. (fallo). 
 False, deceptive. 
 
 f funa, &, f. Report, rumor ; 
 fame, reputation, good name. 
 
 fames, is, f. Hunger. 
 
 familia, ce, f. (famulus, a ser- 
 vant). The slaves of one master ; 
 
220 
 
 FAMILIARIS FINIO 
 
 household, family ; retinue of ser- 
 vants. 
 
 famlliaris, e, adj'. (famttia}. 
 Of the family, intimate; subs., a 
 familiar acquaintance, Mend; res 
 familiaris, property. 
 
 familiarltas, atis, f. (famlli- 
 ai'is). Intimacy. 
 
 farina, ce, f. (far, grain). 
 Ground corn, meal, flour. 
 
 fas, n. indecl. Divine law, 
 right. 
 
 fascis, is y m. A bundle, pack- 
 et, parcel. 
 
 fastidio, Ire, ivi (it), Itum, v. 
 tr. and intr. (fastidium, a loath- 
 ing). To feel disgust; to despise, 
 lo ithe, dislike, disdain. 
 
 fastlgium, /, n. The top, 
 height ; exalted rank or dignity. 
 
 fatalis, e, adj. (fatum). Of, 
 or belonging to, fate; destined, 
 fated, fatal. 
 
 fatigo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 ( fatis, sufficiently, ago). To weary, 
 , fatigue, tire. 
 
 fatum, i, n. (/or, to say). Lit., 
 that which is said or spoken ; the 
 will or command of the gods, 
 fate, destiny. 
 
 fautor, oris, m. (faveo, to fa- 
 vor). A favorer, supporter, parti- 
 san. 
 
 faux, in the sing, only in the 
 abl., fame; plur. fauces, ium, f. 
 Throat, gullet ; appetite. 
 
 favor, oris, m. (faveo, to fa- 
 vor). Favor, good will. 
 
 f avus, *", m. Honey-comb. 
 
 fax, fads [wants gen. pL], f. 
 A torch. 
 
 f elicitas, atis, f. (felix, hap- 
 py). Happiness, good fortune. 
 
 f eliciter, adv. (fetix, happy). 
 Auspiciously, happily. 
 
 femina,a, f. (stem FE, whence 
 
 fecundus,feliz, etc.). A female, 
 a woman. 
 
 fenestra, , f. A window. 
 
 fera, , f. (ferus). A wild 
 beast. 
 
 fere, adv. Almost ; almost al- 
 ways, generally. 
 
 ferme, adv. (fere}. Almost, 
 nearly. 
 
 fero, fcrre, tuli, latum, v. in*. 
 To bear, carry ; to endure ; to tell, 
 report Pass.fartur t it is said. 
 
 ferox, ocis, adj. (akin to ferus}. 
 Fierce, warlike. 
 
 ferrum, t, n. Iron ; a sword. 
 
 ferum, i, n. (ferus). A wild 
 animal. 
 
 ferus, o, tim, adj. Wild, cruel, 
 fierce, savage. 
 
 fessus, a, um, adj. Wearied, 
 tired, fatigued; worn out; ex- 
 hausted. 
 
 festinatio, onis, f. (festino}. 
 A hastening, haste, speed. 
 
 festino, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (festinus, hasty). To 
 hasten, make haste. 
 
 fictllis, e, adj. (Jingo). Earth- 
 en. 
 
 fictus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (fincjo}. Feigned, fictitious. 
 * f Idelis, e, adj. (fides}. Faith- 
 ful, trusty. 
 
 fides, ei, f. Trust in a person 
 or thing; faith, confidence ; credit ; 
 protection ; a promise. 
 
 flducia, fp, f. (fido, to trust). 
 Trust, conlidence. 
 
 filia, CP, f. A daughter. 
 
 fiiius, i, voc.fili, m. A son. 
 
 finsro, ere, nxi, fictum, v. tr. To 
 shape, form, frame, fashion, ar- 
 range ; to make, devise, contrive ; 
 to feign. 
 
 f Inio, Ire, im, itum, v. tr. (fi- 
 nis}. To limit, bound, end. 
 
FINIS FRAUS 
 
 finis, is, m. and f. A limit, 
 boundary, end. Plur. m. Boun- 
 daries, territories, land. 
 
 f mitimiis, a, um, adj. (finis}. 
 Bordering upon, neighboring ; 
 Bnbs., flfittt&i, drum, in. Neigh- 
 bors. 
 
 f 10, fieri, factus sum, pass, of 
 fdcio. To be made, bo done ; to 
 happen, become. 
 
 firmitas, atis, f. (firmiis, firm). 
 Firmness, strength, constancy. 
 
 fiscus, i, m. A money-basket. 
 
 flagellum,i,n. A whip, scourge. 
 
 flagito, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
 '(root FLAG, whence JJagro). To 
 demand violently, fiercely, or 
 earnestly. 
 
 flagro, are, avi, dtum, v. intr. 
 To burn, be inflamed with desire. 
 
 fiamma, #, f. A flame. 
 
 Fiamlnliius, i, m. T. Quin- 
 tius, a Roman consul. 
 
 Flammius, i, m. Cains, a 
 Rom:m consul. 
 
 flatus, us, m. (fo, to blow). A 
 blowing, blast, gale. 
 
 fleo, ere, fieri, fietum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To weep, lament; to be- 
 wail. 
 
 fletus, us, m. (fieo}. A weep- 
 ing, wailing. 
 
 floreo, ere, ui, v. intr. (flos). 
 To bloom, blossom; to flourish; 
 to be conspicuous or eminent. 
 
 flos, floris, m. A flower ; the 
 best part of anything. 
 
 f lumen, fnis, n. (/wo, to flow). 
 A river, stream. 
 
 fluxus, us, m. (flno, to flow). 
 A flowing, flow. 
 
 fcedSratus, a, um, part, nnd 
 adj. (fcedus). Allied, confeder- 
 ate. 
 
 feed us, eris t n. A league, treaty, 
 compact. 
 
 foedus, a, urn, adj. Foul, filthy, 
 ugly, detestable, abominable. 
 
 foils, fontis, m. A spring, foun- 
 tain. 
 
 tore and forem, equivalent 
 to futurus esse and essem, v. def. 
 To be. 
 
 f orensis, e, adj. (/drum). Of 
 or pertaining to the forum, or a 
 court of law. 
 
 f oris, is, more freq. in plur. 
 fdres, um, m. A door. 
 
 forma, ?, f. Form, stature, 
 size ; beauty. 
 
 formica, ce, f. An ant. 
 
 formo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (forma). To shape, fashion, form. 
 
 formosus, a, um, adj. (for /no). 
 Handsome, beautiful. 
 
 for sail, adv. (ellip. for fors, 
 sit, an}. It may be, perhaps. 
 
 forte, adv. (fors, chance). By 
 chance ; perhaps. 
 
 fortis, e, adj. (fero}. Brave, 
 valiant, strong, powerful; stout, 
 vigorous, manly. 
 
 fortiter, adv. (fortis). Bravely, 
 manfully ; strongly. 
 
 fortltiido, inis, f. (fortis). 
 Bravery, fortitude. 
 
 fortuito, adv. (forte). By 
 chance, accidentally. 
 
 fortuna, ce, f. (fors, chance). 
 Fortune, chance, luck ; the god- 
 dess of fortune. 
 
 forum , i, n. A market-place ; 
 court of justice. 
 
 f oveo, ere, fovi, fotum, v. tr. 
 To warm, keep warm : to ch ivsh. 
 
 franco, ere, fre ;i, fractnm, v. 
 tr. To break ; to impair, weak- 
 en ; to subdue, vanquish ; to dis- 
 couragc- 
 
 frater, tris, m. A brother. 
 
 fraus,/rawdw, f. Cheating, de- 
 ceit, fraud. 
 
222 
 
 FREGELL^E GARRULUS 
 
 Fregellse, arum, f. A city of 
 the Yolsci, in Latium. 
 
 fremo, ere, ui, itum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To murmur, rage. 
 
 frenum, i [pliir.freni and f re- 
 no], n. A bridle, curb, bit. 
 
 frequens, ntis, adj. Thronged, 
 crowded ; frequent. 
 
 frequenter, adv. (frequens). 
 Oft n, frequently. 
 
 frequento, are, avi t atum, v. 
 tr. (frequens). To frequent, visit 
 often. 
 
 fretus, a, urn, adj. Trusting to, 
 relying on. 
 
 frigid us, a, um, adj. (frigeo, 
 to be cold). Cold, cool. 
 
 frlgus, oris, n. Cold, winter. 
 
 frivolus, a, um, adj. Frivolous, 
 useless, trivial, vain. 
 
 frons, ntis, f. The brow ; ap- 
 pearance, ghnce, look. 
 
 fructus, us, m. (fruor). Fruit; 
 gain, profit, benefit. 
 
 frugalitas, atis, f. (frugalis, 
 frugal). Frugality ; moderation. 
 
 fruor, i, itus and fructus sum, 
 v. dep. To enjoy. 
 
 frustra, adv. (/raws). In vain, 
 to no purpose. 
 
 frustror, an', atus sum, v. dep. 
 (frustra). To disappoint, deceive. 
 
 frustum, i, n. A bit, morsel. 
 
 frutex, m,m. A shrub, thicket. 
 
 f ucus, i, m. A drone bee. 
 
 fuga, a, f. A fleeing, flight. 
 
 fu^ax, ads, adj. (fugio). Apt. 
 to flee, flying swiftly. 
 
 fugio, ere, fugi, filgUum, v. 
 intr. To flee, or fly ; to take to 
 flight ; to shun, avoid. 
 
 f u?ito, are, am, atum, v. tr. and 
 intr. (freq. offugio). To flee hur- 
 riedly, or in confusion. 
 
 f figo, are, art, atum, v. tr. (fu- 
 ffio). To put to flight ; to rout. 
 
 fulgeo, ere, fulsi, \. intr. To 
 flash, glitter, shine. 
 
 fund amentum, i, n. (fundo, 
 to found). A foundation, ground- 
 work, basis. 
 
 funditus, adv. (fundus, bot- 
 tom). From the very bottom ; by 
 the roots ; utterly. 
 
 fuiiclo, are, ari, atum, v. tr. 
 (fundus, bottom). To f ,11111 1, 
 build. 
 
 fundo, ere, fusi, fusum, v. tr. 
 To pour out, shed ; to overthrow, 
 beat, defeat, vanquish, rout. 
 
 funestus, a, um, adj. (fumis). 
 Fatal ; doleful, lamentable ; ca-* 
 lamitous. 
 
 fungor, i, nctus sum, v. dep. 
 To discharge, perform, execute. 
 
 funus, ens, n. A procession; 
 funeral procession ; funeral rites. 
 
 fur, furix, m. A thief. 
 
 Furius, i, m. L. Purpureo, a 
 Roman consul. 
 
 furor, oris, m. (furo, to rage). 
 Raging, rage, madness, fury. 
 
 furtim, adv. (fur). Secretly, 
 by stealth, 
 
 furtivus, a, um, adj. (fartum). 
 Secret, stealthy. 
 
 furtum, i, n. (fur). Theft. 
 
 fusus, a, um, part. See fundo. 
 
 f utilis, e, adj. (fundo). Vain, 
 worthless ; babbling. 
 
 futurus, a, um, part. See sum. 
 
 G. 
 
 Galli, drum, m. Priests of Cy- 
 bele. 
 
 Gallia, a, f. Gaul. 
 
 gallinaceus, a, um, ndj. (Cal- 
 lus, a cock). Pertaining to poul- 
 try ; pulltts, a poultry-cock. 
 
 ^arrulus, i, m. (garrio, to chat- 
 ter). A prattler. 
 
GAUDEO - GKAV1TEK 
 
 gaudeo, ere, garisus sum [par- 
 ticiples, gaudens, gacisus, gavisa- 
 rus], v. serai-dep. To rejoice in- 
 wardly. 
 
 gaudium, i, n. (gaudeo). Joy, 
 gladness. 
 
 gelu, us, m. Icy coldness, frost, 
 cold. 
 
 geminus, a, urn, adj. Twin- 
 born ; double, twofold. 
 
 Geminus, i, m. Cneius Servil- 
 ius, a Roman consul. 
 
 gemitus, us, m. (gemo, to 
 groan). Shriek, groan, cry. 
 
 gemmeus, n, um, adj. (gemma, 
 a gem). Sparkling like gems. 
 
 ge^ner, en, m. A son-in-law. 
 
 generosus, a, um, adj. (genus}. 
 Of no!)le b'rth, eminent. 
 
 genitor, om, in. (gigno). Fa- 
 ther, sire. 
 
 genitus, <7, tm, part. Sec gig- 
 no. 
 
 gens, geniis, f. (root GEN, 
 whence gigno}. That which be- 
 longs together by birth, or de- 
 scent ; a clan, race, nation. 
 
 geiiu, us, n. The knee. 
 
 genus, erisy n. Birth, descent, 
 race, origin ; noble birth ; man- 
 ner, style, kind, class. 
 
 gero, ere, gessi, gcstum, v. tr. 
 To bear, carry, wear, have; to 
 conduct, manage, carry on, trans- 
 act, wage ; rcm bene, to be success- 
 ful ; rem male, to be unsuccess- 
 ful. 
 
 gigno, ere, gSnui, genltum, v. 
 tr. To beget, bear, bring forth, 
 produce. 
 
 gladius, i, m. A sword. 
 
 glisco, ere, v. intr. To grow 
 up, rise up. 
 
 gloria, a, f, Glory, renown, 
 honor, fame. 
 
 glorior, an, atus sum, v. dep. 
 
 ! (gloria). To glory, boast, vaunt, 
 pride one's self on anything. 
 
 gloriosus, a, um, adj. (yld/ia}. 
 Glorious, famous, renowned. 
 
 gnarus, a, um. adj. (akin to 
 nosco). Knowing, acquainted with. 
 
 Gordium, i, n. A city of Great 
 Phrygia. 
 
 Gordius, i, m. A king of Gor- 
 diuin. 
 
 Gorgias, ?, m. One of Alex- 
 ander's < fficers. 
 
 Gortynii, drum, m. The in- 
 habitants of Gortyna, a city of 
 Crete. 
 
 Gracchus, i, m. Ti. Sempro- 
 nius, a Pwoman consul, slain by 
 Hannibal. 
 
 gracuSus, i, m. A jackdaw. 
 
 gradus, us, m. (gradior, to go). 
 A stop ; position, rank. 
 
 Gracci, orum, m. The Greeks. 
 
 Graecia, a, f. Greece. 
 
 Graecus, a, um, adj. (Grains). 
 Belonging to Greece, Greek. 
 
 Grajus, a, um, cidj. Grecian, 
 of or pertaining to Greece. 
 
 granum, i, n. A grain; small 
 seed, kernel. 
 
 grate, adv. (gratus). With 
 pleasure, willingly, thankfully. 
 
 gratia, ce, f. (grains). Favor, 
 esteem, influence, thinks, grati- 
 tude, return; gratia, abl., for the 
 sake of, 
 
 gratis, adv. (gratia). Freely. 
 
 gratulatio, onis, f. (grcitiilor, 
 to congratulate). Congratulation. 
 
 grat'is, a, um, adj. Grateful, 
 thankful ; beloved, dear, accepta- 
 ble, p'casing. 
 
 gravis, e, adj. Heavy, griev- 
 pus, great, pajnful, severe, impor- 
 tant. 
 
 graviter, adv. (graris). Heavi- 
 ly, severely, vehemently. 
 
224 
 
 GBAVO HISTER 
 
 gravo, are, an, alum, v. tr. 
 (gr^vis). To load heavily; to 
 burden. 
 
 grex, grZgis, m. A herd, flock. 
 
 Gr y oiuin, i , n. A fort in Phry- 
 gin. 
 
 grus, or gruis, z's, f. A crane. 
 
 gubernator, on's, m. (yilberno, 
 to steer). A pilot, steersman. 
 
 gula, >, f. The gullet, throat. 
 
 gusto, are, dvi, a^m, v. tr. (^W5- 
 ft, a tasting). To taste. 
 
 H. 
 
 habeo, ere, ui, itum, v. tr. To 
 have, possess ; to suppose ; to con- 
 sider, regard, esteem. 
 
 habtto, are, an, dtum, v. tr. and 
 intr. (freq. of habeo). To dwell ; 
 to inhabit. 
 
 habitus, iis, m. (habeo). Habit, 
 dress, attire; position, condition. 
 
 hac, adv. (abl. of hic t sc. via). 
 By this way. 
 
 Hadrumetum. See Adrume- 
 tum. 
 
 haereo, ere, hcpsi, hcesum, v. 
 intr. To stick fist. 
 
 Halicariiasius, a, um, adj. Of 
 Halicnrnassus. 
 
 Hamilcar, arts, m. A Car- 
 thaginian general, father of Han- 
 nibal. 
 
 Hannibal, alls, m. Hannibal. 
 
 Hamilton, or Ammon, dnis, 
 m. An appellation of Jupiter, 
 worshipped in Africa under the 
 form rf a ram. 
 
 Hasdrubal,or Astir fiba!,#s, 
 m. A C:irtliagini.m general. 
 
 hastlle, is, n. (hasta, a spear). 
 The shaft of a spear; spear, rod. 
 
 haud, adv, Not at all, not. 
 
 haustus, us, m. (haurio, to 
 draw). A drawing; draught. 
 
 Hellespontus, i, m. The Hel- 
 lespont, i. e., the Sea of Helle, 
 now the Dardanelles. 
 
 hedera, ce, f. Ivy. 
 
 hemerodrdmus, i, m. A post, 
 day-courier. 
 
 Hephaestion, dnis, m. A fa- 
 vorite general of Alexander the 
 Great. 
 
 herba, #, f. Grass, herbage. 
 
 Hercule, interj. By Hercules ! 
 
 Hercules, is, m. I. Heicules, 
 son of Jupiter and Alcmene. II. 
 Son of Alexander and Barsme. 
 
 hereditas, atis, f. (heres). An 
 inheritance. 
 
 heres, edis, m. and f. An heir, 
 heiress. 
 
 Hernia, and Hermes, a, m. 
 A statue of Mercury. 
 
 heros, ois, m. A demi-god, 
 hero. 
 
 heu, interj. 0! ah! alas! 
 
 heus, interj. Ho ! ho there ! 
 holloa ! 
 
 Hiacensanae, drum, m. The 
 Hiacensanaa. 
 
 hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron. 
 This, he, she, it. 
 
 hie, adv. (hie). Here, here- 
 upon. 
 
 hiems, emis, f. Winter. 
 
 hiiaritas, atis, f. (htfariS) 
 cheerful). Cheerfulness, mirth, 
 merriment. 
 
 hinc, adv. (hie). From this 
 place, hence ; from this cause. 
 
 Hipponicus, i, m. An Athe- 
 nian. 
 
 hircus, i, m. A he-goat/ 
 
 His pania, ce, f. Spain ; Citeri- 
 or, on this side of the Ebro ; Ulte- 
 rior, on the farther side ; hence, 
 frequently in the plural, as con- 
 sisting of two parts. 
 
 Hister. See Istc-r. 
 
HISTI^US ILLUDO 
 
 225 
 
 Histiaeiis, *', m. A native of 
 Miletus. 
 
 his tori a, <z, f. History ; story. 
 
 historlcus, i, m. An historian. 
 
 hodie, adv. (hoc, die). To-day. 
 
 hoed us, i, m. .A kid. 
 
 homo, ttiis, m. and f. in sense, 
 but m. only in construction (per- 
 haps from humus, earth). A man 
 or woman, a human being. 
 
 honestus, a, um, adj. (hdnor). 
 Honorable, respectable. 
 
 honor, or -os, oris, m. Honor, 
 respect, esteem ; public office. 
 
 horde um, i, n. Barley. 
 
 horreiidus, a, um, adj. (horreo, 
 to bristle). Dreadful, frightful. 
 
 hortor, an, dtus sum, v. dep. 
 To encourage, cheer, exhort; to 
 advise. 
 
 hortus, i, m. A garden. 
 
 hospes, itis, m. and f. A host; 
 guest ; stranger, foreigner. 
 
 hospitium, i, n. (hospes). 
 Friendship arising from mutual 
 hospitality ; an inn, place of lodg- 
 ing. 
 
 host ia, ce, f. (hostio, to strike). 
 A victim, sacrifice ; an animal sac- 
 rificed. 
 
 hostilis, e, adj. (hostis). Of 
 or belonging to an enemy, hos- 
 tile. 
 
 hostis, is, m. and f. An enemy ; 
 originally, a stranger. 
 
 hue, adv. (hie). Hither, to this, 
 to this place. 
 
 humaiutas, at is, f. (humanus). 
 Human nature, humanity, polite- 
 ness ;' learning. 
 
 human us, a, um, adj. (homo). 
 Of or belonging to man, human. 
 
 hiimilis, e, adj. (humus, earth). 
 Low, humble ; mean, poor. 
 
 hiimo, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 (humus, earth). To bury, inter. 
 
 15 
 
 hydrus, i, m. A water-snake. 
 
 Hyrcania, a, f. Hyrcania, a 
 country bordering on the Caspian 
 sea. 
 
 I. 
 
 ibi, adv. (is). There, in that 
 place ; then, thereupon. 
 
 Ico, &re, id, ictum, v. tr. To 
 strike; focdus, to make or con- 
 clude a treaty. 
 
 Idem, eadem, idem, dcm. 
 pron. (is, dem). The same. 
 
 identidem, adv. (Idem idem). 
 Repeatedly, several times over. 
 
 id-eo, adv. (is, lit. this for 
 this). For this reason, therefore. 
 
 Id one us, a, um, adj. Fit, prop- 
 er, suitable. 
 
 igitur, conj. Therefore, then, 
 accordingly. 
 
 ignarus, a, um, adj. (in, gna- 
 rus). Ignorant of a thing, not 
 knowing it. 
 
 ignis, is, m. Fire, lightning. 
 
 ignoro, are, dti, atum, v. tr. 
 (igndrus). Not to know, be igno- 
 rant of. 
 
 ignosco, 8re, novi, notum, v. tr. 
 (in, nosco). To pardon, over- 
 look. 
 
 ignotus, a, um, adj. (in, nosco). 
 Unknown ; not knowing, ignorant ; 
 strange. 
 
 Ilium, i, n. A poetical name 
 for Troja, Troy. 
 
 illacrimo, are, avi, atum, v. tr., 
 jind illacrlmor, ari, dtus sum, v. 
 dep. (in, Idcrtmo). To bewail, la- 
 ment. 
 
 ille, ilia, illud, dcm. pron. 
 That ; he, she, it. 
 
 illicio, 8re, lexi, lectum, v. tr. 
 (in, Idcio, to draw gently). To 
 entice, allure. 
 
 illudo, Sre, si, sum, v. tr. and 
 
226 
 
 ILLUSTRIS IMPERO 
 
 intr. (/>?, ludo). To make sport 
 of; to mock. 
 
 illustris, e, adj. (in, lustro). 
 Lighted up ; distinguished, fa- 
 mous, illustrious, conspicuous. 
 
 ilhistro, are, art, atum, v. tr. 
 (iffustris). To make light ; to 
 render famous, renowned, illustri- 
 ous ; to make clear or evident, il- 
 lustrate. 
 
 Illyricus, a, um, adj. (Ilhjrii). 
 Of, or belonging to, the Illyrians, 
 Illyrian. 
 
 Illyrii, drum, m. A people on 
 the Adriatic, in the modern Dal- 
 m.;tia and Albania. 
 
 imago, tnis, f. (root IM, whence 
 Imltor). An image, picture, like- 
 ness, representation. 
 
 imbellis. e, adj. (in, 'helium). 
 Unwarlikc, unfit for war. 
 
 imber, bris, m. Rain, pelting 
 or pouring rain. 
 
 Imitor, ari, atus sum, v. dcp. 
 (root IM, whence imago}. To im- 
 itate. 
 
 immanis, c, adj. (in, MA, 
 whence magnus). Huge, immense, 
 great ; loud. 
 
 immemor, 6ris, adj. (in, me- 
 mor). Unmindful, not thinking. 
 
 immereiis, ntis, adj. (in, 
 mereo, to deserve). Undeserv- 
 ing ; unworthy of punishment. 
 
 immisceo, ere, scui, xtum or 
 stum, v. tr. (in, misceo). To min- 
 gle? with. 
 
 immitto, 8re, misi, missum v. 
 tr. (in, mitto). To send, let, or 
 drive in, throw in ; to cnst at; se 
 immittere, to let one's self down 
 in ; to rush. 
 
 immodgratus, a, um, adj. (in, 
 mddSro, to moderate). Without ; 
 bounds or moderation, excessive, j 
 
 immdtlestia, ce, f. (in, modes- \ 
 
 tia). Want of modesty or moder- 
 ation ; insubordination. 
 
 immolo, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 (in, mnla, a sacrificial cake). To 
 sprinkle a victim with the salted 
 cake ; to offer in sacrifice ; to sac- 
 rifice. 
 
 immortalis, e, adj. (in, morta- 
 Its}. Deathless, undying, immor- 
 tal. 
 
 immunitas, atis, f. (immunis, 
 exempt). Freedom or exemption 
 from public burdens, services, or 
 charges ; immunity. 
 
 immutabilis, e, adj. (mutabllis, 
 changeable). Unchangeable, im- 
 mutable. 
 
 impatienter, adv. (impdtiens, 
 impatient). Impatiently, unwill- 
 ingly. 
 
 impedio, ire, ivi, itum, v. tr. 
 (in, pes). To entangle, encumber, 
 hinder. 
 
 impello, ere, pull, pulsum, v. tr. 
 (in, pello}. To drive or push for- 
 ward, impel ; to incite. 
 
 impeiuleo, ere, v. intr. (in,pen- 
 deo). To hang over, impend. 
 
 impensa, ce, f. (in, pendo). 
 Outlay, cost, expense. 
 
 impense, adv. (in, pendo). At 
 great cost. 
 
 imperator, oris, m. (impero). 
 A coinmander-in-chief, general- 
 issimo. 
 
 imperatum, i, n. (impero). The 
 command of a general ; peremp- 
 tory command. 
 
 imperitus, a, um, adj. (in, 
 peri'in, skilled). Unskilful, inex- 
 perienced. 
 
 imperium, i, n. (impero). Com- 
 mand, order, authority, sovereign- 
 ty, empire; military command, 
 sway, dominion. 
 
 impero, are, aui, atum, v. tr. 
 
IMPETRO INCOMMODUM 
 
 227 
 
 (in, pdro). To command, order, 
 rule over. 
 
 impetro, arc, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
 (in, pdtro, to bring to pass). To 
 obtain, accomplish; to procure, 
 get granted. 
 
 impetus, us, m. (in, peto). An 
 attack, assault ; vehemence. 
 
 impingo, ere, pegi, pactum, v. 
 tr. (in, pango, to fasten). To dash 
 against; to throw, cast. 
 
 impleo, ere, evi, etum, v. tr. 
 (in, pleo, obs., to fill). To fill up, 
 fill full. 
 
 impdno, ere, posui, pdsttum, v. 
 tr. (in, pdiw). To place or put 
 up m. 
 
 imprimis, adv. (in, primus). 
 In the first place, chiefly, espe- 
 cially. 
 
 . improbitas, dtis, f. (imprdbus). 
 Dishonesty, knavery. 
 
 imprdbus, a, urn-, adj. (in, 
 probus, upright). Wicked, base; 
 furi ms, ravenous, violent. 
 
 impiuilens, ntis, adj. (in, pru- 
 dens). Imprudent, inconsiderate. 
 
 imprudenter, adv. (Impru- 
 dens). Heedlessly, ignorantly. 
 
 imprudeutia. ce.(imprudens). 
 Want of knowledge or foresight; 
 imprudence, unskil fulness. 
 
 iin pud ens, ntis, adj. (in,pudet). 
 Shameless, impudent. 
 
 impudentia, ce, f. (impudent). 
 Sh.imelessness, impudence. 
 
 impugn o, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
 (in, pug no). To fight against ; to 
 attack. 
 
 impulsus, a, um, part. See 
 imp Mo. 
 
 impiine,adv. (in,pcena). With- 
 out punishment, with impunity. 
 
 imus, a, um, adj. See itiferus. 
 
 In, prep, with ace. and abl. 
 When joined w.tli the ace. it 
 
 means, into ; with the abl., in or 
 among. 
 
 inanis, e, adj. Empty, ground- 
 less, vain; fruitless; frivolous, in- 
 tign : 6cant. 
 
 isicassuni, adv. (in, cassus, kin. 
 with cdvus). In vain, vainly. 
 
 in-cautus, a, um, adj. (caveo). 
 Off one's guard, unwary. 
 
 ineendium, i, n. (incendo). 
 Fire, conflagration. 
 
 in-ceado, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 (ca-ndeo, to light). To set on fire, 
 kindle, burn ; to inflame. 
 
 inceptum, i, n. (incipio}. A 
 beginning, undertaking. 
 
 in-certus, a, um, adj. Uncer- 
 tain. 
 
 inchoo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To begin, commence. 
 
 in-cldo, ere, cldi, casum, v. intr. 
 (cddo). To f.dl into or upon ; to 
 fall in with ; to meet ; to happen, 
 occur. 
 
 in-cldo, ere, cldi, cisum, v. tr. 
 (cccdo). To cut, carve, engrave. 
 
 in-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. 
 tr. (cdpio). To begin, attempt. 
 
 in-cito, are, aci, dtum, v. tr. 
 To set in rapid motion ; to rouse, 
 excite, spur on. 
 
 inclltus, and -ytus, a, um, adj. 
 Celebrated, renowned, famous, il- 
 lustrious. 
 
 in-cognitus, a, um, adj. (cog- 
 nosco). Unknown, unheard of. 
 
 incola, <e, m. (incdlo). An in- 
 habitant. 
 
 in -col o, 8re, cdlui, v. tr. To in- 
 habit. 
 
 in-columis, e, adj. (obs. adj. 
 cdlamis, cddo, whence cd/dmlt-is). 
 Unimpaired, safe, sound, entire, 
 uninjured. 
 
 in-commodum, i, n. Disad- 
 vantage, loss, inconvenience. 
 
228 
 
 INCONVENIENS - INFERUS 
 
 in-conveniens, -ientis, adj. 
 (convenio). Not accordant, un- 
 suitable, dissimilar. 
 
 in-credibilis, e, adj. (credo). 
 Incredible, not to be believed, ex- 
 traordinary. 
 
 in-crepo, are, avi, dtum, and 
 ui, Uiim, v. tr. (crepo, to rattle). 
 To chide, rebuke, blame. 
 
 in-cresco, ere, crevi, v. intr. 
 To grow, increase. 
 
 in-cunabula, drum, n. (ounce, 
 a cradle). Birth-place, cradle. 
 
 inde, adv. (?.<?). From that 
 place, thence ; then, thereupon. 
 
 in-decorus, a, um, adj. (decor, 
 comeliness). Unbecoming, un- 
 seemly, shameful. 
 
 India, <z>, f. India, a country 
 extending from the Indus to Chi- 
 na. 
 
 indicium, i, n. (index, the 
 pointer). Information, discovery, 
 disclosure, sign, mark. 
 
 indico, are, dii, dtum, v. tr. 
 (index, the pointer). To show, 
 point out. 
 
 in-dieo, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. To 
 declare, proclaim ; to denounce. 
 
 indidem, adv. (inde, idem). 
 From the same place. 
 
 indlgeo, ere, ui, v. intr. (in, 
 ecjeo, to be in want). To want, 
 stand in need of. 
 
 indignatio, onis, f. (indignor). 
 Displeasure, indignation. 
 
 indigne, adv. (indignus). With 
 displeasure. 
 
 in-dignor, an, dtus sum, v. 
 dcp. (indignus). To be angry or 
 displeased at. 
 
 in-tlivrmis, a, um, adj. Un- 
 worthy, undeserving. 
 
 iii-dolesco, ere, ddlui, no su- 
 pine, v. intr. (incep. of doleo). To 
 begin to feel pain ; to ache. 
 
 in-dubitatus, a, um, adj. (du- 
 btto). Undoubted, certain. 
 
 in-duco, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. 
 To bring in or to a place; to 
 spread over, overlay ; to per- 
 suade. 
 
 indulgentia, a, f. (indulgens, 
 indulgent). Indulgence, gentle- 
 ness. 
 
 in-duro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (durus). To make hard, harden. 
 
 Indus, i, m. The river Indus. 
 
 Indus, a, um, adj. (India). Of, 
 or belonging to, India, Indian ; 
 subs., Indi, drum, m. The inhab- 
 itants of India, Indians. 
 
 industria, ce, f. Diligence, as- 
 siduity, industry. 
 
 inedia, , f. (in, edo). A not 
 eating, abstaining from food, fast- 
 ing, hunger. 
 
 in-eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum, v. intr. 
 To go into, enter upon, begin ; 
 consilium, to form a scheme or 
 resolution ; gratiam, to obtain fa- 
 vor. 
 
 inermis, e, and -mus, a, um, 
 adj. (in, arma). Unarmed, with- 
 out weapons, defenceless. 
 
 iners, rtis, adj. (in, ars). Pow- 
 erless, feeble, helpless; idle, lazy. 
 
 infamia, ce, f. (infdmis). Ill 
 report, ill fame, disgrace, infamy, 
 dishonor. 
 
 inf amis, e, adj. (in,fdma). In- 
 famous, disgraceful. 
 
 infamo, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. 
 (infdmis). To defame, slander. 
 
 ill-fans, ntis, m. and f. (for, 
 to speak). That which cannot 
 speak, an infant. 
 
 iiifectus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (in,fdcio). Not done, unfinished. 
 
 in-felix, ids, adj. (fe'ix, hap- 
 py). Unhappy, wretched. 
 
 inf erus, a, um ; comp. inferior, 
 
INFERIOR INQUINO 
 
 229 
 
 sup. infimus or Imus ; adj. What 
 is below, the lower ; subs., infen 
 (sc. dii). The gods below. 
 
 inferior, ius, gen. or is, adj. 
 comp. of inferus. Lower. 
 
 in-fero, ferre, tuli, illdtum, v. 
 irr. To carry in, bring to a place , 
 to bring; to bury ; inferre bellum, 
 to make war upon. 
 
 infestus, a, um, adj. (in,fendo, 
 to ward off ). Hostile, inimical. 
 
 in-fldus, a, um, adj. Not to 
 be trusted, faithless, treacherous- 
 
 infimus, a, um. See inferus. 
 
 iiifirmltas, dtis, f. (infirmus). 
 Want of strength, weakness. 
 
 in-flrmus, a, um, adj. (firmus, 
 firm). Weak, feeble ; fickle. 
 
 infitias, f. used only in the 
 ace. plur. and always joined with 
 ire (in, fateof). A denial ; ire in- 
 fitias, to deny. 
 
 infitior, dri, dtus sum, v. dep. 
 (infitias}. To deny. 
 
 in-flo, are, act, dtum, v. tr. To 
 blow into or upon; to blow up, 
 inflate. 
 
 in-flno, ere, xi, xum, v. intr. 
 (fl.uo, to flow). To flow or run into. 
 
 infuSa, a, f. A band, fiilet. 
 
 in -fun do, 2re, fudi, fusum, v. 
 tr. To pour in, into, or upon. 
 
 in-fusco, are, aci, dtum, v. tr. 
 (ftiscus, d-irk). To darken, ob- 
 scure, sully, stain, tarnish. 
 
 in-gemo, ere, ui, v. tr. and intr. 
 (gemo, to groan). To groan at ; to 
 xnnan over, lament, bewail. 
 
 inueiiium, i, n. (in, gigno). 
 Innate or natural quality ; talents, 
 ability, genius, capacity. 
 
 ingens, ntis, sup. wanting, adj. 
 (in, not, and root GEN). Huge, 
 vast, great, monstrous. 
 
 in-gero, ere, gessi, gestum, v. 
 tr. To carry into; se ingerere, 
 
 to betake one's self, or rush, to a 
 place. 
 
 ingratiis, abl. as adv. (in, gra- 
 tia) . In spite of; against one's 
 will. 
 
 in-gratus, a, tim, adj. Un- 
 grateful. 
 
 in-gredior, i, essus sum, v.dep. 
 (gradior, to go). To go into; to 
 enter. 
 
 In-imicus, i t m. (dmicus). An 
 enemy. 
 
 in-imlcus, a, um, adj. (amicus). 
 Unfriendly, hostile. 
 
 initio, are, dvi, dtum, v. tr. 
 (inttium). To begin; to initiate, 
 consecrate. 
 
 Initiuni, *, n. (ineo). A begin- 
 ning. 
 
 in-jicio, e"re,jeci, jectum. v. tr. 
 (jacio). To throw in ; to inspire, 
 infuse. 
 
 injuria, ee, f. (in, jus). Injury, 
 wrong ; damage. 
 
 in juste, adv. (injustus). Un- 
 justly, wrongfully. 
 
 iii-justus, a, um, adj. Unjust; 
 cruel. 
 
 in-iiocens, ntis, adj. Innocent, 
 harmless. 
 
 innocentia, ce, f. (inndcens). 
 Innocence, integrity. 
 
 in-notesco, ere, ui,\. intr. (in- 
 cep. of nosco). To become known 
 or noted. 
 
 in-noxius, a, um, adj. (noxivs, 
 harmful). Harmless, innocent. 
 
 inopia, ce, f. (Inops). Want, 
 indigence, poverty. 
 
 in-ops, opis, adj. Helpless; 
 needy, poor. 
 
 inprimis. See imprimis. 
 
 i n q n am, or inquio, is, it, v. 
 def. To say. 
 
 itiquino, are, avi, dtwn, v. tr. 
 To befoul, defile. 
 
230 
 
 INSCIENS INTERCLUDO 
 
 in-sciens, ntis, adj. (scio). Not 
 knowing, ignorant. 
 
 inscientia, &, f. (insciens). Ig- 
 norance, unskil fulness. 
 
 in-scius, a, urn, adj. {scio). Not 
 knowing, ignorant; unawares. 
 
 in-scribo, ere, psi, ptum, v. tr. 
 To inscribe, mark. 
 
 in-sequor, i, cutus sum, v. dep. 
 To follow after. 
 
 in-sero, ere, ui, turn, v. tr. 
 (sero, to join). To put, bring, or 
 introduce into ; to insert. 
 
 in-servio, ire, iri, itum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To serve, attend to. 
 
 iiisidise, arum, f. (in, sedeo). 
 An ambush, ambuscade ; sn ires. 
 
 insidior, dri, atns sum, v. dcp. 
 (insldice). To lie in wait. 
 
 insignis, e, adj. (in, signuni). 
 Distinguished by a mark, remark- 
 able, prominent, distinguished. 
 
 in-sllio, ire, ui or ii, su'tum, v. 
 intr. (scilio). To leap upon. 
 
 in-sdlens, ntis, adj. (sdleo). In- 
 solent, proud, conceited. 
 
 insolentia, <z, f. (insdlens). A 
 not being accustomed to a thing ; 
 insolence, haughtiness, disdain. 
 
 in -sol it us, a, um, adj. (soleo). 
 Unaccustomed, unusual, strange. 
 
 iii-splcio, ere, exi, ectum, v. tr. 
 (spec.io, to look). To look into. 
 
 instauro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To renew, celebrate anew. 
 
 in-* tin 2:110, ere, nxi, nctum, v. 
 tr. (stinguo, to quench). To in- 
 stigate, incite. 
 
 in-stitao, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 (stcituo). To place into ; to begin, 
 institute ; to appoint, ordain ; to 
 resolve. 
 
 institutum, i t n. (instltuo). A 
 purpose, mode of life, manners, 
 instirution. 
 
 iti-hto, are, stlti, stltum and 
 
 statum, v. intr. To press on, 
 urge ; to be at hand, impend. 
 
 instriimentum, ?, n. (fnstnin). 
 An implement of any kind; in- 
 strument. 
 
 in-struo, ere, uxi, ctum, \. tr. 
 (struo, to pile up). To furnish 
 with necessaries ; to prepare ; to 
 draw up ; to equip, build. 
 
 in-suetus, a, um, adj. (sucsco, 
 to be wont). Unaccustomed, un- 
 wonted, unusual. 
 
 in siil a, ce, f. An island. 
 
 iii-suni, esse, fid, V. in*. To 
 be in or within. 
 
 integer, (jra, grum, adj. (in, 
 tungo). Untouched, unhurt, fresh; 
 ex inteyro, anew, airesh. 
 
 iiiteliigo, ere, lexi, lectum, v. 
 tr. (inter, lego}. To understand, 
 be sensible of; to know. 
 
 in-temperans, -ntis, adj. (tern- 
 | pero). Intemperate, violent. 
 
 intemperanter, adv. (intem- 
 perans). Immoderately. 
 
 iiitemperautia, ce, f. (intern- 
 perans). Intemperance, violence. 
 
 in-temperies, ei, f. (tempero). 
 Intemperateness, intemperance. 
 
 in-tempestive, adv. (tempus). 
 Unseasonably, in an untimely 
 manner. 
 
 in-tendo, ere, di, turn and sum, 
 v. tr. To direct ; to turn ; to 
 stretch, strain. 
 
 in-tento, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (tendo}. To ihreaten. 
 
 inter, prep, usually with two 
 sing, accusatives or a plural ace. 
 Between, among, at. 
 
 inter-cldo, ere, cidi, cisum, v. 
 tr. (ccedo}. To cut asunder; to 
 cut down. 
 
 inter-cliido, ere, clusi, clusum, 
 v. tr. (claudo). To cut off; to 
 stop, hinder. 
 
INTEKDICO INVICTUS 
 
 231 
 
 iuter-dico, ere, dixi, dictum, 
 v. tr. To forbid. 
 
 interdictum, i, n. (interdico). 
 Prohibition. 
 
 inter-diu, adv. In the day 
 time. 
 
 inter-dum, adv. Sometimes, 
 in the mean time. 
 
 inter-ea, adv. (is). Meanwhile, 
 in the mean time. 
 
 inter-eo, ire, ivi (ii), ttum, v. 
 irr. To perish, die, be lost. 
 
 interfector, oris, m. (inter- 
 flow). A slayer, murderer. 
 
 inter-f Icio, ere, fed, fcctum, 
 v. tr. (facio). To slay, kill, mur- 
 der, destroy. 
 
 inter-im, adv. (-z'm, for eum). 
 Meanwhile, in the mean time: 
 
 iiiter-imo, ere, eini, emptmn, v. 
 tr. (emo). To take away ; to kill. 
 
 interior, ius, gen. dm; sup. 
 intlmus, adj. (inter). Inner, inte- 
 rior. 
 
 interltus, us, m. (intereo). De- 
 struction, ruin, death. 
 inter-jieio, ere, jeci, jectum, 
 v. tr. (jddo). To throw between. 
 
 inter-mitto, ere, mist, missum, 
 v. tr. and intr. To leave off; to 
 discontinue. 
 
 inter-necivus, a, urn, adj. 
 (nex). Deadly, murderous, de- 
 structive. 
 
 inter-nuntius, i, m. A mes- 
 senger th.it goes between two par- 
 ties ; a go-between. 
 
 inter-pono, ere, pdsui, p6st- 
 tum, v. tr. To put in or between ; 
 to interpose, allege. 
 
 interro-fitio, onis, f. (interrd- 
 go). A questioning, interrogation. 
 
 inter-rogo, arc, art, atum, v. 
 tr. To ask, inquire. 
 
 in-tgro, ere, trivi, tritum, v. tr. 
 (tSro, to rub). To bruise, mince. 
 
 inter-sero, ere, ui, rtum, v. tr. 
 (sero, to join). To insert; to al- 
 lege. 
 
 inter-sum, esse, fui, v. irr. To 
 be present; to engage, take part 
 in ; to differ. 
 
 inter- vesiio, ire, reni, xcntum, 
 v. intr. To come between, inter- 
 pose ; to hinder, prevent. 
 
 interventus, us, in. (intcrre- 
 nio). A coming between, inter- 
 vention. 
 
 ijitimus, a, urn, sup. of inferior, 
 adj. Innermost, inmost, fimilnr. 
 
 intra, prep, with ncc. (inter a, 
 sc. parto). In the middle, within. 
 
 intritus, a, um, part. See in- 
 ter o. ' 
 
 intro, arc, ari, atum, v. tr. (in- 
 tra). To go or walk into, enter. 
 
 intro-eo, ire, ivi (ii), Uum, v. 
 irr. (intro, within). To go in or 
 into ; to enter. 
 
 iiitroitus, us, m. (introeo). An 
 entrance. 
 
 in-tueor, eri, tuttus or utus 
 sum, v. dep. To look into, exam- 
 ine; to consider, reg.ird; to see, 
 behold. 
 
 In-iitllis, e, adj. Useless, un- 
 serviceable 1 , unprofitable, hurtful. 
 
 in-vado, ere, si, sum, v. intr. 
 To come into; to rush upon, as- 
 sail, assault, attack; to seize, take 
 possession of. 
 
 in-vgho, Sre, vexi, rectum, v. tr. 
 To carry or bear into a place ; 
 to import, carry in; to inveigh 
 against. Pass. To ride, sail, fly 
 to a place. 
 
 in-v6nio, ire, reni, ventum, v. 
 tr. To find, discover, invent. 
 
 in-vicem, adv. (rlcis). P.y 
 turns, one after another. 
 
 in-victus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (vinco). Unconquered, invincible. 
 
232 
 
 INVIDIA JANUA 
 
 invldia, <c, f. (in, vfdeo). En- 
 vy, spite, hatred, odium, ill-will ; 
 evil report. 
 
 invidiose, adv. (invidiosus). 
 Invidiously, odiously. 
 
 invidiosus, a, urn, adj. (mrr- 
 dia). Full of envy, hateful, odi- 
 ous. 
 
 in-violatus, a, u?n, part, and 
 adj. (ridlo). Inviolate, unhurt. 
 
 in vis us, a, urn, adj. (in, video). 
 Odious, hated, detested. 
 
 iiivlto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 invite ; to entertain. 
 
 invitus, a, urn, adj. Unwilling, 
 reluctant. 
 
 in-vocatiis, a, urn, (voco), adj. 
 Uninvited, unbidden. 
 
 in-volvo, ere, vi, utum, v. tr. 
 (ro/ro, to roll). To roll to, or upon ; 
 to wrap up in, envelop. 
 
 lollas, a, m. A son of Antipa- 
 ter. one of the conspirators against 
 Alexander. 
 
 Idnes, urn, m. lonians. 
 
 Ionia, &, f. A country in Asia 
 Minor, between 2E61is and Caria. 
 
 ipse, a, um, dcm. pron. (is, and 
 tho affix -pse). Himself, herself, 
 itself; he, she, it ; just. 
 
 Ira, &, f. Anger, wrath, rage. 
 
 iracunde, adv. (iracundus). 
 Angrily, passionately. 
 
 iracimdus, a, um, adj. (zra). 
 Angry, wrathful, passionate 
 
 irascor, i, atus sum, .v. dep. 
 (ira). To be angry, be in a pas- 
 si ;!1. 
 
 Iratus, a, nm, part. See irascor. 
 
 irrideo, ere, risi, risum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (in,rideo). To laugh at; 
 to mock, ridicule, hi ugh to scorn. 
 
 irrisfo, are,avi, atum,\.tr. (in, 
 rlc/o, to water). To draw or con. 
 duct water, or anything liquid, to 
 a place ; to water, irrigate. 
 
 irrlto, are, aui, atum, v. tr. 
 To excite, irritate, provoke, anger, 
 enrage. 
 
 irritus, a, um, adj. (in, rfltus, 
 reor). Not ratified ; vain, of no 
 effect. 
 
 is, ea, id, dem. pron. He, 
 she, it ; this, that ; such. 
 
 iste, a, ud, dem. pron. (is, -te). 
 This, that. 
 
 Ister, or Hister, tri, m. The 
 name which the Danube takes, 
 from the Savus to its mouth. 
 Ita, adv. (is, -ta). So, thus. 
 
 Italia, a, f. Italy. 
 
 Ita-que, conj. And so, and 
 thus; therefore. 
 
 item, adv. (is). Also, likewise, 
 after the same manner. 
 
 iter, itineris, n. (eo). A jour- 
 ney, march ; a road. 
 
 Iterate, adv. (itero, to repeat). 
 Again, once more. 
 
 iterurn, adv. (is, with compara- 
 tive suffix). Again, the second 
 time. 
 
 j. 
 
 jaceo, ere, cm, cttum, v. intr. 
 (jacio). To be thrown or cast 
 down; to lie. 
 
 jacio, ere,jeci,jactum, v. tr. To 
 throw, cast. 
 
 jacto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (freq. of jacio). To throw, c:sst; 
 to throw out ; to toss to and fro ; 
 to say, boast. 
 
 jaculum, i, n. (jacio). A jave- 
 lin, dart. 
 
 jam, adv. Now, at the time, al- 
 ready; jam-jam or jamjam, just 
 now, already. 
 
 jam-pridem, adv. Already, a 
 long time ago. 
 
 janua, ce, f. (Janus, the sun- 
 god). A gate, entrance. 
 
JE JUNUS LACUS 
 
 233 
 
 jejunus, a, um, adj. Fasting, 
 hungry ; poor, mean, insignificant. 
 
 jocor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (jdcus). To jest, joke. 
 
 jocularis, e, adj. (jdcus). Fa- 
 cetious, laughable, droll, mcny. 
 
 jdcus, i. m., plur.jdci smdjo'ca, 
 drum, m, and n. A joke, jest. 
 
 jiibeo, ere,jussi,jussum, v. tr. 
 To order, command, charge, tell, 
 bid ; to ratify, decree. 
 
 jucundus, a, urn, adj. (jdcus). 
 Pleasant, agreeable, delightful. 
 
 judex, ids, m. and f. (judico). 
 A judge. 
 
 judicium, ", n. (judex). A 
 judgment, opinion. 
 
 judico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (jus, dico). To judge, decide, give 
 sentence. 
 
 jugum, i, n. (jungo). A yoke ; 
 a bond of slavery. 
 
 jungo, ere, junxi, junctttm, v. 
 tr. To yoke ; to join together. 
 
 junior, comp. of juvenis. 
 
 Juno, dnis t f. The goddess Ju- 
 no, daughter of Saturn, sister and 
 wife of Jupiter. 
 
 Jupiter, Jdvis, m. Jupiter, son 
 of Saturn, brother and husband 
 of Juno, the chief god among the 
 Romans. 
 
 jurgium, *, n. (jurgo, to quar- 
 rel). Strife, dispute, contention. 
 
 juro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (jus). 
 To take an oath, swear; to conspire. 
 
 jus, juris, n. (akin to jiibeo). 
 Right, law. 
 
 j u s-j ur a nd urn , jurisjurandi,n. 
 (juro). An oath. 
 
 justitia, CB, f. (Justus). Justice. 
 
 Justus, a, um, adj. (jus). Just, 
 honest, lawful, proper. 
 
 juvencus, i, m. (juvSn/s). A 
 young bullock, a steer. 
 
 , e, comp. junior, sup. 
 
 supplied by minimus natu, adj. 
 Young, youthful. Subs. A young 
 person, a young man. 
 
 juventus, utis, f. (juvtnis). 
 The age of youth. 
 
 juxta, prep, with ace. (jungo)* 
 Near to, nigh, according to. 
 
 L, 
 
 L., abbrev. of Lucius. 
 
 Labeo, onis, m. Quintus Fa- 
 bius, a Roman consul. 
 
 labor, dm, m. Labor, toil; 
 distress. 
 
 laboriosus, a, um, adj. (labor). 
 Laborious, toiling. 
 
 laboro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (labor). To work at; 
 to toil, labor. 
 
 Lacedaemon, dnis, f. Lace- 
 dsemon, called likewise Sparta, the 
 capital of Laconia, a country of 
 the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Lace daemon ius, a, um, adj. 
 (Ldcedcemon). Lacedemonian, 
 Spartan. Subs. Lacedcemonii, 
 drum, m. The Lacedaemonians, 
 Spartans. 
 
 lacero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (Idcer, mangled). To tear in pieces ; 
 to mangle. 
 
 lacertus, i. m. The upper arm, 
 the arm. 
 
 lacesso, &re, Im (it), Hum, v. tr. 
 (intens. of lacio, to entice). To 
 excite, provoke, attack, assail ; to 
 plague, vex, annoy. 
 
 Laco, or Lacon, onis, m. An 
 inhabitant of Laconia, a country 
 in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 lacrima, ce, f. A tear. 
 
 lacrimo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (Idcrima). To shed tears; to 
 weep. 
 
 lacus, us, m. A lake. 
 
234 
 
 L2EDO LEO 
 
 laedo, ere, fast, Icrsum, v. tr. To 
 .injure, harm, hurt, vex. 
 
 laetitia, cc, f. (fetus). Joy, glad- 
 ness, pleasure, delight, mirth. 
 
 Isetor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (fetus). To rejoice. 
 
 laetus, a, urn, adj. Joyful, cheer- 
 ful. 
 
 laevus, a, um, adj. Left, on the 
 left hand ; (by the Greeks in tak- 
 ing omens), unlucky ; (by the Ro- 
 mans), lucky. 
 
 lagona, ce, f. A flask, flagon, 
 bottle. 
 
 Lamachus, *, m. An Athe- 
 nian general. 
 
 lambo, ere, bi, bttum, v. tr. To 
 lick, lap, taste. 
 
 Lamprus, f, m. A Greek mu- 
 sician. 
 
 Lamp sac us, i, f., or -um, , n. 
 A town in Mysia, on the Helles- 
 pont. 
 
 laniger, ggri, m. (tana, wool, 
 gero). The wool-bearer, sheep. 
 
 lanius, i, m. (Idnio, to tear to 
 pieces). A butcher. 
 
 lapideus, a, um, adj. (lapis). 
 Of stone. 
 
 lapis, tdis, m. A stone. 
 
 laqueus, i, m. A noose, snare. 
 
 Lar, &ris, plur. Lares, um and 
 turn, m. Tutelar . deities, house- 
 hold gods, Lares. 
 
 largitio, otiisj f. (largior, to 
 give bountifully). Liberality, 
 prodigality; bribery. 
 
 largus, a, um, adj. Bountiful, 
 plentiful, abundant. 
 
 late, adv. (lotus). Far and 
 wide. 
 
 lateo, ere, w, v. intr. To lie 
 hid or concealed. 
 
 latro, onis, m. A robber, high- 
 wayman. 
 
 latus, a, um } adj. Broad, large. 
 
 laudafclSis, e, adj. (la-ido). 
 Praiseworthy, commendable. 
 
 laudo, arc, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (laus). To praise, commend, culo- 
 izc. 
 
 laurea, as, f. (hureus, sc. ar- 
 bor). The laurel tree. 
 
 laureus, a, um, adj., (laurus, 
 laurel). Of -laurel. 
 
 laus, laudis, f. Praise, glory, 
 fame, renown ; merit. 
 
 laxo, are, avi, atum, v.tr. (laxus, 
 loose). To loosen, slacken, re- 
 lax. 
 
 lectica, P, f. (lectus, a couch). 
 A couch, sedan. 
 
 lector, 5m, m. (fego). A reader. 
 
 lectus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (lego). Chosen, selected ; choice, 
 excellent. 
 
 iegatio, onis, f. (lego). An 
 embassy. 
 
 legatus, i, m. (lego). Embas- 
 sador, deputy. 
 
 legltimus, a, um, adj. (lex). 
 Lawful, just. 
 
 lego, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (lex). 
 To send with a commission ; to 
 appoint as deputy. 
 
 lego, ere, legi, lectum, v. tr. 
 To collect ; to choose out from a 
 number; to pick out, select; to 
 read. 
 
 Leimiii, drum, m. Inhabitants 
 of Lemnos. 
 
 Lemnos, or -us, i, f. An is- 
 land in the north of the .flSgean. 
 
 lenis, e, adj. Soft, smooth, 
 mild, gentle. 
 
 leniter, adv. (Ignis). Calmly, 
 slowly, gently. 
 
 lenocinium, i, n. (leno, a pan- 
 der). Allurement, enticement. 
 
 lentus, a, um. adj. Pliable, sup- 
 ple ; slow, lingering. 
 
 leo, onis, m. A lion. 
 
LEOXIDAS LOCUS 
 
 235 
 
 Leonidas, <r, m. A king of 
 Sparta. 
 
 Leuctricus, a, um, adj. Of 
 Leuctra, a town in Bccotia. 
 
 levis, e, adj. Light; nimble, 
 swift; slight, trivial ; tickle. 
 
 levo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (iSvis). 
 To make lighter ; to lighten, les- 
 sen, mitigate ; to lift up, raise ; 
 dor so, to take on the back. 
 
 lex, legis, f. (lego). A law, 
 statute, ordinance ; condition. 
 
 libameutum, i, n. (libo, to 
 pour out). A drink-offering, a li- 
 bation. 
 
 Hbellus, i, m. (dim. of tiber}. 
 A little book. 
 
 libenter, or lubenter, adv. 
 (llbet}. Willingly. 
 
 Liber, eri, m. (liber}. An old 
 Italian deity, who presided over 
 planting and fructification ; in late 
 Latin, a name of Bacchus. 
 
 liber, era, erum, adj. (llbet}. 
 Free, frank, unrestrained. 
 
 liber, bri, m. The inner bark, 
 rind of a tree ; book. / 
 
 Hberalis, e, adj. (liber}. Liber- 
 al, becoming a gentleman ; boun- 
 tiful, generous. 
 
 Hberalltas, atis, f. (HbSralis). 
 Liberality, bounty, generosity. 
 
 libere, adv. (liber). Freely, 
 frankly, liberally. 
 
 liberi,on*m [sing, rarely used], 
 m. Children (freeborn). 
 
 libero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (li- 
 ber). To free, make free ; to de- 
 liver, let go. 
 
 libertas, atis, f. (liber). Free- 
 dom, liberty. 
 
 llbet, ere, nit and ifum est, v. 
 impers. It pleases, is agreeable. 
 
 Ilbidlnosus, a, um, adj. (libi- 
 do, lust). Lustful, sensual, capri- 
 cious. 
 
 licentia, #, f. (licet). Excess 
 of liberty, lawlessness, license; 
 licentiousness. 
 
 licet, ere, cult and citum est, v. 
 impers. It is allowable, allowed, 
 or permitted. 
 
 ligneus, a, um, adj. (lignum}. 
 Wooden, made of wood. 
 
 lignum, *', n. A stick of wood. 
 
 ligo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 bind. 
 
 Ligus, or Ligur, tiris, m. A 
 native of Liguria, a Ligurian. 
 
 lima, ce, f. A file. 
 
 lime n, inis, n. A threshold, 
 sill ; door, entrance ; house, dwell- 
 ing. 
 
 limus, i, m. Slime, mud. 
 
 lingua, a, f. A tongue ; lan- 
 guage. 
 
 linquo, ere, liqui, v. tr. To 
 leave, quit, forsake. 
 
 liquidus, a, um, adj. (llqueo, to 
 be fluid). Flowing, clear, trans- 
 parent, liquid, thin. 
 
 liquor, 6m, m. (llqueo, to be 
 fluid). Fluidity; fluid, liquor, 
 water. 
 
 Us, litis, f. Strife, controversy ; 
 a lawsuit, fine imposed by law. 
 
 litera, or littera, a, f. (lino, 
 to besmear). A letter of the al- 
 phabet. PJur. llten <z, arum, f. A 
 letter, an epistle ; literature, learn- 
 ing, letters. 
 
 litoralis, e, adj. (litus). Of or 
 belonging to the sea-shore. 
 
 litus, or littus, dris, n. The 
 sea-shore, coast, beach. 
 
 locfipleto, are, avi,atum,v. tr. 
 (Idcuples, rich). To enrich, make 
 rich. 
 
 locus, t, m. [Plnr. Idci, drum, 
 m. single places; Idea, drum, n. 
 places connected with one anoth- 
 er, regions.] Place, rank, position. 
 
286 
 
 LONGE MAGIS 
 
 longe, adv. (longtis). Far, far 
 off, at a distance. 
 
 longinquus, a, um, adj. (lon- 
 gus). Far off, distant ; long. 
 
 longitudo, inis, f. (longus). 
 The length. 
 
 Longus, f, m. Tiberius, a Ro- 
 man consul. 
 
 lonsrus, a, urn, adj. Long; last- 
 ing, tedious. 
 
 loquor, i, cutus and quutus sum, 
 v. dep. To speak, say, tell; to 
 talk, converse. 
 
 loramentum, i, n. (lorum). A 
 thong. 
 
 lorum, i, n. A thong ; a bri- 
 dle, reins. 
 
 Lucani, drum, m. The Luca- 
 nians, a people in lower Italy. 
 
 lucerna, <z, f. (luceo, to shine). 
 A lamp, candle. 
 
 luctor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 To wrestle, struggle. 
 
 luctus, us, m. (lugeo). Sorrow- 
 mourning, lamentation. 
 
 lucus, i, m. A wood, grove. 
 
 ludo, 8re, si, sum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To play, sport, frolic. 
 
 Indus, t, m. (ludo). A play, 
 game ; diversion, sport ; a public 
 game, show, spectacle. 
 
 lugeo, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To mourn, lament. 
 
 lumen, inis, n. (for luctmen, 
 from luceo, to shine). Light. 
 
 luo, ere, lui, v. tr. To wash ; to 
 cleanse, atone for ; to pay (a debt) ; 
 to suffer (a punishment). 
 
 lupus, i, m. A wolf. 
 
 luscinius, i, m. A nightingale. 
 
 lustro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (lustrum, an expiatory offering). 
 To purify by means of a propitia- 
 tory offering ; to go round, wan- 
 der over, traverse, go through, 
 visit. 
 
 lusus, m, m. (ludo). Sport, 
 play. 
 
 lux, lucis, f. (luceo, to shine). 
 Light ; daylight, day. 
 
 luxuria, <K, f. (luxus). Luxury, 
 riotous living. 
 
 luxitriose, adv. (luxuridsus). 
 Luxuriously. 
 
 luxuridsus, a, urn, adj. (luxu- 
 ria). Profuse, luxurious. 
 
 luxus, us, m. Excess, luxury, 
 debauchery. 
 
 Lycus, i, m. The father of 
 Thrasybulus. 
 
 lympha, tc, f. Water, especially 
 pure or spring water. 
 
 Lyncestes, #?, m. A Lynces- 
 tian ; an inhabitant of Lyncestis, 
 in Macedonia. 
 
 Lysander, dri, m. A cele- 
 brated Spartan general. 
 
 Lysimachus, i, m. Father of 
 Aristides. 
 
 Lysis, tdis, acc.-t'm, m. A na- 
 tive of Tarentum, who instructed 
 Epaminondas. 
 
 M. 
 
 M., abbrev. for Marcus. 
 
 Macedo, onis, m. A Macedo- 
 nian. 
 
 Macedonia, ce, f. Macedonia. 
 
 Macedonicus, a, um, adj. 
 (Macedonia). Of, or belonging to, 
 Macedonia, Macedonian. 
 
 niacies, ei, f. (maceo, to be 
 lean). Leanness. 
 
 macula, ce, f. A spot, stain. 
 
 maereo, ere, v. tr. and intr. 
 (akin to miser). To grieve. 
 
 maeror, roris, m. (mcered). 
 Mourning, sadness, grief. 
 
 maestus, a, um, adj. (mcereo). 
 Sad, sorrowful ; troublesome. 
 
 magis, or mage, sup. maxime, 
 
MAGISTER MARITUS 
 
 237 
 
 no positive, adv. (magnus). In a 
 higher degree, more. 
 
 magister, tri, m. (root MAG, 
 whence magnus.) A master, 
 teacher. 
 
 magistrates, us, m. (mdgis- 
 ter). A magistrate ; magistracy. 
 
 Magnesia, ce, f. A town of 
 Lydia, in Asia Minor. 
 
 magnif icentia, a, f. (magrilf- 
 tcus). Magnificence, splendor. 
 
 magnif Icus, a, urn, adj. (mag- 
 nus, f ado). Great, eminent, splen- 
 did, sumptuous, magnificent. 
 
 magnitude, inis, f. (magnus). 
 Greatness, size ; power. 
 
 magnopere, adv. (magnus, 
 dpus). Greatly, very much. 
 
 magnus, a, urn, comp. major, 
 sup. maxlmus, adj. Great, large. 
 
 Mago, onis, m. A Carthagini- 
 an general. 
 
 magus, t, m. A learned man, 
 and magician among the Persians. 
 
 majestas, atis, f. (mdjus). 
 Greatness, grandeur, dignity. 
 
 major, us, gen. oris, adj., comp. 
 of magnus. Subs, majores, um t 
 m. Ancestors, forefathers. 
 
 male, comp.pejus, sup.pesstme, 
 adv. (malus). Ill, badly. 
 
 male-dico, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. 
 To speak ill of; to abuse, revile. 
 
 male'dlcus, a, urn, adj. (mal&- 
 dico). Evil-speaking, slanderous, 
 scurrilous. 
 
 male-f Icus, a, um, adj. (facto). 
 Evil-doing, vicious, wicked, vile. 
 
 malltiose, ad v.(wa/i^'osr<s, ma- 
 licious). Spitefully, maliciously. 
 
 malo, malle, malui, v. irr. (ma- 
 gis, vtilo). To be more willing; 
 to wish rather. 
 
 malum, i, n. (mdlus). An evil, 
 misfortune, mischief, bad deed ; 
 blemish. 
 
 malum, i t n. An apple. 
 
 malus, a, um, comp. pejor, sup. 
 pesslmus, adj. Bad, evil, base, 
 wicked ; unskilful, bungling. 
 Subs., mail, drum, m. bad men. 
 
 mamma, ce, f. The breast. 
 
 man datum, i, n. (mando, to 
 commit to one's charge). A com- 
 mand, mandate. 
 
 maneo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To stay, remain; to await, 
 expect. 
 
 manifesto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (m&nifestus, clear). To make pub- 
 lic, manifest. 
 
 Man tinea, , f. A city of Ar- 
 cadia. 
 
 man us, us, f. A hand ; band 
 or body of men ; action ; promp- 
 tus mami, a man of courage. 
 
 Marathon, onis, f. A small 
 town of Attica about twenty-two 
 miles north-east from Athens. 
 
 Marathdnius, a, um, adj. 
 (Mardthon). Of, or pertaining to, 
 Marathon. 
 
 Marcellus, i, m. Marcus Clau- 
 dius, a Roman general. 
 
 Mardi, orum, m. A plunder- 
 ing race, dwelling between Media, 
 Susiana, and Persis. 
 
 Mardonius, t, m. A son-in- 
 law of Darius, general of the Per- 
 sians, slain at Plataea. 
 
 mare, is, n. The sea. 
 
 mar gar it a, re, f. A pearl. 
 
 margo, Inis, m. and f. An 
 edge, border, brink, margin. 
 
 maritimus, a, um, adj. (mare). 
 Of,' or belonging to, the sea, lying 
 near the sea, maritime. 
 
 maritns, a, um, adj. (mas, a 
 male). Of or belonging to mar- 
 riage. 
 
 mfirltus, t, m. (mdritus, a, 
 um). A husband. 
 
238 
 
 MATER METAPONTINI 
 
 mater, tris, f. A mother. 
 
 materia, ce, f. (mater}. Matter, 
 material; elements. 
 
 maternus, a, um y adj. (mater). 
 Of, or belonging to, a mother, 
 maternal. 
 
 matriclda, #, m. and f. (mater, 
 ccedo). A murderer of one's 
 mother. 
 
 matrimonium, i, n. (mater). 
 Marriage, matrimony. 
 
 mat run a, a, f. (mater}. A 
 matron, lady. 
 
 mature, adv. (maturus). Early, 
 in time, seasonably. 
 
 maturus, a, urn, comp. -ior, 
 sup. maturisstmus, less frequently 
 maturrfmtis, adj. Ripe, mature. 
 
 maxinie, sup. of magis, adv. 
 Very much, most of all, espe- 
 cially. 
 
 medela, ce, f. (meteor, to heal). 
 A cure, remedy. 
 
 mediclna, ce, f. (medlcus). 
 Medicine, cure, remedy. 
 
 medlcus, ", m. (medeor, to 
 heal). A physician. 
 
 mediocris, e, adj. (m&dius). 
 Ordinary, moderate. 
 
 medius, a, urn, adj. That is in 
 the middle, middle. 
 
 Medius, i, m. A companion 
 of Alexander the Grent. 
 
 meherciile, meher cules, and 
 mghercle, interj. By Hercules! 
 
 mel, mellis, m. Honey. 
 
 melior, us, gen. oris, comp. of 
 bdmes, adj. Better. 
 
 melius, comp. of bSne, adv. 
 Better. 
 
 melos [only nom., ace., and 
 voc. sing. ; and nom. and ace. 
 plur. m8le], n. Melody, song. 
 
 memini, isse, v. dep. (root MEN, 
 whence also mens). To remem- 
 ber, recollect. 
 
 memor, dris; abl. dri, pen. 
 
 plur., drum, adj. (memini). Mind- 
 ful of a thing, remembering it. 
 
 memoria, &, f. (memor). Mem- 
 ory, recollection, remembrance, 
 record, mention. 
 
 Meneclides, is, m. A The- 
 ban, an opponent of Epaminon- 
 das. 
 
 mens, mentis, f. (root MEN ; cf. 
 memini). The mind, the intellec- 
 tual faculties, the understanding, 
 intellect; opinion. 
 
 mensa, &, f. A table. 
 
 mensis, is, m. A month. 
 
 mentio, onis, f. (memini). A 
 calling to mind, a mention, a mak- 
 ing mention or speaking of. 
 
 mentior, iri, it us sum, v. dep. 
 To lie, tell a falsehood, deceive, 
 cheat ; to counterfeit, falsely pre- 
 tend. 
 
 merces, iedis, f. (mereo, to de- 
 serve). Hire, pay, reward. 
 
 Mercurius, i, m. The son of 
 Jupiter and Maja, messenger of 
 the gods. 
 
 mergo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. To 
 dip, sink in, immcrge. 
 
 merito, dv. (meritus, deserv- 
 ing). Deservedly. 
 
 meritum, i, n. (mereo, to de- 
 serve). That which one deserves, 
 merit, desert, service; kindness; 
 benefit. 
 
 merx, mercis, f. Merchandise, 
 wares, any commodities. 
 
 Messena, <?, or Messene, es, 
 f. The capital of Messenia, a dis- 
 trict of the Peloponnesus. 
 
 meta, a, f. The turning post, 
 goal of the circus. 
 
 me tall urn. t, n. Metal; a mine. 
 
 Metapontini, drum, m. The 
 Metapontians, inhabitants of Met- 
 apontum, a town of Lucania. 
 
METUS MITTO 
 
 239 
 
 metus, us [not used in gen., 
 dat.. and abl. plural], m*. Fear, 
 dread. 
 
 metis, a, urn, adj. pron. (ma). 
 My, mine. 
 
 Mic y thus, i, m. A Theban 
 youth. 
 
 Mida, or Midas, ce, m. The 
 son of Gordius, and king of 
 Phrygia. 
 
 mile. See mille. 
 
 miles, Itis, m. and f. (akin to 
 mille). A soldier, warrior. 
 
 Milesius, a, urn, adj. (Miletus). 
 Of Miletus. 
 
 Miletus, i, f. A city of Ionia, 
 on the confines of Caria. 
 
 militaris, e, adj. (miles). Of 
 or pertaining to a soldier, milita- 
 ry, warlike, soldier-like. 
 
 militia, ce, f. (miles), Military 
 service. 
 
 nulito, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (miles). To serve as a soldier. 
 
 mille, indecl. adj. millia, ium, n. 
 In the plur. only subs, with a gen- 
 itive following. A thousand. 
 
 M Utilities, is, in. An Atheni- 
 an general. . 
 
 miluus, or milvus, i, m. A 
 kite. 
 
 minae, arum, f. (mfneo, to hang 
 over). Threats. 
 
 Minerva, ce, f. The goddess 
 of wisdom, fabled to have sprung 
 from the head of Jupiter. 
 
 in inline, adv. Sup. of p&rum. 
 
 ministro, are, ari, atum, v. tr. 
 (minister, a servant). To wait 
 upon, serve, especially at table; 
 to provide, furnish, supply. 
 
 minor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (mince). To threaten. 
 
 minor, us, gen. oris, comp. of 
 pamts, adj. Less. 
 
 mlimo, $re t ui, utum, v. tr. 
 
 (minor). To lessen, diminish, im- 
 pair. 
 
 minus, comp. of parum, adv. 
 Less. 
 
 M!nutius,i, m. I. M. Rufus, 
 master of horse to Fabius Maxi- 
 mus. II. Q., a Roman consul. 
 
 minutus, a, urn, part, and adj. 
 (mlnuo). Small, insignificant. 
 
 mirabilis, c, adj. (miror). 
 Wonderful, strange. 
 
 miraculum, i, m. (miror). A 
 miracle, wonder, prodigy. 
 
 miror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 To wonder or marvel at; to be 
 astonished or amazed at ; to ad- 
 mire. 
 
 minis, a, um, adj. "Wonderful, 
 extraordinary, strange, marvel- 
 lous. 
 
 misceo, ere, cui, mistum or 
 mixtum, v. tr. To mix, mingle, 
 intermingle ; to checker. 
 
 miser, 2ra, Srum, comp. -tor, 
 sup: mlserrlmus, adj. Wretched, 
 unfortunate, miserable. 
 
 miserandus, a, urn, part, and 
 adj. (miseror}. Lamentable, de- 
 plorable, pitiable. 
 
 misere, adv. (miser). Wretch- 
 edly, miserably. 
 
 miseria, ce, f. (miser). Wretch- 
 edness, misfortune. 
 
 misericordia, ce, f. (mistrt- 
 cors). Compassion, pity. 
 
 mise'rlcors, cordis, adj. (mlse- 
 reo, to pity, cor). Compassionate, 
 pitiful. 
 
 miseror, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (miser). To lament, bewail, de- 
 plore, pity. 
 
 missio, onis, f. (mitto). A let- 
 ting go ; a discharge from service. 
 
 mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. tr. 
 (meo, to go). To cause to go ; to 
 send ; to cast, throw. 
 
240 
 
 MODERATE MULA 
 
 moderate, adv. (modus). "With 
 moderation, discreetly. 
 
 mddestia, ce, f. (modestus). 
 Modesty, humility ; moderation, 
 temperance ; good conduct. 
 
 modestus, a, urn, adj. (mddus). 
 Moderate, keeping within due 
 bounds ; modest, gentle. 
 
 modo, adv. (mddtts). Lately, 
 just now, now ; only, but ; pro- 
 vided that. 
 
 modus, i, m. A measure ; 
 manner, fashion, way, method. 
 
 moenia, ium, n. (munio). For- 
 tified walls, town. 
 
 mcerens, entis, adj. (mcereo). 
 Grieving, in sorrow. 
 
 mcereo, ere, ui, v. intr. To 
 grieve. 
 
 moeror, oris, m. (mcereo}. 
 Mourning, sadness, grief. 
 
 mcestiis, a, um, adj. (nicer eo). 
 Sad, sorrowful, troublesome. 
 
 molestus, a, um, adj. (moles, a 
 burden). Troublesome, disagree- 
 able. 
 
 in olio r, m, Uus sum, v. dep. 
 (moles, a burden). To attempt or 
 perform any thing difficult ; to 
 contrive, plot, prepare, manage, 
 undertake. 
 
 mdlitio, onis, f. (molior). An 
 undertaking, preparing any thing 
 with labor or pains. 
 
 mollis, e, adj. (mdvtbttis, md- 
 reo). Easily movable, pleasant, 
 easy. 
 
 Molossus, i, m. An inhabitant 
 of Molos/is, in Epirus. 
 
 mdmentum, i, n. (for mtivt- 
 mentum, from moveo). Motion, or 
 anything that causes motion ; 
 weight, influence, importance. 
 
 moneo, ere, ui, ifum, v. tr. To 
 remind, advise, admonish, in- 
 struct, warn ; to inform. 
 
 mons, montis, m. (root MIN, 
 whence mineo). A mountain, 
 mount. 
 
 monstro, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 (mdneo). To show, point out. 
 
 mdnumentnm, i, n. (mdneo). 
 A memorial, record, monument, 
 sepulchre. 
 
 mora, a, f. A delay. 
 
 morbus, i, m. A sickness, dis- 
 ease, malady. 
 
 mordax, acis, adj. (mordco). 
 Biting, snappish. 
 
 mordeo, ere, mdmordi, mor- 
 sum, v. tr. To bite. 
 
 morior, i and iri, mortuus 
 sum, v. dep. (mors). To die, ex- 
 pire. 
 
 moror, on', atus sum, v. dep. 
 (mdrd). To delay, tarry, stay, 
 linger ; to pass one's time. 
 
 mors, mortis, f. Death. 
 
 111 or s us, its, m. (mordeo). The 
 bite. 
 
 mortalis, e, adj. (mors). Sub- 
 ject to death, mortal. Subs, mor- 
 tales, mortal men, mortals. 
 
 mortifer, era, erum, adj. (mors t 
 fero). Deadly, causing death, 
 
 mortuus, a, urn, part, (morior). 
 Dead. 
 
 mos, mom, m. Manner, cus- 
 tom, way ; plur. mores, morals ; 
 gerere morem alicui, to comply 
 with one's desire. 
 
 mot us, us, m. (mdveo). A mo- 
 tion; movement (of the body); 
 emotion, thought (of the mind) ; 
 terra motus, earthquake. 
 
 moveo, ere, mom, motum, v. tr. 
 To move, set in motion, disturb, 
 trouble, excite, provoke, per- 
 suade. 
 
 mox, adv. (mdveo). Soon, soon 
 afterwards. 
 
 mala, #, f. A she mule. 
 
MULCO NATURALIS 
 
 241 
 
 malco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 beat, pummel ; to punish. 
 
 miiliebris, e, adj. (mulier). Of, 
 or pertaining to, a woman. 
 
 miilier, eris, f. A woman, ma- 
 tron. 
 
 multimodis, adv. (for multis, 
 mddis). In many ways. 
 
 multitude, inis, f. (multus). A 
 great number, a multitude. 
 
 multo, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. To 
 fine, punish. 
 
 multo, adv. (multus). By far, 
 by much, greatl} 7 , much. 
 
 multum, adv. (multus}. Much, 
 often, far, very. 
 
 multus, a, urn, comp. plus, n., 
 sup. plurimus, adj. Much, many. 
 
 miilus, i, m. A mule. 
 
 muudus, i, m. The world. 
 
 munlficetitia, a, f. (munifi- 
 cus, bountiful). Bountifulness, 
 munificence. 
 
 munio, ire, ivi (ii), Unm, v. tr. 
 (mcenid). To fortify, enclose with 
 walls, defend, secure, strengthen; 
 itinera, to make roads. 
 
 munitio, dnis, f. (munio}. A 
 fortifying; fortification. 
 
 miinus, en's, n. Gift, present ; 
 office, service, charge, function. 
 
 murus, i, m. A wall of a city ; 
 any kind of a wall. 
 
 mus, muris, m. and f. A mouse. 
 
 musa, ce. f. A muse. 
 
 musca, a, f. A fly. 
 
 muse ipul urn, f, n. (mus, ca- 
 pio). A mouse-trap. 
 
 musica, a, or -ce, es, f. Music. 
 - musicus. i t m. A musician. 
 
 mustela, ce, f. (mus). A weasel. 
 
 mfitatio, onis, f. (muto). A 
 change. 
 
 mulo, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 (contr. for mdvtto, from mtiveo). 
 To change, alter. 
 
 16 
 
 mutus, a, um, adj. Dumb, 
 mute. 
 
 myrtus, i, and us, f. The myr- 
 tle, myrtle tree. 
 
 mysterium, {, n. A mystery, 
 secret religious rite. 
 
 My us, untis, f. A town of 
 Ionia. 
 
 N. 
 
 naenia, ce, f. A funeral song; 
 a common, trifling song, popular 
 song, trivial lay, nursery rhyme. 
 
 nam, conj. For. 
 
 nam-que, conj. For indeed, 
 for. 
 
 nanciscor, i, nactus sum, v. 
 dep. To get, obtain, find, meet 
 with, stumble upon. 
 
 naris, is, f. A nostril ; usually 
 in plural, ndres, ium, the nostrils, 
 nose. 
 
 narro, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. To 
 tell, relate, narrate. 
 
 iiarratio, onis, f. (narro). A 
 narrating ; a story, tale, fable. 
 
 iiascor, i, ndtus sum, fut. part. 
 nasclturus, v. dep. To be born, 
 spring up ; to arise, rise. 
 
 iiata, ce, f. (nascor). A daughter. 
 
 iiatio, onis, f. (nascor). Birth, 
 breed, stock ; a nation, people, 
 tribe. 
 
 nato, are, dvi, atum, v. intr. (in- 
 tens. of no, to swim). To swim ; 
 to float about. 
 
 natu, used only in abl. m. 
 (nascor). By birth ; minor natu, 
 younger ; minimus natu, young- 
 est ; major natu, older ; maximus 
 natu. oldest. 
 
 11 fit ura, ce, f. (nascor). Birth, 
 nature, disposition. 
 
 n fit u i fills, <?, adj. (ndtura). 
 Natural. 
 
242 
 
 NATUS NIHIL 
 
 natus, a, urn, adj. and part. 
 (nascor). Born, sprung ; fit, apt. 
 natus, t, m. (nascor). A son, 
 ofiVrpring. 
 
 naufragium, t,n. (navis, f ran- 
 go, to break). A shipwreck ; Jig., 
 destruction. 
 
 iiauta, #, m. (contr. from na- 
 vUa, navis). A sailor. 
 
 nautieus, a, um, ac!j. (nauta). 
 Belonging to ships or sailors, nau- 
 tical. 
 
 navalis, e, adj. (nauis). Of or 
 pert-lining to ships, naval. 
 
 navigabllis, c, adj. (nai-iyo). 
 Navigable. 
 
 navigo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (navis , ago}. To sail. 
 
 navis, is, f. A ship, vessel, 
 galley; navis tonga, a ship of 
 war. 
 
 Naxus, or -os, i, f. An island 
 in the JEgeanSca, one of the Cyc- 
 lades, now Naxia. 
 
 n6, interrog. particle, appended 
 to a word in asking a question. 
 Is it ? was it ? do you ? etc. 
 
 ne, conj. That not, lest. 
 
 nee, conj. Neither, nor. 
 
 necessario, adv. (necessaries, 
 necessary). Of necessity, neces- 
 sarily. 
 
 necesse, adj. indecl. Neces- 
 sary, unavoidable. 
 
 necessitas, atis, f. (necesse). 
 Necessity, force, constraint. 
 
 necessitudo, fnis, f. (iiecesse). 
 Relationship, friendship. 
 
 neco, are, avi and ui t atum, v. 
 tr. (nex). To kill, slay, put to 
 death. 
 
 ne-fas, adj. indecl. Contrary 
 to divine law, impious, sinful, un- 
 lawful. Subs. An impious or un- 
 lawful action ; horrid crime. 
 
 neglegenter, or negllgenter, 
 
 adv. (neyligo). Carelessly, negli- 
 gently. 
 
 ne^ligo, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. 
 (nee, lego]. To neglect, overlook; 
 to slight, scorn, despise. 
 
 nego, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (ne, 
 dio). To say no ; to deny, refuse. 
 
 iiegotium, i t n. (nee, otium). 
 Employment, business ; affair, 
 mutter; trouble. 
 
 nemo, Inis, m. and f. (ne, Ji8- 
 mo). No man, nobody, no one. 
 
 nempe, adv. In truth, cer- 
 tainly, without doubt. 
 
 Neocles, is or i, m. An Athe- 
 nian, father of Themistoclcs. 
 
 Neontlchos, i, f. A fort in 
 Thrace. 
 
 ne-que, or nee, conj. Neither, 
 nor; and not, not; nee nee, nei- 
 ther nor. 
 
 ne-queo, ire, ivi (ii), Mum, v. 
 irr. (queo, to be able). To be un- 
 able, not to be able. 
 
 ne-quis, qua, quod or quid, in- 
 def. pron. Lest any one. 
 
 nequitia, &, f. (nequam, bad). 
 Badness, naughty conduct ; worth- 
 les.sness, vilencss. 
 
 nervus, i, m. A sinew, tendon, 
 nerve. 
 
 ne-scio, Ire, iri (ii), Itum, v. tr. 
 To be ignorant of. not to know. 
 
 ne-ve, conj. Neither, nor. 
 
 nex, necis, f. Death, destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 nex as, us, m. (necto, to tie to- 
 gether). A knot. 
 
 Nicsea, ce, f. Nicsea, an In- 
 dian city on the Hydaspes, found- 
 ed by Alexander the Great. 
 
 Nicias, ce, m. An Athenian 
 general, colleague of Alcibiades 
 in the Syracusan expedition. 
 
 nlger, gra, grum, adj. Black. 
 
 nihii, and contr. nil, n. indeci., 
 
NIHILOMINUS NUBILIS 
 
 243 
 
 or illinium, t, n. (ne, hiliim, a 
 trifle). Nothing, nought. 
 
 mliiloni In us, adv. (i&htlum, 
 minus}. By nothing less, never- 
 theless. 
 
 nil. See nthil. 
 
 Nilus, i, m. The Nile, the 
 principal river of Africa. 
 
 nim is, adv. Too much, over- 
 much, excessively. 
 
 iilmius, a, um, adj. (nlmis}. 
 Too much, too great, excessive, 
 superfluous. 
 
 nisi, conj. (ne, si}. If not, un- 
 less, except ; nonnisi, but, only. 
 
 nisus, us, m. (nitor). An at- 
 tempt, effort, endeavor. 
 
 niteo, ere, ui, v. intr. To shine ; 
 to be sleek, brilliant, beautiful. 
 
 nitor, dm, m. (niteo). Neat- 
 ness, sleekness ; brilliancy, splen- 
 dor. 
 
 nitor, i, nisus or nixus sum, v. 
 dep. To strive, endeavor ; to lean 
 upon, depend upon ; to start from. 
 
 nix, nlcis, f. Snow. 
 
 nixns, a, urn, part. See nitor. 
 
 iiobHis, e, adj. (nosco). Known, 
 well known; famous, notorious; 
 noble, of high descent; generous. 
 Subs. A noble. 
 
 noMlitas, tdtis, f. (iwbilis). 
 Celebrity, nobility, high rank. 
 
 nocens, entis, part, and adj. 
 (ndceo). Injurious, criminal, 
 wicked. 
 
 ndceo, ere, ui, Itum, v. intr. 
 To hurt, harm, injure, do mis- 
 chief to. 
 
 nocivus, a, urn, adj. (nocco). 
 Hurtful, injurious. 
 
 noctu, only in abl. (nox). By 
 night. 
 
 nocturnus, a, urn, adj. (nox). 
 Of night, nightly, nocturnal. 
 
 nodus, i t m. A knot. 
 
 n51o, nolle, nolui, v. irr. (non, 
 volo). To be unwilling. Impcr. 
 noli, with an infin., do not. 
 
 nonieu, inis, n. (nosco). A 
 name ; renown, reputation. 
 
 n6niinatim,adv.(?io??ie). By 
 name, expressly. 
 
 noniino, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 (nomen). To name, call ; to nomi- 
 nate ; to arraign. 
 
 non, adv. Not. 
 
 nonaginta, num. adj. indecl. 
 (novem). Ninety. 
 
 non-duin, adv. Not yet. 
 
 non-nihil, n. indecl. Some- 
 thing, somewhat, a little. 
 
 noii-nullus, a, um, adj. Some, 
 several. 
 
 nosco, ere, novi, notitm, v. tr. 
 To know, learn. 
 
 noster, tra, trum, adj. pron. 
 (nos). Our, our own, ours. 
 
 iiota, &, f. (nosco). A mark; 
 brand. 
 
 notus, a, um, adj. and part. 
 (nosco). Known, familiar; famed. 
 
 novacula, cc, f. (novo, to re- 
 new). A razor. 
 
 novem, num. adj. indecl. Nine. 
 
 noverca, ce, f. A step-mother. 
 
 novi. See nosco. 
 
 novissime, adv. (ndvits). Last- 
 ly, finally. 
 
 novitas, atis, f. (novus). Ne\v- 
 ness, strangeness, novelty. 
 
 novus, a, um, comp. wanting, 
 sup. ndvisslmus, adj. New, re- 
 cent, strange, unusual ; extraordi- 
 nary. 
 
 nox, noctis, f. Night, night 
 time. 
 
 noxa, cc, f. (ndceo}. Hurt, harm, , 
 injury. 
 
 nubilis, e, adj. (nubo, to veil). 
 Marriageable (applied to fe- 
 males). 
 
244 
 
 NUDO OBSIDIO 
 
 iiiido, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (nudi(s). To make bare. 
 
 nudus, a, um, adj. Bare, naked. 
 
 nullus, a, ww, gen. nullius, adj. 
 (we, ullus). Not any, none, no, 
 nobody. 
 
 num, interrog. adv. implying 
 the expectation of a negative an- 
 swer. Whether. 
 
 numeii,.ws, n. (nuo, to nod). 
 A nod ; command, will ; divine 
 will ; the power of the gods. 
 
 numero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (numerus). To count, reckon, 
 number ; to count out, adduce. 
 
 numerus, i, m. A number, 
 quantity; valne. 
 
 Nnmidse, arum, m. The in- 
 habitants of Numidia. 
 
 nummus, i, m. A coin, piece 
 of money. 
 
 numquam, or nunquam, 
 adv. (new, unquam). Never. 
 
 nunc, adv. (ndvinque, novinc, 
 ntitus). Now at this time. 
 
 nuncio, or -tio, are, avi, atum, 
 v. tr. (nuncius). To bring news, 
 announce, report. 
 
 nuncius, or -tins, i, IQ. (ndvus, 
 cieo). A messenger ; a message. 
 
 nuiicupo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ndmcn, cclpio). To call by name. 
 
 n unquam, adv. (ne, unquam). 
 Never, at no time. 
 
 nuptiae, arum, f. (nubo,to veil). 
 A marriage, nuptials, wedding. 
 
 nutrix, tew, f. (nutria, to nour- 
 ish). A nurse. 
 
 nux, nucis, f. A nut. 
 
 Nysa, a, f. A city of India. 
 
 o. 
 
 O, inter). O ! Oh ! 
 6b, prep, with ace. For, on ac- 
 count of; before. 
 
 ob-duco, Ire, xi, ctum, v. tr. 
 To lead against ; to bring or draw 
 over ; to cover. 
 
 obedio, ire, iii, Hum, v. tr. (ob y 
 audio.) To obey ; to comply with, 
 conform to. 
 
 6b-eo, ire, ivi (ii), Itum, v. irr. 
 To go to or about ; to enter upon ; 
 diem (sc. supremum), to die. 
 
 obit us, t(s, m. (obeo). A com- 
 ing or meeting ; death. 
 
 ob-jecto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (jacto). To throw against; to re- 
 proach or upbraid with. 
 
 objectus, us, m. (objido). An 
 opposition ; object, sight. 
 
 ob-jicio, ere,jeci,jectum, v. tr. 
 (jdcio). To throw to or against; 
 to offer, expose, present before; 
 to object, oppose ; to cast, throw. 
 
 oblitus, a, urn, part. See obli- 
 viscor. 
 
 obliviscor, visci, oblitus sum, 
 v. dep. To forget. 
 
 ob-16co, are, v. tr. To let out 
 for hire. 
 
 ob-noxius, a, um, adj. (nd- 
 ceo). Exposed to. 
 
 ob-ruo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. To 
 fall upon ; to cover over, conceal, 
 overwhelm, bury. 
 
 obscurus, a, um, adj. Dark, 
 obscure, gloomy. 
 
 obsequium, i, n. (ob, sgquor). 
 Deference to another's wishes; 
 compliance, submission. 
 
 ob-servo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To watch, note, mark, heed. 
 
 obses, idis, m. and f. (ob, s- 
 deo). A hostage, surety. 
 
 ob-sideo, ere, sedi, sessum, v. 
 tr. (sedeo). To besiege, invest, 
 blockade, beset. 
 
 obsidio, onis, f. (obsldeo). A 
 besetting, surrounding, blockade, 
 siege. 
 

 OBSISTO OLYMPIA 
 
 245 
 
 ob-sisto, ere, sttti, stltum, v. 
 intr. To oppose, obstruct. 
 
 obsoletus, a, urn, adj. (obsd- 
 lesco, to grow out of u<e). Obso- 
 lete, out of use, worthless. 
 
 ob* 6 n him, and opsonium, i, 
 n. Meat, fish, anything eaten 
 with bread ; victuals. 
 
 ob-sto, are, stiti, statum, v. in- 
 tr. To stand in the way ; to ob- 
 struct, oppose. 
 
 ob-stringo, ere, nxi, ctum, v. tr. 
 To bind to or about ; to bind. 
 
 ob-sum, esse, fui, v. irr. To 
 hurt ; to be prejudicial to. 
 
 ob-tlneo, ere, id, tentum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (teneo). To hold, have, 
 or possess ; to gain, procure, ob- 
 tain ; to retain. 
 
 obtrectatio, onis, f. (obtrec- 
 to). A disparaging, slandering, 
 envious opposition. 
 
 obtrectator, dm, m. (obtrecto). 
 A traducer, calumniator, rival. 
 
 ob-trecto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (tracto). To disparage; to oppose. 
 
 obviam, adv. (obvius). In the 
 way, towards, to meet ; ire obviam, 
 to go to meet. 
 
 obvius, a,um, adj. (ob,via). In 
 the way, so as to meet, meeting. 
 
 occasio, onis, f. (occido). An 
 occasion, opportunity, 
 
 occidens, entis, m. (occido). 
 The west, the Occident. 
 
 occido, Sre, cldi, casum, v. intr. 
 (ob, cddo). To fall down , to fall ; 
 to perish, die. 
 
 occido, &re, cidi, cisum, v. tr. 
 (ob, cado). To kill, slay. 
 
 occiilo, ere, cului, cuUum, v. tr. 
 To hide, conceal. 
 
 occultus, a, um, adj. (occulo). 
 Hidden, secret. 
 
 occumbo, 8re, ctibui, ciibttum, 
 v. intr. (ctibo, to lie down). To 
 
 lie or sink down ; neci, to fall in 
 death, to die. 
 
 occupo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ob, capio). To seize upon ; to oc- 
 cupy ; to get the start of, antici- 
 pate ; to employ. 
 
 occurro, &re, curri, rarely cti- 
 curri, cursum, v. intr. (ob, curt'o). 
 To run to meet ; to meet, oppose, 
 resist. 
 
 oceaiius, i, m. The ocean. 
 
 octifenti, a, a, num. adj. (oc- 
 to, centum). Eight hundred. 
 
 octo, num. adj indecl. Eight. 
 
 octoginta, num. adj. indecl. 
 (octo). Eighty. 
 
 oculus, i, m. The eye. 
 
 odium, i, n. (OB, root of odi, to 
 hate). Hatred, grudge, animosity. 
 
 odor, oris, m. A smell, scent, 
 odor ; perfume, fragrance. 
 
 CEdipus, t, or 6dis, m. The 
 son of Lalus and locasta, ar.d 
 king of Thebes. 
 
 offendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. (ob, 
 fendo, obs., to strike). To strike 
 against; to offend. 
 
 offeiisio, onis, f. (ojfendo). A 
 striking against ; offence, displeas- 
 ure. 
 
 offero, ferrc, obtuli, oblatum, v. 
 tr. (ob,Jero). To bring before ; to 
 offer. 
 
 officina, ce, f. (contr. from Cpl- 
 flcina; dpus, facio). A work- 
 shop, manufactory, shop. 
 
 oflficium, i, n. (ob, facto). Vol- 
 untary service, duty, office, obli- 
 gation. 
 
 olim, adv. (ottus, the old form 
 of Hie). Formerly, of old, now for 
 some time ; meanwhile ; long 
 since. 
 
 oliva, ce, f. An olive tree. 
 
 Olympia, ce, f. A sacred place 
 in Elis, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
246 
 
 OLYMPIAS OPUS 
 
 Olympias, iadis, f. The moth- 
 er of Alexander the Great. 
 
 Oiympieus, a, urn, adj. Olym- 
 pic. 
 
 Olympiodorus, i, m. A mu- 
 sician who instructed Epaminon- 
 das. 
 
 omen, fnis, n. A forebodJng, 
 sign, token, omen. 
 
 omitto, ere, mist, missum, v. 
 tr. (ob, mitto). To let go, lay 
 aside, let pass, pass over, omit, 
 neglect. 
 
 omiiino, adv. (omnis). Whol- 
 ly, altogether. 
 
 omnis, e, adj. All, eveiy, the 
 whole. 
 
 ouerarins, a, tim, adj. (Onus). 
 Serving for burden or carringe ; 
 navis oneraria, a ship of burden. 
 
 onero, are , avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (dnus). To load, burden, freight; 
 to oppress. 
 
 onus, oneris, n. A load, bur- 
 den. 
 
 onustus, a, um, adj. (dmts). 
 Loaded, laden, l)urdcned. 
 
 opera, <?, f. (opus}. Pains, 
 exertion, work, labor, endeavor ; 
 help, means. 
 
 operio, ire, ui, pertum, v. tr. 
 (ob, pcirio). To cover, shut, hide, 
 conceal. 
 
 opinio, onis, f. (dpinor). An 
 opinion, belief, expectation ; re- 
 port, rumor ; imagination. 
 
 opinor, art, at its sum, v. dep. 
 To be of opinion; to think, judge. 
 
 oportet, ere, uit, v. impers. 
 (opus, need). It behooves, -it is 
 meet of fit. 
 
 opperior, iri, peritus and per- 
 tus sum, v. dep. (akin to experior, 
 from perior, whence peritus). To 
 wait for; to await, expect. 
 
 oppidanus, a, um, adj. (oppt- 
 
 drm). Of a town ; subs., a towns- 
 man. 
 
 .oppidum, i, n. A walled town. 
 
 oppono, ere, ] osui, positum, 
 v. tr. To place against or in the 
 way ; to oppose. 
 
 opportunus, a, um, rdj. (06, 
 portus, lit., at or before the port). 
 Fit, meet, suitable, commodious ; 
 seasonable. 
 
 oppressus, a, um, part. See 
 opprlmo. 
 
 opprimo, ere,pressi, pressum t 
 v. tr. (ob, prtmo). To oppress, 
 crush, overwhelm ; to squeeze to 
 death. 
 
 opprobrium, i, n. (ob, pro- 
 brum, n disgraceful act). A re- 
 proach, disgrace, injury. 
 
 oppugnator, dm, m. (oppu- 
 gno). An assaulter, besieger. 
 
 oppugno, arc, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ob, pur/no). To fight against ; to 
 assault, besiege. 
 
 ops, dpis. [nom. sing, does not 
 occur, and'dat. very seldom], f. 
 Help, aid ; plur. power, strength, 
 resources, riches, ability, wealth. 
 
 opsdnium. See obsonium. 
 
 optlmas, dtis, adj., used chiefly 
 in the plural (optzmus). One of 
 the best. There were tAvo parties 
 at Rome the optimates, or the 
 aristocracy, the nobles; and the 
 populares, the popular party. So 
 of two factions in Greece. . 
 
 optime, sup. of bBne, adv. (op- 
 tlmus). Very well, excellently. 
 
 optimus, a, um, sup. of bdmts, 
 adj. Veiy good, best ; excellent, 
 right good. 
 
 opto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 wish. 
 
 opus, n. indecl. Need, necessi- 
 ty. Adj. Needful, necessary, 
 dient. 
 
OPUS PADUS 
 
 247 
 
 opus, eris, n. Work, labor, dif- 
 ficulty. 
 
 6ra, <r, f. (6s). The extremity 
 of any thing; a coast, border. 
 
 6ra.eulum, i, n. (oro). An or- 
 acle, an answer or response given 
 by a priest or priestess inspired by 
 a god. 
 
 oratio, om's, f. (oro). A speech, 
 oration, language ; persuasion. 
 
 orator, 6m, m. (oro). An or- 
 ator. 
 
 orbis, is, m. A circle; orbis 
 terrarum, the world. 
 
 Orchomenii, drum, m. The 
 Orchomenians, inhabitants of Or- 
 chomenos. 
 
 ordiuo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ordo). To order, arrange; to 
 draw up in order of battle. 
 
 ordior, iri, orsus sum, v. dep. 
 To spin or weave; to begin; to 
 speak or write of. 
 
 ordo, inis, m. Row, order ; 
 company of soldiers. 
 
 Orestes, ce, m. and is, The son 
 of Agamemnon, king of Argos. 
 
 oriens, entis, part, (prior}. As 
 subs., the quarter where the sun 
 rises, the east, the orient. 
 
 orientalis, e, adj. (orior). Of 
 or belonging to the east, eastern, 
 oriental. 
 
 origo, tnis, f. (orior). Source, 
 origin, birth. 
 
 orior, driri, ortus sum. fnt. act. 
 part, ortturus, v. dep. To rise, 
 appear. 
 
 ornamentum, i, n. (orno). Ac- 
 coutrement, equipment. 
 
 o mat us, a, um, adj. and part. 
 (orno). Adorned, furnished, pro- 
 vided, accomplished. 
 
 orno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 deck, adorn ; to equip, furnish ; to 
 invest with honors. 
 
 oro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (os). 
 To plead as an orator ; to pray, 
 beg, entreat. 
 
 Orpheus, eos, m. The famous 
 mythic singer of Thrace. 
 
 ortus, us, m. (orior). Rising, 
 rise, beginning, birth. 
 
 6s, oris, n. The mouth, face, 
 countenance, appearance ; the 
 beak of birds. 
 
 os, ossis, n. A bone. 
 
 osculor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (osculum). To kiss. 
 
 osculum, i, n. (os). A kiss. 
 
 ostendo, ere, di, turn and sum, 
 v. tr. (obs, tendo). To stretch 
 out ; to expose to view, show, dis- 
 play ; to set forth, declare. 
 
 ostentatio, onis, f. (ostendo). 
 An exhibition, display. 
 
 ostium, i, n- (os). A door, en- 
 trance, mouth. 
 
 otiosus, a, um, adj. (otium). 
 At leisure, unoccupied, idle, use- 
 less. 
 
 otium, i, n. Leisure, freedom 
 from business, vacant time ; re- 
 pose, peace. 
 
 ovis, is, f. A sheep. 
 
 P. 
 
 P., abbrev. forPublius. 
 
 paciscor, i, pactussum, v. dep. 
 (pdco, to make an agreement). To 
 agree upon ; to bargain, stipulate. 
 
 pactus, a, um, part. See pa- 
 ciscor. 
 
 pactum, i, n. (pdciscor). A 
 bargain, contract, agreement ; 
 manner, way, means. 
 
 Pact ye, es, f. A town on the 
 Propontis, in the Thracian Cher- 
 sonese. 
 
 Padus, i, m. The Po, the 
 largest river in Italy. 
 
248 
 
 P^NE-PASCOR 
 
 paene, adv. Almost, well nigh, 
 nearly, all but. 
 
 paeiiula, a, f. A cloak, mantle. 
 
 palaestra, ce, f. A school for 
 wrestling; place for exercise; 
 wrestling. 
 
 pal am, adv. Openly, publicly ; 
 plainly, manifestly. 
 
 palma, a, f. The palm of the 
 hand ; palm, preeminence. 
 
 pains, udis, f. A marsh. 
 
 Pamphylius, a, urn, adj. Be- 
 longing to Pamphylia. 
 
 Pandosia, <z>, f. I. A city of 
 Epirus, on the Acheron. II. A 
 city of the Bruttians. 
 
 panis, is, m. Bread ; a loaf. 
 
 par, pans, adj. Equal, alike, 
 the same ; proper ; match for. 
 
 Parapammeni, drum, m. The 
 Parapammeni. 
 
 paratus, a, urn, part. See pdro. 
 
 parce, adv. (parcus). Spar- 
 ingly, frugally. 
 
 parcimonia, ?, f. (parciis). 
 Sparingness, frugality, parsimony. 
 
 parco, ere, peperci and parsi, 
 parcltwn cm&parsum, v. intr. (par- 
 cus). To spare; to forbear, par- 
 don. 
 
 parcus, a, um, adj. Frugal, 
 economical. 
 
 parens, entis, m. andf. (pario). 
 A parent. 
 
 parento, are, ai'i, atum, v. tr. 
 (parens). To offer a solemn sac- 
 rifice in honor of deceased par- 
 ents, relations, or other beloved 
 persons. 
 
 pareo, ere, ui, Hum, v. tr. (kind, 
 with pario). To appear ; to obey, 
 submit to, comply with, indulge ; 
 to be subject to. 
 
 pario, ere, peperi, parltum and 
 pnrtum, v. tr. To bring forth ; to 
 get, procure, gain, acquire. 
 
 pariter, adv. (par). In like 
 manner, at the same time, equally. 
 
 Parius, a, um, adj. Belonging 
 to Paros, Parian. Subs. Parii. 
 drum, m. Inhabitants of Paros. 
 
 Parmenio, dnis, m. Parme- 
 nio, one of Alexander's generals. 
 
 paro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 prepare, make ready, furnish ; to 
 procure, purchase ; copias, to levy 
 forces. 
 
 Paros, or us, i, f. One of the 
 Cyclades, an island in the JEgean. 
 
 pars, partis, f. A part, share ; 
 political party. 
 
 parsimonia, a, f. (parcus}. 
 Sp-.iringness, frugality, parsimony. 
 
 Parthi. drum, m. The Parthi- 
 ans, a Scythian people, situated 
 at the north-east of the passes of 
 the Caspian. 
 
 particeps, ctpis, adj. (pars, 
 cdpio). Sharing. Subs. A sharer, 
 partaker. 
 
 partim, adv. (ace. of pars). 
 Partly, in part. 
 
 partior, iri, Uus sum, v. dep. 
 (pars). To divide, distribute. 
 
 partiirio, ire, iri (ii), v. intr. 
 (desid. of pario). To be in labor. 
 
 partus, us, m. (pario). A bear- 
 ing, birth ; the young. 
 
 parum, cornp. minus, sup. 
 minlme, adv. (parvus). Too lit- 
 tle, not much. 
 
 parvuius, a, um, adj. (dim. of 
 parvus). Very little, very small, 
 young. 
 
 parvus, a, um, comp. minor, 
 sup. minimus, adj. Little, small. 
 
 Parymae, arum, f. The Pary- 
 mce. 
 
 pasco, ere, pad, pastum, v. tr. 
 To pasture, feed, graze ; eras dep. 
 
 pascor, i, pastus sum. To 
 feed upon, eat. 
 
PASSUS PELOPIDAS 
 
 249 
 
 passus, us, m. (pando, to 
 stretch out). A pace, step; a 
 double pace. 
 
 pastor, 6m, m. (pasco). A 
 shepherd. 
 
 patefacio, &re,feci,factum, v. 
 tr. (pateo, facio). To open, lay 
 open ; to discover, detect. 
 
 patena, a, f. (patco). A plate, 
 platter. 
 
 pateo, ere, id. To be open, lie 
 open, stand open; to be clear, be 
 manifest. 
 
 pater, tris, m. A father. 
 
 pateruus, a, urn, adj. (pater). 
 Of or belonging to a father, fa- 
 therly, paternal. 
 
 patiens, entis, part, (patior). 
 Able to bear or endure, patient, 
 submissive. 
 
 pati enter, adv. (patiens). Pa- 
 tiently. 
 
 patieiitia, ce, f. (patior). The 
 quality of bearing, submission, 
 submissiveness, patience. 
 
 patior, i, passus sum, v. dep. 
 To bear, suffer, allow, let, endure. 
 
 patria, , sc. terra, f. (pater). 
 The land of one's fathers ; one's 
 native country. 
 
 patrimo uium, i, n. (pater). 
 Patrimony. 
 
 patrius, , urn, adj. (pdter). 
 Of or belonging to a father, pa- 
 ternal, native. 
 
 patrdcinium, f, n. (patronus, 
 a protector). Protection, defence. 
 
 patruus, i t m. (pftter). A fa- 
 ther's brother, uncle on the fa- 
 ther's side. 
 
 pauci, cc, a, adj. See paucus. 
 
 paucitas, at is, f. (paucus). 
 Fewness, small number. 
 
 paucus, a, urn, usually in plu- 
 ral, adj. Few. Subs, pauci, orum, 
 m. A few, few. 
 
 paulo, and paullo, adv. A 
 little, little, somewhat. 
 
 Paulus, i, m. Lucius ^Emilius, 
 a Roman consul. 
 
 pauper, eris, f. Poor, needy, 
 feeble, in want. 
 
 paupertas, atis, f. (pauper). 
 Poverty, need, indigence. 
 
 Pausanias, ce, m. I. A Spar- 
 tan general, who defeated the Per- 
 sians at Plata:-a. II. A Macedo- 
 nian, the murderer of Philip. 
 
 paveo. ere, pavi, v. tr. and intr. 
 To fear. 
 
 pavidus, a, um, adj. (paveo). 
 Fearful, frightened, timid. 
 
 pavo, onis, m. A peacock. 
 
 pax, pads, f. Peace, quiet, 
 tranquillity. 
 
 pecco, are, ari, atum, v.tr. and 
 intr. To be in the wrong ; to of- 
 fend, err, sin. 
 
 pectus, dm, n. The breast. 
 
 pecuuia, ?, f. (pecus). Money,- 
 wealth, property, riches. 
 
 pgdes, ttis, m. (pes). A foot 
 soldier, a footman ; plur. infantry. 
 
 ped ester, and -tris, tris, tre, 
 adj. (pedes). On foot, belonging 
 to footmen. Plur. pedestres, fout 
 soldiers. 
 
 Pedfculi, orum, m. A people 
 of Apulia. 
 
 pejor, us, en. oris, comp. of 
 mains, r.dj. Worse. 
 
 pejus, comp. of m&lp, adv. 
 Worse. 
 
 pellex, tcis, f. A concubine. 
 
 pellis, is, f. A skin, hide. 
 
 pello, ere, pepuli* pulsum'v. tr. 
 To drive, drive away; to beat, 
 rout ; to banish. 
 
 Pelopidas, a, m. A Theban 
 general, who aided Epnminondas 
 to raise Thebes to power and 
 fame. 
 
250 
 
 PELOPONNESIUS - PERICULUM 
 
 Peloponnesius, a, um, aJlj. 
 (Peloponnesus}. Of or belonging 
 to the Peloponnesus. 
 
 Peloponnesus, i t f. A penin- 
 sula of Greece, now called the 
 Morea. 
 
 penates, turn, m. (root PEN, 
 whence penitus, penetro, express- 
 ing the idea of interior, entering ; 
 hence as deities of the interior of 
 the house). Gods worshipped at 
 home, household gods. 
 
 pendeo, ere, pependi, v. intr. 
 To hang, hang upon. 
 
 pendo, Sre, pependi, pensum, 
 v. tr. and intr. ( pendo). To weigh ; 
 to pay, value; poenas, to suffer 
 punishment. 
 
 pene, ndv. Nearly, almost. 
 
 pgnes, prep, with ace. In the 
 power of. 
 
 penitus, adv. (PEN, whence 
 penates, penes, etc.). Inwardly, 
 deeply, far within ; wholly. 
 
 penna, <c, f. A feather. 
 
 per, prep, with ace. Through, 
 b} T , for, during, by means of. Per 
 in comp. greatly heightens the 
 signification of the simple word. 
 
 pera, a, f. A bag. wallet. 
 
 per-a?o, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. 
 To curry through, accomplish, ex- 
 ecute, finish. 
 
 per-agro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (ager). To wander or travel 
 through ; to traverse. 
 
 per-carus, a, um, adj. Very 
 dear. 
 
 per-contor, ari, atus sum, v. 
 dep. (cunctor). To ask particu- 
 larly ; to question strictly ; to in- 
 quire. 
 
 per-cutio, ere, cussi, cussum, 
 v. tr. (qudtio, to shake). To strike, 
 beat down. 
 
 Perdiccas, &, m. One of the 
 
 most distinguished generals of 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 per-do, ere, dull, dltum, v. tr. 
 To destroy, ruin ; to lose. 
 
 per-domo, are, m, Uum, v. tr. 
 To subdue thoroughly. 
 
 per-duco, ere, duxi, duchnn, v. 
 tr. To le^d through or all ihc 
 way; to bringj conduct; to briug 
 over, perstiade. 
 
 peregrinus, a, um, adj. (per, 
 dger). That comes from foreign 
 parts, foreign. 
 
 per-eo, ire, ivi (ii\ Uum, v. irr. 
 To perish, be ruined, die. 
 
 per-f gro, feme, tiili, latum, v. 
 rrr. To bear or carry through, or 
 till the way ; to announce ; to bear, 
 endure, support. 
 
 per-ficio, ere, feci,fcctum, v- 
 tr. (f&cio). To perf< nn, accom- 
 plish, finish ; to effect, bring about. 
 
 perfldia, &, f. (per, fides). 
 Faithlessness, treachery, perfidy. 
 
 per-fimgor, i,functus sum, v. 
 dep. (fungor, to perform). To 
 discharge an office or duty ; to 
 undergo. 
 
 Pergamenus, a, urn, adj. Of 
 or belonging to Pergamos. 
 
 pergo, ere, perrexi, perrectum, 
 v. tr. and intr. (per, rego). To go 
 on ; to go or come ; to continue, 
 pursue. 
 
 Pericles, is, m. A famous 
 Athenian orator and statesman. 
 
 periclitor, dri, atus sum, v. 
 dep. (perlculum). To stand in 
 danger, risk, hazard. 
 
 periclum, i, n. See pericii- 
 luin. 
 
 pgriciilosus, a, um, adj. (perl- 
 ctilum). Dangerous, perilous. 
 
 pe'riculum, a', n. (peritus}. Tri- 
 al, experiment; risk, danger, haz- 
 ard ; facere, to make trial. 
 
PERITUS PH^DKUS 
 
 251 
 
 peritus, a, urn, adj. (PERIOB, 
 whence also periculum}. Skilful, 
 expert. 
 
 per-lastro, are, dvi, dtum, v. 
 tr. To go or wander till through. 
 
 per-mitto, ere, misi, missum, 
 v. tr. To give up, surrender, 
 yield, concede ; to suffer, permit, 
 allow. 
 
 permotus, a, um y part. See 
 permdveo. 
 
 per-moveo, ere, movi, motum, 
 v. tr. To move greatly, affect; 
 to disquiet ; to persuade. 
 
 pernicies, ei, f. (per, need]. 
 Utter destruction, ruin, death. 
 
 per-oro, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 To plead a cause ; to conclude an 
 oration ; de cceteris, to answer. 
 
 per-pastus, a, urn, adj. (pas- 
 co). Well fed. 
 
 perpes, etis, adj. (per, peto}. 
 Lasting throughout; continuous, 
 uninterrupted. 
 
 per-petior, i, pessus sum, v. 
 dep. (pdtior). To suffer, bear, al- 
 low. 
 
 per-petro, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 (patro, to bring to pass). To carry 
 through, accomplish, execute. 
 
 perpetuo, adv. (perpetuus}. 
 Always, forever, perpetually, con- 
 stantly. 
 
 perpetuus, a, um, adj. (per, 
 peto). Continuous, uninterrupted, 
 constant, perpetual; permanent, 
 entire. 
 
 Persepolis, is, f. A city of 
 Persia. 
 
 per-sequor, *, cutus or quutus 
 sum, v. dep. To follow persever- 
 ingly; to follow after, pursue, 
 harass. 
 
 Perses, ce, m. A Persian ; plur. 
 Persce, drum, m. The Persians. 
 
 per-severo, are, dvi, atum, v. 
 
 tr. (sSverus, serious). To persist, 
 persevere ; to continue constant. 
 
 Persia, a, f. See Pern's. 
 
 Perslcus, a, um, adj. Of or 
 belonging to Persia, Persian. 
 
 Persis, tdis, or Persia, ce, f. 
 The country of Persis, between 
 Caramania, Media, and Susiana, 
 now Fars or Farsistan. 
 
 per-solvo, ere, solvi, solutum, 
 v. tr. To pay. 
 
 persona, ce, f. (per, sdno, to 
 sound). A mask ; disguise, char- 
 acter, person, personage. 
 
 per-suadeo, ere, sudsi, sudsum, 
 v. tr. To persuade, advise, con- 
 vince. 
 
 per-terreo, ere, m, Itum, v. tr. 
 To frighten greatly ; to terrify. 
 
 per-timesco, ere, ttmui, v. in- 
 cept, (timeo}. To become very 
 much frightened; to be greatly 
 afraid ; to fear greatly. 
 
 per-tineo, ere, tenui, tentum, 
 v. tr. (teneo). To stretch out ; to 
 reach or extend to ; to belong or 
 pertain to, relate to. 
 
 per-veho, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. 
 To carry along, convey. 
 
 per-veiiio, ire, veni, ventum, 
 v. intr. To come to ; to arrive at. 
 
 per- vigil, is, adj. Very watch- 
 ful; nox pervigil, a night passed 
 without sleep. 
 
 per-vulgo, are, dvi, atum, v. 
 tr. (vulgus). To publish, spread 
 abroad, make known. 
 
 pes, pSdis, m. The foot. 
 
 pessimus, a, um, sup. of md- 
 lus, adj. Worst. 
 
 peto, &re, ivi (ii), itum, v. tr. 
 To seek, strive after, try to gain, 
 aim at ; to ask. 
 
 petulans, antis, adj. (peto). 
 Wanton, pert, saucy. 
 
 Phaedrus, i, m. Phaedrus. 
 
252 
 
 PHALEUJE PLENUS 
 
 phalerae, arum, f. A smooth, 
 shining ornament for the breast, 
 wo; n by men, especially as a mili- 
 tary decoration; a trapping for 
 the forehead and breast of horses. 
 
 Phalereus, i, m. See Deme- 
 trius. 
 
 Phalereus portus, called also 
 P'idlerum, i, or Phdlera, drum, m. 
 The most ancient of the three har- 
 bors of Athens. 
 
 Phalericus, a, um, adj. (Phd- 
 Uruni). Of or belonging to the 
 Phalerean harbor. 
 
 Pharnabazus, i, m. A Per- 
 sian sutrap. 
 
 Phidippus, i t m. A runner. 
 
 Philippus, i, m. I. A king of 
 Macedonia, father of Alexander 
 the Great ; assassinated B. C. 333. 
 II. A son of Antipiiter, one of the 
 conspirators against Alexander's 
 life. III. Alexander's physician. 
 IV. Son of Demetrius. 
 
 Philocles, is, m. An Atheni- 
 an commander. 
 
 phildsdphia, #, f. Philoso- 
 phy. 
 
 philosophus, ", m. A philos- 
 opher. 
 
 Phil dt as, ce, m. Philotas, son 
 of Parmenio. 
 
 Phocenses, ium, m. The Pho- 
 ciuns, inhabitants of Phocis. 
 
 PhcEbus, i, m. A name of 
 Apollo, as god of the sun. 
 
 Phryges, urn, m. Phrygians. 
 
 Phrygia, cc, f. A country of 
 Asia Minor, divided into Great 
 and Little Phrygia. 
 
 pictus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (pingo). Painted, adorned. 
 
 pietas, of is, f. (pins, devout). 
 Dutiful conduct towards the gods, 
 one's parents, relatives, benefac- 
 tors, country, etc. 
 
 piget, ere, ptguit, plcjttum est, 
 v. impers. It irks, troubles, dis- 
 pleases, chagrins, disgusts one ; I 
 (thou, he, etc.) dislike, loathe, etc. 
 
 pignus, oris, n. A pledge, se- 
 curity. 
 
 pila, ce, f. A pillar. 
 
 pilus, i, m. A hair. 
 
 pingo, ere, pinxi, pictum, v. tr. 
 To paint, adorn. 
 
 pmus, us or i, f. A pine tree. 
 
 Piraeus, f, m. The principal 
 port of Athens. 
 
 Pisander, dri, m. An Athe- 
 nian general during the Pelopon- 
 nesian war. 
 
 Pisistratus, i, m. Pisistratus, 
 an Athenian, a tyrant (in a good 
 sense) of Athens, about 580 B. C. 
 
 placeo, ere, cui, cltum, v. intr. 
 To please. Iinpers. placet, it 
 pleases ; placet senatui, the senate 
 decrees. 
 
 placidus, a, um, adj. (placeo}. 
 Calm, placid, gentle. 
 
 p!a^a, cc, f. A bloM-, stroke. 
 
 p3ane, adv. (pldnus, clear). Cer- 
 tainly, in truth. 
 
 plamties, ei, f. (planus, level). 
 Level ground, a plain. 
 
 Plataea, ce, or Plataeae, arum, 
 f. A t jwn in Bceotia. 
 
 Plataeenses, ium, m. The 
 Plata3ans, inhabitants of Plataea. 
 
 plaustrum, i, n. A wagon, cart. 
 
 plebes, is or ei, or plebs,/>'e- 
 bis, f. The common people. 
 
 plecto, ere, xi and xui, xum, 
 v. tr. To twist, turn, bend; to 
 plait, knit. 
 
 plecto, ere, v. tr. (akin to pld- 
 ya). To beat, punish. 
 
 pleiie, adv. (plenus}. Fully, 
 completely. 
 
 plenus, a, um, adj. (PLEO, to 
 make full). Full, plentiful. 
 
PLERUSQUE POST 
 
 253 
 
 pier usque, pleraque, plerum- 
 que, very rare in sing., adj. (pie- 
 rus, a great many). Very many, 
 the most, most. 
 
 pluma, tp, f. A feather. 
 
 plumbum, i, m. Lead. 
 
 plurimiis, a, um, sup. of mul- 
 tus, adj. The most, very many, 
 very much. 
 
 plus, p'uris, n., comp. of mul- 
 tus, adj. More. 
 
 poeiilum, i, n. A drinking ves- 
 sel, cup, goblet. 
 
 Pcecile, es, adj. Decorated. 
 
 poena, tp, f. Compensation, 
 satisfaction, punishment, penalty. 
 
 peenitentia, ce, f. (paenttco). 
 Repentance, penitence. 
 
 pceniteo, ere, ui, v. intr. (pu- 
 nio). To he sorry; to repent, re- 
 gret ; more frequently iinpcrs. 
 poeyitet me y it repents me ; i. e., I 
 repent, am sorry, regret. 
 
 PCBIIUS, i, m. A Carthaginian. 
 
 poeta, cc, m. A poet. 
 
 polio, ire, ivi (ii), Itum, v. tr. 
 To polish. 
 
 polliceor, en, itus sum, v. dep. 
 (pro, llceor, prop., to bid or offer 
 fur). To promise, make liberal 
 offers. 
 
 PolyMus, i, m. An Arcadian 
 historian. 
 
 Polydamas, antis, m. One of 
 Alexander's officers. 
 
 Poly mills, fdis, m. A Thc- 
 ban, father of Epaminondas. 
 
 Polyperchon, ontis, m. A 
 distinguished officer of Alexander 
 the Great. 
 
 pondus, gris, n. (pendo). A 
 weight, burden. 
 
 polio, ere, pdsui, pdsitum, v. 
 tr. To put, place, post, station ; 
 to lay aside ; to lay down ; to lay 
 a foundation, build. 
 
 pons, pontis, m. A bridge. 
 
 Pontus, , m. A province of 
 Asia Minor on the Euxinc Sea. 
 
 populatio, onis, f. (poptilor, to 
 lay waste). A laying waste, rav-. 
 aging, plundering. 
 
 populiscitum, t, n. (pdpulus, 
 scisco). A decree of the people. 
 
 populus, *, m. A people, na- 
 tion. 
 
 popiilus, i, f. A poplar; pop- 
 lar tree. 
 
 porrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, v. tr. 
 (pro, rego). To stretch out, ex- 
 tend. 
 
 porro, adv. Farther on, then, 
 next, moreover. 
 
 porta, cc, f. A gate, entrance, 
 passage. 
 
 portendo, ere, di, turn, v. tr. 
 (pro, tendo}. To point out, fore- 
 tell, predict, portend. 
 
 porticus, us, m. (porta). A 
 covered walk surrounded with 
 pillars, a gallery. 
 
 portio, onis, f. A share, part, 
 portion. 
 
 porto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 bear, carry, convey, bring. 
 
 portus, us, m. (FOR, whence 
 porto}. A harbor, haven, port. 
 
 Porus, i, m. A king of India. 
 
 posco, ere, pdposci, v. tr. To 
 ask for urgently ; to beg, demand, 
 enrreat. 
 
 possessio, onis, f. (possideo). 
 A possessing, possession. 
 
 possideo, ere, edi, sessum, v. tr. 
 ( po, for pdtis, sedco). To have the 
 exclusive use of a thing; t> pos- 
 sess, have, hold, enjoy, occupy. 
 
 possum, posse, pdtui, v. irr. 
 (pdtis, sum). Ta be able, have 
 power, weight, or influence 
 
 post, adv. and prep, with ace. 
 After; behind; since. 
 
254 
 
 POSTEA PR^DITUS 
 
 post-ea, adv. Afterwards, here- 
 after. 
 
 post-ea-quani, adv. After that, 
 after. 
 
 posterns, a, urn, comp. poste- 
 rior, sup. postremus or postumus, 
 adj. Coming after, next, follow- 
 ing. Subs. posteri, drum, m. Com- 
 ing generations, posterity. 
 
 post-quam, conj. After, after 
 that. 
 
 postremo, adv. (postremus). 
 Lastly, at last. 
 
 postremus, a, urn, sup. of pos- 
 terus, adj. The last ; ad postre- 
 mum, finally. 
 
 postridie, adv. (postero, die}. 
 The day after, the day following. 
 
 postulatum, , n. (postulo). A 
 demand, request, petition. 
 
 postulo, are, ari, atum, v. tr. 
 To ask, demand, request, to de- 
 sire ; to demand as a right ; to sue 
 at law. 
 
 poteiis, entis, adj. (possum}. 
 AT >le, mighty, powerful, strong, 
 capable. 
 
 poteiitia, ?, f. (potens). Pow- 
 er, might, force, influence. 
 
 potestas, at is, f. (possum). 
 Power, authority, abilit} r . 
 
 potio, onis, f. (polo). A drink- 
 ing, drink, draught. 
 
 potior, ius, gen. oris, comp. of 
 pdtis, adj. Better, preferable. 
 
 potior, iri, Itus sum, v. dep. 
 (pdtis). To become master of; to 
 take possession of; to get, obtain, 
 acquire. 
 
 potis, e, comp. potior; sup. po- 
 tissimus, adj. Able, capable. 
 
 potissimum, sup. of pdtius, 
 adv. Chiefly, especially, in pref- 
 erence to all. 
 
 potius, only in comp. and sup. 
 pdtissime and potissimum, adv. 
 
 (pdtis}. Rather, chiefly, in pref- 
 erence, more. 
 
 poto, are, avi, potatum or pd- 
 tum, v. tr. and intr. To drink. 
 
 potus, us, m. (poto}. A drink- 
 ing, drink. 
 
 prae, adv. and prep, with abl. 
 Before, in comparison with. 
 
 praebeo, ere, ui, ttum, v. tr. 
 (prcc, habeo). To hold forth; to 
 offer, afford, give, show. 
 
 praeeeps, itis, adj. (pra, caput). 
 Headlong, head foremost. 
 
 prseceptor, oris, m. (prcecipio}. 
 A preceptor, master. 
 
 prseceptum, v n - (p^cipio). 
 A precept, maxim, direction ; doc- 
 trine. 
 
 prae-cipio, ere, cepi, ccptum, v. 
 tr. (cdpio). To take beforehand ; 
 to anticipate, foresee ; to teach, in- 
 struct ; to order, decree. 
 
 praecipito, are, ari. atum, v. tr. 
 (prteceps). To throw headlong, 
 precipitate, hurry. 
 
 prasclpuus, a, um, adj. (prce- 
 cipio}. Chief, principal, special. 
 
 prae-cludo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. 
 (claudo). To shut close ; to close; 
 to stop. 
 
 praeda, cc, f. Prey, booty, plun- 
 der; prize. 
 
 praedator, oris, m. (prada}. 
 A plunderer, pillager, robber. 
 
 prae-dico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (dlco, to proclaim). To tell be- 
 fore , to make known ; to publish, 
 declaiv, proclaim, tell; to extol. 
 
 prae-dico, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. 
 To say beforehand ; to predict, 
 foretell, prophesy. 
 
 praedictum, t, n. (prccdico}. A 
 foretelling, predicting, prophesy- 
 ing. 
 
 praeditus, a, um, adj. (prce, do). 
 Endowed or provided with. 
 
PRJEDO P1UETOU 
 
 255 
 
 praedo, onis, m. (prteda). A 
 robber ; maritimus, a pirate. 
 
 praedor, art, dtus sum, v. dep. 
 (precd:i). To plunder, rob. 
 
 praefectus, i,m. (precffnio). An 
 overseer, commander, governor, 
 prefect. 
 
 prae-f ero, fcrre, tuli, latum, v. 
 irr. To bear before ; to prefer ; to 
 reveal, expose. 
 
 pr&eficio, &re, fed, fectum, v. 
 tr. (facio). To set over ; to place 
 in command of. 
 
 proe-fiiiio, Ire, Im ('), Hum, 
 v. tr. To determine beforehand ; 
 to prescribe. 
 
 prae-for, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (for, to say). To say or utter be- 
 forehand ; to premise. 
 
 prae-frigidus, a,um, adj. Very 
 cold. 
 
 prae-fulgeo, ere, si, v. intr. To 
 shine forth ; to glitter ; to adorn. 
 
 praegnans, antis, adj. (contr. 
 from prce-gcnans ; root GEN, 
 whence gignoi). With young, preg- 
 nant. 
 
 pr as -gusto, are, avi, atum, v. 
 tr. To tnste beforehand. 
 
 praelior, or prcelior, ari, atus 
 sum, v. dep. (prcelium). To join 
 battle ; to engage, fight. 
 
 praelium, or proelium, i, n. A 
 battle, combat, engagement. 
 
 prae-luceo, ere, xi, v. intr. (lu- 
 ceo, to shine). To shine before ; 
 to give light to. 
 
 prae-mitto, ere, mist, missum, 
 v. tr. To send before. 
 
 premium, i, n. (pro;, emo). 
 Profit, reward, prize. 
 
 prae-moneo, ere, ui, Mum, v. tr. 
 To forewarn, admonish before- 
 hand. 
 
 prae-opto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (opto). To wish rather; to prefer, 
 
 prae-p5no, Sre, pdsui, pdsUum, 
 v. tr. To place or set over ; to in- 
 trust with the charge of. 
 
 praesens, ntis, ndj. (orig. part. 
 ofprasuiri). Present; favorable. 
 
 praesentia, er, f. (prcescns}. 
 Presence ; presence of mind ; in 
 pr&sentia, at the moment. 
 
 praesepe, is, n. (prce, sepio, to 
 surround with a hedge). An en- 
 closure, stall, fold. 
 
 praesertini, adv. (prce, s8ro, to 
 join, put). Especially, particu- 
 larly. 
 
 presidium, i, n. (prce, sedeo). 
 A gti'.-.rd, garrison ; protection, 
 safeguard, defence, security. 
 
 praestans, ntis, part, and adj. 
 ( p rccsto ) . Ex traord inary , excel- 
 lent. 
 
 prae-sto, arc, stlti, stitum and 
 statum, v. tr. and intr. To stand 
 before ; to have charge or com- 
 mand of ; to perform, make good ; 
 to give, afford, render, show ; to 
 warrant, guarantee ; to excel. Im- 
 pers., it is better. 
 
 prae-sum, esse, fui, v. irr. To 
 be before ; hence, to be set over; 
 to have charge or command of. 
 
 praesimiptio, onis, f. (pra, su- 
 mo). A t-iking beforehand, anti- 
 cipation. 
 
 praeter, prep, with ace. Be- 
 sides, except ; beyond, contra- 
 ry to. 
 
 praster-ea, adv. Besides, more- 
 over. 
 
 praeter-eo, ire, ivi (ii),Uum, v. 
 irr. To go or pass by ; to ornit. 
 
 praeter-mitto, ere, mm, mis- 
 sum, v. tr. To pass over, omit. 
 
 praetor, pris, m. ( prcc, co). A 
 leader, head, commander ; a Ro- 
 man magistrate, charged >v'.th the 
 administration of justice, 
 
256 
 
 PRJETU1U PIIODEO 
 
 praetiira, , f. (prcetor). The 
 office of prcetor ; praetorship. 
 
 prae-valeo, ere, ui, v. intr. To 
 be more able ; to be superior to. 
 
 pratum, i, n. A meadow. 
 
 pravus, a, um, adj. Perverse, 
 bad, wrong, wicked, base. 
 
 precor, an, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (prex). To beg, pray, entreat. 
 
 premo, ere, pressi, pressum, v. 
 tr. To press, oppress ; to stop, to 
 pursue closely; to harass;, to 
 urge. 
 
 pretium, i, n. Worth, value, 
 price; prize, reward. 
 
 prex, precis, f. [in nom. and 
 gen. sing. obs. ; most frequently in 
 plural.] A prayer, request. 
 
 prldem, adv. (obs. pm, whence 
 prior, and demonstr. -dem). Long 
 ago; just before. 
 
 pridie, adv. (obs. pris, whence 
 prior and dies). On the day be- 
 fore. 
 
 primo, or prlmum, sup. of pri- 
 us, adv. (primus}. First, the first 
 time, in the first place. 
 
 prlmum, sup. of prius, adv. 
 (primus). In the beginning, first, 
 in the first place. 
 
 primus, a, um, sup. of prior, 
 adj. First, chief. 
 
 priiiceps. Ipis, m. and f. ( pri- 
 mus, capio.) First, foremost, 
 chief; instigator; the most dis- 
 tinguished or noble ; principes, 
 the chief men. 
 
 prin cipatus, us, m. (princeps). 
 The first place, pre-eminence ; sov- 
 ereignty, rule, government. 
 
 principia, drum, n. pi. (prin- 
 ceps). A Li rge, open space in a 
 camp, in which were the tents of 
 the general and other officers, and 
 where speeches were made and 
 councils held. 
 
 prior, its, gen. dm, sup. pri- 
 mus, adj. Former. 
 
 priscus, a, um, adj. (pbs.jom, 
 whence prior). Of or belonging 
 to old times ; old, ancient. 
 
 pristmus, a, um, adj. (cbs. 
 pris, whence priscus, prior, etc.). 
 Ancient, former, early. 
 
 prius, sup. primo or prlmum, 
 adj. (prior). Before, sooner. 
 
 prius-quam, adv. Before that, 
 before. 
 
 privatus, a, um, adj. (privus, 
 single). Private, that belongs to an 
 individual, peculiar to one's self; 
 invested with no public office. 
 
 privignus, i, m. (for priiigS- 
 nus, from/win/*, single, w&gignQ, 
 prop, that which forms a separate 
 race). A step-son. 
 
 privo, are, an, atum, v. tr. (pri- 
 vus, single). To deprive of; to be- 
 reave. 
 
 pro, prep, with abl. For, be- 
 fore, in presence of, according to, 
 in proportion to'. 
 
 probo, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 (probus, good). To test, prove; 
 to approve of, esteem as good ; to 
 recommend ; to try, examine. 
 
 procax, acts, adj. (prdco, to 
 ask). >Bold, wanton, grasping, en- 
 croaching. 
 
 pro-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. 
 intr. To go forth, proceed. 
 
 pro-creo, arc, ari, atum, v. tr. 
 To beget, produce. 
 
 procul, adv. (ptocello, to drive 
 away). Far, far off, at a distance. 
 
 pro-euro, are, aci, atum, v. tr. 
 To manage for another; to take 
 care of. 
 
 prodeo, ire, iri (ii), ttum, v. 
 irr. (pro, eo). To go or come forth ; 
 to go forward, advance ; to go be- 
 fore one. 
 
PRODIGIUM PROPOSITUM 
 
 257 
 
 prodigium, i, n. (for prodici- 
 um, from pro, dlco). A prophetic 
 sign, token, omen, portent, prod- 
 igy- 
 
 proditio, onis, f. (prodo). A 
 betraying, treason, treachery. 
 
 pro-do, ere, dldi, dltum, v. tr. 
 To give or bring forth; to give 
 up, betray ; to disclose, tell, nar- 
 rate ; to hand down, transmit. 
 
 pro-duco, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. 
 To lead forth, bring forward ; to 
 produce, draw out. 
 
 prcelior, art, dtus sum, v. dep. 
 (prceiium). To fight, contend. 
 
 proelium, i, n. A battle, com- 
 bat, engagement. 
 
 pro-fanus, a, um, adj. (fa- 
 num, a sanctuary). Profane, im- 
 pious, irreligious. 
 
 profectio, onis, f. (prdffcis- 
 cor). A setting forth, going away, 
 departure. 
 
 pro-fecto, adv. (pro-f acto,fd- 
 cio). Actually, indeed, really, 
 truly, certainly. 
 
 pro-f ero, ferre, tall, Idtum, v. 
 irr. To bring or carry out; to 
 hold out ; to stretch forth ; to 
 show; to pronounce, render. 
 
 pro ficio, ere, fed, fectum, v. 
 tr. (fctcio}. To go forward, ad- 
 vance, make progress. 
 
 proflciscor, i, prdfectus sum, 
 v. dep. (pro, fdcio, orig. to make 
 or put one's self forward). To 
 set out, go, depart, advance. 
 
 pro-f Iteor, eri, fessus sum, v. 
 dep. (fdteor, to confess). To de- 
 clare openly ; to profess. 
 
 pro-fligo, are, am, dtum, v. tr. 
 (j%o, to strike). To dash to the 
 ground ; to rout, put to flight. 
 
 pro-f iisfio, ere,fugi, v. tr. and 
 intr. To llee from ; to run away, 
 escape. 
 
 17 
 
 pro fug us, i, m. (profuyio). A 
 fugitive, an exile. 
 
 pro-gredior, i, gressus sum, v. 
 dep. (grtidior, to go). To come 
 or ^o forward; to proceed, ad- 
 vance. 
 
 pro-lubeo, ere, ui, Itum, v. tr. 
 (habeo). To hold back, restrain, 
 hinder, prevent, debar, stop; to 
 forbid; to defend. 
 
 pro-hide, adv. Therefore ; qua- 
 si, just as if. 
 
 pro-jicio, ere,jeci,jectum, v. tr. 
 (jacio}. To throw forth ; to throw 
 down. 
 
 prologus, i, m. A preface or 
 introduction, prologue. 
 
 pro-loquor, i, locutus sum, v. 
 dep. To speak out, utter, declare, 
 say. 
 
 pro-mitto, ere, misi, missum, 
 v. tr. To send or put forth; to 
 promise. 
 
 promptus, or promtus, a, um, 
 adj. (promo, to bring forth). 
 Ready, prompt ; inclined to. 
 
 pro-patuhim, i, n. (pdteo'). 
 An open place, court. 
 
 prope, comp. prdpius, sup. 
 proxlme, adv. Near at hand, near, 
 almost, nearly. 
 
 propere, adv.(/>r<5perws,quick). 
 Hastily, speedily. 
 
 propinquus, a, um, adj. 
 (prope}. Near, neighboring; 
 nearly related, allied. Subs. A 
 relative, kinsman. 
 
 propior, us, gen. oris, sup. 
 proxlmus, adj. (props). Nearer. 
 
 pro-pono, ere, posui, pdsltum, 
 v. tr. To place or set before ; to 
 propose. 
 
 Propontis, Idis, f. The sea 
 of Marmora. 
 
 proposttum, i, n. (propono). 
 Design, purpose ; statement, point. 
 
258 
 
 PROPRIUS PUERULUS 
 
 proprius, a, um, adj. One's 
 own, special, peculiar. 
 
 propter, adv. and prep, with 
 ace. Near, hardly; for, on ac- 
 count of, by reason of. 
 
 prdpugnaculum, i, n. (pro^ 
 pugno). A bulwark, rampart ; 
 protection. 
 
 prorsus, adv. (pro, verto). 
 Straightway, certainly, truly, ex- 
 actly, just. 
 
 pro-sequor, i t cut us sum. v. 
 dep. To follow after, pursue, 
 continue ; to attend, accompany ; 
 to proceed with. 
 
 pro-sllio, ire, ui, less freq. ivi 
 (ii), v. intr. (scllio). To lead 
 forth. 
 
 prosper,and prosperus, a,um, 
 adj. (pro, spero). Agreeable to 
 one's wishes, favorable, prosper- 
 ous, fortunate, successful. 
 
 prospere, a.&\. (prosper). Pros- 
 perously, successfully. 
 
 pro-splcio, ere, exi, ectum, v. 
 tr. (specio, to look). To view or 
 behold from a distance ; to foresee. 
 
 pro-sterno, ere, stravi, stra- 
 tum, v. tr. (sterno, to stretch out). 
 To overthrow, lay prostrate; to 
 discomfit, rout. 
 
 pro-sum, prodesse,profui t \. irr. 
 To do good, profit, benefit, avail. 
 
 pro-tmus, and pro-tenus,ndv. 
 Right forward, straightway, im- 
 mediately, forthwith. 
 
 pro-veho, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. 
 To carry forward ; to advance. 
 
 pro-video, ere, vidi, visum, v. 
 tr. To foresee, provide, furnish ; 
 to provide for or against; to be- 
 ware. 
 
 provincia, ce, f. (pro, vinco). 
 A province ; province or office as- 
 signed to any one. 
 
 pro-voco, are, aci, atum, v. tr. 
 
 To call forth; to challenge to a 
 contest. 
 
 prd-volvo, gre, volvi, vdlutum, 
 v. tr. To cast one's self down ; 
 to fall down, prostrate one's self 
 at. another's feet. 
 
 proxinrms. a, um, sup. of prd- 
 pior, adj. Nearest, next, last. 
 
 prudens, nils, adj. (contr. from 
 prdcldens ; pro, video). Foresee- 
 ing; prudent, thoughtful, wise; 
 skilful, expert. 
 
 prudentia, a, f. (prudens). 
 Foresight, prudence, discretion, 
 skill. 
 
 Prusias, a, m. A king of 
 Bithynia. 
 
 Ptolemaeus, i, m. Ptolemy 
 
 one of Alexander's generals, to 
 whom Egypt fell upon the divis- 
 ion of 'the Macedonian empire. 
 
 publice, adv. (publlcus). Pub- 
 licly, in the name or in behalf of 
 the public; openly; at the cost 
 of the state. 
 
 publico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (pu-.'licus). To confiscate, sell pub- 
 licly. 
 
 publlcus, a, um, adj. (poptt- 
 lus}. Public, belonging to the 
 people. 
 
 pudet, ere,puduit andpiidttum 
 est, v. impcrs. To be ashamed; 
 pudct me, I am ashamed. 
 
 pudor, oris,m. (ptidet). Shame ; 
 modesty. 
 
 puella, a, f. A girl, maiden, 
 lass. 
 
 puer, eri, m. A child, boy ; a 
 young slave. 
 
 pueriliter, adv. (puerllis, boy- 
 ish). In a childish manner. 
 
 puerltia, ce, f. (puer). Boy- 
 hood, childhood, youth. 
 
 pueriilus, t, m. (dim. of puer). 
 A lutle boy or child. 
 
PUGNA QUAMQUAM 
 
 259 
 
 pngna, #, f. (pugno). A fight, 
 battle, skirmish, contest. 
 
 pugno, are, avi, dtiim, v. intr. 
 (root PUG, whence pugnus, a fist). 
 To fight, contend, give battle, en- 
 gage, resist. 
 
 pule her, ra, rum, comp. pul- 
 chiior, sup. pulcherrtmus, adj. 
 Beautiful, beauteous, fair. 
 
 pulchre, comp. pulchrius, sup. 
 pulchcrrtme, adv. (pulcher). Beau- 
 tifully, finely, speciously, well. 
 
 pulchritude, toiis, f. (pulcher'). 
 Beauty. 
 
 piillus, i, m. A young animal, 
 young ; gallinaccus, a young cock. 
 
 pulmentarium, i, n. (pulmen- 
 tum, a condiment). Anything 
 eaten with bread ; a relish, chinry. 
 
 pulvis, veris, m. and f. Dust. 
 
 puiictus, us, m. (pungo, to 
 prick). A pricking, stinging; 
 prick, sting. 
 
 punio, ire, iri (ii), Hum, v. tr. 
 (ijccna). To punish. 
 
 pupillus, i, m. (pupulus, a 
 small boy). An orphan. 
 
 puppis, is, f. The stern or poop 
 of a ship; a ship. 
 
 purpureus, a, um, adj. (purpu- 
 ra, purple color). Purple colored, 
 purple. 
 
 piiteus, i, m. A well, pit. 
 
 puto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 lop off, prune ; to think, deem. 
 
 Pydna, <E, f. A town of Pieria, 
 in Macedonia. 
 
 Pyrenaeus, a, um, adj. Of or 
 belonging to the Pyrenees. 
 
 Pythagoreus, a, um, adj. Py- 
 thagorean. 
 
 Pythia, a, f. The priestess of 
 Apollo at Delphi. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q., abhrev. for Quintus. 
 
 qua, adv. (qui). Which way, 
 where. 
 
 quacunque, sc. parte, adv. 
 (quicunque). Wheresoever, wher- 
 ever. 
 
 quadraginta, num. adj. in 
 decl. (qudtuor}. Forty. 
 
 quadrigsfe, arum, f. (contr. 
 from quadrijugce ; qudtuor, ju- 
 gitm}. A four-horse team. 
 
 quadringeni, a, a, num. adj. 
 distrib. (quadringenti). Four hun- 
 dred each. 
 
 quadringenti, &, a, num. adj. 
 (qudtuor, centum). Four hundred. 
 
 quaere, ere, sivi, sltum, v. tr. -To 
 ask, inquire ; to seek, search for. 
 
 quaeso, ere, iri (ii), v. tr. (an 
 old form for qucerd). To ask, beg, 
 pray. 
 
 quaestio, onis, f. (queer o). A 
 seeking, inquiry, question ; a ju- 
 dicial investigation, trial ; inquisi- 
 tion. 
 
 quaestus, us, m. (qutfro). A 
 gaining, acquiring; gain, profit. 
 
 quails, e, ndj. (quis). Of what 
 kind, sort, or nature; tails qua- 
 lis, such as. 
 
 qualis-cunque, qualecunque, 
 adj. Of what kind soever. 
 
 quam, adv. In exclamations 
 and questions, how, how much ; 
 after comparatives, as, than ; 
 with superlatives it expresses the 
 highest possible degree, as, qwim 
 plurimas copias, as many forces 
 as possible. 
 
 quam-diu, adv. How long. 
 'quam-IIbet, adv. As it pleases. 
 
 quam -ob- rein, adv. Where- 
 fore. 
 
 quamquam. Sec quanquam. 
 
260 
 
 QUAMVIS QUISQUE 
 
 quam-vis, adv. and conj. Al- 
 though, however, very much, ever 
 so much. 
 
 quando, adv. When ; since. 
 
 quanquam,and quamquam, 
 conj. Though, although. 
 
 quantum, adv. (quantus). As 
 much as, so much as, as ; as far 
 as. 
 
 quantus, a, um, adj. How 
 great, how much ; as, such as. 
 
 qua-propter, conj. Where- 
 fore. 
 
 qua-re, adv. Wherefore, why, 
 for what reason. 
 
 quartus, a, um, num. adj. (qud- 
 tuor). The fourth. 
 
 quasi, adv. As if. 
 
 qua-teiius, conj. (tentis). How 
 fir ; as far as ; seeing that, since, 
 as. 
 
 quatriduum, i, n. (quatuor, 
 dies). A space of four days. 
 
 quatuor, and quattuor, num. 
 adj. indccl. Four. 
 
 que [always afnxed to the word 
 to which it belongs], conj. And. 
 
 quem-ad-modum, adv. Just 
 as, as. 
 
 quercus, us, f. An oak tree. 
 
 querela, ce, f. (queror). Com- 
 plaining, complaint. 
 
 queror, i t questus sum, v. dcp. 
 T-) complain, lament ; to complain 
 of. 
 
 qui, adv. (qui). How. 
 
 qui, quse, quod, rcl. pron. 
 Who, which, what, or that; also 
 an intcrrog. pron. Who ? which ? 
 what ? 
 
 quia, conj. (old neuter plur. 
 of qui}. Because. 
 
 qul-cunque, qucecunque, guod- 
 cunque, indef. pron. Whoever, 
 whosoever, whatsoever. 
 
 qui du in, qucedam, qitoddam or 
 
 quiddam, indef. pron. A certain 
 one. 
 
 quid em, adv. Indeed, truly ; 
 ne-quidem, not even. 
 
 quies, etis, f. Rest, quiet, 
 sleep. 
 
 quiesco, ere, guievi, quiet urn, 
 v. intr. (quies). To be quiet; to 
 rest, repose, be at rest. 
 
 quietus, a, urn, adj. (guicsco). 
 Quiet. 
 
 qtiin, conj. (qui, ne). That not ; 
 but that. 
 
 qui-nam, guanam, quodnam, 
 interrog. pron. Who, which, what, 
 pray ? 
 
 quingenti, , a, num. adj. 
 (quinque, centum). Five hundred. 
 
 quinquageni, a, a, num. adj. 
 (quinqiidyinta). Fifty each ; fifty 
 by fifty. 
 
 quinquaginta, num. adj. hi- 
 ded. Fifty. 
 
 quinque, num. adj. indecl. 
 Five. 
 
 quinquennium, t, n. (tjuin- 
 quennis ; quinque, annus). A pe- 
 riod of five years. 
 
 quinquies, num. adj. (quin- 
 que). Five times. 
 
 quintus, a, um, num. adj. 
 (quinque}. The fifth. 
 
 quippe, adv. and conj. (quia, 
 -pc). Surely, for indeed ; inas- 
 much ns. 
 
 quis, qua, quod or quid, inter- 
 rog. pron. Who ? which ? what ? 
 
 quis-nam, qucenam, quodnam 
 or quidnam, interrog. pron. Who, 
 Avhich, what, pray ? 
 
 quis-quam, quaquam, quic- 
 guam or quidquam, indef. pron. 
 Any one, any thing, any. 
 
 quis -que, guague, guodgue or 
 quidque, indef. pron. Each, every 
 one, every thing. 
 
QUISQUIS RECUSO 
 
 261 
 
 quis quis, quaque, quodquod, 
 and subs, quicquid [rare except 
 in the forms quidquid, quicquid, 
 and quoquo}, indcf. pron. Who- 
 ever, whatever. 
 
 qui-vis, quavis, quodvis, and 
 subs, quidms, indef. pron. "Who 
 or what you please, any you wish. 
 
 quo, adv. (qui). Whither, to 
 what place, where ; to what end ; 
 conj. that, to the end that. 
 
 quo-ad, adv. and conj. So 
 long as, as long as, as far as, until. 
 
 quod, conj. (neuter of qui.) Be- 
 cause, that, in that; though, 'al- 
 though (as particle of transition). 
 
 quodanimodo, adv. (qridnm, 
 modus}. In a certain manner, in 
 a measure. 
 
 quondam, adv.(quidam). For- 
 merty, once on a time. 
 
 quoniam, adv. (quum, jam}. 
 Because, since now, since, seeing 
 that. 
 
 quoque, conj. Also, too; truly. 
 
 qudt, adj. plur. indecl. How 
 many. 
 
 q not -a mi is, adv. (annus}. 
 Ye.irly, annually. 
 
 qudtidie, adv. (quot, dies). 
 Daily, every clay. 
 
 quoties-cumque, adv. (qud- 
 ties, ho\v often). As often as. 
 
 qimm, adv. and conj. When, 
 since, seeing that ; quum turn, 
 not only - but also, both and. 
 
 R. 
 
 radix, ids, f. A root ; the foot 
 or bottom of a hill. 
 
 ram osus, , um, adj. (ramus, a 
 branch). Full of branches, branch- 
 ing. 
 
 ran a, <z, f. A frog. 
 
 rapio, Src, pui^ ptum, v. tr. To 
 seize or carry off; to seize upon. 
 
 raptor, dm, m. (rapio). The 
 seizer, robber, plunderer. 
 
 rare, and raro, adv. (rarus). 
 Seldom, rarely. 
 
 ra/us, a, nm, adj. Far apart, 
 seldom to lie seen or met with, in- 
 frequent, rare ; thin, not close or 
 thick; phtr.,fa\v. 
 
 ratio, onis, f. (rear}. Reason, 
 cause, manner; account, consid- 
 eration. 
 
 ratus, a, um, adj. (reor). Rat- 
 ified, confirmed. 
 
 re-be!lo, arc, avt, atum, v. intr. 
 To wage war again, revolt, rebel. 
 
 re-cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. 
 intr* To retire, withdraw ; to go 
 back ; to go away, depart. 
 
 re-cido, ere, cidi, casum, v. 
 intr. (ccido). To fall back ; tore- 
 coil, relapse ; to end in. 
 
 recipero. See recupero. 
 
 re-cipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. tr. 
 (capio). To take back ; to take or 
 get again, recover; to take, re- 
 ceive; to seize upon; se recipere, 
 to return, bct.ike one's self. 
 
 re-cognosco, ere, gnod, gni- 
 tum, v. tr. To know again, rec- 
 ognize ; to examine, inspect. 
 
 re-concilio, are, avi, atum, v. 
 tr. To regain, re-establish, re- 
 store, reconcile. 
 
 recordatio, onis, f. (recordor, 
 to think over). A recalling to 
 mind, recollection, remembrance. 
 
 recta, adv., sc. via (rectus). 
 Straightway, directly. 
 
 recte,.adv. (rectus). Rightly. 
 
 rectns, a, um, adj. (rego, to 
 keep straight). Straight, right. 
 
 rS-cupero, arc, act, atum, v. tr. 
 (capio}. To get again ; to recover. 
 
 re-cuso, arc, aci, atum, V. tr. 
 
262 
 
 EEDDO REOR 
 
 (causa). To make objection 
 against; to be reluctant to do a 
 thing; to refuse, reject; to plead 
 in defence. 
 
 red-do, ere, dldi, dUum, v. tr. 
 To give back, return, restore; to 
 pay, offer ; to make, render. 
 
 red-eo, ire, ici (ii), itum, v. irr. 
 To go cr come back ; to return. 
 
 red-igo, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. 
 (ago). To bring or drive back; 
 to reduce, restore. 
 
 red-imo, ere, emt, crnptum, v.tr. 
 (emo). To buy back ; to ransom, 
 redeem. 
 
 redltus, us, m. (redeo). A re- 
 turn, revenue, income. 
 
 re-diico, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. To 
 bring or lead back, conduct back ; 
 to reinstate, restore. 
 
 re-f GTOyferrCy tiili, latum, v. irr. 
 To bear back, bring back ; to 
 bring back word, tell, relate; to 
 compare ; se rcferre, to return ; 
 impers. refert, it matters, con- 
 cerns. 
 
 refertus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (refercio, to fill up). Filled, full. 
 
 re-ficio, ere,feci,fectum, v. tr. 
 (fdcio). To make again, renew, 
 recruit ; to revive, restore, refresh. 
 
 refiigium, i, n. (re, fugio). A 
 recourse, refuge. 
 
 regalis, e, adj. (rex}. Of or be- 
 longing to a king, royal, regal. 
 
 regina, a, f. (rex). A queen. 
 
 regio, onis, f. (rego}. A region, 
 district, country. 
 
 resrius, a, urn, adj. (rex}. Royal, 
 kingly, princely. 
 
 regno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (regmnn}. To rule, reign as king. 
 
 regnum, i, n. (rex). A king- 
 dom, realm ; royal power. 
 
 rego, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. To 
 keep straight ; to guide, rule. 
 
 re"-jicio, Zre,jeci,jectum, v. tr. 
 (jclcio). To throw bick or off; to 
 reject. 
 
 re-Saxo, arc, avi, atum, v. tr. To 
 unbond, rela^x. 
 
 religio, dnis, f. Reverence for 
 God, religion, devotion, venera- 
 tion; religious institution; reli- 
 gious obligation ; scrupulousness. 
 
 re-Iinquo, ere, liqui, lictiim, v. 
 tr. To leave, forsake, relinquish, 
 quit, ab mdon. 
 
 reliquiaj, arum, f. (reUnquo). 
 The leavings, remains, relics, rem- 
 nants. 
 
 reliquus, a, um, adj. (rSlinquo). 
 That is left; remaining, left. 
 
 re-matieo, ere, mansi, v. intr. 
 To stay or remain behind ; to stay, 
 continue, abide. 
 
 remedium, i, n. (re, medeor t 
 to heal). A remedy, cure. 
 
 re-mmiscor, sd, v. dep. (root 
 MEN, whence mens, memlni). To 
 call to mind; to remember. 
 
 re-mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. 
 tr. To send or throw back ; to 
 give up, yield ; to slacken, abate, 
 remit ; to forgive. 
 
 remotu.s, a, urn, part, and adj. 
 (remdveo). Distant, remote. Fie/., 
 having nothing to do with, not 
 connected with, not feeling, Lot 
 enjoying. 
 
 re-moveo, ere, movi, mdtum, 
 v. tr. To remove, drive or send 
 away. 
 
 re-novo, are, ari, atum, v, tr. 
 (ndfus). To renew, make or build 
 anew ; to refresh. 
 
 re-nuncio, or nuntio, are, an, 
 atum, v. tr. To bring br.ck woi d, 
 report ; to proclaim ; to disclaim. 
 
 reor, reri, ratus sum, v. dep. 
 To think, judge, believe, suppose, 
 imagine. 
 
REPARO RESTITUO 
 
 263 
 
 re-paro, are, act, alum, v. tr. 
 To get again ; to renew. 
 
 re-pello, ere,puli,pulsum, v. tr. 
 To drive or thrust back, repel, re- 
 pulse, reject. 
 
 repente, adv. (repent, sudden). 
 Suddenly, unexpectedly. 
 
 repentmns, a, um, adj. (repens, 
 sudden). Sudden, hasty, unex- 
 pected. 
 
 re-perio, ire, reperi, repertum, 
 v. tr. (pdrio}. To find again; to 
 find, meet with, discover; to in- 
 vent, contrive. 
 
 re-peto, ere, ivi (ii), itum, v. 
 tr. To seek again ; to recover; to 
 renew. 
 
 re-pleo, ere, evi, etum, v. tr. 
 (pleo, obs., to fill). To fill again ; 
 to fill up. 
 
 repo, ere, psi, ptum, v. intr. To 
 creep, crawl. 
 
 re-pouo, ere, posui, posUum, 
 v. tr. To lay, set, put or place 
 back. 
 
 re-porto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To carry or bring back. 
 
 repperio. See reperio. 
 
 re-prehendo, ere, di, sum, v. 
 tr. (prehendo, to seize). To seize 
 or catch again; to lay hold of; 
 to blame. 
 
 re-prim o, ere, pressi, pressum, 
 v. tr. (premo). To repress, check, 
 restrain, confine. 
 
 repudium, i, n. (re, pes). Di- 
 vorce, repudiation. 
 
 re-pugno, are, avi, afum,v. intr. 
 To fight against ; to resist, oppose. 
 
 repulsa, ?, f. (repello). A re- 
 pulse. 
 
 rgpulsus, a, um, part. See re- 
 pello. 
 
 re-puto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To think over, reflect upon, con- 
 sider, meditate upon. 
 
 re-quiro, 8re, sivi, sltum, v. tr. 
 (quaro}. To seek for again ; to 
 seek for, ask for ; to seek in vain. 
 
 res, rei, i'. A thing, affair, busi- 
 ness, fortune; action, deed, ex- 
 ploit, undertaking, performance. 
 
 re-scindo, ere, soldi, scissum, 
 v. tr. (sci/tdo, to cut). To cut off ; 
 to cut or break down. 
 
 re-scisco, ere, ivi (&), itum, v. 
 intr. (scio). To learn again; to 
 learn. 
 
 re-scrlbo, ere, psi, ptum, v. tr. 
 To write back, reply. 
 
 re-secro, and -sacro, are, avi, 
 atum, v. tr. (sacer). To take off 
 a curse or execration. 
 
 re-servo, are, ad, aium, v. tr. 
 To keep back. 
 
 re-sideo, ere, ser/i, v. intr. (,^- 
 deo). To sit down; to remain 
 sitting. 
 
 re-sisto, ere, stiti, v. intr. To 
 stand still ; to oppose, prevent. 
 
 re-so!vo, ere, solci, solutum, v. 
 tr. To untie, loosen. 
 
 respectus, us, m. (resptcio). 
 Respect, regard, consideration. 
 
 re-spicio, ere, exi, ectum, v. 
 intr. (specio, to look). To look 
 back ; to review ; to regard, have 
 a care for, be mindful of. 
 
 re-spiro, are, art, atum, v. intr 
 To breathe back, respire. 
 
 re-spondeo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 spondeo, to pledge one's word). 
 To promise ; to answer, respond, 
 reply. 
 
 responsum, i, n. (respondeo). 
 An answer, response ; response 
 of an oracle. 
 
 res-publica, reipubtica, f. A 
 republic, commonwealth, state. 
 
 re-spuo, ere, ui, v. tr. (spuo, to 
 spit). To spit back ; to reject. 
 
 re-stituo, &re, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 
264 
 
 RESTO RUSTICUS 
 
 (statuo). To set up again; tore- 
 store, rebuild, renew. 
 
 re-sto, dte, stlti, v. intr. To 
 oppose ; to remain, stop, be left. 
 
 re-tardo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (tardo, to delay). To hinder, re- 
 tard, delay. 
 
 re-tendo, ere, di, turn or sum, 
 v. tr. To release from tension ; to 
 slacken, relax, unbend. 
 
 retentus, a, urn, part. See rS- 
 tlneo. 
 
 re-tineo, ere, ui, tentum, v. tr. 
 (teneo). To hold or keep back ; to 
 detain, retain, restrain; to pre- 
 serve, keep. 
 
 re-torrldus, a, urn, adj. (tor- 
 reo, to dry). Dried up; wizen, 
 wrinkled, old. 
 
 re-traho, ere, traxi, tractum, 
 v. tr. To draw or pull back ; to 
 withdraw ; to save, keep from. 
 
 retro, adv. (re and pron. suffix 
 -tcr). Backward, back. 
 
 rettudi. -See retundo. 
 
 re-tundo, ere, tudi, tusum and 
 tunsitm, v. tr. (tundo, to beat). 
 To beat back ; to check. 
 
 reus, a, um, adj. Accused. 
 Subs. A defendant. 
 
 re-verto, ere, ti, sum, v. intr. 
 and 
 
 re-vertor, i, sus sum. v. dep. 
 To turn or come back ; to return. 
 
 re-voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To call back, recall; to invite in 
 turn ; to restore. 
 
 rex, regis, m. (rego). A king. 
 
 rhetor, dris, m. A rhetori- 
 cian ; teacher of oratory ; orator. 
 
 Rhddanus, i, m. The Rhone, 
 a river of Switzerland and France. 
 
 Rhodii, drum, m. The Rhodi- 
 ans, inhabitants of Rhodus. 
 
 Rhodus, , f. Rhodes, an is- 
 land on the coast of Asia Minor. 
 
 rideo, ere, si, sum, v. intr. To 
 laugh. 
 
 ridicule, adv. (ridco). Mer- 
 rily. 
 
 rig'eo, ere, v. intr. To be stiff 
 with cold. 
 
 rigor, dris, m. (rtgeo). Stiff- 
 ness, rigidity, numbness. 
 
 risus, us, m. (rideo). Laughter, 
 laughing, merriment. 
 
 rivus, i, m. A small stream of 
 water ; a brook. 
 
 robustus, a, um, adj. (robur, 
 a very hard kind of oak). Made 
 of oak, hard ; Jig., strong, robust, 
 
 rogatus, us, m. (rogo). A de- 
 sire, request; question. 
 
 rogo, are, art, atum, v. tr. To 
 ask, interrogate, question ; to re- 
 quest, entreat. 
 
 rogus, i, m. A funeral pile. 
 
 Roma, a, f. Rome. 
 
 Romaiius, a, um, adj. Of 
 Rome, Roman. Subs. Romani, 
 drum, m. The Romans. 
 
 rostrum, i, n. (rodo, to gnaw). 
 A beak. 
 
 Roxane, es, f. A daughter of 
 the Bactrian Oxyartes, wife of Al- 
 exander the Great. 
 
 riiber, bra, brum, adj. Red, 
 ruddy. 
 
 rudis, e, adj. Rough, unim- 
 proved. 
 
 rugosus, a, um, adj. (ruga, a 
 wrinkle). Wrinkled. 
 
 rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, v. tr. 
 To burst, break. 
 
 ruo, ere, rui, rutum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To rush, rush down, fall. 
 
 rursus and -sum, adv. (revcr- 
 sus). Back, on the other hand, 
 again. 
 
 rustic us, a, um, adj. (rus, the 
 country). Of the country, rustic, 
 clownish. Sub*. A clown. 
 
SACCUS SATIO 
 
 265 
 
 S. 
 
 saccus, i, m. A sack, bag. 
 
 sacellum, t. n. (dim. of sa- 
 crum, sacer). A little temple, 
 chapel. 
 
 sacer, era, crum, adj, Sacred, 
 holy, consecrated. 
 
 sacerdos, otis, m. and f. (sa- 
 cer}. A priest or priestess. 
 
 sacramentum, i, n. (sdcer). 
 The military oath. 
 
 sacrarium, i, n. (sacer). A 
 sanctuary. 
 
 sacrifice, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (sacer, f ado). To sacri- 
 fice ; to offer or perform sacrifice. 
 
 sacrilegium, i t n. (sacer, lego}. 
 Sacrilege. 
 
 sacrum, i, n. (sdcer). Any- 
 thing sacred or consecrated to the 
 gods ; any sacred rite or sacrifice ; 
 religious worship. 
 
 ssepe, adv. Often, oftentimes, 
 many times, frequently. 
 
 saevio, ire, ii, itum, v. intr. 
 (scevus). To rage, vent one's rage. 
 
 saevitia, ce, f. (seevtis). Fierce- 
 ness, hardness, cruelty, barbarity, 
 severity. 
 
 saevus, a, urn, adj. Cruel, 
 rough, severe, fierce. 
 
 sagacitas, atis, f. (sdgax, 
 shrewd). Penetration, sagacity, 
 shrewdness. 
 
 sagitta, a, f. An arrow. 
 
 Saguntum, or -us, i, n. and f. 
 A city of Valentia, in Spain, now 
 Murviedro. 
 
 Sal am is, mis, f. An island in 
 the Saronic Gulf. 
 
 Sal ami n ins, a, um, adj. (Sd- 
 tomis). Of Salamis. 
 
 salio, ire t ui, turn, v. intr. To 
 leap, spring. 
 
 saltern, adv. (salvus}. At least 
 
 salto, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (freq. of salio). To dance, leap. 
 
 saltus, us and i, m. (sdlio). A 
 leap ; forest, thicket, woody val- 
 ley, pass, mountain-range. 
 
 sfiSum, *,.n. The sea. 
 
 saSus, utis, f. (sahus). Health, 
 safety, preservation. 
 
 saluto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (sdlus). To wish health to; to 
 greet, salute. 
 
 salvus, a, urn, adj. Safe, un- 
 hurt, sound, in good health. 
 
 Samos. or -us, t, f. An island 
 in the ^Egean Sea, opposite to 
 the promontory of Mycale, on the 
 coast of Ionia. 
 
 sanctus, a, um, adj. (sancio, to 
 render sacred). Sacred, holy. 
 
 sane, adv. (sanus, whole). Tru- 
 ly, indeed. 
 
 sanguis, tnis, m. Blood. 
 
 sauitas, atis, f. (sanus, sound). 
 Health. 
 
 sapiens, entis, adj. (sdpio). 
 Wise. 
 
 sapienter, adv. (sdpiens). 
 Wisely. 
 
 sapientia, &, f. (sapiens). 
 Wisdom. 
 
 sapio, Sre, ivi (n), v. tr. and 
 intr. To taste ; to be wise. 
 
 sapor, oris, m. (sapio). Taste. 
 
 sarcina, , f. (sarcio, to mend). 
 A burden, pack. 
 
 Sardinia, ?, f. Sardinia, an 
 island in the Mediterranean. 
 
 Sardis, is, or Sardes, ium, f. 
 The chief city of Lydia. 
 
 sarmentiim, i, n. (sarpo, to 
 trim). A twig. 
 
 satelles, Mis, m. andf. An at- 
 tendant, lifeguard. 
 
 satio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (sd- 
 tis). To fill with food ; to satiate, 
 satisfy. 
 
266 
 
 SATIS SE JUNGO 
 
 satis, adv. Enough, sufficient, 
 sufficiently ; satis, enough, so that 
 one needs no more ; abunde, more 
 than enough ; affatim, enough 
 even to weariness. 
 
 sat or, 5m, m. (sej'o, to sow). 
 The creator, father, sire. 
 
 satrapa, , and -es, is, m. The 
 governor of a Persian province, 
 viceroy, satrap. 
 
 saturo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (satur, sated). To fill, glut, sati- 
 ate. 
 
 saucio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (saucius). To wound, hurt. 
 
 saucius, a, urn, adj. Wounded, 
 hurt ; wounded in mind, sad, 
 troubled. 
 
 sax urn, t, n. Any large, rough 
 stone ; a fragment of a rock, 
 
 scan do, ere, di, sum, v. intr. 
 To climb, mount. 
 
 scapha, ce, f. A little boat ; a 
 skiff. 
 
 scelestus, a, urn, adj. (scelus). 
 Wicked, base. 
 
 scelus, eris, n. A heinous ac- 
 tion ; a crime, an evil deed ; wick- 
 edness ; villany. 
 
 scena, ce, f. The stage, scene 
 of a theatre. 
 
 scilicet, adv. (contr. for scire, 
 Kcet). Forsooth, to wit, truly. 
 
 scio, ire, ivi (ii),itum,v.tr. To 
 know, understand, have knowl- 
 edge of. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m. I. Publius 
 Cornelius, surnamed the Elder 
 Africanus. II. Publius Cornelius 
 Scipio ^Emilianus, surnamed the 
 Younger Africanus. 
 
 scribo, Sre, psi, ptum, v. tr. To 
 write, compose. 
 
 scriptor, oris, m. (scribo}. A 
 writer, author. 
 
 scyphus, i, m. A cup, goblet. 
 
 Scytha, or -es, a, m. A Scyth- 
 ian, native of Scythia. 
 
 Scythia, ?, f. Scytliia, the 
 country north of the Black and 
 Caspian Seas. 
 
 seeius, comp. of secus, adv. 
 Less ; otherwise. 
 
 sector, ari, atus sum, v. dcp. 
 (sequor). To follow after ; to seek 
 to imitate. 
 
 seculum, *, n. A race; a life- 
 time, an age. 
 
 secum, i. e., cum se. 
 
 secundus, a, um, adj. (sequor). 
 Following ; following the first, the 
 second ; going in the same direc- 
 ti:.n ; fair, prosperous, favoring, 
 favorable ; res secundte, prosper- 
 ity ; secundo cestu, with the tide. 
 
 securltas, atis, f. (securus). 
 Freedom from care, unconcern. 
 
 securus, a,um, adj. (sine, cura). 
 Free from care, unconcerned, se- 
 cure. 
 
 sed, conj. But, yet. 
 
 sedeo, ere, sedi, sessum, v. intr. 
 To sit. 
 
 sedes, is, f. (sedeo). A seat, 
 bench; position, condition. 
 
 sedltio, onis, f. (sed, i. e., sine 
 Uio, from eo). Originally, a going 
 aside; civil discord, insurrection, 
 sedition. 
 
 seditiosus, a, um, adj. (sedftio). 
 Factious, mutinous, seditious, tur- 
 bulent. 
 
 sedo, are, avi, dtum, v. tr. and 
 intr. (sedeo). To allay, appease, 
 calm, quiet, end, stop. 
 * segnis, e, adj. (sequor). Slow, 
 tardy, sluggish, dilatory. 
 
 se-grggo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (grex). To take out Of the flock ; 
 to separate. 
 
 se-jungo, ere, nxi, nctum, v. tr. 
 To disjoin, separate. 
 
SELLA SEVERUS 
 
 2G7 
 
 sella, ce, f. (sedeo). A seat, 
 chair. 
 
 semel, adv. Once, but once, 
 once for all. 
 
 semi-animis, e, adj. (semi, 
 half, animus). Half alive, half 
 dead. 
 
 semper, adv. Always, ever. 
 
 senarius, a, um, adj. (seni, six 
 each). Containing six feet. 
 
 senattis, us, m. (sSnex). A 
 council of elders ; the senate. 
 
 senecta, ce, f. (senex). 'Old age. 
 
 senesco, 8re, senui, v. intr. 
 (senex). To grow old, decay. 
 
 senex, sSnis, comp. senior, sup. 
 supplied by maxlmus natu, adj. 
 Old, aged. Subs. An old person. 
 
 sensim, adv. (sentio). Gradu- 
 ally, gently, slowly. 
 
 sensus, us, m. (sentio}. Sense, 
 feeling ; judgment,thought ; mean- 
 ing. 
 
 sententia, a, f. (sentio). Opin- 
 ion, judgment, sentence, expres- 
 sion, thought, reflection ; purpose ; 
 decree. 
 
 sentio, ire, sensi, sensum, v. tr. 
 To discern, perceive, think, ob- 
 serve, be of opinion ; to feel, ex- 
 perience. 
 
 separatim, adv. (separo, to 
 disjoin). Asunder, apart, sepa- 
 rately, severally. 
 
 sepelio, ire, ivi (ii), ultum, v. 
 tr. To bury, inter. 
 
 sepio, ire, psi, ptum, v. tr. (se- 
 pes, a hedge). To hedge in, en- 
 close, guard, shelter. 
 
 septem, nom. adj. indecl. 
 Seven. 
 
 septentrio, onis, generally in 
 plur. Septentriones, urn, m. (sep- 
 tem, ti tones, ploughing oxen). 
 The seven stars, near the north 
 pole, which form the constellation 
 
 of the Great Bear, or Wain ; the 
 north wind ; the north. 
 
 septimus, a,- um, num. adj. 
 (septem). Seventh; septimus de- 
 cimus, seventeenth. 
 
 septingenti, ce, a, num. adj. 
 (septem, centum). Seven hundred. 
 
 septuagesimus, a, um, num. 
 adj. (septuagintd). Seventieth. 
 
 septuaginta, num. adj. indecl. 
 Seventy. 
 
 sepulchrum, or -crum, i, n. 
 (sepelio). A burial-place, grave, 
 sepulchre, tomb ; tombstone. 
 
 sepultura, #, f. (sepelio). Buri- 
 al, interment. 
 
 sequor, i, cutus sum, v. dep. To 
 follow, pursue; to adopt; to be- 
 long to. 
 
 serenus, a, um, adj. Clear, fair, 
 bright, serene. 
 
 sermo, onis, m. (sero, to join 
 or bind together). Common dis- 
 course, talk ; rumor, speech. 
 
 serpeiis, ntis, m. and f. (serpo t 
 to creep). A snake, serpent. 
 
 serus, a, um, adj. Late. 
 
 Servilius, i, m. The name of 
 a Roman gens. 
 
 servio, ire, ivi (ii), itum, v. intr. 
 (servus). To be a slave ; to serve, 
 obey ; to provide for, take care of, 
 attend to ; to try to procure. 
 
 servitus, utis, f. (servus). Sla- 
 very, bondage. 
 
 servo, are, am, atum, v. tr. To 
 keep, lay up, preserve. 
 
 serviilus, i, m. (dim. of ser- 
 vus). A young slave. 
 
 servus, i, m. A slave, bond- 
 man ; servant. 
 
 se-se, emphatic for se. Sec sui. 
 
 severitas, atis, f. (seuerus). Se- 
 verity, rigor. 
 
 severus, a, ttm, adj. Grave, 
 strict, rigorous, severe,. harsh. 
 
268 
 
 SEUTHES SOCRATES 
 
 . Seuthes/ts, m. A king of the 
 Tbracians in the time of Alcibia,- 
 dcs. 
 
 sex, num. adj. indecl. Six. 
 
 sexagenarius, i, m. (sexage- 
 ni). A man of sixty, a sexagena- 
 rian. 
 
 sexageni, <z, a, num. adj. (sex- 
 aginta). Sixty each, sixty. 
 
 sexaginta, num. adj. indecl. 
 Sixty. 
 
 sexcenti, a>, a, num. adj. (sex, 
 centum). Six hundred. 
 
 sextus, a, urn, num. adj. (sex). 
 Sixth. 
 
 si, conj. If. 
 
 sic, r.dv. So, thus. 
 
 Sicilia, ee, f. Sicily, the largest 
 island in the Mediterranean. 
 
 sic-ut, and sic-uti, adv. As, 
 just as, so as, as well as. 
 
 Sidonius, a, urn, adj. (Sidoti). 
 Of or belonging to Sidon. Sido- 
 nia (sc. urbs). The city Sidon. 
 
 Sigambri, drum, m. The Si- 
 gambri. 
 
 significo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (signum, facio). To give notice 
 or warning ; to give a sign or sig- 
 nal ; to signify, indicate, intimate. 
 
 signum, i, n. A sign, emblem, 
 mark, seal ; standard ; signal. 
 
 Silei, drum, m. The Silei. 
 
 Silenus, i, m. A Carthaginian 
 historian. 
 
 sllentium, *, n. (slleo). Silence. 
 
 sileo,. ere, ui, v. intr. To be 
 silent. 
 
 silva, a>, f. A wood, forest. 
 
 similis, e, adj. Like, similar. 
 
 slmiliter, adv. (slmilis). Like- 
 wise, in a like manner. 
 
 sirnius, i, m. An ape. 
 
 simpliciter, adv. (simplex, 
 plain). Plainly, simply, in a 
 straightforward manner. 
 
 simul, adv. Together, in com- 
 pany, at once, at the same time. 
 
 simiil-ac, adv. As soon as. 
 
 simulacrum, i, n. (slmilis). 
 An image, likeness. 
 
 simfilo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (stmilis). To assume the appear- 
 ance of a thing ; to make like ; 
 to feign, pretend, counterfeit. 
 
 sin, conj. (si, ne). But if, if 
 not, otherwise. 
 
 sine, prep, with abl. Without. 
 
 singuli, &, a [in the sing, only 
 ante and post-classical], num. adj. 
 distrib. Separate, single, one by 
 one, every, several. 
 
 sino, ere, sivi (ii), sUum, v. tr. 
 To suffer, allow, permit. 
 
 sinus, its, m. The bosom. 
 
 si-quidem, adv. If indeed, 
 since, inasmuch as. 
 
 si-quis, or si-qui, stqua, siquid 
 or siquod, indef. pron. If any, if 
 any one, if anything. 
 
 sisto, ere, stlti, stdtum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To check, stop, stay. 
 
 sitio, ire, ivi (ii), v. tr. and intr. 
 (sUis). To thirst, be thirsty. 
 
 sitis, is, f. Thirst. 
 
 situs, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (sino). Situated, planted. 
 
 sl-ve, conj. Or if; sive sive, 
 whether or. 
 
 smaragdus, *, m. An emerald. 
 
 sobdles, is, f. (sub, OLEO, 
 whence olesco, to grow). Offspring, 
 race, progeny. 
 
 socer, eri, m. A father-in-law. 
 
 societas, dtis, f. (sdcius). Fel- 
 lowship, partnership, alliance, as- 
 sociation ; society. 
 
 socia, ce, f. A sharer, partner, 
 associate, ally. 
 
 sdcius, i, m. A partner, com- 
 panion, ally, sharer, associate. 
 
 Socrates, is, m. Socrates, an 
 
SODALIS SPERNO 
 
 269 
 
 Athenian, the most celebrated 
 philosopher of antiquity. 
 
 sddalis, is, m. and f. A mate, 
 comrade, boon companion. 
 
 Sogdiani, drum, m. The Sog- 
 diani, inhabitants of Sogdiana, ly- 
 ing between the Oxus and the 
 Jaxartes. 
 
 so!, soils, m. The sun. 
 
 solacium, i, n. (solor, to con- 
 sole). A soothing, comfort, con- 
 solation. 
 
 solemnis, e, adj. (sollus, i. e., 
 totus, annus). Stated, religious, 
 solemn. 
 
 solemnlter, adv. (solemnis]. 
 In a religious or solemn manner ; 
 in the usual manner. 
 
 soleo, ere, itus sum [partici- 
 ples solens and solltus], v. semi- 
 dep. To be wont, be accustomed ; 
 to use. 
 
 soildus, a, tmi, adj. (solum). 
 Firm, dense, compact ; solid, well- 
 grounded. 
 
 solitudo, tnis, f. (solus). Lone- 
 liness, solitude ; lonely place, 
 desert, wilderness. 
 
 solltus, a, um, part, and adj. 
 (sdleo). "Wonted, customary. 
 
 sollemnis, &c. See solemnis. 
 
 sollicito, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 (solllcitus). To move violently; 
 to invite. 
 
 sollicitiis, a, um, adj. (sollus, 
 i. e., totus, cieo). Anxious, full of 
 care. 
 
 solum, adv. (solus). Only, 
 merely, alone. 
 
 solum, i, n. Soil, land, country. 
 
 solus, a, um, gen. solius, dat. 
 soli, adj. Alone, only, solitary. 
 
 solutio, onis, f. (50/1*0). A loos- 
 ing, payment. 
 
 solvo, ere, solvi, sdlutum, v. tr. 
 To loose, untie, set free ; to pay. 
 
 somiiium, i, n. (somnus). A 
 dream. 
 
 somnus, i, m. Sleep. 
 
 sonipes, edis, m. (sdnus, pes). 
 A charger, courser, steed. 
 
 sonitus, us, m. (sono, to sound). 
 A sound, accent, tune. 
 
 soiius, t, m. (sono, to sound). 
 A sound. 
 
 soph us, t, m. A wise man. 
 
 sorbitio, onis, f. (sorbeo, to 
 drink). Soup, broth. 
 
 sordidus, a, um, adj. (sordeo t 
 to be dirty). Dirty, mean, ignoble. 
 
 soror, oris, f. A sister. 
 
 sors, tis, f. (sero, to join). Lot, 
 chance. 
 
 Sosilus, i, m. A Spartan his- 
 torian. 
 
 spargo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. To 
 spread abroad ; to diffuse. 
 
 Sparta, a, f. The capital of 
 Laconia. 
 
 Spartanus, a, um, adj. (Spar- 
 ta). Of Sparta. Subs. A Spartan. 
 
 sparum, i, n., and -us, i, m. 
 A kind of small dart or lance. 
 
 species, el, f. (specio, to look). 
 The look, appearance, exterior; 
 pretext. 
 
 spectaculum, , n. (specto). A 
 show, sight, spectacle. 
 
 specto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (freq. of specio, to look). To look 
 at, behold, have in view ; to con- 
 sider, regard ; to tend or point to- 
 wards ; to aim at, strive after. 
 
 speculator, oris, m. (spSculor, 
 to view). A scout, spy. 
 
 speculum, *', n. (specio, to 
 look). A mirror. 
 
 specus, us, m., f., and n. A 
 cave, hole, abyss, cavern. 
 
 sperno, Sre, sprevi, spretum, v. 
 tr. To despise, contemn, reject, 
 scorn. 
 
270 
 
 SPERO STUPOR 
 
 spero, are, avi, atuni, v. tr. To 
 hope, trust, expect. 
 
 spes, spSi [wants gen., dat., and 
 abl. plural], f. (spero). Hope. 
 
 spiritus, us, m. (spiro). Breath, 
 life. 
 
 spiro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To breathe ; to blow. 
 
 splendidus, a, urn, adj. (splen- 
 deo, to shine). Bright, illustri- 
 ous. 
 
 splendor, oris, m. (splendeo, 
 to shine). Splendor, brilliancy, 
 brightness. 
 
 spolio, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (spolium). To rob, plunder. 
 
 spolium, i y n. The spoil of an 
 animal, skin, hide; the arms or 
 armor stripped from a defeated 
 enemy ; booty, prey, spoil. 
 
 spondeo, ere, spdpondi, spon- 
 sum, v. tr. To promise solemnly. 
 
 spontis, sponte [gen. and abl. 
 of a noun, of which no other 
 cases occur], f. Of one's own ac- 
 cord or free will. 
 
 spumo, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (spuma, foam). To foam. 
 
 stadium, i, n. A stade, stadium. 
 
 stagnum, i, n. (sto). Standing 
 water. 
 
 statim,adv. (sto). Forthwith, 
 straightway, immediately. 
 
 Statira, ce, f. Statira, the eld- 
 est daughter of Darius Codoman- 
 nus. She was offered by him in 
 marriage to Alexander the Great 
 before the battle of Arbela, and 
 was afterwards married by the 
 conqueror at Susa. 
 
 statua, ce, f. (statuo). An im- 
 age, statue. 
 
 statuo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. (sto). 
 To put, place, set up, erect ; to 
 fix, determine, appoint, resolve. 
 
 status, its, in. (sto). Condition. 
 
 stercus, cdris, n. Dung. 
 
 steiilis, e, adj. Barren. 
 
 Ktcrqiiilluum, f, n. (stercus). 
 A dunghill. 
 
 Stesagoras, ce, m. A brother 
 of Miltiades. 
 
 stipe 11 diarius, a, um, adj. 
 (stipmdium). Tributary. 
 
 stipe nd ium, /, n. (stips, a con- 
 tribution, pendo). A tax, pay, 
 stipend. 
 
 stirps, stirpis, m. and f. The 
 root or trunk of a tree ; stock or 
 family ; offspring, lineage. 
 
 sto, are, .steti, stdtum, v. intr. 
 To stand ; to continue, remain. 
 
 strages, is, f. (sterno, to pros- 
 trate). An overthrow, defeat; 
 slaughter, massacre. 
 - strenuus. a, um, adj. Stout, 
 manly ; active, brave, valiant. 
 
 stringo, ere, inxi, ictum, v. tr. 
 To draw tight ; to bind oi\ tie 
 tight ; to draw, bind, or press to- 
 gether. 
 
 stropha, ce, f. A crook, turn ; 
 a trick, artifice. 
 
 studiose, adv. (studiosus). 
 Carefully, eagerly, studiously. 
 
 studiosus, a, um, adj. (studi- 
 um). Careful, eager, fond, dili- 
 gent, studious. 
 
 stfidium, i, n. (studeo, to be car- 
 nest.). Earnest application of 
 mind, study ; eager pursuit, zeal, 
 devotion. Plur. studies. 
 
 stulte, adv. (stultus). Foolish- 
 ly. 
 
 stultitia, ce, f. (stultus}. Folly, 
 foolishness, stupidity, silliness. 
 
 stultus, a, um, adj. Foolish, 
 simple, silly, stupid. 
 
 stupeo, ere, ui, v. tr. and intr. 
 To be astonished, amazed, stupe- 
 fied. 
 
 stupor, oris, m. (stupeo). 
 
STUPRUM SUGAMBRI 
 
 271 
 
 Numbness ; dulness, stupidity ; 
 astonishment, amazement. 
 
 stuprum, i, n. Dishonor, adul- 
 tery, ravishment. 
 
 suadeo, ere, si, sum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To persuade, advise, counsel. 
 
 sufivis, e, adj. Sweet, pleas- 
 ant, agreeable. 
 
 sub, prep, with ace. or abl. Un- 
 der, at, near the time of. 
 
 sub-alai is, e, adj. (ala, a wing). 
 Under the wing ; under the arm. 
 
 sub-do, ere, dldi, dltum, v. tr. 
 To put, place, set, or lay under. 
 
 sub-ddlus, a, urn, adj. Crafty, 
 deceitful. 
 
 sub-duco, ere, xi, ctum, v tr. 
 To withdraw, remove ; to free 
 from. 
 
 sub-eo, ire, ivi (ii), Mum, v. 
 irr. ' To go under; to undergo, 
 suffer, submit to ; to come up to. 
 
 siib-isro, ere, egi, actum, v. tr. 
 (ticjo). To bring under ; to coii- 
 quer, subdue, force, constrain. 
 
 subito, adv. (subltus). Sud- 
 denly, on a sudden. 
 
 subltus, a, um, adj. (subeo). 
 Sudden, hasty, unexpected. 
 
 sub-jicio, ere, jeci, jectum, v. 
 tr. (jdcio). To throw or place 
 under ; to subject ; to substitute. 
 
 sub-lSvo, are, aci, atum, v. tr. 
 To raise up; to support, help. 
 
 sub-moveo, ere, mdvi, motum, 
 v. tr. To move or drive away. 
 
 suboles, is, f. See sdbtiles. 
 
 sub-orno, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 To fit out, secretly incite, suborn. 
 
 sub-ripio, ere, ui, reptwn, V. 
 tr. (rdpio). To take secretly ; to 
 steal. 
 
 sub-s6qtior, i, sScutus sum,\. 
 dep. To follow close after. 
 
 sub-sidium, i, n. (sub, sedco). 
 Aid, succor ; a body of reserve. 
 
 sub-stituo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. 
 (stdtuo). To place under ; to put 
 in the place of another ; to substi- 
 tute. 
 
 sub-sum, esse, fui, v. irr. To 
 be under ; to be at hand or near. 
 
 sub-verto, &re, ti, sum, v. tr. 
 To turn upside down ; to over- 
 throw, destroy, subvert. 
 
 succedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v. 
 tr. and intr. (sub, cedo}. To go or 
 come under ; to come up, ap- 
 proach; to submit; to succeed, 
 prosper. 
 
 succendo, Sre, di, sum, v. tr. 
 (sub, candeo, to glow). To set on 
 me; inflame. 
 
 successor, oris, m. (succedo). 
 A follower, successor. 
 
 successus, us, m. (succedo). 
 Success. 
 
 succumbo, ere, tibiri, tibitum, 
 v. intr. (sub,cubo, to recline). To 
 sink or fall under ; to sink down ; 
 to yield, submit, give up. 
 
 succurro, ere, curri, cursum, 
 v. intr. (sub, curro). To hasten 
 to help. 
 
 sud or, oris, m. (sudo, to sweat). 
 Sweat, 
 
 suff ero, ferre, sustuli, subla- 
 tum, v. irr. (sub, f ero). To hold 
 up, support ; to take up, pick up ; 
 to offer, proffer, give. 
 
 suificio, ere, fed, fectum, v. 
 tr. (sub, fdcio). To put in the 
 place of; to substitute, appoint as 
 successor ; to furnish ; to be suffi- 
 cient; to suffice. 
 
 suffragium, *, n. (sub, fran- 
 ffo). A vote, suffrage. 
 
 suffragor, ari, dtus sum, v. 
 dep. (suffragium). To vote ; to 
 favor, support. 
 
 Siigambri, drum, m. The Su- 
 gambri. 
 
272 
 
 SUI SUSTINEO 
 
 sui, slbi, se, pers. pron. Him- 
 self, herself, itself; themselves. 
 
 Sulpicius, i t m. I. Publius 
 Sulpicius Galba, a consul in the 
 time of Hannibal. II. Blitho, a 
 historian who wrote an account 
 of the exploits of Hannibal. 
 
 sum, esse,fui, v. irr. To be. 
 
 sum ma, a, f. (summits). The 
 amount ; a sum of money ; chief 
 power, command ; the whole. 
 
 summus, a, um, sup. of supe- 
 rus, adj. Highest, greatest. 
 
 sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, v. 
 tr. (sub, emo). To take, assume. 
 
 sum plus, and sumtus, us, m. 
 (sumo). Expense, cost. 
 
 super, prep, with ace. and abl. 
 Upon, over, 'above, about, beyond ; 
 erat super, for supererat, was left. 
 
 superbia, a, f. (superbus, up- 
 lifted). Haughtiness, -pride. 
 
 superior, us, gen. oris, comp. 
 of superus, adj. Higher. 
 
 super-mitto, ere, misi, mis- 
 sum, v. tr. To put in afterwards ; 
 to add. 
 
 siipero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (super). To go or climb 
 over, pass ; to overcome, subdue ; 
 to excol, surpass, exceed. 
 
 superstes, ids, adj. (stiper, 
 sto). Remaining, surviving. 
 
 siiperstitio, onis, f. (super, 
 sto). Superstition, unreasonable 
 religious belief. 
 
 super-sum, esse,fui, v. irr. To. 
 be over and above ; to be super- 
 fluous, abound ; to be left, remain, 
 survive. 
 
 super us, a, um, comp. superi- 
 or, sup. supremus or summus, adj. 
 (sfiper). That is above, high. 
 Subs, siiperi, drum, m. The gods 
 above, the celestial deities. 
 
 super-vacaneus, a, um, adj. 
 
 (vdcuus, empty). Unnecessary, 
 superfluous. 
 
 super-venio, ire, veni, ventum, 
 v. tr. and intr. To come over ; to 
 arrive. 
 
 suppedito, are, avi, atum, v. 
 tr. (sub, peto). To furnish, afford, 
 supply. 
 
 suppl erne 11 turn, i, n. (sup- 
 pleo). A filling up ; a filling up 
 a body of troops, recruiting, re- 
 enforcement. 
 
 suppleo, ere, evi, etum, v. tr. 
 (sub, pleo, to fill). To fill up. 
 
 supple*, ids, adj. (sub, pllco, 
 to fold). Bending the knee, kneel- 
 ing down, humbly begging, be- 
 seeching, suppliant. 
 
 supplieium, i, n. (supplex). 
 Properly, a kneeling down, either 
 as a suppliant or to receive pun- 
 ishment; punishment. 
 
 supra, adv. and prep, with ace. 
 Above, upon, beyond. 
 
 Susa, drum, n., and Susa, a, f. 
 The ancient capital of Persia. 
 
 Susamlthres, ce, m. One of the 
 murderers of Alcibiades. 
 
 suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, v. 
 tr. (sub, capio). To take up, sup- 
 port ; to undertake ; to take, re- 
 ceive ; to beget, bear children. 
 
 suspenclo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 (sub, pendo). To hang up; to 
 hang, suspend. 
 
 suspicio,ere, spexi, spectum, v. 
 tr. and intr. (sub, sp$cio, to look). 
 To suspect, mistrust. 
 
 susplcio, onis, f. (susplcor). 
 Suspicion, mistrust, jealousy. 
 
 susplcor, dri, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (susplcio). To mistrust, suspect. 
 
 sustineo, ere, tlnui, tentum, v. 
 tr. (sub, teneo). To hold up ; to 
 sustain, endure ; to withstand, re- 
 sist ; to check, restrain. 
 
SUSTULI TEMPERO 
 
 273 
 
 snstuli. See tollo. 
 
 sutor, or/*, m. (suo, to sew). 
 A cobbler, shoemaker. 
 
 suns, a, um, reflex, adj. pron. 
 His own, her own, its own; one's 
 own ; their own. 
 
 Syracusae, arum, f. Syracuse. 
 
 Syracusani, drum, m. Inhab- 
 itants of Syracuse, Syracusans. 
 
 Syria, a, f. Syria, a country 
 of Asia. 
 
 T. 
 
 T., abbrev. for Titus. 
 
 tabellarius, i, m. (tabella, a 
 writing tablet). A letter carrier, 
 a courier. 
 
 taberna, ce, f. A shop, inn, 
 tavern. 
 
 taceo, ere, cut, cltum, v. tr. and 
 intr. To be silent. 
 
 tacit e, adv. (tdcitus). Silently, 
 secretly. 
 
 tacitus, a, urn, adj. (taceo). Si- 
 lent, tacit. 
 
 tactus, us, m. (tango). A touch- 
 ing, touch, handling. 
 
 taedium, i, n. (tcedet, it dis- 
 gusts). Weariness, irksomeness. 
 
 taenia, , f. A band, ribbon, 
 fillet ; a head-band. 
 
 talentum, i, n. A talent, a 
 weight or a sum of money. The 
 Attic talent is usually computed 
 as representing about $ 1000. 
 
 tails, e, adj. Such, like. 
 
 tarn, adv. So, so much; fol- 
 lowed by quam, as. 
 
 tam-dm, adv. So long. 
 
 tamen, adv. However, not- 
 withstanding, nevertheless, yet. 
 
 Tamphilus, i, m. M. Bae- 
 bius, a Roman consul. 
 
 tam-quam, or tanquam, adv. 
 As, as well as ; as it were, as if. 
 
 18 
 
 Tanais, is, m. I. The river 
 Don. II. The Jaxartes. 
 
 tail d em, adv. (tarn and the de- 
 monstrative affix -dem). At h.;;t, 
 at length. 
 
 tango, ere, tetigi, tactum, v. 
 tr. To touch ; to reach ; to med- 
 dle with. 
 
 tanto, adv. (tantus). So much, 
 by so much. 
 
 tan turn, adv. (tantus}. So 
 much ; only. 
 
 tantus, a, um, adj. (tarn and 
 the adjective ending -tus}. So 
 great in amount, extent, value, 
 degree, etc., so much. 
 
 tardus, a, um, adj. Slow, slug- 
 gish, lazy. 
 
 Tarentinus, a, um, adj. Of 
 or belonging to Tarentum, a town 
 of Calabria, in Lower Italy. Subs. 
 Tdrentini, drum, m. The Taren- 
 tines. 
 
 Tarsus, i, f. Tarsus, the capi- 
 tal of Cilicia. 
 
 tar tare us, a, um, adj. Of or 
 belonging to the infernal regions, 
 Tartarean, infernal. 
 
 taurus, i, m. A bull. 
 
 Taurus, i, m. A high moun- 
 tain range in Asia. 
 
 tectum, i, n. (tego). Roof, 
 house, shelter. 
 
 tego, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. To 
 cover, conceal ; to protect, defend. 
 
 telum, i, n. Properly, any mis- 
 sile weapon, afterwards in general 
 any weapon with which one at- 
 tacks an enemy ; a dart, javelin. 
 
 temere, adv. By chance, rash- 
 ly, inconsiderately. 
 
 temo, dnis, m. (tcndo). A 
 beam, pole of a carriage. 
 
 tempgro, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (tempus). To mingle in due pro- 
 portion ; to govern, manage. 
 
274 
 
 TEMPESTAS THERMOPYL^ 
 
 lempestas, atis, f. (tempus}. 
 Time, season or time of the year; 
 weather, storm, tempest. 
 
 templum, ?, n. A temple, fane. 
 
 tempus, oris, n. (temno, to cut). 
 A portion or period of time ; time, 
 opportunity, occasion ; exigency, 
 emergency. 
 
 tendo, ere, tetendi, tensum or 
 tenium, v. tr. and intr. To stretch 
 out, strain, exert ; (of a bow) to 
 bend ; to direct one's course. 
 
 teneo, ere, tSnui, tentum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To hold, keep, possess, 
 detain. 
 
 tensus, a, um, part. See tendo. 
 
 tento, arc, ai'i, at urn, v. tr. 
 (freq. of teneo). To try or exam- 
 ine by feeling; to try, attempt, 
 sound, explore. 
 
 teiiuis, c, adj. Slender, thin, 
 fine; feeble; trifling; mean. 
 
 tenuitas, atis,f. (tenuis). Thin- 
 ness, leanness, slenderness; in- 
 significance, poverty. 
 
 teiius, prep, with abl. As far 
 as. 
 
 Terentius, ', m. Cams Varro, 
 a Homan consul. 
 
 tergum, i, n. The back. 
 
 tergus, dris, n. The back. 
 
 terminus, i, m. A boundary- 
 line, boundary, bound, limit. 
 
 terra, #>, f. The earth, land, 
 ground ; country. 
 
 terreo, ere, ui, ttum, v. tr. To 
 frighten, alarm, put in fear, ter- 
 rify. 
 
 terrestris, e, adj. (terra). Of 
 or belonging to the land, earthly ; 
 terresires cxercitus, land armies. 
 
 terribllis, &, adj. (terreo). 
 Frightful, terrible, dreadful. 
 
 terror, oris, m. (terreo). Ter- 
 ror, great fear, affright, dread, 
 alarm. 
 
 tertio, adv. (tertius}. For the 
 third time, thirdly. 
 
 tertius, a, um, num. adj. (tres). 
 The third. 
 
 testa, ce, f. A potsherd, earth- 
 en ware ; an earthen pot or j;ir ; 
 a shell, brick, or tile ; a shell used 
 in ostracism. 
 
 testatus, a, um, adj. (testor). 
 Generally known, notorious. 
 
 tcstlmoniuni, ^, n. (testis). An 
 evidence, declaration, testimony. 
 
 testis, is, m. and f. A witness. 
 
 tester, ari, dtus sum, v. dcp. 
 (testis). To bear witness; to de- 
 clare, assert; to call to witness, 
 conjure. 
 
 testudo, rm>,_f. (testa}. A tor- 
 toise; tortoise-shell; a close body 
 of men, with their shields over 
 their heads locked into one an- 
 other; a warlike machine made 
 of planks, covered with raw hides, 
 under cover of which the besieg- 
 ers of a town used to get close up 
 to the walls, cither to undermine 
 them or to apply the battering- 
 ram. 
 
 testula, #, f. (dim. of testa). 
 A small tile; a shell used by the 
 Athenians in the ostracism. 
 
 Thara, cc, f. Thara, a town of 
 the Parthians. 
 
 Thebae, arum, f. Thebes, the 
 capital of Boeotia. 
 
 Thebanus, a, um,&&).(Theba). 
 Of or belonging to Thebes. Subs. 
 A Theban, inhabitant of Thebes. 
 
 Themistocles, is, m. An 
 Athenian. 
 
 Theopompus, i, m. A Gre- 
 cian historian and orator. 
 
 Therameiies, is, m. An Athe- 
 nian general. 
 
 Thermopylae, arum, f. A pass 
 between Greece proper and Thes- 
 
THESPIENSES TRAJICIO 
 
 275 
 
 saly, formed by Mount (Eta, and 
 the Malian gulf. 
 
 Thespienses, ium, m. The 
 Thespians* inhabitants of Thespiae, 
 a town in Bceotia. 
 
 Thessalus, a, urn, adj. Of or 
 belonging to Thessaly. Subs. A 
 Thessaiian. 
 
 Thracia, <e, f. Thrace, a coun- 
 try in the southeast of Europe. 
 
 Thrasybulus, i, m. An Athe- 
 nian, the liberator of Athens from 
 the thirty tyrants. 
 
 Thrasymenus, or Trasime- 
 mi s, i, m. The Luke of Perugia, 
 in Etruria. 
 
 Thrax, ads, m. A Thracian, 
 inhabitant of Thrace. 
 
 Thucydides, is, m. An Athe- 
 nian histori.m. 
 
 Thurii, drum, m. A city of 
 Lucania, in Italy ; also, by meton- 
 ymy, the inhabitants of Thurii. 
 
 Ti. abbrev. for Tiberius. 
 
 Tiberis, is, m. The River Ti- 
 ber, on which Rome is situated. 
 
 Tiberius, i, m. Longus, a Ro- 
 man consul, defeated by Hannibal 
 at the river Trehia. 
 
 tibia, ee, f. The shin-bone; a 
 pipe, flute. 
 
 ti^illum, *, n. (dim. of tignwri). 
 A small log, a little beam. 
 
 tignum, i, n. (tego). A log, 
 beam. 
 
 Timaeus, i, m. A Sicilian 
 historian, who flourished about 
 B. C. 260. 
 
 timeo, ere, ui, v. tr. and intr. 
 To fear, dread. 
 
 1 1 m Id us, a, urn, adj. (tlmeo). 
 Fearful, timid, cowardly. 
 
 timor, dm, m. (tlmeo). Fear, 
 dread. 
 
 tingo, ere, nxi, nctum, v. tr. To 
 wet, moisten, steep. 
 
 tintinnabulum, i, n. (tlntin- 
 no, to ring). A bell. 
 
 tiro, onis, m. A newly levied 
 soldier ; a recruit. 
 
 tirocinium, i, n. (tiro}. The 
 military service of a young soldier. 
 
 Tissaphernes, is, m. A sa- 
 trap of Persia. 
 
 tit ui us, i, m. A label; a title 
 of honor ; a cause, a reason al- 
 leged, pretext. 
 
 tollo, ere, sustuli, sitblatum, v. 
 tr. To raise, extol ; to take, re- 
 move ; to kill, cut off. 
 
 torqueo, ere, torsi, tortum, v. tr. 
 To twist ; to torment, perplex. 
 
 tot, indecL adj. So many. 
 
 totidem, num. adj. indecl. (tdt 
 and the demonstrative affix -dem). 
 Just so many, as many. 
 
 toties, adv. (tot). So often, so 
 many times. 
 
 totiis, a, um, gen. tdtius, dat. 
 tdti, adj. The whole, all. 
 
 toxlcum, i, n. A poison. 
 
 tracto, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (intens. of trtiho). To draw vio- 
 lently ; to touch, take in hand, 
 handle. 
 
 tract us, us, m. (traJio). A 
 drawing, tract ; a belt. 
 
 t rado, or trail sdo, ere, dldi, 
 dltum, v. tr. (trans, do). To de- 
 liver, give up, betray, surrender ; 
 to hand down, transmit; to relate. 
 
 traduco, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. 
 (trans, duco). To bring over, con- 
 vey from one place to another, 
 transport ; to traduce. 
 
 traglcus, a, um, adj. Tragic. 
 
 traho, ere, xi, ctum, v. tr. To 
 draw, drag ; to derive ; to receive ; 
 to prolong ; to lead ; to attract ; to 
 protract, put off, delay. 
 
 trajlcio, ere, jeci^jectum, v. tr. 
 (tra?is,jacio). To throw over; to 
 
276 
 
 TRANS TUM 
 
 cany over, transport, transfer ; to 
 strike through, pierce, transfix. 
 
 trans, prep, with ace. On the 
 farther side of, beyond. 
 
 transcendo, ere, di, sum, v. tr. 
 and intr. (trans, scando,to climb). 
 To climb or step over ; to pass over. 
 
 trail s-eo, ire, ivi (ii), Uum, v. 
 irr. To go or pass over. 
 
 trans-fero, ferre, tali, Idtum, 
 \. irr. To carry, bring, or convey 
 from one place to another ; to 
 transfer, transport. 
 
 trans-igo, ere, eyi, actum, v. tr. 
 (ago}. To drive or thrust through ; 
 to spend time ; to perform, trans- 
 act ; to conclude, settle. 
 
 transitus, us, m. (transeo). A 
 going over, passage. 
 
 trans-porto, are, avi, atum, v. 
 tr. To carry over, transport. 
 
 Trebia, a, f. A river in Gallia 
 Cispadana. 
 
 trecenti, ce, a, num. adj. (ires, 
 centum). Three hundred. 
 
 tredecim, num. adj. indecl. 
 (tres, deccm). Thirteen. 
 
 trepldo, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (treptdus, alarmed). To hurry 
 with alarm ; to bustle about in a 
 state of confusion ; to tremble. 
 
 tres,tria, gen.trium, num. adj. 
 Three. 
 
 Tribal! i, drum, m. A Thracian 
 tribe in Mcesia, on the Danube. 
 
 tribunal, alls, n. (tribwius, a 
 tribune). A judgment-seat, tri- 
 bunal. 
 
 tribuo, ere, ui, utum, v. tr. To 
 assign, impart, allot, bestow, give, 
 grant, ascribe. 
 
 tricor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (trices, trifles). To trifle ; to play 
 tricks. 
 
 triduum, i, n. (tres, dies). The 
 space of three days. 
 
 tricnuium, i, n. (tres, annus). 
 The space of three years 
 
 trieris, is, f. A trireme, ship or 
 galley with three banks" of oars. 
 
 trigesimus, a, um, num. adj. 
 (Iriginta). The thirtieth. 
 
 triginta, num. adj. indecl. 
 (tres). Thirty. 
 
 triplex, ids, ndj. (tres, pllco, to 
 fold). Threefold; triple 
 
 tripudio, are, avi, atum, v. intr. 
 (tripiidium, a religious dance). To 
 dance, skip. 
 
 triremis, e, adj. (tres, remits, 
 an oar). Having three rows or 
 benches of oars. 
 
 tristis, e, adj. Sad, sorrowful, 
 mournful, dejected ; dismal, af- 
 flicting; morose, sullen; cruel, 
 austere ; grave, solemn. 
 
 Trcezen, enis, or -ene,es, f. A 
 city of Argolis in the Peloponne- 
 sus. 
 
 Troja, ?, f. Troy, a city of 
 Phrygia. 
 
 Trojilnus, a,um, iidj. (Troja}. 
 Of or belonging to Troy, Trojan. 
 
 tropaBum, i, n. A trophy, 
 sign, or token of victory. 
 
 trucido, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (triuc, savage, caedo). To cut to 
 pieces, slay, cruelly butcher. 
 
 trunco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (truncus}. To maim, mutilate, 
 cut off. 
 
 truncus, , m. The stem, stock, 
 or trunk of a tree. 
 
 tu, tui, pers. pron. Thou. 
 
 tueor, eri, tultus or tutus sum, 
 v. dep. To look at, see, behold ; 
 to look to, care for, maintain, sup- 
 port ; to defend, protect. 
 
 turn, adv. Then, at that time. 
 When quum and turn follow one 
 another in s'uccessivc clauses, 
 quum signifies both, turn and. 
 
TUMEO UNITS 
 
 277 
 
 tilmeo, ere, v. intr. To swell. 
 tumor, oris, m. (tilmeo). A 
 swelling; excitement from any 
 passion, as pride, anger, etc. 
 
 tumultuor, ari, atus sum, v. 
 dep. (tumultus). To make "a dis- 
 turbance ; to be in great agitation 
 or confusion ; to raise a tumult. 
 
 tumult us, us, m. (tiimeo). Tu- 
 mult, uproar; sudden and dan- 
 gerous war. 
 
 tumulus, f, m. (tumeo). A 
 mound, hillock; sepulchre, tomb. 
 
 tune, adv. (turn, with the em- 
 phatic suffix -ce). Then, at that 
 time. 
 
 turba, ce, f. A tumult, crowd, 
 throng. 
 
 turbo, are, am, dtum, v. tr. 
 (turba). To disturb, confuse ; to 
 throw into disorder or confusion. 
 
 turbulentus, , um, adj. (tur- 
 ba). Full of trouble, confused, 
 disturbed ; turbid, muddy. 
 
 turpis, e, adj. Ugly, disagree- 
 able, base. 
 
 turplter, adv. (turpis). Basely. 
 
 tutela, a, f. (tucor). Keeping 
 chnrge, care, protection. 
 
 tuto, adv. (tutus). Safely, se- 
 curely, 
 
 tutor, ari, atus sum, v. dcp. 
 '(tueor). To protect. 
 
 tutus, a,um, adj. (tueor). Safe, 
 secure, out of danger. 
 
 tuus, a, urn, adj. pron. (tu). Thy, 
 thine. 
 
 tympanum, t, n. A drum. 
 
 tyrannis, tdis, f. (ti/rannus). 
 Tyranny, usurped sovereignty. 
 
 tyrannus, i t m. A king, ruler, 
 despot, tyrant, usurper, autocrat. 
 
 Tyrius, a, urn, adj. (Tyrus). 
 Of or belonging to Tyre, Tyrian. 
 Subs. Tyrii, drum, m. The 
 Tyrians, inhabitants of Tyre. 
 
 Tyrus, i, f. Tyre, a city of 
 Phoenicia. 
 
 u. 
 
 ubi, adv. "Where, when. 
 
 ulcisCor, i, ultus sum, v. dcp. 
 To avenge one's self on ; to take 
 vengeance on, avenge. 
 
 ulius, a, um, gen. ulllus, adj. 
 (contr. from unulus, unus). Any, 
 any one. 
 
 ulterior, us, gen. oris, sup. ul- 
 tlmus, adj. (uls, obs., beyond). On 
 the farther side of, beyond. 
 
 ultimus, a, um. sup. of ulterior, 
 adj. Farthest, last. 
 
 ultio, onis, f. (ulciscor}. A tak- 
 ing vengeance, avenging, revenge. 
 
 ultor, oris, m. (ulciscor). A 
 punisher, avenger. 
 
 ultro, adv. Of one's own ac- 
 cord, voluntarily. 
 
 ululatus, us, m. (ululo, to 
 howl). A wailing, shrieking. 
 
 umquam, adv. See unqnam. 
 
 uuda, ce, f. A wave, water. 
 
 untie, adv. Whence, from 
 what place, by what means. 
 
 undecim, num. adj. inclecl. 
 (units, decem). Eleven. 
 
 undlque, adv. (unde, que). 
 From all parts, sides, or places, 
 from every quarter, on all sides. 
 
 unguis, is, m. A nail, claw, 
 talon, hoof. 
 
 ungiila, ce, f. (unguis). A hoof. 
 
 uiucus, a, um, adj. (unus). One 
 and no more, only, sole. 
 
 uiiiversus, a, um, adj. (units, 
 verto). The whole, altogether, 
 universal. 
 
 uuquam, adv. (contr. from 
 unum, quam). At any time, ever. 
 
 unus, a, um, gen. unius, dat. 
 uni, num. adj. One, alone. 
 
278 
 
 URBS VEHICULUM 
 
 urbs, urbisj f. A city, town. 
 
 usque, adv. Constantly, al- 
 ways ; all the way to, as far as ; 
 as long as ; even unto, until ; even. 
 
 usus, a, um, part. Sec utor. 
 
 usus, us, m. (Utor}. Use, experi- 
 ence ; advantage ; need ; intimacy. 
 
 ut, or uti, conj. and adv. That, 
 when, as soon as; how, as; 
 though. 
 
 ut-cunque, adv. However, 
 in what way soever, in one way 
 or another. 
 
 uter, tra, trum. gen. utrius, dat. 
 utri, adj. Whether of the two, 
 which. 
 
 uter-que, utrcique, iitrumque, 
 gen. iitriusque, adj. Both the one 
 and the other ; both, each. 
 
 uti. Seettf. 
 
 utilis, e, adj. (utor). Useful, 
 profitable, advantageous. 
 
 utilitas, atis, f. (utilis). Use, 
 utility, usefulness ; profit, advan- 
 tage. 
 
 uti-nam, adv. that! I wish 
 that! would that ! 
 
 uti-que, adv. Certainly, there- 
 fore. 
 
 utor, i, usus sum, v. dep. To 
 use, employ ; to occupy, enjoy. 
 
 utpote, adv. As, as being. 
 
 utrinque, adv. (uterque). On 
 both sides; 
 
 utrobique, adv. (liter). On 
 both sides, everywhere. 
 
 fit rum, adv. (uter). Whether. 
 
 uva, a, f. A bunch or cluster 
 of grapes. 
 
 uxor, dris, f. A wife, spouse. 
 
 v. 
 
 vacatio, onis, f. (vdco, to be 
 free from). Freedom, exemption, 
 immunity. 
 
 vacca, ce, f. A cow. 
 
 vado, ere, vdsi, vdsum, v. intr. 
 To go, walk. 
 
 vadum, i, n. Water ; shallow 
 water. 
 
 vagor, dri % Wtus sum, v. dep. 
 To roam or stroll about. 
 
 valens, entis, adj. (vdleo). In 
 good health ; strong, powerful. 
 
 valeo, ere, ui, ttum, v. intr. To 
 be in health ; to be strong, be 
 able, be powerful ; to prevail ; to 
 flourish. 
 
 valetudo, fnis, f. (vdleo). The 
 constitution or bodily health ; 
 state of health. 
 
 valide, comp. rdlidius, sup. 
 v&lldisslme, adv. (rdlco). Stoutly, 
 vehemently. 
 
 vallum, i, n. (rallus, a stake). 
 A rampart of earth set with pali- 
 sades, an intrenchment, fortifica- 
 tion, bulwark. 
 
 vanus, , um, adj. Vain. 
 
 varie, adv. (vdrius). Vari- 
 ously, in different ways. 
 
 varius, a, um, adj. Diverse, dif- 
 ferent, various ; unlike, inconstant. 
 
 vas, vasis, plur. idsa, drum, n. 
 A vessel ; furniture. 
 
 vastus, a, um, adj. Immense, 
 vast, huge. 
 
 vaticmor, art, atus sum, v. 
 dep. (cafes, a prophet). To fore- 
 tell, predict, prophesy. 
 
 ve, conj. enclitic, or used only 
 
 at the end of words. Or, either. 
 
 vectigal, alis, n. (reho). Money 
 
 paid for freight or carriage ; toll, 
 
 tax, impost; revenue, income. 
 
 vectus, a, um, part. (veho). 
 Carried. Subs. A passenger. 
 
 vehemens, entis, adj. Fierce, 
 savage. 
 
 vehlculum, i, n.' (reho). A car- 
 riage, vehicle. 
 
VEHO VEXO 
 
 279 
 
 veho, Sre, vcxi, rectum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To bear, carry ; to be 
 borne ; to ride. 
 
 vel, conj. Or, either; even; 
 vel vel, cither or. 
 
 velocitas, atis, f. (velox). Swift- 
 ness, speed, nimbleness. 
 
 velox, ocis, adj. Swift, nimble. 
 
 velum, i, n. (contr. from vehu- 
 lum, from veho). A veil, curtain ; 
 sail. 
 
 vgl-ut, or vel-uti, adv. As, 
 like as, even as, just as ; as if. 
 
 veiians, ntis, m. and f. (prop, 
 pavticip. of venor). A hunter. 
 
 vendito, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. 
 (freq. of vendo). To offer again 
 and n gain for sale ; to try to sell. 
 
 vendo, ere, didi, dltum, v. tr. 
 (contr. from venum, sale, and do). 
 To sell. 
 
 venenatus, a, um, adj. (veneno, 
 to poison). Infected with poison ; 
 venomous, poisonous. 
 
 venenum, i, n. A drug, poison. 
 
 veneror, art, atus sum, v. dep. 
 To worship, adore, venerate. 
 
 venia, , f. Indulgence, grace; 
 leave, permission ; pardon. 
 
 venio, ire, veni, ventum, v. intr. 
 To come ; usu venire, to happen. 
 
 venor, dri, atus sum, v. dep. 
 To hunt, pursue. 
 
 venter, tris, m. The belly, 
 stomach. 
 
 ventus, *, m. The wind. 
 
 Venus, eris, f. Venus, the god- 
 dess of love. 
 
 Vgnusia, <z, f. A town on the 
 borders of Apulia and Lucania, 
 now Venosa. 
 
 verbosus, a, urn, adj. (verbum). 
 Full of words, wordy, verbose. 
 
 verbum, i, n. A word, saying, 
 speech; dare verba, to impose 
 upon. 
 
 vere, adv. (rents). Truly, in- 
 deed, verily, accurately. 
 
 vereor, eri, ttus sum, v. dep. 
 To revere, reverence ; to fear, 
 dread, apprehend. 
 
 veritas, atis, f. (verus). Truth. 
 
 vero, adv. '(verus). But, truly, 
 indeed. 
 
 versor, ari, atus sum, v. dep. 
 (verto). To be employed, engaged, 
 or occupied ; to be conversant ; 
 to be ; to live, dwell. 
 
 versus, us, m. (verto). A verse 
 in poetry; a sentence or line in 
 prose. 
 
 verto, &re, vcrti, versum, v. tr. 
 and intr. To turn ; to change. 
 
 verum, conj. (verus). In truth, 
 but. 
 
 verum, i t n. (verus). The 
 truth. 
 
 verus, a, um, adj. True, real, 
 sincere, just. 
 
 vescor, i, v. dep. To eat, de- 
 vour. 
 
 vespa, ee, f. A wasp. 
 
 vester, tra, trum, adj. pron. 
 (vos). Your, yours. 
 
 vestigium, i, n. A footstep, 
 step, track. 
 
 vestimentuni, i, n. (vestis). A 
 garment, any kind of clothing, 
 raiment, apparel. 
 
 vestio, ire, ivi, ition, v. tr. (ves- 
 tis). To clothe, dress. 
 
 vestis, is, f. A garment, robe, 
 attire. 
 
 veteranus, a, um, adj. (vetus). 
 Old, veteran. Subs, veterdni (sc. 
 milltes), drum, m. Experienced 
 soldiers, veterans. 
 
 veto, are, ui, ttum, v. tr. To 
 forbid ; to hinder, prevent. 
 
 ve"tus, Sris, comp. rare; sup. 
 vgterrtmus, adj. Old. 
 
 vexo, are, dvi, atum, v. tr. (in- 
 
280 
 
 VIA VITIS 
 
 tens, of veho). To shake, maltreat, 
 abuse; to injure, annoy, vex, mo- 
 lest ; to toss about. 
 
 via, &, f. A highway, road, 
 street, path, way. 
 
 viator, oris, m. (via). A trav- 
 eller. 
 
 vicesimus, a, urn, num. adj. 
 (viginti). The twentieth. 
 
 vielnitas, atts, f. (vicinus). 
 Neighborhood, nearness, vicinity ; 
 the people in the neighborhood. 
 
 vicinus, a, urn, adj. (vicus). 
 Neighboring. 
 
 vicis, gen. [nom. wanting ; vl- 
 cem, vice; plur. nom. and ace. 
 vices, dat. and abl. vtctbus], f. 
 Change, lot, condition, fortune. 
 
 victor, oris, m. (vinco). A con- 
 queror, victor* 
 
 victoria, ce, f. (victor}. Victory. 
 
 victus, a, um, part. See vinco. 
 
 victus, us, m. (vivo). Food, 
 sustenance, victuals; manner of 
 living. 
 
 vicus, i, m. A street ; village, 
 hamlet. 
 
 video, ere, vldi, visum, v. tr. 
 To see, perceive, or understand. 
 Pass, videor, eri, visits sum. To be 
 seen; to seem, appear; to seem 
 good, right, or proper. 
 
 vigeo, ere, id, v. intr. To be 
 fresh, strong, vigorous ; to flour- 
 ish, prosper. 
 
 vigil, His, adj. (rigeo). Awake, 
 on the alert, watchful. 
 
 viginti, num. adj. indecl. 
 Twenty. 
 
 vilis, e, adj. Worthless, vile. 
 
 vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctum, v. 
 tr. To bind, fetter. 
 
 vinco, ere, vici, victum, v. tr. 
 To comucr, overcome, subdue, 
 vanquish. 
 
 vinrulum, i, n. (vincio}. A 
 
 band, bond, fetter, chain ; prison, 
 imprisonment. 
 
 vindico, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (vetmm, sale, dlco). To lay claim 
 to as one's own ; to avenge, take 
 vengeance, revenge ; to defend ; 
 libertatem or se in libertatem vin- 
 dicare, to assert one's liberty. 
 
 vindicta, a, f. (vindico). Re- 
 venge. 
 
 vlnea, ce, f. A vineyard; a 
 vine; a shed or mantlet; a war- 
 like machine made of wood and 
 hurdles, covered with earth, raw 
 hides, or any materials that could 
 not easily be set on fire. These 
 vinecc were, in assaults, pushed 
 forward on wheels, and the be- 
 siegers under them either worked 
 the battering-ram or undermined 
 the walls. 
 
 vinum, i, n. Wine. 
 
 violenter, adv. (vidlens, vio- 
 lent). Vehemently, violently. 
 
 violo, are, am, atum, v. tr. 
 (vis). To hurt, injure, violate. 
 
 vipera, ce, f. A viper. 
 
 vir, viri, m. A man, husband. 
 
 virgo, inis, f. (vlreo, to bloom). 
 A maiden, virgin, unmarried wo- 
 man. 
 
 virtus, utis, f. (vir). Manliness, 
 virtue, valor, courage ; virtue, 
 merit, worth. 
 
 vis, vis, dat. sing, rare, f. Force, 
 strength, violence ; a host ; quan- 
 tity; plur. vires, ium. Strength, 
 power. 
 
 viso, ere, si, sum, v. tr. (intens. 
 of video). To look at attentively; 
 to go or come to see, visit ; to see, 
 behold. 
 
 vita, <p., f. (contr. from victa, 
 vivo). Life, way of living. 
 
 vltis, ?s, f. A vine; a grape- 
 vine. 
 
VITIUM ZOPYRION 
 
 281 
 
 vitium, t, n. Vice, defect, fault, 
 blemish. 
 
 vlto, arc, ad, atum, v. tr. To 
 shun, avoid. 
 
 vltulus, i, m. A calf. 
 
 vitupero, arc, ad, atum, v. tr. 
 (cltium,paro}. To find fault with, 
 censure, blame. 
 
 vivo, ere, vizi, victum, v. intr. 
 To live. 
 
 vlvus, a, urn, adj. (clco). Alive, 
 living; lively. 
 
 vix, adv. With difficulty, hard- 
 ly, scarcely. 
 
 v5eito, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (freq. of TOCO}. To call frequently. 
 
 voco, are, avi, atum, v. tr. (vox). 
 To call, name; to summon. 
 
 volo, velle, volui, v. irr. To 
 wish ; to be willing ; to will, wish, 
 choose. 
 
 v51ucer, cris, e, adj. (vdlo, to 
 fly). Flying, winged; swift. 
 
 volucris, is, f. (v&lo, to fly). 
 Anything flying ; a bird ; fly. 
 
 volumen, Inis, n. (volvo, to 
 roll). A rolling, fold; volume, 
 book, part of a book. 
 
 vSluntas, atis, f. (rtffo). Will, 
 wish, desire, pleasure; good will, 
 affection. 
 
 voluptas, atis, f. (vdlupe, agree- 
 ably). Pleasure. 
 
 voluto, arc, ar.i, atum, v. tr. 
 (intcns. of volro, to roll). To roll 
 about ; to wallow, 
 
 votum, i, n. (vdveo, to vow). 
 A vow ; a votive otfering ; a wish. 
 
 vox, vocis, f. A voice, sound, 
 cry ; exclamation. 
 
 vulgaris, e, adj. (culgus). Com- 
 mon. 
 
 valgo, adv. Publicly, every- 
 where. 
 
 vulgus, f, n. sometimes m. 
 The- great mass, the common peo- 
 ple, the mob, populace. 
 
 vulnero, are, avi, atum, v. tr. 
 (oulnus). To wound. 
 
 vulnus, eris, n. A wound; 
 calamity, misfortune. 
 
 vulpeciila, ce, f. (dim. of vul- 
 pes). A little fox. 
 
 vulpes, is, f. A fox. 
 
 Vulso, onis, m. Cn. Manlius, 
 a Roman consul. 
 
 vultus, us, m. (vtilo). The 
 countenance, looks. 
 
 x. 
 
 Xerxes, is, m. Xerxes, son of 
 Darius I., king of Persia. 
 
 z. 
 
 Zama, ce, f. A town of Africa 
 ProprLi, near which Hannibal was 
 defeated by Scipio. 
 
 Zopyrion, onis, m. Zopyrion, 
 one of Alexander's generals. 
 
BOOK 
 
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