THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
THE 
 
 ILLUSTRATED HANDBOOK 
 
 THE BEITISH PLANTS, 
 
 ALEXANDER IRVINE, F.B.S., 
 
 EDITOR OF THE " PHYTOLOGIST " (A JOURNAL OF BOTANY) J AND AUTHOB OP 
 "A BOTANICAL TOUR IN THE HIGHLANDS OF PERTHSHIRE}" ETC. ETC. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 THOMAS NELSON AND SONS, 
 
 PATERNOSTER KOW. 
 
 MDCCCLVIII. 
 
 
 X'~- 
 
THOMAS HA.RRILD, 
 

 
 (V 
 
 TO 
 
 EGBERT BROWN. ESQ., LL.D. 
 

 V 
 
PREEACE. 
 
 THE student of our native plants will, in the following pages, .be 
 supplied with every facility for the successful accomplishment of his 
 object. The introductory matter, though not intended for an intro- 
 duction to botany, is a sufficient introduction to the knowledge of the 
 British plants. The whole has been drawn up or compiled with the 
 intention of meeting the necessities of those who have not a botanical 
 library on their shelves, while it will be equally available to the 
 learned and wealthy, in the midst of their ample resources and appli- 
 ances, in, sparing them the trouble of consulting heavier and more 
 voluminous works. The descriptive portion has been relieved as 
 much as possible of all extraneous and irrelevant matter; and the 
 explanatory Index has been found a convenient receptacle for much 
 that would have been- an incumbrance to the text. The Author's 
 earnest desire was to make the entire work a " multum inparvo" 
 
 In reference to nomenclature, readers and students are requested 
 to bear in mind that the names, specific and generic, in the " London 
 Catalogue of British Plants," as it is usually called, have been gene- 
 rally adopted. The Editor wishes to state, most explicitly and 
 decidedly, that he has made no alteration whatever ; he has introduced 
 no new plants, and consequently had no occasion to invent new names. 
 The names given in the " London Catalogue," abbreviated always 
 into L. C., are assumed to be the right names, or the commonly 
 received names by which the plants are known or designated by 
 British botanists. There are some few instances where the name as 
 it stands in the " London Catalogue" has not been taken ; but in all 
 these exceptional cases the "London Catalogue" name has been 
 printed in italics. The nomenclature of this work is therefore that of 
 the " London Catalogue," which has been generally followed, and not 
 used as a ground-work merely. The number prefixed to the name, as 
 all who use this Catalogue are aware, is the number of the plant as it 
 originally was placed in the herbarium of the Botanical Society of 
 London. This herbarium, though unhappily no longer in the Society's 
 possession, is still extant, and may be consulted on proper appli- 
 cation being made to its proprietor, teste his advertisements in the 
 Phytologist." 
 
 The specific characters of all the British species here published 
 are therefore descriptive of the specimens in the Society's herbarium, 
 or of examples which are represented by the names and numbers of 
 their Catalogue. Hence this work may be considered a catalogue 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 raisonnee of the British plants as exemplified by the herbarium to 
 which the " London Catalogue" is a complete index. 
 
 In the case of all common plants, and of many rare plants also, the 
 descriptions were compiled from fresh (recent) examples collected 
 by the describer himself, or sent to him by several obliging friendly 
 correspondents, whose names he would have much pleasure in here 
 recording if he had permission. To each and all of these he here begs 
 to offer his grateful acknowledgments of his obligations to them for 
 their kindness. During the composition of the work, herborizing 
 journeys were undertaken into many parts of England, Wales, and 
 Scotland, and the fruits of these expeditions are interspersed through 
 the following pages. When fresh specimens were unattainable, re- 
 course was had to the Author's herbarium, to the Society's herbarium, 
 or to the herbaria of his friends. To these he is under considerable 
 obligations, which are hereby recorded, and thanks duly tendered. 
 In the case of only a few very rare or doubtful plants, the 
 works of other botanists have been consulted; and in these cases the 
 best figures procurable were studied, and the plainest and concisest 
 descriptions compiled from these eminent authorities. The works to 
 which he is chiefly indebted are given in a list, which might 
 have been very much extended if every work consulted or quoted 
 had been therein stated; but it was thought that making a long list 
 of authorities would have savoured more of ostentation than of careful 
 comparison. In general he has derived more information from 
 the French than from the German botanists; and without under- 
 valuing Koch, whose reputation in England is deservedly high, 
 the pages of Grenier and Godron, of Cosson and Germain, have been 
 more serviceable than those of Koch and Keichenbach. 
 
 From the above statement, viz., that the Author relied on speci- 
 mens whenever he could obtain them, it should not be inferred that 
 he neglected to avail himself of the works of those celebrated authors 
 who have preceded him in the same field of research. This would be 
 a misapprehension which he wishes to remove as being in direct 
 contrast with his invariable practice. The specimens, whether 
 recent or herbarium, have generally .been compared with the best 
 descriptions within reach. This has been always done in doubtful 
 cases. For this purpose he has employed the generally full 
 and accurate descriptions in the " English Flora" of the celebrated 
 Sir J. E Smith, the facile princeps of British botanists, and in some 
 instances the very elaborate and comprehensive specific characters 
 
 Shropshire," by 
 
 the Kev. W. A. Leighton, has also been consulted occasionally, and 
 with advantage. These two excellent works being local in their 
 extent, were of course only partially available. The same remark is 
 applicable to the valuable ' Flore des Environs de Paris," to whom 
 the Compiler of this work is under special obligations. The earlier 
 parts of the " Flore de France," by Grenier and Godron, helped the 
 
Author in determining the Wandsworth species, and the species 
 generally antecedent to the order Leguminiferce. Moris's " Flora 
 Sardoa " aided him in determining the Medicagos, Melilots, &c. 
 
 The Rubi were described from the Rev. A. Bloxam's fasciculus of 
 Rubi, in conformity generally with Mr. Babington's views. Mr. 
 Backhouse's " Monograph " was followed in working out and describ- 
 ing the Hieracia ; and the Rev. Mr. Leeffe in the order Salicacece. 
 This is not the place for justifying in some cases a departure from the 
 course adopted by these eminent botanists. The Author here acknow- 
 ledges, with due respect, the help he has derived from their labours. 
 
 In arranging the orders, Cosson and Germain have been followed, 
 with a difference, viz., that their first order is the last in this work on 
 our native plants. In beginning with the Cryptogamous orders, the 
 high authority of Jussieu and of Dr. Lindley has been followed. It 
 would be more impertinent than respectful to offer an apology for 
 this procedure. In arranging the genera, more regard has been paid 
 to external appearance, to obvious and prominent characters, than to 
 microscopical minutiae. The species are arranged by the same 
 principle, only with this difference, that common species have 
 been selected as occupants of the first rank, in order that the 
 tyro might not have far to fetch an example of a species, nor long 
 to wait for the means of studying the genus. 
 
 In the descriptions themselves, technicalities, and terminology, 
 care was taken to describe with as much conciseness as was consistent 
 with clearness, and the employment of unnecessary scientific words 
 and phrases has been sedulously avoided. There is no affectation of 
 a popular style of description, which in a work of science is both 
 absurd and disgustingly offensive, but there is a not-inconsiderable 
 attempt made to simplify in some degree the phraseology and to 
 smoothen the asperities of modern scientific description. 
 
 The Publishers and the Author are here desirous of expressing 
 their obligations to Mr. H. C. Watson, for his liberal permission to 
 quote the Area, the County-census, the Altitude, Latitude, and 
 Temperature from the " Cybele Britannica." On this important 
 feature of the present work it is needful to make a remark, in 
 deference to the opinion expressed by some friends, who maintain 
 that the grand idea of the learned author of the " Cybele" has 
 not been carried out in this descriptive enumeration of the British 
 plants. It has been asserted, and no doubt truly, that the aim of the 
 " Cybele" is to specify with as much exactness as possible the centres 
 of the species, or those points whence they radiate, or from which 
 they extend in ail directions, or to establish the types of distribution. 
 This may be so. But the intention of the Author of the present work 
 was, and is, very different from that above stated. His object was to 
 supply the student of the British Flora with the best information 
 attainable on the distribution of species. Accordingly, he has quoted 
 from the " Cybele " the extremes of latitude between which the plant 
 may be expected to occur in the British Isles, or the area lying 
 between these extreme limits ; also the extremes of altitude within 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 which the plant may be expected, between the coast line or lower limit 
 and the highest altitude where the plant is known to grow. The coast- 
 line, marked 0, and the greatest alpine elevations are the extreme 
 limits of vertical range. The temperature is also given in the 
 two extremes, viz., the greatest annual average of the South of Eng- 
 land and the greatest annual average of the alpine heights, or of the 
 northern parts of the island. The object was to supply the student 
 with some authoritative data to enable him to decide for himself the 
 probability of finding certain plants in certain latitudes. The pro- 
 vincial and comital, or county, areas are positive facts ; and the lati- 
 tude, together with the altitude, will help him to determine in what 
 provinces the plant is present, and in what provinces and counties it 
 is absent. For example, if he observes the vertical range of any plant 
 to exceed 400 yards, he may conclude that it is not a plant of any of the 
 southern or eastern portions of the whole eighteen botanical provinces 
 into which Great Britain is divided. If its altitude exceeds a 
 1000 yards, it may be inferred that it is a plant of North Wales or of 
 Scotland. 
 
 The use of the terms Arctic, Boreal, Germanic, Atlantic types, &c., 
 was declined as inexpedient, and as more likely to puzzle and perplex 
 the junior student than to enlighten him. This work is not meant to 
 embrace the objects for which the " Cybele " was composed. It is an 
 introduction to the knowledge of British plants, not the history 
 of their immigration, colonization, and subsequent naturalization and 
 complete establishment in this island. But another important con- 
 sideration remains to be urged in justification of the procedure 
 adopted ; and this should be duly weighed by all who voluntarily 
 undertake the office of public teachers, whether from the press or 
 platform, viz., that it is not prudent to originate more questions than 
 they can satisfactorily answer. It is a truism that questions are more 
 easily asked than answered ; and as the proverb teaches us, that 
 " a fool may ask a question which seven wise men cannot answer," it 
 was judged desirable, in an elementary work, to avoid all such terms 
 as might induce doubts or questionings in the minds of the readers. 
 
 Moreover, a natural historian has to deal with things, and not 
 opinions. The Author professes to state facts, and he has not yet 
 attained to a complete conviction that the classification of the British, 
 or of any species, into natives, denizens, or colonists, naturalized and 
 semi-naturalized, is a fact, or is in all cases founded on facts ; and 
 therefore he leaves this matter to be settled, or modified, or adjusted 
 by those learned authorities who have made these branches of the 
 science their particular or special study. 
 
 It is humbly urged, that these and similar questions are beyond 
 the border of an Author who professes to be merely a relater of facts 
 observed by himself, or a narrator of the facts observed by others ; 
 and, in an elementary treatise, the above-mentioned subjects are better 
 omitted than discussed. If it be urged that classification itself is not 
 a reality, yet it is so convenient that we must employ it, the truth of 
 this is admitted. Classifications are, even the best of them, but con- 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 ventional accommodations, but are as necessary to the student as the 
 j uxtaposition of letters in language, and the use of figures and signs 
 in arithmetic arid mathematics. All botanists admit this as both 
 necessary and expedient. But how many will admit the necessity 
 or expediency of strictly defining what plants are originally British, 
 and what are importations ? Or who will, at this late period of the 
 world's and vegetation's history, draw the exact distinction between the 
 aborigines, the native plants, and the exotics or foreigners ? These 
 remarks are not made with the intention of undervaluing the labours 
 of those who attempt to ascertain what are and what are not native 
 species, but solely for the sake of justifying the course invariably 
 followed in the compilation of this work. That there are native 
 plants nobody doubts ; and that there are naturalized plants, both 
 history and our own experience and observation testify. But many 
 of the plants now commonly distributed, like many of the species not 
 uncommonly received in the present age as genuine, must be put into 
 the doubtful categories, or be classed with the qucestiones vexata, the 
 betes noirs, the opprobria of modern science. Science, however, ought 
 sturdily to reject them, and insist upon her prerogative of dealing with 
 facts unencumbered with speculative opinions. 
 
 Beginners seek in books something positive and practical, not 
 scientific mysteries. A plant, whether alien or native, is a plant to 
 them, as Peter Bell's Primrose was to him ; and it is to be hoped 
 that it will be something more. They may not at first recognize it 
 as a rare plant; but they will soon learn whether it be a corn-field 
 or a wayside, or a moorland or a woodland plant. They need not 
 puzzle themselves with the history of ninety-nine in a hundred of the 
 British plants, for this is concealed in the darkness, mist, and haze 
 of past ages. If they discover, or are told, that certain plants are aliens 
 in British soil, though they may have grown here for generations, 
 in most cases they will fail in determining if the alien has been so 
 for a hundred years or fora thousand. They mostly want to know the 
 name of their plant, and its place in some systematic classification. 
 Few of them would thank the author for proving its claim to be ranked 
 among the aliens, the colonists, the denizens, or the natives of Britain. 
 A taste for these questions is the growth of time and experience. The 
 aboriginal locality, the facts of rarity, unfrequency, and commonness 
 are held but in slender estimation by those who are contented if they 
 know the names, the characters and qualities of their acquisition. 
 They will want to know more as their minds enlarge with the enlarge- 
 ment of their knowledge of the subject. 
 
 But there are in all countries, less or more cultivated, certain 
 plants, or races or varieties of plants, neither native nor naturalized 
 either in this or in any other known country. There are hundreds of 
 plants cultivated, both for use and ornament, which have never been 
 found wild, have no native country, but are, in the proper sense of 
 the term, cosmopolitan. Of this kind are many weeds, as well as 
 useful herbaceous and arborescent species. These accompany man in 
 all his wanderings ; and where he fixes his abode, there they establish 
 
their station. Of these matters more will be found in the Intro- 
 duction. 
 
 In the present work few localities for rare plants are inserted. It 
 is not always stated that the plant is a rare one, although such may 
 be the case. The quotation from the "Cybele" is in most cases a 
 statement of the frequency or rarity of the species; universal distri- 
 bution is an evidence of frequency and multitude both abundant in 
 stations and stations in abundance. When stations follow rare plants 
 without any authority, the Author is responsible ; and h a enters them 
 not as the sole stations where a rare plant or rare plants grow, but 
 as places where he has seen them, and without the slightest intention 
 of conveying a hint that they are limited to these places. It is by 
 each one recording his own observations that the area, or range, or 
 localities of plants can be satisfactorily determined. As a general 
 rule, all stations for rare plants are omitted from the present work, 
 excepting for the very rarisissimce, such as Cyperus fuscus, Sonchus 
 palustris, and the like. The book is not intended to be a record of 
 localities, but a record of plants. 
 
 An apology may be expected for what may be deemed the intru- 
 sion of so many foreigners into a descriptive catalogue of British 
 plants. To meet this anticipated disapprobation of the course adopted, 
 the following is respectfully tendered. These plants were all, with 
 the exception of four duly noticed in the Appendix, collected by 
 the Author in the place or places specified at the close of their 
 description or notice. As they grew, or still grow, where they were 
 collected, they may grow in other parts of the British Isles ; that 
 some of them do so is a fact well established by competent observers. 
 The Author does not admit them as naturalized plants ; but he strenu- 
 ously affirms their spontaneous growth. As young botanists may 
 occasionally meet with such stragglers as well as veterans, it is 
 thought better, for the sake of the former, that they should be entered 
 and described. If it be objected that such a course is calculated to 
 disturb the existing classification of natives, denizens, colonists, aliens, 
 &c., it may be replied that nature and the necessities of humanity or 
 commercial intercourse, the progress of cultivation, amelioration of 
 climatic or atmospheric phenomena, &c., &c., have already disturbed 
 these laws of plant-distribution, if they be laws ; and there is no little 
 probability that some of these stray plants will, like Mimulus luteus 
 and Impatient fulva, ultimately be as well established as many of our 
 annual Agrarials, whose nativity is never questioned. 
 
 The number of these stragglers, or waifs, as they are sometimes 
 derisively called, might have been increased three or fourfold, if their 
 names could have been determined in time to be printed even in the 
 Appendix. They are all from the vale of Thames, with the exception 
 of two or three of the Yorkshire par venues. They have been seen in 
 other places, as at Southampton, the Isle of Wight, and Manchester; 
 but few are recorded here which have not been seen near London, in 
 addition to the other places of which they have taken possession. A 
 great many reputed British plants have been observed among these 
 
foreigners; from which it maybe reasonably inferred, that these so-called 
 British species, or some of them at, least, are no more genuine denizens of 
 the British Isles than the strangers are. Like the pigeon that was 
 caught with the crow, and was served with the same sauce as that pre- 
 daceous bird, these soi-disant British plants, being caught in bad com- 
 pany, are suspected, or of ill habit and repute, as men say in Scotland. 
 The plants of undoubted exotic origin, now introduced for the 
 first time to the notice of British botanists, are not ballast plants ; or, 
 in other words, they were not imported into this country in ballast, 
 but generally in more valuable cargoes ; neither are they " outcasts 
 from gardens" nor " escapes from cultivation." These stereotyped 
 phrases, in their case, must be discontinued as utterly inapplicable to 
 them. They were never objects of garden culture, nor of any culti- 
 vation whatever. The causes which produced them on British ground 
 are still in operation, and have been in operation from that early 
 period, far beyond the mythic ages, when the first daring mortal, the 
 adventurous mariner, cui robur et des triplex circa pectus erat, \vho 
 first launched his tiny skiff on the truculent waves of the English 
 Channel, and passed over into the fair Isle of Britain. He did not 
 come unaccompanied with forms of life, both vegetable and animal. 
 Plants were interchanged by the intercourse of nations. These ope- 
 rative causes were probably small at that early period, but they have 
 been increasingly productive of more important changes as commercial 
 enterprise was developed, and as the intercourse of the human race, 
 in all parts of the earth, was stimulated by the necessities incident to 
 a highly civilized condition of mankind. We cannot be inattentive to 
 these facts; it is sheer pedantry to ignore them. We are not always 
 able to tell with certainty what is the native country of the strangers, 
 but we can tell that it is not Great Britain. They may come from 
 the East, from the regions of the Don Cossacks, from the Valley of 
 the Nile, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Brazils, or the Basin of the 
 Rhone. Sometimes we can guess at their fatherland ; but we certainly 
 know that they find here a climate and a soil suitable for their 
 development. Some of them are able to continue the race by producing 
 fruit ; others may become acclimatized. 
 
 The only necessary condition appears to be that the soil remains 
 pulverized. If they obtain this, many of them go on reproducing 
 themselves, and will in time be admitted into the ranks of naturalized 
 species, and when once they get into the stirrup they are certain of 
 reaching the saddle. The steps upwards through alien, naturalized, 
 colonist, denizen, up to native, are slow but sure. Time only is wanted. 
 
 It may be proper to meet another probable objection. It will, no 
 doubt, be observed that in the illustrative examples all the cuts do 
 not represent British species. A few of them are figures of foreign 
 plants, which illustrate both order and genus, but not in every 
 case a British species. In deference to our patrons, the public, it 
 is to be observed, that if every order had been illustrated by an 
 original drawing, and a block of the same had been engraved and 
 cast, the expense of the work, great as it has been, would have been 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 greater, and, commercially speaking, the book could not have been 
 produced so as to justify the Proprietors in issuing it at the mode- 
 rately remunerative price charged. Some of the casts were the pro- 
 perty of the Publishers. Several others were capable of being used by 
 making some alterations on them or of additions to them. A con- 
 siderable number is original, or portions selected from Nees von 
 Esenbeck's excellent " Genera Germanica." Some of the latter are 
 not quite so expressive or ornamental as could have been wished, but 
 they are all faithful, if riot always very artistic, representations of the 
 objects they are intended to illustrate. 
 
 The Author has been reminded by a kind friend that the derivation 
 of the generic names at least would have been a useful addition. 
 This had already been determined ; but it was thought inconvenient 
 to overload the text, which is already very copious, with etymological 
 facts or deductions. This has been reserved for the Index, which, 
 like the book itself, is a resume of all that is already known, or which 
 the Compiler could learn by much laborious research about the names 
 of the British plants, whether classical, scientific, or popular. 
 
 The advantage has been twofold ; for, first, the text has been freed 
 from everything extraneous, and, secondly, the information conveyed 
 in the Index is more full and systematic than if given in the purely 
 descriptive part. The names of species, genera, and orders often, nay 
 generally, convey much knowledge of the character, or habit, or locality, 
 or origin, or history of the species, &c., which would be altogether 
 unperceived by the unlearned without an ample explanation, such 
 an exposition as would have been inadmissible in the descriptive part. 
 An explanation of technical terms was necessary, and it was thought 
 best to throw the whole together into one common repository. Expe- 
 rimentum factum est. The plan has been fairly tried. The Index is 
 an experiment the whole work is an experiment to ascertain how 
 much botanical, scientific, and historical information could be con- 
 densed into the smallest possible space, and which might be sold at 
 the smallest possible price. This is, on all hands, admitted to be a 
 step in the right direction, and for which thanks from several quarters 
 have been already offered. 
 
 ^ In this place it is requisite to allude to another topic which is not 
 quite so satisfactory to the Author as the foregoing. Yet unpleasant 
 though it be, it is both candid and respectful to do spontaneously 
 (proprio motu) what zealous lynx-eyed persons might do for him. He 
 is well aware that the execution of the work is not exactly what he 
 wished it to be. It is not immaculate. He has no reason to repent 
 of the plan which was long and anxiously considered. System, uni- 
 formity, and consistency were all duly provided for ; but unhappily 
 many delays intervened, and all the well-formed resolutions were not 
 realized. During the progress of the work (it was begun in 1850), 
 and while it was in abeyance, the author's views were modified in 
 some instances ; also many facts, the results of the observations of 
 seven years, had to be incorporated. The " Cybele" was not com- 
 pleted till after some considerable progress had been made. The 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 number of the " London Catalogue" was an after- thought. Science 
 was advancing while the MS. was stationary, and many omissions had 
 to be supplied when the printing commenced anew about six or 
 seven months ago. Hence the Appendix fills more pages than might 
 be wished, as the printing proceeded faster than the determination of 
 the plants. The literal or typographical blemishes are, it must be 
 owned, rather numerous, and the Author for these humbly solicits the 
 indulgence of students. He has corrected all that he has observed, 
 and will esteem it a favour to have his attention directed to such 
 as are still undetected, in order that they also may be expunged. 
 
 In writing the substantive specific names of plants there is con- 
 siderable diversity in the practice of authors. It would be a help to 
 uniformity if it were a rule that every substantive specific name 
 should be written with a capital initial. A system was indeed 
 devised, but in the course of procedure it proved inadequate. All 
 adjective specific names, whether derived from proper or appellative 
 or common substantives, have been written with small initials. This 
 is believed to be consistent with the generally adopted modern prac- 
 tice. In the case of proper names of persons, or even of known com- 
 mon plants, the capital has been employed, as in the examples Lepi- 
 dium Smithii and Carpinus Betulus. The following are examples of the 
 diversity of practice above alluded to : Dipsacus Fullonum and D.ful- 
 lonum," Orobanche hederce and O. Picridis (L. C.); Orobanche rapum 
 and Convolvulus Sepium ; Gymnadenia conopsea and G. Conopsea ; 
 Neottia Nidus- Avis, or N. nidus-avis or N. Nidus-avis ; Hydrocharis 
 Morsus-rance or H. morsus-rance. In most of these cases, as a rule, 
 the small letters have been preferred, except when the specific name 
 was the name of a well-known plant or of a person, and then a 
 capital has been used. Where it is not so it is a mistake, and, like 
 the examples of incorrect spelling, is the result of an over-hasty 
 inspection of the proof-sheets. This the Author sincerely regrets, 
 and bespeaks in time the indulgence of his readers. He further 
 engages that, if his work should ever be reprinted, and he hopes it 
 will, he will take care to enter all the addenda in their proper place, 
 and cancel all the corrigenda. He has the satisfaction of hearing 
 that the separate portions of the book have been appreciated, and 
 though he is not about to blow a blast on his own trumpet, nor even 
 to reverberate the friendly touts that have been blown to encourage 
 him to persevere in the good work, yet he hopes that it is no evidence 
 of very great presumption to tell his friends and the public that if 
 they give him another opportunity his work will " amend more than 
 sour ale in summer." 
 
 This rather lengthy explanatory statement being now finished, 
 the writer begs the indulgence of the reader while he further states, 
 that he takes leave of the subject with extreme reluctance. The 
 continuous labour has been a continual cure for the ills of idleness, 
 a remedy for dulness, lethargy, and " spirits low." When freezing 
 cares and lengthening years had made rest more pleasant than 
 locomotion, this employment supplied a motive for mental activity, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 and, in addition to this, it gave an impetus to the physical part of 
 humanity to the clay tenement now the dwelling- of mortals an 
 object for leaving the fireside or the study, very needful for the pre- 
 servation of health and cheerfulness. Nothing but this or some 
 kindred pursuit could have had the effect of counteracting that 
 indolence so natural to human nature, that indulgence of the dolce 
 far niente which is so seductive. Labour itself is a blessing ; but it 
 is a double blessing when it can be expended on objects worth the 
 time and energy of the labourer. The labour bestowed on this 
 work has, in the strictest sense, been a labour of love. Plants them- 
 selves, for their own sakes, are lovely the fairest among the fair 
 things created by God. To all but the incurably stupid, they 
 afford some of the most innocent and attractive pleasures which 
 are to be enjoyed in sublunary things. They are few indeed who 
 have only a Peter-Bell pleasure in flowers. They are objects of 
 profound admiration to those who study them in connection with 
 that beautiful system of which they form the loveliest portion to 
 those who thoroughly apprehend their use in the economy of 
 nature, their subservience to the pleasure of rational minds, and their 
 absolute necessity to the animated sentient creation. 
 
 Before taking leave of his subject and of his book, both of which he 
 loves even the latter in spite of all its imperfections and before 
 bidding adieu to the public the botanical, small, but select, part of 
 the reading public, or that still smaller portion of it which will con- 
 descend to notice this work the Author wishes that those who use it 
 may have as much advantage and contentment in comparing the 
 objects about which it is written with the descriptions therein con- 
 tained, as he has had enjoyment in its preparation. He is sure, if this 
 desirable result is attained, that they will not regret the money ex- 
 pended on its purchase, nor the time and pains spent in its diligent 
 and careful study. 
 
BOTANICAL WOEKS QUOTED OE BEFEEBED TO. 
 
 " The London Catalogue of British Plants," 3rd, 4th, and 5th editions. 
 London, 18501857. 
 
 " Cybele Britannica," 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1847 1851. 
 
 Smith, Sir J. E., " The English Flora," 4 vols. 8vo. 18241828. 
 
 Hooker and Arnott, " British Flora," 6th and 7th edition. 18501855. 
 
 C. C. Babington, " Manual of British Botany," 2nd, 3rd, and 4th edi- 
 tions. London, 1846 1856. 
 
 " Flore des Environs de Paris," par Cosson et Germain, 2 vols. Paris, 1845. 
 
 " Flore de France," par Grenier et Godron. 3 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1848 1856. 
 
 " English Botany," by Smith and Sowerby, 2nd edition, 12 vols. 8vo. 
 London, 1830, &c. 
 
 The works of Ray, Withering, Hudson, Hull, &c., are little more than 
 incidentally noticed. 
 
 The valuable local Floras of the Rev. "W. A. Leighton and of Dr. Brom- 
 field have been often consulted, and are occasionally quoted. 
 
 Several of the works described in the List of Authorities and Abbre- 
 viations have afforded valuable aid, which is hereby gratefully acknowledged 
 
 ABBEEVIATIONS EXPLAINED, 
 
 WITH 
 
 AUTHORITIES FOR ORDINAL, GENERIC, AND SPECIFIC NAMES. 
 
 E. B., " English Botany." Smith and Sowerby. 36 vols. 8vo, Lond. 1790. 
 
 2nd. edition, 12 vols., Lond. 1830. 
 
 L. C., *' London Catalogue of the British Plants," 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 
 5th editions, Lond. 18361857. 
 
 A., Area, or number of botanical provinces into which the island of Great 
 Britain is- divided. A. 12 signifies that the plant is found in twelve of 
 the eighteen provinces. 
 
 C., Counties. C. 50 means that the plant is found in fifty counties. 
 
 LA.T. is latitude. Lat. 50 61 means that the species is found between the 
 parallels of fifty and sixty-one degrees north latitude. 
 
 ALT. means vertical range, or altitude of the plant. Alt. 200 yards sig- 
 nifies that it will be found from the coast line to 200 yards vertical 
 elevation. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED. 
 
 T. or TEM., Temperature. T. .51 45 shows that the plant grows where 
 the temperature is between 51 and 45, or it has a range of temperature 
 equal to five degrees. 
 
 SIX-TWELVE, or ONE-FOUR-FIVE, means that the number of organs or their 
 dimensions vary from six to twelve or from one to four or five. 
 
 ? When this mark follows a specific name, it implies a doubt if the plant 
 described be that usually known under that name. When ? follows a 
 description of any particular organ or part of a plant, it conveys a 
 doubt if that be the character of the majority of examples, or only a 
 partial or individual character. It intimates a doubt that the character 
 may be individual and not specific. 
 
 VAR. means variety. 
 
 AG., Agardh, J. G. " Systema Algarum." 
 
 AIT., Aiton, Wm., author of " Hortus Kewensis, 17891813. 
 
 ALL., ALLIONI. " Flora Pedemontana," 3 vols. folio, 1785, &c. 
 
 AND., Anderson, N. J. " Cyperacese Scandinavise," 8vo, Holmige, 1849. 
 
 ANDRZ., Andrzeiowski, A. Crackia. " Genre determine et decrit Krzemieniec," 
 
 4to, 1818. 
 ARD., Arduini, P. " Animadversionum Bot." Specimen, 4to. Patavii, 1749. 
 
 BAB., Babington, C. C. " Manual of British Botany," 12mo, Lond. 1846-1856. 
 
 BACK., Backhouse, J. " Monograph of the British Hieracia" 8vo, York, 1856. 
 
 BALE., Balbis, J. B. " Flora Ticinensis," 4to, 18161821. 
 
 BART., Bartling, F. G. " Ordines Naturales Plantarum," 8vo, Goetting, 
 1830. 
 
 BAUM., Baumgarten, J. C. G. " Enumeratio Stirpium Transyl." 3 vols. 
 8vo, Vindobonse, 1816. 
 
 BEAUV. and P. DE B., Beauvais, Palisot de. " Essai d'une Nouvelle Agros- 
 tographie," 8vo or 4to, Paris, 1812. 
 
 BELL SALT., Bell Salter, T., M. D. " Phytologist," and " Ann. Nat. Hist." 
 
 BENTH., Bentham, G. u Labiatartim Genera et Species," 8vo, Lond. 1832. 
 
 BERNH., Bernhardi, J. J. " Index Seminum Horti Erfurtensis." 
 
 BERT., Bertoloni, A. " Flora Italica," 8vo, Bononise, 18331854. 
 
 BESS., Besser, V. S. " Enumeratio Plantarum in Volhynia," Podolia, &c., 
 1822. 
 
 BIEB., Bieberstein, Marschall de. "Flora Taurico-Caucasica," 8vo, 1808. 
 
 BIG., Bigelow, J. " Flora Bostoniensis," 8vo, Boston, 1840. 
 
 BOREAU, A. u Fl. du Centre de la France," 8vo, Paris, 1840. 
 
 BRACK., Brackenridge, an American Naturalist, who first identified or de- 
 scribed Lastrea cemula. 
 
 BR., Braun, A., an author of papers in " Flora," vii., xiii., xvii. 
 
 BROM., Bromfield, W. A., author of " Flora Vectensis," 1856. 
 
 BROWN, R. "Prodromus Fl. N. Hollandise," &c., 8vo, Lond. 1810. 
 
 CAMB., Cambessedes, J. "Enum. Plant, quas in insulis Balearibus Coll. 
 
 J. C.," 4to, Paris, 1827. 
 
 CABS., Cassini, A. H. G. u Opuscules Phytologiques," 8vo, Paris, 18261834. 
 CHAM., Chamisso, A. de, a writer in " Linnsea," a botanical periodical. 
 COLEMAN, the Rev. W. II., M.A., discoverer of (Enanthe Jluviatilis. 
 Coss. ET GER., Cosson and Germain. " Flore des Environs de Paris,' J 2 vols., 
 
 with Atlas, 12mo, Paris, 1845. 
 
 COULT., Coulter, T. " Memoire sur la Dipsacees," 4to, Geneve, 823. 
 CR., Crantz, H. J. N. " Stirpium Austriac.," pars, i., ii., Viennoe, 1762 1769. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED. 
 
 CURTIS, Wm. " Botanical Mag.," 17851857. " Fl. Lond.," 2 vols. folio, 
 1777. 
 
 DESF., Desfontaines, R. L. " Fl. Atlantica," 4to, Paris, 17981800. 
 
 DESV., Desvaux, A. N. " Journal de Botanique," 8vo, Paris, 1826. 
 
 DIL., Dillenius. " Hort. Elthamensis," folio, Lugd. 1774. " Hist. Mus- 
 
 corum,"4to, Oxford, 1741. 
 
 DON, David, Librarian L. S. " Flora Nepalensis," &c. 
 DON, George, a Forfarshire botanist, and the discoverer of many rare 
 
 plants. 
 
 DUCR., Ducroz (in Roemer and Schultz System). 
 DUN., Dunal, E. " Solanacea" in D. C., " Prodromus." 
 D.C., DC., and DE CAN., Decandolle (P.) " Prodromus Syst." 8vo, Gen. 
 
 18241858. 
 
 - A. De Candolle (Son). " Prodromus Syst. Veg. 
 
 Geographic Botanique." 
 
 EHRH., F. Ehrhart. " Beitrage zur Naturkunde Hannover," &c., 1 787 1792. 
 ENDL., Endlicher, S. " Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales dis- 
 posita," 4to, 1840. 
 
 FORST., Forster, T. F. "Flora Tunbridgensis," 8vo, London, 1816. 
 FR., Fries. " NovitiaB Fl. Suecicse," 1828. " Symbolum Hier." 
 
 T., Gsertner, an eminent carpologist. " De fructibus et sem. plantarum," 
 
 4to, 17881791. 
 GAUDIN. " Agristographia Helvetica," 2 vols. 8vo, 1811. "Flora Hel- 
 
 vetica," 7 vols. 8vo, 18281833. 
 GAY, J., a French botanist, author of articles in " Annales Sciences Nat.," 
 
 1842. 
 
 GMELIN. "Flora Badensis-Alsatica," 3 vols. 8vo, 18051808. 
 GMELTN, J. F. "Flora Sibirica," 4 vols. 4to, 1747 1769. "Reisedurch 
 
 Sibirien," 4 vols. 8vo, 17511753. 
 GOOD., Goodenough. " Trans. Lin. Soc." Bp. of Carlisle, a famous writer on 
 
 Carices. 
 
 Gou., Gouan. A. " Fl. Monspeliensis," 1765. 
 GREN. and GODR., Grenier and Godron, u Flore de France," 3 vols. 8vo, 
 
 18481857. 
 
 Guss., Gussone, J. "Fl. SiculaB Synopsis," 8vo, Neapoli, 18421844. 
 GRISEB., Grisebach, A., in " LinnaBa." 
 GUNN., Gunner, J. E. " Flora Norvegica Hafnia," 17661772. 
 
 HAYN., Hayne, F. G. " Beschreibung der in der Arzneikunde gebraulichen 
 
 Gewachse," 4to, Berlin, 18051846. 
 
 HOFFM., Hoffman, G. F. " Deutschland's Flora," 12mo, 1791. 
 HOPPE, D. H. " Botanische Taschenbuch," 12mo, 1794. 
 HORN., Hornemann, J. W. " Flora Danica," 1813. 
 HOST, N. T. " Gram. Austriacarum icones et descr." 4 vols. folio, 1801 
 
 1814. 
 
 HUBS., Hudson, "Wm. " Flora Anglica," 8vo, Lond. 1762. 
 HULL, John, M.D. "The British Flora," 8vo, Manchester, 1808. 
 
 JACQ., Jacquin, N. J. V., a noble Austrian, author of many works illustrative 
 
 b 
 
ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED. 
 
 of botany, and especially of the plants in the south of Germany. The 
 most celebrated is " Florae Austriacae icones," 5 vols. folio, 1773 1778. 
 
 JORD., Jordan, A. " Observations sur plusieurs Plantes rares ou Critiques," 
 8vo, 18461849. 
 
 Juss., Jussieu, A. L. de. " Genera Plantarum," 8vo, 1789. 
 
 Juss., Jussieu, Adr. de. " Cours Elementaire d'Histoire Naturelle." 
 
 KITTEL. " Taschenbuch der Flora Deutschlands," 12mo, Niirnberg, ( 1837. 
 KUTZ., Kiitzing, T. F., a writer in " Linnaea." 
 
 LAG., Lagasca, M. "Elenchus Plantarum quse in horto regio Madr. cole- 
 
 bantur," 8vo, Matriti, 1816. 
 
 LAM., Lamarck, M. de la Marck. " La Flore Francois," 17781793. 
 LEDEBOUB. " Fl. Rossica," 1841- 1852. 
 LEERS. " Fl. Herbornensis," 1789. 
 LEHMAN, J. G. C., author of " Monographs on the Orders Asperifolice (Bo- 
 
 raginacea), Primulacea," &c., 1818, 1830, 1838; " Plant&e Asperifolia" 
 
 4to, Berolini, 1818. 
 
 LEJ., Lejeune. " Compendium Florae Belgicae," 12mo. 
 LEYS., Leysser, F. W. vori. "Flora Kalensis," 8vo, 17611783. 
 L. HER., L. Heritier. " Sertum Anglicum," folio, 1788. 
 LINK, H. F. " Hort Reg. Berol. descriptus," Svo, Berol. 18271833. 
 LINN., Linnaeus, the illustrious reformer of botanical nomenclature ; the 
 
 inventor of the Linnaean systems of Botany, Zoology, &c. ; and the 
 
 author of numerous estimable works on Natural History. 
 Lois., Loiseleur Deslonchamps. "Fl. Gallica," 1828. 
 LOUDON, C. J. " Arboretum et Fruticetum Brit.," 8 vols. 8vo, Lond. 1838. 
 
 Author of numerous works on Botany and Gardening. 
 
 M. ET K., Mertens and Koch. " Deutschland's Flora," 18231839. 
 
 MET., Meyer, G. F. "W. " Chloris Hannoverana/ 4to, Goettingen, 1836. 
 
 MILL., Miller, P., author of the " Gardener's Dictionary," and curator of 
 the Chelsea Botanic Gardens, 1731. 
 
 MOENCH, a German botanist, author of 'a " Flora of Hesse," 1777. 
 
 MOORE, T., curator of the Botanic Gardens, Chelsea ; author of a " Hand- 
 book of British Ferns," 12mo, Lond. 1853 1857. 
 
 MORIS, J. H. " Flora Sardoa (Sardinian)," 3 vols. 4to, Turin, 18371840. 
 
 MUR., Murray, J. A. " Prodromus Stirp. Goet.," 8vo, Gottingse, 1770. 
 
 NEES, T. F. L., von Esenbeck. " Genera Plantarum Fl. Ger " Bonnas 
 
 18331845. 
 NEWM., Newman, E. "History of the British Ferns," 8vo, Lond 1844 
 
 1852; " Phytologist." 
 
 NOLTE, E. F. "Novitiae Fl. Holsatiea," Kiel, 1826. 
 NUTT., Nuttall, T. " Genera of N. American Plants," 8vo, Philad. 1818. 
 
 PARL., Parlatore, F. " Flora Italiana," Firenzi, 1848. 
 PARNELL. " Grasses of Britain," Edinburgh, 1845. 
 
 PERS., Persoon, C. H. " Synopsis Plantarum," 12mo, Paris, 1.8051807. 
 PHYTOLOGIST, a Botanical Journal, 0. S., vols. i. v., 8vo. Lond. 1842 
 1854. 
 
 N. S., vols, i. ii., 8vo, Lond. 18551858. 
 PLANCHON, J. E. " Disser. in An. Sc. Naturelles." 
 
ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED. 
 
 PRESL, K. B. " Tentamen Pteridographiae," 4to, Pragae, 1 836- 1845. 
 
 REICH, or RCHB., Reichenbach. " Planta Criticae," 4to, vols. i. x., 1823 
 1832. "IconesFl. Ger.," 4to, vols. i. xiv., 1834 1850. An eminent 
 German botanist, author of "Plantae Critics," and " Flora Germanica" 
 (not completed), pictorial works, justly celebrated for the exceeding 
 accuracy and beauty of the delineations. 
 
 RETZ., Retzius, A. J. u Obs. Botanicae," folio, Lips. 1779 1791. 
 
 RICHARD, A. "Nouveaux Elemens de Bot.," 8vo, 1830. 
 
 RICHARD, L. C. ''Mem. sur lea Coniferes," &c. 1826. 
 
 ROBSON, an English botanist, author of papers in " Linn. Trans." and of a 
 "Flora." 
 
 .ROEMER and SCHULTES. " Syst. Veg.," 6 vols. 8vo, not complete, 1858. 
 
 ROSTK., Rostkovius, F. W. G. " Diss. Bot. de Junco." 
 
 ROTH, A. W. " Catalecta Botanica," &c., 8vo, Lipsiae, 17971806. 
 
 SALISB., Salisbury, R. A. "Paradisus Londinensis," Lond. 1806. 
 
 SAV., Savi, C. " Botan. etruscum," 4 vols. 8vo, Pisis, 1808 1825. 
 
 SCHK., Schkuhr. " Histoire de Carex." " Besch. und Abildung der Ried- 
 
 grasern," 1838. 
 SCHLEICHER, J. C. " Cat. Plantarum in Helvetia sp. nascentium," 8vo, 
 
 Camberii, 1821. 
 
 SCHRAD., Schrader, H. A. " Flora Ger.," 1806. 
 SCHRANK, P. von., author of a " Bavarian Flora," 1789. 
 SCHR., Schreber, J. C. D., a famous German botanical writer, 1790. 
 SCOP., Scopoli, J. A. " Flora Carniolica," 8vo, Vienna, 1772. 
 SCHM., Schmid, F. W. " Flora Boemica," 1793. 
 
 SER., Seringe, N. C. " Musee helvetique d'histoire naturelle," Berne, 1823. 
 SIBTH., Sibthorp, Professor John, the famous originator of the "Flora 
 
 Graeca," also the author of a " Flora Oxoniensis." 
 SIBTHORP and SMITH. " Flora Graeca," 10 vols. folio, 1806 1840. 
 SMITH, the Rev. G. E., author of the "Plants of South Kent." 
 SM., Smith, Sir E. J., the facile princeps of British botanists, author of 
 
 "Flora Brit.," "English Flora," " English Botany," and of many other 
 
 works on indigenous and exotic plants. 
 SOND., Sonder. 
 
 SOWERBY. " English Botany," 2nd edition, 8vo, Lond. vol. i. viii. 
 SPACH, E. " Hist. Nat. des Veg. Phanerogames," 8vo, Paris, 18341848. 
 SPR., Sprengel, K. " Caroli Linneei Syst. Vegetabilium," ed. xvi., Goet. 
 
 18251827. 
 
 STEV., Stevens, C. A. " Annals of Natural History." 
 STURM. " Detitschland's Flora," 12mo, plates. 
 Sw., Swartz, 0. " Synopsis Filicum," 8vo, Killias, 1806. 
 
 TAUSCH, J. F. " Hortus canalius," PragfB, 1823. 
 TEN., Tenore, M. " Flora Napolitana," folio, 18111836. 
 THORE, J., author of a "Treatise on French Grasses," 1803. 
 TOURN., Tournefort, Pitton de. " Institutiones Rei Herbariae." 
 THUIL, Thuillier, J. L. "Flore des Environs de Paris," 1790. 
 
 VAHL, M. "Enumeratio Plantarum," 8vo, 1805, 1806. 
 
 VAIL., Vaillant. " Botanicon Parisiense," 1726. 
 
 VAUCH., Vaucher. " Monographic des Orobanches," 4to, 1827. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED. 
 
 VENT., Ventenat. " Choix des Plantes," folio, 18031808. 
 
 VEST, a German botanist, author of a '* Botanical Manual/' 1805. 
 
 Via., Viguier, L. G. A. "Hist. Nat. des Pavots," &c., 4to, Montpellier, 
 
 1814. 
 
 VILL., Villars. "Histoire des Plantes du Dauphine," 8vo, 17861788. 
 Viv., Viviani. " Fl. Ital. Fragmenta," 4to, 1808. 
 
 WAHL., Wahlenberg, Geo. " Fl. Suecia, Fl. Carpathorum," &c., 1814 
 
 1824. 
 WALLR., Wallroth, C. F. W. " Schedule Critics) de Plantis Florae Halensis 
 
 selectis." 
 WALD. and KIT., Waldsteia and Kitaibel. " Plant Hungar. rar. Icones," 
 
 folio, 180212. 
 
 WATSON, H. C. <k CybeleBritannica," 3 vols, 8vo, Lond. 1847 1852. 
 WEIHE and NEES. " Eubi Germanici." 
 WEIS. (See Newman's " Hist. British Ferns," 2nd edition.) 
 "F., Wulfen, F. X., an Austrian botanist. 
 
f fiiw(t <JM &t& 
 
 J^l r, dt4*v> i 
 
 SYSTEMAT 
 
 OP 
 
 FAMILIES (ORDEES) OT 
 
 Nos. Names. Page. : 
 
 1 ALG-JE i&4 
 
 udv &LU%~t4 iltdfe 
 CU^/^^^i . / 
 
 1C TABLE 
 
 THE 
 
 THE BEITISH PL^ 
 
 > 
 
 Nos. Names. 
 37. ELaEAGKNACE^ . . 
 
 38. THYMELIACE^E . . . 
 39. EMPETEACEJS . 
 
 /^^> 
 
 <f 
 
 r 
 
 LINTS. 
 
 Page. 
 . . 358 
 . 359 
 . . 360 
 
 2. FUNGI 
 
 . 156 
 
 3 3JICHENES 
 
 . 158 
 
 4 HEPATICJS 
 
 160 
 
 40. ETJPHOEBIACE^ . . 
 41. UETICACEJS 
 
 . 361 
 . . 367 
 
 5 MJJSCI 
 
 . 161 
 
 6 3JYCOPODIACE.ZE 
 
 162 
 
 42 TJLMACEJ2 
 
 . 371 
 
 7. MAESILEACE.E . . . 
 8 CHAEACEJE . . 
 
 . 164 
 . 165 
 
 43. CEEATOPHYLLACE.E . 
 44. POLY&ONACE.E . . . 
 45. CHENOPODIACEJE . . 
 46. AMAEANTHACE^ . . 
 47. CALLITEICHACE.E 
 48. HIPPUEIDACE^E . . 
 49. SANTALACE^E . 
 
 . . 372 
 . 373 
 . . 383 
 . 393 
 . . 394 
 . 395 
 . . 396 
 
 9. EQTTISETACE-E . . . 
 10. FlLICES 
 
 . 169 
 . 172 
 
 11 GrEAMiNE.ZE 
 
 . 191 
 
 12 CYPEEACE^J .... 
 
 . 239 
 
 13 JUNCACE^J 
 
 . 266 
 
 14. EEIOCATJLACE.E . . 
 15 TYPHACE^J .... 
 
 . 275 
 . 275 
 
 50. AEISTOLOCHIACEJE 
 51. PLANTAGUNACE^ . . 
 52. PLUMBAGINACEJE . . 
 53. PEIMULACEJE 
 
 . 397 
 . . 399 
 . 402 
 . . 405 
 
 16 AEACEJE .... 
 
 . 278 
 
 17 l/EMNACEJE .... 
 
 . 280 
 
 18. ZOSTEEACE^E . . . 
 19 POTAMACEJE 
 
 . 281 
 
 282 
 
 54. LENTIBTJLACE^: . . . 
 55. YEEBENACE^: . . 
 56. LABIATJE 
 
 . 412 
 . . 415 
 . 416 
 
 20. JUNCAGINACE^: . . . 
 21 ALISMACE^E .... 
 
 . 289 
 . 291 
 
 57. SCEOPHTTLAEIACE-E . 
 58. OEOBANCHACE.E . . 
 59. YEEBASCACE^J . . 
 60. SOLAN ACEJE 
 
 . . 438 
 . 454 
 . . 457 
 460 
 
 22. BFTOMACE^J . . . 
 23. MELANTHACE.E . . . 
 
 24 LlLIACEJE 
 
 . 293 
 . 294 
 . 295 
 
 25. ASPAEAGACEJE . . . 
 26 TEILLIACE.ZE .... 
 
 . 304 
 
 . 308 
 
 61. BOEAGINACE^: . . 
 62. CUSCUTACE^J . . . 
 63. CONYOLVULACE^E 
 64. POLEMONIACE^ . . 
 
 65. GrENTIANACE.E . . 
 
 66. APOCYNACE.E . . . 
 
 67. OLEACE.32 .... 
 
 . . 463 
 . 473 
 . . 475 
 
 . 477 
 . . 478 
 . 484 
 . . 485 
 
 27. HYDEOCHAEIDACE.ZE 
 28. OECHIDACE^J . . . 
 29. AMAEYLLIDACE.3E . . 
 30 IEIDACE^; .... 
 
 . 309 
 . 311 
 . 326 
 . 327 
 
 31. DlOSCOEEACEJE . . . 
 
 32. CONIPEEJE .... 
 33. SALICACEJE .... 
 
 . 331 
 . 332 
 . 335 
 
 68. AQTJIPOLIACE^: . . . 
 69. EEICACEJE . 
 
 . 486 
 . . 488 
 
 
 . 351 
 
 70. VACCINIACE^E . . . 
 71. CAMPANULACE.E . . 
 
 ^9, DnAf PHSTT a? 
 
 . 493 
 . . 495 
 501 
 
 
 . 355 
 
 
 . 357 
 
 
 
 
xxii TABLE OF THE FAMILIES (ORDERS) OF BRITISH PLANTS. 
 
 Nos. Names. 
 73 DlPSACE E 
 
 Page. 
 552 
 
 Nos. Names. 
 
 97 CEUCIFEEJE .... 
 
 Page 
 691 
 
 74. VALEEIANACEJE . . 
 75 RUBIACE.ZE . 
 
 . . 555 
 . . .558 
 
 98. FUMAEIACE^: . . . 
 99. PAPAVEEACEJE . . . 
 100. NYMPIUEACE.E . . . 
 
 101. RESEDACE.33 . 
 
 . 719 
 . 723 
 
 . 726 
 . 728 
 
 76. CAPKIFOLIACE^E 
 77. CUCURBITACE.E . 
 78 AEALIACEJE 
 
 . . 564 
 . . . 567 
 . 568 
 
 102. DEOSEEACE^J . . . 
 103. HYPEEICACE2E . . . 
 104. PYEOLACE^ . . . 
 105. MONOTEOPACEJE . . 
 106. CELASTEACEJS . . . 
 
 107. ACEEACEJi; .... 
 
 . 729 
 . 730 
 . 735 
 . 736 
 
 . 737 
 
 . 738 
 
 79. COENACEJS . 
 
 . . .570 
 
 80. LOEANTHACE^E . . 
 81. G-EOSSULAEIACE.E 
 82. SAXIFEAGACEJE . . 
 83. UMBELLIFEEJS 
 84. HALOEA&IACEJE 
 85 ONAGEACEJB 
 
 . . 570 
 . . . 571 
 . . 573 
 
 . . . 578 
 . 606 
 . 607 
 
 108. POLYGALACE.E . . 
 109 TILIACEJS .... 
 
 . 739 
 741 
 
 86. POMACES . . . 
 87. AMYGDALACE.E . 
 88 ROSACES 
 
 . . 612 
 . . . 617 
 . . 619 
 
 110. MALVACEJE .... 
 
 . 743 
 
 111. GEEANIACE^; . . . 
 112. BALSAMINACE.E . . 
 113. OXALIDACE^J . . . 
 114. ELATINACE^ . . , 
 115. LINAGES 
 116. CAEYOPHYLLAGE^: . 
 117. FEANKENIACE^ . . . 
 118. TAMAEIXACE.E . . 
 119. BEEBEEIDACE^E . . 
 120. BANUNCT7LACE.E . . 
 
 . 747 
 . 752 
 . 753 
 . 754 
 . 755 
 . 757 
 . 776 
 . 777 
 . 777 
 . 779 
 
 89 CEASSULACEJE 
 
 . 647 
 
 90. ILLECEBEACE.33 . . 
 
 91. POETTJLACE-E . 
 
 . . 652 
 . . .655 
 
 92. LYTHEACEJE . 
 
 . . 655 
 
 93. LEGUMINIFEE^: . 
 94. HHAMNACEJS . 
 
 ... 657 
 
 . , 684 
 
 95. VIOLACE.E . . . 
 
 . . .685 
 
 96. CISTACEJE . . . 
 
 . . 689 
 
 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PREFACE ; v 
 
 BOTANICAL WORKS QUOTED OR REFERRED TO ... xv 
 
 
 
 AUTHORITIES FOR ORDINAL, GENERIC, AND SPE- 
 CIFIC NAMES, AND EXPLANATION OF THE AB- 
 BREVIATIONS xv 
 
 SYSTEMATIC TABLE OF THE ORDERS xxi 
 
 INTRODUCTION 1152 
 
 STRUCTURAL BOTANY 1 33 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY 34 65 
 
 NUTRITION 38 
 
 PERIODICITY 41 
 
 FLOWERING , 45 
 
 D URATION 64 
 
 MORPHOLOGY , 65 
 
 GEOGRAPHY or THE BRITISH PLANTS 74 
 
 AQUATIC PLANTS 75 
 
 PALUSTRAL PLANTS 76 
 
 LITTORAL PLANTS 77 
 
 PASCUAL PLANTS 78 
 
 SEPTAL AND DUMETAL PLANTS 81 
 
 AGRARIAL PLANTS 82 
 
 YlATICAL, RUPESTRAL, &C., PLANTS 85 86 
 
 HORIZONTAL AREA OF PLANTS 86 
 
 ALTITUDINAL OR VERTICAL RANGE 93 
 
 CENSUS (NUMBER) OP THE BRITISH PLANTS 95 
 
 NATIVE PLANTS 100 
 
 TECHNICALITIES 114 
 
 NOMENCLATURE 120 
 
 TAXONOMY 131 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE ORDERS . 132 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 DESCBIPTIYE BEITISH BOTANY 153 
 
 ACOTYLEDONS .*. 153 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONS 190 
 
 DICOTYLEDONS 33? 
 
 APPENDIX 793 
 
 INDEX 801 
 
BRITISH PLANTS. 
 jldt I'ivt ty 
 
 THE series of articles bearing the title " BRITISH PLANTS" will con- 
 tain the following subjects, treated in as comprehensive and popular 
 a style as is compatible with usefulness and scientific accuracy. 
 
 First. An introduction to the science of Botany in general, not re- 
 stricted to British plants, but applicable to the entire subject. The 
 introduction will be subdivided into the following divisions. 1st. 
 Organography, or Structural Botany, which will comprise a brief 
 and succinct account of both the simple and compound, or internal 
 and external organs of plants, illustrated with diagrams. 2nd. The 
 physiology of plants, or the constituent parts of plants viewed as living 
 organisms, each contributing either to the existence, the increase, or 
 reproduction of the plant. 3rd. Morphology, or the position, shape, 
 and size of organs. 
 
 Second. On the distribution of the British plants. This section, 
 as its title implies, is confined solely to our native plants. It will 
 comprehend 1st, The range of the British plants; that is, the area 
 \vhich they occupy, or the extent of country where they are found. 
 2nd. The altitudes to which they reach, and the temperatures which 
 they severally require to reach maturity. 3rd. The special distri- 
 bution of British plants as aquatic plants, woodland plants, meadow 
 and upland pasture -plants, &c. &c. 
 
 Third. On the classification of plants, applicable of course to all 
 plants both British and exotic. This portion will embrace, together 
 with systematic Botany or Taxonomy, an exact account of the import 
 and right application of the terms species, genus, order, class, &c. 
 
 Fourth A description of the orders, genera, and species of the 
 British plants. This portion will contain 1st, A clear, concise, and 
 adequate description of the orders, illustrated with a diagram, re- 
 presenting certain generally well-known British plants, accom- 
 panied with illustrations of the parts most distinctive or charac- 
 teristic of the order. Under the orders will be given ample descrip- 
 
 B 
 
BRITISH PLANTS. 
 
 tions of all the genera and species of plants growing- spontaneously 
 in Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Isles. 
 
 Fifth. A glossarial index to the whole subject, and an explana- 
 tion of all the technicalities and unusual expressions contained in the 
 work, with references to the paragraphs or sections where they 
 occur. 
 
 This work, or series of papers, will embrace everything necessary 
 for the student of the British plants, with the exact periods or seasons 
 when they will be found, and the localities where they grow. The 
 best methods of collecting them as specimens for the herbarium, to 
 serve for identification in future years, will be particularly specified. 
 To the tyros or beginners in this science a few suggestions and 
 cautious are deferentially offered. 
 
 1st, To get as clear a notion as possible of the difference between 
 inorganized and organized objects, as detailed in Taxonomy : also to 
 learn the distinguishing characteristics of plants and animals. 2nd. 
 To beware of the deceptive and apparent but not real analogies be- 
 tween the constitution of objects forming the animal and the vegetable 
 kingdoms; for example, the terms respiration and circulation are 
 employed both in animal and vegetable physiology, but the functions 
 themselves, as well as the organs whereby they are performed, differ 
 much in the two kingdoms. In fact, the organization of plants and 
 of animals is similar in nothing but in its results. The same 
 objects viz., the growth, preservation, and reproduction of both 
 animals and plants are accomplished by means totally unlike, as 
 dissimilar as are the places which the individuals of these two great 
 systems have to fill in the general economy of nature or providence. 
 3rd. To observe and record facts ; for example, the periods when 
 certain plants are in flower, and certain trees are in leaf, or are 
 leafing ; the localities where certain plants are found, the soils 
 where they thrive, the height to which they ascend, the num- 
 bers observed (their comparative rarity, scarcity, or abundance), the 
 varieties of growth, colour of flowers, &c. All these particulars give 
 not merely an additional interest to the stud)', but afford the means 
 of comparing the vegetation of differently soiled and remote tracts, 
 of ascertaining the exact effect of temperature on the vegetable 
 kingdom, and, in fine, of extending the knowledge of geographical 
 and economical Botany. 4th To collect specimens in all stages of 
 the plant's growth ; and, in order to have perfect specimens, the plant 
 should be collected before the root-leaves decay or wither. A speci- 
 men should also exhibit both flowers and fruit ; and if both cannot be 
 
BRITISH PLANTS. 
 
 gathered and secured on one specimen, two should be gathered. 
 Beginners would do well to collect every plant which they do not 
 know, and to study it in a fresh state. Some pass hy and utterly 
 neglect species which form large groups of plants, with the observa- 
 tion that it is only a Grass a species of Hemlock a sort of Daisy, 
 or a Butter-cup, or a Fern. All the apparatus necessary for 
 .distinguishing of closely connected and similar-looking plants is 
 now easily procurable. A specimen-box or vasculum, and a small 
 magnifier, will only cost a few shillings. A few shillings more, for a 
 work descriptive of the plants and of the technicalities of the science, 
 will set up a botanist . This will afford him the means of making his 
 own walks instructive and interesting, and will not merely supply him 
 with a motive for taking exercise in the open air a practice conducive 
 to his own health and morals but will place him in a position for 
 materially promoting science, by observing, recording, and com- 
 municating natural phenomena to those who are able to make them 
 available, not to the advance of science alone, but to the progress of 
 humanity. 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 1. Botany, or Phytology, is the science which treats of the veget- 
 able kingdom 'in general. It is divided into structural, physiological, 
 systematic, economical, geographical, and descriptive Botany. Struc- 
 tural Botany treats oi' vegetable anatomy, or the organization 
 of plants. Vegetable physiology treats of plants as organized 
 objects, and as beings capable of certain organic functions. 
 Systematic Botany treats of the arrangement or classification of 
 plants. Economical Botany treats of the uses of plants, in the 
 economy of nature generally, and also of their adaptation to the 
 wants of man, and to the various and numerous orders of the animal 
 kingdom in particular. Geographical Botany treats of the laws 
 which regulate the production and distribution of plants. Descriptive 
 Botany treats of the analogies, affinities, relations, and distinctive 
 characters of divisions, classes, orders, genera, species, and varieties 
 of plants. 
 
 STRUCTURAL BOTANY, OR ORGANOGRAPUY ELEMENTARY OR SIMPLE 
 INTERNAL ORGANS. 
 
 2. The Cell, Cellular Tissue, Forms and Arrangement of. The 
 simplest element or first principle of all plants is the cell, a minute 
 
 vesicle generally of a roundish or 
 egg-shaped form, consisting ex- 
 ternally of a very thin membrane 
 (exceedingly fine tissue), replete 
 with juices interspersed with mi- 
 nute granules (small grains) of 
 amylaceous, resinous, or other 
 products, which appear to be pe- 
 culiar secretions of the vesicles 
 themselves. By mutual pressure 
 these cells usually assume a hexa- 
 gonal shape, but their figure varies 
 
 ill different plants, and is some- 
 Fig. 1. Appearance of the cell* before they . i f - ,/ 
 
 assume the hexagonal shape by com- times variable in the same plant 
 pression. The cells, by union or aggluti- 
 
 tio,l or extension form tube- of 
 greater or less length. 1 hese tubes 
 are either placed on each other by their ends, or the ends slightly over- 
 lap each other, the membrane disappearing at the point of coherence. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 3. Modifications 
 the cell. 
 
 Porous Jibrous or spiral cells are formed by the disposition of an 
 internal lining formed of the juicy 
 and other matter contained in the 
 interior of the cell, leaving portions 
 of the inside of the cell-wall un- 
 covered, w r hich portions appear more 
 transparent than the covered parts. 
 Fibrous or spiral cells are produced 
 by a similar internal lining of an 
 elastic fibre which is coiled up on 
 the inside of the tubular or elliptical 
 or spherical cell. The development 
 of the cell is one of the obscure sub- 
 jects of botanical science. 
 
 3. Vascular Tissue. This tissue, . 
 i i T^T? ->* n i .- brous cells. 
 
 which differs from cellular tissue 
 
 chiefly in fcrm, is divided into 1, Woody 
 Fibre, or ligneous tissue. 2, Fibro-vascular 
 tissue. 3, True spiral vessels. 4, JSjnirwuti 
 trachea. 5, Porous vessels. 6, Lactiferous 
 of vessels.^ The first of these forms (they are all 
 modifications of the cell) consists of a series 
 ot elongated tubes, either cylindrical or tapering (fusiform), adhering 
 continuously, and forming cords, as in TlaxI These tubes 
 have thick cell-walls, and are disposed in bundles; the solid 
 parts consisting of the stems, fibrous bark. tScc. 
 
 The second form is less consolidated, or more 
 loosely united than the first form, with a spiral 
 coil on the inside of the cell, or with the interior 
 of the cell marked by rings, dots^/or bars. The 
 spirals are complete in the third form, and can be 
 unrolled. These vessels, or true trachea, are 
 present and obvious in the leaf-stalk of Cabbage, 
 Geranium, &c. Spurious trachece consist of sepa- 
 rate rings, (somewhat like the seg- 
 mentary parts of annulated animals), 
 coiled up in the inside of the cell- 
 wall. The fifth form (porous vessels) 
 are cylindrical tubes, in the inside of 
 which the thickening matter is so 
 deposited as to leave part of the mem- 
 brane uncovered, and thus the whole 
 Fi?. 5. Spiral or fi- assumes a dotted or pitted appear- 
 
 brous cell. Fi-. G.- ancc . (See Fig. 7.) 
 Woody fibre, several mi V f r, f ' f ,-, ,. 
 
 bundles adhering to- lne 81xtn lorm ol tne tissue IS 
 
 Aether. called the (acttferous ducts, a scries 
 
 of branching vessels by which the nutritious sap 
 is conveyed to all parts of the plant. (See Fig. 8.) 
 
 r 
 
 j 
 
 a 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 They are chiefly found in the under surface of the leaves, and 
 under the bark. These juices are copious in Euphorbias, Poppies, 
 Celandine, &c. 
 
 The cellular tissue is the most important elementary organ, both 
 in the vegetable and animal kingdoms. In plants it is universally 
 diffused ; every plant contains more or less of this 
 substance ; and plants of the lower orders are en- 
 tirely composed of it. The higher orders of Cryp- 
 togams contain ducts (vascular tissue), and hence the 
 Mosses, Lycopods, "Perns, and Equiseta, are named 
 planter ductulos< (ductulose plants) ; but true tracheae 
 (air-vessels) arcThot present in any of theses The* 
 lower orders of Cryptogams, viz., Liver- worts, 
 Lichens, Funguses, and Algte (sea-weeds and fresh 
 water Algae), are without ducts, and hence they are 
 called plantae eductulosac (plants without ducts). 
 Every plant in" the earliest stage of its growth is 
 solely composed of cellular tissue ; and it is only 
 when the plant has made considerable progress in 
 growth that it is capable of producing the higher 
 or more complex kinds of elementary tissues. No- 
 thing can be simpler than the primary elementary 
 principle of vegetative existence. The simple cell 
 is both the original germ and the parent of all the 
 other simple or internal organs. The whole vascular 
 system is derived from the cell ; the vascular tissues are similar to the 
 cell, both in structure and chemical qualities, although modified in 
 such various ways as. to make them capable of performing the various 
 operations in the economy of the plants to which they respectively 
 belong. The circulation of fluids, both liquid ard aeriform, and the 
 various vegetable secretions, are dependent on the vessels or tissues, 
 both vascular and cellular. This is admitted by all physiologists; 
 but the precise functions of each and all of them have not hitherto 
 been satisfactorily ascertained. 
 
 4. The Compound or External Organs of Vegetation are tw r ofold, 
 and are formed by combinations of the siiliple or elementary organs, 
 or of the cellular and vascular tissues. There are, 1st, Organs of 
 nutrition, ivith their appendages. 2nd, Organs of reproduction. The 
 former of these two grand divisions comprehends the epidermis, or 
 usual covering of all the external organs in some stage of their 
 growth, the root, the stem, the leaves, with their several appendages 
 or appurtenances, such as down, hair, bristles, prickles, spines, scales, 
 horn, c. 
 
 5. .Epidermis an<l its appendages (see Index). This organ is the 
 superficial film brthin pellicle which covers every part of the plant, 
 when in a recent or young state, except certain apertures called the 
 stomata (see Index and glossary). It is composed of layers or series 
 or systems of layers, of compressed cells, \vhich here are made to 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 assume a flattened or tabular shape with flexuous or wavy boundaries, 
 without openings or spaces between the cells, as in the common 
 cellular tissue. It is easily removed from the young plant, or from 
 the recently produced parts of any plant ; and it is very conspicuous 
 on the stems of the Birch, which readily parts with its epidermis in 
 all stages of its growth. The stomata^ with whkh the epidermis is 
 always furnished, are openings~[apertures) between the epidermal 
 cells. These openings (see Fig, 9) are surrounded or inclosed by two 
 bent or crescent-shaped cells, w r hich open or close the aperture 
 accordingly as the atmosphere is dry or 
 moist. These stomata (mouths or openings) 
 communicate with the intercellular spaces in 
 the interior of the plant, and are generally 
 considered to be the external organs of 
 respiration, i. e., they maintain a communica- 
 tion between the internal organization of 
 the plant and the external air. The number 
 of stomata varies in different plants, and in 
 different parts of the same plant. They are 
 always most numerous on the under surface 
 of the leaves, and are often entirely absent 
 from the upper surface, especially where the 
 leaves are of a coriaceous (leathery) texture, 
 with a dense shining or glossy cuticle, as in 
 the leaves of the Laurel, Rhododendron, Box, and similar-leaved 
 plants. They are not found on any of the cryptogams (flower less 
 plants), excepting in some of the higher orders, wheretTucts are pre- 
 sent. They are also absent from the submerged parts of aquatic 
 plants, and do not exist on certain parasitic species. 
 
 6. The epidermis, the root, the stem, and the leaves, are essential 
 organs ; the down, hair, bristles, glands, prickles, thorns, &c., are 
 appendages or appendicular organs : the latter are not essential to 
 the existence of plants in general, as the root, stem, and leaves are ; 
 for without these, in some form or other, the plant cannot exist but 
 many plants are without the former. The appendages are no doubt 
 essential to the plants on which they are found ; but they are not 
 developed on all plants, and therefore are not essential to all. 
 
 The epidermal appendages are down, hair, bristles, ykmds, scales, 
 prickles. Hairs in plants vary as iiranimals ; being eitller soft "ah d 
 silky or rough and rigideither short, like down, or long and wool- 
 like. They are all modifications of some elongation of the cellular 
 tissue of the epidermis ; being sometimes a simple prolongation in one 
 piece (1-celled), sometimes forming a series of cells (see Fig. 10, a c), 
 sometimes simple, sometimes branched (Fig. 10, c d], sometimes erect, 
 sometimes horizontal, at other times depressed. rjgk.les differ from 
 hairs chiefly in being a larger mass of indurated cellular tissue, 
 more or less enlarged at the base, and tapering into a point ; bristles 
 (settc), with or without glands, are intermediate between hairs and 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 prickles, being- more rigid and stouter than hairs, and not so strong 
 as prickles. Stings are sharp pointed hollow bristles, analogous to 
 
 1 -celled hairs, but perforated 
 at their tips, and seated on a 
 glandular mass of cellular 
 tissue, wherein the poisonous 
 fluid is secreted. When the 
 hand, or any part of the skin 
 or other object, presses gently 
 against the bristly hairs, then 
 the pressure of the base of 
 the hairs against the gland 
 causes the fluid secreted 
 therein to ascend the tube 
 and enter the skin by the 
 puncture made by the point 
 of the hair or bristle. Glands 
 are either sessile (not stalked) 
 or stipitate (with a longer 
 or shorter stalk); they are 
 either single cells or an agglo- 
 meration of cells, containing 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 aromatic, saccharine, or other 
 materials, depending on the 
 nature of the plant on which they grow. Scales are flat excrescences, 
 also originating in the epidermis ; they are common on the stalk 
 (stipe) or midrib of the fronds of Ferns. 
 
 7. The Root and -its appendages. This organ is the descending 
 axis of the plant, the stem being the ascending axis. It grows down- 
 warcT toward the earth's centre, avoiding the light; the stem, on the 
 contrary, has a tendency to an upward direction, and towards the 
 light. The form of the root is modified by the manner of its growth. 
 When the growth is perpendicular, penetrating deeply into the soil 
 without branching, the tap-root is formed. W r hen this is short and 
 succulent, the conical root, as in Carrot, the fusiform (spindle-shaped) 
 root, as in Radish, or the turbinate (top-shaped) root, as in Turnip, 
 are respectively produced. When the root ends abruptly under the 
 crown (place where the stem and root are connected), the root is called 
 pjrspmorse^ (bitten off) or trjin_cate (cut across), as in Scabiosa succisa ; 
 it may be" contorted (twisted) as"in Bistort. When the root below the 
 crown is divided into a number of fine thread-like divisions, it is called 
 a fibrous root (the roots of grasses are usually fibrous) ; when these 
 divisions are short and thick (fleshy or succulent), the root is termed 
 fasciculate (Fig. 11) ; when swollen nodules are developed, the root 
 is nodulose ; when roundish knobs are produced on the fibres, the 
 root is named tubercular; when these knobs are small, the root is 
 granular. Roots are also globular (round), ovate (egg-shaped), 
 palmate (hand-like), coralloid (coral-like). Most of these latter forms of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the root are exemplified by the Orchids. These fleshy tubers, knobs, 
 
 grains, &c., are appendages of the root, and usually contain more 
 
 or less of a farinaceous, nutritious substance. 
 
 When the tap-root produces strong lateral shoots, 
 
 or if it is divided at some distance below the crown, 
 
 it is called a branching root Fibrils are the minute 
 
 thread or hair-like processes wHcTTaccompany all 
 
 sorts of roots ; and these are terminated by the 
 
 sponjnoles (little sponges), or organs of suction 
 
 wEeretnrtEe chief part of the plant's nutriment is 
 
 imbibed. 
 
 8. Roots often afford important distinctive 
 characters of species, genera, and even of orders. 
 The roots of grasses and sedges, for example, are 
 fibrous, and the fibres differ considerably in the 
 respective species of these two orders. In grasses, 
 the fibres are always slender, except in aquatics, 
 and generally tufted, or slightly spreading; in 
 sedges, the fibres are usually thicker, and the roots 
 have a greater tendency to spread. The agrarial 
 grasses (upland and field grasses) except a few called couch grasses, 
 have their roots always fibrous and tufted. The bulbous rooted 
 grasses of dry, sandy, banky places, are only an apparent, not a 
 real exception, for the bulbous part is usually only an enlargement 
 of the lowermost nodule or nodules of the stalk. When the 
 fibres of sedges are much enlarged or fleshy, they are also scaly, 
 and may be regarded as underground stems; the scales are con- 
 sidered to be abortive or rudimentary leaves. In the orders Cnicifera 
 and Umbelltfera, the roots are generally perpendicular, or more or 
 less oblique, or inclining to a horizontal position ; they are seldom or 
 never fibrous and tufted. In these two orders they arc usually 
 conical or fusiform, or top or egg-shaped, slightly branched, and 
 fibrous below, generally more or less thick or fleshy,' but often hard 
 and woody. The roots are much developed in the cultivated species 
 of Radish, Turnip, Carrot, Parsnep, &c, &c. ; in these, the roots have 
 a stem-like structure, and are chiefly distinguished from stems by their 
 greater succulency. The following exceptions to this general mode 
 
 of development, occur in the following Umbelliferous genera, viz., in 
 Ei'lingo (Sea-Holly) Cr^Jtmuni, JEfloyojfaum and Imperatoria the roots 
 are creeping, in Sanicle thick (fleshy) fibres, in Chervil and Hydroco- 
 tyle fibrous, in .Ttunium and Cicuta tuberous, in Oenanihe mostly 
 tuberous. In Geraniacece, the roots are usually woody an tf tapering, 
 rarely tuberous, "soTTIetiines spreading, but never tufted. The British 
 Orchids and the European also are distinguished by fleshy roots which 
 are variable in form. The Potato is a tuber produced on the long 
 fibrous roots of ^olajutm tuberosum. The well-known Arum macu- 
 latuni has a knobby, flesTijn-oot, which, when deprived of Its" 
 
 " acridity, 
 is said to be very nutritious. Saxifraga granulata is distinguished 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 by granular tubercles (small tubers). Scrophularja nodosa has thick 
 knobby tubers. Ranmiculus bulbosus isitnb \vrTby TFs~"root, which is 
 bulbous, like a turnip-radish. There are many modifications of this 
 organ besides the above-mentioned, and they will be noticed in the 
 description of species ; the above common forms are given to assist 
 the student in learning the terms descriptive of the root in general, 
 and of its varieties and appendages. 
 
 9. The Stem and its appendages. In several plants with truncate 
 or praemorse roots, the caudex (main trunk of the root) is only slightly 
 extended in a downward direction, so in certain plants the stem is 
 scarcely, or in any perceptible degree developed above ground. These 
 underground stems are not very numerous in the vegetable kingdom; 
 but they do occur, and present a remarkable contrast to the normal 
 or common state of stems which are generally developed above 
 ground. Hence steins are either subterranean or aerial. The former 
 is distinguished from the true root~by its tendency to produce leaf- 
 buds at regular intervals ; these are never produced in true roots. 
 The most important forms or varieties of the underground stem are 
 as follow : The rhizome or root-stock, is a creeping sort of stem, 
 partly underground, producing roots on its under side, and leaf-buds 
 on its upper side. This is exemplified in many of the flag-genus (Iris). 
 The soboles is entirely underground, producing roots at one end, and 
 leaves at the other. This form is exemplified by the Coucji^rass, 
 Pjtnicyrass, Sfc. Bulbs of onions, conns of Crocus, tubers as the 
 Potato and Dahlia-root, and the cromj^i' the root as in the Primrose, 
 are all varieties of the underground stem. 
 
 10. . The aerial stem is distinguished from the underground stem, 
 by being always above ground, and by producing leaves and flowers. 
 In herbaceous plants, which always continue in a more or less soft 
 condition, and speedily decay after producing the fruit, the woody 
 stem is never developed. In trees and shrubs the stem is sometimes 
 of very long duration. An intermediate sort of stem is produced by 
 many plants, connecting the strictly herbaceous with, the woody (lig- 
 neous) stems. Hence stems are divided into the woody stem (trunk, 
 truncus) of long duration, and the herbaceous stem, or stem of annual 
 duration, and the intermediate form of the stem which is woody at 
 and near the base, and herbaceous in the upper part, the latter perish- 
 ing annually, the former lasting often for several years. Lavender, 
 Wormwopd, Wallflower, and Thyme are examples of intermediate or 
 half-woody stems (suffruticose). The stem of trees is called a trunk 
 (truncus), the short stein of a shrub which branches from near 'the 
 base is called caudex. An unbranching stem, as in Palms, is called 
 a stipe (stipes). The hollow stalk of grasses is sometimes termed a 
 culm. Stalk (caulis) is a general term applicable to all herbaceous 
 stems. The form of the stem or stalk is usually round and tapering, 
 but in monocotyledonous plants, such as Palms, it is cylindrical. It 
 is not seldom angular, sometimes fluted, and often ridged and fur- 
 rowed; hence important distinctive marks are derivable from the 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 stem. The general direction of the stem, or ascending axis of the 
 plant, is vertically upwards ; to this, however, there are many excep- 
 tions. Some stems are not firm enough to grow or remain in an erect 
 position, and these consequently either cling to contiguous plants or 
 objects for support, or fall to the ground. When the stem is quite 
 prostrate (procumbent), and roots at the leaf-joints, or otherwise, it 
 is called creeping or rooting (repens) ; when its lower part rests on the 
 ground, and the upper part is erect, it is called reclining or recum- 
 bent; when, like the Ivy, it climbs on trees, walls, rocks, or Banks; 
 it is named scandent; when like the Honeysuckle, it twists itself 
 round trees or~pIanTs, it is called voluble. 
 
 11. Internal Structure of Stems. All permanent or woody stems 
 of plants which grow naturally in the British Isles, or are capable of 
 enduring the alternations of heat and cold incident to this climate, 
 belong to the Dicotyledonous division of plants a term which will 
 be explained in the section which treats of the seed. This division 
 of plants is also termed Exogenous (see Index and Glossary), a term 
 derived from the structureof fKe stem, or 
 from the mode in which the successive layers 
 of wood are produced and arranged. The 
 centre of the Dicotyledonous or Exogenous 
 stem consists of a greater or less cylindrical 
 mass of cellular tissue (see Fig. 12). The 
 central portion a represents the pith (cellular 
 tissue), which is very large in stems of the 
 first year's growth ; b is the series of woody 
 layers ; and c the bark with its hairy epider- 
 mis. The pith is surrounded by a ring or 
 tube, composed chiefly of ducts and trache* , , 
 
 this tube is called the medullary sheath. cellular tissue (pith) ; , 
 Between this sheath, or tube,~and"fKe~epP the senes of woody layers; 
 dermis there are two distinct layers fowned ; 
 
 the inner one is the woody layer, and the outer one, viz., that 
 between the woody layer and the epidermis, is the bark. These 
 three distinct portions of the stem represented in the cut are the 
 production of one year. In permanent woody stems, a new layer of 
 woody tissue is annually deposited between the bark and the layer 
 of wood formed during the previous year. In successive years, new 
 layers of wood are successively deposited on the outside of the former 
 deposits. The half fluid, or viscous mass of cellular and vascular 
 tissues, with their contents, form annual layers of wood and bark, 
 the latter receiving all its increase interiorly ; hence a layer of new 
 wood is formed from the indurated cgmbium completely investing 
 the former layer, or layers, and a corresponding addition* is made to 
 the inner surface of the bark. These annual layers, or concentric 
 rings of wood, are very conspicuous in transverse sections of the 
 common forest and fruit-trees of this country; and the number of 
 such layers is always equal to the number of years of the life of the 
 
 ! 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 Kg. 13. 
 
 tree. The pith gradually diminishes by pressure of the surrounding 
 layers, which have a tendency to consolidate the wood ; and hence 
 the wood is denser at the centre than at the circumference. The 
 bark, or cortical layers, do not, after a certain period in the age of 
 the tree, materially increase in thickness. Atmospheric influences 
 probably prevent any considerable increase of the bark ; for as it is 
 pushed outwards it cracks, and either falls off or is weather-worn. 
 Besides the above-mentioned woody and cortical layers, there is in 
 
 all dicotyledonous trees a system of 
 radiating layers of cellular ti'ssue con- 
 necting the 'pith and the bark, form- 
 ing a series of walls wherein the 
 bundles of woody fibre are developed 
 (see Fig. 13), This diagram illus- 
 trates the position of the different 
 layers which compose the wood, a 
 represents the pith; 6, the bark ; c c c, 
 plates of cellular tissue connecting 
 the bark and pith; d d d, woody 
 fibres interspersed between, and con- 
 tained by the medullary rays. The 
 medullary rays~~are very conspicuous 
 in the Beech and Hazel, and among 
 carpenters are known by the term 
 silver grain. Their use is to consolidate the wood by uniting the 
 several series of vascular bundles to each other as well as to the 
 medullary sheath. Hence there are four characters by which we 
 distinguish the dicotyledonous or exogenous stem from every other 
 woody or permanent stem ; viz., 1st, the central 
 pith ; 2nd, the concentric rings of wood; 3rd, the 
 bark; and 4th, the medullary rays or radiating 
 layers which connect the medullary sheath with 
 the cambium (see Index). 
 
 12. The etidpyenoita or monocotylcdonous stem is 
 not characterised by any of the above noted 
 marks. The wood is not separable from the 
 pith ; but the whole substance of the stem is cel*- 
 lular tissue interspersed with bundles of vascular 
 fibre, distributed in an irregular manner, never 
 Fi<r 14 disposed in distinct layers. (See Fig. 14, which 
 
 represents a portion o*f a monocotyledonous stem.) 
 The surface of the section a shows the whole undivided mass of 
 cellular tissue, interspersed with separate bundles of woody fibre. 
 In this kind of stem there are no concentric zones or woody layers, 
 nor is there a distinct bark, neither are there any traces of medul- 
 lary rays. No examples of permanent or woody stems* of this 
 kind grow naturally in our climate; they are mostly confined to 
 tropical and equinoctial regions. The cut (Fig. 15) shows a segment 
 
10 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and section of our common Heed (Phragmitls com:) ; a is the 1 
 j solid part of the culm, c a portion of the sheath. 
 
 15. 
 
 _ , . hollow 
 
 portion, b the * 
 
 True acrogenous or acotuledonous stems are 
 only developed in certain species of the very 
 highest order of cryptogams, viz., in Tree 
 Ferns. They differ from the last described 
 stem chiefly in having less vascular tissue, and 
 by increasmg at the summit only, and not in 
 diameter. 
 
 13. The stem, which is the connecting 
 medium of the root and leaves, and bears the 
 branches (when present) and the organs of 
 fructification, is one of the most important 
 organs in the economy of the plant. By the 
 structure and development of this part the 
 three grand divisions of plants are distinguished from each other. The 
 whole vegetable kingdom, with the exception of Amp]) iy ens (compre- 
 hending the Lichenes, Fungi, and Algce), is divided into Aeroguns, 
 Endooens, and Exogens. In Acrogenous plants, the stem increases only 
 at its point or extremity, not in its diameter. In Endogenous plants, 
 the increase of the stem is internal ; that is, the cambium, or what- 
 ever it is that forms the bundles of woody fibre, proceeds from the 
 leaves, and penetrates the softest part of the stem, which is its in- 
 terior, these fibres are arrested at the circumference, which is by far 
 the densest portion of the stem, and prevents increase in that direc- 
 tion. The exogenous stem increases externally, as has been already 
 shown (Sec. 11). In Acrogens and Endogens the stem is simple 
 (unbranched) ; in Exogens, the stem is usually branched. Buds are 
 generally produced in the latter-mentioned stems, but rarely in the 
 former. 
 
 Several orders are distinguished by the stem; for example, 
 the structure of the stem in the Conj/era^ (Pine-tree family) is dif- 
 ferent from that of all other exogenous stems, in being without 
 medullary rays; and in the young stem the branches are always 
 whorled (radiating from the same point of the stem). In the fol- 
 lowing orders the stems are prostrate, climbing or twining; viz., 
 Fumariacece^ Leginninifera and Rosacea in part; Cucurbitacece^ 
 Araliacea, Apocynacece, Convolv ulacece, Solanacece, and Scroplm- 
 lariacccein part; Polyqonacca ami AristolochiacelzTn. part. Certain 
 genera bear strong shoots the first year, which shoots bear flowers and 
 fruit the second year, as Rubus. Several genera, like Fray aria (straw- 
 berry), produce prostrate, creeping stems. Woody stems distinguish 
 the orders, Berber id acece in part, Rhamnacece, Celastracea, Grossn- 
 lariacece, Araliaceee, Cornacefz, Lorantliacece, Caprifoliaeece, Ericacc&, 
 Ilicinecc, Aquifoliacece, Oleacecc, Apocynacetf, Eleagnacctc, Thymelia- 
 cecc, Empetracea, and portions of LeguminifercB and Solanacece. 
 Several Labiate are furnished with half-shrubby stems : also a few 
 Cruciferce, most of the order Cistacctf, and several Euphorbias. Coni- 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 11 
 
 feres and Amentifera comprehend most of our forest trees. Some 
 orders have usually hollow stems ; viz., Ranunculacece w&& Leyumini- 
 fera and Dipmcece in part; most of the Umbelliferce, all the Gra- 
 ?m'necf; and Elatinacece ; and a portion of the CompositcejJuncacece. The 
 pith is largely developed in the shoots of Roses, Brambles, Elder, 
 many of the Rushes, and in a large portion of the Cyperacece. The 
 stems in Labiatce, and in sub-order Stellate, are quadrangular, and 
 chiefly so in Lythracecc, Onagracece and Gentianacece. In Cyperacecz 
 the stems are usually triangular. Some genera have fluted steins, as 
 Rubus. 
 
 IT. Leaves are more or less thin, flattened expansions, consisting 
 of bundles of vascular tissue, which bundles constitute the skeleton or 
 frame-work of the leaf: the more prominent bundles are called nerves, 
 and the smaller ones veins or veinlets ; their disposition in relation 
 to each other is called nervation or venation. The shape or outline 
 of the leaf depends on, or is modified by, the length and relative posi- 
 tion of the nerves. When the middle, or principal nerve (an exten- 
 sion of the bundle of fibres forming the petiole, or leaf-stalk if pre- 
 sent) divides into branches, and when all the branches diverge in 
 the same plane, the leaf is flat, and this may be called the normal 
 state of leaves, (Fig. 16) ; when the nerves 
 diverge in different planes, the leaf is or- 
 bicular (round) as the leaf of common 
 sheep -rot (Hydrocotyle vulgaris.) (Fig. 
 17.) In succulent or 
 fleshy leaves, such as 
 the leaf of the Home- 
 leeJt, Seduin, several 
 Pinks, &c. , the nerves 
 spread in different 
 planes, and the pa- 
 rjwclnnna (cellular 
 tissue) is so much 
 developed as to con- 
 ceal the nerves, which 
 consequently are nei- 
 ther prominent nor 
 visible, as they are in 
 
 the greatest number of leaves. The leaf 
 when complete consists of two parts (Fig. 18,) a, the petiole, or leaf- 
 stalk ; b, the lamina or blade. The petiole connects the leaf with the 
 branch or stem, and is composed of the unexpanded bundles of fibres, 
 covered by the epidermis ; the ramification of the nerves constitutes 
 the skeleton, and the veins and veinlets, with the cellular tissue and 
 epidermis, constitute the entire leaf. When the petiole is not present, 
 the leaf is termed sessile. Sessile leaves often partially or entirely 
 surround the stem, and in this case they are termed semiamplexicaul 
 or amplcxicaul (half embracing, or quite surrounding 
 
 Fig. 16. Elm Leaf. 
 
 Fig. 17. Leaf of Hydro- 
 cotyle vulgaris. 
 
12 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 Fig. 19. a therach, 66 
 6 b the four leaflets of the 
 compound leaf. 
 
 15. The most obvious division of leaves is into simple and < 
 pound. In simple leaves the limb consists of one piece, either quite 
 
 entire, or variously in- 
 dented, cleft or divided 
 
 at the margin. (See 
 
 Fig. 18, an entire leaf; 
 
 17, a crenate, and 16, 
 
 a toothed or incised 
 
 leaf.) Compound leaves 
 
 are composed of one or 
 
 more pieces, called 
 
 leaflets, each of which 
 
 is jointed to the com- 
 mon petiole or rach, as it is termed when the 
 leaf is winged, (See Fig. 19, which represents 
 a pinnate, or winged leaf.) 
 
 16. Simple leaves. It has been stated that 
 the shape or contour of the leaf is regulated or 
 modified by the angle of divergence of the 
 lateral or secondary nerves (the branches of the 
 principal or median nerve), and by their length. 
 
 When the divergent nerves are but slightly distant, and extend from 
 the base to the apex, inclosing only a narrow slip of parenchyma, the 
 leaf is called linear. The leaves of grasses are familiar examples of this 
 form. Whenthe nerves extend from end to end, and are rather more 
 distant in the middle of the leaf, the lanceolate form is produced. In 
 these two forms the nerves usually diverge~at the base, but in the 
 second, viz., the lanceolate form, the relative length of 
 the secondary nerves, and their wideness of angle pro- 
 duce a laneeolatejeaf. (See Fig. 20). When the secon- 
 ' or branching nerves are nearly 
 of equal length, both 
 at the base and apex, 
 the leaf is elliptico- 
 lanceolate. (Fig. 21.) 
 The oblong leaf dif- 
 fers from the latter 
 merely in being 
 rather broader at 
 the base and tip. 
 (Fig. 22.) 
 
 When the branch- 
 ing nerves are nearly equal, the leaf being obtuse at both ends, it is 
 called a rounded leaf. (See Fig. 23.) This form, which is also termed 
 orbicular, must not be confounded with the leaf of Hydrocoytle vulg. 
 Fig. 17. In this latter the leaf is peltate (pelta a buckler) ; the nerves 
 do not diverge in the same plane ; Tn. Fig. 23 the nerves do diverge 
 in the same plane. 
 
 Fig. 20. Lanceolate leaf with branching nerves. Fig. 21 
 Elleptico-lanceolatc leaf. Fig. 22. Obloug leaf. 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 13 
 
 If the leaf be rounded at the base, and tapering at the top, having 
 the basal nerves longest, it is called ovate (Fig. 24). If the upper 
 nerves be longest the leaf is qboyate (inversely egg-shaped), (Fig. 25). 
 
 Fig. 23. Rounded leaf. Fig. 24. Orate, lobed, or toothed leaf. Fig. 25. Obovate, 
 crenate, or crenated leaf, tapering downwards into the petiole. 
 
 The cuneate, or wedge-shaped leaf, is a slight variety of the last, 
 
 with the apex natter (less rounded) . 
 
 If the basal nerves be prolonged down- 
 wards, forming obtuse angles with the middle 
 or primary nerve, the cordateor^e^rt-shaped 
 leaf is produced (FigC"jRJjr~"~ 
 When the secondary nerves 
 are unequal, and diverge 
 at unequal angles, the leaf 
 is unequally cordate (Fig. 
 27). 
 
 When the lateral nerves 
 exceed the median nerve, 
 and the basal nerves are 
 reflexed at very wide (obtuse) Fi f.- 27 * ~~ J 
 
 -in. /. I'-ii-i/ equally cordate 
 
 angles, the leaf is reniform, or kidney-shaped (see acuminate leaf. 
 Fig. 28). 
 
 When the parenchyma is deficient at the 
 apex, and the Upper lateral *> s 
 
 nerves longer than the lower, 
 the leaf is obcpzdajie (Fig. 
 29). 
 
 When the petiole separates 
 at the base, and forms several 
 nearly equal nerves, each of 
 which is furnished with lateral 
 nerves, the leaf is lobed, as the Ivy-leaf, Mallow- Fig. 29. Obcordate 
 leaf (Figs. 30, 31). leaf - 
 
 16. Margin or edge of the leaf. When the margin oi 
 
 Fig. 26. Cordate acuminate 
 leaf. 
 
 Fig. 28. Leaf of Asa- 
 rtim europeum. Reni- 
 form leaf. 
 
14 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the leaf is free from 
 
 teeth, 
 
 Fig. 32. Margin quite 
 entire, slightly wavy. 
 
 Fig. 33. Notched 
 elliptical leaf. 
 
 notches, scollops, indentations, 
 lobes, c., it 
 is called n- 
 (see Fig. 
 
 When the 
 parenchyma 
 is more deve- 
 loped at the 
 
 margin than 
 Figs. 30, 31. Lobed leaves. j n the plftne 
 
 of the leaf, the leaf is undulate, crisp, or curbed 
 at the edge, as in many of the Dock genus. When 
 there is a slight notch at the apex, 
 the leaf is emarginate or notched 
 (see Fig. 33). ~~ 
 
 AVhen the margin is furnished with rounded 
 projections, the leaf is crenate or crenated (see Fig. 34). 
 
 If the projections be "very small, 
 and the incisions very shallow, it is 
 crenulate (Fig. 17). 
 
 If the projections be longer and 
 sharper, and more or less divergent, 
 the leaf is toothed (dentate), (Fig. 16). 
 If the teeth be sharp and^pointed upwards, the 
 leaf is serrate or serrated, having teeth like a saw 
 (Fig. 35). 
 
 When the teeth are serrated, the leaf is called dou^ 
 
 bly serrated 
 (Pig. 36). 
 
 The margin is said to be 
 jlexuous or sinuate when the 
 projections are slight and far 
 apart (Fig. 28). When the mar- 
 gin is divided half-way to the 
 midrib the leaf is pinnatifid 
 (Fig. 37) ; and when the lobes 
 are more or less divided, the 
 leaf is doubly pinnatifid, or 
 pinnatifid with incised or cut 
 lobes (Fig. 38). 
 
 When the incisions, as in 
 Fig. 38, reach close to the mid 
 rib. the leaf is parted (partite). 
 
 , When there is "only a palF of 
 Fig. 35. Serrated Fig. 36. A doubly-serrated i i i -i ^ ^ 
 
 auricledleaf. Wte acuminate leaf. lobes > one On each Side at tile 
 
 base, the leaf is hastate (owoi'd* 
 
 shaped), or auriculate (with little ears or projections), (see Fig. 39). 
 The lyrate^or "panduriform (fiddle-shaped) leaves differ from the 
 
 Fig. 34. Cordate 
 crenate leaf. 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 15 
 
 hastate leaf chiefly in having the sinus or unfilled portion of greater 
 extent, and further from the base (see Fig. 40). 
 
 Figs. 37, 38. Pinnatifid and doubly pin- Figs. 39, 40. Hastate Fig. 41. Palmate or 
 natifld leaves. and Ly rate or pan- band -like leaf, 
 
 duriform leaves. 
 
 When the nerves divide in a radiating manner from the base, 
 and when the margin is deeply incised, or lobed, the leaf is palmate 
 (hand-like) (see Fig. 41). 
 
 Compound Leaves, The essential distinction between the simple 
 and the compound leaf is, that the former may be, and often is, ses- 
 sile ; that is, it is united to the branch or Stem on which it grows 
 without the intervention of a leaf-stalk (petiole) ; the compound leaf 
 is never sessile. Again, the distinct parts of the compound leaf are 
 jointed to the petiole ; the lobes 
 of the simple leaf, however deep 
 
 Fig. 42. Strawberry leaf, 
 
 Fig. 43. Horse chestnut leaf. 
 
 the incision be, always form integral parts of the leaf. The leaflets 
 of a compound leaf may be detached without tearing the substance 
 of the leaf; the lobes of a simple leaf cannot be detached without 
 
16 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 laceration. A compound leaf may have one leaflet or an indefinite 
 number; but every leaflet must be jointed to the common petiole, or 
 rach. The compound leaf is either ternate (like Trefoil or Strawberry), 
 Fig. 42. The quaternate, the quinate, and the septengjg forms of the 
 compound leaf may be easily understood by referring to the two cuts 
 which represent the ternate and septenate compound leaves. (See 
 Figs. 42, 43). 
 
 18. One of the commonest forms of the compound leaf is the pin- 
 noted _( winged) leaf. (See Fig. 44.) When there is no odd or terminal 
 leaflet, it is equally pinnate ; when there is 
 an odd or terminal one, as in cut 44, the leaf 
 
 ^v 
 
 Fig. 44. Pinnate, with an Fig. 45. Interruptedly pin- Fig. 46. Bipinnate or com- 
 odd terminal leaf. nate leaf. pound leaf. 
 
 is unequally pinnate. When there is an abortive or minute leaflet 
 between the lateral leaflets, the leaf is interruptedly pinnate. (See 
 Fig. 45.) When there is only one series of leaflets on each side of 
 the common petiole or rach, the leaf is simply or singly pinnate (as 
 in Figs. 44 and 45) ; when the branches are again subdivided, the 
 leaf is limnnate (doubly pinnate). (See Fig. 46.) Leaves may be 
 triply compound if the branches be again subdivided. They may 
 
 be also twice or thrice ternate by 
 subsequent subdivisions of the lateral 
 branches. 
 
 The pedate^ leaf is intermediate 
 between the simple and compound 
 leaves. The petiole is branching, but 
 the leaflets are not jointed. (See 
 Fig. 47.) 
 
 19. Position or Arrangement of 
 Leaves. Leaves occupy various posi- 
 tions on the stem or branch. Some 
 plants produce only root leaves, and 
 Ji this case the leaves grow from the crown of the root, or 
 under-ground stem, and are usually disposed in what is termed a 
 rosette (arranged somewhat like the petals of a double rose). When 
 
 Fig. 47. Pedate leaf. 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 17 
 
 two leaves are produced from the same point of the stem, and on 
 opposite sides of it, they are called opposite. In some genera and 
 species, the opposite leaves are also QOH- 
 nate (growing together by their bases). 
 When more than two leaves are produced 
 at the same point, the leaves are whorled 
 or radiate (verticillate). (See Fig. 48.) 
 When tEe leaves are produced on opposite 
 sides of the stem, but not from the same 
 point, they are alternate ; if disposed ir- 
 regularly, neither opposite nor alternate, 
 they are scattered. If there be many leaves, 
 the stem is leafy ; if there be none, or very 
 few, it is leafless, or nearly so. When, by 
 the non-extension of the branch or stem, 
 the leaves are in approximation to each Fig. 48. 
 
 other, they are tufted, or fasciculate. When 
 
 closely arranged along the stem in two rows, they are distichous ; 
 and when contiguous, and so arranged as to cross each other in four 
 
 rows or ranks, 
 they are decus- 
 sa1&. The leaf is 
 decurrent when 
 its midrib passes 
 down the stem 
 or branch. (See 
 Fig.49). Itisj*- 
 folyite when the 
 lobes of the base 
 unite and em- 
 brace the stem. 
 (See Fig. 50.) 
 
 20. Appendages of Leaves. Several of these have been already 
 described under the section Epidermis and its appendages, viz., 
 prickles, glands, setae (bristles), hair, &c. The 
 most important of those remaining to be de- 
 scribed are stipules, tendrils, and thorns. In 
 Salix (Willow) "and some^ other plants, the 
 stipule is like a small leaf. (See Fig. 51). 
 a is the stalk or branch, b b the stipules, c the 
 leaf, and d the petiole. The stipules may be 
 united as in the Hoses. (See Fig. 52.) a is the 
 branch, b the compound leaf, c c the stipules, 
 cohering to each other and to the petiole, by 
 their edges, forming a petiolary stipule. The 
 rder Polygonaceae is characterised by the 
 niversal presence of membranous sheaths,^ 
 
 of 
 
 Fig. 49. 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 Fig. 51. 
 
 / which are a sort of stipule, or appendage 
 the leaf. The Graminece have a scarious crown above the sheath, 
 
18 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Fig. 52. 
 
 Fig. 53. 
 
 which is named a liyule. (See Fig. 53.) a the sheath, b the blade 
 of the leaf, c the ligule. In Umbelliferous plants there is a loose 
 sheath at the base of the petiole, which em- 
 braces the branch or stem, and is termed 
 'pcricladium, In Ranunculace^ the petioles 
 are sheathing. 
 
 Tendrils are a prolongation 
 of the common petiole, and 
 are common in Leguminifer- 
 ous plants, as the Pea, Tare, 
 &c. ; and when the tendril is 
 present there are usually fewer 
 leaflets; and there cannot, in 
 this case, be a terminal or odd 
 leaflet, which, in other cases, 
 usually terminates the growth 
 of the petiole or rach. In 
 several species tendrils appear 
 to be metamorphosed leaflets, 
 as in the Pea, the Vine, &c. The tendril is either simple or branched, 
 but always curls or coils up. Thorns are often metamorphosed 
 (changed) or abortive branches ; but in some cases, as in the common 
 Berberry and Furze, they are abortive stipules or leaves, such abor- 
 tion being caused by the deficiency of parenchymatous matter. 
 
 21. Vernation or Prefoliation of Leaves. Before the leaves 
 expand they are cfcsely folded up in the leaf-bud, and their state 
 when so folded is called vernation, or prefoliation. When the plaits 
 or folds are disposed parallel to the midrib, the prefoliation is longi- 
 tudinal. This mode of prefoliation is exemplified by the Grasses. 
 When so folded as that the apex and the base approach, the prefolia- 
 tion is transverse. If rolled iip, as in Ferns, from the apex to 
 the base, it is circinate ; if folded like a fan, plicate. When rolled 
 inwards or outwar3s~it is involute or revolute ; "as" Violet and Ilose- 
 mary, Dock, &c. When they simply toucK each otlier in the bucT, 
 they are valvate, and when they overlap each other, they are imbri- 
 cqtejl (tiled)! When they cover each other, they are conduplicate or 
 equitant, as in the Iris (Flag). These positions are also common to 
 the~flower-bud. 
 
 Leaf-buds are both terminal and lateral ; by the former, the stem 
 or branch is prolonged ; by the latter, it grows thicker. The lateral 
 buds are always situated in the angle of the leaf and stem, or branch. 
 Buds not subtended by a leaf are called anomalous buds, being of 
 rare occurrence. 
 
 22. Importance of Leaves in distinguishing Divisions, Classes, 
 Orders, Genera, and Species o/ Plants. The two grand divisions 
 of Flowering Plants can be readily known from each other, either by 
 the nervation, the structure, the outline, or the articulation of the 
 leaf generally by one, but usually by all of these characters con- 
 jointly taken. 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 19 
 
 Fig. 54. 
 
 In monocotyledonous plants the nerves of the leaf are parallel, as 
 in Grammy (grasses), (See Fig, 54). In dicotyledonous plants the 
 nervation is never parallel, but more or 
 less divergent and branched. (See Figs. 
 16, 18.) The nerves are not always pa- 
 rallel in Monocotyledons, but they do not 
 branch, and when connected by veins or 
 veinlets, these are usually straight and 
 parallel -to each other, not crooked and 
 divergent, as in Dicotyledons. In the 
 former the leaves are always simple and 
 entire at the margins ; in the latter they 
 are frequently compound, and seldom 
 quite entire. In Monocotyledons the 
 shape, figure, or contour, is linear, like 
 grass, or some modification of this form ; 
 in Dicotyledons the leaves are multiform (of many shapes). In 
 the latter the leaves arc distinctly articulated to the stem ; in the 
 former this is rarely the case. In Dictyqgens, a small division 
 intermediate between Endogens (Monocotyledons) and Exogens 
 (Dicotyledons), the leaves have branching nerves, but the leaves 
 in these plants are simple, and of regular outline. The follow- 
 ing orders are distinguishable by their leaves : Grannnea} and 
 Cyperace( by linear, narrow leaves ; the former (Grasses)^ have slit 
 sheaths, the latter (Sedges) have the sheaths usually entire. Ranun- 
 culacece for the most part have divided leaves, with sheathing petioles'. 
 Umbellifera have generally compound leaves, which are pinnate, 
 bipinnate, or tripinnate ; or ternate, or biternate, or triternate ; they 
 have also a broadly sheathing petiole. Leguminiferce have usually 
 compound leaves, which are either ternate or pinnate. Jtosqcete^is 
 also generally distinguished by its compound leaves, which are either 
 ternate, or quinate, or pinnate, or interruptedly pinnate. Narrowly 
 linear and sharp-pointed leaves distinguish Coniferce. Many plants 
 are distinguished by the position of their leaves"! In the Pnmrose 
 genus the leaves are all radical. This is the case generally in the 
 orders Droseraceas, Gentianacece, Lentibulacece, Plantaginacecc, 
 Plumbaginacece, and in several genera and species of Composites. 
 
 The following orders have opposite and mostly simple leaves, 
 viz., Labiatce, Verbena cece, Gentianacece, Oleacece, Apocynacece^ 
 Valerianacece, Dipsacece, Caprifoliacece, part of Primulacecc, most 
 part of Lythracece, Hypericacete, Elatinacece, Frankeniacece, Cary- 
 ophyllacece, Comacece. Sub-order Stellatce and part of Ericacece, 
 have whorled leaves. The following orders have stipulate leaves, 
 viz., Polygonacecz (oclreate or booted), Amentacece, Urticacece, 
 Mesedacece, Euphorbiawce, Leguminiferce, Rosacece, fyc. The fol- 
 lowing orders contain plants bearing tendrils: Cucurbitacece, 
 Tamacece, Fumariacece, and Leguminiferce. 
 
 Certain orders are distinguished by their prefoliation (state of 
 leaves before expansion). Filices and Droseracece are circinate (curled 
 
20 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 inwards from the base like a crook). In Grossulacece and Malvacea, 
 the prefoliation is plicate (folded like a fan). "In some orders the 
 principal nerves diverge from the hase in a radiating manner ; for 
 example, Geraniacece, Aceracete, Malvacece, Grossulacea. In many 
 AmentifercBj and in the genus Ulmus the lateral nerves are parallel. 
 Genera are often determinable by the number of leaflets in their 
 compound leaves, as Trefoil, &c., and some by the presence or absence 
 of the odd or terminal leaflet. 
 
 ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION. 
 
 23. Inflorescence is the arrangement of the flowers on the axis. 
 The axis of inflorescence is either simple or branching, definite or 
 indefinite. It is simple when the flowers are arranged on separate 
 
 pedicels, as in the annex- 
 ed cut, Herberts vttlgans. 
 (Fig. 55.) a is the rach 
 or common peduncle, b the 
 pedicel (flower-stalk), c the 
 flower. In the cut (Fig. 
 56) the flowers are spiked, 
 and consequently sessile 
 (without pedicels). The 
 rach is the stalk prolong- 
 ed, a the stalk, b the fer- 
 tile spike or catkin, c the 
 barren spike or catkin. 
 The axis is compound, i.e. 
 branching, when the late- 
 ral flower-stalks bear se- 
 veral flowers, each lateral 
 stalk becoming a second- 
 ary axis, and producing 
 flowers and pedicels. The 
 stalk of an individual 
 
 flower is usually called the peduncle, but in ex- 
 amples of simply clustered flowers^as in Fig. 55), 
 it is more convenient to call the central stalk, 
 which bears only lateral peduncles, and no flowers, 
 except at the very top, the peduncle and the late- 
 ral flower-stalks pedicels. Pedicels and peduncles 
 are terms used in expressing the medium between the flower and 
 the stalk, or branch ; but pedicel is always restricted to that part 
 which bears^only a single flower ; while peduncle is also applied to 
 the part which bears single flowers, though it is also employed to 
 designate the part which bears both pedicels and flowers. 
 
 24. The termination of the pedicel, or peduncle, when it bears a 
 single flower, is called the torus, or thalamus, and when expanded 
 into a broad, flat, elevated, of^concave disc,~Tf1s called the receptacle. 
 
 Fig. 55. 
 
 Fig. 56. 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 21 
 
 This part is much developed in the Composite. In the Geraniacea it 
 is prolonged beyond the flower, forming oTEeaTc. In the orders A^acece 
 and Typhacece it is a club-shaped or a more or less fleshy column. 
 In the Strawberry it is large and succulent. In the Potentillas it is 
 dry and conical. Inflorescence is definite 
 when the axis ends in a single terminal 
 flower. The inflorescence of all single- 
 flowered pi ants is definite, as for example 
 the Tulip, the Anemone, &c. But many 
 plants which produce several flowers are 
 also definite or determinate, as Ranun- 
 culus bulbosus. (Fig. 57). a is the 
 terminal blossom which ends the growth 
 of the central stem, and the lateral 
 flowers b b are subsequently expanded. 
 The inflorescence commences at the 
 centre and extends to the circumfer- 
 ence ; hence it is termed centrifugal. 
 The inflorescence is indefinite when it 
 commences at the base, and gradually 
 extends up the stem, and goes on 
 flowering so long as the axis lengthens, 
 which extension of the axis is depen- 
 dent on the capability of the plant to 
 increase its axis of growth, and is con- 
 sequently indefinite. This property Fig. 57. 
 is very obvious in Verbena_o^cmalis. -f 
 
 (Fig. 58]T AtolETfruit is formed, at b the flowers 
 are expanded, and 
 at c they are un ex- 
 panded; but they 
 will continue open- 
 ing as long as the 
 axis continues to 
 grow. 
 
 'In the Evening 
 Primrose and the 
 spiked-flowered 
 Veronicas this ex- 
 pansion of the 
 flowers from the 
 base to the apex, 
 in an indefinite 
 manner, is very ob- 
 vious. This inflor- 
 escence is termed Fig. 59. 
 centripetal^ 
 
 One of the commonest forms of the definite or determinate inflor- 
 escence is the Cyme (Fig. 59) Erythrcea Centaurium. The stem 
 
 4 
 
 Fig. 53. 
 
22 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 terminates in the axillary flower , and gives out a pair of branches 
 under the flower ; these branches terminate in axillary flowers b b, 
 and give out secondary branches below the respective flowers ; these 
 secondary branches again terminate in tertiary axillary florets c c. 
 This mode of inflorescence is common in Caryophyllacece In some 
 plants, as Privet, for example, the Cymes are arranged in a panicle. 
 The simplest form of the indefinite inflorescence is the spiked or 
 spike-like inflorescence. (See Fig. 58). The cluster or raceme differs 
 from the spike in having the flowers pedicelled, not sessile, as in the 
 spike. (See Fig. 55). The cluster, like the Cyme, is often panicled 
 (branching, every branch form ing a lateral axis on which the flowers are 
 
 developed indefinitely, the 
 lowermost or outermost first, 
 and the upper in succession). 
 When the lower peduncles are 
 lengthened, and the upper 
 shortened, so as to bring the 
 flowers nearly to the same 
 horizontal level, the inflor- 
 escence is called a Corymb. 
 The Corymb may be either 
 simple or compound, accord- 
 ing as the lateral or lower 
 peduncles are simple or com- 
 pound. In umbelliferous 
 plants the primary axis is 
 shortened, so that the second- 
 ary axis or lateral peduncles 
 originate in the same point, 
 and are about equal in length. If these branches divide again, and 
 form similar umbels, the whole is a com- 
 pound umbel. (See Fig. 60). i 9 bracts of 
 the common involucre ; p, the point of the 
 very much shortened axis; b, the primary 
 branches ; c, the secondary umbels. 
 
 In compound flowers the axis is short- 
 ened and expanded, and the inflorescence is 
 a capitulum (head). (See Fig. 61). 
 
 In Myosotis palustris the inflorescence 
 is called ^gyrjrie. (See Fig. 62). 
 
 For other modes of inflorescence, see 
 Index. 
 
 25. Organs of Reproduction. The flower 
 and its appendages are distinguished from 
 the organs of vegetation by their position, 
 structure, and use. They are usually situ- 
 ated on the upper parts of the plant ; they 
 are generally of a more delicate structure, remarkable for their 
 elegance, beauty, brilliancy of colour, or exquisiteness of perfume. 
 
 Fig. 60. 
 
 Fig. 61. 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 23 i 
 
 Fig. 62. 
 
 Their use is to terminate the growth of the plant in the direction 
 where they are situated, and it is by their agency that fruit or seed 
 is produced, and the continuation of 
 the species or race provided for. The 
 flower is composed of the Jioral enve- 
 lopes, as they are called, and of the sta- 
 mens and pistils ; the latter are called 
 essential parts of the flower, the former 
 are non-essential parts; and in some 
 species, genera, and orders, some or all 
 the floral envelopes are absent. The 
 stamens and pistils are not always in 
 juxta-position, but they are always 
 present, either united in the same 
 flower, or distinct and distant from 
 each other on the same plant, or on 
 distinct plants. The floral envelope is 
 usually, but not always double ; some- 
 times there is only a single envelope 
 present. The outer one is called the 
 caht, the inner one the comlla. 
 Between the vegetative organs which have been described, and 
 the reproductive organs which are now the subject of description, there 
 is an intermediate system of organs termed bracts. These are distin- 
 guished from leaves usually by their position (contiguous to the flowers) 
 often by their structure, as membranous or scarious ; by their arrange- 
 ment, which is often symmetrical. In Malvacea, Convolvulacece, and in 
 some genera ot.Rosaceee, the bracts are similar to the calyxTBbth in ar- 
 rangement and structure, and are often denominated a secondary calyx, 
 or lower or outer calyx. In Dipsacece and Composites, they are arranged 
 symmetrically, forming a sort of tiled or overlapping cover to the 
 aggregate flowers. In Umbellifcrce. they are radiate or whorled. 
 They are of great importance in the economy of the Composite, inas- 
 much as they converge after the period of flowering, and form a protec- 
 tive cover to the fruit. In many cases they afford distinctive generic 
 and specific characters. 
 
 26. Calyx. This organ is usually the outer envelope of the flower, 
 and consists either of a whorl, or series of leaflets (sepals), either 
 diverging, or connivent, either horizontal, erect, or reflexed. See 
 Fig, 64 ; a the calyx, b the corolla. When the sepals or leaflets 
 are united, either at their base or throughout, the calyx is usually 
 called monosepalous (gamosepalous is a more expressive term ; see 
 Index.) When the sepals are not united (coherent) the calyx is 
 polysepalous. The united portion of the calyx is called the tube, 
 the free, or spreading part, the limb, lobes, segments, or teeth. It 
 is said to be cleft when the incisions are not deep, and parted 
 when they extend nearly to the base. When the adherence is 
 irregular, either in the number of sepals connected, or in the extent 
 of the cohesion, the calyx is irregular, either two-lipped (labiate) 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (Fig. 65), or ringent (gaping). The form of the sepals is various, but 
 commonly elongated, lanceolate, tapering (Fig. 63), either blunt or 
 pointed, and nearly always sessile, b the peduncle, a a a a a the 
 sepals, or segments of the calyx. They are usually green or some 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 Fig. 64, 
 
 Fig. 65. 
 
 shade of green, but they are occasionally beautifully coloured, as in 
 the Fuschia. The^alyx, like the sepals, is usually more or less uni- 
 form in shape ; the usual modifications are the 
 prismatic, as in Primula (Fig. 67), the globular, 
 the funnel-shaped, the turbinate, like a top, the 
 inflated (Fig. 66). 
 
 Insome/amilies viz., Composites, UmbeUifene, 
 &c., the calyx is rudimentary,'^? a small incon- 
 spicuous rim or minute teeth. In Pomqcece and 
 Grossulacece, the calyx adheres to the pis"fils, and 
 becomes part of the fruit (Apple and Gooseberry). 
 In Papaveracece, and the greatest part of Ranun- 
 culaceee, the calyx is deciduous. 
 
 "27. The Corolla. This organ, the usually more 
 or less coloured inner or upper envelope, or floral 
 verticil, is distinguished by its position, and 
 more obviously by its gay and 
 pleasing colours. If the corolla 
 be of one piece, or if the pieces 
 be all more or less coherent, it 
 is called monopetalous (gamope- 
 talous; see index). (See Fig. 68.) When of several 
 pieces it is polypetalous (Fig. 69). The individual 
 pieces of which it is composed are 
 called petals. See a a a a a, Fig. 69. 
 
 The petal often, but not always, Fig> 6 8.-Mono P e- 
 
 COnsists of two parts the claw (un- talous corolla ; a the 
 
 guis), and the limb Such petals are $%>J *; 
 common in the orders Cruciferce and urceolate corolla. 
 CaryophyUqcea (see Fig. 70) ; a is 
 
 Fi 69 Polype- t ^ ie claw ' ^ tlie frin g e(i liml3 - Such petals are called 
 talous corolla. " unauiculate (clawed). Petals are generally uniform ; 
 the rounded, the obcordate, the ovate, and elliptic are 
 the most common forms. Their limb is often notched, cleft, parted, 
 
 Fig. 67. a the calyx 
 tuhe; b the lobes or 
 teeth of the calyx ; c 
 the corolla. 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 25 
 
 and sometimes fringed. In monopetalous corollas the coherent portion 
 is called the tube, and the free portion the limb, as is the case in 
 the calyx. The monopetalous corolla is regular, 
 when the limb or expanded portion is symme- 
 trical, as in Campanula (Fig. 71). 
 It is irregular in Salvia (see Fig. 
 65), a the calyx, b the corolla, and 
 in the Foxglove (Fig. 72). 
 
 The polypetal- 
 ous corolla is re- 
 gular when the 
 petals are equal, 
 and are arranged 
 symmetrically, as 
 in the Crowfoot, 
 Fig. 70. the J^csfij the 
 
 Wall-flower, and 
 
 the Evening Primrose, &c. (Fig. 69), 
 lar polypetalous corolla. It 
 
 Fig. 72. 
 
 is a regular 
 
 is irregular when the petals are un- Fig. 71. 
 
 equal, or when the arrangement is not 
 
 symmetrical. The Sweet Pea is an example of the latter. In this 
 
 flower the petals are unequal, and their arrangement is unsymmetrical 
 (see Fig. 73). This form is called the papilionaceous , 
 and, like most polypetalous corollas, consists of five 
 petals ; the upper is called the vexilliim* or standard ; 
 the two lateral the wings ; and the two inferior~the 
 keel ; these latter are partially or entirely covered 
 by the wings, and often slightly united. All the 
 leguminiferous plants of Britain are of this form. 
 
 The accessaries or appendages of the petals, are 
 Fig. 73. chiefly the nectaries (honey-pores at the base of the 
 
 limb), in many ranunculaceous plants; and the crown 
 
 or scales at the base of the limb, or at the top of the claw, in several 
 
 of the plants composing the Pink family. 
 28. Stamens. These organs are essen- 
 tial, and their use is to give vitality to 
 
 the seed. They are composed usually of 
 
 two parts, the filament and the anther 
 
 (see Figs. 74, 75). 
 
 Stamens are distinguished by their 
 
 number, by being free or adherent, and 
 
 by their position. When their number 
 
 is equal to, or double the number of the 
 
 petals, they are said to be definite. When 
 
 their number is greater than twice or 
 
 thrice as many as the petals, they are indefinite. They are said to be 
 
 free when not attached to each other, although they are virtually 
 
 attached when they spring from the inner side of the tube of a mono- 
 
 l~~\\ 
 
 the Fig. 75. a 
 the the filament ; 
 b the anther. 
 
26 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 C- 
 
 petalous corolla, and they are also attached by the calyx when they 
 grow on it ; but in both these latter cases they are considered free. 
 They are united when attached to each other at the base only, or by 
 a sort of web-like development, which extends nearly to their upper 
 extremities. The former is the case in Hypericacea ; the latter 
 in Malvacjtfe, Geranig&, and Leguminifej^B,, When they are all 
 united, as in the mallow, they are said to be monadelphjMS ; w r hen they 
 form two or several parcels, they are said to be diadelphous or poly- 
 delphous. In determining the classes, orders, &c., of plants, the 
 p"osrHon of the stamens is of more importance than their number or 
 their connexion. Their position is twofold first, in relation to the 
 ovary ; and second, in relation to the petals or lobes of the corolla. 
 
 When situated (placed) on the torus (disk of the peduncle, on which 
 is seated the organs of fructification), the insertion of the stamens is 
 
 hypogynous* i.e. under 
 
 a P art f the P eduncle 5 
 * the di sk or torus c 
 tne stamens ; a tne 
 anthers ; o the ovary. 
 When they are inserted 
 on the calyx they are 
 
 HVHW a,-' ^ sr \\ Said to be P e DW^ll 
 
 r> -J5MIB \ i\llf \ (round about the ovary) 
 
 (see Fig. 77) ; a the ca- 
 lyx ; b the stamens ; <? 
 
 Fig. 7 6 . Fig> 77> the ovary with its car- 
 
 pels. 
 
 When the stamens are placed on the ovary, along with the outer 
 floral envelopes, their insertion is enm/nous 
 (upon the ovary), (Fig. 78); a ovary; 7> 
 calyx; c corolla; d stamens and anthers; 
 e style and stigma. In relation to the 
 other parts of the flower the stamens are 
 usually placed alternately with the petals, 
 only slightly above them, just as the petals 
 alternate with the sepals, and are slightly 
 above the latter. When the stamens are 
 opposite to the lobes or petals, a row or 
 series of stamens is supposed to be want- 
 ing. When the stamens occupy more rows 
 than one, they alternate with each other. 
 Sometimes one of the rows is abortive, as in 
 ^MMLSsia and other plants. 
 
 29. The Anther. This organ, in its normal or original condition 
 (four-celled), is usually two-celled by the rupture of the horizontal 
 partition. When the vertical partition is ruptured it is one-celled. 
 Its form is various, but usually more or less elliptical or linear, rounded, 
 or cordate, often forked at the apex or at the base. It is attached tv> 
 
 Fig. 78. 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY, 
 
 27 
 
 the filament either at the base (by basal attachment) (Fig. 79) ; a 
 filament ; b anther ; c connective; or it is attached by its base 
 and through its whole extent (.big. 80). It may be attached by its 
 
 centre (versatile attachment), (see Fig. 81); , anthers; b filaments. 
 When attached by its apex, the anther is pencLulcus (Fig. 82) ; a, 
 anther; 6, filament. Fig. 83 represents the pendulous anther of 
 PyrolajrotundifoUa opening at the top by pores ; a anther ; b pore, The 
 an theTs~ discharge the pollen or fertilizing substance by slits, pores, 
 holes, &c. 
 
 30. The Pollen, or powdery matter ''contained in the anther-cells, 
 consists of series of very minute cells contained in each other. The 
 ultimate cell or parent utricle is resolved by division into four parts, 
 each of which forms a granule of pollen. In some plants, Orchids for 
 example, the pollen-grains are united into masses by viscid matter ; 
 but in general the grains form a powdery substance of exceeding 
 minuteness. 
 
 31. The PistiL This organ occupies the centre of the flower ter- 
 minating the axis, it being surrounded by the stamens and outer or 
 lower floral envelopes when they are de- 
 veloped. It is the innermost whorl, and 
 is generally considered the female organ 
 of the plant, as the stamens are the ma;e 
 parts, and its destination is to produce fruit 
 or seed. The lower part, when fully deve- 
 loped, becomes the fruit. The Pistil is 
 divided into three parts, the ovary, the 
 style, and the stigma. In the annexed cut 
 (Figs. 84, 85) a is the peduncle or carpo- 
 phore ; b the ovary ; c the style ; and d 
 
 d' 
 
 In Fig. 84 the pistil is divided 
 longitudinally, in order to show the pen- 
 dulous ovule o, suspended by its funic_ulu.s 
 b ; c the connecting channel or style be- 
 tween the stigma d, and the ovule o. 
 
 32. The OvcTrij or germen is composed 
 
 of a modified leaf, or of several modified rigs. 84, 85. 
 
 leaflets, the mid-rib or mid-ribs forming 
 
 the style or styles. Hence the ovary is either simple or compound ; 
 it is simple if formed of one leaflet, and it is compound when formed 
 
28 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of several. When the ovary is simple it is one^celled (unilocular), 
 and when compound it contains several cells (plun^ormuldlocular). 
 The style is modified by the nature of the ovary. "TtfliTsimpie or 
 single when the ovary is one-celled, and compound when the ovary 
 is pluri- or multilocular. The styles, in the latter case, may be com- 
 bined or distinct. 
 
 33. The Style when present (the stigma is sometimes sessile) is 
 usually cylindrical, and traversed by a narrow canal, which is partly 
 filled witn elongated cells or tubes, that form the conductin g tissue ; 
 so called because it is the medium for conveying the pollen-gTains 
 to the ovary. The modified leaflet or leaflets are called carpels, and 
 each carpel is usually provided with its own ovary and style. ^ The 
 union of several carpels constitutes a compound pistil. When the 
 style is single, either from originating in a single carpel, or from 
 originating in the combination of several 
 styles of united carpels, it is termed mono- 
 gynous. When the styles are two, they are 
 digynous, &c. ; when numerous or indefinite, 
 polygynous. 
 
 34. ~The Stigma is the continuation or 
 termination of the style. It contains also the 
 orifice whereby the pollen-grains enter the style, 
 and by which they are conveyed downward to 
 fertilize the ovules in the ovary. Its structure 
 is lax and cellular, and frequently provided 
 with projections or hairs, w T hich collect and 
 retain the pollen-grains that are shed upon 
 it from the anthers (see Figs. 86, 87). The 
 stigma may be simply cleft, as Fig. 88 ; a style ; 
 c cleft-stigma ; 3-cleft, as in Polemonium ; 4-cleft in 
 Campanula. The style is sometimes prolonged be- ^^ 
 
 yond the stigma, and the project- 
 ing part is furnished with col- 
 lecting hairs (Fig. 89). a style; 
 s stigma; p p parts of the style 
 projecting beyond the stigma, 
 and furnished with collecting 
 hairs. 
 
 When no style intervenes be- 
 tween the ovary and stigma, the 
 latter is sessile. This kind of stigma is found in 
 some plants of the Poppy-family, and in several 
 of the QrucifercBi &c. 
 
 35. Carpolofli) treats of the mature pistil, or 
 the nature an3. various modifications of the fruit, 
 including the ovule, the funiculus, or umbilical 
 cord, the placentation, and the forms and divisions of the ovary, on 
 which depend Thelbrm and nature of the fruit. 
 
 36. The Ovule is destined to become the future seed after it has 
 
 Figs. 86, 87. 
 
 a the style ; b the stigma ; 
 e the calyx. 
 
 Fig.. 89. 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 
 
 29 
 
 been fertilized by the pollen. Fig. 90 is a representation of the 
 mature pistil or the ovary advanced to maturity, a, the capsule ; 6, 
 the seeds, originally ovules; c, the persistent 
 style ; d, the stigma. The ovules are always 
 contained in ovaries, except in Coniferce, for they 
 do not receive the pollen immediately, but by 
 the intervention of the style and stigma. Direct 
 impregnation only takes place in the orders 
 Conifercs and Cycadacece. 
 
 There are some plants where the ovules are 
 partly exposed, as Reseda ; but they have an 
 open-mouthed ovary, and are attached to a pla- 
 centa. 
 
 The Placenta is the more or less extended 
 cellular medium on which the ovules receive 
 nourishment; they are sometimes sessile, and 
 sometimes attached to the placenta by nfuniculus 
 (little cord, or podosperm). T&e placenta or tro- 
 phosperm is usually at the junction of the car- 
 (see Figs. 
 
 Fig. 90. Vertical sec- 
 tion of Viola odorata, 
 with the ovules on the 
 parietal placenta. 
 
 Fig. 91. Horizontal 
 section of the above, 
 showing the placen- 
 tation, ppp, and the 
 sutures, sss. 
 
 Fig. 92. Erythraea Cent: 
 , carpellary leaflet; ft 6, 
 edges on which the pla- 
 centa is formed. 
 
 pellary leaflets 
 91, 92). 
 
 At the junction of the 
 margins of the carpellary 
 leaflets there is a develop- 
 ment of cellular tissue, 
 which constitutes the pla- 
 centa. This junction of the 
 edges to which the ovules 
 are attached is termed the 
 ventral suture, and the mid- 
 rib of the carpellary leaflet 
 is the dorsal suture. These 
 two terms, ventral and dorsal sutures, and ventral and dorsal 
 dehiscence, or opening, are oF~tne highest importance in carpology. 
 The nucleus of the ovule is a series of very minute cells, with 
 a cavity towards its upper extremity, which cavity is destined 
 to receive the pollinary grain, and hence is called the embryo sac. 
 At the apex there is an aperture through all the integuments. 
 primine, secundme, tercine, &c., however many or few there be, 
 This~opening is called the foramen. The nucleus and its integuments, 
 as above named, are united aTThe base of the ovule by a membrane 
 called the chalqza. The point of junction of the ovule with the pla- 
 centa is the hilum. This part is much developed in seeds of the 
 Leguminiferce, and in the Horse-chesnut. When the hilum (junction of 
 the ovule with the placenta) and the chalaza (junction of the nucleus 
 of the ovule and its coats), and ike foramen (the hole through which 
 the ovule is fertilized), are all in the same plane, or if a straight line 
 will join all three, the ovule is orthotronal. This is the normal state of 
 the ovule, or its position at first. It retains this position in some orders, 
 
 D 
 
30 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 as P'olugonacece^ When the ovule is so curved on itself as that the 
 foramen approaches the hilum, it is campylotropal. When the hilum 
 occupies the place of the foramen, the ovule is anatropal, inverted; in 
 this case the foramen points downwards, opposite to the chalaza, but 
 contiguous to the hilum. ' The position of the ovule in the o-vary is 
 various. When the ovary contains only a single ovule, which is 
 attached to the base, the placentation i^basal, and the ovule PS erect 
 (orthptropal). When inserted above the base on a parietal._^centa, 
 when the 
 
 and when the apex of the ovule is erect, it is termed 
 ovule ; when the placentation is parietal, and the apex of the ovule is 
 directed towards the base of the ovary, the ovule is termed de- 
 scending. 
 
 There are many other positions of the ovule. These are caused 
 or modified by the length of the umbilical cord, the situations of 
 the placentas, &c. When several ovules are in one cell, they affect 
 the position of each other, change their form, and often produce 
 abortions. For further details of the ovules and their position, 
 consult Carpenter^ " Vegetable Physiology," also the Index to this 
 work. 
 
 37. The ovary, as already stated, is formed by the union of the 
 margins of one or several carpellary leaflets, thus forming a carpel or 
 several carpels, and the fruit is consequently 
 composed of one carpel or of several. The 
 union of the carpels is often so slight that 
 they separate even before the fruit is ripe. 
 This is the case in the Spurge, where the car- 
 pels are connected laterally. When the car- 
 pels are distinct, as in Ranunculus, the fruit 
 is termed apocarpous. (See Fig. 93.) a, the 
 aggregate but distinct carpels ; b, a single car- 
 pel magnified. 
 
 Suncarpous fruits consist of several carpels, as Apple, Bellflower, 
 c. The seed vessel, or ripened ovary, is either fleshy, as Apple, 
 Cherry, &c. ; or juicy, as the currant ; or more or less herbaceous, 
 membranous, or scarious, as the Pea, Stock, Pink, Pimpernel, tyc. ; 
 in the latter cases, it is usually called a capsule. It consisTs of the 
 endocarg, or internal lining ; the me^Qcarp, usually more or less cel- 
 lular, very much developed in the pomaceous fruits, and the escarp, 
 or the external pellicle (epidermis). These different parts of the 
 pericarp are only evidently developed in fruits which are more or 
 less fleshy, as Pear, Sweet pea, and such like. The pericarp is either 
 one-celled or many-celled. The 1-celled pericarp is formed by the 
 junction of the opposite edges of one carpellary leaflet ; the 2-, 3-, 4-,, 
 or more-celled pericarp, by the junction of 2, 3, 4, or several leaflets. 
 If there be two carpellary leaflets, with their margins meeting in the 
 centre, the pericarp is 2-celled; if 3 carpellary leaflets form the peri- 
 carp, or ovary, the pericarp is 3-celled, and so on. The partitions 
 thus produced are called dissepiments. When the carpels unite 
 regularly in the centre, each carpel becomes a distinct cell ; but the 
 
BOTANY. 
 
 31 
 
 distinctness of cells frequently disappears, owing to the rupture of 
 the dissepiments. And a central placentation and one-celled peri- 
 carp are not unfrequent where the normal nuinber of cells is five, 
 but where the partitions disappear during the progress of the peri- 
 carp to maturity. In Caryephyllacece, the placentation is not pro- 
 duced on the accrescent margitTs~~of"the carpellary leaflets, but on 
 a prolongation of the central axis of the flower. This placentation is 
 found also in Primulacea, Santalacea, &c. Marginal or carpellary 
 
 placentation, however, is the rule, and" central or axile the exception. 
 38. "JTe&sgence and nondehiscence (opening and not opening) of 
 pericarps. Dehiscent pericarps are of several lands. 
 
 1st. Such as open by the ventral suture only as Columbine^ Marsh 
 Marigold, &c. 
 
 2nd. By both ventral ami dorsal sutures as Pea, &c. 
 3rd. By two valve? united when entire by a sort of frame 
 (replum), ^This form of pericarp is usually termed a silique, or pod, 
 and opens from the base upwards, (Fig. 94.) , 
 valves; 6, frame; e, seeds. The silicule, or 
 pouch, is a shortened or modified form of the 
 silique. (See Fig, 95.) 
 
 4th. Opening by a lid Pimpernel. 
 5th. By valves, slits, or pores 
 Bellflower, Snapdragon, Poppy, &c. 
 
 6th. Opening by separation of car- 
 pels Spurge. 
 
 Indehiscent pericarps contain one 
 seed, or more than"one/ahd are either 
 fleshy or dry. Apple, Medlar, Goose- 
 berry, are examples of these pericarps. 
 The Cherry, Acorn, also the fruit of 
 Maple, Goosefoot, Dandelion, Grass, 
 &c., illustrate these indehiscent, one- 
 seeded pericarps. In some of these the seed is loose ; in others, it 
 is closely invested by the pericarp. 
 
 39. The Seed consists of the seminal coats (formed of or by the 
 union of the primine, secundine, &c., of the ovule), and the embry_o, 
 which is usually accompanied with the albumen (perisperm), a mass 
 of cellular tissue, sometimes mealy, as inWheat, Rye, and other 
 cereals ; and sometimes fleshy, as Cocoa-nut. Sometimes the embryo 
 contains all the albumen of the seed, as in Pea and other Legumini- 
 ferous plants. 
 
 40. The Embryo consists of rudimentary leaves, a rudimentary 
 stem and rootlet, or radicle. The first of these is called the cotyledons, 
 the second the plumule, and the third the radicle. The reproductive 
 bodies of cryptogams have no cotyledons, nor plumule, nor radicle ; 
 hence these plants are called acotyledonous. The next grand division 
 of plants, Endogens, bear perfect seeds, which have one cotyledon, or 
 seed-leaf, or alternate cotyledons ; hence these are termed monocoty- 
 ledonous plants. 
 
 Fig. 94. 
 
 Fig. 95. 
 
32 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Exogens produce seeds which germinate with two cotyledons ; 
 hence these plants are called dicotyledonous 
 plants. (Fig. 96.) 
 
 41. Application of the floral organs to the 
 determination of divisions, classes, orders, and 
 genera. All plants may be arranged under 
 one or other of the two primary grand divisions 
 oi flowerless and flowering plants (cryptogam ous 
 plants, wlantt/e cri/vtoc/amce, and phanerogamous 
 plants, pl_antcB__ phanerogamce}. The former 
 
 grand divisionis characterised" by the absence 
 of floral envelopes; they want stamens and 
 pistils, and their reproductive bodies are differ- 
 ent from true seeds in structure. The lower 
 orders of flowerless plants have a centre of 
 vegetation, and increase in all directions round 
 it ; the higher orders of the same grand division 
 have stems only in the highest orders, and these 
 stems or fronds (leaves) rather increase by ad- 
 ditions to their apex, than to both diameter and 
 apex, as is the case in the flowering orders. 
 Again, there is nothing in the flowerless orders 
 analogous to stamens and pistils, and they have 
 scarcely anything analogous to sepals and petals. 
 Their spores or reproductive bodies are capable 
 of reproducing individuals like those on which 
 they were themselves prodiiced ; but here their 
 analogy with true seeds ceases. Their organiza- 
 tion is not even so complicated as is that of buds ; they differ but 
 slightly from the plant on which they grow. They are without 
 cotyledons, plumule, and radicle, albumen and integuments. The 
 whole spore is equally capable of germination, and consequently 
 germination may take place at any part of it. They are acotyle do- 
 nous, because their reproductive bodies (spores) are of uniform struc- 
 ture and consistence. 
 
 It has been already stated, that the flowering plants are sub- 
 divided into two sub-divisions by the structure and position of their 
 vegetative organs ; it now can be shown that these grand divisions 
 are characterised by their seeds and by their floral envelopes. The 
 seed of an endogenous plant (first sub-division) has its embryo con- 
 cealed in a sheath at the period of germination ; it also germinates 
 with one cotyledon (seed-leaf), or with alternate cotyledons, not with 
 opposite cotyledons, as is the case in exogenous plants. In the former, 
 Endpgens, the floral envelope is mostly single, and the floral and fruit- 
 organs are mostly three, or a multiple of three, except in cases of sup- 
 pression, when one third or two thirds are to be subtracted, or in cases 
 of redundancy, where one-third or two- thirds are to be added to the 
 normal numbers, three, six, nine, c. The second sub-division is also 
 characterised by all these marks, which differ from the distinctive cha- 
 
 Fig. 96. 
 
STRUCTURAL BOTANY. 33 
 
 racters of Monocotyledons. The seed germinates with, two lobes : hence 
 the term Dicotyledons. The floral envelopes are usually double, and the 
 number of organsTn the flower, &c., is five, or a multiple of five, or a 
 suppression of one-fifth, or two-fifths, or an addition of one-fifth, or 
 two-fifths, &c. For example, the normal number of sepals, petals, 
 stamens, carpellary leaflets, is five, or twice five, or five with one- 
 fifth, or two-fifths subtracted, or with one-fifth or two-fifths added. 
 
 42. Relation of the Ovary to the Calyx. In distinguishing classes 
 or secondary sub-divisions, the relation of the ovary to the calyx 
 affords very important characters. First, the ovary may be quite 
 free, or it may be attached or adherent to the calyx. This mark 
 separates the orders Hydrocharidace^^ Orchidacece, A m arylUda ce<$, 
 Iridacece, and Dioscoreaceg) from "all the other monocotyledonous 
 ordersT" In the dicotyledonous orders it serves to distinguish some of 
 the apetalous and monochl^-myjde^us orders, from other orders which 
 are without a perianth, or have only~a single perianth. It is of equal 
 importance in subdividing the polypetalous and monopetalous orders. 
 The insertion of the stamens is of similar importance. Many orders 
 are characterised by having the stamens situated under the ovary 
 (hypogynous insertion). The perigynous stamens (stamens produced 
 on the calyx) characterise another large "group. When the ovary is 
 adherent, the stamens are always epigynom; and when the stamens 
 are hypoc^nous^ the ovary is always free, A few orders viz., 
 Fumariqcece, Malvagece, Geraniacece* Hypericace<, ancl Legum iniferce, 
 are distinguished by the union of the stamens~in one, two, or three 
 parcels. The stigma is cleft and feathery^ in Grarninea, cleft in 
 Composites, 4-cleft in Campanulacece, sessile in Papaveracece, and very 
 short or sessile in Crucifera. " The corolla is not a very constant 
 organ ; it is absent in certain genera and species of some very exten- 
 sive orders for example, Ranunculacece and Crmiferce, rarely in 
 Caryophyllacece ; also, in Rosacece, Saxifragacece, Primulacece. The 
 irregular labiate corolla is characteristic of most of the order La- 
 biatce ; and there is usually more or less irregularity in the corollas 
 of Scrophulariacece and Lentibulacece. All the British examples of 
 Leguminiferce have irregular papilionaceous corollas; and several 
 genera of Ranunculggea, and the orders Fumariacece and Polygalat&p, 
 have the corolla irregular. The persistency or caducity of the catyx 
 is a very constant character. It is caducous (speedily falls off) in 
 most genera of Ranunculacece^ in Papaveracece^ and Cruciferce. It is 
 persistent in Cistajgce, Violacece, Caryopliyllacece^ Geraniacece, Mal- 
 vacece, Hypericacece, Legumimferce, Rosacece, and in all monopetalous 
 orders. It is rudimentary, or reduced to a mere rim, in Valerianacece, 
 Umbeltifer<2, and Composite. A few orders are distinguished bylEeir 
 mode of inflorescence for example, Aracece and Typhacece by their 
 epicate inflorescence ; Dipsacea by their capitate flowers ; Composites 
 by their compound flowers on a common receptacle j Umbelliferce by 
 their umbellate flowers. *""" 
 
34 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 FLOWERINO AND BE RATION OF PLANTSv 
 
 i General or Abstract idea of Life. By life is meant 
 the entire series of the activities of all the organs which exist in 
 animals and plants, with their resulting phenomena* Vital power 
 is the distinctive quality or peculiarity of appropriating simple che- 
 mical substances, and of applying them to the production of other 
 substances, such as cannot be produced by any mere mechanical 
 power, nor by any human process whatsoever. The primary develop- 
 ment of the simple cell, whether animal or vegetable, is the 
 primary manifestation of the presence of vital power and vital 
 action. This primary cell is formed by the absorption and assimila- 
 tion of new matter ; and by the continuous absorption of nutritive mat- 
 ter from without, this primary vesicle is capable of increase; i.e. it has- 
 the power of growth. All bodies thus produced bv vital agency are 
 limited both in space and duration. A crystal which increases mechani- 
 cally by successive deposits may go on enlarging itself as long as the 
 material capable of crystallisation is supplied. There is no limit to its- 
 extent, nor to its duration : it is limited only by the supply of the fluid 
 matter in which it is developed. When a plant or an animal,^)n the other 
 hand, has reached in magnitude and duration, to a certain extent, the 
 
 j periods assigned 
 duration of living beings is very unequal, some existing only a few 
 hours ; some, as trees, prolonging their existence for hundreds, and 
 gome for thousands of years. The power of life is limited to the as- 
 similation of materials from which it produces organic forms : it has 
 no creative power. None of the substances found in plants are pro- 
 duced in them ; they are all derived from without, and by the power 
 of vitality caused to assume certain new forms and combinations. 
 There are some obvious, prominent laws which regulate the formation 
 of inorganised and organised bodies. Crystals, for example, are de- 
 veloped with flat surfaces, and are bounded by straight lines, and with 
 either right, or obtuse, or acute angles. Plants and animals have 
 their surfaces bounded by round or rounded lines. The cylindrical 
 or spherical form, or some of the almost infinite modifications of this- 
 form, are generally prevalent in both the vegetable and animal king- 
 dom. Another characteristic feature of living bodies is derangement 
 of vital functions, consequent decay, death, and finally dissolution. 
 Inorganised matter is not subject to any similar periodic changes. 
 Mechanical and chemical changes do take place in these, but they are 
 not periodic, neither diurnal nor annual, but are as lasting as their 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 35 
 
 causes. In organised objects there is a power which counteracts the 
 continuous effects of chemical, mechanical, or other stimulating causes ; 
 and this power is called vitality. 
 
 the doctrine of the life of the whole 
 
 _^ 
 
 plant, and of its particular organs, treats of the general phenomena of 
 vegetation, of the mechanism in a state of action, of the vital prin- 
 ciples of both simple and compound organs of the vital stimulants to ger- 
 mination, of maturation, decay, and death, together with nutrition or the 
 food of plants, their productive functions, and periodicity. The simple 
 but exquisite organs of plants would be incapable of exercising their 
 functions, if they were not endued with certain properties which are 
 generally termed vital properties. These are elasticity, extensibility, 
 and contractibility (irritability of some authors), and permeability, 
 which render them susceptible of being acted on by vital stimulants. 
 These qualities are eminently resident in the cellular tissue, and are 
 manifested by the celerity wherewith injured parts of plants are 
 healed, especially if the injury has been inflicted while the plant is in 
 a condition of vigorous growth. In the lowest orders of vegetables 
 Fungi, for example the plant may be cut in two parts ; and if access 
 of the air be prevented by bringing the sections into contact, they will 
 speedily coalesce. Any plant may be lopped, pruned, or partly de- 
 stroyed, still the portion attached to the ground lives, and under 
 certain circumstances the lopped portions will produce new plants. 
 The presence of vital activity in the cellular tissues is also proved 
 by grafting. The graft or slip is always (in whatever way the opera- 
 tion may be performed) so placed that the bark of the slip may coin- 
 cide with the bark of the stock, ' The slip is so inserted into the cleft 
 of the stock as that the portions of bark on each side of the cleft 
 may exactly correspond with the small portion of bark on the 
 outer side of the slip. When this is nicely effected, and the admission 
 of air prevented by compost and -bandaging, the cohesion of the slip 
 and stock is speedily effected ; and this union commences in the 
 cellular tissues of the bark. Slips are also rooted in sand, with or 
 without artificial heat and shade, and the rootlets are protruded from 
 the cellular tissue of the bark. The buds and seeds are also mostly 
 cellular, covered by their epidermis or tunics (coats) respectively. 
 But notwithstanding the intense nature of the vital power and the 
 qualities of the tissues whereby the vital principle is capable of acting 
 and of being acted on, there will be no vital action on the simpla 
 organs without the aid of what are called vital stimulants. These aro 
 heat, moisture, air, and light. Moisture is absolutely necessary to the 
 germination of seeds, which will never grow, unless placed where 
 there is somewhat more moisture than is contained in them. The 
 tissue being extensible, expands or elongates, and thus the cell or 
 cells acquire more space, and are consequently capable of imbibing 
 more moisture, and also of allowing the viscid matter wherewith the 
 cell is lined to expand, and so fill up the vacuum caused by the ex- 
 tension of the cell-walls. The effect of heat on the cell and its con- 
 tents is an expansion, both of the external walls, the internal linings, 
 
36 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and the fluid granular matter which the cell contains. The extensi- 
 bility of the cell is thus alternately in. a state of action and reaction ; 
 for when the temperature from any cause whatever is lowered, the 
 eontractible quality of the ce il is exerted, and forces the fluid contents, 
 which are not compressible, through the cell walls, which are per- 
 meable, into other contiguous cells. By means of the two stimulants, 
 moisture and heat, acting upon the elastic wall of the cell, producing 
 regular expansions and contractions of its dimensions, the sap of the 
 cells is forced through the walls, either filling up, or forming new 
 cells. It has been already stated that the cells are the primary for- 
 mations ; and in the infancy of every plant the central cellular tissue 
 or pith performs a very important part in the development of the 
 future individual. The rootlets, which are only a continuation of the 
 plunmlejprimary or elementary stem) suck up moisture (water) with 
 whatever else may be held by it in solution ; and this in the first 
 instance is merely the chemical constituents of the seed, or such of 
 them as are capable of solution in water. "With this sap new cells 
 are produced by the formative power of the plant, new matter is 
 derived from the soil or atmosphere, and enlargement and development 
 are the results. 
 
 At this early period the medullary rays play a very active part 
 both in forming compartments wherein the vascular bundles or woody 
 tissues are subsequently produced, as well as in laying the foundation 
 of the future bark. At this early stage of development the vital energy 
 is confined to the centre, or is resident in the pith ; until the stem is 
 formed, or in the course of formation, the vital action is limited to the 
 central part, which subsequently, when the sap can be conveyed by 
 other means, decays or disappears. Subsequently the inner bark and 
 the external and recently -formed woody layers are the principal means 
 of conveying nutriment to all parts of the plant, or the medium of 
 inter-communion between the root and the leaves. During the exten- 
 sion of the stem in an erect or upward direction, the root is extending 
 itself in an opposite quarter, developing branches and fibrils. Each 
 of the latter ends in a very cellular substance called the spongiole or 
 spongelet, which imbibes water and its contents from the surrounding 
 soil. It is as yet undecided whether this apparatus which imbibes, 
 and is the only part of the root capable of imbibition, be like the 
 suctorial apparatus of animals, which latter acts by withdrawing the 
 air from the lungs, and thus producing a vacuum, the fluid in contact 
 with the sucking medium naturally flowing onwards to restore the 
 equilibrium ; or whether the act of sucking in the plant be not 
 mechanical or capillary, like the absorbency of sponges, candle- 
 wicks, &c. 
 
 It is ascertained that the fluid nourishment of the plant enters 
 by the very ends of the rootlets, and that it is conveyed primarily 
 by the pith or central part of the vegetable, and subsequently by 
 other channels, and chiefly through those of the bark and cambium 
 into all parts of the plant which are in a state of growth. In trees, 
 after the lapse of a very few years, the pith becomes dry, and conse- 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 37 
 
 quently transmits the sap no longer. In old trees it is contracted, ?.s 
 the woody, contiguous parts are compressed by the external layers, and 
 finally the medullary sheath is entirely filled up with wood, and the 
 pith consequently disappears. The central wood, if not dead, is quite 
 incapable of transmitting fluids. The ascent of .the sap and air (cir- 
 culation as it used to be termed) is accomplished by means of the 
 recently-formed bark and wood. In old hollow trees we have a proof 
 that the centre of the tree is not necessary to its remaining in vigorous 
 growth. Some of the oldest Yews have existed probably thousands 
 of years, and during a large portion of this long period have been 
 reduced to a few inches of wood surrounding and partly inclosing 
 the space which the wood of the tree at some remote period entirely 
 filled. These trees are as healthy externally, and the process of 
 vegetation goes on as steadily, as if the tree were only a few hundred 
 years of age. The sap flows on in its thin rind, for it is little more than 
 a bark-like rind or shell, and the top shows no symptom of decay ; even 
 the topmost twig is invigorated by the sap, and performs its functions 
 in the economy of the tree. It is not improbable that the death or 
 decay of the central parts of trees does really promote their healthy and 
 prolonged existence, for the sap will flow more readily, and yield more 
 nutriment when it is confined within narrower limits than the extent 
 of the Vhole diameter of the trunk. It is not improbable that the 
 longevity of the Oak, and other trees of long duration, is owing to the 
 hardening of the central \vood, duramen ; so that this centre is no 
 longer capable of taking any parTin theTvital processes of the tree. 
 The Yew certainly corroborates this view ; for it is by far the most 
 durable of living beings, except perhaps the Monkey-bread-tree of 
 Central and Southern Africa; having in many instances existed since 
 the very beginning of the creation, and being so often found reduced 
 to a mere shell or part of a shell, yet without manifesting the slightest 
 symptoms of decay in its uppermost twigs, where the decay of all 
 trees first discovers itself. In suitable soil, if preserved from atmo- 
 spheric influences, such as storms and casualties, fires, and other 
 mechanical injuries, Yew-trees would be almost, if not quite perennial, 
 and endure as long as the cfmlky hills and combs in which they 
 delight to grow. As collateral support of the same view, it may be 
 stated as a well-known fact, that trees of rapid growth and little 
 density speedily decay ; as, for example, Poplars, Willows, Mountain 
 ash, &c. Even the centre in these trees is never so dense as to pre- 
 vent the passage of liquid or gaseous matters; duramen, or hard wood, 
 is never formed in them, and the presence of sap, in every part, con- 
 tributes doubtless to the speedy decay of these soft-wooded and fast- 
 growing trees. 
 
 Circulation of Sap. Little is with certainty known about the 
 circulation' ot sap. It is known that the circulation in plants, as it 
 is called, is totally dissimilar to the circulation of the blood in 
 animals. There can be no real circulation in plants ; for the fluid 
 enters by the root or lower end, and passes off by the leaves ; the 
 upper extremities leaving behind only the condensed or solid mate- 
 
38 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 rials, which have been, by the vital power of the plant, extracted from 
 the water, and either assimilated to and made part of the plant's 
 substance, or secreted and laid up in peculiar reservoirs for other sub- 
 sequent operations. There is a greater similarity between the con- 
 ducting 1 tissues in plants, and the alimentary canal in animals, than 
 there is between the circulating fluid (blood) of the latter, and 
 the ascent and distribution of sap in vegetables. But analogies 
 between bodies so differently constituted have more of fancy than of 
 reality in their origin. Every part of an animal is endued with 
 vitality. In plants (trees), the larger portion of their interior may 
 be dead or absent, and the remaining external parts perform all the 
 functions of an entirely 'perfect being. No animal can exist under 
 such circumstances. The grand channels for the circulation of animal 
 fluids is near the centre of their bodies. In plants the sap is con- 
 veyed at or near the exterior parts of their substance. In plants the 
 organs of exhalation are simple and external; the corresponding organs 
 of respiration in animals are of a more complex character, and are 
 internal. Plants are far more tenacious of life than animals are, and 
 aregenerally of much longer duration, and can bear greater alternations 
 of temperature. Sap is certainly conveyed by the cellular tissues so 
 long as they are in a vital condition ; and hence cellular tissues in a state 
 of vital action must be present in some part or other of every living 
 plant. The cells secrete as well as convey. It is supposed that the 
 spirals (tracheae) convey air as the cells convey sap, and hence the 
 name tracheae (wind-pipe). But doubtless every tissue, whether 
 spiral or vasiform, contains something, either air or sap, or some air 
 ancf some sap. It is certain that nature abhors a vacuum ; and 
 every vessel, whether cellular or vascular, if it be xn a living con- 
 dition, must be filled with something, and that something must be 
 fluid, either aqueous or gaseous ; for it is universally admitted that the 
 plant cannot imbibe nutriment except in this form. Hence there is 
 another distinction between the two kingdoms of organized beings, de- 
 rived from the nature of their nourishing media respectively. Animals 
 feed on organized matter, and are capable of receiving it into their 
 bodies either in a solid or fluid condition. Plants are supported on 
 inorganised matter solely, and they imbibe this matter in a fluid 
 condition, either in an aerial or liquid state. 
 
 Nutrition of Plants. It lias been already stated that the plant 
 is composed oi certain proportions of cellular tissue, vascular tissue, 
 and woody fibres, and that while in a living state all these tissues 
 are filled with fluids of an aqueous or gaseous nature. An analysis 
 of the contents of the cells, See., will show that the plant contains 
 some solid substances," such as starch, leaf-green, resins, &c., and 
 partly a watery solution containing sugar, gum, acids, albumen, and 
 in several plants essential oils. None of the chemical substances 
 found in plants exist naturally in the soil from which plants derive 
 their constituents. The earth yields no starch nor albumen, nor essen- 
 tial oil, nor gum, nor sugar. It does not even contain, in an uncom- 
 bined condition, any carbon, or hydrogen, or any oxygen or nitrogen, 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 39 
 
 or any sulphur or sulphates. Yet it is by a combination of two or 
 more of these simple substances that the organic constituents of all 
 plants are formed. Before any substance can be absorbed by the 
 spongelets, and hence enter into the cellular and vascular tissues of the 
 plant, such substance must exist in a liquid or gaseous form. Carbon, 
 one of the primary constituents of all plants, is insoluble in water ; 
 but it exists abundantly in a gaseous state as carbonic acid gas ; and 
 in this condition it is absorbable by plants, and chiefly by the roots or 
 sponglets. The decomposition of vegetables, or of vegetable substances, 
 supply carbon in this state to the soil and to the growing plants. Oxygen 
 and hydrogen are absorbed through the medium of water, of which 
 these are the two chief chemical constituents. The nitrogen in 
 combination with hydrogen forms ammonia, and in this gaseous 
 state it is absorbed by the roots of plants. Sulphur, which exists in 
 a smaller proportion in plants than any of the above mentioned 
 constituents, is absorbed in combination with oxygen in the form of 
 sulphuric acid. 
 
 These nutritious media, as above stated, produce, by assimilation and 
 elimination, the numerous chemical substances found in plants ; for ex- 
 ample, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur, combined in 
 certain definite proportions, form albumen,^brine t and caserne. Carbon, 
 hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, "in certain specific combinations, 
 form what is termed the organic bases. Carbon, hydrogen, and 
 oxygen, form vegetable^ acids^ '^voocZy ^fibre, starch, gum, mucilage, 
 sugar, fats, leaf or sap-green^resin, colouring substances7~~~Ca,Yloon and 
 hydrogen form volatile oils. The above-named materials, obtainable 
 from plants by cliemicaTanalyses, are all combustible. The under- 
 mentioned are the results of combustion, viz. carbonic acid, silicic 
 acid (silica), phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid ; also the fol- 
 lowing metallic oxides soda, potassa, lime, magnesia, oxide of iron, 
 &c., &c. All these are incombustible. It may be easily inferred from 
 experience, that all plants do not contain the same constituents in 
 equal proportions ; but a certain amount is necessarily present in 
 every plant. Every order, genus, or species of plants, has a distinct 
 and individual power of assimilating such portions or proportions of 
 the nourishing materials supplied to it, and of eliminating or rejecting 
 the rest. Thus in the Labiatte we find much essential or volatile oil, 
 in the Com^^resinous matters, in the Leguminiferce sulphur and 
 gum, in me Graminea} starch and silica. This property is called 
 assimilation. Carbon, as has been shown, cannot be absorbed either 
 in a solid or liquid form, consequently it is only absorbable when it 
 forms the compound, carbonic acid (carbon and oxgyen). Although 
 it is one of the chief nutritious constituents of plants, it cannot enter 
 into the composition of cells, &c., till it has been set free from the 
 presence of oxygen, and thereby acquires a capacity to assume a solid 
 consistence. This property of freeing from other materials, conden- 
 sation, &c., is termed assimilation, and is occasioned by an effect of 
 one of the other active stimulants, viz., light When the external 
 parts of plants, viz., the young shoots and leaves, are exposed to this 
 
40 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 stimulus, they become green, and the surrounding atmosphere rapidly 
 absorbs the oxygen, while the carbon remains fixed, or solidified ; 
 this is called the fixation of carbon. Hydrogen is absorbed in water, 
 a combination of hydrogen with oxygen. In this case part of the 
 water only is exhaled, and part of it is assimilated, or enters into the 
 composition of the plant, from which it becomes inseparable, except 
 by the destruction of the vegetable tissues. Nitrogen is combined 
 with hydrogen, and forms ammonia in the soil, and in this compound 
 state it enters into combination with the plants growing in that soil, 
 though in a smaller proportion than the above-described nutritious 
 media. Sulphur enters the plant as sulphuric acid, and when freed from 
 the acid is the principal constituent in albumen, fibrine, and casein e. 
 
 The minerals, or incombustible constituents of plants, are combina- 
 tions of alkalis and alkaline earths, as soda, potassa, lime, &c., with 
 acids. These constitute but a small proportion of the weight of 
 plants. They are all received into the plant through the medium of 
 its roots. The proportions in which they occur are very various ; for 
 example, the stems of certain plants, as Wheat and other cereals and 
 Grasses, also the stems of Equiseta (Horse-tail), contain much silica. 
 Pea-haulm contains much lime ; wheat-straw very little, but wheat- 
 grains very much in proportion to their other constituents. 
 
 5. Functions of the Compound Organs. It has been shown that 
 plants absorb tneir aliment chiefly from the soil ; they are supposed 
 also to derive a portion of it from the atmosphere. There certainly 
 exists in the leaves a medium of communication between the external 
 air and the internal, or simple organs of plants, and there is no question 
 about the respiration and exhalation of plants, as carried on through 
 the stomata. But it is not so certain that plants, by their leaves or 
 other green parts, inhale atmospheric air, or any air. They appear 
 to inhale dew ; for welted or partially shrunken plants speedily revive 
 and become plump when exposed to moderate rain or heavy dew. 
 The property of the root is to absorb nutriment from the earth ; the 
 property of the stem is to communicate part of this nutriment to the 
 leaves, part being retained for its own growth. The leaves supply 
 the means of carrying off the superfluous air and water from the sap ; 
 or they are the media of respiration and exhalation. It is not sup- 
 posed that leaves are in any respect analogous to the pulmonary 
 apparatus in animals. Air may escape from plants through any 
 portion of their surface, either from the stem or leaves ; and of course 
 it may also obtain ingress from the atmosphere through the same 
 channels. Air will always, through some means or other, be of the 
 same density or specific gravity at equal distances from the earth's 
 surface. If the internal air (that which appears to be pent up in 
 plants) is through compression of the cell-walls, or tissues, rendered 
 denser, it will force its way into either newly-formed cells, or into 
 the atmosphere. If, on the other hand, the air in plants is more 
 ratified (less dense) than the external air, the latter will, by ingress, 
 restore the equilibrium. The tissues being elastic (extensible and 
 contractible) will be subject to the alternations of temperature. 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 41 
 
 When the contents, as well as the walls of the cells, expand by 
 an increase of heat, the tendency of the air will be to expand and to 
 escape, either into recently-formed adjacent cells, or into the atmo- 
 sphere ; it will permeate the cell- wall more easily than it will enlarge 
 it. When, on the contrary, the cells and their contents are contracted 
 by a decrease of temperature, the air from without may enter to 
 restore the equilibrium. It is probable, however, that the equilibrium, 
 disturbed by rapid growth or distension of the cells, is restored from 
 within rather than from without. It is usually stated, that the leaves 
 inhale carbonic acid gas, and exhale oxygen gas. It is difficult to 
 conceive that so simple an apparatus as leaves can perform an opera- 
 tion of such nicety as the inhalation of one portion (a very minute 
 one, too,) of atmospheric air, and the rejection or non -inhalation of 
 the rest (the greater part), with which the carbonic acid is so inti- 
 mately blended. Even the respiratory organs of animals cannot 
 eliminate the pure air from what is noxious. That the leaves exhale 
 and inhale water there can be no reasonable doubt. But every green 
 or recent portion of the plant performs this ; otherwise leafless plants 
 could not have this property. The solid materials -of plants imbibed 
 by the roots are dissolved in a quantity of water larger than the 
 plant can assimilate ; and this superfluous water is in all probability 
 evaporated by the stomata on the under surface of the leaves, and also 
 by the stomata which are in the bark of the green or recent parts 
 of the plant. But as the tissues which contain the aqueous solutions 
 are elastic, changes of temperature will affect the liquid in the same 
 way in which the gaseous contents are affected ; when the cells are 
 compressed the sap will flow into other newly-formed cells, or leacn 
 the surface, whether green or not green, and be carried off into the 
 atmosphere by evaporation. The oldest trees, if the vital functions 
 be carried on at all, have most of the vital energy resident near the 
 surface ; and the old bark, when much fissured, as in old Elms, Oaks, 
 and Firs, permits evaporation at these fissures ; and where the bark 
 is not in this state, but entire, as in the Beech, &c., it is very porous. 
 The ascent and descent of the sap, if there be indeed any such 
 periodic motions, is a subject of much obscurity. It is well known 
 that at certain periods, as in the beginning of Spring and at the 
 latter end of Summer, there is probably a greater absorption by the 
 roots, and, consequently, a larger quantity of sap in the plant or tree. 
 But the vessels tfiat are in a state of activity or vitality are always 
 full of sap or air. In Spring, or very early in Summer, when the 
 buds and leaf-branches are developed, a larger measure of fluid 
 materials is absorbed, in order to supply sap for the newly-formed 
 vessels. 
 
 Periodicity. In many, probably in all plants, there may be observed 
 certain changes which are ascribed to the combined influence of light 
 and temperature, or to one or other of these agents. What has been 
 fancifully termed the sleeof plants appears to be owing to one or 
 both of these causes. TntEe after part of the day Leguminiferous 
 plants close their leaves, that is, the leaflets approach each other, as 
 
42 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 if for mutual protection. This phenomenon is observable in the 
 Trefoils, and in other trifoliate plants ; the two lateral or basal leaflets 
 approach face to face, and the terminal one is applied to the edges of 
 the lower ones. Certain blossoms unfold their petals in the morning, 
 and shut them up before noon, as the Goat? s-beard, and some other 
 compound flowers. Others, as the vmm^Pnm^ose, open their showy 
 flowers about sun-setting. Some, as the Poor Man's Weatherglass , 
 Chickweed, and many plants of the Cai^ophylla^e^us^ofoler, expand 
 their little blossoms when the atmosphere is dry ; and in consequence 
 a fine day is anticipated, when these plants open even to a cloudy 
 or perhaps mizzling sky. These facts prove that certain species have 
 idiosyncracies or characters peculiar to themselves. The decrease of 
 heat acts upon the tissues of Trefoil, and of many other plants, and 
 the effect of this action is as above stated, the converging of the leaves. 
 The same causes accelerate the opening of the Evening Primrose. 
 Some plants, as the Dandelion, open when the air is moist, as it 
 usually is in the morning ; the Pimpernel closes when moisture is 
 present in the atmosphere. The same atmospheric causes produce 
 contrary effects on different objects. Diurnal changes appear in 
 some plants, which are always affected by the rotation of day and 
 night. In other plants there may be a change, though it is not so 
 manifest in the external organs as it is in those of the plants above- 
 mentioned. But there are other and more important periodic changes 
 in the condition of all plants. The duration of plants is very variable. 
 Some species of annual plants, if the period of flowering be retarded, 
 may endure two or more years. Some plants, usually deemed annuals, 
 do not, under ordinary circumstances, require more than a few months 
 to come to maturity, and ripen seed. Some of the Chickweed and 
 ^Speedwell species ripen seeds in the space of six or eight weeks after 
 the plants begin to germinate ; so that the same plant may have (in 
 the course of a spring, summer, and autumn) a progeny two or three 
 times removed from the primary parent. In herbaceous perennial 
 plants, or such as can prolong their existence for several years with- 
 out the intervention of seeds, the whole vitality of the plant is lodged 
 in the root, and the future herbaceous stem grows from a bud which 
 was previously formed near the crown of the root. From this bud 
 the stem of next year is developed. 
 
 The true distinction, between what are called annual plants 
 or biennial plants and perennials, is, that the latter flower oftener 
 than once from the same root. The former, whether they flower the 
 first, the second, or the third year after the germination of their seeds, 
 only flower once. The American Aloe^only flowers once, though it 
 lives many years before it isTiTa condition to shoot up a flower- stalk. 
 
 Duration^of Flowers. Some blossoms last only a few hours, as 
 several of the Poppies. Some last a day, as the Evening Primrose. 
 Some endure for weeks, especially in the spring, when the weather 
 is usually cold and moist. The Primrose is in many seasons a flowering 
 plant for three or four months. In gardens, the PolyanJJms a 
 variety of the Primrose generally accompanies the Snowdrop, the 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 43 
 
 Crocus, the jDajfodil, the Crqivnjmperial, and all the early and late 
 spring flowers. 
 
 Annual Pjnodic^Clmn^es^-The most important periodic changes 
 of plants next to their germination, maturity, decay, and death, are 
 the generally annual phenomena of leafing and flowering. Some of 
 the lower orders of plants germinate, bear flowers, and die in short 
 periods, and certain plants produce seeds in a few weeks ; but the 
 great bulk of plants only leaf and flower once a year, and are 
 regulated partly by laws peculiar to themselves, and partly by the 
 temperature, &c. All perennial plants, whether herbaceous or 
 ligneous, have a period of cessation from growth. During this dor- 
 mant state, the vitality of herbaceous plants is resident in the root or 
 in the stem, if the plant be bulbous, like the Onion, or tuberous 
 like the Potato. In the British and European forest and other trees, 
 during at least six months in the year, there is no apparent growth ; 
 leaves, young branches, and shoots are not produced. Some trees are 
 clothed with leaves at an earlier period of the spring or summer than 
 others are for example, the Horse Chestnut, though an exotic, is in 
 full leaf at least ten days earl7er~lEan~the Oak. The Hawthorn is 
 in leaf before the Blackthorn is, though the latter blossoms two or 
 three weeks earlier tEiTthlTFormer. Several of the Willows exhibit 
 their golden catkins long ere their leaves appear. Some ofthe same 
 tribe bear both leaves and blossoms at the same time. The Mezereon 
 shrub flowers in March; but its leaves do not appear for several 
 weeks after the flowers. Most of our common fruit-trees expand 
 their blossoms just before their leaves, as the Pear and Aggie, or 
 they unfold both leaves and flowers together, as ifaTCherry. 
 
 Some shrubs and trees retain the greater portion of their leaves 
 longer than one year, and hence are called Evergreens. These latter 
 produce new leaves every season, but only a portion of the then 
 existing leaves fall off, and, consequently, they are always leafy. 
 The permanence of leaves, either for a few months or for a few years, 
 must be mainly owing to the state of the sap in the tree. We know 
 that in most trees, when the sap is less abundant in the extremities 
 of a tree, where leaves only are produced, the leaves begin to turn, 
 pale, or become of some hue very different from green, and subse- 
 quently fall off. Such trees are called deciduous, and this period of 
 leaf-falling is termed the fall of the leaf. When the sap abounds in 
 the leaf-stalk, and at the junction of the leaf and the stem or branch, 
 the leaf is not easily detached. When, on the other hand, the sap is 
 evaporated, or condensed, the leaf falls off by its own weight, or by the 
 agitation of the tree. Deficiency of sap is the cause of the fall of the 
 leaf. Is sap more abundant in Evergreens, or is the longer per- 
 manency of their leaves due to the structure of the leaf? Do Ever- 
 greens abound more in sap at all periods than deciduous trees ? 
 After an herbaceous plant has done flowering, and before its stem 
 entirely decays, a bud is formed at its root, in which all the vitality 
 of the plant resides during its dormant state. Before the leaves 
 begin to decay, and some considerable time before they fall off, buds 
 
44 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 are formed in their axils (angles which, they make with the stem, or 
 branch), and these buds remain unexpanded, but in a vital state, 
 till next season. Though provision is thus made, both in roots and 
 leaf-buds, in both herbaceous and ligneous plants, for the continuation 
 of the growth or of the existence of the species, neither can be 
 accomplished without some increase of temperature. This is shown 
 by the fact that the Oak, which in early seasons expands its leaves in 
 the first week of May, in other backward seasons is not in full leaf 
 before midsummer. (See Table of leafing of trees and shrubs.) This 
 is also proved by the leafing of all trees about a week earlier in 
 England than in Scotland. If the Oak were removed to the extreme 
 north of Europe, it would not expand its leaves at all, and, conse- 
 quently, would soon perish. The only ligneous vegetation of Lap- 
 land is the low creeping dwarf Birch, and two or three Willows. 
 Elevation of temperature is the great accelerating cause of vegeta- 
 tion ; where moisture is abundant, either in the tree or in the soil, 
 heat is one of the most important stimulants of growth. The precise 
 manner of its action upon the vital organs may be unknown, buf its 
 effects are unquestionable. The general effect of heat on all sub- 
 stances, except such as are of an argillaceous nature, is to cause them 
 to expand or to occupy a larger space. The alternation of temperature 
 is probably the cause of the periodic diurnal phenomena in plants, 
 viz., the folding of the leaves of certain genera and species in the 
 latter part of the day, also the expansion of certain blossoms early in 
 the morning, towards mid-day, and towards the evening, or during 
 the night, These diurnal phenomena may also partly depend on the 
 agency of light, which is a well-ascertained stimulant in the vegetable 
 kingdom. The effect of light, as one of the efficient causes of pro- 
 ducing or contributing to the production of the annual phenomena of 
 vegetation, is smaller than that of heat in causing the expansion of 
 leaves ; but in the periods of leafing and flowering, both are active and 
 powerful stimulants. An increase of temperature causes the vessels 
 and their contents to swell, and, besides this, it dissolves the gummy 
 or viscid substances which retain the scales of the bud in a cohesive 
 state. Thus it both relaxes the external envelopes and enlarges or 
 swells the interior rudimentary organs. The effect of general mecha- 
 nical laws upon all sorts of beings, whether organized or inorganized, 
 can be stated; but the effect of another and different principle, called 
 vitality, which probably modifies the action of the former, cannot be 
 stated in definite terms. 
 
 It is known that vitality is a modifying power, principle, or great 
 cause ; for otherwise, if the same stimulating forces continued to act, 
 the effects would be continuous, which is not the case either in the 
 vegetable or in the animal kingdoms. Heat, or any other merely 
 mechanical cause, constantly acting on inorganized matter, would be 
 productive of similar effects as long as the cause continued in operation. 
 But in plants this is not the case. Light, moisture, and heat are 
 operative causes of phenomena in vegetables ; but though they may 
 continue long, after definite results are produced, they are inoperative 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 45 
 
 on such plants as have already produced these results. Most of our 
 hardy bulbous plants flower early, long before the heat has reached 
 its maximum. Yet this agent, active though it be, and necessary as 
 it is, exerts no influence on such plants as have completed the period 
 either of their existence or of their activity. In the former case 
 thev are totally extinct, being resolved into their original chemical 
 constituents; in the latter, they resemble a caput mortmim, without 
 any visible signs of vitality till they have had a period of repose, 
 when they again resume their active functions, under the stimulus of 
 heat, moisture, and light. The cause of these periodic returns of 
 activity and repose, both in animals and in plants, will probably 
 remain for ever among the arcana or mysteries of science. The 
 periods of the flowering of the most common genera, and species of 
 plants, in the south of England (between lat. 50 and 52) are as 
 follow : 
 
 PERIODS OF FLOWERING OF PLANTS DURATION OF PLANTS PROPER j 
 TIME OF COLLECTING PLANTS BOTH FOR EXAMINATION AND FOR 
 THE HERBARIUM. 
 
 44. GRAMINE.E. In the south of England the grasses begin to !"/ 
 flo wer in May ; during the first week of this month the Annual Poa (Poa | 
 annua) and the sweet-scented Vernal grass ( An thoxan thorn odoratumT~ "7^ 
 may be looked for. In early seasons these haveHbeerfseen in flower 
 
 as early as the middle of April, and even in March. In registers of 
 bygone years these two, with Alopecurus pratensis (Foxtail meadow | 
 grass) are entered as early as the 20th of March. Most of the grasses 
 flower in June, and only a few, viz. the Reed grasses (Arundo, 
 Calamagrostis), the Bents, Agrostis, Triticum, Elymus, #c., flower in 
 July and August. In the descriptive portion of this work, the 
 earliest period is stated (when known), as also the latest date when 
 the species in question has been gathered in flower, or perhaps in 
 fruit. And it may be stated, once for all, that in general these dates 
 are taken from registers which extend from the Spring of 1829 to the 
 present date, viz. the Summer and Autumn of 1853, a period of 25 
 years. 
 
 45. CYPERACEJL. The Carex hirta (rough Carex) Carex prcecox 
 (early Carex) flower between the middle of April and the~firsl week of 
 May. The two river Carices (C. ripariaand paludosa) have also been seen 
 in flower at the same date ; but the month of MayTs the usual flowering 
 month of this extensive genus, and most of them are to be found in 
 June in a better state for comparison and preservation than at an 
 earlier date, because they are generally in fruit at this latter period. 
 The Cotton grasses (Eriophora) flower in May and June, and the Club- 
 Bushes (Scirjn) in June, July, and August ; the Eleocharis. palustris 
 sometimes in May. The Cyperi flower in August and September. 
 
 46. The aquatic, or paludal orders, POTAMACE^E (Pond-weeds), LEM- 
 NACE^ (Duck-weeds), TYPHACE^: (Reed-mace, $?c.), JUNCAGINACE^E, 
 BuTOMACEJi and ALISMACE^E (Water Plantains, &c,), do uot flower 
 
 E 
 
46 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 till about midsummer, and many of the species of these orders are 
 not in flower before August. ZannicheUia has been noticed in flower 
 in May, and Butomus unibellatus (Flowering rush) and Potamo^eton 
 crisjnis before the middle of June. The Spotted-leaved Aruni^ATUiD. 
 maculatum) is usually in flower about the 1st of May, and not seldom 
 by the middle of April. 
 
 47. JUNCACE^S. The earliestflowering species of the Rush order are 
 Luzula campestris and L. pilosus. These are found, the former, in 
 dry pastures, and the latter in woods, as early as the latter end of 
 March and the beginning of April. The 13th of March is the earliest 
 date in the registers above-mentioned for L. pilosus ; L. campestris 
 appears in flower about the same time. The great body of the rushes 
 flowers between June and the beginning of August, most of them in 
 July. Juncus obtusiflorus may be found in September in full flower. 
 The pretty Bog Asphodel flowers about midsummer. 
 
 48. LILIACE.E. The beautiful species comprehended in the order of 
 Liliaceous plants commence flowering in April, and some of them are 
 in flower in August. They are, however, most plentiful in the earlier 
 months. The Chequered Daffodil and the Wild_Tulip are the earliest 
 of the order ; both of these very interesting species are found about the 
 end of April or the beginning of May. The Tulip is the earlier of the 
 two, but seldom flowers, while the latter is a free flowerer. The Stai* of 
 Bethlehem flowers about the first week in May, and the sylvan Blue 
 Bell about the last week in April. The Ramson^ ( Allium ursinum) flowers 
 in May or in the beginning of June, the ^_vmeale (.Crow Garlic) about 
 a month later. The remaining species of this genus flower between 
 midsummer and August. The pretty and rare Grape Hyacinth 
 (Muscari racemosum) and Gaaea lutea are much earlier, the former 
 appearing in May, the latter in April and March. 
 
 The curious, showy Meadow Saffron (Colchicum autumnale), the 
 sole representative of the order COLCHICACEJE in Britain, displays its 
 naked flowers in September, or evenTaterTit is, however, often to be 
 met with in meadows in the West of England in August ; the leaves 
 appear the following spring. 
 
 49. ASPARAGACE^E. The Convallarias, viz., Solonion's Seal, the Lily 
 
 ey, Wild 
 
 of the V alley * Wild Asparagus, ami the Two-leaved Convallaria 
 (Maianthemum bifolium), aiTHower in May or earTynLiT June. The 
 Butcher^ Broom flowers in March and April. The"l4th of March is 
 about the earliest date in floral registers for the first appearance of 
 this plant in flower. The Lilu^ of the Valley has been collected in 
 full bloom on the 29th April ; its usual time of flowering in ordinary 
 seasons is from the 12th to the end of May. 
 
 The Snow-drop and the Common Daffodil are almost the only 
 species of the gorgeous order Amaryllidace<& that w r e can with pro- 
 priety call our own native plants, and they may be only naturalised. 
 In gardens and sheltered orchards the Snowdrop appears at the 
 beginning of February or earlier ; but in woods, banks, and meadows 
 where it grows and it grows in such places abundantly it is seldom 
 in flower before March. Its flowering period fluctuates from the 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 middle of January to the beginning of March. The Daffodil flowers 
 from the 9th March to about Lady-day, the 25th. The"" Summer 
 Snow^ajs^ flowers about the beginning or middle of June. The 
 Yellowlris or Floy is rarely in flower before the end of May, and the 
 Frog-bit and Water^Aloe, and Gladwyn Iris, not much before the 
 middle of July. 
 
 50. QRCHIDACEJE. The Orchids of this country do not begin to 
 flower before~Xpril. The Wood Orchis (O. mascula) appears between 
 the middle of April and the beginning of May,, being usually in flower 
 with the Cowslip, and the Green meadow Orchis (O. l^orio) does not 
 linger' long behind it (the Cowslip). The Spider Orchis (Ophrys 
 aranifera) flowers in April and in the beginning of May, and the Fly 
 Orchis (O. muscifera) towards the end of May or beginning of June. 
 
 In June it is rather late to look for the two brown spotted Orchises 
 in flower, viz., the Dwarf and the Great spotted Orchises (O. ustulata 
 and O. fusca). They generally flower about the end of May, or in 
 late seasons early in June. The great Buj^er/li/Orch is flowers at the 
 same date as the two just mentioned. The J^ee, the broad-leaved 
 Marsh, and the Spotted- leaved Orchis will, in the South of England, 
 be found in full flower some time in June, early or late in the month, 
 dependent, of course, on the season. The broad-leaved Tttt&yblade 
 (Listera ovata) and the White Helleborines (Cephalanthera graridi- 
 flora and ensifolia) usually appear in May or the beginning of June. 
 Lady's Tressesjmd the Marsh Green Orchis (Malaxis paludosa) flower 
 in AugustlmcTSeptember. 
 
 51. In general, the native British timber-trees are all early flowerers. 
 The amentiferous or catkin bearing-trees, such as the Alder, the Hazel, 
 the Poplar, produce their male flowers before winter, aTuftheir female 
 flowers "early in spring, when the male catkins expand and shed 
 their fertilizing powder on the fruit-bearing organs. These trees are 
 either all males and all females, as the Willows, Poplars, &c., or 
 have male flowers on one part of the plant and the female flowers 
 on another part, either distant or more or less contiguous, as the 
 Chestnut, Beech, the Alder, the Hazel, some of the Willows, and the 
 Yew. The Hazel has been noticed with open catkins and the red, 
 hairy stigmas of the ovary as early as the 22nd of February ; and the 
 Willow, vulgarly called Palm (Salix aurita), and the Few, on the 
 8th of March. The Seech, the Oak, and the Hornbeam flower in 
 April and May. The Poplars in March and April. The Pine in 
 May. Most of the Willows in April and May, though some are as 
 early as March, and a few delay till June. 
 
 The Elms bear flowers in March or April, shedding their im- 
 mature frult~soon after. These trees increase by the roots, and 
 rarely bring seeds to perfection. 
 
 The two common Nettles and Wall PeUitory are in flower from 
 Midsummer to SeptembeFor October. 
 
 52. EUFHORBIACK/E.- The Spurge and other kindred plants of this 
 order vary much in~their periods of flowering. For example, the 
 
 ^ Spurge (E. amygdaloides) flowers about the beginning of April 
 
48 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (per reg. 4th, 7th, 16th), The common Spurge (E. Helioscopia) from 
 the beginning of June to the end of summer. The other two common 
 species viz., E. Pephis and E. exigua are somewhat later in be- 
 ginning to flower, and continue flowering nearly as long as the 
 common Sun Spurge. .The rarer Spurges have generally a shorter 
 period for flowering viz., from May to August, but several, as the 
 E. Par alias, E. ^ortlandica, and E. Lathy ris remain in flower till 
 September." The pretty shrub Box flowers in April, the Do^_Mercury 
 in April (from 25th March toTITe 20th April). The Annual Mercury 
 commences flowering in May, and continues, till the winter's frosts 
 nip both blossoms and plants* The Crowberry (Empetrum) flowers 
 in the earlier part of summer, and in~ autumn the fruit affords 
 sustenance for the moor game (grouse) of the north of England and 
 Scotland, where this shrub abounds. The rare Amrum ( Asarabacca) 
 flowers in May, and the rarer Aristolovhia (Birth wort) flowers in 
 July and August. It seldom or never^produces fruit in this country. 
 The next three orders SANTALACE;E, THYMELEACE^E;. and ELEAG- 
 NACEJE are represented in tins country by only four plants, all 
 more"or less ligneous. The Toad-flax (Thesium) flowers about Mid- 
 summer, the two Daphnes viz., the Spurge -Laurel and Mezercon 
 flower early, the latter about the middle of- March, the, former a little 
 earlier (16th March, 7th ditto). The \Jtuckthorn flowers m May. 
 
 53. POLYGONACEJE. The plants or this order are all late .flbwerers, 
 except the Common Sorrel and the Sheep's_J&qczl, which/flower in 
 May; all the Bother species, both of Dock (Rum ex) or Snake-weed 
 (Polygonum), flower after midsummer, the majority of the latter 
 genus flowering in August and September. The Goose- fort order, 
 CHENOPOjiLA^E^, is also an order of late-flowering plants, rather 
 later than those of the preceding order. 
 
 54. LABIATE. Some one or other of the plants of this order may be 
 seen in flower during the whole year. If the winter has been mild 
 or, rather, if the months of December and January have not been 
 severe the Lamium album and L. purpureum (the white and red 
 Deadnettles) will be in blossom during the first, second, and all the 
 succeeding months of the year. The white Deadnettle has been 
 observed in flower on the 15th 30th of January, and the red Dead- 
 nettle on the 29tk of the same month. Their true period of flowering, 
 however, is not so early ; but the flowers of the previous year may 
 generally be found on plants growing in sheltered spots at the very 
 beginning of the year, unless the weather has been very inclement. 
 In March the L. purpurcijm covers rich rubbish-heaps with its 
 reddish stems and leaves, for they have this hue in the earlier part 
 of the season. The 16th March, 'and from this date to the end of the 
 month, is the period when these two hardy plants blossom; 
 and their period of full flowering is not later than April in this part 
 of England. Several species of Lamiujn, viz., L. amplexicaule, L. 
 incisum, and, perhaps, L. purpureum y bear fruit, although their 
 corollas have never expanded, or even reached the upper limb of the 
 calyx. They are actually in fruit befoi'e the expansion of their 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 49 
 
 flowers. In cold, wet seasons, the flowers of L. amplexieaule are 
 never fully developed, yet the plant produces seed. ^The Tellow 
 Deadnettle (L. Galeobdolon) does not flower till May : the 25th of 
 ApriF is the earliest registered date. The Ajuga reptans (wood or 
 wild Bugle) will be found in flower at the same period. The Yellow 
 Bugle (A. ^hamsepitys) is occasionally seen in blossom as early as 
 May. The fine plant, &alvia verbenaua, is also an early flowerer :. its 
 period is May, or the beginning of June. The period when the 
 Ground ivy (Glechoma hod.) first shows its blossoms fluctuates with 
 the weather ; the 4th, 5th, and loth of March are the earliest 
 periods noted. Its usual time of flowering is at the middle and latter 
 end of March. All the other Labiate plants, as the Thyme, the 
 Wound worts (Stachys) of these last mentioned S. sylvatica is the 
 earliest the fFood-&a(/e, Marjoram, Mint, &c., do not flower till 
 after midsummer ,~an7ni0me of them are "aT"late as September, while 
 several of the mints do not flower at all in the northern parts of the 
 kingdom. 
 
 oo. ScKiOPHULARlACEJE. As in the preceding orders soalso in this, 
 several individual plants are always in flower. The annual Speedwells 
 (Veronica agrestis V. polita and V. hederifolia) are found flowering as 
 late as December, and begin to flower in mild winters in the first and 
 second months of the year. V. agrestis, 28th January, 9th February, 
 12th, 16th, and 2()th March; V. ftecterifoliaa, little later; V.arvensis 
 is early if in flower much before April, the 4th of March is the earliest 
 date at which this plant has been noticed in flower. Paul's Betony 
 (V. serpyllifolia) flowers about the same period. The pretty "TTZr^F"' 
 eye (V. jftiamaedrys) is about a month later. The following are a few 
 of the dates of its first appearance in flower, 4th, 5th, 26th, and 29th 
 of April. Its usual period is from the middle of April to the be- 
 ginning of May. The earliest Water-speedwell is the Common Brook- 
 lime (V. Beccabunga), which flowers in early seasons from the 14th 
 to the end of May. The remaining Veronicas, except the rare V. 
 verna and triphyllos, and most of the plants in all the other genera of 
 this order, do not flower before June. The Ivy-leaved Toad-flax 
 (Linaria Cyinbaliaria) may be looked for on old walls about the 
 beginning of April. It has been seen in flower as early as the 4th. 
 It is the only species of the genus which flowers before June. Pcdi- 
 cularis sylvatica has been gathered in flower as early as the 1st of 
 May, and the Yellow rattle (Ilhinanthus fcrista-galli) on the 15th. 
 The rare Vernal Figwort, and the Foxglove, are the only other species 
 of the order in flower before Midsummer, and the latter is usually 
 after this period. The remaining plants of this order flower in the 
 end of June, in July, and in August; the great Snapdragon, and 
 some of the Linarias, continue flowering through September. 
 
 56. The Broom-rapes and the Mulleins are all late flowerers, none 
 
 being seen in this state before Midsummer, except Orobanche rapum, 
 
 \ O. majus] and O. elatior. O. minus always appears soon after the 
 
 1 hay is mown on the uplands. The Mulleins (Verbasca) are not 
 
 in flower before July or August. The comparatively rare Henbane 
 
50 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 usually flowers in May. The Nightshades, both the deadly and 
 woody, in June, towards the middle or end of the month. The 
 Woody Nightshade (Solan, dulc.) has been seen in flower on the 2nd 
 of June, but the season then w r as unusually early. The Black Night- 
 shade is found, both in flower and fruit, as late as October. 
 
 57. BORAGINACEJE. Myosotis arvensis (intermedia). One of the 
 Mouse-ears\\as been observedlrT flower about the beginning of May : 
 the~~"cTateslire, 29th April, 3d and 12th May. M. collina and M. versi- 
 cjilor are, at least, a fortnight or, perhaps, three weeks earlier. Myo- 
 soiis palustris (Forget-me-not) has been gathered in flower on the 
 27th May. The Pulm onarias are early flowerers, but they are very 
 rarely seen, except in gardens or collections. The Gromwells^ Com. 
 
 frey, Hound^tongue, both species, and the Viper's Bugloss, flower in 
 May ; rjuTtliey may all be found in flower in the beginning of June, 
 unless the season be unusually early. With the exception of the 
 genus Myosotis, which flowers both early and late in the season, 
 none of the species of this order are late flowerers. 
 
 58. CONVOLVULACE^E and GUSCUTACE^C. In early seasons the 
 Field CVwo/2Zi,flowers in June, rarely so early as the loth. The large 
 White Convolvulus ornaments the hedges from the 10th of July to the 
 end of September. The Less Dodder appears on heathy, furzy 
 commons, twining about Ling, Petty whin, Gorse, &c., about the 
 same time. The Great Dodder appears in August. The Gentymas, 
 and other plants belonging to the order Gentianacece, except the Boy- 
 bean, are all late in flowering; the Bog-bean should be looked for, at 
 latest, before the end of May. The 27th of May is the date when it 
 was first noticed in a very cold, backward season. The Villarsia 
 mtmph^ and the Centanreas appear in flower about midsummer, or 
 
 "sdoTTarter. The Vernal Gentian alone flowers in April : the re- 
 mainder of this order in August and September. Both species of 
 Periwinkles' are early flowerers. Vinca minor has been seen in 
 flower as early as the 7th March, and V.. major as early as the 23d 
 February. Of course, like all early flowerers, they continue a long 
 time in blossom. 
 
 The Priy_t, Ash^, and Holly, flower in June. 
 
 59. ERICACEAE. Most of the Healths, Bilberries, Winters-greeny 
 and allied genera, commence flowering in June a fewin May. Erica 
 cinereah&s been noticed in a sheltered spot, with a southern aspect, 
 in flower on the 28th May ; but midsummer is the usual period of its 
 flowering. The Cross-leaved Heath and the Common Lina appear in 
 flower somewhat later. The rarer species of the order are not in 
 flower before July, except one of the Pjrolas, and one of the Heaths 
 peculiar to Ireland. 
 
 60. PRIMULACEJE. Certain species of this order are in flower very 
 early ; some are late, and continue flowering from the latter end of 
 summer to the commencement of severe weather. The dates of the 
 first appearance of the Prijnxose^ in flower fluctuate between the 
 beginning of February and the middle of March, viz., 29th January, 
 12th, 13th February, 7th, 13th, 14th March. The Cowslip is several 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 51 
 
 weeks later; its dates vary from the 8th March to the 8th April. 
 It should be borne in mind that these species, and several others 
 which flower at these early periods, are not in full blossom for some 
 time after these specified dates. After their first appearance in 
 flower, they will generally be from ten to twenty days, according to 
 the mildness or severity of the weather, before they ornament the 
 woods, hedges, and meadows with their fully-developed beauties. 
 The same influences w r hich accelerate or delay the fulness of blos- 
 soms, have a tendency to hasten or retard their decay. With a clear 
 atmosphere and 'high temperature they speedily decay, while their 
 duration is protracted by cool, moist, or cloudy weather. The Prim- 
 roses peculiar to Yorkshire and Scotland are not in flower till June 
 and July. The Water Milfoil (Hottonia) may be found flowering in 
 May, but it will not be too late to look, for it from the beginning to 
 the middle of June. The Lysimachias^ (Loosestrife), except L. 
 nemorum, which flowers in May or theTfirst week of June, the Pim- 
 pernels, Brookweed, &c., are all late flowerers, and some of them are 
 found in flower as late as October. The blue Pimpernel, in mild 
 seasons, produces flowers in November. 
 
 61. PLANTAGINACE^E. Ribwort (Plan^ lanceolata) occasionally 
 flowers about the middle of April. Its usual period is the latter end of 
 April and the beginning of May (April 27). Plantago lorpnopus 
 has been collected in flower the first week of May (the 5th). P. major 
 and P. media are a week or so later. 
 
 62. PLUMBAGINACFJE. The Thrift flowers about midsummer, or 
 soon after : the Sea Lavenders rarely before July. 
 
 The Common Butterwort (Pinguicula vulgO flowers in May : the 
 rarer Alpine species are about a month later. The Utricularias 
 flower from midsummer to August. 
 
 63. COMPOSIT^ Some one or other of the species composing this 
 large order is always in flower. For example, the Common 
 Groimdsel (Senecio vulgaris) flowers early in the spring (12th- 17th 
 February), and continues in flower till the sharp frosts and biting 
 dry winds of winter nip its more delicate parts. When the winters 
 are rather mild, or not severe, the flowers of aJutumn exist through 
 the winter and early spring. And this is the case not only with the 
 flowers of the Groundsel, but also with those of the common annual 
 Veronicas, the Henbit, Deadnettle, &c. All these plants produce 
 their flowers every month in the year or, at least, retain them. 
 One of the earliest flowerers of this order is the Dandelioj^, which 
 begins to flower between the loth February and the 1st April. But 
 the flowers first seen are, probably, the production of the previous 
 season. It continues to flower from March to November, a period of 
 not less than nine months. These two plants, viz., Groundsel and Dan- 
 delion, with the Common Daisy, are the only early flowers to be seen 
 among the common species of this order, and these three remain in flower 
 during the whole year. There are other two early-flowering rather 
 common plants, viz., the Coltsfoot and the Butter-bur. The dates of 
 the former are between the 14th and 29th March ; the latter is a 
 
52 INTRODUCTION 
 
 week or two later. Both, these plants are remarkable for flowering a 
 few weeks before the appearance of their leaves. Cineraria campes- 
 tris flowers in the latter part of May and beginning of June : a rare 
 plant. The Common Mouse-ear Hawkweed begins to flower from the 
 olh to the 23d May. These are all the early-flowering common 
 plants of this order. The great body of them does not flower much 
 before July, and from that period to September. Hieracimn boreale 
 and H. umbellatum do not flower till the end of August. Both 
 species of Bidens, viz., B. tripartite and B. cernua, also Hemp Agri- 
 mony, Pulicaria vulgaris, several of the Wormwoods and Ragweeds, 
 are often as late as the beginning of September before they flower. 
 The Gpat's-beard. the large Ox-eye Daisy, and the Corn Chamomile 
 generally flower before or about midsummer. In the month of 
 August the greatest number of species will be found in flower. 
 
 64. CAMPANULACE.E. Of this order Prismatocarpus and Jasione 
 rarely flower in May, but usually before or about Midsummer. Most of 
 the Campanulas will be found in flower during the month of July : 
 they go off rather suddenly. Several of them, as C. Trachelium and 
 C. glomerata, remain in flower till September ; but, as above stated, 
 July and the beginning of August is the period when they are all in 
 flower. The Hanipions (Phyteuma) flower at the same time as the 
 Campanulas. Plants of the Teajsel and Scabious kinds are generally 
 in flower in the month of July, but they keep in flower during 
 August. Scabiosa succisa is seldom in flower before August, and it 
 continues to flo\ver lill the next month. 
 
 65. VALERIAN ACE^E. The common Fedias, or Valerianellas (Lamb's 
 Lettuce) flower in March and April ; V. olitoria between~7th March 
 and 23d April ; V. djojca about the 20th May jr. officinalis the 29th 
 May, rarely before June, usually near midsummer. 
 
 66. KtJBiACEJE. The dates of some plants of this family are as 
 follow : Sherardia arvensis, April 2nd; very early. Asperula odorata, 
 28th May. Galium Aparine, 8th May. Gahum \nol. 18th May. 
 G. cruciatum, 2nd June. G. saxatile, 10th June. Afeout the end of 
 June and the whole of July is the season for all but the very latest 
 of these plants. The* Marsh Cross-worts are a fortnight later than 
 the preceding. 
 
 67. The shrubby, or arborescent orders, LONICEREJE, CORNACE^E, 
 ARALIACE^E, and LORANTHACE.E, include plants that flower almost 
 in every one of the four seasons. For example, the Ivy flowers at 
 the beginning of winter, viz., in October and November, remaining 
 in flower till the spring, when it produces fruit. The Mis^ltoe 
 flowers in March and April, and has ripe fruit, as is well known, in 
 winter. The Honeysuckles flower in May and June. The Elder- 
 berry-tree and the Guelder-rose trees flower about the same time, 
 and their fruit is perfect in September and October. 
 
 68. UMBELLIFERJE. The earliest flowering common plant of this 
 order is Anthriscjisjuul^aris (Hare's Parsley), which begins to blossom 
 about the middle of April, but is frequently later : and is not perhaps 
 generally in flower before the latter end of the month, or about the 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 53 
 
 beginning- of May. Anthriscus sylvestris may be looked for about 
 the same time, or two or three days later. Pignut (Bunium), Venus' 
 Comb (Scandix), Cow Parsnep Heracleum), Sanicle (Sanicula), usually 
 begin to flower in MayT^The Pig-nut has been seen as early as the 
 12th; the others rarely before the beginning of June or end of May. 
 In June most of the early-flowering umbelliferous plants may be 
 collected, both in flower 'and fruit (the latter is more important for 
 identifying the genus than the former). The remaining common 
 species will not be generally found in a state fit for examination 
 before July. A few delay flowering till August, as some of the 
 Water Parsneps ; all these late-flowering species will be ijbund in 
 September. 
 
 69. SAXIFRAGACE^E.- 'The Golden Saxifrage (Chry/bpposu) is the 
 earliest flowering plant of this family. It has been noticed as early as 
 the beginning of March in forward seasons. The 9th and 1 5th March, 
 and from the latter date to the beginning of April, is the time to 
 look for this early plant; but it may be found during several months, 
 foi^jLtL continues flowering till late in the summer. The rarer Ch. 
 
 ^d^lternifott is rather later, and does not remain so long in flower. 
 Saxlfraya tridactylites flowers in March and April, and S. gramdata 
 always in April, in this latitude usually about the middle of April. 
 The remaining species of this large genus flower in May and June, 
 the S. oppositijfolic^ in April, and a very few are not usually in 
 flower till August. 
 
 70. The Currant and Gooseberry shrubs are all early flowerers, 
 never later than April ; their dates are from 29th March to the 20th 
 April. From the 10th to the middle of April is the time when they 
 usually flower. 
 
 71. Of the order CRASSALACE.E there is only one plant, Seduntycre, 
 common in this country; and it usually flowers in June. White 
 Bryony (Bryonia dioica), one of our largest climbers, generally 
 flowers in May. The 6th of this month is the earliest registered date 
 of its appearance, and it is sometimes as late as the end of the month. 
 The 30th is also noted as the day of its first appearance. The Black 
 Brj/orn^ (Tamus com.) begins to flower at the same time. 
 
 72. Montiafon. (Water Blinks), and CaljMriche (Water Star- wort), 
 flower in May, the former*aBouT the middle~of April (llth, 17th), 
 and the latter at the end of the month, 30th. The Water Horn- 
 wort (Ceratophyllum), and the Water Milfoil (MyriophyllunQ, seldom 
 
 lire found in fruit. They flower about the end of June, or later. 
 
 73. ONAGRACE^E. These plants are in perfection about the end of 
 June and in July. JEpilobium parvifarum has been noticed in blossom 
 on the 3rd June. E. wottfomtwTappears about the 18th, and by mid- 
 summer all the species areTrrtfower. July is the time to collect them for 
 the herbarium, or for examination. At this time they are in per- 
 fection. 
 
 74. ROSACES AND POMACES. The Barren ^Str^vberry has been 
 seen in flower in February (the 23rd). March is the usual month when 
 it may be expected. The Black Thorn rarely flowers before the middle 
 
54 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of April. It lias been seen as early as the 8th of March, but this is 
 quite unusual. Its registered periods are the 7th, 8th, 9th, 20th, 
 23rd, and 26th of April. The Cherry and the Common Pear are only 
 a few days or a week later in tEeir appearance. ""They may all be 
 found in blossom at the same time. The Apple-tree^ is in blossom in 
 the last week of April, or the first week in May in early seasons. 
 The dates are 26th April, the 1st and the 4th' of May. In late 
 seasons it is not in flower before the middle of May. The Roivan 
 Tree, JVhitethornJbeam and Sej'vice trees are a week or two later than 
 fne Apple-tree, ^he following dates are registered for the flowering 
 of the May (common Hawthorn, Cratsegus Oxy.), April 24th, the 1st, 
 9th, 10th, 15th, 16th, and 21st of May a variation of nearly a month. 
 Common Avens (Geum urbanum), 4th May ; Common Cinquefoil (Po- 
 tentilla reptans), 14th; and Tormentil (P. Tormentilla), the 12th and 
 18th; Silver Weed (T. /foiserina), 30th of the same month. These 
 are the earliest dates, and they continue in flower for weeks (months ?). 
 The Strawberry flowers in May, earlier or later, according to the 
 season. Of the jBrdmbles, the Raspberry and the Dewbgrzy have been 
 noticed in flower before Midsummer ; in early seasons before the end 
 of May. R^coryUfotiy&.ia registered on the 2nd June. The Dog 
 Rose has been gathered on the 21st May ; the R^ ^rvensis about the 
 1 StIT June ; and the Sweetlrier on the 5th. R. spmosissima is gene- 
 rally in fruit about the end of May. The Roses and Brambles may, 
 however, be found in flower during the months of June and Julr 
 with this difference, that the Roses almost all vanish in July, while 
 most of the Brambles remain in flower during the next month 
 (August). 
 
 75. LEGUMINIFEILE. The Common Gorse (Ulex europaeus) is some- 
 times in flowefaITtEie~\vinter, for the second crop of flowers lasts till 
 next spring. The Dwarf Furze (Ulex nanus) flowers very late, October 
 and November. Where it grows with the larger species or variety, 
 as it does abundantly on Wandsworth and Clapham Commons, the 
 time of flowering is a very obvious distinctive mark between the two 
 plants. The dwarf species is covered with blossoms, as above, 
 while not a single flower adorns the common and larger form. With 
 these exceptions, none of the plants of this order are early flowerers. 
 The Wood Vetch fQrobus tuberosus) has been noticed in flower as 
 early as the 17th April, and at various dates intermediate between 
 that just stated and the beginning of May. The Vetches or Tares 
 (Vyv sativa and ^ep.) flower in May (15th an3 28th), Hie 
 large Blue \ ^Hmbing Vetch about the middle of August; the Lotus 
 cor, or Biridsloot, about the end of May (23rd) ; the Horse-sJwe^Vetcli 
 (Hippocrtfpis com^ 5th and 1 9th May ; the Lathyrus praL (Meadow 
 Vetchling) about I the middle of June (12th); the Gojden Broom 
 (Saroth^mnus scoparius) about the 1 st of May ; an$ the Petty 
 Whity /(Genista aitglica) about a fortnight earlier. i'he Meadow 
 Trefoil flowers in Mky (1st and 15th), and the White Clovler ( jLrepens) 
 about' the same timfe (13th), but much later in moist places, where it is 
 frequently found. \Most plants in this order flower a'bout, oX^soon 
 
PHYSIOLOGC'. 55 
 
 after, midsummer ; only a few flower towards the end of July. Most 
 of then! however, perhaps all, except tte very earliest, will be found 
 in good condition for examination during July. 
 
 76. GERANIACEJE. The Geraniums Commence flowering in April, 
 viz., E^icutarium (Storks-bill), anoT&j Molle (Dove's-foot Crane's- 
 bill), frtfm the 6th to the 21st April, though the latter is often as late 
 as the beginning of May ere it shows flowers. Herb Robert (G. 
 robertianum) begins to flower-at the beginning of May (1st, 3rd, and 
 10th). (Jr. lueidum appears about the same time. The rest flower 
 in June, but they all remain in flower for some months. 
 
 77. The beautiful Oxalis Acetosella (Wood Sorrel) may often be found 
 in the same places as the Wood Anemone, and it flowers about the 
 same time, or rather earlier. Us dates are 29th March, 1st, 6th, 7th, 
 and llth of April. The WoodViolet ( VA sylvatica) is later viz., the 
 13th, 20th, and 25th of ApriFare some'of its dates. In gardens and 
 sheltered places (where the Sweet Violet only is found), V, odorata 
 flowers in the beginning of March, and even in February, in mild 
 seasons (22nd and 23rd February). The two species of Buckthorn 
 and the Spindle Tree (Euonymus europ^), 12th and 26th May. Tlie 
 latter from the 12th to the 26th May; the two former between the 
 middle of May and the beginning of June. The Wild Maple (Acer 
 cainpestre) about the 8th of May, or later ; and the Siicamore (A. 
 Pseudo-platanus) about the same period. The common Lime is 
 seldom in flower before July. The St. Johvts Worts (Hyperica) are 
 July-flowerers. H/^pulchrum and H. humifusum are the earliest in 
 blossom ; the latter has been gathered in flower on the 12th June. 
 
 78. Malva rotundi folia is the earliest flowering plant of the Malva- 
 ceous order. It begins about the end of May (28th), and flowers till 
 September; M. sylvestris is about a fortnight later (13th June) ; and 
 does not continue in "Hower quite so long. The Musk MaUmo (M. 
 moschata) flowers in July. The Marsh Mallow (Altheea oj does 
 not flower till August. The Milkivort (Polygala vulgaHs/] com- 
 mences flowering about the second week of May (12th), and continues 
 in flower all the summer. The Droseras_flower about midsummer, 
 or the beginning of July. 
 
 79. CFOJCIFEKJE. The Shepherd* s-purse (Capsella) is in flower most 
 of the year. It is one of the earliest, as it is one of the latest, 
 flowering plants. It is, however, later in beginning to flower than 
 the Groundsel. It may be looked for in the second week of March, 
 and may be often seen flowering in February (21st February, 10th 
 and 13th March). The Vernal Whitlow-grass (Draba Verna) will 
 generally be found about the same time ; but the flowers of the latter 
 are of short duration, rarely existing till the 1st of May. In January, 
 1853, the Wall Whitlow-grass was noticed in several places about 
 Twickenham in flower at the very beginning of the month (the 3rd), 
 along with Arenaria serpyllifolia and Common Groundsel ; but there 
 was at that time and place no Shepherd's-purse in flower. The 
 November of the preceding year, 1852, had been remarkably mild 
 (six degrees and a-half above the average temperature of many pre- 
 
/ 
 
 -\l 
 
 56 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 vious years), and December about nine degrees milder than any 
 December during the last eighty years. The Wallflower blossoms-, in 
 early seasons, about the middle of March (10th, loth, 2oth March, 
 ^ and 2nd of April). It blossoms with the Cuckooflowers (Cardamine 
 prat^ and^irsuta). The latter, or rather CT iyljyLfaca, has been 
 gathered in February (20th) ; and the beginning of its flowering is 
 noted on the 2ith, 25th, and 28th of March. The Meadow Cuckoo- 
 flower is about a month later viz., at the end of March, and first 
 week of April (30th March and 10th April). C. amara (Bitter 
 Lady's Frock) is several weeks later. Johnson, the editor of 
 " Gerarde's Herbal," noticed the flowering of these plants in the fol- 
 lowing terms : " These flowre for the most part in April! and May, 
 when the cuckou begins to sing her pleasant notes without stam- 
 mering." They are rather before the cuckoo's notes in the south of 
 England. Jack-by-tJie-hedge is always in flower in Aprir; or early in 
 May. Its dates are April 7th, 21st, and 28th ; and its white blossoms 
 are very conspicuous about the end of April and the beginning of 
 May. May and June are ti e chief months for the blossoming of the 
 Crucifer^ only a few delay flowering till July and August; but 
 several continue in blossom till September, or even later. 
 Ji(\ 80. The llcsedas and Cist uses flower in May and June ; It. lutea 
 about the middle, and R. tuteola about the end of the month. Both 
 the latter and Helianthwmim vulyare have been seen as early in 
 flower as the 27th May. 
 
 81. The Funiarias flower in May and June, and last in flower all 
 the summer. , 
 
 Coiydalis vlaviculata has been gathered in flower on the 8th 
 y ; and Fumaria of. ^ as early as the 20th of April.. ^L a^f^ 
 The Poppies begin to flower in May. P* A r^enwneS^loeen 
 noticed in flower on the 13th; the greater Celandine has been first 
 seen in flower on the 21st and 28th April, and on the 1st and 6th of 
 May. These plants are in flower in June and part of July. 
 
 82. CARYOPHYLLACE.E. Common Chickweed (Stellaria media) is 
 in flower nearly all the year. In mild winters it appears in January. 
 The following are the dates of its first appearance : 28th January,. 
 14th, 15th, 25th February, and 28th March. Stellaria Holostea 
 (Stitchwort) begins to flower about the last week of April, 24th"7lJ8tn, 
 April, and 6th and llth May; S. yramine a on the 18th May, and 
 S. uliyinosa about the same time. 8. ylauca is rare, and seldom 
 
 , found in flower till after midsummer. Cerastium y loin. and. C. triviale 
 
 I are usually in flower about the end of March and beginning of April. 
 
 (20th March, 2nd, 5th, and 9th April). The Arenarias, viz., A. 
 
 LJrinervis, A. rubra, and A. serpylUfolia, do not usually flower 
 
 before May. In early seasons the first-mentioned may be seen in 
 
 flower from the 10th to the 20th of April ; A. rubra the 13th May, 
 
 and A. stirpyllifolia about the 15th of the same month. The lied 
 
 Lychnis (Melandrium diurnum), appears in flower occasionally as 
 
 early^s the beginning of May. It has been gathered in full flower 
 
 on the 26th April, and it is rarely so late as the latter end of May. 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 57 
 
 M. Flos-dmuUjj)Y Meadow Pink, is about a week later, viz., from the 
 8th"to the 20th May. This is the real cuckoo flower. When this 
 plant begins to blossom the cuckoo does sing his pleasant notes with- 
 out stammering. Beth these plants remain in flower all through the 
 summer!. The White^^amjnonj^. vespertinum) is later than either 
 of thesel Its flowering time is June, usually near the beginning of 
 the month. At this period the Corncockle (M. Githago) is in flower. 
 The \Hellebores are among our rarest plants, and they flower early, 
 viz., in March and April. Like all early flowerers, their flowers endure 
 for several months. AA^^C^U*)^ 
 
 TdA^i}. ItANUNCULACB^. The blossoms of Celandine (R/Ticarlafor 
 (R ranunculoides) appear early. The 13th oTTFebruary, the 1 7th 
 and 20t]JL of March, are registered dates of its first appearance in 
 flower. ^^R.Muricomus (Wood Crowfoot) is sometimes seen in flower 
 as early as the middle of April; the 4th, llth, and 29th are noted. 
 But it will be found in better condition, both for examination and for 
 the herbarium, in the month of May, when it begins to be in fruit. 
 The pure white flowers of R. aquatilis (?) may be seen covering the 
 surface of ponds about the same time. This is rarely seen in full 
 blossom so early as the 8th of April. From the 17th April to the 
 8th of May it usually begins to flower. Like many, or most other 
 spring flowers, it will be found in a better state for investigation or 
 preservation a few weeks or a month later. R. hederaceits_(lvj^ 
 leaved Crowfoot) will be found about the same times. " R. bulbosus, 
 when early, flowers at the very end of April, 29th and 30th. Its 
 usual period is the middle of May. R. acris. R^re^ens^ ancLff. Fla-^ 
 mula are somewhat later than the bulbous Croivfoot. R. acris has 
 been noted as in flower at the beginning of May (3rd) ; but the dates 
 15th and 18th of May are nearer the mean time in this latitude. 
 R. repens and R. arvensis are the latest of the more common Ranun- 
 culi. The dates of the Mars^Marigold (Caltha palustris), a very 
 conspicuous plant and flower, are as follow the 13th, 20th, and 25th 
 of March,- and the 18th and 24th of April ; the latter dates are unusually 
 late. The Wood Anemone (AnemQne nemorosa) is rather earlier 
 than the Marsh Marigold. It has been seen in flower as early as the 
 8th March ; but between this date and the 30th March, and from 
 this to the 17th April, are more usual dates. Meadow Ru-e (Thalic- 
 trum flavum) is comparatively rare; but it should be looked for 
 about the end of May, or at the beginning of June. 
 
 84. The Water Lilies, both the Yellow and White, do not flower 
 before June. The 10th and 16th respectively are the earliest dates 
 at which they have been seen in blossom. They remain in flower 
 during the months of June and July. 
 
 85. The prkiciple on which the flowering period has been denoted in 
 the descriptive part of this work is the folio wing : When definite periods 
 of the month are entered, the first is the very earliest time at which 
 the plant has been noticed in flower, and the second is the latest ; and 
 it should be remembered that these dates are only applicable to the 
 plants that grow chiefly to the south of London, or from 50J to 52. 
 
58 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 When the flowering months only are set, it is to be inferred that the 
 exact date is unknown, and that the plant will be found in flower 
 some time in the month. When two months are entered, as for ex- 
 ample, March and April, it is to be inferred that it may probably be 
 found in both, but generally towards the end of the former ; and 
 during the whole of the iatter generally. When a ( ) follows a month, 
 and is succeeded by another month, as May August, it denotes that 
 the plant will be found in flower during the intermediate months of 
 June and July, as well as in May and August. From what has been 
 stated above, as the result of more than twenty years' observation, it 
 may be inferred that it is impossible to fix an exact date when any plant 
 first flowers in any assigned latitude. And it is quite impracticable to 
 approximate to the average time of the flowering of plants extending 
 over a space of nearly 10 latitude. Difference of latitude causes a 
 difference in the time of flowering so does locality ; but temperature 
 and moisture have, as we have seen, a very powerful influence on 
 plants, either in retarding or accelerating their periods of flowering. 
 This fluctuation is as much as a month in March and April probably a 
 fortnight or three weeks in May, and at least a week at midsummer. 
 If local circumstances viz., soil and exposure were uniform,we could, 
 indeed, approximate very closely to the period when these common 
 plants flower, by comparing the average temperature of past 
 years and months with the temperature of the year in which 
 we wanted to. know when a given common plant might be ex- 
 pected in flower ; but soil and situation are susceptible of so many 
 modifications, that a close approximation is not to be expected. 
 In the early part of the year rain delays the flowering of 
 plants ; at this time the earth is usually sufficiently moist, and 
 plants only want heat to accelerate their growth. Towards 
 midsummer they are often delayed from a deficiency of 
 moisture. In general, the monthly average of heat will have a greater 
 effect on plants than the annual average. The monthly averages ex- 
 hibit a fluctuation of several degrees. For example : 
 
 January, 31-5; Fah., 34, 35, 37, 38 32', 40 66'; a range of 
 above 9 in seven years. 
 
 February: 34 33', 34, 40, 43, 38, 42 25'; range of 9. 
 
 March : 37 25', 42 22', 42 25', 45, 42, 44 5', 46 ; range 8 75'. 
 
 April : 47, 49, 52, 50 5', 49 75', 53, 49 5' ; range 6. 
 
 May : 54, 59 75', 56 5', 54, 53 5', 63 33' ; range 10 28'. 
 
 Juiie : 68, 60, 59, 60 ; range 9. 
 
 July: 70, 62, 62, 61 ; range 9. 
 
 August : 58 66', 70', 63, 67 ; range 11 34 . 
 
 September: 57 5', 59, 60 5', 51 5'; range 9. 
 
 October : 45 75', 56 5', 49 5', 47; range 10 25'. 
 
 November : 43, 44 3', 43, 40 82' ; range 3 21'. 
 
 December : 39 5', 44, 42 75', 41 66' ; range 4 95'. 
 
 The annual averages are between 49 75' and 51 5' ; ran^e 1 75'. 
 
 The average monthly temperature fluctuates about 8, according to 
 the above, while the annual average fluctuation is under 2 ; and, if 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 59 
 
 accurately determined by proper instruments, would rarely or ever 
 much exceed one. The general average range, in any given latitude, 
 is not probably above half a decree. The above results were obtained 
 from a series of daily observations, made at 7 a.m., 1 to 2 p.m., and 
 8 p.m., extending over a period of from five to seven years. It is 
 probable that the general statement of monthly and annual tempera- 
 tures is too high, as the thermometer was not observed during the 
 night, and a self-registering instrument was not employed. This, 
 however, doe not affect the monthly or annual ranges. The annual 
 average temperature of London and its vicinity, i. e., within twenty 
 or thirty miles of the metropolis, is about 50. The annual 
 average temperature of the south of Devonshire is probably one 
 degree higher, 51; and it appears that the temperature of .the 
 north of Sutherlandshire, Scotland, is 46. The early flower- 
 ing plants are nearly a month later in the north of Scotland 
 than they are here ; for example, the Common Primrose, which 
 flowers here in March and April, flowers in Aberdeenshire in 
 April and May. The Menyantlws irifoliata is not more than a fort- 
 night earlier with us than it is in Scotland ; and it is probable that 
 the midsummer flowers are only a week later in the northern parts of 
 the island, while the July and August flowers are as early in Scot- 
 land as in England. The temperature of the summer months in 
 Scotland is about as high as in England ; but the difference of tempe- 
 rature in England and Scotland during the spring mouths is very 
 considerable. 
 
 LEAFING OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 
 
 Elm: 21st, 27th of April, and 4th of May. 
 
 Beech : 19th, 25th, 27th of April, 1st and 6th May. 
 
 Oak : 25th and 29th of April, 1st, 3rd, 8th, and 16th of May. 
 
 Chestnut : 6th and 25th May. 
 
 Mountain Ash : 7th, 22nd, and 25th April. 
 
 Cherry Tree : 6th and 7th April. 
 
 Ash : 9th, 15th, and 16th May. 
 
 Hazel Tree: 1st April. 
 
 Hawthorn : 1st and 23rd April. 
 
 Honey Suckle : 14th January. 
 
 Gooseberry Bush: 17, 20th, 25th, and 29th March. 
 
 Dog Rose : 1st and 14th April. 
 
 Birch : 7th, 20th, and 25th April. 
 
 Blackthorn : 21st and 25th April and 4th May. 
 
 Hedge Maple : 20th, 23rd, 25th April, and 9th May. 
 
 ASCENT OF THE SAP. 
 
 86. The ascent of the sap, as it is termed, depends partly on what 
 may be called mechanical, and partly on vital causes. Heat and 
 moisture are the external stimulating causes ; vitality is the modify- 
 ing cause. By the former the sap is forced into the superior and 
 recently-formed cells ; and when the vital energy, or vis formativa, 
 
60 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 relaxes, the sap remains more or less stationary. In the beginning 
 of summer the productive force of the plant or tree is usually ex- 
 pended, and a cessation of activity is apparent. At the end of 
 summer, or the beginning of autumn, there is in most trees a 
 secondary flow of the sap, and leafy shoots are produced on certain 
 parts of the tree. These shoots and leaves are called midsummer 
 shoots, and may always be distinguished from the earlier leaves by 
 their bright green colour. The mechanical energy is modified by the 
 vitality, and a cessation of growth in one direction is the result. 
 The elimination of the sap, the processes of elaboration and assimila- 
 tion, are carried on internally ; but the upward extension of the plant 
 ceases soon after the full development of the leaves. The few shoots 
 produced at a later period are evidence that the mechanical agents 
 are only in abeyance, not suspended. But in the period which inter- 
 venes between the fall of the leaf, and even before the fall of the leaf 
 in autumn, and the swelling and relaxing of the buds in spring, the 
 mechanical power is in complete suspension. The processes of con- 
 densation of sap, and induration of wood, in permanent stems, may, 
 and probably are, in active progress ; but there are no external signs 
 of activity about the plant or tree. Every part of the plant which is in a 
 vital state (it has been shown, Physiol. p. 37, that certain parts of a still 
 vital plant are dead, as much so as timber felled for years, it may 
 even be decayed, or totally absent) is full of sap or air (nature ab- 
 hors a vacuum). During this dormant state neither the liquid nor 
 gaseous fluids can rise, because there are no newly-formed vessels 
 into which they may flow, or may be impelled by the mutual pressure 
 on the cell walls, caused by mutual expansion of all the tissues by 
 heat. The sap cannot descend, because the vessels below are all 
 filled with whatever may be the contents of the cells. That the sap 
 ascends is a fact well ascertained ; that it also descends is rather a 
 fiction than a fact a deduction from a supposed analogy between the 
 sap of plants and the circulating fluid in animals. The economy of 
 plants is more analogous to the intestinal canal of animals than to 
 their circulating system. In both plants and animals the food enters 
 by one extremity, and the excrementitious parts pass away by the 
 other ; but here the analogy ceases, for plants have no organs similar 
 to the stomach, intestinal canal, lymphatic ducts, &c. ; and nothing 
 like the complicated systems of circulation and respiration necessary 
 to animals. Every cell, in every living organ, must be more or less 
 distended ; it must be full of fluid, either liquid or aerial, otherwise 
 it would collapse, or be oliterated, and cease to be a vital, integral 
 part of a living organism. 
 
 The ascent of sap is ascertainable, It must have ascended into 
 the topmost twigs ; and as it is originally derived from the soil by 
 the roots, it must have had a progressive ascent, slow, no doubt, but 
 gradually ascending with the elongation of the tree. The descent of 
 the sap is inconceivable, except artificially, by tapping the tree, be- 
 cause there is no natural egress for it below. It has never been ima- 
 gined that it escaped by the spongioles of the root. The formation 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 61 
 
 of wood is an obscure subject, and has been rendered obscurer 
 through, the perplexing hypotheses and experiments that have been 
 devised or instituted with the view T of explaining it. Whatever 
 may be its origin, it does not originate in the descending, condensed, 
 and indurated sap. There is no sufficient proof that the sap ascends 
 into the leaves that it is elaborated in them, and returned thence fit 
 for assimilating with the plant ; as in animals the blood which has 
 been purified from its carbon by contact with air in the lungs returns 
 into the heart, and thence distributes nourishment and warmth 
 through the whole body. We know that the wood is formed simul- 
 taneously with the other tissues, the pith, the medullary rays, and 
 the bark. As a plant increases in length it also increases in diameter 
 (if dicotyledonous). The woody part of herbaceous stems is formed 
 long before the sap ceases to ascend often before the leaves are 
 developed, and always before the seed or fruit is mature ; but, until 
 the period of maturation is completed, there is sap existing in some 
 part or other of the stem, and the slight movement if movement it 
 may be termed is certainly upwards, not downwards. In inorganised 
 objects the law of development is more easily discoverable than in 
 organised beings. The development of a crystal, in a solution which 
 contains crystalizable matter, is more easily ascertained than is the 
 growth of a plant or of an animal ; because in the former, viz., the 
 mineral, the process will go on regularly, continuously, and as long 
 as the solution is supplied. In the crystal, there is no law of limita- 
 tion either of space or duration, except the non-supply of matter in 
 a state of solution, i. e., capable of being added to what was previously 
 formed. Plants and animals are limited in their growth by laws 
 peculiar to themselves, and these laws are not affected by the supply 
 of food and room for development. We find that every living being is 
 subject to laws which vary with the varying idiosyncrasies, peculi- 
 arities, or properties of every species. For example, the annual plant 
 only flowers once during the whole period of its existence ; the shrub 
 never becomes, under any circumstances, a tree, and trees vary as 
 much from each other as shrubs vary from trees. We certainly do 
 not approximate to the cause of this variation by simply stating that 
 a certain tree or plant, or class of trees or plants, assumes such a size, 
 form, structure, &c., simply in obedience to the law^ of its own being. 
 We are unwilling to admit our ignorance of the causes which produce 
 these varying results, and we strive to hide it often under a sur- 
 plusage of words vague, indefinite generalities, which mystify, but 
 convey no clear, intelligible notion to the mind. The formation of 
 cells, of vessels, of tissues of all sorts, of pith, wood, or bark of fiowers, 
 fruits, and seeds all are alike obscure and incomprehensible. The 
 legitimate object of science is to announce facts to observe pheno- 
 mena to show the relation between the means and the end to 
 explain, as far as possible, the admirable arrangement of the different 
 parts, which so harmoniously concur in producing certain results to 
 trace their mutual dependence on, and perfect adaptation to, each 
 other. There are mysteries in nature as there are everywhere else ; 
 
 F 
 
62 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 there are limits to the knowable; there is an instrumentality, a power 
 and capacity in living organised objects which the keenest eyes, and 
 the most powerful microscopes, never will detect; and the time, 
 talent, and energy wasted in vain efforts at explaining the incompre- 
 hensible, would, if applied to the observance of facts, and the inves- 
 tigation of phenomena, speedily rescue natural science from the 
 reproach of being only the science of theories, systems, mystifications, 
 and logomachies. 
 
 87. Physiology^ofthe Reproductive , Organs. The outer and inner 
 floral verticlIsToF'lEe calyx ancT corolla, usually termed the non- 
 essential parts of the flower, are the external envelopes of the stamens 
 and pistils. The term non-essential organ is not scientifically exact, 
 nor, philosophically, quite accurate. If non-essential, why is it present 
 in most plants ? 
 
 It is not universally present in all plants. The cell is the only 
 organ universally present in all^plants, and it forms the sole con- 
 stituent of half " the Cryptogams. If universal presence in every 
 individual of the vegetable kingdom be the test of essentiality, the 
 stamens and pistils are non-essential, for they are absent in a third 
 part of known plants. It is unphilosophical to call these envelopes 
 unessential, for nature forms nothing in vain nothing which does 
 not contribute to the preservation or reproduction of the individual 
 of which it forms an essential part. It is more correct to say that a 
 calyx and corolla are not necessary to all plants. The cell, as above 
 stated, is absolutely necessary to all plants, but it is never stated 
 that the elaters, spirals, vascular, or woody bundles, &c., which are 
 not universally present, are not essential to the economy of the plants 
 wherein they are produced. Again, a large number of plants pro- 
 duce reproductive bodies without the intervention of stamens and 
 pistils. The outer envelopes are protective of the more tender parts 
 of the blossom, and are to be considered as indispensable organs 
 wherever they are found as necessary to the production of fruit as 
 leaves are necessary to the vegetation and maturity of the plant. 
 The calyx is oftener persistent than deciduous. All monpsejialous 
 (gamosepalous) calyxes are permanent ; and they are persistent in 
 several orders where the calyx is parted. It is persistent when it is 
 superior or above the ovary. In this case it forms a crown to the 
 fruit. In certain orders of plants, where the ovary is more or less 
 connected with the calyx, the latter constitutes part of the fruit, as 
 in the Rose, Gooseberry and Apple, and is consequently persistent. 
 The corolla, after impregnation, decays, and either falls off, or withers 
 upon the organs of fructification, or on the fruit. The corolla is never 
 permanent, as the calyx often is, viz., in a vigorous or vital condition. 
 The calyx, when persistent, never withers, but becomes part of the 
 fruit, or serves for a protection to it. The corolla, when persistent, 
 is always so in a withered or dead condition. The stamens and 
 styles, though generally contiguous and surrounded by the corolla 
 as with a fence, are sometimes on distinct parts of ttie plant. In the 
 Carices, and in many of the other genera of Cyperacece, the stamens 
 
PHYSIOLOGY. 63 
 
 and styles either are on different spikes, or on the same spike ; hut 
 always more or less distinct, though on the same plant. In the 
 Salices and other amentiferous genera, the stamens and styles are on 
 different plants. It is generally believed that the pollen-grains are 
 necessary for fertilising the ovules ; though there are some examples of 
 female blossoms, as they are called, bearing fruit and seed without the 
 interposition of the pollen-grains. But a few exceptions cannot be con- 
 sidered as decisively contradictory of the general fact, that bodies of both 
 kinds are present (both stamens and styles), and that both are necessary. 
 
 There is a more importan t question now agitated in relation to 
 the pollen -grains, viz., whether they are the real parents of the future 
 plant, or only the means of fertilising the ovules. Schleiden and 
 some other German botanists maintain, that the pollen-grain, or cell, 
 is analogous to the reproductive cell in Cryptogams, with this dif- 
 ference, that while, in the latter, the germinating cell falls on the 
 ground, and is capable of reproducing a plant like its parent, the 
 pollen-grain requires such a medium as the ovule is stated to be, 
 wherein it is developed into a state intermediate between the original 
 pollen-cell and the development of the embryo ; or, in other words, 
 that the pollen-grain becomes the embryo, but only through the in- 
 tervention of the ovule, and that it is capable of existing in this 
 condition a longer or shorter period. It is to be hoped that this is 
 not a dispute about a point which probably cannot be decided in 
 favour of either view. The subject is confessedly very obscure, viz., 
 whether the seminal matter in animals, and the pollen-grains in 
 plants, are the rudimentary embryos in either case respectively, or 
 whether the embryos are only fertilised by the seminal matter or 
 pollen-grains ; or, in other words, as above stated, whether the pollen- 
 grain or the ovule is the parent of the future plant. 
 
 88. Physiology QJLthe Embryo. The reproductive cell, or spore, 
 of cryptogamousplants would, in all probability, soon lose the 
 capability of germination, if it did not find a medium suitable for its 
 development. The embryo of phsenogamous plants can retain its 
 vitality for a greater or less period in the state of seed. Some seeds 
 are reported to have germinated hundreds and thousands of years 
 after their production on the parent plant. Mummy wheat is said to 
 have grown after an entombment of more than three thousand years. 
 Other astounding facts are asserted about the duration of vitality in 
 seeds when excluded from atmospheric influences; and several of these 
 are grounded on good authority. By others these facts are questioned, 
 and, prima facie, they appear so very extraordinary as to require the 
 strongest confirmation. It is well ascertained that some seeds resist 
 decomposition for long periods, especially if they be protected from 
 moisture, air, and light. When subject to these stimulants, they 
 either germinate, or are decomposed into their original primary con- 
 stituents. Every perfect seed contains within itself sufficient nutri- 
 ment for its development, till it is in a condition to absorb nutriment 
 from the soil, or the medium on which it is destined to grow, and to 
 fulfil its destiny in the general economy of nature. 
 
64 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 89. Most plants, like animals, decay and perish from the effects of 
 age, and only a very few species prolong their existence beyond the 
 space of from two hundred to six hundred years. Some trees are 
 very tenacious of life, as has been already stated: but, after certain 
 definite periods, all plants, even those most remarkable for longevity, 
 decay and perish, either through the rupture and consequent destruc- 
 tion of their internal organisation, or from the effects of accidents, 
 injuries, atmospheric influences, &c. Like other organic objects, 
 they are finally resolved into their constituent elements. It is easy 
 to foresee, that soft, cellular substances, as Funguses are, cannot have 
 so protracted a duration as the Oak or the Yew, under the shade of 
 which they are produced. The mystery consists in the fact, that 
 carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, c., are the elements or bases of both the 
 Fungus and the Oak. All we can ascertain is, that these constituents 
 are differently combined in these very dissimilar objects. 
 
 90. Duration of Plants. Many species of plants complete the 
 term of their existence as organised beings in a few weeks or days ; 
 some of the Fungi in a few hours. Others are as remarkable for the 
 great extent of their duration. There are trees of exotic growth that 
 are believed to have been growing for thousands of years. Our Yew 
 trees, the natural growth of our chalk-downs, and the venerable 
 living occupants of many of our churchyards, are known to be of a 
 great age, and have the appearance of almost perpetual duration, the 
 principle of vitality .being so strongly exerted by every part of them, 
 from the root to the topmost branches. Many Oaks, Chesnuts, c., 
 are also ascertained to be of great longevity to have been in exis- 
 tence during hundreds of years. The common division of all plants 
 into annjial, biennial, and perennial, is, in some respects, vague or 
 indefinite. Many species of acotyledonous plants, Fungi and Algce, 
 for example, spring up from spores or sporules, vegetate and produce 
 other spores or sporules in a few hours or days ; only a few last a 
 month, and very few exist more than a few months. There are 
 plants of the Alsmaceous section of the order Caryophyllaceffi that 
 vegetate and produce seeds in a few weeks. They certainly produce 
 seeds early enough in the season to vegetate, and bear a second, or 
 probably a third, crop in the course of a season. The division into 
 annual and biennial is inconvenient, inasmucn as every annual that 
 can bear a mild winter, may become biennial merely from the accident 
 of dropping its seed late in the season, when it could not produce its 
 flowers nor mature its fruit, although it might have done both, if the 
 seed had been deposited at an earlier period. Still the plant may be 
 very properly denominated an annual, if its general economy be to 
 produce fruit (seed) within the year, if sown in proper time. A 
 strictly biennial plant does not produce fruit in the same year when 
 its seeds are deposited in the ground. It may resemble an annual so 
 far, that when late sown it will produce flowers and fruit as soon as a 
 late-sown annual ; but it always (generally) requires two seasons to 
 accomplish the object of its being (creation). Therefore the cultivated 
 cereals, Wheat, liye, Barley, Oats, &c., are not necessarily biennials ; 
 
MORPHQLOGY. 65 
 
 though they are sown before winter, and may be said to grow 
 during a part of two seasons. The common Turnip is an example of a 
 strictly biennial plant, which never produces a flowering stem, with 
 flowers and seeds, before the second year of its existence, whether 
 sown early or late. Cabbages, Coleworts, and their varieties, do not 
 usually flower, when permitted, before the third year. The first year 
 they are seedling plants; the second they afford leaves for culinary 
 uses; and during the third year they shoot up a stem, and bear 
 flowers and fruit. It is doubtful whether or not the Cow Parsnep, 
 the Wild Angelica, the Carumkarui (common Caraway), be biennial, 
 or of longer duration. There is a plant of the common garden 
 Angelica (Archangelica), in the author's garden, which is pro- 
 bably three years old, certainly two, and it has not yet flowered. 
 A more scientific division of plants by duration would be into 
 such as flower only once in their lives, i. e. never flower again, 
 but perish after they have matured fruit, like the Carrot, the 
 Parsnep, &c. Under this division it would be necessary to include 
 the famous AmericanAloej which is fabled to flower only once in a 
 hundred years. H IsTa fact that it only flowers once in its life, and 
 it may live to an indefinite period. All plants would thus be divided 
 into 1st. Such as flower onlv jonce in their life, whether in their first 
 year, second year, or their third year, or even in their sixtieth year ; 
 and, 2nd, Such as flower more than once before perishing, whether 
 the duration of such be five, seven, or an indefinite number of years: 
 It is a fact that annuals and biennials may become of several years'^ 
 duration simply by preventing their flowering. Hence Garden^ 
 Parsley (Petroselinum satJ may be preserved for several years by 
 cutting or pinching off the stems soon after they make their appear- 
 ance. In conformity with long-established usage, the duration of 
 plants described in this work is denoted by the term annual, when 
 the plant, under favourable circumstances, generally flowers during 
 the first year of its life ; and biennial when it does not flower before 
 its second, or even third year, provided that it flower only once, and 
 that not generally within the first year of its existence ; aud. perennial 
 when it flowers oftener than once, even though its whole duration 
 may be shorter than those denominated biennials. \h*JL 
 
 MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 91. Morphology treatsof the formation, shape, and position of organs. 
 The primary organ of every plant is the cell, as already stated (sect. 2). 
 This is composed externally of membrane, internally of fibre, or viscid, 
 granular matter, deposited on the inside of the cell- wall. From 
 this elementary organ all the varieties of tissue are produced. 
 The primary cell or cells are capable of reproducing similar cells, either 
 externally, in which case the original or mother-cell exists with the 
 produced or daughter-cells, or a series of cells are produced internally; 
 
66 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and, in this latter case, the original cell perishes, or is absorbed by 
 the others. The simplest forms of vegetation are entirely cellular. 
 The Snow plant (Protococcus nivalis] consists of a congeries (mass) of 
 simple cells! In Vaucheria, another Algal, the cells are simple, as in 
 Protococcus, but differ from those of the latter in being elongated or 
 lengthened. These two facts, the round or rounded shape of ( the 
 cell in Protococcus and the elongated shape of the cell in Vaucheria. 
 illustrate the morphology of the simple organs, proving the identity 
 of principle or origin in the cells of these two genera of Alga. Science 
 is unable to assign a reason why the cell in the one is spherical or 
 polygonal, and in the other cylindrical and elongated. The power 
 of vitality resident in living organisms is usually adduced in support 
 of every obscure phenomenon, either of animal or vegetable physiology. 
 Why the same organic constituents should assume such infinite 
 diversities of form, structure, and development, is yet a mystery. 
 Science can only state the facts. 
 
 -92. Morphology of the Simple^r^cins. There is a remarkable coin- 
 cidence between the simplest forms of plants and the primary forms of 
 all plants. The Alga, Fungi, and Lichenes, or the class Amphigens^ 
 Endl. consistof a series of repetitions of the samesimple organ or organs, 
 being homogeneous or similar in their structure, nearly as much so as 
 an inorganised object. One portion will be a tolerably exact repre- 
 sentation of any other. These plants have no external organs, 
 neither root, stem-leaves, nor flowers, and hence they may be called 
 inorganised. They are either amorphous (without definite form), like 
 many Fungi and Lichenes, or they have definite forms, like many of 
 the Alga and Fungi, though quite homogeneous in structure. In 
 like manner, all plants in their origin are wholly cellular and homo- 
 geneous in structure, and their organs, viz., the radicle, plumule, and 
 cotyledons are rudimentary. In their nascent (growing) state they con- 
 tinue cellular. The vascular or fibrous tissues are developed subse- 
 quently to the cellular tissues, and as the plant grows its various organs 
 are progressively developed till it reaches maturity.^ 
 
 In the lowest orders of plants, viz., Amphigens^ Endl. (Algce, 
 Fungi, Lichenes), the whole plant is composed of cells ; and in this 
 respect these three orders are analogous to the embryonic or rudi- 
 mentary state of plants belonging to the higher orders. 
 
 93. In Ilepaticce, Musci, Filices, and the other higher orders of Cryp- 
 togams, a more complex organisation is observed. Elaters, vascular 
 tissue, and woody fibre appear among the simple internal organs, and 
 there are rudimentary stems, leaves, and spore-cases among the com- 
 pound external organs. The plants of these orders have, therefore, 
 some considerable analogy to the more perfect plants while growing 
 and only advancing to maturity. 
 
 94. Morphology of the Compound or External Organs. The external 
 or compound organs viz., the root, the stem, the leaves, the flower, the 
 fruit with their several appendages, constitute, morphologically, two 
 systems of organs, or are reducible to two normal forms. The axial 
 organs comprehend the root, the stem, the branches, if present, the 
 
MORPHOLOGY. 67 
 
 peduncle or pedicel, the torus or disk, the stipe of the ovary, if 
 present, and the podosperm, or stalk of the seed. The lateral organs 
 include the leaves, the bracts, if present, the calyx, the corolla, the 
 stamens, and the ovary or carpellary leaflets. It is evident that the 
 stem or axis is the medium of communication or of connexion between 
 the root and the leaves, the flowers and the fruit. The root may be 
 regarded as a downward prolongation of the stem, as the peduncle, 
 the flower and the fruit are an upward elongation of the same organ. 
 The normal form of the root is cylindrical, more or less tapering, and, 
 like the stem, protruding lateral shoots, sometimes from just below 
 the collar, sometimes from the middle, or a little below the middle, 
 and occasionally from the very extremity of the root. This property 
 is also characteristic of the stem. It is either branched from the very 
 root, or from below, or above the middle, or only at the very top : the 
 former state of the stem is characteristic of shrubs ; the latter states 
 are the normal forms of trunks of trees. The fibrous root differs from, 
 the perpendicular, or tap root, exactly in the same manner as the 
 stem or stems of a sLrub differ from the normal form of the stem of 
 arborescent plants. The fibrous root emits a tuft of fibres immedi- 
 ately below the crown of the root ; and the shrub throws out a greater 
 or less number of branches from a point just above the crown of the 
 root. 
 
 95. Many roots are, in their structure, allied to stems. For 
 example, the roots of trees and shrubs (dicotyledonous trees and 
 shrubs) have distinct wood and distinct bark. In their position and 
 functions they are distinct from stems ; but in structure and even in 
 form, they are analogous to stems. As the stem is the medium of com- 
 munication between the root and the superior organs, the root is the 
 medium of communication between the earth and the stem. Some 
 herbaceous plants have roots which are also very much like stems in 
 structure. For example, many umbelliferous plants have roots, which 
 like the Carrot and Parsnep are furnished with distinct bark. 
 Several cruciferous plants are like the Turnip, in which there is a 
 bark or rind quite distinct from the internal part, and differing from 
 it in taste as well as in structure. The direction of the root normally 
 coincides with that of the stem, the only difference being that the 
 tendency of the root is downwards, while that of the stem is upwards. 
 The aberrations from the normal type or form of the root are pro- 
 bably not more numerous than they are in the stem. The position or 
 direction of the root is, of necessity, more modified than the direction 
 of the stem is, because the former is developed in a medium very 
 different from that in which the latter grows. These modifying 
 circumstances the root has no possibility of controlling. At a greater 
 or less depth from the surface of the earth the soil is always hard, 
 both impenetrable by the tender fibres of the root, and incapable of 
 yielding any nourishment to the plant. Hence the branches or 
 fibrous parts of roots are compelled to assume a more or less oblique 
 or even horizontal direction, being unable to penetrate in a position 
 exactly opposite to the stem, and also being unable to extract nutri- 
 
68 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ment from the soil in that direction. Ho'ots are materially influenced 
 by temperature and exposure, as well as by the soil and the obstacles 
 in it that hinder their development in a normal direction; yet, even 
 when they manifest a tendency either to rise to the surface, where the 
 soil is generally more fertile, or to traverse long distances to reach 
 water, the direction of the rootlets or fibres of the root are always 
 downwards towards the earth's centre. 
 
 96. Branches are precisely analogous to stems, each branch 
 becoming a lateral axis, and constituting another and distinct centre 
 of vegetation. The peduncle, as above stated, is merely a continua- 
 tion of the central axis, and constitutes the axial organ on which the 
 different parts of the flower and of the fruit are arranged exactly as 
 the leaves regard the stem and branches as their axis ; the calyx, 
 corolla, and other floral verticils surround their torus and axis as their 
 respective centres. Sometimes the stalk is reduced to a peduncle, in 
 which case the leaves, if present, are radical, and the flowers may be 
 single (solitary) or several, either in proximity or spreading. The 
 Dandelion, Cowslip and several Composite illustrate these modifica- 
 tions of the stem, and also this character of the inflorescence. 
 
 97. The lateral organs are the leaves, the bracts, the sepals, the 
 petals, the stamens, and the carpellary leaves or leaf (ovary). Thcsfc 
 organs all correspond in their structure, their shape, and their position; 
 they are all, more or less, thin flattened expansions, mostly composed 
 of cellular tissue and some fibre, with a greater or less* horizontal 
 divergence, and always regarding the stem as their centre and axis. 
 The leaf, and especially the leaf-stalk, has a considerable analogy to 
 the stem or branch, and especially when the latter is in a green or 
 nascent condition. In a recent state, both are chiefly composed of 
 cellular tissue covered with an epidermis, with or without epidermal 
 appendages, and both are provided with stomata. When these are 
 present on the leaves they are also present on the young stem or 
 branch. The midrib of the leaf or the petiole, if present, coincides 
 with the stem in structure and functions. It is composed of bundles 
 of vascular fibre, contained by cellular tissue ; and so is the stem. The 
 midrib or primary nerve, is a centre or axis of growth to the lateral 
 nerves, as the stem is to the branches ; and the nervation of the leaf, 
 both in position and functions, corresponds with the branches of the 
 stem. The angles of divergence are nearly of the same extent in both. 
 The bark of the stem and the interstices or parts not occupied by the 
 nerves in leaves, are composed of cellular tissue, and both have the 
 cuticle or epidermal covering. There exists also between the leaves 
 and stem a coincidence in functions, namely, that where no leaves are 
 present, the stem, or at least the recently produced or green and juicy 
 part of it, performs the operations of respiration and exhalation, which 
 are the special functions of leaves, the stems in such instances being 
 provided with stomata. Radical or root leaves are always arranged 
 in a more or less complete rosette ; they radiate from the crown of the 
 root or from the apex of the underground stem, like the petals of a 
 double Hose. In leafy aerial stems the normal position of the leaves is 
 
MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 69 
 
 opposite (viz., one on each side of the stem, from the same point of it), or 
 alternate (on opposite sides of the stem, but not opposite to each other, 
 there being an internode between single leaves), or scattered (where 
 the leaves are arranged on all sijdes of the stem, some nearly opposite, 
 and others alternate, as in the common Toad-flax). When the stem is 
 abruptly shortened, or its growth interrupted, alternate leaves become 
 opposite and whorled, as in several Rhododendrons. In Li/simacJiict 
 viiiyaris there are opposite, alternate, and whorled leaves on the same 
 individual, caused either by vigorous growth in the stem, or by an 
 interruption to its development. When this interruption occurs 
 towards the end of a branch the leaves are tufted or in a rosette. 
 This is the natural situation of the leaves in the Purging Buckthorn. 
 In the sub-order Stellate the normal condition of the leaves is whorled. 
 See Galium. 
 
 98. Bracts. Except in position there is no difference between 
 bracts and leaves. In the axils of the latter, leaf-buds are produced, 
 and flower-buds are produced in the* axils of the former (bracts) ; the 
 bracts are consequently situated higher up on the stem. The leaf-bud 
 produces several leaves on an elongating axis, which subsequently is 
 developed into a branch. The flower-bud, on the contrary, is not 
 elongated : but its extension is interrupted, and the various whorls of 
 which the flower is composed, assume an opposite and whorled, instead 
 of an alternate, position. The first series or whorl is termed the calyx, 
 the leaflets of which differ from true leaves only in being smaller, and 
 occasionally less or more coloured. The first series is the lowermost 
 in position, and is also the outermost of 
 the floral whorls (verticils). The annexed 
 diagram shows the position and arrange- 
 ment of the several whorls of a perfect or 
 normal dicotyledonous flower. The outer- 
 most or lowest series, a a a a a, represents 
 the calyx, which consists of five sepals, 
 either distinct or coherent. The second 
 series, bbbbb, represents the five petals of 
 fa the corolla, either in a state of separation 
 or of cohesion. The third series, c c c c c, 
 represents the five stamens ; and ddddd 
 the five capellary leaflets, which unite by 
 their edges in the centre, and form the five- 
 celled ovary. The normal number five is 
 present in a perfectly regular flower, each of the verticils consisting of 
 five separate or coherent pieces ; and the arrangement of the several 
 whorls is also normal (symmetrical). The petals are placed alternately 
 with the sepals ; the stamens alternate with the petals, but are opposite 
 to the sepals ; and the carpellary leaflets are alternate with the sta- 
 mens, and opposite to the petals. Five is the normal number in dico- 
 tyledonous plants, and this is the law by which they are arranged. 
 The numerical law is often modified by adhesion, abortion, and redun- 
 dancy. First, the sepals and petals may form a monosepalous (gamo- 
 
 Fig. 97. 
 
70 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 sepalous) calyx, and monopetalous (gamopetalous) corolla, or two of 
 each only may cohere, and thus a tetrasepalous and tetrapetalous 
 flower will be the result. One member of a series, as a sepal or petal 
 or stamen, may be abortive, and the result will be the same, as the 
 union of two sepals or of two petals. An addition may be made to the 
 normal number by the splitting of one or more organs, or the organs 
 may be increased by redundancy, when one or more individual organs 
 are added to the normal number, or when an entire series or whorl is 
 added. This is the case in some double flowers, where the increase of 
 supernumerary organs is not occasioned by the degeneration of the 
 stamens, but is a positive addition to the normal number of petals. 
 
 99. This explains what was before stated as a distinctive mark of 
 dicotyledonous plants, that the normal number is five ; but it is some- 
 times diminished by a suppression of one-fifth of any one or all of the 
 series, and the tetrasepalous, tetrapetalous, tetrandrpus, tetragynpus 
 flower is the result, or there may be a suppre*ssion of thVee-fifths ofone 
 series of organs the stamens, for example; and the diandrous flower 
 is the result, as in Veronica, in which there is also a suppression of 
 one-fifth of the number of sepals and petals. An addition of one-fifth 
 or two -fifths of the normal number of stamens will constitute a 
 hexandrous or heptandrous flower. Most of the floral whorls are 
 occasionally accompanied by supernumerary whorls. The calyx has 
 an under calyx, or double calyx in Malvacece, in part of Rosacece and 
 Convolvulaceg. This may be regarded as a supernumerary whorl to 
 the calyx. The corolla is often susceptible of several supernumerary 
 whorls. It is probable that this is oftener the cause of double flowers 
 than the degeneration or change of stamens and pistils into petals. 
 The number of stamens is still more frequently increased by super- 
 numerary development than the corolla is, and the increase in the 
 number of these organs is often caused by an additional whorl. This 
 is the case in decandrous plants, and still more so in icosandrous 
 plants, where the stamens are indefinite, but arranged in several 
 whorls. Supernumerary pistils are present in many flowers, as Rubus, 
 PotentiUa, Ranunculus, &c. In monocotyledonous plants the nornTal 
 numberTs three, a"s~has been stated (sec. 41). Here also the number is 
 modified by abortion, coherence, and the development of supernume- 
 rary whorls, &c., as in the dicotyledonous species. 
 
 100. When one of the floral envelopes (calyx or corolla) is sup- 
 pressed, the flower is said to be monochlamydeous (having but one 
 floral envelope). In this case the floral envelope is usually called the 
 perianth, or the pertgone, when the blossom produces only either 
 stamens or pistils separately. When both envelopes are suppressed, 
 the flower is aclilamydeous (without a perianth). When only stamens 
 are produced on"oTTe part of the plant, and only pistils on a distinct 
 part, or when these interior floral whorls are on separate, and more or 
 less distant parts, the plant is termed monceceous ; if the stamens 
 and pistils be on different plants, the blossoms are termed dioecious. 
 The arrangement of the floral whorls is frequently irregular, byThe 
 suppression or abortion of some of the usual whorls, or of the super 
 
MORPHOLOGY. 71 
 
 numerary whorls. For example, if the stamens be opposite to the 
 petals, as in Primula, it is conjectured that there is one row of 
 stamens suppresse~cT,^vhich suppressed row is supposed to be (should 
 I *) alternate with the petals (lobes), and the existing row alternate 
 with the outer suppressed one, which was (would have been) normally 
 arranged. There is some plausibility in the conjecture of a suppressed 
 row of stamens and the teeth which crown the tube of the corolla in 
 this genus may be abortive stamens. Barren stamens are not 
 uncommonly associated with antheriferous stamens, and their arrange- 
 ment is regulated by the same law of alternation, which appears to be 
 the principle on which all the floral organs are arranged. The petals 
 differ from the sepals chiefly in their more delicate appearance, in 
 their vivid colours, in being the general scent-receptacles of the plant; 
 but in their structure, position, and functions, they are perfectly 
 analogous to the sepals. Their position is above the calyx, and when 
 the latter is developed, they are in its interior. This, however, is not 
 always the case ; the calyx is reduced to a mere rim in certain orders, 
 as Valerianaceee, and in some genera of Composite. It is developed as 
 minute teetFTn many UmbellifejgB. In becomes linear segments in 
 Oncifjracece. The stamens differ in shape and functions rather than in 
 structufe^from the external envelopes. This being the fertilizer of 
 the ovules, is reckoned the most important floral organ. The superior 
 or innermost floral organ, the pistil crowns the stem, and terminates 
 its growth in that direction. 
 
 101. Morphology of irregularFloralEnvclopes, andofthe Stamens and 
 Pistils. The irregular monopetalous corollas usually assume the bila- 
 biate, or the ringent, or the personate forms. All these forms originate 
 in the cohesion of the petals, three forming the lip or lower limb, 
 which is more or less three-cleft, or with three notches. The upper is 
 formed of two cohering petals. The bilabiate corolla differs from the 
 ringent or gaping corolla only in having the lips nearer each other. In 
 the ringent form they separate widely, as in Rhinanthus and Pedicularis. 
 The personate corolla has a very prominent palate which closesllie 
 throat. This form is exemplified by Linaria vulgaris, the great Snap- 
 dragon, &c. The law of alternate arrangement is prevalent in corollas 
 and calyxes formed by the union of the petals and sepals. The 
 bilabiate calyx has its upper lip formed of three sepals opposite to the 
 two petals, which form the helmet or upper lip of the corolla, and the 
 position of the latter is alternate with that of the former. The two 
 sepals composing the lower lip of the calyx are opposed to the three 
 petals forming the lower lip of the corolla, thus preserving the law of 
 alternation in their arrangement. 
 
 In one of the sub-orders of the Composite, viz. CichoracefZ, many 
 or most of the flowers (corollas) are ligulate (strap-shaped), connecte*d 
 at the lower part or base, and forming a short tube, and an elongated 
 linear limb, five-toothed at its margin. This is another example 
 of the cohesion of five petals, forming a monopetalous corolla, the 
 two exterior petals being only united just at the base. Irregular 
 polypetalous corollas are chiefly present in the orders Ranunculacete, 
 
72 INTRODUCTION, 
 
 Fumariacece, and Leguminiferce. In Hellehorus the petals are folded 
 and shaped like a horn ; in Aquilegia they are hooked at the base, 
 and hollow. They form long-curved tubes in Aconitum. In Fumitory 
 the petals are gibbous (swollen or enlarged) at the base, and two of 
 them cohere by their margins, near the extremity. LnJ-eguminiferous 
 plants the upper lip is much enlarged, and the two lower ones are 
 often coherent. This form is termed the papilionaceous corolla, from 
 its fancied resemblance to the wings of a butterfly (Papilio}. In 
 several orders and genera, as Violacece, Linaria, c., one of the petals, 
 or more than one, bear a spur at the base. 
 
 102. In several orders the stamens adhere by the base of their fila- 
 ments, forming three or more spreading tufts, as in Hypericacece. In 
 Leguminiferce nine of them are often connected by a web-like process, 
 which extends nearly to their tops, while the remaining one is free. 
 In Malvacetz and Geraniacece all the stamens are connected by a mem- 
 brane, which closely invests the styles. In Composite^ and Violacece 
 the anthers are united, forming a tube, which closely embraces the 
 
 style (Syngenesious). In Salvia the stamens are cleft, one of the 
 branches only being fertile or antheriferous. In some plants, as, for 
 example, in the White Water Lily, the petals either ^become stamens, 
 or the stamens degenerate into petals, and the transition is so gradual 
 that it is scarcely possible to distinguish the one set of organs from 
 the other, or to ascertain where the one ends and the other begins. 
 The structure of the pistil is affected by the same causes, whatever 
 these may be, which occasion adhesion, abortion, or multiplication of 
 the other series of organs. It has already been stated that the appen- 
 dicular organs, as prickles, hairs, spines, tendrils, &c., are but modifi- 
 cations of the cuticle, the branch, the leaf, or midrib, &c. The science 
 or study of aberrations from the normal type, i.e. of abortions, sup- 
 pressions, or non-development of organs, multiplication of parts, 
 degeneration, or the mal-formation of parts, division of parts, &c., is 
 called Teratology (repots, a monster, and \oyos, treatise). 
 
 103. Morphology neither can explain, nor does it profess to exemplify, 
 the change of one organ into another : as for example, the change or 
 transformation of a stamen into a petal, or vice versa. On the con- 
 trary, it is a universally received law, that a leaf never becomes a 
 petal, that a stamen never becomes a pistil. A leaf, or modified leaf 
 (scale or bract), may supply the place of a corolla or petal, as in the 
 amentiferous orders. Both anthers and stigmata are sometimes borne 
 on the same column, as in several orders, and among others in the 
 Orchids. But these organs never were developed in the normal state 
 of leaves, filaments, and styles. Morphology treats of modifications 
 of formative power, not of the change nor even of the modifications of 
 organs. That part, which under ordinary circumstances might have 
 been developed by the formative energy of the plant as a leaf, may, 
 under a change of circumstances, become, by the same power, a sepal 
 or petal, a stamen or a pistil. Practical florists, by a certain treat- 
 ment, can accelerate or retard the flowering of plants ; or, in other 
 words, may, by withholding manure and water at certain periods in 
 
MORPHOLOGY. 
 
 73 
 
 tlie life of the plant, cause it to produce flowers at a point where it 
 would, if abundantly supplied with nutritious matter, have produced 
 leaves and a more lengthened stem. The cultivated oat often produces 
 several leafy stems, some- 
 times from ten to twenty, 
 from the same root, and 
 some of the panicles may 
 be from twelve to eighteen 
 inches long, bearing not 
 scores, but hundreds of in- 
 dividual grains. In poor, 
 sandy, dry soils, there are 
 some plants of oats occa- 
 sionally found which bear 
 one leaf on the stalk, and 
 the stalk bears only a 
 single grain. This not 
 uncommon fact is an il- 
 lustration of what is 
 properly understood by 
 morphology a formative 
 energy modified by cir- 
 cumstances. In an ordi- 
 nary field each grain 
 of oats produces a single 
 stem, with from four 
 to six leaves, and as 
 many joints (internodes), 
 with a panicle eight to 
 twelve inches long, with 
 from sixty to a hundred 
 grains. In rich fresh 
 land, where the plant had 
 room to tiller (branch at 
 the root), several leafy 
 stems are usually pro- 
 duced, each stem bearing 
 from a hundred to a hun- 
 dred and fifty grains. In 
 .very poor dry soils a 
 
 single grain of oats never produces more than one stem, and stems 
 bearing from one to six grains. The formative energy resident in 
 seeds of equal qualities is thus modified by external circumstances, 
 which- the plant is incapable of controlling. 
 
 The cut in the margin represents a small portion of a specimen 
 of Apium graveolens (Common Celery). The primary rays of the 
 umbel, instead of bearing the umbji|Le or partial umbel, as in the 
 common form, assumed a branch-iiKe* form, bearing only partial 
 umbels and single flowers, with enlarged bracts. 
 
74 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 
 
 104. Distribution of Plants in relation to Soil and Situation 
 (habitats). Many species of plants, and some genera, are limited to 
 certain kinds of soil. Some Ferns, as Asplenmm^ser)tentriwiale, grow 
 only on trap, basalt, and similar sorts of rock. Polypodiur^ f calc.nrKum 
 seems to be confined to limestone districts. The Orchidsjure the most 
 remarkable examples of species and genera, mostly restricted to cre- 
 taceous and calcareous soils. Several of these beautiful objects are 
 only to be found on chalk, as Ophrys arachnites and 0. aramfera ; 
 some grow both on chalk and limestone, as Ophrys^apifera and O. 
 muscifera ; and some are found on most soils indifferently, as Orchis 
 &ono* O. mascula, and O. maculata. In the orchid family the plants 
 which have the most extensive range, and which grow on the greatest 
 number of soils, are the most numerous as individuals, and grow in the 
 greatest number of distinct places. The most beautiful of all the 
 British Orchids, Lady's Slipper (Cyp. cal.), is confined to the limestone, 
 and but two or three stations are known where it grows, and only a 
 single plant or so is to be seen at any one time. The O. arachnites 
 is limited to one or two localities in South Kent. The See and Fly 
 Orchises are more common, and are often found in considerable 
 numbers. The O. mascula, 0. maculata, and O. jt^orio are much more 
 common. A particular soil is not essential for them, but particular 
 localities are, viz., woods, commons, heaths, meadows, and other undis- 
 turbed places. Orchidacece is the only order that, for the most part, 
 prefers the chalk and limestone ; that is, more species grow on such 
 soils than on all other soils together. Besides the Orchids, which 
 prefer chalk, limestone or marl, the following genera viz., Paris, 
 Taxus (Yew), Fagus (Beech), Buxus (Box), Thesium (Toadflax), 
 Origanum (Marjoram), Chlora (Yellow-wort), Phyteuma (Rampion), 
 Caucalis (Bur Parsley), Daucus (carrot), Libanotis (Mountain Parsley), 
 Delphinium (Larkspur), Adonis (Pheasant's -eye), prefer chalk, 
 though some of them are occasionally found in marly or sandy fields. 
 The following species are chiefly found on the chalk or limestone,, 
 besides the Orchids above noticed: Brachypodium pinnatum, Bromus 
 crectus, Avena pubescens, Car ex digitata and C. humilis, Ajuga 
 fihamcepitys, Galeopsis versicolor and G. Ladanum, Linaria repens, 
 'Verbascum Lychnitls, Lithospermum purpureo-cccntleum, Campanula 
 Tfachelium arid C^ glomerata, Gentiana amarella, Crepis bicnnis, 
 C. fodida and C. taraxacifolia, Cineraria campestris, Scabiosa colum- 
 baria, Galium tricorne, Asperula Cynanchica, Bupleurum rotundifolmm, 
 Petroselinum segetum, Pyrus Aria, Spircca Jilipendula, Hippocrepis 
 comosa t Anthyllis vulneraria, Onobrychis sativa, Linum angustifolium t 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 
 
 Geranium cohcmbinum, Hypericum montanum, Arenaria tenuifolia, 
 Cerastium arvense, Reseda lutea, Papaver hybridum, Anemone Pulsa- 
 tilla. Some^of these species are occasionally found on other soils. 
 
 105. The" following genera prefer limestone soils, viz. Achyropho- 
 rus,Meum, Trinia Actcea, Trollius, Polemonium. The following species 
 are most commonly found on the limestone, exclusive of the species of 
 the above-named genera, viz. Gentiana verna, G. amarella and 
 G. campestris, Carduus eriophorus, Rubia peregrina, Galium pusillum, 
 Geranium sanguineum, G. sylvaticum and G. pratense, Silene nutans, 
 Dianthus ccesius, Hutchinsia petrcea, Draba incana and D. muralis, 
 Cardamine impatiem, Arabis stricta, Thalictrum minus. Some of 
 these are found on other soils ; but they are most abundant on the 
 limestone tracts. 
 
 106. Most grasses prefer a light sandy soil. The Ericas, and kin- 
 dred genera, love peat, or a sandy, peaty, moist soil. The Oak prefers 
 marly clay, the Hornbeam a stiff, cold, damp clay. Most of the old 
 Pollards in Epping Forest are Hornbeams. The Pine loves a gritty 
 soil. The Cariccs (Sedges) seem to luxuriate in a soil which contains 
 a considerable portion of iron. The Droseras require a peaty soil. 
 Plants in general depend more on habitat (situation) than on soil ; 
 for example, more plants are confined to water, watery places 
 (marshes), sea-shores, alpine and mountainous rocks, fields, meadows, 
 heaths, woods, hedges, lanes (near houses), and road-sides, than are 
 restricted to particular soils. 
 
 107. The Fresh- Water Plants that is, such as grow solely in 
 water, and those that grow in marshy or watery places comprise a 
 large proportion of the British plants. These two classes of plants 
 are not susceptible of strict separation ; for some of them are found 
 sometimes in water and sometimes in marshy ground, as several of 
 the Carices (Sedges) for example. Some grow by river-sides or ditch- 
 sides, partly in water and partly on land. The agrarial or field 
 plants grow also by road-sides and under hedges, where the soil is 
 moved occasionally. Some of the sylvestral or woodland plants grow 
 in hedges, also on heaths and commons. The plants that are classed 
 under the terms sylvestral, paludal, aquatic, &c., have a preference for 
 woods, marshes, water, &c. ; that is, more of them are found in such 
 habitats than in any other. 
 
 108. Aquatics About one-thirteenth of the British species of 
 flowering plants grow exclusively in water, viz., 1 species oiEquisetum 
 (E. limosum), 10 Graminece (certain species of Glyceria, Poa, Cata- 
 brosa, Alopecurus, Leersia, &c.), 8 Cyperacete. All the species of 
 Eriocaulacece, Typliacece^ Lemnacece^ Potamacece, Zosteracece, Alis- 
 macece (A. ranunculoides always grows in water, though it often flowers, 
 after all the water has left it; this is the case with Alismacea in 
 general), Hydrocharidacea. One species of Polygnnacece, viz., P. am- 
 phibium, flowers on the land, though it grows in water, and also 
 flowers in this element. One species of Primulacece (Hottonia 
 palustris), part of Lentibulacece (t\\e genus Utricularia), several species 
 of Scrophulariacece (Limosella aquatica, and Veronica Bee. and V. 
 
76 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Anagallis). One species of Gentianacece (Villarsia nymphrcoides), 1 of 
 Campanulacece (Lobelia dort.), 3 of Composite (Aster and Bidens, both 
 species), 11 species of tTmbellifera (viz., Oenanthe 5, Sium 2, Helo- 
 sciadium 3, Cicuta 1); 11 vtHaloragece and Onagracete (Epilobium 2), 
 Caifa'fyhyllacece (Stellaria 2), Cruciferce (Nasturtium 2), Nymphceacece 
 (all the species), Ranunculacets (Ranunculus 4). 
 
 109. Palustral or Marsh Plants are such as grow in boggy 
 places, exclusive of such as only grow where water has stood during 
 winter, and which grow on firm grassy places, which are only occa- 
 sionally flooded. Palustral or marsh plants grow where the situation 
 is always more or less watery, having water above or just below the 
 surface. The following are of this class, viz. : 
 
 All the Equiseta except E. arvense. E. Telmateia and E. hyemale 
 grow where the soil is more or less moist or close to water (for 
 example, a bank under a hedge, with a watery ditch just underneath 
 them). Ophioglossum often grows in marshy places, but it is not 
 confined to such ; yet it is scarcely found except where the situation 
 is more or less moist. Several Filices grow in marshy places (for 
 example, Osmundd). Athyrium (Filix foem.), all the varieties. 
 Neplirodium Thelypt., N. cristat. and varieties, are only found in 
 boggy localities. Several species of Grammes (Glyceria, Arundo, 3 
 Polypogon Alopecurus, &c.), all the Cyperacece, except about a 
 dozen of the Carices, two or three of the Scirpi and Cyperi, and such 
 as have been entered as pure aquatics, all belong to this section ; also 
 Juncaginacece. Most of the Juncacece delight in watery or boggy 
 spots. The Luzulas generally grow in damp shady places, boggy or 
 otherwise. Several orchidaceous plants prefer boggy places (for 
 example, Orchis latifolia, Epipactis palustris, and the two species of 
 Bog Orchis. The Orchids usually prefer a dry soil. Most of the 
 Willows, and several of the other amentaceous genera grow best in 
 a moist or rather boggy soil (for example, the Alder, the Sweet Gale, 
 and the Common Poplar}. Several species of PolygonacecZj especially 
 of Rumex and Polygonum, prefer watery or "rather boggy places. 
 Rumex mar. and R. palustris^ also Polygonum fcydropiper and 
 P. minus, are always found in or near to water. ~~bf Chenopodiacea, 
 some are only found in muddy places by the sea, as Glasswort. Sea 
 Plantain and Sea Lavender, and Thrift, may be also reckoned among 
 the marsh plants. In Primulacece, P. farinosa, P. scotica, all the 
 species of Lysimachia except L. nemorum (which also grows occa- 
 sionally in boggy places) Anagallis tenella, Centunculus, Glaux, and 
 Samolus, are marsh plants. The Pinguiculas are all what are termed 
 bog-plants. Of the Labiata, the following grow in marshes or wet 
 places Stachys palmtris, Water Ilorehound, and most of the Mints. 
 Many of the order Scrophulariacece are found only in boggy places 
 (for example, Scroph. nodosa, S. aquatica, and 8. vernalis). The two 
 former grow by river and ditch sides, and the latter usually, though 
 not always, grows in wet hedges. Both species of Pedictdaris are 
 only found in bogs, especially P. palustris. Veronica Beccabunga, V. 
 Anagallis, V. scutellata, andF. serpyllifvlia, are only found in 'water 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 77 
 
 or in marshy places. The three former are almost confined to watery 
 places, and the latter evinces a partiality for open drains by road- 
 sides and similar places. Of Boraginaceee, the marsh plants are the 
 following : both species of Symphytum, Myosotes 3, M. palustris, 
 repens, and ccespitosa. The beautiful Bog-bean (Menyanthes trifoliata) 
 is a marsh or bog-plant, Vaccinium uliginosum, and V. Oxy coccus, are 
 both found in rather boggy places, and the cross-leaved Heath (Erica 
 Tetralix) prefers boggy, peaty places, though not strictly confined to 
 such. Wahlenbergia? one of the Campanulacete, prefers wet or boggy- 
 places ; but in the higher parts of St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex, it 
 grows luxuriantly on dry friable mould. 
 
 * 1 /\f\ x" / nm* -1 j_ T _.l j. 
 
 *1()9. Composite?. The palustral plants of this large order are the 
 following : Eupatorium (Hemp Agrimony), Inula crithmoides, Puli- 
 caria vulg., Gnaphalium uliginosum, Cineraria palustris, Senecio aquat., 
 S. palud. and S. fcaracen., Carduus palus., and C. heterophyL, Sonchus 
 palustris, Hieraciwn prenanthoides, &c. 
 
 Both the common Valerians are marsh plants, also Galiumpalustre 
 and 6r. uliginosum. 
 
 110. Umbelliferce. The following genera and species of this order 
 ar"e palustral, viz. : Hydrocotyle, Bupleurum tenuissimum, Angelica, 
 Archangelica, Apium (Celery), Oenanthe, all either aquatic or palustral, 
 or both ; Peucedanum, all the species but such as are aquatic ; Myrrhis, 
 river sides (Craven district, Yorkshire). Most of the Saxifragce grow 
 in moist places, or on wet, dripping rocks ; the two common species, 
 S. granulata and S. tridactyl. are exceptions. Both species of Chry- 
 sosplenium grow in watery or marshy places. Montia fontana, 
 Isnardia, most of the species of Epilobium (all except E. angustifol. 
 and E. montan.), grow in marshy spots. Both the Lytliracece are 
 confined to the vicinity of water. The palustral species of Rosacece 
 are few, viz., Spiraea Ulmaria, Geum rivale. Sanguisorla off, prefers 
 moist meadows, but it is not confined to them ; it is found on the 
 Surrey downs. Introduced ? Comarum, JRubus Chamcemorus (Cloud- 
 berry), are palustrals. Leguminiferce have still fewer examples in 
 this section. Lotus major is usually palustral, and also Lathyrus 
 palustris. Two or three species of St. John's-wort grow by water, or 
 in watery places, viz., H. quadrangulum and H. elodes. 
 
 111. Caryophyllacecz. The following plants of this order are palus- 
 tral : LychnisFlos-cuculi, Sagina nodosa, Stellaria glauca, S. scapigera and 
 S. uliginosa. Malachium aquaticum. Several of these are often aquatic. 
 All the Droseras are marsh plants. Viola palustris and V. lactea are 
 found in marshy places ; the former always, the latter usually. 
 
 112. Cruciferce. All the species of Nasturtium, except such as 
 are aquatic. Cardamine, all except C. impatiens and (7. sylvatica. 
 Brassica napus prefers the vicinity of water. Scurvy grass (Cochlearia) 
 grows in wet or watery places, either by the sea-shore or tidal rivers, 
 or on elevated mountainous places. Meadow Rue (Thalictrum flavurn), 
 Trollius, and a few species of Ranunculus, are palustrals. About a 
 fifth of the British flowering plants belongs to this section. 
 
 113. Littoral, or Sea-shore Plants. Several of these have been 
 
 G 
 
78 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 -already noticed under the two preceding divisions of aquatic and 
 palustral plants ; and in order to give a continuous view of our mari- 
 time vegetation, it will be necessary to mention such a second time. 
 This will also occur in noticing the alpine and sub-alpine plants. 
 
 114. Filices. The following plants of this order are littoral, viz., 
 Adiantum Cap. Ven.,Asplenium marinum. Graminece, Rottboellia (Lep- 
 turus incurvatus), Hordetim maritimum, Elymus geniculatus (not found 
 of late years), E. arenarius, Triticum junceum, T. laxum, Sclerochloa 
 mar., S. distans, S. Bor., S. procumbens, S. loliacea, Corynephorus 
 canescens, Spartina (both species), Psamma, Polypogon (both species), 
 Alopecurus bulbosus, Car ex incur va, C. divisa, C. teretiuscula, C. 
 extensa, C. punctata, C. distans ; Scirpus mar., S. Savii, and S. 
 HoloschJRnus. Zosteracece, and part of Potamacece, are maritime 
 plants, viz., the Ruppias, Triglochin mar., Juncus mar., J. acutus, 
 J. baUicus, c. Asparagus of., Euphorbia portlandica, E. Par alias, 
 Hippophae rham., Polygonum mar., Atriplex rosea, A. laciniata, 
 A. litt. and A. mar., Salicornia herb, and S. radicals, Beta mar. and 
 the 3 Salsolas, Plantago mar. All the species of Statice and Armeria ; 
 Glaux mar., Steenhammera mar. Convolvulus Soldanella, Erythrtea, 
 all except E. Cen. ; Composites, Aster Trip., Inula crith., Diotismar., 
 Pyrethrum mar., Artemisia mar., Chrysocoma. Of Umbelliferce, the 
 following, viz., Eryngium mar., Bupleurum aristatum, and B. tenuiss. 
 Ligusticum, Crithmum, Peucedanum off. Oenanthe Lach., Fceniculum, 
 Daucus mar., Echinophora. Paronychiacece, Corrigiola, and Poly- 
 carpon. Of Leguminiferce, Trifolium stellatum, T. marit., Lathy r us 
 marit. Of Geraniacece, 4reranwm mar. OMalvace<2,Lavateraarb., 
 Althcea off. Of Caryophyllacece, Arenaria pep., A. mar., Sagina 
 mar., Silene mar., both species of Frankenia, Tamarix. Of Cruci- 
 ferce, the following : Sea Stock (Matthiolji^-both species), Sinapis 
 monensis, S. Cheiranthus, Koniga mar., (Jochlearfca (all the species), 
 Lepidium rud., Cakile, Crambe, Raphanus mar. Glaucium luteum 
 is also maritime. 
 
 The Littoral plants constitute about one-fifteenth of the British 
 Flora. 
 
 \l5.PascualPlants. Pascual, frompascua, pasture, denoting upland 
 pastures or grassy tracts, pastured by cattle, not generally mown 
 as meadows. The latter term differs from pasture, being usually in 
 vales, and mostly contiguous to larger or smaller streams. These 
 bottom lands may also be pastured, but they are generally mown. 
 There are many plants common to both pastures and to meadows. 
 Meadow or pratal plants may grow in pastures, probably most 
 of them do ; but there are pascual plants which never grow in meadows. 
 The following are the principal pascual plants, exclusive of such 
 as usually grow in woods, hedges, heaths, commons, or on rocks, 
 or by the margins of upland or mountain rills. The principal 
 herbage of pastures are the following Grasses : Brachypodium pin. ; 
 Lolium per. ; several Festucas, such as F. ovina, F. duriuscula, 
 Cynosurus cristatus ; many species of Poa( 1^ Triodia K&leria, 
 Avena pubescens, and A. pratensis ; about four Aires, as many 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 79 
 
 Agrostides (Bents), Sesleria, Holcus, Alopecurus, Phleum, and Antliox-. 
 anthum. The Cyperacece supply a very limited number of plants 
 to the upland grazing tracts. Carex prcecox, C. montana, and 
 Scirpus ccespitosus, are the only plants of this order that grow in 
 dry uplands ; and the latter, perhaps all the three, are ericetal rather 
 than pascual plants. Juncus squarrosus is found in all upland pas- 
 tures, except where the soil is chalky or calcareous ; but it may be 
 called an ericetal rather than a pascual plant. Luzula campestris is a 
 common plant in all pastures. The pasture on limestone hills in the 
 north would be covered with Allium oleraceum, were it not closely 
 eaten by the sheep. A. schcenoprasum abounds in such pastures. 
 Scilla autumnalis is also a pascual plant. With some exceptions all 
 the species of Orchidacece grow in pastures, viz., O. mascula, O./usca, 
 O. militaris^ and O. tephrosanthos, O. maculata, O.pyramidalis, O. hir- 
 cina. Gymnadenia, Habenaria, Aceras, Herminium, Ophrys, Spiran- 
 thes, &c., are also pascual. It is by no means to be inferred that all 
 these orchidaceous plants are confined to open pastures. Most of them 
 (in the south of England) prefer old chalk quarries, pits, banks about 
 fields, woods, and similar places. Tliesium is pascual ; so are Rumex 
 pulcher, R. obtusifolius, R acetosa, and R. Acetosella. Plantago media 
 and P. lanceolata prefer pastures. The Cowslip is rather a meadow 
 than a pasture plant ; but it grows sometimes in the latter. Thyme 
 and Marjoram are pascual ; the Calaminthas rather prefer dry, bushy, 
 banky places ; but some of them are found in pastures. Veronica 
 officinalis, and occasionally V. Chamcedrys grow on the upland turf, 
 though the latter generally prefers banks in the lower grounds. The 
 Eye bright (Euphrasia) is almost the only other plant of this order to 
 be found in pastures. The following Boraginece are pascual. Litho- 
 spermum off., Myosotis collina, and M. versicolor. The elegant and rare 
 Polemonium (Jacob's ladder) adorns the limestone hills of Derbyshire 
 and Yorkshire. Centaury (Erythreea Cen.) grows in moist places in 
 upland pastures ; also Gentiana verna, G. campestris, and G. amarella ; 
 also Rampions (Phyteuma), and Sheep's Scabious ( Jasione), Campanula 
 rotundifolia, and C. glomerata. Of Composites, the following ; Leontodon 
 (3 Species), Hypochceris rad,, Crepis virens. Many Hieracia, Cardui 
 (Thistles), Cineraria, Erigeron, Solidago, Bellis (Daisy), Senecio, 
 Achillea, Scabiosal Columbaria, Asperulal Cynanchica, Galium (several 
 species). Many umbelliferous species 'and genera, as Daucus car. 
 Heracleum, Meum atham., Libanotis, PimpineUa sax., Carum, Bunium, 
 Trinia, Saxifraga gran., Sedum villosum, Epilobium montanum, Poten- 
 tilla argentea, P. verna, P. alpestris, Alchemilla vulg., Poterium 
 sang., Spircea Filipen. Leguminiferce, the following: Genista tine. 
 Ononis, Medicago, Trifolium (many species), Lotus, Anthyllis, Oxy- 
 tropis, Vicia, Lathy rus, Hippocrepis, Onobrychis, Ornithopus, Linum 
 (all the species except L. usitatissimum], Geranium sylvaticum, G.pra- 
 tense, G. pyrenaicum, G. sanguineum, Hypericum humifusum, Ceras- 
 tium (nearly all the species), Dianthus delt., and D. ccesius, Silene 
 inflata, Sagina f Arenaria, Poly gala vulg., Viola hirta, V. sylvat., V. 
 lutea, Helianthcmum (all the species). Scarcely any cruciferous plants 
 
80 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 are pascual. Actcea, Trollius, Ranunculus (several species), Anemone 
 Pulsatilla, Thalictrum minus, &c. By a rough calculation the pascual 
 plants comprise nearly one-seventh of the British flowering 1 species. 
 
 116. Sylvestral plants. These grow chiefly in woods; but some 
 of them also in hedges, and more in hushy places. Several of them 
 have been already noticed as marsh or pasture plants. Equisetum 
 sylv., E. hyemale, JE. Telmateia, &c. FILICES Pteris aquil., Aihyrium, 
 Nephrodium Filix-mas., &c.,Polystichum aculeatum> Cistopterisfragilis, 
 Polypodium, GRAMINE^E Hordeum sylvat., Brachypod. sylv., Bromus 
 asper., B. giganteus, Festuca sylv., Poa nemoralis, &c., Melica (both 
 species), Aira ccesp., Arundo Epigejos ? Milfium. Of OYP^IACE^;, &c. , 
 Scirpus sylvat., Carex depauperata, C. sylvat., C. strigosa, C. pendula, 
 C. Pseudo-cyperus, C. digitata, &c. Luzula sylv., L. pilosa and L. 
 Forsteri, Agr aphis nutans (Blue Bell), Attium ursinum, A. scorodo- 
 prasum, TuUpa sylvestris, Lilium Martagon. Convallaria (all the 
 species), Maianthemum, Ruscus, Iris fatidfa Epipactis, Cephalan- 
 thera, Corallorhiza, Neottia, Listera ovata, Goodyera, Habenaria, 
 Orchis, many species, and most of the Ophrydes, Paris, and Tamus, 
 
 Most arboreous plants are sylvestral, except the cultivated Osiers, 
 fruit trees, and a few trees about homesteads, such as the Sycamore ; 
 also Euphorbia stricta, E. amygdaloides, E. Lathyris, &c., Mercuria- 
 lis per., Daphne (both species), Primula vulg., P. elatior, Lysimachia 
 nemorum, Trientalis. Of LABIAT^E, Calamintha sylv., C. Clinopod., C. 
 Nepeta, Melittis Melissophyllum, Galeopsis Tetrahit., Stachys Betonica, 
 S. sylvatica, Teucrium Scorodonia, Ajuga reptans. Of SCROPHULARI- 
 ACE^E, &c., Foxglove, Fig wort, Melampy rum (all the species, except M. 
 arvense), Veronica mon., V. of.; also Lathrcea, Pulmonaria (both species), 
 Lithospermumpurpureo-cceruleum, Myosotis sylv., M. arvensis or inter- 
 media, Erythrcea Cent., Vinca (both species), Ligustrum, Pyrola (all the 
 species), Bilberry, Monotropa, Campanula (all the species except C. glo- 
 merataaxid. C.patula], Wahleribergia,Phyteumaspicat. Of COMPOSITE, 
 Solidago, Inula Conyza., AchilleaPtarmica, Gnaphalium sylv. , Centaurea 
 niara, Carduus tuber., and C. heterophyl., Serratula tinct., Crepis 
 succisscefol., C. paludosa, Hieracium (many species). CAPRIFOLIACE^E 
 and LORANTHACE^: (almost all the species) ; also Rubia per., Asperula 
 odor. Of UMBELLIFER^E, Wood Sanicle, Wild Angelica, Cow Parsnep, 
 Anthriscus sylv., Chcerophyllum temulum, Buniumjlex. Of GROSSU- 
 LACE^;, most of the species grow in elevated woody places ; also Circcea 
 (both species), Epilobium angustifol., Prunus, Pyrus, Rubus,Rosa, &c., 
 Fragaria (both species), Geum, Euonymus, Rhamnus. Of LEGUMINI- 
 FER^E, &c., Astragalus hypoglot., A. Glycyphyllos, Vicia sylv., V. Orobus, 
 Lathyriis sylv., L. latifol., Orobus tuber os., O. niger ; also Oxalis 
 Acetosel., Geranium pratense, G.sylvaticum, G. Phceum, G. nodosum? 
 Hypericum hirsutum, H. Androscemum, H. calycinum. Of CARYO- 
 PHYLLACE^:, Melandrium diurnum, Arenaria trinervis, Stellaria 
 nemorum, S. Holostea, S. graminea. Several Violets grow in woods or 
 woody places. Of CRUCIFERJE, Dentaria, Cardamine amara (only in 
 boggy parts), C. sylvatica. RANUNCULACEJE, Helleborus vir., H, foetid. 
 Eranthis hyem., Trollius, Aquilegia vulg. ; also Ranuculus auric., 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 81 
 
 Ficaria, &c. Above one-fifth, of the British species are woodland 
 plants. 
 
 117. Septal and Dumetal plants, or such as grow in hedges on 
 bushy open places, are not numerous, most of them being also found 
 in woods. 
 
 118. Several of the Horse-tails and Ferns grow under hedges; 
 most of the species of both these orders growing in woods will also be 
 found about hedges. N. Filix-mas., A. Filix-fo3mina, Polystichum, 
 Scolopendrium, Asplenium, Adiantum nig. and A. lanceolatum, Pteris 
 aquilina, Polypodium vulgare. Of GRAMINE^E, Triticum can. and T. 
 repens, Br achy pod. slyv., Bromus asper and H. sterilis, Festuca 
 gigantea, ArrhenatTierum avenaceum. Of CYPERACE^E, Carex remota, 
 C. axillaris, C. muricata, C. divulsa, C. vulpina, C. pendula, C. Pseudo- 
 cyperus, and Arum maculatum. 
 
 119. Many of the Orchids grow on banks, near hedges, such as 
 Ophrys mus. , O. apifera, Orchis militaris, O tephrosanthos, &c. Many 
 or most of the arboreous and shrubby plants grow in hedges as well 
 as in woods. The Primrose and Cowslip are common under hedges 
 in many localities. The following are generally septal plants, viz., 
 Cynoglossum (both species), Anchusa sempervirens, Calamintha jhepeta, 
 C. off. and C. Clinopodium, Ballota nigra, Leonurus Card., iSlachys 
 sylvatica. Of SCROPHULARIACEJE, the following are septals : Verbas- 
 cum TJiapsus, V. Lychnitis, V. nigrum, &c., Veronica Chamcedrys, 
 Scrophularia nodosa, &c,, Digitalis, Linaria vulg. Of SOLANACE^E, &c., 
 Hyoscyamus, Solanum dulc., Atropa, Convolvulus sepium, Vinca maj., 
 V. minor r Campanula Track., C. latifoL, &c. Of COMPOSITE, Helminthia 
 echioid., Pulicaria dysenterica, Senecio sylv., Eupatorium, Lactuca 
 virosa, Hieracium boreale, &c. Of RUBIACE^:, &c., Galium cruciatum, 
 G.Mollugo, G. Aparine, Valerianaoff,, Dijjsacus sylv., D.pilosus. Of 
 UMBEL LIFERS, Conium, Sison fimomum, JEgopodium, Pimpinella 
 magna, Angelica sylv., Pastinaca., Ileracleum, Torilisjmthriscus, An- 
 thriscus sylves., Chcerophyllum temulentum. All of the orders CAPRIFO- 
 LIACE^, CoRNACE^E, ARALIACEJE, GROSSULACE^, BERBERACE^ ; also 
 Bryonia dioica. Of ROSACE^E, Rosa, Rubus, Prunus, Geum urbanum, 
 Potentilla reptans,P.fragariastrum. Of LEGUMINIFER.E, Vicia Cracca, 
 V. sepium, Lathyrus sylvestris ; also Geranium robertianum, G. lucidum, 
 G. rotundifolium, Malva moschata. Of CARYOPHYLLACE^E, Saponaria 
 off., Cucubalus baccifer, Melandrium diurnum, Arenaria trinervis, 
 Stellaria Holostea ; also Viola canina f sylvatica f Clematis Vitalba, &c. 
 
 120. Dumetal plants, viz., such as commonly grow in bushy, 
 open, dry places, are the following: Several Filices, Graminece, and 
 Cyperacece, already noticed, as growing in woods ; some Orchids, as 
 Habenaria bifoliaf Orchis maculata, &c. ; Plantago ^oronopus, Litho- 
 spermum off., Stachys Betonica, Orobanche elatior, &c., Veronica off., 
 Campanula rotundifol, Anthemis nobilis, Filago ger., F. minima 
 Carduus acaulis, Carlinavulg., Hieracium Pilosel., Leontodon autum., 
 Pimpinella kaxif. Many Brambles and Roses, and Leguminous 
 plants, Hypebicum per for at., H. elegans, &c., Helianthemum vulg., 
 Poly gala vulg., Viola sylv.. &c. 
 
82 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 121. Ericetal Plants are those that grow on peaty soil, either dry 
 or moist. The great body of these has been noticed already as 
 marsh plants. The number of species growing on dry heaths is very 
 small, but the individual plants are very numerous. They are mostly 
 gregarious, and exclude almost every other plant from the situations 
 where they grow. 
 
 122. Common Ling (Calluna) occupies immense tracts of elevated 
 land, where the soil is more or less composed of grit or sand, covered 
 slightly, and sometimes deeply, with peat. Here the Ling predomi- 
 nates, mixed in the northern parts of the island with the Crowberry 
 shrub, Cloudberry, &c., and with the other two common heaths, 
 Erica cinerea and E. Tetralix, with here and there tufts of Mat-grass 
 (Nardus) and Mellic-grass interspersed. A straggling Tormentil, a 
 Milkwort, Petty whin, Genista angliea, and a few Sedges, are 
 the only plants that modify the melancholy aspect of these wide 
 desolate moors, hills, or mountains. Most of the other cricetal 
 plants have been already noticed as palustral plants ; there are, 
 however, several which are only found on boggy heaths, viz. Carex 
 dioica, C. pulicaris, C. stellulata, C. limosa, C. pilulifera, &c. ; also 
 the Bog Orchises, Sweet Gale, Pinguicula, and Utricularia, Wild 
 Rosemary (Andromeda) Bog Whortleberry, Cranberry, &c. The 
 Droseras and some Saxifrages are also denizens of heathy, peaty 
 bogs. 
 
 123. The agrarial and viatical plants grow only in cultivated 
 fields, or by road sides, or in lanes by homesteads, or on rubbish and 
 manure. They are mostly, but not all, annual ; and though many of 
 them can and do commonly grow in any of these habitats indif- 
 ferently, several of them are found only in their peculiar situations. 
 
 124. Agrarial plants are not all annual; for example, Equisetum 
 arvense, a common pest in poor moist land, is perennial, and creeps 
 widely by its roots or underground stems. Of Grasses, many grow in 
 tilled ground, and are very injurious ; for example, Couch of various 
 kinds. Triticum and Holcus, (for these grasses become couch or creep- 
 ing-rooted grass in light soils), Hordeum marit., Lolium temulentum, 
 Bromus (several species), Poa annua, Avena (several species), A rrhena- 
 therum, Holcus, Apera, Alopecurus agrestis(one of the worst weeds in 
 Essex), Phleum, Phalaris, Setaria, &c. The CYFERACEJE, JUNCACEJE, 
 and other marsh plants, are not troublesome in tilled ground. Drainage 
 and breaking the surface speedily destroy them. 
 
 125. Allium vineale is a bad weed in fields, and Epipactis lati- 
 folia, though comparatively a rare plant, abounds in some corn fields 
 
 "in the South of England. One of the Nettles (U. urens) is common 
 in fields ; the only other common one is equally abundant about their 
 fences. The annual Spurges are all more or less common in fields, 
 and in some places the annual Mercury. About eight species of the 
 genus Polygonum are agrarial, besides P. amphibium, which is rather 
 too common in fields contiguous to water where it grows. Fields are 
 infested with several species of Dock, which are almost all perennial. 
 The next order, CHENOPODIACEVE, is purely agrarial, and all the 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 83 
 
 plants are annual with but few exceptions, and all are weeds with 
 the exception of the salt-marsh plants ; and some of them, as Sea- 
 beet, become weeds in the adjoining fields. Anagallis arvensis is the 
 sole weed of its order. LABIATE form a great proportion of our 
 troublesome field and garden weeds, both perennials and annuals ; 
 for example, Corn Mint (Mentha arvensis), Wild Basil (Calamintha 
 Acinos), Ground Ivy. All the common species of Lamium seed freely, 
 and are always in flower; and, excepting L. album, they are all 
 weeds. The genus Galeopsis is a genus of field weeds exclusively ; 
 also part of Stachys and Ajuga. The order SCROPHULARIACE^E is 
 abundant in weeds; for example, Antirrhinum Orontium, Jjinaria, 
 Elatine, L. spuria, L. minor, besides L. vulgaris, L. repens (two 
 perennials), Melampyrum arvense (rare), Rhinanthus major, Bartsia 
 Odon ; and seven Veronicas. The curious Orobanches are in many 
 instances weeds ; O. minor is a very common one ; most of them are 
 very rare. Solanum nigrum is a common w r eed ; Datura Stramonium 
 is too rare to be considered as an intruder. Lycopsis, JSchium, 
 Lithospermum arvense, and Myosotis (one or two species), are all the 
 weeds belonging to the order Boraginacece. Convolvulus arvensis is 
 a weed most difficult of extirpation ; its roots are exceedingly long, 
 and easily broken in pulling them out of the ground. Specularia is 
 not very common, nor very troublesome where it grows. 
 
 The large order COMPOSITE supplies a large proportion of our 
 weeds, both annual and perennial. Tussilago Petasites is not 
 very troublesome ; it keeps near the water. Erigeron canadensis, not 
 noticed as found in Britain by our earlier botanists, has overrun a 
 great extent of arable land in different parts, especially near large 
 towns. Anthemis arvensis, and A. Cotula, Chrysanthemum, segetum, 
 Pyrethrum, three species. The Filagos are all weeds, and so is the 
 whole genus Senecio, with two or three exceptions. Centaurea 
 infests both the field and meadow, and the Thistles are too 
 well known for their noxious properties. Lapsana, Cichorium, 
 Hypochceris, Leontodon, Crepis and Sonchus, contribute hosts of 
 plagues to the agriculturist. Helminthia echioides is a frequent weed 
 on stiff, clayey banks. 
 
 126. Knautia arv., and all the Fedias, are weeds ; but they are 
 not serious impediments to agriculture. Two or three of the Galiums 
 grow in corn-fields, viz. G. Aparine, G. tricorne, and G. anglicum ; 
 but they are rare in most places, except the first-mentioned, which is 
 chiefly found in hedges. Sherardia arvensis is another harmless weed. 
 UMBELLIFER^E. Many entire genera of this order are field 
 weeds, viz. Petroselinum segetum, which is only found on the chalk 
 marl, and sometimes disappears for years. JEgopodium is a creeping- 
 rooted plant very difficult to extirpate ; it grows only near home- 
 steads, about gardens, rich fields, &c. Buniumjlex. is so abundant in 
 light soils that they are quite white with its flowers in the month of 
 June ; Bupleurum rotundifol. only in cretaceous or calcareous soils. 
 JEthusa is frequent in fields and gardens. Daucus is a bad weed on 
 chalky uplands. Caucalis is a weed in chalky fields, and Torilis 
 
84 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 infesta and nodosa in almost all soils. Scandix and Anthriscus vul- 
 tjaris are not very troublesome weeds. Coriander is rarely found. 
 Scleranthus an. and S. perennis are the only common weeds of their 
 order, and the latter is found but sparingly. Potentitta anserina and 
 Akhemella arv. are the only weeds of the Rosaceous order. The 
 Leguminous order supplies our fields with a few plants usually 
 accounted weeds, but they are not very noxious, viz. Ononis, Vicia 
 hirsuta and V. tetrasperma. Vicia sepium is not generally accounted 
 a weed, and the meadow Vetchling (Lathyrus prat.} is part of the 
 herbage, as are also the common Medicks and Trefoils. Viola 
 arvensis, or tricolor, is a weed in most fields and gardens. The 
 whole of the Geraniacese are weeds, excepting the perennials, such as 
 Ger. sylvat. and G. pratensis. The graziers of the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire consider the former a weed. It is as common in their upland 
 meadows and pastures as the great white Ox-eye Daisy is in the 
 meadows of Middlesex. Erodium mosch. may also be excepted. 
 Oxalis stricta is indeed a weed, but very sparingly distributed. In 
 the order CARYOPHYLLACE^; the weeds are numerous. Most of the 
 annual Silenes are of this class ; but they are far from common. 8. 
 anglica is plentiful in light sandy fields in Surrey, and S. noctiftora 
 in the Eastern Midland Counties. Corn Cockle, Lychnis Githago, 
 found its way to Scotland among seed- wheat, and reached the northern 
 
 Earts, only within the last forty years. L. vespertina is common on 
 ummer fallows. Spergula is a bad weed on poor sandy ground. Are- 
 naria tenuifolia grows on chalky soil ; Stellaria media (common Chick- 
 weed) everywhere ; also the common Cerastia. CRUCIFER^E abound in 
 weeds, and, though annual, hard to be extirpated; for example, 
 Common Charlock (Sinapis arv.) and the other Mustards, though not 
 so common as this species, are abundant in many places. Flixweed 
 (Sisymbrium Sophia) is too scarce to be troublesome. This may be 
 said of Treacle Mustard (E. cheiranthoides), Thlaspi arvense and Iberis 
 amara; but in dry, gravelly places, Lepidium campestre is a trouble- 
 some weed. Raphanus (.Radish), and Swims' Cress are not very 
 abundant in fields, and the Shepherd's Purse is mostly confined to 
 road sides, walls, rubbish heaps, and waste places. Isatis tinctoria is 
 barely a weed in some fields. Nasturtium sylvestre, Sisymbr. off., S. 
 Irio are annual weeds ; the two former confined to roadsides, rubbish, 
 &c.; the latter is very rare. The FUMARIACE^E are all weeds, with 
 the exception of the species of Corydalis (suspected aliens). 
 
 With the exception of Celandine (Chelidonium), Yellow-horned 
 Poppy (Glaucium), Welsh Poppy (Meconopsis cam.), all the Poppies 
 are weeds ; one or two of them very common. In some parts of 
 England (Kent, Cambridgeshire, &c.) Larkspur and Pheasant's Eye 
 are abundant in corn fields. Myosurus minima is a very local weed, 
 and the Ranunculi are weeds everywhere ; the annual sorts in corn 
 fields, the perennials in meadows and pastures. The aquatic and 
 palustral species are the only exceptions. The exact number of 
 annuals, or of plants so called, is 298 or 300 in round numbers, about 
 one-fifth of the number of British species. The Biennials, or plants so 
 
 L 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 85 
 
 called, are above 50 and under 60. The number of annuals that grow 
 in tilled ground, or on rubbish, and in waste places, is 198. The rest 
 of the annuals grow either on the sea shore, or on heaths or commons, 
 or by roadsides, or on walls, rocks, &c., and are in no way injurious 
 to agriculture. About 15 of the reputed biennials are weeds which grow 
 among crops, and are more or less injurious to them. Of perennials 
 there are about 40 injurious to agricultural operations, or to grazing 
 and meadow lands. Consequently, between 240 and 250 plants are 
 to be considered as weeds. 
 
 127. Viatical plants are such as grow near human habitations, 
 and many of them seem to accompany man in all his migrations. 
 When a clearing in a forest has been made, or even when a portion 
 of a common has been enclosed and a homestead erected, multitudes 
 of these Viatical or domestical plants spring up everywhere in the 
 vicinity. Numerous Grasses, besides the Annual Poa, which is 
 generally diffused, such as Bromus sterilis, Triticum repens, Festuca 
 gigantea, &c. Polygonum and Rumex abound in such localities, espe- 
 cially P. lapathifol., P. Persicaria, P. Aviculare, &c., Rumex obtusifol., 
 R. Acetosella, and the like. Chenopods also appear, especially C. 
 album and Atriplex patula. Chenopod. Bonus Hen., is rarely found 
 but in waste places near farm-yards. Several plants have the brand 
 of alienism marked upon them ; in some cases certainly for no other 
 reason but because they associate with man, and find in his vicinity 
 the medium necessary for their existence. Borago officinalis is never 
 found but in a highly nitrogenised soil. This plant occupies the same 
 situations on the continent as it does here. In France it is recorded 
 as " cultive dans les jardins ; frequemment subspontane dans le 
 voisinage des habitations." In Germany, " In hortis colitur, ibique 
 et in ruderatis atque hortorum rejectamentis quasi sponte provenit." 
 Plantago major is also a viatical plant, which appears to thrive better 
 for being constantly trodden upon. The Lamiums, Ground Ivy, 
 HoreJiound, both black and white, and Vervain, are principally or 
 entirely viatical. Carduus tenuiflorus, also Onopordum Acanthium 
 and Silybum marianum are confined to places near towns, villages, 
 dwellings, &c., and they grow in similar localities on the continent. 
 Pyrethrum Parthenium (a suspected alien), JEgopodium Podagraria, 
 Malva rotundifolia, M. sylvestris, Cerastium triviale, and C. glome- 
 ratum, Stellaria media, Capsella, Coronopus Ruellii, Chelidonium 
 major, Meconopsis cam., Ranunculus repens. 
 
 128. Rupestral plants are divisible into two groups, viz. such as 
 grow on rocks of but little elevation above the level of the sea, and 
 such as grow on mountainous or alpine rocks. The following are the 
 most important rupestral plants of the first group : Hymenophyllum 
 T&nbridgense, Adiantum Cap. Ven., Cystopteris frag. All the species 
 of^4 splenium, except A. Septentrionale, A. germamcuma,nd.A.viride. 
 ( Ceterach off.}, grows on walls near the sea, and also on mountainous 
 rocks. Inula crithmoides, Crithmum mar it., Chrysocoma Linosyris, 
 Sea stock (both species), Arabis stricta,A. hirsuta, A. ciliata, Brassica 
 Oleracea, Raphanus mar it., Cakile, Crambe (also on the shore), 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Hutchinsia, Silene nutans, Lych. vise. ? With these may be united 
 mural plants, such as grow on walls; the following are the chief: 
 Dianthus plum., I). Caryoph., D. ccesius? Spergula sub., Arenaria 
 serpyll., Cerastium triviale, Antirrhinum majus, Linaria purpurea, 
 Echium vulgare, Sedum acre, S. alburn^ S. dasyphyllum, S. acre, S. 
 rupestre, Cotyledon jimbil. 
 
 129. The following species are Alpine or Sub-alpine rupestrals, viz. 
 Hymenophyllum Wilsoni, Asplenium vir., A. sept, and A. germa- 
 nicum, Ceterach off., Polystichum Lonchitis, Cystopteris frag, and 
 varieties ; Allosorus crispus, sometimes on rocks. The orders COM- 
 POSITE, SAXIFRAGACE^;, HOSACEE, CARYOPHYLLACE^E, CRUCI- 
 FER^E, and RANUNCULACEE, contribute the greatest portion of the 
 rupestral plants, viz. Erigeron alpinus, Gnaphalium sup., Saus- 
 surea alp., Hieracium (numerous species.) Saxifraga stellaris, S. 
 hypnoides, S. oppositifol., S- nivalis, S. hirta, &c., Sedum For- 
 sterianum, S. Hhodiola, Potentilla r&pestris, P. tridentata, Silene 
 acaulis, Arenaria fasti., Lychnis' alp., &c., Arabis petraa, 
 Drdba rupestris, D. incana, D. muralis, Cochlearfta off., &c., 
 Ranunculus alpestris, Tlmlictrum minus. The alpine rock-plants 
 may be roughly estimated at 80. Several plants that usually 
 grow on the sea-shore are found among alpine rupestral plants .or 
 alpine plants generally ; for example : Planiago maritima, Armeria 
 mar., Cochlear^aoff., audits varieties, Silene nutans, &c. In addition 
 to these plants that are only littoral and alpestral, or semi-alpestral, 
 there are a great many found on or near the coast level, which are 
 found from the coast line as far as 3000 feet, or higher. Orchis 
 mascula ascends to about 1600 feet, Habenaria albida reaches the 
 altitude of 1800 feet, //. viridfe 2550, and Orchis maculata 3000 
 feet. Rumex acetosa ascends 10 the alpine elevation of 4000 feet. 
 These and many other plants are capable of growing at any eleva- 
 tion, even under the perpetual snow-line, provided they find soil and 
 situation suitable; or, in other terms, exist in a mean annual tem- 
 perature varying from 51 to 44. Their horizontal range may be 
 equally well described by the temperature which they are capable of 
 bearing, which is from 51 or 52 to 45 or 44 Fahr. Although, as has 
 been already stated, the flowering of plants and maturation of seeds 
 depend more on the average temperature of the spring and summer 
 months than on the annual temperature. 
 
 HORIZONTAL AREA AND ALTITUDINAL RANGE OF THE 
 BRITISH PLANTS. 
 
 IT has been already stated, and fully illustrated, that all plants, spon- 
 taneously growing in any extensive tract, territory, or country, are 
 not found in every part of such country or tract. Some are confined 
 to rocky places, either alpine, campestral, or littoral ; some grow only 
 in woods or hedges, some in boggy and watery places, some in pas- 
 tures, and some in fields. There are some plants that are not limited 
 to particular habitats, but appear to grow in all sorts of localities, 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 87 
 
 with little decided preference for any particular one. These consti- 
 tute but a very small proportion of the plants of any country or 
 district. There are others which are common in some one, or in 
 several, of the habitats which every extensive tract possesses. Those 
 plants, such as Poa annua, Stellaria Holostea, and a few others which 
 do not manifest any very decided preference for moist or dry, shady 
 or exposed situations, and such other common plants as are usually 
 found in every district, though manifesting preferences for peculiar 
 habitats, and being also common in all districts of large tracts or 
 kingdoms, are, on a rough estimate, about one-third of the plants 
 growing spontaneously in such large tract or kingdom. Estimating 
 the number of the phsenogamous species of plants in Britain at bet ween 
 1400 and 1500, about one-third, or between 400 and 500, will be 
 commonly found in any county, parish, or smaller area, if the neces- 
 sary conditions of moistness, dryness, shade, soil, &c., be present. * It 
 is to be borne in mind that the plants here stated to be universally 
 present over a whole country, and in every part of it, are the very 
 common plants. Every district, whether of great or small extent, if 
 the necessary conditions above stated be present, produces many 
 plants that are not common, but rather rare, or very rare, both in 
 the district and in the whole tract of country, the natural vegeta- 
 tion of which is under consideration. Again, some districts produce 
 plants peculiar to a few districts ; others produce plants limited to 
 one district. The different aspect of the vegetation in two contermi- 
 nous districts, whether counties or provinces, is unnoticed except by 
 those observant of nature ; but the difference in the appearance of 
 the general vegetation in the south of England and in the north of 
 Scotland cannot fail to strike even those who are least observant of 
 nature's aspects. Only about one-third of the naturally-growing 
 British plants are common both to the south of England, the north of 
 Scotland, and to all the intermediate provinces, counties, or parishes 
 where the necessary conditions of moisture, soil, shelter, &c., are 
 present. The latitude of the extreme south of England is about 50 
 N., and the mean annual temperature is about 51 Fahr. The latitude 
 of the extreme north of Scotland is between 59 and 60, and including 
 the isles, 61, and the mean annual temperature is about 45 Fahr. 
 The difference of latitude between the extreme points is 11, and 
 the difference or range of temperature 6. 
 
 This difference in latitude and temperature, though not very 
 considerable, has, in connexion with local circumstances, a con- 
 siderable influence on the vegetable productions of both the northern 
 and southern extremities. It has been stated that plants do not grow 
 indifferently in all situations, soils, or habitats, though the whole 
 surface of the ground is covered either with a few plants repeated, as 
 Grasses and Heaths, or with a considerable variety of different sorts ; 
 yet the same plants are not found equally abundant in all situations 
 or habitats, even in districts of limited extent. Temperature or lati- 
 tude, though not so influential on the distribution of plants as 
 soil, moisture, shade, and exposure, yet it affects the dissemination 
 
88 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and increase or permanency of plants. The horizontal area of plants 
 will be extensive or otherwise in proportion to the alternations of 
 temperature which the species can endure. It should also be con- 
 sidered that the range of mean annual temperature is far less import- 
 ant in promoting the spread and permanency of plants than the 
 monthly averages of temperature are. The average temperature of 
 the spring and summer mouths (i. e. from February to July inclusive), 
 in the southern counties of England, is 56 3 -57Fahr., while that of the 
 counties in the north of Scotland, during the same season is presumed 
 to be 50-5l.* This difference affects the range of plants more than 
 any other agent, except those above stated, viz., soil, aspect, shade, 
 moisture, &c. It will be subsequently shown, that some plants which 
 grow in the southern counties, and on the shores of the English 
 Channel, do not extend further north than 52 ; others fail at 54, 56, 
 58, and so on. 
 
 The southern shores and counties of England produce about 
 twice as many distinct species as are to be found in the northern 
 counties and on the northern shores of Scotland. And the species 
 common to both the extreme north and extreme south of the island 
 are, as above stated, about one-third of its whole spontaneous growth. 
 In the larger orders, this proportion, viz., one-third, will be generally 
 the proportion of species present belonging to the orders found in the 
 south and in the north, and in all intermediate provinces or counties 
 limited as above mentioned. The Filices and their allies, common to 
 both the south and north of the British isles, are the following : 
 Poly podium mdgare, Nephrodium Filix-mas., N. Oreopteris, N. dila- 
 tatum, Athyrium Filix-fcem., Asplenium Trichomanes, A. Adiantum 
 nigrum, A. Ruta muraria, Pteris aquilina, Blechnum boreale, Scolo- 
 pendrium vulgare, Lycopodium Selago, L. clavatum, Equisetum Tel- 
 mateia, E. arvense, E. palustre, E. limosum, E. sylvaticum. These 
 species are the most widely distributed, i. e. occupy the greatest 
 horizontal area, and are the most common plants of the order to 
 which they belong. They form about one third of the Filices and 
 allied groups. About one third of the Graminete (Grasses) are 
 generally distributed over the whole area of Great Britain, and are 
 also the most common plants of their order. The. following are 
 examples, viz. : Anthoxanthum odoratum, Alopecurus pratensis, 
 Phleum pratense, Agrostis vulgaris, Air a ccespitosa, Holcus lanatus> 
 H. mollis, Poo, annua, P. pratensis, P. trivialis, Dactylis glomerata, 
 Cynosurus cristatus, Festuca ovina, &c. ; JSromus mollis, Triticum 
 repens, Lolium perenne, &c. Of all the Grasses, these species have 
 the most extensive geographical area, not only in the British isles, 
 but they are also most extensively distributed over the whole con- 
 tinent of Europe. 
 
 The number of British grasses is about 130, or, including the 
 doubtful species, about 140. The number of very common, and mostly 
 
 * These observations, though carried on for many years, give, as above stated, too 
 high a result, i. e. the mean temperature of the day only being observed, it is probable 
 that the average is too high. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 89 
 
 widely-distributed grasses is about 45, or nearly one-third of the 
 whole. The British Cyperacece amount to about 90 ; and the most 
 extensively distributed and most common species amount to about 30. 
 The number of British Orchids is 40; and about 10 of them are 
 pretty generally distributed, and rather common. In this order the 
 average number of common and widely spread species falls below the 
 general average ; but it is the only one of all the large.-orders in which 
 this is the case. Orchis mascula, O. maculata, O. latifolia, Gymnadenia 
 conopsea, Listera ovata, and Epipactis latifolia ? are examples of the 
 widely distributed species. In Polygonacece the number of very 
 common and widely distributed species is above the average, being 
 rather more than one-half of the whole. In Boraginacece, the number 
 of the common species is just one- third of the whole, viz., 8 of the 
 former to 24, the number of British species in the order. These 
 8 occupy the greatest horizontal area, and comprise by far the largest 
 amount of the individual plants. In Labiates and Scrophulariacece, 
 the number of very common species is rather more than one-third of 
 the whole number in the two orders respectively. In Composites, the 
 number of very common and extensively distributed plants is rather 
 under the average : the proportion is 46:140. This is the case in 
 Umbelliferce, the ratio being 19:62. In Hosacece the ratio is above, 
 and in Cruciferce it is below the average. In the three remaining 
 large orders, viz., Leguminiferce, Caryophyllacece, and Ranunculacece, 
 the average of one-third is maintained. 
 
 These very common species, or about one-third of the British 
 
 Elants, are found in the south of England, and extend from lat. 50 to 
 it. 59 or 60. There are several which have a less extensive range, 
 viz., are found on the south, but do not reach quite so far as the 60 
 N. lat. The following is a list of grasses which are abundant in the 
 south of England, but do not reach so far north as 60 61, but 
 which generally fail between 58 and 60, viz. : Mifium effusum, 
 Avena pratensis, A. flavescens, Koeleria cristata, Melica uniflora, 
 M. nutans, Glyceria aquatica, Poa nemoralis, Festuca bromoides, 
 Bromus secalinus, B. commutatus, Triticum caninum, Lolium temu- 
 lentum. These 13 species are nowhere quite so general as the 45 
 species which are common to both the southern and northern shores. 
 The next list contains the Grasses, which, though not common, are 
 found in the south of England more or less abundantly in places, and 
 reach to the latitude of 56 57 : 
 
 Phalaris Cgnariensis, Arundo calamag., Phleum arenarium, Alope- 
 curus bulb, and A. agrestis, A. Spica ven., Avena fatua, Sclerochloa 
 distans, S. Boreri, S. procumbens, S. rigida, Poa compressa, Festuca 
 sylvat., F. gigant., Bromus asper, Bt-stomliG) B. erectus, Brachypod. 
 pin., Hordeum mar., II. pratense, H. sylvat., H. maritimum, Lepturus 
 incurvatus. These species are all rare in the northern part of the 
 island, i. e. on the northern side of the Tweed. 
 
 The following reach only as far as lat. 54, viz., Spartina stricta, 
 S. alternifol., ? Digitaria humifusa, D. sanguinalis, Setaria viridis, S. 
 glauca, S. verticillata, Phleum asperum, P. Boehmeri, Alopecurus 
 
90 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 fulvus,Gastridiumlendigerum,Polypogonmonspel., P. littoralis, Apera 
 interrupta, Arundo stricta? Air a canescens, Poa bulbosa, Festuca 
 unigl., F. Pseudo Myurus. The following are confined within two 
 degrees, viz., 50 52. Leersia oryzoides, Cynodon Dactylon, Knappia 
 agrostidea, Agrostis setacea, Briza minor, Bromus madritensis. 
 
 The number of grasses growing wild in the south of England is 107, 
 viz., 45, which are distributed universally from south to north, and 62 
 which fail before reaching the extreme north. The following grasses 
 are found between the extreme south and north of the island, neither 
 reaching so high as 60, nor approaching near lat. 50, where the 
 altitudes are inconsiderable, viz., Poa alpina, P. ccesia, P. minor, P. 
 laxa, P. Balfourii, Plileum alp., Aira alp., Sesleria co3r.,Avena strigosa, 
 If the other large orders, viz., Cyperacece, Composites, Umbelliferce, 
 Leguminiferce, Cruciferce, &c., were traced over their latitudinal area or 
 distribution, similar results would be obtained, i. e. a certain proportion 
 of each order would be found to disappear before reaching the extreme 
 northern shores. As in the Graminece, so in these orders there are in 
 each a few plants which, like Carex rigida, Erigeron alpinus, Meum 
 athamaticum, Astragalus alpinus, and Draba rupestris, are found on 
 lofty mountains towards the extreme north, but not reaching it, proba- 
 bly because the land is nowhere sufficiently elevated, or the proper rock 
 or rock-soil may be wanting. From what has been already stated, it 
 might be inferred, that the number of distinct species, growing between 
 two parallels to the south of a given line, would be greater than the 
 number growing between two equidistant parallels to the north of the 
 given line. Let the parallel of 55 1 be assumed as being nearly equally 
 distant from both the northern and southern shores, and let the 
 Grasses be taken as examples. The number of distinct grasses growing 
 to the south of the said line is 1 07 ; the number growing to the north 
 of the line is about 80, the decrease being about twenty -five per cent. ; 
 and at the same ratio the decrease on the whole number of British 
 plants will be about 370, which will leave nearly 1200 species as the 
 amount growing wild in Scotland ; and this is probably a very close 
 approximation to the truth. 
 
 In the order Composite the excess of species growing on the south 
 of the assumed line is about twenty ; and the difference is still more 
 remarkable in such orders as have their maximum towards the south. 
 For example, all the British species of Umbelliferce are found on the 
 southern half of the island ; while in the northern half the whole 
 number is only about 40, or two-thirds of all the British species, and 
 none of these peculiar to the northern parts of the island. 
 
 Of the order Caryophyllacece about six species are peculiar to the 
 northern half of the island ; still the numerical superiority is in the 
 southern half. The whole number of British species is 55, of which 
 the southern division produces about 50. Scarcely 49 pass into 
 the northern division. This number, with the exclusive or peculiar 
 species, leaves a majority of species to the south. About 35 species of 
 Cruciferce belong to the northern division ; only one or so being peculiar 
 to it, while above 60 are found in the southern half. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 91 
 
 The following is a list of species which, grow exclusively in Scot- 
 land ; some of them are found in Ireland. The genera, with the star 
 prefixed, are not found in England. They are mostly alpine rupestral 
 plants : Cistopteris montana, Polypodium alpestre, Aira alpina, Alo- 
 pecurus alpinus, Poa laxa, Hierochloe, Carex rariflora, C. vaginata, 
 C. saxatilis, C. aquatilis, C. Vahlii, C. leporina, C. incurva, C. rupestris, 
 c. Of Juncus there are 5 Scottish species ; of Luzula 2 ; Orchids, 
 * Corollorhiza and *Goodyera; Salices (10 species), Primula scot., 
 Pinguicula (2 species), Ajuga pyram., Veronica alpina, V. saxatilis, 
 Myosotis alpestris, Gentiana nivalis, Pyrola (2 species), * Arbutus (2 
 species), * Azalea, *Meusi&ia) and *Dabcecia, Gnaphalium sup., 
 Hieracium (10 species?) *Sonchus alp., *Sausurea, Galium (4 species), 
 Saxifraga (7 species), Epilobium alp., Alchemilla alp., Potentilla 
 opaca, *Oxytropus ural., Astragalus alp., Cerastium latifol., Arenaria 
 rubella, A. fastigiata, Stellaria scapigera, and S. cerastoides, Lychnis 
 alp., L. viscaria, Silene acaulis, Draba rupestris, Arabis petr&a and 
 A, ciliata. 
 
 The species, as above stated, vary in their latitudinal area ; some 
 extending from the extreme south to the utmost northern limit ; others 
 extending only a very few degrees. Several species of several 
 orders are limited to Scotland, as the great bulk of the Saxifragacece 
 is found there ; but the preponderance of species is in the south ; 
 and the general law regulating the distribution of species may be 
 expressed thus, viz., the higher the latitude the smaller the number 
 of plants ; and, vice versa, the lower the latitude the higher the number 
 of plants. This difference of latitude is not the real cause of difference 
 in the vegetation ; the real cause is the variation of temperature, which 
 generally decreases with the increaseaof latitude. In round numbers, 
 about 6 is the difference in the annual temperature between the 
 north and the south of Britain. 
 
 It has also been stated, that the effect of the annual heat on vege- 
 tation is trifling when compared with that of the temperature of the 
 spring and summer months. The following fact proves this : In the 
 centre and north of Germany, lat. 52 56, the Laurel cannot endure 
 the rigorous cold of a German winter ; it perishes unless protected. 
 This occurs because the annual temperature is too low to admit of 
 its existence in the open air. In the south of England the annual 
 temperature is sufficiently high to permit the Myrtle, and even the 
 Geranium, to live in the open air at all seasons of the year. Again, 
 in Germany, the Vine ripens its grapes even in lat. 56, because the 
 summer temperature is high. In the British isles much tenderer 
 plants than Laurel brave our winter's temperature, which is com- 
 paratively high, owing to our insular position ; while, on the other 
 hand, our summer heat is scarcely ever sufficient to mature the fruit 
 of the Vine. 
 
 The vegetation of the eastern and western sides of Great Britain 
 differs less in number than in species. The number on both sides 
 is nearly equal ; the preponderance is, however, on the eastern side. 
 If a line be assumed about 1| west of London, passing through 
 
92 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the western side of Hants, and cutting the counties of Oxford, War- 
 wick, Derby, and York, and thence bending to the west, cutting the 
 northern part of the island into two equal parts ; on the eastern side 
 of the line, about 110 plants will be found which are not found on the 
 western, or rarely, or very rarely found ; and on the western side of 
 the assumed line, about 90 species will be found which are very scarce, 
 or not to be found at all on the eastern side. The following species 
 are a sample of the plants exclusively confined to the east, viz., Adonis, 
 My osur us, Anemone Pulsatilla, Delphinium, Iberis, Lepidium latifolium, 
 Dentaria, Sisymbrium Irio, Erysimum cheiranthoid., Reseda lutea, 
 Frankenia, Dianthus prolifer, Silene (3 species), Holosteum, Cerastium 
 arvense, Linum perenne, Medicago falc., M. denticulata, Trifol. 
 ochroleuc., Astragalus hypoglot., Onobrychys sat., Isnardia, Bunium 
 bulbocast., and 9 other umbelliferous plants ; several Veronicas, 
 Graminece, and other inonocotyledonous plants. 
 
 The following are some of the plants confined to the west, or 
 occurring on the eastern side of the assumed line, rather as stragglers 
 than established plants, viz. Aconitum Napellus, Meconopsis cam., 
 Coronopus didyma, Hutchinsia, Subularia, Draba aizoides, Arabis 
 stricta, Matthiola sinuata, Sinapis monensis, Hypericum linariifolium, 
 Trifolium Molinieri, T. Bocconi, Lotus angustifol., L. hispidus, Cot- 
 toneaster vulg., Corrigiola, Polycarpon, Sedum rupestre, S. Forsteri, 
 Cotyledon, Physospermum cornub., and about six other umbelliferous 
 plants. Several species of Filices are limited to, or more prevalent in, 
 the west of England, viz., Nephrod. F&nisecii, Asplenium marinum, 
 A. germanicum, Adiantum Cap. Yen., Hymenophyllum Wilsoni, 
 Cystopteris fragilis, &c. There is scarcely a species of this order 
 exclusively confined to the eastern parts of the British isles. Several 
 Orchids and Grasses are peculiar to the east, as Ophrys arachnites, 
 Orchis hircina, O. militaris, O. tephrosanthos, Leersia oryz., Digitaria 
 humifusa, Setaria viridis, 8. glauca, and S. verticillata, Phleum 
 asperum and P. Bcehmeri, Polypogon monsp., P. littoralis, Apera Spica 
 venli, A. interrupta, Aira canescens. The species of Cruciferce pre- 
 ponderate in the west, and the Caryopliyllacece and Umbelliferce in 
 the east. 
 
 One feature to be noted, in reference to those plants which are 
 exclusively found on the eastern and western sides of the assumed 
 line drawn through the island from south to north, is, that none of 
 them are very plentiful ; none of them have a wide or extensive area 
 of distribution. Another feature is, that the exclusively eastern 
 plants are mostly agrestal or agricultural weeds, such as Veronica 
 verna, V. triphyllos, V. Buxbaumii. Several Silenes, as S. noctiflora, 
 S. conica, S. anglica, S. otites, Caucalis (2 species), Iberis, Delphinium, 
 Myosurus, and Adonis; while the exclusively western species 
 are mostly perennials, or littoral or palustral annuals. The 
 physical and artificial conditions of the east and west of this island 
 account for this difference in the vegetation ; these have more influ- 
 ence than the difference in the moisture of the atmosphere, which is 
 considerable. The east of Great Britain is less uneven in surface than 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 93 
 
 the west is, and on this account is better adapted for tillage. It is 
 also much less intersected by aestuaries and friths. The latter is 
 o-enerally mountainous, and consequently better suited for pasturage 
 than tillage ; and having a moister climate it is fitter for producing 
 grass than for corn. On this account agricultural weeds are more 
 abundant in the east than in the west, and several plants are pecu- 
 liar to the west, because there they enjoy a milder and a moister 
 atmosphere. These local plants have, however, but a slight effect 
 on the general aspect of the country. On both the east and the west 
 we find the gritty moors covered with Ling, intermixed with a few 
 insignificant plants that only maintain a precarious existence. We 
 find the same herbage in the meadows, and, with few exceptions, in 
 the upland pastures. The limestone hills are clothed with green and 
 succulent plants ; the granitic, boggy hills with Heath, Goose^t-ass 
 (Juncus squar.}, and coarse sedgy plants. Where nature has been 
 left in undisturbed possession of the surface, her aspect is uniform, 
 except when altered by geological causes. Where human industry 
 has been judiciously applied, the changes in the aspects of nature are 
 great and important. The Essex marshes, the eastern Lowlands, the 
 fens of Cambridge and adjoining shires, the sandy plains and rabbit- 
 warrens of Norfolk, the table-land of Lincolnshire, extending from 
 Lincoln to Barton Ferry, are all examples of the great and beneficial 
 change effected by drainage, embankments, cultivation, &c. 
 
 It has been stated and proved that the most common plants have 
 also the most extensive horizontal area ; they are found spread over the 
 largest extent of country, and are found in the greatest abundance 
 everywhere, unless where restricted by want of proper soil, shelter, 
 or the like. It is next to be shown that the same common plants 
 which have the largest area have also the most extensive altitudinal 
 range. The following species of Ferns, and their allies, have the 
 greatest horizontal area, and their altitude is mostly considerable. 
 Polypodium vulyare ascends from the coast-line to upwards of 2000 
 feet; ^^^of/^m_^/wPimcts., from (the coast-line) to 1500 feet; 
 N. Oreopteris^JronT62To() feet ; N. dilatatum, from 3600 feet ; 
 Asplenium Trichomanes, 2100 feet; Blechnum boreale, 3900 
 feet. In the order Grammes, we find that species which have the 
 largest horizontal area have also the greatest altitudinal range ; for 
 example, Festuca ovina and F. diiriuscula grow from lat. 50 to 61, 
 and ascend from the coast-line to the altitudes of 4350 and 2550 feet 
 respectively. Poa annua attains an altitude within a few hundred 
 feet of the Alpine species of Poa. It reaches to 3300 feet, and the 
 Alpine species barely reach to the height of 4000 feet ; and these latter 
 are not found at or near to the coast level. Air a cccspitosa is another 
 example of an altitudinal range proportionate to its horizontal area. 
 Aira-ftexuosa reaches to an altitude of 3900 feet. The grasses which 
 are T distlTBuTed over less extensive areas, viz., from the 50th to the 
 52nd, 54th, and 56th degrees of latitude respectively, are rarely found 
 in situations exceeding 600 feet above the coast, and generally grow 
 at altitudes less than 200 feet above the sea-line. 
 
94 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A comparison of the other more extensive genera and orders of 
 British plants would exhibit the same results, and corroborate the 
 same principle, viz., that the most common plants in any specific 
 station have by far the longest latitudinal area and the greatest alti- 
 tudinal range ; or, in other terms, will occupy a larger horizontal 
 space, and generally grow at any elevation, ascending from the sea- 
 line to the altitude of several thousand feet. 
 
 These very common and widely-distributed plants are also the 
 commonest and most extensively distributed plants of the European 
 continent ; while many of our scarce and restricted species are equally 
 restricted and scarce in the continental parts of Europe which lie 
 nearly under the same parallels. 
 
 There are, however, some anomalies or exceptions to the laws above 
 stated, which have not yet been satisfactorily explained. There are 
 species whose area is universal, and which are not restricted to par- 
 ticular soils and habitats ; yet these are by no means common plants. 
 Polypodium Phegopteris is rare in the middle and south of England, 
 and is far from common in the north. It is rarer than P. calcareum 
 or P. Dryopteris in the north-west of Yorkshire; and compared 
 with P. vulgare, which has the same horizontal area and a con- 
 siderably lower altitudinal range, it is very rare. Osmunda regalis 
 is another species of a very extensive horizontal distribution, but is 
 rarely found in great plenty. With the exception of these few 
 localities where the Fern abounds, the examples of this plant are 
 generally few, and these at great intervals, in comparison with other 
 Ferns of no greater area or altitudinal range ; as, for example, 
 Nephrodium Filix-mas., Athyrium Filix-fann.^ &c. Botrychium and 
 Ophioylossum are sometimes overlooked, as being of small size, or 
 concealed by larger plants, among which they are found ; or they are 
 eaten by sheep, or mown with the grass, arid so escape notice. But 
 after every allowance has been made, it is certain that they are not 
 so common as Pteris aquilina, or Blechnum boreale, with both of which 
 they agree in superficial area, and one of them only differs much in 
 altitudinal range. Schcenus nigricans is also an exception to the 
 general law : it occurs in considerable quantity where it grows ; but 
 the stations where it is found are not numerous. Hippurfa vulgaris 
 is another example : it is rare, but where it occurs it exists in plenty. 
 Parnassia palustris is deficient chiefly in the southern counties : it is 
 plentiful in the north. Sedum Telepkium is another example of a 
 rather scarce plant in several counties, although it has a general area 
 and considerable altitudinal range. These are the chief exceptions 
 to the general law. The other British plants of equal extent, either 
 in area or range of altitude, confirm the law, that the greater the 
 range of latitude or elevation of any given plant, the greater will be 
 its general preponderance in any given district over other plants 
 which have a more restricted range, and this excess will generally 
 be in proportion to the greater or less restriction of the other species 
 with which these general species are contrasted. 
 
 Few of these rare and restricted plants are of any real economical 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 95 
 
 value. Only a very few of them, like the Orchids and Pinks, are 
 objects of curiosity and ornament. The great mass of them are weeds 
 of one sort or another, and appear only in cultivated ground, where 
 the climate has been ameliorated by cultivation. Most of them would 
 disappear, if the surface of the ground were to be allowed to return to 
 its original state.- Almost all our really useful grazing and mowing 
 grasses are such as are exceedingly common, and, it may be said, 
 universally diffused ; for example, Festuca pratensis, F. ovina, and 
 F. duriuscula ; Dactylis glomerata, Cynosurus cristatus, Poa pratensis, 
 and P. trivialis ; Glyceria fluitans, Aira cces., and A. Jiexuosa ; 
 Ayrostis can., and A. vulyaris. Alopecurus pratensis, Phleum pra- 
 te'nse, Anthoxanthum odoratum, are our commonest and most useful 
 grasses, They are found everywhere in greater abundance than any 
 equal number of British grasses, and they have the widest and longest 
 horizontal extent and the highest altitudinal range. Lolium perenne 
 is almost the only valuable grazing or fodder grass, which, though 
 generally distributed, and reaching to at least 1200 feet above the 
 coast-line when cultivated, could not retain its hold of the soil with- 
 out being renewed by seeds. When, sown it endures for only two or 
 three years in great quantity ; after this time it is choked by other 
 grasses, and finally disappears, except in places where the soil is 
 broken, and there it grows in greater or less luxuriance, according to 
 the natural or artificial fertility of the^soil. 
 
 None of the cereals could exist in this country, if the land were 
 uncultivated. Even the hardiest of them, the bearded small black 
 oat of Scotland (Avenafatua], would speedily perish, or be gradually 
 choked by other weeds, unless the soil was in some degree pulverized. 
 It is not now believed that our esculent roots, the Turnip, Parsnep, 
 Carrot, Mangel Wurzel, &c., are really the lineal descendants of 
 Brassica napus, Pastinactt, Daueus, and other wild plants. The more 
 feasible opinion is, that our cultivated plants, like our domestic ani- 
 mals, are real species, if species there be, and not the result of chance, 
 or of fortuitously produced accidental varieties, gradually improved by 
 cultivation. Our Peas, Beans, Tares, and other leguminous vege- 
 tables our Trefoils (except T. pvatense, T. repens, T. medium, and 
 a few insignificant because worthless sorts), as well as our cereals, 
 are all introductions. Our Lucerne, Saintfoin,' Sea-kale, Cabbages, 
 Greens, Salads, and herbs of various kinds, are worthless in their natural 
 condition, and are only available for human food when cultivated. 
 The land uncultivated would produce food for beasts, but very little 
 suitable for man : he has to reclaim and subdue it, and by incessant 
 toil keep it in subjection. 
 
 130. Number of British S%)ecies. It has been shown (sect. 129) 
 that there are more distinct plants in the southern than in the 
 northern half of the island j and also that there are rather more 
 species in the eastern counties of England and Scotland than in the 
 western counties, with considerable difference in the species ; and 
 also that this difference is owing chiefly to the general tillage of the 
 eastern counties, and to its absence in the west. In most counties, 
 
96 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and probably in several parishes, about one-half of the British plants 
 may be collected. In a circuit of two miles around Hampstead, or 
 on a space of about sixteen square miles, 670 vascular plants and 
 Ferns were collected and catalogued; a portion of Middlesex, com- 
 prehending but little variety of soil, consisting chiefly of gravel, 
 plastic clay, and Bagshot sand. In the vicinity of Guildford, Surrey, 
 about 800 plants were collected within a circuit of four miles from the 
 town. A similar circle round Godalming afforded 780. The number 
 of British vascular plants is nearly 1500; but if we reckon the per- 
 manent varieties, together with what are by many called excluded, 
 the number will be above 1600. 
 
 The number of distinct species of plants in any locality or tract 
 will depend upon the presence of various kinds of soil which cover 
 the surface, on the variety of exposure, on the presence of shade, 
 water, marshy uplands and marshy lowlands, cultivated fields, 
 meadows, c. Where all these different conditions exist, a large 
 number of species will be found on the space of a few square miles. 
 When the soil and exposure are uniform, the number of species in an 
 equal extent will be fewer than where the soil is of various kinds. 
 Both in the south and north of England large tracts of land are found 
 which bear scarcely any thing but Ling. In places where the soil 
 is more than usually moist, a few Carices, Junci, and other rushy or 
 sedgy plants, occur ; but the brown Heath excludes almost every other 
 plant. In the south, Erica Tetralix, E. cinerea, Tormentil, Ac/rostis 
 can., and Aim fiexuosa, struggle for a precarious existence. In the 
 northern tracts of heathy ground, both in England and in Scotland, 
 the Crowberry, the Cloudberry, and sometimes the Cranberry, are 
 interspersed among the heath and moss. Where the soil is uniformly j 
 calcareous or cretaceous, either limestone or chalk, the vegetation as- 
 sumes a totally different aspect. The surface soil is always without stag- 
 nant water, and consequently the herbage is grassy. It is, on the other 
 hand, never dry, and the herbage is consequently succulent. The soil is 
 also exceedingly fertile, being the debris of the decomposing limestone 
 or chalk ; and it nourishes a multitude of plants which are never seen 
 on the spongy and wet, or dry and gravelly heathy tracts. It is on 
 these wild and totally uncultivated tracts that we may expect to find 
 the descendants and representatives of the original indigenous vege- 
 tation of this island. Wherever man has erected a dwelling for him- 
 self, and provided shelter for his beasts, there numerous plants spring 
 up, in their aspect and properties very different from the aboriginal 
 species. 
 
 The first catalogue of British plants, composed by Wm. Rowland 
 published in 1650, above two hundred years ago, contains the names 
 of 1400 plants, with the localities fora few of them. Under this title 
 he comprehends all the cellular or cryptogamous plants then known ; 
 viz., Musci, Lichenes, Fungi, and Fuel (about fifty in all) together 
 with numerous varieties and most of the commonly-cultivated species 
 of Wheat, Barley, Oats, Pease, Beans, garden-vegetables, c. ; con- 
 sequently the number in his catalogue should be considerably reduced. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 97 
 
 Merret's Pinax^ published about six years later, contains but 1280 
 species, including numerous varieties, counted as species, with above 
 eighty cellulars, and all the cultivated plants of How, with the Potato 
 in addition. He entered double the number of cellular plants found 
 in How, and tripled at least the number of varieties. Consequently 
 he omitted a great number of genuine species found in the former ; 
 hence his list is of little use in drawing up a comparison of the 
 numbers of plants noticed at different eras. Jlayjs Catalogue, pub- 
 lished in 1670, is the first list of English plants worthy of confidence, 
 and it is eminently so. He includes all the known cellulars, as his 
 predecessors did; he also admits the varieties or species of Wheat, 
 Barley, Oats, Eye, Pease, Beans, and all sorts of vegetable esculents 
 commonly produced, together with several plants not included by 
 later botanists among English productions; for example, Hemp, 
 Walnut-tree, &c. The first edition of Hay's Cjitalo^uK_Plan taru^i 
 Anglice does not contain quite 1050 species altogetEerT in cludin g the 
 cellulars and cultivated plants above noticed. The second edition, 
 published in 1677, contains nearly 1100, being an increase of forty-six 
 species, viz., of thirty vasculars and sixteen funguses, as additional 
 plants observed by him in the course of seven years. In the last 
 edition of Ray's Synopsis (1696), published in the author's lifetime, 
 1150 plants are described, including all the cellulars determined by 
 him and the cultivated species as aforesaid. If 100 be deducted for 
 the cellular and cultivated plants therein described or included, the 
 number of such species as are usually included in lists of British 
 plants will be 1050 in 1696, 1000 in 1677, and 950 in 1670. Only 
 the last estimate is rather too low ; for Kay informs us that between 
 the appearance of the first edition and the second he had added 
 thirty species of vascular and sixteen of cellular plants. Probably 
 the number of vascular species, comprehended in the first trustworthy 
 catalogue of English plants, was between 950 and 960. In Hudson's 
 first edition of the English Flora (Flora Anglica) the number of 
 species is 1153, exclusive of the cellular plants, and this author docs 
 not admit the cultivated species. The second edition, published 
 nearly thirty years after the former, includes 1278. "Withering's 
 third ^edition (1796) contains 1350 species ; and in the last edition of 
 the London Catalogue, by the Botanical Society, the number of 
 species is upwards of 1460. These numbers, 950 or 960, 1153, 1278, 
 1350, 1460, beginning with Hay's, as the first authentic list to our 
 own times, indicate the number of vascular plants usually denomi- 
 nated British, exclusive of varieties and cellulars. 
 
 131. Two questions naturally suggest themselves on these two 
 mooted points, viz., British species, and varieties. What species are 
 British ? and what forms ought to be called species ; and what are only 
 mere varieties ? No satisfactory answer can be given to either of 
 these questions. A reply to the "first is utterly hopeless. No doubt 
 can exist, on the one hand, that some plants growing wild in Britain 
 have existed ever since, or soon after, Britain emerged from chaos 
 or old ocean's bed; nor, on the other, that a large portion of the 
 
98 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 plants that have covered, and that are now covering the surface or 
 growing in British soil, have been derived from other quarters have 
 heen introduced either by natural means or by human agency of some 
 sort, they have been brought hither, either by accident or design. 
 The historian of the British plants has to deal only with facts, not 
 with theories. The facts, or the existence of the plants themselves, 
 are undisputable : the quo and quomodo, their original locale, and 
 mode of introduction, are, in most cases, uncertainties. 
 
 A solution of the other question about the limits of species, of 
 the character of varieties, and their essential difference from species? 
 is not a matter of impossibility ; yet it is in the highest degree improb- 
 able that all men of science will be unanimous on these points. Where 
 the historian is compelled to decide between rival authorities, via 
 media via tuta should be his maxim. By this he ought to be influ- 
 enced in admitting or rejecting dubious, or not generally received 
 species. The historian, whether natural or civil, must derive the 
 great body of his facts from others who have laboured in the same 
 field ; and those who have contributed to render his statements com- 
 prehensive and trustworthy, deserve his thanks and benevolence. All 
 who, in any way, have aided in the execution of his labour, ought to 
 receive the usual civilities, the amenities of literature and science. In 
 works descriptive of the British plants, the species peculiar to Ire- 
 land have always formed a portion of the said works. To this there 
 does not seem to be any real objection, and none is offered. There 
 appear to be as valid reasons for entering the few species peculiar 
 to the Channel Islands in a British Flora. It has been asked, with 
 some flippancy, perhaps " Why not include the plants of Gibraltar, 
 the Ionian Isles, &c., in the Flora of Britain?" It may be replied 
 that the plants of Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey, &c., must either be in- 
 cluded among British plants, or form separate Floras. It is surely 
 more convenient for the botanist to have them included in the general 
 Flora of the Kingdom, especially if he visits either of these depen- 
 dencies with botanical objects. The additional space they require 
 for their names, descriptions, and localities, will not much exceed a 
 hundredth part of the whole space allotted to the names and charac- 
 teristics of the British plants generally. If the plants of the Channel 
 Islands are to be included in any work not exclusively restricted to 
 themselves, such work must, or ought to be, a general work, either on 
 the British or on the French species. For British botanists, it is 
 surely more desirable to have them in a work descriptive of the for- 
 mer than in one descriptive of the latter. 
 
 The Flora of the Channel Islands bears a specific relation to the 
 Flora of Great Britain and Ireland a relation which does not exist 
 between it and that of any other British dependency, or portion of the 
 British Empire : it is, besides, similar to our own peculiar Flora. Most 
 of the plants of the former are found on this side of the English 
 Channel ; and, probably, all of them will ultimately be either found 
 here, or will ultimately find their way to the southern counties of 
 England. 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 99 
 
 132. Vg/EJeties. This term is applied to what may be termed races, 
 as well as to forms aberrant from the common type. The former class 
 (races) of varieties is exemplified by the cultivated cereals the Wheat, 
 the Barley, and the Oats. There is probably in cultivation more than 
 one species of each of these valuable grain-plants ; but the varieties 
 are exceedingly numerous, and they are all mor^e or less permanent ; 
 that is, they may be, and are, propagated by sowing ad infinitum. 
 They may, and do, degenerate ; but the Potato-oat never varies into 
 the early Angus-oat, nor the Common Barley into Chevalier Barley. 
 The varieties of Apples, Strawberries, Roses, and Dahlias, are almost 
 innumerable. The varieties of these first-mentioned plants cannot be 
 preserved by seed, but they are maintained by grafting ; and this is 
 generally the case with other fruit-trees and ornamental plants. The 
 countless varieties of culinary Crucifera are all capable of being pro- 
 pagated and increased by seed. The} T will degenerate and hybridize, 
 but they are permanent. Variable forms, or such as are aberrant 
 from the type, may exhibit minor differences, as in colour and shape 
 of organs, &c. ; and these differences are understood to be all redu- 
 cible to the same original type, when they are connected with it by 
 a series of individuals, so similar as not to be distinguishable from 
 each other. Forms that manifest a tendency to return to the original 
 type, are varieties of this second class (aberrant forms). For example 
 a pot of seedling Polyanthuses will, when in flower, exhibit considerable 
 differences, especially in what is termed the eye or central part of the 
 pip (corolla), and in the colour of the edge of the segments. Some 
 will be reddish, and some a deep dark or blackish purple ; a very few 
 will have only one or two flowers on the stalk, and in this state 
 approach to the common Primrose ; while the greatest part are nearer 
 to the Cowslip or Oxlip in the number of flowers on one stalk. The 
 cause of the latter class of varieties is stated to be owing to soil, 
 exposure, or other causes ; and to these other causes, whatever they 
 may be, most varieties must be referred. The numerous varieties of 
 seedlings raised from the seeds collected from a single plant of the 
 Polyanthus variety are all different, and yet they are all raised in the 
 same soil, and with the same exposure. It is still more difficult to 
 account for the permanent varieties cr races such as the cereals, the 
 leguminous, and cruciferous esculents. If Wlieat, Rye, Barley, Oats, 
 Rice, Maize, Millet, and some other gmmjbearing plants, be varieties, 
 the plants from which they are descended appear to have entirely 
 vanished from the vegetable kingdom, and their places are now occu- 
 pied by the so-called varieties. It is suggested that the hypothesis 
 of their being varieties ought to be considered as quite gratuitous, 
 until the plants are discovered of which they are varieties, whatever 
 these may be. Would it not be as tenable a hypothesis to suppose 
 that they were originally created to be food for man, as that the more 
 common herbage of the field was created for the sustenance of beasts. 
 There appears a some what prevalent tendency, among naturalists of the 
 present day, to unite forms that are apparently distinct, because such 
 characters are bv these botanists deemed too trivial for the separation 
 
100 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 of species. An example of this is afforded by Anagallis arvensis, which 
 now includes A. plicenicea and A. ccerulea ; and they are united 
 because the only or chief distinction between the two is colour. This cha- 
 racter, however, slight as it is, has the great merit of permanence. A 
 blue Pimpernel, except on the limestone, oolite, or some modification or 
 other of the calcareous formation, is about as rare as a white crow. 
 Another sort of variety is afforded by the same order, viz., in Primula 
 vulgar is or Primula veris : the one is said to be a variety of the other, 
 because caulescent forms are found with the stalk of the Cowslip and 
 the blossom of the Primrose. The number of perfect Primroses, and 
 of perfect Cowslips, exceeds the number of caulescent Primroses, or 
 intermediate forms, at least as much as 1,000 exceeds 1. 
 
 An obvious mark, however slight, if constant, is sufficient; to iden- 
 tify different objects as the Anagallis arvensis var. phcenicea from 
 var. coerulea ; and the immense preponderance of numbers, wherein 
 the typical forms of both Primrose and Cowslip are preserved, is 
 amply sufficient to separate the two forms. The term species or 
 variety is immaterial ; the only practical question worth solution is 
 are the marks permanent ? for if they be, they will always distin- 
 guish the groups of individuals. Whether they should be denominated 
 species or varieties, is another question. 
 
 133. Our Native Plants, Naturalised Plants, Doubtful and Extinct 
 Plants. That many of our wild (spontaneous) plants are native or indi- 
 genous there is no reason for doubting. Some of the scarcest the 
 most 'restricted in horizontal area and in range of elevation may be 
 as truly native as the most common species, which, as we have seen, 
 possess the widest range. On the other hand, there are certain spe- 
 cies widely distributed, and found in numerous localities and copiously 
 in each, which are of exotic origin, having been originally introduced by 
 man, either on purpose or accidentally. But, as we have already shown 
 (sect. 131) that it is impossible to obtain satisfactory evidence of the 
 exotic origin of many species, and because there are divers opinions on 
 this subject, it is judged expedient to drop the term native, and in 
 the present section to consider the British plants under three classes : 
 1st, Such as are admitted on all hands to be spontaneous, though by 
 many their native origin is denied. 2nd, Those which are spontaneous 
 only on certain conditions other than temperature, &c. 3rd, Extinct 
 plants, or plants only supposed to have been found or seen, other 
 plants being mistaken for them. Such plants as the Hellebores, Soap- 
 wort (Saponaria officinalis), several of the Pink-tribe, the Periwinkles, 
 &c. &c., are undoubtedly well-established plants, and are of spon- 
 taneous growth. Birthwort (Aristolochia Clem.), Asiarum euro- 
 pceum, the Wild Hop, and several others, are equally well esta- 
 blished as the former, though limited in distribution, and in number 
 of individuals. Their indigenous origin is questioned only by 
 some; their spontaneous growth is admitted by all. As the division 
 into native and naturalised plants is impracticable, we unite them 
 under the common character of spontaneity of growth, and con- 
 sequently admit this large division of so-called naturalized plants, 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 101 
 
 unchallenged and unquestioned. The only inquiries likely to elicit 
 satisfactory replies and results are such as the following- : Are they 
 well established ? What habitats do they affect ? How far do they 
 extend ? What quantity grow in the separate localities? What is 
 their area, &c. ? How long have they been observed to grow there ? 
 Do they increase or diminish ? It may be observed that, although it 
 be satisfactory to get information of a positive kind, it will not follow 
 that the plant is an interloper or only a casual visitor, though we 
 may be able to learn little or nothing of its antecedents ; and although 
 it may be on the decrease, for many or several plants are manifestly in 
 the same situation without the slightest imputation on their charac- 
 ters as genuine natives. It is still less to the purpose to infer that 
 the plant must be of recent origin, because the locality where it was 
 noticed had been repeatedly visited by exploring botanists. The dis- 
 covery of Lilium Martagon, in a copse or shaw at the back of Box 
 Hill, in the early part of the summer of 1840 and that of Simethis 
 bicolor in Dorsetshire, about seven years later, are proofs that unde- 
 tected plants may and do exist in spots repeatedly visited. Copse 
 plants are especially liable to be thus overlooked. Helleborm viridis 
 grows abundantly in a copse- wood of a few acres in extenTon the 
 southern verge of Ranmer Common, opposite Bury Hill, a field's 
 length or so from the Fox, a rustic, lonely public-house on the ancient 
 pilgrims-path from Winchester to Canterbury, through Alresford, 
 Farnham, Guildford, Dorking, &c. When the coppice wood is six or 
 seven years old there is scarcely a plant of the Hellebore to be ob- 
 served ; but in two or three years after the wood has been cut it 
 grows vigorously, and produces flowers and fruit in abundance, and 
 cannot be overlooked in spring or in early summer. Ranmer Common 
 has been, like Box Hill, frequently visited ; but there does not appear 
 to be any record of this plant being ever seen there previously to 
 1838. Nevertheless the plant is well known by the wood-cutters and 
 cow- or sow-leeches of that neighbourhood. There is another section 
 of these so-called doubtfully British plants, which are very uncertain 
 in the time and place of their growth. The most remarkable of these 
 are the annual or biennial Mulleins, Borage, Datura UroTnon., Veronica 
 Buxbaumii, Phalaris canariensis. But there are some undoubted 
 British species as uncertain in the times of their appearing, e. g. Bu- 
 pleurum rotundifolium and Petroselinum segetum. Years generally 
 elapse before the re-appearance of these plants in the same fields. The 
 fact of their appearance in places where they are not expected is a 
 proof of their complete naturalisation. The Borage, the Thorn-apples, 
 &c., are as uncertain on the Continent as they are "Here, and 
 are found in similar localities, viz., in soil containing an unusually 
 great proportion of nitrate of potash, and this is the character of 
 soil generally in the vicinity of human habitations. A few plants 
 of this section occur so rarely, and at such distances of both 
 time and place, that there are many living botanists who have never 
 seen them growing spontaneously or at all, excepting in collections 
 of plants or in botanical gardens. Xanthium Sir. and Amaranthus 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 are examples. Nevertheless, as there is good evidence of their having 
 been found, and as they may he again found, it would appear incon- 
 sistent to exclude them from any list of British plants. The Evening 
 Primrose (CEnothera biennis) is a more recent introduction than 
 either of the two above-cited, and it still maintains its ground among 
 our spontaneous plants, and is never omitted in the lists of the plants 
 of its adopted country. The second class, viz., the class composed of 
 such plants as could not vindicate their claims to citizenship but under 
 certain conditions, other than temperature, is a very large section 
 of our wild plants, comprehending all such annuals as are now deno- 
 minated agrestals or colonials. 
 
 The following belong to the 2nd class, and are usually preceded by 
 the mark * (introduced), or t (suspected), viz., Larkspur (Delph.Con.} 
 Pheasant* s-eye, Papaver Argemone, and P. somniferum, R* hybrida, 
 Camelina sativa, Vella annua, Isatis tinctoria, c. These plants are 
 selected from the total amount of introduced annuals, as having a 
 very limited distribution, and are upon the whole the most suspected 
 of British annual agrestal plants. Veronica verna, V. triphyllos, and 
 Chenopodium bofoyodes, have as limited areas, and are quite as, scarce 
 plants, as any of the above-mentioned, except Vella ; and these have 
 never had their origin called in question. Vella annua is an agrestal 
 plant, and probably has disappeared in consequence of the discon- 
 tinuance of cultivation in the locality where it was first noticed, viz., 
 on Salisbury Plain, a very extensive station. It has recently been 
 noticed at Wandsworth, with scores of exotics. The author has 
 since gathered it near Battersea, on mud or soil recently laid on the 
 surface. It had not dissappeared from the Wandsworth Station 
 last September, 1853. All our agrestal annual species, probably 
 a sixth part of the British Flora, would disappear, if the land 
 were allowed to return to its natural condition, a supposition 
 beyond credibility, but within the bounds of possibility. This 
 proves upon what grounds a sixth part of our Flora depends, 
 viz., artificial conditions. The land in its natural state of meadow 
 pasture, wood, or marsh, could not produce these plants. They could 
 not exist in the ground, if in its natural state, for more than a few 
 years. Other plants would spring up, and choke them, and they 
 would speedily disappear. Several plants besides these are equally 
 maintained by artificial means, such as most of the Crassulacea, several 
 of the Caryopliyllacece, Graminece, &c. And if the plants depending 
 solely upon an artificial condition of the soil must be retained, there 
 would be some inconsistency in rejecting *S'6!^w^i_a/6wm J ,_^ L ^as^Ai//- 
 lum, S. reflexum, and even the House Leek. TEese mural (wall) 
 and roof plants would grow on rocks,~iftEere were any rocks in those 
 parts where they find a climate congenial to their healthy existence. 
 They grow in Switzerland on rocks and also on walls, roofs, &c. Here 
 they are restricted to the latter, because the former habitat is not present. 
 Rocks are very rare in the south of England, except on some parts 
 of the coast. There is one wall and roof plant which has never been 
 suspected of being an alien, viz., Holosteum umbellatum, a scarce 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 103 
 
 plant and of very limited range. There is scarcely an argument 
 available against the retention of Sempervivum tectorum in a list of 
 British plants, which might not be as reasonably urged against the 
 admissibility of Holosteum umbel., and the former has a favourable 
 characteristic which the latter has not, viz., an extensive range. 
 
 The 3rd claiss comprehends the plants generally supposed to be 
 now extinct in the British Isles, or which were probably never 
 seen growing wild in the stations assigned, and these may be classed 
 in two divisions : 1st, Such as may, without any improbability, 
 have once existed in the places where they are reported to have 
 been seen ; and 2nd, such as probably were mistaken for other 
 plants. Among the former may be reckoned, Ranunculus alpes- 
 tris and R. gramineus, Rubus arcticus, Potentilla alba, Hiera- 
 cium Auricula, Swertia perennis, Gentiana acaulis, Scilla bifolia, 
 Typha minor, Echinophora spinosa, &c. These plants could have been 
 mistaken only by the most careless observers ; and the greater part, if 
 not all of them, rest on authority which was unquestioned at the 
 period of their discoveries, and which was besides corroborated by 
 probability. The following, viz., Buffonia tenuifolia, Stipa pennata, 
 &c., Cardamine bellidifol., Helianthemum ledlfol., Hypericum bar- 
 baturn, Tordylium off., Artemisia ccerulescens, c., might have 
 been mistaken, or other plants might have been taken for them. 
 The authority on which they were received is unsupported by proba- 
 bility, for they are entirely confined to the more southern parts of 
 Europe, and some are not very abundant even there. Their 
 centres of distribution are far south of the British Isles, and they 
 are not found in the countries intermediate between the localities 
 where they now exist and this country where they were reported to 
 have been found. There are, however, facts in the distribution of 
 plants now existing in this country which prevent our rejecting even 
 such plants as rest on authority, unsupported by probability e.g. Lilium 
 pyrenaicum, Iris tuberosa, and Geranium striatum, occur in the south- 
 west of England, and are not found in any portion of the wide tract 
 that lies between this and the south of Europe. Living authorities justify 
 the admission of these later discoveries among the spontaneous British 
 
 plants, and consistency opposes the rejection of J^eUa^annu^ Stipapen- 
 nata, Buffonia tenuifolia, &c. The introduction of CarcZaminebellidifolia 
 is admitted on all hands to have originated in a mistake ; and it is not 
 improbable that the Hypericum and Artemisia had a similar origin. 
 There is still another argument against expunging these extinct plants 
 from the place which they have so long occupied. There can be no ques- 
 tion about such as are universally believed to have been first entered 
 among British species by mistake. If they never were found of 
 spontaneous growth in the places reported, they never should have 
 been recorded, and they may justly be passed over in silence. But 
 such as rest on good authority, whether supported by probability 
 or not, we must not omit, though they have not been collected in 
 late years ; and for these reasons : 1st, There are several plants whose 
 origin has never been challenged, that have not for many years been 
 
104 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 found in their reported localities. Relhan states (Fl. Can.) that 
 Senecio paludosus had not been seen near Streatham Ferry, Cam- 
 bridgeshire, for years before the publication of his " Flora Canta- 
 brigiensis," which is now a book of above sixty years standing. 
 Cineraria palustris, Sonchus -palustris, and Elymus geniculatus, have 
 not, so far as known, been collected within the last twenty years ; 
 and the probability is, that these plants are now extinct. No cause 
 is assignable for the gradual decay or disappearance of these species. 
 Their localities are still in the natural state in which they were when 
 these plants were found; they are unaltered either by drainage or cul- 
 tivation. There are others, viz., Diotis mar., Chrysocoma Linosyris, &c., 
 which appear to be gradually dying out, although their habitats remain 
 the same as they were when the plants were more plentiful. 2nd, The 
 progress of agricultural improvements, such as drainage, enclosures, 
 cultivation, theerection of sea walls, &c., has destroyed the habitats, and 
 consequently the plants which formerly grew in them. Whitemoor 
 ponds, near Worplesdon, Surrey, is a recent example of this ; and also 
 of the loss of a plant, Eriophorum gracile, which grew in this single 
 station. Gentiana Pneamonanthe has disappeared from the county o^ 
 Surrey, where it formerly grew in abundance, arid it is not now very 
 common in Sussex, in which latter county it will probably disap- 
 pear after the lapse of some years. Hence it appears inconsistent to 
 omit such plants as Buffoniatemiifolia,Echinophoraspinosa, Sivertiaper- 
 ennis, Gentiana acaulis, &c. If we reject these, consistency would demand 
 the rejection of Senecio paludosus, &c., and probably, in a few years, 
 Diotis mar., &c. In fine, it is considered unadvisable to omit any plant 
 which is now established; that is, can maintain its place among the ori- 
 ginal or previous occupants of the soil, whatever cause may be assigned 
 for its appearance in or introduction to that locality. Again, consistency 
 requires the retention of the reputed strangers supposed to have been 
 established, but which have, in process of time, disappeared, because 
 certain plants whose native origin is unquestioned, have disappeared, 
 and are gradually disappearing. 
 
 It is, however, considered advisable to omit the usual marks 
 indicative of naluralized species ; not because there is a doubt of the 
 fact that the species, before the names of which these marks are usually 
 set, were introduced, and have in progress of time been naturalized ; 
 but simply because we are unable to assign the various species com- 
 posing the British Flora to their proper classes of genuine natives, com- 
 pletely naturalized, half-naturalized, stragglers, c., &c. We think 
 it as impossible to arrange the plants of the British islands under 
 these several classes, as it would be to classify the present inhabitants 
 of Great Britain under the several races or sub-races of Celts, 
 Teutons, Romans, Danes, Saxons, exclusive of the races formed in 
 more recent times by the intermixture of English, Scottish, Irish, 
 and Welch blood. Plants, not specifically but numerically, are 
 influenced by the intercourse of nations. Some of our plants doubt- 
 less had their origin in the remote east, and several have come 
 to our shores from the far west. The north and the south 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 105 
 
 have each in turn contributed a portion to our floral wealth. No 
 coast blockade, no preventive guard, will ever check the introduction 
 of exotic species. The most determined Conservative, the most 
 decided opponent of novelties, cannot help seeing, at his very feet, 
 objects which were not always seen in this country, several of them 
 ousting the former occupiers, and usurping their place. Our pre- 
 fixing a star or a dagger, or even refusing to admit them into our 
 botanical books, will not hinder their establishment and increase. 
 Our earlier botanists acted on a different principle. Every plant was 
 a plant to them, " and it was nothing more." To us, their more 
 cautious successors, it is often the cause of much dispute, and some- 
 times, alas ! of ill feeling. The father of English botany and the 
 illustrious liay alone is entitled to this honoured appellation ad- 
 mitted all plants without question. Vheat,_0ats, Barley A > 
 
 _ 
 
 Garden and Field Pease. Hemp, Common Chestnut ^&c^sire ; found in" 
 his Catalogues and in his Synopsis. Hudson marks a few plants as 
 escapes from cultivation viz., such as he had noticed growing in 
 gardens, probably conceiving, as some moderns do, that every culti- 
 vated plant must be an alien, as if the land of England could 
 naturally produce no plant worthy of a place in the garden or field. 
 Hudson's example is not followed by Withering ; and though Sir 
 J. E. Smith prefixes the asterisk to a few plants, we cannot say that 
 he was not sufficiently indulgent to the claims of plants only reputed 
 indigenous, and whose title has been often questioned. 
 
 Koch, whose works are generally quoted as models worthy of 
 imitation, makes no invidious distinction between the so-called indi- 
 genous and introduced plants. Like the famous Kay, who modestly 
 prefixed the obelisk beside the plants which he had not seen, the 
 celebrated German described the plants usually cultivated in Germany; 
 of which, in his Synopsis, there are 7 species of Wheat, 4 of Barley, 
 1 of Rye, and 3 of Oats, Hemp, Turnip, Rape, Mustard, Tare, &c. 
 
 If the two classes of plants, the original and the introduced, 
 could be certainly separated and defined, utility or curiosity, 
 or both, might be a reason for adopting and continuing the 
 invidious distinction; but this, we have seen, is impossible. Love 
 of innovation is not the cause of the slight departure from 
 the usage established and sanctioned in these later times. 
 As already stated, it has been found impossible to distinguish 
 between genuine native plants and plants that have been intro- 
 duced and established during the hundreds or thousands of years 
 that have elapsed since these islands were resorted to by many 
 different tribes of the human race, or since they were separated from 
 the continent. Besides this consideration, there is so little unanimity 
 among botanists on the subject in question, that it is evidently im- 
 practicable to adopt any system which would give general satisfac- 
 tion. One not unreasonably objects to the Sycamores, Limes, and 
 Poplars being catalogued as indigenous British trees ; and asks on 
 what principle the Laburnum, Chestnut, and Larch are excluded ? 
 And again, are half of the reputed British Willows believed by our 
 
106 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 best informed botanists to be indigenous ? Is it not probable, that if 
 all vegetation in tbe British isles were to revert to the state in which 
 it certainly existed before man commenced clearing- the ancient 
 forests, draining the vales, and cultivating and planting the hills, 
 that our trees, now so numerous, would be reduced to a few species. 
 It may be said that this is a very improbable supposition, but it is 
 only assumed to show that the vegetation of every country, in the 
 occupation of civilised man, must partake, more or less, of an arti- 
 ficial character, which is maintained and increased by human industry, 
 skill, and enterprise. 
 
 There is at least a probability that our forest trees are mostly 
 introductions. The Fir, in some parts of Scotland, and the Oak, the 
 Beech, the Hornbeam, and the Birch are probably indigenous in 
 certain parts of England. It is well known that all our plantatio ns 
 are formed of nursery plants ; none of them are of spontaneous 
 growth. With the exception of a very few forests in the South of 
 England and in the North of Scotland, where there may still be 
 some timber of natural growth, all our timber and fruit-trees have 
 been raised in nurseries, and subsequently transplanted into their 
 present situations. Some coppice wood, such as Hazel, Ash, and a 
 few Willows, may also be natural; but the timber trees of our 
 woods, hedges, homesteads, parks, meadows, &c., are all artificial. 
 They are indebted to man for their origin, and in the course of time 
 most of them would perish without his care. Trees and shrubs of 
 a hardier character, and better adapted to the climate and situation, 
 would gradually exterminate them, and occupy their place. They 
 exist, and probably are, in some cases, self-propagated on land kept 
 clear ; but supposing the whole surface of the ground denselv 
 covered with Brambles, Wild Hoses, Thorns, &c., the present race of 
 trees might maintain a bare existence; but there would be no room 
 for a spontaneous succession, and in time most of them would perish. 
 
 The impracticability of ascertaining the indigenous plants, or, in 
 other terms, of separating the indigenous from the introduced species, 
 has been already stated ; and it can be easily shown that such dis- 
 crimination is useless for any practical purpose. 
 
 With due deference to the opinions of other botanists, whose 
 knowledge of plants and their distribution is profound, and to whose 
 writings all students of botany are under heavy obligations, it is 
 here submitted that the only fact worth knowing, respecting the oc- 
 currence of any plant in any given or assumed locality, is whether 
 the plant is likely to be permanent in that station, or in its close 
 vicinity. However desirable it may be to know the antecedents of 
 any plant, for which a place is claimed in the Flora of any country 
 or district, it is more important to observe and record the time of its 
 first appearance, its habit, from which its permanence or speedy dis- 
 appearance may be predicted, the number of individuals, and their 
 increase or decrease since first noticed. Good historical or personal 
 evidence of the introduction of some plants is obtainable; but the 
 historical evidences of the introduction of most economical or or- 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 107 
 
 namental plants have been for ages irrecoverably lost. Plants, 
 unlike animals, atfe unable to extend their range to any con- 
 siderable extent ; and every plant, found in a situation which 
 it was not known previously to occupy, must have been con- 
 veyed to it either by natural or mechanical agency. Hoots, or 
 some portions of roots or seeds, capable of growing, may have 
 been blown thither by the wind, conveyed by currents, floods, 
 &c. or they may, by some means or other, have been accidentally 
 carried thither by animals. But human agency, either wittingly or 
 purposely, is the most common cause of the dispersion of plants. 
 There are certain plants, such as Coimnon Chickweed, Poa_annua^_ 
 Shepherds-pur se^ndi such like, that accompany the human race in 
 all their wanderings and migrations. The baggage or stuff, which 
 man is under the necessity of conveying with him when migrating 
 to distant parts, can hardly be without some soil or substance con- 
 taining seeds, or to which seeds may be attached. Seeds, also, are 
 Imported in the soil which adheres to the roots of foreign plants, and 
 multitudes of seeds are mixed among corn and agricultural seeds of 
 various kinds, and so imported. 
 
 If all the plants originally introduced by human means, either on 
 purpose or by accident, were to be rigidly excluded, our present list of 
 spontaneously growing plants, though not large, would be con- 
 siderably reduced; and if only such plants ought to be retained, 
 of which the native origin can be satisfactorily proved, our list 
 would be a very meagre one ; and if we are to be consistent, the plants, 
 owing their introduction to remote causes, ought to be as rigidly 
 excluded from our so-called indigenous Flora as the stranger of last 
 month or last year. If 1000 years be not sufficient to remove 
 the brand of alienism from a plant, 2000 will be also too short a 
 period for complete naturalisation. It may be admitted that some 
 plants were introduced by the llomans or by the monks, and the 
 first introduction of the latter may be confidently asserted to have 
 taken place at least 1500 years ago. There is scarcely any sup- 
 position more credible than this, that the _clergy, in these early 
 days, introduced numerous useful and ornamental exotics, both for 
 their own use and delectation, as well as with the view of improving 
 the condition of the rude people amongst whom they had come to 
 sojourn, and whose good will they would naturally employ all legiti- 
 mate means to conciliate. If we admit this fact, which is grounded 
 both on history and common sense, who can decide the question 
 viz., how many useful or ornamental trees and plants were natural 
 in this country prior to the arrival of the monks ; and how many 
 fruit-trees, culinary vegetables, agricultural seeds, medicinal herbs, 
 garden plants, flowers, &c., were introduced by them ? No answer 
 can be given, none ever will be given, because there is no existing 
 evidence on the point. Some would no doubt admit, that all the 
 plants whose area is general viz., extending from Cornwall to 
 Caithness, and which are also found growing at various elevations 
 above the sea-line up to an altitude of between 2000 and 3000 feet, 
 
108 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 are indigenous. Others would hesitate to admit the claims of culti- 
 vated plants, as the Apple-tree (crab). Plum-tree (sloe), and such like ; 
 but whether there be unanimity or diversity!)? opinion on this point, 
 there is no historical or physical evidence, which afford sufficient 
 grounds for any consistent opinion on the subject. There is one well 
 ascertained fact viz., the gradual amelioration of our climate. A some- 
 what higher mean annual temperature, and a still more considerable 
 increase in the monthly averages, have taken place in this country, and 
 this change has permitted the gradual extension of the horizontal and 
 altitudinal range of species. But this fact, so far from elucidating the 
 original state of our national Flora, renders the whole subject more com- 
 plex by introducing another element into the already insoluble problem. 
 
 134. The reputed alien British plants, or doubtful or suspected 
 natives, or introduced or naturalised species, may be divided into two 
 classes: 1st, Perennials ; 2nd, Annuals. The Perennials may be subdi- 
 vided into bulbous rooted plants, and into tuberous, or creeping rooted 
 plants. Annuals being propagated by seed rapidly spread wherever 
 they find a soil congenial to their growth ; bulbous, tuberous, and 
 creeping rooted plants, either readily spread or maintain their posi- 
 tion ; bulbs, and tubers, and creeping roots retain their vitality for 
 some considerable time. 
 
 The Snowdrop is generally described as a reputed alien. In 
 reference to this plant, the question is whether it be naturalized or 
 not ? This is decided in the affirmative by those who have seen it 
 in woods, copses, meadows, &c. ; and in the negative by those who 
 have only seen it in gardens. Fritillaria Jttelgayris grows in moist 
 meadows. The latter is reputed indigenous ; the former not. But the 
 Snowdrop has a more extensive area, and more stations are assigned 
 for its growth than the Meadow Fritillary enjoys. On one autho- 
 rity the Snowdrop is " an undisputed native ;" according to another, 
 it " has been naturalized through the agency of man." The Fritil- 
 lary is unsuspected. Ornithogalum umbellatum is known to occur 
 in thrice as many stations as O. fiyrenaicum ; but the former is, by 
 universal consent, reckoned among the aliens ; and the latter is as 
 constantly called a native, although restricted in latitude and in the 
 number of localities. They are both found in meadows and near 
 hedges. Scilla autumnalis is universally admitted to be an undis- 
 puted native, though its range be but between 50 and 52; while 
 Muscari racemosum is as universally held to be an alien, though its 
 localities be as numerous as those of the former, and its range equal 
 or greater. This may be sufficient to illustrate what is here con- 
 tended for, viz., that there is no historical nor other evidence 
 cleducible from localities, range, abundance, or any other ascertained 
 fact in the economy of the plants themselves, that authorize authors 
 to decide on the nativity or alienism of any of the above-mentioned 
 species : and twice as many might be brought forward and Con- 
 trasted. Opinions are, will, and must be different on this subject, 
 according to the facts upon which the opinions of different authors 
 are founded. For the present object, it is sufficient to bring forward 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 109 
 
 the fact, that authors are not agreed upon what are the circumstances, 
 c., which entitle a plant to nationality. And it is further main- 
 tained that the great majority of such doubtful natives or suspected 
 aliens will ever remain in the same uncertainty as at present. There 
 does not appear, either in the number or in the nature of the localities, 
 anything that authorizes botanists to place Maianthemwn bifolium in 
 one category (that of alienism), and Convallaria verticil, in another. 
 There is nothing in the plants themselves, or in their antecedents and 
 history, which justifies this decision. 
 
 Anemone apennina and A. ranunculoides, Helleborus fcetidus, 
 Atropa Belladonna, fyc., may be contrasted with Dentaria bulbifera, 
 Isnardia palustris, Bupleurum falcatum, Lonicera Xylosteum, and 
 Pulmonaria officinalis. The four first-mentioned species, except 
 the last, which is not universally deemed alien, are placed in 
 the category of naturalized or introduced plants ; although they 
 have as many trustworthy localities on record as the five last-men- 
 tioned. Alarum europ. is admitted without question. In this coun- 
 try, Aristolochia Clem, is said to be indebted to the Monks for its in- 
 troduction, and for a place among British plants. In the English 
 Flora, nine stations are assigned to the latter ; and rather fewer to the 
 former, with this additional remark, that " it may have been natu- 
 ralized in some other parts" (than the northern counties) " where/' 
 ' /. e. in these other parts, " it occasionally occurs." There is not the 
 slightest intention of denying the fact, viz., that the Monks intro- 
 duced plants. It is a common practice among all who have any room 
 for planting or sowing, and who have money, time, and taste for this 
 amusement or occupation, to plant and sow both for utility and orna- 
 ment. The object of citing these facts is to show that there is not 
 sufficient ground for deciding whether these species in question are 
 indigenous or naturalized true natives or introduced foreigners. 
 
 These examples are produced, and many others might be ad- 
 duced, to illustrate and demonstrate the assumption that it is now 
 utterly impracticable, it may be said impossible, to separate a large 
 proportion, perhaps the largest proportion of our spontaneous plants, 
 from what may be deemed, with absolute certainty, to constitute the 
 original or unquestionably indigenous portion of our Flora. 
 
 135. It will be more difficult to decide the question of nationality of 
 species in the second great class, viz., the annuals. On contrasting the 
 reputed natives with the so-called and certainly introduced species of 
 this group, we shall find it impossible to adjudicate on the validity of 
 claims, except in rare cases, where we ground our decision on histori- 
 cal proof. The number of annuals of quasi spontaneous growth in 
 this country is, in round numbers, 300 the biennials, which are for 
 convenience joined to this group, are about fifty ; they are rather 
 more, but we will assume that both annuals and biennials constitute 
 nearly, perhaps quite, a fourth part of the British plants, assuming 
 the latter at between 1,400 and 1,500. We will further subdivide 
 this large section of our species, both annual and biennial, into two 
 subordinate groups, viz., such as grow in cultivated ground, and such 
 
 I 
 
110 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 as grow iii places where the surface or turf of the soil is only 
 accidentally or partially broken up. We will confine our obser- 
 vations solely to the former sub-class; i. e. such as grow in cultivated 
 places, and which are usually and properly denominated weeds. 
 Agrestal or agricultural weeds only grow in fields among corn or 
 other crops for which the ground is tilled ; and the amount of these 
 agrestals or colonists, or field-annual or biennial plants, is, in round 
 numbers, about 210 ; but in this census several annuals are omitted, 
 because they grow about hedges, on rubbish, and in waste places 
 where the surface is broken, as well as in fields. The Poppies are 
 examples of field weeds, being but seldom found elsewhere, also the 
 Fumarias, the Mustard-plants, the Pepper-ivort& (Lepidia), the Candy- 
 tuft, Treacle mustard, and many other cruciferous plants. The annual 
 Siknes, Chickweeds, Spurrey, and many other plants of this order be- 
 long to the same group. Several leguminous and umbelliferous 
 species, with numbers of Rubiacece, Composites, Boraginacece, Scro- 
 phulariacece, Labiate, Chenopodiacece, Polyyonacece, and JEuphorbiacete 
 grow in fields, most of them exclusively in cultivated land. 
 
 It may be assumed, as an historical fact, that at a very early period 
 there was little or no cultivation in this country. The property of the 
 primitive inhabitants of Britain consisted chiefly of herds of swine, and 
 other domesticated animals, with horses, war-chariots, and weapons 
 offensive and defensive ; but the ancient Britons cannot be supposed 
 to have possessed any property in the land, nor to have cultivated it 
 for provision ; for this would imply a higher civilization than they 
 had at that time reached. They subsisted, like all other half-savage 
 nations, on the produce of the chase, and on the few animals which 
 they might have reclaimed or subjugated. The swine lived on the 
 produce of the ground, and on the fruit of the trees ; and probably 
 their owners were sometimes unable to procure better sustenance. 
 From this historical fact, viz., that the aboriginal inhabitants of 
 Britain did not subsist by tillage, it may legitimately be inferred, 
 that the two hundred agricultural weeds of England could not have 
 existed in the remote times, when Britain submitted to the Roman 
 dominion. The just inference is, that the agrestal weeds were gradu- 
 ally introduced with the cultivation of the soil, and were subsequently 
 increased and extended as more land of different geological forma- 
 tions was brought under tillage; especially when the science of 
 agriculture advanced, and when seeds of various sorts were sown on 
 the reclaimed land. There is still another historical fact bearing 
 on this point, viz., that the annual plants of Britain have increased 
 within the period of botanical research and evidence, arid even 
 within the recollection of living Botanists. The following species 
 have been introduced within the last three hundred years, many of 
 them within a much shorter period, viz., Lolium italicum, L. lini- 
 colum, Setaria glauca, Phalaris canariensis, JSuphorbia coralloides, 
 Polyyonum dumetorum, Veronica Buxlaumii, Linaria supina, Oro- 
 banche amethystea, O. arenaria, and perhaps others of the same 
 genus. Echinospermum Lappula, Cuscuta epilinum, C, Trifolii, &c., 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 1 [ 1 
 
 Crepis setosa, Scnecio squalidus, Erigeron canadensis, Valerianella 
 carinata, V. eriocarpa, and V. auricula ; Asperula arvensis, Galium 
 saccharatum, Lotus hispidus, Trifolium incarnatum, T. stellatum, T. 
 JBocconi, c. Medicago dentieulata, M. minima, Altlicea hirsuta, 
 Lychnis Githago, Camelina sativa, and C. dentata, Alyssum caly- 
 cinum, Vella annua, Koniga mar., Erysimum orientate, Erucastrum 
 incanum, Sisymbrium polyceratium, Barbarea stricta, Fumaria parvi- 
 Jlora, F. micrantha, and F. Vaillantii. About fifty annual or biennial 
 plants have been introduced, and the majority of them well esta- 
 blished in the space of fifty or at most one hundred years. But if we 
 double the time, or even triple it, there would, at the same rate of in- 
 crease, still be ample space for the introduction and naturalization of all 
 our agrestal plants, viz., from the remote period when the inhabiters 
 of the British Islands first began agricultural operations. It may 
 be objected, that some of these more recently described species were 
 included under other kindred species; and also that some of them 
 were overlooked, and several have ceased to exist Admitting the 
 validity of this objection, and setting off a reasonable proportion of 
 the new-comers to meet it, there is still a sufficient number remain- 
 ing to prove our assumption, viz., that there has been an increase 
 of the British agrestal plants since the period of historico-botanical 
 testimony, which does not reach back much above 200 years. And 
 the legitimate deduction is exactly that which in the first place was 
 assumed, viz., that our spontaneous-growing species have increased, 
 and that this increase commenced at a very remote period long 
 before historic times ; and, finally, that it is now utterly impossible 
 to distinguish the aboriginal from the adventitious plants. But in 
 proving our assertion we are not restricted to annual and biennial 
 agrestal plants there are several other sorts which materially 
 strengthen our position, viz., Lepidium Draba, Reseda fruticulosa, 
 Silene italica, Malva verticillata, Hypericum calycinum, H. linarii- 
 folium, Acer Pseudo-plat anus, Geranium phceum, G. nodosum, Impatiens 
 fulva, Oxalis cornieulata, Medicago sativa, Spircea salicifolia, Fragaria 
 clatior, Rosa rubella, R. cinnamomea, R. I)icksoni, Pyrus domestica 
 (our Flora o-nce possessed this tree a single one, it is true but who 
 can say that there is not another specimen in the British Isles?), 
 (Enothera biennis, Sedum album, S. dasypliylltim, Sempervivum tecto- 
 rum, Ribes Grossularia, Saxifraga Geum, Astrantia major, Petro- 
 selinum sativum, Bupleurum aristatum, B. falcatum, Anthriscus Cere- 
 folium, Lonicera Caprifol., Asperula taurina, Valeriana pyrenaica, 
 Centranthus ruber, Nardosmia fragrans, Antennaria margarit., Cam- 
 panula persicifolia, C. Rapunculus, Orobanche Hederce, &c. ; Linaria 
 purpurea, Mimulus luteus, Calamintha sylv., Stachys germanica, 
 Teucrium Botrys, Statice rariflora, &c. ; Spirantlies cer., S. (estivalis, 
 Sisyrinchium anceps, Iris tuberosa, Maianthemum bifol., Simethis 
 bicolor. 
 
 As regards the native origin of most of these species there exists 
 no difference of opinion among the botanists of the present day. The 
 majority of them are probably of only recent introduction. At all 
 
112 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 events, some of them were not known, except as cultivated plants, 
 fifty years ago; and several of these very recently-noticed species 
 of spontaneous growth are now so firmly established that all attempts 
 to preserve the immaculacy of the Flora by the eradication of the in- 
 truders, or by obstinately refusing to admit their claims to a place 
 among the other spontaneous productions of the British soil, would be 
 equally futile. It is not maintained that they are all equally well esta- 
 blished ; it is only asserted that in places all or most of them are as 
 firmly stationed as many of our undisputed natives. In progress of 
 time, several of them will undoubtedly obtain a wider range, and a 
 larger number of localities, and more individual plants will grow in each 
 station. With such facts as these occurring before our eyes, can there 
 be any doubt about the possibility of separating the genuine undoubted 
 natives, as they are called, from the justly-suspected aliens? A 
 native or truly indigenous plant ought to have existed, in or near 
 its present localities, ever since the land of this country was suffi- 
 ciently elevated above water to admit of its growth. Every plant 
 that migrated posterior to this geological period, from whatever 
 quarter it came, ought to be looked upon with as much suspicion as 
 the introductions of the last few years. 
 
 136. It is probable that many, if not most, of our agrestal annual 
 weeds have been introduced by some means or other. Corn cockle 
 (Lychnis Githago) found its way among seed wheat imported from the 
 south into the Garioch district of Aberdeenshire, above forty years ago. 
 The plant was not previously observed in that neighbourhood. Cer- 
 tain annuals appear among Flax, as the Camelinas ; some usually 
 among Wheat, as the Bupleurum rotundifolium. This latter plant 
 and Petroselinum segetum usually appear at intervals of several years, 
 from four to seven, and are not observable in the intermediate seasons. 
 These and many others may be accidental human introductions. 
 But is a plant less entitled to a place in an enumeration of British 
 plants, on the assumption that the introduction was intentional ? 
 Who can tell how many of our forest trees are indebted to human 
 agency for their present localities? How many hedge-row trees, 
 lawn and grove trees, farm-yard trees, c., have been planted on 
 purpose ? How many Willows and Poplars are indigenous ? No 
 satisfactory reply can be given to all or any of these queries. The 
 answer, besides, is immaterial. The only queries to which precise 
 replies are really material are such as these. What are the qualities 
 of the tree or shrub ? What are its accidents, i. e. its habitat, range, 
 elevation, power of reproducing itself in its present or in similar 
 localities without any farther aid from man ? If under existing cir- 
 cumstances a plant does maintain its ground, or has the power of 
 self-reproduction, it matters little how it was conveyed into its pre- 
 sent locality, whether accidentally or designedly. The fact worth 
 knowing, and itisknowable by observation and experience, is the per- 
 manency of the given plant. That any scientific botanist would dis- 
 tribute plants and seeds merely for the sake of mystifying and mis- 
 leading his brethren is utterly incredible. The object is an unworthy 
 
GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 113 
 
 one. Few others have the means or the desire either to gratify or 
 to disappoint the eager searcher after botanical rarities. 
 
 137. It is gratifying to be able to trace the migration of a plant, or 
 to discover its origin ; but how rarely can this be satisfactorily accom- 
 plished. Mimulus lutem is a rare exception ; and as its distribution, 
 which is very considerable, has occurred before our eyes, we can 
 easily account for it. Impatiens fulva is another example which may 
 have occurred, and probably did so, nearly two hundred years before 
 the Mimulus was seen or even heard of in this country. Impatiens f idea, 
 now growing so plentifully about the Sittingbourne and the Wey, in 
 Surrey, and extending several miles down the Thames, though rather 
 sparingly in the latter river, doubtless originated in the gardens of 
 Albury. There is not a single specimen at Shere, though not more than 
 a stone's throw above the gardens of Albury Park ; nor on the Wey 
 above its confluence with the Sittingbourne ; but in and below Albury 
 Park, along the course of the rivulet, and the Wey below Shalford, 
 and in the Thames below its junction with the Wey, the plant 
 abounds in places, and has probably extended fifty miles from the 
 place of its origin. We cannot thus explain the existence of Lilium 
 Martagon, near Mickleham, Surrey, nor that of L. pyrenaicum, 
 in Devon, nor of Simethis bicolor, in Dorsetshire, nor of Ana- 
 charis canadensis, in many counties of the kingdom. The latter 
 plant was unknown here only ten years ago. In the latter case we 
 have viva voce testimony, that in some localities, where it was intro- 
 duced by human agency, it has increased prodigiously ; so that, in 
 fact, it is likely to become a troublesome weed, so completely filling 
 up the dykes (water channels) as to render them unserviceable both 
 for drainage and navigation. This is a case in point ; can we refuse 
 this plant a place in our lists of the British species, because in certain 
 situations we have testimony of its introduction by parties who 
 placed it there, and in other situations it has been accidentally in- 
 troduced? All the particulars respecting it, saving the immaterial 
 one, ' How came it here ?' can be answered satisfactorily. For ex- 
 ample, it can be affirmed with certainty that a little bit of the stem 
 thrown into still water will fill a ditch in a few months. Also that, 
 unless it be speedily rooted out, it will exclude everything else, and 
 eventually quite fill up the ditch. 
 
 138. The rejection of undoubtedly spontaneous plants is a detriment 
 to science, and is not compensated by any corresponding advantage. 
 Some botanists are deterred from recording their discoveries, choosing 
 to let their knowledge pass into oblivion, or die with themselves, rather 
 than hazard the contradictions and controversy w r hich so often arise 
 when any discovery is announced. Such an announcement is too 
 often met with purely gratuitous assertions, such as the fol- 
 lowing : " An escape from cultivation," " an outcast from gardens," 
 "the produce of rubbish heaps," &c. Escapes and outcasts can 
 only be garden and cultivated plants. Ballast heaps are localities 
 (habitats) for a few plants of very uncertain occurrence; and 
 such heaps are not found every where, either by the sea-shore, or 
 
114 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 even on the banks of tidal rivers. It is very probable that some dis- 
 coverers of rare or foreign plants have misapplied the term indigenous, 
 employing it instead of spontaneous. The fathers of British botany 
 did not hamper themselves with this term indigenous ; and foreign 
 botanists content themselves with spontaneous and subspontaneous 
 as sufficiently descriptive. To decide satisfactorily whether certain 
 plants be indigenous or not indigenous would imply an amount of 
 knowledge rarely possessed by those who are the most energetic and 
 successful investigators of local botany. But none are incompetent to 
 decide if a plant be spontaneous or not. In^anost doubtful cases, some 
 in formation can generally be gleaned from resident botanists, gar- 
 deners, herbalists, or others, by which the discoverer may satisfy him- 
 self that such a species is not a mere parvenu or a wayfaring 
 straggler of but ephemeral appearance. Those who are the most 
 successful of collecting botanists may be the least qualified judges of 
 the spontaneiety of species; and those who are qualified to give a cor- 
 rect judgment do not always enjoy the mental energy or physical 
 strength to qualify them for discoverers. To the labours of their 
 young and more active collaborateurs in the fields of science they must 
 be indebted for many facts. With little trouble, evidence may be 
 obtained which would satisfy any one that the plant in question is of 
 spontaneous growth ; but what proof can be given that the plant is 
 indigenous ? There are several plants of very uncertain appearance, 
 both as it respects time and place. But this uncertainty does not 
 militate against the spontaneity of their growth. But this part of 
 the subject has already been noticed. 
 
 TECHNICALITIES, 
 
 ON THE GRAND DIVISIONS. GROUPS, CLASSES, ORDERS, GENERA, AND 
 SPECIES OF PLANTS. 
 
 139. BEFORE defining the terms, whereby these are represented, it will 
 be necessary to state the principles or characters on which the divisions 
 are founded, by which they are limited, and on which their applica- 
 tion for any practical purpose depends. These characters are derived 
 from the three systems of organs present in all the higher orders, 
 viz., the Elementary, the Vegetative or Nutritive, and the Repro- 
 ductive. 
 
 ELEMENTARY ORGANS. VEGETATIVE ORGANS. ^PRODUCTIVE ORGANS. 
 
 Cellular Tissue. Embryo or Spore. Stamens and Pistil. 
 
 Vascular Tissue. . Cotyledon. Fruit. 
 
 a. Spiral vessels. /;. Radicle. Pericarp. 
 
 b. Ducts. c. Plumule. Theca. 
 Stomuta. Root, Stem, Leaf, Perianth. 
 
 Frond, Thallus. . Corolla. 
 
 b. Calyx. 
 Inflorescence, 
 Torus, Nectary, 
 Bract, Involucre. 
 
TECHNICALITIES. Ho 
 
 140. The tissues, the spirals, and ducts (laticiferous vessels), with the 
 stomata, are of primary importance in the economy of plants ; all, or 
 some of them, being present in every plant. On these organs, there- 
 fore, the primary or grand divisions of plants are founded. Cellular 
 tissue constitutes the principal part of most plants, when in a growing"" 
 state. The cells appear to be the most active vital organs in all stages of 
 the life of the plant, and cellular tissue constitutes the whole substance 
 of a considerable portion of the lower orders of plants. It also forms 
 the chief part of the other orders comprehended in this grand divi- 
 sion ; hence termed Plants cellular es, or Cellulars. In the higher 
 orders of cellular plants there is a higher or more complete organiza- 
 tion ; and hence they form a connecting link between cellular and 
 vascular plants. 
 
 141. The vascular tissues characterise the next primary or grand 
 division viz., Plantce vasculares, or Vasculars, which are distinguished 
 by having vascular tissue, spiral vessels, ducts, and stomata, in addi- 
 tion to the cellular tissue common to them and to all plants. It 
 should be remarked, that although these simple and internal organs 
 are of the utmost importance in the economy of vegetation (for with- 
 out them no plant could exist), they are of no very high practical 
 value in the separation or limitation of grand divisions, groups, or 
 orders. They distinguish the three lower orders of Alg<e, Func/i, 
 and Lichenes, from the other cryptogamous orders vizT, Repaticce, 
 3Iusci, Filiccs, &c., which are possessed of other simple organs, and 
 have a more complicated external organization. It is evident that a 
 character pervading all orders cannot be applied as a diagnostic mark 
 of any one of them; and the presence of cellular tissue in Alyce, 
 Finif/i, and Lichenes, is not properly the diagnosis of these three 
 orders ; they are distinguished rather by the absence of vessels 
 and stomata, and their character is negative, not positive. The 
 second series of organs is the vegatative, of a lower value in the 
 economy of the plant, but more important, as distinctive cha- 
 racteristics of groups and classes. These organs are of higher 
 importance than the next series in the economy of the plant, but not 
 so available for furnishing characteristic marks of groups, classes, and 
 orders, as the third series viz., the organs of reproduction. The 
 embryo or spore is the primary vegetative organ, the future plant in 
 a rudimentary state. The essential difference between these two 
 bodies (for embryo and spore are not equivalent or synonymous 
 terms) is, that the embryo is a more complex organ than the spore, 
 and is contained in what is called seed. In the spore any portion of 
 its tissue is capable of germination ; in the seed only the embryo 
 germinates ; and this germinating portion of the seed is hence called 
 the germen or embryo ; these two terms are equivalent. By the 
 presence or absence of the embryo all plants are divided into embryo- 
 nate and exembryottate. The former term is equivalent to vasculars, 
 and the latter to cellulars, thus : 
 
 Cellular, without spirals, ducts, and stomata (usually) ; or 
 Exembryouate, without an embryo. 
 
116 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Vasculars, without vascular tissue, ducts, and stomata ; or 
 
 JZtnSryonate, -with an embryo. 
 
 The character of exembryonate plants is negative, just as the 
 character of cellulars is. The character of embryonate plants is 
 positive, just as the character of vascuiars is. 
 
 The presence of only one or of two or more cotyledons in the 
 embryo affords the means of subdividing the vascular plants into two 
 groups, viz. : 
 
 Monocotyledons, having their embryo with only one cotyledon. 
 
 Dicotyledons, having their embryo with two or more cotyledons. 
 
 The character of the first group is negative (without two coty- 
 ledons), that of the second is positive. 
 
 By the manner in which the stem is developed, all plants are 
 divisible into classes. Thus, in the orders Alyce, Fungi, Lichenes, 
 and Hepaticce in part, the development of the stem is in all directions 
 from a centre or axis of vegetation. 
 
 Hence the first class, Amphiyens, is founded on this central mode of 
 development. 
 
 Second class, Acroyens, stem increasing at the apex. 
 
 Third class, Endoyens, stem increasing internally. 
 
 Fourth class, .Exoyens, stem increasing externally. 
 
 The leaves, as have been shown (sect. 22), afford important, con- 
 stant, and obvious marks for classification. 
 
 By the third series, the reproductive organs, viz., the flower, 
 fruit, and seeds, all the orders, the genera, and sometimes the species, 
 are distinguished. 
 
 142. The apparently popular division of all plants into flower less and 
 flowering plants, or into cryptogamous and phanerogamous (phsono- 
 gamous) plants, is of no real practical value. Those who have the 
 slightest knowledge of botany do not require it, and those who have 
 no knowledge of the science are puzzled to apprehend its correct 
 application. The objection to the terms, flowering and flowerless 
 plants, is very obvious. The popular mind cannot conceive that a 
 flower exists, unless there be present the floral verticils, or whorls, or 
 envelopes, which are termed petals, or a corolla ; consequently 
 people in general class Grasses, Sedyes, Rushes, most trees ; all the 
 species in the orders, Urticacece, Euphorbiacece, Polygonacece, Clieno- 
 podiacece ; and many of those in the orders, Illecebracefs, Caryophylla- 
 cece, &c., among the flowerless plants. Also one of the Ferns is popu- 
 larly called the Flowering Fern ; and Polypodium vulyare is popularly 
 said to bear flowers on the back of its leaves ; and indeed its fructifi- 
 cation is quite as conspicuous as the flowers of hundreds of the so- 
 called flowering plants are. Staminiferous, pistilliferous, or semini- 
 ferous plants, would convey a distinct definite idea, which the term 
 flowering plants does not. As the terms are unnecessary, they may be 
 omitted. To which of these grand divisions, viz., flowerless or 
 flowering plants, do the Rhizanths belong? 
 
 As these three systems of organs are of certain definite import- 
 ance in the economy of vegetation, they are ai'ranged in conformity 
 
 I- 
 
TECHNICALITIES. 117 
 
 with this principle. The tissue occupies the first rank, and all the 
 forms of vascular tissue are set subordinately to the cellular, which is 
 the most important of all the tissues, and also of all the organs. The 
 embryo stands at the head of the second rank, being subordinate to 
 the tissues ; but it is the most important of the nutritive organs : as no 
 plant of the grand division which produces seeds can be without an 
 embryo ; but several have no real stems ; many have no real leaves, 
 and some exist without roots. The stamens are deemed the most 
 important organs of the third series; and they, consequently, occupy 
 the first rank in the third place. Every organ, except the cell, which 
 is the only universal organ of plants, is placed in subordination to 
 some other organ, which is considered of higher value than the one 
 immediately below it. 
 
 Hence it appears desirable, that in the application of characters 
 derived from organisation, or in the description of grand divisions, 
 groups, classes, orders, genera, and species, the characters derived 
 from the various organs should be arranged in conformity with their 
 subordinate values. For classes, and still less important groups, it is 
 evident that it is impracticable to draw up diagnostic characters from 
 the first series of organs, for this reason, that characters or marks 
 common to all classes and orders cannot serve as distinctive characters 
 of any of them. The first class, Amphyens, alone is distinguished by 
 the absence of the more complex tissues, which are all more or less 
 present in the other classes. When the second system of organs 
 affords distinguishing marks, and are employed to aid in the investi- 
 gation of classes, orders, &c., the most important organ will occupy 
 the first place in such description ; and the subordinate organs will be 
 arranged on the same systematic principle of subordination which is 
 prevalent in the general economy of the vegetable kingdom. In the 
 application of the marks derived from the third series of organs the 
 same principle will be maintained as far as practicable. This pro- 
 cedure will both preserve a uniformity in the descriptions (an im- 
 portant object in all scientific investigations), and greatly facilitate 
 the identifying of orders, genera, and species ; for analogous cha- 
 racters will always thus occupy the same position. 
 
 143. On the Identification or Determination of Groups, Classes, 
 Orders, Genera, and Species. The most certain and most scientific 
 way of identifying any plant unknown to the investigator (that is, of 
 ascertaining its exact place in a systematic arrangement, or, in other 
 words, the easiest and shortest way of discovering the name of the 
 group, class, order, genus, or species to which a given plant belongs), 
 is to proceed analytically, from the most general and comprehensive 
 term vegetable or plant, to the less general and more restricted terms 
 group, class, order, &c. As an object the plant has an organisation 
 in common with animals, from which it is always to be distinguished by 
 negative characters, viz., the want of volition* and sensation. Plants 
 have not the powei of choosing and rejecting ; nor have they sensation. 
 The non-existence of both of these distinctive characters, it is granted, 
 are rather the results of inferences than deductions from known facts. 
 
] ] 8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A plant is without the loco-motive power of animals ; hence we infer 
 that such faculty is not necessary to its well-being. It is without 
 the power of self-defence ; hence it is inferred, that it is not subject to 
 painful sensation. From these two inferences the third is inferred, 
 viz., that in the economy of the creation plants are involuntary 
 Agents. Natural objects are incapable of rigid definition ; they 
 cannot be described in so precise terms as the truths of mathematical 
 science. It is known that many animals of the lower grades are 
 incapable of motion, and consequently manifest volition only in a 
 very slight degree. It is also generally admitted that the suscep- 
 tibility of pain is always in proportion to the complexity or delicacy 
 of the animal structure or organisation. Hence some animals are 
 scarcely distinguishable from plants. But generally there are no 
 practical difficulties in assigning to their proper kingdoms the various 
 individuals belonging to each. For example the Slug and Mush- 
 room are very simple in their organisation ; but they are never con- 
 founded. The stag has more properties common to the slug, one of 
 the simplest of the voluntary beings, than to the oak, one of the most 
 complex of the organised involuntary objects. The latter is immea- 
 surably distant from the short-lived minute Fungus : but it pos- 
 sesses more characters common to the lowest grade of plants, than to 
 any subject of the animal kingdom whatever. 
 
 144. The grand principle of classification is the possession of com- 
 mon characters in the objects classified ; while separation, division, sub- 
 division. &c., is founded on the absence of certain characters. Plants 
 are usually defined as beings without sensation, volition, and loco- 
 motion, all negative characters, and more or less distinctive, but in 
 practice quite useless, as we have seen ; for in all common or promi- 
 nent objects belonging to either kingdom, no person is at a loss in 
 distinguishing the one from the other ; and in the obscure and minute 
 species of both kingdoms, the greatest naturalists and philosophers 
 are often unable exactly and satisfactorily to define the extreme 
 limits of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, or to state where the one 
 ends and the other begins, The vegetable kingdom can be divided 
 or subdivided into grand divisions, groups, &c., by the presence or 
 absence of external organs. The elementary organs, the embryo, 
 and spore are all obscure objects, and can only be observed by the aid 
 of powerful magnifiers ; and such nice manipulation is required, in 
 the useful employment of these instruments, that this department 
 alone that of observing and recording the appearances of minute 
 objects, is now considered a distinct science (Histiology). For our pur- 
 pose the knowledge of external organisation will be amply sufficient. 
 
 145. The absence of stem, leaves, flowers, and seeds generally dis- 
 tinguishes the first grand division of plants (Cryptogams). The first 
 class, Amphigens, has no proper root nor stem, nor leafy organs, nor 
 flowers nor~-SEds. This class is connected with the next, Acrogens, 
 by an intermediate order {Hepaticce, Fig. 103), which has no stem, 
 leafy organ, nor flower ; but is an expansion more or less extensive, with 
 organs of fructification, some what elevated on slender stalks, differing 
 
TECHNICALITIES. 119 
 
 in shape from the rest of the plant. Acrogens has a rudimentary stem, 
 which, in most of the Ferns, is more like a leaf-stalk than a stem. 
 
 In the Mosses and Lycopods (Fig. 104-105) the stem is deve- 
 loped like a thread, more or less slender, surrounded on all sides by 
 rudimentary leaves (scales), and with terminal fructification. The 
 Equiseta (Horsetails, Fig 1 . 106) have true stems, either simple or 
 branched, without leaves, and with terminal fructification. All other 
 plants have real roots, stems, and leaves ; or, if either of the two last- 
 named organs be wanting, there are other organs present which 
 certainly identify the plant. Most of these plants have conspicuous 
 flowers; or if they have not, the place of flowers is supplied with what 
 have been called the essential parts, viz., stamens and pistils, either 
 both sorts of organs in juxta-position, or in a state of separation ; if 
 separate, either on the same plant, though on different parts of it, or 
 on distinct plants. By keeping in mind these prominent charac- 
 teristics any plant may be readily assigned, either to the crypto- 
 gamous or to the phsenogamous grand divisions of plants. And as 
 each of these grand divisions is subdivided into two groups, the 
 next thing to be determined is, to which of these groups or classes 
 does the assumed plant belong ? The first group, or class of crypto- 
 gams, viz. Amphigens, comprehends the three orders of plants, 
 which are specially characterised by the homogeneousness of their 
 internal structure, and the simplicity of their external form. In both 
 internal structure and external form this class is analogous to inor- 
 ganised objects, any portion of any plant being similar to any other 
 portion of the same plant. The obvious negative character, viz., the 
 absence of stems and leafy organs, will be sufficient to determine the 
 class to which any plant of these three orders belongs. The higher 
 orders of Cryptogams are distinguished by their rudimentary stems and 
 scale-like leaves. None of these, with the exception of the Equiseta 
 (Horse-tails), have a real stem. In Mosses and Lycopods the stem is a 
 slender thread-like process, and in Ferns the whole plant is rather a 
 leaf (frond), than a stem and leaves. A very slight inspection of the 
 cuts illustrating these orders will convey a very clear idea of these 
 plants. (See Figs. 101, 102, 103, &c.) The second grand division of 
 plants, viz., the phanerogamous or phaenogamous species, is also sub- 
 divided into two groups or classes, viz., Endogcns and Exogens. The 
 plants in the former are marked generally by a greater simplicity, 
 both of internal structure (see Sects. 12 and 22), and also of external 
 organisation, than the plants of the latter. 
 
 In the class Endogens the stem and leaves are usually simple ; 
 that is, the former is generally without branches, and the latter are 
 not divided mostly quite entire. These two classes are also charac- 
 terised by differently organised stems (see Sect. 12), by remarkable 
 differences in the nervation of the leaves, and by the normal number of 
 floral organs, seed, c. 
 
 146. The sub-class, or group of orders, the genus, and species, are 
 to be determined by carrying on the analytic process, as above. An 
 example of a common plant, traced by its characteristics from the 
 
120 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 primary and most general idea vegetable through its class, order, 
 genus, and species will make the matter plain. Let the assumed 
 plant be Ranunculus bulbosus (Bulbous Crowfoot). First, it has a 
 real stem, leavesTlmtt flowers ; therefore it is a plant of the second 
 grand division. Second, it has a branching (not simple) stem, and 
 compound incised (cut) leaves, with branched nerves (not simple and 
 entire with unbranched nerves, as in Monocotyledons] , and Jive 
 sepals and^re petals. Hence it is to be referred to the dico- 
 tyledonous plants, the second class of phanerogamous species. 
 The first class or subdivision of phanerogamous plants (Mono- 
 cotyledons) has simple stems, with simple and entire leaves, and 
 the normal number of floral verticils is three. Third, the perianth is 
 double i. e. calyx and corolla are both present, and the petals are dis- 
 tinct (polypetalous) ; therefore it is a plant of the third division of dico- 
 tyledonous species. Fourth, the petals and stamens are inserted on the 
 receptacle or^torus (see Sect. 28 and Index); therefore it belongs to the 
 second subdivision of the third division. Fifth, the placentation is 
 axile, arranged round a prolongation of the peduncle or torus, or 
 receptacle, which is the common character of the second section of the 
 second subdivision of the third division of dicotyledonous plants. 
 Sixth, the stamens are free and indefinite, the carpels are nume- 
 rous, and the calyx is deciduous. These are characters of the order 
 Ranunculacece to which the plant assumed belongs. Seventh, the 
 carpels are one-seeded, and without an appendage (tail); therefore it 
 belongs to the sub-order Ranunculece. Eighth, the claws of the petals 
 are furnished with a minute pore, which is either covered by a scale, 
 or it is naked, and the carpels form a roundish head ; therefore it be- 
 longs to the genus Ranunculus. Ninth, the stem terminates in a 
 bulbous base, the peduncles are furrowed, and the calyx is reflexed ; 
 Therefore it is R. bulbosus. 
 
 147. On Nomenclature, or the names of Species, Genera, Orders, and 
 Classes. The specific name of a plant is not the name of an indi- 
 vidual ; but the name of a larger or smaller group of individuals. A 
 specimen of Ranunculus bulbosus is a single plant of a group of plants, 
 all of them agreeing in certain marks, as bulbous root, branched, 
 hairy stem, leaves sheathing at the base, peduncles furrowed, calyx 
 reflexed, &c. Every individual has a certain idiosyncrasy or pecu- 
 liarity, whereby it may be distinguished from every other individual 
 of the same species, as the group of individuals is called. Each plant, 
 however, will differ from every other plant. The size or shape of 
 the bulb, the length, thickness, or hairiness of the stem, the number, 
 the divisions, and shape of the leaves, will all differ sufficiently to 
 enable any one to distinguish one individual from another. There is 
 a variety in the magnitude, shape, and colour of all natural things, 
 and that variety exists not merely in the contour and size of the entire 
 individual; but it is to be detected in every single organ composing 
 the individual. All individuals agreeing in what are called specific 
 characters, as above stated, form what is called a species ; and the 
 character must be so constructed as to comprehend every individual 
 
TECHNICALITIES. 121 
 
 not an individual portrait, or description, but the description of a 
 species or indefinite number of individuals; all individually different, 
 but all agreeing with each other better than they agree with any other 
 individual which belongs to what is termed a different species". For 
 example, every single plant of R. bulboms will agree better even with 
 the most diverse forms of its species than it will with any forms of 
 R. acris orR.repens. This is the sense in which the term species 
 is geiieTanjnimclerstood, viz., a collection of individuals which have 
 more characters common to each other than they have to anything 
 else. Species is a collective or abstract term, an appellative common 
 to an indefinite number of objects. The term genus, Ranunculus, e.g., 
 is a still more general term than species. It comprehends a group of 
 species, as species comprehends a group of individuals ; it is, conse- 
 quently, a more abstract and more comprehensive term than that of 
 species ; or the word or term Ranunculus embraces many more indi- 
 vidual plants than the term R. bulbosus. The order embraces a 
 still greater number of objects combining and including genera, as 
 genera contain species. Plant or vegetable is the most abstract or 
 general term, comprehending, of course, all divisions, classes, orders, 
 genera, species, and individuals. The words by which these groups, 
 classes, &c., are known, are mere conventional terms employed to 
 assist the mind in the comprehension and expression of general 
 truths, and to combine larger or smaller assemblages of individuals. 
 The last-mentioned only are realities, and these have no names. 
 Few individual natural objects, except the names of countries, 
 tracts, mountains, hills, rivers, seas, &c., have proper names. 
 All the names of plants are names of groups, not of individuals. 
 These groups are not real things, any more than the names by 
 which they are represented are individual or proper names. They 
 are conventional and artificial combinations of natural things, 
 but not therefore natural. Political and other combinations of people 
 are artificial, not natural. Individuals are so ; but classes, orders, 
 genera, and species of plants are no more natural than empires, &c. 
 These terms, which are current in every natural science, should 
 and must be correctly apprehended, before the student can make any 
 satisfactory progress in the knowledge of the objects presented to his 
 notice or observation in that branch which is the object of his 
 research. The single individual, or the many individuals, the one or 
 the several alone, are real. The groups called species, genera, &c., are 
 abstractions, and the terms which represent these abstract ideas are 
 either adjectives or abstract nouns. For example, bulbosus is an 
 adjective, and qualifies, in the oft-quoted example, Ranunculus. 
 The latter is an abstract noun, neither the name of any indi- 
 vidual nor even species. It is the common name applied to every 
 plant which possesses the characters limiting that genus; i. e. having 
 petals with small pores at their base, and bearing one-seeded carpels 
 without tails. The term Ranunculfxe -e^m-prohonds a sub-order or 
 group of genera, having aggregate carpels, &c. Ranunculacete is a 
 term including a still larger group of individuals. Both ofttltisu fc-wo 
 
122 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 latter terms are adjectives; the first, Ranunculecp, signifies that the 
 plants so defined or restricted have more characters similar to 
 Ranunculus, and other genera forming the sub-order Ranunculece, 
 than to any other sub-order ; the latter, Ranunculacece, implies 
 that the plants have fewer characters in common, and, consequently, 
 a remoter similarity to Ranunculus, which is supposed to be the type 
 or representative of the w r hole order. The term Rose is generic, or 
 general, including as it does the Dog Kose, one species or group of 
 Roses ; also the Sweetbriar Rose, the Scotch or Ayrshire Rose, ~and 
 many more groups or series of Roses. The Strawberry, theCinquefoil, 
 the Bramble, and many^ other genera combined, form, with the Kose, 
 the sub-order Rosece, i. e. Rose-like plants ; and this sub-order, or 
 tribe, united with other sub-orders, composes the order Rosacece, or 
 Rosaceous plants. The Rose and the Ranunculus are usually termed 
 the types of the orders Rosacece and Ranunculacece ; though in strict 
 logical precision every individual plant of the two orders should be a 
 representative of one or other of them respectively ; for every indi- 
 vidual of an order or genus must possess all the characters of that 
 genus or order ; otherwise it does not belong to it, and ought to be 
 placed in some other genus or order with which it does agree. But 
 the Rose and the Ranunculus are called typical of their respective 
 orders, not because they display the ordinal character better than the 
 other genera composing these orders, but rather because they are 
 popular, showy, highly-developed plants. 
 
 148. In botany, every species is recognised by two names or words ; 
 the first is the name of the genus, an abstract term ; the second, the 
 qualifying adjective, as Ranunculus bulbosus ; both together designate 
 the species. The Genus is known by one term, viz. Ranunculus or 
 Crowfoot, Rosa or Kose. When the order is subdivided into sub- 
 orders, or tribes, the termination of the sub-order is not the same as 
 that of the order. There is a uniformity in the terms indicating the 
 order ; most of the ordinal terms end in acecc, a few mferce (fromfero, 
 I bear), and a very few in tct, as Labiates and Composite. 
 
 The names of classes, or sub-classes, and those of other higher and 
 more comprehensive groups, are adjectives ; the vtordplantce (plants) 
 being understood as implied in all the terms expressive of orders and 
 other more comprehensive groups of plants. 
 
 149. As one of the objections urged against science in general is the 
 nomenclature employed in speaking or in writing about scientific 
 objects, it is worth while to show the real state of the case, and to 
 prove the absolute necessity, as w r ell as the convenience, of using 
 terms and phrases which are neither employed in the language of 
 common life nor of literature. 
 
 It is an obvious truth that new or previously unknown objects 
 must be represented in language by new terms, or by a modification 
 or alteration of terms previously existing. Either new words must 
 be invented or coined, or the signification of old words enlarged, or 
 several terms must be employed for the designation of one object. 
 
 It is sometimes asked why the common objects, the productions of 
 
TECHNICALITIES. 123 
 
 our native country, are not expressed by terms contained in our native 
 language ? and, again, is our language deficient in copiousness, flexi- 
 bility, polish, &c. ? or why we are compelled to have recourse to what 
 are properly termed the classical languages of antiquity, in order to 
 find terms tor the expression of common things ? In justification 
 of the common practice, it may be said, Were our language as 
 copious, systematic, flexible and precise as the Greek, or as regular, 
 clear, and concise as the French, we should still be under the 
 necessity of deriving, from some source or other, terms and phrases 
 for the expression of new objects, and for the explanations of new 
 combinations ! It is true that the objects and their organisations are 
 not absolutely new, but they are relatively new. They are practically 
 new to those who never saw or understood them before. This is 
 really the case in reference to two-thirds, or probably three-fourths, 
 of the British plants, and to at least nine-tenths of the plants 
 known at the present day. In the infancy of natural science (and all 
 natural sciences were in their infancy about three hundred years 
 ago), the general names, Grass, Brqmble, WiUow, and any other 
 similar words, included a great many objects supposed to be identical, 
 or as far as species can be identical, which subsequent experience 
 and more accurate observation have proved to be distinct. For these 
 newly distinguished objects new names were necessary, and these 
 new names had to be derived either from our own or from some other 
 language. 
 
 150. The only common (?'. c. not classical or learned) languages from 
 which such new terms can or could be procured, are the ancient Bri- 
 tish or Anglo-Saxon languages ; but our remote ancestors, who spoke 
 these languages, did not know more plants than our forefathers did, 
 who lived when natural science, and especially botany, began to 
 attract a more than usual share of attention. The Greek and Latin 
 were almost the only languages known by the fathers of Natural 
 History ; at all events, they were the only languages understood 
 generally by the learned throughout the world; and to these lan- 
 guages the first writers on Botany necessarily had recourse. Besides 
 this, the primitive fathers of European Botany, viz., Aristotle, Theo- 
 phrastus, Dioscorides, Varro, and Pliny, in their own works, of course, 
 used their native languages Greek and Latin; and the moderns 
 adopted their nomenclature. Caraway (carwas), Daffodyl, Fennel 
 (fenigyl), Glas(glaswort), Gladwyn (Iris),Dwale, Wort, Cress, Thorn, 
 Root, Mint, Weed, Dock, Wood, Grass, and several other terms, 
 used either simply or in composition, are ancient British and Anglo- 
 Saxon words. These and a few other native verbal roots, used 
 either as simple or as compound terms, are only sufficient to give 
 names to about one-seventh of the plants now recognised as British. 
 For the other six-sevenths, authors have borrowed terms from Latin, 
 French, or Greek. A large proportion of what are generally con 
 sidered common English names are only apparently so : they are Latin 
 or Greek, either with or without an English termination ; for example, 
 the following are all naturalised words, with only a slight change of 
 
1 94 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ending, viz., Aconite, Anemone, Betony,Bora(je,Briony, Centaury, Cha- 
 tnomile, Cherry, Dandelion, Fritillary, Fumitory, Hellebore, Agrimony, 
 Mallow, Juniper, Lettuce, Medick, Mercury, Pasque-flower, Pellitory, 
 Periwinkle, Polypody, Poplar, Rose, Saintfoin, Scabious, Succory, 
 Chicory, Sycamore, Thyme, Vetch, Vervain, Violet, and several 
 others. Orchis, A\tsarabacca, Veronica, Verbena, and Bugloss, retain 
 their original terminations, and have become naturalised and privi- 
 leged terms in our language, as several of the plants have in our soil. 
 Another point bearing on this subject is this. It is a fact that the 
 words of Latin and Greek origin have displaced a great many of the 
 original Anglo-Saxon words ; and the few names following will show 
 that the native names of several plants have been supplanted by 
 names of foreign origin, viz., Anemone, Dandelion, Columbine, Fritil- 
 lary, Veronica, Tussilago, &c., which are more popular and better 
 known names than Wind-flower, a bed* Cocksfoot, Guinea-hen- 
 flower, Speedwell, Coitus-foot, &c. The former are the scientific ; the 
 latter are what were the popular or common names; but the scientific 
 are better known than the common terms. It is also a fact, that 
 there are not now found growing wild, in the British isles, many 
 more than two hundred plants or trees of all kinds which ever had 
 genuine, well-known, or popular English names. The rest of the 
 plants were utterly unknown, or unregarded, or undistinguished, or 
 confounded. There was a time, not very remote, when, under the 
 terms Dog-rose, Bramble, and Grass, all the wild Roses, amounting 
 to twenty all the Brambles, some say above forty and most of the 
 Grasses, above 130, were all included under these three terms. 
 
 With the Grasses were united the Sedges, Cyperacea, about 
 ninety species. Whence could terms, for these gradually distin- 
 guished or discovered plants, have been obtained? Not from the 
 common language, in which they did not exist ; for the people 
 only know and understand terms applied to things with which 
 they are familiar; and these differences in plants were and 
 are now unnoticed by them. The common agricultural populace 
 know the difference between wild and cultivated Grasses they 
 know the difference between the several sorts of cultivated Grasses, 
 whether they be cereal, or fodder, or pasture plants : but they do not 
 understand the differences bet ween wild Grasses. Everything growing 
 spontaneously in a cultivated field is a weed, and to be eradicated as soon 
 as possible ; and every plant growing in meadows and pastures, and 
 which prevents better fodder and grazing plants from growing there, 
 is also, in their vocabulary, a weed. Names had to be taken from 
 some source or other ; and Greek, Latin, French, and even English 
 compound words would have been all alike intelligible to the learned, 
 and unintelligible to the unlearned. And these terms never could 
 have become popular, because they were the representatives of objects 
 unknown to the people things in which they had no interest. 
 
 It has been already stated that the collective, or generic, or ordinal 
 terms were borrowed from the Latin and Greek authors, and retained 
 * Pisse en lit Monk's head, or Priest's crown. 
 
TECHNICALITIES. 1 25 
 
 in all descriptive Botanical works, and that it was necessary to employ 
 a specifying word or phrase taken from the same language. For 
 example the expression Ranunculus bulbosus is more euphonious, 
 as well as more grammatical, than R. 'bulbous. Bulbous Crowfoot is 
 proper, but not Ran. bulbous. It may be said that one series of names 
 would be sufficient ; and if so, why encumber the nomenclature with 
 a pair of terms? It is doubtless convenient that names should 
 be applied to objects, or groups of objects, intelligible to the greatest 
 number interested in the study of such objects. English names 
 would, in the case of many plants, be unintelligible to many English 
 botanists, because these names vary in different provinces, and even 
 in different counties of the same country. The Latin or scien- 
 tific names are universally recognised, not by English or European 
 botanists only, but by botanists all over the world. It is desirable 
 to have the most generally applied English name attached to the 
 scientific name, and this is invariably done in this work, except in a 
 few instances, where no popular name has as yet been given by a 
 previous authority. The necessity of inventing or borrowing new 
 terms, in order to represent new objects or groups of objects, like 
 species has been shown ; and the same necessity is involved in the 
 case of new genera. It is convenient to split a genus whenever the 
 group of species which it comprehends is very large, or when the 
 species differ very much from each other, e. c/. the genus Gramen 
 has not only been split or subdivided into hundreds of genera, but 
 it has formed materials for two orders, viz., Graminece and 
 Cyperacea. This involved the necessity of adopting and con- 
 structing new names. The names of what was anciently deemed 
 species, were applied to genera; and in these two cases the 
 generic names became ordinal names. The names of orders or sub- 
 orders, classes and sub-classes, all originated in the same necessity, 
 viz., that of some term or terms expressive of these new combina- 
 tions, which were demanded by the progress of science. Nothing 
 could have been gained by adopting periphrastic definitions, instead 
 of abstract individual terms, when genera, orders, and classes were to 
 be the subject of writing or discourse; and much would have been 
 lost in brevity, precision, and, above all, in facility of reference and 
 of intercommunication. 
 
 151. Of the Signification of the Names of Species, Genera,and Hir/lier 
 Groups. The specific names of plants are mostly adjectives; and the 
 largest part of them expresses some characteristic of some one or 
 other of the various organs. Repens means creeping, either the root 
 or the stem having this property. They often express shape, colour, 
 number, &c., as rotundifolium (round-leaved), purpureum (purple), 
 foliosus (leafy), &c. ; they express habit, as humifusiim (prostrate), 
 scandens (climbing), volubilis (twining), &c. ; also locality, as syl- 
 vatica (in the woods), rupestris (on rocks), palustre (in marshes), 
 maritima (by the sea-shore), &c. They sometimes express likeness 
 to other plants, as nymphccoides (like the NymphtRa) ; sometimes they 
 express economical uses, as saliva (edible), officmalis (medicinal), 
 
 I K 
 
126: INTRODUCTION 
 
 Tinctorum and Futtonum (used by dyers and cloth-dressers).. They 
 sometimes express duration, as annum (annual), biennis (biennial), 
 perennis (perennial). They are sometimes commemorative, as Salteri, 
 Borreri, Sprengelii, Balfourianus, &c., in honour of Mr. Borrer, Herr 
 Sprengel, Drs. Salter and Balfour. 
 
 Generic names, as before-stated, are abstract substantives ; and 
 the specific name agrees with them in gender; number, and case, 
 except in a few commemorative names of species which are in the 
 genitive, as Borreri, &c. The names of genera are frequently sig- 
 nificant, as Campanula (a little bell), Rhaninus (papvos), or ramus (a 
 branch). . They often indicate a fancied resemblance to something 
 else, as Lycopsis (like a wolf's head). They are very often poetic, as 
 Iris, Amaryllis, Hesperis, &c. Very often commemorative, as Hut- 
 chinsia, Jlottonia, &c. The names of sub-orders, orders, classes, and 
 grand divisions, are all significant, as Chenopodece (like the Chenopods], 
 Chenopodiacece (like the Chenopods, but with a remoter resemblance), 
 Monochlamydece (plants which have a single floral envelope), JEndo- 
 genes, ovEndogens (plants whose stems increase interiorly), Vasculares, 
 or Vasculars (plants having both cellular and vascular tissue). 
 
 Technicalities of Botany, verbal and phraseological. One of the 
 popular objections to science in general, and to Botany in particular, 
 has been already stated and answered, viz., its so-called un-English 
 barbarous terminology. It has been shown that objects totally un- 
 known to people in general, both to the unlearned and the learned, 
 could not have received names in current use, for none such existed ; 
 and that it was more beneficial to science in general that terms 
 should be borrowed or derived from a language common to the 
 learned and scientific men of Europe, rather than from that of any 
 individual nation. It may be conceded to the objectors, that the 
 nomenclature is not in every instance so expressive, nor so eupho- 
 nious as it might be rendered. But the inconveniences necessarily 
 resulting from a change in names which have been in use for longer 
 or shorter periods would be very great, and the advantages attending 
 such an alteration would be very trivial and uncertain. The objec- 
 tion to technicalities in description must be dealt with in the same 
 way. Nothing but either necessity or convenience can justify the 
 introduction of words and phrases which the objectors affirm bar- 
 barize our language, mar its beauties, &c. Some of these novelties, 
 no doubt, are uncouth some of them may be pedantic ; but science 
 can easily vindicate its claim to a language in some degree peculiar 
 to itself a claim which is advanced by Theology, Poetry, Business, 
 Trade, Sociality, &c., and cheerfully conceded to each and all who 
 write or speak on such pursuits, employments, and conditions of 
 humanity. Our religious writers, and our vernacular poets abound 
 in phraseology, which would be offensive, or at least out of place 
 in politics, and in the affairs of common life. We appreciate the 
 propriety of scriptural phrases when the pulpit orator employs 
 them. Why should we expect the occupant of the platform, or 
 the scientific writer, to describe the objects of nature in language 
 
TECHNICALITIES. * 127 
 
 adapted to the nursery or the shop? On all .hands it will be 
 admitted that necessity, and even expediency, are valid reasons 
 for introducing new words, new combinations of words, or new 
 phrases, &c., which are not denied to be linguistic novelties. 
 Necessity is not controllable by any law ; and the laws of 
 human language are no exception. Nothing is more mutable than 
 language. Custom, the sovereign arbiter of speech, sanctions, 
 and has sanctioned from time immemorial, the use of lingual 
 peculiarities in all industrial occupations, in social and domestic 
 intercourse, in theology, poetry, philosophy; in all compositions 
 intended either to instruct, recreate, entertain, or amuse mankind. 
 This concession is begrudged to the professors of the natural 
 sciences alone. They only made their appearance at a late period 
 in the history of man, and sometime after most languages were 
 completely established. There was a period, not a very remote 
 one, when our most ordinary fireside culinary and domestic utensils 
 were unknown, undescribed, and consequently unnamed. And even 
 in the present day the furniture and decorations of our apartments, 
 the garniture and harness of our beasts of draught and burden ; the 
 implements of husbandry, of artizans, artists, and professionals of all 
 kinds; the various productions of architectural and manufactorial 
 industry, are known and described by terms and descriptions which 
 are far from being generally current in our language. There is no 
 art, no employment, no trade nor handicraft, however limited, which 
 has not some terms peculiar to itself, and which are generally unknown 
 beyond its own narrow circle. This is justified by necessity. New 
 products, whether of the hand or of the head, must have new names 
 to distinguish them from the old; and new uses, new modes of pro- 
 duction necessitate new wants ; and one of these is a change in lan- 
 guage generally effected by the introduction of new words and new 
 phrases. In the earlier botanical descriptive works, before the inven- 
 tion or introduction of the present specific names when an author 
 had occasion to quote or to refer to the name of any plant, he was 
 under the necessity of referring to it by quoting its characteristics; 
 for example O})hrys apifera (Bee Orchis) is referred to by Ray in 
 his Synopsis, thus : " Orchis faciflora galea et alls purpurascentibus.'' 
 In Bauhin's Pinax, this plant is named Ophrysfacum referens major, 
 foliis superioribus candidis et purpurascentibus. This clumsy method 
 of description and reference was the only one known before the sub- 
 stitution of trivial or specific names, for which science is indebted to 
 Linnaeus. In the language of literature and common life, we find it 
 convenient to substitute a pronoun for a noun, when the repetition 
 of the name would be inconvenient. It is equally allowable and 
 convenient to substitute the name of a thing instead of its description. 
 This justifies the use of the technical words calyx, corolla, stamens, 
 pistils, ovary, style, stigma, capsule, ovule, foramen, mycropyle, &c. 
 The same principle expediency may be a valid plea for radical or 
 root-leaves, stem-leaves, floral whorls or verticils, calyx-teeth, &c. 
 
 Terms descriptive of both organs and functions are in existence ; 
 
128 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and their judicious application is conducive to clearness, to concise- 
 ness, and even to elegance of description. Without these terms, viz. 
 technicalities and scientific phrases, the description of natural objects 
 would necessarily be tedious, clumsy, vague, diffuse, and indefinite. 
 The external organs are susceptible of numerous modifications : the 
 root, for example, of above twelve : the stem has many more ; the 
 different forms and positions of the leaves, the floral organs, &c., are 
 still more variable. How are all these to be expressed in an intel- 
 ligible way without having recourse to conventional terms such as 
 are used in the description of organs and functional operations. 
 Suppose, for example, there were no such terms as root, stem or 
 stalk, leaf or flower, indicative of the various organs of herbs, trees, or 
 blossoms, would not science be an impracticability ; and the descrip- 
 tion of such objects quite impossible ? 
 
 These remarks are not made with the view of defending scientific 
 pedantry, or for justifying pedantry of any sort. The necessary, conve- 
 nient, and judicious use of terms appropriate to scientific description 
 is only pleaded for. Scientific writers claim merely what is by 
 common consent conceded to all public instructors, whether they 
 employ the pulpit, the press, the platform, or the rostrum for that 
 end, a right which every one takes and gives in all the concerns of 
 life. A sparing use of technology, a concession to the scruples of the 
 lingual purist, and a tenderness towards the uninitiated, or it may 
 be the indolent, are the most practicable and effectual means of hush- 
 ing the silly clamours against latural science, of eradicating the 
 prevalent misconception that science is only a system of crack-jaw 
 outlandish words, devised to puzzle the inquirer, and to conceal the 
 hollow pretensions of the sciolist. There may be both dullards and 
 pedants in the ranks of science, as there are in all other ranks of life. 
 It may be that science is sometimes shrouded, veiled, or mystified 
 under a mass of scientific or learned phraseology ; but it is not true 
 that the objects of scientific research and investigation can be ade- 
 quately represented by the language common on the exchange, in the 
 workshop, or at the fireside. 
 
 There is another prejudice, not perhaps strictly confined to 
 Botany, but directed against it, and especially in reference to the 
 system according to which it is now generally communicated and 
 acquired. 
 
 It is probable that the Linngean system, as it is called, took deeper 
 root, and was more extensively cultivated in England than in any 
 other country in Europe. This was no doubt owing to several causes, 
 but chiefly to the establishment of the Linnnean Society, and the 
 munificence of its early patron, Sir Joseph Banks. In some measure 
 also our possession of the Linnrean Herbarium, and the eminent attain- 
 ments of Dr. Withering and Sir J. E. Smith in botanical science, and 
 the excellence of their works contributed to the popularity of the 
 Linnsean system, in accordance with which their works were con- 
 structed. No real friends to science can wish to disparage a system 
 founded by so eminent a naturalist as Linnaeus undoubtedly was, a 
 
TECHNICALITIES. 129 
 
 system patronised and adopted by all European naturalists, and to 
 which we are mainly indebted for the great accumulation of facts in 
 natural science, for which the present age is so remarkably distin- 
 guished. It is urged, in favour of the Linnsean method, that it is easy 
 to refer any plant to its true place in this system, and against the 
 other or natural system, as it is called, that it is often very difficult to 
 determine the order to which certain plants belong. There is an 
 apparent truth in both of these assertions. It is very easy to deter- 
 mine if a plant has three, five, or ten stamens ; and it is difficult to 
 determine the natural order of such plants, as Glaux or Samolus. But 
 where the stamens are minute, or not constant or variously united, 
 or on different parts of the same plant, or on different plants, or 
 contiguous to the pistils, and on the same or on different plants, the 
 process is not so easy as in certain plants where the stamens are large 
 and easily determined. The uninitiated cannot, without special 
 instruction, ascertain the classes to which Fumaria, Potygala,Trifolium t 
 Taxus, Atriplex, and many other plants belong: while the orders, 
 Graminece, Cyperacea, Composite, Cruciferce, Labiatce, Dipsacece, 
 Rubiacea, c., can be certainly determined by the slightest inspec- 
 tion. During the prevalence of the Linncean system, botanists had 
 scarcely any object beyond that of determining the names of plants, and 
 assigning them their place in the system. The analogies, affinities, 
 and relationships of plants were not primary objects with scientific 
 men, as they are in the present day. The number of plants then 
 known was barely one-tenth of the number now known. About 
 10,000 distinct plants were known by Linnaeus and his contempo- 
 raries. The number known at the present day is probably above 
 100,000. Eight years ago the estimated number was 93,000. While 
 the number of plants was only a tenth part of those now known, and 
 while botanists were satisfied with such a slight acquaintance with 
 their organization as might suffice for the identification of species, 
 and for ascertaining their generic coincidences, the Linnsean system 
 was amply sufficient, and provided for all the requirements of that 
 period. With the accumulation of multitudes of new facts, new 
 methods of scientific description, and of more systematic arrange- 
 ment, began to be entertained. Preciser and more comprehensive 
 classification was desirable. A single organ, as the stamen, was 
 considered too limited and arbitrary for the foundation of a system ; 
 and the elementary tissues and the external organs were employed 
 successfully by botanists, both in France and England, as fundamental 
 principles of classification. It is perhaps to be regretted that almost 
 every systematic botanist adopts his own views on this subject. The 
 systems of Jussieu, Brown, Decandolle, Endlicher, and Lin'dley, have 
 not been able to secure anything like that universal adoption which 
 the system of Linnseus obtained. But about the limits of the 
 natural orders themselves most botanists are agreed, and the arrange- 
 ment of the orders themselves is a matter of minor importance. 
 Dr. Lindley's Vegetable Kingdom is probably the most comprehensive 
 and practical work on the subject of the natural orders of plants, as 
 
130 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 it is certainly the most intelligible to British, botanists in general. 
 On these accounts it has been, in the present work, principally fol- 
 lowed, both in the description of the orders as well as in their 
 arrangement. The popular objection to the system now generally 
 adopted is, that it is more difficult in its application than the now 
 nearly obsolete system of Linnseus. Even were the validity of this 
 objection conceded, it does not follow, as a thing of course, that the 
 latter method is preferable to the former. It is true that the 
 Linnsean class and order can in many plants be determined with 
 tolerable certainty; but the genera of the Linnaean orders not being 
 connected by any common characters, their determination is a work 
 of difficulty. 
 
 Even for the very superficial objects of naming and classifying 
 plants, the natural system presents the student with facilities and 
 advantages unattainable by the other. The name may be as readily 
 learned, and the organisation, affinities, properties, &c., may also be 
 simultaneously acquired. 
 
 The natural orders of the British plants are about a hundred, and 
 one-fourth of these orders contains nearly three-fourths of our spon- 
 taneously growing plants. Most of these large orders are easily deter- 
 mined ; for example, Cyperacece and Graminece. Above one-seventh 
 of all our plants are certainly determined by the stem, Orchidaceez'by 
 the flowers ; Composite, about one-tenth of the British plants, by their 
 compound flowers; Umbelliferce, by their inflorescence ; Labiatce by 
 the stem and leaves ; Rubiacece by the leaves ; Boraginacece by their 
 gyrate inflorescence; Ranunculacea, Leguminiferce, and Cruciferce, 
 by their fruit. In the Linnsean arrangement the Grasses and Sedges 
 constitute part of three classes, and as many orders. The Labiate 
 plants are found in two classes and two orders. The Plantaginacece 
 constitute a portion of two classes, though the British species are 
 only six. Gentianacece are in two classes, and in several orders, 
 though having only a small number of British species. It is not now 
 a matter of opinion that the natural system is destined to supplant the 
 previous one ; it is a matter of fact. The latter is supplanted by the 
 former. It is nearly as useless to exalt the one as it is ungenerous 
 to decry the other ; de mortuis nil nisi bonum. The Linnsean system 
 is virtually dead, and will in the next generation be utterly forgot- 
 ten. Miss Wakefield's " Introduction to," and Pinnock's " Catechism 
 of Botany," will by that time have passed into oblivion ; and Sir J. E. 
 Smith's English Flora will be consulted only for the excellence of 
 its specific descriptions. The system on which these once valued 
 works were composed is in this country certainly defunct, and will 
 never be resuscitated. Every recent botanical work, whether intro- 
 ductory to the science, or systematic or descriptive, is based on some 
 one or other of the natural systems on which every work must be 
 founded which professes to present a consecutive and comprehensive 
 statement of facts relative to the common as well as to the individual 
 , organization, characters, and properties of plants. The duration or 
 ascendancy of any one of these so-called natural systems cannot be 
 
TAXONOMY. 131 
 
 predicted. It is sufficient for us to know that any of them amply 
 provides for the exigencies of science, and is, besides, in accordance 
 with the advancement of knowledge, and with the progressive spirit 
 of the age. 
 
 TAXONOMY : 
 
 OR THE ARRANGMENT OF PLANTS INTO SPECIES, GENERA, ORDERS, 
 CLASSES, AND DIVISIONS. 
 
 All created beings are divisible into material or immaterial, cor- 
 poreal or spiritual ; they are either external and sensible (objects of 
 sense), or internal and intellectual (objects of the understanding). 
 All material things are in like manner susceptible of a binary classifi- 
 cation. Thev are either inorganised or organised. Again, inorganised 
 objects are either ponderable or imponderable. In like manner, 
 organised objects are either endowed with volition and sensation with 
 the capability of locomotion, or they are involuntary insensible objects 
 without the capability of. locomotion. 
 
 Animals. Voluntary agents with power of choosing or rejecting, 
 possessed"!)? sensibility, and endowed with locomotive faculties. 
 
 Vegetables. Involuntary agents, without the power of choosing 
 or rejecting, not possessed of sensibility, nor endowed with the power 
 of locomotion. 
 
 Vegetables are divided into two grand divisions, viz. : 
 
 Acotyledonous Plants, or Acotyledons. Seeds not cotyledonary 
 (without cotyleJonsTTadicle, and plumule). 
 
 Cotyledonous Plants, or Cotyledons. Seeds cotyledonary (with 
 cotyledons, &"c7p These two grand divisions are equivalent to the 
 Exembryonate and Embryonate plants of Bichard, and to the cellular 
 and vascular plants of Decandolle. They are also identical with the 
 Cryptogams and Phanerogams, or Ph&nogams of earlier and later 
 authors. These two grand divisions are each divisible into two 
 groups or classes. 
 
 I. Amphigens entirely cellular, or of homogenous structure, with- 
 out a distinct axis of growth. 
 
 II. Acrogens, partly vascular, with a distinct axis of growth. 
 The order, or sub-class, Hepaticce (Liverworts), connects these two 
 classes or subdivisions. 
 
 The second grand division, viz., Cotyledons, is also subdivided into 
 two subdivisions or classes, viz. : 
 
 III. Endogens, or Monocotyledons. Stem increasing by internal 
 growth ; nervation of leaves simple ; seed with one cotyledon. 
 
 IV. Exogens, or Dicotyledons. Stem increasing externally ; nerva- 
 tion of leaves not simple (branched) ; seed with two cotyledons. 
 
 The sub-class Dictyogens, or the orders Tamacece and Trilliacecs, 
 connect these two classes'!"" The order Conifer <e is polycotyletforfous 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (bears seeds with several cotyledons). The third class JEndof/c-ns is 
 divided into two divisions, viz. : 
 
 1st Division. Perianth scarious, rudimentary, or herbaceous. 
 
 2nd Division Perianth all-coloured, or only partly herbaceous. 
 The first group of the first division bears albuminous seeds; the 
 second group ex-albuminous seeds. These two groups form each two 
 minor groups, which are characterised by the ovary being free, or 
 being attached, thus : 
 t Ovary free. 
 
 ft Ovary attached. 
 
 The presence or absence of floral envelopes, and the freedom or 
 attachment of the ovary, are available for the subdivisions of the 
 dicotyledonous orders. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS OF BRITISH PLANTS. 
 
 ACOTYLEDONS, or Cryptogamous plants. Vegetative system con- 
 sisting of cellular tissue alone, or with some vascular tissue, without 
 flowers and seeds ; reproduced by spores (homogeneous embryos). 
 
 1st Class, AMPHIGENS. (See index). Vegetative system entirely 
 composed of cellular tissue without a distinct axis of growth, increas- 
 ing all round the circumference. Orders, 1 4 . Algce; sub-order, Clia- 
 racece ; 2. Fungi; 3. Lichenes. 
 
 1st Order, Algce. Aquatic plants usually of the very simplest struc- 
 ture and form. Characece has a distinct cellular stem and whorled 
 branches, with axillary or terminal fructification. 
 
 2nd Order, Fungi. Terrestrial plants, generally succulent ; repro- 
 ductive matter more or less diffused in their substance. 
 
 3rd Order, Lichenes. Terrestrial, coriaceous, crustaceous, or pul- 
 verulent plants, with their reproductive matter only in certain parts. 
 
 2tid Class, ACROGENS. (See index.) Vegetative system composed 
 of both cellular and vascular tissue, rarely without a distinct axis of 
 growth, and with a more or less complex form, increasing by their 
 extremities. Orders, 4. Hepaticce ; 5. Musci; 6. Lycopodiacece ; 7. 
 Isoetece ; 8. Marsilleacece ; 9. Equisetacece ; 10. Filices, 
 
 Note. The genera and species of the orders preceding Lycopdi- 
 acece, with the exception of Char a and Nitella, with their species, are 
 not described in the present work. 
 
 4th Order, Hepaticce. The Liverwort Family. The lowest form 
 of plants with an axial development, connected in organisation and 
 form with Lichenes on the one hand, and with Musci on the other. 
 
 5th Order, Musci. The Moss Family. Small, often minute 
 plants, with root, stem, and leaves ; reproductive matter in closed 
 spore-cases (thecse). 
 
 6th Order, Lycopodiacea. The Club-moss Family. Plants, with 
 creeping, prostrate, or upright stems, more or less branched. Leaves 
 imbricated in rows, minute, resembling moss-leaves. Fructification 
 axillary, either in spikes or scattered. Genus Lycopodium. 
 
 1 th Order, Isoetece. The Quill wort Family. Aquatic leafy plants, 
 with radical fructification. Genus Isoetes. 
 
TAXONOMY. 133 
 
 8th Order, Marsilleaceee. The Pillwort Family. Aquatic, exten- 
 sively creeping plants, with tufts of leaves and radical fructification. 
 Genus Pillularia. 
 
 9th Order, JZquisetacece. The Horsetail Family. Stems hollow/ 
 jointed, mostly erect, with whorled branches and terminal fructifica- 
 tion. Genus Equisetum. 
 
 10th Order. Filices. The Fern Family. Usually stemless ; leaves 
 (fronds) coiled in prefoliation ; fructification on the under surface of 
 the leaf, or in clusters at the summit. 
 
 Tribe 1, Polypodiece. Fructification dorsal (on the back of the 
 frond), without or with a cover (indusium), usually pedicelled, enclosed 
 in an elastic, incomplete ring. Gen. Allosorus, Gymnogramma, Poly- 
 podium, Woodsia, Pteris, Adiantum, Blechnum, Scolopendrium, Cete- 
 rach, Asplenium, Cystopteris, Athyrium, Pseudathyrium, Polystichum, 
 Neplirodium. 
 
 Tribe 2, HymenopliyUece. Fructification on the margin, nof pedi- 
 celled, but sessile on the nerve, with a complete ring. Gen. Tricho- 
 majies, Hymenophyllum. 
 
 Tribe 3, Osmundece. Fructification pedicelled, with an incomplete 
 or no ring on the upper part of the frond, which is usually contracted 
 and deformed. Gen. Osmunda. 
 
 Tribe 4, Ophioylossecc. Frond not coiled in prefoliation ; fruc- 
 tification sessile in a spike or panicle. Gen. Botrychiinn, Ophio- 
 glossum. 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONS. (See p. 131, and 12) Stems usually herba- 
 ceous ; pith, wood, and bark undistinguishable ; leaves generally 
 entire, w r ith parallel, unbranching nerves ; floral envelopes and 
 organs in threes, or multiples of three ; seed germinating, with one 
 cotyledon. r* 
 
 '3rd Class, ENDOGENS. (See 12). 
 
 1st Division. Perianth scarious or herbaceous, sometimes consist- 
 ing of bracts (scales), or of hairs. 
 
 f Ovary free. 
 
 1st Subdivision. Terrestrial or aquatic plants, with albuminous 
 seeds. Orders, Graminece, Cyperacece, Juncacece, Eriocaulacece, 
 Typhacece, Aracec?;. 
 
 llth Order, Graminea. The Grass Family. Stems hollow, with 
 swollen, solid joints (knots, nodes) ; leaves with split sheaths, and a 
 scarious extension above the sheath called a ligule ; flowers either 
 solitary or placed alternately on a common axis, with scarious bracts 
 at the base. Anthers attached by their centre, notched ; albumen 
 copious, farinaceous. 
 
 Tribe 1, Paniceae. Spikelets in a spicate panicle, digitate or 
 branching; sometimes in spike-like clusters, compressed at the back 
 (dorsally) ; ail the florets perfect, or some perfect and some imperfect ; 
 styles long : stigmas projecting beyond the glume (scale or pale of some 
 authors). Gen. .Diyitaria, Panicum, Setaria. 
 
 Tribe 2, Phalaridea. Spikelets peduncled or almost sessile, 
 arranged in a more or less compact spicate panicle, rarely in a digitate 
 
1 34 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 or branched panicle, sometimes in a filiform or cy lindrical spike ; 
 spikelet laterally compressed, single flowered, all the florets perfect; 
 styles long-; stigmas rarely projecting beyond the glumes. Gen. 
 Phalaris, Anthoxanthum, Alopecurus, Phleum, Cynodon. 
 
 Tribe 3, Agrostidece. Spikelets arranged in a branching panicle, 
 rarely in a clustered or spicate panicle, more or less laterally com- 
 pressed, rarely dorsally compressed or cylindrical ; florets all perfect ; 
 stigmas sessile, or on very short styles not projecting beyond the 
 glumes. Gen. Agrostis, Calamagrostis, Ammophila, Arrhenatherum, 
 JIolcus, Melica, Stipa, Milfium, Leersia ? 
 
 Tribe 4, Avenece. Spikelets peduncled, very seldom nearly sessile, 
 arranged in a branching panicle, rarely in a spicate panicle, or in a 
 spike ; florets several in the same spikelet, the upper one often abor- 
 tive ; glumes very large enveloping the spikelet ; stigmas sessile, 
 rarely reaching to" the summit of the glume. Gen. Sessleria, Koeleria 
 (Aira), Danthonia (Poa), Corynephorus (Aira), Avena, Aira, 
 Airopsis (Knappia). 
 
 Tribe o, Festucece. Spikelets peduncled, rarely almost sessile, 
 arranged in a branching panicle containing several florets; glumes 
 (exterior) shorter than the spikelet, rarely projecting beyond the 
 lower floret ; stigmas sessile, or on very short styles, rarely approach- 
 ing the summit of the glumes. Gen. PhrapmM, Erayrostis, Poa, 
 Catabrosa, Glyceria, Molinia (Melica), Briza, Cynosurus, Datylis, 
 Festuca, Bronms. 
 
 Tribe 6, Triticea. Spikelets sessile, in a simple spike correspond- 
 ing to depressions of the axis (rach), one or many-flowered ; stigmas 
 sessile, or on very short styles. Gen. Lolium, Triticum, Secale, 
 Hordeum, Na^dus. 
 
 12th Order, Cyperacece. The Sedge Family. Stems not hollow, 
 often angular and without prominent joints ; leaf-sheaths not slitted ; 
 flowers subtended by a single bract (scale) ; anthers inserted on the 
 filament by their base, not notched. 
 
 Tribe 1, Caricece. Flowers unisexual, rarely ditecious, in scaly 
 imbricate spikes; fruit without capillary hairs at the base, in an 
 envelope open at the apex for the protrusion of the stigmas. Gen. 
 Carex, Kobresia. 
 
 Tribe 2, Scirpece. Flowers perfect in scaly imbricated spikes, the 
 lower scales often abortive ; fruit with or without capillary hairs at 
 the base. Gen. Rhynchospora, Heleocharis, Scirpus, Cladium, JSrio- 
 phorum, Blysmus f 
 
 Tribe 3, Cyperece. Flowers perfect in compressed spikelets in two 
 rows ; fruit with rudimentary hairs at the base, or none. Gen. Cyperus, 
 Schoenus. 
 
 13th Order, Juncacece. The Rush Family. Stems usually round 
 and tapering, either solid or filled with pith ; leaves sheathing, hollow, 
 or flat, often reduced to a scaly sheath ; perianth six-parted, scarious ; 
 fruit capsular, three-celled, three- valved, many-seeded. Gen. Juncus, 
 Jjtizula. 
 
 Hth Order Eriocaulacea. The Pipe-wort Family. Stem with 
 
TAXONOMY. 
 
 six-eight angles ; leaves sheathing ; flowers in heads ; perianth offer- 
 tile flower four-parted. Gen. Eriocaulon. 
 
 loth Order, Typhacece. The Bull-rush Family. Stems solid, 
 firm, without prominent joints ; leaves flat or keeled ; male and female 
 flowers distinct, on a cylindrical spike or round head ; male flowers 
 naked ; female flowers either with three scales or surrounded by hairs. 
 Gen. Typha, Sparganium. 
 
 16th Order, Aracece. The Arum Family. No stem ; leaves stalked, 
 broad ; flowers quite naked, on a fleshy coloured axis, surrounded by 
 an involute, leafy spathe. Gen. Arum. 
 
 2nd /Subdivision. Seeds without albumen ; aquatic plants. 
 
 17th Order, Lemnacece. The Duck-weed Family The vegetative 
 
 system of these plants is extremely simple, consisting of minute leaf- 
 like expansions, connected with each other, and producing flowers and 
 seeds on the margin. The male flowers have one stamen and the 
 female a single, several-seeded ovary, both inclosed in a membranous 
 cellular sheath (spathe). Gen. Lemna. 
 
 18th Order, Zoster acece. The Grass-wrack Family. Leaves long, 
 linear, blunt, quite entire, sheathing ; flowers unilateral, imperfect in a 
 sheath ; anthers one-celled, on a very short filament ; ovary one, with 
 a subulate style and two stigmas ; fruit membranous, one-seeded, 
 Gen. Zostera, Naias. 
 
 19th Order, Potamacece. The Pond- weed Family. Stems branch- 
 ing ; leaves mostly submerged, upper leaves floating ; perianth in four 
 divisions, or absent ; ovary of four distinct carpels ; fruit one-seeded, 
 not opening (indehiscent). Gen. Potamogeton, Ituppia, Zanni- 
 chellia. 
 
 20th Order, Juncaf/inacece. The Arrow-grass Family. Steins 
 solid ? with linear or sword-shaped leaves ; flowers in spikes or clus- 
 ters ; perianth herbaceous in six divisions ; fruit consisting of three- 
 six, one or two-seeded carpels. Gen. Triglochin, Scheuchzeria. 
 
 2nd Division. Perianth either all coloured or partly herbaceous ; 
 aquatics. 
 
 f Ovary frcef 
 
 1st Subdivision. Outer portions of the perianth herbaceous or 
 slightly coloured ; inner parts coloured. Orders Alismacece, Buto- 
 macece. 
 
 21st Order, Alismdcece. The Water Plantain Family Herbage 
 
 quite smooth; leaves with a broad flat limb on leaf-stalks; three 
 outer pieces of the perianth herbaceous ; three inner pieces coloured ; 
 fruit an usually indefinite number of distinct one-seeded carpels, 
 rarely two-seeded. Gen. Alisma, Actinocarpus, Sagittaria. 
 
 22nd Order, Butomacece. The flowering Rush Family. Stems 
 erect ; leaves linear, cellular ; flowers in umbels ; perianth herbaceous, 
 or slightly coloured in six divisions; fruit six-nine many seeded 
 carpels, either free or united by the sutures. Gen. Butomus. 
 
 2nd Subdivision. Perianth coloured, rarely herbaceous ; terrestrial 
 plants. Orders Colchicacece, Liliacecc, Asparagacefe, Trilliacece. 
 
 23rd Order, Colcliicacece. The Colchicum Family. Hoots fibrous 
 
136 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 or fleshy ; stems erect or absent ; leaves sheathing ; flowers in spikes 
 or clusters; fruit capsular, of three carpels united by the ventral 
 suture ; seeds many. Gen. Colchicum, Tojieldia. 
 
 24th Order, Liliacece. The Lily Family. Roots fibrous or creep- 
 ing, with solid and coated or scale-like clustered bulbs ; stems various 
 perianth coloured in six divisions ; fruit capsular, three-celled, many 
 seeded ; seeds attached to the inner angle. 
 
 Tribe 1, Tulipece Bulbous plants, pieces of the perianth almost 
 distinct; coat of the seed soft, pale white. Gen. Tulipa, Fritillara, 
 Lloydia, Lilium. 
 
 Tribe 2, Scillece. Bulbous plants ; flowers smaller than in the 
 above tribe ; seed-coat brittle, black. Gen. Scil-la, Ayrapliis, Muscari, 
 Ornithogalum, Gage a, Allium. 
 
 Tribe 3, Anthericece. Roots fibrous ; stem, if present, upright. 
 Gen. Narthecium. 
 
 25th Order, Asparagacece. The Asparagus Family. Roots fibrous 
 or creeping ; stems usually much developed, or even branching ; fruit 
 a. fleshy berry; seeds with a horny or fleshy albumen. Gen. Aspara- 
 gus, Convallaria, Polygonatum, Maianthemum, Ruscus. 
 
 26th Order, Trilliacece. The Trillium Family. Stems upright ; 
 leaves whorled ; perianth coloured or herbaceous, in six-eight divi- 
 sions ; fruit a three-celled, fleshy berry. Gen. Paris. 
 
 ft Ovary united with the perianth. 
 
 Tf^Su^^msion. Outer pieces of \he perianth herbaceous, or 
 somewh>kt colotH^d ; inner parts coloured: 
 
 27th Order, Hydrocharidacece. The Frog-bit Family Floating 
 
 or erect plants, with sheathing, petiolate, dilated leaves, and unisexual 
 flowers on distinct plants ; outer pieces of the perianth herbaceous, 
 inner parts coloured ; all regular (symmetrical) ; fruit fleshy, not 
 opening. Gen. Hydrocharis, StraUotes, Anacharis. 
 
 28th Order, Orchidacece. The Orchis Family. Roots tuberous or 
 fibrous and fasciculate ; stem various, often leafy ; leaves numerous at 
 the base of the stem, sheathing; flowers in. spikes, clusters, or 
 corymbs ; perianth irregular, often ringent ; stamen and style united, 
 or anthers and stigmas on the same column ; fruit capsular, one-celled, 
 and with very numerous seeds. 
 
 Tribe 1, Ophrydece. Roots tuberous and fibrous; stems leafy; 
 a.nthers wholly adnate with the column ; pollen-masses agglutinated 
 by viscid elastic matter. Gen. Oplirys, Oi chis, Gymnadenia, Ilabe- 
 naria, Aceras, Herminium. 
 
 Tribe 2, Malaxidece. Roots bulbous and fibrous ; anther free, 
 not adnate ; pollen-masses compact, waxy. Gen. Malaxis, Lipari-s^ 
 Corallortyiza. 
 
 Tribe 3, Neottiece. Root usually a considerable number of fleshy 
 fibres, rarely bulbous ; anther distinct from the column ; pollen- 
 masses only slightly cohering. Gen. Neottia, Spiranthes, Goodyera, 
 Listera, Epipactis* Cephalanthera. 
 
 Tribe 4, Cypripediea. Roots fibro-tuberous ; stems solid, erect ? 
 central anther barren ; lateral anthers perfect. Gen. Cypripedium. 
 
TAXONOMY. 
 
 29th Order, Amaryllidacece. The Amaryllis Family. Plants 
 usually bulbous, with erect stems, ensiform leaves, and flowers sub- 
 tended by scarious bracts ; perianth regular ; stamens six fruit a 
 three-celled, many-seeded capsule. Gen. Narcissus, Galanthus, 
 Leucojum. 
 
 30th Order, Iridacece, The Iris Family. Roots fibrous or 
 tuberous ; leaves equitant (see sec. 21) in two rows ; flowers in spikes, 
 or corymbs, or panicles, or clusters, subtended by bracts ; perianth in 
 six divisions ; stamens three ; fruit capsular, three-celled, many-seeded. 
 Gen. Iris, Sisyrincliiwn, Trichonema, Crocus. 
 
 31st Order, Dioscoreacea. The Yam Family. Roots fleshy ; 
 stems twining- ; leaves with branching nerves ; male and female 
 flowers on distinct plants ; stamens six ; ovary three-celled, with 
 one or two seeds in each cell. Gen. Tamils. 
 
 4th Class, GYMNOGENS, Lind. GYMNOSPERMS. Floral envelopes 
 absent ; ovules naked, impregnated without the intervention of 
 stigma and style. 
 
 32nd Order, Conifera. The Pine, Fir, Larch, &c. Family. 
 Trees or shrubs abounding more or less in resinous juice. Stem com- 
 posed of pith, wood, and bark, without medullary rays ; leaves ever- 
 green, rarely deciduous, linear, entire pointed, often acicular (needle- 
 shaped) ; fruit conical, cylindrical, globular, or fleshy. (See sect. 3<3.) 
 Tribe 1, Abietinece. Fir, Pine, Larch, &c. Fruit an elongated 
 cone or cylinder composed of woody scales, each scale bearing at its 
 base two ovules ; seeds with a membranous wing, germinating with 
 several cotyledons. Gen. Pinus. 
 
 Tribe 2, Cupressinetc. Juniper, &c. Trees or shrubs more or 
 loss branched; fruit more or less globular, with peltate or fleshy 
 scales ; ovules, as in Abietinea, but fewer. Gen. Juniper us. 
 
 Tribe 3, Taxinece. The Yew Tribe. Mostly trees ; fruit one- 
 seeded ; seed surrounded at the base by a fleshy cup shaped disk. 
 Gen. Taxus. 
 
 5th Class, EXOGENS, Lind. DICOTYLEDONS. Stems with distinct 
 wood and pith, floral envelopes various, with distinct bark ; leaves 
 jointed ; stamens and ovaries always present, usually approximated, 
 or on distinct parts of the same plant, or on distinct plants. The 
 number five predominates in the floral organs. The seeds germinate 
 with two cotyledons. 
 
 1st Division. Perianth single (calyx), usually herbaceous, or re- 
 duced to one or more scales, or none. 
 
 1st Subdivision. A?nentifer<z.T\\e ament -bearing Families. 
 Trees or shrubs, with rarely perfect flowers (stamens and pistils in 
 approximation) ; barren flowers in round heads, or in cylindrical 
 spikes (catkins or aments) composed of scales, which bear the 
 j stamens. Sometimes the barren flowers are enclosed in a mem- 
 branous perianth. Fertile flowers solitary, clustered or in catkins, 
 with or without a perianth ; ovary usually free. Orders, Salicacecc, 
 Con/lacece, Betulacecc, Myricacece. 
 
 33rd Order, Salicacece. Willow Family Trees and shrubs ; bar- 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ren and fertile flowers in catkins; fruit capsular, many-seeded. 
 Gen. Salix, Populus. 
 
 34th Order, Corylacece. Hazel, Oak, Beech, &e. Family. Trees 
 or shrubs ; barren flowers in catkins ; fertile flowers, solitary, or two- 
 three, rarely more, in a coriaceous involucre ; perianth united with 
 the ovary ; fruit one-celled and one-seeded by abortion. Gen. 
 Corylus, Quercus, Castanea, Fagus, Carpinus. 
 
 3oth Order, Betulacecz. Birch Family Trees or shrubs ; barren 
 and fertile flowers in catkins ; the males with several scales ; fruit 
 membranous, two-celled, with solitary ovules in each. Gen. Betula, 
 Alnus. 
 
 36th Order, Myricacece. Gale Family. Small trees or branching- 
 shrubs, with resinous juice ; flowers on distinct plants, both barren 
 and fertile flowers in catkins ; fruit fleshy, composed of the cohering 
 scales, one-celled, one-seeded. Gen. Myrica. 
 
 2nd Subdivision. Mostly herbaceous, and rarely amentiferous 
 plants ; generally furnished with a single floral envelope or perianth 
 (calyx), which is usually uncoloured. Orders, Elceagnacece, Thyme- 
 liacece, Empetracece. 
 
 t Ovary free. 
 
 37th Order, Elceagnacece. Oleaster Family. Small trees or 
 shrubs, with leprous leaves ; flowers axillary, mostly imperfect ; 
 perianth tubular, persistent; ovary one-celled, one-seeded, invested 
 with the fleshy calyx. Gen. Hippoph&e: 
 
 38th Order, Thymeliacefe. Daphne Family. Mostly small shrubs, 
 rarely herbs ; flowers axillary or terminal, green or coloured ; fruit 
 fleshy, dry or juicy, one-celled, one-seeded. Gen. Daphne. 
 
 39th Order, Empetracece. Crow-berry Family. Heath-like 
 shrubs ; flowers imperfect on different plants ; fruit fleshy, three six- 
 celled, with single ovules in each cell. Gen. Empetrum. 
 
 40th Order, Euphorbiacece. Spurge Family. Herbs or shrubs 
 abounding in acrid, milky juice ; fruit composed of three, one or 
 two-seeded carpels adhering to a central axis, and generally opening 
 with elastic force. Sometimes two carpels constitute the fruit. Gen. 
 Euphorbia^ Mercurialis, Buxus. 
 
 41st Order, Urticacece. Nettle Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees ; 
 leaves simple, alternate, rough ; flowers imperfect ; fruit enveloped 
 in the calyx, or in the axils of membranous scales, small, dry, not 
 opening, one-seeded. 
 
 Tribe 1, Urticene. Stems upright; leaves toothed or entire; 
 sepals and stamens four. Gen. Urtica, Parietaria. 
 
 Tribe 2, Canncibinece. Stems climbing or erect, and annual ; 
 leaves rough, lobed ; sepals and stamens five. Gen. Ilumulus, 
 Cannabis. 
 
 42nd Order, TJlmacecc. Elm Family. Trees with alternate rough 
 leaves, and deciduous stipules ; fruit dry, compressed, surrounded 
 by a membranous margin, one- two-seeded. Gen. Ulmus. 
 
 43rd Order, Ceratophyllacece. Horn-wort Family. Aquatic 
 herbs, with submerging leaves; flowers imperfect; stamens twelve- 
 
TAXONOMY. 139 
 
 twenty; fruit small, axillary, one-celled, one-seeded. Gen. Cera- 
 tophyllum* 
 
 44th Order, Polygonacece. The Sorrel, Rhubarb, Dock, and Buck- 
 wheat Family. Herbs, rarely shrubby ; stems often jointed and 
 tumid ; leaves simple, with sheathing scarious stipules ; flowers very 
 inconspicuous, green or coloured, in clusters, spikes, &c. ; fruit crus- 
 taceous, covered by the persistent calyx. Gen. Itumex, Oxyria, 
 Polygonum, Fagopyrum. 
 
 45th Order, Chenopodiacece. The Goose-foot, Beet, and Spinach 
 Family. Herbaceous or partly shrubby plants ; leaves various, more 
 fleshy than the leaves of the foregoing and following orders ; flowers 
 very inconspicuous, in axillary clusters or panicles, or solitary ; fruit 
 one - celled, one - seeded, covered by the permanent calyx. Gen. 
 Chenopodium, Beta, Atriplex, Halimus, Schobcria, Salsola, Sali- 
 cornia. 
 
 46th Order, Amaranthacece. Amaranth Family. Herbs ; leaves 
 entire, or slightly sinuated ; flowers small, green or coloured, in 
 heads or spikes ; calyx scarious ; fruit membranous, one-celled, one- 
 seeded. Gen. Amaranthus. 
 
 47th Order, C&llitrichacece. The Water Star- wort Family. Sub- 
 merged or floating, small herbs w T ith opposite, entire leaves; flowers 
 naked, solitary, axillary, subtended by two bracts; fruit slightly 
 fleshy, consisting of four one-seeded carpels, which separate when 
 ripe, with the back keeled or winged. Gen. Callitriche. 
 
 f f Ovary united with the perianth (calyx). 
 
 48th Order, Hippuridacece. The Mare's Tail Family. Aquatics ; 
 stem erect ; leaves linear, whorl ed ; flowers very small, axillary ; fruit 
 crowned by the rim of the calyx, slightly fleshy, one-celled, one- 
 seeded. Gen. Hip-puris. 
 
 49th Order, Santalacece. Sandal-wood Family Trees, shrubs, 
 or herbs ; flowers small, herbaceous, in spikes, cluster, or panicles ; 
 fruit dry, one-celled, with two-four seeds. Gen. Thesium. 
 
 50th Order, AristolocJiiacefe. Birth-wort Family. Generally 
 herbaceous, often climbing plants ; leaves entire or sinuated, eiitiro, 
 cordate at the base ; flowers terminal and solitary, or axillary and 
 solitary, or clustered ; fruit capsular, six-celled, many-seeded. Gen. 
 Aristolochia, Asarum. 
 
 2nd Division. Perianth double (calyx and corolla both present) ; 
 petals united (corollas monopetalous). 
 
 f Ovary free ; calyx persistent. 
 
 51st Order, Plantaginacece. The Plantain Family. Herbs, rarely 
 half-shrubby plants ; leaves radical, arranged in rosettes (like the petals 
 of a double Hose), or rarely cauline, and opposite or alternate ; 
 flowers in spikes on radical peduncles, rarely solitary ; fruit inclosed 
 by the persistent calyx and corolla, one- two-four- celled, and opening 
 by a lid ; seeds one-two, or several. Gen. Plantago, LiUorella. 
 
 52nd Order, Plumbaginacece. Sea Lavender and Thrift Family. 
 Herbs, often with branching stems ; leaves spathulate, toothed, or 
 lobed, and radical or linear ; flowers in panicles or heads ; calyx tubu- 
 
140 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 lar, plaited ; corolla of five petals, more or less united ; fruit mem- 
 branous, one-celled, one-seeded. Gen. Statice, Armeria. 
 
 53rd Order, Primulacea. The Primrose Family. Herbs, often with 
 radical leaves disposed in a rosette ; stamens five, opposite to the 
 petals ; fruit capsular, globular, one-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Tribe 1. Capsule opening longitudinally by several valves. Gen. 
 Primula, Hottonia, Cyclamen, Trientalis, Lysimachia, Samolus, 
 Glaux. 
 
 Tribe 2. Capsule opening with a lid (transverse dehiscence). 
 Gen. Anar/allis, Centunculus. 
 
 54th Order, Lcntibulacece. The Butter wort Family. Aquatics; 
 leaves radical, in a rosette, or submerged ; entire in the formercRte and 
 much divided, and setaceous (like hairs) in the latter; flowers very 
 irregular ; corollas spurred and caducous ; stamens two ; fruit capsular, 
 one-celled, many-seeded. Gen. Pinguicula, Utricularia. 
 
 55th Order, Verbenacece. The Vervain Family. Trees, shrubs, or 
 herbs ; leaves opposite ; flowers in spikes, or in close panicles ; fruit 
 consisting of four adherent one-seeded carpels. Gen. Verbena. 
 
 56th Order, Labiatce. The Labiate Family. Herbs, rarely half- 
 shrubby plants ; stems four-angled ; leaves opposite, simple ; flowers 
 axillary, clustered ; calyx, and corolla two-lipped ; fruit four-one- 
 seeded, free carpels. 
 
 Tribe 1, Menthoidea. Corolla, bell or funnel-shaped, with nearly 
 equal lobes ; stamens distant. Genera Mentlia, Lycopus. 
 
 Tribe 2, Salviece. Corolla bilabiate ; stamens two, connective of 
 anther-lobes very long, one cell perfect, the other barren. Gen. 
 Salvia. 
 
 Tribe 3, Tliymoidece. Corolla, two-lipped (bilabiate) ; stamens 
 four, with divergent anthers and dilated connective. Gen. Tliymiis, 
 Orif/anum, Calamintha, Melissa. 
 
 Tribe 4, Lamioidece. Stamens approximating, under the upper 
 lip of the corolla. 
 
 Sub-tribe 1, Nepetece. Calyx tubular; two inferior stamens 
 shortest. Gen. Nepcta. 
 
 Sub-tribe 2, Stachydece. Two lower stamens longest; calyx tubular 
 or bell-shaped, spreading in fruit. Gen. Melittis, Lamium^ Leonurus, 
 Galeopsis, Stachys, JBallota, Marrubium. 
 
 Sub-tribe 3. Two lower stamens longer than the upper two; 
 calyx closed when in fruit. Gen. Scutellaria, Prunella. 
 
 "Tribe 5, Ajugoidece. Upper lip indistinct, two-parted, with diverg- 
 ing lobes, which appear to belong to the lower lip ; stamens elon- 
 gated above the corolla; lower pair the longest. Gen. Ajuya, Ten- 
 crium. 
 
 57th Order, Scropliulariacece. Figwort Family. Herbs, rarely 
 somewhat shrubby; leaves opposite, whorled, scattered, or alternate; 
 flowers solitary and axillary, or in clusters, and leafy spikes ; corollas 
 irregular, caducous; stamens four, one being abortive, rarely two; 
 fruit capsular, two-celled, many-seeded : Corolla rotate, with rather 
 unequal lobes, Gen. Veronica, Sibtliorpia : Corolla bell-shaped, 
 
TAXONOMY. 141 
 
 Digitalis, Limosella : Corolla personate, Antirrhinum, Linaria ; 
 Corolla ringent, Pedicularis, Rhinanthus, Bartsia : Corolla open, tubu- 
 lar, or bell-shaped, Scrophularia, JEufragia, Euphrasia (all many 
 seeded) : Corolla ringent, Melampyrum (few seeded). 
 
 58th Order, Orobanchacece. The Broom-Rape Family. Parasitic, 
 succulent herbs, with upright, scaly stems, and no leaves; never 
 green ; flowers in spikes ; corolla irregular ; stamens four ; fruit a one- 
 celled, many-seeded capsule. Gen. Orobanche, Lathraa. 
 
 59th Order, Verbascacea. Mullein Family. Herbs with tall, erect 
 leafy stems, and simple (mostly decurrent) leaves ; flowers in spiked 
 and branching panicles ; corolla rotate, slightly unequal, with a five- 
 cleft limb ; stamens five, unequal, with adnate anthers ; fruit capsular, 
 two-celled, many seeded. Gen. Verbascum. 
 
 60th Order, Solanacece. Nightshade Family. Herbs, sometimes 
 slightly shrubby ; leaves alternate, entire, or lobed ; flowers on axil- 
 *ary or terminal flower-stalks ; corolla rotate, campanulate, or funnel- 
 shaped ; stamens five, equal ; fruit capsular or berried, opening 
 variously. 
 
 Tribe 1," Solanea. Fruit succulent, not opening* Gen. Solanum, 
 Atropa. 
 
 Tribe 2, Hyoscyamece. Fruit dry, opening by a lid or by valves. 
 Gen. Hyoscyamus, Datura. 
 
 61st Order, Boraginacece. Borage Family. Herbs, seldom slightly 
 ligneous ; leaves alternate, rough ; flowers in one-sided terminal 
 spikes (gyrate) ; corolla five-rarely four-cleft ; fruit four one-seeded 
 carpels. 
 
 Tribe 1, Anchusece. Carpels distinct, inserted in the base of the 
 calyx, with a flat surface, or with a more- or less prominent rim at the 
 base. Gen. Anchusa, Borago, Lycopsis, Symphytum, Myosotis, Litho- 
 spermum, Pulmonaria, JEchium. 
 
 Tribe 2, Cynoglossece. Carpels attached to the central column 
 (base of the style) by a lateral, flat, or flattish face. Gen. Cynoglossum, 
 Asperugo. 
 
 62nd Order, Cuscutacea. Dodder Family. Parasitic leafless plants, 
 with filiform (thread-like) or capillary (hair-like) twining stems, sup- 
 ported by other plants ; flowers minute in clusters ; fruit capsular, 
 membranous, two-celled, one-seeded by abortion. Gen. Cuscuta. 
 
 63rd Order, Convolvulacece. Bindweed Family. Herbs yielding 
 acrid juice ; stems usually twining ; leaves alternate, petiolate, simple ; 
 flowers large, axillary, solitary, or in small groups, on axillary 
 peduncles ; fruit capsular, two-three-four celled, with two seeds, or 
 one only in each cell. Gen. Convolvulus. 
 
 64th Order, Polemoniacece. Greek Valerian Family. Herbs, with 
 opposite or alternate leaves ; corolla five-lobed ; stamens five ; stigma 
 three -cleft; fruit capsular, three-celled. Gen. Polemonium. 
 
 65th Order, Gentianacece. Gentian Family. Herbs, quite smooth, 
 yielding a bitter juice ; leaves usually opposite, entire, rarely trifoliate ; 
 flowers in clusters, or in cymes, or in corymbs, or panicles, sometimes 
 solitary, lateral or terminal ; corolla persistent, twisted in preflora- 
 
 L 
 
142 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 tion ; fruit one- or incompletely two-celled, two-valved, many 
 seeded. 
 
 Tribe 1, Menyanthece. Leaves alternate ; corolla valvate-indupli- 
 cate in prefloration. Gen. Menyanthes, Villarsia. 
 
 Tribe 2, Gentianece. Leaves opposite ; corolla twisted in preflora- 
 tion. Gen. Gentiana, Cicendia, Chlora, Erythrcea. 
 
 66th Order, Apocynacece. Periwinkle Family. Small trees, or 
 low shrubs, with entire opposite coriaceous leaves ; flowers large, 
 axillary, and solitary, or in terminal corymbs; corolla five-lobed, 
 twisted in prefloration ; fruit consisting of two many-seeded capsular 
 carpels (follicles). Gen. Vinca. 
 
 67th Order, Oleacece. Lilac and Ash Family. Trees or shrubs ; 
 leaves opposite, entire, or pinnate ; flowers in panicles ; corolla four- 
 parted, or cleft, or absent ; stamens two ; fruit fleshy, or coriaceous, 
 opening or not opening, one- or two-celled, cells, one- or two-seeded. 
 Gen. Ligustrum, Fraxinus. 
 
 68th Order, Aquifoliacece. Holly Family. Small trees ; leaves 
 leathery, evergreen, alternate, with spinous teeth ; flowers in axillary 
 clusters ; corolla usually four-parted, imbricate in prefloration ; fruit 
 fleshy, containing four one-seeded bony cells. Gen. Ilex. 
 
 69th Order, Ericaceae. Heath Family Very small branching trees 
 or shrubs; leaves usually whorled, leathery, persistent; flowers in 
 panicles or terminal clusters ; corolla bell- or pitcher-shaped ; stamens 
 eight-ten, not borne by the corolla ; fruit capsular, four-five-celled, 
 many seeded. 
 
 Tribe 1, Ericece. Fruit dry, capsular. Gen. Erica, Calluna, 
 Andromeda, Phyllodoce, Dobcecia, Azalea. 
 
 Tribe 2, Arbutece. Fruit fleshy. Gen. Arbutus, Arctostaphylos. 
 
 1 1 Ovary more or less united with the calyx. 
 
 70th Order, Vacciniacece Whortleberry or Bilberry Family. Small 
 shrubs; leaves leathery, evergreen, or deciduous, alternate, or scat- 
 tered ; flowers axillary and solitary, or in terminal groups ; calyx of 
 from four to five sepals, united in a tube ; corolla campanulate, urceo- 
 late, or rotate, inserted in the calyx-tube, four-five parted ; fruit a 
 berry crowned with the teeth of the calyx. Gen. Vaccinium, Oxy- 
 coccus. 
 
 7 1st Order, Campanulacece. Bell-flower Family. Herbs, generally 
 yielding milky juice, more or less acrid ; leaves alternate, or scattered, 
 simple ; flowers in clusters, spikes, heads, &c. ; corolla campanulate, 
 rotate, or tubular, variously cleft, or parted ; stamens five ; fruit 
 capsular, crowned by the persistent calyx, with two, three, and rarely 
 five cells, and with several seeds in each cell. 
 
 Tribe 1, Campanulece. Corolla regular; stamens distinct; style 
 hairy. Gen. Campanula, Specularia, Wahlenbergia, Phyteuma, 
 Jasione. 
 
 Tribe 2, Lobeliea. Corolla irregular; stamens united; style gla- 
 brous, with a single tuft of hair below the stigma. Gen. Lobelia. 
 
 72nd Order, Composites. Composite Family. A very large order of 
 herbaceous or partly shrubby plants ; leaves usually alternate, simple, 
 
TAXONOMY. 143 
 
 or variously divided ; flowers sessile on a common . receptacle, and 
 surrounded by an involucre ; corollas tubular or strap-shaped, regular 
 or irregular; fruit dry, not opening, one-celled, one-seeded. 
 
 1st Sub-family, Tubuliflorce. Florets tubular, at least the central 
 ones. 
 
 Sub-division 1, Cynarocephalece Florets all tubular and perfect, 
 except sometimes the ray-florets ; style swollen above. 
 
 Tribe 1. Plume of long fibres, rough or feathery, connected at 
 the base by a ring, falling off in one mass. Gen. Onopordum, Carlina, 
 Carduus, Silybum, Centaurea. 
 
 Tribe 2. .Plume either persistent or falling off gradually, rarely 
 united in a laciniated crown. Gen. Lappa, Serratula, Saussurea. 
 
 Sub-division 2, Corymbiferce. Flowers of the centre tubular, 
 perfect, of the ray (circumference), strap-shaped, sometimes sterile. 
 In some genera the florets are all tubular; style not enlarged 
 above. 
 
 Tribe 1. Receptacle scaly; fruit without a plume; anthers with- 
 out appendages at the base. Gen. Bidens, Achillea, Anthemis. 
 
 Tribe 2. Receptacle not chaffy ; fruit without a plume ; anthers 
 usually without basilary appendages. 
 
 Sub-tribe. Anthers without appendages at the base. Gen. Pyre- 
 thrum (Matricaria], Chrysanthemum, Bellis, Artemisia, Tanacetum. 
 There are no British representatives of the other sub-tribes of this 
 tribe. 
 
 Tribe 3. Receptacle chaffy only at the circumference; fruit 
 crowned with silky fibres. 
 
 Sub-tribe 1. Anthers with appendages at the base. Gen, Filago, 
 Gnaphalium, Antennaria, Pulicaria, Inula. 
 
 Sub-tribe 2. Anthers without appendages at the base, Solidago, 
 Erigeron, Aster, Linosyris (Chrysocoma), Doronicum, Cineraria, 
 Senecio, Eupatorium, Tussilago, Petasites. 
 
 2nd Sub-family, Liguliflorce. Florets all strap-shaped and per- 
 fect. 
 
 Tribe 1 .Fruit without a capillary plume, with or without a rim, 
 or with a very short, paleaceous, membranous crown. Gen. Lapsana, 
 Arnoseris, Cichorium. 
 
 Tribe 2. Fruit, at least in the centre, crowned with feathery 
 fibres, or the exterior fibres only smooth. Gen. Hypochceris, Thrincia, 
 Leontodon, Picris, Helminthia, Tragopogon. 
 
 Tribe 3. Plume of the fruit capillary, either smooth or rough, 
 but not feathery. Gen. Taraxacum, Lactuca, Sonchus, Mulgedium, 
 Crepis, Hieracium. 
 
 Sub-order Ambrosiacece, Link. Flowers capitate in spikes, 
 upper heads containing male flowers, the lower, female ditto ; fruit 
 one-celled, one-seeded enclosed in a woody involucre. Gen. Xan- 
 thium. 
 
 73rd Order, Dipsacea. Teasel and Scabious Family. Herbs ; leaves 
 opposite ; flowers in heads on a conical receptacle subtended by a 
 leafy involucre ; corolla tubular funnel-shaped ; four-five cleft, lobes 
 
144 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 unequal, in a membranous calyx ; fruit dry, crowned by the remains 
 of the calyx. Gen. Dipsacus, Scabiosa, Knautia. 
 
 74th Order, Voter ianacecB. Valerian Family, Herbs, often with 
 fleshy odorous roots ; radical leaves in a rosette or fascicled ; stem- 
 leaves opposite, simple or compound ; flowers in cymes arranged in a 
 corymb; corolla tubular funnel-shaped, regular, gibbous, or spurred; 
 lobes nearly equal ; fruit one-celled, one-seeded, or three-celled, one 
 of which only is fertile. Gen. Valeriana, Centranthus, Valerianetta. 
 
 75th Order, Rubiacece (Stellatce). Madder and Galium Family. 
 Herbs (Br. Sp.); stems four-angled ; leaves sessile, whorled; flowers 
 in lateral or terminal, two- or three-parted cymes, or panicled or 
 corymbose ; corolla four-five cleft ; stamens four-five ; fruit dry, rarely 
 fleshy, composed of two nearly globular carpels. Gen. JRubia, 
 Asperula, Galium, Sherardia. 
 
 76th Order, Caprifoliacea. Honeysuckle Family. Small trees, 
 shrubs, or herbs ; leaves opposite, entire or variously lobed or divided ; 
 flowers in cymes, heads or apparent verticils, rarely binary, on 
 axillary peduncles ; corolla tubular, two-lipped, bell-shaped, or rotate, 
 five- rarely four-cleft ; fruit fleshy, three-five celled, or one-celled by 
 abortion, one- or few-seeded. 
 
 Tribe 1, Sambucinece Corolla rotate ; fruit three-five-celled, three- 
 five seeded; styles three-five, or three-five sessile stigmas. Gen. 
 Adoxa, Sambucus, Viburnum. 
 
 Tribe 2, Lonicereee. Corolla tubular or campanulate, with a two- 
 lipped or five-cleft limb ; fruit one-celled, with several seeds ; style 
 one ; stigma three-lobed. Gen. Lonicera, Linncea. 
 
 77th Order, Cucurbitacece. Cucumber Family. Herbs, mostly suc- 
 culent; stems climbing; leaves alternate, simple, palmate, rough; 
 flowers axillary, either solitary, fascicled, or corymbose ; corolla bell- 
 shaped or wheel-shaped, five-cleft or five-parted persistent ; stamens 
 five ; fruit fleshy, or a berry, three-five-celled, or fewer by the de- 
 struction of the partitions. Gen. Bryonia. 
 
 3rd Division. Perianth double (calyx and corolla present) ; petals 
 distinct (polypetalous). 
 
 1st Subdivision. Petals and stamens inserted on the calyx (peri- 
 gynous. 
 
 f Ovary more or less united with the calyx. 
 
 78th Order, Ilederacece (Araliacece). Ivy Family. Shrubs, often 
 climbing ; leaves alternate, lobed ; flowers in lateral or, terminal 
 umbels ; petals five, valvate in prefloration ; stamens five ; fruit a 
 five-celled five-seeded berry. Gen. Hedera. 
 
 79th Order, Cornacece. Cornel Family Small trees, with opposite 
 leaves ; flowers in cymes, corymbs, or umbels ; petals and stamens 
 four ; fruit fleshy, consisting of two one-seeded cells. Gen. Cornus. 
 
 80th Order, Loranthacece. Misseltoe Family. Parasitic shrubs ; 
 stem very much branched; leaves opposite, simple, quite entire; 
 flowers sessile, in groups, imperfect ; the fertile flower has four small 
 fleshy petals ; the barren flower has four stamens attached to the 
 sepals ; fruit a mucilaginous one-seeded berry. Gen. Viscum. 
 
TAXONOMY. 145 
 
 81st Order, Grossulacece. Gooseberry and Currant Family. 
 Shrubs with or without spines ; leaves alternate or fascicled, lobed ; 
 flowers axillary, in clusters ; petals small, five, rarely four ; fruit a 
 many-seeded berry. Gen. Hikes. 
 
 82nd Order, Saxifragacece. Saxifrage Family. Herbs, with gene- 
 rally hairy or glandular stems and simple crenate, toothed, or pal- 
 mate leaves ; flowers in cymes or in terminal corymbs ; petals five ; 
 stamens ten, rarely eight; fruit capsular, two-celled, many-seeded, 
 rarely one-celled ; the carpels separate when ripe. Gen. Saxifraga, 
 Chrysosplenium. 
 
 83rd Order, Umbelliferce. Umbellate Family. Herbs with usually 
 a powerful odour, agreeable or disagreeable ; stem generally chan- 
 nelled, more or less sharply ridged, often hollow ; leaves sheathing, 
 simple or compound ; flowers in simple or compound umbels, axillary 
 or terminal, or both ; petals and stamens five ; styles two ; fruit com- 
 posed of two one-seeded carpels. 
 
 Sub-order 1, Qrthospermce. Carpels either flat or convex on the 
 face (where they adhere to the central column). 
 
 Tribe 1. Umbels imperfect; flowers sessile, or almost sessile, or 
 in heads. Gen. Hydrocotyle, Sanicula, Eryngium, Astrantia. 
 
 Tribe 2. Umbels compound ; fruit almost cylindrical, compressed 
 in the direction of the axis (central column); carpels without spines; 
 primary ridges equal, or nearly so, filiform, or more or less elevated ; 
 secondary ridges none. Gen. Bupleurum, Trinia, Sison, Cicuta, 
 JEegopodium, Carum, Petroselinum, Apium, Helosciadium, Sium, 
 Pimpinella, Conopodium (JBunium)j JEthusa, (Enanthe, Libanotis, 
 Foeniculum, Cnidium, Silaus. 
 
 Tribe 3. Fruit compressed in the same direction as the axis, 
 without spines; carpels with unequal primary ridges; the three 
 dorsal filiform, the two marginal winged. Gen. Selinum, Angelica, 
 Peucedanum, Pastinaca, Heracleum, Tordylium. 
 
 Tribe 4. Fruit compressed in the same direction as the axis, or 
 nearly cylindrical; carpels five; primary ridges filiform, with or 
 without spines; the four secondary ridges become wings, either 
 entire or deeply cleft, or parted into spines or spinous fibres. Gen. 
 Daucus. 
 
 Sub-order 2, Campylospermce. Face of the carpels furrowed by 
 the inflexure of the margin. Gen. Caucalis, Torilis, Anthriscus,-^ 
 Cheer ophy Hum, Scandix, Conium. 
 
 Sub-order 3, Ccelospermce Carpels curved inwards. Gen. Cori- 
 andrum. 
 
 84th Order, Haloragete. Water-mill foil Family. Aquatic sub- 
 merged or swimming plants ; leaves whorled, much divided, segments 
 capillary ; calyx-limb four-parted, or almost none ; petals four or 
 none ; stamens equal to or twice as many as the lobes of the calyx ; 
 fruit hard, four-celled, or one-celled by abortion. 
 
 Tribe 1, Myriophyllece. Stamens eight, rarely four.; ovary four- 
 celled ; stigmas four, sessile. Gen. Myriophyttum. 
 
 85th Order, Onagracece. Evening Primrose Family. Herbs, some- 
 
146 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 time's a little shrubby at the base. Leaves simple, entire, or toothed ; 
 flowers axillary, solitary, or in terminal clusters ; petals four, or none ; 
 stamens eight, rarely four or two ; fruit capsular, four-celled, four- 
 valved, or two-celled, one-seeded, not opening. 
 
 Tribe 1 , Onagrariece. Fruit long, more or less quadrangular. Gen. 
 Epilobium, (Enothera, Isnardia. 
 
 Tribe 2, Circceea. Petals and stamens two; fruit, two one-seeded 
 cells. Gen. Circcea. 
 
 86th Order, Pomacece. Apple-tree Family. Trees or shrubs ; 
 branches often spinous; leaves scattered or fascicled, simple and 
 toothed, or lobed or pinnate ; flowers in umbels, clusters, or corymbs, 
 often fugitive ; petals five : stamens indefinite ; styles five, or fewer 
 by abortion ; fruit crowned by the limb- of the calxy, fleshy, with as 
 many cells as stamens. 
 
 Tribe 1. Lining of the cells bony. Gen. Mespilus, Cratcegus. 
 
 Tribe 2. Lining of the cells cartilaginous. Gen. Cotoneaster, 
 Pyrus. 8orbus, 
 
 f f Ovary free. 
 
 87th Order, Amygdalacece. Trees or shrubs, with simple alternate 
 leaves, and often glandular stipules ; calyx, five-toothed, deciduous ; 
 petals five ; stamens about twenty. Fruit, a fleshy drupe, with a 
 hard bony nut. Gen. Prunus. 
 
 88th Order, Rosacece. Rose Family. Herbs, or sometimes prickly 
 shrubs ; leaves alternate, pinnate, rarely simple ; flowers in cymes or 
 corymbs, both kinds of inflorescence more or less irregular ; petals 
 five, rarely four ; stamens indefinite; carpels indefinite, distinct, rarely 
 few, or only one or two in a head, or in a hemispherical or conical 
 receptacle. 
 
 Tribe 1, Spirceea. Carpels few, dry, in a single whorl, opening by 
 the inner margin (ventral suture), two-six-seeded; stamens indefinite. 
 Gen. Spircea. 
 
 Tribe 2,Potentille&. Carpels numerous, not opening (indehiscent), 
 one-seeded, on a conical, dry, or fleshy receptacle ; stamens inde- 
 finite. Gen. Potentilla, Sibbaldia, Comarmn, Fragaria, Rubus, Geum, 
 Dryas. 
 
 Tribe 3, Rosece. Carpels numerous, dry, not opening, enclosed in 
 the calyx, which becomes fleshy when the fruit is ripe; stamens 
 indefinite. Gen. Rosa. 
 
 Tribe 4, Agrimonies. Carpels one-two, dry, not opening, shut 
 up in the calxy-tube, which is indurated when the fruit is ripe. 
 Jjren. Agrimonia. ^ (jUX/Vv/v&-'V\c^ 
 
 89th Order, Crassulacece. House Leek Family. Herbaceous, or 
 somewhat shrubby at the base ; leaves in ranks, or scattered, fleshy, 
 often cylindrical; flowers in spikes, or corymbs, or cymes; sepals 
 five, rarely three-twenty; corolla five, rarely three-twenty petals; 
 fruit of as many carpels as the flower has petals, opening by the inner 
 margin. Gen. Sedum, Sempervivum, Tillcea. 
 
 90th Order, Illecebracece. Knot-grass Family. Herbs, with nume- 
 rous slender, often prostrate, stems; leaves opposite or scattered, 
 
TAXONOMY. 147 
 
 entire, with, scarious stipules ; flowers often minute, in terminal heads 
 or cymes, rarely axillary ; calyx five sepals, rarely four, free or 
 cohering ; petals as many as the sepals, often rudimentary ; stamens 
 five, rarely four ; fruit one-celled, one-seeded by abortion ; seed sus- 
 pended on a basal funicle. Gen. Polycarpon, Corrigiola, Scleranthus, 
 Illecebrum, Herniaria. 
 
 91st Order, Portulacece. Purslane Family. Mostly succu- 
 lent annual herbs, with branching stems; leaves opposite, or scat- 
 tered; flowers small, solitary, or aggregate, terminal or lateral; 
 sepals two, rarely three or five ; petals five, rarely four or six ; 
 stamens three-twelve ; the fruit is a membranous one-celled cap- 
 sule opening with a lid, or three-valved, opening by the sutures. 
 Gen. Montia.^ t*UfHnt(*) 
 
 92nd Order, Lythracece. Loose-strife Family. Herbaceous plants, 
 or sometimes shrubby at the base ; leaves entire ; flowers axillary, 
 solitary, or aggregate; lobes of calyx eight-twelve, rarely more; 
 corolla four-six petals, rarely seven, inserted at the top of the calyx- 
 tube ; stamens six-twelve, rarely more or fewer ; fruit capsular, two- 
 celled, rarely with more cells ; cells many-seeded, opening irregularly, 
 or by the sutures. Gen. Lythrum, Peplis. 
 
 93rd Order, Leguminifer&. Legume-bearing Family, Pea, Bean, 
 &c. Family. Herbs, shrubs, or trees; leaves alternate, variously 
 divided, stipulate ; flowers in upright or pendent clusters, in heads 
 or in umbels, sometimes solitary ; corolla irregular (see sect. 27, p. 25) ; 
 stamens ten, either all united, or nine united and one free ; fruit a 
 legume (see sect. 37). 
 
 Tribe 1, Lotece. Leaves unequally pinnate (see sect. 18, Fig. 44), 
 or trifoliate, rarely simple, or a mere rach by abortion ; cotyledons 
 rising above ground and becoming leaves ; legume continuous, or some- 
 times twisted or spiral, rarely imperfectly two-celled. 
 
 Sub-tribe 1 Stamens all united. Gen. Sarothamnus, Genista, 
 If lex, Ononis, Anthyllis. 
 
 Sub-tribe 2. Stamens nine united, one free; leaves trifoliate. 
 Gen. Lotus, Melilotus, Hedicago, Trifolium. 
 
 Sub-tribe 3. Stamens all united (Diadelphous) ; leaves pinnate, 
 with an odd leaflet ; legume imperfectly two-celled by the inflexion 
 of the dorsal nerve. Gen. Oxytropis, Astragalus. 
 
 Tribe 2, Viciece Legume one-celled, sometimes divided by trans- 
 verse partitions ; stamens either all united, or with one distinct ; 
 cotyledons remaining under ground ; leaves equally pinnate, often 
 furnished with a tendril, rarely reduced to a rach, tendril or phyllode 
 (petiole without a leaf). Gen. Vicia, Lathyrm, Orobus. 
 
 Tribe 3, Hedysarece. Legume transversely divided into one-seeded 
 cells ; stamens united ; leaves unequally pinnate. Gen. Ornithopus, 
 Arthrolobium, Hippocrepis, Onobrychis. 
 
 94th Order, Rhamnacece. Buckthorn Family. Small trees or 
 shrubs ; leaves alternate or fascicled, entire or toothed ; flowers axil- 
 lary, in fascicles, or nearly solitary, towards the end of the branch ; 
 petals four-five, or none by abortion ; stamens four-five opposite to 
 
148 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the petals ; fruit a globular berry, containing from two to four cori- 
 aceous, cartilaginous nuts. Gen. Rhamnus. 
 
 2nd Subdivision Petals and stamens inserted on the receptacle. 
 Ovary free. 
 
 t Placentation parietal (seeds attached to the valves or to their 
 margins), 
 
 95th Order, Violacea. Violet Family Herbs or shrubs ; leaves 
 alternate or all radical, petiolate, entire, toothed, or crenated ; flowers 
 solitary, pedunculate ; corolla of five unequal petals, the lower one 
 with a spur, twisted in prefloration ; fruit capsular, one-celled, three- 
 valved, many-seeded. Gen. Viola. 
 
 96th Order, Cistacece. Cistus Family. Shrubs, partly shrubby 
 or herbaceous plants, with opposite entire leaves, rarely with scattered 
 leaves ; flowers in gyrate, terminal groups, rarely in umbellate cymes 
 or solitary ; petals five, fugitive ; stamens indefinite ; fruit capsular, 
 one-celled, three-five, rarely six-ten imperfect cells. Gen. Helian- 
 themum. 
 
 97th Order, Crucifera. Cruciate Family .Herbs, rarely shrubby 
 at the base ; leaves alternate, simple, or variously divided ; flowers 
 in clusters, often corymbose ; petals four, caducous ; stamens six, 
 unequal ; fruit dry, elongated or short, opening by both the margins 
 of the valves, two-celled, with many, or few, or solitary seeds. 
 
 Sub-order Siliquosce. Fruit, a linear or lanceolate opening, many- 
 seeded pod, rarely not opening. 
 
 Tribe 1. Cotyledons flat, radicle lateral (placed at the edges of 
 the cotyledons). Gen. Matthiola, Cheiranthus, Harbarea, Arabis, 
 Dentarid) Cardamine, Nasturtium, Turritis. 
 
 Tribe 2. Radicle dorsal, i. e. lying on the back of one of the 
 cotyledons. Gen. Hesperis, JErysimum, Attiaria, Sisymbrium. 
 
 Tribe 3. Cotyledons folded (conduplicate), radicle dorsal, included 
 in the folded cotyledons. Gen. Brassicd, Sinapis, Erucastrum, 
 Diplotaxis. 
 
 Sub-order 2, Silicufasce. Fruit about equal in length and breadth, 
 a pouch (silicic) oval, oblong, or round, or cordate ; opening (dehiscent) 
 rarely not-opening (indehiscent) ; seeds one-four or many. 
 
 Tribe 1. Silicle dehiscent. 
 
 ^ Sub-tribe 1. Silicle compressed parallel to the partition ; par- 
 tition broad ; valves flat or convex, never keeled or winged. Gen. 
 Alyssum, Draba, Cochlearia, Camelina, Velio, . 
 
 Sub-tribe 2. Silicle compressed perpendicularly to the partition ; 
 partition narrow, linear, or lanceolate; valves boat-shaped, often 
 keeled or winged. Gen. Teesdalia, Thlaspi, Iberis, Hutchinsia, 
 Capsella, JLepidium, Subularia. 
 
 Tribe 2. Silicle not opening. Gen. Senebiera, Isatis. 
 
 Tribe 3. Fruit divided into distinct indehiscent cells by trans- 
 verse partitions. Gen. Cakile, Crambe, Raphanus, 
 
 98th Order, Fumariacece. Fumitory Family. Herbs, mostly juicy 
 and glaucous ; leaves alternate, much divided ; flowers in terminal 
 clusters, or in clusters opposite to the leaves petals four, connivent, 
 
TAXONOMY. 149 
 
 more or less united at the base, the upper one spurred; stamens 
 six, united by their filaments in two bundles; fruit either one- celled 
 and one-seeded, not opening, or many-seeded, two-valved, opening 
 Gen. Fumaria, Corydalis. 
 
 99th Order, Papaveracece. Poppy Family. Herbs, with milky- 
 white or yellow juice ; leaves alternate, sinuated, pinnatifid, or pin- 
 nate ; flowers in umbels, or solitary ; petals four, fugitive ; stamens 
 indefinite ; fruit dry, globular or elongated, one-celled, with incom- 
 plete partitions, many-seeded, opening by pores under the radiate 
 stigma ; or linear one-celled, with an imperfect partition opening by 
 two valves, or not opening, and divided into several cells by trans- 
 verse partitions. Gen. Papaver, Meconopsis, Rcemeria, Glaucium, 
 Chelidonium. 
 
 100th Order, Nymphceacea. Herbs, with cordate or peltate thick 
 floating leaves ; sepals and petals numerous, the latter inserted on 
 the disk which surrounds the pistil. Gen. Nymphaa, NupJiar. 
 
 101st Order, Resedacece. Yellow Rocket Family. Herbs with 
 alternate entire or variously divided leaves ; flowers in spicate ter- 
 minal clusters; petals four-seven, unequal; stamens ten-thirty; 
 fruit capsular, many-seeded, opening at the summit. Gen. Reseda. 
 
 102nd Order, Droseracece. Sundew Family. Leaves mostly radical 
 in a rosette, usually furnished with long glandular hairs ; petals and 
 stamens five each, rarely four ; fruit capsular, with three-five cells, 
 rarely more or fewer ; valves three-five, many seeds. Gen. Drosera, 
 Parnassia. 
 
 103rd Order, Hypericacea. Tutsan or St. John's Wort Family. 
 Herbs, often shrubby plants ; stems often with prominent angles ; 
 leaves opposite, entire, often with glandulous, transparent punctures ; 
 flowers yellow, in panicles, corymbs, or cymes ; petals five, rarely 
 four ; stamens indefinite, united at the base in three-five bundles ; 
 fruit capsular, three-five celled, three-five valved, many-seeded, rarely 
 a berry. Gen. Hypericum. 
 
 f t Placentation axile or central (except Tamaricacece and Frank- 
 eniacea) ; seeds attached to the centre of the capsule, or to a central 
 column or receptacle. 
 
 104th Order, Pyrolacece. Winter Green Family. Herbs, rarely 
 shrubby plants ; leaves mostly radical, in a rosette, entire or toothed ; 
 flowers in terminal clusters; petals five, more or less cohering; 
 stamens double the number of the petals ; fruit capsular, three-five 
 celled with three-five valves and numerous seeds. Gen. Pyrola, 
 Moneses. 
 
 105th Order, Monotropacea. Monotropa Family. Succulent pale 
 Kerbs, with scales instead of leaves ; flowers pale, in a terminal, one- 
 sided cluster ; petals four-five ; stamens eight-ten ; fruit-capsular four- 
 five celled, with many seeds. Gen. Monotropa. 
 
 106th Order, Celastracece. Spindle-tree Family. Shrubs or small 
 trees ; leaves opposite, toothed, or nearly quite entire ; flowers in 
 axillary cymes ; petals four-five inserted on a thick annular disk ; 
 stamens as many as the petals ; fruit capsular, cartilaginous, with 
 
150 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 three-five cells, two- or one-seeded by abortion ; seeds sometimes with 
 a coloured, fleshy aril. Gen. Euonymus, Staphylea. 
 
 107th Order, Aceracece. Maple Family. Trees or shrubs ; leaves 
 opposite, petiolate, lobed, or palmate ; flowers, either in erect corymbs 
 or in pendulous clusters; sepals five, rarely four-nine, disk thick, 
 annular ; petals as many as the sepals ; stamens usually eight inserted 
 on the disk ; fruit consisting of two one-seeded, rarely two-seeded, 
 winged samaras. Gen. Acer. 
 
 ' 1 08th Order, Polygalacea. Milk- wort Family. Shrubs, often herbs, 
 somewhat shrubby at the base ; leaves sessile, entire, alternate, rarely 
 opposite ; flowers in spicate, terminal clusters ; calyx of five very un- 
 equal sepals, three of which are very small and herbaceous, two large 
 and coloured ; corolla irregular, of three very unequal petals cohering 
 through the united filaments; stamens eight in two bundles; fruit 
 capsular, membranous, two-celled, compressed perpendicularly to the 
 partition. Gen. Polygala. 
 
 109th Order, Tiliacece. Lime-tree Family. Trees with alternate 
 simple petiolate, stipulate leaves ; flowers in axillary corymbs, on a 
 common winged peduncle ; petals five, imbricate in prefloration ; 
 stamens indefinite ; fruit woody, five-angled, one-celled by the rup- 
 ture of the partitions, and one two-seeded by abortion. Gen. Tilia. 
 
 110th Order, Malvacea. Mallow Family. Herbs or shrubs, or 
 shrubby only at the base; leaves alternate, petiolate, lobed, or 
 variously divided, stipulate ; flowers solitary, or in fascicles, axillary 
 or terminal ; sepals five, rarely three-four, united at the base ; petals 
 five, clawed and united with the base of the staminal tube ; stamens 
 indefinite in a tube which covers the ovary ; fruit a number of one- 
 seeded carpels, arranged on a central axis. Gen. Malva, Althcea, 
 Lavatera. 
 
 1 1 1th Order, Geraniacece. Geranium Family. Herbs, or somewhat 
 shrubby plants ; stems more or less tumid and jointed ; leaves oppo- 
 site below, and alternate above, with usually membranous stipules ; 
 flowers usually in twos, pedunculate, sometimes one or several on the 
 common peduncle, opposite to the leaves ; petals five, equal or unequal, 
 fugitive ; stamens ten united ; fruit five one-celled carpels radiating 
 and adhering to a central column. Gen. Geranium, Erodium* 
 
 112th Order, Balsaminacece. Balsam Family. Herbs with succu- 
 lent stems more qr less tumid at the joints ; leaves alternate, simple, 
 nearly entire ; flowers single, or several on axillary peduncles ; sepals 
 five, very unequal, coloured and fugitive ; petals four, unequal, 
 small ; stamens five, filaments united about half their length ; fruit 
 incompletely five-celled and five-valved, separating elastically. 
 Gen. Impatiens. 
 
 113th Order, Oxalidacece. Wood Sorrel Family. Herbs, more or 
 less acid ; leaves involute in the bud (circinate in vernation) (see 21), 
 trifoliate, stipulate ; flowers several on axillary peduncles, or solitary 
 and radical ; petals five, sometimes cohering at their base ; stamens 
 ten, united at the base; capsule five-celled, many-seeded, rarely with 
 solitary seeds. Gen. Oxalis. 
 
TAXONOMY. 15 1 
 
 114th Order, Elatinacece. Water-pepper Family. Herbaceous, root- 
 ing, aquatic plants, with hollow stems and opposite, or whoiied, entire 
 leaves and minute scarious stipules ; flowers axillary ; pe* ^s three- 
 four fugitive ; stamens as many or twice as many as the is fruit 
 capsular, three-four celled, many-seeded, crowned by th 
 styles. Gen. Elatine. 
 
 115th Order, Linacece. Flax Family Herbs, sometimes, bby 
 at the base ; stems branching ; leaves entire, sessile, scattered ; prera 
 terminal or lateral, in cymes or panicles ; petals five, rarely fou very 
 fugitive ; stamens five-four, slightly uniting at the base ; fruit c Jpeu- 
 lar, five- rarely three- four-celled, each cell forming a one-seeded separ- 
 able carpel. Gen. Linum, Radiola. 
 
 116th Order, Caryophyllacece. Pink Family. Herbs, rarely 
 shrubby at the base ; stems jointed and tumid, usually forked; leaves 
 opposite, entire, often sessile, or connate, at the base ; flowers either 
 in terminal forked cymes, which are sometimes one-sided by abortion 
 or in terminal clusters, panicles, or solitary ; petals five, rarely four, 
 very rarely absent; stamens as many or twice as many as the 
 petals ; fruit capsular, one-celled, or rarely with two-five imperfect 
 cells, opening by valves or by teeth; very rarely fleshy, and not 
 opening. 
 
 Sub-order 1, SilenecB. Sepals united into a tube for half their 
 length ; petals with claws as long as the calyx- tube ; ovary stipitate. 
 Gen. Dianthus, Saponaria, Silene, Cucubalus, Melandrium., Lychnis. 
 
 Sub-order 2. Alsinece. Sepals free ; petals sessile, with a very 
 short claw, sometimes none by abortion ; ovary sessile. Gen. Lepi- 
 gonum, Spergula, Sagina, Alsine, Cherleria, Arenaria, Holosteum t 
 Stellaria, Cerastium. 
 
 1 1 7th Order, Frarikeniacece. Sea Heath Family. Herbs, or some- 
 what shrubby plants ; leaves opposite, sheathing at the base ; flowers 
 sessile, axillary, or terminal ; petals five clawed, with appendages at 
 the base of the limb ; stamens five or more ; fruit capsular, one-celled, 
 two-three-four-valved, many seeded. Gen. Frankenia. 
 
 118th Order, Tamaricacea. Tamarix Family. Shrubs or herbs ; 
 leaves alternate, entire, scale-like; flowers in spikes or racemes; 
 calyx four-five parted ; petals four-five ; s-tamens as many or twice as 
 many as the petals ; fruit capsular, one-celled, three- valved, many- 
 seeded. Gen. Tamarix. 
 
 119th Order, JBerberacece. Berberry Family. Shrubs or herbs ; 
 leaves compound, alternate with spinous teeth; flowers in simple 
 racemes, rarely panicled ; sepals three-four-six in two rows, one of 
 which is deciduous and coloured ; petals as many or twice as many as 
 sepals ; stamens as many as the petals, and opposite ; fruit a one-seeded 
 berry or capsule, with more than one seed. Gen. JBerberis. 
 
 120th Order, Ranunculacece. Crow-foot Family. Herbs, rarely 
 shrubs, or half shrubby plants ; leaves alternate, petiolate, and sheath- 
 ing at the base, entire, simple, or variously divided ; calyx either 
 coloured and fugitive, or herbaceous and persistent; petals five to 
 fifteen, regular or irregular, rarely absent; stamens indefinite, very 
 
152 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 rare! e-ten (Myosurus); fruit composed of definite or indefinite 
 carpel* '"it or indehiscent. 
 
 OKU. \atidece. Leaves opposite; Corolla absent; preflora- 
 t 1 ' . L e, ! petic ithers extrorse ; carpels one-seeded, not opening, with 
 >r'in peiidv v y appendage (tail). Gen. Clematis. 
 - lar; *, Ranunculece. Leaves alternate, or all radical; sepals 
 f UG d r tals absent in Thalictrum and Anemone, imbricate in 
 L -M s* ' ; anthers extrorse j carpels indefinite, one-seeded, not 
 opr,1St w ind without a tail. Gen. Thalictrum, Anemone, Adonis, 
 Myv^irus, Ranunculus, Ficaria. 
 
 Tribe 3. Helleborece. Leaves alternate, or all radical; calyx 
 mostly coloured and fugitive, rarely persistent; petals more or less 
 irregular, or absent ; prefloration imbricated ; carpels three-ten, many- 
 seeded, opening by the inner margin. Gen. Oaltha, Trollius, Helle- 
 borus, Eranthis, Aquilegia, Delphinium, Aconitum. 
 
 Tribe 4. Pceoniece. Leaves alternate ; petals four-five, or more ; 
 authers introrse ; carpels two-five or solitary, many-seeded and open- 
 ing, or berried and not opening. Gen. P^onia, Act&a. 
 
 Fig. 99. Flower of Pancratium illyrieum, 
 amaryllidaceous plant ; o, ovary. 
 
 g. 100. Same, with 
 the perianth removed, to 
 show the crown. 
 
DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 IToTE OF ABBREVIATIONS. E. B. 224 is equivalent to the 224th plate of " English 
 Botany," where that plant is represented. L. C. signifies the Catalogue of the Botanical 
 Society of London, which Society, though at present in abeyance (some say defunct), 
 will, it is hopedj be again resuscitated (to use a rather grandiloquent term), and become 
 more useful than ever. The number following these letters means .that the plant after 
 which it (the number) stands is represented in the Society's herbarium under the same 
 number. The herbarium still exists, and may be consulted by application to Mr. Brocas 
 of the Linnaean Society. A. signifies the Area of the species or the number of the botanical 
 provinces in which it occurs. The number of botanical provinces into which Great Britain 
 is divided is 18, and the number 18 or 6 after the letter A. means that the said plant is 
 found in all the provinces, or in 6 of them respectively, as the case may be. C. means 
 County, and the number CO intimates that the species occurs in 60J3ounties of Great 
 Britain. Alt. means Altitude, and it is marked in yards being the mark for the 
 coast-line. T. means Temperature, and 49 41 indicates that the plant grows in a tem- 
 perature between these two extremes, or has a range of 8. 
 
 CLASS I. ACOTYLEDONS, Juss. 
 
 Acrogens and Thallogens, Lind. Cellnlares, D. C. 
 
 Cryptogamia (Cryptogamous plants), Linn. 
 
 The plants of this great and very hcterogenous class are chiefly 
 composed of cellular tissue ; ducts and spirals are absent, except in 
 the very highest orders. Their cuticle is without stomata (see p. 4), 
 and their vegetative and reproductive organs are not very distinct. 
 They increase either by a regular or irregular development in all 
 directions (Thallogens, or Thallophy tes, see Index), or by an extension 
 of the axis of growth (Acrogens, see Index). The reproductive matter 
 (sporules, or sporidia, or spores, see Index) is either dispersed in the 
 substance of the plants (in the lowest orders), or enclosed in spore- 
 cases (thecse), and variously grouped or clustered in or upon the 
 plants. Germination commences at any point on the surface of the 
 spores or sporules, 
 
 SUB-CLASS L AMPHI0BWS, Endl. Thallogens, Lind. 
 (See pp. 131,132.) 
 
 The acotyledonous plants of this class have no vascular tissue, but 
 are entirely composed of parenchymatous matter (cells). Sometimes 
 
154 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 they consist of a congeries of cells, and sometimes of separate single 
 cells. They have no distinct axis of growth, nor any distinction 
 between root, stem, and foliage. Their fructification is very simple ; 
 the reproductive matter is either deposited in thecae (sporule-cases), 
 or dispersed in the substance of the plant. 
 
 Note. This, though the usual definition, requires some modifica- 
 tion ; for example, most Agarics, and several other genera of Fungi, 
 have a real axis of growth and a symmetrical form. Several of 
 the Algals (Algae), especially the marine species, have roots, stems, 
 and foliage. Some fresh water Algae have a stem and branches. 
 Several Lichens have a sort of uniformity in their development. 
 
 ORDER I. A!Lr.ZE. THE SEA-WEED FAMILY. (See pp. 131, 132.) 
 
 This extensive order, or rather class, as Gray, in his excellent 
 " Botanical Text Book," calls it, is almost entirely composed of aquatic 
 plants, which either grow actually in water or in moist places on the 
 earth. They are naturally divided into Marine Algse, or sea-weeds, 
 
 Fig. 101. Chylocladia. Kalifprmis. 
 Corsicau Mos3. Chondria. 
 
 Fig. 102. a, Branch magnified, b, A. section 
 of the sporule-case with the sporules. 
 
 properly so called because they grow only in the sea, and Terrestrial 
 Algee, or such as grow only in fresh water or in humid parts of the 
 land. The highest or most developed forms are the sea-weeds, such 
 as lihodomenia, known as dulse in Scotland and dillesk in Ireland. 
 Laminaria, tangle, Porphyra, laver, which is esteemed as a culinary 
 delicacy. 
 
 The v Fuci are, or were, employed in the manufacture of kelp. 
 
ALGJ3. 155 
 
 Some of the sea-weeds have stems equal in length (though not in 
 diameter) to the tallest of forest trees, and the gulf- weed is said to 
 have a stem which is miles in length, and not thicker than a pack- 
 thread. Some are so minute that they are individually invisible to 
 the unaided eye ; they are only visible when in a mass. Some are 
 flat leafy expansions ; some have stems or fronds, and some have both 
 stems and foliage. 
 
 Others, as the green Confervse of fresh water pools, are a congeries 
 of simple cells which spontaneously separate, each cell becoming the 
 parent of a new series. In their lowest forms the organs of vegeta- 
 tion and reproduction are undistinguishable, or rather identical. The 
 colours of several kinds of sea- weeds are among the most beautiful 
 and the richest presented by the whole vegetable kingdom. No 
 plants exhibit a greater variety of admirable reds, greens, olive-greens, 
 bright greens, browns of various shades, with black and white. The 
 uses of the Algae, in addition to that of furnishing a few esculents 
 both for " man and beast," are considerable both in medicine and in 
 the arts. Iodine, now extensively employed in medicine, is a product 
 of kelp which is derived from sea-weeds. The arts are probably still 
 more indebted to this extensive order. The oriental delicacy or edible 
 birds' nests are constructed of the gelatinous substance of Algals pro- 
 duced in the seas of the East. These precious esculents are said to be 
 sold for their weight in gold. The Chinese manufacture various 
 kinds of glue or size from sea- weeds, and they sometimes construct 
 their windows of the same materials. 
 
 Some of the Algse (Algals) are common to both salt and fresh 
 water. Many of the terrestrial species are among the simplest and 
 the minutest of organic forms. The Desmidiese are microscopic, 
 single-celled, green organisms, consisting of cylindrical or angular 
 filaments, which finally separate into segments. The Diatomacese 
 differ from the last-mentioned group by their brown colour and in 
 the silicious durable nature of their cell-walls. These are on the 
 very limits of vegetation ; and indeed until lately they were believed, 
 from their mode of increase and their rapid movements, to belong 
 rather to the animal than to the vegetable kingdom. 
 
 Some naturalists class them among animal, and others among 
 vegetable beings ; and some maintain that they are partly vegetable 
 and partly animal p^kftoca-iho torm Zooph-y-te (animal plant). 
 
 " More worthless than a water- weed " (vilior algd\ is an ancient 
 classical proverb. Their value to the human race is probably not so 
 great directly as indirectly. They supply both shelter and food to 
 many aquatic animals ; and hence their general utility in the economy 
 of Divine Providence. The dulse and badderlocks, the tangles, the 
 young stalks of some Laminarias are edible, and are to this day cried 
 through the streets of many towns in Scotland, Ireland, Denmark, 
 the Faroe Isles, and other northern countries. 
 
 The Irish Moss, Chondrus (Sphserococcus) crisjms, and edible birds' 
 nests of China, are the famous dietary species of this order. Laver, 
 as before stated, is also of culinary repute. 
 
156 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 In deference to Dr. Gray's opinion, Characese is placed next to 
 Equisetacese. These plants agree with the Algae in the simplicity of 
 their vegetative system, but their fructification is of a higher order. 
 
 ORDER II. FUHiTCrl, Juss. THE MUSHROOM FAMILY. (See p. 132.) 
 
 The plants of this family are generally parasitic, although to this 
 rule there are many exceptions. They abound both on decaying and 
 dead animal and vegetable substances, and rarely on living objects, 
 except on decayed or decaying plants. In this they differ from Lichens, 
 which often grow on living objects, as trees. They vary much in 
 form, size, colour, and duration. Most of the conspicuous species of 
 the order are distinguished by elegance of shape and bright glossy 
 colours. Their common characteristic is simplicity of structure, 
 being entirely cellular, though some of their cells are more or less 
 elongated. Another almost equally common character is their brief 
 duration. A very few only last two or three years. The greater 
 
 part perishes in a few days, and 
 some in a few hours. This large 
 order, or rather class, is sub-di- 
 vided into several sub-orders ; one 
 1 of these contains the Uredines 
 (Cornbrands). These attack the 
 Cereals and other Graminese, and 
 are very destructive. 
 
 The Mucedines, or Moulds, are 
 extremely common, and are well 
 known. The Puff-balls represent 
 
 d, 
 
 a 
 
 Fig. 103. Agaricusphalloides.- 
 
 another large section of the con- 
 spicuous Fungi. The Geaster (star 
 of the earth), the curious Phallus, 
 the delicate Nidularias, the deli- 
 cious Tuber (truffle) are represent- 
 atives of the sub-order G a steromy- 
 cetes. The club-shaped Clavarias, 
 the open-cup, or saucer-shaped, 
 beautifully-coloured Pezizas, the 
 jthevalva* Helvellas, the Morels, Jews'- ears, 
 
 b, the stipe; c, the vail; d, the pileus; e, the Boletus, and above all the 
 
 delicious Mushroom, belong to 
 the last or highest sub-order of Fungi (Hymenomycetes.) 
 
 The geographical distribution of Fungi is but little known ; only 
 it is believed that they are more abundant in temperate than in tro- 
 pical regions. The number of the British Fungi is at least double 
 the number of the phsenogamous plants spontaneously produced in 
 these islands. The conspicuous species abound (especially in autumn) 
 in woods, commons, pastures, and on old or decaying trees, on timber 
 posts, rails, and in caverns or cellars. They seldom appear in culti- 
 vated ground (a few Agarics do occur about stacks, yards, and in rich 
 
FUNGI. 
 
 157 
 
 stubbles), or on rocks, or in the water rarely in marshy places. In 
 some countries, Hussia and Poland for example, they form an import- 
 ant part of human diet, being very nutritious, eaten either pickled or 
 fresh. Many are poisonous. Some are very destructive to the sub- 
 stances on which they grow, such as dry-rot (Merulius), blight, smut, 
 rust, brand, etc. They are believed to be of immense importance in 
 the economy of Nature, being, like beetles and other insect-scourges, 
 the general scavengers of the earth. They absorb, or assimilate, or 
 otherwise use up for their own growth, the putrescent noxious effluvia 
 which are floating in the atmosphere wherever there is much organic 
 matter in a state of decay or decomposition. Like some of the lower 
 orders of the animal kingdom, they are objects of disgust or abhor- 
 rence to many. This, probably, is owing to their speedy decay, and 
 sometimes to the fact that they form a nidus for many species of 
 insects which, in the maggot-state, are disagreeable objects. Although 
 so often regarded with prejudice, they are among the most interesting 
 and curious of Nature's productions. Their growth is most rapid. 
 The giant Puff-ball frequently attains a diameter of a foot in a single 
 night. The common fetid Phallus in a few hours attains a height of 
 upwards of six inches. They are celebrated as styptics, vulneraries, 
 stimulants, condiments, and, as before observed, in many places as 
 important dietetic substances. The Agaric (A. phalloides), of which 
 there is a cut in the margin, is a virulent poison. Another nearly 
 allied species (A. muscarius) is used by the natives of Kamtschatka 
 to produce intoxication. 
 
 The celebrated Dr. Greville gives a circumstantial account of the 
 disgusting practices of the Kamptschadales in their use of this plant. 
 The ravages of dry-rot produced by a Fungus, Merulius lachrymans, 
 etc., and the blasting conse- 
 quences of rust, brand, mildew, 
 mould, etc., are too well known. 
 There may be danger in using 
 as food wholesome species of 
 Fungi, if such grow in places 
 where they have in excess 
 some of the usual constituents 
 of their substance. As a gene- 
 ral rule edible Funguses that 
 grow in open places, as on pas- 
 tures and grassy fields, are good, 
 while the same species when 
 they grow in woods may be 
 unwholesome. Many species, 
 excellent as culinary objects, 
 and which are extensively 
 eaten on the continent, are 
 neglected in this country. 
 Being mindful of the fatal con- Fi S- 10^. Boletus edulis. 
 
 sequences resulting from mistakes in this order, the use of all Fun- 
 
158 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 guses is to be avoided, except the common Mushroom, and then only 
 when cultivated or gathered in open fields. All mycologists are 
 aware that many species of Agarics, besides A. campestris (the common 
 Mushroom) and the Champignon (A. oreades), the Chantarelle, the 
 Morel, and the delicious Truffle are eatable, yet they do well to warn 
 those who are not well acquainted with the order to abstain from 
 anything like an indiscriminate use of these plants. It is probable 
 that some naturally poisonous kinds are rendered innocuous by a 
 sprinkling of salt, or by immersion in vinegar, which may absorb the 
 acridity. (It may be supposed that they who preserve them throw 
 away the pickle.) 
 
 As the larvse of numerous insects are produced in the flesh of 
 Fungi, this circumstance renders the Fungus disgusting if not dele- 
 terious. 
 
 The species of this order are more interesting by far to the genuine 
 naturalist than to the gourmand or the gourmet, notwithstanding 
 the delicious stews and sauces which are so universally admired by 
 bon-vivans. The rapidity of their growth, the regularity of the forms 
 of many species, the exquisite shades of colour they assume, their 
 singular economy, their periods of duration, their sporadic growth, 
 are all facts of great interest and suggestive of deep reflection. 
 
 There is another singular fact observed in some Fungi, viz., that 
 if the flesh of a plant of this order be cleft or cut, and the parts or 
 sections be applied together, the whole will coalesce, as the flesh of 
 animals heals when wounded. Some have a delicious odour ; many 
 have a floury (farinaceous) smell ; others have a very powerful scent. 
 Not a few have an offensive, pungent, and intolerable stench. 
 
 ORDER III. MCHElVES,Juss. THELICHEN FAMILY. (See p.132.) 
 
 Perennial, terrestrial, universally distributed plants 
 growing on the earth (few are aquatic), on rocks, 
 trees, walls, palings, and roofs ; rarely having an axis 
 of growth, generally dilated in the form of a lobed, 
 foliaceous, or hard crustaceous substance. They are 
 composed of cellular tissue intermixed with some 
 filamentous layers. The reproductive matter is in 
 cups or shields (apothecia), either resting on the sur- 
 face of the thallus (see Index), or immersed in its sub- 
 stance, or it exists in powdery spots scattered over 
 the surface. 
 
 This order is intermediate between the Fungi, on 
 the one side of the series, and Hepaticee on the other. 
 Lichens are the first plants that grow on rocks, and, 
 by their decomposition, they produce mould in which 
 n ce 5 'xidata n P^ ants ^ a hig^ er development find nutriment. Many 
 I, 1 thaUu*) 2, apo- species of this family are of great value, especially in 
 thecia (thecae). the arts. A large per-centage of amylaceous substance 
 exists in several of them, viz., in Cetraria Islandica (Iceland Moss), 
 
LICHENS. 
 
 159 
 
 Irish Moss and others upon which their nutritious properties depend. 
 Hence they supply dietary substances. Cenomyce rangiferina (Rein- 
 
 Fig. 107. Eoccella tinctoria Archil. 
 
 Fig. 106. Cetraria Islandica. 1, Thallus or 
 frond. 2, Thecas or apothecia. 
 
 deer Moss) grows on the very sum- 
 mits of our driest hills. It abounds 
 in the deserts of Lapland, Sweden, 
 Russia, and the north of Europe 
 generally. It affords food to the rein- 
 deer, the Laplander's sole wealth. 
 From Roccella tinctoria, a native of 
 the Canaries, the beautiful archil, or 
 purple dye of commerce, is obtained. 
 This Lichen sometimes brings a 
 fabulous price in the market one 
 thousand pounds per ton. Some of 
 our native species yield valuable 
 dyes, such as Lecanora tartarea 
 (Cudbear), and many others. Their 
 utility as colouring substances has 
 recently been the subject of several 
 valuable communications from the pen of Dr. Lindsay, of Perth, 
 
 Fig. 108. Sticta pulmon-acea. 
 
160 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 who has successfully investigated the colorific properties of a large 
 proportion of our native Lichens. These results have been published 
 in various numbers of the " Phytologist," in 1856. 
 
 Most of the Lichens are crustaceous, or foliaceous, or membranous 
 expansions, adhering at almost all parts of their under surface to the 
 medium on which they grow. A few, as the Cladonias (Fairy-cups), 
 Reindeer Lichen, Kamalina, and Usnea, have a kind of axis of growth. 
 Their fructification is in cups or shields (apothecia), which rest on the 
 surface of the thallus, or are more or less immersed in its substance. 
 This order has been divided into four sub-divisions : 
 
 1. Pulverulent Lichens with open shields (apothecia), and the 
 cavity filled with free sporules. 
 
 2. Shields closed at first, opening afterwards, containing free spores. 
 
 3. Shields either always closed or opening through the cortical 
 layer of the thallus. 
 
 4. Open, disk-like, permanent shields, bearing the sporules on the 
 surface. 
 
 SUB-CLASS II. ACROCrEMS, Lind. ACROGENOUSORFLOWER- 
 LESS PLANTS. 
 
 Substance of the plant chiefly composed of cellular tissue (in the 
 higher orders only spirals and ducts are present). They have usually 
 a distinct axis of growth and increase by additions to their apex 
 (hence their name Acrogens), and they have usually distinct foliage. 
 Reproduction takes place by spores or sporules, contained in cases 
 or imbedded in the substance of the frond. Germination occurs 
 upon any part of the surface of the spores or sporules. 
 
 ORDER IV. HEPATIC^, Juss. THE LIVERWORT FAMILY. 
 
 The plants of this order are chiefly of a loose cellular texture, usually 
 prostrate, and producing rootlets on their under sides. They grow on 
 the ground or on trees in damp places, with somewhat of a leaf-like 
 development, and a kind of axis of growth. Sometimes the stem and 
 leaves unite and form a confluent expansion ; sometimes the leaves 
 are distinct from the stem. Their reproductive organs (antheridia 
 and pistillidia) are variously situated, generally rising from the frond, 
 and situated on a peduncle (stalk), opening at the extremity with 
 2 4 or many valves. These plants are usually very minute, and 
 are found in all climates from Melville Island to the extreme South. 
 
 " The most remarkable point of structure in Hepatic^," Dr. Lindley 
 states, " is the spiral filament, as it is called, lying among the sporules 
 within the theca (sporuie-case). This consists of a single fibre or two, 
 twisted spirally in different directions so as to cross each other, and 
 containing within a very delicate, transparent, perishable tube. They 
 have a strong elastic force," etc. 
 
 This order is the connecting link between the least developed and 
 the highest developed orders of acotyledonous plants ; or the plants 
 of this order are intermediate between Lichens on the one side, and 
 
MUSCI. 
 
 161 
 
 Mosses on the other. Many of them have a distinct axis of growth, 
 and most of them assume more or less the usual colour of the subjects 
 of the vegetable kingdom. Scarcely anything is known o their pro- 
 perties. This order is sub-divided into n\*, ^uA)-^^^^ 
 
 1. Marchantiacese, Lind. True Liverworts. Perennial leaf- 
 like plants, growing on the ground or on walls, rocks, and damp 
 
 E laces, often covering considerable sur- 
 ices. The fructification is elevated on a 
 stalk, and is either capitate or radiate, 
 bearing spore-cases on the under side, 
 which open variously, but are not four- 
 valved. 
 
 2. Ricciace&e are chiefly floating 
 plants, rooting like Marckantia from be- 
 neath, with their fructification immersed 
 in the frond. The spore-case bursts irre- 
 gularly. 
 
 3. Antfaocerotete. Annuals. Fleshy 
 or membranous fronds, spore-case elevated 
 on a pedicel about two or three inches 
 long, one or two-valved ; with a free cen- 
 tral columella. 
 
 4. Jungernianniacese. Frondose 
 or foliaceous plants; the spore-case opens 
 with four valves, and the spores are mixed 
 with elaters, which are also present in the 
 MarchantiaS) but not in the other two sub- 
 orders. This family unites the Mosses 
 with the less developed orders of the vege- 
 table kingdom. 
 
 ORDER V.- MUSCI. THE Moss 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Low, tufted, erect or prostrate plants, Kg.lOS.l^Marelwntia^jTnor. 
 
 i i v j pha ; 5, Sporule magnified. 
 
 mostly terrestrial, but some are aquatic, 
 
 with distinct, sessile, minute, entire, or serrated leaves. Reproductive 
 organs of two kinds : 1. What are called antheridia, numerous 
 (4 20) minute cylindrical or fusiform axillary sacs, containing mul- 
 titudes of ovate particles in a mucous fluid. 2. Thecce, cylindrical 
 or ovate or round bodies produced at the apex of a setmti* (bristle 
 or stalk), covered with a veil (calyptra), closed by a lid, within 
 which there are one or several rows of rigid processes called (col- 
 lectively) the peristome. The centre of the theca is occupied by an 
 axis or columella, and the space between it and the sides contains 
 the sporules. The sporules germinate by the protrusion of filaments, 
 which afterwards ramify and form an axis of growth at the point 
 of their ramification (Dr. Lindley). Their vegetative organs have 
 a remarkable similarity to the same organs in the order Lycopo- 
 diacece. The spore-case usually opens by a lid (operculum), and before 
 
162 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 expansion the calyptra, or veil, entirely covers the capsule (spore- 
 case). The thread-like stalk (setum) which supports the capsule 
 (fructification) is continued through the capsule and forms the colu- 
 mella, the perpendicular axis as described above. If the calyptra 
 splits on one side, it is termed cucuttiform (hood-shaped) ; if not, it is 
 mitriform (mitre-shaped). 
 
 Concerning this order, Sir W. J. Hooker says, " Among all the 
 plants of the class Cryptogamia (Acotyledons), no order, perhaps, 
 presents a more varied and exquisitely beautiful structure than the 
 Mosses ; whether we consider their foliage, their capsules, or the deli- 
 cate single or double fringe which surrounds the mouth of the latter. 
 They are mostly in perfection in the winter months, and no part of 
 the globe appears to be entirely destitute of them." Mosses are found 
 in all quarters of the world ; but they are more common in temperate 
 and cool climates than in the warmer regions of the earth. They 
 delight in the moist shady recesses of rocks, and abound on the um- 
 brageous banks of mountainous streams. In the economy of nature 
 they subserve important purposes; their direct utility to man is 
 perhaps but little. As ornamental objects they are just beginning to 
 attract some attention. 
 
 ORDER VI. LITCOPODIACE^E, Juss. THE CLUB-MOSS 
 FAMILY. (See p. 132.) 
 
 Perennial plants, with creeping or prostrate, or erect, leafy, and 
 mostly branching stems. Leaves minute, lanceolate or subulate, 
 one-nerved, imbricate. Thecse (spore-cases) sessile in the axils of 
 the leaves. These sometimes form a kind of ament or spike. They 
 either open by distinct valves, or are indehiscent (not opening), an'd 
 contain minute grains like fine powder, or a few rather large sporules. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Lycopodium, Linn. Leaves minute, imbricate. Spore-case two-valved, 
 containing a powdery substance, or three- valved, containing one-four 
 granules (large sporules). 
 
 Isoetes, Linn. Leaves grass-like, inflated at the base. Spore-cases not 
 opening ; sporules of both kinds, both powdery and granular. 
 
 I. l/ycopoclium, Linn. Terrestrial creeping, prostrate, or erect 
 plants, with herbaceous or almost ligneous stems. Leaves very 
 numerous, often spirally arranged around the stem. Fructification 
 in terminal spikes or in the axils of the bracteal leaves. 
 
 SECT. I. Fructification one-celled (of one kind), with very minute 
 sporules. 
 
 1. I<. claYatum, Linn. Common Club-moss. E.B. 224, L.C. 1412. 
 
 Fronds prostrate, rooting, much branched, slender (about as thick as 
 common packthread), two'tlmao fuuL lung (indefinite in length, the stems 
 root at intervals, and then throw out successions of fresh runners). 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, ending in an awn, arranged in several ranks 
 
LYCOPODIACE^E. 153 
 
 (rows), and entirely covering both the stem and branches ; they have a 
 single faint nerve. Spore-cases (fructification) all of one sort, arranged 
 in cylindrical spikes, which stand in pairs or in threes on the summits of 
 the branches on long slender wiry peduncles. Bracts ovate-acuminate, 
 awned, slightly toothed, about three times as long as the spore cases. 
 On heaths and mountainous places. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 50650 yards. T. 49 41. 
 
 Note. There is an interesting account of this Lycopodiu Gerarde's 
 "Herbal," by Johnson, p. 1562, and in the " Phytologist," vol. i.,p. 1. 
 
 2. JL. :i ii no tin IE m, Linn. Interrupted Club-moss. E. B. 1727, 
 L. C. 1413. 
 
 Stem (frond) reclining at the base, and creeping, with long 
 erect branches which are densely leafy, each branch terminating 
 in a short erect sessile spike. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, pointed, 
 serrated toith sharp tapering teeth, imbricate or spreading. Spikes 
 cylindrical, greenish yellow, closely imbricated with membranous 
 ovate-acuminate scales from half an inch to an inch long. Smith, 
 in E. F. iv., p. 321, says, " Spikes rather tawny, an inch, or, when 
 at maturity, an inch and a half long; their scales shortened and 
 much dilated, assuming an ovate, or sometimes a kidney- 
 like shape, though always pointed." Babington, in " Man. Br. Bot." 
 2nd ed., says, " Spikes cylindrical, greenish yellow, not persistent, as 
 supposed by Smith." The latter is, however, guiltless of said suppo- 
 sition. Mountains of Wales. North of England and Scotland rare. 
 Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 7, C. 12. Lat. 53 60. Alt, 50900 yards. T. 46 37. 
 
 3. fj. ;i l}> in 11 in, Linn. Alpine Club-moss, E. B. 234, L. C. 1415. 
 Stems (fronds) round, stout, woody, prostrate, with a few scattered 
 
 leaves or scales, spreading to a considerable extent, with numerous 
 erect clustered branches. Leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, imbricated in 
 four rows. Spikes of fructification cylindrical, slender, on rather long, 
 twice-forked, slender peduncles (there are usually four-six spikes toge- 
 ther, each on its distinct stalk, the branch being once or twice forked; 
 the fertile branches are always accompanied with numerous barren 
 branches). On mountains in England, Wales, and Scotland not 
 uncommon. Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 51 61. Alt. 01200 yards. T. 47 34. 
 
 4. !<. jfela^o, Linn. Fir Club-moss. E. B. 233, L. C. 1416. 
 Roots nbrous, stems (fronds) erect, forked, level-topped, four-nine 
 
 inches high, densely leafy. Leaves lanceolate, keeled, entire, densely 
 imbricate, sjlightly spreading. Fructification not in spikes, but on the 
 uppermost parts of the branches. The fructification is well illustrated 
 by Mr. Newman in his " History of the British Lycopods," " Phyto- 
 logist," vol. i., p. 84, On heaths and mountainous tracts in many 
 parts of Britain. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01440 yards. T. 48 32. 
 
 5. JL. imiiMlal m.i, Linn. Marsh do. E. B. 239, L. C. 1414. 
 Barren stems, prostrate, rooting very short (three-four inches long, 
 
 the leaves on the under side, or some of them at least, are converted 
 
164 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 into rootlets). Flowering stems erect, bearing a single spike. Leaves 
 linear, acute, spreading, erect, subulate. The leaves of the spike are 
 similar to those of the stem, only enlarged at the base, by which they 
 closely embrace the spike. Spikes solitary on erect leafy branches, 
 cylindrical, about half as long as the upright stalk. Spore-cases in 
 the axils of the scales (leaves), solitary, uniform, circular. On moist 
 heaths, etc., not infrequent. Perennial, June September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51- 46. 
 
 SECT. II. Fructification of two kinds : upper, minute, powder- 
 like ; lower, larger, granular. &/(?- ^4* 
 
 6. JL. selaginoides, Linn. Prickly (|e, E. B/1148, L. C. 1417. 
 
 Roots fibrous, small. Stems (fronds) several, slender, leafy, 
 branched, partly reclining, ending in erect, leafy, solitary spikes. 
 Leaves somewhat membranous, dilated at the base, ovate-acuminate, 
 serrated with sharp spreading teeth. Leaves of the spike larger than 
 those of the stems. Fructification axillary, solitary, two-valved. Spore- 
 cases full of chaffy (seeds, Smith) spores, and others which are 
 three-valved spore-cases, each containing two-four large globular 
 grains. In watery, heathy, mountainous places. Perennial. August. 
 
 A, 12, C, 40. Lat. 53 61. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 48- 36. 
 
 Sub-Order Isoeteae. (See p, 132.) 
 
 II, IsoetQS, Linn. Aquatic plants, with perennial roots. Fronds 
 all radical. Fructification within the swollen bases of the fronds 
 (leaves) one-celled. Sporules of two kinds, attached to filiform 
 receptacles. Babington. (Membranous, sessile, ovate, somewhat com- 
 pressed. Smith.) 
 
 I. lacuslris., Linn. Quillwort. Merlin's Grass. E. B. 1084, 
 L.C. 1418. 
 
 Roots tuberous and fibrous. Stem none. Fronds numerous, awl- 
 shaped, erect, smooth, quadrangular, three-nine inches long, composed 
 of four longitudinal cells with transverse partitions, dilated at their 
 base, and bearing the ovate, compressed fructification. Alpine lakes. 
 First noticed in Britain by Mr. Lhwyd. 
 
 A. 8, C. 20. Lat, 52 59. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 47 41. 
 
 Var. . procera. Taller, slender and brittle. First noticed by 
 Dr. Richardson. 
 
 ORDER VII. MARSIIjEACJEJB, Brown. THE PILLWORT 
 FAMILY. (See p. 133.) 
 
 Perennial, herbaceous, aquatic (sometimes palustral) plants, with a 
 filiform, creeping, branching rhizome. Leaves in pairs, circinate 
 before expansion, linear-subulate. Fructification globular, either four- 
 celled or two-celled by transverse partitions, and two-four valved, on 
 short pedicels or sessile on the rhizome, and contiguous to the leaves. 
 The spores, which are enclosed in the globular fructification, are 
 of two kinds, viz., a large spore (the part which germinates), and 
 numerous minute granules in a gelatinous fluid. 
 
PILULARIA. CHARACE^. 
 
 165 
 
 Pilularia. Leaves linear-subulate. Fructification capsular and 
 globular ; fertile spores large, situated at the lower part of the cells, 
 the barren and smaller spores on the upper part. 
 
 I*, globuliferaj Linn. Pill wort or Peppergrass. E. B. 521. 
 Compare Mr. Newman's account in " Phytologist," vol. i., pp. 209 
 211, L. C. 1419. Rhizome variable in length, filiform, branching, 
 throwing out roots on the under side and leaves on the upper at regu- 
 lar intervals. Leaves linear-subulate, often tufted. Fructification 
 about as large as small peas, densely covered with brownish hairs. 
 Watery places, as the margins of ponds and lakes ; sometimes on the 
 verge of ditches by, roadsides. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 50. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Var. . natans. Herat. Fl. Par., 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 283. Whole plant 
 floating with very elongated leaves. There is a history of a submersed 
 state of this plant by the Rev. W. W. Spicer. The variety is stated to 
 have occurred at Henley Park, in Surrey, and to have been there up- 
 wards of a hundred years. See " Phytologist," vol. iv., pp. 349, 350. 
 
 ORDER VIII. CHARACE^. THE CHARA FAMILY. (See 
 p. 131.) 
 
 Aquatic submersed annual or perennial plants. Stems cylindrical, 
 leafless, jointed and branching ; each joint composed of a single cylin- 
 drical cell, or of one cell surrounded with a series of smaller spirally- 
 disposed cells ; branchlets (secondary branches) in whorls at the junc- 
 tions, bearing the fructification when 
 simple. When compound, the fruc- 
 tification is seated in the axils of the 
 uppermost whorls of the secondary 
 branches. Fructification of twokinds, 
 sporangia and antheridia, or the nu- 
 cules and the globules, either pro- 
 duced by the same plant, and in this 
 case contiguous, or on distinct plants. ^ 
 Sporangiaovate or roundish, crowned 
 by five more or less prominent teeth, 
 which terminate an equal number of ^ 
 spiral fibres which envelope the spore. 
 The spore contains a multitude of 
 minute striated granules. Antheri- 
 dia globular, slimy, reddish, split- 
 ting. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 Cham. Stem with a central tube sur- *> "0. Nitella syncarpa, var. capitata. 
 rounded by a row of smaller tubes spir- J; ^SS^^^^^S^ 
 ally disposed around the single primary 3, Cluster of globules (antheridia) magni- 
 tude fied ; 4, A branchlet of the cluster, with 
 . NiWa Stem composed of a series of ^SSlSS^&^SSS^ 
 Simple tubes. bearing three sporangia (nucules). 
 
166 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Chara, Linn, in part. Stems opaque, very brittle after being 
 dried ; joints composed of a central tube surrounded by a series of simi- 
 lar smaller tubes spirally disposed. Sporangia and antheridia produced 
 on the same plant, rarely on separate plants. Sporangia solitary, sur- 
 rounded by unequal bracts, crowned with more or less prominent 
 teeth, situated above the antheridia, in the monoecious plants. 
 
 1. C. Yulgfaris, Smith. C. fcstida, A. Braun. Common Chara. 
 E. B. 336.* Plant monoecious. Stems four-twelve inches, opaque, 
 more or less slender, striated. Branchlets six-ten in a whorl, simple, 
 bearing on their interior side usually four bracts. Sporangia solitary, 
 ovate, more or less surpassed by the bracts. Antheridia solitary, below 
 the involucre (bracts). In muddy stagnant ditches, common. May 
 August. 
 
 Var. 0. hispidula. Stem provided with very slender pointed tuber- 
 cles and very short bracts. 
 
 Var. 7. papillaris. Stem armed with long and very caducous 
 tubercles. 
 
 Var. 5. longibracteata. Bracts very long. 
 
 Var. e. densa. Branches short and thick, with contiguous verticils 
 (whorls). In ditches and ponds where there is but little water. This 
 is a very common form. 
 
 Note. The smell of this species in all its forms is very fetid 
 (offensive). 
 
 2. C. bispidaj Linn. Prickly Chara. E. B. 463. Plant mo- 
 ncecious. Stems nine-twentyfour inches long, opaque, robust, with 
 spiral furrows, bearing long papillce (long-pointed tubercles) in 
 tufts on their upper parts. Branchlets in whorls of six- ten, simple, 
 bearing on their interior side the involucres (four or more bracts). 
 Sporangia solitary, ovate, with twelve-fifteen striae (stripes), surpassed 
 by the bracts. Antheridia solitary, underneath the involucre. In 
 claypits, pools, and similar places. June August. 
 
 Var. j8. pseudo-crinita. Papilles more abundant than in the type, 
 and completely investing the upper part of the stem. 
 
 3. C. toinentosa, Linn. Downy Chara. Hooker's Icones, 532. 
 (See " Manual of British Botany," in loco.) Plant dioecious. Stem 
 sulcate, with twice as many surrounding tubes as there are branchlets 
 in a whorl, and with scattered papillce (tubercles), greenish-ivhite, opaque. 
 Branchlets incurved ; bracts ovate-oblong, mucronate ; nucule shorter 
 than the bract. Belvidere Lake, Westmeath, Ireland. Annual. July. 
 
 4. C. aspera 3 Willd. Bristly Chara. E. B. 2738. Plant dioe- 
 cious. Stem striated, flexible, with hair-like spreading spines, coated or 
 surrounded with three times as many tubes as there are branchlets 
 (six-eight) in a whorl. Branchlets whorled, slender. Six-eight nucules, 
 ovate or narrowly oblong, with twelve strice shorter than the bracts. 
 Globules solitary, surrounded by the unequal bracts. Stagnant 
 water. May August. 
 
CHARACE^E. CHARA. NITELLA. 167 
 
 5. C. fragilis, (Desvaux.) (C. Hedwegii). Brittle Chara. E.B. S. 
 2762. Plant monoecious. Steins slender, smooth, green, with three 
 times as many external tubes as there are branchlets in a whorl. 
 Branchlets simple, six-ten in a whorl, bearing on their inner side 
 usually four bracts. Nucules (sporangia) ovate, with twelve stride 
 longer than the bracts. Globules solitary below the nucules. Stagnant 
 water. Annual. June August. 
 
 6. C, crinita, Wallr. Hairy Chara. Plant dioecious. Stems 
 slender, striated, beset with setaceous, spreading, clustered spines. 
 Branchlets short. Nucules narrow, oblong. In stagnant, brackish 
 pools. Cornwall. Annual. August. See Babington's " Manual," 
 sub Chara. 
 
 IVitella, Agardh. Stems more or less diaphanous, often trans- 
 lucent, flexible after dessication (drying) ; joints composed of one single 
 tube. Sporangia (nucules) and antheridia (globules) either pro- 
 duced on the same plant or on separate plants. Teeth of the 
 sporangia scarcely prominent or indistinct. Antheridia situated as 
 in the genus Chara. 
 
 SECT. I. Sporangia and antheridia (nucules and globules) growing on 
 the inner side of the branchlets, subtended by an involucre of two-four long 
 bracts ; branchlets simple. 
 
 1. Iff. glomerata, Desv. Chara nidifica. Fl. Dan. ( C. 
 
 Clustered Chara. E.B. 1703. Plant monoecious. Stems three-twelve 
 inches long, rigid, green, or greenish, rarely invested with a coating of 
 cretaceous mud. Branchlets in whorls of six-fourteen, consisting of 
 many joints, the lower joints producing three-six elongate almost equal 
 bracts, also composed of 'many joints, and producing at their lower joints 
 other series (whorls) of secondary bracts, whorls of the first order (pri- 
 mary) lax, usually with barren bracts. Fruit-bearing whorls contiguous, 
 terminating the axillary branches and the stems. Sporangia (nucules) 
 roundish, \\ith three-six striae, nearly sessile, or sessile grouped in clus- 
 ters of two-eight on the summit of the lower joints of the branchlets or of 
 the bracts. Antheridia (globules) in the centre of the clusters of nucules, 
 or more frequently at the base of the branchlets, or at the apex of 
 the rudimentary branchlets, and then situated in the centre of the 
 converging fruit-bearing branchlets. In lakes and stagnant water. 
 Annual. June August. 
 
 For a characteristic cut of this plant, see "Atlas de Flore des 
 Environs de Paris," Plate XLL, Fig. H. 
 
 From the above work the following description of another Chara 
 is compiled, although we do not know that it grows in the British 
 islands, but if it has not yet been noticed, it may be, and its descrip- 
 tion may help to its recognition : 
 
 2. 3L stelligera* Illustr. Fl. Par. C. translucens. Rchb. ic. cent. 
 viii. f. 1087. Plant dioecious. Stems six-eighteen inches high, rigid, - 
 greyish, invested with a thin coating of calcareous matter. Branch- , 
 lets simple, four-eight in a whorl, obtuse, of two- three joints, the 
 
168 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 lower ones (joints) producing on their upper portion two unequal, 
 elongate bracts, consisting of only one joint ; the lower verticils (whorls) 
 are abortive, and combine to form a crustaceous whitish mass, with 
 four-eight blunt radiate lobes ; hence the name stelligera (star-bearing). 
 Nucules ovate, solitary, in the forks of the bracts. In rivers, canals, 
 and gently flowing water, in the vicinity of Paris. Annual. July 
 September. 
 
 SECT. II. Branchlets twice or thrice-forked, rarely simple. Sporangia 
 and aiitheridia (nucules and globules) either axillary at the angles of the 
 branchlets or lateral (on the sides) and without bracts ; sometimes terminal, 
 and then subtended by bracts. 
 
 3. HT. syncarpa. Illustrations Fl. Par. Var. B. Smithii. C.flexilis, 
 Sm. Smooth Chara. E. B. 1070. Plant dioecious. Stems six-twelve 
 inches long, slender, very flexible, green, shining, and transparent. 
 Branches six-ten in a whorl, usually short two-three forked, whorls 
 either lax or dense. Antheridia solitary, either in the forks or at the 
 extremities, dull red, with numerous minute cracks. (Sm.) Sporangia 
 either contiguous to the antheridia or on a separate plant. In rivers 
 and ponds. June August. 
 
 Var. a. capitata. Primary branchlets (of the first order) very 
 long, often simple (not forked). Antheridia (globules) mostly in dense 
 clusters, produced on very short branchlets, each terminating in a 
 globule ; the whole being borne on axillary branches. 
 
 Is this form found in Britain ? 
 
 Var. 0. Smithii. Chara flexilis, Sm. E. B. 1070. (See above.) 
 Branchlets of the first rank, short, usually two-three-forked. Globules 
 not in dense groups (clusters), ^but produced at the base of the upper- 
 most or secondary forks of the branchlets. 
 
 4. ST. translucens. Illustrations Fl. Par. C. translucens, Sm. 
 Transparent Chara. E. B. 1855. Plant monoecious. Stems twelve- 
 thirty inches long, rigid, green, shining, transparent, sometimes with 
 annular cretaceous incrustations. Sterile branches in lax whorls ; 
 fertile branches very small, each bearing at its apex three small 
 bracts, with the antheridia in their centre. Sporangia roundish, with 
 five-seven strife. In pools, rare. June August. 
 
 5. Iff. mucronata. Illustrations Fl. Par. Pointed Chara. Plant 
 monoecious. Stems six-twelve inches high, slender, green, flexible, 
 transparent. Branchlets in more or less lax whorls, three-four-forked ; 
 secondary branchlets one-three-forked, erect ; the ultimate divisions 
 two-jointed and shorter than the lower. Globules solitary on the 
 uppermost forks. Nucules roundish, striated, solitary under the glo- 
 bules. In stagnant waters, and in rivers with a slow current. Annual. 
 June August. 
 
 6. W. gracilisj Agardh. C. gracilis, Sm. Slender Chara. E.B. 
 2140. Plant monoecious. Stems very slender, three-nine inches high, 
 bright green, very flexible, transparent. Branchlets in lax whorls, three- 
 four-forked, very slender and divergent; terminal divisions of two 
 joints, mucronate and slenderer than the other joints. Antheridia 
 
NITELLA. EQUISETACE^:. EQUISETUM. 169 
 
 (globules) solitary, in the angles with the sporangia. Sporangia 
 ovate-rounded, terminating in a blunt point, situated below the globule. 
 Stagnant water where the bottom is sandy Annual. June August. 
 
 7. M. prolifera., A.Braun. Proliferous Chara. Plants monoecious. 
 Stems slender, equal, flexible, transparent. Branchlets (secondary 
 branches) simple or with three-four joints. Globules (antheridia) 
 sessile; nucules (sporangia) solitary or several subtended by three 
 short bracts (bracts shorter than the nucules ?). Ditches in Norfolk 
 and Essex. Annual. April. 
 
 8. IS. Borreri, Bab. Borrer's Chara. E. B. S. 2762. Plant mo- 
 noecious. Stems as in the two species above described. Branchlets 
 mucronate. Globules (antheridia) stalked or sessile; nucules (spo- 
 rangia) several, subtended by three short bracts. This is said to be 
 similar to N. glomerata and N. prolifera, but larger. Bitches in the 
 south of England. Annual. June. 
 
 9. ST. polysperiiia, A.Braun. Many-seeded Chara. Plant monoe- 
 cious. Stems as in the preceding two species above described. Branch- 
 lets of the primary whorls once or twice unequally branched. Nucules 
 and globules placed at the junctions of the branchlets between the 
 lateral rays. Ditches and ponds in Suffolk. Annual. April. 
 
 Note. Mr. Babington'8 " Manual," 4th ed., has been followed in 
 the description of these three alleged species, N. prolifera, N. Borreri, 
 and N. polysperma. 
 
 10. M". tennissima. Chara tenuissima, Desv. Very slender Chara. 
 Plant monoecious, dull green. Stems usually several feet long, capil- 
 lary, very flexible, transparent. Branchlets short, in very dense glo- 
 bular whorls, terminal divisions mucronate, longer than the others. 
 Globules at the angles of the branchlets. Nucules roundish with six- 
 eight strise, with a blunt point, solitary under the globules. In masses 
 (tufts) at the bottoms of muddy ditches. Annual. June August. 
 
 ORDER IX. EQITISETACJEJE:, Rich. THE HORSETAIL 
 FAMILY. (See p. 133.) 
 
 Terrestrial or aquatic perennial plants, often with creeping branch- 
 ing roots (rhizomes). Stems cylindrical, jointed, furrowed or ridged, 
 simple, with or without whorled branches; every joint is provided 
 with a membranous, toothed sheath ; branches furnished with similar 
 fewer-toothed sheaths at their joints. The epidermis is furnished with 
 stomata (see p. 4, Fig. 9), arranged regularly. Spore-cases all of one 
 kind, membranous, opening by a longitudinal slit, arranged circularly 
 on the lower (under) side of pedicelled scales, forming a cone or spike 
 at the apex of the stems or of the branches. Spores numerous, free, 
 each with four filiform appendages, which either envelope the spores 
 or extend in a radiate manner (see Fig.) 
 
 Equisetum, Linn. Horsetail. Character same as that of order. 
 SECT. I. Barren and fertile fronds distinct and unlike. 
 1. E. arvense, Linn. Field Horsetail. E. B. S. 2020, L. C. 1422. 
 Fertile stems (fronds) three-six inches high, quite simple (without 
 
 N 
 
170 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 whorled branches) , reddish, brown, with very lax ovate sheaths, which are 
 deeply divided into eight-twelve lanceolate-acuminate teeth (see Fig.) Spike 
 oblong, cylindrical, not apiculate. Barren fronds (stems) nine-eighteen 
 inches high, deeply furrowed, naked at the base, and throwing out up- 
 wards a great many 
 whorled branches; 
 sheaths smaller than 
 in the fertile fronds. 
 Branches usually 
 simple, quadrangu- 
 lar, grooved, rather 
 rough. On wet fields, 
 banks of rivers, and 
 similar places. Per- 
 ennial. The fertile 
 frond appears in 
 April and May ; the 
 barren fronds sub- 
 sequently. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 
 50 61. Alt. 
 400 yards. T. 52 
 43. 
 
 Note. Both fer- 
 tile and barren fronds 
 grow from the same 
 creeping root, but 
 from different parts 
 of the root. 
 
 2. E. umbrosum 5 
 Willd. Shady Equi- 
 setum. E.B.S.2777, 
 L. C. 1421. Root as 
 
 in J?. arvense. Fertile stems four-six inches high, with nu- 
 merous loose, large sheaths of a pale yellowish colour, with 
 a black rim at their summit, and twelve-twenty lanceolate 
 teeth. Catkin terminal, ovate, pale brown. Barren stem 
 very scabrous, with prominent, closely set points, and with ten- 
 fifteen branches in a whorl ; sheaths lax, with many lanceolate or 
 setaceous teeth, lower part of the stem naked (without branches) ; in 
 general outline the frond is obtuse at the summit. In this species the 
 branched frond sometimes (frequently ?) produces catkins. This 
 occurs, though rarely, in E. arvense. Banks of the Isla and Esk, 
 Forfarshire. Perennial. April. 
 
 A. 8, C. 20. Lat. 53 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 47 45. 
 
 3. E. Telmateia, Ehrh. Great Horsetail. E. B. S. 2022, L. C. 
 
 1420. Fertile stem six-nine inches high, with numerous very lax 
 
 sheaths, which are deeply divided into twenty-thirty acuminate-subulate 
 
 teeth. Spike oblong, cylindrical, not apiculate. Note. The fertile 
 
 Fig. 111. Equisetum arvense. 1, Fertile frond; 
 
 2, A scale with the fructification magnified; 
 
 3, A section of the same ; 4, A spore mag- 
 nified; c, The spore and filiform appendages. 
 
EQUISETACE.E. 171 
 
 stems (fronds) appear in this species and in the foregoing before the 
 barren fronds. Barren fronds of a whitish colour, slightly grooved 
 (furrowed), nearly as stout as the fertile fronds, with numerous 
 whorled branches ; sheaths shorter and not so lax as in the fertile 
 stem, with shorter, narrower teeth; branches slender, rigid, elongate, 
 with eight angles, usually quite simple. In shaded, rich, moist soil 
 this sometimes attains a height of from two to three yards. Its usual 
 height is from two-three feet. In marshy shady places. Perennial. 
 April. The barren stem is developed about midsummer. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 4. E. sylTaticum, Linn, ^ood Horsetail. E. B. 1874, L. C. 
 1423. Fertile fronds erect, six-nine inches high, brownish, with lax 
 sheaths, which are divided at their apex into three-five ovate-lanceolate 
 teeth. Catkin cylindrical, blunt. Note. The fertile stem has usually 
 a few (two-three) whorls of abortive branches next to the catkin, 
 but the stem is much thicker and much shorter than the barren stem. 
 Barren stem slenderer than the fertile one, more deeply furrowed, 
 and twice or thrice as long ; the sheaths are not so lax, and the teeth 
 are narrower ; branches compound, usually deflexed. This latter cha- 
 racter will distinguish this elegant species from every other British 
 Equisetum. In shady, wet places. Not uncommon about Hampstead 
 Heath, near London, and in woods adjoining thereto. Perennial. 
 May August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 yard. T. 51 37. 
 SECT. II. Fronds all similar and fertile. 
 
 5. E. limosum; Linn. Smooth Naked Horsetail. E. B. 929, 
 L. C. 1425. Stems all similar, and all fertile, with shallow fur- 
 rows (not so deeply furrowed as some of the species}, erect, stout, with- 
 out branches, or having a few branches on its upper part ; sheaths 
 cylindrical, close, with numerous short, rigid, linear-subulate, usually 
 black, teeth. Catkin large, cylindrical-ovate. This is rather an 
 aquatic than a palustral plant, usually growing in stagnant water. 
 Perennial. June July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 Mr. Baker, in the " Phytologist," vol. iv., p. 1056-1060 and 1117-8 
 (with sections of the stems of the two supposed species or forms) 
 has described a variety, which he calls fi.fiuviatile, Fries, as having 
 a more deeply furrowed stem, with short, dark brown, sharp teeth. 
 
 Note. " The E. fiuviatile of English botanists, until quite re- 
 cently, intended (signified) E, Telmateia. Now the name E. fiuviatile 
 may be said to mean the branched state of E. limosum ; scarcely a 
 variety, because passing so very gradually one into the other." Mr. 
 H. C. Watson, in " Cybele Britannica," vol. iii., p. 307. 
 
 Var. Stem quite simple, smooth, deeply furrowed (without- 
 tubercles). Sheaths rather lax, with lanceolate teeth ; each tooth 
 has a scarious margin. In the great Merstham pond, Surrey. Mr. 
 J, D. Salmon. 
 
 6. E. palustre, Linn. Marsh Horsetail. E. B. 2021. L. C. 1424. 
 
172 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Stems erect, branched, slender, smooth, or only slightly rough, 
 with eight-twelve deep furrows, and lax, green sheaths, which are 
 furnished with eight-twelve lanceolate pointed or acuminate, brownish 
 teeth. Branches in whorls, eight-twelve, or fewer by abortion, 
 slender, quadrangular, elongate. Catkins cylindrical, slender, not 
 apiculate. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 52--38 . 
 
 Note. All the stems are fertile. Marshy places ; common. Peren- 
 nial. June August. 
 
 Var. /3. polystachion, Ray. Catkins numerous, borne usually on 
 the upper whorls. Sometimes all the branches, bear catkins. 
 
 Var. 7. nudum, D. C. Stem nearly or quite simple. 
 
 7. E. Mackaii, Newman. E. trachyodon. Certainly the plant 
 of A. Braun. C. C. Babington, " Manual of British Botany." L. C. 
 1427. Root black, fibrous. Stems erect, deeply furrowed with 
 eight-twelve furrows, sometimes branched ; in this case the branches 
 are quite erect. Sheaths entirely black. Teeth more persistent than 
 in the following, not quite black, but with a shade of green, long 
 and slender. Catkin (fructification) ovate, small, nearly black, with a 
 very short apiculus. Ireland. Perennial. July August. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 57 58. Alt. 0100 yards.(?) T. 47 46. 
 
 8. E. Moorei, Newm. Stems longer, slenderer, and with fewer 
 furrows, and they die down annually. (E. Mackaii and E. hyemale 
 have persistent stems, or do not decay in winter.) Ireland. (See 
 " Phytologist," vol. v., pp. 1720.) 
 
 9. E. liyemale, Linn. Dutch Rushes. Greater Rough Horse- 
 tail. E. B. 915. L. C. 1426. Stems erect, stout, of a light glaucous 
 green, having fifteen-twenty farrows, persistent after the fructification 
 vanishes ; rarely with a few erect branches. Sheaths cylindrical, 
 close, black at the base and apex, the central part being of the same 
 colour as the stem. Teeth fifteen-twenty, subulate caducous. Spike 
 ovate, oblong, short, apiculate. In moist woods, turbaries, and marshy 
 places. Perennial. July August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 30. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 3 46. 
 
 These three species or forms have a striking resemblance. E. 
 Moorei appears to connect E. hyemale with E. Mackaii, or E. 
 trachyodon, or whatever other name botanists may please to call 
 it. The latter has a slenderer stem than E. hyemale, and has also 
 fewer furrows. The black sheaths, on which much stress is laid, 
 sometimes -are found on E. hyemale, especially towards the base ; 
 and the upper sheaths in E. Mackaii are not black, but green. 
 Compare Mr. Newman's description and figure in " Phytologist," 
 vol. i., pp. 305-8. 
 
 10. E. variegatum, Weber and Mohr. Variegated Shave-grass 
 or Horsetail. E. B. 1987, L. C. 1428. Roots as in the above 
 described species or forms. Stems simple, or but slightly branched, 
 slender, about a foot high, very rough, with four-ten furrows, lower 
 part of the sheaths green, like the stem, the upper portion black, 
 with short, triangular, or lanceolate teeth. Catkin small, terminal, 
 
FILICES POLYPODIES. 
 
 173 
 
 apiculate, and striated with few scales. Lancashire and Cheshire, on 
 the Mersey, and similar sandy places. Perennial. July August. 
 
 . arenarium. Stems prostrate ; teeth of the sheaths wedge- 
 shaped. 
 
 7. Wilsoni, Newman. Stem erect, tall (three feet) sheaths, with 
 a black ring at their summit ; teeth short, blunt. See " Manual of Br. 
 Botany," 2nd ed. Also Newman in " Phytologist," vol. i., p. 337. In 
 the same vol. at p. 273, under E. hyemale, the latter learned author 
 describes both E. Mackaii and E. variegatum as varieties of E. hye- 
 male. In vol. v., p. 19, etc., he appears to have changed his mind, for 
 in the last quoted place E. Moorei is described as a species, and Mr. 
 Newman's name is appended as sponsor to the same. Mr. Babington, 
 in his 4th edition of the " Manual," affirms that this species is E. tra- 
 chyodon. See supra sub voce, E. Mackaii. 
 
 Compare Mr. Newman's " History of the British Equiseta," " Phy- 
 tologist," voL i., pp. 273, 305, 337, 529, vol ii., p. 25, etc, 
 
 ORDER X. FIMCES, Juss. THE FERN FAMILY. (Seep. 133.) 
 
 Perennial plants, with a short or creeping rhizome. Fronds 
 
 (leaves) scat- 
 tered on the 
 rhizome or 
 growing from 
 its summit. Cir- 
 cinnate (coil- 
 ed like a spi- 
 ral) before ex- 
 pansion, very 
 rarely not cir- 
 cinnate, as in 
 
 Ophioglossaceee, pinnatifid or pinnate, 
 rarely simple ; epidermis provided with 
 stomata. Rach (rachis, see Index) fur- 
 nished with hairs or scales (dilated 
 hairs). Spore-cases pedicelled or ses- 
 sile, opening regularly or irregularly, 
 either with or without an elastic jointed 
 ring, usually on the under side of the 
 frond or towards the margin of the 
 lobes or pinnse, disposed in groups, 
 either bare or covered with an indu- 
 sium (see Index), sometimes in spikes or 
 Fig. 112. Lastrea Filix-mas, i, in panicles. Spores numerous in each 
 frond ; 2, portion of a pinna (pri- spore-case, globular or angular. 
 
 mary branch) with the fructifica- r 
 
 tion ; 3, the clusters of spore-casea 
 
 (sori); 4,theroot(caudex,orrhi- TRIBE I. Polypodies. (Seep. 
 
 zome) ; 5, the stipe. 133 ) ^ Spore-cases in nearly circular, usu- 
 
 ally pedicelled groups, without an indusium (cover). 
 
174 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Polypodiwn. Clusters of spore-cases circular, bare (not covered). 
 Allosorus. Clusters of spore-cases becoming confluent and covered by the 
 reflexed margin of the frond. 
 
 Gymnogramma. Clusters of spore-cases linear. 
 
 I. Polypodium, Sm. in part. Rhizomes more or less creeping. 
 Fronds (leaves) pinnatifid or pinnate or bi-tri-pinnate. Spore-cases in 
 roundish groups (clusters), scattered irregularly on the under side of 
 the frond, or disposed in regular lines (series), without an indusium. 
 
 1. P. Yulgare* Linn. Common Polypody. E. B. 1149, L. C. 
 
 1374. Root (rhizome) creeping, slightly fleshy, invested with scarious 
 brown scales. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, pinnatifid, on a rather long 
 rach, with oblong-lanceolate alternate lobes, entire, or more or less 
 toothed, rather contiguous, more or less confluent at their base ; lateral 
 veins divided into three-four branches, rarely in five (on vigorous 
 fronds). Clusters of spore-cases large, in two rows, which are parallel 
 with the middle nerve of the lobe of the frond, each spore-case grow- 
 ing out of the shortest of the lateral nerves (secondary nerves). The 
 fruit is produced during almost the whole year. On old walls, stumps 
 and roots of trees, rocks, and shady places. Perennial. June 
 October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 40. 
 Var. 8- bifidum. Lobes widely serrated and irregularly forked. 
 Var. y. serratum. Lobes pointed and deeply serrated. 
 Var. 5. cambricum. Lobes pinnatifid, with acute serrated segments. 
 Var. e. hibermcum, Lobes partially pinnatifid. 
 
 2. P.Phegopteris, Linn. Mountain Polypody. E.B.2224,L.C. 
 
 1375. Root (rhizome) or caudex creeping, slender, dark-coloured, with 
 numerous black fibres. Fronds with a triangular outline, pinnate 
 below and pinnatifid above (the lower pair of pinnce divaricated and 
 deflexed], the upper pinnae are united at their base; pinnae pin- 
 natifid with oblong, blunt, crenate segments. The whole herbage is 
 pale green, delicate or tender, hairy. The stipe or rach (rachis) is 
 very slender, slightly scaly at the base, hairy, quite as long as that 
 part which bears the expanded part of the frond. The spore-cases 
 are in round and contiguous clusters, and near to the margin. In 
 shady moist places. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 1, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 49 35. 
 
 3. P. Dryopteris, Linn. Oak Fern. Three-branched Polypody. 
 E. B. 616, L. C. 1376. Root slender (wiry), creeping, dark-coloured, 
 slightly scaly. Stipe longer than the expanded part of the frond, very 
 slender, brittle, and smooth. Fronds triangular in outline, ternate, and 
 each of the three primary divisions is triangular or rhomboidal. the cen- 
 tral or upper one is on a longer stipe than either of the two lateral ones ; 
 ultimate lobes oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, slightly crenate j the second- 
 ary or lateral nerves reach the margin of the lobes. Clusters of 
 spore-cases small, produced near the extremity of the lateral (second- 
 
FILICE8. POLYPODIES. POLYPODIUM. 175 
 
 ary) nerves close to the margin. In shady mountainous places, espe- 
 cially fine near waterfalls. At the Falls of Acharn, near Taymouth, 
 some of the fronds were from twelve to eighteen inches high. Pe- 
 rennial. July September. 
 
 A. 13, C. 60. Lat. 51 59. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 48 37. 
 
 4. I*, calcareum, Sm. P. robertianum, Hoff. Limestone Poly- 
 pody. E.B. 1525, L. C. 1377. Roots dark brown, creeping, stouter 
 than in P. Dryopteris. Fronds triangular in outline, but not so deci- 
 dedly ternate as the preceding species is. Stipe rigid, scaly, and glan- 
 dular, much longer than the expanded part of the frond. The primary 
 divisions of the frond are on shorter secondary stipes ; they are also 
 more in the same plane, and the lateral and lower pair are smaller in 
 proportion than the upper and central one is. In large fronds the 
 lower pinnae are again pinnate (bipinnate). Whole plant glandular. 
 Plentiful on exposed calcareous mountains and exposed places, in 
 Derbyshire and Yorkshire. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 11, C. 15. Lat. 51 55. Alt. 50300 yards. T. 49 45. 
 
 5. P. alpestre, Spr. Pseudathyrium alpestre, Newman. Alpine 
 Polypody. Hoot (rhizome) short, decumbent, separating into several 
 crowns or distinct axis of growth. Frond lanceolate, bipinnate, taper- 
 ing at both ends ; pinnules (ultimate segments) pinnatifid, with sharply 
 serrated lobes; stipes very short and scaly at the base, and there 
 the pinnae are very short and deflexed. The spore-cases are in round 
 clusters on the lateral (secondary) nerves between the mid-nerve of 
 the lobe and the mid-nerve of the pinnule ; some of the lowermost 
 lobes bear a cluster of spore-cases on each side of the mid-nerve of 
 the lobe. This Fern in its dwarf state is said to resemble Cystopteris 
 fragilis, and in a luxuriant condition it has the appearance of Athy- 
 rium Filix-fcemina. It is not uncommon on some Scottish mountains 
 between 2000 and 4000 feet altitude. From 20003000 feet of ver- 
 tical height it grows with Athyrium Filix-fcemina ; from the latter 
 altitude to 4000 feet, the Lady-fern disappears and this alpine species 
 takes its place. Mountains in Perthshire, Forfarshire, &c. Peren- 
 nial. May September. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 56 57. Alt. 8001000 yards. T. 39 36. 
 
 Note. The general aspect of this Fern is that of an under-sized 
 Athyrium Filix-fcernina. The fructification resembles that of Poly- 
 podium. 
 
 First observed by Mr. H. C. Watson in the great Corrie of Ben 
 Aulder, on the west side of Loch Errecht, Inverness-shire, in 1841. 
 Also in Canlochan Glen, Forfarshire, by the same botanist, in 1844. 
 
 6. I*, flexile (Pseudathyrium faxile, Newman). Flexible Alpine 
 Polypody. This rare Fern has probably the same range as P. alpestre. 
 
 This Fern differs from the above P. alpestre in its much narrower, 
 lanceolate, more lax or open frond. The shape or outline of the frond 
 and the short pinnse and short pinnules are apparently the only cha- 
 racters which distinguish this species, if a species it be, from P. alpes- 
 tre. Glen Prosen, Clova mountains, Forfarshire. Mr. J. Backhouse, 
 jun. " Phytologist," vol. iv., p. 974. Perennial. May September. 
 
176 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 II. Allosorus, Bernh. Fronds of two kinds, barren and fertile 
 fronds. Spore-cases (sori) circular, attached near t the summit of the 
 secondary (lateral) nerves (near the margin), becoming confluent, 
 covered by the revolute margin of the ultimate lobes of the fertile 
 fronds. The secondary nerves do not extend quite to the margin. 
 
 A. crispus; Bernh. Mountain Parsley. Parsley Fern. Rock 
 Brakes, E. B. 1160, L. C. 1378. Hoot short, decumbent. Fronds bi-tri- 
 pinnate with a triangular outline, and the stipes are at least half the 
 length of their respective fronds. Barren fronds tripinnate, with alter- 
 nate pinnae, pinnules, and lobes; the latter are cuneate and cleft; fer- 
 tile fronds taller and not so close or bushy as the barren fronds are ; 
 the lobes or ultimate divisions of these are linear-oblong ; the reflexed 
 margins nearly meet over the lobe, and cover the spore-cases. On 
 rocks and walls in mountainous districts. Perennial. June 
 September. 
 
 A. 15, C. 40. Lat, 51 59. Alt. 1501150 yards. T. 46 35. 
 
 III. Gymnogrammsi, Desv. This genus is mostly composed of 
 tropical species, which are generally distinguished by a yellow or 
 white powdery substance, hence called Gold and Silver Ferns. 
 Fronds bipinnate, with linear, forked spore-cases on the back of the 
 secondary nerves. (?) Nerves free, forked, or pinnate. 
 
 Cr. leptophylla, Desv. Slender Gymnogram, Moore's " Hand- 
 book of British Ferns," p. 63. Root (rhizome) annual or biennial, 
 fibrous. Fronds of two kinds ; the barren one a very delicate fan- 
 shaped frond, on a very slender stipe, with two-three lobes; the whole 
 not more than an inch high (long). The fertile fronds are pinnate, 
 erect, several times as long as the barren fronds, and with obliquely 
 fan-shaped three-lobed pinnae ; these medium fronds have only a 
 sprinkling of spore-cases. The longer fronds are more divided, taller, 
 and produce more fructification ; these are four-six inches high, with 
 a stipe about half the length of the whole frond. These tallest fronds 
 are bipinnate, and the spore-cases are nearly central and confluent. 
 Discovered in Jersey in 1852. Annual or biennial. May, June. 
 
 Aspidieee, (See p. 133). Spore-cases in round clusters with 
 a scale-like indusium, and springing from the back of the lateral 
 nerves, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Lastrea. -Spore-cases covered by a reniform indusium, which is attached 
 by its edge to the frond. 
 
 Polystichum.- Spore-cases covered by a peltate indusium, which is 
 attached to the frond by its centre. 
 
 Cystopteris. Spore-cases covered by a hooded indusium, which is attached 
 by its broad base. 
 
 Woodsia. - Spore-cases surrounded by a fringed involucre. 
 
 IV. Lastrea, Presl. Leaves bi-tri-pinnate or bi-tri-pinnatifid. 
 Spore-cases in round, solitary clusters on the secondary nerves or 
 
FILICES. LASTRKA. 177 
 
 disposed in regular series. Indusiuin reniform, roundish, attached by 
 a short pedicel at the notch (base). Secondary nerves simple or 
 branched. 
 
 1. JL. Filix-mas, Presl. Male Fern. Shield Fern. Buckler Fern. 
 E. B. 1458, L. C. 1388. Root large, in tufts, or creeping. Fronds ob- 
 long-lanceolate, pinnate ; pinnae spreading, lanceolate, pinnatifid, with 
 numerous pairs of lobes (fifteen-twentyfive) decreasing in length at 
 both ends ; lobes oblong-obtuse, connate at their base (adhering to- 
 gether by the whole base). Crenulate below, toothed above; the 
 lower lobes distinct, the upper confluent. Stipes or rach sometimes 
 short sometimes long, always more or less scaly. Indusium persis- 
 tent. Clusters of spore-cases moderately large, usually on the lower 
 or basal part of the ultimate divisions or lobes. About hedges, 
 ditches, and shady places. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 Var. /8. incisa. This differs from the typical form by its pinnae 
 (primary divisions of the frond) being pinnate at their base, the 
 pinnules are incised and the lobes are serrated ; the spore-cases are 
 more numerous, extending further up the pinnules, presenting a more 
 regular disposition of the fructification than is exhibited by the 
 typical form. 
 
 Var. 7. paleacea. Stipes very hairy or scaly. Surface of the 
 frond shining above, glaucous below. 
 
 Var. S. abbreviate This variety is distinguished by its small size 
 (eight-sixteen inches high), by the pinnae being pinnate at the base 
 and of a triangular-lanceolate outline. Its stipe is very hairy. 
 
 Var. e. pumila. This is a dwarf rigid form, six-ten inches high, with 
 linear pinnatifid pinnae. The spore-cases are in parallel rows, on 
 each side of the midrib of the primary divisions. 
 
 Var. 7). cristata. Fronds narrow and lanceolate, with linear rather 
 distant pinnae, which are divided at their extremities and form a 
 beautiful tasseled tuft of curled segments. A very handsome Fern. 
 
 Query. Has this form been observed in an uncultivated state ? 
 
 2. JL. rigida, Presl. Rigid Male Fern. E. B. 2724, L. C. 
 1389, Root decumbent, with long wiry fibres. Fronds triangular- 
 lanceolate bipinnate, open or lax ; pinnae lanceolate, pinnate for about 
 half their extent ; pinnules oblong, blunt, serrated or pinnatifid (the 
 latter at their base); ultimate segments rounded with two-five not 
 spinous teeth. Stipe short and scaly. The rach and surface of the 
 frond are besprinkled with minute sessile glands. Indusium beset with 
 glands, persistent. Mountainous districts in Yorkshire and West- 
 moreland. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. d, C. 3. . Lat. 53 55. Alt. 400500 yards. T. 45 43. 
 
 3. TL. cristata, Presl. Crested or Prickly-toothed Male Fern. 
 E. B. 2125, L. C. 1387. Root creeping, stout, occasionally branched. 
 Fronds narrow, linear-oblong or lanceolate, pinnate or bipinnate, with 
 sharp spinous teeth. Scales of the stipes ovate. Indusium without 
 marginal glands. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 52 54. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 48 -47. 
 
178 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Note. The above description includes the three following- 
 forms : 
 
 Var. a. cristata. L. cristata, Presl. Bab. Newm. &c. E. B. 2125, 
 L. C. 1387. Frond narrow, oblong, pinnate; pinnae triangular, 
 oblong, short, with oblong segments almost always connected at the 
 base, and serrated or obscurely lobed, each lobe or tooth is tipped 
 with a short, erect, callous point. Stipe at least one-third of the 
 length of the frond. 
 
 Var. j8. uliginosa, Moore. L. uliginosa, Newman. Fronds lan- 
 ceolate, tapering slightly towards the base, bipinnate. Pinnae tri- 
 angular, pinnate at the base (the lower pinnules are distinct or on 
 short stalks, the upper lobes confluent) ; pinnules oblong, blunt, toothed ; 
 teeth awned. The pinnules at the base of the frond are nearly equal 
 to those on the upper part of it. 
 
 Var. 7. spinulosa. Fronds more triangular than in the preceding, 
 bipinnate ; pinnules oblong, incised or toothed ; teeth terminating in 
 longish awns. The lower pinnules are much larger than the upper 
 ones (viz., the pinnules at the base of the pinnae do not decrease so 
 rapidly as they do in var. uliginosa). The lowermost pair of pinnae 
 are as large as the next pair ; this is not the case in uliginosa, w r here 
 the pinnae increase up to near the centre of the frond. 
 
 Note. These three forms are here united in deference to the opi- 
 nion of Mr. T. Moore, the author of " The Handbook of British 
 Ferns." The first form, L. cristata is very local, but found in boggy 
 places or heaths in the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Huntingdonshire, 
 Staffordshire, Cheshire. (?) L. spmulosa is a widely-distributed Fern. 
 The var. uliginosa, if variety it be, is generally found in company with 
 cristata. They are all perennial, as almost all Ferns are, and are in 
 fructification from June to September. 
 
 4. I,, dilatata., Presl. Broad Prickly-toothed Fern. E. B. 1461, 
 L. C. 1391, 1391 b. Root large, tufted, with a densely scaly crown, 
 Fronds triangular-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate (some exam- 
 ples occur in which the base of the pinnules is deepty pinnatifid, 
 hence the plant appears tripinnate). Stipe usually long, furnished 
 with entire lanceolate scales. Indusium fringed with stalked glands. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 01200 yards. T. 52 35. 
 
 Note. The whole plant is glandulose, and the indusium is not 
 persistent. When the spore-cases expand, the indusium is concealed 
 in the mass. In woods and hedges. Perennial. June September. 
 
 Var. 0. collina, Moore. Fronds narrow, triangular-ovate, bipin- 
 nate. Pinnae lanceolate; pinnules oblong, obtuse, ultimate lobes 
 rounded, terminating in a short awn. Stipes long (nearly half as 
 long as the whole frond), slightly scaly. 
 
 Var. 7. dumetorum. Aspidium dumetorum, Smith. Eng. Fl., iv. 
 281. Frond triangular, broader in proportion at the base than . 
 collina, which has something of an ovate shape ; the ultimate lobes 
 are rounded and terminated by a short awn, just as the same parts of 
 0. collina. This form of this variable species is very common in 
 mountainous places in Yorkshire, especially in the Craven district. 
 
FILICES. LASTREA. POLYSTICHUM. 1 79 
 
 Var. 8. fchanteri is a variety similar to the above, but rather more 
 open. The serratures of the lobes are smaller and more regular. 
 
 Var. 6. glandulosa. Frond elongate, rather open, with slender pin- 
 nules. Under side densely covered with glands. Stipe rather slen- 
 der, with pale, lanceolate scales. 
 
 Note. The distinguishing characteristics of this section, L. dila- 
 tata, consist in the not-creeping rhizomes, the broader fronds, and pale 
 or deep brown, usually broad, scales. In the cristata section the 
 rhizome creeps, the frond is narrower, and the scales are fewer and 
 smaller than in the dilatata group. 
 
 5. 1^. aeinula, Brack. L. foenisecii, Watson. L. recurva, New- 
 man, 225. Hay-scented Fern. Root large, tufted. Frond triangular, 
 bipinnate (described as tripinnate, but it is just as much divided as 
 luxuriant forms of L. dilatata are, and not more) ; pinnae triangular- 
 lanceolate, incurved with incised spinulose lobes ; teeth tapering, mu- 
 cronate, and incurved (or pointing upwards). Indusium fringed with 
 minute sessile glands. The colour of the entire frond is of a beautiful 
 yellowish-green, and the scent is compared to that of new hay. Not 
 rare in many parts of the west and north of England, in Ireland, and 
 in Scotland. In rocky, shady places. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 6. JL. Thelypteris, Presl. Marsh Fern. E. B. 509, L. C. 1385. 
 Root creeping, slender. Frond oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, with 
 distant segments; pinnae linear-lanceolate, with confluent, oblong, 
 entire lobes. Stipes slender, smooth. The fertile fronds are taller 
 and more robust than the barren fronds. Clusters of spore-cases 
 small, numerous, arranged in two parallel lines on each lobe. This is 
 a local and rare species. It is common in boggy fens in the east of 
 England. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 13, C. 30. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 7. MJ. Oreopteris, Presl. Mountain Male Fern. E. B. 1019, 
 L. C. 1386. Root large, tufted, with numerous black wiry fibres. 
 Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, tapering at both ends. Pinnse lanceolate, 
 deeply pinnatifid, with oblong-lanceolate, blunt, entire lobes. The 
 spore-cases are marginal, or near the margin ; sometimes they are 
 nearly confluent ; the thin-toothed indusium soon decays. The under 
 side of the fronds is furnished with numerous yellow glands, which 
 are odoriferous when bruised. This species has a considerable resem- 
 blance to L. Thelypteris, but it bears spores more freely, is of a larger 
 size, and is very glandular. On open heaths. Perennial. June 
 September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0950 yards. T. 51 37. 
 
 V. Polysticlmm 9 Roth. Rigid, mostly coriaceous, shining 
 Ferns. Fronds pinnate or bipinnate. Spore-cases in round, central 
 groups. Indusium circular, attached by its centre. 
 
 1. I*, aculeatuiu, Roth. Prickly Shield Fern. E. B. 1562, 
 L. C. 1363, 1383 b. Root tufted, invested with numerous reddish 
 scales. Fronds bipinnate, lanceolate, tapering both ways, more or 
 
180 DESCRIPTIVE BKlTI-iIi BOTANY. 
 
 less linear in shape, rigid or leathery ; pinnae lanceolate, or oblong- 
 lanceolate ; pinnules oblong, or oblong'-rhomboida!, or ovate, decurrent 
 (confluent") at the base ; the pinnules contiguous to the rach, espe- 
 cially those on the upper side of the pinnae, are much larger than the 
 others, and have a more or less large lateral auricle, all of them ter- 
 minate in long bristly awns, and are more or less furnished with 
 lateral awned teeth. Shadv places. Perennial. June November. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 Note. This species is almost evergreen. 
 
 Var. . lobatum. In this form the frond is narrower, the pinnules 
 more decurrent or confluent, and the pinnule next to the rach is not 
 so distinctly auricled as in the typical form. The whole frond is 
 close, very rigid, and shining. 
 
 Var. lonchitidioides. This form resembles P. Lonchitis. Frond 
 pinnate, with the pinnules more than usually combined. 
 
 2. P. ansfulare, Presl. Angular or Soft Prickly Shield Fern. 
 E. B. 2776, L. C. 1384. Root (rhizome) large, tufted. Fronds 
 bipinnate, rather lax, not so rigid nor so much shining as in P. acu- 
 leatum ; much narrower, and not so much curved laterally ; pinnae 
 lanceolate ; pinnules all distinctly stalked with a rounded not tapering 
 base, serrated with teeth which end in sharp prickles. In shady 
 places. Perennial. June October. This is an evergreen. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat, 50' -56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 Var. 0. subtripinnatum. Pinnules next to the rach, deeply pin- 
 natifid ; pinnules more rounded and laxer. 
 
 Var. 7. angustatum. Pinnules narrow and acute. This variety is 
 viviparous (produces bulbs) in the axils of the lower pinnae. 
 
 Note. It is not very easy to distinguish the above two species, 
 P. aculeatum and P. angulare. The latter has a narrower frond than 
 the former, and is not so rigid in its texture. 
 
 3. I*. fconcMtis, Roth. Alpine Shield Fern. Holly Fern. E. B. 
 797, L. C. 1382. Root tufted, scaly. Frond linear-lanceolate, taper- 
 ing at both ends, rigid, six-twentyfour inches high, on a very short 
 stipe. Pinnae oblong, or ovate, or lanceolate, with a truncate or 
 broad base and a single anterior basal lobe ; they are sometimes lunu- 
 late and pointed. (This is the character of the fronds from Settle). 
 The margin is usually sharply serrated with spinous teeth ; the lower 
 pinnae are triangular. Rach and bases of the pinnules on the under 
 side very scaly; the upper side is of a bright glossy green. The 
 fructification (spore-cases) is nearly confluent when at maturity. In 
 Wales, north of England, and Scotland, in mountainous parts. Pe- 
 rennial. June September. 
 
 A. 6, C. 15. Lat. 53 59. Alt. 4001100 yards. T. 43 36. 
 Note. The teeth of specimens from Ben Lawers are furnished with 
 longer awns than the fronds from the north of England have. (?) 
 
 VI. Cystopteris, Bernh. Fronds hi- or tri-pinnate. Spore-cases 
 disposed in oblong-rounded or round clusters, either solitary, on the 
 secondary (lateral) nerves, and scattered or in rows. Indusium reni- 
 
FIL1CES. CYSTOPTERIS. 181 
 
 form or lanceolate, hooded, attached by its base beneath the spore- 
 cases (sori), toothed or slightly laciniated. 
 
 1. C. fragilis, Bernh. Brittle Bladder Fern. E. B. 1587, 
 L. C. 1379, 1379 b, 1379 c. Root rather thick, more or less 
 creeping. Fronds bipinnate, lanceolate, four-fifteen inches high, on 
 smooth brittle stipes, which are from one-third to one-half the length 
 of the whole frond. Pinnae lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; pinnules 
 oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse incised, toothed or crenulate. In- 
 dusium lanceolate, caducous, longer than the cluster of spore-cases. 
 On moist rocks and old walls, especially in mountainous places. 
 Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 01050 yards. T. 49 36. 
 
 Var. a. vulgaris. E. B. 1587. This is usually the largest and 
 most dilated form of the plant; the fronds are lanceolate ; pinnae oblong- 
 lanceolate; pinnules ovate-oblong, pinnatifid, incised or serrated. 
 Spore-cases nearly central, finally confluent. 
 
 Var. . dentata. E. B. 1588. Frond lanceolate-oblong, narrower 
 than in var. a. ; also the lobes and teeth are more rounded and entire 
 than in the preceding. 
 
 Var. 7. angustata. Frond narrow, elongate, more open below and 
 more close above than in the foregoing forms. There are examples of 
 this Fern having a triangular-elongate form and a dull reddish colour. 
 
 Var. 5. dickieana. Frond ovate-lanceolate, with deflexed pinnae. 
 A peculiarity of this form is, that the pinnae do not grow in the same 
 plane as the stipes, but form a considerable angle with it. This 
 direction of the pinnae is only observable in the recent plant ; in the 
 herbarium it will only appear denser. The lobes of this variety are 
 very blunt, and hence it approaches nearer to dentata than to 
 angustata. First discovered by Dr. Dickie, in a cave on the Kin 
 cardineshire coast, not far from the fishing town of Finnan, near 
 Aberdeen. 
 
 2. C. alpina.; Desv. Alpine Bladder Fern. E. B. 163, L. C. 
 1380. This Fern is called by plant-geographers an alien, neither a 
 native nor a naturalized subject of the domains of our British Flora. 
 Root short, tufted. Frond lanceolate, nearly tripinnate, six-ten inches 
 high. Pinnae ovate ; pinnules ovate-oblong, deeply pinnatifid, with 
 short linear or cuneate lobes which are more or less obscurely toothed 
 at the apex. This Fern grows in alpine parts of the south of Europe. 
 It has been within the last few years collected sparingly on a wall at 
 Walthamstow, where it was noticed by Mr. Foster above half a 
 century ago. Perennial. June September. 
 
 3. C. iiiontana 5 Link. Mountain Bladder Fern. Hooker, sp. 
 Fil. i. 200. L. C. 1381. Root long, creeping, filiform. Frond 
 tripinnate, triangular, on a very long, somewhat scaly stipe ; the lower 
 lateral pinnce are also triangular and opposite ; they are each nearly 
 as large as the central terminal part (all the rest of the frond). It 
 has the general outline and appearance of Polypodium Dryopteris. 
 Pinnules of the lower branches (pinnae) triangular ; the outer or 
 lower only are pinnate; ultimate lobes oblong, notched or incised, 
 
182 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 with blunt teeth or lobes. Breadalbane, Scotland, in a ravine called 
 Correy Uachdar, between Glen Dochart and Glen Lochay, about seven 
 miles from Killin ; also Ben Lawers. Perennial. June September. 
 First discovered by the late Mr. Gourlie in 1841. 
 
 VII. Woodsia, Br. A genus of small neatly -growing alpine 
 Ferns. Fronds pinnate. Spore-cases in round clusters, attached near 
 the extremities of the lateral nerves. Indusium divided at the margin 
 into numerous capillary segments. 
 
 1. W. ilvensis, Br. Oblong Woodsia. E. B. 2616, L. C. 1373. 
 Root tufted. Frond lanceolate, two-six inches high; the stipe 
 is about one-third of the length of the frond, and invested with both 
 scales and hairs. (In the following species the stipe is shorter and 
 quite smooth). Pinnae opposite or nearly so, oblong, deeply lobed, 
 broadest at the base, with ovate-oblong segments (lobes). (In cultivated 
 specimens the fronds are lanceolate, broader than in W. hyperborea, 
 and the pinnse are pinnatifid with from six-eight lobes.) Rach and 
 under side of the fronds hairy. Spore-cases in nearly marginal 
 clusters which ultimately are confluent. Wales, north of England, 
 and Scotland ; rare. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 5, C. 6. Lat. 53 C 57. Alt. 650700 yards. T. 41 40 s . 
 
 2. W. iiyperborea, Br. Alpine Woodsia. E. B, 2033, L. C. 
 1373*. Root thick, tufted. Frond lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 
 tapering at both ends. Pinnae triangular, blunt, with rounded lobes, 
 which are either entire or bluntly toothed. In cultivated or luxuriant 
 specimens each pinna has three-four rounded lobes. The rach, bases 
 of the pinnae, and the under side of the frond generally bear a few 
 soft hairs. Fructification covering nearly all the back of the lobes of 
 the pinnae, and becoming nearly confluent. Snowdon, Ben Lawers, 
 and Clova mountains ; rare. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 53 57. Alt. 800900 yards. T. 40 38. 
 
 Asplemeae. Fronds simple or pinnatifid, or variously pinnate; 
 spore-cases oblong or elongate in form ; indusium scale-like. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Athyrium. Fronds bipinnate ; spore-cases oblong, curved; indusium 
 attached by the concave (curved edge) ; the free margin fringed. 
 
 Asplenium. Fronds variously divided ; spore-cases in elongate groups, 
 with a straight indusium, which is attached by its outer side. 
 
 Scolopendrium. Frond simple, entire or crenulate at the margin. Spore- 
 cases elongate, straight, in parallel pairs; indusium attached to oppclte 
 sides of the proximate (twin) spore-cases. 
 
 Ceterach. Fronds pinnatifid ; spore-cases elongate, scattered among im- 
 bricated chaffy scales; indusium obsolete. 
 
 VIII. Atlryriiim, Roth. Fronds bipinnate, lanceolate, or some- 
 what ovate-lanceolate, tapering at both ends. Spore-cases central 
 (medial), short, oblong, or lunulate (somewhat crescent-shaped). In- 
 dusium of the same form as the sori (spore-cases), opening along the 
 side next the mid-nerve, with a fringed margin. 
 
FILICES. ATHYRIUM. ASPLENIUM. 18cJ 
 
 1. A, Filix-fcemina, Roth. Drooping Lady Fern. E.B.1459 
 (bad), L. C. 1393. Root stout, tufted, decumbent. Fronds bipinnate, 
 broadly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, two-four feet high j pinnae 
 lanceolate, acuminate, and acute ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate, deeply 
 pinnatifid, with variously toothed lobes. Spore-cases oblong, rounded. 
 Indusium persistent. Fructification in two rows parallel with the mid- 
 nerve, often confluent when at maturity. In woods and boggy places. 
 Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 Var. j8. latifolium. Fronds lanceolate, pinnae approximate ; spore- 
 cases in clusters, which are arranged in single rows opposite the mid- 
 rib, and distant from it. 
 
 Var. 7. molle. Fronds broadly lanceolate, lax. Spore-cases in 
 clusters, which are in rows near to the midrib. 
 
 Var. 5. marinum, Moore. Fronds lanceolate, equally attenuated 
 at both ends. Spore-cases in broad distinct clusters near the base of 
 the pinnules. 
 
 2. A, rlioeticami. Roth. Erect Lady Fern. A. convexum, New- 
 man, 245. Aspidium irriguum, Sm. E.F. iv., 283. Fronds bipinnate, 
 lanceolate ; pinnae distant convex ; pinnules, linear, pointed, deeply 
 pinnatifid, with incurved (recurved?} lobes; spore-cases very short 
 and numerous, near the midrib becoming confluent. This elegant 
 form is not unfrequent in many parts of Surrey and Yorkshire. In 
 dry and also boggy places, either exposed or sheltered. Perennial. 
 June September. 
 
 Range not stated in the " Cybele," or it is given under A. Filix- 
 fcemina. It is probably widely distributed, but it is not so common 
 as the preceding form or species. 
 
 There are many beautiful monstrosities of the elegant Lady Fern, 
 viz., multifidum, in which the tips of the fronds and of the pin n 93 
 are divided and crisp ; ramosum, in which the apex of the frond is 
 divided into numerous, narrow segments, the apices of the pinnae 
 are lacerated (torn) ; crispum, a dwarf form, with an irregularly 
 branched rach (stipe bearing the pinnae), and having the apices of 
 the divisions dilated and crisped. 
 
 3. A, fontanuiir, Bernh. (See Asplenium fontanum below). 
 
 IX. AspEesiium, Linn, in part. Fronds pinnate or bi-tri-pin- 
 nate. Spore- cases in clusters, either linear, scattered, or solitary, on the 
 secondary (lateral) nerves, sometimes rounded when no longer covered 
 by the indusium. Indusium membranous, attached by one side to the 
 secondary nerve; the other side, which is adjacent to the median 
 nerve of the lobe, is free. 
 
 1. A. Adiantum nigrum, Linn. Black Spleenwort. E. B. 
 1950, L. C. 1399. Roots (rhizomes) tufted, usually crowned by the 
 stipes of the decayed fronds. Fronds bi-tri-pinnate, with lanceolate 
 acute segments, six- twelve inches high, triangular-lanceolate acumi- 
 nate, deep green and shining above; ultimate segments oblong, 
 attenuated at the base, and toothed at the summit. Groups of spore- 
 
184 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 cases oblong-linear before they are covered by the indusium, and 
 before they are confluent, when they cover the entire back of the 
 frond. Under hedges, and on rocks and walls. Perennial. June- 
 October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 52 41. 
 Var. acutum. Ultimate lobes linear-lanceolate ; teeth longer than 
 in the common form. Ireland and West of England. Rare. 
 
 2. A, lanceolatunij Huds. Lanceolate Spleenwort. E. B. 240, 
 L. C. 1398. Roots (rhizomes) tufted. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, 
 thinner or less leathery than the preceding, bipinnate, primary 
 branches (segments) oblong, ovate or lanceolate, the lower shorter 
 than the central ones ; ultimate divisions (lobes) obovate, dilated, ser- 
 rated with acuminate teeth. Groups of spore-cases as in the preced- 
 ing species. In shady, rocky places in the south and west of England. 
 Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 6, C. 10. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 Var. connata.(f) Frond pinnate, with ovate, crisp and sharply 
 toothed pinnse. This variety is produced by the growing together 
 of the pinnules (secondary divisions). It has been found in Corn- 
 wall. 
 
 3. A, fontaiiuni 5 Bernh. Smooth Rock Spleenwort. E. B. 
 2024, L. C., Excluded species. Root (rhizome) short, thick, scaly- 
 Fronds oblong- or linear-lanceolate, bipinnate with obovate pinnules 
 tapering towards their base. Teeth large, mucronate, two-four on 
 each lobe, tapering both ways. Four-six inches high, erect, quite 
 smooth (the stipe andrach only slightly scaly). Stipe short. Rach 
 winged. Spore-cases in short oblong clusters. On old walls. Found 
 on Agmondsham Church, Bucks, some time in the last century ; more 
 recently by the Rev, W. Hawker, on a wall at Ashford, near Peters- 
 field. * Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 3, (?) C. 5. (?) Lat. 51 57. Alt. 050. (?) T. (?) 
 
 4. A, marinumj Linn. Sea Spleenwort. E. B. 392, L. C. 1397. 
 Root tufted, scaly. Fronds linear-lanceolate, more or less tapering, 
 pinnate ; pinnse oblong or ovate, with a broad, oblique base, serrated 
 with unequal, blunt teeth, smooth, shining, leathery ; height variable, , 
 from a few inches to two feet ; stipe about one-third of the length of the 
 frond, and both it and the rach are winged. Spore-cases in oblong or 
 linear clusters, parallel to the secondary nerves, and forming an acute 
 angle with the mid-nerve of the lobe. Rocks on the sea-shore. 
 Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0. T. 52 46. 
 
 Var. acutum. Pinnse narrower, elongate, lobed, and crisped. 
 
 5. A, Trichomanes, Linn. Common Spleenwort. E. B. 576, 
 L. C. 1396. Root (rhizome) tufted. Fronds pinnate, numerous, 
 tufted, linear, slightly attenuated at both ends, with numerous ovate 
 rhomboid or rounded pinnce, which are usually crenulate, rarely 
 incised. Stipe very short ; rach filiform, black and shining ; spore- 
 cases in linear or oblong clusters in two rows on each lobe (segment 
 or pinnse), situated obliquely to the mid-nerve (forming an acute angle 
 
FILICES. ASPLENIUM. 185 
 
 with the nerve); when no longer covered with the indusium they are 
 confluent. On old walls, shaded rocks, and similar places. Peren- 
 nial. June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 Var. a. incisum. Pinnse pinnatifid, or incised, with narrow ser- 
 rated or incised segments. 
 
 6. A, viricle, Huds. Green Spleenwort. E. B. 2257, L. C, 1395. 
 Root (rhizome) tufted.. Fronds pinnate, on short brownish-black 
 stipes, with a bright green rack ; the colour of the entire frond 
 is a bright, full green. Pinnae triangular or oblong, with a very 
 oblique base, and on very short filiform stalks, with lobed or toothed 
 margins. The spore- cases are in linear or oblong groups, nearer to 
 the centre than to the margin of the pinnae. In this species the 
 apex has a tendency to become forked. In mountainous districts of 
 England, Wales, and Scotland, on sheltered rocks. Perennial. June 
 October. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 51 59. Alt. 100950 yards. T. 48 38. 
 
 7. A. Ifcuta-murariaj Linn. Wall Hue, or Hue-leaved Spleen- 
 wort. E. B. 150, L. C. 1400. Root (rhizome) tufted. Fronds 
 tufted, usually numerous, bipinnate, triangular or deltoid in general 
 outline ; stipe green, longer than the rach (the part which bears the 
 branches, or pinnse) the whole somewhat leathery in texture ; ulti- 
 mate segments obovate, cuneate (tapering towards the base), usually 
 toothed at the apex. Spore-cases in linear, or in oblong groups, when 
 no longer covered by the indusium, then they become confluent and 
 cover the entire under surface of the lobe or lobes. On walls and 
 rocks. Perennial. In fructification during the'whole year. A variety 
 or sub-variety, approaching the next species, is occasionally found in 
 shaded parts, as on the interior of ruins, &c. A very remarkable 
 one was collected at Brambletye House twenty years since. 
 
 A. 18, C. 8075. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52^46. 
 
 8. A. germanicimij Weiss. Alternate-leaved Spleenwort. E. B. 
 2258, L. C. 1400 b. Root (rhizome) tufted. Fronds lanceolate in 
 outline (oblong, linear), pinnate (in luxuriant fronds, bipinnate at the 
 base) ; pinnse (segments) elongate cuneate, incised or toothed at the 
 apex ; stipe longer and slenderer than the same part in A. Ruta- 
 muraria. Clusters of spore-cases linear; when they obliterate the 
 indusium they are confluent. This rare Fern has been reported from 
 Cumberland, from Wales, and from several localities in Scotland. It 
 is not a common plant on the Continent. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 53 57. Alt. 100200 yards. T. 46. 
 
 9. A. septentrionale,, Hull. Forked Spleenwort. E. B. 1017, 
 L. C. 1401. Root (rhizome) tufted. Fronds two-six inches high, 
 numerous, on a stipe which is twice as long as the part which bears 
 the branches (sometimes the frond is quite simple, the upper part, 
 which bears the fructification, being only slightly dilated) ; branches 
 (pinna) or segments ?) two-four linear, elongate, alternate, entire, or 
 forked at the summit in luxuriant plants. Spore-cases in linear, 
 elongate clusters ; when confluent covering the entire under surface 
 
186 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 of the lobe or frond, except the apex. Rare. On rocks and old walls. 
 Perennial.' June September. 
 
 A. 7, C. 12. Lat. 51 57. Alt. 1501000 yards. T. 47 37. 
 
 X. Scolopendrium, Sm. Fronds narrow, lanceolate, cordate 
 at the base. Spore-cases in linear parallel groups obliquely-placed in 
 reference to the middle nerve, and situated on the contiguous forks of 
 two adjacent nerves. Indusium membranous, united on one side with 
 the secondary nerve, and free on the other ; the two indusia thus pre- 
 sent the appearance of a two-valved indusium. 
 
 8. officinale* Sm. Hart's Tongue Fern. E. B. 1150, L. C. 
 1402. Hoot (rhizome) tufted, often crowned by the remains of the 
 decayed fronds. Fronds in a tuft, oblong-lanceolate, slightly con- 
 tracted near the base, cordate, with blunt auricles, variable in size, 
 four-thirtysix inches, on stout scaly (hairy) short stipes, lively green, 
 shining. Lateral nerves repeatedly and regularly forked, and not 
 reaching the margin of the frond. On moist shady places. Old walls, 
 deep gullies, and similar places. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Var. a. lobatum. Apex of the frond, more or less divided, the 
 lobes being sometimes simple, sometimes variously divided, and 
 dilated and crisped. 
 
 Var. . crispum. Fronds narrow and much undulate. A beau- 
 tiful variety. 
 
 Var. y. polyscliides, Fronds deeply and irregularly crenate or 
 lobed. or both. This variety is narrower than the common form is. 
 
 " This fern affords a very decided example of one prevalent con- 
 dition of distribution which may be traced in the greater number of 
 British plants, though seldom so strongly marked as in the present 
 instance ; namely, the tendency of plants to linger along the coa^t 
 line to a higher northern latitude than that at which they will exist in 
 inland situations. * * * The Scolopendrium is not a maritime species, 
 and yet all its recorded stations in the northern provinces appear to 
 be oii or near the coast line. I never met with it in the glens or 
 valleys of the Highlands, the humid climate and sheltering rocks of 
 which would seem to be well adapted to its growth, and of which 
 the general vegetation is similar to that of Orkney and Shetland, 
 where the Scoiopendrmm is recorded as still found." Mr. H. C. 
 Watson in " Cybele," vol. iii., pp. 283-4. 
 
 XI. Ceteracli, Willd. Fronds pinnatifid, with entire, blunt 
 lobes. Spore-cases continuous in linear or oblong groups, scattered, 
 intermixed with a great number of scarious brownish scales, which 
 grow all over the under side of the frond. Indusium w r anted. 
 
 C. officinarum, Willd. (Bauhin. Pin. 354). Common Scale 
 Fern, E. B. 1244, L. C. 1732. Root (rhizome) tufted. Fronds 
 numerous, lanceolate, tapering at both ends, six-ten inches long, 
 deeply pinnatifid, with triangular or ovate, blunt segments, margins 
 entire", or lobed in luxuriant forms confluent at their bases ; stipe 
 
A ^ffU^ jL n - 
 
 FILICES. PTERIDE^E. ADIANTUM BLECHNUM. 187 
 
 2k | 
 
 short, scaly. The under surface of the lobes is covered with rust- 
 like shining scales, among which is the clusters of spore-cases ; the 
 upper surface is a lively green. On old walls and rocks. Perennial. 
 June October. 
 
 A, 15, C, 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards (500 ?). T. 52 46. 
 
 Pterideae. Fronds bi-tri-pinnate. Spore-cases in linear con 
 tinuous or interrupted groups, covered by the reflexed margin of the 
 frond. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Pteris. Spore-cases (sori) continuous. 
 
 Adiantum. Spore-cases not continuous, oblong or rounded. 
 
 XIL Pteris, Linn, in part. Fronds bi-tri-pinnate. Spore-cases 
 close to the margin of the lobes and covered by their attenuated mar- 
 gins, which supply the place of a real indusium. 
 
 f. a quill ii a 5 Linn. Common Brakes, or Bracken. E. B. 1679, 
 L. C. 1404. Root (rhizome) creeping. Frond bi-tri-pinnate, trian- 
 gular-ovate, on a very long robust stipe, which is deeply buried in the 
 earth, and of a blackish or brown colour ; primary branches often on 
 very long stalks, and the form of these primary divisions is ovate-tri- 
 angular like that of the entire frond ; the secondary pinnae (pinnules) 
 are lanceolate ; ultimate divisions (lobes) triangular-elongate, with 
 reflexed margins. Woods, parks, and commons. One of the common- 
 est Ferns. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 18, C, 82. Lat 50 61. Alt, 0650 yards. T. 52 40. 
 
 XIII. Adiantiim, Linn. Fronds bi-tri-pinnate. Spore-cases 
 marginal. Indusium membranous, formed of the reflexed apices of 
 the lobes. The spore-cases are in small roundish groups close to the 
 margin, and soon are confluent. 
 
 A, Capillus Veneris, Linn. Maiden-hair Fern. E. B. 1564, 
 L. C. 1405. Root (rhizome) black, scaly, creeping. Fronds on long 
 slender (filiform) stipes, which are slightly scaly at the base, and 
 black and shining upwards. The form of the frond is usually ovate, 
 or sometimes oblong, or even lanceolate, bipinnate ; pinnae alternate, 
 of the same shape as the frond ; pinnules (ultimate divisions) fan- 
 shaped, usually with a cuneate base, all more or less incised (cut), but 
 the fertile pinnules more deeply cut than the barren ones. They are 
 all attached to the primary rach by hair-like stalks. Spore-cases in 
 oblong marginal groups, covered by the reflexed bleached lobes, which 
 become a sort of indusium. Rocks ; by the sea-shore, chiefly in the 
 south and west. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 3, C. 5. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0. T. 52 49. 
 
 Bledmeae. Spore -cases in linear continuous groups, parallel 
 with the midrib, and within the margin. 
 
 XIV. meclmum, Linn, in part. Fronds of two kinds, simply 
 pinnatifid. Indusium scarious, attached by the side which is opposite 
 and contiguous to themargin of the lobe, free on the side next the nerve. 
 
188 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 B. /picant; With. B. boreale, Sw. Hard Fern. E. B. 1159, 
 L. C. 1403. Root (rhizome) thick, tufted. Fronds numerous, rigid, 
 glabrous, the barren frond on a short stipe, oblong-lanceolate, narrow, 
 attenuated at both ends; segments oblong-lanceolate, contiguous, 
 sometimes confluent at the base, entire, usually blunt ; fertile fronds 
 taller than the barren ones, on longer stipes. Segments distant, linear, 
 narrow. On open heathy commons and on hilly situations; often 
 in dry ditches and other depressions of the surface. Perennial. June 
 September. " Taking both horizontal and vertical range into 
 account, this is perhaps the most widely distributed of all our Ferns ; 
 Lastrea dilatata being its nearest ally or rival in this respect." Mr. 
 H. C. Watson in " Cybele," vol. iii., p. 285. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. fcO 61. Alt. 01300 yards. T. 52 34. 
 
 Hymenopliylleae. The spore-cases are receptacles, sur- 
 rounded by urn-like or two-valved involucres. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Hymenophyllum. Receptacles two-valved, 
 Trichomanes. Receptacles urn-shaped. 
 
 XV. Hymenophyllum. Smith. Fronds membranous, pin- 
 nate. Spore-cases oblong (vertically), disposed round a columnar re- 
 ceptacle, with an urceolate two-valved involucre, which is of the same 
 texture as the frond." 
 
 1. M. Tunbridgense, Sm. Tunbridge Film Fern. E. B. 162, 
 L. C. 1407. Root (caudex) creeping, filiform, closely attached to the 
 rocks and stones on which it grows. Fronds lateral, pinnate, lan- 
 ceolate ovate, two-four inches long ; pinnae pinnatifid, connected by 
 a narrow wing extending along the rach; the ultimate segments 
 linear, blunt, with a spinously-serrated margin. Fructification alter- 
 nate on the first secondary nerve, surrounded by two roundish valves, 
 which are spinously serrated on the upper margin. On rocks near 
 Tunbridge Wells, and in other parts of Sussex. Perennial. July 
 September. 
 
 A. 10, C. 20. Lat. 50 3 57. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. H. unilaterale, Willd. H. Wilsoni, Hooker. Wilson's Film 
 Fern. E. B. 2686, L. C. 1408. The root and frond of this Fern 
 closely resemble the preceding. The pinnae are usually described 
 as somewhat unilateral (subsecund), and it is probably a characteristic 
 mark. The ultimate segments are rather fewer and broader than in 
 the above, not quite so linear in shape. The involucres furnish the 
 only distinctions of value. In II. Tunbridgense, the valves (receptacles) 
 are roundish, flat, and spinously serrated. In H. unilaterale the valves 
 are ovate- oblong, convex (inflated), and the margins are quite entire. In 
 Wales, North of England, and Scotland ; in mountainous parts. 
 Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0950 yards. T. 49 37. 
 
 XVI. Trichomanes, Linn. Fronds tri-quadri-pinnatifid. 
 
FILICES. OSMUNDEvE. OPHIOGLOSSACE.E. 189 
 
 Spore-cases (sori) in marginal oblong (vertically) compressed groups, 
 sessile, arranged on columnar, filiform receptacles, surrounded by urn- 
 shaped involucres of the same texture as the frond. 
 
 T. radicans, Swartz. Creeping Bristle Fern. E. B. 1417, 
 L. C. 1406. Boot (rhizome) long, creeping, dark-coloured. Fronds 
 tri-quadri-pinnatifid, triangular or ovate, six-twelve inches high, 
 with a rigid, rather stout stipe and rach, and with rigid or stiff late- 
 ral branches, all of which are connected by delicate, semi-translucent, 
 membranous expansions of the tissue. This Fern might be quite as 
 lucidly described by the term tripinnate, the rach, the primary and 
 secondary branches, being each respectively furnished with a mem- 
 branous expansion, usually called a wing; ultimate lobes cuneate, 
 consisting of prominent nerves, also connected by membranous tissue. 
 The fructification is produced on the conspicuous stiff nerves which 
 extend somewhat beyond the margin. Ireland. It was found not 
 long ago near the Turk Waterfall. Lakes of Killarney. Perennial. 
 September. 
 
 A. 1. Hibernian " was long supposed to have been found wild in 
 Yorkshire." 4 ' Cybele." 
 
 Osmiuideae* Fructification forming irregular densely- 
 branched panicles at the apex of the fronds. 
 
 XVII. Osmunda, Linn. Fronds bipinnate. Fructification 
 densely-clustered on contracted rach-shaped portions of the frond, 
 forming an irregular terminal panicle. Spore-cases large, reticulated, 
 roundish, stalked, two-valved, opening vertically. 
 
 1. O. regalis* Linn. RoyalFern, E.B.209, L. C. 1409. Eoots 
 tufted, often forming immense tumps, which are two-three feet high. 
 Fronds bipinnate, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, with oblong, nearly 
 entire, ultimate divisions, truncate or slightly auricled at the base. 
 Fertile fronds (some of the fronds are barren) with linear contracted 
 lobes, which form a panicle of spore-cases. In this Fern the stipe is 
 stout, variable in length, smooth, and somewhat woody when the 
 plant is mature. The height of the entire frond varies from about 
 two feet to nine or ten feet, some say twelve. Though found in seven- 
 teen of the eighteen botanical provinces, it is not a common nor 
 frequent plant in Britain. We have known the plant upwards of 
 thirty years, and we never saw it in above a dozen localities. Chiefly 
 in wet, shady, or open fenny places. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Optaioglossacese* Expansion (vernation) of the frond pli- 
 cate, not circinate ; spore-cases without an elastic ring. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Ophioglossum. Frond simple ; fructification in a two-rowed spike. 
 Botryekium. Frond pinnate ; fructification in a panicle. 
 
 XVIII. Ophioglossum. Swartz. Fronds branched. Spore-cases 
 
190 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 sessile, connate, two-valved, opening- transversely, in groups, arranged 
 in two lines along the margin of the contracted branch of the frond. 
 
 1. O. Yiilgatumj Linn. Common Adder's Tongue. E. B. 108. 
 L. C. 1411. Root tufted. Frond branched; the barren portion leaf- 
 like, ovate-acuminate, entire at the margin, on a stipe, about half as 
 long as the frond ; fertile frond or fertile branch of the frond (con- 
 tracted) springing from the base of the dilated barren branch, linear 
 or cylindrical, bearing a simple linear spike, which is always shorter 
 than its stalk. The spore-cases marginal in two rows or series ; they 
 do not usually extend quite to the apex of the frond. In turfy mea- 
 dows damp, shady places. Perennial. June July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51-45. 
 
 2. O. lusitanicum. Portuguese Adder's Tongue. Fronds usually 
 smaller, barren or dilated branch ovate, shorter, broader in propor- 
 tion than in O. vulgatum, and not acuminate. Two fronds usually 
 spring up together (in a cultivated specimen), and the plant flowers 
 earlier than the preceding. This form or species was discovered in 
 1854, (?) by Mr. George Wolsey, in the Island of Guernsey, not far 
 from Petit Bot Bay. On the 17th January it was in full fruit. (See 
 " Phytologist," vol. v., p. 80.) 
 
 XIX. JSotrychium, Swartz. Fronds branched. Spore-cases 
 large, sessile, round, two-valved, opening transversely, arranged on the 
 contracted branch of the frond, forming a compound unilateral panicle. 
 
 B. timaria, Sw. Moonwort. E. B. 318, L. C. 1410. Roots 
 tufted. Frond branched like Ophioglossum ; one branch barren and one 
 fertile ; barren branch pinnatifid, with lunulate (crescent shaped) or 
 reniform segments, which are either entire or incised. Fer ile branch 
 also pinnatifid, with narrow segments which bear the spore-cases 
 and form a terminal panicle. On hilly pastures and commons. Not 
 frequent. Perennial. June July. 
 
 Var. #. rutaceum. Segments of the barren frond lobed or incised. 
 See "Phytologist," vol. y., pp.175 
 
 CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDONS. 
 
 Uonocotyledonous Plants. Herbaceous, rarely ligneous 
 plants (Ruscus aculeatus is the sole woody plant indigenous to this 
 country). Ligneous or woody fibres, when present, not arranged in 
 concentric layers (see 8, 9) but dispersed through the cellular tissue, 
 consequently the bark, wood, and pith are not distinguishable. Stem 
 generally unbranched and rather cylindrical than tapering like a 
 cone. Leaves usually simple, alternate or scattered, rarely opposite, 
 often sheathing at the base, sometimes reduced to scales or altogether 
 absent, with simple and parallel nerves, rarely with divergent and 
 branching nerves. Reproductive organs of two kinds, stamens and 
 
GKAMIN^A. 
 
 pistils. Seeds composed of distinct parts, with an embryo which 
 shoots forth a radicle enclosed in a sheath, and usually containing 
 one cotyledon or two alternate, not opposite ones. 
 
 DIVISION I. Perianth scarious or herbaceous ; sometimes absent. 
 
 SuB-DiVisiON I. Seeds albuminous. Plants terrestrial or aquatic. 
 Orders Grammes, Cyperacece, Juncacece, Erioeaulaceee, Typhacece, 
 Aracece. 
 
 The orders in this sub-division (see p. 133) are thus distinguished : 
 Graminece, by their usually fibrous roots, their round, hollow, promi- 
 nently jointed stems, and leaves with slit sheaths ; CyperacecB^ by their 
 generally creeping roots, angular and solid stems, without prominent 
 joints; Juncacece, by theii^round tapering- stems, and by their capsu- 
 lar many-seeded fruit. Enocaulacete, by their six-eight angular stem 
 and capitate inflorescence ; Typhacece, by their generally stout, solid, 
 erect, tapering stems, and by their densely spiked inflorescence. (In 
 Sparyanium the fruit is globular.) The remaining order, Aracece, is 
 distinguished by its foliage (dilated in Arum), or by the sweet-scented 
 leaves of Acfcorus, the fruit of which is succulent in both the British 
 genera. 
 
 ORDER XI.CrRAMI^JE^, Juss. THE GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbaceous plants, with tufted (csespitose), 
 usually fibrous, root, sometimes with creeping roots. Stem simple, 
 rarely branched, hollow, cylindrical, with a usually swollen solid 
 knot at the point where the leaf is inserted on the stem. Leaves 
 often in two rows, linear, with parallel nerves, and a long sheath not 
 united at the edges (slit), rarely only cleft at the top or entire; at 
 the summit of the sheath and at the base of the blade there is gene- 
 rally a membranous appendage (ligule) a projecting process. The 
 flowers are in panicles, clusters, or spikes, or in little spikes (spikelets), 
 either perfect or imperfect (see 22) ; the spikelets are arranged either 
 in apparent or real spikes, or in simple or branched panicles, with 
 usually two bracts at, the base (glumes), Florets perfect or unisexual 
 (see 22), solitary or in pairs, or several, alternately arranged on a 
 common peduncle, constituting a one- or two- or many-flowered spike- 
 let, subtended, as above said, by two external bracts, opposite to 
 the inner and fertile bracts of the lowermost floret, if the spikelet 
 contain more than one. Besides the outer and inner bracts there are 
 sometimes found two or three small membranous or fleshy scales at 
 the base of, and enclosed by, the inner bracts. Stamens three, rarely 
 more or fewer ; anthers two-lobed, attached to the filament by the back 
 (dorsal attachment). The lobes of the anther are slightly divergent at 
 both extremities. Ovary free (see 32, pp. 26, 27). Styles two, elongated, 
 or sometimes none, free or united at the base. Stigmas two, rarely 
 one or three, feathery or with simple or branching hairs. Fruit dry, 
 one-*seeded, not opening (indehiscent), either free or united with the 
 inner bracts. Pericarp membranous, united to the seed (adnate). 
 Albumen farinaceous, copious. Embryo situated laterally at the 
 exterior part of the albumen. 
 
192 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Fig. 113. The cut represents Triticum sativum ( Winter- wheat) . a, a portion of the 
 
 of the embryo ; 1, the lower radicle ; 1, the secondary radicles ; 2, the cotyledon and 
 plumule ; b I are the glumes ; b 2, the lower glumelle ; b 3, the upper glumelle. All 
 except a more or less magnified. 
 
 Note. In the following description of the genera ana species of 
 this order the term ylume is the equivalent of calyx, employed by Smith. 
 Glumelle signifies the corolla of the same author, and the pale (palea) 
 of other more recent authors. Glumellule is the nectary of Smith, 
 and the lodicula, paleola, and squamula (scale) of others. Lower and 
 upper glumes and glumelles are employed instead of outer and inner, 
 as more precise and scientific. Fruit is used for caryopse, and stem is 
 invariably put for what is often called culm ; this is done with the 
 view of avoiding unnecessary technicalities. Spicate means, like a 
 spike, Axis or rack is the common peduncle (foot-stalk) of the spike- 
 lets or of the florets, and in panicled Grasses is either the primary or 
 upright axis, or the secondary or lateral ones. Compare Coss and 
 Germ., " Flore des Environs de Paris," vol. ii., p. 645. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE TRIBES. 
 
 Tribe I. Panicea. The Panic Tribe. Panicle either digitate or branched; 
 spikelets containing one perfect floret and a rudimentary or barren one. 
 
GRAMINE.E. PANICEJ2. DIGITARIA. 193 
 
 Tribe \\.-Phalaridece. The Phalaris Tribe. Panicle either compact 
 and spike-like (dense), or rarely branching or digitate ; spikelets compressed, 
 one-flowered, or one-flowered with a rudimentary or barren floret. 
 
 Tribe III. Agrostidece. The Agrostis Tribe. Panicle usually open and 
 spreading ; spikelets laterally compressed, containing one perfect floret, and 
 one or more rudimentary or barren ones. 
 
 Sub-Tribe I. Agrostidece vercc. True Agrostides. Spikelets compressed ; 
 glumelles membranous or scarious ; fruit loose in the glumelles. 
 
 Sub-Tribe II. Stipea. The Stipa Sub-tribe. Spikelets cylindrical ; fruit 
 not loose in the glumelles. 
 
 Sub-Tribe III. Milieu. Spikelets slightly dorsally compressed ; fruit 
 closely invested with the indurated glumelles. 
 
 Tribe IV. Avenece. The Oat Grass Tribe. Panicle branching, open, rarely 
 clustered or spike-like ; spikelets containing two or several perfect florets. 
 
 Sub-Tribe I. Sessleriea. The Moor Grass Tribe. Stigmas reaching to 
 the summit of the glumelles. 
 
 Sub-Tribe II. Avenece verce. Stigmas feathery, not reaching beyond the 
 base of the glumelles. 
 
 Tribe V. Festucece. The Festuca Tribe. Panicle usually branched and 
 spreading ; spikelets peduncled (rarely sessile), containing two or several florets. 
 
 Tribe VI. Triticece. The Triticum Tribe. Spikelets one or many-flow- 
 ered in a spike. 
 
 Sub-Tribe I. Triticece verce. The True Wheat Grasses. Glumes two, or 
 the upper one rarely absent; stigmas feathery, adjacent to the base of the 
 glumelles. 
 
 Sub-Tribe ll.Nardece. The Nard Sub-tribe. Glumes absent. 
 
 TRIBE. L Paniceae. THE PANIC TRIBE. Spikelets arranged 
 in a spicate or spike-like panicle, either digitate or branched, some- 
 times in a spicate cluster (raceme), compressed at the back (dorsally 
 compressed), containing one perfect floret, with a rudimentary one in 
 the form of one or two scales or a third glumelle. Lower glume smaller 
 than the upper, often very short, and applied to the flat face of the spike- 
 let. Styles long:. Stigmas extending above the summit of the glumelles. 
 
 Genera, Digitaria, Panicum, Setaria. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Ligitaria. Each (common peduncle) flattened; spikelets in pairs ; the one 
 nearly sessile, the other pedicelled, arranged in one-sided (unilateral) linear 
 spikes which are contiguous, and in a simply digitate panicle. (See Index). 
 
 Panicitm (Echinochloa) . Spikelets alternate ; spikes alternate, the upper- 
 most forming a terminal cluster, not subtended by a bristly involucre ; upper- 
 glume strongly ribbed and awned. 
 
 Setaria. Spikelets subtended by an involucre, which consists of rougher 
 toothed bristles, arranged in a spike-like, often interrupted panicle. 
 
 I. Digitaria, Scop. Finger Grass. Florets in a simple, digi- 
 tate panicle. Spikelets one-flowered, with an abortive floret, or a 
 floret reduced to a single glumelle, which is like a third glumelle to 
 the fertile floret, arranged on one side of a flat axis (rach), usually in 
 pairs; one nearly sessile, the other pedicelled, contiguous at the 
 summit. Lower glume small or none, the upper convex, not awned, 
 often shorter than the glumelle. Glumelles coriaceous, the lower 
 
194 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 embracing the upper. Stigmas short, feathery. Fruit oblong, con- 
 vex on both sides. 
 
 1. I>, sangninalis; Scop. Hairy Finger Grass. E. B. 849, L. C. 
 Excluded species. Root fibrous, annual, stems prostrate at the base, 
 ascending, often branching. Leaves short, flat, often reddish, more or 
 less hairy, as well as the sheaths, with a short ligule. Spikes three-six, 
 erect or slightly divergent. Spikelets oblong lanceolate ; one nearly 
 sessile, the other pedicelled, often violet-coloured. Lower glume 
 minute, glumelles lanceolate, with prominent ribs. Found rarely in 
 cultivated ground, but not indigenous. Annual. August. 
 
 2. O. humifusaj Pers. Glabrous Finger Grass. E. B. 2613, 
 L. C. 1265. Stems prostrate, spreading, very unequal, usually six- 
 twelve inches long, branching from the base. Leaves spreading, short, 
 flat, acuminate, glabrous, as are also the sheaths. Spikes, three or 
 more, alternate, or springing from the same point of the stem, 
 spreading. Spikelets in pairs, one nearly sessile, the other pedicelled. 
 Glumes elliptical, downy, with glabrous nerves. Glumelles broader and 
 shorter than in D. sanguinalis. A rare annual, on bare sandy places. 
 In gardens, and cultivated patches, on the common near Weybridge, 
 Surrey. Annual. August. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 50 3 53. Alt. 050. T. 51 49. 
 
 II. Panicum 9 Linn, in part. Panic Grass. Spikelets one- 
 flowered, with an imperfect floret, in alternate spikes, the uppermost 
 approaching, in exotic species sometimes panicled. Lower glume of the 
 barren floret small, upper one large, strongly nerved, awned, ciliate ; 
 glumelles almost equal, the lower acuminate, embracing the higher. 
 Ovary glabrous. Styles two. Stigmas feathery. Fruit oblong, convex, 
 loosely invested by the glumelles. 
 
 I*. jbjMis-gallij Linn. Cock's-foot Grass. E. B. 876, L. C, 1266. 
 Stems several from the same root, stout, angular, somewhat com- 
 pressed, flexuous with many joints, three-four feet high, leafy. Leaves 
 broad, keeled, with prominent nerves, often with a white stripe, 
 tapering, without a ligule. Panicle large, spreading on a triangular 
 rach. Spikes alternate or opposite, or three together. Spikelets one- 
 two flowered, contiguous (one floret is barren), arranged on the under 
 side of the spikes, which are inclined to one side. Glumes ciliated 
 and hispid, with rather elongate, rough awns. On rich, moist, arable 
 land ; rare. Battersea Fields. Annual. July October. There are two 
 sub-varieties of this species, viz., a. scarcely awned, j8. with long awns. 
 
 III. Setaria 9 Palis, de Beauv. Bristle Grass. Spikelets sur- 
 rounded with a bristly involucre, arranged in a spicate (spike-like), 
 often interrupted panicle, one-flowered, with an inferior barren floret, 
 which is reduced to two very unequal glumelles, or only one. Lower 
 glume very small or none, upper one equal to the glumelles, convex 
 and not awned; glumelles leathery, equal, glabrous, becoming horny. 
 Stigmas feathery. Fruit flat on one side, convex on the other, en- 
 closed by the glumelles. 
 
GRAMINE2E. PANICUM. SETARIA. 195 
 
 1. S. Yiridis; P. de Beauv. Green Bristle Grass. E. B. 875, 
 L. C. 1267. Stems solitary or several, unequal, erect or procumbent, 
 a foot high, sometimes branching at the base. Leaves acuminate, 
 variable in width, rough at the edges. Panicle spicate (spike-like), 
 compact, oblong-ovate or cylindrical. Bristles of the involucre often 
 reddish, elongated, exceeding the spikelet, furnished with teeth point- 
 ing upwards. Glumelles of the fertile floret almost smooth. On 
 sandy, cultivated fields. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 5l 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 50 49. 
 
 This plant has been seen in abundance in a sandy, cultivated field 
 near Postford, in the parish of Albury, by Mr. Salmon, and in the 
 parish of Puttenham, by Mr. Spicer. jjaw dr^ l^ fiAd-iAw*ut*u*fac. 
 
 2. 8. Tepticillata, Beauv. Rough Bristle Grass. E. B, 874, 
 L. C. 1268. Stems more or less numerous, usually branching at the 
 base. Leaves flat, acuminate, rough at the margin, larger than in 
 S. viridis, and rougher. Panicle spicate, compact, generally inter- 
 rupted at the base. Bristles not so long as in S. viridis, with minute 
 teeth pointing downwards. Glumelles of the fertile floret almost 
 smooth. Cultivated places, way-sides, villages, &c. Not native. An- 
 nual, July September. 
 
 3. S. jflauca, Beauv. Glaucous Bristle Grass. Host. Gram., ii., 
 tab. 16. Stems more or less numerous, erect or spreading, sometimes 
 branching at the base. Leaves as in the preceding species. Panicle 
 spicate, compact, oblong-ovate or cylindrical. Bristles of the involucre, 
 usually much longer than the spikelets, with teeth pointed upwards. 
 Glumelles of the fertile florets wrinkled transversely. Sandy fields 
 and fallows. First discovered at Weybridge, Surrey, by Mr. Borrer. 
 Battersea Fields. Annual, July September. Not indigenous. 
 
 4. S. Ualica? P. B. Italian Bristle Grass. Panicle spicate 
 (spike-like), very large, consisting of densely flowered lobed branches, 
 the whole arched or somewhat bent, the axis hairy or woolly, teeth of 
 the bristles pointing upwards. In Battersea Fields, with all the 
 above except S. verticillata. 
 
 Has S. verticillata been recently seen in these fields ? 
 
 TRIBE II. Phalaridese. THE PHALARIS TRIBE. Spikelets 
 either pedicelled or almost sessile, in a spicate (spike-like), lax, or com- 
 pact panicle, rarely in a branching or digitate panicle, sometimes in a 
 filiform or cylindrical spike, compressed laterally, containing either 
 one solitary fertile floret, or a fertile floret, with either a barren floret 
 or a floret reduced to one or two scales (glumelles). Style long. 
 Stigmas reaching the apex of the glumelles, rarely exceeding them 
 (generally surpassing the glumelles). 
 
 Genera. Phalaris, Anthoxanthum, Hierochloe, Phleum, Alope- 
 curus, Knappia, Cynodon, Spartina, Leersia. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Phalaris. Glumes nearly equal, membranous, keeled, longer than the 
 glumelles, spikelets ia a close (spike-like) or branched panicle. 
 
196 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Anthoxanthum. Glumes unequal, scarious. Stamens two. Spikelets in 
 a dense panicle. 
 
 Hierochloe. Glumes two, nearly equal, bearing three florets, the two 
 lateral barren (bearing only stamens), the central one perfect. 
 
 Phleum. Glumes equal, keeled, spikelets containing one fertile floret only. 
 
 Alopecurus. Panicle dense (spike-like), usually cylindrical. Glumes 
 equal, keeled, mostly combined at the base, containing one perfect floret ; 
 glumelle compressed, with a twisted and reflexed awn. 
 
 Knappia. Sm. (Mibora, Adans.) Spikelets unilateral, nearly sessile, 
 arranged on a filiform spike. Glumes scarcely keeled ; glumelles two, the 
 lower without an awn. 
 
 Cynodon. Rich. Spikelets in a filiform spike, contiguous at the apex. 
 Panicle simple, digitate (the spikes compose a simple digitate panicle). 
 
 Spartina. Spikelets upright, in a spike, single-flowered. Glumes un- 
 equal ; glumelles unequal, outer ones boat-shaped. In these Grasses the 
 spikelets compose linear, erect, terminal spikes. 
 
 Leersia. Soland. Spikelets panicled, one-flowered. Glumelles keeled 
 and awned ; glumes absent. (?) 
 
 IV. Phalaris 9 Linn. Canary Grass. Spikelets one-flowered, in 
 a compact spicate panicle or in a lax branching one with one or two 
 barren florets reduced to lanceolate, ciliated scales. Glumes nearly 
 equal, keeled ; glumelles boat-shaped, keeled, coriaceous, the lower 
 one is larger than the upper, not awned. Stigmas feathery. Fruit 
 oblong, more or less compressed, compactly enclosed by the glumelles 
 (closely invested by the glumelles). 
 
 1. JP. arundinaceaj Linn. Reed Canary Grass. E. B. 402, 
 L. C. 1269. Root creeping, perennial. Stem tall, erect. Leaves long 
 and broad, flat, scabrous at the margin ; ligule large, blunt. Panicle 
 rather lax with spreading branches, elongated, greenish-white with 
 a tinge of violet. Glumes not winged at the keel ; glumelles shining. 
 Common on the banks of rivers, ponds, &c. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 18, C, 81. L. 50 61. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 44. 
 Var. )8, Striped leaved Canary Grass is not uncommon in gardens, 
 but is rarely met with except as an outcast from pleasure grounds, &c. 
 
 2. P. canariensis, Linn. Canary Grass. E. B. 1310, L. C. 
 1270. Root fibrous, annual. Stems about eighteen inches long, leafy, 
 striated, rough. Leaves flat, acuminate, with a longish, blunt ligule. 
 Panicle spicate, compact, ovate. Glumes shortly acuminate, with two 
 prominent nerves and scarious wings, variegated with green lines ; 
 glumelles downy. Fruit smooth, glossy. In cultivated fields in many 
 places ; imperfectly naturalised in the south of England. Annual. 
 June August. Alien. 
 
 3. JP. paradooba, Linn. Sibth., Fl. Gr., 58. Rch., Fl. Ger., i. 52. 
 Root fibrous, annual. Stems tufted, branching at the base, erect, leafy, 
 striated, with prominent knots. Leaves lanceolate, about as long as 
 the sheaths, which are enlarged above, auricled, with large ligules. 
 The spike-like clusters of flowers are ovate-cylindrical. The glumes 
 are striped with green like P. canariensis. It may, however, be dis- 
 tinguished from the latter, by its usually longer and more cylindrical 
 
GRAMIN E.E. ANTHOXANTHUM. HIEROCHLOE. PHLEUM. 197 
 
 spikes. At Wandsworth, near steam-boat pier. Swanage, Dorsetshire. 
 Mr. James Hussey. Annual. July October. 
 
 V. Antlioxaiitluim, Linn. Vernal Grass. Spikelets arranged 
 in a spicate panicle, one-flowered, with two lower, barren florets, each 
 reduced to a glumelle which is longer than the fertile glumelle, 
 notched at the apex and furnished with a dorsally attached, twisted 
 awn. Glumes two, keeled, the lower one-nerved, the upper three- 
 nerved, twice as long as the lower one. Glumelles membranous, boat- 
 shaped, equal, not awned ; barren glumelles longer than the fertile, 
 notched at the summit, with a twisted dorsal awn. Stamens two. 
 Stigmas filiform, feathery. Fruit oblong, slightly compressed, closely 
 invested by the glumelles. 
 
 A. odoratum, Linn. Sweet-scented Vernal Grass. E. B. 647, 
 L. C. 1271. Root tufted. Stems erect, numerous, growing in a tuft, 
 (somewhat hassocky), aromatic when dry, and even when green, if a 
 handful be bruised or twisted. Leaves flat, more or less rough, with 
 an oblong ligule. Panicle oblong, slightly compact. Meadows, 
 pastures, and other grassy places. Perennial. May June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01150 yards. T. 52-35, 
 
 VI. Hierochloe, Gmel. Holy Grass. Spikelets in a branching 
 panicle, with one perfect floret and two bearing stamens only. Glumes 
 slightly unequal, membranous, about as long as the florets ; glumelles 
 unequal, membranous, neither becoming horny nor coriaceous, the 
 upper pair bearing a perfect floret with two stamens, the lower pair 
 bearing three stamens each, without a pistil. Stigmas feathery, 
 rather longer than the glumelles. Fruit ovate, loose in the glu- 
 melles. 
 
 H* borealisj Roem. and Schultes. Northern Holy Grass. E. B. 
 2641, L. C. p. 16. Root creeping, stems erect, leafy, twelve-eighteen 
 inches high. Leaves broad, flat, with long sheaths, rough at the 
 margin ; ligule short, rather acute. Panicle erect ; branches spread- 
 ing, slender ; spikelets purplish, florets not awned. Perennial. July. 
 Said to have been found by Mr. G. Don, in Glenkella (" Glen Cally"), 
 near the Spittal of Glenshee, in Forfarshire. Recently (1854) redis- 
 covered as a British plant by Mr. R. Dick, near Thurso, in Caithness. 
 
 VII. Phleiim, Linn. Timothy Grass, Spikelets in a spi- 
 cate panicle, or in a cylindrical spike, one-flowered, without rudi- 
 mentary lower florets, but sometimes with a pedicelled rudimentary 
 superior one. Glumes equal, or nearly so, longer than the glumelles, 
 acuminate or truncate-acuminate. Lower glumelle truncate or mucro - 
 nate, rarely with a terminal awn ; upper one two-keeled. Stigmas 
 feathery. Fruit oblong, slightly compressed, loose in the glumelles. 
 
 1. Ph. pratense, Linn. Meadow Timothy Grass. E. B. 1076, 
 L. C. 1273. Root tufted, sometimes creeping or tuberous, often bear- 
 ing tults of barren leaves (abortive stems ?). Stems leafy, except at 
 the top, erect, in some varieties decumbent. Variable in height from 
 
198 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 a few inches to a yard. Leaves variable in length, more or less rough, 
 the upper leaves with a very long sheath. Spike (clustered panicle) 
 cylindrical, of various lengths, with nearly sessile spikelets. Glumes 
 truncate, 'bearing an awn generally shorter than the glume, with cili- 
 ated keels. No rudimentary floret. Meadows, pastures, and grassy 
 places. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 Var. #. bulbosum. Stem at the base changed into a fleshy single 
 or double bulb-like swelling. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 Note. This Grass is commonly cultivated in America, both as a 
 fodder and a pasture plant. It is only partially cultivated in this 
 country. On the Marquis of Breadalbane's farm, or on one of his 
 farms in Glen Goldie, near Taymcuth, we saw some heavy crops of 
 this Grass in 1856, and the steward informed us that the hay made 
 from it was better relished by the cattle than that made from Kay- 
 grass, Lolium perenne, the commonly cultivated fodder-grass of 
 Britain. 
 
 2. Ph. Boeiimeri, Wibel. Purple-stalked Timothy Grass. E. B. 
 459, L. C. 1276. Root fibrous, usually with many tufted leaves. 
 Stem erect or ascending, leafy nearly to the summit, rough, of a pur- 
 plish hue where naked, twelve-eighteen inches high. Leaves of variable 
 length, serrated at the margin, with minute and very sharp teeth, 
 the limb of the upper leaf short, with a very long sheath, which is 
 slightly inflated. Panicle spicate, cylindrical, tapering at the top, 
 with numerous spikelets on each branch. Glumes acuminate, scabrous 
 or ciliated on the keel. Fertile floret not accompanied with the rudi- 
 ment of a barren one. Meadows and pastures. Perennial. June, 
 July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 51 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49. 
 
 3. Ph. Michelii; All. Michelian Timothy Grass. E. B. 2265, 
 L. C. p. 16. Root fibrous. Stems tufted, leafy, one-two feet high, with 
 barren shoots. Leaves flat, pointed ; the upper ones with slightly 
 swelling sheaths. Panicle close, variable in length, one-three inches. 
 Glumes lanceolate with sharp, rigid points, and strongly-fringed keels. 
 Glumelles similar to the glumes, outer one five-ribbed, inner cleft. 
 Scotland. (?) Said to have been found on the Clova mountains by Mr. 
 G. Don. Perennial. July. 
 
 4. Ph. areimrlmii, Linn. Sea Timothy Grass. E. B. 222, 
 L. C. 1274. Root tufted, with downy fibres. Stems several, erect, 
 six-twelve inches long, leafy below, naked and purplish above. Leaves 
 very short, sheaths long and swelling ; stipules lanceolate. Panicle 
 closely spicate, cylindrical, consisting of several-flowered peduncles, 
 tapering at both ends. Glumes strongly ribbed, notched and mucro- 
 nate on both sides of the notch, and strongly ciliated above. Glu- 
 melles membranous, not half so large as the glumes, truncate, ribbed, 
 crenate or notched. On sandy sea-shores. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 13, C, 30. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0? T. 5247. 
 
 5. Ph. asperum, Jacq. Rough Timothy Grass. E. B. 1077. 
 Root strong, whorled fibres. Stem leafy, branched, smooth, a foot 
 
GKAMINE^:. PHLEUM. ALOPECURUS, 199 
 
 high, more or less. Leaves pointed, erect, with slightly swellirg 
 sheaths. Panicles erect, solitary and terminal, very dense, round or 
 tapering, much branched, though apparently a close spike. Glumes 
 tumid, rough, rhomboid, with a small rigid point, Glumelles un- 
 equal, oval, ribbed, slightly downy. In dry open fields ; rare. Annual. 
 July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 51 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49. 
 
 6. Ph. aliiinuiii, Sm. Ph. commutatum, Gaud. Alpine Timo- 
 thy Grass. E.B,519,L. C. 1272. Root creeping, tuberous.* Stem 
 thin, erect, bent, and sometimes branching at the base, smooth, 
 striated, six-twelve inches high. Leaves rather broad, with very long 
 inflated sheaths, and short acute ligules. Panicle dense, ovate-oblong, 
 ovate, or cylindrical. Glumes truncate, strongly ciliated at the keel, 
 with strong fringed bristles and long awns. Outer glumelles ribbed, 
 and terminated by a small awn. In lofty wet moors in Scotland. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 56- 58. Alt. 700 1200 yards. T. 40 34. 
 
 VIII. Alopecurus, Linn. Fox-tail Grass. Spikelets in a spicate 
 compact panicle, one-flowered, without the rudiments of barren florets. 
 Glumes equal, boat-shaped, combined at the base. Glumelle solitary, 
 compressed into a sort of utricle by the union of the margins below, 
 bearing a dorsal-twisted awn. Upper glumelle absent. Styles com- 
 bined. Stigmas feathery or hairy. Fruit oblong, compressed, smooth, 
 loose in the glumelles. 
 
 1. A. pratensis; Linn. Meadow Fox-tail Grass. E.B. 759, L. C. 
 1278. Root tufted, slightly creeping, with short, oblique rhizomes 
 (see Index). Stems erect, rather tall. Leaves flat, upper ones short, 
 with long, slightly inflated, furrowed sheaths, and with short blunt 
 ligules. Panicle spicate, cylindrical, obtuse, soft, with a silky, hoary 
 aspect, the branches or clusters bearing five-six spikelets. Glumes 
 acute, downy, ciliated, combined below, united for one-third of their 
 length from the base upwards. Glumelles solitary, one glumelle is 
 absent, with five ribs, and dorsal twisted awns, awn projecting about 
 half the length of the floret, rarely without awns. In meadows and 
 pastures. A valuable Grass, being early and leafy. Perennial. May 
 July. 
 
 A. 18, C.82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 43 3 . 
 Var. )8. muticus. Awns almost or quite absent. 
 
 2. A. alpinus. Sm. Alpine Fox-tail Grass. E. B. 1126, L. C. 
 1277. Root creeping, somewhat tubercular (the swollen joints of 
 the underground stem ?). Stem bent at the lower joint, then erect, 
 leafy, smooth, striated. Root-leaves narrow; stem-leaves broad, 
 short, smooth, striated, with very long striated, smooth sheaths, with 
 a very short ligule. Panicle dense, ovate, elongate, formed of numerous / 
 tufts or clusters. Glumes three-ribbed, shaggy or downy, with long, 
 
 * In the description of the Grasses, when the character of the root is omitted, fibrous 
 is to be understood. The normal condition of the root in this order is fibrous. 
 
200 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY, 
 
 dense, soft white hairs. Glumelles keeled and ribbed, with rough 
 dorsal awns, scarcely longer than the Jiorct. Stigmas feathery. On 
 lofty mountains, in Scotland. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 5. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 7001200 yards. T. 40 34. 
 
 3. A. agrestisj Linn. Slender Foxtail Grass. E. B. 848, L. C. 
 1282. Root fibrous, annual. Stems several, one or two feet high, 
 erect, or ascending, a little rough near the summit. Leaves rough, 
 with long swelling sheaths. Spike (panicle) cylindrical, lax, elon- 
 gated, tapering at each end, glabrous or nearly so. S pikelets solitary 
 or in pairs, on short branches. Glumes united in the lower half, either 
 with fine pubescence or quite smooth. Glumelle with an awn much 
 extended beyond the glumes. In corn-fields, fallows, &c. A trouble- 
 some weed. Annual. May August. 
 
 A. 12, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 4. A. geniculatusj Linn, Floating Foxtail Grass. E. B. 1250, 
 L. C. 1279. Root consisting of several long fibres. Stem reclining 
 at the base and rooting at the joints, sometimes floating, with more 
 or less angular bends at the joints, but not quite zigzag, often branch- 
 ing at the base. Leaves broad, acuminate, furrowed, rough, with 
 long smooth, rather swollen sheaths. Panicle spicate, cylindrical, 
 obtuse. Glumes pubescent (downy), ciliate, blunt, combined at the 
 base only. Glumelles slightly ribbed, awned from the middle, or a 
 little above the base. In ponds, ditches, c. May August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 5. A. fulvus, Sm. Stem similar to that of the preceding, chiefly 
 distinguished from A. geniculatus by the paler spikes, the blunter 
 glumes, broader anthers, and by the shorter awn arising from the 
 middle, and not from the base of the glumelle, and by the orange- 
 coloured anthers. In the same habitats as A. geniculatus, but more 
 restricted in its range. In flower at the same period. 
 
 A. 5, C. 12. Lat. 50 54. Alt, 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 6. A. bulbosusj Linn. Bulbous Foxtail Grass. E. B. \ 249, 
 L. C. 1281. Root fibrous, tufted, sometimes bearing little tubers or 
 bulbs. Stems reclining at the base, erect, slender, leafy. Leaves 
 narrow, channelled, scarcely flat, short, with long, slightly swelling 
 sheaths. Panicle spicate, close, cylindrical, acuminate. Glumes dis- 
 tinct, somewhat dilated upwards, longer than the glumelles. Glu- 
 melles truncate, notched with a tooth in the centre. In meadows and j 
 marshes near the sea. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 7, C. 11. Lat, 50 3 55. Alt. 0. T. 51 49. 
 
 Chiefly in the south of England. A bulbous rooted variety of I 
 A. pratensis was collected many years ago near Mersea I&land, Essex,.! 
 with distinct glumes. (?) We think we have examined forms of A. pra-i 
 tennis in whk'h the glumes were nearly distinct. The coherence o.'l 
 parts is liable to variation, and the roots of several Grasses have 
 tendency to become bulbous. 
 
 (}ncry. Is this species or form really distinct from A. pra\ 
 tcnsis ? 
 
 Crypsis aculeata, Ait., or schoenoides. Lam. Rchl., Fl. Ger., L 411 
 
GHAMINEJE. KNAPriA. CYNODON. 201 
 
 Stems procumbent diffuse, spreading in all directions six-twelve 
 inches long, slender, with swollen joints, much branched, leafy. Leaves 
 flat, tapering from their base, and ending in a blunt cartilaginous 
 point, with a short sheath, which is topped by a cartilaginous, hairy 
 constriction (ligule), hairy on the under side. Spike almost globular, 
 sessile, surrounded by the enlarged sheath of the upper leaf. Batter- 
 sea Fields, 15th August, 1856. 
 
 IX. Hnappia, Sm. Knappia. Spikelets in a filiform spike, 
 nearly sessile, alternate, or almost on one side (unilateral), one- 
 flowered, without rudimentary barren florets. Glumes scarcely 
 keeled, rounded-truncate, unequal. Glumelles almost equal, ciliate, 
 scarious, ribbed, hairy, fringed, rather shorter than the glumes, 
 the lower glumelle broad, five-nerved, infolding the higher one. 
 Stigmas slightly hairy. Fruit oblong, compressed, loose in the glu- 
 raelles. 
 
 K. agrostidea, Sm. Early Knappia. E. B All 27, L. C. 1283. 
 Roots flbrous, tufted. Stems numerous, capillary (hair-like), leafy 
 only at the base. Leaves short, narrow, channelled, blunt. Spike 
 filiform, erect, consisting of five-ten alternate or one-sided, sessile or 
 nearly sessile, cylindrical one-flowered, purplish spikelets. Common 
 peduncle zigzag, angular but not excavated. Upper glume opposite 
 to the axis of the spike. Not uncommon in Wales, and especially in 
 Anglesea. Said to have been found in Essex, near Southend. As it 
 is common in France, it probably occurs on our southern shores, and 
 may have been overlooked, as it is a Grass of small size, is very early, 
 and disappears soon after shedding its seeds. Its period of flowering 
 is said to be from March to May. Annual. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1 (Anglesea). Lat.*51 52. Alt. 0. T. 49. 
 
 X. Cynodon, Rich. Dog's-tooth Grass. Spikelets in filiform, 
 digitate spikes, nearly sessile, on the outside of the axis (rach), one- 
 flowered, with a superior rudimentary floret, reduced to a subulate 
 pedicel. Glumes keeled, slightly unequal, not awned, shorter than 
 the glumelles. Lower glumelle compressed, keeled, with or without 
 a sharp point ; the upper one two-keeled or ribbed. Stigmas feathery, 
 
 -* v>^ ^inmelles. Fruit compressed, loose, 
 
202 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 XI. Spartina, Schreb. Cord Grass. Herbage rigid, smooth. 
 Spikelets in a long, simple or compound spike, on one side, one- 
 flowered. Glumes unequal. GJumelles unequal, long, lanceolate, 
 obtuse, without awns ; lower glumelle boat-shaped, compressed, blunt. 
 Filaments not so long as the glumelles ; anthers erect, entire at the 
 ends. Stigmas feathery, projecting at the tip of the florets. Fruit 
 oblong, compressed, quite loose. 
 
 1. 8. stricta, Roth. Twin-spiked Cord Grass. E. B. 389, L. C. 
 1262. Root creeping, with strong fibres. Herbage tough and hard. 
 Stem erect or ascending, round, leafy, about a foot high, more or 
 less.f Leaves spreading or sub-erect, smooth, acuminate, hard, and 
 somewhat spiny at the top, channelled, involute when dry. Sheaths 
 numerous, long, investing each other, spongy. Spikes two, closely 
 pressed together. Spikelets imbricated. Lower glume narrow, 
 acute, higher one longer and broader, both more or less hairy, the 
 higher usually with a keel, ciliated above. Fruit lanceolate. Muddy 
 shores of tidal rivers. Perennial. August. (?) 
 
 A. 5, C. 8. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0. T. 52 49. 
 
 2. S. alterniflora, Loisel. Alternate-flowered Cord Grass. 
 E. B. 2812, L. C. 12(53. Stem about two feet high, more or less, up- 
 right, leafy. Leaves flat, broad, tapering, sharp-pointed, mostly 
 exceeding the stem in length. Spikes several, alternate or lateral, 
 bearing alternate, one-flowered spikelets. Glumes not rough and 
 ciliated as in S. stricta. Muddy places on the southern coasts. 
 Perennial. August. (?) Only known in one locality, viz., Itchin 
 Water, Southampton. We have seen it in large masses a long way 
 down Southampton Water, towards, and not far from, Netley 
 Abbey. Alien ? 
 
 XII. I<eersia 9 Soland. Spikelets panicled, one-flowered, j 
 Glumes absent in the British species. Glumelles compressed, keeled, not 
 awned, the lower one broader than the upper, membranous, strongly 
 ribbed and ciliated. Stigmas not reaching to the middle of the glu- 
 melle, protruding at the side of the floret. Fruit? 
 
 TL. oryzoides, Soland. Leersia. E. B. 2908, L. C. 1262*. 
 Stem more or less erect, smooth, striated, leafy, entirely covered by 
 the leaf-sheaths. Leaves broad, more or less spreading, with very 
 rough nerves and serrated margins, their length much exceeding the 
 stem and panicle. Panicle only partially developed, part or most of 
 it inclosed in the sheath, often all of it. Spikelets pellucid, on capil- i 
 lary, much-branched pedicels. A recent addition to the English j 
 Flora. First discovered by Mr. Borrer, in ditches near or at Hen- j 
 field, Sussex ; more recently found in Surrey, near Reigate, &c. j 
 Perennial. September. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 50 52. Alt. 050 yards. T. 51 49. 
 
 t Said by Smith and Babington to be from one-two feet high, but we have never seen 
 specimens quite so tall as either of these dimensions. Specimens from Yarmouth, Isle of 
 Wight, were deemed luxuriant ; and are so when compared with those from Sheppey, 
 but they barely average more than from six-twelve inches. 
 
GRAMINE^E. AGROSTIDE.E. AGROSTIS. 203 
 
 TRIBE III. Agrostideae. THE AGROSTIS TRIBE. Spikelets 
 in a branching panicle, rarely in a spicate panicle, racemose or clus- 
 tered, more or less laterally compressed, rarely almost cylindrical, 
 containing a single fertile floret, sometimes accompanied by one or 
 more barren, rudimentary florets. Stigmas sessile, or on very short 
 styles, reaching only to the lower or middle portion of the glumelles. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. Agrostideae verae. True Agrostides. Spike- 
 lets laterally compressed. Glumelles membranous or scarious, the 
 lower with or without an awn. Stigmas reaching to the lower por- 
 tion of the glumelle. Fruit loose. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Agrostis. Spikelets laterally compressed. Glumes keeled without awns ; 
 glumelles with short hairs at the base. Fruit loose. 
 
 Calamagrostis. Florets surrounded by long basal hairs, which exceed the 
 glumelles in length. 
 
 Ammophila. Florets surrounded by basal hairs, which are shorter than 
 the glumelles. 
 
 Arrhenatherum. The perfect floret of the one-flowered spikelet accom- 
 panied by a lower barren Jloret. 
 
 Holcus. The upper floret of the spikelet barren (with stamens only). 
 
 Lagurus. Florets in spicate ovate, dense and very woolly panicles. 
 
 Polypogon. Both the glumes awned. Lower glumelle awned. 
 
 Melica. One floret, rarely two perfect florets in each spikelet, with one, 
 or several barren rudimentary ones. Glumelles without hairs at their base. 
 
 XIII. Agrostis, Linn. Bent Grass. Spikelets one-flowered, with 
 an upper rudimentary one, in branching panicles ; branches more or 
 less spreading and whorled. Glumes keeled, almost equal, or the 
 upper one the longer, not awned. Glumelles with a tuft of short hairs 
 at their base, the lower with or without an awn ; the upper glumelle 
 two-ribbed, sometimes very minute or absent. Glumellules (scales 
 investing, or close to, the ovary) two, sometimes united, entire, or 
 nearly so. Stigmas nearly sessile, feathery. Fruit loose in the un- 
 altered glumelle. 
 
 Note. This organ is sometimes indurated when mature. 
 
 SECT. I. Glumes nearly equal, without a rudimentary or barren 
 floret.* 
 
 1. A. Tulgaris, With. Common Bent Grass. E. B. 1671, 
 L. C. 1291. Root tufted, creeping (bearing underground stems). 
 Stems usually branching at the base, erect or ascending. Leaves 
 flat, spreading, or nearly erect, with long striated sheaths; ligule 
 short, abrupt. Panicle branching. Branches diverging even after 
 flowering, opposite ; scarcely whorled, three or four being generally 
 opposite to one (three or four and one), alternately ranged about half- 
 way up the axis. Spikelets purplish. Glumes nearly equal, the keel 
 of the larger slightly hispid. Glumelles usually without awns. Very 
 
 * A rudimentary floret is a floret which is deficient in some of its parts. A barren 
 fioret may be perfect, or have one series of fecundating organs, but is sterile, or bears no 
 fruit. 
 
204 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 common in pastures, borders of fields, and other grassy places, 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 Var. j8. pallescens. Spikelets greenish- white, often awned. 
 
 Var. 7. pumila. A dwarfish form, not more than two-four inches 
 long ; a very neat plant. Coss. and Germ., 629. 
 
 Var. 8. viviparous. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 2. A. alba, Linn. Marsh Bent Grass. E. B. 1189, L. C. 1292. 
 Stems decumbent and rooting at the base, erect, tall, smooth. Leaves 
 flat, tapering, rough, especially at the margins ; sheaths long, mostly 
 smooth; ligule large, elongate, finally torn. Panicle rather close, with 
 very numerous branches, nearly erect when in fruit, tufted about the 
 joints of the primary (erect) axis ; the secondary branches and pedicels 
 are ciliated with sharp teeth, which are directed upwards. Lower 
 glume with a ciliated keel, edges membranous ; both acuminate, and 
 exceeding considerably the glumelles. 
 
 This is a very variable species ; in some of its forms it approaches 
 A. vulgaris ; but in this state the panicle is not so divergent as in that 
 species, and the branches are rather more numerous. The form 
 described above is from the Orkneys, and appears to be intermediate 
 between the form figured in E. B. as above and the var. alba, E. B. 
 1532, or A. stolonifera, the Fiorin Grass of Dr. Richardson. In the 
 latter variety the panicle is more or less close, with dense tufts of 
 branches at each joint of the common axis ; the branches are often 
 densely covered with spikelets. All the varieties are common in moist 
 meadows, woods, and similar places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 3. A. eaiiiiia. Linn. Brown Bent Grass. E. B, 1856, L. C, 
 129 1>. Hoot tufted, with trailing, leafy shoots. Stem erect or 
 ascending, not rooting, slender, smooth. Leaves roughish, flat, the 
 radical leaves tufted, involute, and setaceous (hair-like) ; ligule elon- 
 gated, lanceolate, finally torn. Panicle spreading when in flower, 
 nearly upright in fruit. Branches rather rough ; spikelets purple ; 
 glumes equal, smooth, barely rough on the keel ; the lower and the 
 larger glumelle has a jointed bent or straight awn inserted about the 
 centre of its keel; upper glume wanting. Common in pastures, 
 especially where the drainage is deficient. Perennial. June. (?) 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards, E. T. 52 45. 
 
 4. A. setacea, Curtis. Bristle-leaved Bent Grass, E.B.I 188, 
 L. C. 1289. Root tufted. Stems above a foot high, reclining at the 
 base, then erect, more or less rough. Leaves rough, stem-leaves 
 short, radical ones tufted, all more or less involute, and the root leaves, 
 especially, hair-like. Panicle closer and more upriyht than in A. 
 canina, with angular, rough, branches. Glumes about equal, long and 
 acuminate. Glumelles unequal, lower awned. In the south and 
 south-west of England on turfy heaths. Perenial. July. (?) 
 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat. 50 52. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52. 49. 
 SECT. II. Lower glume smaller than the upper; the fertile floret is 
 accompanied with an upper or rudimentary barren one. 
 
GRAMINEJE. AGROSTIS. CALAMAGROSTIS. 205 
 
 5. A. Spica-venti, Linn. Apera Spica-venti, Beauv. Silky Bent 
 Grass. E. B. 951, L. C. 1288. The characters of Apera are the same as 
 those otAgrostis, except in the inequality of the glumes, and the glumes 
 are not always equal in the other section of the genus ; the fertile floret 
 is also accompanied with a rudimentary floret. Root fibrous, branch- 
 ing. Stems erect, eighteen-thirty inches high, much taller in a rich 
 soil. Leaves flat, with an oblong ligule. Panicle large, with numer- 
 ous spreading branches. A very elegant Grass. Not rare in sandy 
 fields in the south of England. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 10. Lat. 51 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 A. interrupta, Linn. Dense-flowered Silky Bent Grass. E. B. 
 2951, L. C. 1288*. Root, stem, and leaves, as in the preceding. 
 Panicle contracted, long, narrow, with half-whorled branches, the 
 lower remote. Glumes unequal, lanceolate, rough at the keel ; lower 
 glumelle cleft with a nearly terminal long, straight awn ; upper 
 one smaller ; anthers roundish, oval. Sandy fields and pastures about 
 Thetford. Annual. June. 
 
 XIV. Calamagrostis, Adans. Reed Grass. Spikelets, one- 
 flowered, arranged in a branching panicle, without a rudimentary 
 floret. Glumes furrowed, pointed or subulate, nearly equal. Glumelles 
 unequal, the lower larger and bearded at the summit, surrounded by 
 a tuft of long hairs at the base. Glumellules two, entire. Stigmas 
 sessile, feathery. 
 
 l.C. Epigeiosj Roth. Arundo jEpigeios, Linn. Wood Reed. 
 E. B. 402, L. C. 1296. Stems tufted at the base, on creeping 
 rhizomes, more or less robust and tall, leafy. Leaves broad, flat, 
 acuminate, very long, scabrous. Panicle large ; branches unequal. 
 Spikelets violet, rarely green. Glumes lanceolate, ribbed, ending in 
 a long point. Glumelles hardly half as long as the glumes, the lower 
 one with a dorsal awn, /row the middle of the lower glumelle, both 
 rather shorter than the hairs by which they are surrounded. In 
 moist woods, hedges, fens, &c. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 51 44. 
 
 ., a glaucous variety, is described in the French Floras. 
 
 2. C. lanceolata, Roth. A. Calamagrostis, Linn, and E. B. 
 Purple-flowered Small Reed. E. B. 2159, L. C. 1295. Root fibrous, 
 tufted, scarcely creeping. Stems smooth, leafy, three-four feet high, 
 not leafy on the upper part. Leaves narrow. Panicle slender, erect, 
 loose with unequal branches. Glumelles about half the length of the 
 glumes, both notched, the lower and larger with a small, nearly 
 terminal awn, at the top of the lower glumelle, with hairs at the base. 
 In moist woods, hedges, and fens. Common on the Continent, un- 
 frequent (rare ?) in this country. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 9, C. 25. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 3. C. Ntricta, Schrader. (Nutt.) Small Close Reed Grass. E. B. 
 2160. Arundo stricta, L. C. 1298. Stems two-three feet high. 
 Stem-leaves rather broad ; leaves of the barren shoots narrower, rigid 
 and convolute. Panicle erect, close. Glumes lanceolate. Lower 
 
206 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 glumelle cleft, nearly as long as the upper ; awn about as long as the 
 glumelle, inserted above its middle. Oakmere, Cheshire. Hooker and 
 Arnott. In bogs. Perennial. June July. 
 
 Note. There is a rudimentary floret, in the spikelets of this species. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 53 54. Alt. 0. T. 48. 
 
 C. lapponica, Wahl. L. C. 1297. In reference to this form, entered 
 here solely in deference to the authors or compilers of the London Cata- 
 logue, always quoted in this work after the citation of E. B., Mr. Bab- 
 ington informs us, " that it has shorter branches to its panicle with a 
 longer and sharper ligule," which the learned author deems insufficient 
 to distinguish it from C. stricta. This is doubtless a correct judg- 
 ment. As we have never seen this plant, which is said to be found 
 in Lough Neagh, Ireland, we are not competent to give any opinion 
 about its distinctness either as a species or as a variety. 
 
 XV. Ammophila, Host. Psamma, Palis de Beauv. Sea Eeed. 
 Spikelets one-flowered, in a spicate, or slightly branched, close panicle. 
 Glumes keeled, pointed, nearly equal, scarcely longer than the glu- 
 melles. Glumelles nearly equal and almost as long as the glumes, 
 with a small tuft of short hairs at each side of their base, the lower 
 with a short awn attached near the summit (attached just below 
 the apex). Glumelles two, entire, lanceolate, longer than the ovary. 
 Stigmas nearly sessile, feathery. This genus differs in habit from 
 the preceding. The tuft of hairs is small and short ; the glumes are 
 not so acuminate, and the glumelles are much larger than those of the 
 preceding genus. 
 
 A. arenaria, Link. Arundo arenaria, Sm. Sea Reed. E. B.520. 
 Ammophila arundinacea, Host. L. C. 1 293. Stems upright in a compact 
 tuft, on long, creeping rhizomes, surrounded at the base by the sheaths 
 of the decayed leaves, striated, not rough. Leaves long, rush-like, nar- 
 row, rigid, sharp-pointed, smooth ; ligule elongated, cleft with pointed 
 lobes. Panicle spicate, contracted at both ends. Glumes lanceolate, 
 entire (the Fig. in E. B. shows the glume bifid), with sometimes a tooth 
 below the summit of the lower one. Glumelles three times as long 
 as the tuft of hairs at their base. One of the most valuable Grasses 
 for binding the sand of the sea-shore, and for raising banks, whereby 
 the sea is restrained from encroaching upon the land. In a series 
 of years this and similar plants form a natural sea-wall. It abounds 
 in Norfolk and along the eastern shores, associated with Car ex arena- 
 ria, Elymus arenarius,and some other creeping plants. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 5^ 61. Alt. 0. T. 52 45. 
 
 XVI. Arrhetiatke rum, Beauv. Oat-like Grass. Spikelets in 
 a branching panicle, containing a single perfect floret, accompanied 
 with a lower barren one, and an upper rudimentary one reduced to a 
 very slender pedicel. Glumes convex not awned, the upper as long 
 as the glumelles. Lower glumelle of the barren floret convex, bearing 
 a rough, dorsal awn, which .is bent (geniculate) and twisted below ; 
 the lower glumelle of the perfect floret not awned, or with a very 
 

 GRAMINEJE. HOLCUS, LAGURUS. 207 
 
 short one, almost terminal. Glumellules two, lanceolate, entire 
 or toothed. Stigmas sessile, feathery. Fruit channelled on one side. 
 
 A. avenaceum, Beauv. Holcus avenacetis, Sm. Oat-like Grass. 
 E.B. 813, L. C. 1312. Root fibrous or knotty (the swollen joints 
 of the stem). Stem erect, smooth. Leaves flat, large, rough- 
 edged, with long striated sheaths ; ligule short. Spikelets glossy, 
 greenish-white, more rarely violet, on rough, half-whorled branches, 
 mostly unilateral. The bulbous variety is not uncommon in dry 
 uplands. In pastures, hedges, fields, roadsides ; frequent. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50- 61, Alt. 0. 450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 Var. j3. bulbosum. Base of the stem furnished with several fleshy 
 knobs. In dry fields, These bulbs are called Swine's Arnuts in 
 Scotland. 
 
 XVII. Helens, Linn. Soft Grass. Spikelets in a branching pa- 
 nicle, containing a single perfect floret, accompanied with a superior 
 barren one. Glumes compressed, keeled, nearly equal, longer than 
 the glumelles. Lower glumelle of the barren floret keeled, bearing 
 a twisted awn attached just below the summit ; the lower glumelle 
 of the perfect floret not awned. Glumellules two, entire. Stigmas dis- 
 tant, sessile, feathery. Fruit oblong, compressed, not channelled. 
 
 1. H. lanatus* Linn. Meadow Soft Grass. E.B. 1169, L. C. 
 
 1313. Roots tufted. Stems erect, more or less tufted. Leaves hairy 
 or downy on both sides ; stipules short, blunt. Panicle erect, some- 
 what spreading, dense. Glumes hoary or downy ; glumelles shorter 
 than the glumes. Awn of the barren floret curved. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 2. H. mollisj Linn.\ Creeping Soft Grass. E. B. 1170, L. C. 
 
 1314. Roots widely creeping . Stems, tufted, slender, slightly downy, 
 rather taller than they are in II. lanatus, with downy knots. Leaves 
 slightly downy, with almost smooth sheaths. Panicle lax. Awns 
 conspicuous, bent and projecting beyond the glumes. Awn of the 
 barren floret much longer than the glume. Sometimes the perfect 
 floret is awned, and the upper one, though rarely, is perfect. Meadows 
 and woods. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0. 350 yards. T, 52 44. 
 
 XVIII. liagiims, Linn. Hare's-tail Grass. Spikelets one-flowered 
 in an ovate, close, spicate panicle, without rudimentary or barren 
 florets. Glumes membranous, fringed and awned. Glumelles un- 
 equal, lower one convex, terminating in two awns, with a much longer 
 dorsal one; upper glumelle involute, cleft, awnless. Glumellule 
 deeply cloven, acute. Filaments short. Stigmas feathery, on very 
 short styles. Fruit oblong, blunt, with a furrow in front. 
 
 Ei. ovatus 3 Linn. Ovate Hare's-tail Grass. E. B. 1334, L. C. 1306. 
 Root consisting of several hairy or downy fibres. Stem erect, six- 
 t\Velve inches high, more or less, jointed, leafy, naked at the top, 
 smooth. Leaves short, acute, densely hairy on both sides with long 
 
208 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 inflated, ribbed, very downy or hairy sheaths; stipule oblong, em- 
 bracing- the stem, downy or hairy. Panicle ovate, woolly, occasioned 
 by the copious soft hairs of the glumes ; the lower florets barren, the 
 upper bristly with the prominent awns of the glumelles. In sandy 
 fields, Channel Islands and South of Europe. In England only as 
 an occasional straggler. Annual. June. 
 
 XIX. Polypogon, Desfon. Beard Grass. Spikelets in an erect, 
 compound, dense, partly lobed panicle. Glumes with a prominent 
 toothed or serrated keel, nearly equal, each with a rough, straight, 
 dorsal awn. Glumelles somewhat unequal, much shorter than the 
 glumes, the lower one with a rough terminal awn ; the upper two-ribbed 
 and cloven at the summit. Stigmas feathery on short styles. Fruit 
 loose, shining, covered by the glumelles, but not attached to them. 
 
 1. JP. inonspeliensis; Desfon. Annual Beard Grass. E. B. 17(14, 
 L. C. 1286. Root of several downy fibres. Stems numerous, smootn, 
 one-two feet high, more or less, bent at the lower joints, and somewhat 
 so at the upper. Leaves not long, flat, striated, rough at the ribs 
 and margin, somewhat spreading, with long rather rough sheaths ; 
 ligules oblong, cleft, rough at the back. Panicle dense, lobed, with a 
 silky appearance owing to the long hairs of the glumes. Glumes linear, 
 notched above the awn, thickly covered with fine short white hairs, 
 and terminated by long white awns. In moist pastures near the sea ; 
 rare. Woolwich Marshes. Annual* June, July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat, 50 53. Alt. 0, T. 51 49. 
 
 For several years it has grown in some quantity in Battersea 
 Fields, on the mud used for raising the promenade along the river. 
 It will not appear there much longer. 
 
 2. P. littoralis* Sm. Perennial Beard Grass. E. B. 1106, L. C. 
 1285. Root creeping. Stems branched and rooting at their base. 
 Leaves keeled, rough, short, spreading, with long sheaths and pointed 
 ligules. Panicle lax, with upright branches and long, stalked clus- 
 ters. Awns shorter than in P. monspeliensis and straight. Glu- 
 melles notched as well as the glumes; the upper one with a straight awn. 
 In muddy salt marshes ; still rarer than the former. Found near 
 the powder magazine, Woolwich, close to the station of the former. 
 Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0. T. 51 49. 
 
 XX. Helica , Linn. Melic Grass. Spikelets in a cluster or in a 
 racemose panicle, which is lax in the British species, containing one, 
 rarely two, perfect florets, with one or several barren rudimentary 
 florets. Glumes convex, not awned, equal. Glumelles without awns, 
 nearly equal, the lower concave. Glumellules two, free or cohering. 
 Stigmas feathery, on short styles. Fruit oblong, compressed, not 
 furrowed. 
 
 1. M. imiflora, Retz. Wood Melic Grass. E. B. 1058, L. C. 
 1317. Root creeping. Stems mostly solitary or few, smooth, slen- 
 der, leafy, about eighteen inches high. Leaves flat, thin, tapering, 
 
. MELICA. STIPES. MILLIES. 209 
 
 with rough ribs and edges ; ligules variable ; sheaths nearly or quite 
 smooth, entire. Panicle very lax, few-flow ered, only the lower branches 
 bearing more than one spikelet. Spikelets erect, elegant, with only 
 one perfect, sessile floret] the barren one is on a pedicel. Glumes 
 violet or purplish. Glumelles strongly ribbed, enclosing the fruit, 
 but not attached to it. Woods ; common. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 3 45. 
 
 2. M. nutansj Linn. Mountain Melic Grass. E, B. 1050, L. C. 
 1318. Hoot slightly creeping, & terns few or solitary, smooth, leaves 
 flat, not so rough as in the preceding species, with entire sheaths, 
 ligule very short or wanting. Panicle simple, unilateral. Spikelets 
 on short pedicels; glumes brownish, containing two perfect Jlor els. 
 Very similar in habit to the preceding, but differs in its closer panicles, 
 also in its simple short branches, and especially in its two-flowered 
 spjkelets. Woods in the north of England, and Scotland. Perennial. 
 May, June. 
 
 A. 10, C. 25. Lat. 51 -58. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 48 42. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Stipese. THE STIPA SUB-TRIBE. Spikelets 
 cylindrical, laterally compressed. Glumelles coriaceous, the lower 
 one terminated by a very long, twisted, often feathery awn. Fruit 
 not loose in the glumelles. 
 
 Stipa, Linn. Feather Grass. Spikelets in a narrow, branching 
 panicle, containing one pedicelled floret, without rudimentary or 
 barren ones. Glumes furrowed? acuminate or with long awns, nearly 
 equal. Glumelles coriaceous, the lower one terminated by a long 
 awn, jointed at its insertion., smooth, or ciliated, or feathery. The 
 upper glumelle enclosed bj the lower. Glumellules three, fleshy, 
 entire, united at their base with the pedicel of the ovary. Stamens 
 barely projecting beyond vhe glumelles. Stigmas nearly sessile, 
 feathery. Fruit cylindrical. 
 
 8. pennata, Linn. Feather Grass. E. B. 1356, L. C. p. 16. 
 Stems tufted. Leaves narrow, sharp, roughish, with very long sheaths 
 in dense tufts. Panicle simple, erect, with elegant feathery awns, 
 which are about a foot long. Said to have been found in Westmore- 
 land, by Dr. Richardson, in the early part of the last century. Not 
 met with since. Frequently cultivated in gardens. Perennial. June. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE. III. Mlllieae. THE MILLET SUB-TRIBE. Spikelets 
 slightly compressed at the back. Glumelles coriaceous, rarely awned. 
 Stigmas reaching to the middle of the glumelles. Fruit closely in- 
 vested with the indurated glumelles. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Millium. Panicle very lax and spreading. 
 Gastridium. Panicle close arid erect. 
 
 XXI. Millium, Linn. Millet Grass. Spikelets one-flowered, 
 
210 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 in a spreading panicle. Glumes convex, equal, not awned. Glumelles 
 coriaceous, almost equal, withont awns. Glumellules two, fleshy, 
 notched. Stigmas feathery, on short styles. Fruit slightly com- 
 pressed, oblong, tapering at both ends. 
 
 M. effusuin, Linn. Spreading Millet Grass. E. B. 1106, L. C. 
 1287. Hoot creeping. Stems rather slender, glabrous., erect, leafy. 
 Leaves bright green, broad, flat, with one prominent rib and rough 
 edges ; sheaths strongly ribbed and smooth ; ligule large, oblong, 
 jagged. Panicle whorled, very large, lax, branching and spreading. 
 Spikelets small. Glumes equal, green. Glumelles pointed, some- 
 what shining. Woods and moist shady places ; common. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 51 44. 
 
 XXII; Cfafstridium, Beauv. Spikelets in a close, erect panicle, 
 one -flowered. Glumes membranous acute, inflated, and shining at the 
 base; the lower pointed, longer than ,,the upper. Glumelles smaller 
 than the glumes ; the lower truncate or obtuse, usually with a dorsal 
 awn; upper one cleft. Glumellules cloven, acute. Fruit closely 
 invested in the glumelles, and enveloped in the glossy glumes. 
 
 Gr. leiidigeriuiij Gaud. MiAium lendigerum, Sm. Panick Millet 
 Grass. E. B. 1107, L. C. 1284. 1 Stems tufted, decumbent at the 
 base, erect, smooth, leafy. Leaves roughish at the margins, with 
 long striated, slightly inflated sheaths. Panicle erect, close ; branches 
 opposite and alternate, simple and compound; secondary branches 
 (branchlets) rough and angular. Glumes shining at the base and 
 tumid. Glumelles much smaller than the glumes, downy with a 
 rough twisted awn, which extends slightly beyond the glumes. Fruit 
 covered by the hardened glumelles ; the whole is enclosed in the 
 tumid shining glumes. A maritime Grass. Common on the eastern 
 shores. Annual. August. (?) 
 
 A. 6, C. 20. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 49. 
 
 TRIBE IV. Avenese. THE OAT GRASS TRIBE. Spikelets pedi- 
 celled, rarely almost sessile, in a branching, rarely in a spicate panicle, 
 cluster or spike, containing two or several fertile florets, the upper 
 one often abortive. Glumes large embracing nearly the whole spikelet. 
 Stigmas sessile or on very short styles, not usually reaching above 
 the base of the glumelles. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. Sesslerieae. THE MOOR GRASS SUB-TRIBE. 
 Stigmas filiform, reaching to the summit of the glumelles. 
 Genus.- Sessleria. 
 
 XXIII. Sessleria, Arduin. Moor Grass. Spikelets laterally 
 compressed, two-three rarely four-six-flowered ; in a compact, ovate, 
 or oblong, compressed, rarely cylindrical, spicate panicle. Glumes 
 mucronate or pointed, nearly equal. Lower glumelle keeled, with a 
 mucronate awn, often with three-five mucronate teeth ; upper glumelle 
 
GRAMINE2E SESSLERIA. KOELERIA. 211 
 
 doubly keeled, truncate or notched. Glumellules usually two-five- 
 cleft with pointed lobes. Ovary sometimes pubescent at* the apex. 
 Stigmas nearly sessile, pubescent. Fruit oblong, a little compressed. 
 
 S. cj^rulea, Ard. Blue Moor Grass. E. B. 1613, L. C. 1299. 
 Koot fibrous, creeping, tufted, covered by the decayed sheaths of the 
 former leaves. Stems erect, slender, smooth, leafy only at the base, 
 naked in the greater part of their length, eight-twelve inches high. 
 Leaves narrow, flat, obtuse, mucronate (with a very sharp point), and 
 finely serrated at and near the end ; sheaths not long ; ligule absent. 
 Panicle erect, bluish grey, shining, ovate, oblong, compressed. Glumes 
 scarious. Upper glumelle flat, cleft. On mountains, north of Eng- 
 land, and Scotland. Perennial. April June. 
 
 A. 5, C. 8. Lat. 54 58. Alt. 300900 yards. T. 45 38. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Avenese verse. Stigmas feathery, not reach- 
 ing beyond the base of the glumelles. 
 
 Genera. Lagurus(seep. 207), Koeleria,Danthoma, Corynephorus, 
 Avena, Air a. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Koeleria. Panicle close, spicate. Spikelets two -five -flowered; upper floret 
 fertile. 
 
 Danthonia. Panicle open. Spikeleta cylindrical, two-six-flowered ; 
 upper floret barren. 
 
 Corynephorus. Panicle branching, spikelets two-flowered. Glumes keeled, 
 equal, longer than the spikelet. 
 
 Avena. Panicle branching more or less open. Spikelets two-three-flow- 
 ered, rarely four-five-flowered ; the upper floret usually barren or rudiment- 
 ary. Glumes as long as the spikelet. Lower glumelle awned. 
 
 Aira. Panicle branching, open. Spikelets two, rarely three-flowered, 
 often with a rudimentary floret. Glumes keeled, longer than the spikelet. 
 
 XXIV. ICoelcria, Pers. Aira cristata, Sm. Crested Hair Grass. 
 Spikelets laterally compressed in a spicate panicle, two-five-flowered, 
 the upper floret fertile. Glumes keeled, acuminate, not awned, unequal, 
 the lower one being the smaller. Lower glumelle pointed or termi- 
 nated by a very short awn, the upper two-ribbed, cleft at the top. 
 Glumellules two, unequal, obliquely truncate or two-three-cleft. 
 Stigmas two, feathery, on very short styles. Fruit oblong, not fur- 
 rowed. 
 
 K. cristata, Pers. Crested Hair Grass. E. B. 648, L. C. 1316. 
 Roots in dense tufts, fibrous, bearing several stems and numerous tufted 
 leaves. Stems erect, slender, smooth, six-twelve inches high, more or 
 less, naked above. Leaves flat, the lower hairy and ciliate at the margin, 
 the upper short and flat, with more or less hairy sheaths. Panicle 
 spicate often interrupted at. the base, tapering, somewhat cylindrical, 
 with a silvery, greenish gloss. Spikelets sometimes three-flowered. 
 Pastures chiefly on such as are chalky or calcareous. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 -59. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 52 -48. 
 
212 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 XXV. Danthonia, D. Can. Triodia decumbens, Sm. E. Flora. 
 Poa decumbens. Spikelets in a clustered or racemose panicle; at 
 first cylindrical, then laterally compressed, two-six-flowered, the 
 upper floret barren. Glumes convex, slightly keeled, without awns, 
 nearly equal, as long as, or longer than, the spikelet. Lower 
 glumelle convex, cleft, with short or subulate lobes, furnished with 
 either a long twisted awn or a short point. The upper glumelle 
 two-ribbed, without an awn. Glumellules two, entire or notched. 
 Stigmas feathery on short styles. Fruit ovate, compressed, not fur- 
 rowed. 
 
 I*, decumbens; D. Can. Decumbent Heath Grass. E. B. 792, 
 L. C. 1315. Root tufted, slightly creeping, usually producing many 
 stems and tufts of leaves. Stems erect, usually leafy to the summit. 
 Leaves flat, nearly erect, with long hairs and hairy sheaths ; root- 
 leaves often as long as the stems ; ligule a ring of hairs. Panicle 
 consisting of a few turgid large spikelets, clustered, racemose, lax. 
 Spikelet three-four-flowered. Glumes longer than the spikelets. 
 Lower glumelle notched, and furnished with a short point. On 
 spongy mountainous and upland places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0550 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 XXVI. Corynephoms, P. de Beauv. Aira canescens, Sm. 
 Grey Hair Grass. Spikelets laterally compressed, in a branching 
 panicle, two-flowered, sometimes presenting the rudiment of a third 
 floret. Glumes keeled, not awned, nearly equal, longer than the 
 spikelet. Lower glumelle entire, furnished with a dorsal awn, inserted 
 above the base of the glumelle ; the lower part of the awn is twisted, 
 the upper staright and enlarged at the summit, the middle jointed and 
 surrounded by a whorl of bristles. Upper glumelle two-ribbed at the 
 base, three-lobed at the summit, not awned. Glumellules two, cleft. 
 Stigmas sessile, Fruit oblong, compressed,, invested by the glu- 
 nielles. 
 
 C. canescens .y^Grey or Hoary Hair Grass. E. B. 1190, L. C., 
 Aira canescens, 1305. Koot of many tufted hairy fibres, Bearing 
 usually several stems and tufts of leaves. Stems erect, slender, smooth, 
 six-twelve inches high, leafy below, naked above. Leaves involute, 
 more or less setaceous, especially the root-leaves, erect, slightly 
 downy, sometimes reddish. Panicle lax, branching; branches mostly 
 compound, about three from the same point, nearly erect. Spikelets 
 small, whitish-purple. Glumes longer than the spikelet. Awn twisted 
 below, club-shaped above. On sandy dunes, on the eastern coasts. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0. T. 51 -49. 
 
 XXVII. A veil a, Linn, in part. Oat Grass. Spikelets arranged 
 in a branching panicle, often pendulous when ripe, almost cylindrical, 
 or laterally compressed, two-three-flowered, rarely four-five-flowered, 
 the upper floret usually barren. Glumes convex, more or less com- 
 pressed, not awned, almost equal, or the lower one a little shorter than 
 
GRAMINEJE. A VENA. 213 
 
 the upper, usually about as long as the spikelet. Lower glumelle 
 cleft or toothed at the summit, hearing a dorsal awn, which is twisted 
 in its lower portion, and bent about the middle, sometimes absent by 
 abortion (in the cultivated species). Upper glumelle two-keeled, no"t 
 awned. Glumellules two, entire or unequally cleft. Stigmas nearly 
 sessile, often distant at the base. Fruit cylindrical, tapering at both 
 ends, with a more or less deep furrow, hairy or smooth at the apex, 
 adhering to the upper glumelle. 
 
 SECT. I. Annual Grasses, without tufts of barren leaves. Spikelets 
 pendulous (after flowering). Glumes five-nine-nerved. Ovary hairy at the 
 apex. 
 
 1. A. fatim. Linn. Wild Oat or Haver. E. B. 2221, L. C. 1307. 
 Root fibrous, annual. Stem erect, three feet high, more or less, ac- 
 cording to soil. Leaves spreading, large, flat, finely ribbed, some- 
 times hairy. Ligule short, notched. Panicle large, branching; 
 branches simple or compound, spreading, whorled. Spikelets large, 
 pendulous after flowering, usually three-flowered. Glumes equal, 
 large, ribbed, green, scarious, pointed. Glumelles densely bearded at 
 the base, with fulvous hairs, the lower one cleft at the apex with a long 
 bent awn, twisted below. A deep scar is at the base of each floret. In 
 corn-fields, sometimes too common. Annual. June, July. 
 
 A. 11, C. 50. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. A. strigosa* Schreb. Bristle-pointed Oat. E. B. 1266, 
 L. C. 1308. lioot fibrous, smooth. Stem three feet high, more or 
 less. Leaves roughish, not hairy. Panicle not so divergent as in 
 A.fatua, closer, and with the branches more divided. Glumes acumi- 
 nate. Glumelles on a hairy short pedicel, with a single stipitate tuft 
 of bristles ; the lower glumelle is furnished with a few long hairs, and 
 a tuft of bristles where the awn is attached ; besides the dorsal awn 
 there are two shorter ones, terminating the two teeth. The florets are 
 usually two, but sometimes three or more. 
 
 Alien. See " Cybele," vol. iii., pp. 184, 185. In corn-fields. Wales 
 and Scotland. The oat commonly cultivated differs from the above in 
 having the upper floret on a longer pedicel, and the axis is nearly 
 smooth. The lower glumelle is smooth, two-toothed, with or without 
 an awn. This is often found growing wild in barley and wheat 
 fields, &c. 
 
 SECT. II. Perennial, with tufted barren root-leaves. Spikelets not 
 pendulous. Glumes one-three-nerved ; ovary hairy at the apex. 
 
 3. A. pubescens; Linn. Downy Oat Grass. E. B. 1640, 
 L. C. 1310. Root tufted, slightly creeping. Stems erect except at 
 the lowest joint, leafy below, smooth. Leaves flat, obtuse, spreading, 
 invested with many spreading hairs ; sheaths usually hairy. Ligules 
 acute. Panicle erect, branches three or four together, erect, rough. 
 Spikelets about three-flowered, scarcely longer than the lower glume. 
 Glumes membranous with pellucid edges, three-nerved ; upper florets 
 on pedicels, which are invested with long silky hairs. Lower glumelle 
 
214 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 with a strong dorsal awn. Plentiful in dry chalky pastures. Peren- 
 nial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C, 70. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 4. A. pratensis; Linn. ^Narrow-leaved Oat Grass. E.B.I 204, 
 L. C. 1309. Root tufted, fibrous. Stem erect, except at the base, 
 smooth, one-jointed. Leaves mostly radical, tufted, rigid, finely ser- 
 rated at the .margins ; sheaths smooth. Stem-leaf short, with a very 
 long smooth sheath. "Panicle erect, with short, simple branches, 
 upper spikelets sessile', longer than the glumes. Glumes equal, sca- 
 rious, three-ribbed, containing four-five florets on short, hairy stalks. 
 Lower glumelle scarious, and two or three-toothed at the apex, with a 
 strong dorsal awn inserted above its middle. The lower part of the awn 
 is twisted, and bent below the middle. In dry chalky (?) pastures 
 and heathy places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 3 58. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 51- 39. 
 Var. A. alpina, Sm. E. B. 2141. There is scarcely any character 
 derivable from the herbage whereby this can be satisfactorily distin- 
 guished from the preceding species. The spikelets are on rather 
 longer branches, and the florets are on rather longer pedicels. The 
 glumes are not so scarious, and have more prominent and rougher 
 keels. The lower glumelle has a tuft of hairs at its base, bears a 
 twisted, bent, dorsal awn inserted above its middle, and is scarious 
 at the apex and three-toothed ; the upper glumelle is rather more de- 
 cidedly fringed than in A.pratensis. Mountains in Scotland. Peren- 
 nial. July. 
 
 Note. The A. pratensis described above is from Arthur Seat, 
 Edinburgh, and the A. alpina is from the Highlands of Perthshire. 
 
 Query. Is not A. planiculmis, Schrader, sufficiently distinct from 
 A. pratensis and its variety A. alpina f In Pritzel's " Index," the 
 figures in E. B. 2141, and E. B. S. 2684, are quoted as illustrative of 
 A . planiculmis. Is A . planiculmis a luxuriant variety of A . pratensis, 
 and A. alpina a dwarf variety of the same protean species ? 
 
 The following is a description of a Grass given to the describer for 
 Avena planiculmis, Hook. E. B. S. 2684. Stem tall (nearly two 
 yards high), somewhat compressed, channelled, and rough. Leaves 
 with very rough, furrowed sheaths, keeled, and minutely and beauti- 
 fully toothed on the keel ; teeth callous, pointing upwards. Panicle 
 close, with more or less erect spikelets. Spikelets many-flowered. 
 Glumelles all more or less purplish, between the herbaceous and scarious 
 portions, partial stalks serrated with very fine, clear, callous, upward- 
 pointing teeth. In the " Sylloge Fl. EuropeaD," this Grass is described 
 as a native of the south and east of Germany and Hungary, &c. 
 
 Note. There is a circumstantial account of this plant in Hooker's 
 "British Flora," 3rd ed., p. 53. 
 
 SECT. III. Perennial Grasses, with tufts of barren leaves. Leaves 
 flat. Spikelets not pendulous. Glumes - one-three-nerved. Awn from the 
 middle of the lower glumelle. Ovary smooth. 
 
 5. A. flavescensj Linn. Yellow Oat Grass. K B. 952, 
 
GRAMINE^E. A VENA. AMU. 215 
 
 L. C. 1311. Root more or less creeping-. Steins leafy, erect, slender, - 
 smooth, with usually hairy joints. Leaves 'narrow, tapering, 'flat, 
 hairy on both sides, with ribbed, hairy sheaths. Panicle rather close, 
 with partially whorled, unequal, simple or compound, spreading 
 branches, which are nearly erect after flowering. Spikelets two- 
 three-four-flowered, rather longer than the glumes. Upper glume the 
 largest. Florets on hairy pedicels. Lower glumelle awned just above 
 the middle. Upper notched. Meadows, pastures, and grassy places, 
 not unfrequent. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 SECT. IV. Annual Grasses. Leaves more or less involute, setaceous. 
 Spikelets not pendulous. Glumelles awned just below the summit. 
 
 6. A, caryophyllca, Wigg. Aira caryophyllea, Linn. Silver 
 Hair Grass. E. B. 812, L. C. 1303. Root small, fibrous. Stems 
 more or less numerous, slender, leafy, six-twelve inches high. Leaves 
 very narrow, with smooth, striated sheaths. Panicle spreading, with 
 mostly tern ate branches, which spread after flowering. Spikelets very 
 small, two-flowered. Glumes rather larger than the florets. Lower 
 glumelle awned, two-toothed at the apex. Sandy commons and 
 similar arid places. Annual. May. 
 
 A. 18, C, 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 7. A. prsecox, Beauv. Aira prcecox, Linn. Early Hair Grass. 
 E. B. 1296, L. C. 1304. Root of many long, capillary, often downy 
 fibres. Stems usually numerous, slender, tufted, erect, leafy, smooth, 
 two-six inches high. Root-leaves setaceous. Stem-leaves very short, 
 with long inflated, angular, smooth sheaths ; ligule pointed, closely 
 embracing the stem. Panicle spicate, erect, oblong, compact, with short 
 erect branches. Spikelets two-flowered. Glumes somewhat longer 
 than the florets. Lower glumelle awned above the middle, with two 
 subulate teeth at the summit. On dry gravelly places. Annual. 
 May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0550 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 XXVIII. Aira, Linn, in part. Hair Grass. Spikelets laterally 
 compressed, two-flowered, often with the rudiment of a third pedi- 
 celled floret, very rarely three-flowered, arranged in a branch- 
 ing panicle. Glumes keeled, nearly equal, generally longer than 
 the spikelet, not awned. Lower glumelle truncate, irregularly 
 three-five toothed at the summit, furnished with a bent or almost 
 straight awn more or less twisted below. Upper Glumelle two- 
 ribbed. Glumellules two, cleft, toothed or lobed. Stigmas nearly 
 sessile, distant at the base. Fruit oblong, compressed, not fur- 
 rowed. 
 
 1. A. csepitosa, Linn. Turfy Hair Grass. E. B. 1453, L. C. 
 1300. Roots fibrous, usually forming large and dense tufts. Stems 
 two-four feet high (on dry uplands much shorter and without densely- 
 tufted roots). Leaves rigid, large, flat, furrowed and rather rough; 
 the root-leaves are very numerous and tufted. Sheaths smooth; 
 
216 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ligule oblong, acute, often cleft. Panicle large, spreading. Spikelets 
 small, glossy, usually of a violet colour. Glumes large, scarious at the 
 edges, with a rough purplish keel, containing one sessile and one 
 pedicelled floret, both with hairs at the base. Lower glumelle abrupt 
 and notched, bearing an awn from near its base. Awn not usually 
 protruding beyond the glumelles. In moist shady places. Perennial, 
 June. There is a sub-variety with viviparous florets. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01000 yards. T. 52 3 37. 
 
 2. A. alpina. Linn. Smooth Alpine Hair Grass. E. B. 2102, 
 L. C. 1301. Like the preceding, only the stems are completely invested 
 with the long smooth sheaths of the leaves. Leaves short, involute, 
 and pointed, deeply furrowed above ; ligule large, oblong, blunt. 
 Panicle with closer, nearly erect branches, less numerous and spreading 
 than in A. ccespitosa. Glumes large, smooth. Lower glumelle notched 
 and bearing the awn above its middle. The peduncle of the upper 
 floret is very short and quite smooth. The florets are often er found 
 viviparous than natural. On lofty mountains in Scotland. Peren- 
 nial. June, Julv. 
 
 A. 4, C. 10. "Lat. 56 3 59. Alt. 9001350 or 1400 yards. T. 
 37 33 3 . 
 
 We have seen a series of specimens in the " herbarium " of the 
 learned Curator of the Botanical Society of London, from which it 
 appears that there is no Aira alpina in Britain. The various states 
 of A. ccepitosa appear to be produced by the atmospheric and geogra- 
 phical differences of the situations where they are found. 
 
 3. A. Jlexuosa, Linn. Wavy Hair Grass. E. B. 1519, L. C. 
 1302. Root strongly fibrous. Stem slender, upright, smooth, leafy 
 at the base, twelve-eighteen inches high or more, in a rich soil. Leaves 
 short, involute, almost capillary; ligule short, abrupt (truncate). 
 Spikelets small, glossy, of a violet colour, in a loose, erect panicle ; 
 branches opposite, very slender and wavy. Glumes very unequal. 
 Upper floret almost sessile. Awn bent and twisted, half as long again 
 as the glumelles. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01300 yards. T. 52 33. 
 
 Var. j8. Leaves extremely slender and slightly rough ; branches of 
 the panicle nearly straight. 
 
 Note. It is suggested that this Grass would be very suitable for 
 lawns. 
 
 TRIBE V. Festuceae. THE FESTUCA TRIBE. Spikelets pe- 
 duncled with two or several flowers, rarely sub-sessile, in a branching, 
 rarely in a spicate or clustered panicle ; the upper floret is often abor- 
 tive. Glumes much shorter than the spikelet, seldom surpassing the 
 lower floret. Stigmas sessile or on short styles, reaching to the base 
 of the glumelles, rarely on longer styles, and reaching to the middle 
 of the glumelles. 
 
 Genera. Phragmites, Poa, Catabrosa, Glyceria, Sclerochloa, Mo- 
 linia, Briza, Cynosurus, Dactylis, Festuca, Bromus. 
 
GRAMINE^E. PHRAGMITES. 217 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Phragmites. Base of the perfect florets surrounded by long hairs ; barren 
 floret without hairs at the base. Glumes unequal. Aquatics. 
 
 Poa. Florets on an axis (rach) separating at the joints with the florets. 
 Glumes equal or nearly so, not awned. Upper glumelle with two ribs, 
 notched or two-toothed. 
 
 Catabrosa. Spikelets compressed, two-flowered; the lower sessile, the 
 upper on a long pedicel. Lower glumelle truncate, toothed, and scarious at 
 the summit. Aquatics. 
 
 Glyceria. Spikelets laterally compressed, many-flowered (four-twenty). 
 Lower glume shorter than the upper. Glumelles nearly equal, not awned. 
 Upper one two-ribbed, notched or entire. Aquatics. 
 
 Sclerochloa. Spikelets in two distinct rows, usually many-flowered. Glumes 
 mostly scarious. Glumelles horny. 
 
 Molinia. Spikelets nearly cylindrical, in a narrow interrupted panicle, 
 with two fertile and one barren floret. Glumes unequal. 
 
 Briza. Spikelets ovate-triangular, on very long capillary branches, many- 
 flowered. Glumes nearly equal, turgid. Glumelles cordate at the base. 
 
 Cynosurus. Spikelets two-five flowered, much compressed, intermixed 
 with barren spikelets. Glumes and glumelles ciliated. Panicle spicate, 
 unilateral. 
 
 Dactylis. Spikelets curved, three-four-flowered. Glumes unequal. Pa- 
 nicle branched ; branches with unilateral, compact clusters. 
 
 Festuca. Spikelets flattened or almost cylindrical, many-flowered. Lower 
 glumelle not keeled, or only so at the top, bearing a terminal awn, rarely without 
 an awn. Upper giumelle truncate. Ovary smooth, rarely pubescent. Styles 
 terminal. 
 
 Bromus. Lower glumelle usually bifid or toothed, bearing a dorsal awsi 
 or a terminal one. (?) Upper glumelle scarious, ciliated. Ovary hairy at the 
 apex. Styles lateral. 
 
 XXIX. Phragmites, Trin. Arundo Phragmites, Linn. Spike- 
 lets in a very branching panicle, laterally compressed, three-six-flow- 
 ered florets slightly distant, the lower bearing stamens only and 
 without hairs at the base ; the other floret surrounded with long hairs. 
 Glumes keeled, pointed, unequal, shorter than the spikelet ; the lower 
 one very small. Lower glumelle narrow, acuminate, elongated, subu- 
 late, twice as long as the upper. Glumellules large, entire. Stigmas 
 feathery, on elongated styles, reaching to the middle of the glumelles. 
 Fruit oblong, not furrowed. 
 
 I. co m mu iiis j Ti?in. A. Phragmites, Linn. Common Reed. 
 E. B. 401, L. C. 1294. Hoot creeping, sometimes bearing barren, 
 prostrate, and rooting stems. Stems stout, tall, erect, leafy. Leaves 
 glaucous, scabrous at the margin, lanceolate, tapering, often horizontal, 
 with long close sheaths, and a crown of hair for a Hgule. Panicle 
 very large, with partially whorled, repeatedly compound branches. 
 Spikelets violet-coloured, four-five-flowered. About the banks of 
 ponds and rivers j also in stagnant water. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Q 
 
218 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 XXX. Poa, Linn, in part. Meadow Grass. Spikelets in a 
 spreading or erect panicle, containing three-five florets or more ; the 
 axis (rack) jointed, the joints falling off with the florets. Glumes 
 herbaceous or membranous, almost equal, not awned. Glumelles par- 
 tially membranous, not awned, falling off with the joints of the axis 
 (rach). Lower glumelle compressed, keeled, pointed, five-nerved ; the 
 nerves usually covered at their lower part with woolly hairs. Upper 
 glumelle two-ribbed, notched, or two-toothed. Glumellules two, 
 membranous, entire, or with a lateral tooth, shorter than the smooth 
 ovary. Stigmas terminal, sessile, or nearly so. Fruit oblong, three- 
 angled. 
 
 1. V. annuaj Linn. Annual Meadow Grass. E. B. 1141, L. C. 
 1328. Root fibrous, tufted. Stems several, spreading or upright, 
 round or slightly compressed, leafy at the base, Leaves spreading, 
 here and there crumpled or flaccid, with an oblong ligule. Panicle 
 open with spreading branches which are horizontal or reflected after 
 
 flowering, about two from each joint of the axis. Spikelet three- 
 seven-flowered. Glumelles smooth, five-nerved, with hairs at the 
 base of the lower florets. This plant is always found in the vicinity 
 of human dwellings. It follows man in all his migrations, Annual. (?) 
 In flower or seed during the greater part of the year. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 52 36. 
 
 " Of all our native plants this one (Poa annua) is perhaps the most 
 near to universal distribution in Britain ; in every province, county, 
 zone, and almost everywhere in abundance. Its frequency, however, 
 diminishes much in the arctic region, and it fails to reach the summits 
 of the loftiest mountains." Mr. H. C. Watson, in " Cybele," vol. iii., 
 pp. 201,202. 
 
 2. P. bulbosa, Linn. Bulbous Meadow Grass. E. B. 1071, 
 L. C. 1329. Root tufted, bulbous. Stems erect or slightly reclining, 
 with a swollen or bulb-like base. Leaves short, with long smooth 
 sheaths, and with oblong pointed ligules. Panicle rather close, with 
 upright, solitary branches ; the lower sometimes in pairs or partially 
 whorled. Spikelets oval, green, or violet-colour, three-six-flowered. 
 Lower glumelle hairy at the keel ; upper one ciliated. Stigmas simply 
 feathered. On sandy sea-shores; not uncommon. Perennial. April. 
 
 Are not the bulbous roots formed before the development of the 
 stem ? The tufts of bulbs usually found have only the leaves on them, 
 and the bulbs which have produced stems seem exhausted. Are not 
 the steins produced from bulbs formed the previous year ? 
 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat. 50 1 53. Alt. 0. T. 51 49. 
 
 Var. j8. vivipara, Spikelets transformed into leafy buds. 
 
 Var. y. verticillata. Branches of the panicle whorled. 
 
 3. P. laxa, Hsenke. Lax Wavy Meadow Grass. L. C. 1334 h. 
 Root long, with many branching fibres, invested with scales, the bases 
 of the decayed leaves. Stem decumbent at the base, erect, more or 
 less leafy. Leaves flat, slightly rough, with long sheaths which have 
 one prominent rib, and a long (mostly torn) ligule. Panicle some- 
 what lax, drooping, with nearly erect branches. Spikelets mostly 
 
GRAMINE^E. POA. 219 
 
 with some of the florets viviparous. Glumes strongly keeled, serrated 
 towards the apex, with a point. Florets with very short hairs at the 
 base, or none. Highlands of Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Perennial 
 July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 10001200 yards. T. 37 34 
 P. minor Gaud. P. laxa (?) faxuosa, Sm. Wavy Meadow 
 Grass. E. JB. 1123, L. C. 1334 g. Hoot fibrous, slightly creeping. 
 Stem erect, leafy at the base, naked above. Leaves with prominent 
 ribs, smooth, hooded at the end, upper ones with long sheaths and 
 acute ligules. Panicle rather close. Spikelets ovate, three-flowered, 
 rarely two-four-flowered. Lower glumelle hairy on the lower half of 
 the keel, or on the pedicel of the floret. Highland mountains, La- 
 chin-y-gar (Loch-na-gar), Aberdeenshire. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 5, C.3 . Lat. 56' 58. Alt. 10001200 yards. T. 37 34'. 
 
 4. P. alpinaj Linn. Alpine Meadow Grass. E. B. 1003, L. C. 
 1330. Koots creeping, fibrous, densely invested with the sheaths 01 
 the decayed leaves. Stem slightly reclining at the base, erect, and 
 slender above, not leafy, quite smooth. Leaves smooth, except at the 
 edges, much shorter than their sheaths; radical leaves tufted, hooded 
 at the end. Panicle diffuse, ovate, or triangular, erect, branches 
 nearly solitary, almost erect. Spikelets broad, four-six-flowered. 
 Glumelles more or less hairy, especially the ribs. Generally vivipa- 
 rous. Lofty mountains in Scotland. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 53 59. Alt. 8001300 yards. T. 40 33. 
 
 5. P. csesia 5 Sm. Hoary Meadow Grass. E. B. 1710, L. C. 
 1314 a and b. Hoot tufted, fibrous. Stems few-jointed ; leafy, a foot 
 or more high, round, striated, quite smooth in the naked part. Leaves 
 flat, pointed, smooth, except at the margin, not longer than the 
 sheaths, with a long obtuse ligule. Panicle rigid, nearly erect, slightly 
 spreading, branches few, from the same joint or solitary. Spikelets 
 three-five flowered. Lower glumelle scarcely hairy on the keel. 
 Highlands of Perthshire. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 6. Lat. 53 58. Alt. 800 to 1000 yards. T. 40 7. 
 
 Var. P. glauca &. E. B. 1720. Leaves broader. Panicle rather 
 denser or not so open ; branches with more numerous spikelets ; spike- 
 lets broader, and bearing more florets than P. ccesia. Highlands. 
 Distribution same as P. ccesia. 
 
 6. P. nemoralis 5 Linn. Wood Meadow Grass. E. B. 1265, 
 L. C. 1334. Root tufted, fibrous, scarcely creeping. Stems several, 
 slender, erect, leafy, smooth, striated, knotty. Leaves mostly on the 
 stem, flat, often spreading, with smooth, or almost smooth, sheaths, 
 the upper sheath shorter than the limb ; ligule very short or absent. 
 Panicle sub-erect or slightly drooping to one side ; branches several, 
 unequal, mostly compound. Spikelets oval, lanceolate, three-five- 
 flowered. Glumelles with or without hairs at the base, and the keel is 
 serrated towards the summit. In woods ; not uncommon. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 Var. . Stem stouter, with a denser more erect panicle. 
 Var. 7. Spikelets three-five-flowered. 
 
220 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 I** montana, Par. Mountain Meadow Grass. L. C. 1334 d. 
 Root creeping. Stems slender, upright, leafy about half way up, the 
 upper part naked, striated. Leaves flat, about as long as their sheaths, 
 with two prominent teeth, one at each side of the base of the limb, 
 where it is joined to the sheath. Panicles not so diffuse as in P. 
 nemoralis, on shorter branches. Spikelets three-five-flowered. Glumes 
 equal, acuminate, nearly as long as the spikelets. Glumelles densely 
 hairy on their keels. Glen Callater, Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; Mr. J. 
 Syme. Perennial. June. The distribution of Poa nemoralis, P. 
 Parnellii, and P. montana is not distinguished in the " Cybele." 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat.50 58. Alt. 01000 yards. T. 51 37. 
 
 7. r. Parnellii, Bab. Parnell's Meadow Grass. E. B. 2916, 
 L. C 1334 c. Root, creeping, (?) fibrous. Stem very slender, above a 
 foot high, smooth, striated. Leaves narrow, pointed, usually as long 
 as their smooth sheaths ; ligule very short. Panicle erect when in 
 fruit, closer than in P. nemoralis. The spikelets are rather larger, 
 and the glumes more acuminate than in the former species. Upper 
 Teesdale. Perennial. July. For distribution, range, &c., see P. 
 montana. 
 
 8. P. Balfouriij Par. Balfour's Meadow Grass. E. B. 2918, 
 1334 e. Root creeping and fibrous, as in P. nemoralis. Stems 
 branching at the base, erect, leafy, slender, smooth, striated. Leaves 
 flat, last joint at a distance from the base, not longer than their 
 sheaths, rough at the edges, with a large blunt or notched ligule. 
 Panicle erect, slightly spreading, branches unequal, compound, wavy, 
 not rigid. Spikelets ovate, acuminate, containing four-five florets 
 (scarcely hairy on any part of specimens from Breadalbane, collected 
 by Mr. J. T. Syme.) The more erect and rigid panicle and the larger 
 ligule are the only obvious marks which distinguish this plant from 
 P. nemoralis. Highlands of Scotland and the north of England. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 6. Lat. 53 57. Alt. 8001000 yards. T. 40 37. 
 
 9. P. trivialis* Linn. Roughish Meadow Grass. E. B. 1072, 
 L. C. 1332. Root fibrous, creeping. Stems more or less numerous, 
 or nearly solitary ; sometimes reclining or rooting at the base, round, 
 or slightly compressed. Leaves narrow, slightly spreading, and some- 
 what rough, tipper leaf with a sheath longer than its limb ; ligule 
 oblong, pointed. Panicle diffuse, pyramidal ; branches unequal, rough, 
 more or less compound. Spikelets oval, three-five-flowered. Nerves 
 of the lower glumes rather prominent and rough at the keel. This 
 has the reputation of a valuable Grass both for hay and pasture. 
 Common in meadows, &c. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt 0850 yards. T. 52 39. 
 Var. k> Leaves with quite smooth sheaths. 
 
 10. P. pratcnsis, Linn. Smooth-stalked Meadow Grass. E. B. 
 1073, L. C. 1331. Root creeping, with long runners. Stems ascending, 
 often rooting at the base, round, or slightly compressed below. Leaves 
 quite smooth, upper sheath much longer than the limb, with a short 
 truncate ligule, which is the certain and obvious mark distinguishing 
 
GRAMINEJE. POA. CATABROSA. 221 
 
 this from the preceding species. Panicle diffuse, branches whorled, 
 four-five at a joint. Spikelets oval, three-five-flowered. Lower 
 glumelles five-nerved. This Grass is rather earlier than the preceding, 
 and it also is highly esteemed. Meadows, &c. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0950 yards. T. 52 37. 
 
 Var. j8. angustifolia. Leaves narrow, rather rigid and involute. 
 Grows in woods. 
 
 Var. y. sub-ccerulea. E. B. 1004. Leaves short, with long sheaths, 
 upper compressed. Spikelets broad. On the Scottish and Welsh 
 mountains. 
 
 I** sudetica, Haenke. P. Jiybrida, Gaud. Silesian Poa. Rchb., 
 i., 90. Roots perennial and creeping. Stems erect, smooth, striated, 
 somewhat compressed, leafy, with stolons and barren shoots at the 
 base. Root-leaves tufted, numerous, broadj with short abrupt points. 
 Stem-leaves long, flaccid, linear, keeled very rough ; ligule very 
 short, truncate, nearly obsolete. Panicle large, rather close, the lower- 
 most branches drooping, spikelets ovate, numerous, compressed, four- 
 five-flowered ; florets strongly nerved, and without the web of hairs 
 connecting their bases. In the grounds of the Royal Hospital, 
 Chelsea ; abundant. Perennial. June, July. This Grass was first 
 observed in 1851, but it had the appearance of having been well esta- 
 blished for years prior to this date. A valuable agricultural Grass. 
 
 11. I*, compressa* Linn. Flat-stalked Meadow Grass. E. B. 
 365, L. C. 1333. Root creeping, with downy fibres. Stems ascend- 
 ing, often rooting at the base, leafy below, remarkably compressed, 
 with two prominent angles. Leaves short, with short, somewhat in- 
 flated sheaths, and short truncate ligules. Panicle rather close, oblong ; 
 branches short. Spikelets oval-oblong, five-nine-flowered. Lower 
 glumelles indistinctly nerved, with or without hairs at the base. On 
 old walls, and on rocks and dry barren ground ; not common. Peren- 
 nial. June. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 12. I. polynoda, Par. Many-jointed-stalked Meadow Grass. 
 Stem reclining at the base, then erect, ridged, smooth, with several 
 constricted joints, last one nearer the top than in P. compressa. Leaves 
 short, striated, smooth, with an abrupt, bluntish point, and a rather 
 herbaceous ligule. Panicle small, close, erect ; branches simple and 
 compound. Lower glume acuminate, slightly ciliated on the rib 
 (keel), especially near the apex. Glumelles slightly hairy. West of 
 England. Perennial. July. Distribution as above. (See P. compressa.) 
 
 XXXI. Catabrosa 9 Beauv. Whorl Grass. Spikelets in a 
 branching panicle, two-flower 'ed, the lower floret sessile, the upper one 
 on a long pedicel. Glumes membranous, the lower one short, the upper 
 oboval. Glumelles membranous, not awned, nearly equal in length, 
 the lower one strongly keeled, truncate, toothed and scarious at the top, 
 three-five-nerved, the upper convex, two-nerved, truncate or notched. 
 Glumellules two, free, slightly truncate. Stigmas nearly sessile,' ter- 
 minal, persistent at the base. Fruit oblong, slightly compressed. 
 
222 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 C. aquatic a, Presl. Water Whorl Grass. E. B. 1557, L. C. 
 1320. JKoot creeping or floating. Stems either several or solitary, 
 floating, branching, leafy, smooth, rising about a foot above the water. 
 Leaves flat, obtuse, more or less floating, smooth except at the edges, 
 flaccid. Sheaths lax, slightly compressed. Stipule prominent, oblong, 
 pointed. Panicle erect, with spreading, whorled branches. Spikelets 
 small, with caducous florets. Glumes short. Glumelles much longer 
 than the glumes, with prominent nerves. In ditches, pools, and 
 brooks, &c. ; not common. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51- 45. 
 
 XXXII. Glyceria, Br. Sweet Grass. Aquatic, sometimes 
 floating plants. ISpikelets in a branching or clustered (racemose) 
 panicle, containing from four-twenty florets. Glumes membranous, 
 obtuse or slightly toothed, the lower one smaller than the upper. 
 Glumelles nearly equal, membranous at the ed(/es, rounded at the 
 top ; the lower convex, with from seven-nine more or less distinct 
 arid prominent nerves; the upper scarious, with two ribs, either 
 notched or entire at the top. Glumellules two, obtuse, more or less 
 cohering. Stigmas feathery, terminal. Fruit oblong, slightly com- 
 pressed. 
 
 1. Gr. plicata, Fries. Folded-leaved Sweet Grass. E. B. 1520, 
 L. C. 1322*. lioots fibrous. Stem prostrate and rooting below, oiten 
 floating, the upper portion bearing the panicle being usually the only 
 erect part ol the stem. Leaves flat, large, often floating. Panicle 
 long, lax, slightly spreading in flower, nearly erect in fruit. Spike- 
 lets an inch long, sessile or shortly pedicelled, oblong, linear with 
 ten-fifteen florets on a jointed axis. Lower glumelles green, with 
 rather prominent nerves, scarious and shining at the margin and 
 summit. In ditches and watery places; common. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, (?) C. 80.(?) Lat. 50 60\ Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 46. 
 
 2.*Gr. fiuitansj J3r. Floating Sweet Grass. Koot and stem as 
 in G.plicata. Leaves rather longer and not quite so blunt; there is a 
 small point (mucro) which terminates the leaves of both species. 
 Panicle very long, simple, one-sided. Spikelets partly almost sessile, 
 or on short peduncles; some, especially the lower, on very long, simple 
 peduncles, bearing a sessile lateral spikelet and a terminal one. 
 Spikelets oblong, much larger than in G. plicata, and containing 
 fljteen-twenty florets. Glumes scarious, and lonyer in proportion than 
 in G.plicata. Glumelles herbaceous except at the margin and tips, 
 with elevated ribs. In ditches and watery places with the former. 
 Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0500. T. 52 41. 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. F. Tow r nsend for the following description of 
 a supposed species of GLYCHUA, named by him G. pedicellata. 1 am 
 not in possession of specimens, and therefore beg to give its charac- 
 ters in the identical terms of its discoverer: 
 
 " G. pedicellata. Panicle simple, elongate, subsecund; branches 
 simple, always spreading, lowermost mostly in threes ; raclus smooth ; 
 
GRAMINE^E. GLYCERIA. SCLEROCHLOA. 223 
 
 spikelets linear, of seven-sixteen obtuse florets ; outer pale (glumelle) 
 oblong, twice as long as broad: apex entire or slightly and irregularly 
 denticulate-crenate; anthers three times as long as broad; sheaths sulcate. 
 Rachis perfectly smooth, never swollen as in G. plicata. Leaves 
 plicate, acute; sheaths roughish ; ligule obtuse, somewhat apicu- 
 late. Panicle subsecund, elongate; branches not bearing more than 
 six spikelets, one branch only of each of the lowermost clusters bear- 
 ing several spikelets ; spikelets more or less stalked ; pedicels slender, 
 flexible. Outer pale (glumelle) strongly ribbed when dry, more mem- 
 branous than in the other two species ; inner one rather shorter than 
 the outer. Squamulse with an inflated appearance. Anthers always 
 yellow ; lips incurved after bursting. The careopsis has not been 
 observed. It flowers from June to September, and has been noticed in 
 several places in Cambridgeshire, and at Dovedale near Blockley, 
 Worcestershire. It is found in stagnant and running water." 
 
 Note. It is believed that the species of aquatic Glycerias might be 
 still further increased ; but perhaps with little advantage to science. 
 
 3. O. aquatica, Sm. Heed Meadow Grass. E. B. 1315, L. C. 
 1321. Hoot creeping. Stems stout, erect, usually about six feet high. 
 Leaves^fatf, broad, with a short abrupt point ; ligule short, truncate. 
 Panicle large, with panicled branches, spreading. Spikelets ovate- 
 oblong, five-nine-flowered. Lower glumelhs usually violet, with 
 slightly prominent nerves, yellow and scarious at the top. Stigmas 
 repeatedly divided, bushy, on styles longer than themselves. Banks 
 of rivers, ponds, &c. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 3 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 XXXIII. Sclerochloa, Beauv. Glycerla, Sm. Hard Grass. 
 Spikelets more or less cylindrical, in panicles which are either close, 
 lax, or very diffuse, bearing five-fifteen florets, in two rows. Glumes 
 unequal, mostly scarious. Glumelles rather horny, the lower with 
 three dorsal and two marginal rather indistinct nerves. Upper glu- 
 melle narrower, with two marginal nerves, finely serrated or ciliated, 
 notched, or two-toothed. Stigmas branched and feathery. Seed 
 cylindrical, oblong, furrowed. 
 
 The herbage of the species of this genus is more rigid than that 
 of the Glycerias, the spikelets bear fewer florets, and theglumelles are 
 more horny. 
 
 1. S. maritima, Lind. Gli/ceria maritima. M. and K. Sea 
 Hard Grass. E. B. 1140, L. C. 1323. Hoot creeping. Stems erect, 
 reclining at the base ; rigid. Leaves involute, sharp-pointed, with 
 slightly swollen, two-toothed sheaths ; stipules small ; root-leaves 
 tufted, all more or less glaucous. Panicle spreading in flower, erect 
 in fruit. Spikelets linear, adpressed, four-eight-flowered. Florets 
 cylindrical. Glumes almost scarious. Glumelles obtuse, scarious at 
 the top, nerves not reaching to the summit. Var. . Stem com- 
 pressed ; rach rough. In salt marshes; common. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 50. Lat. 50 3 61. Alt. 0. T. 52' 45. 
 
 2. S. distansj Bab. G. distans, Sm. Keflexed Hard Grass. 
 
DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 E. B. 986, L. C. 1324. Root fibrous, not creeping. Stems several, 
 leafy, round, reclining at the base, erect, about a foot high. Leaves 
 flat, short, with very long, smooth, striated sheaths, not toothed at the 
 summit, as in S. maritima ; ligule short. Panicle erect, with several 
 series of half-whorled, alternate spreading branches, the upper hori- 
 zontal, the lower deflexed. Spikelets somewhat elliptical, small, 
 shining, four-six-flowered ; both spikelets and florets much smaller 
 than in S. maritima. Stigmas densely feathery. On sandy waste 
 places near the sea. Perennial, July. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 3. S. Borrerij Bab. Borrer's Hard Grass. E. B. 2797, L. C. 
 1324 b. Root fibrous, tufted, bearing tufts of short, fiat, narrow, 
 blunt leaves, constricted at the top of the sheath, not so prominently 
 toothed as in S. distans. Panicle rather close, with only a few elon- 
 gated, divergent (not horizontal and deflexed), hispid branches. Spike- 
 lets three-four-flowered. Glumes minute, rather herbaceous. Lower 
 glumelle more pointed and not so scarious as in S. distans. In muddy 
 salt marshes. Perennial. June. Distribution not yet ascertained. 
 Range, &c., as in S. distans, from which this form is not separated in 
 " Cybele," and perhaps not in nature. 
 
 4. S. procumbens, Beauv. Cr. procumbens, Sm. Procumbent 
 Hard Grass. E.B. 532, L. C. 1325. Root fibrous. Stems several, 
 more or less erect, always prostrate at the base, five-nine inches high, 
 smooth, leafy. Leaves flat, with long swollen sheaths constricted at 
 the summit ; ligule pointed. Panicle compact, with simple alternate 
 spreading branches, in two opposite ranks. Spikelets sessile on the 
 branches, in two opposite rows, containing about five florets. On the 
 sea-shore. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 11, C. 25. Lat. 50 55 (57). Alt. 0. T. 52 48. 
 
 5. S. rigida, Link. G.rigida,&m. Hard Meadow Grass. E.B. 
 1371, L. C. 1326. Root fibrous, woolly. Stems several, erect, wiry 
 and rigid, like all the British species of the genus. Leaves narrow, 
 pointed, rather longer than the sheaths. Panicle lanceolate, with 
 mostly sessile spikelets in two rows, each containing about seven florets. 
 Glumes acute, strongly-keeled; stigmas nearly sessile, large, tufted. 
 On dry banks and walls. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 14, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 6. 8. loliacea, Woods. G. loliacea, L. C. Triticum loliaceum, 
 Sm. Dwarf Sea Wheat Grass. E. B. 221, L. C. 1327. Root 
 many long downy fibres. Stems several, more or less erect or 
 decumbent, much branched at the base, very rigid and smooth, 
 only a few inches high. Leaves flat, involute when dry. Spike- 
 lets, except in luxuriant plants, quite sessile, alternate, and some- 
 what unilateral, hence the inflorescence is spiked, not panicled. 
 Florets numerous, ten-fifteen, in two ranks, imbricated. Glumes 
 strongly -keeled, more herbaceous than is usual in the British species 
 of this genus. Stigmas feathery, sessile. Sandy sea-shore. Annual 
 June. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0. T. 52 48. 
 
f<J YK-'A/JOC' -. 
 
 GRAMINE^E. MOLINIA. BRIZA. CYNOSURUS. 225 
 
 XXXIV. Wtoliiiia, Moench. Melica, Sm. Purple Melic Grass. 
 Spikelets in a close, erect, interrupted panicle, two-flowered, with a 
 superior, barren floret, the upper perfect floret pedicelled. Glumes 
 membranous, convex, unequal, the lower and larger with two nerves. 
 Glumelles nearly equal in length ; the lower convex, five-nerved, the 
 upper two-nerved, notched. Glumellules two free, obliquely truncate. 
 Stigmas feathery, terminal. Fruit oblong, cylindrical, slightly fur- 
 rowed in front. The sheath of the lower leaf covers the knots of the 
 stem and the sheaths of the upper leaves. 
 
 Si., cserulea, Moanch. Melica ccerulea, Sm. Heath Purple 
 Melic Grass. E. B. 730, L. C. 1319. Roots strongly fibrous, almost 
 woody, surrounded above with the bases of the decayed leaves. Stems 
 rather bulbous at the base, very rigid. Leaves almost all radical, 
 tapering, pointed, hairy, especially near the top of the sheath. Panicle 
 erect, with wavy, somewhat rough branches. Spikelets small, bluish, 
 or violet-coloured, rarely green. In barren, sandy, boggy ground ; 
 on mountainous heaths ; common. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 3950 yards. T. 52 37. 
 
 XXXV. Briza, Linn. Quaking Grass. Totter Grass. Spikelets 
 five-ten-flowered, broadly ovate or cordate or triangular, on long pedicels, 
 pendulous and tremulous, usually in a diffuse panicle. Glumes almost 
 equal, nearly round, convex, inflated with a slight lateral compression. 
 Glumelles herbaceous, the lower nearly round, convex, compressed, 
 cordate at the base, rounded at the summit ; upper smaller, two-ribbed. 
 Glumellules two, distinct, entire or slightly two-lobed. Stigmas fea- 
 thery, branching, terminal. Fruit compressed. 
 
 1. IB* media; Linn. Common Quaking Grass. E. B. 340, L. C. 
 
 1335. Roots tufted, slightly creeping. Stems smooth, leafy below. 
 Leaves flat, deep green, with a short ligule. Panicle very slender, 
 lax, spikelets ovate, broad, of a purplish brown tinge, containing about 
 seven florets, a little longer than the glume. Pastures. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 52 40. 
 
 2. B. minor. Linn. Small Quaking Grass. E. B. 1316, L. C. 
 
 1336. Root fibrous, downy. Stems solitary or several, eight-ten 
 inches long. Leaves light green; stipule long, acute. Panicle spreading 
 with zigzag branches. Spikelets green and white, shorter than the 
 glume. Fields. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 50 51. Alt. 050 yards. T. 52 51. 
 
 XXXVI. Cynosurns, Linn. Dog's-tail Grass. Spikelets two- 
 five-flowered, in a compact, elongated, unilateral, spicate panicle, in- 
 termixed with barren spikelets, which consist of glumes and glumelles 
 only, and are two-rowed and parallel to the fertile spikelets. Glumes 
 membranous, keeled, acuminate, or with a short awn. Lower glume 
 pointed or awned at the summit ; the upper, two-nerved and two- 
 toothed. Glumellules entire, or with a lateral lobe. Stigmas feathery, 
 terminal. Fruit oblong, compressed. 
 
226 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 1. C. cristatus; Linn. Crested Dog's-tail Grass. E. B. 316, 
 L. C. 1337. Koot tufted with long- fibres. Stems slender, round, 
 smooth, erect, except at the base ; leafy, except above. Leaves narrow, 
 with long, smooth, striated sheaths. Panicle close, cylindrical, elon- 
 gated, with the branches on one side. Glumes and glumelles of both 
 fertile and barren florets, narrow, long-pointed or nearly awned. In 
 meadows, pastures and grassy places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 2. C. echinatusj Linn. Rough Dog's-tail Grass. E. B. 1333, 
 L. C. 1388. Koot fibrous, downy. Stems usually solitary, erect. 
 Leaves flat, broad at the base and tapering to a point. Panicle spi- 
 cate, dense, oblong, ovate or nearly capitate, with the branches mostly 
 on one side. Spikelets pubescent. Glumes and glumelles of both 
 fertile and barren florets, furnished with very long awns. In culti- 
 vated fields or sandy ground near the sea. Not a native of the British 
 Isles. Channel Islands. Annual. June. 
 
 XXXVII. Dactylis, Linn. Cock's-foot Grass. Spikelets con- 
 cave, three-four-flowered, in roundish, compact and unilateral clusters 
 (tufrs), on a lateral lax or spicate panicle. Glumes membranous, 
 unequal, compressed, keeled, acuminate ; one side very convex, the 
 other with a corresponding concavity. Lower glumelle five-nerved, 
 keeled, bearing a short awn ; the upper one two-keeled and two- 
 toothed at the summit. Glumellules two, unequally two-lobed. Stigmas 
 feather}', terminal. Fruit oblong, slightly compressed. 
 
 D. ftlomerata, Linn. Kough Cock's-foot Grass. E. B. 335, 
 L. C. 1339. Hoot fibrous, tufted. Stem erect, rigid, stout, leafy, 
 sometimes rather rough at the upper part. Leaves flat, slightly 
 keeled with rough, compressed, keeled sheaths, cleft only near the 
 top. Panicle alternately branched, open below, close above ; lower 
 clusters on long stalks, upper on short ones. Spikelets in dense one- 
 sided clusters, on short, stiff, very rough, angular foot-stalks. * Upper 
 almost sessile. In meadows, hedges, and shady places. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82, Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0450. T. 52' 42. 
 
 XXXVIII. Festiica, Linn. Fescue Grass. Spikelets containing 
 five-ten florets (sometimes more, sometimes fewer), usually on long 
 pedicels, and in a panicle or cluster. Glumes nearly equal, either her- 
 baceous or membranous, keeled, rarely with an acuminate awn. Glu- 
 melles membranous or herbaceous, almost equal ; lower glumelle nnt 
 keeled, or only keeled at the apex, convex, nearly cylindrical, pointed, 
 with or without a terminal awn; upper glumelle truncate, two- 
 ribbed, notched, or two-toothed. Glumellules cleft, rarely entire. 
 Ovary smooth, rarely pubescent. Stigmas feathery, terminal, sessile, 
 or on very short styles. Fruit oblong, slightly compressed, usually 
 with a deep furrow. 
 
 SECT. I. Plants annual. Spikelets on longish peduncles (branches), in 
 a narrow, branching panicle ; branches (peduncles) slender at the bases 
 
GKAMINE^E. FESTUCA. 227 
 
 thicker at the summit. Florets lanceolate-subulate, with very long awns, 
 often bearing only one stamen. Upper glumes scarcely ciliated. 
 
 1. F. bromoides, Linn. Barren Fescue Grass. E. B. 141 1,L. C. 
 
 1341. Roots fibrous, tufted. Stems several, or almost solitary, about 
 a foot high, erect, slender, smooth, more or less leafy, six-eighteen 
 inches high. Leaves narrow, involute, shorter than their sheath. 
 Panicle one-sided, narrow, rather close, slightly branched, sometimes 
 quite simple. Spikelets on short pedicels, or nearly sessile, three-four- 
 flowered. Lower glume much smaller than the somewhat awned upper 
 one ; both glumes acuminate. Lower glumelle ciliated with a strong, 
 terminal toothed awn. Annual, June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Var. j8. F. myurus, Sm., not Linn. E. B. 1412, L. C. 1341 b. 
 Panicle long, simple and nodding, or drooping. Both forms are found 
 on walls and barren sandy ground. 
 
 2. F. iinij>-lumisj Soland. Single-glumed Fescue Grass. E. B. 
 1430, L. C. 1340. Roots of several downy fibres. Stems several, 
 reclining and branching at the base, upright above, stout, smooth, and 
 somewhat leafy. Leaves acute, rather involute, with long inflated 
 sheaths. Panicle simple, or nearly so, close, erect. Spikelets nearly 
 sessile, or quite so, bearing about three perfect florets, and as many 
 barren ones, reduced to an awned glumelle, or to an awn. Lower 
 glume very short; upper one with a long awn. Lower glumelle with 
 a very long awn ; upper one with two short awns. Lower florets 
 sessile ; upper ones all pedicelled. On sandy sea-shores; Sussex and 
 Essex coasts. Biennial. June. 
 
 A. 7, C. 15. Lat. 50 3 54. Alt. 0. T. 52 49. 
 
 SECT. II. Plants perennial. Root tufted or creeping, bearing tufts of 
 barren leaves. Panicle branching, spreading. Spikelets on long foot-stalks. 
 Florets lanceolate, pointed, or acuminate, with or without awns. Upper 
 glumelle not ciliated or scarcely ciliated. 
 
 3. F. ovina, Linn. Sheep's Fescue Grass. E. B. 585, L. C. 
 
 1342. Root tufted, bearing several stems and tufts of radical leaves. 
 Stems erect, slender, Leaves all setaceous (involute), with long 
 sheaths which are rough only at the slit (edges of the leaves), and 
 with two small teeth at the top (ligule). (?) Panicle usually erect, 
 narrow, often unilateral, with erect branches. Spikelets four-six- 
 flowered. Glumes and glumelles with sharp, elongated points, not 
 awned. Upland pastures. On mountains. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50' 61. Alt. 01450 yards. T. 52 32. 
 
 Var. )8. Panicle purplish. 
 
 Var. y. vivipara. E. B. 1355. Spikelet converted into a bud. 
 
 Var. 5. duriuscula. E. B. 470, L. C. 1343. Stems larger. Leaves 
 broader, not so much involute. 
 
 4. F, rubra, Linn. Creeping Fescue Grass. E. B. 2056, L. C. 
 1344. Root creeping, with long, rooting shoots. Stems erect, knotty 
 at the lower part, striated, smooth. Radical leaves involute, setaceous ; 
 
228 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 stem-leaves flat or involute ; sheaths long, with lateral teeth at the 
 summit. Panicle erect, with more or less spreading branches. Spike- 
 lets four-six-flowered. Glumes unequal, lower narrower and much 
 shorter than the upper. Lower glumelles awned ; awns longest on 
 the upper florets. On the coast, and also in mountainous places. 
 Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 5. f. sylvatica, Vill. F. calamaria, Sm. "Wood Fescue Grass. 
 E.B. 1005, L. C. 1345. Root fibrous, tufted. Stems several, tall, 
 erect, leafy, invested at the base with imbricated pointed sheaths. 
 Leaves long, broad, rough, with striated, roughish sheaths, constricted 
 at the top. Panicle spreading in flower, closer in fruit; branches 
 compound, slender, wavy, roughish. Spikelets three-five-flowered. 
 Glumes rather distant, lower one lanceolate, upper broader, pointed, 
 not awned. Lower glumelle rough on the midrib, pointed, but 
 not awned. Woods, north of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Per- 
 ennial. July. 
 
 A. 8, C. 15. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 Var. ft. decidua. E. B. 2266, L. C. 1345 b. Leaves not so broad 
 as in the above ; florets about two. In similar localities. 
 
 6. F. gigantea, Vill. Tall Fescue Grass. E. B. 1820. Bromus 
 giganteus, Linn, and L. C. 1348. Root tufted. Stems several, tall, erect, 
 leafy, smooth. Leaves flat, long, tapering, with roughish ribs ; sheaths 
 smooth ; upper sheaths longer than their leaves, auricled at the top. 
 Panicle lax, slightly drooping, lower branches two or three together, 
 the rest alternate. Spikelets about five-flowered with a terminal 
 rudimentary floret. Lower glumelle often cleft, with a dorsal awn at- 
 tached just below the summit. Awn slightly bent, longer than the glu- 
 melle. In woods and moist hedges. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 Var. /3. triflora. E. B. 1918. Smaller, with fewer florets ; lower 
 glume often reduced to a bristle. Woods. Perennial. July. 
 
 7. B 1 . aruiidinacea, Schreb. F. elatior, Sm. Reed Fescue Grass, 
 E. B. 1593, L. C. 1346. Root slightly creeping, deep in the ground. 
 Stems smooth, tall, leafy. Leaves flat, broad and smooth, except at 
 the margins; sheaths long, roughish, auricled. Panicle divaricated 
 after flowering, or slightly pendulous ; branches spreading and com- 
 pound, rough. Spikelets ovate-lanceolate, four-six-flowered; florets 
 more or less rough. Glumes unequal, lower smaller than the upper ; 
 both scarious at the margin and apex. Glumelles large, equal, lower 
 one scarcely pointed, both scarious at the margins. This Grass varies 
 in luxuriance and rigidity of herbage. In moist rich meadows it 
 assumes a Reed-like aspect ; in dry places it does not apparently differ 
 much from the following. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 44. 
 
 8. I?, pratensigj Huds* Meadow Fescue Grass. E. B. 1592. 
 L. C. 1347. Root fibrous, tufted. Stems several, erect, not so robust and 
 tall as the preceding. It is distinguished from F. arundinacea by the 
 narrower, less spreading panicle, and especially by the branches being 
 
GRAMINE^E. FESTUCA. BROMUS. 229 
 
 solitary or in pairs ; when there are two together one of them bears 
 only a single spikelet, the other is simply, not repeatedly branched. 
 Spikelets cylindrical, not ovate, six-eight-flowered. Lower glumelle 
 has often a long, rough terminal awn. 
 
 Var. j8. elatior. Panicle more compound. Plant taller. 
 
 Var. y. loliacea, Huds. Sin. E. B. 1821, L. C. 1347 b. Spikelets 
 sessile, solitary, alternate ; lower ones slightly pedicelled. 
 
 Both forms in moist meadows. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 45. 
 
 XXXIX. Bromus, Linn. Brome Grass. Spikelets five-ten- 
 or more-flowered, in a more or less lax panicle. Glumes herbaceous- 
 membranous, usually keeled, without awns, unequal. Lower glumelle 
 herbaceous, convex, not keeled, or only slightly keeled at the top, 
 often cleft or two-toothed, bearing a dorsal awn inserted just below the 
 top, rarely without an awn. Upper glume scarious, two-keeled, 
 ciliate, notched or two-toothed. Glumellules two, oboval, entire. Ovary 
 hairy at the apex. Stigmas feathery, sessile, not quite terminal, as in 
 Festuca, but growing from the side either about the middle of, or 
 under the summit of the ovary. Fruit oblong, linear, convex at the 
 back, with a furrow % in front. 
 
 SECT. I. Plants usually perennial ; upper glumelle scarcely ciliated, 
 pubescent. 
 
 1. B. asper, Linn. Hairy "Wood Brome Grass. E. B. 1172, 
 L. C. 1349. Boot strongly fibrous. Stems nearly solitary or few, 
 upright, not smooth, tall, leafy. Leaves spreading, large, flat, acumi- 
 nate, fringed with long, spreading hairs ; sheaths rough, with dejlexed 
 hairs; stipule short, obtuse. Panicle spreading, pendulous, very 
 large ; branches long, rough, divided, about two together, pendulous. 
 Spikelets linear-lanceolate, six-eight-flowered. Glumes unequal, 
 strongly ribbed and rough, scarious at the tips and margins. Lower 
 glumelle awned from just below the summit, hairy towards the base. 
 Awn not longer than the glumelle, stout, nearly straight. Woods and 
 hedges. Annual or biennial. ( ?) July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 This Grass in its general aspect and localities much resembles 
 Festuca gigantea, but is easily distinguished from the latter by its 
 rough hairy sheaths and short awns. 
 
 Note. The branching, strong, fibrous root of this Grass is unlike 
 that of an annual, or even biennial. 
 
 2. B. erectus; Huds. Upright Brome Grass. E. B. 471, L. C. 
 1353. Hoot strong, woody, scaly, producing tufts of radical, barren 
 leaves. Stems rigid, smooth, reclining at the base. Radical leaves 
 very narrow, furrowed and fringed with long hairs; stem-leaves 
 broader, not so rough, with almost smooth sheaths. Panicle inclined 
 at first, then erect, rigid, rather close, with upright branches. Spike- 
 lets lanceolate, five-ten-flowered, with a violet tinge. Glumes nearly 
 equal, lanceolate, acuminate, keeled, and ribbed. Lower glumelle 
 
230 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 with a short, almost terminal, rough awn ; upper with two marginal 
 ribs, which unite at the apex. On sandy soils overlying the chalk. 
 Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 SECT. II. Plants annual, rarely biennial. Upper glumelle ciliated. 
 1. Spikelets dilated at the apex after flowering (florets divergent). 
 Awns of the lower florets longer than the awns of the upper ones. 
 
 3. B. sterilisj Linn. Barren Brome Grass. E. B. 1030, L, C. 
 1350. Koot small, fibrous. Stems erect, from eighteen-t wen ty four 
 inches high, slender, leafy. Leaves soft and downy, sheaths more 
 or less hairy. Panicle lax, spreading, pendulous after flowering. 
 Spikelets slightly scabrous, oblong, broader at the apex than at the 
 base, five-nine-flowered. Lower glumelle notched at the apex, bear- 
 ing a strong, lengthy awn in the notch. Upper glumelle ciliated. 
 Waste ground, hedges and walls. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat, 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards, T. 52 47. 
 
 4. B. diandrus; Curt. It. madriiensis, Linn. Upright Annual 
 Brome Grass. E. B. 1006, L. C. 1351. Koot small, fibrous. 
 Stems about a foot high, leafy, slender, smooth. Leaves smooth, 
 as are also the sheaths (slightly hairy below, the ligule and at 
 the margins of the sheaths). Panicle erect, spreading, rather close. 
 Spikelets lanceolate, elongate on- short hairy pedicels. Lower 
 glume a mere bristle, with a scarious wing at the base ; upper 
 one with two strong ribs; florets about twelve. Lower glumelle 
 rough, with a stout longish awn, and two scarious, acuminate teeth at 
 the summit ; upper one acuminate, blunt, with a fringe of longisl] 
 hairs. Stamens two. Stigmas feathery on short lateral styles. Oil 
 walls and sandy ground. About Wands worth steam-boat pier. \A"i 
 
 
E^:. BROMUS. 231 
 
 L. C. 1354. Koot fibrous, downy. Stems slender, erect, leafy, smooth, 
 with hairy joints. Leaves with minutely hairy and rough ribs; 
 sheaths smooth. Panicle compact, nearly or entirely simple, erect, or 
 slightly pendulous when mature, with numerous whorled mostly sim- 
 ple branches. Spikelets ovate- oblong-, imbricated in blossom, distinct 
 in fruit, six-ten-flowered, rigid, smooth, shining. Glumes unequal, 
 obtuse, scarious at the tip and margin. Lower glumelle inflated, 
 blunt, notched, and awned, sometimes without an awn, broad and 
 membranous ; upper glumelle scarious, two-ribbed and ciliated. Corn 
 Fields. Annual. June. July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 62 47. 
 
 B. arvensis,'L\Tm. Field Brome Grass. E. B. 1984, L. C. p. 15. 
 Stem erect, two-three feet high, hairy, as are also the leaves. Panicle 
 compound, spreading, drooping, or even pendulous when mature, the 
 lowest branches have bracts at the base a great peculiarity. Sow- 
 erby, in E. B., 2nd ed., vol. i., p. 66. Spikelets lanceolate, tapering. 
 Wandsworth steam-boat pier. In this locality its exotic origin is 
 unquestionable. Annual. June September. 
 
 B. patulus, M. and K. Patulous Brome Grass. Rchb. i., 74. 
 Very similar to the above, only the panicle is -smaller, or rather not 
 compound. Spikelets lanceolate, bearing many more florets than is 
 usually assigned as characteristic of this species. With B. arvensis, 
 Annual. July October. 
 
 7. B, race. i.o sus, Linn. (?) (Parl.) E. B.1079, L. C.1366b. (?) 
 Stems often solitary, two-three feet high. Leaves and sheaths hairy ; 
 hairs short, spreading. Panicle erect, or slightly drooping ; branches 
 short. Spikelets ovate-oblong. Five-ten-flowered, erect, or slightly droop- 
 ing. Florets oblong-obovate, imbricated, the lower glumelle larger than 
 the upper one, shining, with scarcely prominent nerves, awn about as 
 long as the glumelle. Fields, rubbish, &c. Annual. May July. 
 
 8. B. coiiiinutatus (?)* Meadow Brome Grass. E.B. 920, L. C. 
 1,355. Root consisting of several stout fibres. Stems reclining and 
 branching at the base, clothed with leaves. Leaves soft, furnished 
 with more or less dense, spreading, or deflexed hairs ; stipules short, 
 blunt. Panicle loose, slightly pendulous; branches rough, with minute 
 erect teeth. Spikelets cylindrical, tapering at both ends ; florets six- 
 eight, spreading in fruit. Glumes scarcely ciliated on the midrib, 
 with a short point, not rough. Lower glumelle inflated, with an awn 
 nearly its own length ; upper glumelle with long, but not numerous 
 fringes. Meadows and pastures. Annual or biennial. June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 3 58. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 Mr. Babington quotes no authority for this species, 2nd ed., 398, 
 but he appears to think it B. pratensis, Sm., E. B. 920. In Smith's 
 " Eng. Flora," Smith sets It. pratensis as a synonyme of B. race- 
 mosus, and quotes E. B. 1984. For B. arvensis he quotes E. B. 920. 
 Is it a variety of B. racemosus, or of B. mollis f We have seen a 
 
 * These reputed species of Bromus are kept separate rather in deference to autho- 
 rity than from a belief in the possibility of assigning distinctive marks whereby they 
 may be recognised and identified. 
 
232 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 dried species marked commutatus, but it did not appear to differ from 
 some states of B. mollis. 
 
 9. B. mollis. Linn. Soft Brome Grass. E.B. 1078, L. C. 1356. 
 Root fibrous, whitish. Stems several, downy, shorter or longer, on poor 
 or rich soil. Lower leaves downy or hairy, soft* with downy or hairy 
 soft sheaths; stipule short, obtuse. Panicle close, erect, simple or 
 compound, depending in this latter character on the size of the plant, 
 branches short. Spikelets ovate-oblong, five-ten-flowered, soft and 
 downy, slightly compressed. Florets closely imbricated. Glumes 
 elliptical, acute. Lower glumelle rather longer than the upper, 
 strongly-ribbed when mature, with a straight awn from below its 
 notched summit. Awn about as long as the glumelle. Pastures and 
 grassy places. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 XL. Brachypodinm, Beauv. False Brome Grass. Spikelets 
 many-flowered, sessile or nearly so, placed alternately on a continuous 
 wavy, angular axis. Glumes unequal. Lower glumelle convex, or 
 rounded, with a terminal awn. Upper one strongly fringed (ciliate) 
 with rigid hairs. Styles terminal. The sessile spikelets generally 
 distinguish this genus from Festuca, as also the more ciliated upper 
 glu-melle, The unequal glumes distinguish it from Triticum. 
 
 1. B. sylvaticum; Beauv. Slender False Brome Grass. E. B. 
 
 729, L. C. 1357. Hoots tufted. Stems slender, leafy, slightly hairy, 
 two feet high, leaves flat, pointed, ribbed, hairy, soft, with close and 
 hairy sheaths. Spike simple, six-eight inches long, drooping. Spike 
 linear, oblong, alternate, many-flowered, in two rows. Glumes un- 
 equal, hairy, one, pointed, the other awned. Lower glumelle hairy at 
 the summit, with a terminal awn. Styles short, with small feathery 
 stigmas. Fruit free from the glumelles. Woods and hedges; not 
 uncommon. Perennial. July. 
 
 A, 18,0.75. Lat. 60 60. Alt. 0250 yards. T.52 44. 
 
 2. B. pinnatum, Beauv. Heath False Brome Grass. E. B. 
 
 730, L. C. 1358. Root scaly, creeping. Stems rigid. Leaves flat, 
 glabrous or slightly rough or pubescent. Spike simple. Spikelets 
 nearly sessile, in two rows (spikelets sometimes on a very short, stout 
 pedicel, with a minute bract at the joint or base of the pedicel), 
 cylindrical, tapering at both ends, somewhat curved about the middle. 
 Glumes of nearly equal length, the lower linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 the upper elliptic and provided with a short awn, both ribbed. Lower 
 glumelle ribbed, awned, and ciliated ; upper ciliated. Open places; 
 also in hedges, &c. Very variable in size ; on the Surrey Downs it 
 forms a large hassocky turf. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 7, C, 30. Lat 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 TRIBE VI. Triticese. THE TRITICUM TRIBE. Spikelets ses- 
 sile, arranged in a spike, the axis of w 7 hich has depressions corre- 
 sponding to the spikelets, which are one-two, or many-flowered, when 
 
GRAMINE^. LOLIUM. 233 
 
 the florets are two or more, the upper floret is often abortive. Stig- 
 mas sessile, or on very short styles. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. Triticece verce. The True Wheat Grasses. Glumes 
 two ; upper rarely absent. Stigmas feathery, adjacent to the base of 
 the glumelles. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Lolium. Spikelets bearing several florets, arranged, one on each side of a 
 continuous axis (rach), which is channelled alternately at each side to receive 
 the spikelets, which are two-rowed and situated with their back to the axis. 
 
 Triticum. Spikelets solitary, sessile, laterally (by the side), not dor sally 
 (by the back) arranged on an alternately toothed, continuous axis, containing 
 two or more florets. 
 
 Hordeum. Spikelets one-flowered, usually accompanied with a rudimentary 
 floret^ reduced to an awn-like pedicel, rarely two-flowered. 
 
 Elymus. Spikelets two-three together, sessile, placed alternately on a con- 
 tinuous elongated rach. 
 
 XLI. IiOlium, Linn. Darnel. Ray or Rye Grass. Spikelets 
 solitary, sessile, of several or many florets, in two rows, on an alter- 
 nately channelled axis, to which they are dorsally attached, and 
 placed at greater or less distances apart. Upper glume usually absent 
 in the lateral and present in the terminal spikelets. The lower glume 
 herbaceous, neither keeled (ribbed) nor awned. Lower glumelle con- 
 vex, with or without a terminal awn ; the upper two-ribbed and cilia- 
 ted. Glumellules entire or slightly two-lobed. Stigmas feathery, 
 sessile, or nearly so. Fruit convex on ore side, and flat or slightly 
 channelled on the other, adhering to the upper glumelle. 
 
 1. I*. peremie_, Linn. Common Ray or Rye Grass. E.B. 315, 
 L. C. 1363. Root fibrous. Stems several, slightly reclining at the 
 base, erect, slender, leafy, rigid, with swollen joints. Leaves flat, 
 striated, smooth, tufted at the root after the first year. Spike nearly 
 upright, with a smooth axis. Spikelets numerous, alternate, usually 
 many flowered. Glume shorter than the spikelet. Lower glumelle 
 narrow, linear-lanceolate, with a strong dorsal rib, and a short awn 
 just below the cloven tip. Awn often absent. 
 
 Sub-var. cristatum. Spikelets more or less spreading, contiguous, 
 forming a crest. This is a very common variety 
 
 Var. . tenue. Plant very slender. Spikelets two-four-flowered. 
 
 Var. 7. aristatum. Floret with a long awn. 
 
 Sometimes the axis is shortened and the spikelets approach so as 
 to form a broad two-rowed spike. A branched variety is also rarely 
 met with in which the spikelets are converted into branches. This is 
 the sub-var. #. paniculata. Pastures and fields. Perennial. June. 
 
 A, 18, C. 82. Lat, 50 61. Alt. w 350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 2. Ms. iniiStilloriim, Lam. Italian Ray Grass. Lolium italicum, 
 Braun, (?) L. C. 1363*. Root fibrous, bearing several stems with or 
 without tufted leaves at the base. " No barren shoots," Bab. Stems 
 several or solitary, branching at the base, erect, except below, taller 
 
234 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 and stouter than any form of the preceding species. Leaves smooth, 
 striated, tapering, flat, somewhat folded when young. Spike erect, 
 elongated. Spikelets alternate in two rows, more or less approxi- 
 mated, bearing thirteen-twenty florets. Glume ribbed, about half as 
 long as the spikelet. Lower glumelle convex, oblong -lanceolate, with 
 a slight notch, two small teeth, and a not quite terminal awn. Awn 
 sometimes absent. Fifeshire. Mr. J. T. Syme. Annual. (?) June. 
 It appears to be a valuable agricultural Grass, and hence it may be 
 naturalised at no distant period. Alien. At present it cannot be 
 reckoned a reputed naturalised British species. 
 
 3. ]j. linicola, Sond. Stem, leaves, and barren shoots similar 
 to those in L. multiflorum, only these parts are smaller in this (a 
 cultivated specimen) than in the former. Spike much smaller. 
 Spikelets more distant and adpressed below, fewer-flowered. Glume 
 nearly as long as the spikelet. Lower glumelle turgid, ribbed, sea- 
 rious and blunt at the tip. This Grass has been found in Sussex. 
 An nual. July. If a genuine species, or sufficiently distinct from L. 
 multiflorum., its claims to be numbered among British plants are still 
 slenderer than those of the former. At Wandsworth steam-boat pier, 
 with multitudes of exotics. 
 
 4. Jj, te nm lent iimj Linn. Bearded Darnel. E. B. 1124, L. C. 
 1364 and 1364 b. Root fibrous. Stems tall, stout, striated, leafy, 
 without barren shoots. Leaves rough above, with roughish sheaths,(?) 
 with a short callous ligule. Spike long, not quite erect. Spikelets 
 six-seven-flowered, usually shorter than the glumes. Glumes strongly 
 ribbed, lanceolate not pointed. Lower glumelle turgid, striated with 
 a broad scarious margin, and with a dorsal (longer or shorter) awn. 
 Fruit large, invested by the glumelles. 
 
 Var. 0. arvense. E. B. 1125, L. C. 1364 b. Without awns, or 
 with very short ones. Corn-fields. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 XLII. Triticiim, Linn. Wheat Grass. Spikelets three-five 
 or more flowered, solitary, sessile, placed in two rows on the alternate 
 teeth of a continuous axis, to which their broader side is opposite. 
 Glumes nearly opposite, herbaceous or coriaceous, often inflated, 
 keeled above, equal, with or without awns, pointed or truncate, 
 often toothed. Lower glumelle convex, pointed or with a terminal 
 straight awn ; the upper two-ribbed and ciliated. Glumellules two, 
 entire, often ciliated. Ovary hairy at the summit. Stigmas feathery, 
 terminal, nearly sessile. Fruit oblong, furrowed, free, or adhering to 
 the glumelles, 
 
 1. T. repens, Linn. Creeping Wheat Grass. E. B. 909, L. C. 
 1360. Hoot throwing out long creeping rhizomes, more or less scaly 
 (the bases of decayed leaves form the scales). Stems several, erect, 
 tall, slender, smooth. Leaves flat, tapering, rough only above. Spike 
 bearing spikelets in two rows. Spikelets four-six-flowered. Glumes 
 lanceolate, acuminate, ribbed, pointed or awned. Lower glumelle 
 strongly nerved, acuminate, pointed, or awned; upper glumelle ribbed, 
 
GRAMINE.E. TRITICUM. 235 
 
 nearly as long as the lower one, but not pointed. Common in waste 
 ground and cultivated fields. Perennial. Julv. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 400*yards. T. 52 44. 
 
 Var. p. glaucum. Plant glaucous. Leaves often spreading. 
 
 Var. 7. subaristatum. Glumelles with short awns. T. laxum, 
 Qu. T. repens, var. )8. glaucum ? Stouter and more or less glaucous 
 or greyish. About salt-water ditches; common. 
 
 Var. littorale ? Bab. (Compare Babington in loco.) 
 
 2. T. caniimiiij Huds. Fibrous-rooted Wheat Grass. E. B. 
 1372, L. C. 1359. Roots jibrous, tufted, not creeping. Stems nearly 
 solitary or several, tall, slender, smooth, leafy. Leaves rough on both 
 sides, sometimes woolly above. Spike elongated, nearly close, with 
 two rows of spikelets. Glumes equal, strongly ribbed, cohering at 
 the base. Lower glumelle strongly ribbed above, with a long ter- 
 minal awn ; upper glumelle finely fringed. This is distinguishable 
 from the preceding by its fibrous, not creeping roots, and by the 
 longer awns. Common on chalky or limestone soil. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46 ? . 
 
 3. T. junceum, Linn. Rushy Sea Wheat Grass. E. B. 814, 
 L. C. 1362. Root long, creeping, with woolly fibres. Stem erect, 
 rigid, very smooth, leafy. Leaves involute, ribbed, smooth, downy, 
 tapering and sharp-pointed, Spike erect, rigid, containing numerous 
 flat ovate spikelets, which bear five or six florets. Glumes quite 
 smooth, ribbed, blunt, or notched, equal. Lower glumelle ribbed, quite 
 smooth, blunt, or notched ; upper one smaller, two-ribbed, minutely 
 ciliated. Frequent on the sandy sea-coast with Arundo arenaria, 
 JElymus arenarius, where it serves in common with them for binding 
 the loose sand. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0. T. 52 -45. 
 
 4. T. lax urn, Fries. Root creeping. Stems erect. Leaves Jlat, 
 covered with scabrous points, rarely downy. Glumes obliquely trun- 
 cate, not notched. Angles of rach, usually rough. 
 
 Is this a synonyme of var. j8. glaucum ? (See above.) 
 
 5. T, cristatum, Schreb. Crested Wheat Grass. E. B. 2267 
 L. C. p. 16. Root long, fibrous, woolly. Stems slender, rigid, hairy 
 at the top. Leaves tapering, folded, smooth below, hairy on the 
 upper side, with smooth striated sheaths. Spike an inch or more 
 long, composed of numerous small spikelets, densely crowded. Spike- 
 lets three-six- seven-flowereti. Glumes with terminal awns. Lower 
 glumelle similar to the glume, but longer; upper notched at the 
 summit. Alien. Stated to have been found by Mr. George Don, on 
 the coast between Arbroath and Montrose. Perennial. July. 
 
 T. sativum, Lam. Winter Wheat. (See Fig. 113, p. 192.) Root 
 fibrous. Stems nearly solitary. Leaves large, slightly rough. Spike 
 four-cornered, axis not separating at the junctions. Spikelets imbri- 
 cated in several rows, four-flowered, smooth, rarely pubescent. Glumes 
 
 | oval, inflated, ribbed only toward the top. Lower glumelle with or 
 
 , without an awn. 
 
236 DESCKIPT1VE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Var. a. muticum. Winter Wheat. Not awned. 
 
 Var. 0. arutatnm. Summer Wheat. More or less awned. 
 
 In all temperate regions this valuable plant is found cultivated, but 
 never wild, except where a seed has accidentally been dropped and 
 allowed to grow. Like our domesticated animals, it has j.< 
 found wild. By human aid it is almost a cosmopolite ; without man's 
 labour it would probably soon degenerate, or even perish. 
 
 XLIII. Hordeum, Linn. Barley. Spikelets one-flowered, 
 with a barren floret, rarely two-flowered ; about three spikelets toge- 
 ther on the teeth of the axis, the lateral spikelets often bearing barren 
 florets, or abortive scales. Glumes not quite contiguous to t.' 
 linear-lanceolate or subulate, awned. Lower glumelle convex, with 
 a long terminal awn ; upper one two-ribbed. Glumellules two, entire, 
 or unequally two-lobed, ciliated, rarely smooth. Ovary hairy at the 
 summit. Stigmas feathery, nearly sessile, and almost terminal. Fruit 
 (seed) oblong, slightly compressed, with a groove on one side, adhering 
 to the glumelles, rarely free. 
 
 1. If. mnrinum, Linn. Wall Barley. E. B. 1071, L. C.I 368. 
 AS fibrous. Stems leafy, tufted at the root, reclining at the base, 
 
 and spreading, then erect. Leaves flat, with long, lax, ribbed, smooth, 
 somewhat swollen sheaths. Spike two or three inches Jong, cylindrical, 
 dense, two-rowed. Spikelets bearing one perfect and two b- r ; 
 
 ts, the latter lateral and pedicelled, the former central a:. 
 
 rrses of the fertile floret lanceolate and ciliate, of the lateral and 
 barren florets only a bristle without teeth. Glumellea about equal, 
 finally forming a cover to the seed. About walls, borders of roads; 
 >n. Annual. June. 
 
 A. If), C. ',0. J/it Alt. 0200 yards. T. 
 
 2. II , pratne, i "<-adow Barley. K. IJ.400, L. C. 1.'tf7. 
 
 .1 tall, erect, slender. Leaves roughish, sometimes 
 hair}', with dose sheaths ; radical leaves tufted. Spike one or two 
 inches long, slenderer than in the preceding. Spikelet- :-ed, 
 
 with lateral, rudimentary florets. Glumes of both perfect and rudi- 
 mentary or barren florets reduced to bristles. Lower glumelle of the 
 fertile floret awned. In rather moist meadows and pastures. Peren- 
 nial. June. 
 
 A. ] Lat. 50 r>f;\ Alt. 0200 yards. 
 
 3. II. ftylvatiriiin, Huds, Wood Barley. E. B. i 
 
 '>. Koot fibrous. Stern erect, two f- r more?, leafy, < 
 
 cially near the base. Leave* rather hr'st'i 
 
 usually very rough, with deflexed hairs. S; 
 
 ri^ular, furrowed axis. Spikelets 
 jsually two at each joint of the axis. Glumes 
 
 bristly, slightly awned; central <>-. with a long awn; 
 
 lateral, barren florets wiv ;wns. In :><-cialiy vv; 
 
 '-1 is chalky or calcareous. I'erennial. J 
 A. 8, C. -20. " Lat. L>t) yards. T. 6 
 
 4. JM. mari t innim, With. Sea Barley. E. B. 1^5, L. C. 
 
GRAMINE.E. IIORDEUM. SECALE. ^GILOPS. ELYMUS. 237 
 
 This Grass has the general habit and form of 77. tnurirnnn. The spike 
 is rather denser and more spreading at the top, and the awns are 
 longer. Glumelle of the lateral floret slightly dilated. Mainly sea- 
 shores. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 11, C. 'JO. l/at.50 5(>\ Alt. 0. T. 52 a 48. 
 
 Qitt>n/. A genuine species? 
 
 In //. tnurithnmn, one of the lateral abortive florets is somewhat 
 thickened or swollen at the base, the other is setaceous. 
 
 ()HITI/. Are the abortive lateral florets of II. murinum both seta- 
 ceous, and is the awu of the per feet floret in the latter only half as long 
 as those of the two lateral ones i } Are these the distinctive characters 
 of the two species? 
 
 II. ruh/are. Common Barley. Spike slightly oompTSMWd late- 
 rally. Bpikeletl one-flowered; awns longer than tlie spike. Culti- 
 vated. Annual. June. Of this species there are numerous varieties. 
 
 Secale, Linn. Rye. Spike simple, compressed. Spikelets 
 solitary, on a dilated toothed rach, two-flowered, with a barren nidi- 
 mentary central floret on a long pedicel (the pedicel only is developed). 
 Glumes nearly opposite, lun'iir-xnhiilutt', not half the length of the 
 glumelles. Lower glumelle strongly keeled, ciliated, and awned. 
 Glumellulea two, entire, ciliated. Fruit oblong, with a furrow on one 
 side. 
 
 . cerealc, J -inn. Common Kye. Stems usually solitary or 
 few. Leaves broad, more or less glaucous. Spike compressed. 
 Lower glumelle strongly eiliatetl on the keel, and terminating in 
 a long awn. Fields. May July. The remains of cultivation. 
 
 Jsgtiops ovata. (t) Host. Gram. vol. ii., tig. 5. Stem six-twelve 
 incites high, with fringed leaves. Glumes ovate, with four long- 
 spreading awns. Lower glumelle with two straight awns. Spike 
 few-flowered. Annual. June, July. \Vandsworth steam-boat pier. 
 
 XLIV. HI>miiK, Linn. Lyme Grass. Spikelets sessile, two 
 or three together, each containing two or more florets, plaeed alter- 
 nately on a continuous, elongated axis (rach). Glumes two, nearly 
 equal, linear, both on the same side of the spikelrt. Glumelles 
 two, unequal, the lower ribbed above, hairy at the base, notched 
 at the apex, upper flat or concave, cloven, two-ribbed. Glumel- 
 lules two, lanceolate. Stigmas feathery, spreading. Fruit very 
 hairy at the apex, furrowed on the face, more or less attached to the 
 glumelles. 
 
 1. !:. iirciiiiriiiN, Linn. Lpright Sea Lyme Grass. F. H. lo'Tl!, 
 L. ('. i;>r>,>. Koot creeping. Stems reedy, erect, rigid, leafy. Leaves 
 rather rigid, striated, smooth, involute and tapering, ending in a sharp 
 prickly point. Ay>/7r,v r/o.sc, <rr/, elongated. Spikelets about three- 
 flowered. Glumes narrow, lanceolate, equal, more or less hairy. 
 Glumelles tinely downy at the base; the upper convex, lanceolate, not 
 pointi-d; upper concave, notched at the summit with two teeth. As 
 the root creeps extensively, the plant rarely flowers. On the sandy 
 
238 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 sea-shore ; perhaps the best of all our plants for forming a barrier to 
 resist the encroachments of the ocean. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 40. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0. T. 50 46. 
 
 2. K. geniculatusj Curt. Pendulous Sea Lyme Grass. E. B. 
 1586, L. C. 1365 b. Root scarcely creeping. Plant larger than the 
 preceding, but slenderer in habit. Spike eighteen-tweutyfour inches 
 long, originally erect, but when in flower strongly bent, so as to form 
 an acute angle at the second or third spikelet. Spikelets three-four- 
 flowered. Glumes longer than in E. arenarius, narrow and tapering. 
 Lower glumelle ribbed and downy. On the Thames, by Gravesend 
 Reach. Perennial. July. The plant is only known as a garden 
 plant. Extinct as a wild species. ( ?) Its continental localities are in 
 South Sweden, Holland, and Belgium. Hence its existence in the 
 south-eastern parts of Britain is not incredible. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Nardece. Glumes absent. Stigma solitary, 
 elongated, pubescent, much longer than the glumelles. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Nardus. Spikelets one-flowered on a unilateral (one-sided) spike. 
 Lepturus. Spikelets one-flowered, with a barren floret. 
 
 XLV. IVardus, Linn. Mat Grass. Spikelets bearing one fertile 
 floret only in a one-sided spike. Glumes absent. Lower glumelle 
 lanceolate, three-angled, keeled, acuminate-pointed ; the upper linear- 
 lanceolate. Glumellules absent. Ovary smooth. Stigma solitary, 
 terminal, very long, downy, exceeding the glumelles. Fruit linear, 
 adhering to the upper glumelle, 
 
 KT. stricla, Linn. Common Mat Grass. E. B. 290, L. C. 1370. 
 Root producing strong rhizomes, which yield numerous, very com- 
 pactly tufted leaves. Stems slender, rigid, only a few inches high, 
 persistent as well as the glaucous, furrowed, rigid leaves. Spike 
 slender, convex on the side opposite to the spikelets. Spikelets bluish, 
 distant, solitary, containing several florets. Glume tipped with a 
 short awn. On barren, sandy, moist heaths and moors; common. 
 Perennial. July. The leaves and stems of this plant endure through 
 the winter, and perish only during the succeeding spring and summer. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 5 61. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 52 36. 
 
 XL VI. Ijepturus, Br. Rottboellia, Linn. Ophiurus, Beauv. 
 Hard Grass. Spikelets one-flowered, with an imperfect floret, placed 
 on solitary or aggregate spikes, which have a continuous, jointed, and 
 channelled axis. Glumes two, lanceolate, both opposite to the axis 
 of the spikelets, spreading when the plant is in flower. Glumelles 
 two, nearly equal, membranous ; glumelles of the barren floret simi- 
 lar, if it bear stamens, or reduced to a scale. Glumellules two, acute. 
 Stigmas widely spreading on short styles. Fruit shut up in the grooves 
 of each joint by the glumelles, and falling off' with the joints. 
 
 t. incurvatusj Linn. Sea Hard Grass. E. B. 760, L. C. 1371. 
 
CYPERACEJE. 239 
 
 Root fibrous, downy. Stems more or less- branching at the base, 
 sometimes repeatedly branched through their whole length, leafy, 
 especially below, round, smooth, rigid, more or less bent. Leaves 
 narrow, spreading, with slightly tumid sheaths. Spikes terminal, long, 
 cylindrical, incurved ; the glume fits the groove in the axis so exactly, 
 that before and after flowering the spike presents a uniformly smooth or 
 perfectly cylindrical surface. Spikelets two-flowered, one perfect and 
 one rudimentary. Sea-coast and near tidal rivers. Annual. July (?) 
 A. 14,0.30 40. Lat.50-56. Alt.O, T.52-48. 
 
 ORDER XII. CYPERACEJE, Juss. THE SEDGE FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, often with creeping roots. Stems simple, usually 
 triangular, junction (articulation) of the stem and leaves not enlarged 
 
 Fig. 114. Cyperus rotundatus. 1, entire plant reduced; 2^ a single spike (spikelet) ; 3, a 
 
 single flower ; a, scale ; b, the ovary ; c y the style ; d, the stigmas ; 4, the fruit ; 5, 
 a longitudinal section of the ovary ; 6, a section of the fruit to show the position of the 
 embryo. Note. This plant, though not a British species, is sufficiently illustrative 
 both of the order CYFERACE^: and of the genus Cyperus. 
 
 , (swollen nodose) as in Graminece. Leaves with long, entire, or partly 
 cleft sheaths, embracing a large portion of the stem, with or without 
 
240 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 a ligule ; limb usually flat, linear, or plaited (folded), triangular, mar- 
 gins and midrib smooth, or more or less rough or serrulate. Flowers 
 in spikes or in panicles, solitary or aggregate, perfect, or male and 
 female flowers separate. (See Fig. 56, p. 20.) Florets, whether per- 
 fect or unisexual, in the axil of a more or less membranous or scarious 
 bract (scale), arranged in many or few-flowered spikes or spikelets 
 in two, three, or several rows (see Fig. 114); the lower scales 
 sometimes barren (male) or empty. Stamens three, rarely two, hypo- 
 gynous (under the ovary), withering. Anthers two-lobed, with basal 
 insertion. Ovary consisting of two-three carpels, each one-celled, 
 with one ovule. Stigmas two-three, filiform. Fruit (achenium) dry, 
 one-seeded, not opening, triangular-roundish, or more or less com- 
 pressed, sometimes in a utricle, which falls off with the seed. Seed 
 same shape as the fruit, with a thick farinaceous, or farinaceous- 
 corneous albumen. Embryo very small, near the hilum. 
 
 TRIBE L Cariceae. THE CAREX TRIBE. Flowers unisexual, 
 monoecious, rarely dioecious. Spikes composed of scales, imbricated 
 in several ranks. Fruit without hairs at the base, enclosed in a pe- 
 culiar envelope (utricle), open at the apex for the protrusion of the 
 stigmas. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Carex. Fruit enclosed in a utricle. 
 
 Elyna. Fruit enclosed in a scale. 
 
 I. Carex, Linn, Sedge. A very extensive genus of plants, 
 with perennial often creeping roots. Stem simple, triangular, with 
 sharp or blunt edges, Leaves flat or slightly keeled, with sharp 
 edges, and more or less tubular sheaths. Flowers monoecious, in 
 spikes, barren and fertile flowers either in the same spike or in dii- 
 ferent spikes. Scales imbricated in all directions. Barren flowers, 
 with three stamens, rarely fewer, on the base of the scale. Fertile 
 flowers furnished with a scale similar to the barren flowers, and an 
 urceolate ribbed, contracted, mostly cloven, permanent perianth. 
 Ovary roundish, with three, rarely two angles, one-celled. Style one, 
 cylindrical, with three, rarely two, downy, deciduous stigmas. Seed 
 somewhat angular. These plants are remarkable for the very sharp 
 corners of the stems, especially in their upper portion ; also for the 
 cutting edges of the leaves. By these properties they may generally 
 be distinguished from the other Cyperaceous genera. 
 
 SECT. I. Spike simple, solitary, terminal. Stigmas two. 
 
 1. C. dioica, Linn. Creeping Separate-headed Carex. E. B. 
 543, L. C. 1204. Barren and fertile flower son separate plants. Hoots 
 oblique or horizontal, creeping, often emitting barren stems or leaves. 
 Stems slender, smooth. Leaves smooth, round and channelled. Spike 
 terminal, solitary ; the spike of barren flowers cylindrical, of the fer- 
 tile ovate. Scales broad, obtuse or abrupt. Fruit* ovate, ribbed, 
 
 * Fruit in this genus signifies both the usually triangular nut, and the persistent 
 cleft sac, or utricle, in which it is enclosed. 
 
CYPERACEJS. CAREX. 241 
 
 finely serrated, approximate, erect or spreading. Spongy bogs. 
 Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 50. L. 50 61. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 37. 
 
 2. C. davalliaiui, Sm. Prickly Separate-headed Carex. E. B. 
 1123, L. C. Excluded species, p. 16. Root tufted, not creeping. 
 Stem rough. Leaves keeled, channelled and rough. Fruit oblong 
 lanceolate, strongly ribbed, long-beaked, not serrated as in C. dioica, 
 ^>y which mark this species is said to be distinguished from the pre- 
 ceding. In marshes and boggy places. Perennial. May, June. 
 Formerly found near Bath ; now lost by drainage. 
 
 Query. Has this plant been found recently ? 
 The author of " Cybele Brit," says" Probably all the alleged 
 localities," except this one quoted, " were erroneous." 
 
 3. C, pulicaris; Linn. Flea Carex. E. B. 1051, L. C. 1205. 
 Root tufted. Stems slender, angular, smooth, leafy only at the base. 
 Leaves slender, erect, smooth, except at the summit, roundish-setaceous, 
 furrowed. Spike (spikelet) slender in flower, barren florets in the 
 upper, and fertile in the lower part, which subsequently swells both kinds 
 of flowers on the same plant. Scales lanceolate, deciduous. Fruit 
 oblong, tapering at both ends (the vertical section is elliptical, in 
 C. dioica the section of the fruit is ovate), dark brown, smooth and 
 shining, longer than the scale, reflexed when ripe. Bogs ; common. 
 Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 52-39. 
 
 4. C. rupestris; All. Rock Carex. E. B. 2814, L. C. 1207. 
 Root scaly, fibrous, somewhat creeping, bearing small tufts of leaves 
 or barren stems. Stems erect, slender, angular, smooth, except above, 
 three-six inches high. Leaves all radical, or at the base of the stem, 
 flat and furrowed below, twisted, triangular, with a rough, slender 
 point. Spikes linear terminal, with male florets above and female 
 ones below. Fruit obovaie, triangular, with a short stalk and short 
 beak, enclosed in the persistent brown scale. Glen Callater, Aber- 
 deenshire, &c. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 700900 yards. T. 40 38. 
 
 5. C. pauciflora; Lightfoot, Few-flowered Carex. E. B.2041, 
 L. C. 1206. Root creeping, with long fibres, scaly. Stems slender, 
 erect, angular, furrowed. Leaves shorter than the stem, sheathing its 
 base, narrow, channelled, smooth. Spike simple, solitary, consisting 
 of one, rarely two, terminal barren florets, and two or three fertile ones, 
 the latter acuminate, slightly ribbed, longer than the deciduous scales. 
 Fruit lanceolate, tapering. Alpine bogs, north of England an4 
 Scotland ; not common. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 6, C. 16. Lat. 54 59. Alt. 250850 yards. T. 45 39. 
 
 SECT. II. Barren and fertile florets in proximate or slightly distant 
 spikelets, rarely only one kind by abortion in the same spikelet. 
 
 1. Several of the spikelets unisexual (bearing either barren or fertile 
 florets only). 
 
 6. C. intermedia, Good. Soft Brown Carex. E. B. 2042 
 
242 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH- BOTANY. 
 
 L. C. 1217. Root creeping, deep. Stems erect, eighteen-twentyfour 
 inches high, with rough angles. Leaves sheathing the lower part of 
 the stem, and not quite so long as it, flat, keeled, tapering, rough. 
 Bracts shorter than the spike. Spikelets in an oblong spike ; the 
 upper and lower fertile, the intermediate mostly barren. Scales shorter 
 than the fruit. Fruit ovate-acuminate, with a rough narrow margin 
 and cleft point, (See "'Phytologist," vol. iii., pp. 1036, 1027.) Marshy 
 meadows. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 7. C\ arenaria, Linn. Sea Carex. E. B. 928, L. C. 1218. Root 
 of very long and strong cord-like fibres. Stems solitary, erect, trian- 
 gular, smooth, except above, leafy at the base. Leaves flat, rough- 
 edged, tapering, as tall as the stem or taller. Spikelets more or less 
 crowded on an erect spike, the upper spikelets barren, intermediate 
 ones fertile at the base only, the lower mostly fertile. Scales acute, 
 rather longer than the fruit. Fruit ovate, ribbed, flattened, with a 
 rough margin (wing), and cloven beak. (The fruit in C. arenaria is 
 more tapering than it is in C. divisa ; it has also a wing, and a 
 rather deeper cleft. On the sandy sea-shore. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18,0.60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0. T. 52 45. 
 
 2. Spikelets composed of both barren and fertile florets. Barren 
 florets at the apex, fertile florets at the base. 
 
 8. C. incur, Lightf. Curved Carex. E. B. 927, L. C. 1208, 
 Root creeping. Stem rooting below (emitting, among the sand where 
 it grows, dense tufts of branching fibres), curved, round, striated, 
 smooth, leafy at the base, only a few inches long. Leaves short, 
 acute, furrowed, smooth, curved. Spikelets quite sessile, roundish, in 
 a dense, terminal, roundish, or angular spike, subtended by a very 
 short bract. Scales shorter than the fruit, acuminate. Fruit broadly 
 ovate, with a short, blunt beak. Slightly notched. Links of Aber- 
 deen, Scotland ; shores of Shetland Islands, &c. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 9. Lat. 56 61. Alt. 0. T. 48 45. 
 
 9. C. diyisa, Huds. Bracteated Marsh Carex. E. B. 1096, 
 L. C. 1219. Root creeping, with strong scaly fibres. Stems erect, 
 slender, angular, roughish above, a foot high or more. Leaves erect, 
 narrow, sheathing the base of the stem. Spikelets ovate, the lower 
 often remote, irregularly clustered in an ovate spike, subtended by an 
 erect, leafy, angular bract. Scales elliptical, with a prominent rib 
 and Jilmy edge. Fruit shorter than the scale, ovate, dilated, nerved, 
 rough at the edges, and cloven at the point. Near the sea, on the 
 southern and eastern coasts. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 8, C. 20. Lat. 50 54, Alt. 0. T. 52 49. 
 
 10. C. Yiilpina, Linn. Great Compound Prickly Carex. E.B. 
 307, L. C. 1222. Root tufted, not creeping. Stems erect, robust, 
 sharply triangular, angles rough, with concave faces (sides), abruptly 
 contracted at the summit. Leaves very long, rather broad, .with very 
 rough edges and keel ; capable of making deep incisions oh the hand 
 
CYPERACE^.CAREX. 243 
 
 that handles them incautiously. Spikelets ovate, numerous, in an 
 oblong, compact, or interrupted spike, the lower usually branched, 
 compound, suhtended by veiy short and narrow bracts. " Bracts 
 dilated at the base, frequently tapering into a long setaceous leaf- 
 like extremity." (Leighton.) Scales acute, with long points. Fruit 
 on a short stalk, diverging, ovate, ribbed, tapering into a flat serrated 
 beak, flat on one side, convex on the other. (See " Phytologist," vol. 
 iii., p. 1038.) About ponds, ditches, &c. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 11. C. muricata; Linn. Greater Prickly Carex. E. B. 1097, 
 L. C. 1220. Root tufted, fibres shaggy, not creeping. Stems slender, 
 erect, eighteen inches high, leafy only below (at the base), with 
 scabrous angles only at the top, faces (sides) flat. Leaves narrow, 
 rough at the edges and keel, bright green, sheathing at the base, 
 variable in length. Spikelets numerous, not compound, more or less 
 approximate, often confluent, ovate in flower, globular, or nearly so, in 
 fruit, some of them bracteate, in an oblong, blunt spike. Scales 
 rusty, pointed, with a green keel. Fruit divergent, flat on one side, 
 convex on the other, with a broad, flat, rough-edged, pointed, prickly 
 beak. (See " Phytologist," vol. i., pp. 779, 780.) Moist pastures. 
 Perennial. May, June. 
 
 Var. . nemorosa. Spike with a very long, narrow, leaf-like bract. 
 Scales subulate, much longer than the fruit. Found with the typicalform. 
 On dry, gravelly ditch banks, near Eaton, Shropshire. Rev. E. 
 Williams. (Eng. FL, vol. iv., p. 88.) 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 12. C. divulsa, Good. Grey Carex. E.B. 629, L. C. 1221. Root, 
 stem, and colour of herbage, as in the preceding species. Spikelets ap- 
 proximate when in flower, distant in fruit, scales ovate-lanceolate, mem- 
 branous, shorter than the fruit. Fruit spreading, ovate, flat on one side 
 and convex on the other, with a thick green margin, and with a cloven 
 beak. ^ This differs from C. muricata chiefly in having the spikelets 
 more distant when in fruit, and the fruit has a thicker margin in this 
 than in the preceding. The stem is also usually slenderer, and rather 
 more leafy. In moist, shady places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 13. C. teretiusciila 3 Good. Lesser Panicled Carex. E. B. 
 1065, L. C. 1223. Root short oblique, with strong fibres and nume- 
 rous fibrils. Stems obscurely three-sided, rough above, with some- 
 what convex faces. Leaves long, narrow, erect, sheathing the base 
 of the stem. Spikelets numerous, proximate, in an ovate-oblong, 
 compact, compound spike. Bracts membranous, ovate, acute. Scales 
 membranous, acute, brown, with a whitish margin. Fruit stipitate, 
 ovate, gibbous (swollen) at one side, winged, with a tapering beak, 
 which is strongly serrated at the margins. The convex side of the 
 fruit has a membranous wing. Boggy meadows ; rare. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 Var.. Jfyrhartiana. Spikelets lax in an elongated spike. Near 
 Manchester. (See " Phytologist," vol. i., pp. 895, 918, 1140.) 
 
244 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 A. 14, C. 30, Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0-200 yards. T. 51- 47. 
 
 14. C. paradoxaj Willd. E. B. 2896, L. C. 1223*. Root in 
 dense tufts, surmounted by the remains of decayed leaves. Stems 
 three-angled and scabrous above. Leaves very long, narrow. Spike- 
 lets numerous, in a narrow, elongated panicle, the lower branches 
 rather distant. Scales brown, membranous, pale at the margin. Fruit 
 stalked, broivn, strongly -ribbed, about as long as the scale, flat on the 
 face and convex-gibbous on the back, without a wing, and with a ter- 
 minal, two-toothed, rough beak. Mullingar, Ireland ; Mr. D. Moore. 
 In Yorkshire, viz., Ascham Bog and Hislington Field; Mr. R. Spruce. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A 1, C. 1. Lat. 53 54. Alt. 050 yards. T. 48. 
 
 (See "Phytologist," vol. i., pp. 842,895, 918, 1021, 1119, 1121, 1122.) 
 
 15. C. paniculata, Linn. Great Panicled Carex. E. B. 1064, 
 L. C. 1224. Roots tufted, crowned as in the preceding, with the 
 decayed leaves forming hassocks often above a foot high. Stems two- 
 three feet high, numerous, three-angled and rough at the edges, sides 
 flat. Leaves long, narrow. Spikelets numerous, arranged in a more 
 or less lax panicle, with spreading branches, which are again divided. 
 Scales brown, with a broad, membranous, pale margin. Fruit stalked, 
 brown, shining, roundish below, with a cleft, triangular beak, the 
 convex side winged, about as long as the scale. (See " Phytologist," 
 vol. in., pp. 1039-40.) In spongy bogs. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 2-200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 16. C. JBoenniiigliauNeniana, Weihe. Boenninghausen's Ca- 
 rex. E. B. 2910, L. C. 1216. (See Phytologist," vol. in., pp. 1061-4.) 
 Stem erect, angular, striated, rough above, leafy, two feet high. 
 Leaves long, flat, narrow, lower smooth, upper rough, all furrowed. 
 Spikelets numerous, upper ones male at both ends, the lower compound 
 and distant, the higher simple and crowded, ovate, tapering, the lower- 
 most group subtended by a long, leaf-like bract, the second by a seta- 
 ceous, rough, short one, the others without bracts or with mere scales, 
 the common axis (rach) very rough. Scales elliptical, as long as the 
 fruit. Fruit tapering, with a serrated beak. Edinburgh, Hertford, 
 
 Surrey, Portsea. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 4, C. 8. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 C. brizoides, Linn. Root creeping. Stem a foot high. Leaves 
 long and narrow. Spikelets five-six, contiguous, curved, oblong. 
 Fruit lanceolate, tapering into a cleft beak, serrulate on the edges. 
 Scales pale brown, as long as the fruit. Studley Wood, Yorkshire. 
 Mr. M'Jver. Perennial. June. (?) 
 
 Query. Is C. brizoides a variety of C. curta or of C. ovalis ? 
 
 17. C.axillarisj Good. Axillary Clustered Carex. E.B. 993, 
 L. C. 1215. Root strongly fibrous, the upper part of it invested with 
 numerous brown, hair-like fibres. Stems erect, round and leafy below, 
 naked, angular and rough above, leaves flat, lower short, with a 
 prominent ligule, upper longer, with long sharp points. Spikelets 
 numerous, the upper crowded, and male at both ends, the lower distant 
 and aggregate ovate, tapering, bracteate, the lower group with a very 
 
CYPERACE^E. CAREX. 245 
 
 long, triangular, setaceous bract, the upper ones much shorter. Scales 
 ovate, shorter than the fruit. Fruit oval, with a longish, slightly ser- 
 rated, cleft beak. Rare. Norfolk, Essex, and Surrey. Perennial. 
 June. (See " Phy tologist, vol. iii., pp. 1064.) 
 
 A. 8, C. 15. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 3. Base of the spikelets bearing barren florets, upper part fertile ones. 
 
 18. C. remota, Linn. Remote Carex. E. B. 832, L. C. 1214. 
 Root tufted, stem slender, leafy, smooth and roundish below, na^ed, 
 angular, and rough above. Leaves narrow, very long, channelled. 
 Spikelets simple, five-seven, distant, the three or four lower ones sub- 
 tended by long leaf-like bracts, which surmount the stem, the others 
 destitute of bracts ? Scales ovate-oblong, acuminate. Fruit ovate- 
 oblong, tapering, flat on one side, convex on the other (plano-convex), 
 with a cloven beak. Ditches ; under hedges and shady places. Peren- 
 nial. May. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 " C. axillaris seems to be distinguished from C. remota chiefly by 
 the lowermost spikelet being compound and subtended by a long 
 leaf-like bract, extending beyond the spike, the bracts of the other 
 spikelets being shorter, whilst in C. remota the bracts of the three 
 lowermost spikelets which are simple, all extend beyond the spike. 
 In C. axillaris the perigynium (fruit) is elliptical, attenuated at both 
 ends The form of the nut in both is nearly alike." Leigh- 
 ton, in " Shropshire Flora," 452. 
 
 C. tenella, Schk. Slender-headed Carex. Root creeping, stems 
 very slender (capillary), a span high, erect. Leaves acute, sheath- 
 ing the lower part of the stem. Spike erect, slender, consisting- 
 of three distant bracteated spikelets, each bearing one or two fertile 
 florets. Fruit compressed, elliptic oblong, quite smooth, with a longish 
 beak. In a wood by the river Esk, Angusshire ; very rare. Mr. G. 
 Don. Is anything certain known about the British locality of this 
 plant ? 
 
 19. C. elongata. Linn. Elongated Carex. E. B. 1920, L.C. 
 1213- Root tufted, with setaceous fibres. Stems several, erect, 
 rather slender, triangular, rough at the edges, leafy, except in the 
 upper part. Leaves numerous, very long, nearly equal, flat, with 
 shortly acuminate points, and large, prominent ridges. Spikelets 
 sessile, numerous, alternate below, and more or less open and crowded 
 above, divergent, oblong. Scales scarious at the edges, shorter than 
 the fruit. Fruit divergent, smooth, oblong attenuated, ribbed both on 
 the flat and convex side, tapering into a scarcely notched beak. Rare. 
 Weybridge, Surrey. Mr. H. C. Watson. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 4, C. 6. Lat. 51 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
 20. C. stellulataj Good. Little Prickly Carex. E. B. 806, L. C. 
 1209. Root tufted, rather woody. Stems short, slender, slightly 
 angular, nearly smooth. Leaves narrow, sheathing the base of the 
 stem, rough at the points. Spikelets three-five, ovate-roundish, dis- 
 tant, especially the upper ones with a small scarious rarely leaf-like 
 
246 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 bract under the lowermost. Scales ovate, pointed. Fruit spreading, 
 ovate-acuminate, with a flat slightly cleft beak, which is green and 
 rough at the edges. Boggy meadows ; common. Perennial. May, 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 21000 yards. T. 52 37. 
 
 21. C.curta; Good. White Carex. E. B. 1386, L. C. 1212. 
 Root slightly creeping. Stem smooth, except above. Leaves erect, 
 narrow, rough, not so long as the stem. Spikelets four-six, alternate, 
 ovate, approximate, the upper crowded, the lower sometimes brac- 
 teate. Scales ovate, acute, whitish, with a green, not terminal rib. 
 Fruit broadly ovate, rather tumid, smooth, with a short, notched, rough- 
 edged entire (?) beak. Seed flattened, elliptical, tipped with the per- 
 manent style. In watery meadows ; rather rare. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 50. Lat, 50 58. Alt. 0750 yards. T. 51 39. 
 
 22. C. Persoonii, Sieber. (?) vitilis, Fr. L. C. 1212 b. Sieb. 
 Root fibrous. Stem branching at the base, leafy only below, slender, 
 slightly rough above. Leaves flat; sheaths scarious at the top. 
 Spikelets about four, the terminal one the largest, ovate, oblong ; the 
 lower one a little open (distant), often with a setaceous bract. Scales 
 scarious, pointed, brown, with a green keel. Fruit erect, ovate, with 
 a cleft, short, rough-edged beak. Mountainous bogs. Perennial. July, 
 August. 
 
 A. 7, C. 15. Lat. 52 58. Alt. 3501000 yards. T. 42 36. 
 
 23. C. leporina, Linn. Lagopina, Wahl. Hare's Carex. E. B. 
 2815, L. C. 1210. Root crowned with some setaceous fibres (the ribs 
 of the decayed leaves). (?) Stems leafy and reclining at the base, 
 naked for the greater part of their length, smooth, slender. Leaves 
 numerous, flat, pointed. Spikelets about two-four, crowded, in an 
 ovate, very short spike or head. Scales broad, obtuse, blackish, sca- 
 rious at the margin. Fruit broadly ovate, brownish, with a tapering 
 entire beak quite smooth. Dry places. South-west side of Lachin- 
 y-gar, and on Cairn toul, Aberdeenshire. Perennial. August. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 10001200 yards. T. 34. 
 
 24. C, ovalis 5 Good. Oval-spiked Carex. E. B. 306, L. C. 1211. 
 Root tufted. Stem a foot high, hollow, with rough angles. Leaves 
 sheathing at the base, rough at the margins and midrib, narrow. 
 Spikelets five-six, rather crowded, alternate, erect, ovate, elliptical, 
 soft, each with an ovate scale at the base, the lower one with a short, 
 bristle-shaped, rarely leaf-like bract. Scales ovate-lanceolate, brown. 
 Fruit ovate-oblong, tapering into a blunt or two-toothed beak, with a 
 membranous toothed or serrulate margin. Marshes and meadows ; 
 common. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50' 61. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 4. Terminal spike usually with both sterile and fertile flowers ; the 
 others with fertile ones only. 
 
 25. C. Vahlii, Schk. Vahl's Carex. Close-bearded Alpine Carex. 
 E. B. 2666, L. C. 1225. Stem triangular, rough at the top> Leaves 
 sheathing at the base, rough at the margins and midrib. Spikelets 
 
CYPERACEJE. CAHEX. 247 
 
 (spikes) three-four roundish, aggregate, the terminal one with sterile 
 florets at the hase ; bract about as long as the spikelets (spikes). Scales 
 ovate, acute, dark brown, shorter than the fruit. Fruit obovate, three- 
 sided, rough, with minute crystalline prickles, with a short cylindrical 
 beak. Stigmas three. Loch Callater, &c., Braemar. Discovered by 
 Dr. Greville and Dr. Balfour, 1830. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 56 3 57. Alt. 800850 yards. T. 39-~38 . 
 
 26. C. JBuxbaumii, Wahl. C. canescens, Linn. Buxbaum's 
 Carex. E. B. 2885, L. C. 1226. Root scaly, with setaceous fibres. 
 Stem three-angled through its whole extent, only slightly rough 
 above, slender, leafy at the base. Leaves all radical, flat, grooved and 
 keeled, slightly rough, as long as, or longer than, the stem. Sheaths 
 connected by net-like filaments (Bab.). Spikes three-four oblong, 
 sessile, contiguous; the lower ones shortly stalked, rather distant. 
 Lower bract leaf-like. Scales lanceolate, black, with a long point, 
 shorter than the fruit. Fruit three-sided, oval, two-toothed, without a 
 beak. Stigmas three. Loch Neagh, Ireland. " Likely enough to be 
 found in Scotland." Mr. Watson, in " Cybele," voLiii., p. 109. 
 
 27. C. atrata 5 Linn. Black Carex. E. B. 2044, L. C. 1227. 
 Root tufted, scaly, with stout fibres. Stem stout, sharply triangular, 
 nearly smooth, about eighteen inches high, leafy only at the base. 
 Leaves all radical, broad, tapering, soft, striated with lax sheaths, an 
 abrupt ligule, and a triangular sharp point. Lower bract leaf-like, 
 longer than the spikes. Spikes three-five, the upper crowded, the 
 lower on a stalk about as long as itself, ovate. Scales ovate, acute, 
 black, as long as the fruit. Fruit broadly elliptical triangular, com- 
 pressed, blunt, with a short, cleft, notched, or entire beak. Stigmas 
 three. Rocks. Scottish Highlands ; Welsh mountains about Llan- 
 berris. 
 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat. 53 -58. Alt. 8001300 yards. T. 39 34. 
 
 SECT. III. Sterile and fertile florets in separate spikes. The sterile 
 spikes, one, two, or several. (See Fig. 56, p. 20.) 
 1. Bracts membranous, stigmas three. 
 
 28. C. clandestina, Good. C.humilis,"Ijeyss" Dwarf Silvery 
 Carex. E. B. 2124, L. C. 1254. Root woody, hairy, with stout, 
 wavy fibres. Stems a few inches long, furnished with scarious, not 
 leaf-like bracts. Leaves all radical, tufted, numerous, spreading, more 
 than twice as long as the stems, narrow, channelled, persistent. Bracts 
 scarious, silvery-white, almost concealing the fertile spikes. Sterile 
 spikes terminal, acute, with many barren florets ; fertile ones two or 
 three, or few-Jlewered, concealed in the bracts. Fruit obovate, triangu- 
 lar, downy at the top. Salisbury Plain ; Bristol ; St. Vincent's rocks, 
 below the hot wells; Brean Down, Weston-super-Mare. (See "Phy- 
 tologist," vol. i., p. 299). Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 29. C. tligitata, Linn, Fingered Carex. E. B. 615, L. C. 1255. 
 Roots tufted, hairy, with numerous blackish fibres. Stems erect, 
 slender, slightly angular, quite naked except at the base. Leaves all 
 
248 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 radical, flat, rather broad, keeled, with reflexed teeth towards the base, 
 and with erect teeth towards the apex. Barren spikelet scarcely ter- 
 minal : fertile ones two or three, five-eight-flowered, slightly distant 
 stacked, erect, slender, lax, with a scarious bract, shorter than the 
 foot-stalk. Scales reddish, abrupt, with a green midrib. Fruit ob- 
 ovate, three-angled, downy at the apex, with a short entire beak. 
 Limestone rocks. Leigh Woods, Somersetshire; Cleeve Hill, four 
 miles from Cheltenham ; and Thorp Arch, Yorkshire. Perennial. May. 
 A. 5, C. 6. Lat. 51 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
 2. Barren and fertile florets in separate spikes, barren spikes one, two, 
 or several. Bracts leaf-like, often sheathing. Stigmas two, sometimes three, 
 in C. rigida. Fruit oblong or obovate, with an entire, very short, or indis- 
 tinct beak. Bracts not sheathing, spikes upright. 
 
 30. C, Tulgaris, Fries. C. ccespitosa, Sm. Tufted Bog Carex. 
 E. B. 1507, L. C. 1228. Hoot short, forming dense tufts, shooting 
 out oblique rhizomes. Stems slender, angular, rough above. Leaves 
 erect, narrow, equalling or exceeding the stem, with entire sheaths. 
 Barren spikes terminal, slender, upright, one large and (rarely?) 
 usually a small one, a few florets of the fertile spikes are barren ; 
 fertile spikes nearly sessile. Scales purple, with a green keel, ovate- 
 obtuse or rounded. Fruit nerved, ovate, blunt, compressed nearly flat, 
 nerved at the base, with a distinct or indistinct short entire beak. 
 Stigmas two. Marshes and wet shady places. Perennial. May, 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01000 yards. T. 52 37. 
 
 31. C. strirta, Good and Sm. Glaucous Straight-leaved Carex. 
 E. B. 914, L. C. 1231. Roots forming immense compact (dense) 
 tufts, which are larger than those of C. paniculata. Stems erect, six 
 inches to two feet high, sharply angular, compressed and rough. 
 Leaves radical, not so long as the stem, the outer ones membranous, 
 or torn into filaments. Bracts auricled. Lower bract leaf-like, erect, 
 not so long as the spike, the second bract much shorter. Barren 
 spikes two, the terminal one very long, the next one much shorter and 
 slenderer. Fertile spikes about two or three, sessile, cylindric, taper- 
 ing, with sterile florets usually at the summit. Scales black, lanceo- 
 late. Fruit nerved, oblong, blunt, compressed, with a short beak, 
 densely arranged in rows. Stigmas two. Marshes and bogs. Per- 
 ennial. April. Query, May? 
 
 A. 12, C. 20. Lat. 50 56. Alt, 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 32. C, acuta; Linn. Slender-spiked Carex. E. B. 850, L. C, 
 1232. Root creeping, with horizontal runners. Stems several, about 
 two feet long, with rough angles, drooping when in flower, erect in 
 fruit. Leaves sheathing the base of the stem, erect, drooping at the 
 points, rough, shorter than the stem, sheaths not filamentous. Bracts 
 all leaf-like, without* sheaths, all about as long as the spikes, the 
 lower one longer. Barren spikes two or three, about as large as the 
 fertile ones; sometimes there is only one. Fertile spikes three-four, 
 sessile or nearly so, often with a few barren florets at the apex. Scales 
 
CYPERACE^E. CAREX. 249 
 
 black ovate-lanceolate, pointed. Fruit oblong, compressed, with a 
 distinct entire beak. Stigmas two. Ditches, pools, meadows; not 
 uncommon. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 68. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 33. C. aquatilis, Wahl. Straight-leaved Water Carex. E.B. 
 2758, L. C. 1230. Root creeping (throwing out runners (?), Fries). 
 Stems erect, with Hunt angles, leafy only below, smooth. Leaves 
 with entire not thready sheaths, channelled, tapering, erect. Bracts 
 long, leaf-like, not setaceous nor sheathing. Barren spikes terminal, 
 with smaller ones below. Fertile spikes nearly sessile, lower one with 
 a long stalk, lax or few-flowered below, cylindrical elongated, often 
 with sterile florets at the top. Scales elliptical, bluntly pointed, nearly 
 as long as the fruit. Fruit nerveless, roundish, obovate with a short 
 entire point. Stigmas two. Clova mountains. First discovered in 
 Britain by Mr. Drummond, Drs. Greville and Hooker. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 3001100 yards. T. 44 36. 
 
 34. C. rif-ida 5 Good. Rigitf, Carex. E.B. 2047, L.C. 1229. Hoot 
 strong, scaly, creeping. Stems solitary, erect, or curved, two-fourteen 
 inches, angular, slightly rough above. Leaves numerous, shorter 
 than the stem, broadish, keeled, with revolute edges, pointed, slightly re- 
 curved, with persistent sheaths. Barren spike terminal ; fertile spikes 
 three-four, ovate or cylindrical, the upper one with a few barren florets 
 at the top, nearly sessile, or the lower stalked, the lowest only with a 
 leaf-like setaceous bract, the upper spikes with a minute bract or 
 none. Scales dark purple, broad, blunt, nearly as long as the fruit. 
 Fruit nerveless, broadly elliptical, blunt, compressed with a short Hack 
 beak. In Alpine places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 10, C. 25. Lat. 53 61. Alt. 5001300 yards. T. 41 34. 
 
 3. Bracts not sheathing ; spikes drooping when in fruit; fruit ellipti- 
 cal, with a very short beak. 
 
 35. C. rariflora, Sm. Loose-flowered Alpine Carex. E. B. 
 2516, L. C. 1245. Root creeping. Stem erect, naked, leafy only at 
 the base. Leaves glaucous tufted, short, channelled, flat, with fila- 
 mentous sheaths. Barren spikes single, slender. Fertile spikes two- 
 three, not far apart, lax, pendulous on stalks nearly as long as them- 
 selves ; bracts not leaf-like but abrupt, short, downy, rusty scales. 
 Scales ovate, large, blackish. Fruit ovate, compressed, with a very 
 short, cylindrical, not tapering beak. Mountains of Clova. 
 
 A. 1, C. .3. Lat. 56 57. Alt. 8001000 yards. T. 39 37. 
 
 36. C. liinosa, Linn. Green and Gold Carex. E.B. 2043, L. C. 
 1244. Root widely creeping, shooting out leafy runners. Stems 
 slender, angular, rough, erect, of variable height, from a few inches to 
 upwards of a foot, leafy below. Leaves narrow, channelled, shorter 
 than the stem, wrapped in brown, scaly, short sheaths at the base. 
 Barren spike single, fertile two or one on long slender stalks, ovate or 
 roundish, short, dense, pendulous. Scales broad, ovate, keeled, with a 
 sharp point (prolonged midrib), purple, with a green keel. Fruit. 
 
250 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 elliptical triangular, ribbed, tapering into a very short point. Rare in 
 England ; not very unfrequent in Scotland. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat, 51 59. Alt, 0200 yards. T. 48 ? 45. 
 
 Var. j8. C. irrigua, Sm. Leaves broader, flat ; scales purple ; fruit 
 more faintly ribbed. North of England, and Scotland. Perennial. 
 June, 
 
 37. C. ustulata, Wahl. Roots fibrous. Stems erect. Leaves 
 short, broad. Fertile spikes on short stalks, ovate, dense. Bracts 
 membranous. (?) Scales sharp, dark purple, with a pale midrib. 
 Fruit stalked, compressed, rough-edged, with a cloven beak. Ben 
 Lawers. Mr. G. Don. Not observed since his time. Perennial. July. 
 
 38. C. g'lauca, Scop. C. recurva, Sm. Glaucous Heath Carex. 
 E. B. 1506, L. C. 1250. " Phytologist," vol. iii., p. 1073. Root 
 creeping, scaly. Stem erect, eight-eighteen inches high, slightly an- 
 gular, smooth. Leaves mostly radical, erect, or recurved, keeled, 
 rough, not above half as long as the stem ; the barren leaves are the 
 longest, enveloped at their base with short sheaths, which terminate 
 in a leafy point. Bracts leaf-like, the lower as long or longer than 
 the spikes. Sheaths short, crowned by minute brown auricles. 
 Barren spike often accompanied with one or more smaller ones. 
 Fertile spikes two or three in large forms, cylindrical, on long stalks, 
 drooping, and finally pendulous. Scales ovate, acute, brown, with a 
 'green rib and scarious margin. Fruit obovate, blunt, rough, brown or 
 black, with -a very short cylindrical point. Wet barren heaths; 
 common. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 40. 
 
 4. Fruit ovate, or obovate, or rounded ; beak very short or none ; 
 bracts sheathing. 
 
 39. C. pallescens, Linn. Pale Carex. E.B. 2185, L. C. 1236. 
 
 Root large, tufted, fibrous. Sterns several, erect, slender, angular, 
 rough and naked at the top, leafy at the base. Leaves erect, flat, 
 about half as long as the stem ; the outer, decayed leaves with fila- 
 mentous sheaths, slightly pubescent, and especially at the top of the 
 sheaths. Bracts leaf- like, sheathing the lower part of the spike-stalks. 
 Barren spike single, oblong-linear, erect ; fertile ones about three, 
 more or less distant, not crowded, all on longer or shorter stalks, the 
 lowest on a long stalk, nodding (pendulous), ovate or cylindrical, 
 obtuse, many-flowered. Scales ovate, scarious, ribbed with a long 
 point. Fruit smooth, shining, ovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, with- 
 out a beak. Meadows and pastures ; frequent. Perennial. May. 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 51 41. 
 
 40. C. panicea, Linn. Pink-leaved Carex. E. B. 1505, L. C. 
 1241. Root creeping. Stem bluntly three-angular, smooth, erect, 
 twelve-eighteeii inches high, more or less, depressed or furrowed on 
 one side. Leaves short, broad, rough-edged, very glaucous, sheathing 
 the base of the stem. Bracts leaf-like, not longer than the spikes, 
 with sheathing bases. All the spikes tapering. Fertile spikes 
 usually two, remote, lax, ovate-cylindrical, generally few-flowered. 
 
CYPERACEvE. CAREX. 251 
 
 Scales black, oblong-, acute (with a short point and a green keel), 
 shorter than the fruit. Fruit rmmd-nhnrnto ^f 
 
 241, 
 
 vved, 
 flat, 
 lose, 
 two, 
 ths. 
 ting 
 nar. 
 
 D69, 
 
 ect, 
 
 ives 
 
 the 
 
 ow.' 
 
 \ ered 
 
 - few 
 
 florets. Scales deciduous, ovate, membranous. Fruit ovate-oblong, 
 chestnut, shining, tipped with a tapering entire beak. Perthshire. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 6, C. 10. -Lat. 54 61. Alt. 0-900 yards. T. 46 38. 
 
 6. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, with a short notched beak. 
 
 42. C. strig-osa,, Huds. Loose Pendulous Carex. E. B. 994, 
 L. C. 1246. Root fibrous, Stem erect, leafy, slender, about two feet 
 high, smooth, hollow. Leaves numerous, broad, acuminate, soft, except 
 the edges and midrib, with long sheaths. Barren spike terminal, 
 solitary; fertile spikes very slender, elongated on foot-stalks which are 
 longer than the sheaths. Scales lanceolate, scarious, with a green 
 broad midrib, not quite so long as the fruit. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, 
 tapering at both ends, ribbed, scarcely notched, without a beak. Seed 
 elliptical, triangular, punctured. In groves and thickets ; not common. 
 Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 43. C. pendulaj Huds. Great Pendulous Carex, E. B. 2315, 
 L. C. 1248. Root tufted, fibrous. Stem tall, above a yard high, leafy, 
 triangular, rough near the top. Leaves large, recurved, rigid, not so 
 long as the stem. Barren spike solitary, cylindrical, elongated ; fer- 
 tile spikes four-six , cylindrical, elongated, with long sheathing bracts 
 which include their foot- stalks, all pendulous or drooping, distant. 
 Scales ovate and pointed. Fruit green, ovate, oblong, slightly trian- 
 
252 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 gular, smooth, with a short notched beak. Moist hedges and shady 
 places ; not rare. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 7. Fruit ovate ; beak as long as the fruit. 
 
 44. C. sylvatica, Huds. Pendulous Wood Carex. E. B. 995, 
 L. C. 1247. Root tufted, with stout fibres. Stem erect, leafy, trian- 
 gular, with striated convex sides, about two feet high. Leaves broad, 
 tapering, rough, light green, outer sheaths filamentous. Male spike 
 single, terminal ; female about four- five on long, slender, drooping 
 stalks, sheathed about half their length by the leaf-sheaths, lax, slender. 
 Scales ovate, acute. Fruit green, smooth, oblong, faintly nerved, with 
 a long, cleft beak. Seed triangular. In woods ; common. Perennial. 
 May, June. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 51 40. 
 
 45. C. depauperata, Good. Starved Wood Carex. E. B. 1098, 
 L. C. 1242. Hoot somewhat creeping. Stem slender, obscurely 
 angled, smooth, nearly two feet long. Leaves mostly radical, flat, 
 narrow, soft, not so long as the stem. Barren spike terminal, solitary, 
 with a small bract; fertile spikes about four, the lower on long stalks, 
 the upper on shorter ones, all furnished with long, leaf-like bracts 
 which cover about a third part of the stalk, feiv-Jlowered. Scales 
 scarious, with a broad nerve. Fruit erect, large, roundish, turgid with 
 a long, rough, cleft beak. Seed (nut) triangular, with blunt angles. 
 Dry woods ; rare. Perennial. May. Godalming, Surrey ; and Charl- 
 ton, Kent. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 0. 100 yards. T. 49. 
 
 8. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, with a deeply-cleft beak. 
 
 46. C. iPseudo-cyperus, Linn. Cyperus-like Carex. E. B.242, 
 L. C. 1249. Roots fibrous, tufted. Stems erect, sharply angular, rough, 
 one or two feet high. Leaves mostly radical, sheathing the lower part 
 of the stem, the lower very short, the upper not so long as the stem, 
 all broad, flat, tapering, and pointed, very rough at the margins and 
 keel. Lower bract much overtopping the spikes, with a long sheath 
 and scarious ligule ; upper bracts with short sheaths, terminating in 
 long rough awns or bristles, all with rough ribs and margins. Barren 
 spike slender ; fertile spikes three-four, on long, angular, rough pedi- 
 cels, pendulous, close together, except occasionally when the lower 
 one is remote, cylindrical, one or two inches long. Scales ovate at 
 the base, very long, tapering, subulate, rough, fruit reflexed, when 
 mature, curved, (?) ovate-lanceolate, strongly ribbed, attenuated into a 
 long deeply-cleft (two-horned) beak. Ditches, banks, and ponds, in 
 woods. Perennial. June. ^ , d 
 
 9. Fruit angular, with a cleft beak which is shorter than the fruit. 
 
 47. C. fulva, Good. Tawny Carex. E. B. 1295, L. C. 1237. 
 Root tufted, creeping. Stem erect, or nearly so, slender, smooth, 
 slightly rough at the summit. Leaves erect, flat, striated, rather 
 
CYPERACE^l. CAREX. 253 
 
 rough and rigid, much shorter than the stem ; radical leaves longer, 
 with filamentous sheaths, keeled. Spikes distant ; barren one slender, 
 rarely with a small one at its base; fertile spikes two, cylindrical, 
 ovate, short, on longish stalks, nearly concealed by the sheathing, leaf- 
 like bracts. Scales membranous with a strong rib, toothed or serrulate 
 near the summit. Fruit ovate, angular, ribbed with a straight, rough, 
 cleft beak. (" Phytologist," vol. i., p. 924.) Seed (nut) roundish, large. 
 In boggy meadows ; not uncommon (near the sea). Perennial. June. 
 
 Var. /3. speirostachya, Sin. Leaves chiefly radical, sheathing, outer 
 sheaths filamentous, not half so long as the stem ; stem leaves short, 
 flat, with long sheaths. Barren spike terminal, solitary ; fertile spikes 
 oblong, about two, distant, stalked ; bracts covering with their sheaths 
 about two-thirds of the stalks. Scales lanceolate, not sharply-pointed. 
 Fruit triangular, ribbed, with a longish, deeply-cleft beak. The form 
 above described is from Great Doward Hill, Herefordshire. Com- 
 municated by Mr. B. Watkins. Perennial. July. . is the com 
 moner form. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61, Alt. 0650 yards. T. 51 40. 
 
 48. C. flava, Linn. Yellow Carex. E.B, 1294, L. C. 1234. Root 
 fibrous, tufted. Stems tufted, erect, nearly a Foot high, angular. 
 smooth, except near the top, leafy at the base. Leaves rather broad, 
 flat (keeled), erect, rough, with two prominent rough lines on the 
 upper side near the point. Barren spike mostly single ; fertile two 
 or three, all erect, ovate-roundish, sessile, the lower one stalked; 
 bracts leaf-like, the upper ones spreading with very short sheaths. 
 Scales ovate, acute, tawny, with a green rib nearly as long as the 
 fruit. Fruit ovate, turgid, smooth, ribbed, with a rough-edged cleft 
 beak, which has a downward curve. Seed (nut) triangular, black. In 
 boggy meadows ; common. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01000 yards. T. 52 37\ 
 
 VHT- R rW/W' Srr, TT. "R 177S lro a /ilricn forrntl^ 
 
 . C. 
 
 re or 
 ix to 
 rved, 
 with 
 ther, 
 ated. 
 ight, 
 Tune. 
 
 \. B. 
 ular, 
 reen, 
 ;ules, 
 e no 
 ngle, 
 ylin- 
 
254 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 drical, the lower on long stalks and drooping when ripe. Lower bracts 
 leaf-like, with long sheaths, uppermost only a scale-like awn ; all the 
 sheaths with a wide ligule. Fruit ovate, triangular, with convex 
 sides, smooth, ribbed, tapering into a cloven beak, rather longer than 
 the tapering, sharp-pointed, green and shining scale. Moist woods 
 near Godalming. Mr. J. D. Salmon. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 13, C. 30. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 51. C . distant Linn. Loose Carex. El B. 1234, L. C. 1238. 
 Root fibrous, scarcely creeping. Stems twelve-eighteen inches high, 
 weak, smooth, except at the very summit, leafy at the base. Leaves 
 flat, broad, short, tapering. Barren spike erect, cylindrical, blunt, 
 longer than the others ; fertile spikes two or three, with a long in- 
 terval between the lower two, elliptic -oblong on stalks, mostly enclosed 
 in the sheaths of the leafy narrow bracts. Scales pointed, with an 
 awn. Fruit ovate-triangular, equally ribbed with a short cleft beak. 
 Pastures near the sea. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 "Are not C.falva and C. distans simply forms of one and the 
 same species?" Dr. Brornfield, in " Phytologist," vol. iii., p. 1067. 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 3 59. Alt. 0.. T. 52 46. 
 
 52. C. punctata. Gaud. Stem slender, smooth, leafy. Leaves 
 slightly rough at the margin ; sheaths scarcely one-third part of the 
 length of the leaves. Fertile spikes erect, cylindrical-ovate, on pe- 
 duncles about as long as the sheaths ; upper portion of the spikes 
 barren. Outer glumes brownish, pointed. Fruit green, ovate, tumid, 
 with a linear, smooth, forked beak. Cornwall, Jersey, and Guernsey. 
 (" Phytologist," vol. iii., pp. 57, 1068 ; vol. iv,, p. 1095.) 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 50^54. Alt, 0. T. 52 49. 
 
 53. C. bineryis, Sm. Green-ribbed Carex. E. B. 1235, L. C. 
 1239. Hoot stout, somewhat creeping. Stems usually more than 
 one, firm, erect, with blunt angles, except at the top, where the cor- 
 ners are sharp and rough, leafy, two-three feet high. Leaves erect, 
 fiat, rather broad, tapering into a rough triangular point ; root-leaves 
 numerous, short, none of the leaves so long as the stem. Barren 
 spike single, (?) cylindrical, tapering. Fertile spikes about three, very 
 distant, the lower two generally compound at the base, and on long 
 stalks, which are more than half concealed by the sheaths of the 
 bracts. Upper bracts very minute, only forming scarious or callous 
 tips to the slightly slit sheath. Scales blackish, with a strong rib 
 which is prolonged into a point. Fruit brown, concave on one face 
 and convex on the other, with two prominent green ribs near the mar- 
 gin. ("Phytologist," vol. iii., pp. 1069.) On dry heaths; common 
 on the driest moors in Scotland. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01050 yards. T. 52 36. 
 
 10. Fruit more or less downy or hairy. 
 
 54. C. IIPSBCOX, Jacq. Vernal Carex. E. B, 1099, L. C. 1251. 
 Root branching and creeping, emitting leafy shoots. Stems oblique, 
 three-ten inches high, firm, angular, leafy at the base. Leaves harsh, 
 in short close tufts, spreading or recurved, flattish and pointed, rough. 
 
CYPERACE.E. CAREX. 255 
 
 Barren spike single, elongated, enlarged above. Fertile spikes 
 usually two, close, on short pedicels, covered by the short sheaths of 
 the bracts. Bracts very narrow, erect, often wanting. Scales brown, 
 with a green rib, which is prolonged into a point. Fruit downy, 
 ovate, pear-shaped, with a short conical, abrupt, entire, brown tip. 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 D 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 44. 
 
 55. C. montana. Linn. Mountain Carex. L. C. 1251*. Koot 
 tufted, scarcely creeping, tvoody, with wavy fibres and fibrils. Stems 
 slender, almost smooth, leafy only at the base. Leaves radical, nar- 
 row, soft, with rough edges, mostly shorter than the stem, the lower 
 (outer) with reddish, mostly filamentous sheaths. Bracts not sheath- 
 ing, ending in long awn-like points. Barren spike single, ovate 
 tapering, sometimes with fertile florets at its base. Fertile spikes 
 smaller (one-three sessile, contiguous.) Scales obtuse, with abrupt 
 points, or blunt. Fruit elongate, abovate, downy, with short entire beak. 
 In some states, when growing in woods, the leaves are as long or 
 longer than The stem ; in open places the leaves are shorter. Sussex, 
 Gloucester. Herefordshire. (See " Phy tologist," vol. ii., pp. 289-910 ; 
 vol. iv., p. 551.) Perennial. May. Rare. 
 
 A. 2,0.3. Lat. 51 52. Alt.O (?). T. 49. 
 
 56. C. tomentosaj Linn. Larger Downy-fruited Carex. E. B. 
 2046, L. C. 1253. Hoot obliquely or horizontally creeping. Steins 
 erect ; about a foot high. Angular, rough at the summit, leafy below. 
 Leaves flat, ribbed, rough or downy, not so long as the stem. Barren 
 spike single, tapering. Fertile spikes usually two, short, cylindrical, 
 blunt, sessile, or nearly so. Lower bract, with a short sheath, leaf- 
 like, as long as the spikes. Scales oval, with prominent rib and point. 
 Fruit roundish) abovate, triangular, very downy, angles almost ciliate, 
 with a short notched beak. The only known locality in England is 
 Marston Maisey, Wilts. Perennial. June. The plant described 
 was communicated by Mr. R. Withers. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 49. 
 
 57. C. Mrta 5 Linn. Hairy Carex. E. B. 685, L. C. 1257. Root 
 horizontal, widely-creeping and branching, with shaggy radicles. 
 Stem erect, angular, leafy. Leaves erect, flat, hairy or downy, espe- 
 cially on the sheaths. Not so long as the stem. Barren spikes 
 two-three. Fertile ones as many, erect, distant, cylindrical-ovate, 
 stalked ; stalks nearly covered by the sheaths of the leaf-like bracts. 
 Scales ovate, keeled, with rough awns. Fruit ovate, turgid, tawny, 
 hairy all over, with a rough, deeply cleft and sharp beak. Watery 
 places ; common. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50' 58. Alt. 0. T. 52 47. 
 Var. 0. Female spikes compound. Male ones numerous. 
 
 58. C. pilulifera, Linn. Round-headed Carex. E. B. 885, 
 L. C. 1252. Hoot tufted, fibres numerous. Usually surmounted by 
 the persistent nerves -of the decayed leaves. Stems reclining, angular, 
 nearly smooth, leafy below. Leaves mostly radical, flat, pliant, not 
 so long as the stem, channelled, with long points. Male spike single, 
 slender, pointed. Fertile spikes about three, roundish, sessile, 
 
256 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 contiguous, with, sheathless, short, setaceous ^ or awn-like bracts. 
 Scales brown, oval, keeled, with a point. Fruit roundish on a short 
 stalk, witli a short cleft beak, and with a single prominent rib. Boggy 
 heaths; frequent. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 01 100 yards. T. 52 36. 
 
 59. C . filiforinis, Linn. Slender-leaved Carex. E. B. 904, 
 L. C, 1256. Boot creeping, obliquely or horizontally. Stems slender, 
 erect, slightly angular and rough at the top, about two feet high. 
 Leaves narrow, channelled, or involute, rounded behind, nearly as long 
 as the stem, with open sheaths (edges not united). Barren spikes one- 
 three, linear or enlarged above. Fertile spikes two-three, erect, dis- 
 tant, cylindrical, or ovate, shorter than the male spikes. Scales 
 ovate, brown, with a terminal awn. Fruit erect, ovate, turgid, hairy, 
 with a broad clcft\)Q^k. Boggy meadows ; rare. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 13, C. 25. Lat. 52' 59. Alt, 0200 yards. T. 49 43. 
 
 . 11. Fruit smooth, more or less inflated. 
 
 60. C. ampullacea, Good. Slender-beaked Bottle Carex. E. B. 
 780, L. C. 1258. Root creeping. Stem erect, bluntly angular, smooth 
 except at the top. Leaves erect, narrow, rough at the edges and keel 
 near the tip, glaucous, channelled. Bracts leaf-like, not sheathing, 
 except the lowest be slightly so, very narrow, longer than the spikes. 
 Barren spikes, two-three, slender, with yellowish scales. Fertile 
 spikes, two-three, erect or pendulous, distant, cylindrical, stalked. 
 Scales yellow, narrow, pointed. Fruit crowded, roundish, inflated, 
 ribbed, yellowish, and tapering abruptly into a linear, compressed, 
 shortly cleft beak, much longer than the scale. Not common in the 
 south, but frequent in the north of England and Scotland. In marshes, 
 river sides, and pools. (" Phytologist," vol. iii., pp. 1074, 1086.) 
 Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 61. C. Tesicaria, Linn. Short-spiked Bladder Carex. E. B. 
 779, L. C. 1259. Hoot creeping, obliquely or horizontally. Stems 
 erect, with acute, rough angles, leafy. Leaves Jlat, rather narrow, 
 tapering, rough at the edges, light green. Bracts not sheathing, leaf- 
 like, longer than the spikes. Barren spikes two-three, linear elon- 
 gated, with yellowish, rusty, lanceolate scales* Fertile spikes two- 
 three, cylindrical, on short stalks, erect, distant, turgid and pale when 
 ripe. Scales yellow-brown, lanceolate-pointed, with a midrib which 
 does not reach the summit. Fruit crowded, somewhat erect or spread- 
 ing, ovate, inflated, ribbed, yellowish, shining when ripe, tapering into 
 a long, compressed, cleft beak. Ditches and wet marshes. (Bot. Gaz., 
 No. 22, Oct. 1850.) Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 16. 
 
 62. C. saxatilis, Linn. C.pulla, Sm, Good. E. B. 2045, L. C. 
 1233. Russet Carex. Root creeping, with stout fibres. Stem nearly 
 erect, five-nine inches high, angular, striated, roughish near the top. 
 Leaves all radical, not so long as the stem, broad, tapering, rough at 
 the edges. Male spike single, short. Female ones about three, oblong- 
 
CYPERACE^E. CAREX. ELYNA. 257 
 
 ovate, on short stalks. Lower bract large, leaf-like, with a short sheath 
 or ligule. Scales oval, black, with a whitish line. Fruit elliptical, 
 slightly inflated, rather compressed, with a short, notched beak. Stig- 
 mas two. (See " Phytologist," vol. i., p. 910.) Ben Lawers, Scot- 
 land. Originally discovered by 'Mr. G. Don, 1789. Perennial, 
 July. 
 
 *Var. . Grahmi, Boott. Male spikes slender. Fruit larger than 
 in the above. 'Stem one-two feet high. ("See "Phytologist," as 
 above.) 
 
 A. 3, C. 9. Lat. 56 59. Alt. 8501050 yards. T. 38 36.(?) 
 
 63. C. paludosa^ Good. Lesser Common Carex. E. B. 807, 
 L. C. 1260. Root creeping, obliquely or horizontally. Stems erect 
 with rough acute angles and ribbed sides. Leaves large, flat, glaucous. 
 Bracts not sheathing, leaf-like, equal to or overtopping the spikes. 
 Barren spikes two-three, cylindrical, tapering. Fertile spikes, two- 
 three, about as large as the sterile ones, but thicker, more apart, and 
 on very short stalks. Scales of male flowers blunt. Fruit crowded, 
 erect, ovate or oblong, slightly angular, compressed, ribbed, terminat- 
 ing in a short, sharp, more or less cleft beak, longer than the scale. 
 Boggy meadows, banks of rivers, ditches and pools; common. Per- 
 ennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt, 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 Var. . Kochiana. Scales longer than the fruit. 
 C. paludosa may be distinguished from C. acuta by its three 
 stigmas and the cleft beak of the fruit. 
 
 64. C. riparia, Curt. Great Common Carex. E. B. 579, L.C. 1261. 
 (" Phytologist," vol. iii., p. 146.) Root creeping widely. Stem a yard 
 high, stout, erect, with three acute, rough angles. Leaves very glau- 
 cous, broad, erect, rough, rigid. Bracts leaf-like, shortly sheathing, 
 the lowest one only as long as the spikes. Barren spikes three-five 
 triangular, robust, with brown, pointed scales. Fertile spikes three- 
 four, erect or spreading, the lower on very short stalks, the upper 
 sessile. Scales lanceolate, acute, tapering, sometimes awned. Fruit 
 erect, ovate, triangular, with two convex sides, ribbed, and tapering 
 into a short, slightly cleft beak. Banks of rivers and ponds. Per- 
 ennial. May. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 II. Eiyna, M.andK. (JTo6reVi,Willd f ) Habit like Carex. Spike- 
 lets aggregate, two-flowered ; the upper barren, the lower fertile ; each 
 enclosed in an involute scale, which is sometimes absent. Barren 
 flower, stamens three. Fertile flower, stigmas three on a single style. 
 Fruit bluntly triangular, without an urceolate persistent pericarp like 
 Carex. 
 
 E. caricina, M. and K. Compound-headed Elyna. E. B. 1410, 
 L. C. 1203. Roots fibrous, tufted. Stems solitary, erect, round, 
 naked except at the base, angular and rough at the top. Leaves 
 radical, spreading or recurved, narrow, channelled, rough, shorter than 
 the stem, with sheaths, and a short membranous ligule. Spikelets 
 
258 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 brown, alternate, aggregate, in an ovate, erect spike, with one or two 
 membranous bracts at its base. Moors. Teesdale, Yorkshire. Per- 
 ennial. July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 3. Lat. 54 57. Alt. 60800 yards. T, 41 37. 
 
 TRIBE II. Scirpeae. THE SCIRPUS TRIBE. Flowers perfect in 
 spikes composed of usually unequal, imbricated scales, the lower 
 scales often barren. Fruit usually surrounded at the base with longer 
 or shorter hairs, which are sometimes few, sometimes numerous. 
 
 Genera. Rhynchospora, Heleocharis, Scirpus, Cladium, JErio- 
 phorum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Ehynchospora. Flowers in several spikelets. Fruit crowned by the 
 ated jointed style. 
 
 Heleocharis. Flowers in a single terminal spike. Fruit crowned by the 
 conical base of the style. 
 
 Scirpus. Stems bearing one or several spikes (spikelets). Style not dilated 
 at the base. 
 
 Cladium. Shell (epicarp) of the fruit crustaceous and brittle, distinct 
 from the real fruit (endocarp). 
 
 Eriophorum. Fruit subtended by long, ivhite, cottony hairs. 
 
 III. Rbynchospora, Vahl. Beak Rush. Root tufted, or 
 creeping. Stems leafy. Spikelets more or less numerous, in terminal 
 or lateral roundish clusters. Lower scales barren, smaller than the 
 upper; only two-three of the latter fertile. Stigmas two. Fruit 
 convex on both sides, with from six-twelve hairs, shorter than the 
 scale, crowned with the persistent, enlarged, jointed style. 
 
 1. ]R. alba, Vahl. White Beak Rush. E. B. 985, L. C. 1180. 
 Roots tufted. Stems slender, angular, striated, smooth. Leaves 
 narrow, keeled. Spikelets white, oblong, pointed, aggregated in 
 roundish stalked clusters, either in pairs or in threes, with small 
 bracts. Bristles under the fruit ten-thirteen, rough, with teeth point- 
 ing dowmvards. Peaty bogs on barren heaths; not uncommon. Per- 
 ennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 2. . fusca 5 Sm. Brown Beak Rush. E. B. 1575, L. C. 1181. 
 Root creeping. Stems erect, slender, angular, striated. Leaves fili- 
 form, keeled. Spikelets brown, oblong, aggregated in roundish or 
 ovate clusters, usually two, rarely three ; one lateral and one terminal, 
 or two lateral and one terminal, subtended by leaf-like bracts, which 
 far exceed the clusters. Bristles at the base five-six, rough, with teeth 
 directed upwards. Goss Moor, Bodmin, Cornwall. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 3, C. 5. Lat. 50 52. Alt. 050 yards. T, 52 50. 
 
 IV. Heleocharis, Br. Spike Rush. Root tufted or creeping. 
 Stems leafless, with several membranous sheaths at their base. Spike 
 solitary, terminal. Lower scales of the spike larger than the upper, 
 one or two of the lowermost barren. Stigmas two-three. Fruit com- 
 
CYPERACE^E. HELEOCHARIS. 259 
 
 pressed, angular (lenticular) or triangular. Bristles three-six, shorter 
 than the scales, rarely absent ; crowned by the base of the dilated per- 
 sistent style. 
 
 1. H. palustris, Br. Creeping Spike Rush. E.B. 131,L.C.1192. 
 Scirpus palustris, Linn. Root creeping, with long horizontal rhizomes. 
 Stems tufted, erect, six-twentyfour inches long, as thick as a crow- 
 quill, cylindrical-compressed, with two-three reddish, close sheaths at 
 the base. Spike oblong, many-flowered, with pointed scales, the two 
 lower greenish, barren, each one-half embracing the base of the spike. 
 Margins of scales broadly membranous. Stigmas two. Fruit yellow, 
 smooth, obovate-pear-shaped, slightly compressed, with rounded mar gins. 
 Bristles four-six, rough, with deflexed teeth, rather longer than the 
 fruit. In wet places; very common. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 2. H, uniglumisj Rchb. Scirpus uniglumis, Link. L. C. 1192*. 
 Root creeping, with horizontal or oblique rhizomes. Stems several, 
 erect, three-eighteen inches high. Sheathing scales purplish, blunt. 
 Spikes oblong, more or less pointed. Scales black, pointed, narrowly 
 membranous ; the lower scale barren, almost surrounding the base of 
 the spike. Stigmas two. Fruit smooth, obovate (pear-shaped), 
 slightly compressed with blunt edges. Bristles four-six, persistent, with 
 deflexed teeth, usually longer than the fruit. Wet sandy places. 
 Perennial. June, July. 
 
 Range probably the same as that of 8. multicaulis, from which it 
 is supposed by some good botanists to be undistinguishable. 
 
 3. H. multicaulisj Sm., Eng. Fl. Many-stalked Spike Rush. 
 E. B. 1187, L. C. 1193. Root tufted. Stems slenderer than in the 
 preceding, several, from eight-twelve inches long, with one or two 
 close purplish sheaths at the base. Spike oblong, slenderer, more 
 pointed and darker than in H. palustris. Scales broadly membranous, 
 blunt, scarious at the margin and tip, the lower one green, and 
 embracing the base of the spike ; one or two of the lower florets often 
 viviparous. Stigmas three. Fruit obovate, triangular, with one side fiat, 
 and with a triangular beak or point. Bristles four-six, peristent, rather 
 shorter than the fruit. Turfy bogs and wet commons. Perennial. Julv. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 3 46. 
 
 4. H. Watsoni, Bab. L. C. 1193*. Babington, in "Transac- 
 tions of Edinburgh Bot. Soc.," June 10, 1852. Stalks (culms) sheathed 
 at the base; sheaths abruptly truncate. Spikes oblong, terminal, 
 solitary. Lowest glume (scale) blunt, and surrounding the base 
 of the spike. Style cleft, with a broadly depressed persistent base. 
 Fruit (achene) convex on both sides, oblong, very obtuse, angles 
 rounded and obscurely punctate, striated, with a slightly attenuated 
 base ; four-six hypogynous setae, which are shorter than the fruit. 
 (" Phytologist," vol. iv., pp. 625, 651.) 
 
 " Collected by Professor Balfour, at Taynlone, in Cantyre, along 
 with Scirpus pauciflorus, in the autumn of 1844. Among specimens 
 of the latter plant transmitted by Dr. Balfour, Mr. H. C. Watson 
 recently detected the above-noticed new species." 
 
260 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 5. H. acicularisj Linn. Least Spike Rush. E. B. 749, L. C. 
 1197. Root tufted, with slender horizontal rhizomes, which produce 
 other individual plants. Stems tufted, erect, very slender, four- 
 angled, two to six inches long. Sheaths more or less red, scarious, 
 close. Several stems barren. Spikes five-ten-flowered, slender ovate, 
 pointed. Scales brown, sharp, with a membranous edge. Stigmas 
 three. Fruit ivhitish, oblong, furrowed with transverse lines, slightly 
 angular, with a small blunt beak. Bristles (?) (two-six) caducous or 
 absent. In wet places and edges of ponds on heaths. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47, 
 
 V. Scirpus, Linn. Club-Rush, Bull-Rush. Root tufted or 
 creeping. Stems simple, rarely branching, leafy or leafless, in the 
 latter case with scaly or membranous sheaths at their base. Spikes 
 either solitary, or more or less aggregate in clusters or corymbs, ter- 
 minal or lateral. One or two lower scales of the spike barren and 
 larger than the upper. Stigmas two-three. Fruit compressed-lenti- 
 cular or triangular, with bristles at the base, shorter than the scale 
 (bristles sometimes absent), either blunt or crowned with the per- 
 sistent base of the not-dilated style. 
 
 SECT. I. Spikes solitary, terminal. 
 
 1. 8. caespitosus; Linn. Scaly-stalked Club-Rush. E. B.1029, 
 L. C. 1196. Root tufted, dense, surmounted with the dry persistent 
 sheaths of former leaves, fibres tough, zigzag. Stems several, tufted, 
 with very short, pointed, Long- sheathing leaves, and several tumid scales. 
 Spike solitary, three-seven-flowered, ovate or ovate-oblong. Scales 
 ovate, pointed, outer ones as long as the spike, embracing it, and ter- 
 minating in a long leaf-like point. Stigmas three. Fruit obovate- 
 oblong, triangular, pointed. Bristles six, longer than the fruit, with 
 ascending teeth. On turfy heaths. Perennial. ^j August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01150 yards. T. 50 35. 
 
 2. S. pauciflorusj Lightf. Chocolate-headed Club-Rush. E. B. 
 1 122, L. C. 1194. Root tufted with creeping rhizomes. Stems nume- 
 rous, tufted, erect, slender, the barren ones longer than the fertile, 
 with an abrupt leafless sheath at the base (several of the stems are 
 barren). Spike ovate or oblong, a little longer than the lower scales, 
 few-flowered (two-seven). Scales brown, blunt, scarious at the mar- 
 gin, the lower larger than the others, above half as long as the spike, 
 the dorsal nerve not reaching the summit. Stigmas three. Fruit 
 obovate, triangular, shining, with a brown point. Bristles three-six, 
 usually shorter than the fruit. Moors and mountains ; not uncommon. 
 Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 -42. 
 
 3. S. fluitans; Linn. Floating Club-Rush. E. B. 216, L. C. 1198. 
 Root tufted. Stem floating or creeping, branching, leafy. Leaves 
 tufted, channelled, those under water longest and very slender. 
 Spikelets single, terminatingthe branches, ovate, three-seven-flowered, 
 
CYPERACEJ3. SCIRPUS. 261 
 
 Scales green, blunt, the lower two embracing and almost equalling 
 the spike. Stigmas two. Fruit ovate-oblong, compressed, with a 
 very small point. Bristles rudimentary or absent. Shallow pools ; on 
 heaths and commons, not unfrequent. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 50. Lat. 50 3 60 3 . Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 4. S. parvulus 5 R. and S. L. C. 1195. Root fibrous, with very 
 slender rhizomes. Stems about an inch high, round, with a close 
 sheath. Leaves radical, dilated at the base and embracing the stem, 
 very slender. Spikes solitary, ovate, few-flowered. Scales ovate, 
 blunt, the lower two larger. Fruit obovate, smooth, with a point 
 Bristles much longer than the fruit, rough, with deflexed teeth. On 
 a mud-flat, near Lymington, Hants ; the Rev. G. E. Smith. Annual. 
 July. Extinct. (?) (" Cybele," vol. iii., p. 78.) 
 
 SECT. II. Spikes two or more, rarely solitary by abortion, lateral, or 
 apparently so. 
 
 5. S. setaceiis* Linn. Bristle-stalked Club-Rush. E.B. 1693. 
 L. C. 1186. Roots tufted, fibrous. Stems tufted, very slender, round, 
 erect, or nearly so, leafy at the base. Leaves short, with a mem- 
 branous, scarious sheath, which is terminated by two setaceous teeth. 
 Spikes two, terminal, only apparently lateral, w r ith a leaf- or hair-like 
 sheathing bract, ovate, contiguous. Scales brownish, with a green 
 midrib, tapering into a sharp point. Stigmas three. Fruit trian- 
 gular, obovate, with a short point, and longitudinal ribs. Bristles 
 absent. Wet, sandy, and gravelly places. Perennial. (?) July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 C 60. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 43'. 
 
 6. S. Savii, Spreng. Savi's Club-Rush. E. B. 2782, L. C. 1187. 
 Root consisting of a lew small fibres. Stems several, very slender, 
 round, leafy at the base, with scarious, but riot close sheaths. Spikes 
 one-two ovate, shorter than the leaf-like bract. Scales oval or roundish, 
 with a short point. Fruit roundish, without sharp angles, with a short 
 beak (the remains ^f the persistent style), and rough with elevated 
 points. (Hooker.) Bristles absent. (" Phytologist," vol. iii., pp. 865-6.) 
 
 Sea-coast. Linton, Devon. Under the cliff at Shanklin, Isle of Wight. 
 (Dr. Bromfield, in " Phytologist," vol. ii., p. 516, arid in " Fl. Vec- 
 tensis," p. 544.) Communicated by Mr. Withers, 1849. Perennial. (?) 
 July. 
 
 Var. . Monostachys. Spike solitary, with a shorter bract. 
 
 A. 8, C. 25. Lat. 50^56. Alt. 0. (?) T. 52 48. 
 
 7. &. Holoschcenus, Linn. Round Cluster-headed Club-Rush. 
 E. B. 1612, L. C. 1185. Root tufted. Stems round, stout, rush-like, 
 three-four feet high. Leaves round, sharp, with a ivhite furrow on the 
 upper side. Spikes in dense, round, stalked, rarely sessile heads, of a 
 variable number (from one to ten.) Lower bract leaf-like, long, erect, 
 round and tapering like the stem. Scales obovate, keeled, fringed, 
 variegated. Fruit ? Stigmas three. Sandy sea-shores, south of 
 England ; rare. Perennial. September. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 0. T. 50. 
 
 8. S. lacustrisj Linn. Bull-Rush. E. B. 666, L. C. 1184. Root 
 
262 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 large, creeping, with, numerous fibres. Stems often half an inch in 
 diameter at the base, and two- three yards long, round, tapering with 
 membranous sheaths at the base, the upper sheaths elongated, rarely 
 leaf-like. Spikes terminal from the same point, on long or short pedi- 
 cels or sessile (the longer pedicels branching), oblong, soft, with a 
 general leaf-like bract, and partial scarious ones. Scales brown, 
 scarious, notched, with a point (the prolonged midrib) somewhat 
 ciliated. Fruit obovate, obscurely angular, smooth with a point, 
 flat on one side. Bristles three-six, as long as the fruit. Rivers, 
 lakes, ponds. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Var. 8. glaucus, Sm. E. B. 2321, L. C. 1184, var. ft. Bract glau- 
 cous, short. Scales rough, stigmas two. Fruit convex on both sides. 
 Salt marshes. Perennial. August. 
 
 9. 8. carinatus, Sm. Blunt-edged Club-Rush. E. B. 1983, 
 L. C. 1184*. Root thick, with many fibres, creeping as in S. lacus- 
 tris. Stem slenderer than the last described species, and slightly 
 triangular above with convex sides, and scarious sheaths at the base. 
 Panicle smaller than in the preceding, with a short furrowed bract. 
 Spikes ovate-oblong. Scales scarious, ciliate, and torn. Fruit in the 
 species growing on the margin of the Thames imperfect. Rivers 
 Thames and Arun. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 50^52. Alt. 0. T. 51 49. 
 
 10. . triqueter, Linn. Triangular Club-Rush. E. B. 1694, 
 L. C*1188. Root creeping, tufted. Stems two-three feet long, acutely- 
 triangular ', with a short, spreading, long-sheathed leaf. Spikes mostly 
 sessile, with a longish bract which appears like a prolongation of the 
 stem, and the cluster of spikes is rather lateral than terminal. Scales 
 elliptical, fringed, and pointed. Fruit roundish, smooth. Bristles 
 three, rough, alternate with the stamens. Rivers Thames and Arun. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 50 52. Alt. 0. T. 51 49. 
 It was till recently plentiful in the Thames, opposite Battersea 
 Fields. It has now nearly disappeared in this locality. 
 
 11. S. Rothii; Hoppe. S. pungens, Vahl. Roth's Club-Rush. 
 E. B. 2819, L. C. 1189. Scirpus pungens, Vahl. ft. Sm. Stem as in 
 S. triqueter, but slenderer and shorter. Spikes few, sessile, large, 
 ovate; lower bract very long and rigid; lobes of the scales acute. 
 St. O uen's Pond, Jersey. Perennial. June. I 
 
 Note. " Long considered a variety of S. triqueter, which it much 
 resembles in general aspect, while it may be truly distinct." Mr. 
 Watson, in " Cybele," vol. iii., p. 74. 
 
 SECT. III. Panicle leafy. 
 
 12. S. iiiaritiiii us, Linn. Salt-marsh Club-Rush. E. B. 542, 
 L. C. 1190. Root creeping, sometimes knotty. Stem one-three feet 
 high, striated, triangular, with rough angles, leafy. ^Leaves sheathing, 
 keeled, rough, and tapering, pointed. Spikes ovate, aggregate, sessile 
 or stalked, sometimes elongated and cylindrical. Lower bracts large, 
 
CYPERACEJL SCIRPUS. CLADIUM. 263 
 
 leaf- like; upper ones much smaller. Scales membranous, split, with 
 sharp lobes, brown, awned, often downy. Fruit obovate, triangular, 
 smooth. Salt marshes. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0. T. 52. 47. 
 
 Still found in the Thames above Battersea. 
 
 13. S. sylvaticus 3 Linn. Wood Club-Rush. E. B. 919, L. C. 
 1191. Root creeping. Stem erect, stout, triangular, leafy. Leaves 
 numerous, flat, broad, tapering, rough at the edges and keel. Panicle 
 very large, on longer or shorter diverging branches, subtended by 
 two large leaf-like bracts; branches much divided, primary and 
 secondary branches bracteated. Spikes small, few-flowered, sessile or 
 stalked. Scales blunt. Fruit obovate, slightly triangular. Damp 
 places in woods and hedges; uncommon. In a wood near Hamp- 
 stead. 'Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 SECT. IV. Spikes terminal in two rows, sessile. Bract single, leaf-like, 
 flat, channelled. 
 
 14. 8. compressus, Pers. Blysmus compressus, Panz. Com- 
 pressed Club-Rush. E. B. 791, L. C. 1182. Root with creeping 
 rhizomes. Stem leafy, triangular, and naked above. Leaves flattisti, 
 sheathing, keeled, sharp, rough towards the end, slightly channelled, 
 nearly as long as the stem. Bract solitary, leafy, or scarious at the 
 base, longer than the spikes. Spikes ten-twenty, sessile, on a common 
 axis. Scales lanceolate, pointed, sometimes awned. Fruit brown, 
 obovate- oblong, compressed, terminated by the persistent style. 
 Bristles rough, three-six, longer than the fruit, with deflexed teeth. 
 Boggy places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 56. Alt, 0400 yards. T. 50 44. 
 
 15. S. rufusj Schrad. B. rufus, Link. Brown Club-Rush. E. B. 
 1010, L. C. 1183. Root creeping. Stems tufted, round, smooth, naked, 
 except at the base. Leaves short, with long sheaths. Spikes imper- 
 fectly two-rowed, five-ten, rusty brown. Bract leaf-like, sometimes 
 absent. Scales smooth, scarious ; the lower one barren, and as long 
 as the spike. Fruit elliptical, tapering at both ends, with a short 
 beak and very short stalk. Bristles. Smith says, " without any bristles 
 at the base." " Bristles one-six, slender, deciduous, with patent or 
 ascending teeth?' Babington. In marshes near the sea on the Western 
 coasts^-J^erennial. August. 
 
 A. 10, CTB<). Lat. 53 61. Alt. 0. T. 49 45. 
 
 VI. Cladium, P. B. Twig-Rush.^Root creeping. Stems 
 leafy, rigid. Spikes numerous, roundish, aggregate, panicled, pedi- 
 celled, or sessile, terminal, and lateral. Spikelets ovate-roundish, the 
 lower scales barren, the upper one or two fertile. Stigmas two-three. 
 Fruit ovate-acuminate, crustaceous, brittle, shining. Seed woody, 
 ovate, tipped with the style. 
 
 C. Mariticus 5 R. Br. Prickly Twig-Rush. E/^. 950, L. C. 1178. 
 Root widely creeping. Stem tall, robust, erect, round^sangular at the 
 
264 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 top, leafy throughout. Leaves rigid, flat, keeled, with very sharp 
 serrated teeth ; sheaths lax. Panicles terminal and lateral, composed 
 of ovate-oblong spikelets, in sessile, or stalked, roundish heads (spikes). 
 Spikelets mostly two-flowered, surrounded at the base by many sca- 
 rious scales. Fenny parts near the sea. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 25. Lat. 50 59 D . Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 VII. Eriophoriim, Linn. Cotton Grass. Root with strong 
 oblique fibres or rhizomes, rarely tufted. Stems leafy, rarely naked, 
 erect, simple. Leaves sheathing. Spikes one or several, unequally 
 stalked, usually nodding (inclining), aggregate, or solitary. Scales 
 equal, the lower ones sometimes barren, pointed, not awned. Style 
 elongated. Stigmas three. Fruit slightly triangular, blunt, or with 
 a very short point (the remains of the persistent not enlarged style), 
 furnished with very copious, long, white, cottony hairs, which are many 
 times longer than the scales, and growing after the flowering of the 
 plant. 
 
 SECT I. Spike solitary and terminal. 
 
 1. E Taginatum, Linn. Hare's- tail Cotton Grass. E. B. 873, 
 L, C. 1199. Koot tufted, slightly creeping. Stems tufted, smooth, 
 with one or more sheaths, dilated at the summit. Leaves radical, 
 rigid, narrow, angular, rough, nearly as long as the stems, simple. 
 Spike terminal, ovate-oblong. Scales scarious, silvery, acuminate. 
 Barren, elevated moors. Perennial. March, April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01000 yards. T. 50 37. 
 
 2. JE. latifoliuiiij Hoppe. JE. pubescens, Sm. Downy-stalked 
 Cotton Grass. E. B. 563, (?) L. C. 1201. Stem erect, leafy, round 
 below, triquetrous above. Leaves flat, broad, rather spreading, 
 shortly triangular at the ends, rough at the margins. Bracts two- 
 three, leaf- like, black, and membranous for about one- third of their 
 length. Peduncles rough, with teeth directed upwards. Heads nume- 
 rous. Scales ovate-pointed. The down has a reddish, silvery hue. 
 Turfy bogs. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T 50 46. 
 
 3. E. angustifoliunr, Roth. Common Cotton Grass. E. B. 
 564, L. C. 1200. Root creeping. Stem slightly triangular, leafy, 
 especially at the base, slender. Leaves flat, narrow, triangular at the 
 summit and sharp, channelled, keeled, slightly rough. Bracts one- 
 three, leaf-like. Peduncles smooth. Spikes drooping in seed. * Scales 
 ovate, pointed. Turfy wet places ; common. Perennial. April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt, 01150 yards. T. 51 35. 
 
 0. E. elegans. Stem and leaves slenderer than in the form above 
 described. E. gracile. E. B. 2402. 
 
 7. E. elatius, Koch. Stem taller and stouter, angular above the 
 middle. JE. polystachion, Sm. 
 
 4. E. gracile, Koch. E. B. 2886, L. C. 1202. Stem slender, 
 slightly angular, leafy, chiefly at the base. Leaves keeled, angular, 
 blunt, scarcely rough. Bracts one or two, short, leaf-like, blunt, stri- 
 
)RUM. CYPEREJE. 
 
 205 
 
 es broad, ovate, scarcely pointed, 
 id boggy places. White Moor 
 urrey. Mr. Borrer, 1844. This 
 ;he plant, drained and cultivated, 
 disappear in this its only known 
 
 -^00 yards. T. 49 47. 
 capitatum, E. B. 2387, have not 
 les. The former is distinguished 
 short leaves, single spike, crisp 
 :ie latter by its round stem, swell- 
 branous scales. Mr. Brown and 
 :he bog of Eestennet, near Forfar, 
 JE. capitatum was said to have 
 Lawers. See " Phytologist," vol. 
 fc this plant has reappeared, about 
 afriesshire. 
 
 ;es compressed. Scales imbricated 
 equal, the lower ones smaller and 
 with rudimentary ones only. 
 
 THE GENERA. 
 
 Scales numerous, equal, all fertile. 
 ,rious at the base. Scales not nurne- 
 
 ts creeping. Stems leafy. Bracts 
 lucre (whorled bracts). Spikelets 
 ;qual. Scales uniform, keeled, all 
 base of the spike. Stigmas two- 
 he base, compressed or triangular, 
 the style, smooth. 
 Cyperus. E. B. 2626, L. C. 1177. 
 with blunt angles, several, two-six 
 3afy at the base. Leaves flat, often 
 led and sheathing. Bracts longer 
 black, oblong, mostly sessile, aggre- 
 heads, Scales ovate-oblong, some- 
 elets numerous, sessile, or nearly so, 
 qual leaf-like bracts. Fruit oblong, 
 , shorter than the scale. Marshy 
 w, near Parson's Green, Middlesex, 
 jral years ago ; and in Peat-pond, 
 r, by Mr. J. D. Salmon, in 1846. 
 
 .It. 050 yards. T. 49. 
 
266 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Note. This rare plant is still (July 28, 1857) found in Eel Brook 
 Meadow as above stated. 
 
 2. C. longusj Linn. Sweet Cyperus, English Galin gale. E. B. 
 1309, L. C. 1176. Hoot creeping, aromatic. Stems two-three feet 
 long, erect, triangular. Leaves flat, keeled, usually shorter than the 
 stein . Bracts more than three times the length of the corymb. Spikes 
 shining, brown, narrow, elongated, erect, on slender, triangular, 
 sheathed stalks. Scales ovate-oblong, imbricated. Stigmas three. 
 Fruit obovate-oblong, triangular, less than half as long as the scale. 
 South of England and Isle of Wight ; rare. Perennial. August, 
 September. 
 
 A. 4, C. 7. Lat. 50 52. Alt. 050 yards. T. 52 50. 
 
 IX. Scliceims, Linn. Bog-Rush. Root strong, tufted, fibres 
 not creeping. Stems erect, round or angular, leafy chiefly at the 
 base. Bracts dilated and scarious below, embracing the spikes, leaf- 
 like, and angular above. Spikes compressed, in a dense terminal 
 head. Scales six -nine in two rows, the three lowermost smaller and 
 barren. Stigmas three. Fruit triangular, pointed by the persistent 
 base of the style, with one-five short or rudimentary bristles, which 
 are sometimes absent. 
 
 S. nigricans, Linn. Black Bog-Rush. E. B. 1121, L. C. 1179. 
 Root strongly fibrous, surmounted with black, shining scales, the 
 debris of decomposed leaves. Stems erect, round. Leaves rigid, nar- 
 row, channelled, triangular, shorter than the stem, with brown, 
 shining sheaths. Bracts two, the longer one terminating in a rigid, 
 blunt leaf, twice as long as the spikes. Spikes brownish black, five- 
 twelve, in a terminal dense head. Scales keeled, lanceolate, pointed. 
 Fruit oblong, white and shining. Turfy bogs. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 50. Lat. 50 -61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 ORDER XIII. JUltfCACE^S, Juss. THE RUSH FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, with tufted or creeping roots and tapering 
 stems, which have often a distinct pith. Leaves when present either flat 
 and channelled or fistulous, often wanting or existing only in a rudi- 
 mentary state as the radical membranous sheaths of some Rushes. 
 Flowers panicled, cymose, spicate or capitate. Perianth scarious or 
 membranous, six-parted. Stamens six or three. Ovary one or three- 
 celled, one or many-seeded. Ovules ascending, attached to the inter- 
 nal angle of the cells, or on the parietal placenta. Fruit a three- 
 valved capsule, with loculicidal dehiscence, sometimes indehiscent, and 
 one-seeded by abortion. Seed erect or ascending, with a membranous 
 shell (testa), and with a terminal or basal appendage. 
 
 These plants are intermediate between the foregoing apetalous 
 orders and the petalous orders following. They afford the first exam- 
 ple of a whorled perianth in a herbaceous not petalous state. The 
 
JUNCACE^E. JUNCUS. 
 
 267 
 
 British species are generally distinguishable by their tufted or gre- 
 garious mode of growth, their tufted or fibrous roots, and by their 
 hollow and jointed or sometimes fiat 
 leaves. They are the productions of the 
 colder regions of the globe. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Juncus. Leaves more or less cylindri- 
 cal, smooth. Fruit three-celled, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 Luzula. Leaves flat ; usually hairy. 
 Fruit one-celled, few-seeded. 
 
 I. Juncus, Linn. Rush. Root 
 tufted or creeping. Stem simple, either 
 naked or more or less leafy, spongy 
 within, sometimes prickly at the sum- 
 mit. Leaves, when present, smooth, 
 flat, or cylindrical, hollow, with septa. 
 Flowers terminal or apparently lateral, 
 panicled, occasionally somewhat capi- 
 tate. Sepals six, acute, permanent. 
 Stamens six, sometimes three, inserted 
 on the sepals, not alternate. Anthers 
 oblong, ovary three-celled, three- valved, 
 with central partitions, which bear the 
 seeds. Seeds minute, roundish, at- 
 tached to the inner edge of the dissepi- 
 ment. The smooth stems, generally 
 full of pith, the panicled flowers and the 
 three-celled, numerous-seeded fruit dis- 
 tinguish this genus. 
 
 Fig. 115. 1, Juncus aeutiflorus. 
 2, Flower expanded, magnified ; p, 
 perianth ; st, stamens ; stig, style 
 and stigma ; o, ovary. 3, Pistil ; s, 
 style, slig, stigma, magnified. 
 4, Fruit opening. 5, Longitudinal 
 section of the fruit, magnified; c, 
 capsule; s, seeds ; ; pi, placenta. 6, 
 Transverse section of the fruit, 
 showing the three-celled capsule, 
 with the seeds attached to central 
 placenta. 7, Section of seed, mag- 
 nified ; e t embryo ; al, albumen. 
 
 SECT. I. Stem leafless, without joints, scaly at the base, 
 rently lateral. 
 
 Flowers aupa- 
 
 1. JT, effusus, Linn. Soft Rush. E. B. 836, L. C. 1151*. Root 
 slightly creeping. Stems tufted, erect, striated, soft, pliable, with 
 brown, green, not shining scales at their base, pith continuous. Pani- 
 cle lax, spreading. Sepals finely-pointed, the three outermost with a 
 broad keel, more or less green. Fruit obovate, depressed at the sum- 
 mit, not pointed. 
 
 Var. j8. compact-us, Leight. Panicle more or less dense, roundish. 
 Wet pastures; common. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 2. jr. <| i li ii sns , Hoppe. L. C. 1152*. Root creeping. (?) Stem 
 rigid, finely and faintly striated, with pointed sheaths at the base ; 
 pith continuous. Panicle lax, branching erect, with a minute, scarious, 
 pointed bract at the base ; the lateral panicles and florets are fur- 
 nished with similar bracts. Sepals lanceolate, with long points, longer 
 
268 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 than the fruit. Fruit shining, angular, obovate, with a short point. 
 In wet places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 8, C. 30. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47-. 
 
 " My impression is, that J. diffusus is a sterile variety of J. 
 effusus" Mr. Watson in " Cybele," vol. iii., p. 40. 
 
 Mr. Ansell, in the " Phytologist," vol. ii., p. 663, states that this 
 plant is distinguished from J. glaucus by its smooth stem, with con- 
 tinuous pith, and by its obovate truncate capsule, which is shorter 
 than the perianth, of a light brown colour, and smaller than that of 
 J. glaucus. (" Phytologist," vol. ii., pp. 911941.) 
 
 3. J. conglomeratus, Linn. Common Hush. E. B. 835, L. C. 
 1151. Root creeping horizontally. Stems erect, striated, with close, 
 brown, blunt scales, pith continuous. Panicle more or less dense, 
 roundish. Sepals pointed, more or less brown. Stamens only three. 
 Fruit obovate, triangular, with a small point. Wet places ; common. 
 Perennial. July. These plants are very similar to each other, espe- 
 cially in some of their states. In none of their forms is there any very 
 characteristic difference between them. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0250 yards. T. 52 44. 
 
 4. J. glaucus, Sibth. Hard Rush. E B. 665, L. C. 1152. Root 
 creeping, black, with stout fibres. Stems rigid, tough, finely striated 
 (fluted), glaucous, in large tufts, scales at the base shining, brown, 
 partly pointed, pith not continuous. Panicle cymose, with slender 
 branches. Sepals taper-pointed. Fruit triangular, elliptical, with 
 a short point. Wet pastures and road-sides ; not uncommon. Peren- 
 nial. June. 
 
 A. 14,0. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 5. J. balticus, Willd. Baltic Rush. E. B. 2621, L. C. 1153. 
 Root creeping widely and horizontally, throwing up stems at equal 
 distances and at right angles to itself. Stems round, not striated, pith 
 continuous. Panicle erect. Florets with broad scarious bracts. 
 Sepals lanceolate, acute, about as long or a little longer than the fruit. 
 Fruit broadly elliptical, scarcely triangular, blunt, with a short point. 
 Sea-shore. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 8. Lat. 56 59. Alt. 0. T. 48 46. 
 
 6. f , flliformis, Linn. Least Rush. E. B. 1175, L. C. 1150. 
 Root creeping. Stems six-twelve inches long, light green, curved or 
 drooping about the panicle, naked, slender, with two long brown 
 sheaths. Panicle simple, few-flowered, situated near the middle of the 
 stem. Flowers pedicelled, single or in pairs, on one branching pedi- 
 cel, with a tapering bract at the base of the panicle, and a broad, 
 short, scarious bract at the base of each. Sepals lanceolate, acute. 
 Fruit roundish, obovate, with a very short point. Margins of lakes in 
 the north ; Derwentwater. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 54 55. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 47 46. 
 
 SECT. II. Sheaths leafy. Stems and flowers as in Sect. I. 
 
 7. JF. maritimus, Sm. Lesser Sharp Sea Rush. E. B. 1725 
 L. C. 1154. Root fibrous, tufted, (?) deeply penetrating. Stem erect, 
 
JUNCACEJE. JUNCUS. 269 
 
 slender, leafless and glaucous, one-two feet high. Root-leaves (barren 
 stems) tapering, sharp-pointed. Panicle erect, elongated, lax, with 
 short spinous bracts. Sepals acute, equal, with a membranous border, 
 as long as the fruit. Fruit oblong, prismatic, not longer than the 
 sepals. Salt marshes. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0. T. 52 47. 
 
 8. J. acutus, Linn. Great Sharp Sea-Rush. E. B. 1624, L. C. 
 1155. Root fibrous, tufted, penetrating deeply into the sand. Stems 
 above a yard high, erect, round, rigid, with a sharp point. Panicle 
 compound, repeatedly sub-divided. Bracts pointed, several. Flowers 
 partly capitate (Sm.) Three inner sepals blunt, half as long as the 
 capsules. Stamens broad and short, style very short. Fruit large, 
 broadly ovate, brown, pointed, with three blunt angles, the lower part 
 invested with the withered sepals. Seeds ovate. Sea-coast, in deep 
 sand. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 12. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0. T. 52 50. 
 
 1 SECT. III. Stems leafy. Leaves radical or cauline (stem leaves), never 
 reduced to scales as in the preceding sections. Flowers terminal, never 
 apparently lateral. 
 
 1. Flowers solitary. ^.^^^^JJ^M^ 
 
 9. J. squarrosus., Linn. %Ioao Rush go'ooo Corn. E. B. 933, 
 L. C. 1163. Roots tufted, dense. Stems few, or nearly solitary, 
 rigid, leafless, compressed, or slightly angular, about a foot high. 
 Leaves numerous, all radical, spreading in a rosette-like manner, nar- 
 row, channelled, rigid, three-four inches long, Panicle erect, with 
 alternate, bracteated branches, each bearing a few large flowers, more 
 or less distinct, in one or two terminal corymbs. Outer (lower) sepal, 
 sharp, inner (higher) blunt. Stamens much shorter than the anthers. 
 Fruit large, roundish-oblong, with a point, brown, shining. Barren 
 sandy heaths. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 52 36. 
 
 Note. The stem in this species is not always leafless. There is 
 occasionally a leaf a few inches above the root. In this case, viz., on 
 high mountainous places, the matted radical leaves are not so conspi- 
 cuous as they are where the situation is less elevated. 
 
 10. f . compressus; Jacq. Round-fruited Rush. E. B. 934, 
 L. C. 1160. Root creeping horizontally, producing a number of 
 stems, either contiguous or apart. Stems erect, six-twelve inches 
 high, often swelling at the base (Hooker, J. bulbosus, Linn.), leafy 
 below, naked and compressed above. Leaves flat, slightly channelled, 
 erect. Lower bract leaf- like. Jb lowers solitary, more or less distant, 
 on slender, angular, corymbose pedicels. Sepals ovate-oblong obtuse. 
 Fruit roundish, with a point, longer than the sepals. Wet marshy 
 places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A, 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 3 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 11. JT. coenosusj Bich. J. Gerardi, Bab. Mud-Rush. E. B. 
 2680, L. C. 1160 b. Root creeping. Stem compressed with two- 
 three leaves (more leafy than J. compressus, Sm.), triangular towards 
 
270 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 the summit. Leaves narrow, channelled with long sheaths, which are 
 crowned by two small auricles. Bract about as long as the panicle, 
 which is somewhat cymose. Sepals oblong, with an obtuse, concave, 
 or incurved pdint, and a three-ribbed keel (Sm.) Carpels ovate, or 
 obovate, or oblong, about as long as the sepals. Abundant in salt 
 marshes and muddy places near the sea. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat, 50 61. Alt, 0. T. 52 45. 
 
 " J. tennis, Willd., is not a very unlikely species to occur, in Britain. 
 It should be looked for in Ireland or England rather than in Scot- 
 land." Mr. H. C. Watson, " Cybele," vol. in., p. 48. 
 
 J. supinus, Moench. J. uliginosus, and J. subverticillatus, Sm. 
 E. B. 801. (See No. 21.) 
 
 12. J. bufonius, Linn. Toad-Rush. E. B. 802, L. C. 1162. 
 Root fibrous. Stems usually numerous, slender, leafy, a few inches 
 long, often spreading at the base. Leaves narrow, setaceous, chan- 
 nelled, erect. Lower bract leaf-like. Flowers distant, rarely in tufts, 
 on short pedicels, with two-three white, pellucid bracts. Sepals 
 narrow, acute, with broad shining margins. Fruit oblong, obtuse, 
 triangular, with a point, much shorter than the sepals. Var. /3. fasci- 
 culatus (Koch.) Stem shorter and thicker. Flowers two-three toge- 
 ther. Wet places. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 3 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 2. Flowers solitary or few. 
 
 13. J. castaneus, Sm. Clustered Alpine-Rush. E. B. 900, 
 L. C. 1164. Root creeping. Stems solitary, erect, round, smooth, 
 nine-twelve inches high, leafy. Leaves erect, convolute, and sheath- 
 ing at the base, flat, involute when dry. Flowers in terminal heads, 
 usually two, one above the other, with an erect, generally leaf-like 
 bract, longer than the heads, and with short, membranous, partial 
 bracts. Sepals brown, oblong, acute, and membranous at the tips. 
 Fruit oblong, triangular, brown, rounded with a point. In alpine 
 wet places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 4. Lat. 56 57. Alt. 8001000 yards. T. 39 36. 
 
 14. J. triglumis 5 Linn. Three-flowered Rush. E. B. 899, 
 L. C. 1168. Root fibrous, somewhat creeping. Stems several, round, 
 with two or three long-sheathed leaves near the base. "Leaves with 
 dilated sheaths, which are auricled at the top, setaceous, bitubular, 
 with transverse partitions ; radical leaves setaceous." (Mr. W. Wilson.) 
 Flowers two-four, in heads, with membranous bracts. Sepals oblong, 
 keeled, membranous at the edges. )*rwit tionyaud, rounded, and 
 tapering at the top, bro*v:i,, Mountainous bogs. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 8. 20. Lat. 53 61. Alt. 350900 yards. T. 43 38. 
 
 16. B. big-lumis, Linn. Two-flowered Rush. E. B. 988, L. C. 
 1167. Root fibrous, somewhat creeping. Stems solitary, erect, three- 
 six inches high, somewhat angular, leafy at the base, naked above, 
 and channelled on one side. Leaves radical with transverse parti- 
 tions, but not divided longitudinally, gradually dilated into a sheath- 
 ing base. Flowers two, with broad membranous bracts; the lower 
 
JUNCACE.E. JUNCUS. 271 
 
 bract terminating in a leafy point overtopping the flowers. Flowers 
 terminal, one above another, and turned to one side, by which this is 
 always known from the two-flowered variety of ./. triglumis, Sm. 
 bepals blunt. Fruit obovate, depressed at the summit, longer than 
 the sepals. Alpine bogs. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 6. Lat. 56 58. Alt. yOO 1100 yards. T. 38 36'. 
 
 16. J. trificlws. Linn. Three-leaved Hush. E. B. 1482, L. C. 
 1165. Hoot creeping, bearing numerous involute, scaly, whitish 
 leaves (barren stems), with a few slender stems which are erect and 
 naked except at the base. Leaves all radical, one-two, sheathing, 
 very narrow, channelled, sharp, often wanting. Bracts two-three, 
 leaf-like, dilated at the base, very long. Flowers one-three, sessile or 
 stalked, solitary or aggregate. Sepals sharp, ribbed. Fruit rounded, 
 tapering, pointed, longer than the sepals. Mountainous bogs. Peren- 
 nial. July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 10. Lat. 56 59. Alt. 5501400 yards. T. 42 39. 
 
 3. Flowers in a terminal head, or in two heads, or in panicled heads. 
 
 17. J. capitatusj Weigel. Dense-headed Rush, E. B. 2644, 
 L. C. 1166. Hoot fibrous. Stems several or solitary, naked, except 
 at the very base, erect, slender, angular, striated, a few inches high. 
 Leaves radical, very narrow, sheathing, often reddish, one-third part 
 as long as the stem. Flowers in terminal, mostly solitary heads, 
 rarely in two-three heads, contiguous or apart, with one-two leaf-like 
 bracts under each head ; upper (interior) bracts membranous, pointed, 
 shorter than the sepals. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, abruptly pointed, 
 point long, bristly. Fruit roundish, slightly triangular, pointed, 
 scarcely half the length of the sepals. Sandy ground ; in Jersey and 
 Guernsey. Annual. June. 
 
 A. L Lat. 49 50. Alt. 050. T. 53 52. 
 
 18. J. obtusillorus, Ehrh. Blunt-flowered Jointed Rush. E. B. 
 2144, L. C. 1158. Root creeping, with horizontal rhizomes. Stems 
 round, with internal transverse partitions, scaly at the base, and with 
 about two stem-leaves. Leaves hollow, round, tapering, with internal 
 partitions. Lower bract ending in a leaf-like point. Flowers in 
 round heads, four-twelve, in cymes on refracted branches, forming 
 altogether a corymb or terminal panicle. Sepals oblong, blunt, con- 
 verging, often purplish. Fruit small, ovate-lanceolate, triangular, as 
 long as the sepals. Marshy places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 19. J. acutiflorusj Ehrh. Sharp-flowered Jointed Rush. E.B. 
 2143, L. C. 1156. Root creeping horizontally, sometimes tufted. 
 Stems erect, four-five-jointed, leafy, scaly at the base. Leaves hollow, 
 tapering, flattened, with several partitions, which give them a jointed 
 appearance. Panicle compound, erect, with a leaf-like bract. Flowers 
 in four-ten-flowered heads ; heads numerous, in more or less spread- 
 ing and forked cymes, forming a terminal corymb. Sepals lanceolate, 
 bristle-pointed, somewhat curved at the apex, the inner longer than the 
 outer. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, with three sharp angles, narrowed into 
 
2/2 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 a long beak, (?) longer than the sepals. Watery places. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 3 61. Alt. 0-450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 20. J. lamprocarpus; Ehrh. Shining-fruited Jointed Rush. 
 E. B. 2143, L. C. 1157. Roots tufted with creeping rhizomes, 
 usually bearing numerous contiguous stems. Stems slightly com- 
 pressed, jointed, hollow, with a few partitions near the base, erect, or 
 nearly so. Leaves hollow, slightly flattened, with numerous internal, 
 transverse partitions. Lower bract leaf-like. Heads four-twelve- 
 flowered, numerous, on strong, elongated branches, remote, with 
 a very few heads at the forks. Sepals lanceolate, equal, the outer 
 pointed, the inner blunt. Fruit ovate, triangular, abruptly pointed, longer 
 than the sepals. Boggy meadows, watery places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 Var. J. nigritellus, Don. E. B. 2643, L. C. 1157 b. Stems and 
 
 leaves scarcely compressed. Clusters (heads) with more flowers than 
 
 in the preceding form. Fruit more black and glossy than in J. lam- 
 
 \ procarpus. (Compare " Phytologist," vol. i., p. 96.) Boggy places in 
 
 the north. 
 
 21. J. supinusj Moench. J. uliginosus and J. subverticillatus, 
 Sm. Whorl-headed Rush. E. B. 801, L. C. 1159. Root tufted, or 
 with more or less creeping rhizomes, sometimes floating. Stems more 
 
 I or less numerous, slender, swelling at the base, leafy. Leaves slightly 
 
 ! channelled, faintly jointed, radical leaves numerous, dilated at the 
 
 i base, sheathing the bulb of the stem. Lower bract leaf-like, or with 
 
 a leaf-like point. Flowers few, very variable in position, in lateral or 
 
 terminal three-twelve-flowered heads. Sepals lanceolate, acute, 
 
 keeled, blunt, or pointed. Fruit oblong, Hunt, with a small point, a 
 
 | little longer than the sepals. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 39. 
 Var. . radicans. Stems prostrate or swimming, very long; 
 bracts and sepals becoming leafy. 
 
 Var. 7. gracilis. Very slender, heads and flowers much smaller 
 than in the typical form. 
 
 Var. J. verticillatus, Linn. Knot-Grass. E. B. 895. Stems very 
 slender, filiform, prostrate, branching and flowering from the base. 
 Leaves obovate or roundish, tapering at the base. Flowers in axillary 
 clusters (apparent whorls), more or less distant, often approximate 
 and forming leafy spikes. Calyx smooth, white or whitish pink. 
 Dovonand Cornwall. Perennial. July. 
 
 f. tenuis, Willd. J.gesneri,Sm. Slender-spreading Rush. E. B. 
 2174. " Stem very slender, a foot or more in height. Leaves few, 
 radical, very narrow, channelled above, dilated and membranous at 
 the base. Bracts two-three, leaf-like, erect ; the lower one longer 
 than the panicle, the others much shorter. Panicle forked, of three- 
 four very unequal branches. Sepals tapering, pointed, longer than 
 the roundish fruit." (See J. ccenosus, ante.) 
 
 J. alpinus, Vill. Alpine Rush. " Will probably be found in | 
 Britain." Mr. Babington. 
 
JUNCACEJE. LUZULA. 273 
 
 II. laizula, De Can. Wood-Rush, Roots tufted or creeping. 
 Stem round, leafy. Leaves grass-like, mostly radical, fringed with 
 long, unequal hairs. Flowers solitary, or in heads, panicles or 
 cymes. Sepals six, three external and three internal; the latter 
 smaller than the former. Stamens six, with the same attachment as 
 in Juncus (on the sepals). Ovary three-angled, one-celled, three- 
 valved, without partitions. Style deciduous, and stigmas downy; the 
 latter as long as the style. Capsule ovate, three-angled, one-celled, 
 three-valved, with three seeds at the bottom of the cell. Seeds with a 
 tumid crest. The leafy stems broad, often channelled, grass-like 
 leaves, the different aspect of the inflorescence, and, above all, the one- 
 celled, three-seeded capsule, precisely point out this genus as distinct 
 from Juncus. 
 
 SECT. I. Flowers solitary. 
 
 1. I*. Forsteri, De Can. Narrow-leaved Hairy Wood-Rush. 
 E. B. 1293, L. C. 1171. Root tufted. Stems slender, about a foot high. 
 Leaves flat, narrow, hairy at the margin ; radical ones numerous, 
 tufted, the upper stem-leaves rather larger than the lower. Panicle 
 erect ; branches unequal, one-two-three-flowered, erect when at matu- 
 rity. Fruit with three prominent angles and nearly flat sides, with a 
 point. Seed with a short, Hunt, and straight crest. (Compare " Phy- 
 tologist," vol. iii., pp. 980987.) Woods. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 6, C. 20. Lat. 50 53, Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 2. I,, pilosa, Willd. Broad-leaved Hairy Wood- Rush. E. B. 
 736, L. C. 1170. Root fibrous, tufted, creeping. Stems slender, leafy. 
 Leaves flat, lanceolate, radical ones tufted, stem-leaves with long 
 sheaths, densely hairy at the tops, decreasing in size towards the top of 
 the stem. General bracts several, membranous with leaf-like points, 
 one larger than the others. Partial ones scarious, pointed, shorter than 
 the sepals. Flowers solitary, on long, slender, unequal branches, one 
 or two on each, more or less apart ; branches reflexed after flowering. 
 Sepals acute, keeled, with white scarious margins. Fruit ovate, with 
 three blunt angles. Seeds with a terminal hooked crest. Woods. 
 Perennial. April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 42. 
 Compare " Phytologist," vol. iii., pp. 980987. 
 
 3. fc. Uoi-rerij Bromf. Borrer's Wood-Rush. Stems stouter 
 and rather taller than in either L. Forsteri or L.pilosa. Leaves rather 
 narrower than in the latter species. Panicle closer than in L.pilosa, 
 and more lax than in L. Forsteri. Bracts of the. calyx broadly ovate, 
 short pointed, with broad scarious margins. Fruit shining, triangu- 
 lar, with blunt angles. Seed ? Apre Castle, near Shanklin, Isle of 
 Wight. Discovered by the late Dr. Bromfield. (See " Phytologist," 
 vol. iii., pp. 985, &c.) Perennial. April, May. (?) 
 
 SECT. II. Flowers in heads or spikes. 
 
 4. L. sylvatica, Bich. Great Wood-Rush. E. B. 737, L. C. 
 1169. Roots tufted, terminating a stout woody rhizome, which 
 creeps obliquely or horizontally. Stems twelve-eighteen inches high, 
 
274 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTAiNY. 
 
 leafy. Radical leaves numerous, tufted, forming a coarse elastic turf, 
 Stem-leaves small, with very long and tubular sheaths, very hairy. 
 Heads two-four-flowered, numerous, in cymes, forming together a 
 corymb, or terminal panicle, which is longer than the bracts. Sepals 
 bristle-pointed. Filaments much shorter than the anthers. Fruits 
 ovate, with a point. Seed without a crest. Woods. Perennial. May. 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat, 50 61. Alt. 01000 yards. T. 51- 37. 
 
 5. JL. cainpestris; Willd. Field Wood-Rush. E. B. 672, L. C. 
 1172. Root creeping and tufted. Stems solitary, six-twelve inches, 
 erect, round, leafy. Radical leaves numerous, narrower and shorter 
 than the stem-leaves, hairy, especially about the top of the sheaths. 
 Bracts two, leaf-like, usually shorter than the spikes, or close panicles. 
 Partial bracts scarious, pointed. Clusters (spikes) more or less dense, 
 in a terminal cyme, on branches which are more or less reflexed when 
 ripe. Sepals lanceolate, keeled, scarious at the margin. Fruit obovate, 
 rounded, with a short point, not so long as the sepals. The seeds have 
 no crest, except their short thick stalks, running up one side, be con- 
 sidered as such (Sm.) Dry pastures. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01000 yards. T. 52 37. 
 
 6. Ki. multiflora, Lej. L. congesta, D. C. and Sm. Many- 
 flowered Wood-Rush. E. B. 2718, L. C. 1172*. (" Phytologist, vol. ii., 
 p. 318.) Root tufted. Stems usually leafy, rigid, erect, much taller 
 than in L. campestris. Radical leaves numerous, rather broader than 
 the stem-leaves ; the latter have long sheaths with a limb diminishing 
 towards the top of the stem. Spikes many-flowered, ovate, dense, 
 sessile, or pedicelled, with a very short leaf-like bract ; partial bracts 
 scarious. Sepals tapering. Fruit triangular, obovate, with a point. 
 Seed with a conical appendage at the base. Filaments much longer 
 than in L. campestris. Marshy turfy ground. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 3 60 3 . Alt. 0900 yards. T. 51 37. 
 
 Var. a. Panicle with stalked clusters, branches erect even when 
 in fruit. 
 
 Var. j8. congesta, Sm. Clusters sessile, or nearly so, contiguous, in 
 a compact lobed head. 
 
 7. JL. gpicata* D. C. Spiked Wood-Rush. E. B. 1176, L. C. 
 1174. Roots tufted, bulbous. (?) Stems erect, leafy, about nine-twelve 
 inches high. Radical leaves tutted, short, spreading. Stem-leaves 
 erect, with long sheaths decreasing in size towards the top, larger 
 than the radical leaves. Lower bract leaf -like, scarcely so long as 
 the panicle. Clusters almost sessile, in a close oblong, lending, lobed 
 spike. Sepals bristle-pointed. Fruit brown, obtuse, with a point. 
 Grassy alpine places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 6, C. 15. Lat. 53 59. Alt, 5501450 yards. T. 41 32. 
 
 8. lj. arcuata, Hook. Curved Mountain Wood-Rush. E. B. 
 2688, L. C. 1173. Roots tufted, branched at the summit, with scaly 
 sheaths and fibres, throwing out rhizomes or stolons. Stems erect, 
 slender, two-four inches high, with one or two leaves. Radical leaves 
 tufted, incurved, only slightly hairy. Heads about three-flowered, 
 on longish stalks, sheathed by membranous fringed, partly scarious and 
 
ERIOCATJLACE^;. ERIOCAULON. 275 
 
 partly leaf-like bracts ; branches deflexed or recurved? Sepals broad- 
 lanceolate, pointed. Fruit roundish-ovate, shorter than the sepals. 
 Rocky alpine heights. Perennial. July. Scotland. On the sum- 
 mits of Cairngorum and Loch-na-gar. 
 
 A.2,C.3. Lat. 56 59\ Alt. 1000 1450 yards. (?) T. 35 32. 
 
 ORDERXIV. ERIOCAUIjACEJE. THE PIPEWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Aquatic and marsh herbaceous plants, with angular stems and 
 slitted sheaths. Flowers unisexual, in heads. Perianth two-six- 
 parted. Stamens four-six. Ovary free, two-three-celled, with solitary 
 pendulous ovules. Fruit capsular, opening. Seeds winged, or with 
 rows of hairs. Embryo on the outside of the farinaceous albumen, 
 remote from the hilum. 
 
 This order is distinguished from Cyperacea by the slit sheaths, 
 and from Graminece by its angular stem. The only European species 
 is a native of the Hebrides and of the west of Ireland. 
 
 Eriocaulon, Linn. Pipe wort. Aquatics with the radical 
 leaves in a rosette. (?) Stem-leaves none, or alternate and sheathing. 
 Stems (radical peduncles) solitary. Flowers monoecious, capitate, 
 scaly ; barren flowers in the centre ; fertile ones in the circumference. 
 Perianth two-six-cleft. Stamens six-three, inserted on the segments 
 of the perianth. Ovary in a four or six-parted perianth. Stigmas 
 almost sessile, two-three-cleft. Fruit capsular, two-three-celled, two- 
 three-valved, bursting at the angles. Seeds solitary, globular. 
 
 E. septangulare, With. E. B. 733, L. C. 1149. Roots numerous, 
 white, consisting of jointed fibres. Stems six-eight, rarely seven- ten- 
 angled, height varying with the depth of the water where they grow. 
 Leaves glabrous. Perianth four-cleft. Stamens four. Capsule two- 
 celled. Peaty lakes and pools in Skye and the adjoining islands ; also 
 in Cunnemara, Ireland. Perennial. August. 
 
 A. 1, C 1. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 0. T. 47. 
 
 ORDER XV. TYPHACEJE. THE BULL-RUSH FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous marsh or aquatic plants, with creeping rhizomes or 
 tufted roots. Stems upright, without knots (nodi), simple or branching. 
 Leaves rigid, ensiform, alternate or radical, often sheathing. Flowers 
 spicate or capitate ; the male and female florets in separate groups, 
 male above, female below. Stamens three or six with long filaments. 
 Ovary single, one-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule. Fruit dry, 
 one-celled, one-seeded, crowned by the persistent style. Seed pen- 
 dulous, with fleshy albumen. Embryo almost cylindrical in the albu- 
 men* Radical directed towards the hilum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Typha. Flowers in cylindrical spikes. Fruit on long, very slender 
 pedicels, with long hairs (bristles) at the base. 
 
 Sparganium. Flowers in globular heads. Fruit sessile, intermixed with 
 scales. 
 
276 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 1. Typha. Reed-mace, Cat's-tail. Aquatic, upright plants. 
 Stems cylindrical, not jointed, leafy at the base, with the lower 
 
 part submersed. Leaves all 
 radical, erect, long, narrow, 
 smooth. Flowers monoecious, 
 in dense, cylindrical, terminal 
 spikes (catkins). Barren 
 flowers on the upper part 
 of the spike, fertile flowers 
 on the lower part, either 
 continuous or interrupted. 
 Stamens three, united below, 
 with drooping, furrowed 
 anthers. Ovary stipitate. 
 Fruit small, ovate, stalked, 
 crowned with the persistent 
 style, and surrounded by 
 bristles (se&) attached to 
 the base of 'its stalk. (See 
 Fig. 116, 4.) The flat, rigid, 
 linear, basal leaves, and the 
 dense soft cylinders of flowers 
 and fruit are sufficient to 
 distinguish this genus. 
 
 1. T. latilolia, Linn. 
 
 Fig. 116. 1, Typha latifolia, part of the barren n fli -> f ] or T> PPr j rv^pp 
 spike, nat. size; 2, part of fertile spike ; 3, seg- J^lf" 1 ' T n i 
 ment of barren spike; 4>, fruit, nat. size; 5, the &. J3. 145t>, L. C. 1147. Root 
 same magnified; 6, stamen with seti; 7, section creeping, with thick, hairy 
 of fruit ; e, embryo. ~ ni_ r O-L 1 
 
 fibres. Stems robust, rigid, 
 
 very erect, quite round, nearly two yards high, leafy at the base. 
 Leaves very long, mostly radical, flat, rigid, erect, with long sheaths, 
 quite smooth. Spike terminal, about a foot long, barren and fertile 
 flowers contiguous, or nearly so; the barren portion longest and 
 thickest when in flower ; the fertile part begins to swell when the 
 stamens fall off, and finally breaks up into masses of fine fruit (seeds), 
 which are wafted away by means of the downy hairs with which 
 they are surrounded. In ponds, ditches, and slow streams. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 D 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Note. The roots of this plant have been recommended as esculent. 
 
 2. T. ang-ustifolia, Linn. Lesser Reed-mace. E.B. 1456, 
 L. C. 1148. Stem similar to that in the preceding species, but less 
 robust. Leaves narrower than in T. latifolia, convex on the back and 
 concave in front. Spikes slenderer, barren flowers separate from the 
 fertile ones. Receptacle scaly. In T. latifolia the receptacle is hairy. 
 In pools and ditches. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 56 D . Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 Note. This plant was observed by Douglas in the north-west of 
 America- 
 
TYPHACE.E. TYPHA. SPARGANIUM. 277 
 
 T. minor was found on Hounslow Heath in the time of Dillenius, 
 but has not been observed since, and so conspicuous a plant could 
 scarcely have been overlooked. 
 
 Mr. Watson suggests as a probable explication (" Cybele," 
 vol. iii., p. 36), " that a small form of T. angustifolia was gathered 
 and supposed to be T. minor." (Compare " Phytofogist," vol. iii., pp. 
 1007-8.) r 
 
 II. Sparganium, Linn. Bur-Reed. Aquatics, upright or 
 floating. Stem round, solid, leafy. Leaves pliant, fiat, or three- 
 angled at the base. Flowers monoecious, in globular alternate 
 heads. Barren flowers in dense round heads. Perianth three-leaved, 
 with three stamens. Fertile flowers in similar heads, only placed 
 below the former. Perianth as in the barren flower. Ovary ovate, 
 with a short style and permanent stigma. Fruit obovate, dry, with 
 a spongy epicarp and woody endocarp, one rarely two-celled by the 
 cohesion of another carpel. Seed solitary, ovate. The round stalks 
 juicy, pliant leaves, and the globular prickly heads of fruit well dis- 
 tinguish this genus. 
 
 On the Continent the leaves of these plants are employed by 
 coopers, who place them between the barrel-staves to make their 
 joints tight. 
 
 1. S. raniosimi, Huds. Branched Bur-Reed. E. B. 774, L. C. 
 1146. Roots tufted. Stems erect, robust, branching at the summit. 
 Leaves sword-shaped, radical ones triangular at the base, with flat or 
 slightly concave sides. Floral leaves (bracts) short, clasping. Flowers 
 in alternate, distant, sessile heads, the fertile flowers larger, one-two, 
 the upper and barren smaller and more numerous. Stigma elongated, 
 linear, downy ; fruit triangular. Ditches. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 2. IS. simplex,, Huds. Unbranched Bur-Reed. E. B.745, L. C. 
 1145. Roots tufted. Stems rather slenderer than in the preceding, 
 quite simple. Leaves triangular at the base, with flat sides. The 
 lowermost head of fertile flowers stalked ; the 'upper fertile and barren 
 flowers in sessile heads. The heads of barren flowers large, nume- 
 rous. Fruit oblong, spindle-shaped. Ditches and muddy places. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 3. S. natans, Linn, Floating Bur-Reed. E. B. 273, L.C. 1144*. 
 Root fibrous, with runners. Stem flaccid, round, variable in length 
 (depending on the depth of the water where it is found). Leaves 
 floating, narrow, very long, flat above, slightly convex below, with 
 swollen sheathing bases. Fertile heads several, one-six, the lower- 
 most on long stalks, the stalks of the upper ones gradually decreasing ; 
 barren heads several, one-eight, depending on the luxuriancy of the 
 plant. Stigma long. Fruit with a distinct stalk and pointed beak. 
 Lakes and still water. Scotland. Perennial. July. 
 
 A 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 51 43\ 
 
 4. S. minimum, Bauh., Fries. Least Bur-Reed. L. C. 1144. 
 
278 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Root fibrous. Stems slender, flaccid. Leaves nearly flat, grass-like, 
 narrow, floating, not enlarged at their sheathing base. Female heads 
 about two, alternate, the lowermost stalked. The male usually soli- 
 tary and terminal. Fruit sessile, with a short conical beak. In ponds 
 and ditches. Perennial. July. St. George's-hill, near Weybridge, 
 and near Barnes, Surrey. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 51 43. 
 
 These two were till lately described under one name, S. natans, 
 hence their distribution is imperfectly known. (Compare " Phyto- 
 logist," vol. iv., p. 403.) 
 
 ORDER XVI. ARACEJE. THE ARUM FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs and shrubs terrestrial or aquatic, containing more or less 
 of an acrid, caustic juice. Roots usually thick, fleshy and farinaceous. 
 
 Leaves radical, sheathing, 
 convolute in prefoliation, 
 dilated or linear, with 
 branching or parallel 
 nerves. Flowers spiked 
 (on a spadix) with a spathe, 
 monoecious. Stamens defi- 
 nite or indefinite, very 
 short. Ovary one rarely 
 three-celled, many-seeded. 
 Stigma sessile. Fruit suc- 
 culent, one-seeded by abor- 
 tion, or many -seeded. 
 Seeds with a farinaceous al- 
 bumen. 
 
 Fig. 117.-Arum maculatum. 
 
 root, leaves, and flower much reduced ; 2, recep- 
 tacle and column (spadix) ; a, ovaries ; b, stamens ; 
 
 1, entire plant, with SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 Arum. Eoots fleshy, leaves 
 
 c, axis enlarged ; 3, section of the seed, showing the dilated, fruit pulpy. 
 
 n the fleshy endosperm ; 4, a longitudinal 
 section, showing the (rarely three-celled) ovary l eaveg li near 
 
 Acorus. Roots 
 
 embryo in the fleshy endosperm ; 4, a longitudinal ^dcorus. KOOtS creeping, 
 section, showing the (rarely three-celled) ovary 
 crowned by the stigma j 5, the mature fruit ; 6, the 
 cylindrical embryo. 
 
 I. Arum, Linn. Cuc- 
 koo-pint. Root thick, fleshy. Leaves radical, petiolate, hastate or 
 sagittate, entire. Flower-stalk radical, with a leafy, convolute, 
 sheathing spathe. Spike (spadix) naked and succulent, enlarged 
 above. Stamens in whorls about the centre (middle) with fila- 
 mentary appendages (abortive ovaries?). Ovaries below the 
 stamens, numerous. Fruit succulent, one-celled, one or many- 
 seeded. Seeds roundish, with a thick episperm (testa). 
 
 The only British plant of this genus has no stem. Its leaves 
 appear early in spring, near hedges, banks, and sheltered places. 
 
ARACEJE. ARUM. ACORUS. 279 
 
 Every part of the plant is excessively acrid, and this quality 
 does not appear to be dissipated neither by maceration nor by 
 boiling. 
 
 1. A. macula twin 5 Linn. Common Cuckoo-pint, or Wake- 
 Robin. E. B. 1298, L. C. 1142. Root round, fleshy, with several 
 fibres, very acrid. This quality is not dissipated by many hours* 
 boiling. Leaves large, on long stalks, broadly hastate, shining, often 
 spotted. Spathe light green, purple within, jiuch longer than the 
 spadix. Spike (spadix) erect, the enlarged naked part violet-coloured. 
 Fruit a cluster of beautiful red berries appearing in August. Borders 
 of fields and hedge-banks. Perennial. April, May. 
 
 A. 14, C. 60. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 The mucilaginous fleshy roots, if dried or roasted, might possibly 
 afford some nutritious flour. As above stated, many hours' boiling did 
 not dissipate the acridity, and the root is accordingly deemed a very 
 dangerous article, and, even if rendered eatable, not so palatable and 
 wholesome as a potato. 
 
 2. A. italicum; Willd. Italian Arum. Curtis. " Bot. Mag." 
 vol. 1., p. 2432. Leaves triangular, hastate at the base, with divaricate 
 lobes and white (yellow) veins. Spadix club-shaped, shorter than 
 with a broad, spreading spathe. Thickets in the Undercliffe, Isle of 
 Wight. Mr. Hambrough Curtis says, "A. italicum has often been con- 
 founded withal, maculatum, yet if any tolerable figure had ever been 
 given, this mistake could hardly have been made. The whole plant is 
 nearly double the size ; the leaves are not only larger and veined with 
 white, but the posterior lobes go off at nearly right angles from the foot- 
 stalk, or are hastate, not sagittate. The spathe is very large, of a yel- 
 lowish green colour, at first erect, afterwards rolled back at the point, 
 &c. A native of Italy, Spain, and the south of France. (Compare 
 " Phytologist," vol. iii., pp. 1009-10.) 
 
 II. Acorus, Linn. Sweet Flag. Root woody, creeping hori- 
 zontally. Flower-stalk radical. Leaves sword-shaped, embracing 
 each other (equitant). Flowers sessile on a cylindrical spike. Sepals 
 six, equal, persistent. Stamens six, alternate with, and as long 
 as, the sepals. Ovary free, sessile ; stigma sessile. Fruit cap- 
 sular, membranous, of three cells, not opening. Seeds several, ovate- 
 oblong. 
 
 A. calamus. Linn. Common Sweet Flag. E. B. 356, L. C. 
 1143. Root thick, with long fibres. Stem like the leaves flattened, 
 but rounded and thickened below, and with a prolongation beyond the 
 spike. Leaves quite erect, bright green, two-three feet long, about 
 an inch broad. Spike about three inches long, somewhat lateral, 
 tapering, densely covered with florets. Every part of the plant, 
 when bruised, yields a sweet slightly aromatic smell. In wet places, 
 ponds, ditches, and especially by the sides of rivers, in Norfolk. 
 Barnes Common, Surrey ; Hampstead Heath, Middlesex ; Wood- 
 ford, Essex. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
280 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 SUB-DIVISION II. OF MONOCOTYLEDONOUS ORDERS, Aquatics. 
 
 Seeds without albumen. 
 
 The following Orders, viz., Lemnacece, Zoster acece, Potamacece, and 
 Juncaginacece, have the common character of spadiceous, and generally 
 spathaceous inflorescence. Their obvious distinctive characters are 
 principally their habitat, habit, fructification, and foliage. For ex- 
 ample, Lemnacece have roundish, small, floating fronds, growing on the 
 surface of stagnant water. Potamacece and Zosteracece have generally 
 long leafy stalks ; the leaves are partly submersed, and partly floating. 
 Juncaginacece have erect stalks, with narrow leaves, and they grow in 
 wet places. 
 
 ORDER XVIL I-EMMACE JE, Duby, Lind. Pistiacese, 
 
 Rich. THE DUCK- WEED FAMILY. 
 
 Very small floating plants, with simple, cellular, entire or lobed 
 flattened fronds, rooting below. Flowers on the margin, enclosed in 
 
 a spathe, two male and one female 
 together ; the males have one or two 
 stamens each, and the females one 
 ovary. Ovary single, one-celled, with a 
 simple, nearly sessile, stigma, and erect 
 or pendulous ovules. Fruit one-celled, 
 one or more seeded, with a membran- 
 ous pericarp. Seeds with a cori- 
 aceous Covering, and no albumen. 
 Easily known by their small flat or 
 gibbous leaves, which are found on all 
 still waters in summer, often forming 
 a thick covering on the surface. In 
 winter they sink to the bottom of the 
 stagnant pools, where they most 
 abound. Lemna inhabits the ditches, 
 &c., of the cooler parts of the world, 
 and Pistia the tropics. 
 
 Note. The Pistiacece are plants 
 of the simplest possible structure ; of 
 all cotyledonous plants these approach 
 nearest to the acotyledonous orders. 
 They consist entirely of leafy processes, quite simple, floating and 
 rooting on the water ; and produce their flowers and fruit from the 
 margin of the frond. 
 
 Fig. 118. 1, Lemna minor, highly mag- 
 nified ; 2, staminate monandrous 
 flower; 3, a very highly magnified 
 diandrous flower of the same; 4, 
 section of the pistil and contained 
 ovule of the same. 
 
 JL mi ii a, Linn. Duck-weed, 
 same as those of the Order. 
 
 The generic characters are the 
 
 SECT. I. Frond producing one rootlet, with two lateral fents (clefts). 
 Style elongated, recurved. Fruit one-seeded, not opening. 
 
 1.* Ei trisulca* Linn. Ivy-leaved Duck-weed. E.B. 926, L. C. 
 
LEMNACE2E. ZOSTERACE^E. 281 
 
 1141. Plant floating during flowering, then submersed. Fronds 
 thin, pellucid, oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, tapering at the base, den- 
 ticulate above, at right angles to each other, united by threes, some- 
 times in twos, the under sides furnished with simple roots. Ponds, 
 ditches, &c. Annual. April, May. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 2. Jj. minor, Linn. Lesser Duck- weed. E. B. 1095, L. C. 1138. 
 (See our Fig. 118.) Frond (leaf) thick, but not spongy below, united by 
 threes or fours, rarely more, roundish or obovate, not attenuated at 
 the base, swimming. This plant often covers the entire surface of 
 ponds and ditches. Annual. April July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 3 46. 
 
 SECT. II. Frond with one rootlet, and two lateral fents (slits). Style 
 elongated, recurved. Fruit two-seven-seeded, opening transversely. 
 
 3. Jj. gibba, Linn. Turgid Duck-weed. E. B. 1233, L. C. 
 
 1139. Fronds green, flat, or slightly convex above, spongy, in- 
 flated, and very convex beneath, roundish or obovate, united in 
 
 twos and threes, but easily separating, radical, fibrous, long. This 
 species often covers large spaces of stagnant water, but is not so com- 
 mon as Z. minor. Annual. April August. 
 
 A. 10,0.40. Lat. 50 56 (55). Alt. 0200 yards. T.51 47. 
 
 SECT. III. Fronds producing tufts of rootlets. 
 
 4. Jj, polyrhiza, Linn. Greater Duck- weed. E. B. 2458, L. C. 
 
 1140. Fronds much larger than in the above species, roundish, obo- 
 vate or oblong, slightly convex but not spongy below, reddish brown 
 above, two-four, connected, roundish, orovate, not tapering, swim- 
 ming. Ponds and ditches. The flowers of this species have not been 
 seen in England nor in France. The fronds appear soon after mid- 
 summer. 
 
 A. 12, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51- 47. 
 
 ORDER XVIIL ZOSTER AC EJE. THE NAIAD FAMILY. 
 
 Submersed marine aquatics. Stems branching. Leaves sessile, 
 with large membranous sheaths, inconspicuous nerves and spinous 
 teeth. Flowers axillary, minute, unisexual on the same or on 
 distinct plants, enclosed in a membranous spathe. Barren flower 
 with one stamen on a very short filament. Fertile flower with a 
 free ovary, consisting of two-three one-celled carpels, and with a 
 solitary ovule in each. Styles two-three. Fruit one-celled, one- 
 seeded, not opening, leathery or woody, enclosed in the persistent, 
 membranous spathe. 
 
 Note. The Zosteracete (Naiadacece) and Potomacece are found 
 mostly in fresh, but a few in brackish water. Stems long, generally 
 much branched. Leaves very cellular, mostly olive or olive-green 
 coloured. Inflorescence spicate or verticillate. Ovaries one or more 
 distinct, with one ovule in each. Fruit, a drupe or nut. 
 
 U 
 
282 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Naias. Male and female flowers on distinct plants (dioecious). 
 Zostera. Male and female flowers on the same plants. 
 
 I. Iaias, Linn. Barren and fertile flowers on distinct plants 
 (dioecious), almost solitary, in the axils of the leaves. Barren flower in 
 a spathe, with a slit lengthways and terminating in two points. Anther 
 four-angled, abruptly pointed, four-lobed, and opening by four terminal 
 valves. Fertile flower merely an ovary surrounded by a spathe. 
 
 W. flexilis, Rostk. and Schm. (Caulinia intermedia, Balb. and 
 Nocca.) Flexible Naias. Leaves narrow, linear, with minute, pointed 
 denticulations ; sheaths ciliate-denticulate. Ponds of salt water. 
 Annual. July September. Ireland. Only recently added to the 
 British Flora. Will probably be found in England. (See " Cybele,' ? 
 vol. iii., p. 26.) 
 
 II. Zostera, Linn. Grass-wrack. Long, slender, floating 
 aquatics. Stem roundish, branching, leafy. Leaves alternate, long, 
 linear, flat. Inflorescence spathaceous, the base of the leaf forming a 
 spathe and splitting lengthways to let out the fruit. Spike (recep- 
 tacle spadix) linear, flat, membranous, three-nerved, the middle nerve 
 of the inner side bearing the fruit. Barren flowers merely anthers, 
 which, are cylindrical, one-celled, laterally attached to one side of the 
 spike. Ovaries alternate and parallel to the anthers, cylindrical, with 
 two stigmas. Fruit a cylindrical drupe, somewhat juicy, containing 
 one oval striated seed. 
 
 1. Z. marina* Linn. Common Grass-wrack. E. B, 467, L. C. 
 1137. Stem filiform, elongate, branched, roundish, jointed, leafy. 
 Leaves very long, flaccid ; linear, entire, three-nerved (one-seven-nerved). 
 Spike (spadix) two inches long in a sheath with eight-ten anthers, 
 and as many pistils. In the sea. Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 50. Lat. 50- 61. Alt. 0. T. 52 45. 
 Var. j3. angustifolia. Leaves narrower than in the type. 
 
 2. 5B. nana., Roth. Reichenbach, vii., 2. Stems short, filiform, 
 leafy. Leaves linear, narrow, one-nerved. Peduncles filiform, as long 
 as the inflated, oblong-lanceolate spathes. Muddy estuaries, south of 
 England. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0. T. 51 48. 
 
 ORDER XIX. POTAMACE.JS. THE POND-WEED FAMILY. 
 
 Aquatics. Leaves all submersed, or the upper ones floating. Stems 
 simple or branching, round or flattened, often rooting. Leaves alter- 
 nate, rarely opposite, sessile or petiolate, narrow or dilated, with pro- 
 minent curved or parallel nerves, usually with sheathing stipules, 
 which are connected with each other, and sometimes with the petiole. 
 Flowers axillary, solitary, tufted or spiked, either perfect or unisexual, 
 on the same plant (monoecious). Perianth regular, herbaceous, in four 
 I divisions, or wanting, and its place supplied by a membranous spathe. 
 
POTAMACEJ2. POTAMOGETON. 
 
 283 
 
 Stamens one-four, at the base of the segments of the perianth. Anthers 
 
 sessile, or on very short filaments, one-two-lobed, separated by a thick, 
 
 connective, opening by a longitudi- l 
 
 nal slit. Ovary free, consisting of 
 
 four free carpels, each bearing one A ^ ^ s ' ; 
 
 ovule, and terminated by a style or 
 
 sessile stigma. Fruit composed of 
 
 two-three-four, one-seeded, inde- 
 
 hiscent carpels, with a thick fleshy 
 
 or leathery pericarp. Seed in a 
 
 membranous shell (testa). 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Potamogeton. Flowers perfect on a 
 spike ; anthers four, nearly sessile. 
 
 Zannichellia. Flowers unisexual, 
 axillary. Stamen one. Anther on a 
 long filament. 
 
 Ruppia. Flowers perfect. Stamens 
 two, on scale -like filaments. Fruit 
 four long-stalked carpels. 
 
 Fig. 119. 1, Potamogefcon crispa. 2, 
 single flower magnified ; s, scale of 
 perianth ; a, anther. 3, Flower with 
 three scales removed ; s, scale ; a, 
 anther ; o, ovary, 4, Section of ovary. 
 5, Fruit magnified. 
 
 I. Potamogeton ,* Linn. 
 Pond -weed. Stems submersed, 
 simple or branching, round or flat- 
 tened ; their length corresponding 
 to the depth of the water. Leaves membranous-translucent or coria- 
 ceous-opaque, submersed or swimming; the floating leaves often larger 
 than the submersed ones. Stipules membranous, united by their inter- 
 nal margins like an axillary spathe ; sometimes absent. Flowers on 
 stalked spikes, axillary or terminal, above the water. Perianth in four 
 divisions, which are slightly attenuated at the base, with valvular 
 prefloration. Stamens four, with very short filaments. Ovary sessile, 
 consisting of four free, sessile carpels, each bearing one ovule, with a 
 very short style and peltate oblique stigma. Fruit four, free carpels, 
 or fewer by abortion, with a hard bony endocarp. Seed hooked, 
 embryo folded, radical approaching the hilum. 
 
 SECT. I. Diversifolia. Leaves different, upper leathery, floating, ovate 
 (oval), oblong, or lanceolate ; often much larger than the submersed leaves. 
 Stipules united and forming an axillary sheath (spathe). 
 
 1. I*, iiataiis. Linn. Broad-leaved Pond-weed. E. B. 1822, 
 L. C. 1132. Hoot creeping. Stems simple (?), round. Leaves on 
 
 * The term Potamogeton (-Trora/xoyerrcyj') is an adjective of two genders, masculine 
 or feminine ; consequently when a masculine substantive is implied it is masculine, when 
 a feminine substantive it is feminine. The word kerba, or planta, is understood here, 
 and .therefore it is properly made feminine in Latin. Pliny uses it in this gender, but 
 we cannot quote the place. It has been employed as masculine by Babington, as femi- 
 nine by Murray ("Northern Flora," 1835), and in the neuter by Cosson and Germain. 
 (" Flor. Par." 1845) . In deference to the learned and scientific authors who have em- 
 ployed this term in all its genders, the above-stated reason and authority are here given. 
 
284 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 long stalks, often opposite, oval-oblong, obtuse, or slightly pointed, 
 rounded, or cordate at the base, rarely narrowed at both ends ; sub- 
 mersed leaves narrower, lanceolate or oblong, limb -rotting or decaying, 
 or destroyed after flowering. Petioles more or less concave above, 
 Spikes large, cylindrical, on peduncles thick as the stem, not en- 
 larged at the top, with some abortive carpels. Carpels large, not 
 becoming red in drying, slightly flattened. In lakes, rivers, ditches, 
 and ponds. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 3 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 Var. #. fluitans. Leaves all elongated and narrowed at both ends; 
 never plicate at the base; lower leaves persistent. (" Bot. Gaz.") 
 
 2. I*, oblonga'j Viv. Fl. It., t. 2. Polygonifolia, Pourr. Ob- 
 long-leaved Pond-weed. E. B. 2849, L. C. 1133. Root branching 
 long, red when dry. Stems usually short, round. Leaves on long 
 petioles, often opposite contiguous and in a rosette at the summit, 
 most of them floating, and all smaller than in P. natans ; the lower 
 leaves do not decay on the flowering of the plant. Peduncles about the 
 same size as the stem, not enlarged above. Spikes cylindrical, very 
 compact, not above half as large as those of the preceding. Carpels 
 small, slightly compressed, reddish when dry. Ditches, small streams, 
 and ponds. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 20. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 51 41. 
 
 3. P. rufescens-, Schrad. Fluitans, Sm. E. B. 1286, L. C. 
 1136. Reddish Pond- weed. Stems simple or slightly branched at 
 the summit, cylindrical. Lower leaves lanceolate-elongate, submersed, 
 sessile, membranous, persistent ; the upper leaves floating, oblong, or 
 oblong -obov ate, gradually attenuated into petioles, obtuse or slightly 
 pointed, opposite, leathery, becoming red in drying. Peduncles about 
 as thick as the stem, not turgid above. Spikes oblong, cylindrical. 
 Carpels large, compressed with acute borders. Perennial. June An- 
 gust. Stagnant waters. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 4. !* lanceolata, Sm, Lanceolate Pond-weed. E. B. 1985, 
 L. C. 1130. Stem slender, slightly branched, leafy. Leaves nearly all 
 uniform, lanceolate, tapering at both ends, " not apiculate," two inches 
 long, bluntish, even entire, distinguished by chain-like reticulations 
 close to the midrib (Sm.), five-seven-nerved, subcoriaceous, stipulate, 
 floating leaves broader, lanceolate, all submersed. Stipules narrow, 
 acute. Peduncles stout, about as long as the leaves. Spike eight-ten- 
 flowered, dense. Fruit unknown. In streams. Perennial. July. 
 Scotland and Wales. 
 
 A. 8, C. 12. Lat. 51 61. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 45. 
 
 I*, sparganiifolia, Lsest. in Fr. Mant., i. 9. Leaves very long, 
 sessile, much longer than in P, lanceolata, and without the chain-like 
 net-work ; submersed leaves very narrow, sometimes two feet long. 
 In the river at Ma'am, Galway. Mr. Kirk, Coventry. (See " Phy- 
 tologist," vol. v., p. 183.) 
 
 5. I*, heterophylla, Schreb. P. graminea, Linn. (?) Various- 
 leaved Pond-weed. E. B. 1285, L. C. 1129. Stems nearly filiform, 
 
POTAMACE^E. POTAMOGETON. 285 
 
 branching, cylindrical. Upper leaves floating, ovate, or oblong, obtuse 
 or pointed, rounded, on long petioles, rarely attenuated at the base, 
 leathery, opposite, few, sometimes wanting ; lower leaves numerous, 
 submersed, sessile, membranous, transparent, oblong-lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, undulate, and persistent. Peduncles thicker than the 
 stem, enlarging from the base upwards to the summit. Spikes cylin- 
 drical. Carpels slightly compressed, with a slightly prominent, blunt 
 keel. Sandy ponds, turfy marshes, &c. Perennial. June August. 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 3 45. 
 
 SECT. II. Conformifolia. Leaves all submersed, membranous, trans- 
 lucent, the upper rarely above water, all usually of the same shape, oval, 
 oblong or lanceolate, nerves curved, rarely parallel. Stipules as in Sect. I. 
 
 1. Leaves all alternate, or some alternate and some opposite. 
 
 6. P. plantaginea, Ducroz. Plantain-leaved Pond- weed. E.B. 
 2848, L. C. 1134. Stems creeping below, cylindrical, contracted at 
 the joints. Leaves all submersed or the upper ones only above the 
 water, the upper numerous, and often opposite, all membranous, pel- 
 lucid, ovate, or oblong-ovate, pointed, rounded slightly, or cordate at 
 the base, all stalked, often decaying at the time of flowering. Pedun- 
 cles slender, about as thick as the stem, about twice as long as the 
 spike. Spikes cylindrical, very dense, about an inch long. Carpels 
 small, half the size of those of P. natans, slightly flattened, with a 
 slightly prominent keel. Colour of the plant lively green, or red. 
 Peaty ponds. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 45. 
 
 7. P. lucens, Linn. Shining Pond-weed. E. B. 376, L. C. 
 1126. Stems branching, cylindrical. Leaves submersed (the upper 
 ones rarely above the water), all uniform, numerous, contiguous, 
 membranous, pellucid, on very short stalks, elliptical (oblong -lanceolate), 
 slightly crisp, usually narrowed at the base, with a very short point, 
 with prominent transverse nerves (veins). Peduncles thicker than 
 the stem. Spikes dense, cylindrical. Fruit (carpels) rather large, 
 compressed, slightly keeled. (?) Stagnant or running water. Pe- 
 rennial. July. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 fi.fluitans, P. longifolia, Gay (Sec. 10.) - Leaves lanceolate, much 
 elongated and acuminate, sometimes terminating in a spinous point, the 
 prolongation of the median nerve. " Spike with a few distant, whorled 
 flowers. " Babington. 
 
 8. P. perfoliata, Linn. Perfoliate Pond-weed. E. B. 168, 
 L. C. 1125. Stems more or less branched. Leaves all submersed, 
 uniform, membranous, transparent, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, 
 cordate, and clasping at the base, slightly wavy at the margin, sessile ; 
 stipules none, or decaying when the plant is flowering. Peduncles 
 not turgid at the top. Spikes cylindrical. Carpels compressed, with 
 blunt margins. Rivers and brooks. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50' -60'. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 9. I*, crispa, Linn. Curled-leaved Pond- weed. E. B. 1012, 
 
286 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 L. C. 1124 (See our Fig. 119, p. 283.) Stems branched, forked, 
 slightly compressed. Leaves all submersed, oblong, narrow, strongly* 
 undulate (wavy] or crisp, denticulate, obtuse, or abruptly pointed, 
 sessile. Stipules often decayed before flowering. Peduncles in the 
 forks about as thick as the stem, not enlarged above. Spikes oblong, 
 short, lax. Carpels rather large, ovate-compressed, terminating in a 
 long, slightly curved, subulate beak. In running and stagnant water; 
 common. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat.50 58 (60). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47 . 
 
 10. I*, longifolia, Gay. Long-leaved Pond-weed. E. B. 2847, 
 L. C. 1128. Stems long, with long slender branches. Leaves oppo- 
 site, elongate, lanceolate, entire, all membranous with longitudinal 
 nerves and transverse reticulations. Spikes few-flowered, on very 
 long peduncles which swell about the centre, and are tapering both ways. 
 Flowers rather distant, somewhat whorled. Ireland. Mr. John Ball. 
 It is not, however, quite certain that it has been found there. (See 
 " Phytologist," vol. ii., p. 426.) 
 
 11. **. prselonga^ Wulf. Very-long-leaved Pond- weed. E. B. 
 2858, L. C. 1127. Stems bending in a zigzag way, branching round, 
 striated, swelling at the knots. Leaves long, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceo- 
 late, clasping the stem with their base, margin slightly crisp, or 
 denticulate and hooded at the apex, opposite, pellucid. Peduncles 
 long, rather thicker than the stem, equal. Spike not dense. Fruit 
 large, greenish-biown, not smooth, somewhat crescent-shaped, ribbed 
 or keeled, with a prominent beak. The specimen above-described is 
 from Nairnshire. In lakes and rivers: not common. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 10, C. 20. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 49 43. 
 
 2. Leaves all opposite. 
 
 12. P. densa, Linn. Close-leaved Pond-weed. E. B, 397, L. C. 
 1118. Stems branched, forked, cylindrical. Leaves submersed, mem- 
 branous, sessile, embracing the stem, ovate, oblong-lanceolate, or 
 lanceolate, often plaited and recurved, all uniform. Stipules very 
 small or wanting. Peduncles slender, curved in the forks. Spikes 
 two-six-Jiowered, roundish. Carpels obovate or round, with a short 
 terminal beak, distinctly keeled when dry. liivulets, ditches, &c. 
 Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat, 50 D 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 Var a. densa. Leaves approximate, almost imbricate, ovate, or 
 oblong. 
 
 Var. . laxifolia. Leaves distant, oblong-lanceolate, or lanceolate. 
 
 SECT. III. Graminifolia. Leaves all submersed, sessile, of the same 
 shape (linear, grass-like), with parallel nerves. Stipules united either by 
 their margins or with the petiole. 
 
 1. Stipules united by their margins. 
 
 13. P. ipusilla, Linn. Small Pond-weed. E. B. 215, L. C. | 
 1120. Stems round, or slightly compressed, much branched, very j 
 
POTAMACE^E. POTAMOGETON. 287 
 
 slender. Leaves very narrotv, linear, with a short abrupt point, and a 
 distinct middle nerve. Peduncles much longer than the spike. Spike 
 short, interrupted. (?) Carpels small, with convex sides, beaked. The 
 plant retains its green colour when dried. Ditches and ponds. Peren- 
 nial. June August. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 14. I*, acutifolia^ Link. Sharp-leaved Pond- weed. E. B. 2609, 
 L. C. 1122. Stems very much branched, compressed and winged, 
 flat and leaf-like. Leaves linear, very narrow, rather abruptly pointed, 
 
 with three principal nerves, and numerous close intermediate ones, all 
 submersed. Peduncles rather longer than the spike. (?) Bracts ovate 
 elongate, blunt or notched. Spikes oval or cylindrical, about as long 
 as the peduncle. Fruit roundish, keeled, crowned with the oblique, 
 kneed, pointed style. Marsh ditches, Sussex. Perennial. July. 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 050 .yards. T. 51 49. 
 
 15. I*, zostercefolia, Schum. P. cuspidatum, Sm, Zostera- 
 leaved Pond-weed. E. B. 2685, L. C. 1123. Stem compressed. Leaves 
 with three principal ribs, broader than the leaves in P. compressa, 
 and tapering at each end, with an abrupt terminal point, hence Smith's 
 name, cuspidatum, from cuspis, a point. Spikes cylindrical, dense, on 
 long peduncles. (A foot long ?) Fruit (carpels) obovate, keeled, 
 terminated by the persistent style, fci rivers and lakes. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 51 3 T -57. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49' 47. 
 
 16. JP. gramineaj Linn. (?) P. obtusifolus, Koch. Grass-leaved 
 Pond- weed. E. B. 2253, L, C. 1121. Stem slightly compressed, with 
 rounded edges, branched and leafy. Leaves broadly linear, blunt, 
 three-nerved, with obscure connecting veins. Peduncles very short, 
 about as thick as the stem. Spikes ovate, dense, continuous, about as 
 long as the peduncle. Fruit obovate, keeled, crowned with a short 
 point. Ditches. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat, 50 3 58. 'Alt. 200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 17. 1*. compressa, Linn. Flat-stalked Pond- weed. E. B.418, 
 L. C. 1120 b. Stems slightly compressed, slender-branched, leafy. 
 Leaves linear, five-nerved, sharply and shortly pointed. Peduncles 
 slightly enlarged above, longer than the spike. Spike short, lax. 
 Fruit obovate, keeled, with a very short point, in shape like the fruit 
 of P. graminea. . Ditches. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 13, C. 25. Lat. 50 3 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 5F 46. 
 P. pusilla, Linn., is a smaller plant, with longer peduncles and 
 denser spike than those of P. compressa. 
 
 18. 1*. flabellata, Bab. P.2osteram?,Bab.,notFries. L. C. 1119. 
 Grasswrack-like Pond-weed. Stem slender, round, somewhat flattened 
 on one side. Leaves three-nerved, linear, pointed, concave on one side 
 and convex on the other, with herbaceous striated sheaths, which are- 
 crowned with a scarious appendage. Carpels roundish-obovate, 
 rounded on the back, with a prominent keel. Perennial. July. In 
 the Serpentine, Hyde Park, London. Dr. J. A. Power. 
 
 19. r. filiiorniis; Nolte. Hair-leaved Pond- weed. L. C.1119*. 
 
288 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Stem * * * ? Leaves linear setaceous, with transverse nerves. 
 Peduncles very long 1 , bearing 1 very distant whorls. Carpels obovate, 
 rounded on the back, neither keeled nor ridged. Scotland ; rare. Peren- 
 nial. June, July. . 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 20. I*, trichoides, Cham. Hair-like-leaved Pond-weed. Kchb. 
 Fl. Germ., vii., 21, 22. L. C. 1120*. Stem round, branched, leafy. 
 Leaves almost setaceous, but tapering and finely -pointed, with one 
 nerve, without stipules. Peduncles moderately long, scarcely enlarged 
 above. Spikes short, slender, lax. Fruit semicircular, with a tooth on 
 the inner edge near the base. Crowned with a bluntish point. Bixley, 
 near Norwich. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 2. Stipules united with the petiolary part of the leaf, sheathing the 
 stem. 
 
 21. I. pectinata, Linn. Fennel-leaved Pond-weed. E. B. 323, 
 L. C. 1119*. Stems branching, almost filiform, cylindrical. Leave s 
 linear, very narrow, flat or channelled, with transverse, distinct nerves 
 extending from the midrib to the margin, petiolate, with a long 
 sheath. Peduncles slender (about as thick as the stem), often very 
 long. Flowers whorled, in pairs, distant, forming an interrupted 
 spike. Carpels large, often solittiry by abortion, hemispherical, slightly 
 compressed, with a prominent beak. Perennial. July September, i 
 Kivers, ponds, &c. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 Yar. /3. setacea. Leaves linear, setaceous. 
 
 II. Zannichellia, Linn. Horned Pond-weed. Slender, 1 
 branched, submersed aquatics. Leaves linear. Flowers perfect or I 
 monoacious, axillary. Male flower one naked stamen, with an erect 
 anther, which is two-four-celled, with a thick connective. Female 
 flower beside the male one in a tumid, campanulate perianth, contain- 
 ing four-five, rarely two or six ovaries, each with a short, erect style, 
 and dilated entire or toothed stigma. Fruit four one-seeded, stalked, 
 free carpels. Seed with a very thin membranous skin (episperm). 
 
 Z. palustris, Linn. Horned Pond-weed. E. B. 1844, L. C. 
 1136. Stems filiform, branching. Leaves linear or capillary, pointed. 
 Flowers axillary. Carpels linear-oblong, turgid, on a short pedicel, 
 and with a long, compressed, subulate beak, which has a tubercled 
 and sometimes spinous back. Ponds ; not uncommon. Annual ? July ? 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 Var. a. major. Carpels sessile, or almost sessile. 
 
 Var. ft. pedicellata. Carpels on longer or shorter pedicels. 
 
 III. Ruppia, Linn. Tassel Pond- weed. Aquatics with slender, 
 round, branching, leafy stems, and with alternate narrow leaves. 
 Flowers in two-flowered spikes, perfect in a spathe formed of the 
 sheathing base of the leaf, consisting of four naked sessile anthers, 
 and four, sometimes five, ovaries, with sessile stigmas. Fruit con- 
 
POTAMACE^. RUPPIA. JUNCAGINACE^E. 
 
 289 
 
 sisting of four ovate, one-seeded carpels, each elevated on a stalk 
 four times its own length. Seed one, tipped with a short lateral ter- 
 minal beak. The naked, sessile anthers and ovaries, which are stipi- 
 tate in fruit, and the much shorter flowering spike, are almost the 
 only characters that distinguish this genus from Potamogeton. 
 
 1. K. maritima. Linn. Tassel Pond-weed. Reichenbach, 
 vii., 26. Stems slender, round, long, filiform, branched, leafy, sub- 
 mersed. Leaves linear, setaceous, with an inflated sheath at the base 
 (part of the leaf) often spirally twisted. Peduncles elongated. Spikes 
 two-flowered. Fruit ovate, obliquely erect, with a long straight beak. 
 In salt marshes. Perennial. July, August. //. /*// . f, 
 
 2. . rostellata* Koch. E. B. 136 (?) Stems as in the fore- 
 going. Leaves filiform, linear, sheathing at the base, closely embracing 
 the stem at the base, not lax nor convolute, as in H. maritima. Anther 
 cells round. Fruit with a long oblique 
 
 beak. With the preceding species. Per- 
 ennial. July, August. 
 
 ORD ER XX. OrUWCAOTir ACEJE, 
 Rich. THE ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous bog or marsh plants. 
 Stems simple, erect. Leaves linear or 
 somewhat cylindrical, radical, or alter- 
 nate, sheathing at the base ; sheath cleft, 
 with an entire ligule. Flowers in a 
 cluster, or terminal spike (see Fig. 120), 
 perfect. Perianth in six divisions. Se- 
 pals free, or nearly so, in two rows ; 
 the inner row with a higher position. 
 Stamens six ; anthers extrorse. Ovary 
 free, with three-six carpels, distinct or 
 united by their inner angles ; axis pro- 
 longed. Ovules one-two in each, in- 
 serted at the inner angle of the carpel. 
 Stigmas sessile, as many as the carpels. 
 Fruit dry, with three-six one-two-seeded 
 carpels opening by the internal angle. 
 Seeds ascending or erect. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Scheuchzeria. Perianth deeply six-parted. 
 Ovary with two ovules in each carpel. 
 
 Triglochin. Perianth of six sepals. Ovary 
 with one ovule in each carpel. 
 
 Fig. 120. 1, Triglochin paltistre, 
 nat. size. 2, Flower, magnified, 
 showing the position of the se- 
 pals. 3, Fruit, nat. size. 4, 
 Pistil, magnified. 5, Outer leaf- 
 let of perianth with stamen ; s, a 
 single leaflet ; st, stamen .with 
 anther, both magnified. 6, Sec- 
 tion of capsule, showing the seed. 
 
 I. Scheuclizeria, Linn. This plant has no English name. 
 Root fibrous. Stem rooting at the base, leafy. Leaves with long 
 Flowers in terminal clusters with leafy bracts. Peri- 
 
 slit sheaths. 
 
290 ' 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE 
 
 BRITISH 
 
 BOTANY 
 
 anth six-paAted, persistent ; the three inner segments narrower than " 
 the three ouaer ones. Anthers adnate, with short filaments. Ovaries j 
 three-four, one-celled, with two ovules in each. Stigma sessile, pap- 
 pillose. Fruit leathery, of several one-celled, two-seeded carpels, j 
 Seeds attaches to the base, erect, with a thick episperm, and thin i 
 internal membrane. 
 
 S. palustris, Linn. Marsh Scheuchzeria. E. B. 1801, L. C. 
 1117. Stems decumbent at the base and leafy, a span high, round 
 and smooth. Leaves few, erect, distant, roundish, blunt, spongy j 
 within. Bracts,! one under each flower, leaf-like, longer than the I 
 flowers. Flowers greenish, about five in a terminal cluster with ellip- j 
 ticai sepals. Fruit large, tumid, wrinkled. Wet mossy bogs ; very 
 rare. Yorkshire,\Salop / JPerthehim Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 5,C. 6. La\^52^-57. Alt. 0-200 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 II. Vriglocliin, Linn. Arrow-Grass. Perennial marsh plants, | 
 with upright stems and numerous, radical, linear, or roundish (cylin- 
 drical) leaves. Flowers in a spiked cluster. Perianth of six roundish, ; 
 concave, deciduous leaves (sepals), three outer and three inner (see i 
 Fig. 120). Anthers almost sessile, opposite to the sepals, large, round- 
 ish, two-lobed. Stigmas bearded. Fruit three-six carpels, each one- 
 seeded, with pointed valves, opening at the base. Seeds long, tri- 
 angular (see Fig. 120). The straight stems, radical leaves, long spike 
 of flowers, and the angular capsular fruit, opening at the base, toge- 
 ther with the long triangular seed, will be sufficient for the identifica- 
 tion of this genus. 
 
 1. T. palustre; Linri. Marsh Arrow-Grass. E. B. 366, L. C. 
 1116. Root consisting of many tufted fibres. Stems slender, soli- 
 tary, leafy only at the base. Leaves in tufts, narrow, roundish, more 
 than half as long as the stem. Flowers numerous, alternate, on short 
 stalks in a long, narrow, erect cluster. Fruit linear, oblong, smaller 
 at the base, with three linear, blunt, spreading carpels. The valves of 
 the capsule, when separate, have the appearance of a three-barbed, 
 arrow-head; hence the name Triglochin (three-pointed). In boggy 
 meadows. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0950 yards. T. 52 37. 
 
 2. T. maritimumj Linn. Sea Arrow-Grass. E. B. 255, L. C. 
 1115. Hoot woody. Leaves rather fleshy. Fruit ovate, tumid, with 
 six carpels and six valves, not separating so widely as in T. palustre. 
 Salt marshes. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 50. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0. T. 52 45. 
 
 DIVISION II. (See p. 135.) Perianth either all coloured or partly 
 herbaceous ; aquatics, 
 f Ovary free. 
 
 SuB- DIVISION I. Outer portions of the perianth (outer sepals) 
 herbaceous, or only slightly coloured ; inner pieces of the perianth 
 coloured. (See p. 135.) 
 
 Orders XXL and XXII. These two orders, Alismacece and Bu- 
 
ALISMACE^:. ALISMA. 
 
 291 
 
 tomacece, are known from each other by their leaves. In Order XXI. 
 those organs are dilated and flat ; in Order XXII. they are linear 
 and triquetrous (three-sided). 
 
 ORDER XXL AIiISlEA.CE JB, Juss. THE WATER-PLANTAIN 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, aquatic, or marsh plants. Stems rarely leafy. Leaves 
 in radical tufts or in a rosette, with dilated sheathing petioles ; limb 
 entire, with curved converging 
 nerves. Flowers stalked in ter- 
 minal whorls or panicles. Perianth 
 in six divisions, the three outer her- 
 baceous, the three inner coloured, 
 imbricated in prefloration, usually 
 very fugacious. Stamens six-twelve 
 or indefinite. Ovary free, with nu- 
 merous or definite carpels ; ovule 
 one, rarely two. Style short, per- 
 sistent, continuous with the ventral 
 suture. Fruit dry, many carpels, 
 or rarely six-twelve, one-seeded, 
 rarely two-seeded, indehiscent, or 
 opening by the ventral suture, 
 Seed with a membranous testa. 
 Embryo cylindrical; radicle con- 
 tiguous to the hilum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Alisma. Flowers perfect. Stamens 
 definite. Carpels numerous, free, in a 
 roundish head. 
 
 Actinocarpus. Flowers perfect. 
 Stamens definite. Carpels six-eight, pi ^^ Fmbel of Aligma lant 
 united by their ventral suture, radl- reduced. 2, Flower magnified ; ip, inner 
 ating. perianth. ; op, outer perianth. 3, Fruit. 
 
 Sagittaria. Flowers unisexual. Sta- ^ s j n ji le ca . r P el TS 1 the S 1 tyle ' m ^ m " fie( J; 
 
 Lj fi -, -, 4', ditto, without the style magnified. 5. 
 
 mens indefinite. Leaves arrow-shaped. s ^ ction ' of a carpel sho ^ ng th | embryo. 
 
 I. Jllisma, Linn. Water-Plantain. Aquatic perennials, with 
 simple, entire leaves. Flowers in whorls, umbellate or panicled, on 
 long peduncles. Stamens six, opposite to the inner divisions of the 
 perianth, with roundish anthers. Ovaries numerous, clustered, with 
 simple, oblique styles and obtuse stigmas. Fruit compressed, rounded 
 externally, indehiscent, one- rarely two-seeded. The ovate or lanceo- 
 late ribbed, plantain-like leaves, the umbellate or panicled flowers, 
 the three exterior green sepals, the three interior coloured ones, and 
 the aggregate carpels are sufficient to distinguish this genus. 
 
 1. A. i>lantago > Linn. Greater Water-Plantain. E. B. 837, 
 
292 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 L. C. 1109. Root fibrous. Stem erect. Leaves radical, tufted, or in 
 a rosette, ovate, oblong or lanceolate, five-seven-nerved, narrowed, or 
 slightly cordate at the base. Flowers panicled, in successive series of 
 whoiied branches, slightly pink or white, not large. Carpels laterally 
 compressed, rounded at the summit, disposed either in a single row 
 or in a depressed somewhat triangular head. Pools, ditches, rivers. 
 Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 a. the form described above. 
 
 j8. angusti folium. Leaves lanceolate, narrow, attenuated at the base. 
 
 7. graminifoUum. Leaves linear by the abortion of the limb, often 
 very long, usually submersed. 
 
 2. A. natans; Linn. Floating Water-Plantain. E. B, 775, L. C. 
 1111. Root fibrous. Stems submersed, floating or rooting, variable 
 in length, filiform, leafy. Radical and lower leaves narrow, often 
 greatly elongated; the upper ones three-nerved, usually on long 
 petioles, and swimming, oval or oblong rounded at the two ends. 
 Flowers large, white, one-five, on long stalks at the joints o ithe stem. 
 Carpels six-fifteen, oblong, or slightly compressed, with an abrupt 
 beak, striated. Lakes of North Wales and Cumberland. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 8. Lat. 5P 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49- 47. 
 
 3. A, ranunculoides, Linn. Lesser Water-Plantain. E. B. 
 326, L. C. 1110. Roat fibrous. Stems erect, rarely spreading or 
 prostrate, without leaves. Leaves radical, in a tuft, three-nerved, 
 lanceolate or linear, attenuated at both ends. Flower large, pale 
 rose, on a long stalk in a terminal umbel, or in two whorls. Carpels 
 numerous, oblong, with five prominent angles, with a beak, in a round 
 head. In wet turfy places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Var. 0. repens. A. repens, Sm. Stems prostrate, creeping. Leaves 
 lanceolate. Carpels compressed. The author, quoted above, says, " 1 
 concur with both my obliging correspondents in thinking the A. repens 
 no more than a variety," &c. 
 
 II. Actinocarpus, Br. Star-Fruit. Habitat, stem, and leaves 
 the same as Alisma. Perianth and stamens ditto. Ovaries six- 
 eight, radiating. Fruit capsular (follicular), six one- or two-seeded 
 carpels, spreading star-like, keeled, compressed, sometimes dehiscent. 
 
 Note. The six-rayed fruit is almost the only distinctive character 
 of this genus. 
 
 A. DamaKoiiiiiiii, R. Br. Star-headed Water-Plantain. E. B. 
 1615, L. C. 1112. Root many long fibres. Stems solitary or more or 
 less numerous, spreading or ascending, rarely erect. Leaves radical, 
 three-nerved, cordate or truncate at the base. Flowers small, white 
 or rosy, on stout stalks, in a terminal umbel or in two or more whorls. 
 Carpels lanceolate, with sharp points, compressed. Pools ; on a gra- 
 velly soil. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 4, C. 10. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 49. 
 
ALISMACE^i. SAGITTARIA. BUTOMACE^E. BUTOMUS, 293 
 
 III. Sagittaria, Linn. Arrow-head. Aquatics, emerging above 
 the water. Leaves stalked, entire, arrow-shaped or elliptical on long- 
 stalks. Flowers whorled on tall common stalks. Perianth in three 
 uncoloured and three coloured divisions. Male flowers with as many 
 as twenty stamens (indefinite). Anthers cordate, vertical. Female 
 flowers fewer than the male ditto, situated below them. Ovaries 
 numerous on a globose receptacle, with very short styles and perma- 
 nent stigmas. Carpels of the fruit dilated and compressed. This 
 handsome genus of aquatics is readily determined by the sagittate, 
 radical leaves, also by the large, white, handsome flowers, and by 
 the globular car pel-bearing head. 
 
 S, sagittseiolia, Linn.- Common Arrow-head. E. B. 84, L. C. 
 1113. Hoot fibrous, bearing rhizomes, with a fleshy bulb at their 
 summit. Stem erect or ascending, leafless. Leaves radical on long 
 petioles, long and sharply lobed at the base (sagittate). Flowers large, 
 rosy- white at the base, in an interrupted, erect cluster; the upper 
 flowers male, the lower female, on shorter stalks than the males. 
 Fruit (carpels) in round heads, compressed, pointed with the style. 
 Ditches in meadows. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 ORDER XXII. BUTOH ACE JE, Rich. THE FLOWERING- 
 RUSH FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous plants growing in water. Stems erect, leafless. 
 Leaves narrow, dilated at the base, channelled. Flowers perfect, 
 pedicelled, in a terminal umbel, subtended by three membranous 
 bracts. Perianth in six divisions, the three outer pieces slightly 
 coloured, the three inner, larger and coloured, deciduous, imbricated 
 in prefloration. Stamens nine. Ovary free, consisting of six carpels, 
 more or less united by the ventral suture, with many ovules. Style 
 short, terminating in a lateral stigma. Fruit composed of six carpels, 
 either free or more or less connected by the ventral suture, many-seeded, 
 opening by the internal angle. Seeds very small, with a membranous 
 shell (testa). Embryo cylindrical, straight ; radicle towards the hilum. 
 
 Butomus, Linn. Characters of the genus (the only one) the 
 same as those of the order. 
 
 JB. umbellatiisj Linn. Common Flowering-Rush. E. B. 651, 
 L. C. 1114. Root bearing horizontal, fleshy rhizomes, with leaves 
 above, and radical fibres below. Leaves very long, linear, tapering, 
 pointed, triangular above. Stems tall, round. Flowers large; red, 
 handsome, in a terminal umbel. Rivers ; lakes. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 11, C. 40. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 SuB-Di VISION II. Perianth coloured, rarely herbaceous. Terres- 
 trial plants. (See p. 135.) 
 
 The Melanthacecz have tricarpous fruit united only at the base by 
 the inner suture. Liliacece have capsular three-celled fruit. Aspa- 
 
294 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY 
 
 ragacea, fleshy (baccate) fruit. Trilliacea are distinguished by their 
 erect stems, whorled leaves, and fleshy fruit. 
 
 ORDER XXIII. 3HEE.A1VTHACEJE, Batsch. Colclii- 
 
 caceae, D. C. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, usually with poisonous juice. Roots bulbous 
 or fibrous. Stems simple or branching, leafy or naked, sometimes 
 only a radical peduncle. Flowers perfect, rarely unisexual by abor- 
 tion. Perianth coloured in six 
 nearly equal divisions,- in two 
 rows, free or united. Stamens 
 six, inserted in the tube formed 
 by the united bases of the divi- 
 sions of the perianth, or at the 
 base of the divisions. Anthers 
 extrorse. Ovary free, consist- 
 ing of three carpels, more or less 
 united by the ventral suture. 
 Ovules numerous, inserted on 
 the inner angle of the carpels, 
 usually horizontal or slightly 
 reflected. Styles three, rarely, 
 united below. Fruit a cap- 
 sule composed of three carpels, 
 more or less united by the 
 ventral suture, and opening 
 by the same. Seeds nume- 
 rous, with a membranous testa. 
 Albumen thick, fleshy, or car- 
 tilaginous. Embryo cylindri- 
 cal. Radicle directed towards 
 the hilum. 
 
 Note. The Melanthacea are 
 distinguished from the next 
 order by their trifid style and 
 entire stigmas. 
 
 Fi 
 
 . 122. Colchicum autumnale. 1, the plant 
 i flower before the expansion of the leaves ; 
 2, section of calyx, showing the stamens and 
 three stigmas; 3, the three carpels in the 
 calyx tube ; 4, mature fruit ; 5, section of 
 seed showing the position of the embryo ; 6, 
 embryo detached. 
 
 Colchicum. 
 parted limb. 
 Tofiddia. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 Root bulbous. Perianth with a long slender tube, and a six- 
 
 Root fibrous. Perianth of six pieces. 
 
 I. Colchicum , Linn. Meadow Saffron. Bulb solid, with a 
 membranous coat, producing flowers in autumn, and fruit and leaves 
 in spring. Leaves sessile, flat, lanceolate. Flowers large, one-two- 
 five, surrounded by membranous sheaths. Perianth funnel-shaped, 
 with a very long, slender, angular tube. Stamens six, inserted in 
 the throat of the perianth. Ovules in two rows, or irregularly 
 arranged. Carpels entirely united in their lower part, united only 
 
MELANTHACE^E. TOFIELDA. LILIACE^E. 295 
 
 by their ventral suture in the middle, and free and opening at the 
 summit by the ventral suture. Seed nearly globular, with a wrinkled 
 testa. 
 
 C. autiuimale. Linn. Common Meadow Saffron. E. B. 133, 
 L. C. 1105. Bulb invested with a black membranous tunic. Leaves 
 large, narrowing at the summit, erect, surrounding the fruit. Tube 
 of the perianth five-six times as long as the limb, with oblong-lanceo- 
 late divisions, the inner three shorter than three outer. Fruit large 
 capsular. Seeds in four irregular rows in each carpel. Meadows, 
 Perennial. Flowers September, and is in fruit in May and June. 
 West of England, in meadows ; often too common. 
 
 A. 11, C. 25. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0. 200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 II. Tofieldia, Huds. Scottish Asphodel. Hoots creeping. 
 Stems nearly leafless. Leaves ensiform. Flowers in spikes, heads 
 or clusters, with a common three-cleft involucre. Perianth consisting 
 of six oblong, spreading sepals. Stamens six, as long as the sepals, 
 and opposite to them. Carpels three, connected at the base, and sepa- 
 rate at the apex, opening by the inner (ventral) suture, two-valved, 
 many-seeded. Seeds elliptical-oblong, attached to the partitions 
 (inner margins of the valves). 
 
 T. pal us* ris, Huds. Marsh Scottish Asphodel. E. B. 536, 
 L. C. 1106. Root somewhat woody, with long fibres. Stems quite 
 simple, four-six inches, ascending, round, wiry, leafless, except near 
 the base. Leaves sword-shaped, equitant, flat, about an inch long, 
 mostly radical, sheathing. Flowers whitish in spikes, more or less 
 distant, on very short pedicels, with minute, partly scarious -toothed 
 bracts. Wet mountain -pastures in the north of England, Scotland, 
 and Ireland. Near Killin, Breadalbane. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 12. Lat. 54 59. Alt. 350850 yards. T. 43 38. 
 
 ORDER XXIV. MMACE^E, D. C. THE LILY FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial herbaceous plants, with bulbous or fleshy roots. Stem 
 simple, rarely branching, leafy or leafless. Leaves scattered or 
 almost whorled, sometimes in radical tufts, lanceolate or linear, flat, 
 or sometimes fistular (hollow), round or nearly round.* Flowers per- 
 fect, conspicuous, in spikes, heads, clusters, umbels or panicles, rarely 
 solitary, usually furnished with bracts. Perianth caducous, wither- 
 ing or persistent, in six, usually equal divisions, in two rows, free, or 
 more or less united. Stamens six, inserted on the perianth. Anthers 
 two-lobed, with a basal or dorsal attachment. Ovary free, three- 
 celled, with many or few ovules. Ovules inserted on the internal 
 angle of the cells, horizontal or diverging more or less from the hori- 
 zontal position. Style simple, sometimes absent. Stigmas three, 
 more or less coherent. Fruit capsular, three-celled, many- or few- 
 seeded, with valvular dehiscence (opening by valves). Seed with a 
 black, brittle shell, or a brownish, membranous, or spongy tunic. Al- 
 
 * Bound, in this and similar examples, means cylindrical, not orbicular. 
 
296 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 bumen fleshy or cartilaginous. Embryo straight or curved. Radicle 
 towards the hilum, or more or less distant from the hilum. 
 
 Note. The Liliacece are distinguished from the Melanthacece by 
 the simple style, and the disposition of the seeds, which are closely 
 packed on each other in one or more rows. 
 
 TRIBE!. Tulipeae. Roots 
 bulbous. Divisions of the pe- 
 rianth free or cohering only at 
 the base. Stamens under the 
 ovary (hypogynous) or inserted 
 at the base of the divisions. 
 Seeds flattened. Testa of the 
 seed membranous or spongy, 
 brown, reddish, or yellow. 
 
 Genera. I ulipa, Fritillaria, 
 Lilium, Lloydia (Anther icum). 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Tulipa. Stem one-flowered. 
 Stigma sessile. 
 
 Fritillaria. Sepals with a de- 
 pression (pit) at the base. Style 
 three-cleft. 
 
 Lilium. Sepals with a furrow 
 at the base of each. Style simple. 
 Stigma ca itate. 
 
 Lloydia. Sepals spreading, 
 with a transverse fold at the 
 base. Style filiform. Stigrna tri- 
 section of style ; e, stigma ;f, mature ovary ; angular. 
 g, seed; h, section of seed, showing the Simeti 
 
 embryo. 
 
 Fig. 123. Liliutn candidum. a, perianth ; b, 
 stamens and style with stigma ; c, ovary ; d } 
 
 bose. 
 
 netliis. Fruit capsular, glo- 
 
 
 I. Tulip a, Linn. Tulip. Bulb coated. Stem leafy at the base 
 only. Leaves oval, tapering at each end. Perianth campanulate in 
 six divisions, caducous. Stamens six, compressed, tapering, with 
 quadrangular versatile anthers. Ovary large, oblong, triangular, 
 with a triangular or three-lobed, sessile, permanent stigma. Capsule 
 three-celled, three- valved, with central partitions and numerous flat 
 seeds, crowded on each other, in two rows. Tulips are distinguished 
 by the large three-cornered capsule, containing flat, obovate seeds 
 arranged in two rows. The precious Tulip of florists and the early 
 flowering Van Thol are species of this genus. 
 
 T. sylvestris, Linn. Wild Tulip. E. B. 63, L. C. 1077. Bulb 
 ovate, outer coat thin, brownish. Stem cylindrical, erect, or slightly 
 bent, naked at the summit, about a foot high. Leaves two-three, 
 lanceolate, elongate, glaucous, six-twelve inches long. Outer divi- 
 sions of the perianth green at the base ; all the divisions acuminate, 
 narrowed at the base, and the inner more or less, pubescent-ciliated, 
 
LILIACE^. FRITILLABIA. LILIUM. 297 
 
 at the base and summit. Stamens hairy at the base. Chalk pits ; 
 very rare. Perennial. May. ^. f? f /#</" - Q/**^ 
 
 Note. This plant rarely flowers in a wild state. In cultivation 
 there are sometimes two flowers on one stalk. It is still abundant in 
 the station at Muswell Hill, Middlesex (see " Phytologist," N. S., 
 vol. i., index) ; also in Wimbledon Park, Surrey. 
 
 Sub-var. pluriflora. Stem divided into two-three, one-flowered, 
 peduncles. This variety is rare in the wild state of the British Tulip. 
 In its natural habitat it rarely flowers at all. Alien ? It is, however, 
 apparently wild in several counties between Surrey and Forfar. 
 
 II. Fritillaria, Linn. Fritillary. Bulb lobed or scaly. Stem 
 leafy. Leaves linear-oblong. Perianth campanulate, spreading at 
 the base, of six pieces, with a nectariferous cavity at the base of each. 
 Stamens six, attached to the base of each sepal. Anthers oblong with 
 dorsal attachment. Ovary oblong, triangular. Style simple, with 
 three spreading stigmas, which are downy on the upper side. Cap- 
 sule three-lobed, three-celled, three-valved, with central partitions. 
 Seeds very numerous, flat, crowded on each other, in two rows. The 
 leafy stem, the pore at the base of each piece of the perianth, and the 
 dorsal attachment of the anthers will serve to distinguish this genus 
 from Tulipa, which it closely approaches both in habit and structure. 
 
 F. Meleagris* Linn. Common Fritillary, Snake's Head. E. B. 
 622, L. C. 1078. Bulbs aggregate, small, lobed. Stem round, flexuous, 
 leafy, usually one-flowered ; but sometimes in cultivated plants there 
 are two-three flowers. Leaves linear-lanceolate, channelled, acuminate, 
 rather glaucous, alternate. Flowers pendulous, with regularly che- 
 quered, ovate-lanceolate divisions, with their apices cucullate (slightly 
 turned in). Ovary obovate, abrupt, furrowed. Meadows at Totteridge, 
 Herts; plentiful. Perennial, April. 
 
 A. 6, C. 16. Lat. 50 53. Alt 0100 yards. T. 50 49. 
 
 Note. This rare plant has of late years disappeared at Mort- 
 lakec 
 
 III. L ilium, Linn. Lily. Roots an aggregation of scaly bulbs. 
 Stems leafy. Leaves scattered or almost whorled. Flowers large, very 
 handsome, terminal and lateral. Perianth bell-funnel-shaped, divi- 
 sions only slightly cohering at the base, spreading or reflexed or coiled 
 at the margin, with a nectariferous furrow lengthways. Style erect 
 or slightly curved. 
 
 JL. JMLartagonj Linn. Turk's Cap. E. B. 2799. L. C., p. 15 or 
 16. Stems erect, about two feet high, rough. Leaves elliptical-lan- 
 ceolate, whorled. Flowers pendulous, carnation-violet, segments of 
 perianth reflexed. Copse between Mickleham and Headley. Surrey. 
 Also in a wood near Totteridge, Herts (see "Phytologist," as above). 
 Alien. (See " Cybele," vol. ii., p. 449.) 
 
 JL. pyrenaicum, Gouan. Stems stout, tapering, erect, very leafy. 
 Leaves scattered, linear. Flowers on long stout peduncles, reflexed. 
 Segments of the perianth revolute, warty, or glandular within. 
 
298 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Between S. Molton and Mollond, North Devon. Mr. G. Maw. 
 Alien. 
 
 Jj. candidum, Linn. White Lily. Stems robust, tapering, round, 
 smooth, shining. Leaves lanceolate, scattered. Flowers large, white 
 on nearly erect pedicels, clustered, horizontal. Petals obovate, taper- 
 ing below, furrowed, reflexed. This noble plant, cultivated in almost 
 every garden, and universally known, is a native of the Levant. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 IV. JLloydia, Salisb. Spiderwort. Stem variable, either simple 
 or branched. Leaves often radical, narrow. Sepals spreading, ellip- 
 tical-oblong. Stamens six, attached to the sepals. Anthers roundish, 
 with basal attachment. Ovary roundish, three-celled, three- valved, 
 three-angled, with central partitions. Style filiform, with a triangular 
 stigma. Seeds few, angular, and flat. 
 
 Ii. serotiiia, R. Welsh Spiderwort. E. B. 793. Anthericum 
 ser., L. C. 1095. Root fibrous, tufted. Stems slender, erect, leafy, five- 
 six inches high; stem-leaves flat, sheathing ; root-leaves cylindrical, 
 filiform. Flowers solitary, white, with reddish lines. Welsh moun- 
 tains (Caernarvonshire). On Twl Du, a fearful chasm near Llanberis, 
 North Wales. Not hitherto found in any other part of the British 
 Isles. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 53 54. Alt. 700800 yards. T. 41 40. 
 
 V. Simethis, Kunth. Stem erect, branching. Root-leaves linear; 
 stem-leaves rudimentary. Flowers solitary, on long pedicels. Sepals 
 coloured, equal, spreading. Ovary sessile. Ovules two. Fruit cap- 
 sular, globose. A native of the Pyrenees, Sardinia, Barbary. 
 
 S. bicoloiv, Kunth. & planifolia. E. B. 2952, L. C. 1095*. 
 Stem erect, tall, furrowed, smooth, branching at the top. Leaves 
 radical, grass-like, about as long as the stem. Flowers in panicles, 
 cymes, on spreading, bracteate pedicels. Perianth with striated or 
 ribbed, cleft, segments. " Grows in small quantity about two miles 
 distant from Bourne, Dorset, on what was once part of Poole Heath, 
 but is now a plantation of firs." (" Cybele Brit.," vol. ii., p. 462 ; 
 " Phytologist," vol. iii, p. 260.) A recent and interesting addition 
 to the " British Flora." 
 
 A.I, C.I. Lat. 50 51. Alt.? T. 51. 
 
 TRIBE II. Scilleae. SQUILL TRIBE. Roots bulbous, or com- 
 posed of thick fleshy fibres. Divisions of the perianth with depres- 
 sions (pits) furrows or folds at their base. Stamens hypogynous or 
 inserted in the tube. Seed round or angular, usually with a black 
 brittle testa. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE L Hyacintheae. Roots bulbous, rarely with rhi- 
 zomes, bearing several bulbs. 
 
 Genera. Ornithogalum, Gagea, Scilla, Agraphis, Allium, Hus- 
 can. 
 
LILIACEJE. ANTHERICEJi:. ORNITHOGALUM. 299 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Ornithogalum. Flowers white ; filaments flat ; anthers dorsally attached. 
 
 Gagea. Flowers yellow. Anthers attached by their base. 
 
 Scilla. Divisions of the perianth spreading. Stamens inserted on the 
 base of the divisions. 
 
 Agraphis. Divisions of the perianth conniving, campanulate. Stamens 
 inserted about the middle of the divisions, and attached by two-thirds of 
 their length. 
 
 Allium. Flowers in a terminal umbel, enclosed by a spathe (bract) before 
 flowering. 
 
 Muscari. Perianth tubular, urceolate, with six short teeth. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Aiitliericeae. Roots not bulbous, either fas- 
 cicled or fibrous. Stems, if present, erect. 
 
 Genera. Narthecium, Simefhis. (See Tribe L, Tulipece.) 
 
 VI. Ornithogaliim, Linn. Star of Bethlehem. Bulb coated, 
 roundish. Stem without leaves, simple, or branching at the sum- 
 mit. Leaves linear, mostly radical. Flowers white, or whitish yel- 
 low, pedicelled, in spike-like clusters or terminal corymbs in the 
 axils of membranous bracts. Perianth spreading in six divisions, 
 withering. Stamens hypogynous, or inserted at the base of the divi- 
 sions of the perianth ; filaments dilated. Style filiform, simple, stigma 
 three-angular. Capsule ovate, three- or six-angled, three-celled, few- 
 seeded. Seeds ovate, roundish or angular, with a rough black testa. 
 The stems of these handsome plants are usually round, tapering, and 
 leafless, bearing an umbel or panicle of white or yellow flowers. The 
 leaves are linear and mostly radical. 
 
 1. O. umbellatumj Linn. Common Star of Bethlehem. E. B. 
 130, L. C. 1090. Bulbs ovate. Leaves all radical, linear and chan- 
 nelled, about as long as the stem, partly withered when the plant is in 
 flower. Stem six-ten inches, branching at the very summit. Bracts 
 membranous, lanceolate-acuminate. Flowers in a terminal lax corymb ; 
 pedicels longer than the bracts, erect or ascending when in flower, 
 spreading when in fruit. Divisions of the perianth oblong, obtuse, 
 white, with a green strip on the back, connivent before the rising of 
 the sun and in humid weather, spreading and radiating when the 
 sun shines. Ovary six-angled. Pastures, and rarely in woods. 
 Perennial. April, May. We have gathered it in Battersea Fields 
 in full flower on the 12th of June. Alien. (See " Cybele," vol. 
 ii., p. 458.) 
 
 2. O, pyrenaicuin^ Linn. Tall Star of Bethlehem. E.B.103, 
 L. C. 1088. Bulbs ovate. Leaves all radical, very long. Stem tall, 
 simple, polished, stout, much longer than the leaves. Bracts scarious, 
 acuminate. Flowers in a long spicate cluster, on peduncles first spread- 
 ing, afterwards erect, greenish white, with a green band on the out- 
 side of each division. Woods and hedges south and west of England. 
 Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 5, C. 7. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 50 49. 
 
300 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 3. O. iiutans, Linn. Drooping Star of Bethlehem. E. B. 1997, 
 L. C. 1089. Bulbs ovate. Leaves radical, few, linear-lanceolate. Stalk 
 erect, round, glaucous, bearing a simple, nearly upright cluster of 
 several large flowers, which droop to one side. Peduncles shorter 
 than the bracts. Divisions of the perianth elliptic, oblong, silvery, 
 glaucous, white, greenish at the back. Fields and orchards. 
 Naturalized. (?) Perennial. May. (See " Cybele," vol. ii., p. 
 458.) 
 
 VII. Gagea, Salisb. Yellow Star of Bethlehem. Root with 
 a membranous tunic. Stem simple, with leafy bracts at the top. 
 Leaves radical, linear. Flowers in terminal corymbs, rarely solitary. 
 Perianth and stamens as in Ornithogalum ; filaments scarcely flat- 
 tened; anthers with basal attachment. Seed roundish, with a yellow 
 testa. 
 
 Gagea lutea, Ker. E. B. 21, L. C. 1087. Bulbs small. Stems 
 solitary, erect, angular, glabrous, four-six inches high, naked, except 
 at tlfe summit. Koot-leaf or leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed. Stem- 
 leaves, usually two (bracts ?) under the umbel. Flowers umbellate, 
 on long peduncles. S epals linear-lanceolate, elongate, erect, green 
 at the back, the inner side yellow, tipped with green. In groves and 
 pastures ; rare. Perennial. April. 
 
 A. 12, C. 20. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
 VIII. Scilla, Linn. Squill. Bulbs mostly coated, not solid. 
 Stems simple, naked. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers without bracts, 
 on radical stalks. Perianth in six, more or less spreading, divisions ; 
 deciduous or withering. Stamens six, filiform, attached to the base 
 of the divisions ; anthers oblong, with dorsal attachment. Ovary 
 roundish, with a single deciduous style and simple stigma. Capsule 
 ovate or roundish, three-celled, three-furrowed, three-valved, with 
 central partitions. Seeds several, with a thin brittle testa. 
 
 1. 8. autumnal is, Linn Autumnal Squill. E. B. 78, L. C. 1092. 
 Bulbs large, with many linear narrow leaves, which appear after the 
 
 Jlowers. Stems six inches long, more or less downy, channelled, 
 tapering, usually solitary, leafless, bearing flowers in clusters which 
 are elongated after flowering. Bracts none. Flowers small, blue 
 or lilac, on ascending pedicels. Seeds about two in each cell. Dry 
 places ; south of England. Moulsey Hurst r Surrey. Perennial. 
 August, September. * 
 
 A. 4, C. 8. Lat. 50 52. Alt. 050 yards. T. 52 49. 
 
 2. S. Terna, Huds. Spring Squill. E. B. 23, L. C. 1091. 
 Bulbs small, whitish. Leaves hooded at the tips, numerous, as long 
 as the stalk. Stems round, erect, or wavy, four-five inches, with a 
 terminal few-jlowered corymb. Bracts lanceolate, elongate, membran- 
 ous. Flowers blue. Western coasts, Hebrides, &c, Perennial. 
 April. 
 
 A. 12, C. 25. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 3. S. biiolia, Linn. Two-leaved Squill. E. B. 24. Bulb small, 
 
LILIACEJE. AGRAPHIS. ALLIUM. 301 
 
 producing few leaves (two-three). Leaves linear-lanceolate, sheathing 
 the base of the stem, involute and cylindrical at the tips. Stems soli- 
 tary, with a lax corymbose cluster of beautiful blue, rarely white flowers. 
 Pedicels erect. Ovary usually with six ovules. Said to have been 
 found in the west of England. Perennial. April. 
 
 Not known as a native or naturalized plant of the British Isles. 
 
 IX. Agraphis, Link. Sritta, Sm. Blue Bell. Stalks tall, 
 round, naked. Leaves radical, keeled, reflexed and drooping above. 
 Flowers bracteated, racemose, drooping. Perianth tubular, campa- 
 nulate, of six connivent pieces. Stamens six; three attached to the 
 inner divisions, shorter than the others, which are attached by nearly 
 their whole length to the sepals. Style and stigma triangular, Cap- 
 sule obtusely triangular, with few seeds. Seeds with a black testa. 
 
 A. nutans, Link. Wood Hyacinth. E. B. 377. Hyacinthus 
 non~scriptus. Hook. L. C. 1093. Root bulbous, solid. Leaves all 
 radical, erect, narrowed below, linear, slightly channelled. Stems 
 usually solitary, slender, quite naked. Flowers in a reclining, one- 
 sided cluster, each one provided with two long, coloured, linear- 
 pointed bracts. Fruit three-celled, with about eight-ten seeds. Woods. 
 Perennial. April, May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 X. A Ilium, Linn. Garlick, Onion, Leek. Plants strong- 
 smelling, bulbous-rooted, or producing rhizomes bearing bulbs. Stems 
 leafless, sometimes apparently leafy. Leaves radical, flat, round, or 
 hollow sheathing, and often apparently growing from the stem. 
 Flowers umbellate or capitate, subtended (enclosed) by a spathe. 
 Divisions of the perianth free or cohering ; persistent, converging, or 
 spreading. Stamens inserted at the base of the divisions ; filaments 
 often connected by their dilated bases, with a lateral tooth or filiform 
 appendage. Fruit small, triangular, three-celled ; cells one-two- 
 seeded. Seeds angular, with a black brittle shagreen-like testa. 
 
 SECT. I. Root a single bulb. Leaves flat, lanceolate, or oblong. Stems 
 never apparently leafy. Divisions of the perianth spreading radiately. Fila- 
 ments entire. 
 
 1. A. ursinum, Linn. Ramsons. E. B. 122, L. C. 1086. Bulb ob- 
 long, with a white pellucid tunic. Stems slender, obscurely three-angled. 
 Leaves two, large, obfong-lanceolate, tapering into a long petiole, and 
 forming a sheath surrounding the lower part of the stem, and also 
 the petiole of the undeveloped leaf. Spathe membranous, pellucid. 
 Flowers pure white, in an umbel, with a strong, disagreeable garlick 
 smell, falling off when the fruit ripens. Stamens shorter than the 
 perianth. Woods and hedges. Perennial. May. Hendon, Mid- 
 dlesex. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 SECT. II. Root consisting either of one solitary or of several bulbs in a 
 tuft. Leaves cylindrical, hollow, half cylindrical, channelled or flat. Stem 
 
302 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 apparently leafy. Divisions of the perianth either spreading or converging 
 and forming a bell-shaped flower. Stamens entire. 
 
 2. A. oleraoeiim, Linn. Streaked Field Garlic. E. B. 488, 
 L. C. 1082. Bulb round-ovate. Stem round, leafy below. Leaves 
 hollow, nearly round, channelled above, ribbed below. Bracts dilated 
 and concave at the base, the lower one ending in a very long point. 
 Flowers in a lax umbel, of a rosy white, streaked with green and red, 
 intermixed with bulbils. Divisions of the perianth obtuse. Stamens 
 about as long as the perianth, without teeth. Borders of fields. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 9, C. 20. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 46. 
 
 Var. . complanatum, Fries; carinatum, Smith. E. B. 1658. 
 Leaves flat, not hollow, concave above, with long ribbed sheaths. 
 Stamens shorter than the perianth. North of England ; in moun- 
 tainous situations. Perennial. July. 
 
 3. A. schcenoprasum, Linn. Chives. E. B. 2441, L. C. 1085. 
 Bulbs slender, in dense tufts. Stems erect, leafy at the base. Leaves 
 hollow, linear, pointed, round or flattened. Flowers rosy-purple, on 
 short pedicels, in a roundish umbel, not intermixed with bulbils. Divi- 
 sions of the perianth lanceolate, pointed. Stamens shorter than the 
 perianth, without teeth. Meadows and pastures, in mountainous 
 places ; common in cottage gardens. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 j8. arcuatum. Stem taller than in the type, six inches to two feet 
 high. Leaves curved and bending downwards. Hocks and cliffs 
 near the sea ; Cornwall. Perennial. June. 
 
 SECT. III. Eoots usually solitary bulbs. Leaves hollow, channelled, or 
 flat. Stem apparently leafy. Divisions of the perianth converging. Stamens 
 flat, with toothed appendages, which often surpass the anther. 
 
 4. A. Tineale, Linn. Crow Garlic. E. B. 1974, L. C. 1083. 
 Bulbs small, with pedicelled bulbils, enveloped in the same coat. 
 Stem round, leafy up as far as the middle. Leaves cylindrical, fistu- 
 lar, with narrow furrows above. Spathe ovate, short, abruptly 
 pointed. Flowers in a lax umbel, intermixed with numerous bulbils, 
 which are ovate, or oblong-pointed. Stamens longer than the perianth, 
 the three inner with subulate appendages, the anther-bearing point 
 half as long as the barren filament. Dry fields, chalk pits, waste 
 ground, &c. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 Var. )8. Compactum. Umbel consisting of bulbs only, head ter- 
 minates in a leaf-like point. 
 
 5. A. scordoprasum, Linn. A. arenarium, Eng. Flora. Sand 
 Garlic. E. B.T.358, L. C. 1081. Bulbs small, with many purplish 
 offsets. Stems erect, leafy, two-three feet high. Leaves fiat, broad, 
 rough at the edges. Bracts membranous, short, with an abrupt 
 point. Flowers purple, in a lax umbel on long pedicels, inter- 
 mixed with numerous dark-purple, ovate, pointed bulbs. Segments 
 
LILIACEJE. ALLIUM. MUSCARI. \ 303 
 
 of the perianth with a point and rough keel. Stamens shorter 
 than the perianth ; the three inner with pointed teeth. /Mountainous 
 woods and fields, in a sandy soil. North of England. Perennial. 
 July. O 
 
 A. 7, C. 12. Lat. 53 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 48 46. 
 
 6. A. sphcerocephalumj Linn. Round-headed Garlic. E. B. 
 2813, L. C. 1084. Bulbs small, with several offsets. Stems round, 
 leafy below. Leaves linear, round, hollow, channelled above. Bracts 
 membranous, short. Flowers rose-coloured, red-purple, numerous, 
 on short pedicels in a round, compact umbel, usually without 
 bulbs. Perianth somewhat angular, close. Stamens longer than 
 the perianth, the three inner ones toothed. Dry, stony, or rocky 
 places. South of England, St. Vincent's Rocks, Bristol. Perennial. 
 July. > 
 
 A. 1,0.1. Lat. 51-52\ Alt. 050 yards. T. 50 49. 
 
 7. A, Ampeloprasum, Linn. Tall Garlic. E. B. 1656, L. C 
 1079. Stems stout, round, leafy to the middle, two-six feet high 
 Leaves flat, keeled, acuminate, with an elongate spathe. Perianth 
 pale purple, without bulbs. Flowers in a round, compact umbel. 
 Keel of petals rough. Three alternate anther-bearing stamens, fur- 
 nished with long, slender points one on each side of the anther. 
 Fruit globular. Cliffs, Guernsey ; Steep Holmes, Severn. Perennial. 
 August. Alien in England. (See " Cybele," vol. ii., p. 451. 
 
 8. A. Balling toniij (Bor.) E. B. 2906. This species or va- 
 riety differs from the above in having a, loose, irregular umbel, mostly 
 bulbiferous, and the anther-bearing point is incurved at the apex when 
 young. We have seen them both growing together, but there was no 
 very striking difference between them when in this state. 
 
 , Grows with A. Ampeloprasum in Great Arran Island. Mr. 
 Andrews. 
 
 9. A. triquetrum. Stem triangular, with nearly flat or slightly 
 rounded sides. Leaves linear, sharply folded and keeled ; spathe two- 
 valved, about as long as the erect lax umbel. Segments of the 
 perianth oblong, white, with a slender green midrib. Stamens half 
 as long as the segments. Hedges in the island of Guernsey. Com- 
 municated by the Rev. T. Galway to Mr. Babington, " Botanical 
 Gazette," vol. i., p. 6. 
 
 Sarnian (A Channel Islands' plant.) 
 
 XI. lluscari, Tourn. Grape Hyacinth. Bulbs tunicated. 
 Leaves radical, sometimes sheathing the base of the stem. Flowers 
 in a terminal spike-like cluster, the upper flowers often barren. Pe- 
 rianth oval-round or cylindrical-urceolate, with a short six-toothed 
 limb. Stamens six, included in the tube of the perianth ; anthers 
 dorsally attached above their base. Style slender, short ; stigma 
 somewhat angular. Fruit capsular, with three acute angles, cells 
 two-seeded or one-seeded by abortion. Seeds roundish or slightly 
 angular. 
 
 M. racemosumj Mill. Grape Hyacinth. E. B. 1231, L. C. 
 
I 304 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 1094. Stems round, erect, quite naked, nine-twelve inches high. 
 | Leaves linear, narrow channelled, narrowing at the base, erect, 
 I often longer than the stem. Flowers deep blue, with a glaucous 
 I bloom (efflorescence), roundish-ovate, in dense terminal short ovate 
 I clusters ; upper flowers barren, almost sessile. Fruit large, tri- 
 angular, spreading. On the Roman wall at Colchester. Perennial. 
 May. 
 
 Alien. (See " Cybele.) " I have seen it in great abundance on 
 ! the ruins of the old wall at Colchester, not far from St. Mary's 
 1 Church." A. I. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Anthericeae. 
 
 XII. Urarthecium, Huds. Bog- Asphodel. Root creeping. 
 Stem simple, leafy. Leaves sword-shaped. Flowers terminal, erect, 
 racemose. Sepals six, linear-lanceolate, spreading, coloured, perma- 
 nent, three exterior ; all finally hardening and converging round the 
 capsule. Stamens six, opposite to the sepals, woolly and permanent, 
 with oblong, converging anthers. Ovary oblong, three-angled, taper- 
 ing into a short style. Capsule three-furrowed, three-celled, three- 
 valved, with central partitions. Seeds numerous, small, oblong, with 
 an appendage at each end. 
 
 W. ossifragum, Huds. Lancashire Bog-Aspholel. E. B. 535, 
 L. C. 1175. Root tuberous, creeping. Stem erect, slightly bent at 
 the base, leafy, six-twelve inches high, with wide sheaths, which are 
 topped with a short leaf-like crown or bract. Leaves radical, in tufts 
 nearly as long as the stem, in two ranks, sword-shaped. Flowers 
 solitary, alternate on short pedicels, in a more or less dense cluster, 
 each with a lanceolate bract under the pedicel, and a smaller one 
 above. Sepals bright yellow above, green below. Fruit tawny, 
 partly covered by the converging sepals. Turfy bogs. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01 100 yards. T. 52 36. 
 
 Simethis bicolor. (See tribe Tulipece, ante.) 
 
 ORDER XXV. ASPARAGACEJE, Rich. THE ASPARA- 
 GUS FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, rarely woody plants. Roots creeping or tufted. Stems 
 simple, or rarely branching. Leaves scattered, opposite, or whorled 
 or in radical tufts, sessile or sheathing, rarely petioled. Flowers per- 
 fect, not large, axillary or terminal, solitary, or in tufts or clusters. 
 Perianth caducous, rarely persistent, in six, rarely four divisions, free 
 or united. Stamens six, rarely four-three, hypogynous or inserted on 
 the perianth. Anthers with basal attachment, or nearly so. Ovary 
 free, of three carpels, with few or many ovules. Styles united, rarely 
 free. Fruit baccate or fleshy, many or few-seeded, sometimes one- 
 celled and one-seeded by abortion. Seeds roundish, with a thin mem- 
 branous testa. Albumen thick, fleshy, or horny. Embryo very small, 
 often distant from the hilum. 
 
ASPARAGACE^E ASPARAGUS. CONVALLARIA. 
 
 305 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Asparagus. Stem branching. Leaves reduced to scales. Flowers dioe- 
 ceous by abortion. Stigmas three, reflexed. 
 
 Convallaria. Leaves elliptical- oval, acuminate, radical. Flowers perfect 
 on radical peduncles, campanulate-urceolate. Stamens inserted at the base 
 of the perianth. Stigma simple, angular. 
 
 Polygonatum. Stem leafy, curved. Stamens inserted about the middle 
 of the perianth. 
 
 Maianthemum. Stem simple, erect, leafy. Perianth in four divisions. 
 Stamens four. 
 
 Ruscus. Stem branching, woody. Flowers small, unisexual, in six divi- 
 sions on the surface of the flattened branches. Stamens three. 
 
 I. Asparagus, Linn. Asparagus. Herbs or shrubs, with 
 branching- stems; a state very uncommon in monocotyledonous plants, 
 excepting certain aquatic genera. Leaves linear, narrow, or reduced 
 to scales, tufted. Flowers lateral, axillary and drooping. Perianth 
 six-parted, deciduous, permanent (Smith). Stamens six, much shorter 
 than the segments to the base of which they are attached. Anthers 
 peltate, erect. Ovary globular, with three-furrowed, short style and 
 three-lobed spreading stigma. Fruit, a berry subtended by the with- 
 ered perianth, three-celled, one or two being often abortive. Seeds 
 one or two in each cell. Flowers dioecious by abortion. The vir- 
 gate (rod-like), very bushy stems, and the berried fruit will be quite 
 sufficient for the identification of this genus. 
 
 A. officinal is, Linn. Common Asparagus. E. B. 339, L. C. 
 1096. Koots somewhat creeping, with long fleshy fibres with a 
 densely scaly crown. Stems round, branching, with round slender 
 branches. Branchlets (leaves) setaceous, tufted, or whorled, short, 
 subtended by minute scarious or membranous bracts. Flowers yellow- 
 ish-green in pairs, stalked, droop- 
 ing, bell-shaped. Fruit a beauti- 
 ful red berry. West and south of 
 England; the wild state of the 
 Garden Asparagus. Perennial. 
 June, July. Fruit : August 
 October. 
 
 A. 6, C. 10. Lat. 50 54. 
 Alt. 0. T, 52 49. 
 
 II. Convallaria, Linn, in 
 part. Lily of the Valle}'. Leaves 
 all radical in twos, surrounded at 
 the base by scaly sheaths. Flowers 
 white in a terminal cluster on a 
 radical peduncle. Perianth cam- 
 panulate with six reflected seg- 
 ments (teeth). Stamens six, in- 
 serted at the base. Ovary three- 
 celled, with two ovules in each, Style simple. Stigma obtuse, angular. 
 
 Fig. 124. 1, Convallaria majalis ; a, root ; 
 ft, part of the stalk with flowers. 2, Sec- 
 tion of flower ; p, perianth, magnified ; 
 is, stamens, ditto; o, ovary, ditto. 3, 
 Fruit. 4, Transverse section of the 
 fruit. 
 
306 
 
 ESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 C. maialis* Linn. Lily of the Valley. E. B. 1035, L, C. 1099. 
 Roots horizontal, branching, creeping widely, producing at the raised 
 joints strong radical fibres and tufts of leaves and stems. Lower 
 leaves rudimentary, clasping the stem ; upper leaves two-three, ellip- 
 tical, pointed, of a beautiful green. Stem lateral, bearing a lax cluster 
 of about six- eight flowers inclining to one side. Flowers snow-white, 
 rounded and inflated at the base, contracted towards the top, with six 
 mostly reflexed teeth. In woods, chiefly on the clay, sometimes on 
 gravel. Perennial. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 46. 
 
 III. Polygonatum, Desf. Solomon's Seal. Roots creeping. 
 1 Stems leafy, curved. Leaves alternate on one side of the stem. Flowers 
 
 pendulous, axillary, on short 
 peduncles on the side of the 
 stem opposite to the leaves. 
 Perianth tubular, cylindrical, 
 with a six-cleft, spreading limb 
 and obtuse segments. Stamens 
 six, shorter than the tube, into 
 the middle of which they are 
 inserted. Anthers erect, cleft. 
 Ovary roundish. Style trian- 
 gular, swelling upwards. Stig- 
 ma obtuse, triangular. Fruit a 
 three-celled, two-seeded berry. 
 The fibrous roots, rigid stems 
 (scape in (7. majah's), handsome, 
 rather rigid foliage, and the 
 baccate fruit will in general 
 be sufficient to determine this 
 genus. 
 
 1. I*, vulg-are, Desf. Con- 
 vallaria Polygonatum, Linn. 
 Common Solomon's Seal. E. B. 
 280, L. C. 1102. Root fleshy, 
 1, ^Entire horizontal, creeping. Stem ro- 
 
 Fig. 125. Poly gonatum vulgare. 
 
 plant much diminished; 2, entire flower; , /i a 
 
 _.^__ .* ^ . V Li_L..i. K *,-. bust, erect and leafless at the 
 
 3, section of the same; 4, pistil; 5, trans- 
 verse section of ovary ; 6, fruit entire ; 7, 
 section of six ; 8, section of six, showing the 
 position of the embryo. 
 
 base, drooping and leafy above, 
 angular or slightly ivinged and 
 furrowed, with membranous 
 sheaths at the base. Leaves ovate-oblong, alternate, prominently 
 ribbed or plaited, nearly sessile. Flowers solitary, drooping on short 
 slender pedicels, conical, white, with a green limb. Filaments smooth. 
 Berry dark blue. Woods and shady places ; rare. Perennial. Flowers 
 in May ; is in fruit in September. 
 
 A/7, C. 10. Lat. 51 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 46. 
 2. P. urn 1 1 i (loriini , Desf. C. multiflora, Linn. Many-flowered 
 Soolmon's Sea. E. B. 279, L. C. 1101. Stems round, erect, arched, 
 
i<orhiAjLJ. /-^"w^m^o- mm 
 
 a- e. LJ. y. '' 
 
 ASPARAGACE^E. POLYGONATUM. MAIANTHEMUM. 307 
 
 stout, simple, angular, rigid, and furrowed, leafy. Leaves elliptical 
 elongate, prominently ribbed below, half clasping, glaucous, especially 
 on the under side. Peduncles three-five-flowered. Flowers smaller 
 than in the preceding, axillary on a common three-five-flowered 
 peduncle, with hairy stamens, 
 
 3. JP. verticillatum, Desf. C. verticillata, Linn. Narrow- 
 leaved Solomon's Seal. E. B. 128, L. C. 1100. Stems erect, angular, 
 smooth, leafy above. Leaves linear-lanceolate, whorled, three-five in 
 a whorl. Flowers two-four on a common pedicel. Stamens short, 
 berries red. Woods, north of England and Scotland ; very rare. Per- 
 ennial. June. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 55 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 47 46. 
 
 IV. Maiaiitliemiiin, Wigg. Stem simple, leafy. Flowers 
 small, white, in a terminal cluster. Perianth four-parted ; divisions 
 free to the base, spreading or reflected. Stamens four, at the base of 
 the divisions of the perianth. Ovary two-three celled, with one or 
 two ovules in each. Style simple, stigma blunt, obscurely two-three 
 lobed. 
 
 M. hit o! in m, D. C. Roots spreading widely and horizon- 
 tally. Stem angular, bent, where the lower and upper leaves origi- 
 nate. Leaves alternate, usually two, on short petioles, cordate, with 
 large lobes, acuminate, sharp, with prominent hairy ribs and ciliated 
 margins, especially at the base. The radical leaves (barren stems ?) on 
 long petioles. Flowers pedicelled, usually two together, in a ter- 
 minal, erect cluster. Divisions of the perianth ovate. Fruit a red 
 berry. Woods and shady places. Caen Wood, Hampstead, Middlesex, 
 where it was observed about twenty-five years ago, and at that time 
 the oldest gardener of the place stated that it had occupied the same 
 spot for fifty years ; another smaller patch was observed nearer the 
 lake. The plant exclusively occupies about a rod of ground. Peren- 
 nial. May. 
 
 Alien or unknown as a British plant. (See " Cybele," vol. ii., 
 p. 465.) " It is now above twenty-six years since I first noticed this 
 plant in two spots in Caen Wood, Hampstead, Middlesex. When I 
 showed it to Mr. Colborn, the gardener, he informed me that it was 
 no discovery, for it had been known there ' time out of mind.' I 
 have repeatedly visited this locality since, and three years ago I 
 observed that the smaller patch had disappeared, and that the second 
 and larger one, near the summit of the hill, had increased, probably 
 doubled its area since I first noticed it." A. I. 
 
 V. JRuscus, Linn. Butcher's Broom. Hoots perennial. Stems 
 biennial, branching. Whole plant rigid, evergreen. Flowers lateral, 
 monoecious or dioecious. Solitary flowers borne on the elliptical, 
 pungent leaves (flattened branches). Perianth in six divisions. Sta- 
 mens three, combined at the base, with three sessile anthers. Ovary 
 three-celled, with two ovules in each. Style short ; stigma obtuse. 
 Fruit a globular succulent berry of three cells, and rarely more than 
 
308 
 
 DESCRIPTITE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 one seed. The shrubby evergreen habit, prickly leaves, bearing the 
 flowers on their upper surface, and the berried fruit sufficiently cha- 
 racterise this genus. 
 
 R, aculeatus; Linn. Butcher's Broom. E. B. 560, L. C. 1097. 
 Low, evergreen shrub. Stems of two years' duration, rigid, branch- 
 ing. Leaves ovate, acute, sessile, thick, leathery, acuminated and ter- 
 minated with a long prickly point, with prominent midrib, and seve- 
 ral secondary curved nerves. Flowers dioecious by abortion, sessile 
 on the prominent midrib, subtended by a scarious pointed bract. Fruit 
 large red, berries permanent. Seeds large, globular. Woods and 
 bushy places. April. 
 
 A. 8,0. 20. Lat. 50 55 (56). Alt. 0200 yards. T.52 47. 
 
 ORDER XXVI. TRILLIACE^E. THE TRILLIUM FAMILY. 
 
 Stems simple, rhizomatous, with whorled leaves. Flowers ter- 
 minal. Outer sepals three-four, herbaceous, inner ones three-four- 
 coloured, or herbaceous. Sta- 
 mens 
 Ovary 
 
 Fig. 126. TriUiacese. 
 
 six-ten, hypogynous. 
 
 three -four -five -celled, 
 with as many styles. Fruit 
 baccate, three-five celled, many- 
 seeded. The single-flowered 
 stem, whorled leaves (from four 
 to six), and baccate fruit distin- 
 guish the sole British species of 
 this order. 
 
 Paris, Linn. Herb Paris. 
 Hoots creeping. Stems simple, 
 bearing four-six whorled leaves. 
 Flower single. Perianth her- 
 baceous, of four outer lanceolate, 
 acute-spreading sepals, and four 
 alternate linear inner ones ; all 
 persistent. Stamens eight, with 
 long linear anthers, which are 
 dorsally attached to the middle 
 of the filaments, with an elon- 
 
 1, Paris quadrifolia. gated connective. Ovary round- 
 
 2, Flower ; p, perianth, four leaves broader, i Q v. ft>., fnvr-wvnA wifV. frmv 
 and four ditto alternate, narrower ; st, stal 1Si1 ' lour-lurrowed, Wltn T( 
 mens ; o, ovary. 3, Ovary and styles magni- Spreading styles. btlgmas 
 
 fied. 4, Fruit. 5, Section of ovary. downy at the upper side. Fruit 
 
 a four-celled berry, with several globose seeds in two rows attached 
 to a central placenta. 
 
 I. quadrifoliaj Linn. Herb Paris. One Berry. E. B. 7, 
 L. C. 1103. Root widely and horizontally creeping. Stems erect, 
 leafy only at the top. Leaves whorled, usually in fours, or rarely 
 in fives and sixes, sessile, ovate, or oblong-roundish, pointed, nar- 
 
TRILLIACE.E. HYDROCHARIDACEJE. 
 
 rowed at the base. Flower large, green, pedicelled in the centre of 
 the whorl (involucre). Outer divisions of the perianth lanceolate, 
 inner linear. Fruit a bluish black berry. Woods, chiefly on a chalky 
 soil. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 ft Ovary united with the perianth (inferior). 
 
 Hydrocharidacece are distinguished by their aquatic habitats, and 
 by their swimming and floating habit. Orchidacece by their erect 
 habit, and curiously-shaped flowers. Amaryttidacece by their linea 
 leaves, and regular showy blos- 
 soms. Iridacece by the three /^sX^ 
 stamens, &c. Dioscoreacece by 
 their dilated leaves with branch- 
 ing nerves, and by their twining 
 habit. 
 
 ORDER XXVII. HY- 
 
 Kich. THE FROG BIT FAMILY. 
 
 Aquatics, submersed or sub- 
 mersed-floating. Flowers dioe- 
 cious, in a spathe (bract) before 
 opening. Perianth in six divi- 
 sions, in two rows; the outer 
 threepiecesherbaceous, the inner 
 three coloured. Stamens in- 
 serted at the base of the perianth 
 three-six-nine-twelve, or fewer 
 by abortion, with a rudimentary 
 ovary. Female flowers solitary 
 (the males are usually aggre- 
 gate), the outer divisions united 
 at the base forming a tube con- 
 tinuous with the ovary, with 
 barren filaments. Ovary adhe- 
 rent, one-three-six-celled, with 
 ovules on the partitions or on 
 
 Fig. 127. Hydrocharis morsus ranae. a, root 
 and leaves ; b, flower. 2, male flower and 
 stamens magnified ; 3, female ditto ; 4, sec- 
 tion of ovary ; 5, fruit natural size. 
 
 the walls of the one-celled ovary. 
 Style short. Stigmas three-six, 
 more or less deeply cleft. Fruit ripening under water, many-seeded, 
 fleshy, not opening, one-celled, or six-celled, with membranous parti- 
 tions. ^Seeds with a membranous testa. No albumen. Embryo 
 cylindrical. Radicle directed towards the hilum, 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Sydrocharis. Leaves petiolate, cordate, floating. Flowers conspicuous. 
 
310 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Anacharis. Leaves sessile, ovate or lanceolate, submersed ; flowers in- 
 conspicuous. 
 
 Stratiotes. Leaves erect, sword-shaped. 
 
 I. II > <1 rocharis. Linn. Frogbit. A floating aquatic. Stem 
 none, or represented by floating runners. Leaves entire, stalked. 
 Flowers on radical stalks, dioecious. Male flowers in a spathe. Pe- 
 rianth of six segments, the three outer small and green, the three 
 inner large and coloured. Stamens nine-twelve, in three or four rows, 
 with two-lobed anthers. Female flowers in a single-flowered spathe. 
 Perianth as in the male flowers. Ovary roundish, with thick short 
 style, and six cloven, acute stigmas. Capsule globular coriaceous, six- 
 celled, containing numerous minute seeds. The heart-shaped floating 
 leaves, the floating runners by which the plant increases, and the deli- 
 cate white flowers, characterise the only known species of the genus. 
 
 H. morsus-ranae., Linn. Common Frogbit. E. B. 808, L. C. 
 1107. (See Fig. 127.) Stem slender, variable in length, throwing 
 out radical fibres opposite to the tufts of leaves. Leaves on long pe- 
 tioles, roundish-reniform, thick, shining, convolute in prefoliation. 
 Stipules oblong-lanceolate, large, united with the petiole at their base. 
 Flowers axillary, inner divisions white, yellow at the base. Ponds 
 and ditches. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 11, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 II. Anacliaris, Reich. American Water-weed. Dioecious. 
 Calyx three-parted. Petals three. Male flowers, sepals ovate, 
 oblong. Petals linear or none. Stamens nine. Filaments combined 
 into a column below. Female flowers, long filiform tubes, with three 
 abortive filaments, and ligulate stigmas. Capsule one-celled, two- 
 seeded. 
 
 A. alsinastrunt, Bab. Chickweed-like American Water-weed. 
 Stems submersed, slender, round, branching, leafy, finely striated. 
 Leaves somewhat ovate, rounded at the base, tapering, lanceolate, 
 three-five-nerved, clasping the stem, entire. Flowers on axillary 
 peduncles, solitary. Calyx in three segments, green. Petals three, 
 small, white. Styles three. Only the fertile flowers have as yet been 
 detected in this country. Ditches and ponds, in many places. Not 
 observed in England till about ten years ago. It is now far too 
 common, having become a great pest in the Fens. (See " Phytolo- 
 gist," vol. ii., p. 194, Sept., 1857.) Perennial. July. 
 
 The area of this plant is not yet determined ; though it is likely to 
 be found from the Land's End to Cape Wrath. Originally discovered 
 by Miss Kirby in the canal near Market Harborough, in Leicestershire, 
 in 1847. 
 
 III. Stratiotes, Linn. Water- Soldier, or Water-Aloe. Aqua- 
 tics, with radical, simple, serrated, or entire leaves. Flowers single, 
 spathaceous, white, on radical stalks. Perianth tubular, six-parted, 
 the three outer pieces herbaceous, deciduous, three inner white, larger. 
 
HYDROCHARIDACEJE. STRATIOTES. ORCHIDACE.E. 311 
 
 Stamens, about twenty, on the top of the tube of the perianth, with 
 vertical anthers. Ovary elliptical, bluntly angular. Styles united 
 with six deeply cleft stigmas. Fruit fleshy, with six or more cells, 
 and as many angles. Seeds numerous, in two rows. This genus is 
 represented in England by only one plant, which is readily known 
 by its bayonet-shaped (three -angled), strongly serrated leaves united 
 in tufts, with a central, strong, upright flower-stalk, bearing a single 
 white flower. After flowering the plant sinks to the bottom, where 
 it produces long, simple runners, each ending in a leaf-bud, which 
 roots in the mud, and the following summer rises to the surface, 
 where it flowers, and again sinks to the bottom to ripen its seeds. It 
 is probable that the air contained in the highly vascular leaves assists 
 the plant in floating up to the surface of the water. 
 
 S. aloides; Linn. Fresh- water Soldier. E. B. 379, L. C. 1108. 
 Leaves seven-twelve inches long, triangular sword-shaped, pointed, 
 very vascular, and fringed with sharp teeth. Flower-stalk firm, stout, 
 two edged, shorter than the leaves, bearing a large white flower. 
 This plant grows in the fen ditches of Noriolk, Cambridgeshire, and 
 the eastern counties generally. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 10. Lat. 52 5. Alt. 0100 yards. T.49 47. 
 
 Note. This plant, with Villarsia nymphceoides, has been esta- 
 blished for many years in ponds on Wandsworth Common, not far from 
 the Railway Station. British botanists are indebted to the late Mr. 
 Anderson, curator of the Chelsea Botanic Garden, for this addition to 
 the rare plants growing near the metropolis. 
 
 ORDER XXVIII. ORCHIDACEJE, Juss. THE ORCHIS 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Root fleshy, whether fibrous or bulbous, rarely creeping. Stems 
 simple, usually leafy, always so at the base. Leaves alternate, sheath- 
 ing, sometimes reduced to scales. Flowers perfect, spiked, or in a 
 terminal cluster, each furnished with a bract. Tube of the perianth 
 united with the ovary, with six coloured withering divisions, three 
 outer and three inner ; the three outer often converging with two of 
 the inner, forming the hood or helmet ; the third inner division (lip) is 
 usually very different from the others, often bearing a spur. Stamens 
 three, filaments united with the style and stigma in a column (gynos- 
 teme or gynostemium], the two lateral barren, the central one perfect, 
 placed above the stigma. Anthers two-lobed, with pollen agglome- 
 rated in masses, like wax, or in agglutinated granules, attenuated into 
 a pedicel, sometimes slightly cohering, or almost pulverulent. Ovary 
 adherent to the tube of the perianth of three one-celled carpels, each 
 containing many ovules, with parietal attachment. Stigma a glan- 
 dulous surface at the apex of the column (stamens and style). Fruit 
 capsular, three or six-angled, three-valved ; usually crowned by the 
 withering perianth, one-celled, many-seeded, opening by three longi- 
 tudinal clefts (fents). Seeds minute, with a loose reticulate testa. 
 
312 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 TRIBE I. Halaxideee. Root of one or several bulbs, or of 
 fleshy fibres. Terminal anther free ; pollen-masses very compact, 
 waxy, not attenuated into a pedicel. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Corallorhiza. Roots thick fleshy fibres. Perianth converging. 
 
 Liparis. Roots bulbous. Perianth spreading. Anther without a terminal 
 appendage. 
 
 Malaxis. Roots bulbous. Perianth spreading. Anther with a terminal 
 membranous appendage. 
 
 I. Corallorliiza, Br. Coral Root. Root tuberous, with 
 fibrous radicles. Stems erect, leafless, with a few sheathing- scale- 
 
 like bracts. Outer divisions 
 of the perianth lanceolate, 
 equal, inner ones oblong or 
 lanceolate. Lip three-lobed, 
 the lateral lobes small, the cen- 
 tral large, slightly notched, with 
 a short spur. Column elon- 
 gated. Anthers terminal, two- 
 celled. Ovary elliptic, oblong, 
 not twisted, slightly pedicelled. 
 C. i ma a Ire, Br. Spurless 
 Coral Root. E. B. 1547, L. C. 
 1044. Root fleshy, with the 
 scent of vanilla when drying. 
 Stems erect, angular, smooth, 
 naked, except a few sheathing 
 scales, six-ten inches high. 
 
 Fig. 128. A 9 bulbs or tubers of Orchis mas- 
 Sula ; a, the recent bulb, which produces the 
 stem of the following year. , entire flower; 
 a, the twisted ovary or german. C, the ppl- . 
 
 len-mass, agglutinated and tapering into its v , -, . . . 
 
 pedicel, b ; l, the grains ; 2, the pedicel ; 3, lanceolate, spreading, greenish ; 
 
 the attaching gland. z>, pollen-masses of inner ones pale yellow, con- 
 
 Epipactislatifolia. verging. Lip oblong, white 
 
 or pale yellow, spotted with red, without a spur. Ovary elliptical, 
 
 crowned with the withered flower. Shady woods in Scotland. Per- 
 
 ennial. June. 
 
 A. 4, C. 7. Lat. 55 58 D . Alt. 0200 yards. T.48 46. 
 
 II. Mparis, Rich. Sturmia, Reich. Malaxis, Sm. Outer divi- 
 sions of the perianth narrow, spreading, the two lateral contiguous to 
 the lip ; the two inner divisions nearly equal to the outer ; lip broader 
 and larger than the outer divisions, entire, erect or spreading, not 
 spurred. Column elongated. Anther terminal, sessile, deciduous, with 
 a membranous terminal appendage. Pollen-masses two-parted, with 
 collateral lobes. Ovary scarcely twisted, on a twisted pedicel. 
 
 or less glandular. 
 yellowish. Outer 
 
 Flowers 
 divisions 
 
ORCHIDACE.E. MALAXIS. ARETHUSI-E. OPHRYDE^. 313 
 
 JL. JLoesellii, Rich. Two-leaved Bog Orchis. E. B. 47, L. C. 
 
 1064. Stem six- ten inches high, with sharp angles, three-angled 
 at the top, nearly leafless, with two radical, sheathing, basal leaves. 
 Leaves oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, plicate, membranous, yellowish 
 green. Flowers small, yellowish, erect, in a lax, three-ten-flowered 
 spike. Lip ovate, obtuse, coloured like the other divisions. Spongy 
 bogs ; east of England ; very rare. Perennial. June. 
 A. 2, C. 5. Lat. 51 53. Alt. 0. T.50 48. 
 
 III. Malaxis Swartz. Bog Orchis. Outer divisions spreading, 
 as in Liparis, the two inner divisions much smaller. Lip short, erect, 
 entire, concave, embracing the column. Column very short, anther 
 terminal, sessile, persistent, without a terminal appendage. Pollen- 
 masses two-parted, united at the apex. Ovary not twisted, tapering 
 into a twisted pedicel. 
 
 M. paludosa, Sw. Marsh Bog Orchis. E. B. 72, L. C. 1063. 
 Bulbs ovate, distant. Stems erect, slender, three-six inches high, 
 angular, with two-four leaves near the base. Leaves obovate, yel- 
 lowish green, fringed at the end with buds. Flowers in a long slen- 
 der spike, yellowish green, erect, on pedicels as long as the ovary 
 subtended with herbaceous yellowish bracts. Lip green, ovate, 
 pointed, erect ; outer divisions of the perianth ovate, spreading, two 
 of them embracing the base of the lip, which consequently assumes 
 an upward direction. Bog at Hampton Lodge, Puttenham, near 
 Guildford, Surrey; Mr. J. D. Salmon. In spongy, mossy bogs, 
 growing among or on the moss. (" Phytologist," vol. ii., pp. 42, 79.) 
 Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 15, C. 40. Lat.50 59. Alt. 0400 yards. T.50 43. 
 
 TRIBE II. Arethusiae. Anther deciduous j pollen pulpy or 
 powdery, in two-stalked masses ; lip with a spur. 
 
 IV. Epipogium,, Sw. (Epipogum, Linn). Sepals spreading. 
 Lip large, entire, with small, spreading, basal lobes. Spur erect, in- 
 flated. Anthers tumid, on the lobed top of the column. Stigma 
 transverse. Ovary not twisted. 
 
 E. apiyllum, Sw. Leafless Epipogium. Rchb. Fl. Ger., xiii., 468. 
 Stem three^seven inches high, sheathed, leafless. Pieces of the perianth 
 lanceolate, narrow, acute, yellowish. Mid-lobe ovate, furrowed, with 
 four rows of purple tubercles. Spur very thick (Babington). Damp 
 woods. Tedstone, Delamere, Herefordshire. Rev. W. A. Smith. 
 * (See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., p. 118.) Perennial. August. 
 
 TRIBE III. Ophrydese, Root fleshy, bulbous entire or pal- 
 mate, with radical fibres. Stems leafy ; anther continuous with the 
 column. Mass of pollen agglutinated and attenuated into a pedicel. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Orchis. Outer divisions converging or spreading ; lip with a spur. 
 
 Y 
 
o!4 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Ophrys. Outer divisions of the perianth spreading ; lip thick, without 
 a spur. 
 
 Gymnadenia. Lateral outer divisions (sepals) spreading, the upper con- 
 verging and forming a hood ; lip with a spur. 
 
 Habenaria. (Platanthera, Rich.) Lateral divisions spreading, tne upper 
 connivent, lip elongated, with a very long spur. 
 
 Herminium. Divisions erect, forming a campanulate perianth, lip with- 
 out a spur. 
 
 Aceras. Outer and inner divisions connivent, forming a hood ; lip in 
 three linear divisions without a spur. 
 
 V. Orchis, Linn. Orchis. The two outer and lateral divisions 
 of the perianth converging or spreading, the upper one connivent 
 with the two interior divisions forming a hood or casque ; lip spread- 
 ing, furnished with a spur, three-lobed, the middle one entire or two- 
 iobed or cleft. Anthers erect, with contiguous parallel lobes. Sta- 
 minodes (barren stamens) small, obtuse, ovary twisted. 
 
 SECT. I. Pedicels of the pollen-masses separate. 
 
 1. O. ustulata, Linn. Dwarf Dark-winged Orchis. E. B. 
 18, L. C. 1048. Bulbs entire, ovate or roundish. Stem four-eight 
 inches long. Leaves oblong-lanceolate. Bracts coloured, nearly as 
 long as the ovary, with a single nerve. Flowers small, in an ovate or 
 oblong close spike, hood dark purple, lip white, with purple spots. 
 Outer divisions of the perianth conniving, forming a round hood, dis- 
 tinct ; inner divisions linear, somewhat spathulate. Lip three-parted ; 
 lateral lobes oblong, spreading, middle lobe cleft with spreading lobes. 
 Spur much shorter than the ovary. Chalky hills, south of England. 
 Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 9, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 2. O. fusca, Linn. Great Brown-winged Orchis. E. B. 16, 
 L. C. 1049*. Bulbs entire, large, roundish. Stem leafy. Leaves 
 broad, oblong. Bracts very minute, membranous, with a single more 
 or less distinct nerve. Flowers in a large ovate or oblong spike. 
 Hood (casque) deep purple, spotted or nerved, ovate or roundish, the 
 three outer divisions slightly adhering to each other, and also to the 
 two inner linear divisions. Lip three-parted, the lateral lobes linear ; 
 middle lobe broad, cleft or notched, usually with a tooth in the angle ; 
 lobes crenulate or toothed. Spur curved, truncate, less than half as 
 long as the ovary. Chalky hills, Kent. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 2, C. 7. Lat. 51 52 D . Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 48. 
 Note. This is also the range of O. militaris and O. tephrosanthos* 
 (See " Cybele," vol. ii., p. 424, 425.) 
 
 3. O. militaris, Linn. Military Orchis. E. B. 2675. L. C. 
 1049. Bulbs ovate. Stem erect, slender, leafy. Leaves narrow, 
 more lanceolate, and more acute than in O. fusca. Sepals acuminate, 
 converging, pale purple or ash-coloured. Lip four-lobed, basal lobes 
 long, linear, diverging, distant from the two-rounded broader middle 
 lobes. Spotted with raised dark points. Spur curved, blunt, not half 
 
ORCHIDACEJE. ORCHIS. 315 
 
 so long as the ovary. Berkshire, near Streatly, and on the opposite 
 side of the Thames, in Oxfordshire, about Whitchurch. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 2, C. 7. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 4. O. teplirosaiithos, Bich. O. macro,, Lind. E.B. 1873, 
 L. C. 1049*. Stem slenderer than in the preceding. This species or 
 form is chiefly distinguishable from O. militaris by the lobes of the 
 lip. Sir J. E. Smith, who appears to have studied these three forms, 
 and to have understood their distinctive characters well, remarks that 
 " the only characteristic distinction is in the lip, which is deeply 
 divided into four linear, obtuse, equal and uniform, purplish segments, 
 with a small intermediate point." The same excellent author con- 
 cludes, from long observation and frequent examination, that these 
 three forms, 2, 3, and 4, constitute but one species ; and that the 
 two extreme states, O. fusca and O. tephrosanthos are united by the 
 varieties of O. militaris. Both these species (3 and 4) grow in Berk- 
 shire, near Streatly, also on the opposite side of the river in Oxford- 
 shire. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 2, C. 7. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 5. O. jfeorioj Linn. Green-winged Meadow Orchis. E.B. 2059, 
 L. C. 1015. Bulbs entire, roundish. Stems leafy. Leaves oblong, 
 or oblong-lanceolate. Bracts as long as the ovary, membranous, 
 coloured, with one nerve. Flowers in an ovate or oblong spike, hood 
 with green veins, lip whitish, with large lilac spots. Outer divisions 
 converging, obtuse, free to the base, forming a roundish hood. In 
 meadows. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 11,0.40. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 6. O. mascula, Linn. Early Purple Orchis. E. B. 631. L. C. 
 
 1046. (See Fig. 128, p. 312.) Bulbs entire, ovate. Stem leafy below, 
 naked above, with only two-three sheathing, membranous scales. 
 Leaves oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, usually with black patches. Bracts 
 membranous, coloured, as long as the ovary. Flowers in a lax spike, 
 purple, rarely white. Outer divisions of the perianth free, the two 
 lateral spreading or reflected. Lip three-lobed, the centre one notched, 
 spur ascending or horizontal, cylindrical, obtuse, about as long as the 
 ovary. Woods. Perennial. April, May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 7. O. laxillora, Lam. Lax-flowered Orchis. E. B. 2828, L. C. 
 
 1047. Bulbs round, entire; stems eighteen inches to two feet or more 
 in height, leafy. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. Flowers 
 bright purple, in long, lax spikes. Lateral sepals reflexed ; lateral 
 lobes of the lip rounded and crenulate, longer than the truncate, inter- 
 mediate lobe. Germen (fruit) with a short cylindrical spur. Wet 
 meadows in Jersey. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 Sarnian (Channel Isles). 
 
 8. O. maculata, Linn. Spotted-leaved Orchis. E.B. 632, L. C. 
 1053. Bulbs palmate. Stem twelve-eighteen inches high, not hollow. 
 Leaves oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, marked 
 with black spots. Bracts usually shorter than the flowers, as long or 
 
316 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 longer than the ovary, herbaceous, linear, pointed, with three very 
 distinct nerves. Flowers in a dense, not long, spike, white veined or 
 spotted with purple or violet. Outer divisions of the perianth lanceo- 
 late, free, the two lateral spreading. Lip large, flat, with three shal- 
 low notches ; the mid-lobe entire, smaller than the two lateral ones, 
 which are crenulate. Spur cylindrical or conical, shorter than the 
 ovary. Grassy places. Woods, heaths, pastures. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 10;;0 yards. T. 52 37. 
 
 A form of this plant was observed near Loch Katrine, with a single 
 terminal flower. The entire spike was reduced to one floret. We 
 proposed to call it uniflora. (See " Phy tologist," N. S., vol. L, p. 452, 
 1856.) 
 
 9. O. latifolia, Linn. Broad-leaved Meadow Orchis. E. B. 
 2308, L. C. 1052. Bulbs palmate. Stems erect, angular, stout, hol- 
 low, leafy almost to the top. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, large, 
 sheathing, upper clasping. Bracts herbaceous, mostly longer than 
 the flowers, lanceolate, tapering, three-nerved. Spike compact, ovate 
 or oblong ; flowers purple, more or less spotted ; outer divisions of 
 the perianth free, lanceolate, the two lateral ones more or less spread- 
 ing. Lip large, three-lobed or only notched, the central lobe small, 
 triangular, the two lateral ones slightly reflexed. Spur conical, cylindri- 
 cal, shorter than the twisted ovary. Moist meadows. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 -61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 Var. /3. angustifolia (0. divaricata, Rich). Leaves narrow, lanceo- 
 late or linear, erect. 
 
 SECT. II. Pedicels of the pollen-masses united. 
 
 10. O. pyramidal is, Linn. Pyramidal Orchis. E. B. 110, 
 L. C. 1051. Bulbs entire, roundish. Stems ten-eighteen inches high, 
 rather slender. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated, pointed. Bracts 
 linear, pointed, three-nerved at the base, about as long as the ovary. 
 Flowers in a very dense, short, ovate spike, of a beautiful rose colour. 
 Outer divisions of the perianth erect, or slightly spreading. Lip 
 three-cleft, segments about equal, oblong, obtuse, spreading ; the two 
 lateral ones larger than the central one, and slightly crenulate. Spur 
 filiform, quite as long as the ovary. Grassy places ; in a chalky or 
 limestone soil. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 11. O. hircina; Linn. Lizard Orchis. E. B. 34, L. C. 1050. 
 Bulbs entire, ovate. Stem robust, erect, leafy. Two-three feet high. 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. Bracts linear, three- 
 five nerved, longer than the ovary. Flowers in a long, cylindrical 
 spike, greenish-white, with purple spots near the throat. Divisions 
 of the perianth connivent, and forming a hood. Lip in three linear 
 segments, the lateral shorter and narrower than the middle one, wavy, 
 the middle one very long, twisted after flowering, with a truncate or 
 two- three toothed extremity; spur short, conical. Kent; very rare; 
 not uncommon in woods about Paris. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49. 
 
ORCHIDACE JE. G YMNADENIA. HABENARIA. 317 
 
 VI. Oymnadenia, Rich, in part. Outer lateral divisions 
 spreading ; the upper one uniting- with the two inner ones and forming 
 a hood (casque) ; or all the divisions connivent. Inner divisions very 
 narrow. Lip spreading horizontally or deflexed, three-lobed, or 
 three-toothed, with a spur. Anther erect, with parallel, contiguous, 
 or slightly distant lobes. Pollen-masses on free pedicels, not in a 
 pouch. Ovary twisted. 
 
 1. GJ-. conopsea, Rich. Fragrant-scented Orchis. E. B. 10, 
 L. C. 1054. Bulbs palmate, tweive-eighteen inches high. Leaves 
 lanceolate-linear, elongated. Bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, three- 
 nerved, as long as the ovary, or longer than it. Flowers rosy-purple, 
 sometimes white, in a dense, cylindrical, elongated spike ; two lateral 
 outer divisions of the perianth spreading ; upper connivent with the 
 two inner forming a hood. Lip three-lobed, obtuse. Spur filiform, 
 pointed, curved, nearly or quite twice as long as the ovary. Odour of 
 the flowers very agreeable. Chalky, grassy places. Perennial, June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 40. 
 
 2. Gr. albida. Rich. "White Fragrant-scented Orchis. E. B. 505, 
 L. C , Habenaria albida, 1057. Roots consisting of several cylin- 
 drical or tapering entire knobs. Stem nine-fifteen inches high, leafy, 
 hollow. Lower leaves oblong, rounded at the ends ; upper ones lan- 
 ceolate, pointed. Bracts herbaceous, about as long as the flowers. 
 Flowers numerous, whitish or greenish, in a dense cylindrical spike, 
 fragrant. Outer divisions of the perianth and the two inner ones 
 converging, yellowish-white. Lip greener than the casque, three- 
 lobed ; the two lateral lobes pointed, the central ones sometimes blunt. 
 Spur short, thick, shorter than the ovary. It has a sweeter smell 
 than G. conopsea. Grassy, hilly pastures. About Callander, Perth- 
 shire ; very common. Perennial. July, 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 52 61. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 47 40. 
 
 VII. Habenaria, Br. Platanthera, Rich. Outer divisions of 
 the perianth connivent, or the two lateral spreading and the upper 
 one connivent, with the two inner ones forming a hood. Lip linear, 
 elongate, toothed, or entire with a spur. Anthers erect, more or less 
 distant, parallel, or divergent at the base. Pollen-masses free, their 
 pedicels not pouched. Ovary twisted. 
 
 SECT. I. Spur very short, inflated. 
 
 1. H. vii idis, Br. Frog Orchis. E. B. 94, L. C. 1056. Bulbs 
 palmate, with fleshy fibres. Stems four-ten inches long, leafy at the 
 base. Leaves ovate- elliptical, blunt, or pointed, clasping ; upper ones 
 lanceolate. Bracts herbaceous, lanceolate, three-nerved, longer than 
 the flowers. Flowers yellowish-green, in a rather lax, oblong spike. 
 Divisions of the perianth green, all connivent, and forming a hood* 
 Lip long, linear, three-toothed, or cleft ; the middle tooth, or lobe, 
 shorter than the two lateral ones. Spur short, blunt, inflated (globu- 
 lar). Chalky pastures. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 50 38. 
 
318 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 SECT II. Spur long, slender, not inflated. 
 
 2. H, ehlorantlia, Bab. Orchis bifolia, Sm. Great Butterfly 
 Orchis. E. B. 22, L. C. 1055 b. Bulbs entire, ovate-oblong. Stems 
 angular, often nearly a yard high, robust, hollow. Lower leaves two, 
 rarely three, oblong, or oblong-ovate, narrowed at the base, large ; 
 stem-leaves small, bract-like. Bracts herbaceous, with several nerves 
 about equal to the ovary, or longer than it. Flowers greenish-white, 
 in a long lax spike, odorous. Lip linear, elongate, entire. Spur fili- 
 form, curved, slightly inflated. Anther-lobes distant, diverging below. 
 Moist woods. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 59, Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 Note. The vertical range of this or the next may be extended. It 
 was collected probably 1000 feet above Loch-na-gar and this lake is 
 above 1000 feet higher than the level of Loch Tay. (See " Phytolo* 
 gist," N. S., vol. ii., p. 35.) 
 
 3. H. bifolisi, R. Br. E. B. 2806, L. C. 1055. Stem much slen- 
 derer and scarcely half the height of H. chlorantha, with two elliptical 
 radical leaves. Leaves all much smaller than in the above mentioned. 
 Lower lip linear, about as long as the lateral lobes; upper Up triangular. 
 Spur very long and slender. Anther truncate. Pollen-masses not 
 converging as in H. chlorantha, more nearly parallel. Both abound 
 in pastures near Callander, where they may be contrasted in a fresh 
 state. Also in heathy parts of the south of England, as in Tilgate 
 and St. Leonard's Forest, Sussex. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 VIII. Ophrys, Linn. Bee Orchis, &c. Outer divisions of the 
 perianth spreading ; the two inner much smaller, erect. Lip thick, 
 without a spur, spreading, or concave below, entire, or three-lobed, the 
 mid-lobe entire, notched, or cleft. Anthers erect, the lobes not separated 
 by a fleshy appendix. Pedicels of the pollen-masses in two distinct 
 pouches. Staminodes very small. Ovary not twisted. 
 
 1. O. muscifera* Huds. Fly Orchis. E. B. 64, L. C. 1062. 
 Bulbs entire, roundish. Stems slender about a foot high. Leaves 
 oblong or oblong-lanceolate. Bracts herbaceous, usually longer than 
 the ovary. Flowers few, distant, in a slender spike. Outer divisions 
 of the perianth obtuse, herbaceous, spreading; the tivo inner filiform, 
 very slender, blackish-purple. Lip velvety, dark-brownish purple, 
 with a large bluish spot or patch, three-lobed ; the two lateral short and 
 narrow ; the middle lobe more or less elongate and dilated, cleft. In 
 chalky woods, pastures, and borders of fields. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 10, C. 20. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 2. O. apifera, Huds. Bee Orchis. E. B. 383, L. C. 1060. Bulbs 
 entire, ovate-roundish. Stems erect, eight-twelve inches high. Leaves 
 ovate-oblong. Bracts herbaceous, about as long as the ovary. (Bracts 
 longer than the germen (ovary), lanceolate, pointed, veined). Flowers 
 few, distant, in a lax spike. Sepals lanceolate, pink, with a green herba- 
 ceous keel. Column terminating in a long hooked beak. Outer divi- 
 
ORCHIDACE^E. OPHRYS. HERMINIUM. 319 
 
 sions of the perianth ovate-oblong, rosy, with a green nerve ; lateral 
 pair of inn*r divisions linear, fleshy, erect, hairy, sometimes tipped 
 with a colour like that of the lip. Lip velvety, centre lobe large, 
 oblong, convex above, concave below, elongated, beautifully and 
 regularly marked with broad yellow and brown lines, three-lobed ; 
 each of the three secondary lobes ending in recurved, greenish, callous 
 points ; two lateral primary lobes very hairy, triangular, occupying 
 the base of the lip. Column green. Pollen-masses on long, filiform, 
 pendulous pedicels. Ovary with six prominent ridges, curved and 
 enlarged at the summit. Sometimes the flowers are white. In woods, 
 banks, &c. ; chiefly on a chalky soil. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 10, C. 35. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 3. O. arachnites, Reich. Late Spider Orchis. E. B. 2596, 
 L. C. 1060 b. Bulbs entire, roundish. Stems erect, eight-twelve 
 inches high. Leaves ovate-oblong, or oblong; upper ones rudiment- 
 ary. Bracts herbaceous, as long as the ovary. Flowers in a lax 
 spike, not numerous. Column terminating in a short straight (?) leak. 
 Outer divisions of the perianth ovate-oblong, rosy, with a green nerve ; 
 the two inner ones oblong-lanceolate, dilated at the base, velvety. Lip 
 large, obovate, or roundish, dark purple, variegated with greenish, 
 confluent lines, intermixed with brown lines; both kinds of lines 
 symmetrical, undivided, with a glabrous, green appendage which is 
 somewhat cordate, curved and prominent. Folkestone, Kent. Peren- 
 nial. June. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 49. 
 
 4. O, aranifera, Huds. Spider Orchis. E. B. 65, L. C. 1061. 
 Bulbs entire, roundish. Stems rather shorter than either of the two 
 preceding species. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong; the lower ones 
 usually more rounded at the apex than they are in O. arachnites. 
 Bracts herbaceous, usually longer than the ovary. Flowers distant, 
 in a lax spike, not numerous. Column ending in a short beak. Outer 
 divisions of the perianth ovate-oblong, pale green ; the inner ones oblong- 
 lanceolate, of a deeper green. Lip velvety, oblong, or obovate, marked 
 in the centre with two-four whitish or pale-green lines, symmetrically 
 disposed, entire, or slightly notched, without a terminal appendage. 
 Chalky places, in Kent and Sussex. Perennial. April, May. 
 
 p.fucifera. L. C. 1061 b. Drone Orchis. Inner divisions of the 
 perianth roughish, dilated at the base. Lip with a wavy margin, 
 when divided often with a gland in the notch. Folkestone, Kent. 
 Kev. G. E. Smith. 
 
 A. 5, C. 10. Lat. 50 1 54. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51-~4S. 
 
 IX. If ermininm, Br. Divisions of the perianth convergent, 
 forming a bell-shaped flower ; the inner divisions more fleshy than the 
 outer, toothed near the middle. Lip connivent with the other divisions, 
 three-lobed; lobes entire, linear, concave at the base, but not spurred, 
 anther erect ; lobes not separated by a fleshy appendage. Pollen- 
 masses large, free, not in a pouch. Ovary twisted. 
 
 H. Monorchisj Br. Musk-scented Orchis. E. B. 71, L. C. 
 
320 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 1059. Bulb entire, round, solitary during flowering, the other or 
 recent bulb formed subsequently. Stem slender. Leaves ovate, or 
 oblong-lanceolate. Bracts about as long as the ovary. Flowers small, 
 yellowish-green, in a slender elongated spike, with a musky odour. 
 In Surrey ; in old chalk quarries about Dorking and Guildford. 
 Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 5, C. 15. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 X. Aceras, Br. Outer divisions longer and broader than the 
 inner ones, all connivent, and forming a close, rounded hood. Lip 
 long, narrow ', pendent, in three linear divisions, the middle one the 
 broadest, cleft. Anthers erect, lobes nearly contiguous, without a 
 fleshy appendage. Pedicels of the pollen-masses in a common pouch. 
 
 A. anthropophora., Br. Green Man Orchis. E. B. 29, L. C. 
 1058. Bulbs ovate. Stem leafy, especially at the base. Leaves ob- 
 long or oblong-lanceolate. Bracts membranous, shorter than the ovary. 
 Flowers in an elongated, rather lax spike, yellowish-green, with reddish 
 nerves. Divisions of the perianth connivent ; the outer much larger 
 than the inner. Lip longer than the ovary, in three linear divisions ; 
 the lateral ones very narrow, the middle one broader and longer, cleft, 
 each segment about as narrow as either of the two lateral divisions. 
 Chalk quarries and dry chalky places. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 3, C. 9. Lat. 51 54. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49' 48. 
 
 TRIBE III. Neottiese. Root usually fibrous, rarely in fleshy 
 masses (bulbs). Anther distinct from the column, often parallel to 
 the stigma. Pollen-grains loosely coherent, almost powdery. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Neottia. Boots fibrous. Perianth hooded. Lip deflexed, cleft. 
 
 Spiranthes. Boots fleshy, rounded, or elongate. Perianth ringent. Lip 
 entire. 
 
 Goodyera. Root creeping. Perianth ringent. Lip entire. 
 
 Lister a. Root fibrous. Perianth ringent. Lip deflexed, two-lobed. 
 
 Epipactis. Roots fibrous. Divisions of perianth spreading. Base of the 
 lip concave. 
 
 Cephalanihera. Perianth converging, except in C. rubra, where it is 
 divergent. Lip nectariferous, or somewhat saccate at the base. 
 
 XI. UTeottia, Rich. Outer and inner divisions of the perianth 
 nearly uniform and equal, connivent. Lip elongated, cleft, concave 
 at the base (much depressed), without a spur. Column elongated, 
 notched. Anther terminal, ovate, with contiguous parallel lobes. 
 Ovary not twisted. 
 
 . nidus-avis^ Rich. Bird's Nest. E. B. 48, L. C. 1036. 
 Roots oblique, with numerous interlacing fibres, forming altogether a 
 round mass of fleshy fibres. Stems erect, six-fifteen inches high, fur- 
 nished with a few sheathing distant scales (abortive leaves), leafless. 
 Bracts short, membranous. Flowers of the same colour as the rest 
 
ORCHIDACE^E. NEOTTIA. SPIRANTHES. 321 
 
 of the plant, pale yellowish-brown, in an oblong, more or less 
 elongated compact spike. Column notched with two short beaks. 
 Lobes of the lip divergent. In chalky or marly, very shady places. 
 Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51- 45*. 
 
 XII. Spirantlies 9 Rich. Lady's Tresses. Root turgid, fleshy, 
 in two-three masses. Stems rigid, erect. Flowers in a more or less 
 twisted (spiral) spike. Perianth tubular, two-lipped, forming an angle 
 with the ovary. Lip contiguous to the divisions of the perianth and 
 embraced by them, entire, concave, enclosing the column, without a 
 spur. Column short. Anther terminal, pointed. Pollen-masses in 
 a pouch. Ovary not twisted. 
 
 1. 8. cestiiralis* Rich. Early-flowering Lady's Tresses. E. B. 
 2817, L. C. 1034. Root fusiform, elongated. Stems erect, slender, 
 leafy, nine-twelve inches high. Root-leaves oblong-lanceolate ; stem- 
 leaves linear-lanceolate, erect. Bracts longer than the ovary. Flowers 
 small, white, in a one-sided spike. Lip ovate-oblong, rounded at the end. 
 Bog between Lyndhurst and Christchurch, New Forest, Hants ; Wyre 
 Forest. Mr. Jordan. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A.I (2), C. I (2). Lat. 50 51 (53). Alt. 050 yards. T. 51 50. 
 
 Note. The long, slender, fusiform roots, the linear, elongate 
 leaves, the smooth, slender, long stem distinguish this species from 
 the following. 
 
 2. S. autumnalis, Rich. Late-flowering Lady's Tresses. E. B. 
 541, L. C. 1033. Root bulbous ovate-oblong. Stems six-nine inches 
 high, rigid, not leafy, but with leaf-like adpressed bracts (abortive 
 leaves), surrounded at the base by the remains of the decayed leaves 
 of the previous year. Root-leaves ovate, or ovate-oblong, in a kind of 
 rosette, from the centre of which the stem of the succeeding year arises. 
 Bracts longer than the ovary. Flowers small, white, in a slender one- 
 sided, spirally- twisted spike. Lip obovate, notched. Dry, chalky 
 or gravelly pastures. Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 11, C. 40. Lat. 50 55. Alt 0100 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 In this species the bulbs are variable, orbicular, ovate, and conical- 
 elongated. Root-leaves ovate or lanceolate. Stem-leaves rudimentary. 
 Stem and spike woolly. Lateral sepals lanceolate. Lip fringed. In moist 
 pastures the root and root-leaves are elongated ; in dry places both 
 root and leaves are blunt and short. The lateral rosettes of leaves 
 distinguish this from S. cestivalis. 
 
 3. S. cernua, Rich. Neottia gemmipara, Sm. E. B. 2786, L. C. 
 1035. Stem erect, two- three inches high, with two-three lanceolate, 
 erect bracts. Root-leaves linear-lanceolate ; stem-leaves triangular- 
 lanceolate. Spike dense, flowers in three ranks. Sepals and petals, 
 obtuse, equal; lip blunt. ("Linnsean Trans." xix., T. 32.) South of 
 Ireland. Perennial. August, September. Hibernian (confined to 
 Ireland, and not certainly known to exist there now.) 
 
 XIII. Croodyera, Br. Goodyera. Roots widely creeping, \ 
 
DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 woolly. Stems erect, leafy below, with several sheathing bracts above. 
 Outer divisions of the perianth ovate, spreading, equal, connivent 
 with the two inner divisions. Lip prominent, inflated, entire, sup- 
 ported by the two lateral outer divisions of the perianth. Column 
 erect. Anthers parallel, free. Stigma prominent, pointed. Ovary 
 elliptical, angular, furrowed. Seeds very minute. 
 
 G- repeus; Br. Creeping Goody era. E. B. 289, L. C. 1032. 
 Root branched, creeping, more or less hairy. Stems leafy at the 
 base, with sheathing bracts above, ten-fifteen inches high. Leaves 
 ovate, petioled, scarcely pointed ; bracts sheathing, pointed, hairy. 
 Floral bracts rather longer than the ovary. Spike lax below, denser 
 above, more or less hairy and glandular. Spiral. Flowers small, 
 scented, downy on the outside. Lip white in the swollen part, with 
 tawny stripes. Ovary brown, smooth. Scotland j in several places. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 9. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 47 45. 
 
 XIV. LJstera, Br. Twayblade. Flowers green. Exterior 
 divisions of the perianth connivent, with the two inner forming a 
 hood, the latter slightly smaller or of the same size. Lip pendent or 
 spreading, elongated, two-cleft or three -four-cleft, without a spur. 
 Column short, or slightly elongated, terminated by the anther. Anther 
 inclined, ovate, obtuse, with contiguous parallel lobes. Pollen-masses 
 united. Ovary not twisted. 
 
 1. JL. oyata, Br. Common Twayblade. E. B. 1548, L. C. 1038, 
 Root of numerous, long, fleshy fibres. Stems slender, erect, naked, 
 except where it has two opposite leaves, downy above. Leaves ovate 
 or roundish, large, with curved, converging nerves. Flowers green, 
 pedicelled on an elongated lax spike. Inner divisions of the perianth 
 smaller than the outer, lip cleft, yellow-green, with two slightly pro- 
 minent teeth at its base, one on each side. Column short, two-lipped, 
 the upper one covering the anther ; lip linear, two-cleft, with parallel 
 lobes. Moist groves ; shady places. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 2. i,, cordata, Br. Heart-leaved Twayblade. E.B.358,L. C. 
 1037. Roots fibrous. Stems slender, erect, or slightly drooping or 
 bending, angular, six-ten inches high. Leaves small, opposite, sessile, 
 extending about half way up the stem, cordate at the base, abruptly 
 pointed. Flowers small, in lax clusters, six-ten, usually green or slightly 
 brown. Lip four-cleft, lateral lobes spreading, linear, narrow, medial 
 lobes linear, broader than the lateral or basal ones. Column without 
 any appendage behind the anther. Turfy, mountainous moors ; north 
 of England and Scotland. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 51 -60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 48 39. 
 
 XV. Epipactis, Rich. Helleborine. Roots fibrous, more or 
 less fleshy. Stems rigid, tapering, erect, leafy. Divisions of the 
 perianth connivent, or only slightly spreading, the inner ones usually 
 as large as the outer. Lip spreading, not spurred, abruptly narrow in 
 
ORCHIDACE^E. EPIPACTIS. 323 
 
 the middle, partially three-lobed, the mid-lobe entire. Column short 
 or elongated, bearing- the anther at its summit. Pollen -masses in a 
 common pouch. Ovary not twisted, attenuated at the base into a 
 slightly-twisted pedicel. 
 
 1. E. latifolia* All. Broad-leaved Helleborine. E.B. 269, 
 L. C. 1039. Stems erect, tapering leafy, eighteen-thirty inches high. 
 Lower leaves broadly ovate, or ovate-oblong, pointed, strongly and pro- 
 minently ribbed (nerved), sheathing and clasping ; upper leaves lanceo- 
 late. Bracts herbaceous, the lower ones much longer, the upper much 
 shorter than the flowers. Flowers in an elongated lax spike, rather 
 pendulous. Lip abruptly acuminate and curved, shorter than the 
 lateral divisions of the perianth, ovary oblong or ovate-roundish, deeply 
 furrowed and downy. Woods, and fields in some places. Perennial. 
 August, September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards, T. 51 46. 
 
 2. E. ovalisj Bab. Oval-leaved Helleborine. E. B. 2884, L. C. 
 1039 d. Stems angular, furrowed, purplish at the base, very leafy, one- 
 two feet high. Leaves ovate, acute, upper lanceolate. Bracts equal to, or 
 slightly shorter than the fruit. Pedicels very short. Fruit obovate- 
 roundish, turgid, slightly downy, crowned with the withered flower. 
 Rocky wood above the ebbing and flowing well, Giggleswick, York- 
 shire. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 In E. ovalis, Bab., the bracts are shorter than the flowers, and the 
 leaves are clasping, but not sheathing, the ovary is more prominently 
 rigid and smooth. (?) 
 
 3. E. media, (?) Fr. E. purpurata, Sm. Purple-leaved Helle- 
 borine. E. B. 2775, L. C. 1 039 b. Stems slender, two-three feet high, 
 leafy, scaly at the lower part (abortive leaves). Two lower leaves 
 sheathing, ovate-lanceolate, the rest half-clasping and lanceolate, the 
 upper leaves linear -lanceolate. Bracts about as long as the germen and 
 flowers (slightly longer than the flowers under the lowermost, and 
 slightly shorter than the flowers at or near the top of the spike). Sepals 
 very pale green, lanceolate, spreading. Lip whitish, slightly tinged 
 with pink, lobe triangular, slightly crenate, with a prominent pinky 
 ridge extending from the throat to the point of the reflexed lobe. 
 
 Note. rThe stem and leaves have a purplish tinge, and the spike 
 is very lax, and not half the length of that in E. ovalis. In Uffmore 
 Forest, near St. Kenelm's, Clent Hills, Worcestershire. Woods. 
 Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 4. E. palustris, Sw. Marsh Helleborine. E. B. 270, L. C. 1040. 
 Stems round, tapering, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, strongly nerved ; 
 lower leaves sheathing, upper ones clasping. Bracts rather longer 
 than the pedicels. Flowers drooping in a lax cluster. Mid-lobe of 
 the lip roundish, crenate. Fruit oblong or obovate, strongly-ribbed, 
 slightly rough, crowned with the remains of the corolla. Marshy 
 places ; not common. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
324 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 XVI. Ceplialantlieraj Rich. Roots fibrous. Stems rigid, 
 tapering-. Divisions of the perianth mostly converging. Column 
 elongated. Ovary twisted, sessile ; in other respects it agrees with the 
 preceding genus. 
 
 L C. grandiflora, Bab. C. pollens, Richard and Koch. White 
 Helleborine, E. B. 271, L. C. 1041. Stem ten-eighteen inches high, 
 rigid, leafy, often with flexuous internodes, seldom straight. Leaves 
 ovate, pointed, or ovate-lanceolate, half clasping, the lower ones re- 
 duced to sheaths. Bracts herbaceous or leaf-like, surpassing or equal- 
 ling the ovary. Flowers large, white, erect in a lax spike, pedicelled. 
 Divisions of the perianth blunt. Lip broad, ovate, or cordate, with 
 several elevated lines. Ovary smooth, elongated. Woods, especially 
 where the soil is chalky. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 9, C. 25. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 2. C. ensifolia, Rich. Narrow-leaved White Helleborine. E.B. 
 494, L, C. 1042. Stems eight-fourteen inches high, slender, flexuous, 
 erect, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, nearly equal. Lower leaves 
 elliptical-lanceolate, the lowermost clasping the stem, with very short 
 sheaths. Upper leaves lanceolate, elongate, grass-like, in two rows. 
 Flowers large, white, in a lax, often few-flowered short spike. Lower 
 bract twice as long as the flower, the other bracts minute, not half the 
 length of the germen (ovary). Three outer sepals lanceolate-acumi- 
 nate, much longer than the inner sepals, erect, or slightly spreading, 
 inner sepals blunt, connivent. Lip dilated, erect, the throat fur- 
 nished with five-six prominent ridges, and the base with two large 
 erect lobes. Anthers cylindrical, pointed, divergent. In elevated 
 woods ; on a chalky or calcareous soil. 
 
 The plants from which the above description was drawn up were 
 sent from Wyre Forest by Mr. Jordan. 
 
 A. 11, C. 20. Lat. 51 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 -47. 
 
 3. C. rubra, Sw. (Rich.) Purple Helleborine. E.B. 437, L. C. 
 1043. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, almost in 
 two rows. Bracts herbaceous, longer than the ovary. Lip ovate- 
 acuminate. Ovary very downy. This rare species, which has not 
 been recently gathered in England, is distinguished from C. ensifolia 
 chiefly by its less pointed leaves, long bracts, and pointed white lip. 
 Gloucestershire. Rev. Mr. Baker. 
 
 TRIBE V. Cypripedieae, Lind. Intermediate anther barren, 
 lateral anthers perfect. 
 
 XVII. Cypripedium, Linn. Lady's Slipper. Roots creep- 
 ing. Stem simple, erect, usually leafy. Leaves elliptical, ribbed, 
 plaited. Flowers solitary and terminal. Outer sepals ovate-lanceolate, 
 taper-pointed, coloured ; inner sepals linear, lanceolate, pointed ; lip 
 obovate, inflated. Style short. 
 
 C. icalceolus; Linn. Our Lady's Slipper. E.B. 1, L. C. 1065. 
 Root tuberous, creeping. Stems solitary, solid, striated, downy, 
 twelve-eighteen inches high. Leaves ovate, somewhat pointed, 
 
AMARYLLIDACEJE, GALANTHUS. 
 
 325 
 
 clasping or sheathing at their base, three-four, alternate. Flowers 
 terminal, usually solitary, sometimes two. Sepals ribbed, of a rich 
 dark-brown colour, the two lowermost combined. Lip tumid, yellow, 
 wrinkled, about an inch long, reticulated with veins and spotted in- 
 ternally. Woods, north of England, very rare. Haseltine Gill, not 
 far from Settle. Also in woods near Ingleton, Arncliffe, &c. 
 
 Note. This and Orchis hircina are the rarest of British orchids. 
 
 A. 3, C. 3. Lat. 54 55. Alt. 100(?) 300 yards. T. 47 8 46. 
 
 ORDER XXIX. A JIAMV JLJLID ACE JB. THE NARCISSUS 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Generally bulbous plants, with radical linear leaves, and usually 
 spathaceous bracts. Flowers regular, with a six-parted perianth. 
 Stamens six. Ovary three-celled, united with the tube of the perianth, 
 with many ovules ; sometimes one or two-seeded. Style single, with 
 a three-lobed stigma. Fruit capsular. Seeds with a membranous 
 episperm, or a brittle black, or a thick fleshy, testa. Albumen fleshy. 
 Kadicle directed towards the hilum. This order comprehends some 
 of the most splendid ornamental plants, with symmetrical flowers. 
 Most or all of them are possessed of poisonous qualities. They abound 
 at the Cape of Good Hope, but some are found in Europe, Asia, 
 America and Australia. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Galanthus. Stalk with a single flower, subtended by a leaf-like bract. 
 
 Leucojum. Flowers larger, usually more than one ; pendulous. 
 
 Narcissus. Perianth crowned with a more or less developed cup. 
 
 I. fwalantliiiSy Linn, Snowdrop. Bulb coated. Stalk radi- 
 cal, naked, bearing a single bracteated drooping flower. Leaves 
 radical, in pairs. Perianth 
 deeply six-parted, three 
 outer segments spreading, 
 three inner smaller, erect 
 and notched or emarginate. 
 Stamens six, with very short 
 erect filaments, and termi- 
 nal, acute anthers, with a 
 bristly point inserted on the 
 disk which covers the ovary. 
 Ovary globose, with a cylin- 
 drical style and simple 
 acute stigma, three-angled, 
 three-celled, and three- 
 valved, each valve bearing 
 a central partition. Seeds 
 roundish, numerous, at- Kg. 129. 1. Galanthus nivalis. 2, a, ovary; gt, 
 taohprl tn thp -nartitions stamens; s, style; so, segment of the perianth j 
 
 partitions. 3 fruit 4 tranverae section of ditto. 
 The snow-drop is readily 
 known by its solitary, pendulous, early flower. 
 
326 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 O-. nivalis, Linn. Common Snowdrop. E. B. 19, L. C. 1074. 
 (See Fig.l29,p.325.) Leaves glaucous, linear, flat, two together enclosed 
 in a long, membranous, entire sheath. Stem slender. Spathe linear, 
 elongated. Outer divisions of the perianth ovate-oblong, the inner 
 obovate or obcordate, with a green tip, and marked with greenish 
 lines. Orchards, woods and shaws. Perennial. March. Alien (?). 
 In woods about Stoke, next Guildford, and in meadows and shaws 
 about Albury, near Guildford. 
 
 II. Leucojum. Linn. Snowflake. Bulb coated. Stalk radical, 
 naked, with one or more drooping flowers. Leaves radical, linear. 
 Perianth six-parted, not so deeply divided as Galanthus, with equal 
 segments contracted at the summit, and somewhat thickened. Stamens 
 six, with flattened filaments and slightly-spreading anthers. Ovary 
 ovate. Style and stigma as in Galanthus. Capsule turbinate. Seeds 
 several, globose. The flattened filaments, ovate fruit, and larger 
 flower, which appears in summer, are almost the only differential 
 characters of these two very closely-allied genera. 
 
 JL. sestiTum, Linn. Summer Snowflake. E. B. 621, L. C. 1075. 
 Stalk compressed, two-edged or winged. Leaves very bluntly keeled 
 below, hollowed above, blunt at the tips. Spathe lanceolate, ribbed, 
 half herbaceous, about as long as the flowers. Flowers several (three- 
 five) on separate pedicels, nodding. Sepals white, with greenish 
 tips. Wet meadows, Thames side, opposite Blackwall ; Kent. Per- 
 ennial. June. It is to be feared that this locality has been altered 
 so much that the plant can hardly be expected to appear on it any 
 more. y\ 
 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat 50 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 51 49. 
 
 III. Narcissus, Linn. Narcissus, or Daffodil. Bulb coated. 
 Stalk central (radical peduncle), naked, bearing one or more bracteated 
 flowers, often compressed or angular. Leaves all radical, somewhat 
 succulent, in two ranks. Perianth tubular, with a six-parted, flat, 
 spreading limb, and a more or less developed crown on the top of the 
 tube. Stamens six, inserted into the tube in two rows. Anthers 
 linear. Ovary roundish, with three blunt angles, with a slender trian- 
 gular style, and a three-cleft stigma. Fruit roundish, angular, mem- 
 branous, three-celled, three-valved, with central partitions. Seeds 
 several, globose. Distinguished from the other genera of this order 
 by the mostly angular striated stem, and by the more or less deve- 
 loped crown of the blossom. 
 
 1. M. poeticus, Linn. True Narcissus (Narcissus of the poets). 
 E.B. 275, L.C. 1071. Bulbs ovate, with dark brown coats. Stalk 
 eighteen-twentyfour inches high, straight, two-edged, with rounded 
 sides, hollow. Leaves nearly erect, broad, of a deep green, with 
 sharp edges, and rounded or convex beneath; concave above, nerved, 
 with reflexed margins about as long as the stalk. Bracts scarious, 
 brown. Flowers usually single, pure white, large, beautiful, very 
 fragrant, cup shallow, yellow, with a beautiful crimson, crenate margin. 
 
AMARYLLIDACEJ3. NARCISSUS. IRIDACEJE. 327 
 
 Naturalized. (?) Shorne, between Gravesend and Rochester. Said to 
 have been found in Norfolk. Perennial. May. Alien. 
 
 2. W . foiflorus, Curt, Pale Narcissus. E. B. 276, L. C. 1072. 
 Bulbs and stems similar to those of the preceding species. Leaves 
 with a more acute keel, and flat, not rejlexed sides, edges incurved. 
 Flowers usually two, of a pale yellow colour. Cup crisp, waxy, 
 yellow. Edge of the cup white and crenate. With the preceding, in 
 Kent. Meadows near Totteridge, Herts. Common about Dublin. (?) 
 Perennial. May. Alien. 
 
 Note. The scape is slenderer and rather more compressed in N. 
 biflorus than in N. poeticus. The leaves of both are strongly keeled, but 
 in N. poeticus they are broader, and the margins are involute below and 
 straight or revolute above, the edges are nearly uniform in N. biflorus. 
 
 HT, lobularis, Haw. Segments of the perianth broadly ovate, 
 and rather sharply acuminate (not tapering as in N. pseudo-narcissus). 
 Cup (nectary, Linn.) divided into six lobes, and of the same colour as 
 the segments of the perianth. From the Rev. W. T. Bree, Allersley 
 Rectory, who cultivated it in his garden from roots found apparently 
 wild near Tenbv, Pembrokeshire, by the late Joseph Boultbee, Esq. 
 (" Bot. Gaz.," vol. iii., p. 83.) 
 
 3. IB". Pseudo-narcissus^ Linn. Daffodil. Lent Lily. E.B. 
 17, L. C. 1073. Leaves linear, blunt, striated, slightly furrowed and 
 twisting. Stem compressed, with two prominent angles, bearing one 
 flower. Tube of the corolla somewhat funnel-shaped and greenish 
 where it unites with the ovary, with six more or less prominent angles. 
 Segments of the limb ovate-acuminate, pointed. Crown tubular, cam- 
 panulate, crenate or toothed, and slightly crisp at the margin, as long 
 as the segments of the limb. In woods and meadows in the south of 
 England ; not very rare. Perennial. March. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 55\ Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 ORDER XXX. IRIDACEJE. Juss. THE IRIS FAMILY. 
 
 Terrestrial or aquatic herbs, usually with horizontal branching 
 rhizomes, rarely bulbous-rooted. Leaves alternate, sheathing at the 
 base, or all radical, sword-shaped, embracing each other, rarely linear. 
 Flowers usually large, in a spike, cluster, corymb, or terminal panicle ; 
 rarely on a radical peduncle, or directly from the bulb. Perianth 
 regular, tube united with the ovary ; limb in six divisions in two 
 rows. Stamens three, on the exterior divisions of the perianth. 
 Anthers extrorse. Ovary united, with the tube of the perianth three- 
 celled, with the ovules inserted at the inner angle. Style one. Stig- 
 mas often dilated and petal-like. Fruit capsular, three-celled, many- 
 seeded, opening with three valves. Seeds with a membranous testa, 
 rarely fleshy. Albumen thick, fleshy or horny. Radicle towards 
 the hilum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 Crocus. Leaves grass-like ; perianth funnel-shaped, with a long tube. 
 
328 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Iris. Leaves ensiform equitant ; stigma petaloid. 
 
 Trichonema. Leaves filiform ; perianth six-cleft, with spreading segments. 
 Sisyrinchium. Leaves grass-like ; segments of the perianth spreading. 
 Stigmas filiform. 
 
 Gladiolus. Root bulbous ; stem leafy ; leaves ensiform. 
 
 I. Crocus, Linn. Crocus. Bulb solid, externally coated. 
 Leaves radical, keeled, revolute, with a white central stripe. Flowers 
 growing directly from the bulb, solitary. Perianth tubular, with a 
 
 Fig. 130. Crocus sativus. 1, Bulb, stem, and flower; 2, Calyx-tube cleft, showing the 
 style and stamens ; 3, A stigma magnified ; 4, Capsule opening ; 5, Section of seed. 
 
 funnel-shaped limb, in six divisions ; three of the segments partly in- 
 ternal. Stamens three, in the mouth of the tube, with erect, arrow- 
 shaped anthers. Ovary in the bulb, with a very long thread-shaped 
 style, and a three-parted dilated and convoluted jagged or cleft stigma. 
 Fruit capsular, membranous, three-celled, three-valved. Seeds seve- 
 ral, globular. The grass-like striped leaves, the long, tubular flowers, 
 with an upright funnel-shaped limb, and the inferior fruit distinguish 
 this genus. None of the species are indigenous. At most they are 
 but naturalized plants. 
 
IRIDACE^E. CROCUS. IRIS. 329 
 
 I 
 
 1. C. Tei-ims, Willd. Spring Crocus. E.B. 344, L. C. 1069. 
 Bulbs hairy (the fibrous parts of decayed leaves?). Stalk (peduncle) 
 leafy, six-eight inches high. Leaves linear, erect, shorter than the 
 flower, subsequently elongated. Flowers blue, throat of the corolla 
 fringed with hairs, with erect ovate lobes and very long tube ; stigma 
 in three short, wedge-shaped, jagged lobes. Fruit capsular, ovate, 
 elongated two-three inches above the bulb, enclosed in a spathe. Mea- 
 dows near Nottingham, and Mendham, Suffolk. In a wood at Tot- 
 teridge, Herts ; plentiful. Perennial. March. Alien. 
 
 2. C. nudiflorus, Sm. Naked-flowering Crocus. E. B. 491, 
 L. C. 1070. Bulbs with a membranous coat and some fibres. Stalks 
 six-eight inches high, leafless, with membranous sheaths. Flowers 
 solitary, fine deep purple. Tube of the corolla very long, segments 
 of the limb large, ovate. Stigma in three deeply laciniated tufted 
 segments. Fruit capsular, elliptical, stalked, ripening in the spring. 
 Leaves pale, rather flat, narrower and less striped than the preceding, 
 not appearing till about two-three months after the flower. Meadows, 
 Nottingham. Perennial. October. Fruit in May following. Alien (?). 
 Only doubtfully native. 
 
 3. C, sativus, Linn. Saffron. E. B. 343, L. C. p. 16. Bulb coated 
 with a covering of anastomosing (interlacing) fibres. The leaves 
 appear about the same time as the flowers, or just when the lower 
 is decaying, they are narrowly linear, with inflexed borders. 
 Flowers lilac mixed with violet. Stigmas odorous, orange-red. 
 This plant was formerly cultivated near Saffron Walden, in Essex. 
 It is said to be "not even naturalized." Perennial. September, 
 October. 
 
 II. Iris, Linn. Iris, Fleur-de-lis. Herbs either with a root- 
 stock or a bulb. Stem leafy at the base, rigid, erect, simple or branch- 
 ing. Leaves sheathing, usually ensiform, equitant at the base. 
 Flowers spathaceous, terminal, clustered or solitary. Perianth 
 regular, six-parted ; three outer segments large and reflexed ; three 
 inner erect, narrow. Stamens three, on the larger segments, with 
 oblong anthers, closely applied to the under surface of the stigmas. 
 Ovary oblong, three-furrowed, with a short style. Stigmas three, 
 dilated, petaloid, equal, opposite to, and above the three outer seg- 
 ments of the perianth. Capsule angular, three-celled, three-valved. 
 Seeds numerous, globular, or compressed, in two ranks. The creeping 
 tubers or usually fibrous roots, the round, rigid, erect stems, the 
 sheathing, ensiform, usually equitant leaves, and the unequally divided 
 perianth, together with the three broadly-dilated petal-like stigmas 
 characterise this genus. 
 
 1. I. Pseud-acorus, Linn. Flag Water Iris. E. B. 578, L. C. 
 1067. Stems flat, with round, branching, stout, peduncles. Leaves 
 lanceolate-linear, about as long as the stem. Bracts (spathes) her- 
 baceous, acute. Flowers large, yellow, terminating the stem or branches. 
 Outer divisions of the perianth obovate, tapering below, with brown 
 veins, and two prominent teeth at the base; inner divisions small, 
 
330 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 linear, shorter than the stigmas. Lobes of the stigma incised or 
 toothed. In water and watery places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0-150 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 The flowers are rarely observed to assume a coppery hue. 
 
 2. I. fcetidissimaj Linn. Gladwyn Iris. E. B. 596, L. C. 1066. 
 Stems rigid, erect, flattened, and slightly angular. Leaves mostly 
 radical, leathery, rigid, linear-lanceolate, longer than the stem. Bracts 
 herbaceous, leaf-like. Flowers bluish-white or lead-coloured, veined. 
 Fruit ovate, turgid, with wider and deeper furrows than the pre- 
 ceding. Seeds large, round, not compressed, red. Woods and thickets. 
 South and south-west of England. Ireland (?). Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 48. 
 Note. The flowers of this species are sometimes, but rarely, yellow. 
 Mr. J. Woods, in " Phytologist," vol. iii., p. 264. 
 
 I. tuberosa, Bab. E. B. 2818. Leaves tetragonal, segments 
 of the perianth acute, root tuberous. Penzance ; Cork. 
 
 III. Trichonema, Ker. Trichonema. Bulb solid. Stem 
 simple or branched, naked or one-leaved. Flowers solitary. Perianth 
 funnel-shaped, with a short tube, and a regular and somewhat spread- 
 ing six-parted limb. Stamens three, inserted in the mouth of the 
 tube, minutely hairy, with oblong, converging anthers. Ovary 
 roundish, with a longish style, and three stigmas, which are cleft to 
 the base. Segments recurved, capsule roundish, with globose seeds. 
 Seeds roundish. 
 
 T. coluiimse, Rchb. Trichonema. Jersey Lily. E. B. 2549, 
 L. C. 1068. Bulbs small, crowned with the remains of the decayed 
 leaves. Stem four-six inches high, mostly solitary, one-flowered, 
 filiform, leafy. Leaves compressed, twice as long as the stalk, filiform, 
 furrowed, recurved. Bracts two, lanceolate, alternate, one herbaceous, 
 the other scarious. Flower terminal, solitary, tubular, pale purple, 
 yellow within. Outer sepals greenish-brown, inner ones bright blue. 
 Stigmas cleft. Sandy places. Devon and Jersey. Perennial. April. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 50 51. Alt. 0. T. 52 51. 
 
 Grows wild, in great abundance, among turf, in a dry, sandy soil, 
 on the Warren between Dawiish and Exmouth, Devonshire. The 
 only British locality known. 
 
 IV. Sisyrincfaium, Linn. Roots fibrous. Stems erect, sim- 
 ple, leafy. Perianth six-cleft, with nearly equal spreading segments. 
 Filaments united at their base. Stigmas three, filiform, involute. 
 
 S. anceps, Lam. L. C. 1067*. " Lodd. Bot. Cab." 1220. Root 
 several thick fleshy fibres. Stems erect, about a foot high, slender, 
 furrowed, more or less leafy. Leaves linear, grass-like, often longer 
 than the stem. Flowers few, in lax clusters, rather longer than the 
 spathe, on filiform pedicels, blue-veined, with long-pointed segments. 
 Fruit capsular, obovate or roundish, tubercled or rough. In a wood 
 near Woodford, Loughrea, Galway, Ireland. Mr. James Lynam. 
 Hibernian. 
 
IRIDACE^E. GLADIOLUS. DIOSCOREACE^E. TAMUS. 
 
 331 
 
 V. Crladiolus, Linn. Corn-Flag. Roots bulbous. Stem leafy. 
 Leaves sword-shaped, equitant. Flowers arranged in a lateral spike. 
 Perianth funnel-shaped, two-lipped, with a short tube; stigmas dilated. 
 
 O-. communis (?), Linn. G. imbricatus (?), Linn. Recently dis- 
 covered in the New Forest, Hampshire. (See " Phytologist" for Sep- 
 tember, 1857.) As it is doubtful to which species of Gladiolus the 
 assumed British plant belongs, its specific character is necessarily 
 left undescribed. The following account of its locality is borrowed 
 from the " Phytologist," as above quoted : 
 
 " The Gladiolus grows in considerable numbers on both sides of the 
 road from Bolderwood to Lyndhurst, about a mile from the latter 
 place ; also along a green path extending 
 south-east from the turnpike on the 
 road from Lyndhurst to Christen urch, 
 two miles from the former, towards a 
 new enclosure, near Rhinefield. Along 
 this path it is met with at intervals of 
 a quarter of a mile. It grows in dry 
 situations among the brakes. These two 
 stations are upwards of two miles apart, 
 and both of them are a mile from any 
 house." (The Rev. W. H. Lucas, in a 
 letter from Mr. Bqrrer.) 
 
 ORDER XXXI. DIOSCORE- 
 
 ACE^E, Br. THE YAM FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous or shrubby, sometimes 
 climbing, plants, with reticulated leaves. 
 Flowers dioecious regular. Perianth ad- 
 hering to the ovary, six-parted. Stamens 
 six. Ovary three-celled, with one- or two- 
 seeded cells. Style trifid. Fruit a berry. 
 Seeds round. Albumen fleshy. Embryo 
 very small, near the hilum. This plant, 
 the sole British representative of the 
 order, is easily known by its climbing 
 habit, bright, shining, reniform or cor- 
 date leaves, and by its red fruit. The 
 yam, an important article of diet in 
 tropical countries, is the only remarkable 
 plant in the order. The species are 
 
 mostly confined to warm regions; only a Fig. 131 . i,Tamus communis, dimi- 
 few inhabit temperate countries. shed ; 2> f< ^ a J e ?J e ^, ; 3> f a1 ^ 
 
 flower magnified ; 4, fruit natural 
 size ; 5, transverse section of fruit. 
 
 Tamus, Linn. Lady's Seal. Pe- 
 rianth bell-shaped, limb six-parted ; six stamens ; perianth of the 
 female flower adhering to the ovary, with six abortive stamens. 
 Ovary three-celled, two-seeded. Fruit a berry. 
 
332 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 T. communis, Linn. Common Lady's Seal. Black Briony. 
 E. B. 91, L. C. 1104. Stems slender, round, leafy, climbing, twining, 
 very long. Leaves on long petioles, deeply cordate, sometimes with 
 elongated lobes, tapering, shining, petiole furnished with two glands 
 at the base. Flowers whitish-yellow, or green, in slender, lax, axillary 
 clusters. Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, of a greenish colour. 
 Berries red, rather smaller than a currant. Woods, shady places, 
 hedges. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 12, C, 50. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 CLASS III. DICOTYLEDONS. 
 
 SUB-CLASS L GYUIIVOGEtfS. Ovules naked, i.e., pollen 
 directly communicated to the ovules without the intervention of 
 stigma, style, or ovary. 
 
 ORDER XXXII. CONIFER m. THE PINE FAMILY. 
 
 Stem ligneous. Leaves entire, linear, rigid or acerose, sometimes 
 fascicled with a scaly sheath. Inflorescence spicate. Male flowers 
 monoecious or dioecious. Spike deciduous. Fertile flowers in cones ; 
 ovary a flat scale. Ovules in pairs, , naked on the face of the ovary. 
 Fruit a cone composed of the scale-shaped, enlarged and indurated 
 ovaries. Seed invested with a crustaceous perisperm. Forest trees or 
 shrubs, abounding in resinous products, as turpentine, balsams, &c., 
 and furnishing the greatest abundance of the most useful timber, 
 almost universally employed for building and other domestic purposes. 
 They are easily known from all other trees by their narrow, often 
 ever-green, very sharp-pointed leaves, and by their fruit, which is 
 usually what is called a cone. (See p. 137, and Fig. 132, p. 333.) 
 
 Note. About three-fourths of the order are natives of the northern 
 hemisphere, and the remaining fourth belongs to the southern. Some 
 species are common to both. 
 
 The following Sub-Orders comprehend all the British genera and 
 species : 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. Abietineae. THE FIR, PINE, SPRUCE, AND 
 LARCH TRIBE. 
 
 Fruit in cones, with one or two ovules at the base of each scale of' 
 the cone. (See Fig. 132, 1.) 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. Cupressineae. THE CYPRESS TRIBE. 
 Fruit an indurated cone, or globular, fleshy process called &galbulus, 
 -with connected scales. 
 
 SUB-ORDER III. Taxineae. THE YEW TRIBE. 
 Fruit a kind of drupe, with a solitary ovule in its centre. 
 
CONIFERS. ABIETINEJE. PINUS. 
 
 333 
 
 Resinous, large trees, with narrow, linear, 
 Flowers monoecious, barren flowers in 
 
 Fig. 132. Pinus sylvestris. 1, mature cone; 
 4, female flowers. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. , 
 1* in iis, Linn. Fir. 
 mostly evergreen leaves, 
 ovate-oblong catkins, fertile 
 ones in cones. Stamens 
 naked, spreading, with 
 short filaments and erect, 
 wedge-shaped anthers. Fe- 
 male flowers in ovate cones, 
 composed of imbricated 
 scales, thickened and angu- 
 lar at the end. Ovaries 
 two, at the base of each 
 scale. Seed crustaceous and 
 winged, germinating with 
 many cotyledons. This ge- 
 nus may be distinguished 
 by the fascicled leaves (two 
 or more of which being enclosed at their base by a scarious sheath), 
 
 and by the scales of the 
 cone (strobilus, see Fig. 
 132) being enlarged (thick- 
 ened), and angular at the 
 apex. 
 
 I*. sylTestris, Linn. 
 Scotch Pine or Fir. E. B. 
 2460, L. C. 1029. Lofty 
 trees with verticilled 
 (whorled) branches. Leaves 
 in pairs, in a membranous 
 sheath, rigid, grooved be- 
 low, con vex above, acerose. 
 Cones (fruit) in pairs, at 
 first erect, afterwards in- 
 clined downwards, on a 
 bent peduncle, ovate 
 or ovate-conical. Wing 
 about three times as long 
 as the seed. Tree. May, 
 June. 
 
 A. 3, C. 8. Lat. 56 
 59. (Surrey, Hants ?) Alt. 
 0-700 yards. T. 47 40. 
 Var. 0. P. rubra, Mill. 
 
 ff \3&? Scottish Pine. Cones much 
 
 . Fig. 132. Pinus sylvestrift. 2, male flowers ; 3 a garter than in the tyD6. 
 single stamen ; 5, a scale of the female flower, with . ^ 
 
 the two inverted ovules ; 6, a section of 5, showing the Sn rn.nfions 1 
 
 ovary; 8, a portion of scale of ripe cone, showing the land, and in Some locali- 
 
 seed a 7, a section of the seed, showing the cleft f .^ Q -^ -pv 
 
 cotyledons. 
 
 Spontaneous in Scot- 
 d, and in some ] 
 ties in England, in the 
 
334 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ' { 
 
 vJ 
 
 vicinity of plantations. It is the chief tree in the mountainous forests 
 of the north of Europe. 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. CUPRESSINEJE. 
 
 JTiiiiiperus 9 Linn. Juniper. Evergreen aromatic shrubs, 
 with narrow leaves, either sharp-pointed and spreading, or obtuse, 
 minute and closely imbricated. Flowers dioecious, male flowers small, 
 in ovate catkins ; female ones in a small axillary cone. Scales of male 
 flowers whorled, each bearing from four to seven anthers. Female 
 flowers bearing three ovules, in a three-cleft, fleshy involucre, which 
 is formed of the three uppermost scales of the cone. Fruit round, 
 fleshy, succulent, coloured, berry-like, formed of the cohering scales. 
 Seed nearly triangular. 
 
 JT. communis, Linn. Juniper. E, B. 1100, L.C. 1030. Shrub 
 I with numerous spreading branches. Leaves glaucous, spreading, 
 ' linear-subulate, sharply pointed, and pungent. Fruit (cones) green, 
 I then black, with a glaucous bloom when ripe. In elevated open 
 places. Shrub. Flowers April and May ; bears fruit in August and to 
 Qptober. 
 
 L 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 100900 yards. T. 49 -46. 
 
 SUB- ORDER III. TAXMH2.3E. 
 
 Taxus, Linn. Yew. Large 
 trees, with evergreen, mostly linear, 
 slightly-stalked leaves. Flowers 
 dioecious; male flowers in small 
 roundish catkins. Stamens nume- 
 rous, with rounded anthers, which, 
 after bursting, are flat and peltate. 
 Fertile flowers solitary, axillary, with 
 an inferior, succulent, permanent 
 perianth, and a single naked ovule. 
 Fruit a berry formed of the enlarged 
 perianth, not investing all the seed. 
 Seed one, ovate-oblong, with a hard 
 bony testa. These trees are distin- 
 guished by their very thick short 
 stems, much branched tops, leafy 
 branches, and by their pulpy fruit. 
 Their wood is very durable, and many 
 of these trees are of great age. The 
 
 'Fi& 133. Taxus baccata. i, Male fr uit is vulgarly esteemed poisonous, 
 flowers. 2, Female flowers ; 3, ditto and the leaves are certainly very 
 
 magnified; 4, section of the ovary: ^ono-nTwno 
 
 * 5, fruit j 6, section of the seed. dangerous. 
 
 T. baccata, Linn. Common Yew. 
 
 j E. B. 746, L. C. 1031. Stem very much branched ; branches usually 
 
 , contiguous. Leaves linear-pointed, often with revolute margins, 
 
CONIFERJE. TAXUS. AMENTIFERJE. SALICACEJE. 335 
 
 on short petioles, contiguous, almost in two rows. Fruit succulent, 
 of a beautiful red colour, and sweetish taste. Seed brownish, 
 shining. Apparently spontaneous on the Northern Dozens. Often 
 cultivated as an ornamental tree ; also for hedges. Flowers, April. 
 Fruit, September. 
 
 A. 14, C.40. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 46. 
 
 This tree appears to be indigenous on Merrow Downs, near Guild- 
 ford, Surrey. Here the trees are evidently very ancient. It is more 
 plentiful on Sanderstead and Riddle Downs, near Croydon, where 
 many of the trees are only as large as bushes. 
 
 SUB-CLASS 1L EXOGEMS. GROUP I. Achlamydese. 
 
 DIVISION I. Perianth single, herbaceous, or none. 
 SUB-DIVISION I. Amentiferce. (See p. 137.) 
 
 AlIEJtfTIFERJE. THE CATKIN-BEARING FAMILIES. 
 
 Stem ligneous. Leaves more or less expanded, not linear, acicular 
 and acerose, as in Conifera, alternate, usually stipulate. Flowers in 
 catkins, unisexual. Male flowers in catkins or capitate, sometimes 
 with a membranous perianth. Female flowers clustered, solitary, or 
 in catkins. Stamens variable, distinct or cohering, from one to 
 twenty. Ovary simple, with one or more stigmas. Fruit membran- 
 ous or bony, or drupaceous, indehiscent or dehiscent. 
 
 The Willows (Salicacece) have two-celled, two-valved, many-seeded 
 fruit. Corylacece are distinguished by their parallel-nerved leaves, 
 and by their fruit (a nut) inclosed in an indurated cup or involucre. 
 The two-celled fruit of Betulacea is not enclosed in a cup. The order 
 Myricacea is generally distinct from the above orders by its resinous 
 nature, and by its fleshy fruit. 
 
 ORDER XXXIIL SAJLICACEJE. 
 
 Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves, and persistent or 
 deciduous stipules. Inflorescence amentaceous. Ovary superior, one- 
 or two-celled, with numerous ovules. Fruit coriaceous, one- or two- 
 celled, two-valved, many-seeded. Seeds either adhering to the base 
 of the celLs, or to the lower part of the axis of the valves, covered 
 with long silky hairs (comose). These plants are known by their 
 rapid growth, by their usually narrow leaves, and especially 
 by the nervation of the leaf, which does not extend from the 
 midrib to the margin, and by the comose seeds. Their bark is 
 astringent. They have a greater range than JBetulacece, reaching 
 further north. The most northern woody plant known is a willow, 
 Salix arctica. 
 
336 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Salix. Leaves usually narrow ; scales of catkin entire ; stamens two- 
 three, rarely five. 
 
 Populus. Leaves dilated ; scales of catkin torn or laciniated ; stamens 
 eight-twelve or more. 
 
 Salix, Linn. Willow. Sallow. Osier. Trees or shrubs with 
 round, flexible branches, and with simple, entire, stipulate leaves. 
 Inflorescence dioecious, both male and female florets in long cylindri- 
 
 134. Salix herbacea. 1, catkin; 2, a single male floret j 3, a single 
 female floret ; 4, fruit ; h, the barren shoots. 
 
 cal catkins. Scales of both kinds of florets, oblong, each bearing a 
 single floret. Stamens two, rarely one, or from three to five or more, 
 with two-lobed, two-four-celled anthers. Ovary ovate, sessile, or 
 stipitate, with a persistent style, and two spreading stigmas. Fruit 
 capsular (follicular), one-celled, two-valved. Seeds numerous, crowned 
 with soft, upright hairs. The rapid growth, tough, flexible, slender 
 branches, slenderer catkins, and especially the smaller number of 
 stamens will be sufficient to distinguish this genus from the Poplars. 
 
 Note. It has been found, on trial, impracticable to select discrimi- 
 native specific characters for the members of this family of plants. 
 The attempt to distinguish these in the sections is far from being 
 successful. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS. 
 
 SECT. I. Fragiles. Trees ; branches easily broken from the trunk, 
 especially at the period of floration (flowering). Leaves lanceolate or 
 elliptic, acuminate, acute, serrate, smooth or with silky appressed hairs. 
 
SALICACE^l. SALIX. 337 
 
 Scales of the catkin caducous (sooner or later, but always before the fruit 
 ripens), lateral, the fertile ones pedunculate (on a lateral leafy young branch). 
 Nectary (glands) double before and behind. Stamens two-ten, slightly 
 coherent at the base, and rough. Fruit pedicelled or sessile. 
 Species. 8. pentandra, cuspidata, fragilis, alba. 
 
 SECT. II Amyg-dalinese. Shrubs or trees with wand-like branches. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, hairy, or silky when 
 young. Smooth when fully grown. Scales of catkins persistent. Glands 
 double. Stamens two-three, cohering a little at the base, rough. Fruit 
 
 8. amygdalina, triandra. 
 
 SECT. III. Puriiurese, Trees or shrubs. Leaves linear-lanceolate, or 
 obovate-laneeolate, slightly serrated, smooth, or with adpressed silky hairs. 
 Catkins lateral, sessile, subtended by small scale-like leaflets (bracts). Fer- 
 tile catkins on short peduncles (nearly sessile]. Fruit sessile, or nearly so. 
 
 S. purpurea, Helix, rubra, Forbyana. 
 
 SECT. IV. Vimiiiales. Shrubs or trees, with slender, wand -like 
 branches. Leaves elongate, quite entire, or minutely denticulate, cottony (torn en- 
 tose) on the under side. Catkins nearly sessile, appearing with, or before the 
 leaves, subtended by small leaf-like bracts, fertile catkins, sometimes on short 
 peduncles, which are slightly leafy (bracts become small leaves). Scales 
 discoloured at the tips. Stamens free, rarely coherent. 
 
 8. viminalis, stipularis, 8mithiana, acuminata. 
 
 SECT. Y. Capreae. Trees and shrubs. Catkins lateral, the male ones 
 sessile, subtended by small leaves, female (fertile) ones more or less pedun- 
 culate, peduncle clothed with enlarged leaves. Scales discoloured at the 
 tips ; anthers yellow when empty. Fruit on pedicels twice as long as the 
 glands. 
 
 S. cinerea, aurita, ambigua, caprea, nigricans^ bicolor, hastata, lanatn, 
 repens, angustifolia, rosmarinifolia, doniana. 
 
 SECT. VI.- JFrigidse. Much branched shrubs. Catkins lateral, and the 
 fertile ones more or less stalked on a leafy peduncle (in S. Lapponum often 
 sessile), scales discoloured at the tips ; anthers yellow or tawny when empty. 
 Fruit sessile, or on short pedicels. 
 
 S. arbuscula, Lapponum, myrsinites, procumbens. 
 
 SECT. VII. Gclaciales. Dwarf shrubs, often with creeping under- 
 ground stems and ascending branches. Catkins terminal on a leafy peduncle 
 (the terminal shoot). 
 
 S. reticulata, herbacea. 
 
 SECT. I. Fragiles. Catkins (flowers or fruit) on lateral leafy peduncles. 
 Scales of fertile catkin deciduous (falling off before the fruit ripens). 
 Stamens two-three-five, or more. 
 
 1. S. pentandra^Linn. Sweet Bay-leaved Willow. E. B. 1805, 
 L. C. 999. A large shrub or small tree, with bright, glossy foliage. 
 Leaves oblong-ovate, or elliptical-lanceolate, with a more or less 
 abrupt or shortly tapering point, finely serrated or crenated, smooth 
 
338 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 above, sometimes slightly downy below, petioled. Male flowers in 
 large yellow catkins (spikes), with hairy scales, and from five to ten 
 stamens, which are more or less hairy at the base. Fruit smooth, on 
 very short pedicels, in long, cylindrical-ovate, dense catkins, with 
 a long, tapering point. Woods. Strathmartin, Forfarshire, and 
 Gilling, Yorkshire. Tree. June, July, Leefe's Willows, 1, 2. 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 46. 
 
 2. S. cuspidata, Schultz, S. meyeriana, Willd. London's " Arbo- 
 retum," 1504 and 1610, L. C. 1000. (See Leighton's " Shropshire 
 Flora,") Tree, twenty-thirty feet high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, serrated and glandular. Stipules half heart-shaped, 
 oblique at the base. Catkins cylindrical, on leafy stalks. Stamens 
 three-four, with filaments more than double the length of the scale. 
 Fruit ovate, slender, glabrous, stalked. Style short. Stigma notched. 
 Catkins in April. Alien. 
 
 3. S. fragilis, Linn. Crack Willow. E. B. 1807, L. C. 1001. 
 A tall tree or shrub. Branches rather erect, brittle at the base 
 (young branches in spring easily separating from the trunk). Leaves 
 lanceolate, acuminate, finely-toothed, shining above, slightly hairy 
 below, petioled, with ovate, curved, usually caducous stipules. Cat- 
 kins appearing with the leaves. Stamens two -five, not much longer 
 than the hairy scales. Fruit on very short pedicels, ovate, lanceolate, 
 tapering, smooth. About the sides of rivers, and other low marshy 
 places. Tree or shrub. April, May. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Var. S. Russelliana, Sm. E. B. 1808. Leaves narrower, glaucous 
 beneath, tapering at both ends, rather coarsely serrated. Stigmas 
 longer than the styles. The wood and bark of this variety are esteemed 
 as very valuable. 
 
 Var. 8. decipiem, Hoff. Varnished Willow. E. B. 1937, L. C. 
 1001 a. Tree, with shining polished bark. Leaves lanceolate, tapering 
 at each end, one side more curved than the other, rather thicker and 
 more leathery than the former. Barren catkins small, more or less 
 leafy, on short peduncles, dense, one-two inches long. Fertile cat- 
 kins rather longer. Fruit lanceolate, on short pedicels, tapering into 
 a stout style. Meadows, hedges, and osier-grounds. Tree. May. 
 Catkins, May 5th. Leaves, August 14th. Audley End, Essex. 
 Leefe, 50. 
 
 Range of both these varieties the same'as that of the type. 
 
 4. S. alba, Linn. Common White Willow. E. B. 2430, L. C. 
 1002. Tall tree, with deeply-fissured bark. Branches numerous, 
 spreading. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, serrated, whitish, 
 silky on both sides, especially on the under side, floral leaves fringed. 
 Catkins slender, cylindrical. Fruit nearly sessile, small, ovate, with 
 a short thick style and two-lobed stigma. In woods, meadows, and 
 pastures. Tree. May, and often again in July. Catkins, May 16. 
 Leaves, September 4. Gilling, Richmond, Yorkshire. Ward, 59. 
 
 Var. a. coerulea. E. B. 2431. Leaves glaucous and smooth beneath. 
 Leefe, 57. 
 
SALICACE^E. SALIX. 339 
 
 Var. )8. vitillina. E. B. 1389, L. C. 1002*. Bark of the young 
 branches shining yellow or red. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. "Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 SECT. II. Amygdalinece. (Seep. 337.) 
 
 5. 8. triandra, Linn. Long-Leaved Willow. E. B. 1435, 
 L. C. 1004. Branches erect, tough, leafy, brownish-red or olive. 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, or oblong-tapering, pointed, rounded at the 
 base, petioled, toothed, shining above, smooth and glaucous below, 
 with prominent nerves, teeth erect. Stipules with one basal, round 
 lobe, crenate-toothed, very variable. Male catkins numerous, appear- 
 ing with the leaves, long, cylindrical, on short, leafy peduncles. 
 Stamens three, much longer than the smooth scales. Fruit smooth, 
 ovate, compressed, with a very short style, and cleft spreading stigmas. 
 In woods, hedges, and osier-grounds. Tree. May August. 
 
 Var. . S. triandra, Curtis. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrower 
 and longer than in the type, paler and glaucous beneath. 
 
 Var. y. S. Hoffmanniana, Sm. E. B. 2620. Leaves ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate ; stipules large, ovate, or half- 
 cordate. Catkins, May 4. Leaves, August 12. Leefe, 5. 
 
 A. 12, C. 50. . Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 5*. 8. acutifolia, "VVilld. Acute-leaved Willow. Branches 
 dark red, with a dense caesious (lavender-coloured) bloom. Leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, elongate, pointed. Catkins sessile. Fruit ovate- 
 conical, glabrous, sessile, with long styles. Cleveland, Yorkshire. 
 March. Have fertile plants been seen in England ? 
 
 6. S. amy^dalina, Sm. Almond-leaved Willow. E.B. 1636, 
 L. C. 1004*. Small tree or shrub, with round, furrowed, spreading, 
 leafy branches. Leaves oblong-ovate (elliptic-lanceolate), rather acu- 
 minate, sharply and equally toothed, glabrous, on short stalks. Sti- 
 pules cordate or reniform, crenate, variable in size. Barren catkins 
 cylindrical, scales yellow, slightly hairy. Stamens, three or more. 
 Fruit nearly sessile, ovate, tumid, tipped with the nearly sessile stig- 
 mas, glabrous, furrowed. Down of the seeds shorter than in S. 
 triandra. Audley End, Essex. Catkins, May 9. Leaves, July 4. 
 Leefe, Ward, 3, 4. 
 
 A. 12, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 7. 8. undulata, Ehrh. S. lanceolate Sm. Sharp-leaved Trian- 
 drous Willow. E. B. 1436, L. C. 1003. Tree not quite so tall as the 
 preceding triandrous forms. Leaves longer and narrower than in 
 S. triandra, lanceolate, tapering at both ends, sharply serrated, often 
 wavy (undulate). Stipules pointed. Catkins like those of S. triandra. 
 Fruit ovate, constricted near the middle, smooth, stalked. Style and 
 stigmas elongate, the latter cleft. Audley End, Essex. Leefe, 9. 
 Tree. Catkins, April 25. Leaves, August 12. 
 
 A. 6, C. 8. Lat. 50' 57. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 SECT. III. Purpurece. Catkins lateral, sessile, or on very short pe- 
 duncles. 
 
340 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 8. S. purpureaj Linn. Bitter Purple Willow. E. B. 1388, 
 L. C. 1005. Shrub, with long, slender, smooth, purple, shining 
 branches. Leaves somewhat oblique, lanceolate, broader above, and 
 toothed, narrowed, nearly entire below, rather abruptly acuminate, 
 smooth, glaucous or grey below. Catkins slender, cylindrical, com- 
 pact, appearing before the leaves. Stamens two, with their filaments 
 united, so as that the stamens appear one with a four-cleft anther. 
 Fruit sessile, broadly elliptical, densely covered with silky hairs. On 
 river banks, c. Tree. March, April. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 Var. a. S. Helix, Linn, and S. ramulosa, Borr, Rose Willow. 
 E. B. 1343. L. C. 1005*. Branches (shoots) slender, polished, tinged 
 with red or purple. Leaves elongated and narrower than in the type, 
 linear, oblique. Marshes, osier-holts, &c. Tree or shrub. March, 
 April. Richmond, Yorkshire. Catkins, April 22. Leaves, July 9 (?). 
 Ward, 11. 
 
 Var. 7. Wool(/ariana,~BoYY. E. B. 2651. Leaves broad towards 
 the top, cuneate below, glaucous underneath. Fertile catkins thicker 
 and softer (with longer down). 
 
 Var 8. S. ramulosa, Borr. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, more or less 
 oblique (unequally-sided), narrowed at the base, more or less acumi- 
 .n.te, pale beneath. 
 
 Var. e. S. Lambertiana, Sm. E. B. 1359. Leaves oblong or linear- 
 ianceolate, faintly serrated towards the point, slightly attenuated 
 towards the base, with slightly oblique sides. A broad-leaved form 
 of S. purpurea, And. Richmond, Yorkshire. Leaves, July 9. 
 
 9. S. riibra, Huds. Green-leaved Osier. E. B. 1145, L. C. 1006. 
 Branches olive or greenish-yellow, rarely yellow. Leaves lanceolate 
 or linear -lanceolate, elongate, rather broader upwards, acuminate or 
 shortly pointed, slightly serrated above, entire, or almost entire below, 
 edges somewhat revolute and pubescent below. Stipules linear, 
 toothed, stalked, small or wanting. Catkins leafy at the base, nearly 
 sessile, appearing with the leaves. Scales covered with long silky 
 down. Stamens two, united about half-ivay from the base, appearing 
 like a cleft jilament. Fruit downy, sessile. Meadows, osier-holts. 
 Tree or shrub. Richmond, Yorkshire. Catkins, May 11. Leaves, 
 July 14. Ward, 15. Audley End, Essex. Catkins, April 6. Leaves, 
 July 17. Leefe, 16. The latter plant, No. 16, is without stipules. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 Var. S. Forbyana. E. B. 1344, L. C. 1006*. Leaves broader, 
 lanceolate-oblong, deep green above, glaucous underneath, serrate or 
 crenate. Fertile catkins like those of S. Helix. Meadows and 
 osier-holts, East of England. Shrub. April. 
 
 SECT. IV. riminales. (Seep. 337.) 
 
 10. S. YiminaliK, Linn. Common Osier. E. B. 1898, L. C. 
 1007. Tree with erect, slender, flexible, polished, grey or green 
 branches. Leaves lanceolate-elongate, linear-lanceolate or acuminate, 
 entire revolute, green above, white and silky beneath. Stipules (if 
 
SALICACE2E. SALIX. 341 
 
 present) lanceolate-linear, small. Barren catkins numerous, sessile, 
 with small leaves or bracts at their base, appearing- before the leaves ; 
 fertile catkins smaller, appearing with the leaves. Stamens two. 
 Fruit ovate, sessile, silky. Style long ; stigmas filiform. Wet mea- 
 dows, osier-holts, river banks. Tree. Richmond, Yorkshire. April 16. 
 Leaves, July 16. Ward, 20. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 D 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 Var. p. intricate*, Leefe. Leaves broader. Fruit and style shorter. 
 Stigmas reflexed and entangled. 
 
 Var. 7. stipularis, Leefe. Stipules present, curved, linear- lanceo- 
 late or semi-cordate. Leaves lanceolate, slightly-toothed, acuminate. 
 Stigmas very long, divided. Audley End. Catkins, April 5. Leaves, 
 July 10. Leefe, 22. 
 
 11. s. stiyularisj Sm. Auricled Osier. E. B. 1214, L. C. 1007*. 
 Shrub, ten-twenty feet, with erect, downy, reddish, brittle twigs. 
 Leaves elongate, lanceolate, obsoletely crenate, white and downy 
 beneath. Catkins appearing before the leaves, numerous, sessile, erect, 
 fertile twice as large as the barren ones. Fruit ovate, downy, nearly 
 sessile. Style short. Stigmas long, linear, undivided. Wet places. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 S. ambigua major (?). (See under S, repens, p. 347.) 
 
 12. S. iniithiana, Willd. Silky-leaved Osier. E. B. 1509, 
 L. C. 1008. Branches (shoots) slender, downy, leafy. Leaves lanceo- 
 late-elongate, tapering at both ends, slightly undulate and crenate, 
 nearly smooth above, densely silky or downy below, midrib reddish. 
 Stipules toothed, hairy, crescent-shaped. Catkins numerous, nearly 
 sessile, appearing before the leaves, subtended by a few siJky bracts 
 or leaflets. Fruit stalked, tapering, closely invested with long silky 
 hairs. Style long. Stigmas deeply cleft, with linear segments. In 
 wet places. Shrub. April, May. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Var. a. S. Smithiana. E. B. 1509. Stipules minute, lanceolate. 
 
 Var. . S. rugosa, Sm. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sharply-pointed, 
 undulate and crenate, broader than in the other forms. Audlev End, 
 and Richmond. Catkins, March 19, April 7. Leaves, July. Ward, 
 Leefe, 31, 32. 
 
 Var. 7. S.ferruginea, And. E. B. 2665. Leaves narrowly oblong or 
 oblong-lanceolate, tapering at the base. Stipules toothed, broadly 
 cordate. 
 
 ( 13. S. acuminata* Sm. Long-leaved Sallow. E. B. 1434, 
 L. C. 1009. Tree, with erect or slightly-spreading branches, with 
 soft, downy, young shoots. Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or elliptical, 
 downy and cinereous beneath, usually smooth above, with reddish 
 downy ribs and petioles. Stipules large, half ovate or cordate, acute, 
 toothed. Catkins cylindrical, with ovate bracts. Fruit ovate, tapering, 
 densely hairy or silky. Style about as long as the undivided stigmas. 
 Audley End. Leaves, August 18. Leefe, 37. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 56 (60). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 14. S, ciiierea, Linn. Grey Sallow. E. B. 1897, L. C. 1010. 
 
342 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Tree, often very dwarf and bushy, with leafy, downy, more or less 
 rusty shoots. Leaves oblong or obovate, ashy (cinereous), glaucous, 
 pubescent or slightly cottony (tomentose) beneath. Barren catkins ses- 
 sile, appearing before the leaves, ovate-oblong; fertile catkins ob- 
 long-cylindrical. Filaments hairy at the base. Fruit ovate-lanceo- 
 late, subulate, silky, on a silky stalk. Style very short. In moist 
 woods and hedges. Tree. March, April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt, 0400 yards. T. 52^42. 
 
 Var. a. S. cinerea, Sm. E. B. 1897. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, 
 thick, reddish beneath. Stipules half cordate. Style very short. 
 
 Var. )3. S. aquatica, Sm. E. B. 1437. Leaves obovate-elliptical, 
 whitish-glaucous below, crenate, serrated; teeth various. Fruit 
 densely hairy, in compact catkins. Richmond. Catkins, April 9. 
 Leaves, July 4. Ward, 38. 
 
 Var. 7. 8. oleifolia, Sm. (?) E. B. 1402. A form of S. cinerea. 
 And, in " Bot. Gaz." Leaves obovate-lanceolate, green beneath. Cat- 
 kins very large, oblong-ovate. AudleyEnd. Leaves, July 22. Leefe,44. 
 
 15. S. aurita; Linn. Bound-eared Sallow. E. B. 1487, L. C. 
 
 1011. Stem bushy, height variable, three-four feet or more, branches 
 spreading, brownish, downy and leafy when young. Leaves obovate, 
 pointed (point recurved), tapering at the base, wrinkled margin, crisp, 
 and coarsely serrate. Stipules variable in size and shape, but strongly 
 nerved, toothed, and wrinkled. Catkins before the leaves, nearly 
 sessile. Fruit ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, downy or silky all over, pe- 
 dicelled. Style nearly obsolete ; stigmas omte, finally cleft. In turfy 
 bogs. AudleyEnd. Catkins, April 3. Leaves, July 19. Leefe, 45. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 51 40. 
 Var. . S. capreapumila, Kay. Not more than eighteen inches high. 
 Richmond. Catkins, April 23. Leaves, July 23. Ward, 47. 
 
 SECT. V.Caprea. (See p. 337.) 
 
 16. 8, caprea, Linn. Round-leaved Sallow. E. B. 1488, L. C. 
 
 1012. Tree, with spreading branches, and downy young shoots. Leaves 
 ovate, or elliptical, or obovate, pointed, crenate-serrate,on short, downy 
 footstalks, glaucous beneath, downy on both sides, but especially on 
 the under side and the midrib. Catkins ovate, nearly sessile, nume- 
 rous, crowded. Fruit ovate at the base, lanceolate or subulate, silky, 
 with very short styles and cleft stigmas. Dry woods and hedges. 
 Catkins, March 30. Leaves, June 13. Easby, Richmond. Ward, 64. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 3 58. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 Var. a. S. sphacelata, Sm. E. B. 2333. A small tree or bush. 
 Leaves ovate, or oblong, or elliptical, greyish, with an oblique point, 
 more downy and white than in the typical form, and not so large. 
 Richmond. Catkins, April 6. Leaves, June 9. Ward, 66. 
 
 17. 8. niff ricans, Fr. Dark Broad-leaved Willow. E. B. 1213, 
 L. C. 1013. Shrub bushy, with erect, stout, rather brittle branches. 
 Leaves elliptic, crenate, dentate, tapering at both ends, smooth above, 
 glaucous, and slightly hairy below. Catkins oblong-ovate, peduncled, 
 appearing with the leaves. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, downy, pedicelled, 
 
SALICACE.E. SALIX. 343 
 
 with a moderately long- style. Stigmas cleft. Norfolk, Hereford. 
 Shrub. Catkins, May 7. Kavensworth, Richmond. Ward. La- 
 belled, S, hirta, Sin. S. nigricans, Fr. and Sm., forma nemorosa 
 (woodland form). 
 
 A. 10, C. 20. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 080 yards. T. 48 3 39. 
 
 Var. a. S. hirta, Sm. E. B. 1404. Leaves elliptic-ovate or obo- 
 vate, deeply crenate, with short, abrupt points, more or less downy. 
 Catkins thick, ovate, or cylindrical, obtuse, very downy, subtended 
 by small hairy bracts. Style moderately long, with cleft stigmas. 
 Yorkshire. Tree. April, May. 
 
 Var. . S. cotinifolia, Sm. E. B. 1403. Young shoots downy. 
 Leaves oval-roundish (broadly elliptical or cordate), slightly toothed. 
 Catkins ovate, densely downy. Style cleft. 
 
 Var. 7. S. nigricans, Sm. E. B. 1213. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 
 crenate, glabrous, rib downy. Fruit downy, subulate, on a short, 
 downy pedicel. Style smooth. 
 
 Var. 5. S. andersoniana, Sm. E. B. 2343. Young shoots downy. 
 Leaves elliptical, acute, finely serrated. Stipules semi-ovate. Cat- 
 kins short, ovate or oblong, slightly stalked. Pedicel long. Fruit 
 smooth, rounded at the base, constricted. Style stout. 
 
 Var, e. S. damascena, Forbes. E. B. 2709. Young shoots 
 densely hairy. Leaves ovate or rhomboidal, or oblong, with blunt 
 teeth. Fruit smooth, stalked, tapering. Style long. Stigma deeply cleft. 
 
 Var. (. $ forsteriana, Sm. E. B. 2344. Leaves obovate or 
 oblong-elliptic, crenate or serrate, slightly downy, glaucous beneath. 
 Catkins cylindric-elongate, stalked. Fruit hairy, lanceolate, on a 
 pedicel longer or as long as the woolly scale. 
 
 Var. rj. S. petrcea, And. E. B. 2725. Leaves narrower than in 
 any of the above forms, oblong-elliptic or obovate, tapering at the base, 
 with short points, serrate-crenate above the base, entire at and near the 
 tips, glabrous, the young leaves hairy or silky below. Catkins large, 
 cylindrical, blunt; scales furnished with long silky hairs. Fruit 
 silky at the base, ovate-tapering, wrinkled, with a short style, and 
 shortly cleft stigmas. Richmond, Yorkshire. May. 
 
 Var. 6. S. rupestris, Donn. Anderson, in " Bot. Gaz.," says that 
 8. phylicifolia, Linn., does not belong to the group Nigricantes. Silky 
 Rock Sallow. E. B. 2342. Stems prostrate. Leaves oblong or obo- 
 vate, shortly pointed, slightly serrated, silky on both sides but chiefly 
 below. Catkins small, ovate, with densely silky scales. Fruit ovate- 
 acuminate, clothed with silky hairs. Styles short, smooth or hairy. 
 Stigmas cleft, spreading. Richmond, Yorkshire. Catkins, April 23. 
 Leaves, August 31. Ward, 70. 
 
 Var i. 8. propinqua, Borr. E. B. 2729. Young shoots slightly 
 pubescent. Leaves elliptical, toothed, or crenated, scarcely downy, 
 pale green above, glaucous beneath. Fruit ovate- lanceolate, smooth, 
 on short hairy stalks. Style long. Stigmas notched. Wensley, 
 Yorkshire. Catkins, May 23. Leaves, July 14. Ward, 75. 
 
 On this plant Anderson remarks, in " Bot. Gaz.," ibidem, " Mihi 
 S. phylicifolia videtur" (It seems to me S. phylicifolia). 
 
344 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 18. 8. phylicifoliaj, Linn. Tea-leaved Willow. E. B. 1958, 
 L. C, 1015. Low spreading bush, with long, recumbent, divaricated, 
 rooting branches. Leaves oblong, with short, acuminate, somewhat 
 curved points, serrated with sharp teeth, and undulated at the edges. 
 Stipules semi-ovate. Catkins solitary on lateral branches. Fruit 
 densely silky, lanceolate, style smooth, long. Stigmas cleft, half as 
 long as the style. The description above is that of 74 S. (?), which 
 Dr. Anderson, in the " Bot. Gaz.," states to be a cultivated form of 
 S. phylicifolia, Linn. Richmond, Yorkshire. Catkins, May 7. 
 Leaves, July 7. Ward, 74. 
 
 Note. L. C. 1015 is quoted from the 4th edition of the " London 
 Catalogue." This No. in the " Cybele," stands before S. bicolor. 
 
 19. S. bicolor, Ehrh. S. laurina, Sm. Shining Dark-green 
 Willow. E. B. 1806, L. C. 1014 (?). Tree or shrub, with erect, 
 round, wand-like, leafy branches. Leaves ovate-elliptical or obovate, 
 with a short point, serrated, smooth, rigid, glaucous beneath. Sti- 
 pules half-cordate, acute, serrate. Catkins earlier than the leaves, on 
 short stalks, subtended by a few ovate silky bracts (floral leaves). 
 Fruit ovate lanceolate, on a short pedicel, invested with white down. 
 Shrub or tree. Catkins, April 3. Leaves, August 24. Richmond. 
 Ward, 73. " Leaves more coarsely serrated and less pubescent beneath 
 than in my specimens." Borrer. 
 
 A. 9, C. 20, Lat. 51 58. Alt. 0-800 yards. T. 49 39. 
 
 Var. a. S. tenuior, Borr, E. B. 2650. S.phylicifolia, Linn., And. 
 in " Bot. Gaz." Leaves oblong or obovate, tapering at the base, with 
 very short points, widely serrulate, nearly glabrous above, hoary- 
 glaucous beneath. Catkins ovate, downy. Fruit ovate-acuminate, 
 downy; style nearly half the length of the fruit, smooth. Stigmas 
 cleft. Richmond, Yorkshire. Shrub. Catkins, April 29. Leaves, 
 August 12. Ward, 72. 
 
 Var. )8. S. bicolor, Sm. Leaves elliptical-oblong, widely serrulate. 
 Stalk of the fruit shorter than the scale. Fruit crowned with the 
 short smooth style, and short thick stigmas. 
 
 Var. 7. S. laxiflora, Borr. E. B. 2749. Shrub erect. Leaves 
 broadly ovate or obovate, tapering toward the base, slightly toothed. 
 Catkins lax, nearly sessile. Fruit turgid and smooth below, con- 
 stricted and rounded above, on a stalk not quite half as long as the 
 scale. Style stout ; stigmas deeply cleft. 
 
 Var. 5. radicans, Sm. E. B. 1958. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, 
 broader above, with long, shallow, often wavy, serratures (teeth and 
 notches), pointed, tapering at the base. Fertile catkin lax, erect, on 
 a round, bent stalk. Fruit lanceolate, on a stalk about one-third the 
 length of the scale. 
 
 Var. . Borreriana, Sm. E. B. 2619. Leaves broadly lanceolate, 
 with shallow notches and blunt teeth, very smooth arid glaucous be- 
 neath. Catkins ovate, lax ; scales long, acute, shaggy. Fruit lanceo- 
 late ; style long. Stigmas linear, cleft. 
 
 Var. S. Davalliana, Sm. E. B. 2701. Leaves obovate, lan- 
 ceolate, slightly toothed, with a sharp reflexed point. Fertile catkins 
 
' SALICACEJE. SALIX. 345 
 
 an inch long, stalked ; upper half of the scale black. Fruit ovate, 
 tapering, on short stalks. 
 
 Var. 77. S. tetrapla, Walk. E. B. 2702. S.phylicifolia, Linn., And. 
 in "Bot. Gaz." Leaves obovate or elliptical-obovate, obsoletely serrate 
 slightly hairy, glaucous beneath. Catkins large, cylindrical. Fruit 
 shaggy, ovate, cylindrical, with a short, smooth style, and a silky 
 pedicel. Catluns, April 29. Leaves, June 20. Richmond, York- 
 shire. Ward, 85. 
 
 Var. B. S. weigelliana, Willd. E. B. 2656. S. phylicifoUa, Linn., 
 And. in " Bot. Gaz." Leaves broadly elliptical, or roundish, with a 
 short point, smooth, glaucous beneath, slightly crenate. Leaves of 
 the fertile plant narrower, elliptical, tapering at both ends. Male 
 catkins ovate, lax, on silky pedicels ; scales densely silky. Fruit 
 ovate, lanceolate, densely silky, on long, spreading, silky pedicels. 
 Catkins, April 19. Leaves, June 17. Kichmond, Yorkshire. Shrub. 
 Ward, 78. 
 
 Var. t. 8. tenuifolia, Linn. E. B. 2795. Young shoots and petioles 
 densely pubescent. Leaves elliptical or oblong, serrated, with a re- 
 curved point, slightly hairy. Catkins on a short stalk, oblong or 
 cylindrical. Fruit smooth, on a smooth stalk. Style as long as the 
 stigmas. (See Borrer, in E. B. 2795.) 
 
 Var. K. S. nitens, And. E, B. 2655. Leaves elliptical or oblong, 
 tapering at the base, with short abrupt points, slightly crenulate or 
 serrulate, smooth, glaucous beneath. Fertile catkins cylindrical, on 
 short peduncles. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, densely silky. Style short; 
 stigmas cleft. Kichmond, Yorkshire. Shrub. April. 
 
 Var. A. S. croweana, Sm. E. B. 1146. S.pliylicifolia, Linn., And. 
 in " Bot. Gaz." Leaves elliptical, pointed, tapering at both ends,crenate- 
 serrate, smooth, glaucous beneath. Barren catkins short, cylindrical, 
 on short stalks. Stamens united half-way up. Fruit ovate-lanceo- 
 late, densely shaggy. Style short. "The same as Smith's 
 plant." Borrer. Kichmond, Yorkshire. Catkins, April 30. Leaves, 
 August 18. Ward, 83. 
 
 Var. fj.. S.floribunda, Forbes. 
 
 Var. v. S. phyllereifolia, Borr. E. B, 2660. Leaves elliptic-lan- 
 ceolate, tapering at each end, strongly serrate, smooth, glaucous be- 
 neath. Young shoots downy ; scales hairy, black on the upper half. 
 Fruit smooth, pedicel led. 
 
 Var. |. S. dicksoniana, Sm. E. B. 1390. Leaves elliptical, 
 acute, smooth, crenate-toothed. Catkins ovate, short, erect. Fruit 
 ovate, stalked, silky ; style short. Stigmas thick, notched. 
 
 Note. Smith describes S. phylicifolia, Linn., S. weigelliana, 
 Willd., E. B. 2656, as a low, spreading, smooth bush. Leaves roundish, 
 broadly elliptical, ovate or obovate, with a very short oblique point, 
 slightly or widely serrated or crenated, smooth on both sides, shining 
 above, glaucous beneath. Barren catkins ovate or cylindrical, sessile, 
 or on short pedicels, subtended by a few small, ovate, pointed leaflets. 
 Filaments long, distinct ; scales densely clothed with long, silky, or 
 shaggy hairs. Fruit silky. Finlarig, Breadalbane. 
 
 A A 
 
346 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Var. ft. S. m'tens, And. E. B. 2655. Young shoots reddish. 
 Leaves ovate or elliptical, acute serrated or crenated, smooth, nerves 
 depressed. Catkins on short stalks, thickish, cylindrical. Fruit 
 turgid below, tapering above, downy, Style smooth. 
 
 Note. The section Nigricantes has leaves of a darker hue, thinner 
 texture, more pubescence (downiness), hoariness, than the same 
 organs in section Bicolores. The straight-pointed stipules (when 
 present), subulate fruit (ovary), and long style are distinctive cha- 
 racters of section Nigricantes. 
 
 SECT. Tfl.FrigMee. (See p. 337.) 
 
 20. S. hastataj Linn. S. malifolia, Sm. Apple-leaved Willow. 
 E. B. 1617, L. C. p. 16. Shrub large, with spreading, crooked, 
 brittle branches. Leaves broadly elliptical, thin, smooth, glaucous 
 beneath, crenated. Stipules large, cordate, as long as the petioles. 
 Catkins ovate or cylindrical, subtended by lanceolate, ciliate bracts ; 
 scales shaggy. Fruit shortly stalked, lanceolate, acuminate, smooth. 
 Style long ; stigmas cleft. Sands of Barrie. Catkins, May. 
 
 A. 3, C. 3. Lat. 51 J 57. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 3 47. 
 
 21. S. JLaiipoiiuuij Linn. S. glauca, S. arenaria, S. stuartiana, 
 Sm. Shaggy, Downy, &c., Mountain Willow. E. B. 1810, 1809, 
 2586, L.C. 1022. Shrub two-three feet high. Branches spreading, 
 reddish, with densely downy young shoots. Leaves elliptic-lanceo- 
 late or ovate-lanceolate, tapering, downy, densely cottony or silky 
 beneath. Fertile catkins ovate, on very short stalks or sessile. 
 Fruit ovate-lanceolate, shaggy, tomentose (cottony) or nearly gla- 
 brous. Stigmas linear, cleft. Mountains in Scotland. June (?) 
 August. 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 54 60 3 . Alt. 200850 yards. T. 46 39. 
 
 Var. a. S, glauca, Sin. E. B. 1810. Stem bushy, stout, with 
 brown or yellow spreading branches. Leaves two inches long, ellip- 
 tic-lanceolate, nearly smooth and green above, cottony beneath. Fruit 
 ovate, with a thick downy covering, sessile when young, shortly pedi- 
 celled when ripe ; style short. 
 
 Var. ft. S. arenaria, Sm. E. B. 1809. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
 pointed, on short petioles, densely woolly on both sides, but whiter 
 beneath. Fruit ovate, pointed, shaggy. Seeds cylindrical, with long, 
 white, silky hairs. 
 
 Sub-var. S. stuartiana, Sin. E. B. 2586. Leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late, tapering at both ends, grey, with hairs above, flat when full 
 grown. 
 
 22. 8. repens. Linn (?). Creeping Willow. E. B. 183, L. C. 
 1017. Stem mostly under ground, creeping, with erect or ascending 
 branches. Leaves on very short petioles, small, oblong, oblong-ovate 
 or lanceolate, entire or toothed, upper surface glabrous or downy, 
 lower surface silky, with a small oblique point. Stipules lanceolate, 
 sharp pointed. Spikes small, ovate, sessile or on short stalks, appear- 
 ing before the leaves. Fruit downy or glabrous, on a pedicel twice 
 
SALICACE^E. SALIX. 347 
 
 as long as the gland (bract). Stigmas oblong, usually cleft. On 
 moist sandy heaths and commons. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 40. 
 
 Var. a. S. repens, Sm. E. B. 183. Stems depressed, with ascend- 
 ing branches. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate or oblong-obovate, margin 
 reflexed, slightly toothed, nearly entire, with a small, oblique point, 
 slightly downy on the upper face, silky on the under. Fruit downy 
 or shaggy. Style very short. Moist heaths. Catkins, April 30. 
 Richmond. Ward, 86. 
 
 " S. repens, Linn. Koch. Male plant, leaves an inch and a half 
 long, and half an inch broad, slightly toothed, with a straight point, 
 and rather large denticulated stipules." Leefe. 
 
 Var. j3. S. fusca, Sm. E. B. 1960. Stem procumbent. Leaves 
 elliptical or oblong-ovate, toothed, glaucous and silky beneath. Cat- 
 kins numerous, nearly sessile, ovate. Filaments more than twice as 
 long as the scale. Fruit lanceolate, silky, on long pedicels. 
 
 Var. 7. S.prostrata, Sm. E. B. 1959. Stem prostrate, with elon- 
 gated, ascending branches. Leaves elliptic-oblong, with a somewhat 
 twisted point, edges revolute, downy above, downy or silky, and 
 glaucous below. Fruit silky, in ovate sessile catkins. Heathy places. 
 Catkins, April 30. Ward, 87, 
 
 Var. 5. S. ascendens, Sm. E. B. 1962. S.f&tida, " English Flora."' 
 Leaves oblong or elliptical, with a small straight or oblique point, 
 margins revolute, entire, or slightly toothed, somewhat silky on both 
 sides, but mostly beneath. The plant has a rank fishy smell (Sm.) 
 Catkins, May 7. Leaves, July 3. Richmond. Ward, 88. 
 
 Var. e. S. incubacea, E. B. 2600. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, nearly 
 entire, revolute, with a twisted point, silky and glaucous beneath. 
 Stipules ovate, acute. Catkins stalked. Fruit ovate-elongate, con- 
 stricted on a stalk as long as the scale. 
 
 Var. . & argentea, Sm. (?) E. B. 1364. Stein spreading, with 
 ascending, downy, leafy branches. Leaves elliptical, ovate or obovate, 
 roundish, margin entire and reflexed, point small, broad, curved, 
 downy and green above, silky and white beneath. Catkins lateral, 
 sessile or slightly pedicelled. Fruit densely woolly or silky, swollen 
 at the base. Style short, afterwards elongated and equal to the 
 stigmas. Sands of Barrie. Gardiner, 89. "Very variable in the 
 form of its leaves." Leefe. Sea-shore, among loose blowing sand. 
 Catkins, May. 
 
 Range, &c., undetermined. 
 
 22*. 8. ambigua, Ehrh. Ambiguous Willow. E. B. 2733, 
 L. C. 1016. 
 
 Var. a. minor. Shrub, straggling branches, procumbent or rising a 
 foot or two feet from the ground. Leaves oblong or obovate, crenated 
 with more or less prominent, and more or less distant, teeth, with 
 very oblique points, of an ashy-green colour, nearly smooth above. 
 Stipules minute, slightly arched and glandular. Catkins before the 
 leaves, cylindrical, about half an inch long, on short stalks, lateral and 
 terminal. Fruit ovate, elongated, slightly constricted, covered with 
 
348 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 dense silky hairs, on a stalk half as long as the woolly scale. Style 
 very short. Stigmas cleft. Catkins, April 25. Epping Forest, Essex. 
 
 Koch says it is a hybrid between S. aurita and S.fusca. 
 
 Var. /8. major. Differs from the typical form chiefly in its erect 
 growth, larger leaves, &c. (See S. ambigua, var. minor, p. 347.) 
 
 Yar. y. spathulata. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, serrated with very 
 oblique points. 
 
 Var. 5. undulata. Leaves lanceolate-linear. Stipules stalked. 
 Stalk of fruit nearly as long as the scale. Style longer than in the 
 above varieties. 
 
 23. 8. rosmarinifolia. Linn. Rosemary-leaved Willow. E. B. 
 1365, L. C. 1019. Shrub slender, erect, two-three feet high. Young 
 branches silky, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, margin entire, 
 slightly glandular, silky and shining beneath, point straight. Stipules, 
 when present, lanceolate. Barren catkins, short, ovate ; fertile ones 
 oblong, short, lax. Fruit ovate, acuminate, silky ; style thick, about 
 as long as the cleft stigmas ; scales short, woolly. Moist sandy 
 ground in the north. 
 
 A. 7, C. 7. Lat. 50 58. Alt, 0400 yards. T. 49 42. 
 Note. Both the name and number of this species have disap- 
 peared from the 5th edition of L. C., 1857. 
 
 24. S. doniana, Sm. Rusty-branched Willow. E. B, 2599, 
 L. C. 1020. Shrub five-six feet high, with erect, reddish-brown 
 branches. Leaves obovate-lanceolate, uniform, tapering at the base, 
 margins entire or only slightly denticulate, with a short, straight 
 point, green and smooth above, glaucous finely downy, or silky 
 beneath, with a prominent midrib. Catkins erect, 'cylindrical, 
 pubescent, numerous, shortly stalked, subtended by three-four silky 
 elliptical leaflets. Fruit ovate, conical, stalked, silky; style very 
 short. Stigmas minute. Sent from Scotland as British by Mr. 
 George Don, of Forfar. Mr. Borrer, " English Flora." Catkins, 
 May. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 56 57. Alt. (?). T. 47 or 46. 
 
 25. S. angustifolia, Wulf. Koch. S. arbuscula, Sm. Little Tree- 
 Willow. E.B. 1366, L. C. 1018. Stem erect, a foot high. Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, with minute glandular teeth, silky when } T oung, afterwards 
 glabrous, under side glaucous. (On strong radical shoots the leaves 
 are ovate, Sm.) Catkins ovate, erect, on short stalks, numerous. 
 Fruit ovate, acuminate, stalked, densely silky ; style short. Stigmas 
 broad, obtuse, tawny. Scotland. Catkins, April. 
 
 A. 4, C. 6. Lat. 55 60. Alt. 500 800 yards. T. 45 41. 
 
 26. S, arbuscula, Linn. Fries. Koch. L. C. 1021. Leaves 
 lanceolate, acute or ovate, or slightly obovate, margin remotely or 
 closely serrated, point short, smooth, shining above, glaucous beneath. 
 Catkins lateral, on leafy stalks. Fruit sessile (when mature, on short 
 pedicels), downy, oblong or ovate-conical; style elongated. Stigmas 
 bifid. Highlands of Scotland. 
 
 A. 4, C. 6. Lat. 55 60. Alt. 500800 yards. T. 45 41. 
 Var. a. S. vacciniifolia. Sm. E. B. 2341. Stems decumbent. 
 
SALTCACE^. SALIX. 349 
 
 Leaves lanceolate-ovate, glabrous above, glaucous and silky beneath, 
 serrated. Fruit ovate, silky. 
 
 Var. j3. S. carinata, Sm. E. B.1363. Leaves elliptic-ovate, minutely 
 and closely toothed, smooth on both sides, keeled and folded. Fruit 
 ovate or oblong, very silky ; style short ; stigmas notched. 
 
 Var. 7. S. prunifolia, Sm. E. B. 1361. Shrub bushy, two-three 
 feet high. Leaves ovate, serrated, glabrous and glaucous beneath. 
 Fruit ovate, sessile, covered with long silky white hairs ; style short ; 
 stigmas notched. 
 
 Var. 8. S. venulosa, Sm. 1362. Stem erect, much branched. 
 Leaves ovate, smooth, reticulated, with prominent (depressed ?) veins 
 (nerves) above, somewhat glaucous beneath. Fruit ovate, silky. 
 
 27. 8. lanata; Linn. Woolly Broad-leaved Willow. E. B. 
 2624, L. C. 1025. Stem much branched. Leaves broadly ovate or 
 obovate, oval or elliptical, shortly pointed, hoary, with long, soft, 
 silky, shaggy hairs, reticulated. Catkins large, cylindrical, sessile, 
 lateral or terminal ; scales beautifully covered with long shaggy 
 hairs. Fruit smooth, sessile, conical, tapering. Style nearly as long 
 as the fruit. A very beautiful shrub. The fertile catkins are said to 
 be sometimes a span long. Glen Dole and Glen Callater, Clova 
 Mountains. Shrub. May. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 56 57. Alt. 800900 yards. T. 39 38. 
 
 28. . myrsinites, Linn (?). Green Whortle-leaved Willow. 
 S. myrsinites, Sm. E. B. 1360, L. C. 1023. Shrub erect, one-two 
 feet high. . Branches thick, spreading; young shoots hairy. Leaves 
 elliptical or ovate, serrated, smooth and glossy (the young leaves are 
 silky). Catkins short, oblong, lax, nearly terminal, on stout leafy 
 stalks. Scales short, woolly. Fruit ovate, downy. Style short (?). 
 Stigmas deeply cleft. Highlands. Catkins, June. 
 
 A. 1,0.4. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 800 900 yards. T. 39 38. 
 
 29. S. procumbens., Forbes. Oval Rigid-leaved Willow. E. B. 
 2753, L. C. 1024. Shrub low, procumbent, branched, never quite 
 erect. Branches diverging, mostly on one side of the stem. Leaves 
 oval-roundish, slightly serrated, recurved, smooth and shining on both 
 sides. Catkins almost terminal, on long, hairy, leafy stalks, thick, 
 cylindrical ; scales short, woolly. Fruit on very short stalks (nearly 
 sessile), somewhat quadrangular, tapering, downy. (Spikes about 
 half an inch long, containing each about six sets of seeds.) Style 
 short. Stigmas deeply cleft. Highlands of Scotland. Catkins, 
 June (?). 
 
 A, 2, C. 4. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 800900 yards. T. 39 38. 
 
 Var. a. S. ramosissima. Erect, taller than either 8. procumbens 
 or S. herbacea, very much branched and bushy, grass-green, but 
 touched with red on the spikes. Spikes somewhat lanceolate, about 
 an inch long, containing six sets of seeds. 
 
 SECT. NII.-Glaciales. (See p. 337.) 
 
 30. S. reticulata, Linn. Wrinkled Willow. E.B. 1908, L. C. 
 1026. Very small shrub. Stems prostrate in patches; branches 
 
350 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ascending. Leaves orbicular (round) or obovate, entire, sometimes 
 notched at the end, wrinkled above, deep-green, shining, glaucous- 
 whitish beneath, with prominent reticulate veins. Catkins cylindri- 
 cal, dense, many-flowered, with obovate slightly woolly scales. Fruit 
 ovate, very downy or cottony. Stigmas nearly sessile, deeply cleft. 
 Mountains, north of England, Wales, and Scotland. Shrub, June. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 56 59. Alt. 850 1100 yards. T. 39 36. 
 
 31. S. herbacea; Linn. Dwarf Willow. E. B. 1907, L. C.' 
 1027. Roots woody, often from one-two feet long. Stems woody, 
 slender, one-two inches high, quite erect, unless borne down by the 
 weight of the fruit, then partly recumbent, branched, smooth, glau- 
 cous-green. Leaves round or nearly so, serrated or crenate, smooth 
 and shining, beautifully reticulate on both sides on short stalks. Cat- 
 kins terminal, few-flowered, ovate or cylindrical, with ovate, obovate, 
 or orbicular, fringed, yellowish scales. Fruit ovate, tapering, shortly 
 pedicel led, reddish, two- three inches long, and one-fifth of an inch 
 thick, containing twelve-fifteen sets of seeds. On the tops of the 
 English, Welsh, and Scottish mountains, in a micaceous soil. 
 
 A. 9, C. 20. Lat. 52 60. Alt. 5001450 yards. T. 41 32. 
 
 Note. S. procumbens is a distinct species. S. radicans and 
 S. lignosa are distinct from S. herbacea; whether from each other not 
 decided." Bot Gaz." No. XXVII., pp. 29, 30, &c. 
 
 II. Populns, Linn. Poplar. Lofty trees, with stipulate, stalked, 
 roundish, angular or lobed leaves. Flowers of both kinds, amen- 
 taceous (in catkins), dioecious. Scales of both male and female flowers 
 lacerated (incised or laciniated). Perianth tubular below, with a 
 dilated, undivided, cup-shaped limb. Male flower with eight or more 
 stamens, and large, drooping, four-angled anthers. Female flowers 
 with an ovate, pointed ovary ; no style, and four-eight sessile stigmas. 
 Fruit follicular (capsular), one-celled, sometimes two-celled, caused by 
 the involute margins of the follicle. Seeds numerous, each crowned 
 with a tuft of fine hair. The lofty growth, stipulate leaves, gummy 
 buds, and large cylindrical catkins, may in general serve to determine 
 this genus. In some species the wood is very soft, but in all of them 
 it is of a fine and close grain, and not liable to splitting. 
 
 1. P. alba, Linn. White Poplar. Abele. E. B. 1618, L. C. 995. 
 Large tree, with spreading branches and smoothish bark. Leaves 
 angular, usually with three principal lobes, toothed, blunt, dark-green, 
 and smooth above, densely cottony, and very white beneath ; leaves 
 of the young shoots almost palmate. Male flowers in cylindrical 
 pendulous spikes (catkins). Stigmas four. Wood soft and tough. 
 Chiefly in moist places, meadows, and low pastures. March and 
 April. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat, 50 56\ Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 2. P. canescens, Sm. Gray Poplar. E. B. 1619, L. C. 996. 
 This tree is usually taller than the last, with smooth bark, and more 
 erect and compact branches. Leaves rounded, toothed, or lobed, not so 
 cottony and white on the under side as P. alba. Stigmas eight. 
 
SALICACEJS. POPULUS. CORYLACEJS. 
 
 351 
 
 Wood closer than that of the other British Poplars. Is it distinct 
 from P. alba f In pajks and woods. March, April. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50' 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48 3 . 
 
 3.' P. tremiila. Linn. Aspen. Quaking Ash. E. B. 1909, L. C. 
 997. A rather tall tree, with suckers as. the two foregoing- species. 
 Leaves rounded, toothed, and scolloped, with a little terminal point, 
 green on both sides ; the leaves of the young shoots or young branches 
 downy below. Leaf-stalks long, vertically compressed, hence the 
 leaves are easily moved horizontally ; they have a tremulous rather 
 than undulate motion. Stiff mas four, erect, with small, reflexed auricles 
 at their base. Woods and hedges. March, April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0550 yards. T. 51 41. 
 
 4. P. nigra, Linn. Black Poplar. E. B. 1910, L. C. 998. A 
 lofty spreading tree, without suckers. Leaves twice as long as their 
 foot-stalks, triangular (deltoid) or quadrangular, serrated, tapering, 
 and pointed, quite smooth. Catkins long, lax, pendulous. Stamens 
 eight. Stigmas four, spreading. Damp places. March. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 ORDER XXXIV. CORY- 
 
 IiACEJE. (Cupulifera, Kich.) 
 THE NUT-TREE, OR HAZEL FA- 
 MILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, 
 alternate, stipulate. Inflorescence 
 amentaceous or aggregate, uni- 
 sexual. Male flowers in aments. 
 (See Sect. 23, p. 20.) Female flower 
 sometimes in aments, sometimes 
 aggregate. Stamens five-twenty, 
 inserted into the base of the ament 
 scales, or into that of a membran- 
 ous calyx. Ovaries inferior, 
 crowned by the calyx , and enclosed 
 by a coriaceous involucre or cap- 
 sule, with several cells in each ; 
 the greater part being abortive. 
 Ovules twin or solitary, pendu- 
 lous. Stigmas several, distinct. 
 Fruit, a bony or coriaceous one- 
 celled nut, more or less enclosed 
 in the involucre. Seeds one, or two, 
 or three, pendulous. This order is 
 known by their amentaceous M'S; 
 
 flowers, by their fruit enclosed in male flower magnified ; 3, a female flower 
 an indurated cup or involucre, in its prickly cup ; the anterior part is re- 
 and by the peculiar nervation of moved> 
 their leaves. (See Sect. 16, p. 12.) Both timber and bark of several 
 
352 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 species are valuable, and their fruit is of considerable importance. They 
 
 are found in all temperate 
 parts of the world, and are 
 very common in Europe, 
 Asia, and North America. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Fagus. Male flowers in glo- 
 bular catkins, pendulous, on long 
 peduncles. Fruit with two acute 
 angles. 
 
 Castanea. Male flowers in 
 filiform, interrupted catkins, 
 erect. Fruit flat on one side, 
 and convex or bluntly angular 
 on the other. 
 
 Quercus. Involucre in six- 
 eight ciliated divisions, bearing 
 the stamens on its base. Invo- 
 lucre of the fruit indurated, 
 surrounding the base of the 
 acorn. 
 
 Corylus, Female flowers in 
 a scaly bud ; involucre ciliated, 
 toothed at the apex. 
 
 Carpinus. Female flowers 
 in clusters ; involucres of the 
 fruit one-sided (unilateral) three- 
 lobed ; middle lobe larger than 
 the lateral ones. 
 
 j Fig. 135. Castanea vulgaris. 4, a female flower 
 entire ; 5, a section of the same, showing the in- 
 ferior fruit ; 6, ripe fruit ; 7, the embryo. 
 
 I. F*agiis, Linn. Beech. Large trees, with hard wood. Leaves 
 stalked, more or less serrated or toothed, or wavy. Flowers axillary ; 
 barren flowers in short, roundish catkins, the fertile ones in pairs. 
 Perianth of barren flowers five-six-cleft, bearing from five-twenty 
 stamens at the base of a five-six-divided, bell-shaped involucre. Female 
 flowers one-three, in an exterior prickly four-lobed involucre. 
 Ovaries two or three inferior, three-angled, three-celled. Involucre 
 of the fruit woody, furnished with spines (the indurated ends of 
 bracts) enclosing one-three carpels, and opening by four valves. Fruit 
 a one-celled nut, one, or rarely two-seeded. The prickly involucre, 
 which is coriaceous within, and the sharply angular nut sufficiently 
 distinguish this genus from Carpinus. 
 
 F. sylvatica, Linn. Beech. E. B. 1846, L. C. 989. Bark of stem 
 smooth, greyish white. Leaves petiolate, ovate or oblong, usually 
 pointed or acuminate, laxly toothed, coriaceous, with prominent nerves. 
 Petioles and peduncles downy, silky. Fruit brown, shining, with 
 three sharp angles. Tree. Flowers, April. Fruit, July, August. 
 
 A. 11, C. 30. Lat. 50 3 54 (56). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
CORYLACE^E. CASTAN EA. QUERCUS. 353 
 
 II. Castanea, Tourn. Chestnut. Lofty trees, with strongly- 
 toothed leaves. Male' flowers sessile, erect, prickly, in filiform 
 interrupted catkins. Stamens eight-fifteen, on a glandular disk, 
 exceeding the involucre. Female flowers one-five, in an urceolate, 
 somewhat four-lobed involucre. Fruit flat on one side, convex on the 
 other. Cotyledons large, farinaceous. (See Fig. 135, 7.) 
 
 C. vulgarisj Lam. Common Chestnut. E. B. 886. Large trees, 
 with spreading branches. Leaves large, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, 
 pointed or acuminate, with sharp teeth, leathery, glabrous, with pro- 
 minent, parallel nerves. Male catkins very long. Fruit large, brown, 
 shining. Flowers in May and June. Fruit, September. Alien. 
 
 III. Ctuercus, Linn. Oak. Large trees, with deciduous or 
 evergreen leaves. Male flowers in a long and lax interrupted catkins 
 Female flowers solitary. Scale of- male flowers cleft, bearing eight or 
 more stamens, with roundish anthers. Perianth of female flowers 
 adhering to the ovary, in six minute segments. Ovary three-celled, 
 with two rudimentary seeds in each. Style single, with three re- 
 curved stigmas. Fruit a nut, ovate or oblong, one-celled, one-seeded, 
 surrounded at the base by a hemispherical, coriaceous, scaly or tuber- 
 culated involucre (cupule). 
 
 1. Q. sessiliflora, Sm. Sessile-fruited Oak. E. B. 1845, 
 L. C. 988 c. Leaves petiolate, glabrous, or downy, oblong or obov^te, 
 truncate or tapering at the base, sinuated or lobed ; lobes unequal, 
 blunt. Peduncles of the fruit shorter than the petioles, or about the 
 same length. Fruit ovate. 
 
 Var. tf. pubescens. Leaves downy-hoary when young. 
 Sub-var. laciniata. Leaves deeply pinnatifid. Acorn small. 
 Woods. Tree. April, May. Fruit, August, September. 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50' 59\ Alt. 0^00 (?) yards. 
 
 2. Q. pedunculate* Ehrh. Q. robur, Sm. E. B. 1342, L. C. 
 988 a. Leaves on short petioles, or nearly sessile, pale green below. 
 Peduncles of the fruit very long. Scales of the cup short and 
 appressed. Tree. April and May. Fruit, August and September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0500 yards. 
 
 3. Q. intermedia, Don. L. C. 988 b. Leaves on long foot- 
 stalks. Catkins on very short peduncles. Fruit oblong. (See* 
 Leighton's " Shropshire Flora.") 
 
 The following characteristics of these assumed species are derived 
 from the " Gardeners' Chronicle," March 1, 1857 : " Quercus pedun- 
 culata. Common British Oak and White Oak. Acorns generally 
 single, in twos or threes. Fruit-stalks long. Leaves green, very 
 deeply sinuate, short and set-like; foot-stalks very short, almost 
 wanting, and of a reddish-green colour. Buds small and riot pro- 
 minent. Branches tortuous and spreading. Tree assumes a rather 
 set and unhealthy appearance. 
 
 " Quercus sessilijlora. Bay Oak, Chestnut Oak, Durmast Oak, and 
 Bed Oak. Acorns generally in clusters; fruit-stalks very short. 
 Leaves green, glossy, and shining, deeply sinuate j foot-stalks very 
 
354 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 long, and of a yellowish green colour. Buds large and prominent. 
 Branches upright. Tree assumes a green, healthy appearance." 
 
 IV. Corylus, Linn. Hazel. Trees of small size, more or less 
 downy, with roundish, serrated leaves. Male flowers in cylindrical 
 catkins. Female flowers aggregate, in a scaly bud. Scales of male 
 flowers three-cleft, bearing eight or more stamens, with capillary fila- 
 ments and compressed pendulous bearded anthers. Female flowers 
 (the stigmas only are visible) bright red, filiform, in scaly buds, aggre- 
 gate, surrounded by a deeply-divided, membranous, scale-like invo- 
 lucre, which subsequently is much enlarged. Ovary small, ovate, 
 with two rudimentary seeds, two styles, and prominent, coloured, 
 downy, deciduous stigmas. Fruit, a single bony nut, with a broad 
 scar, contained in a cupule, which is more or less fleshy or leathery, 
 and bell-shaped below, spreading, laciniate or toothed above. Seed 
 solitary, with a fine membranous episperm. 
 
 C. ^yellana, Linn. Hazel. E. B. 723, L. C. 991. Shrub. 
 Branches erect, slender, flexible, downy when young. Leaves ovate- 
 roundish, abruptly pointed, somewhat cordate at the base, toothed, 
 sometimes lobed, or three-lobed at the apex ; stipules oblong-obtuse, 
 or oblong-lanceolate. Involucre large, surpassing the fruit, and open 
 at the top. Tree. February, March. Fruit, August, September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 *60 3 . Alt, 0600 yards. 
 
 V. Carpinus, Linn. Hornbeam. Small trees with hard 
 wood. Leaves plaited in prefoliation, serrated, ovate. Barren 
 flowers in cylindrical catkins, fertile ones in pendulous, bracteated 
 clusters. Scales of barren catkins ovate, ciliated at the base, bearing 
 ten or more stamens, with roundish, compressed, two-lobed anthers. 
 Scales of fertile catkins large, three-lobed, two- or three-flowered. 
 Ovary ovate, adherent, crowned by the calycine scale, with two very 
 short, permanent styles, and two deciduous stigmas. Involucre of 
 the fruit membranous, green, reticulated, three-lobed, the central one 
 much longer than the two lateral ones. Fruit ovate, compressed 
 with prominent, longitudinal ribs crowned by the permanent 
 limb of the perianth, one-celled and one-seeded by abortion. Pe- 
 ricarp woody. This tree is distinguished from Fagus by its low 
 stunted habit, its doubly serrated leaves, and its aggregate fertile 
 flowers. 
 
 C. jdetiilus, Linn. Hornbeam. E. B. 2032, L. C. 990. Tree 
 more or less erect and elevated, branches spreading. Leaves petioled, 
 ovate, or oblong, pointed, or acuminate, rounded, or slightly cordate 
 at the base, sharply and closely toothed ; nerves prominent and parallel, 
 hairy or downy, especially near the angles. Involucre very much 
 larger than the fruit, one-sided, three-lobed, the central one long 
 (unilateral), lanceolate, sometimes toothed. Hedges, coppices, woods. 
 Flowers in May. Fruits in July, August. 
 
 A. 5, C. 20. Lat. 50' 53 (55). (I have seen it in hedges in 
 Aberdeenshire. A. I.) Alt. 0200 yards. 
 
BETULACE^. 
 
 355 
 
 ORDER XXXV. BETUL,ACEE, 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Rich. THE BIRCH 
 
 Trees, or shrubs, with simple, alternate leaves, which have recti- 
 lineal nervation ; the nerves extend from the midrib to the margin. 
 Flowers unisexual and amentaceous. Stamens usually distinct. Ovary 
 superior, two-celled. Fruit mem- 
 branous, ihdehiscent, and one-celled 
 by abortion. Seeds pendulous. 
 This order is distinguishable from 
 other Amentiferce by the absence of 
 a cup or cupule to the female 
 flowers, and by the two distinct cells 
 of the fruit. They inhabit the 
 woods of Europe, North America, 
 and Northern Asia. The wood of 
 some American species is very va- 
 luable. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Betula. Female catkins cylindri- 
 cal, pendulous, and solitary ; scales 
 membranous and scarious. 
 
 Alnus. Female catkins ovate, 
 erect, in lax clusters ; scales woody 
 and persistent. 
 
 I. If etiiJa, Linn. Birch. Trees, 
 or shrubs, with long-, slender 
 branches. Leaves stalked, simple, 
 serrated. Flowers monoecious, in 
 cylindrical catkins. Scales of the 
 male flowers ternate, the middle Fig. 136. Alnus glutinosa. i, catkins of 
 one bearing the stamens. Stamens male floors, and cones of female flowers ; 
 
 7 . a ripe carpel : 8. section ot the same. 
 four, inserted on the base or an 
 
 oblong, concave bract; filaments united in pairs. Scale of fertile 
 flowers three-lobed, three-flowered, without a perianth. Ovary com- 
 pressed, two-celled, with two downy cells and simple stigma. Fruit 
 a one-celled, oblong, winged nut, single-seeded by abortion. These 
 trees are distinguished by their long, round, slender, pendulous 
 branches, and often by their delicately smooth, white, outer bark, 
 which peels off in membranous layers. In aged trees the bark is very 
 thick, and splits into deep wide fissures. 
 
 1. B. alba,, Linn. B. pendula, Roth. Common Birch. E. B. 
 2198, upper Fig., L. C. 993. A tall tree with a white scaling cuticle 
 and thick bark, which is much rent or fissured in old trees. Leaves 
 cuneate and entire at the base, broader and doubly serrated, glabrous 
 and prominently nerved above, hairy below. Catkins cylindrical, 
 
/// ^1 
 
 
 356 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 tapering at the base. Scales of catkin lanceolate, elongate, tapering, 
 with more or less reflexed points. One of our hardiest trees. April. 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Ait. 0700 yards. T. 62 40. 
 Var. B. glutinosa, Fr. E. B. 2198, L. C. 993 c. A smaller tree 
 than the former, often only a hush. Twigs slender, leafy. Leaves 
 entire below, broadly cuneate or truncate, rounded, abruptly acumi- 
 nate, serrated, nerves notpro- 
 minent above. Catkins cylin- 
 drical, ovate, shorter than in 
 B. alba. Scales of the cat- 
 kin ovate-rounded, not elon- 
 gated and hairy as in the 
 preceding. 
 
 B. pubescens, Koch. 
 Leaves more or less ovate, 
 usually glabrous (?). 
 
 2. B. nana 5 Linn. Dwarf 
 Birch. E. B. 2326, L. C. 
 994. Low shrub, with pro- 
 cumbent spreading branches 
 and downy shoots. Leaves 
 small, roundish, crenate, gla- 
 brous, deeply crenate or in- 
 cised, entire at the base. Cat- 
 kins erect, stalked, obtuse ; 
 the barren ones lateral, the 
 fertile ones terminal. Scales 
 of female florets divided into 
 three deep divisions. Shrub. 
 April and May. 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 55 
 58. Alt. 550900 yards. 
 T. 41-38. 
 
 Var. a. Fruit roundish, 
 and scale divided to near the 
 
 Fig. 136. Alnus glutinosa. 2, A single male flower, 
 enlarged ; 3, catkin of female flowers ; 4, a scale 
 with the two flowers at the base ; 5, section of 
 ovary, showing the two cells, with one ovule in 
 each ; 6, ripened cones. 
 
 base. 
 
 Var. j8. Fruit elliptical. 
 Scale three-cleft. 
 
 II. Alnus, Tourn. Alder. Trees with stalked, simple, stipulate 
 leaves. Flowers male and female in catkins. Male florets in loose 
 cylindrical catkins, on the pedicel of the scale, usually three together, 
 each with a three-four-parted perianth, bearing three-four stamens, 
 inserted at the base of the divisions. Filaments short. Female 
 florets, in dense ovate catkins, two together on roundish, sessile, fleshy 
 scales, with four small scales at their base, each with a very small 
 ovary, and two one-seeded cells. The scales of the fruit become 
 leathery, and finally woody. Fruit one-celled and one-seeded by 
 abortion, angular, compressed. The glutinous leaves, the red sap, 
 
BETULACE^E. 
 
 / 
 
 i. ALNUS.-/-MYRICACE^E. MONOCHLAMYDE^E. 357 
 
 :uit, distinguish the sole British species of 
 
 Common Alder. E. B. 1508, L. C. 992. 
 Leaves petiolate, roundish, obtuse, often 
 ed or lobed, leathery, glabrous, downy 
 erves, glutinous when young. Scales of 
 nd agglutinated before maturity. 
 ^eply cut. Catkins expand in February, 
 
 and especially the wingless 
 the genus from the Birch. 
 A. glutinosa, Gaert. 
 
 Young branches glabrous, 
 truncate at the apex, toot 
 below on the angles of the 
 the fruit closely imbricated 
 
 Var. j8. incisa. Leaves 
 March. Fruit, August, Sepfe^^*. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0550 yards. 
 
 ORDER XXXVL HYRICACEJE. THE GALE FAMILY. 
 
 Leafy resinous shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple. Inflorescence 
 amentaceous. Male flowers six-eight stamens. Female flowers con- 
 sisting of a one-celled ovaiy, surrounded by scales, with a solitary, 
 erect ovule. Fruit fleshy, adhering to the scales of the ovary. Seed 
 fcolitary. This small family may be distinguished from the ament- 
 aceous orders generally by the resinous nature of the whole plant, 
 its glandular leaves, and its fleshy fruit. It is found in tfce cold parts 
 of Europe and America. Some species are found in South America, 
 India, &c. 
 
 llyiica, Linn. Gale. Aromatic shrubs. Leaves simple, ser- 
 rated, with resinous dots. Flowers dioecious in axillary catkins. 
 Scale of both kinds of florets ovate, concave, the male bearing four 
 stamens, rarely more. Anthers large. Ovary ovate, flattish (com- 
 pressed), free, with two styles, and simple, acute, stigma. Fruit a 
 one-celled, one-seeded berry. Seed erect, with a fine membranous 
 testa (shell). This genus may be distinguished by its low, bushy 
 growth, resinous leaves, and aromatic smell, as well as by its baccate 
 fruit. A cattle medicine is prepared from the leaves and fruit. 
 
 M. Gale, Linn. Gale. Bog Myrtle. E. B. 562, L. C. 1028. 
 Shrub, very much branched. Leaves oblong, tapering towards the 
 base, and narrowing into the short petioles, obtuse or pointed, slightly 
 toothed at and near the apex, slightly pubescent, with resinous, yellow, 
 minute globules on both sides. Scales of the male catkins brown, 
 with a white edge. Fruit furnished with resinous glands. Bogs. 
 Shrub. April, May. Fruit, July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 50. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0. 600 yards. T. 52 40. 
 
 GROUP II. Ufoaioclalamyclese. Perianth single, usually 
 herbaceous. 
 
 The monochlamydeous orders of British plants may be distin- 
 guished as below : 
 
 Elceagnacece are trees or shrubs with leprous or scurfy leaves, and , 
 an irregular perianth. 
 
358 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 The order Thymeliacece is known by its shrubby stem, tubular, 
 coloured perianth and superior ovary, with a single ovule. 
 
 The only indigenous example of Empetracece is a small, heath- 
 like evergreen shrub, with exstipulate leaves, minute axillary flowers, 
 and baccate fruit. 
 
 Euphorbiacece (the Spurges) are mostly distinguished by their 
 milky, acrid juice, or by their tricarpous (rarely dicarpous) fruit. 
 
 UrticacecB by their rough alternate leaves, and their small, dry, 
 one-seeded fruit. 
 
 Ulmacece (Elms), lofty trees, with winged one-two-seeded fruit. 
 
 Ceratophyllacece and Callitrichacece are two small orders of aquatic 
 plants : the former with multifid cellular leaves, twelve-twenty sessile 
 stamens (anthers without filaments), fruit a one-seeded nut, terminated 
 by the hardened stigma. The latter ( Callitrichacece) is properly an 
 ^chlamydeous order. The plant is minute, with entire opposite leaves, 
 and axillary, solitary, very inconspicuous flowers (a single stamen or 
 a pistil, for the plant is generally unisexual). 
 
 Polygonacece have alternate leaves with ocreaceous (boot-like) 
 scarious stipules, and the fruit is a triangular nut. 
 
 The Chenopods and the British Amaranths are herbaceous, with 
 inconspicuous flowers in spikes, heads, &c. 
 
 ORDER XXXVIL EltffiJLGtNACEJB:, Rich. THE OLEAS- 
 TER FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves entire, exstipulate, generally covered 
 with leprous scales. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers usually dioecious. 
 Perianth of female flowers tubular, persistent. Ovary superior, one- 
 celled, with a solitary ovule. Fruit crustaceous, enclosed in the suc- 
 culent perianth. The single British species is a thorny shrub, grow- 
 ing near the sea, where it might, perhaps, form a good hedge. Its 
 fruit is said to have narcotic qualities. Plants of this order are found 
 in all parts of the northern hemisphere. 
 
 Hippopliae, Linn. Sallow Thorn. Thorny shrubs, with 
 scaly, silvery leaves. Flowers lateral, aggregate, dioecious. Perianth 
 of the male flower two-parted or of two sepals, bearing four stamens 
 with very short styles, and oblong, angular anthers. Perianth of 
 female flowers tubular, cleft, solitary. Ovary roundish, with a short 
 style, and simple, subulate stigma. Fruit a juicy, round, one-celled 
 berry. Seed solitary. 
 
 H. rhamnoides* Linn. Sea Buckthorn. E. B. 425, L. C. 954. 
 A bushy shrub, with leafy branches, which end in thorns. Leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, blunt, on short stalks, dotted above and scaly and 
 silvery beneath. Flowers green, solitary and axillary. Fruit orange- 
 coloured, acid. South and east sea-coasts. Shrub. May. 
 
 A. 4, C. 5. Lat. 51 55. Alt. 0. T. 51 49. 
 
THYMELIACE^E. DAPHNE. 
 
 359 
 
 ORDER XXXVIIL-THYMJEMACE^E. THE MEZEREON 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubby, very rarely herbaceous plants, with exstipulate entire 
 leaves. Inflorescence capitate or spicate. axillary or terminal, some- 
 times solitary. Perianth tubular, coloured, with a four-cleft, rarely 
 five-cleft limb. Stamens definite, often eight, sometimes four-two. 
 Ovary superior, with one ovule. Fruit hard and dry, or drupaceous. 
 Seed solitary, pendulous. Daphne laureola, a genuine British species, 
 is a handsome small evergreen, with a tuft of leaves and flowers at 
 the summit of its slender very flexible stem. The other reputed 
 species, D. Mezereon, is common in cottage gardens, and produces 
 its pretty whorls of flowers early in the spring, usually before the 
 appearance of its leaves. The bark of many of the species is acrid, 
 and the fruit narcotic and poisonous. In Europe these shrubs are not 
 common, but they abound in the cooler parts of India and America. 
 
 wllr 
 
 Fig. 137. Daphne Mezereon. 1, A group of flowers ; 2, a section of flower, showing 
 the monochlamydeous flower, the stamens, and ovary ; 3, the pistil, magnified ; 4, 
 section of pistil, showing the ovary and ovule ; 6, the fruit ; 5, section of same. 
 
 Daphne, Linn. Mezereon. Spurge Laurel. Shrubs with 
 simple, undivided, entire, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate leaves, with 
 axillary, mostly sessile flowers. Flowers rose-coloured or green, 
 perfect (hermaphrodite). Perianth tubular and cylindrical, funnel- 
 shaped, with a four-cleft limb, withering, and finally falling off. Sta- 
 mens eight, shorter than the perianth, in two rows, inserted about 
 the middle of the tube. Style short, stigma capitate. Fruit fleshy, 
 one-seeded, endocarp brittle. The shrubby habit, entire simple 
 
360 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 leaves, the coloured single perianth, and one-seeded berry distinguish 
 this genus. 
 
 1. J>. Laureola, Linn. Spurge Laurel. E. B. 119, L. C. 955. 
 Stem erect, round, flexible, leafy, branching at the top. Leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate or obovate, tapering at the base, entire, glabrous, 
 shining, persistent, on short petioles, alternate, contiguous, forming a 
 rosette at the summit of the stem or branches. Flowers greenish, 
 pendulous, in small axillary, thiee-seven-flowered clusters. Fruit 
 black. Hilly, shady places, chiefly on a chalky or calcareous soil. 
 Shrub. Perennial. April, May. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 2. JD. Mezereunij Linn. Mezereon. E. B. 1381, L. C. 956. 
 A small shrub, with erect branches. Leaves alternate, lanceolate or 
 oblong-pointed, tapering into the petiole, not persisting, as in the 
 above species. Flowers rose-coloured, rarely white, sessile, in two- 
 three-flowered fascicles along the branches ; tube of perianth pubes- 
 cent. Fruit red. Shrub. March. Fruit, June. Woods, Hants, 
 Sussex, and Herts. 
 
 A. 6, C. 9. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0100 yards. 
 
 ORDER XXXIX. EMPETRACE^E. THE CROWBERRY 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Small heath-like shrubs, with evergreen exstipulate leaves and axil- 
 lary flowers. Perianth a series of imbricated scales. Stamens equal in 
 number to the inner scales or sepals. Ovary superior, seated on a 
 fleshy disk, three-six or nine-celled, with solitary ovules in each 
 cell. The radiations of the stigma correspond with the cells of the 
 ovary. Fruit fleshy, with bony cellular coating, seated in the per- 
 sistent calyx. These shrubs possess acid and astringent properties, 
 and are found chiefly in Europe and North America. 
 
 Empetram 9 Linn. Crowberry. Low shrubs, with scat- 
 tered or whorled, linear, revolute, evergreen leaves and axillary 
 dioscious flowers. Perianth of both male and female flowers com- 
 posed of three green and three coloured sepals, either distinct or 
 united at the base. Stamens three-nine, with roundish, deeply-cleft 
 anthers. Ovary, which usually occurs in fertile flowers only, supe- 
 rior, orbicular, with a very short style and six-nine radiating stigmas. 
 Fruit baccate, one-celled, nine-seeded. Distinguished by its humble 
 growth, heath-like, evergreen leaves, radiated stigma, and baccate 
 fruit. 
 
 E. ni^rum, Linn. Crowberry. E. B. 526, L. C. 960. A 
 dwarf, trailing, heath-like shrub, with numerous leafy, smooth, 
 ascending branches. Leaves crowded or imperfectly whorled. Flowers 
 axillary, nearly sessile. Fruit (berries) purplish black, small. The 
 food of the grouse and other mountain biras in the north of England 
 and Scotland. Shrub. Flowers in May. Fruit, August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 51 60. Alt. 61300 yards. T. 47 34. 
 
EUPHORBIACE.E. EUPHORBIA. 
 
 361 
 
 ORDER XL. EUPHORBIACft^E, Juss. THE SPURGE 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves simple, rarely compound, usually 
 stipulate.' Inflorescence axillary or terminal. Flowers monoecious 
 or dioecious. Perianth wanting (in the British species), Stamens 
 definite or indefinite. Ovary 
 superior, sessile, or stipitate, two- 
 three, or many-celled ; ovules 
 solitary or twin, with a simple or 
 lobed stigma, sometimes com- 
 pound. Fruit of three, rarely two, 
 dehiscent cells, separating with 
 elasticity from their common 
 axis. The British species are all 
 herbaceous except Buxus, and 
 mostly lactescent (milky). The 
 milk is very acrid. Several of the 
 exotic species are cathartic, and 
 some of them produce caout- 
 chouc, &c. The well known 
 castor-oil is the produce of Rid- 
 nus palma Christi, which is 
 sometimes cultivated as an orna- 
 mental border flower. Plants 
 of this order abound in Warm Fig. 138. Organs of fructification of Euphor- 
 regions, especially in equinoc- *>ia palustris. 1, Flower; 2, single male 
 L- *i A TKo TTiirnnpnn floret ; 3 > single female floret; 4, a single 
 
 tial America. Ihe .fclliopean carpel; 5, separated coccos; 6, seed; 7, 
 genera have usually no petals. section of same, showing the embryo. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Euphorbia. Steins herbaceous, round ; leaves scattered ; fruit separating 
 into three pieces. 
 
 Mercurialis. Stems herbaceous, branching ; leaves opposite ; fruit sepa- 
 rating; into two pieces. 
 
 Buxits. Small trees, with evergreen leaves and monoecious flowers (on 
 the same plant). 
 
 Euphorbia, Linn. Spurge. Herbs or shrubs, with a copious, 
 milky, acrid juice. Stem (in the British species) round, leafy. Leaves 
 simple, undivided. Flowers monoecious, variable, in some axillary, 
 in others terminal and umbellate, consisting of several monandrous 
 florets, composed of separate jointed stamens, or stamens attached to 
 separate columns by joints, surrounding a single pistil, and subtended 
 by a four-five-tobed glandular involucel. The fertile flower is on a 
 longer stalk than the barren ones, with a roundish three-lobed ovary, 
 three styles and bluntish stigmas. Fruit consisting of three carpels 
 sometimes fleshy, separating elastically from the axis, each carpel 
 
 B B 
 
362 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 containing a solitary large seed. The British species are distinguished 
 by their round stems, by their scattered, linear, strap-shaped, obovate, 
 simple leaves, by their horned glandular involucels, by their fruit 
 splitting into three pieces, and by the white, acrid, milky juice in 
 which they abound. 
 
 SECT. I. Glands of the involucre roundish or oblong, entire or notched, 
 not crescent-shaped or horned. 
 
 1. Seeds punctured reticulated or wrinkled. 
 
 1. E. BEelioscopia, Linn. Sun Spurge. E. B.883,L. C. 962. 
 Root tapering, with branching small fibres. Stem erect, branching 
 at the base, or quite simple. Leaves scattered, obovate? wedge- 
 shaped, finely-toothed on their upper half, smooth, or very slightly 
 hairy. Urnbel five-rayed, each ray three-branched, and each branch 
 simply forked. Leaves of the involucre five, one under each primary 
 ray, larger than the leaves of the stem. Glands roundish, not quite 
 equal. Fields, &c. Annual. May September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 2. Seeds tuberculate. 
 
 2. E. stricta, Koch. Upright Spurge. L. C. 963. Stems erect, 
 round, smooth, leafy, usually red or brown at the base. Leaves 
 oblong, clasping, minutely serrated, especially near the tips. Umbels 
 three-five-cleft, branches three-cleft and then two-cleft, there are 
 numerous flowering branches below the umbel. Bracts of the gene- 
 ral umbels similar to the leaves, only rather more lanceolate and 
 pointed ; bracts of the partial umbels ovate, slightly cordate at the 
 base, ultimate (highest bracts) very broadly cordate. Fruit tuber- 
 cled. Below the Wind Cliff, between Chepstow and Tintern, Mon- 
 mouthshire. Annual (?). July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 51 52. Alt. (?). T. 49. 
 
 3. E. platyphylla, Koch. E. stricta, Sm. Broad-leaved 
 Spurge. E. B. 333, L. C. 963. Stem erect, simple, with axillary 
 branches twelve-fifteen inches high, leafy above, naked below. 
 Leaves elongate, obovate-lanceolate, dilated or cordate at the base. 
 Umbel three-five branched, then two-three branched. Bracts of 
 umbel ovate-oblong. Partial bracts rhomboid-ovate, obtuse apiculate. 
 Involucres containing seven-eight male flowers. Fruit tubercular. 
 Seeds greyish-brown, roundish, obovate, shining. Corn-fields; not 
 rare in some parts of Surrey and Kent, Annual. July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 20. Lat. oO 53. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 4. E. hiberna, Linn. Irish Spurge. E. B. 1337, L. C, 964. 
 Stem erect or ascending, stout, round and tapering, quite smooth, 
 slightly furrowed, with several fertile and barren branches under- 
 neath the umbel, leafy. Leaves lanceolate or oblong, blunt, shining 
 above, pubescent on the under side, finely serrated, slightly hairy 
 beneath. Umbel five-six-rayed, with a few flowering branches below, 
 rays three-five-cleft. Bracts ovate-roundish. Glands roundish or 
 
EUPHORBIACEJE. EUPHORBIA. 363 
 
 angular, carpels muricated, but not warted. Seeds obovate. Ireland 
 and Devonshire. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 1. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 050 yards. 
 
 5. E. palustris, Linn. L. C. 965. E. pilosa. Hairy Spurge. 
 E. B. 2787. Stem stout, erect, tapering, furrowed, glabrous, leafy, 
 two-four feet high. Leaves oblong, or oblong-lanceolate, entire, 
 hairy on both sides, and especially at the margins. Umbel irregular, 
 about five-rayed, usually less elevated than the lateral fruit-bearing 
 branches. Rays one-two times forked. Bracts of the involucre 
 glabrous obovate, irregular, glands of the involucre ovate (?) or oblong, 
 narrowed below. Fruit hairy, warted, seeds smooth, minutely punc- 
 tate (?). Bath (Blind Lane, Prior Park). Annual or perennial (?). June. 
 
 A.I. Lat. 51 52 3 . Alt. trifling. (See Watson, in loco.) T.49. 
 
 6. E. coralloides, Linn. E. B. 2837, L. C. 966. Stems erect, stout, 
 simple, except at the top, with scattered, distant, deciduous leaves. 
 Umbel five-cleft, with several flowering branches below. Leaves 
 lanceolate, serrated, with minute sharp teeth, woolly on both sides, 
 blunt. Bracts of the partial umbels ovate. Glands of the involucre 
 transversely ovate, two-horned. Capsule globular, densely woolly. 
 Seeds ovate, compressed, smooth. Slinfold, Sussex, where it was 
 noticed in 1837. A. I. Alien. Biennial (?). May, June. 
 
 SECT. IT. Glands of the involucre angular, crescent-shaped, or two- 
 horned. 
 
 1. Seeds punctured, reticulated, or wrinkled. (Annual or biennial 
 plants.) 
 
 7. E. portlaiirtica, Linn. Portland Spurge. E.B.441, L. C. 
 970. Stem a foot high, round, leafy, becoming red in autumn. Leaves 
 scattered, obovate or lanceolate. Umbel five-cleft, then two-cleft, with 
 five broad rhomboidal bracts. Glands horned. Fruit rough at the 
 angles. Seeds dotted or reticulate. Sandy sea-coast. Perennial. 
 July September. 
 
 A. 6, C. 15. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0. T. 52 49. 
 
 8. E. Peplusj Linn. Petty Spurge. E. B. 959, L. C. 972. 
 Root fibrous, branched. Stem erect, three-forked, with intermediate 
 branches. Leaves scattered, nearly sessile, obovate or oblong, slightly 
 notched or entire. Umbel three-branched, the branches repeatedly 
 forked, with ovate bracts. Glands four, crescent-shaped, with elon- 
 gated horns. Fruit on a short pedicel, nearly smooth, with roughish 
 lobes, each of which has a rather deep channel and two ridges. Annual. 
 Fields. June October. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0350 yards. 
 
 9. E. exigua. Dwarf Spurge. E. B. 1336, L. C. 971. Stems 
 reclining at the base, ascending or erect, several or solitary, branching 
 from the base, or simple and branching above, round, smooth, leafy. 
 Leaves scattered, linear, pointed, entire, smooth. Umbel usually 
 three, rarely two-Jive-rayed, rays several times forked. Involucral 
 leaves like the stem leaves. Bracts lanceolate, enlarged, and slightly 
 
364 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 cordate at the base. Glands cruciate, with elongated straight horns. 
 Fruit small, smooth. Seeds not shining, ovate, angular, wrinkled 
 across. Common in chalky fields. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T, 52^47. 
 
 10. *:. Lathyris, Linn. Caper Spurge. E. B. 2255, L. C. 973. 
 Stems stout, erect, branching above, glaucous. Leaves opposite, 
 clasping, the alternate pairs arranged crosswise. Upper ones trun- 
 cate cr cordate at the base, ovate or triangular, pointed ; leaves of 
 the barren stems linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong. Umbel three- 
 four-cleft, with forked branches. Involucral glands lunulate (crescent- 
 shaped), with short blunt horns. Fruit large, smooth, with a pro- 
 minent suture (junction line). Seeds large, obliquely truncate at the 
 base, wrinkled when ripe, testaceous. Found rarely in shady places, 
 apparently wild. Often naturalized. Biennial. June, July. Alien. 
 (See " Cybele," vol. ii., p. 364.) 
 
 This species was observed in the Bedford Purlieus, Rockingham 
 Forest, between Wansford and Kingscliffe, Northamptonshire, in 
 1830. A. I. 
 
 2. Seeds smooth. (Perennial plants.) 
 
 JE, cyparissias, Linn. Cypress Spurge. E. B. 840, L. C. 968. 
 Root somewhat woody, branching. Stems erect, with numerous 
 tufted, nearly erect, often barren branches. Leaves numerous, scat- 
 tered, linear, or slightly narrowed at the base. Umbel of numerous 
 slender rays, either simple, or once or twice forked ; leaves of the 
 involucre like the stem-leaves. Bracts free, roundish, usually with a 
 small point (mucro). Glands notched with shorthorns. Lobes of the 
 fruit finely shagreened. Woods. Naturalized(P). Perennial. June. Alien. 
 
 11. E. paralias, Linn. Sea Spurge. E. B. 195, L. C. 969. 
 Stems erect, round, woody, rough, with numerous irregularly dis- 
 posed branches near the top. Leaves elliptical or oblong, or elliptical- 
 oblong, coriaceous. Umbel five-fid, with several flowering branches 
 below ; all the branches forked, branchlets spreading, and somewhat 
 kn-eed (angular). Bracts broadly fan-shaped or semicircular with a 
 point (rnucro). Glands four, lunulate, with two horns, greenish- 
 yellow. Fruit tubercular. Seeds nearly smooth. Sea-shores. Peren- 
 nial. August, September. 
 
 A. 8, C. 20. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0. T. 52 49. 
 
 12. E. JEsula, Linn. Leafy-branched Spurge. E. B. 1399, 
 L. C. 967. Stem erect or ascending, sulcate, smooth, leafy, with 
 several fertile branches beniath the umbel. Leaves linear-lanceolate 
 or linear, or oblong, entire, or very minutely denticulate, with a re- 
 flexed point. Umbel Jifteen-twenty-rayed ; leaves of the involucre 
 similar to the stem- leaves. Rays erect, slender, once or twice forked, 
 bracts broadly cordate or truncate at the base, pointed, or very abruptly 
 acuminate. Glands notched, with short slightly curved horns. Car- 
 pels not warted, but finely shagreened. Perennial. July. Woods. 
 Scotland. Rare. 
 
 A. 2, C. 6. Lat. 55' 56. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 47. 
 
EUPHORBIACE^E. EUPHORBIA. MERCURIALIS. 365 
 
 13. E. amy^daloides, Linn. Wood Spurge. E.B. 256, L.C.974. 
 Root rather woody. Stems erect or ascending-, somewhat woody 
 and reddish below, slightly hairy above. Leaves scattered, obovate- 
 oblong, with, or without a point at the apex, very numerous, and dis- 
 posed in a rosette at the top of the barren stems, or about the middle 
 of the fertile stems, tapering into a petiole ; floral leaves not petioied. 
 (On the barren stems the leaves are contiguous, and in a rosette at the 
 top ; on the fertile stems they are chiefly on or near the middle.) Ter- 
 minal umbel five-eight-rayed, with once- or twice-forked rays ; there 
 are usually several axillary peduncles, either simple or forked below 
 the umbel. Bracts roundish, united by a more or less considerable part 
 of their base. Glands of the involucre yellow, incurved. Fruit 
 smooth, or finely shagreened. Seeds brown or black. Woods and 
 hedges. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 10, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. 
 
 E, characias, Linn. lied Shrubby Spurge. E. B. 442. Stems 
 woody, perennial, a yard high, leafy above, milky. Leaves numerous, 
 scattered, evergreen, oblanceolate, pointed, tapering towards the 
 base, entire, soft, downy. Umbel terminal, of numerous rays, with 
 many scattered axillary flowering branches below, each ray or branch 
 once or twice forked. Bracts broadty cordate, united at the base. 
 Glands dark purple, with short horns. Fruit hairy, drooping. Woods, 
 scarcely naturalized (?). Perennial. May. Alien. (See " Cybele," 
 in loco ) 
 
 E. salicifolia, Host. Willow-leaved Spurge. Root creeping. 
 Leaves lanceolate, attenuated both ways, quite entire, densely pubes- 
 cent. Leaves of the involucre rhomboid or triangular-ovate, blunt, 
 shortly acuminate or mucronate, their breadth greater than their 
 length. Umbels many-rayed ; rays repeatedly forked. Glands two- 
 horned. Fruit scabrous, punctate. Seeds smooth. Den of Mains, 
 two miles north of Dundee. Naturalized. (Mr. Lawson in " Phy- 
 tologist," No. 90, p. 344.) A native of the south of Germany and 
 Hungary. (Comp. Koch.) Perennial. July (?). 
 
 SECT. III. Leaves stipulate. 
 
 14. E. Peplis; Linn. Purple Spurge. E.B. 2002, L. C. 261. 
 Stems several, prostrate, spreading, about six inches high. Leaves 
 opposite, petiolate, semi-cordate, entire, glabrous, stipulate, the whole 
 herbage of a glaucous, purplish hue. Flowers axillary, glands round. 
 Fruit and seeds large, smooth, deciduous when ripe. Sea-coasts, 
 south of England. Annual. July, September. 
 
 A. 3, C. 7. Lat. 50 C 53. Alt. 0. T. 52 49. 
 
 II. Jtler curia lis, Linn. Mercury. Annual or perennial 
 plants, with simple or branching stems. Leaves opposite, stalked, 
 simple and undivided. Flowers dioecious, mostly aggregate. Perianth 
 of both kinds of flowers three-parted. Male flowers with nine- twelve 
 stamens. Female flowers with a round ovary. Two spreading 
 styles, and two stigmas. Fruit two round carpels, united by the axis, 
 
366 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 with a solitary globular seed in each. Distinguished from Euphorbia 
 
 by its opposite stalked leaves, af\d green usually aggregate small 
 flowers, and especially by its dicarpous fruit, 
 and the absence of milky juice. 
 
 1. JML. iieremiiwj Linn. Perennial Mer- 
 cury. E. B. 1872, L C. 976. Hoot peren- 
 nial, widely creeping. Stems erect, simple, 
 slightly angular, leafy. Leaves opposite, 
 petiolate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-lanceolate, not 
 quite equal at the base, serrated, hairy on both 
 sides, with minute triangular scarious sti- 
 pules. Female flowers on long peduncles. 
 Barren flowers in clusters on axillary pe- 
 duncles. Fruit large, hairy. Seeds roundish, 
 punctured-reticulate. Woods and shady 
 places. Perennial. March May. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0600 
 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 2. M. annuaj Linn. Annual Mercury. E. B. 
 559, L. C. 977. Hoot annual, branching, with 
 
 Fig. IRQ. BUXUS semper- numerous fleshy fibres. Stem erect, slightly 
 virens. 1, asprigofBox. angular, smooth, often branching at the base. 
 
 Leaves petiolate, ovate,, or ovate-lanceolate, cordate at the base, with 
 
 wide teeth, shining, with 
 
 slight prominences on the 
 
 upper surface ; barren flowers 
 
 in spiked clusters on fur- 
 rowed peduncles. Kubbish 
 
 and fields. Annual. July 
 
 October. 
 
 A. 10, C. 25. Lat. 50 
 
 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 
 
 M. ambigua, Linn. fil. 
 E. B. 2816. Stem as in the 
 type. Leaves linear-lanceo- 
 late or narrow and lanceo- 
 late, much more serrated 
 than in the common form 
 (the teeth are not so far 
 apart). Fruit on longer pe- 
 dicels than in M. annua. 
 On rubbish near Parson's 
 Green, Middlesex. Hare. 
 July October. 
 
 . 
 III. IfUXHS^ Linn. BOX. 
 
 Shrubs or trees W th ever- 
 
 green, entire, rigid, opposite leaves. 
 
 ipr. 139. Buxus sempervirens. 2, portion of a 
 sprig of Box, with female flowers on the axils ; 
 5, transverse section of ripe fruit ; 6, the same, 
 opening with three valves ; 7, a seed ; 8, section 
 of the same, showing the embryo in the centre. 
 
 Flowers monoocious, aggregate, 
 
EUPHORBIACE^E. BUXUS. URTICACE^. 
 
 367 
 
 axillary. Calyx three-parted, or of three sepals. Petals two, rather 
 larger than the sepals. Stamens four, with two-lobed anthers. Fe- 
 male flowers on the same bud as the male. 
 Calyx four-parted, or of four sepals. Petals three, 
 larger than the sepals or segments of the calyx. 
 Ovary roundish, with three lobes. Styles three, 
 with obtuse, rough stigmas. Capsule three- 
 celled (tricoccous), bursting elastically. Seeds 
 two in each cell. (See Fig. 139.) The wood of 
 these trees is hard, heavy, dense, and of a yel- 
 lowish colour, and peculiarly valuable for wood- 
 engraving. It is extensively used in the manu- 
 facture of mathematical instruments. 
 
 JB. sempervirens, Linn. Box Tree. E. B. 
 1341, L. C. 975. A small, much-branched, tree, 
 with four-angled 3 r oung branches (angles occa- 
 sioned by the decurrence of the petioles). Leaves 
 ovate-oblong, on short petioles, leathery, entire, 
 shining, evergreen. Flowers sessile in very com- 
 pact, axillary clusters. Seeds triangular, oblong, 
 black, shining. Tree. Flowers, April and May. 
 Fruit, July, August. Box Hill, Dorking. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 100200 
 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
 Fig. 139. Bums sem- 
 pervirens. 3, male 
 flower magnified ; 4, 
 female flower magni- 
 
 ORDERXLI. URTICACEJE, Juss. THE 
 NETTLE FAMILY. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Leaves alternate, usually with asperities 
 or stinging hairs, and membranous stipules. Flowers capitate, or in 
 catkins, clustered or scattered, monoecious or dioecious. Perianth 
 lobed, persistent, bearing the definite stamens. Anthers curved in- 
 wards in aestivation, bursting with elasticity. Ovary superior, simple, 
 with a solitary ovule. Fruit an indehiscent nut, surrounded by the 
 perianth, which is either membranous or fleshy. The British species 
 are known chiefly by their rough leaves, often furnished with sting- 
 ing hairs, or by their twining stems and inconspicuous flowers. The 
 common hemp plant, the hop (Fig. 140), mulberry, bread-fruit, &c.,are 
 among the most important plants of the order. The true nettles a/e 
 widely scattered over the globe, and many of them follow the foot- 
 steps of man in his migrations. The hemp tribe occurs in temperate 
 regions, and the mulberry and bread-fruit genera chiefly in warm and 
 tropical countries. 
 
 SUB-ORDER.- URTICEJE. THE NETTLE TRIBE. Leaves 
 entire or toothed ; stamens and sepals four. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 TJrtica. Leaves toothed, furnished with stinging hairs ; sepals of the 
 female florets four, unequal. 
 
 Parletana. Leaves entire or sinuated. Perianth tubular, inflated. 
 
368 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 I. Urtiea, Linn. Nettle. A large genus of herbaceous or 
 shrubby plants, with upright stems and simple stipulate leaves. 
 Flowers monoecious, variable, in the British species racemose or capi- 
 tate. Perianth of the male flowers consisting of four equal, obtuse 
 sepals. Stamens four, opposite to the sepals. Perianth of female 
 flowers of four sepals, often two by abortion. Ovary ovate, with a 
 downy, sessile stigma. Fruit an achenium, covered by the permanent 
 perianth (sepals). These plants, *. e., the British species, may gene- 
 rally be distinguished by their four-angled stems, their rough leaves, 
 with stinging hairs, by their monoecious, clustered, or capitate incon- 
 spicuous flowers, and by their one-seeded fruit. 
 
 1. U. urens, Linn. Annual Stinging Nettle. E.B. 1236, L. C. 
 978. Root annual. Stem erect, ascending or spreading, branching 
 usually from the base. Leaves roundish-ovate, slightly cordate or 
 rounded at the base, deeply-toothed, almost incised ; teeth (lobes) 
 pointed, entire, or with small secondary teeth. Clusters of flowers 
 short, on very short peduncles, or sessile. Male flowers at the apex, 
 and the female ones mostly at the base of the cluster. On rubbish heaps 
 and cultivated fields. Annual. May October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 2. U. dioica, Linn. Perennial Stinging Nettle. E. B. 1750, 
 L. C. 979. Hoot creeping, perennial. Stems erect, rigid, quadrangu- 
 lar, with blunt angles, branching. Leaves ovate-acute, cordate at the 
 base, deeply toothed, terminating in stinging hairs. Clusters axillary 
 elongated, pendulous, slender, simple or compound. The male flowers 
 
 Vare erect, and are not in the same cluster as the females. About walls, 
 mostly^but not univrmUy^iifiar_tpjviis, villages, or houses. Perennial. 
 
 June September. -__ ^ 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 3. U. pilulifera* Linn. Ro- 
 man Nettle. E. B. 148, L. C. 
 980. Root biennial or peren- 
 nial (?). Stems rigid, erect, 
 branched, slightly tubercled or 
 hairy. Leaves cordate at the 
 base, ovate-acuminate, deeply 
 toothed or incised. Flowers mo- 
 ncecious, the males in pairs in 
 slender axillary clusters, the 
 females in pairs in globular, pe- 
 dunculated, spreading, or droop- 
 ing hairy heads, in whorls, usu- 
 ally of four, and opposite to the 
 
 males. Seeds (fruit) tubercled, 
 Fig. 140. 1. Urtica piluhfera, portion of, n .. 1 ..i 
 
 natural size. 2, Male flower with stamens! ovate, flattened. About towns 
 3, Female flower; a, ovary j b, stigma. 4, and villages in the east of Eng- 
 Fruit. 5, Section of fruit. 2, 3, 4, 5, mag- land> Biennial (?). July. Very 
 
 local. 
 Note. There are four dusters of florets from the same part of the 
 
URTICACEJE. PARIETARIA. CANNABINE^. HUMULUS. 369 
 
 stem ; two consist of barren and two are fertile flowers, on spread- 
 ing and sometimes drooping stalks, which are slender and nearly an 
 inch long. 
 
 U. Dodartii. Leaves nearly entire. Fruit less tubercled. Ga- 
 thered at Wandsworth steam-boat pier, with other exotics. Biennial (?). 
 June October. 
 
 Alien. A. 9. 
 
 II. Parietaria, Linn. Wall Pellitory. Herbs, with leafy 
 branching stems. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers often monoeci- 
 ous axillary, aggregate or solitary, with an involucre. Perianth four- 
 parted, enlarged and indurated in the perfect flowers, after flowering. 
 Stamens four, elastic, with two-lobed anthers. Ovary ovate, with a 
 cylindrical style and tufted stigma. Fruit an ovate, compressed 
 achenium, invested by the enlarged perianth. This genus may be 
 distinguished fronj the Nettle species by its minute, reddish flowers, 
 by its leafy stems and branches, by its climbing habit, and especially 
 by the absence of stinging hairs. 
 
 1>. oflicinalis, Linn. P. diffusa. Common Pellitory. E.B. 
 879, L. C. 982. Stems usually numerous, spreading or erect, simple 
 or branched, reddish. Leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, tapering 
 at both ends, hairy. Flowers in axillary, forked, roundish clusters, 
 almost sessile, with an involucre shorter than the flowers. On old 
 walls. Perennial June. 
 
 Var. j8. longifolia, Coss. and Germ. Stems more erect, not so 
 much branched. Leaves oblong, larger and more tapering at both 
 ends. Clusters of florets larger. This plant, in the size of its leaves and 
 the largeness of its clusters of florets, appears to be intermediate 
 between P. officinalis, Koch, and P. erecta of the same author. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52- 47. 
 
 SUB-ORDER. CAflniTtBItfE^E. THE HEMP TRIBE. Leaves 
 more or less divided or lobed ; stamens and sepals five respectively. 
 (See Fig. 141.) 
 
 I. llumuliis, Linn. Hop. Stems herbaceous, several feet long, 
 hollow, angular, prickly, leafy, twining-. Leaves opposite, cordate, 
 either undivided or three-lobed, very rough (scabrous). Flowers, 
 dioscious. Perianth of male flowers five-parted or in five separate 
 sepals, bearing five stamens. Female flowers in dense conical or 
 globular catkins, composed of membranous one-flowered scales. Ovary 
 small, oblong, with two styles, and spreading downy stigmas. Fruit a 
 caryopse (?), attached to the base of the enlarged scale. The twining 
 habit, rough stem and leaves, and the aromatic fertile catkins, suffi- 
 ciently distinguish this genus, of which there is only one known 
 species, the valuable Hop-plant. 
 
 H. Lupulus* Linn. Hop. E. B. 427, L. C. 983. Stems slen- 
 der, rough, with short rigid hairs, long, twining. Leaves three- 
 
370 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 five-lobed (palmate), cordate at the base ; lobes ovate-acuminate, 
 toothed or incised, rough, with resinous glands below. Male or bar- 
 ren flowers in a compound leafy panicle, subtended by cordate-ovate, 
 acuminate, dentate, not lobed, floral leaves. Sepals five, lanceolate, 
 
 Fig. 141. Humulus Lupulus. 1, A branch of the plant with the female flowers ; 
 2, male flower ; 3, cone of female flowers ; 4, the same, with the scales refracted, 
 to show the position of the flowers; 6, detached female flowers ; 6, the pistil 
 magnified; 7, ripe cone; 8, fruit (seed) ; 9, section of same, showing the in- 
 curved embryo. 
 
 with scarious narrow borders. Fertile spikes (cones), subtended by- 
 two bracts, Scales of catkin oval, reticulate. Hedges. Perennial. 
 July, August. 
 
 A. 12, C. 50. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 II. Cannabis, Tourn. Hemp. Annual erect plants, with 
 palmate leaves and axillary and terminal imperfect flowers. Sepals 
 of male flowers equal. Stamens five. Female flowers each with a 
 small bract. Calyx reduced to a single sepal, enveloping the ovary. 
 
 C. sativa, Linn. Common Hemp. Stems often three-four yards 
 high, angular, furrowed, rigid, leafy. Leaves palmate in three-seven 
 divisions, the lower ones three-fid or five-fid, or ternate or quinate, the 
 upper septinate. Segments lanceolate or linear, deeply and sharply 
 
URTICACE^E. ULMACEJE. ULMUS. 
 
 371 
 
 toothed ; the uppermost leaves are often reduced to three segments, 
 or have only the terminal one developed. Fruit (achenium) smooth, 
 shut up in the calyx. Semi-naturalized, here and there on rubbish, 
 manure heaps, and in similar places. Annual. June September. 
 
 Note. The seeds of this plant, like canary-seed, are commonly 
 used for feeding cage-birds. Hence it is very generally found on 
 rubbish heaps near towns, where these domestic pets are common. 
 
 ORDER XLIL UI^MACEJE, Mirbel. THE ELM FAMILY. 
 
 Lofty trees, with stipulate leaves and caducous stipules. Flowers 
 very small, in lateral sessile fasicles, perfect, appearing before the leaves. 
 Calyx campanulate or turbinate (see 
 Fig. 144), with an erect five-, rarely 
 four-eight-lobsd limb. Stamens five, 
 rarely four-eight, inserted in the base 
 of the calyx. Ovary free, two-celled, 
 with one ovule in each. Fruit (samara) 
 compressed, surrounded by a broad 
 membranous wing (Fig. 142, 4). Seed 
 suspended. 
 
 U I mus, Linn. Elm. Trees, with 
 rugged bark and sometimes corky- 
 barked branches. Leaves alternate, 
 stalked, unequal at the base, generally 
 serrated and rough, with stipules. 
 Flowers in tufts, appearing before the 
 leaves. Perianth single, of one piece, 
 campanulate or turbinate, four-five-six- 
 cleft, permanent and coloured on the 
 inside. Stamens as many as the seg- 
 ments of the perianth, with opposite 
 insertion. Anthers short, with four 
 furrows. Ovary free, elliptic, oblong, 
 compressed, with two styles and downy 
 permanent stigmas. Fruit a one-celled Fig. 142. i, uimus. 2, Flower; p, 
 samara with a notch at the apex. Seed P eriiin th; st, stamens and anthers. 
 solitary, often imperfect. Among li^'l, ^^^7.6^ 
 the largest of British trees, and and styles, 
 extremely common in fields, hedge-rows, homesteads and woods. 
 The inner bark is viscid and tenacious, and hence is used in the 
 manufacture of matting. They have the remarkable tendency of 
 throwing up shoots from their roots, which extend to a great dis- 
 tance from the tree. They rarely produce perfect seeds, the tree 
 having the property of reproducing itself by suckers. . 
 
 1. U. camiiestris, Linn. Common Elm. E. B. 1886, var. Usu- 
 berosa, L. C. 986. Bark of the young shoots (recent branches) 
 not corky. Leaves ovate or roundish, unequal at the base, mostly 
 
372 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 doubly serrated (teeth with one or more secondary teeth). Flowers 
 shortly pedicelled or nearly sessile. Fruit roundish orobovate, mem- 
 branous, glabrous, whitish. The fruit in this country always falls off 
 very early. Plantations, hedges, &c. March, April. 
 
 A. 11, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 2. I . monljiiia, Sm. Broad-leaved Elm. E. B. 1887, L. C.984. 
 The leaves of this tree (Smith remarks) are large, obovate, with a long 
 point, serrated, and nearly equal at the base, very scabrous above, 
 downy and paler below. The large hop-like fruit is abundant in. 
 May or June, and the seeds are usually perfected. 
 
 Mr. Babington remarks : " Probably all our Elms belong to two 
 species (the above) ; U. campestris, which produces scions, and U. 
 montana, which does not." 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 51 44. 
 U. suberosa, Ehrh. E. B. 2161. Leaves nearly round, acute, 
 unequally cordate at the base, doubly serrated, branches with corky 
 excrescences. 
 
 U. major, Sm. Leaves ovate, pointed, scabrous above, bark of 
 young branches with corky excrescences. 
 
 U. carpinifolia, Lind. Leaves ovate, 
 tapering, leathery, scabrous above and 
 smooth beneath. 
 
 U. ylahra, Mill. Leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late, cuneate at the base. 
 
 U stricta, Lind. Leaves obovate 
 cuspidate, cuneate at the base. 
 
 ORDER XLIII. CER ATOPHYI*- 
 
 liA.'JK^E, Gray. THE HORN WORT 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Aquatic submersed plants, with ver- 
 ticilled two or three forked, linear or seta- 
 ceous leaves. Male and female flowers 
 distinct and axillary. Stamens ten-twen- 
 ty five on a common involucre, anthers 
 sessile. Female flower consisting of a 
 solitary ovary, one-celled and one-seeded, 
 with a suspended ovule. Fruit coria- 
 
 V/CI ULUpIl VllUlll UC1UC.-1 - , A - - - . 
 
 um. l, Portion of Cerato- ceous-indurated, one-seeded, not opening 
 phylium demersum. 2, Dicho- (indehiscent). Enibrvo oblong, with four 
 Po'r'S ^"eul'^ure 1 ma?e cotyledons ; plumule mauy-leaved ; radicle 
 
 flower; 5, the female flower, very short. 
 
 4, Ripe fruit, natural size. 
 
 5, Transverse section of the T . ,, 
 
 fruit; a, exterior layer ; i, in- C e ratopliyl III m, Linn. Homwort. 
 
 terior layer ; c, cotyledons; d, Submersed, perennial aquatics, wi*-'u slen- 
 leaves. All much magnified. ^ ^^ gfc^ much- branched stems, 
 and whorled leaves whichhave more or less toothed segmen ts ; flowers in- 
 complete, axillary, sessile, and solitary. Involucres, many -par ted (ten- 
 
 Fig. 143. Ceratophyllum demer- 
 
CERATOPHYLLACEJE. CERATOPHYLLUM. POLYGON ACKJE. 373 
 
 twelve equal divisions). Barren flowers bearing ten-twentyfive stamens. 
 Fertile flowers bearing a solitary one-celled ovary, with a suspended 
 ovule. Fruit coriaceous, indurated, one-celled, one-seeded, not open- 
 ing, crowned by the persistent style. This genus is distinguished by 
 its whorled and forked (dichotomous) linear leaves, axillary flowers, 
 and hard, one-seeded fruit. 
 
 1. C. demersum, Linn. Common Hornwort. E. B. 947, 
 L. C. 387. Stems submersed and swimming, branched, leafy. Leaves 
 twice-forked, rarely once or twice trichotomous (three branches from 
 one point), sometimes once- forked. Segmentsjiliform, strongly toothed. 
 Fruit black, ovate, with two curved, reflexed spines at or near the 
 base, and terminated by the indurated, persistent style, which is about 
 as long as the fruit. Kivers, ponds, ditches, &c. Perennial. July 
 September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 4T. 
 
 2. C. Mibiiiersuiiij Linn. Unarmed Hornwort. E. B. 679, 
 L. C. 388. Stems as in C. demersum. Leaves once, twice, or thrice 
 forked, rarely twice forked, with setaceous, slightly denticulate (little- 
 toothed) segments, in more or less contiguous whorls. Fruit black, 
 ovate, without spines at the base, terminated by the indurated style, 
 which is shorter than the fruit. Ponds and ditches. Perennial. 
 June September. The plant grows in denser masses than C. demer- 
 sum, and does not produce fruit so abundantly as the more common 
 species. In this country fruit is rarely produced on either species. 
 In a piece of water at the top of Eelbrook Meadow, Walham 
 Green. 
 
 Note. Cyperus fuscus still grows here. A single plant was col- 
 lected on the 18th of August, 1856, and several plants on the 25th of 
 July, 1857. In a pond near the centre of the coal-pits, Dudley. 
 
 A. (?), C. (?). Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 ORDER XLIV. POI/YGOtfACE^E, Juss. THE BUCK- 
 WHEAT FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, rarely somewhat shrubby plants. Stems often en- 
 larged at the articulations. Leaves alternate, simple. Stipules 
 united, so as to form a sheath (ocrea*) to the stem. Flowers small, 
 greenish, or coloured, nearly sessile, or pedicelled, in tufts (apparent 
 tufts) spikes or clusters. Calyx persistent, of three-six sepals in two 
 rows ; sepals free, or more or less united, the interior larger than 
 the exterior. Stamens four-ten, inserted at the base of the calyx; 
 anthers of the outer stamens introrse, of the inner extrorse. Ovary 
 free, rarely united with the base of the calyx, with one cell and one 
 
 * This term is usually, nay universally (?), written ochrea (the thin, tubular, mem- 
 branous, fringed or torn process which closely invests the .-tern of all (?) the plants in 
 this order), as if it was derived from o^pos, yellow, or ochi e-coloured. It is rather de- 
 rived (rom ocrea, a boot or greave (id quod crus teyii], used by Vurro, Virgil, and 
 Livy in this sense. The term employed by Homer in the Iliad, to express this portion 
 of Grecian armature, is derived from KVTHUUS, and hence evKvyfJuSes Auction the well- 
 booted Greeks, or well-harnessed Grecians, bene ocreati Achivi* 
 
374 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ovule. Styles two-three, rarely four. Stigmas capitate, or many- 
 cleft (tufted). Fruit (achenium, caryopse) one-celled, one-seeded, not 
 opening, with a crustaceous brown or black pericarp, compressed- 
 lenticular or triangular, usually covered by the calyx. Seeds erect, 
 
 same shape as the fruit. 
 Albumen thick, farinace- 
 ous, or horny. Embryo 
 straight, or more or less 
 curved. Kadicle directed 
 
 V \*..J B-^ / ^0 a point opposite to the 
 
 hilum. 
 
 Note. The Polygona- 
 cecs are distinguished by 
 their scarious stipules 
 (ocrece), and by their 
 crustaceous fruit enclosed 
 by the calyx. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Polygonum. Sepals five, 
 rarely three-four, persistent. 
 Stamens five-eight. Stigmas 
 capitate., 
 
 Fagopyrum. Sepals five, 
 usually coloured, withering. 
 
 Rumex. Sepals six, the 
 three inner larger than the 
 outer, and increasing after 
 flowering. Stamens six. Stig- 
 mas tufted. 
 
 Oxyria. Sepals four, the 
 two inner larger than the 
 two outer. Fruit winged. 
 
 S' 
 
 Fig. 144. Eumex sanguineus. 1, Flower magnified, 
 showing the outer sepals, o o o ; the inner sepals. 
 Hi; the stamens, s s o s s s ; a, the fringed anthers! 
 2, Flower un expanded, showing the outer and inner 
 sepals and the stamens. 3, Style ; ov, ovary. 4, 
 Section of style. 5, Triangular nut, section of. 
 showing the position of the embryo. 6, The four- 
 parted perianth and membranously winged fruit of 
 Oxyria reniformis. 
 
 I. Polygonum, Linn, in part. Persicaria, Bistort. Snake 
 Weed. Knot- Grass. Annual or perennial, sometimes twining, 
 usually herbaceous plants. Leaves revolute in prefoliation, simple 
 and alternate. Flowers small, in spikes or in axillary terminal 
 clusters, rarely solitary. Calyx usually of five, rarely of three- 
 four sepals, cohering below, nearly equal, enlarging after flower- 
 ing. Stamens five-eight, rarely four-nine, with alternate glands 
 (these are not always present). Styles two-three, united below or 
 entirely cohering to their summits, with capitate stigmas. Fruit 
 triangular or lenticularly compressed (a convex, roundish, or elliptical 
 seed, which has a thin margin, and is on the whole somewhat like a 
 lens, is termed lenticular), and surrounded by the persistent calyx. 
 Embryo curved ; cotyledons usually linear. The plants of this genus 
 may be distinguished from those of the other genera of this order 
 by their five-cleft coloured perianth, and by their variable and 
 usually more numerous stamens and styles. 
 
POLYGONACE^E. POLYGONUM. 375 
 
 SECT. I. Persicaria. Plants not twining. Leaves ovate or oblong, 
 lanceolate or linear. Flowers in clusters, or in terminal and lateral spikes ; 
 style two-three, united below or just at the base. 
 
 1. Plants perennial. Stamens protruded far beyond the perianth. 
 
 1. P. Bistorta, Linn. Bistort. Snake- Weed. E. B. 509, L. C. 
 931. Root thick, woody, twisted (hence the name of the plant). 
 Stems twelve-eighteeu inches high, simple, erect. Sheaths (ocreae) 
 mostly herbaceous, very long, the membranous portion not fringed. 
 Leaves oblong or ovate, cordate or truncate at the base, slightly decwr- 
 rent on the petiole, green above, glaucous beneath (on the under sur- 
 face) ; the root-leaves are on long petioles ; the uppermost are sessile 
 or nearly sessile. Flowers in a compact oblong or cylindrical spike 
 (they are not all sessile, and consequently the flowers are spiked or 
 clustered). Styles united only at the base. Fruit smooth, shining, 
 triangular, acuminate, with sharp angles, and concave sides. In 
 moist meadows ; not frequent. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 46. 
 
 2. P. ampliibiiiiii. Linn. Amphibious Persicaria or Bistort. 
 E. B. 435, L. C. 933. Root long, creeping, branching. Stems either 
 submersed and swimming, or terrestrial, much branched, rooting. 
 Leaves petioled, oblong or lanceolate, rounded at the base, or slightly 
 cordate, limb not decurrent on the petiole, pale green above. Flowers 
 in compact spikes, solitary and terminal. Styles two. Fruit smooth, 
 shining, ovate, compressed. Ponds, marshy damp places, and some- 
 times on very dry ground. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C.' 82. Lat. oO 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 Var. a. natans. Stem and leaves swimming, the latter glabrous. 
 Spikes of flowers only above the water. 
 
 Var. /3. terrestre. Stems erect. Leaves downy, sometimes wavy. 
 
 3. ff>. viviimriiiii, Linn. Alpine Bistort. E. B. 669, L. C. 932. 
 Root tuberous. Stems reclining at the base, slender, erect, leafy, six- 
 eighteen inches high, with barren shoots at the base. Leaves of the 
 barren shoots elliptical, those of the stem linear-lanceolate, with revo- 
 lute margins, root-leaves elliptical, with wingless petioles, and with 
 brown truncate or laciniated ocroae (sheaths). Spikes rather lax, the 
 lower part bearing bulbs, the upper part bearing flowers. Flowers 
 pedicelled, rosy. Stamens protruded. Fruit triangular, shining. 
 Mountain pastures. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 8, C. 23. Lat. 53 61. Alt. 01300 yards. T. 47 34. 
 Note. Large specimens were collected by the river Dochart, near 
 its influx into Loch Tay, Killin. 
 
 2. Plants, annual. Stamens not exserted (included). 
 
 4. I. lapathifoliuni; Linn. Pale-flowered Persicaria. E. B. 
 1382, L. C. 934. Stems erect or spreading-ascending, branching often 
 from the base, often spotted or mottled, leafy. Leaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late or lanceolate, tapering at the base, petioled, glabrous or nearly 
 so, sometimes downy or cottony beneath ; sheaths with short fringes, 
 
376 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 glabrous or downy (ocrese narroxv not fringed). Flowers pale or 
 whitish green, in erect, compact, oblong -cylindrical spikes. Peduncles 
 glandular, rough. Perianth arcuate and incurved at the margins of 
 the sepals. Calyx not glandular. Styles two, divergent. Fruit 
 smooth, shining, roundish or ovate, compressed, concave on both sides. 
 On rubbish, and in waste places. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 J 47. 
 
 5. P. Persicaria, Linn. Spotted Persicaria. E. B. 766, L. C. 
 935. Stems erect or ascending, spreading, branched from the base, 
 smooth, slightly hollow. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate and 
 narrowed at the base, glabrous or nearly so, on short petioles ; sheaths 
 glabrous or slightly downy, with long fringes. Flowers rosy, in 
 oblong-cylindrical spikes, either interrupted or compact, some part 
 usually being very dense. Calyx without glands. Fruit smooth, 
 shining, black. In gardens and moist places. Annual. July, 
 August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 Note. The fruit of P. Persicaria is either ovate-compressed or 
 ovate, fait on one side and convex on the other, or three-angled, with 
 all the sides concave, always shining. 
 
 P. mite (?), Schrank. E. B. 2867, L. C. 936. Stems erect or 
 spreading, branched from the base, glabrous, internodes tapering. 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, tapering at 
 the base, on short petioles, more or less rough. Sheaths smooth, 
 striated, with long fringes; herbage not in the least hot or acrid. 
 Flowers rosy, in slender, interrupted, lax spikes. Calyx without 
 glandular points. Fruit smooth, shining; some of the nuts roundish, 
 compressed, with convex sides, others triangular, with slightly con- 
 cave or flat sides. Taste of the plant not peppery-hot. Ditches and 
 watery places. Annual. July, August. 
 
 Note. Only a very slight variety of P. Persicaria. 
 
 P, laxum(?), R. E. B. 2822, L. C. 935 c. Stems erect or spread- 
 ing, stouter than in P. mite, with shorter internodes, longer, ubbed, 
 and with shorter fringed sheaths. Leaves rougher, with longer cilia* 
 (fringes), lanceolate, much attenuated at both ends. Flowers rosy, in 
 slender, interrupted or oblong, continuous, denser spikes; rach rather 
 rough. Fruit roundish, with a small point, nearly flat on one side, 
 and convex-ridged on the other, shining ; without a pungent flavour. 
 Ditches and watery places. Annual. July, August. 
 
 The following is a description of another form (?) of this protean 
 species: Stems round, puberulent, flexuous. Leaves lanceolate, 
 tapering at the base, slightly glandular below. Ocrese toothed and 
 lacerated, scarcely fringed, with prominent ridges. Peduncles and 
 upper part of the stem scabrous, with glandular hairs. Spikes elon- 
 gated and slender, or short and dense. Nut (fruit) smooth and 
 shining, flat or rather concave on both its sides, much shorter than the 
 perianth. Styles connected below, diverging and reflexed above, 
 llubbish near Parson's Green. Annual. July October. 
 
 * Cilia, the plural of cilium, a hair ; not cilice, as it is usually written. 
 
POLYGONACEJE. POLYGONUM. 377 
 
 Note. The peduncles are somewhat glandulous in most of the 
 examples; also the nut is rather flattened or compressed on both sides, 
 and it protrudes beyond the sepals. 
 
 6. I*. IXydropipeis Linn. Biting Persicaria. E. B. 989, L. C. 
 937. Stems erect or ascending, slender, smooth, with swollen joints, 
 branching. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, attenuated at the 
 base, nearly sessile, glabrous or nearly so ; sheaths glabrous, loose, 
 striated, ciliated with long or short hairs. Flowers pale rose, or pale 
 green, in very slender, long, filiform, lax, drooping, not continuous 
 spikes. Sepals glandular. Fruit not shining. The whole plant has 
 a pungent flavour. Ditches and moist places. Annual. July 
 October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 7. I*, minus, Huds, P. mite, Schrank. Compare Coss. and 
 Germ. " Flore des Environs de Paris," p. 466, where these authors de- 
 scribe P. minus, Huds., as a var. of P. mite, Schrank. Small Persi- 
 caria. E. B. 1043, L. C. 938. Stem decumbent or ascending (more 
 erect), kneed, branched, leafy, six-twelve inches high. Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, entire, flat ocrea close, with long filiform fringes. Spike 
 flliform, interrupted, nearly erect, lax. Flowers white. Nut ovate, 
 convex on both sides, shining, slightly pitted (sometimes slightly flat- 
 tened on one side, acuminate). The plant varies much in size, and is 
 sometimes nearly erect. The above description includes the var. 
 . erectum, Babington. Marshy and wet gravelly places. Annual. 
 August October. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 In a wet meadow between Walham Green and Little Chelsea, 
 with Cyperus fuscus, Heloscidium repens, Trifolium fragiferum, and 
 other scarce plants. 
 
 SECT. II. Avicularia. Plants not twining. Leaves lanceolate oblong, 
 or linear-oblong. Flowers axillary, solitary, or few. Stigmas two, subsessile, 
 roundish. 
 
 8. P. aviculare, Linn. Common Knot-Grass. E. B. 1252, 
 L. C. 939. Roots perennial, very tough or woody. Stems numerous, 
 rarely solitary, spreading, or even prostrate, branched, the branches 
 leafy to the summit. Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblong-linear, 
 nearly sessile, somewhat fleshy, glabrous, usually slightly glaucous. 
 Sheaths (ocrese) scarious, laciniate, with long segments. Flowers 
 nearly sessile, axillary, solitary, or in pairs or threes. Fruit bluntly 
 triangular, with shining angles, slightly pitted (finely striated) on the 
 sides, which are either flat or slightly concave. Roadsides, borders 
 of fields, and rubbish ; very common. Annual. July October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 Sub- var. latifolium. Leaves much larger than in the typical form* 
 
 Var. 0. erectum. Stems nearly solitary, erect. 
 
 A form of the variety P. erectum has the following characters : 
 E. B. 1252, L. C. 939. Stems slender, branched, ascending, or erect, 
 nearly leafless, except near the base. Leaves (on the branches only) 
 
 C c 
 
378 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 not flat but somewhat induplicate, ohlony, much attenuated below, on 
 very short petioles. Sheaths torn, the upper scarious and fringed, or 
 laciniated, or ragged. Outer sepals keeled. Fruit about twice as 
 long as the calyx, triquetrous, smooth and shilling Chelsea, in a 
 waste place in Upper Manor Street. Annual. October hOth. 
 
 9. P. iiiaritiinuiu, Linn. Sea Knot-Grass. E. B. 2804, L. C. 
 940. Stem woody at the base, and often with its lower part buried 
 in the sand, round, furrowed, leafy. Leaves elliptical or ovate- 
 tapering, on short stalks, with their margins folded close on the back 
 of the leaf (not revolute in the usual se :se of this term), ribs promi- 
 nent below. Stipules (ocrese) long, lax, strongly ribbed and torn at 
 the margin, with branched nerves, and long hair-like teeth. Flowers 
 three together, all more or less pedicelled. Sepals with broadly sca- 
 rious, spreading, broad margins. Fruit shining, rather longer than the 
 perianth. South of England and Channel Islands. Perennial. July, 
 August. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 50^51. Alt 0. T. 51. 
 
 10. P. Mail, Bab. P. Roberti, Loisel (?}, Hooker; L. C. 940*, 
 E. B. 2805. Stems round, rough, with tubercled ridges, branched, 
 prostrate. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, on short petioles, flat, with the 
 margins slightly reflexed. Stipules (ocrese) toothed and fringed, 
 with simple nerves. Flowers axillary in threes, white, with green 
 keeled divisions. Fruit triquetrous, with concave sides, smooth and 
 shining, longer than the perianth. Annual. September. 
 
 A. 10, C. (?) Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0. T. 52 45. 
 
 SECT. III. Tiniaria. Plants twining. Leaves cordate-sagittate. 
 Flowers in axillary tufls or clusters. 
 
 11. P. Convolvulus, Linn. Black Bindweed. E.B.941,L.C. 
 941. Steins round, angular-striated, glabrous, twisted, climbing. 
 Leaves petioled, cordate, with acute basal lobes, acuminate, glabrous, 
 or nearly so. Sheaths short, truncate. Flowers white, in few- 
 flowered tuits, or in lax, terminal, or axillary clusters Calyx downy, 
 granular ; outer sepals keeled, not membranous. Fruit finely striated, 
 triangular, with slightly concave sides, not shining. Fields and 
 gardens. Annual. July. 
 
 A 18, C 81. Lat. 50' 60. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 Note. There is a winged variety of this species, which may be 
 mistaken for the following. 
 
 12. P. dumetorum, Linn. Bushy Bindweed. E.B. 2811, L. C. 
 912. Stem angular, with slight depressions, leafy, slenderer and 
 smoother than in P. Convolvulus. Leaves triangular-cordate, with 
 truncate lobes, smooth and limp. Clusters of fruit contiguous, or 
 nearly so Segments of the perianth winged, wings with a white mem- 
 branous border, wrinkled. Nut triangular, shining, but not quite smooth. 
 Hedge, at Clent, Worcestershire. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 3, C. (?). Lat. 50 52 a (?). Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 49. 
 Note. The plant described above may not be the true P. dumeto- 
 rum, the fruit of which is described as very smooth, as well as shining. 
 
POLYGONACEJS.rAGOPYRUM. RUMEX. 379 
 
 II. Fagopyruna, Tournf. Buckwheat. Annual plants, with 
 somewhat succulent stems, and small white or rose-coloured flowers, 
 arranged in axillary or terminal groups. Perianth (calyx) usually 
 coloured ; sepals five, united at the base, withering. Stamens eight 
 alternate, with eight glands. Styles three, with capitate stigmas. 
 Fruit triangular, enclosed in the withered calyx. Albumen farina- 
 ceous; cotyledons large, leafy, folded and twisted, separating the 
 albumen, and incompletely surrounding it. 
 
 F, vulgar -6, Nees. jP. esculentum, Moench. Potygonum Fago- 
 pyruni) , Linn. Buckwheat or Brank. E. B. 1044. Stems erect, 
 branching, more or less red and succulent. Leaves petioled, trian- 
 gular, cordate-sagittate at the base. Flowers conspicuous, white or 
 rosy, in short clusters on long peduncles. Fruit three-angled, smooth, 
 with acute entire angles. Sometimes found wild about roadsides 
 and in fields and woods, but generally cultivated either in extensive 
 breadths for seed or in small patches in w T oods for game. Annual. 
 July. Alien. (Compare " Cybele," vol. ii., p. 341.) 
 
 III. Riimcx, Linn. Dock Sorrel. Herbs, rarely shrubs, more 
 or less acid. Leaves oblong, wavy, rarely divided. Flowers in appa- 
 rent axillary whorls. Perianth single, six sepals, the three inner and 
 larger connivent and covering the fruit; the three outer more lax 
 and spreading. Stamens six, short, erect, with oblong, erect, tw r o- 
 lobed anthers. Ovary triangular, with three spreading styles and 
 large stigmas, which are multifid, forming fine tufts. Fruit trian- 
 gular, sharp-edged, covered by the inner enlarged sepals. Distin- 
 guished from Polygonum by the six-parted green perianth, by the 
 three styles with finely-tufted stigmas, by the acutely triangular 
 fruit, and by the usually crisp or wavy leaves, as well as by the 
 greater or less acidity of most of the species. 
 
 SECT. I. Leaves usually rounded, abrupt or cordate at the base, never 
 hastate nor sagittate (in JMos. land 2, the leaves taper at the base) ; taste 
 but slightly acid. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Styles free. 
 
 1. W. maiiiiimis, Linn. Golden Dock. E. B. 725, L. C. 950. 
 Root soft, with many fibres. Stems Miwoth, erect, slightly reclining 
 at the base, zigzag, furrowed, rough, green, simple, or with few 
 branches. Leaves attenuated into the petiole, lanceolate-linear, entire, 
 quite flat. Whorls many-fiowered, bracteate, contiguous and spiked 
 when ripe. Valves of the fruit all granular; grains oblong, teeth 
 two or more, long, setaceous, outer sepals much shorter than the teeth 
 of the valves. Ponds and wet. places. Putney Heath, Battersea 
 Fields, &c. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50' 55 (58). Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 Note. The enlarged sepals have each a prominent linear, elon- 
 gate grain, and terminate in a long tapering point, with a very long 
 horizontal tooth on each side. (The tooth is not universally present on 
 both sides; it is sometimes deficient.) 
 
 2. It. imlustriM, Sin. Marsh Dock. E. B. 1932, L. C. 950 b. 
 
380 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Stems erect, rooting at the base, smooth below and finely striated, 
 slightly furrowed and roughish above, with erect slender branches, 
 reddish. Leaves attenuated towards the base., petioled, lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, entire or sinuate. Lower leaves cordate below, 
 slightly crisp on long petioles ; upper leaves tapering at the base. 
 Whorls several- or many-flowered, bracteate in a leafy spike when 
 mature. Valves of the fruit granulate, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 
 with two setaceous teeth on each side, teeth shorter than the valve ; 
 outer sepals about as long as the teeth of the valves. Spike longer 
 and slenderer than that of R. maritimus, fruit larger, stem smoother, 
 and root (perennial). Ponds and marshy places. Perennial ? July. 
 Estimated area, &c., the same as that of JR. maritimus. (" Cybele," 
 vol. ii., p. 346.) 
 
 3. B- conglomeratus, Murray. R. acutus, Sm. Clustered- 
 fruited Dock. E. B. 724, L. C. 948*. Stems erect, angular, furrowed, 
 reddish, hollow or partly filled with pith, much branched, branches 
 more or less spreading. Leaves on short petioles, oblong-lanceolate, 
 blunt or pointed at the top, rounded or cordate at the base, entire or 
 finely crenulate ; upper narrower and the limb decurrent on the petiole 
 and unequal. The apparent verticils are bracteate, except the upper- 
 most. Interior or fruit-bearing sepals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, each 
 with a large ovate granule, and almost entire at the base. Battersea 
 Fields. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat, 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 -45. 
 
 4. ,. sanguineus, Linn, fl.viridis, Sm. E.B. 1533, L. C. 948. 
 Stems erect, green, or reddish, angular, smooth, striated, with more 
 or less erect branches. Leaves petioled, oblong, rounded or cordate 
 at the base, entire or finely crenulate, slightly wavy ; the upper nar- 
 rower, on short petioles. Whorls mostly lea/less. Valves of the 
 fruit lanceolate-oblong, blunt, entire, the outer one with a round 
 granule, the two others with only rudimentary granules or none. 
 Woods and shady places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 Var. j8. sanyuineus. Stem and nerves blood-red, Rare. Dolgelly, 
 North Wales. 
 
 5. . pulcher; Linn. Fiddle Dock. E.B, 1567, L. C. 949. 
 Erect, bushy plants. Stems flexuous, much branched; branches 
 divergent, divaricated. Hoot-leaves in a rosette, oblong, cordate at 
 the base, contracted below the middle, entire or sinuate, the upper 
 leaves smaller, lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, more or less crisp 
 (curled) at the margin. Whorls many-flowered, dense, all bracteate 
 except the uppermost. Valves of the fruit strongly (prominently) 
 reticulate, wrinkled, with many stout subulate granulated teeth. Way- 
 sides ; at the base .of walls ; dry pastures. Perennial ? Biennial ? 
 July. 
 
 A. 7, C. 30. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 6. H,. obi 11 silo! ins, Linn. Blunt-leaved Dock. E. B. 1999, 
 L. C. 947. Roots fleshy or woody, with many lateral fibres. Stems 
 angular, erect, rigid, hollo w* furrowed, branching above, branches 
 
POLYGONACE^E. RUMEX. 381 
 
 erect. Lower leaves large, ovate or oblong on long petioles, cordate 
 at the base, blunt, entire ; upper leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, 
 attenuate and equal at the base. Most of the verticils without leaves, 
 contiguous, confluent at the top. Inner sepals ovate-oblong or trian- 
 gular, the outer valve only granular, the two others with rudimentary 
 granules. Fields and waste places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Var. )8. acutifolius, pratensis, M. and K., E. B. 2757. Leaves 
 pointed ; one of the fruit-bearing sepals larger than the others, dilated 
 and toothed at the base, with a small triangular point. Perennial. 
 July. See R. pratensis. 
 
 Note. The radical leaves by which it is said to be distinguished 
 are not all obtuse. The enlarged sepals are toothed for half their 
 length, and the teeth are about as long as in JR. palustris. Waste 
 grounds, moist, marshy places (?). (Rare?). Perennial. July Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Vi. pratensis,T&. and Koch. Meadow Dock. E. B. 2757, L.C. 945, 
 Stem deeply furrowed, not shining, slightly rough, chiefly on the 
 upper part, with rounded, prominent angles, zigzag, leafy. Lower 
 leaves slightly cordate, ovate, elongate, not tapering, curled, and 
 scarcely entire at the margin. Whorls mostly leafless, approximate. 
 Valves of the fruit (enlarged sepals) dilated, all wrinkled with pro- 
 minent reticulations and toothed at the base, entire towards the apex, 
 one only granular, the other two with rudimentary granules or none. 
 (See Var. . acutifolius.} Marshy places; rare. 
 
 A. 10, C. (?). Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 7. J. crispus; Linn. Curled Dock. E. B. 1998, L. C. 944. 
 Stems furrowed, branching. Branches erect, usually short. Leaves 
 petiolate, lanceolate, attenuated or truncate at the base, with curled 
 margins ; upper leaves narrow. Apparent verticils numerous, each with 
 a bract, the lower with a leafy, the upper with a scarious withered one. 
 Perianth with three outer rather open, narrow, somewhat pointed 
 sepals, and three inner roundish or ovate-roundish ones, entire, rarely 
 toothed at the base, the one with an ovate granule, the other two 
 with rudimentary granules, rarely all granular. Roadsides and 
 fields. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 11, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 500150 yards. T. 52' 45. 
 
 8. It. aquations. Linn. (?) Water Dock. E. B. 2698, L. C. 944*. 
 Stems smooth, furrowed. Lower leaves cordate at the base, petioled ; 
 upper leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base. Whorls crowded and 
 leafless above. Valves of the fruit roundish, wavy at the margin or 
 entire, cordate at the base, membranous, strongly reticulated without 
 tubercles. Nut acutely angled, almost winged above, with concave 
 sides, elliptical or oblong. Damp places ; common in the middle and 
 north of Scotland ; rare in the north of England. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 10, C. 40. Lat. 54 61. Alt. 0- 500 yards, T. 47 42 . 
 
 9. M. Hydrolapathumj Huds. Great Water Dock. E. B. 2104, 
 L. C. 943. Stems erect, robust, channelled, branching above. Root- 
 and lower leaves very long, oblong-lanceolate on long petioles, tapering 
 
382 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 at both ends and decurrent on the petiole, entire or finely crenate. 
 Whorls many-flowered without bracteal leaves (for the most part). 
 Valves of the fruit scarious at the margin, nearly entire, all granular. 
 Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. 50 56\ Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 Note. This is the largest and finest of our native Docks. The 
 leaves are very handsome, and are with their petioles usually about a 
 yard long. On river sides not unfrequent. 
 
 10. It. aliiiiiii, Linn. Monk's Rhubarb. E. B. 2694, L. C. 946. 
 Stems glabrous, furrowed. Hoot-leaves large, broadly cordate on 
 long channelled stalks ; stem-leaves cordate or ovate acuminate, mar- 
 gins entire, wavy. Whorls of flowers crowded, the lower only leafy. 
 Enlarged inner sepals cordate acuminate, blunt, slightly toothed, 
 nerved, membranous, without tubercles at the base. Fruit elliptical, 
 acute. Waysides and villages near Dollar, Scotland. Perennial. 
 July September. Alien. 
 
 SECT. II. Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Styles united with the 
 angles of the ovary. Leaves hastate or sagittate. Taste acid. 
 
 11. . acetosa, Linn. Common Sorrel. E. B. 127 (?). L. C. 
 951. Stem erect, furrowed, branching above. Lower leaves on long 
 petioles, oblong or ovate, sagittate, with parallel or converging lobes, 
 the upper ones narrower, sessile, stem-clasping, often pointed. Flowers 
 dioecious. . Female flowers often partly barren. Outer sepals reflexed ; 
 inner membranous, roundish, very blunt, cordate, with a scale-like 
 process covering the notch. Meadows and pastures. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01350 yards. T. 52 33. 
 
 12. . Acetosella, Linn. Sheep's Sorrel. E. B. 1674, L. C. 952. 
 Stems erect or ascending, branching, slender, leafy. Leaves petiolate, 
 ovate, oblong-lanceolate or linear, hastate., with divergent lobes. 
 Flowers dioacious. Whorls without bracts, slightly distant, proxi- 
 mate when ripe. Valves of the fruit membranous, roundish, pointed, 
 cordate at the base, entire, without granules ; outer sepals closely 
 applied to the valves of the fruit. Pastures ; dry places. Perennial. 
 June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 60. Alt 01200 yards. T. 52 35. 
 
 Var. a. vulgaris. Leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate. Sub-var. 
 fasus. Lobes two-three cleft. 
 
 Var. j3. angustifolius. Leaves linear-lanceolate or linear; auricles 
 narrow, or one or none. 
 
 IV. Oxyria, Mountain Sorrel. Herb, perennial, smooth, acidc 
 Leaves with radiating nerves. Inflorescence whorled. Perianth 
 single, four-parted, the two outer spreading, the two inner erect, 
 larger, all persistent. Stamens six. Ovary compressed, with mem- 
 branous edges, cloven at the apex. Styles one from each lobe of the 
 ovary. Stigmas in many fine tufted segments. Fruit compressed, 
 with a broad, nearly round, membranous margin. Easily distinguished 
 
POLYGONACEJE. OXYRIA. CHENOPODIACE^E. 
 
 383 
 
 from liumex by the kidney-shaped leaves, the four-parted perianth, 
 and the winged or membranous-edged fruit. 
 
 1. O. reniformis, Hook. Mountain Sorrel. E.B. 910, L. C. 953. 
 
 Stem erect, eight-twelve inches high, usually leafless, sometimes 
 with a leaf below the flowers, Leaves radical, rounded, crisp, cor- 
 date-reniform, with a long shallow scollop at the apex, on long stalks. 
 Flowers in close, erect clusters, on short pedicels, which are enlarged at 
 the base of the flower. Mountains in Wales, England, and Scotland. 
 By a mountain-stream near Killin, not far above the level of Loch Tay. 
 A. 7, C. 20. Lat. 52 60. Alt. 01300 yards. T. 47 33. 
 
 ORDER XLV.--CIIE]!rOPOmACJEJE. THE GOOSE-FOOT 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous or half-shrubby plants, either annual or perennial, with 
 leafy stems (rarely jointed and leafless, as in Salicornia). Leaves entire, 
 or sinuate or dentate, incised 
 or cleft, rarely cylindrical and 
 succulent. Flowers small, green- 
 ish or reddish, perfect or mono3- 
 cious, or dioecious or polygamous. 
 Sepals three-five, rarely more and 
 rarely two, often fleshy and indu- 
 rated after flowering. Stamens 
 one-five, hypogynous (under the 
 ovary) or on the calyx, opposite to 
 the sepals. Filaments free, with 
 two-lobed introrse anthers. Ovary 
 free, rarely united with the calyx, 
 with one cell and one ovule. 
 Styles two, rarely three-five, unit- 
 ed at the base. Fruit one-celled, 
 one-seeded, not opening, enclosed 
 in the calyx, which is often indu- 
 rated. Pericarp membranous (utri- 
 cle), rarely coriaceous, free, rarely- 
 attached to the seed. Seed hori- 
 zontal or vertical, in a black or 
 brown brittle shell. Embryo 
 annular, rarely half-annular. Ka- 
 
 ;. 145. a, Entire flower of a Cbenopod ; 
 
 0, the same, with the calyx detachi 
 
 lopoc 
 
 t/, vuo oaiuc, witii me caiyi ueiauiieu. ; 
 the fruit enclosed in the persistent caly: 
 d, the same, with the pericarp torn ; e, 
 
 dicle approaching the hilum. (See fruit entir e, without the calyx ; /, 
 
 Fiff 145 ) of the seed showing the half- 
 
 embryo. 
 
 , section 
 lf-annular 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Chenopodium. Calyx herbaceous. Seeds for the most part horizontal 
 depressed. 
 
 Beta. Calyx of the fruit woody-drupaceous ; pericarp indurated, united 
 with the calyx ; seed with, a membranous testa (shell). 
 
 Atriplex. Calyx of the female flower di-sepalous, compressed, enlarging 
 when in fruit. Flowers polygamous or monoacious. Pericarp membranous, free. 
 
384 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Obione (Ealimus). Pericarp ultimately adhering to the calyx-tube. 
 Schoberia. Leaves fleshy, cylindrical or half-cylindrical. Flowers per- 
 fect. Seed with a erustaceous testa. 
 
 Salsola. Seed with a membranous testa. 
 
 Salicornia. Seed vertical ; in five and six seed horizontal. 
 
 I. Chenopodiiim, Linn. Goose-foot. Herbaceous, mostly 
 annual plants, with alternate, usually lobed leaves, often unctuous or 
 covered with a mealy or friable powdery substance. Perianth of one 
 piece, in five deep, ovate, permanent segments, membranous at the 
 margin. Stamens five, opposite to the segments, with two-lobed 
 anthers. Ovary orbicular, with two short styles and obtuse stigmas. 
 Fruit depressed, usually invested with the connivent sepals, with a 
 very thin pericarp. Seeds with a testaceous episperm. These plants 
 may in general be distinguished by their angular stems, lobed leaves, 
 and clustered flowers. 
 
 SECT. I. Seed horizontal. 
 1. Leaves entire. 
 
 1. C. polyspermum, Linn. Round-leaved Goose-foot. E. B. 
 1480, L. C. 909. Stem diffuse, prostrate, or ascending, more or less 
 branched and leafy, furrowed and shining. Leaves ovate, tapering 
 at the base, pale green on both sides, quite entire, stalked (sessile). . 
 Babington. Clusters of flowers small, axillary, and leafy, even those 
 at the apex of the stem. Lobes of the perianth more or less thick- 
 ened at the tips, clasping, but not quite covering the fruit. Fruit 
 dark chocolate-brown, slightly tubercled, not shining. Waste places; 
 not common. Annual. July October. 
 
 This is the usual form of this plant, but we once gathered, in a 
 garden at Hendon, a plant which was quite prostrate, with more 
 rounded and pliant leaves, and in which the fruit was of a deep 
 black colour and shining. We believe the latter to be C. poly sper mum 
 of Smith. It is so rare that we never saw this form a second time. The 
 eminent author of the " English Flora" says that it is a Cornish plant. 
 A. 8, C. 30. Lat 50 54. *Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 Sub-var. acutifolium. Leaves oblong-ovate, acute. 
 The following is the character of a variety of C. polyspermum from 
 Battersea Fields, growing on mud, September 19, 1856 : Stem pros- 
 trate, much branched. Leaves ovate, on long petioles. Clusters axil- 
 lary and terminal ; the axillary clusters leafless and cymose, the ter- 
 minal ones leafy. 
 
 2. C. olid mil, Curt. C. vulvaria, Linn. Stinking Goose-foot. 
 E. B. 1034, L. C. 908. Stems branched, diffuse, prostrate, slender. 
 Leaves ovate-rhomboid, petioled, very entire, with whitish, ashy, pow- 
 dery granules on both sides. Clusters axillary and terminal, usually 
 contiguous at the tops of the branches. Sepals of the fruit not 
 keeled, enveloping the fruit. Seeds shining, finely punctate. Plant 
 very fetid, giving out when crushed the smell of putrid fish. Foot 
 of walls, and on rubbish about towns and villages. Annual. July, 
 A. 9, C.30. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
CHENOPODIACE^. CHENOPODIUM. 385 
 
 Note. This plant, though it has a higher provincial area and a 
 greater horizontal range, is a scarcer plant than C. polyspsrmum. More 
 individuals of the latter are to be seen than of the former. A. I. 
 
 2. Leaves toothed or lobed. 
 
 3. C. album. Linn. White Goose-foot. E. B. 1723, L. C.914. 
 All the varieties of this very variable species have on the recent or 
 newly-developed portions a silvery unctuous (pubescence) efflorescence , 
 which appears on the more aged portions as scaly or chaffy pro- 
 cesses. Stems erect, more or less branched. Leaves rhomboid-ovate, 
 entire or toothed and sinuate. Clusters branched, nearly leafless. 
 Smith says seeds not dotted, and Babington says smooth. "We are 
 not able to confirm these statements. These authors may be right, 
 but if so, the skin of the seed (fruit) does not afford a distinctive 
 mark. Fields and waste ground. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 This, with its numerous varieties or forms, is the most common or 
 abundant of all the species. 
 
 Var. )3. viride. Stem erect, angular, furrowed, branched, with 
 prominent purplish angles, variegated with whitish and green lines or 
 stripes. Leaves narrow, oblong, much tapering at the base, many 
 entire, but some toothed and sinuate; upper leaves linear-lanceolate 
 on long stalks, entire. Clusters roundish, branched, axillary drooping 
 in a long hanging panicle ; all leafless, except a solitary leaf at the 
 base of the lower branches. (The uppermost clusters "are leafless.) 
 Angles of the perianth prominent, covering the fruit. Fruit slightly 
 reticulate or punctate. This variety is beautifully frosted with 
 shining granules. 
 
 Var. 7. lanceolatum. C. lanceolatum, "Willd. Leaves ovate or 
 lanceolate, all entire ; clusters distant. 
 
 4. C . liciioliuin, Sm. Fig-leaved Goose-foot. E. B. 1724, 
 L. C. 915. Stems round, glabrous, with green ridges, somewhat red 
 below, and in the axils of the branches. Branches spreading, or 
 slightly erect. Leaves all petiolate, tapering at*the base, three-lobed ; 
 lateral lobes short, entire, central lobe elongated, oblong, toothed, blunt ; 
 upper leaves oblong, narrow, entire, or scarcely lobed (toothed), 
 smooth above, papillose, hoary below. Flowers in nearly leafless, 
 erect clusters. Sepals keeled, hooded. Seeds horizontal, punctate, 
 shining, hollowed, not keeled at the margin. Waste ground near 
 Kensington, Battersea, &c. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 8, C. 15. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 5. C. in i>icum. Linn. Erect Goose-foot. E. B. 717, L.C. 910. 
 Stem usually erect and branching from the base. Leaves triangular, 
 often tapering towards the base, pointed or taper-pointed, with deep 
 pointed teeth, bright green, whitish below. Heads in axillary and 
 terminal filiform clusters, simple or branching, leafless; the upper 
 contiguous. Sepals of the fruit not keeled, conniving, closely enveloping 
 the fruit. Seeds not shining, finely punctate, with an elevated bolder. 
 At the foot of walls, heaps of rubbish, &c. Annual. July Sep:e . ber. 
 
386 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 C. rubrum has blunter teeth and denser, larger, and more l-'afy 
 clusters than the above. 
 
 Var. . intermedium. Leaves with large sharp teeth. 'Towns 
 and villages. Annual. August. 
 
 A. 9, C. 30. Lat. 50 56\ Alt. 0200 yards, T. 51 47\ 
 
 Less frequent than C. Jicifnlium. A. I. 
 
 6. C. mui-ale, Linn. iNettle-leaved Goose-foot. E. B. 1722, 
 L. C. 912. Stems ascending or erect, spreading, branched, smooth, 
 shining, mealy or granular at the top. Leaves thick, shining. rhom~ 
 boid, tapering and entire at the base, deeply sinuate and sharply todthed, 
 upper leaves similar to the lower, and equally toothed. Clusters mostly 
 leafless, in a corymbose panicle. Sepals slightly keeled, connivent, 
 enveloping the fruit. Fruit horizontal, black when ripe, punctate, 
 with a sharp border. On rubbish, near towns and villages. Annual. 
 August, September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 7. C. hybridunij Linn. Maple-leaved Goose-foot. E. B. 1919. 
 L. C. 913., Stem erect, branched, and spreading. Leaves angular 
 or toothed, cordate-triangular, abruptly tapering, not rounded at the 
 base. Clusters small, aggregate, leafless. Seeds large, dotted, or 
 pitted. Waste places and fields. Rare. Not very scarce, about Chel- 
 sea, Battersea, &c., where it occurs in gardens and in waste places. 
 Annual. August, September. 
 
 A. 5, C. 15. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 48". 
 
 SECT. II. Seeds erect. 
 
 8. C. rub rum, Linn. Red Goose-foot. E. B. 1721, L. C. 911. 
 Stem erect or ascending, round, smooth and shining, with green and 
 pale-white stripes, with nearly horizontal branches, leafy. Leaves trian- 
 gular rhomboid, more or less tapering at the base, lobed, the lower 
 lobes elongated, with wide sinuses; the surface quite smooth and 
 shining, reddish below, especially near the margin, fleshy, on long 
 petioles. Clusters axillary and terminal, erect, in simple or branching 
 leafy spikes; the floral leaves small, toothed or entire. Sepals conni- 
 vent, green or reddish, herbaceous, barely enveloping the fruit. Seeds 
 erect, very small, numerous, shining, finely punctate, with an obtuse 
 border, or with scarcely any border. Rubbish near towns and vil- 
 lages. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Var. a. spicatum. Stems very robust. Leaves deeply sinuated, 
 clusters contiguous, spike-like, leafy. There are many forms of 
 this variable species, viz. crassifolium, spathulatum, &c. 
 
 A singular variety of C. rubrum (?) has been observed since 1854 at 
 Battersea and Chelsea. The principal branches are furnished with a 
 great many very slender erect branches, and these secondary branches 
 are leafy, and bear small, erect, leafy spikes of fruit. The leaves, though 
 much reduced, preserve the same characters as in the common form. 
 
 9. C. botryocles, Sin. E. B. 2247, L. C. 911*. Stems spreading, 
 prostrate, branched and leafy, four-six inches long. Leaves 
 
CHENOPODIACE^E. CHENOPOUIUM. 387 
 
 triangular or hastate, slightly toothed or lobed at the base. Clusters 
 or spikes nearly simple, leafless (compound, dense, leafy in some ex- 
 amples). Seeds small (very minute), vertical, black, shining, in loose 
 pericarps. Moist sandy places near the sea, Norfolk and Cornwall. 
 Annual. September. 
 
 A. 4, C. 6. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 5T 49. 
 
 10. C. Bonus Heuricusj Linn. Good King Henry. E. B. 
 1033, L. C. 917. Hoot thick. Stems erect, angular, simple, or 
 branching, smooth, downy, glandular above. Leaves slightly 
 powdery, triangular hastate, with acute lobes at the base, entire, or 
 almost so, pointed. Heads in panicled or simple clusters, spiked and 
 leafless at the top. Calyx enclosing the fruit. Stigmas elongated. 
 Seeds finely punctate, with a blunt margin. Near farm-yards, villages, 
 &c. It was observed on the very summit of the Clent Hills. A. I. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards (300 yards, the 
 Clent Hills are nearly 1000 feet high). 
 
 SECT. III. Seeds vertical or horizontal. 
 
 11. C. glaucuiir, Linn. Oak-leaved Goose-foot. E. B. 1454, 
 L. C. 916. Stem usually branching from the base, reclining or ascend- 
 ing, diffuse. Leaves oblong, blunt, thick, laxly toothed, or sinuate or 
 angular, tapering into the petiole, green on the upper surface, glaucous, 
 whitish, arid densely powdery beneath. Heads of flowers in simple 
 clusters, axillary and terminal, compact, shorter than the leaves, erect. 
 Sepals of the fruit not keeled, connivent, enveloping the fruit. Seeds, 
 some vertical, some horizontal, smooth, with a sharp margin. Waste 
 ground and rubbish near towns and villages ; rare. The rarest Chenopod, 
 if individuals be counted. Battersea Fields, on hardened mud. A. I. 
 Near Walthamstow. Mr. Wm. Pamplin. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 4, C. 8. Lat. 50' 56. Alt, 0100 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 C. opulifolium, Schrad. Viburnum-leaved Goose-foot. " Sturm 
 Flora," 17, 75. Stem erect, angular, striated with white or green 
 stripes. Leaves rhomboid or rhomboid-ovate, lobed or toothed un- 
 equally, deep green on the upper surface, frosted and powdery or 
 granular underneath, the upper of the same shape as the lower. 
 Clusters small, very hoary, contiguous. Sepals keeled, closely enve- 
 loping the fruit. Seeds shining, with an obtuse border. On rubbish 
 at Wandsworth and Battersea. Annual. July October. I have 
 seen more examples of this than of C. glaucum. The latter had the 
 fortune to have been observed earlier than C. opulifolium ; hence its 
 British nativity is unchallenged. A. I. 
 
 Note. Chenopodium Botrys comes up every year spontaneously 
 (as I was told when the plant was shown me) in the gardens of Lord 
 Lyttleton, Hagley, Worcestershire. 
 
 Blitum virgatum, Linn. Stem simple, slender, erect, leafy. Leaves 
 linear, with acute lobes on short stalks. Clusters small, sessile, axil- 
 lary. Fruit vertical, twice as long as the calyx, flat, with a broad 
 border. Wandsworth, near steam-boat pier, September 15th, 1857. 
 Only a few stragglers appeared during the present and former season. 
 
388 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 II. Bleta, Linn. Beet. Smooth, somewhat succulent, branching 
 plants, with fleshy roots. Flowers axillary , aggregate. Perianth in five 
 deep, obtuse segments, fleshy at the base, permanent. Stamens five, 
 opposite the segments, bearing roundish two-lobed anthers. Ovary 
 immersed in the base of the perianth, orbicular, with two, sometimes 
 three, styles, and acute simple stigmas. Fruit embedded in the fleshy 
 base of the perianth covered by the segments. The fleshy roots and 
 bright shining leaves will generally be sufficient to characterize this 
 genus. 
 
 B. maritima, Linn. Sea-Beet. E. B. 885, L. C. 925. Roots 
 fleshy, black without, white within. Stems prostrate or ascending, 
 angular, furrowed, branched, leafy, smooth, or slightly downy, 
 often reddish. Leaves somewhat succulent, ovate, wavy at the 
 edges ; root-leaves large, stem-leaves much smaller. Flowers axil- 
 lary, in pairs, arranged in long, slender, leafy spikes. Sepals 
 linear, fleshy, keeled, with incurved tips. Stamens arising from a fleshy 
 disk, which surrounds the base of the ovary. Fruit depressed, 
 punctate. On muddy ditch banks near the sea. Perennial. August. 
 
 A. 15, C. 30. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0. T. 52 45. 
 
 III. A triplex, Linn. Orache. Herbaceous or shrubby annual or 
 perennial plants, with branching, mostly erect, stems. Leaves simple, 
 undivided, lobed, or jagged, often covered with a mealy or granular 
 substance. Flowers, both barren and fertile on the same and on dif- 
 ferent plants, axillary or terminal, aggregate, in tufted spikes or 
 panicles. Perianth in five deep, ovate segments, permanent. Stamens 
 five, opposite to the segments. Ovary orbicular, often imperfect, with 
 a short cleft style and two stigmas. In the British species seed is rare 
 in any of these flowers. Fertile flowers two, sepals of the perfect 
 flowers two, persistent, and covering the fruit. Stamens none. Ovary 
 compressed, with a bifid style. Fruit utricular, with one blackish or 
 brown seed. This genus is very similar in habit, organization, and 
 duration to Chenopodium. It is distinguished from that genus by its 
 polygamous, monoecious or dioecious flowers (see Index and Glos- 
 sary) ; also by the two large sepals of the usually fertile flowers, and 
 by its generally more rigid habit. 
 
 1. A. littoralis. Linn. Grass-leaved Sea Orache. E, B. 708, 
 L. C. 924. Stem erect, branching, angular, ridged, smooth, or more 
 or less covered with a frost-like efflorescence ; branches alternate, 
 erect, leafy. Leaves all linear, bluntly pointed, quite entire, sessile, 
 with a hoary mealiness beneath, slightly tapering at the base. Clus- 
 ters dense, in erect, interrupted spikes, the lowermost leafy, the upper 
 contiguous, leafless. Sepals of the fruit rhomboid-deltoid, tapering at 
 both ends, toothed at the margin, and tubercled at the back, slightly 
 open. Fruit roundish-ovate, compressed, hoary, and slightly punctate. 
 Sea-coast. Annual. August, September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0. T. 51 48. 
 
 2. A. marina. Linn. Sage-green Sea Orache. Stems diffuse, 
 
CHENOPODIACE^E. ATRIPLEX. 389 
 
 branches spreading (rather more bushy than the preceding). Leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, usually with one or two teeth 
 near the base (very often toothed from the base to the summit). 
 Clusters round, in leafy or leafless spikes. Sepals of the fruit very 
 unequal, rhomboid, acutely quadrangular, with or without marginal 
 teeth, or ovate-lanceolate, very large, leaf-like, blunt at the tips, and 
 with one or two teeth at the base, without dorsal tubercles (this is not 
 always the case). Fruit roundish, compressed, with a granulated 
 margin, and crowned with the persistent style. Sea-coast. Annual. 
 August, September. 
 
 Area and range as in No. 1, from which some good botanists 
 think it is not distinct. 
 
 There are but slight distinctions between these two plants. 
 Though they are distinguishable, both while growing and in the 
 herbarium, it is not easy to convey to unpractised observers their 
 peculiar characteristics. 
 
 Note. A. marina sometimes grows inland, at a considerable dis- 
 tance from the sea, and in such situations it assumes very variable 
 forms, especially in the breadth of the leaves, and in their numerous 
 long teeth. In such places it approaches, in appearance, some states 
 I of A. patula. 
 
 3. A. patulaj Linn. Spreading Orache. E. B. 936, L. C. 922. 
 Stems erect or spreading, rigid, glabrous, striated, slightly angular. 
 Leaves triangular, hastate, with spreading lobes, toothed, sinuate, 
 pointed, smooth, shining, all petioled; upper leaves (bracts) linear- 
 
 , lanceolate, entire. Sepals of the fruit triangular, very slightly 
 toothed at the margin, mostly with large dorsal tubercles, spikes com- 
 pound or simple, lax or interrupted. Fruit covered with mealy 
 grains, dark purple, opaque, slightly rough. Cultivated and waste 
 ground. Annual. July October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50' 61. Alt. 0-200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 Var. A. patula. Stem prostrate, with ascending or nearly hori- 
 zontal branches. Leaves triangular, hastate, with small triangular 
 
 | spreading lobes, margin nearly entire. Spikes interrupted, leafy. 
 Calyx of the fruit cordate-ovate, entire, not tubercled. Seeds small, 
 rough. Southend, Essex. 
 
 4. A. fin; us I i folia, Sm. Narrow-leaved Orache. E. B. 1774, 
 L, C. 923. A. hastata, Sm. Stems erect or prostrate, spreading, 
 smooth, angular, furrowed, with nearly rectangular branches. 
 Leaves lanceolate, entire, the lower ones occasionally with two 
 ascending lobes, base wedge-shaped, not horizontally truncate like 
 A. patula, never toothed. Sepals of the fruit slightly hastate 
 triangular, with sharp points, and occasionally toothed at the 
 margin and tubercled on the back. Seeds (fruit) opaque, granular, as 
 in A. patula. Cultivated and waste ground. Annual. July October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. oO 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 A very common form of A, patula, from which it differs in its 
 entire narrow hastate leaves. 
 
 A. microsperma ? Stem erect or ascending, ridged and furrowed, 
 
390 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY, 
 
 quite smooth, with spreading branches. Leaves mostly hastate, with 
 ascending basal lobes, lower leaves often two-lobed, especially on one 
 side, tapering at the base, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, fleshy, shining 
 and glaucous. Clusters small, leafy. Perianth toothed at the base, 
 lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate. Fruit very small. Battersea, on 
 soil spread over waste ground, near Albert Tavern. With an exotic 
 Amaranth (A. retroflexus), October 15, 1853. A. I. 
 
 5. A. deltoidea, Bab. Delta-like-leaved Orache. E. B. 2860, 
 L. C. 922 b., A. hastata, deltoidea. Stems erect or procumbent, 
 branched. Branches erect or ascending; both stems and branches 
 smooth, shining, striated. Leaves all petioled, mostly opposite, has- 
 tate, triangular, lobes spreading or descending, margin toothed, sinuate 
 or entire. Fruit-bearing sepals triangular, toothed at the base and 
 muricated at the back, longer than the fruit. Seed flat, smooth, 
 shining. Rubbish. Chelsea College. Annual. September. (Com- 
 pare " Cybele," vol. ii., p. 327.) Sub. A. erecta, Huds. 
 
 This "has the area, range, &c., of A. hastata, under which it is 
 placed. (See No. 3.) 
 
 It is probable that Nos. 3, 4, and 5, together with micro- 
 sperma, appendiculata, &c., or in a word all the inland Atriplices make 
 up one species. Nos. 1 and 2 are only slight varieties of each other. 
 Nos. 6 and 7 are not separated by very prominent distinctive marks. 
 
 6. A. rosea, Linn. (?) Roseate Orache. E. B. 2880, L. C. 921. 
 Stems erect or ascending, smooth, branching. Leaves triangular- 
 ovate, entire at the base, green above, hoary beneath. Unequally 
 toothed and sinuate; upper leaves ovate, nearly entire. Sepals 
 of the fruit rhomboidal-acute, toothed at the margins, tuber- 
 cled on the back, with prominent nerves, clusters axillary and 
 terminal, few-flowered. Seeds shining, minutely tubercular, or 
 almost smooth. A. crassifolia (?). By the sea-shore. Annual. June 
 September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 50. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0. T. 52 45. 
 
 Note. The inland form collected at Wandsworth differs from the 
 above described Isle of Wight plant, in the round smooth hard stem 
 and in the more toothed leaves. 
 
 7. A. laciniata, Linn. Cut-leaved Orache. E. B. 165, L. C. 920. 
 A. arenaria, Woods. Stem procumbent and spreading, or erect and 
 branched, often reddish. Leaves ovate or triangular toothed, on 
 short leaf-stalks, hoary or mealy on both sides. Barren flowers in 
 dense naked spikes; fertile flowers mostly solitary and axillary, with 
 a very large woolly three-lobed perianth. Calyx of the fruit close, 
 fleshy, and indurated within, three-lobed, the lateral sepals or lobes 
 truncate, the central one pointed. Fruit (seed) large, opaque, rough. 
 Sea-shores, Isle of Wight, Southend and Mersea (?), &c. Essex. 
 Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 40. Lat, 50 60" Alt. 0. T. 52- 46. 
 
 Note. Mr. J. Woods told me that the under-described form is 
 different from the above-described, and named by British botanists. The 
 former has occurred at Wandsworth, and it ia certainly exotic. A. I. 
 
CHEN T oPODIACE.ffi. ATR1PLKX. OBIO>E. SCHOBKKlA. 391 
 
 A. laciniata vera. JSot Smith's (nee Smithii) tesfe Joseph 
 Woods, F.L.S. This form has an ascending-, branching, smooth, po- 
 lished, and somewhat woody, leafy stem. Leaves white on both sides, 
 triangular, with numerous pointed, unequal lobes, tapering and entire 
 at the base, on stalks, which are about half as long as the leaves. 
 Clusters of barren flowers in short, slender, cylindrical spikes, leaf- 
 less. This species grew for several years in the open space so often 
 referred to adjoining the steam-boat pier, Wandsworth. It is annual, 
 and flowers from August to October. 
 
 Notwithstanding the high authority above-named, I think that the 
 locality may cause the great difference in the aspect of the plants. 
 I have never seen fruit on any of the Wandsworth specimens. A. I. 
 A. rosea and A. laciniata are not distinguished by very prominent 
 and constant characters. 
 
 IV. Obioiie, Gaert. (Halimus, Waller ; Atriplex portulacoides, 
 Sm.) Perianth connected, three -toothed. Stigmas two. Pericarp thin, 
 adhering to the perianth. Seed (fruit) vertical. 
 
 1. O. portulacoidesj Waller. E. B. 261, L. C. 918 (A. portul.) 
 Stem woody. Leaves obovate, lanceolate, attenuated below. Perianth 
 inversely triangular, shortly stalked, three-lobedand muricated. Near 
 the sea and on the shore. Perennial. Julv October. 
 
 A. 12, C. 25. Lat.50 56. Alt. 0. *T. 52 48. 
 
 2. O. pedunculata. Waller. E. B. 232, L. C. 919. (A. peduncu- 
 lata.) Stem herbaceous. Leaves obovate. Fruit on a long stalk, 
 enlarged, inversely wedge-shaped, compressed, with two lobes enclosing 
 an orbicular seed. On the shore of the Isle of Grain, several miles 
 below Gravesend. Very rare. Annual. August, September. 
 
 A. 3, C. 5. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0. T. 51 49. 
 
 V. Schoberia, Mey. Partly herbaceous, partly shrubby mari- 
 time plants. Leaves fleshy, half-cylindrical. Perianth five-parted. 
 The habitat, fleshy leaves, and exalbuminous seeds are the distin- 
 guishing marks of this genus. In other respects it agrees with 
 Chenopodium. 
 
 1. 8. maritima, Chenopodium, Sm. Sea Goose-foot. E. B. 633, 
 L. C 927. Stem herbaceous, erect, or procumbent, much branched, 
 rigid and dry at the base, succulent above, leafy. Leaves fleshy, semi- 
 cylindrical (flat on one side and convex on the other), narrow, bluntly 
 pointed. Valves of the calyx fleshy, convex, scarcely covering the 
 fruit. Fruit (seed) bluntly pointed, with a flattish base, slightly reti- 
 culate and shining. Sea-shore. Annual. August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 50. Lat. 50 61, Alt. 0. T. 52 J 45. 
 
 2. 8. iruticosa, Mey. Shrubby Saltwort. E. B. 635, L. C. 928. 
 Stem erect, shrubby, a yard high, with numerous leafy branches. 
 Leaves obtuse, semi-cylindrical, fleshy, glaucous, persistent. Styles 
 three. Seeds black and shining. South and East Coasts; rare. 
 Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A, 5, C. 8. Lat. 60 53. Alt. 0. T. 52 49. 
 
392 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 VI. Salsola, Linn. Saltwort. Annual or perennial herbaceous 
 plants, rarely suffruticose. Stems rigid. Leaves simple, narrow, 
 sometimes spinous. Flowers sessile, axillary, solitary or aggregate. 
 Perianth in five deep, rounded, permanent segments. Stamens five, 
 opposite to the , segments. Anthers roundish, two-lobed. Ovary 
 globose, with two or three styles united at the base, stigmas recurved. 
 Fruit, a utricle, embedded in the fleshy base of the perianth, one- 
 celled and crustaceous. These plants may be distinguished partly by 
 their habitats sea-shores, salt marshes, and similar places and partly 
 by their narrow or cylindric fleshy leaves. 
 
 S. Kali, Linn. Prickly Saltwort. E. B. 634, L. (X 926. Stems 
 spreading, angular, slightly rough branched, red at the axils. Branches 
 spreading, leafy, rougher than the stem. Leaves fleshy, subulate, 
 tapering, spinous, more or less rough. Flowers axillary, solitary. 
 Fruit flattish, crowned with the styles. Seeds shining, finely punctate. 
 On sandy sea-shores. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 15, C. 40. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0. T. 52 47. 
 
 VII. Salicornia, Linn. Jointed Glasswort Stem succulent, 
 join ted, branched. Flowers in jointed, terminal spikes. Perianth succu- 
 lent, tumid, obscurely lobed, persistent. Stamens one or two. Ovary 
 ovate. Style short and thick, with a two or three cleft stigma. Fruit 
 utricular, one-seeded, embedded in the perianth. These plants are 
 distinguished by their smooth-jointed, fleshy stems, their incon- 
 spicuous spicate flowers, and by their maritime habitats. 
 
 1. S. herbacea, Linn. Jointed Glasswort. E. B. 415, L. C. 929. 
 Stems and branches erect, both composed of a series of cylindrical 
 joints, the uppermost producing two or three small sessile florets, with 
 one stamen and two or three stigmas. On muddy sea-shores. Annual. 
 July September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 50. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0. T. 52 45. 
 
 2. S. radicans, Sm. Creeping Glasswort, E. B. 2467, L.C. 930. 
 Stem somewhat woody below, round, much branched ; branches partly 
 woody, succulent upwards ; joints shorter than in S. herbacea, deeply 
 notched, cylindrical (not thickened above). Spikes oblong, obtuse (?). 
 Flowers in a triangle (?). On muddy sea-shores j Isle of Sheppy. 
 Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 4, C. 6. Lat. 50^54. Alt. 0. T. 51 49. 
 
 The following is an abstract of a paper by J. Woods, Esq., F.L.S., 
 on the various forms of Salicornia. It was read before the Linnsean 
 Society, January 21, 1851 : 
 
 Salicornia herbacea, is always erect till borne down by the weight 
 of the fruit ; the branches are spreading or ascending, green, glaucous, 
 never reddish. Fruit cylindrical, two-three inches long, one-fifth 
 of an inch thick. 
 
 S.procumbens, Sm., is more common, and is decumbent (with a bend 
 at the top of the root) ; branches mostly unilateral (half cylindrical), 
 frequently divaricate or recurved. When mature, the plant is red 
 and the spikes are only about half an inch long. 
 
CHENOPQDIACE^E. SALICORNIA. AMARANTHACEJE. 393 
 
 S. ramosissima. Much longer than either of the preceding, erect, 
 very much branched and bushy, green, but tinged with red on the 
 spikes, which are about an inch long, lanceolate or tapering, not 
 cylindrical, as in the two preceding. 
 
 S. pusilla smaller than S. procumbens, but erect, and with erect 
 or sub-erect branches, colour yellowish green. 
 
 S. intermedia is between S. pusilla and S. herbacea. 
 
 S. radicans. This differs in its mode of growth from the preceding. 
 The stem is hard and slightly woody, producing brachiate (spreading) 
 branches a little above the crown of the root. In the preceding forms 
 every branch ends in a spike of fruit. In this many are barren. 
 
 S. lignosa agrees with S. radicans in its diffuse habit, but differs 
 in the firmer (more woody) structure of the lower part of the stem. 
 
 ORDER XLVL A IARA]T HACKEE, Juss. THE AMA- 
 RANTH FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple, exstipulate (without stipules). 
 Flowers spicate or capitate. Perianth in three-five pieces, scarious. 
 Stamens five or ten. Ovary single, superior, one- or few-seeded. 
 Fruit a membranous utricle. Seeds lentifbrm, pendulous, with a crus- 
 taceous testa and central albumen. The sole reputed British species 
 of this order is a humble annual weed of rare occurrence. The Globe 
 Amaranth, Cockscomb, Princes-feather, and Love-lies- a-bleeding, all 
 belonging to this order, have been long in esteem as favourite green- 
 house and border flowers. 
 
 Amaraiitlius, Linn. Amaranth. Herbaceous annual plants, 
 with simple, undivided, entire, petiolate, and alternate leaves. Flowers 
 either spicate or capitate, copious, monoecious (in distant clusters, or in 
 contiguous spike-like panicles). Sepals three-five, erect, lanceolate, 
 coloured, and permanent. Stamens three-five, capillary, with oblong, 
 two-lobed, versatile anthers. Ovary (in the fertile flowers only) ovate, 
 with three or two styles and acute stigmas, which are downy on the 
 upper side. Fruit one-celled, one-seeded, opening transversely. Dis- 
 tinguished from Chenopodium by the denser inflorescence, and usually 
 coloured perianth. 
 
 1. A. II li<u in. Linn. Elite. E.B. 2212, L. C. 907. Stems pros- 
 trate or ascending, branching from the base, succulent, brittle, angular, 
 glabrous, glistening, furrowed or striated. Leaves on long petioles, 
 ovate-rhomboid, blunt, or with a short point, tapering at the base, 
 with prominent nerves, and slightly crenulate margins, deep green, 
 glabrous. Lower clusters of florets on pedicels, distant, leafless, upper 
 in a sort of leafy spike, more or less distant, all roundish and green. 
 Bracts scarious, minute. Sepals three, lanceolate, scarious at the 
 margin, somewhat granular. Stamens three. Fruit ovate-roundish, 
 slightly triangular. Said to grow on dung-hills and waste places near 
 towns. Naturalized (?). Annual. August, September. 
 
 2. A. retroflexusj Linn. Erect Amaranth. Rchb. Ic. 5, 4, 75. 
 
 D D 
 
DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Stem erect, stout, angular, grooved, branching, with rough pube- 
 scence, leafy. Leaves ovate, with an obtuse point, pale-green, on 
 long petioles. Flowers in spike-like, compact, panicled clusters. 
 Bracts linear subulate, twice as long as the calyx. Sepals five, oblong- 
 lanceolate, obtuse or truncate, mucronate. Stamens five. On rubbish, 
 about Battersea and Chelsea. Annual. July September. 
 
 Both these species occur about Battersea and at Wandsworth, by 
 the steam-boat pier ; also near Little Chelsea and Walham Green ; but 
 the genuine exotic, A. retroflexus, is rather more frequent than the 
 reputed British species. 
 
 ORDER XLVIL CAM^ITRICHACE^S, Leveille. THE 
 WATER-STARWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Submersed or partly floating plants. Stems slender, branching ; 
 the length is regulated by the depth of the water where they grow. 
 Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile, perfect or 
 of one kind by abortion. Perianth (involucre) two opposite bracts. 
 Stamens one-two, with long filaments. Anthers reniform, one-lobed, 
 opening by a curved fent (slit). Ovary free, consisting of four one- 
 seeded cells. Styles two. Fruit capsular, membranous, or slightly 
 fleshy, composed of four one-seeded indehiscent carpels, which sepa- 
 rate when ripe. Seed suspended with a thin testa (shell). Albumen 
 fleshy. Embryo cylindrical, with short cotyledons. Radicle towards 
 the hilum. 
 
 Callitriclie 9 Linn. Water- Starwort. Aquatic, small, float- 
 ing plants, with strap-shaped, entire leaves, and very minute, axillary 
 white flowers. Perianth (involucre) consisting of two opposite, equal 
 bracts. Stamens one, rarely two. Ovary four-lobed, with two styles, 
 Fruit four-celled, four-seeded, with a dilated margin, indehiscent, 
 (See " Phytologist," vol. iv., p. 32.) 
 
 1. C, Terna, Linn. Vernal Water-Starwort. E. B. 722, L. C. 
 383. Stems slender, branching, variable in length, rooting, sub- 
 mersed. Leaves obovate or oblong, narrowing towards the base, 
 entire, or notched at the summit. Bracts slightly hooked above, 
 bending over the ovary, much shorter than the stamens and styles. 
 Fruit with a keeled, sometimes winged border. Annual or perennial. 
 June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 52 40. 
 
 Var. j8. obovata. (C. stannalia, Scop.) Leaves obovate, forming a 
 dense rosette at the top of the stem. 
 
 Var. 7. platycarpa, Kutz. Fruit larger than in C. verna, with the 
 styles closely reflexed over it. In the var. obovata the lobes of the 
 fruit are divergent. 
 
 Var. 5. pedunculata. Flowers and fruit more or less stalked. 
 
 These all occur in running or standing water, or in marshy places, 
 chiefly where the surface is broken, as on mud, mire, and the like. 
 
 2. C. autumnalisj Linn. Autumnal Water-Starwort. E. B. 
 
CALLITRICHACE^E. CALLITRICHE. HIPPERIDACE.E. 395 
 
 2732, L. C. 386. Stems flat, much branched, leafy. Leaves all linear, 
 elongate, truncate, or notched at the tips, all submerged. Fruit nearly 
 sessile, with divergent, broadly winged lobes. Styles spreading. Loch 
 of Drum, Aberdeenshire. Mr. J. T. Syme. Annual. June October. 
 A. (?), C. (?). Lat. 53 (?). Alt. (?). T. 48 (?). 
 
 ff Ovary united with the perianth (calyx). 
 
 The orders XLVIII., XLIX., and L. have their ovary inferior or 
 united with or adherent to the calyx. Their diagnostics are as follow : 
 Order XLVIII. is known by its aquatic habitat, its erect stems, 
 whorled leaves, and very inconspicuous flowers. Santalacece are repre- 
 sented in Britain by a humble herbaceous plant, Thesium humifusum 
 (linophyllum\ which has a prostrate habit, half-coloured perianth and 
 inferior ovary, and is mostly confined to the downs of the south and 
 east of England. Aristolochiacece, of which there are only two British 
 species, have a more developed perianth than the foregoing orders; and 
 the ovary is inferior, with many ovules. 
 
 Note. There are several monochlamydeous genera and species 
 (plants with a single perianth) in some dichlamydeous orders (plants 
 with a double perianth), viz. : The apetalous genus Illecebrum, order 
 Illecebracece, contains herbaceous procumbent plants, with a penta- 
 sepalous indurated perianth, which covers the one-seeded capsule. The 
 genera Sagina and Cherleria, nat. ord. Caryophyllacece are often 
 apetalous. They are minute plants, with linear often subulate leaves. 
 The sub-order Sanguisorlece is composed of monochlamydeous plants, 
 which are known by their compound leaves, their four or eight cleft, 
 persistent calyx, which encloses one-three achenia. Agrimonia, an 
 apetalous genus, is distinguished by its pinnate leaves, bristly five- 
 cleft calyx, and two indehiscent carpels. The British Haloragea 
 
 f - ^^^~ 
 
 ^ 
 
396 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY 
 
 tube. Ovary one-celled, with a single suspended ovule. Fruit crowned 
 by the calyx-rim, one-seeded, not opening, seed suspended. Embryo 
 straight, cylindrical, radicle towaras the hilum. 
 
 Hippuris, Linn. Mare's-tail. Aquatic plants with simple, 
 hollow stems, whorled leaves, and axillary flowers. Perianth a 
 minute rim crowning the ovary. Stamen 
 one. Anther of two round lobes at first 
 sessile, and embracing the style. Style one, 
 with an acute simple stigma. Fruit one- 
 celled, one-seeded, slightly fleshy, bony. 
 
 H. >ulgaris, Linn. Mare's-tail. 
 E. B. 763, L. C. 379. llhizomes horizontal, 
 spongy. Stems erect, quite simple, round, 
 polished. Leaves linear, in contiguous 
 whorls of eight-twelve, spreading or reflexed, 
 with more or less sharp points. Fruit small, 
 ovate-oblong, crowned by the base of the 
 style. In lakes and ponds. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 
 yards. T. 50 46. 
 
 Sub-var. Nearly the whole plant sub- 
 mersed, barren leaves elongated, soft. In 
 running water. 
 
 ORDER XLIX. SAWTAtACJEJE. 
 Br. THE SANDALWOOD FAMILY. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs, Leaves simple, 
 alternate. Flowers spicate or solitary, rarely 
 umbellate. Stamens four or five, opposite 
 to the segments of the perianth, in which 
 they are inserted. Ovary inferior, one-celled, 
 with from one to four ovules. Style one, 
 often with a lobed stigma. Fruit hard, one- 
 seeded, sometimes drupaceous. The only " 
 British example of the order is an obscure, 
 trailing, herbaceous plant. They are for the 
 most part natives of Asia, America, and 
 . Australia. 
 
 Tig. 146. 1, Hippuris rol- 
 
 faris, part of the stem. 
 , Flower of the same; o, Tltesium, Linn. Bastard Toad-flax. 
 
 ^XJ^i ; &itt Smooth ri s id herbs or shrubs > with sca *- 
 
 of leaf. 3, Transverse see- tered narrow leaves, and racemose or pani- 
 cled, bracteated small flowers. Perianth 
 funnel-shaped, four-five cleft, with spread- 
 Stamens four-five, with roundish anthers, 
 
 tion of fruit, 
 nal ditto. 
 
 4, Longitudi- 
 
 ing segments (lobes). 
 
 and a small tuft of hairs at the base. Style filiform, stigma capitate. 
 
SANTALACEJE. THESIUM. ARLSTOLOCHIACE^E. 
 
 397 
 
 Fruit angular, crustaceous, one-seeded, crowned with the persistent 
 perianth. The sole British species of this genus may he known by 
 its prostrate, rigid hahit, minute perianth, and inferior fruit. It has 
 recently been discovered to be of a parasitic nature. 
 
 T. liiiiiiifiiNiiiii, D. C. Linophyllum, Linn. Bastard Toad- 
 flax. E. B. 247, L. C. 957. Hoots woody and knobby above, usually 
 producing numerous filiform, spreading or ascending leafy stems. 
 Leaves linear, very narrow, pointed, pale or yellowish green. Flowers 
 alternate on spreading pedicels, subtended by three very unequal 
 bracts, the middle one thrice as long as the flower. Perianth greenish 
 or yellowish white, salver-shaped. Fruit ovate or roundish, with 
 longitudinal ribs, surmounted by the limb of the persistent perianth. 
 On chalky and limestone hills. Parasitic (?). Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 15. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100. T. 51 48. 
 
 ORDER L. ARISTOLOCIIIACEJE!, Juss. THE BIRTH- 
 WORT FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs, often climbing. Leaves simple, petiolate, alternate. 
 Flowers axillary and solitary. Stamens six-ten, either distinct or 
 
 Fig. 147. AvistolocMa Clematitis. 1, Entire flower ; 2, section of flower, showing 
 the stamens and ovary ; 3, the six united stamens before the opening of the 
 anthers ; 4, the same, with the anthers opened ; 5, the ripe fruit ; 6, section of 
 seed, showing the position of the embryo ; 7, the embryo. All magnified but 1. 
 
 gynandrous (adhering to the style and stigmas). Ovary inferior, three 
 or six-celled, with numerous ovules. Fruit three or six-celled, either 
 
398 DESCRIPTIVE BKITISH BOTANY. 
 
 dry or succulent, many-seeded. The two British species of this order 
 are among the rarest of both our reputed and genuine British plants. 
 They abound in the warm regions of South America, and are not 
 uncommon in the temperate and cold regions of Europe, Asia, and 
 America. Their general properties are bitter, tonic, and stimulant. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Aristolochia. Stems climbing. Perianth tubular, inflated at the base. 
 Anthers attached to the style. 
 
 Asarum. Stem short, bearing a solitary bell-shaped flower. 
 
 Aristolocllia, Linn. Perianth tubular, united with the ovary 
 at its lower part, inflated, globular near the base, tubular, dilated, 
 irregular, with a single lobe. Stamens six. Anthers nearly sessile, 
 adhering to the style. Style short, six-lobed. Capsule six-celled. 
 
 A. ClematitiB* Linn. Birthwort. E. B. 398, L. C. 959. Koot 
 widely and deeply creeping. Stems angular, furrowed, erect or 
 climbing. Leaves deeply cordate, ovate or reniform, leathery, with 
 
 Erominent reticulate nerves. Flowers yellow, in axillary tufts. Fruit, 
 irge, pear-shaped, drooping. Does it ever produce fruit in this 
 country ? Naturalized. On ruins and old walls. Perennial. July. 
 On an old wall,Hemswell,near Spittal, Lincolnshire, in 1830. A. I. 
 Alien. A. 5. 
 
 Asa r ill 9 Tourn. Perianth campanulate, three-cleft, lobes 
 equal. Stamens twelve, inserted at the base of the style. Anthers 
 surmounted by the prolonged subulate connective. Style short. 
 Capsule six-celled, surmounted by the persistent limb of the calyx. 
 
 A. europaeum, Linn. Asarabacca. E. B. 1083, L. C. 958. 
 Root long and creeping, with whitish fibres. Stems short, round, 
 tenacious, only one-two inches high, bearing one or two pairs of 
 opposite leaves, which are only apparently radical. Leaves reniform, 
 leathery, shining above, pale green beneath. Flower solitary, droop- 
 ing, terminating the stem. Segments of the perianth ovate, incurved, 
 of a dull green colour, large, downy. " Filaments extending beyond 
 the anthers." Perennial. June. Seeds wrinkled horizontally. Appa- 
 rently naturalized in woods in the north of England and Scotland. 
 Rare. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 3, C. o. Lat, 53 55. Alt. 50200 yards. T. 48 47. 
 
 GROUP III. Dichlamydese. Perianth double (calyx and 
 corolla both present) j petals united (corolla gamopetalous, or of one 
 piece.) 
 
 f Ovary free, calyx persistent. 
 
 The orders in this division, viz., LI. to LXIX. inclusive, may be 
 synoptically distinguished as under, viz. : 
 
 Plantayinacece, by their broad and strongly-ribbed, or else fleshy 
 
DICHLAMYDE^E. PLANTAGINACEJE. 399 
 
 leaves, also by their acauline habit and by their spicate and minute 
 flowers. 
 
 Plunibaginacec&, by their tubular-plaited calyx and monospermous 
 ovary. 
 
 Primulacece, by their regular flowers, five stamens, rarely four- 
 seven, opposite the lobes of the corolla, and by the one-celled, many- 
 seeded capsule. 
 
 Lentibulacece, by their habitats, water or watery places, and their 
 flower- bearing 1 , scaly scapes (flower-stalks). 
 
 Labiate, by their four-angled stem,, opposite leaves, didynamous 
 stamens and four-lobed ovary. The Verbena family is separated from 
 the latter by the coherence of its carpels. 
 
 Orobanchacea, by their succulent, scaly, upright stems, persistent 
 orollas, and numerous seeds. 
 
 Scrophulariacecs, by their didynamous stamens and ringent or two- 
 lipped corollas, or by their two stamens and irregular or unsymmetrical 
 corolla and two-celled ovary. 
 
 Verbascacece, by their virgate habit, showy, slightly irregular, 
 rotate flowers, by their stamens with unequal hairy filaments, and by 
 the two-celled capsular fruit. 
 
 Solanacece, by their usually symmetrical, deciduous corolla, and 
 five equal stamens. 
 
 Boraginacece, by their rough alternate leaves and nucamentaceous 
 fruit (two-four hard carpels). 
 
 Cuscutte. The Dodders and British Convolvuli are climbing plants, 
 the former parasitic without leaves, the latter have leafy twining stems, 
 and large flowers, with plaited prefloration. 
 
 Polemoniacece have a three-celled ovary, with few ovules. 
 
 Gentianacece are known by their smooth, sessile, opposite leaves, 
 square stem, and persistent corolla. 
 
 Apocynacece, by their trailing stems, evergreen shining leaves and 
 conspicuous corolla. 
 
 Oleacece, by their habit, fruit, and foliage. 
 
 Aquifoliacete, by their arboreous habit, lobed, leathery, dilated 
 leaves and baccate fruit. 
 
 Ericacece. The heaths are small shrubs with evergreen, entire, and 
 often linear and acicular leaves, a persistent corolla, and a many- 
 celled and many-seeded capsule. 
 
 ORDER LI. PI^A^ TAfSttfACJEJE, Juss. THE PLANTAIN 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Mostly herbaceous plants with radical flower-stalks. Leaves all 
 radical (in the British species), entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Flowers 
 perfect, rarely of one sex. Sepals united at the base, persistent. 
 Corolla gamopetalous, scarious, persistent, with a four-cleft limb. 
 Stamens four, alternate, inserted on the tube of the perfect flowers, 
 hypogynous in the unisexual, Filaments very long, capillary. Ovary 
 
400 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 one-two-four-celled ; ovules one-two or more in each cell. Style 
 longer than the corolla simple ; stigma filiform. Fruit invested by 
 
 * the permanent calyx and 
 3 corolla, capsular, membran- 
 
 ous, one-two or few-seeded, 
 opening circularly (a pyx). 
 Seeds erect, solitary, or two 
 or more. Albumen thick, 
 fleshy. Embryo straight. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Plantago. Flowers perfect, 
 in spikes. 
 
 Littorella. Flowers monoe- 
 cious. Males solitary, on ra- 
 dical filiform peduncles. 
 
 I. Plantago, Linn. 
 Plantain. Leaves simple, 
 with prominent ribs radical 
 (in the British species). 
 Spikes solitary, bracteate. 
 Calyx four-parted. Corolla 
 tubular, with a four-cleft 
 limb reflexed after fecun- 
 dation. Stamens four, in- 
 serted in the tube of the 
 corolla. Fruit membranous, 
 opening circularly, two- 
 four or eight-twelve-seeded 
 sometimes with an imper- 
 fect partition. Seeds pel- 
 tate, convex on the back, 
 hollow on the face. Em- 
 bryo central. 
 
 Fig. 148. Plantago arenaria. 1, Entire flower with T 
 
 its bract. 2, The same, detached from the bract; SECT. 1. rerenmals. Cap- 
 a, the bract ; b, the calyx ; c, the corolla. 3, The sule two-celled. P. arenaria 
 same as 2 (the inner face). 4, Section of the two- ia nnmil nnrl r> 
 celled ovary; flower half of the capsule. 5, Mature 
 fruit. 6, The same opened ; a, the lower valve ; 
 
 1. I*, major, Linn. 
 " 
 
 . , a, e ower vave ; . , maor, nn. 
 
 b, the upper ; c, the two seeds; e, the remains of n rp nf pr Plnntain "F Ti 
 the persistent corolla. 7. Section of the seed. ,J?Q T n Sti T 
 
 T n i T 
 
 , L. L. 901. Leaves 
 
 erect or slightly spreading, on long petioles, ovate-oblong, 
 either entire or laxly-toothed, large, glabrous or downy, with five- 
 eleven prominent nerves. Flower-stalk radical, cylindrical, tapering, 
 rigid. Spikes very much elongated, flowers slightly distant at the 
 base. Bracts ovate, concave, blunt, membranous at the borders. Lobes 
 of the corolla ovate. Fruit a two-celled capsule, with four-six seeds 
 in each cell. Waysides, meadows, villages. Perennial. June. 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0550 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
PLANTAGINACE^E. PLANTAGO. 401 
 
 Sub-var. Stem more or less leafy. Spike with a few abortive 
 leaflets at the base. 
 
 Sub-var. Spike leafy. 
 
 These monstrosities rarely occur in chalky districts. 
 
 2. P. media,, Linn. Hoary Plantain. E. B. 1559, L. C. 902. 
 Leaves in a rosette, usually close to the ground, oblong or ovate, 
 pointed, on winged tapering petioles, downy or hairy, especially below, 
 with five-seven prominent nerves. Flower-stalks radical, usually 
 bent at the base, erect, round or slightly angular, striated or furrowed, 
 hairy. Flowers in oblong, cylindrical, short spikes. Bracts lanceolate, 
 keeled. Fruit two-celled, with one, rarely two seeds in each cell. 
 Waysides, grassy places, meadows, &c., in chalky or limestone 
 soils. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 14, C. 5.0. Lat. 50 57 (60). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 3. P. lanceolata, Linn. Rib Grass. E. B. 507. L. C. 903. 
 Leaves erect or spreading, lanceolate, attenuated below, with distant 
 teeth, three-five-rierved, hairy, rarely smooth. Flower-stalks radical, 
 angular, furrowed, downy or smooth. Spikes ovate or oblong, cylin- 
 drical, short, compact. Bracts keeled, triangular, with broad, scarious, 
 brown edges. Lobes of the corolla acutely pointed. Fruit capsular, 
 two-celled, with one seed in each cell. Meadows, pastures, and grassy 
 places. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 39. 
 Var. lanata. Leaves elliptical lanceolate, woolly. Kerbistu, 
 Orkneys. Mr. J. T. Syme. 
 
 Sometimes found with stem-leaves, and more than one spike. 
 
 4. P. iiiaritiiiia, Linn. Sea Plantain. E. B. 175, L.C. 904. 
 Leaves linear, tapering, grooved above, convex below, fleshy. Flower- 
 stalk round, tapering, downy. Spikes slender, cylindrical, sometimes 
 with two linear triangular short leaves at the base. Bracts ovate, 
 closely investing the fruit. Capsule winged, two-seeded. Shores of 
 the sea, and of tidal rivers. Not uncommon. On mountains, rare. 
 Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 P. arewana, Waldst. and Kit. (See Fig. 148.) Root annual; whole 
 plant, glandular. Stem erect, simple or branched, very leafy. Pe- 
 duncles axillary, opposite, much longer than the leaves. Spikes ovate, 
 compact, calyx divisions scarious, the outer pair lanceolate, the inner 
 broadly spathulate. Fruit two-celled, with a single seed in each. 
 Annual. July September. At Wandsworth, by the river be- 
 tween the steam-boat pier and Mr. Watney's distillery. In this 
 locality there are several other exotic plants of the genus Plantago, 
 among which P. lagopus is well established. This resembles P. lanceo- 
 lata more than any other British species. It may be known by the 
 hoary aspect of its leaves and by its short spike, which has some resem- 
 blance to the spike of Trifolium arvense. (Hare's-foot Trefoil.) It 
 is a native of France, Italy, Spain, &c. 
 
 SECT. II. Capsule three-four-celled. 
 
 5. I*. Coronopusj Linn. Buckthorn Plantain. E. B. 892, L. C. 
 
402 . DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 905. Leaves in a rosette, pinnatifid, rarely linear and entire ; lobes 
 distant, linear, entire or toothed, hairy, ciliated. Peduncles spreading* 
 or ascending, round, downy. Spikes cylindrical or oblong. Bracts 
 broad, ovate, acuminate, entire or toothed at the base. Capsule three- 
 four, one-seeded cells. Dry gravelly and sandy places. Annual (?). 
 . . . e \h June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52' 45'. 
 
 II. I^ittorella, Linn. Shore-weed. Leaves all radical, linear, 
 entire, fleshy. Male flowers generally solitary ; female sessile and 
 axillary. Calyx in the male flowers of four sepals. Corolla mono- 
 petalous, tubular, persistent, with a four-parted limb and ovate, acute, 
 somewhat spreading segments. Stamens four, on very long, flaccid 
 filaments, with, cordate anthers. Calyx of female flowers in four 
 sepals. Corolla tubular, in three-four, unequal, acute segments. Ovary 
 elliptic-oblong, with a very long style, and acute, simple stigma. 
 Fruit one-celled, one-seeded. Seed erect, ovate-oblong. 
 
 iu lacustrisj Linn. Common Shore-weed. E. B. 468, L. C. 
 905. Produced under water, and flowering only when the water is 
 dried up. Rhizomes filiform, horizontal, producing separate plants. 
 Root fibrous. Leaves fleshy, linear, pointed, channelled and enlarged 
 at the base. Filaments six-eight times longer than the calyx. Cap- 
 sule reticulate-punctate. Edges of gravelly ponds on heaths. Per- 
 ennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 3 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 44. 
 
 ORDER LIL- FJLUJIB V*I\ AC E2JE, Juss. THE LEAD- 
 WORT FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs or under shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or clustered. 
 Flowers panicled or capitate. Calyx tubular, plaited. Corolla five- 
 cleft, sometimes polypetalous. Stamens five, opposite to the lobes in 
 the monopetalous, and adhering to the petals in the polypetalous 
 species. Styles five, free or united. Ovary one-celled, with one in- 
 verted ovule. Fruit utricular, with a single pendulous seed. These 
 are distinguished from other monopetalous plants by their plaited 
 calyx and solitary ovule. They differ from Plantaginacece in having 
 panicled or capitate, not spicate flowers. They are chiefly found in 
 the salt marshes and by the sea-shores of temperate regions. Armeria 
 maritima (Sea-pink) grows both on the sea-shore and on the tops of 
 the highest mountains. One of the Plan tains, P. maritima, is found 
 in similar habitats. Their inorganic constituents are said to be 
 affected by the difference of habitat. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Armeria. Leaves linear; flowers in heads. 
 
 Statice. Leaves dilated ; flowers in unilateral branched spikes. 
 
 I. Armeria, Willd. Thrift. Leaves radical, linear. Flowers 
 
PLUMBAGINACEJE. ARMER1A. 
 
 403 
 
 in heads on radical peduncles, subtended by a common involucre. 
 Petals united at the base. Distinguished from Statice by the tufted 
 radical leaves, capitate flowers, and cylindrical scape (peduncle). 
 
 LA. maritima, Willd. 
 Statice maritima, Linn. 
 Common Thrift. E. B. 
 226, L. C. 895. Leaves all 
 radical, in dense tufts, 
 \inea,Y,one-nert)ed, smooth. 
 Stems several, erect, 
 round, hairy or downy. 
 Flowers terminal in dense 
 heads. Calyx-teeth much 
 shorter than the tube, 
 awned. Petals distinct 
 oblanceolate, tapering- in- 
 to long claws. j8. al- 
 pina. Leaves broader (?). 
 On the sea-shore and on 
 muddy banks of tidal 
 rivers. Var. &. in moun- 
 tainous and alpine places. 
 Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 
 50 61. Alt, 01200 
 yards. T. 52^35. 
 
 Note. There are se- ^ 
 
 ?. 149. Armeria maritima. 1, Entire plant ; 2, 
 single flower magnified ; 3, section of same, showing 
 the stamens and styles ; 4, ovary and styles ; ~ 
 
 ovai T ; 6, transverse section of the same, showing the 
 
 single Tule ' *" magnWed exoept >' 
 
 ^ 
 
 plant, VIZ., a. maritima, 
 B. SCOtica. y. wubescens. 
 
 S. Duriuscula, Chich are 
 
 species according to some authors. (See L. C., p. 9.) 
 
 The following attempt to establish three or more species on the 
 ruins of one is from the " Bot. Gaz.," vol. i., p. 205: 
 
 Armeria, Willd. Calyx-tube hairy all over, both on the ribs and 
 in the intervals. 
 
 SECT. H.Plagiobasts. 1. Holotrichce, Boiss. 
 
 A. maritima. (See character as above.) 
 
 A. pubigera, Boiss, may be distinguished from A. maritima oy the 
 short pedicels (half the length of calyx- tube) ; in the former species the 
 pedicel is equal to the calyx- tube. 
 
 Pleurotrichce. Calyx-hairy only on the ribs. (Statice, Armeria, E. B. 226.) 
 
 A. pubescens, Link. Leaves linear, flat. 
 
 A. duriuscula. Leaves linear, subtriquetrous, hairy, &c. &c. 
 
 2. A. plantaginea* Willd. Plantain-leaved Thrift. E. B. 2928, 
 L. C. 896. Stem rigid, slightly tubercular. Leaves radical, linear- 
 lanceolate, three-Jive-nerved. Outer bracts of head dilated at the base, 
 
404 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 tapering, pointed, intermediate ones round, with a short point. Calyx 
 awned. Corolla longer than the avvned calyx, of a bright pink 
 colour. Jersey. Perennial. June, July. 
 Sarnian (a plant of the Channel Islands). 
 
 II. Statice, Tourn. Sea Lavender. Stems rigid, erect, 
 branched at the top. Leaves radical, in a rosette. Calyx monosepa- 
 lous (gamosepalous), funnel-shaped at the base, with a plaited five- 
 toothed margin (limb). Corolla consisting of five petals, which are 
 united at the base. Fruit cylindrical-oblong, one-celled, one-seeded, 
 covered by the permanent calyx. Seed penaulous. 
 
 1.8. Idmonium, Linn. SeaLavender. E.B. 102.L.C.897. Stem 
 stout, rigid, striated, smooth, leafless, branching above, with pointed, 
 scarious, sheathing scales. Leaves radical, or on the base of the barren 
 shoots, elliptic-oblong, stalked, leathery, with prominent midrib, and 
 with minute scale-like papillae on both sides. Branches angular or 
 furrowed, much divided ; secondary branches unilateral. Bracts with 
 scarious margins ; inner ones obtuse, toothed at the top. Lobes of the 
 calyx triangular toothed, often with intermediate teeth between them. 
 Petals narrowing below into concave claws. Salt marshes. Peren- 
 nial. July, August. 
 
 A. 13, C. 30. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0. T. 52 48. 
 
 2. 8. rariflora, Drej. 8. bahusiensis, Fr. Few-flowered Sea 
 Lavender. E.B. 2917, L. C. 898. Stem erect, branching, tubercu- 
 lar or slightly downy ; branches erect, the ultimate ones bearing 
 numerous sessile, unilateral, distant, solitary flowers. Leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, tapering into long leaf-stalks, with a rather long subulate 
 point ; outer bracts broad, abruptly pointed ; inner bracts obtuse, 
 scarious, and pinkish at the edges. Segments of the calyx short, 
 acute. Flowers sometimes in pairs, on short pedicels. Spikelets one- 
 three-flowered, unilateral, loosely arranged, in erect or incurved 
 spikes. Muddy sea-shores. Kent, Hants. Perennial. July, 
 August. 
 
 A. 6, C. 10. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0. T. 51 48. 
 
 3. 8. spat Em la ta , Desf. S. binervosa. Spathulate-leaved Sea 
 Lavender. E. B. 2663, L. C. 899. Stems in tufts, wiry, branched 
 almost from the base, erect, tubercled, with unilateral, simple, or com- 
 pound branches, subtended by a scale-like leaflet. Flowers on the 
 upper parts of the branches or branchlets sessile, compact, in two rows, 
 unilateral. Leaves in dense rosettes, spathulate, tapering into mem- 
 branous, winged, rather broad foot-stalks, with a very short point 
 (mucro). Bracts light brown, with broad scarious margins. Seg- 
 ments of the calyx blunt. Spikelets two-four-flowered. Calyx- 
 border deep, membranous. Petals emarginate (notched). Kocky 
 shores. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 10, C. 20. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0. T. 52 48'. 
 
 S. occidentalism Lloyd. Spikes slender, linear, suberect. 
 
 4. 8. reticulata, Linn. Matted Sea Lavender. E. B. 328, 
 L. C. 900. S. caspica. Root woody. Stem much branched. Leaves 
 
r 
 
 PLUMBAGINACE^E. STATICK. PKIMULACEJE. 
 
 405 
 
 small, spathulate, stalked, branches zigzag, interlacing or entangled, 
 with a bract at the base of each, the lower branches are barren and 
 often reflexed. (Sm.) Flowers in one-sided, terminal, dense spikes. 
 Calyx-segments acute. On muddy sea-shores on the east coast. Per- 
 ennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 52 53. Alt. 0. T. 49. 
 
 ORDER LIII. 
 FAMILY. 
 
 -PRIMUS AC EJE, Vent. THE PRIMROSE 
 
 
 Herbaceous plants, with opposite, rarely alternate, leaves. Flowers 
 regular, solitary, axil- 
 lary or aggregate, in 
 clusters, or in terminal 
 umbels, or panicles. Ca- 
 lyx five, rarely four-seven 
 united sepals. Corolla 
 gamopetalous, with five, 
 rarely four-seven, entire 
 or notched lobes. Sta- 
 mens inserted in the tube 
 of the corolla, as many 
 as, and opposite to, the 
 lobes of the corolla. Fila- 
 ments free or united be- 
 low. Ovary free, rarely 
 adherent to the calyx 
 (Samolus}, one-celled, 
 with many ovules, on a 
 central placenta. Style 
 simple. Stigma entire. 
 Fruit capsular, round, 
 one-celled, many-seeded, 
 opening at the apex or 
 longitudinally by valves, Fig. 150. 1, Primula veris; 2, single flower ; 3, section 
 which are equal in num- of the same, showing the stamens, ovary, and style; 
 
 her to the divisions of the *' 8ection f vary ' 8howing the vules ' 5 ' Stigma< 
 calyx, sometimes opening by a lid. Seeds in depressions of the 
 placenta. Albumen fleshy or horny. Embryo parallel to and dis- 
 tant from the hilum. 
 
 TRIBE I. Capsule opening longitudinally by several valves. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Primula. Leaves simple. Calyx bell-shaped or tubular. 
 Hottonia. Leaves pinnate. Fruit capsular, scarcely opening. 
 Cyclamen. Segments of the corolla reflexed. Capsule opening by five 
 teeth. 
 
 Lysimachia. Leaves entire. Capsule opening completely. 
 Trientalis. Calyx and corolla seven-parted, Stamens seven. 
 
406 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Glaux. Calyx coloured, corolla absent. Capsule opening by five valves. 
 Samolus. Capsule united with the tube of the calyx. 
 
 TRIBE II. Capsules opening circularly by a lid. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Anagallis. Calyx five-parted. 
 Cenluncuhis. Calyx four-parted. 
 
 1. Primula, Linn. Primrose, Cowslip, Oxlip. Perennial 
 plants with thick truncate roots. Leaves all radical in a rosette. 
 Flowers yellow or pink, in simple umbels, or solitary on radical 
 peduncles. Calyx campanulate or tubular, often angular or inflated 
 with a five-toothed or five-cleft limb. Corolla funnel-shaped, rarely 
 salver-shaped ; tube dilated where the stamens are inserted ; limb 
 five-parted, with obtuse notched or cleft lobes. Stamens five, included, 
 inserted on the upper part of the tube. Valves of the capsule entire 
 or cleft. Seeds angular, shagreened. All the species of this genus 
 are of special interest to the florist, and all of them are cultivated, 
 some in the shrubbery, some in the garden, and some in the conser- 
 vatory. They are readily known from the other plants of this order 
 by their radical leaves being in a rosette, by their jround, tapering, 
 umbel-bearing scapes and handsome flowers of almost all colours, 
 except blue. 
 
 1 P. veris, Linn. Cowslip. E.B. 5, L. C. 880. Leaves ovate 
 or oblong, abruptly contracted at the base into a winged petiole, un- 
 equally toothed, or with lax crenulations, undulate, pubescent beneath. 
 Stalks (radical peduncles) usually longer than the leaves. Pedicels 
 unequal, usually short, flowers often drooping to one side. Calyx 
 somewhat inflated, with short, triangular, bluntish teeth. Corolla pale 
 yellow, with a concave limb ; lobes with a deep yellow spot at the 
 base. Meadows and woods. Perennial. April, May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 51 42. 
 
 2. P. elation Jacq. Oxlip. E.B. 513 (?), L. C. 879. Flower- 
 stalks erect, stout, tapering, hairy. Leaves ovate, blunt, slightly 
 tapering below into winged leaf-stalks, serrated with minute, spreading 
 teeth. Umbel many-flowered, drooping. Calyx with triangular acu- 
 minate segments. Corolla with a longer tube and a paler, less concave 
 limb than the corolla of P. veris ; the base of the lobes is marked with 
 deep yellow spots, forming a circle round the throat. In woods. 
 Bardfield, Essex. Mr. H. Doubleday. Perennial. April, May. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 51 53. Alt. ? T. 49 48. 
 
 3. P, vulgarise Huds. P. acaulis, Jacq. Common Primrose. 
 E. B. 4, L. C. 878. Leaves oblong or obovate, tapering into winged 
 petioles, unequally toothed or laxly crenulate, wrinkled and reticu- 
 late, nearly glabrous on the upper face, pubescent on the under side. 
 Peduncles abortive, rarely present, and when so the plant is caulescent. 
 A Var. caulescens. Peduncles slender, about as long as the leaves, hairy. 
 Calyx acute-angled, pubescent, with lanceolate acuminate teeth. Corolla 
 
PRIMULACEJE. PRIMULA. HOTTONIA. 407 
 
 pale yellow, with a large and nearly flat limb ; lobes notched, with 
 a deep yellow spot at the base. Woods and hedges. Perennial. 
 March May. Var. caulescens is sometimes mistaken for P. ela- 
 tior, which is a very distinct plant. 
 
 4. P. farinosa., Linn. Bird's-eye Primrose. E. B. 6, L. C. 881. 
 Stalk erect, round, downy, of variable length. Leaves spathulate or 
 Diversely lanceolate, laxly toothed, hoary below, pale green above. 
 Flowers umbellate, pink or white. Calyx teeth very short, blunt. 
 Segments of the corolla obcordate, elongated, deeply notched, lobes 
 rounded, flat. Fruit obovate. Boggy places, in the West Riding of 
 Yorkshire. Not uncommon Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 8. Lat. 54 56. Alt. 50300 yards. IV 47 45. 
 
 5. P. scotica, Hook. Scottish Bird's-eye Primrose. E. B. 
 2608, L. C. 882. Stems erect, four-eight inches high. Leaves ob- 
 ovate-lanceolate (oblong, tapering towards the base), toothed. Flowers 
 two-three. Calyx swollen, with short, ovate, blunt segments. Corolla 
 flat, with obcordate segments, bluish purple, with a yellow centre. 
 Ovary roundish. Every part of the plant mealy. Sandy heaths in 
 the north of Scotland, Perennial. July. 
 
 The chief difference between this and the preceding is in size. P. 
 farinosa is about twice as large as P. scotica. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 58 60. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 46 44. 
 
 II. Hottoiila, Linn. Aquatic perennial plants, with submersed 
 pinnate-pectinate (like a comb) leaves, with round stems above the 
 water. Flowers pale rose-colour, or white, with a tinge of red, 
 arranged in distant verticils (whorls). Calyx five-parted, segments 
 linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a five-parted limb. Ovary glo- 
 bular, pointed, with a short style and globose stigma. Capsule 
 nearly indehiscent (not opening) or opening by five valves from 
 the summit to the base, with numerous seeds, on a large, globu- 
 lar, central placenta. Radicle directed towards the hilum. The 
 aquatic habitat, the multifid leaves with setaceous segments, the 
 round stems rising above the water, and the whorls of ele- 
 gant rose-coloured flowers will be sufficient to distinguish this 
 genus. 
 
 1. H. palnstris. Linn. Common Water Violet or Water Mil- 
 foil. E. B. 364, L. C. 885. Lower or submersed part of the stem 
 oblique or horizontal, leafy, the aerial or upper part erect, leafless, 
 round, tapering, naked, eight-twelve inches high. Leaves disposed in 
 contiguous whorls, pinnate-pectinate, with linear (almost setaceous) 
 pointed segments. Flowers in five-seven distant whorls, with four- 
 seven flowers in each whorl. Pedicels glandular, spreading, deflexed 
 after flowering. Divisions of the calyx linear, about as long as the 
 tube of the corolla. In luxuriant forms, some flowers (one or two 
 in a whorl) have the corolla in six divisions, but in this case the calyx 
 is six-parted. In ponds and ditches. Perennial. May, June. This 
 elegant plant is now almost extinct near London. It has probably 
 disappeared in Letchmere, Wandsworth Hill. The sewage from the 
 
408 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 greatly-increased population has poisoned the water, and nearly all 
 the plants have perished. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 47 (?). 
 
 Note. The temperature is not given in " Cybele." (See vol. 
 ii., p. 296.) 
 
 III. Cyclamen, Linn. Sow-bread. Herbaceous, smooth, 
 stemless, perennial plants, with fleshy, intensely bitter roots and 
 variegated, simple leaves. Calyx angular, cleft into five ovate 
 segments. Corolla rotate, with five lanceolate, oblique, reflexed 
 segments, throat prominent, naked. Filaments very short, style 
 straight. Capsule globular, opening with five teeth. Seeds nume- 
 rous. This genus is readily distinguished by the stock-root, the 
 handsome leaves, solitary pedunculate flowers, with reflexed segments. 
 Although there is scarcely a doubt about the exotic origin of the sole, 
 barely reputed, British species, yet it has obtained a place in all recent 
 works on our indigenous flora. 
 
 C. hedersefolium, Willd. Ivy-leaved Sow-bread. E. B. 548, 
 L. C. 883. Hoot globular. Leaves cordate-angular, finely-toothed, 
 beautifully variegated with dark and glaucous green, on round, glan- 
 dular footstalks. Peduncles round, tapering, taller than the leaves. 
 Flowers drooping. Corolla pink or white, twisted before flowering, 
 with two prominent cartilaginous teeth at the base of each segment. 
 After flowering, the peduncle coils up and buries the fruit. Woods. 
 Sandhurst, near Cranbrook, Kent. Perennial. August October. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 51 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49*. 
 
 IV. Jjysimachia, Linn. Loosestrife. Herbaceous, perennial 
 plants, with creeping shoots, and simple, undivided, entire leaves, which 
 are usually opposite or whorled. Flowers yellow, terminal and aggre- 
 gate or axillary, and in this case usually solitary. Calyx five-cleft or 
 five-parted, with acute, spreading segments. Corolla rotate, not 
 tubular ; limb widely expanded, in five deep segments. Stamens 
 five, insertion opposite and basal, with oblong anthers notched at 
 each end. Ovary roundish, with a thread-shaped style and obtuse 
 stigma. Fruit capsular, globular, pointed, one-celled, ten-valved. 
 Seeds numerous, covering a large central, rounded, pitted placenta. 
 The habit of the plants in this genus is as variable as their habitats. 
 The British species agree in having yellow flowers. 
 
 SECT. I. Filaments united at the base. Capsule five-valved. 
 
 1. Is. vulgaris, Linn. Yellow Loosestrife. E. B. 761, L. C. 886. 
 Stems stout, erect, branching, furrowed, downy, leafy, about a yard 
 high. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, downy, opposite, or some- 
 times nearly whorled, rarely alternate. Flowers in compound or sim- 
 ple terminal panicles. Divisions of the calyx lanceolate-pointed, 
 with a membranous red margin. Corolla large, yellow, handsome. 
 Stamens united below (at the base). Sides of rivers, and watery, 
 shady places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 60 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
PRIMULACE.E. LYSIMACHIA. TRIENTAL1S. 40 C J 
 
 2. I,, thyrsillora, Linn. Tufted Loosestrife. E. B. 176, 
 L. C. 887. Hoot creeping. Stem erect, round, tapering, quite sim- 
 ple, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, elongate, quite entire, numerous, oppo- 
 site, sessile. Flowers small, yellow, in dense, axillary clusters, brac- 
 teate, on short horizontal pedicels; clusters peduncled, and situated 
 on the mid-part of the stem, not terminal. Corolla deeply divided, 
 segments (petals) spotted with red dots, and often with minute teeth 
 between the segments. Marshy places ; north of England and Scot- 
 land. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 6, C. 9. Lat. 51 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
 3. I<. Wummiilaria, Linn. Moneywort. E. B. 528, L.C. 888. 
 Stems numerous, prostrate, rooting, slender, simple, or only slightly 
 branched. Leaves roundish-ovate or almost round, on short petioles, 
 glabrous, opposite. Flowers axillary, solitary, opposite, turned to one 
 side on pedicels which are as long as the leaves. Divisions of the 
 calyx ovate, pointed, cordate at the base. Corolla deeply parted, with 
 obovate divisions. Stamens united only at the base. Wet banks ; 
 under hedges. Perennial. July. The peripatetic florists of the metro- 
 polis call this plant Creeping Jenny. It is one of the popular window- 
 flowers of London. 
 
 A. 13, C. 50. Lat. 50 56 (57 C ). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 SECT. II. Stamens free. Capsule frvro-valved, each valve subsequently 
 separating into two or three pieces. 
 
 4. I*, nemorum* Linn. Wood Loosestrife. E. B. 527, L. C. 889. 
 Stems four-six inches long, quadrangular, reclining and rooting at 
 the base, erect at the apex, slender, simple, or slightly branched, 
 glabrous, leafy. Leaves on short foot-stalks, opposite, ovate-pointed, 
 glabrous. Flowers axillary, solitary, on filiform or capillary pedicels, 
 which are longer than the leaves. Divisions of the calyx linear-subu- 
 late. Corolla bright yellow, very ornamental. In moist woods and 
 hedges. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 51 38. 
 
 L.ciliata, Linn. Stem erect, three feet high (?). Leaves lanceo- 
 late, sub-cordate, with ciliated stalks. Flowers in clusters, on axillary 
 peduncles. Stamens ten, five barren. Near Serbergham, Cumber- 
 land. Mr. William Backhouse. (Compare " Phytologist," vol. ii., 
 p. 431, and " Cybele," vol. ii., pp. 298-9.) 
 
 V. Trientalis, Lifm. Chickweed Winter Green. Stem simple 
 leafy at the top. Flowers white, axillary, pedunculate. Calyx seven- 
 parted or of seven pieces. Corolla rotate, in seven deep-spreading 
 segments, very slightly connected at their base. Stamens seven, 
 inserted on the base of the segments, and opposite to them, with ter- 
 minal, oblong anthers. Ovary globose, with a style as long as the 
 stamens, rather swelling upwards. Stigma obtuse. Capsule one- 
 celled, seven-valved, with few seeds on a central globose placenta. 
 The simple leafy stem, and especially the septenary division of the 
 organs of fructification, will identify this genus. 
 
 E E 
 
410 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 T. europaea, Linn. European Chickweed Winter Green. 
 E. B. 15, L. C. 884. Root somewhat creeping. Stem solitary, simple, 
 erect, round, with a few scattered, small, ovate leaves, which mostly 
 fall off before flowering. Leaves (the permanent ones) obovate, with 
 abrupt bluntish tips, or obovate-oblong, crowded, nearly sessile, quite 
 entire, smooth, with prominent nerves bearing a single pedicel in the 
 axis of the lower one. Flowers solitary, on long slender stalks, 
 white, sevon-nine cleft, sometimes five-six cleft. Seeds black, with 
 white reticulated coatings. Woods and moors in the north of England 
 and Scotland. Perennial. May June. 
 
 A. 8, C. 20. Lat. 53 61. Alt. 50950 yards. T. 46 37. 
 
 VI. Glaux, Linn. Sea-Milkwort. Prostrate herbs, with leafy 
 round stems, and solitary axillary flowers. Perianth single, coloured, 
 campanulate, with five deep, spreading, recurved segments. Stamens 
 five, alternate with the segments. Filaments awl-shaped, erect, with 
 roundish anthers. Ovary ovate, with a cylindrical style and capitate 
 stigma. Fruit capsular, one-celled, five-valved, seeds few, attached 
 to a large pitted, central placenta. This last character is almost the 
 only one which the genus has in common with Primulacece. It 
 is known by its short leafy stems, small leaves, axillary flowers, 
 single perianth, and maritime habitat. 
 
 Gr. maritima, Linn. Sea-Milkwort, or Glasswort. E. B. 13, 
 L. C. 894. Stem more or less procumbent, winged, with numerous 
 branches. Leaves small, ovate, opposite, sessile, more or less fleshy. 
 Flowers axillary, sessile, or nearly so, solitary. Perianth single, with 
 obtuse, pinkish segments. Salt marshes and sea-shores, and the banks 
 of tidal rivers. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. ? T. 52 45. 
 
 VII. Samolus, Linn. Brookweed. Stem erect. Leaves alter- 
 nate, undivided, tapering at the base. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, 
 bracteated. Calyx adhering to the lower half of the ovary, with a 
 five-cleft limb, and deep triangular segments. Corolla funnel-shaped, 
 with a wide tube and a spreading limb, and five scales at its mouth. 
 Stamens five, on short filaments, inserted into the middle of the tube. 
 Anthers roundish, two-lobed, sheltered by the scales. Ovary half 
 inferior, nearly globular, with an erect short style, and capitate 
 stigma. Fruit capsular, round, five-valved, many-seeded. This may 
 be distinguished from the other British primulaceous genera by the 
 upright, leafy, somewhat succulent stalk, smooth, entire, small leaves, 
 small white flowers in clusters, half inferior ovary, and marshy 
 habitat. 
 
 8. Valerandi, Linn. Brookweed. E. B. 703, L. C. 893. Root 
 short, truncate, with many fibres. Stems erect, solitary or several, 
 leafy. Leaves glabrous, oblong or obovate ; root-leaves in a rosette, 
 tapering into petioles; stem-leaves alternate, on short stalks. Pe- 
 duncles bracteate. Flowers white, small, in clusters, elongated when 
 ripe. Divisions of the calyx ovate-triangular. Corolla with a spread- 
 
PR1MULACEJE. SAMOLUS. ANAGALLIS. 411 
 
 ing limb. In boggy places by the sides of ditches. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 TRIBE II. Capsule opening circularly by a lid. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Anagallis. Calyx five-parted. Corolla with a very short or no tube, 
 with a rotate limb. 
 
 Centunculus. Calyx four-parted. Corolla with a roundish tube. 
 
 VIII. Anagallis, Linn. Pimpernel. Herbaceous or slightly 
 shrubby, annual or perennial plants. Leaves usually opposite, often 
 dotted. Flowers axillary, pedunculate, solitary. Calyx five-parted, 
 -with acute, keeled segments. Corolla rotate, with a nearly flat, five- 
 parted limb, and no tube ; segments narrowing at the base. Stamens 
 five, inserted on a short, slightly elevated ring under the lobes of the 
 corolla, furnished more or less with glandular hairs. Anthers cordate. 
 Ovary round, with a thread-like style, and capitate or sometimes 
 simple stigma. Capsule round, one-celled, pyxid (opening by a lid). 
 Seeds many, covering a large, central, round, pitted placenta. The 
 British species of this genus are distinguished by their decumbent or 
 creeping habit, by their solitary, axillary flowers, and by their thin, 
 pellucid, round capsules, which split horizontally into two hemi- 
 spherical valves. 
 
 1. A. arvensisj Linn. Poor Man's Weather-glass. E. B. 528, 
 L. C. 890. Roots annual, branched and fibrous. Stems prostrate or 
 ascending, diffuse, branched, four-angled, and slightly winged. 
 Leaves sessile, opposite, ovate or oblong, with black small dots on 
 their under surface. Pedicels longer than the leaves, reflexed when 
 in fruit. Divisions of the calyx (sepals) lanceolate, acuminate, with 
 membranous borders, spreading when in flower, erect when in fruit (?). 
 Corolla red, rotate, with rounded ovate or oblong, slightly crenulate 
 lobes, rather longer than the calyx. Filaments hairy, and united at 
 the base. Plentiful between Brompton and Kensington, where no 
 example of A. c&rulea was noticed. Fields. Annual. June 
 October. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 A. ccerulea. Blue Pimpernel. E. B. 1823, L. C. 890 b. Stem 
 angular, more or less winged. Leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, pointed. 
 Pedicels twice as long as the leaves. Sepals lanceolate, pointed, 
 with scarious margins. Petals (segments of the corolla) oblong or 
 obovate, truncate or rounded, and notched at the apex, with a reddish 
 purple base. Stamens purple and hairy. Anthers bright yellow. 
 This variety has occurred now for several years (six) at Wandsworth, 
 near the steamboat-pier. A single example of the red variety lias 
 not been observed during these years in this locality, where the Blue 
 Pimpernel has been observed in abundance. Is this variety ever found 
 with the variety A. arvensis (phcenicia) $ 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
412 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Note. The upper leaves are sometimes narrower and more acumi- 
 nate, the sepals longer and more tapering, and the peduncles longer 
 than in A. arvensis. The seeds in both are finely shagreened or 
 tubercled. 
 
 2. A. tenclla, Linn. Bog Pimpernel. E. B. 530, L. C. 891. 
 Stems numerous, prostrate, creeping, round, leafy, slender, about three 
 or four inches long. Leaves roundish, broadly pointed, on short 
 stalks, opposite. Flowers solitary and axillary, on filiform pedicels, 
 which are reflexed after flowering. Divisions of the calyx elongate 
 lanceolate. Petals linear lanceolate, connected at the base, twice as 
 long as the sepals (divisions of the calyx), purplish or pink, beautifully 
 marked with stripes of a reddish colour. Filaments densely clothed 
 with long hairs, united below. In boggy places. Perennial. June 
 August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Note. The habit and general appearance .of this species differ 
 greatly from the other species of the genus. 
 
 IX. Gentimculus, Linn. Chaff-weed. Minute herbs, with 
 alternate, smooth, very diminutive leaves, and axillary, solitary, sessile 
 flowers. Calyx tubular, four-parted ; segments acute, spreading. 
 Corolla with an inflated tube, four-cleft limb, and oval, flat segments. 
 Stamens four, inserted into the mouth of the tube, with short fila- 
 ments and roundish anthers. Ovary globose, in the tube of the 
 corolla. Style erect, persistent, with a simple stigma. Fruit capsu- 
 lar, one-celled, bursting all round (a pyxidium). Seeds numerous, 
 minute, covering the central, globose, pitted placenta. Known by its 
 diminutive size, minute flowers, and globular capsule, opening by a 
 lid ; also by its marshy habitat. 
 
 C. minimus j Linn. Chaff-weed. E. B. 531, L. C. 892. Stems 
 solitary or several, slender, erect, or ascending, a few inches high. 
 Leaves ovate-pointed, sessile, or on very short petioles. Flowers very 
 small, sessile or nearly so. Divisions of the calyx linear-lanceolate. 
 Sandy moist commons. Annual. June August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47 
 
 ORDER LIV. I^EUTIBUIjACE^E, Rich. THE BUTTER- 
 WORT FAMILY. 
 
 Aquatic, herbaceous, perennial plants. Leaves all radical, the 
 aerial ones entire, fleshy, in a rosette ; the submersed much divided 
 with filiform segments. Flowers solitary or in several-flowered clus- 
 ters on radical peduncles, perfect, irregular. Calyx five-cleft, per- 
 sistent, divisions nearly equal or two-lipped. Corolla irregular two- 
 lipped ; upper lip two-lobed or entire, lower lip larger, three-lobed or 
 entire, with a spur and a more or less prominent palate. Stamens 
 two, inserted at the base of the corolla, between the ovary and the 
 spur. Ovary one-celled, with many ovules, on a free round placenta. 
 
LENTIBULACE^E. PINGUICULA. 413 
 
 Style short, two-lobed, the inner sides bearing the stigmas. Fruit 
 capsular, one-celled, many-seeded, two-valved, either indehiscent or 
 opening all round (circularly) above the base. Seeds numerous, small, 
 without albumen. Radicle towards the hilum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Pinguicula. Leaves aerial (above ground), entire in a rosette. 
 Utricularia. Leaves submersed, divided, with filiform or capillary 
 segments. 
 
 I. Pinguicula, Tournf. Butterwort. Calyx minute, five- 
 cleft j the three upper divisions ascending, the two lower shorter and 
 spreading. Corolla two-lipped, throat open, with a slightly-bearded 
 palate, with a short tube, and with a spur below ; upper lip shorter 
 than the lower, notched or cleft ; lower lip three-lobed, the middle 
 lobe the largest. Stamens two, with flattened filaments, and one- 
 celled anthers, opening transversely. Capsule ovate, pointed, one- 
 celled, two-valved. Seeds numerous, small, nearly cylindrical. The 
 radical leaves, flower-scapes, irregular spurred flowers, and two 
 stamens distinguish this genus. 
 
 1. I*, vulgaris, Linn. Common Butterwort. E. B. 70, L. C. 
 872. Root very short, with many fibres. Leaves ovate-oblong, 
 tapering towards the base; thick and glutinous, bearing minute, 
 papillae, in a rosette, close to the ground; margins strongly inflexed. 
 Flower-stalks solitary or several, erect, glabrous, with one drooping 
 flower. Divisions of the calyx lanceolate glandular, lobes of the lower 
 lip truncate and spreading.' Corolla reddish blue ; lobes very unequal, 
 rounded, entire, distant ; spur nearly straight (lower lip with a bearded 
 throat, deeply-three-cleft, the lateral segments spreading and oblong, 
 the central one ovate) . Fruit erect. Bogs and moist heaths. Per- 
 ennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61, Alt. 0950 yards. T. 49 37. 
 
 2. P. grandifloraj Lam. Large-flowered Butterwort. E. B. 
 2184, L. C. 871. Stalks six-nine inches high, stouter and more 
 clammy than in the foregoing. Leaves more veiny and yellower than 
 in P. vulgar is. Calyx-segments ovate, blunt. Corolla nearly regular 
 five-cleft, nearly twice as large as the last, and finely reticulated with 
 deep blue veins. (Sm.) Hibernian. Bogs in the west and south of 
 Ireland. Perennial. May. 
 
 3. JP. alpina; Linn. Alpine Butterwort. E, B. 2747, L. C. 873. 
 Stem (scape) erect, flexuous, slender, smooth, single-flowered. Leaves 
 all radical, oblong, pale-green, entire in a rosette. Flowers solitary, 
 terminal, yellowish, small; spur very short, blunt, and curved up- 
 wards ; limb of the corolla unequal. Fruit acuminate. Ross-shire. 
 Mr. W. A. Stables. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 57 58 (60). Alt, 050 yards. T. 47 46. 
 
 4. P. lusitanica, Linn. Pale Butterwort. E. B. 145, L. C. 
 877. Root fleshy. Stem three-four inches high, clothed with viscid 
 hairs. Leaves pale-green, with red veins (nerves ?). Corolla pale 
 
414 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 lilac, with a yellow throat. West and south of England, Scotland 
 and Ireland. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 7, C. 20. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 2 46. 
 
 II. Utricularia, Linn. Bladderwort. Hooded Milfoil. 
 
 Aquatics, the British species floating by means of air-bladders. 
 
 Australia abounds in species which are fixed. Leaves finely divided. 
 
 Flowers clustered, Calyx 
 consisting of two small 
 sepals. Corolla ringent, 
 spurred ; upper lip obtuse, 
 erect, lower lip larger, 
 with a prominent cordate 
 palate. Stamens two, 
 short, with small cohering 
 anthers. Ovary globose. 
 Style slender, with a two- 
 lipped stigma. Capsule 
 globose, one-celled, with 
 numerous seeds on a large 
 globular, central placenta. 
 The British species of 
 these plants are distin- 
 uished by their floating 
 6 
 
 habit, by their finely di- 
 vided leaves, furnished 
 with air vesicles (little 
 bladders), which serve to 
 float them, by their clus- 
 ters of yellow flowers, 
 rising on a central stalk 
 above the water. 
 
 1. U. vnlgaris, Linn. Water Milfoil. E. B. 253, L. C. 875. 
 Leaves spreading, with numerous vesicles, pinnate. Segments much 
 divided, ultimate segments loosely and finely toothed. Flower-stalk 
 erect, usually with a few distant scales, three-ten-flowered. Bracts 
 ovate, shorter than the pedicels. Sepals ovate. Throat of the corolla 
 prominent, with orange streaks; margin of the lower lip rejlexed. 
 Spur conical^ about half the length of the corolla. Anthers slightly 
 coherent. Stigma fringed. Fruit spreading. In ditches and other 
 watery places. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 51 42*. 
 
 2. U. intermedia, Hayne. E. B. 2489, L. C. 876. Stems two- 
 three-flowered. Leaves repeatedly forked, linear, withjtf^ segments 
 and detached bladders. Flowers yellow, smaller than in the pre- 
 ceding ; upper lip streaked with red. Ditches, Ireland and Scot- 
 land. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 6, C. 10. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 3. U. minor, Linn. Smaller Bladderwort. E. B. 254, L. C. 
 
 Fig. 151. Utricularia minor (?). 1, Portion of en- 
 tire plant ; 2, flower magnified ; 3, ovary and bila- 
 biate stigma ; 4, section of same, showing the 
 ovules ; 5, section of seed, showing the embryo 
 6, embryo. 
 
LENTIBULACE^;. VERBENACE.E. VERBENA. 
 
 415 
 
 877. Flower-stalks erect, leafless, Leafy shoots horizontal. Leaves 
 sessile, compound, with filiform, short segments, and small bladders 
 attached ; both leaves and horizontal shoots under water. Flowers 
 small. Sepals roundish. Corolla with a very short blunt spur. 
 Ditches and pits in peat bogs. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 50. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 46. 
 
 ORDER LV. VERBEHTACE^E, Jiiss. THE VERVAIN 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or sometimes herbaceous plants, with exstipulate, 
 generally opposite, leaves. Flowers in corymbs or alternate spikes. 
 Calyx tubular. Corolla tubular, deciduous, usually with an irregular 
 limb. Stamens four, didynamous, occasionally two. Ovary two- or 
 four-celled, with solitary or twin ovules in each cell. Fruit nuca- 
 mentous (like a nut), or baccate, with two or four adhesive nucules. 
 The concrete carpels distinguish this from the following order. Several 
 species are objects of floriculture. Though there be but one species 
 and not very many individuals in England, they are numerous, and 
 widely dispersed over Europe, Asia, South America, South Africa, 
 and Australia. 
 
 Fig. 152. Verbena officinalis. a, Spike of flowers reduced ; b, a single flower ; c, a 
 section of same; d, pistil and ovary cut longitudinally; e, fruit covered by the 
 calyx ; /, fruit detached from the calyx ; g, a carpel detached j h, section of seed. 
 All magnified except a. 
 
 Verbena, Linn. Vervain. Herbs, rarely shrubs. Leaves 
 opposite, or whorl ed, simple, variable. Flowers spiked or racemose. 
 Calyx angular, with five teeth. Corolla tubular, with a five-lobed 
 limb, and rather unequal segments. Stamens four, rarely two, within 
 the tube, with incumbent, two-lobed anthers. Ovary four-angled, 
 with a slender style, and obtuse stigma. Carpels two or four, en- 
 closed in a thin evanescent pericarp. This genus has the external 
 
416 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 appearance of a labiate plant, but differs in having spiked flowers and 
 united ovaries. 
 
 V. offlcinalis, Linn. Common Vervain. E. B. 767, L. C. 798. 
 Stems few or solitary, erect or ascending, rigid, branching, hairy or 
 rough at the angles, often glandular above. Leaves oblong or obovate, 
 narrowed into petioles deeply incised or pinnatifid, with toothed or 
 crenate lobes, rough with appressed hairs. Flowers small, lilac-blue, 
 solitary, in the axis of very short bracts, arranged in a lax, slender 
 spike Waysides; grassy places near houses. Perennial (?). July. 
 
 A' 11 C 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 ORDER LVL 
 
 Juss. THE LABIATE FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, rarely half shrubby plants, usually yielding more or 
 less essential aromatic oil. Stems four-angled, with opposite branches . 
 Leaves opposite, entire, toothed or incised, rarely divided. Flowers 
 
 Fig. 153. Melittis Melissophyllum. 1, The flower entire ; 2, carpels andhypogynous 
 disk ; 3, section of the carpels and disk j 4, ripe carpels ; 5, section of seed. 2, 3, 5, 
 magnified. 
 
 in axillary, opposite clusters, mostly sessile, or on very short stalks, 
 apparently whorled and sometimes contiguous and spiked ; rarely 
 solitary, or in pairs. Calyx gamosepalous, persistent, regular, or 
 almost so, in five divisions, rarely four, combined in a tube, or two- 
 lipped, the upper lip of three pieces, entire, notched or cleft, the 
 lower of two, the divisions are entirely connected, or more or less 
 free. Corolla gamopetalous, caducous, rarely withering, composed of 
 five pieces, the upper lip (helmet) of two, and the lower of three, 
 both variously notched or cleft, sometimes apparently one4ipped, in 
 consequence of the shortness or the deep cleft of the upper lip. Sta- 
 
LABIAT^E. MENTHOIDE^E. MENTHA. 417 
 
 mens four, inserted in the tube of the corolla, in pairs, either equal or 
 unequal, rarely two by abortion. Ovary composed of four carpels, 
 with a single ovule in each. Styles united, arising from the base of 
 the carpels. Fruit four dry one-seeded carpels, or fewer by abortion, 
 not opening. Seed erect. Albumen absent, or very minute. Radicle 
 directed towards the hilum. 
 
 Note. The upper lip of the corolla, consisting of two united petals, 
 is opposite to the three united sepals of the bilabiate calyx, and the 
 two united sepals of the calyx are opposite to the three united petals 
 of the corolla. 
 
 Tribe I.Menthoidea. The Mentha-like Tribe. Lobes of the corolla 
 nearly equal. 
 
 Tribe II. Salviea. The Salvia Tribe. Corolla two-lipped. Stamens 
 two, fertile, anther -lobes separated by a very long filiform connective, lower 
 lobe rudimentary or absent. 
 
 Tribe III. Thymoidea. Corolla two-lipped. Stamens four, nearly 
 equal, or the lower pair slightly longer than the upper pair. 
 
 Sub-Tribe I. Thymoidew vera. Genuine Thyme-like plants. Stamens 
 straight, diverging. 
 
 Sub-Tribe II. Melissinea. The Melissa Sub-tribe. Stamens more or 
 less bent, converging. 
 
 Tribe IV.Lamioidea. The Lamium-like Tribe. Stamens four, con- 
 tiguous and parallel under the upper lip of the corolla. 
 
 Sub-Tribe I. Nepetece. The Nepeta Tribe. Stamens on the lip not so 
 long as the stamens on the helmet.. 
 
 Sub-Tribe II. Stachydece. The Stachys Tribe. Stamens on the lip 
 longer than the stamens on the helmet. 
 
 Sub-Tribe Hl.Scutellarmece. The Scutellaria Sub-tribe. Calyx two- 
 lipped, shut when the carpels are ripe. 
 
 Tribe V. Ajugoidece. The Ajuga Tribe. Upper lip of the corolla very 
 short or absent (deeply cleft, with a portion adhering to the lateral portions 
 of the lower lip). 
 
 TRIBE I. Ulentlioideae. Corolla campanulate or funnel- 
 shaped, with, nearly equal lobes. Stamens four, rarely two, distant 
 and divergent. 
 
 Genera. Mentha, Lycopus. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Mentha. Stamens four. Carpels not bordered. 
 Lycopus. Stamens two. Carpels with a thick margin. 
 
 1. ftlentha, Linn. Mint. Roots perennial and creeping. Stems 
 erect, branched, with stalked mostly ovate leaves. Flowers capitate 
 or spicate (verticillated racemes). Calyx tubular, erect ; teeth nearly 
 equal. Corolla funnel-shaped, limb in four spreading, nearly equal 
 segments, the upper one with a slight notch. Carpels small, rarely 
 perfected. The widely-spreading roots, sharply-angled leafy stems, 
 and very dense axillary or terminal racemes of light purple flowers 
 distinguish this genus. 
 
418 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 1. M. rotundifolia, Linn. Round-leaved Mint. E. B. 446, 
 L. C. 802. Stems erect, with blunt angles and convex sides, woolly, 
 downy, branching above, solid. Leaves sessile, slightly cordate at the 
 base, crenulate, strongly wrinkled, roundish or ovate, very blunt, 
 woolly, hairy or downy. Flowers tufted, axillary, on short common 
 peduncles, subtended by very small bracts, in cylindrical compact 
 spikes, which are often interrupted at the base, on opposite branches. 
 Calyx bell-shaped, roundish (when the fruit is ripe), with lanceolate- 
 subulate teeth. Corolla white or rosy. Grass}' places. Bare. Peren- 
 nial. August, September. 
 
 A. 11, C. 25. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. M. sylvestris, Linn. Horse Mint. E. B. 686, L. C. 803. 
 Stems erect, two-three feet high (shaggy), with rather blunt angles 
 and downward pointing hairs. Leaves ovate-roundish or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, acute, serrated, hoary above and shaggy below, nearly sessile. 
 Flowers in terminal, erect, acute, conical-cylindrical spikes, arranged 
 in dense bracteate whorls of a pale purplish colour. Bracts awl- 
 shaped. Calyx hairy, tomentose. This is said to be M. incana, 
 Sole. Nine Elms, Battersea. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 13, C. 30. Lat. 50 56 (58). Alt. 0200 yards. T.51 46. 
 
 Var. M. vulgaris. Leaves rugose and pubescent gn the upper side, 
 softly tomentose and white on the under side. 
 
 Yar. M. nemorosa. Leaves ovate-oblong, green and pubescent 
 above, laxly tomentose and white helow. 
 
 Note. No. 2 differs from No. 1 in its longer, acuter, and hoarier leaves. 
 
 3. M, viridis, Linn. Spear Mint. E. B. 2424, L. C. 804 (803 b, 
 5th ed.) Stems acutely angled, smooth. Leaves lanceolate, acute, ser- 
 rated, sessile, smooth, or slightly hairy beneath. Flowers in elongated 
 acute spikes; whorls distant with bristle-shapedbracts. Calyx furrowed, 
 smooth. Corolla light purple, smooth. Style prominent. The leaves 
 and spikes of this plant are liable to considerable variations. In 
 specimens from Settle, Yorkshire, the leaves are ovate-lanceolate, and 
 the spikes are dense and cylindrical. In others from near Grays, 
 Essex, the leaves are linear-lanceolate, and the spikes filiform, with 
 very distant whorls. The examples of the latter form are from an 
 old chalk quarry, overgrown with a dense cover of underwood. In 
 moist and dry places. Rare. Perennial. September. 
 
 A. 11, C. 20. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 4. M. pratensis ? Sole. Meadow Mint. E. B. 449, L. C. 807. 
 M. sativa, (e.) pratensis. Stems erect, tufted, one or two feet high, 
 usually glabrous, with spreading branches. Leaves lanceolate, ser- 
 rated, sharp, nearly sessile, contracted at the base. Peduncles purplish, 
 smooth, whorls (clusters) distant, globose. Calyx tubular, smooth, 
 bell-shaped, with hairy teeth. Corolla light purple, bearded at the 
 summit. Stamens short. A variety of M. arvensis (?). In watery 
 places. Perennial. August, September. 
 
 The area, &c., of M. sativa, with which, or under which, this 
 species or form is placed is as follows, viz. : 
 
 A. 16, C. 50. Lat. 50 57 (58). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
LABIATE MENTHA. 419 
 
 M. crispa, E. B. 2785. Leaves cordate, sessile, or on very 
 short stalks, rugose (wrinkled), crisp at the margin, with long pointed 
 teeth, hairy, whorls spiked. Mr. Bahington says it may belong to 
 S. aquatica. On the banks of Wooler Water, near Haughhead. James 
 Mitchell, ft N. 
 
 4*. M. citrata, Ehr. Lemon-scented Mint. Stems glabrous, much 
 branched (bushy), two feet high. Leaves ovate, rounded, or slightly 
 cordate at the base, petiolate, petioles ciliate. Flowers in few, oblong, 
 contiguous verticil tasters, or lax at the base. Pedicels and calyxes 
 glabrous. From Bentham's Labiate. Watery places; rare. In a 
 small ditch or brook, Capel-Carey (Capel Curig), between Llanrost 
 and Llanberris. Mr. Sole. 
 
 5. M. piperita. Linn. Peppermint. E. B. 687, L. C. 805. 
 Stem glabrous or with only a few hairs, with roundish angles. Leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, serrated, on short petioles. Flowers in rather 
 dense spikes, interrupted below. Pedicels glabrous. Calyx glandular, 
 tubular, glabrous below, with subulate teeth. Corolla rose-coloured. 
 In a small brook at Giggleswick, Yorkshire. Also in North Wales, 
 between Dinas Mowddwy and Dolgelly. Perennial. September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 30. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 6. M. aquatica,, Linn. M. hirsuta, Sm. Water Mint. E. B. 447, 
 L. C. 806. Stems erect, branching, rough, angles acute, sides concave. 
 Leaves ovate, acute toothed, petiolate, rough clusters few; flowers 
 mostly in dense, roundish, terminal heads, with a single false whorl 
 (two axillary clusters) below. Calyx tubular, with subulate-trian- 
 gular, erect teeth, more or less hairy. Corolla rose-lilac, hairy with- 
 out, stamens included. Common in ditches and watery places. Per- 
 ennial. August, September. 
 
 Var. /8. glabrescens. Stem and leaves glabrous. M. odorata, Sole. 
 E,B. 1025. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Var. 7. M. hirsuta, Sm. Herbage pale green. Stems stout, 
 leafy, hairy, hairs deflexed. Leaves stalked, ovate, rough on both 
 sides, coarsely toothed. Flowers in axillary, stalked clusters, Calyx 
 very hairy, ribbed and glandular. Corolla pale pink, hairy exter- 
 nally. Stamens much exserted. Smell not agreeable. In ditches, 
 near the ruins of Halesowen Abbey, Shropshire. A more common 
 and hairier form, and with larger verticillasters. 
 
 Var. 5. subspicata. Hairy, with many and proximate verticillasters. 
 
 M. sativa, M. rubra, Sm. E. B. 1413, L. C. 807 b. Plant erect, 
 bushy. Stems and branches nearly glabrous, with prominent angles 
 and convex sides. Leaves petioled, ovate, entire and rounded at the 
 base, sharply and rather deeply serrate above, all acute. Clusters of 
 flowers numerous, more or less distant, surmounted by a crown of 
 small barren leaves. Pedicels slender, glabrous; calyx tubular, bell- 
 shaped, fringed on the angles and edges of the triangular teeth. Rivers 
 and ditches. Perennial. September. (See under M. arvensis.) 
 
 M.acutifolia,Sm. Acute-leaved Mint. E.B.2415,L.C. 807d. Stems 
 erect or ascending, "with blunt angles and concave sides, glabrous, 
 
420 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 reddish (?), branching, leafy. Leaves stalked, not hairy, ovate, acute, 
 entire at the base, sharply and deeply toothed above. Flowers in 
 dense, not distant whorls ; pedicels slender, glabrous, not so long as 
 the calyx. Calyx hairy above, with erect teeth, slightly spreading 
 above. Corolla pink, upper lip slightly cleft. 
 
 7. M. arvensis 5 Linn. Field Mint. E. B. 2119, L. C. 808. 
 Stems erect, or nearly so, branching, angles blunt, sides flat or con- 
 vex, hairy. Leaves o^afe-pointed, upper ones roundish, somewhat 
 cordate at the base. Clusters (false whorls) numerous, axillary, more 
 or less distant, sometimes contiguous near the top, always surmounted 
 with a leafy crown. Calyx bell-shaped, urceolate, membranous, with 
 broad, triangular, short teeth. Corolla rose-lilac, more or less hairy. 
 Stamens exserted (longer than the corolla). Corn-fields, &c. Peren- 
 nial. July September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0550 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 Under M. arvensisj Sm., Mr. Bentham places the following 
 varieties : 
 
 Var. a. sativa, Linn. E. B. 448. Calyxes nearly cylindrical, on 
 rough pedicels ; leaves more or less hairy. Bentham enumerates thirty 
 synonymes under this variety. (See above.) 
 
 Var. 7. rubra. Pedicels glabrous; leaves glabrous, reddish. 
 
 Var. 5. vulyaris. Calyx hairy, campanulate ; pedicels glabrous ; 
 stem and leaves hairy. M. agrestis. E. B. 2120. 
 
 Var. e. M. gracilis, Sole. M. gentilis, Sm. E. B. 2118, Stem- 
 leaves, pedicels, and calyx hairy. 
 
 Note.< M. pratensis or sativa or gracilis (quocunque nomine 
 gaudeat) is queried (see No. 4) with the view of expressing its rather 
 close relationship to M. arvensis. The sole difference between the 
 two plants (No. 4 and No. 7) is in the shape of the leaves. The stem, 
 the inflorescence, the extruded (exserted) stamens, &c., agree to a 
 tittle in both. In M. arvensis the leaves are broader and more 
 rounded at the base than in M. pratensis, in which the leaves taper 
 at the base ; also the calyx teeth in M. pratensis are somewhat nar- 
 rower than in M. t arvensis. The sepals are affected by the same law 
 of development which determines the shape of the leaves. There 
 remains only as the sole destinctive mark : calyx of the fruit in M. 
 arvensis campanulate-urceolate (campanule-urceole), and the same 
 tubular-campanulate (tubuleux-campanule) in M. pratensis. (Com- 
 pare Coss and Ger. " FL des Environs de Paris," p. 346,) 
 
 A. agrestis, Sm. E. B. 2120. Stem erect, obtusely angled, 
 downy, branching above ; branches opposite. Leaves lanceolate, cor- 
 date at the base, strongly, irregularly and laxly toothed, acuminate 
 pointed. Flowers in dense, cylindrical, pyramidal spikes, subtended 
 by linear bracts. Calyx cylindrical, hairy, with ciliate teeth. Corolla 
 bluish-white; stamens long. With the foregoing? 
 
 8. JML. Pulegium, Linn. Pennyroyal. E. B. 1105, L.C. 809. 
 Stems prostrate at the base and rooting, ascending, rigid, simple or 
 branching, slightly hairy or downy. Leaves ovate-oblong, laxly 
 crenulate or toothed, attenuated at the base, on short petioles or almost 
 
LABIATE. LYCOPUS. SALVIA. 421 
 
 sessile. Heads numerous, distant, leafy, usually with the flowers 
 reflexed. Calyx tubular, campanulate, ribbed, with triangular acu- 
 minate teeth, hairy. Corolla rosy, rarely white, upper lip usually 
 entire. Much smaller than the other Mints, and distinguished by a 
 strong odour. Wet places, on commons. Perennial. August, Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 II. ILycopns, Linn. Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, with nearly 
 equal teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, with four nearly equal lobes, the 
 upper lobe larger and notched. Stamens two, by abortion of the 
 upper pair, divergent, with parallel anther-lobes. Carpels smooth, 
 surrounded by a thick border, triangular and truncate at the apex. 
 
 JL. europxeusj Linn. Gipsywort. E. B. 1105, L. C. 801. Stems 
 simple or branching, erect, robust, rigid, angles blunt, sides grooved 
 or furrowed. Leaves on short petioles, ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo- 
 late, deeply toothed, often pinnatifid. Flowers in compact axillary 
 clusters. Calyx -teeth lanceolate-subulate, almost spinous. Corolla 
 white, with a nearly regular five-cleft limb, and rounded spotted 
 lobes. On banks of rivers, ditches, ponds, &c. Perennial. July 
 September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 TRIBE II. Sfllviese. Corolla two-lipped. Stamens two, fertile; 
 anther-lobes separated by a very long filiform connective ; lower lobe 
 rudimentary or absent. 
 
 Genus, Salvia. 
 
 III. Salvia, Linn. Sage or Clary. Perennial plants, with stout 
 stems and distant opposite clusters of blue or roseate or white flowers; 
 sometimes the flowers are contiguous and spiked. Calyx tubular or 
 campanulate, bilabiate, with the upper lip entire or tridentate (with 
 three teeth), and the lower one cleft. Tube of the corolla included 
 or exserted (longer than the calyx-tube), upper lip entire or notched, 
 helmet-shaped; lower lip three-lobed. Two upper stamens rudi- 
 mentary or obsolete; two lower with short filaments, with a long 
 connective, which is joined to the filament, and bears the fertile 
 anther-lobe. Carpels ovate-triangular. The stout, erect, branching 
 stems, the large wrinkled crenate or serrate leaves, the arching upper 
 lip of the corolla, and especially the two-branched stamens, with 
 an anther on one of the branches, characterize this genus. 
 
 1. S. pratensis, Linn. Meadow Clary. E. B. 153, L. C. 800. 
 Stem downy, glandular, especially at the top, simple or branching 
 above, two-three feet high. Leaves ovate or oblong, the root-leaves 
 very large, on long petioles, somewhat cordate at the base, doubly 
 crenate, wrinkled, and wavy. Stem-leaves smaller, sessile, or on 
 short stalks, toothed. Clusters slightly distant; bracts ovate, pointed, 
 with reflexed margins. Calyx hairy, viscid. Upper lip with three very 
 short teeth. Corolla large, blue, much longer than the calyx; upper 
 lip compressed, arched, longer than the lower. Style much longer 
 
422 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 than the upper lip of the corolla. Meadows, banks, &c. Cobham 
 Park, near Cuxton, Kent. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 50 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 2. 8. verbenaca, Linn. Wild Clary. E. B. 154, L. C. 799. 
 Stems as in the preceding species. Leaves ovate, more deeply 
 crenulate or cut. Clusters in lax spikes. Upper lip of the calyx 
 almost entire, or slightly toothed. Corolla small, blue, scarcely longer 
 than the calyx. Style scarcely longer than the tipper lip of the corolla. 
 Fruit . larger than in S. pratensis, and finely tubercled. In & 
 pratensis the fruit is smooth and shining. l)ry pastures, banks. 
 Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52< 47. 
 
 The following characters are from Bentham's " Labiatee," p. 241 : 
 
 " & verbenaca. Foliis lato-ovatis oblongisve, crenatis rug-osis 
 glabris superioribus latioribus sessilibus basi cordatis. Corolla 1-2 
 longior calyce. 
 
 " Var. 7 incisa. Foliis lato-ovatis incisis lobis ovatis acutis approxi- 
 matis. This has the greatest affinity to S. clandestina. Cui iorsan 
 referenda. 
 
 "S.clandestina. Foliis oblongo-inciso dentatis pinnatifidisve rugosis. 
 Corolla duplo longior calyce." Perennial. July. Lizard Point, 
 Cornwall. This differs from S. verbenaca in its narrower, more 
 dissected leaves, lower stature, shorter, denser spikes, and larger 
 flowers; the leaves are generally collected near the bottom of the 
 stem, and the racemes occupy more than half its height. Mr. 
 Babington hints " that it is probably distinct from S. verbenaea, but 
 very difficult to distinguish on paper" (herbarium specimens). 
 
 S. viridis, Linn. A species, at home in Greece and in the south 
 of Europe generally, occurred very sparingly at Wandsworth, in the 
 station so often quoted as abounding in stray waifs from distant 
 countries. 
 
 TRIBE III. Thymoideae. Corolla two-lipped. Stamens four, 
 distant, straight, or more or less curved and connivent, nearly equal, 
 or the lower pair a little longer than the upper pair. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. Thymoideae verae. Stamens straight, di- 
 verging. 
 
 Genera. Origanum, Thy mm. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Origanum. Stems erect, herbaceous; flowers braeteate, in compact, 
 oblong, sub-quadrangular spikelets. 
 
 Thymus. Stems procumbent ligneous ; flowers capitate or spicate. 
 
 IV. Origanum, Linn. Marjoram. Herbaceous or sometimes 
 shrubby plants. Stems upright, leafy, with erect branches. Leaves 
 ovate, stalked. Flowers racemose, copious, subtended by a coloured 
 involucre, which forms a four-angled spurious catkin. Calyx variable. 
 
LABIATES. ORIGANUM. THYMUS. CALAMINTHA. 423 
 
 tubular, one- or two-lipped. Corolla ringent, tube a little compressed ; 
 upper lip erect, slightly notched; lower in three deep equal lobes. 
 Stamens longer than the corolla. Carpels ovate-roundish. 
 
 O. vulgare, Linn. Common Marjoram. E. B. 1143, L. C. 811. 
 Root creeping. Stems erect, rigid, tapering, branching above, hairy 
 or downy, reddish, with bluni angles and rounded sides. Leaves 
 ovate, obscurely toothed, downy or hairy, petioled. Bracts ovate, 
 coloured (reddish-purple). Flowers in panicled cymes. Dry banks, 
 hedges, bushy places, &c. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 V. Thymiis, Linn. Thyme. Perennial, somewhat shrubby 
 plants. Flowers rosy or purple, rarely white, in heads or terminal 
 spikes. Calyx tubular, ten-thirteen-nerved, two-lipped ; the upper 
 lip three-toothed; the lower one cleft: when in fruit the throat 
 is closed by a ring of hairs. Tube of the corolla only slightly longer 
 than the calyx; upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or notched, 
 lower lip three-lobed, the middle one the largest. Stamens four, pro- 
 truded, distant and divergent. Fruit ovate, roundish. 
 
 T. Serpyllum, Linn, in part. Wild Thyme. E. B. 1514, L. C. 
 810. Root creeping, woody, very much branched. Stems numerous, 
 procumbent, shrubby, with short ascending flower-bearing branches, 
 usually downy, reclining and rooting below. Leaves small, glabrous 
 or downy, punctate or glandular beneath, ovate-oblong, rarely linear, 
 petiolate, more or less ciliate. Heads many-flowered, in oblong or inter- 
 rupted spikes. Teeth of the calyx ciliated; the upper lanceolate, the 
 lower linear-subulate. Odour of the whole plant agreeable. Dry 
 heaths and commons. Perennial. July October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 1150 yards. T. 52 35. 
 
 Var. T. vulgaris. Cultivated Thyme. Stems erect, woody. Leaves 
 lanceolate, revolute. 
 
 Var. 0. nervosus. Stems prostrate. Leaves very small, glabrous, 
 flat, ciliated below, with prominent nerves. Flowers in globular 
 compact heads. In dry sandy places. 
 
 T. Chamcedrys, Fr., differs considerably from T. Serpyllum in 
 appearance, qualities, and time of flowering. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Melissineae. Stamens more or less bent, con- 
 nivent (converging). 
 
 Genera. Calamintha, Melissa. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Calamintha. Lower lip of corolla rather erect ; connective of the anther- 
 lobes ovate or triangular. 
 
 Melissa. Lower lip of corolla spreading ; connective of anthers narrow. 
 
 VI. Calamintlia, Moench. Calamint. Perennial or annual 
 plants. Flowers rosy or bluish, rarely white, in opposite, axillary, 
 sessile or pedunculate heads, with few or many bracts. Calyx 
 
424 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 tubular or bell-shaped, ten-thirteen-nerved, two-lipped, upper lip three- 
 toothed, lower cleft, throat usually closed with a hairy ring. Corolla 
 two-lipped, its tube usually longer than the calyx; upper lip straight, 
 nearly flat ; lower lip spreading, three-lobed, lobes equal or unequal, 
 the central lobe large and notched. Stamens distant, more or less 
 connivent under the upper lip, the lower pair longer than the upper 
 pair (the labial pair longer than the pair on the helmet portion of the 
 corolla) ; anther-lobes separated by an ovate or triangular connective. 
 Fruit ovate or roundish, smooth. 
 
 SECT. I. Acinos. Calyx very gibbous at the base. Flowers on separate 
 pedicels, with few bracts. 
 
 1. C. Acinos, Gaud. Thymm Acinos, Linn. Basil Thyme. 
 E. B. 41 1, L. C. 812. Stems erect or ascending, spreading, branching, 
 downy or hairy, six-eight inches high. Leaves small, broadly ovate 
 or oblong, pointed, entire, or slightly toothed, on short petioles, or 
 attenuated into petioles. Flowers axillary, two -three on each side, 
 distant, or in lax leafy spikes. Calyx swollen (gibbous) near the 
 base, with spreading limb ; teeth subulate, ciliated ; throat closed. 
 Corolla small, reddish blue, its tube much longer than the calyx. 
 Dry sandy or gravelly places ; common in chalky or calcareous fields. 
 Annual. July. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 SECT. II. Calaminthastrum. Flowers on common peduncles* Calyx 
 not gibbous, with few bracts. 
 
 2. C. officinalis, Moench. Officinal Calamint. E. B. 1676, 
 L. C. 814. Stems erect or ascending, simple or branching, downy or 
 hairy. Leaves ovate-obtuse, toothed, petiolate, downy beneath. 
 Peduncles axillary three-twelve-flowered. Calyx usually coloured, 
 tubular, slightly gibbous at or near the base, the teeth furnished with long 
 fringes, the lower teeth twice as long as the upper, the throat bearded. 
 Corolla-tube longer than the calyx-tube. Hedges, bushy places, &c. 
 Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 3. C. itepeta, Clairv. Lesser Calamint, E. B. 1414, L. C. 813. 
 Stems ascending or erect, hairy, branching, wiry and rigid. Leaves 
 small, ovate, blunt, entire or slightly toothed, hairy, especially below, 
 on short stalks (intensely green on the upper side, often hoary below). 
 Clusters of flowers elongate, three-fifteen, on a common peduncle, with 
 minute oblong bracts, many abortive. Calyx ovate, tubular, with 
 nearly equal ciliated teeth. Corolla small, rosy, tube not longer than 
 the calyx. Dry stony places. Perennial. July September. It 
 is very abundant in a field near Grays, Essex; also about Had- 
 leigh Castle, in the same county. Sir J. E. Smith, who evidently 
 knew these forms or species accurately, says, "Eng. Fl.,"vol. iii., p. 1 11, 
 " Rather smaller in every part than the last, especially the 
 leaves, which nevertheless are more strongly serrated. The flower- 
 stalks are more compound, much longer than the adjoining leaves." 
 

 LABIATJE. CALAMINTHA. MELISSA. 425 
 
 The gibbous calyx, paler flowers on longer spikes, and the characters 
 above quoted, will generally suffice to distinguish this from its allied 
 species. 
 
 A. 11, C. 25. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards, T. 52 48. 
 
 4. C, sylvatica, Bromf. E. B. 2897, L. C. 814*. Stems erect, 
 branching, downy; branches spreading. Leaves petioled, ovate, 
 tapering at the base, laxly toothed. Flowers axillary on longish, 
 mostly unilateral, horizontally spreading, branched peduncles; pedi- 
 cels scarcely so long as the calyx. Calyx ovate, ribbed, with short 
 setaceous teeth. Tube and throat of the corolla hairy ; upper lip 
 erect, flat, notched ; lower lip about equally three-lobed, whitish, with 
 violet-lilac spots. Discovered by the late Dr. Bromfield, on Ape 
 Downs, near Carisbrook, Isle of Wight. Perennial. July Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 50 51. Alt. 050 yards. T. 50. 
 
 SECT. III. Flowers on branched pedicels, with many bracts. 
 
 5. C. CliiiopodiuBii, Spen. Wild Basil. E. B. 1401, L. C. 815. 
 Root creeping. Stems erect or ascending, diffuse, simple or branching, 
 one-two feet high. Leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, laxly toothed, 
 often with the margin entire, hairy, petioled. Bracts rigid, setaceous, 
 with long fringes. Peduncles axillary, very short, many-flowered. 
 Flowersin compact clusters. Calyx two-lipped, strongly ribbed, slightly 
 gibbous at the base, curved; teeth hairy and ciliated, the lower subulate, 
 longer than the upper. Tube of the corolla longer than that of the 
 calyx. Anther-lobes separated by an ovate, or almost angular con- 
 nective. In open places, in woods, banks, hedges, and bushy dry 
 places. Perennial. July October. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 Note. Mr. Bentham, in his excellent work on the Labiates, 
 unites the genera Acinos, Clinopodium, and Calamintha with Melissa. 
 
 VII. Melissa, Linn, in part. Balm. Flowers in axillary, 
 opposite clusters, white. Calyx tubular or tubular-campanulate ; upper 
 lip three-toothed, lower lip cleft. Tube of the corolla longer than the 
 calyx-tube, upper lip erect, almost flat, or slightly concave, notched ; 
 lower lip three-lobed, spreading. Stamens four, distant, more or less 
 contiguous under the upper lip. Connective of the anthers straight. 
 
 M. officinalisj Linn. Common Balm Wood. "Med.Bot.,"vol.ii., 
 p. 119, L. C. 816. Stems rigid, ascending, hairy or downy, branching, 
 angles blunt. Leaves ovate, tapering below, on longish petioles, 
 wrinkled, hairy, toothed. Clusters distant, with a few oblong hairy 
 bracts. Calyx large ; upper lip truncate, three-toothed ; lower lip 
 cleft ; segments lanceolate, ending in a sharp point. Upper lip of the 
 corolla arched, cleft; lower lip three-cleft, mid-lobe round. Fruit 
 oblong, shining. Naturalized in the south of England. Perennial. 
 August. Near Betchworth, Surrey. Little Chelsea and Parson's 
 Green, Middlesex. 
 
 A. 4. Alien. 
 
 F F 
 
426 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 TRIBE IV. I^amioideae. Corolla two-lipped. Stamens four, 
 contiguous and parallel under the upper lip of the corolla, sometimes 
 projecting beyond the lip after the emission of the pollen. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. TVepeteae. Calyx tubular ; stamens on the lip 
 shorter than the stamens on the helmet (two upper united petals). 
 Genera. Nepeta, Glechoma. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Nepeta. Steins erect ; flowers numerous, in spicate leafy clusters. 
 Glechoma. Stems trailing ; clusters few-flowered, opposite or alternate. 
 
 VIII. IVepeta, Linn, Catmint. Perennial, downy, or hairy 
 herbs, more or less odoriferous. Leaves serrate or crenate. Flowers 
 axillary and terminal. Calyx cylindrical, ribbed, with five acute 
 unequal teeth. Corolla ringent, with a long tube dilated upwards. 
 Upper lip erect, roundish, slightly cloven : lower rounded, spreading, 
 three-lobed, the central lobe large and spreading. 
 
 > tataria, Linn. Catmint. E. B.Ji37, L. C.842, Stems erect, 
 simple, branching above, finely downy. Leaves cordate at the base, 
 strongly and equally toothed, acuminate, whitish. Heads dense, 
 almost sessile, on branching axillary peduncles, the upper spike-like. 
 Calyx densely woolly. Upper lip of the corolla slightly notched ; 
 lower lip deeply and regularly toothed Fruit smooth. Banks, on 
 chalky and limestone soils. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 IX. Giechoma, Linn. Herbaceous, procumbent, perennial 
 plants, with blue or rose-coloured flowers in few-flowered, opposite, or 
 alternate axillary clusters. Calyx tubular, thirteen-fifteen-nerved, 
 with five slightly unequal ciliate* teeth. Tube of the corolla longer 
 than the calyx, upper lip flat, erect, notched or cleft, lower lip spread- 
 ing, with three distinct lobes, the mid-lobe larger than the lateral 
 ones. Stamens approximate under the upper lip; the two lower 
 stamens shorter than the two upper ones ; lobes of the anthers diver- 
 gent, cruciate. Carpels ovate, finely punctate. The sole British 
 species is known by its procumbent, straggling, leafy stems, its reni- 
 form, crenate leaves and axillary flowers. 
 
 Gr. hederacea, Linn. Ground Ivy. E. B. 853, L. C. 841. Stems 
 slender, prostrate, rooting, pubescent or hairy, erect above, throwing 
 out many rooting shoots. Leaves reniform-roundish, deeply crenate, 
 on long stalks, with large crenulations, clusters on short pedicels, 
 one-four-flowered (often one-flowered). Hedges and shady places. 
 Perennial. March June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Stachydeae. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 
 rarely two-lipped. Stamens on the lip longer than those on the helmet. 
 
 Genera. Melittis, Lamium, Galeopsis, Stachys, Marrubium, Sal- 
 lota, Leonurus. 
 
LABIATvE. MELITTIS. LAMIUM. 427 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Melittis. Flowers very large, solitary or in pairs. 
 
 Lamium. Annual or perennial. Stems succulent, hollow. Flowers 
 numerous, in axillary opposite clusters. 
 
 Galeopsis. Annual plants, with rigid hairy stems ; throat of corolla 
 dilated, upper lip helmet-like. 
 
 Stachys is distinguished from Galeopsis by its more erect and less branch- 
 ing stems, and by the upper lip of the corolla, which is flat or arched. 
 
 Marrubium. Calyx-throat furnished with a hairy ring. Upper lip of 
 corolla erect, flat, lower lip spreading. Stamens included. 
 
 Battota. Calyx plaited ; stamens surpassing the tube. Anthers with 
 divergent lobes. 
 
 Leonurus. Teeth of calyx unequal ; tube of corolla curved. 
 
 X. Melittis, Linn. Bastard Balm. Stems simple, leafy, erect. 
 Leaves stalked, ovate, serrated. Flowers large, axillary. Calyx 
 campanulate, large, angular, two-lipped, with three-four broad lobes. 
 Corollaringent, with the tube much narrower and longer than the calyx; 
 upper lip erect, rounded, entire, slightly concave ; lower lip spread- 
 ing, consisting of three rounded equal lobes, the middle largest and 
 obcordate. Carpels downy, oval, small. These plants are distin- 
 guished by their erect, not branching, stems, by their ovate leaves, 
 and by their large handsome flowers. 
 
 M. Melissophyllumj Linn. Bastard Balm. E. B. 577, L. C. 
 817. (See Fig. 153.) Stems erect, robust, simple, rarely branching, 
 hairy or downy ; when glabrous there are tufts of hairs at the base 
 of the petioles. Leaves large, downy, or glabrous, ovate-acute, petio- 
 late, sometimes cordate at the base, toothed or crenulate. In woods 
 and copses, very rare. Perennial. May July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 8. Lat. 50 53 3 . Alt. 01 00 yards. T. 51 49. 
 
 XL I^amium, Linn. Archangel Dead Nettle. Annual or 
 perennial plants, with succulent stems, which are mostly winged or 
 with acute prominent angles. Flowers in axillary clusters (glome- 
 rules). Calyx tubular-campanulate, five-toothed, five-ten-nerved. 
 Corolla erect or ascending, tube longer than the calyx; upper lip 
 oblong or obovate, entire, contracted at the base, concave or helmet- 
 shaped, lower lip obscurely three-lobed, lateral lobes truncate or 
 almost none, decreasing into one-two pointed teeth, middle lobe ob- 
 cordate, cleft, narrower at the base. Stamens contiguous and parallel 
 under the upper lip, not extended after the pollen is shed, the two 
 lower longest ; anthers bearded, rarely smooth, in pairs. Carpels 
 (fruit) three-sided, with sharp angles smooth, or finely wrinkled. The 
 cordate, toothed, or scolloped leaves, and the ringent (gaping) corollas 
 obviously distinguish this genus from the allied genera. 
 
 SECT. I. Plants annual ; tube of the corolla erect, with a very wide 
 throat. 
 
 1. t. amplexicaulej Linn. Henbit. E.B. 770, L. C. 830. 
 
428 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Stems diffuse, ascending, not hollow, almost smooth, with long inter- 
 nodes (space between the joints or leaves of the stem). Leaves 
 roundish, reniform, incised-crenate, hairy ; the lower leaves small, on 
 longish stalks, the upper quite sessile, embracing the stem. Calyx 
 hairy, with equal, linear, pointed teeth. Corolla with a long slender 
 tube, and with a deep purple velvety upper lip ; lower lip whitish, 
 with deep purple spots. Carpels prismatic, convex on the outer face, 
 flat on the two inner ones, quite smooth and shining. Fields, way- 
 sides ; rubbish. Annual. April, May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 2. Jj. intermedium , Fr. Intermediate Henbit. E. B. 2914, 
 L. C. 830*. Stem rough, with short prickles, branching, with long 
 internodes. Leaves reniform or broadly cordate, incised, with broad, 
 roundish lobes. Calyx-teeth considerably longer than the tube, rough, 
 spreading, strongly ribbed, and much hairier than in No. 1. Tube of 
 the corolla equal, cylindrical, with a faint hairy ring within. Middle 
 lobe blunt, carpels (nuts) oblong, larger than the fruit of L. amplexi- 
 eaule, and longer, but not broader than that of L. purpureum. .Rub- 
 bish, &c. In Scotland and Ireland. Annual. June September. 
 
 A. 6, C. 20. Lat. 54 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 48 45. 
 
 3. ,. iiicisiim, Willd, Cut-leaved Dead Nettle. E. B. 1933, 
 L. C. 831 b, incisum. Stems diffuse, stout, slightly hollow, obtusely 
 angular, not winged, almost glabrous. Leaves ovate-triangular, some- 
 what renifcrm, cordate and wedge-shaped at the base, tapering into 
 the petiole, rather deeply incised, with crenulate, toothed, or entire 
 lobes and prominent nerves beneath, all on rather short stalks. Teeth 
 of the calyx tapering, subulate only at the points, scarcely ciliated, 
 spreading after flowering. Corolla small, purple, usually somewhat 
 longer than the calyx, without the hairy ring at or near the base of the 
 tube us in the following. Carpels finely dotted, without any rim on 
 the summit. This species is chiefly distinguished from L. purpureum 
 by its more solid stem, more dilated leaves, and by the open tube of 
 the corolla. On rubbish, much less common than the following. 
 Annual. April. 
 
 4. JL. pui-pureum, Linn. Red Henbit. E. B. 769, L. C. 831. 
 Stem rather succulent, hollow, with prominent angles, simple or 
 branching at the base, smooth, with a long internode, nearly gla-brous. 
 Leaves cordate-triangular (ovate or triangular), obtuse, unequally 
 crenated or toothed, more or less wrinkled, the lower on long petioles, 
 upper on short ones or nearly sessile, with more or less of a reddish 
 tinge. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, divergent, pubescent, subulate, 
 ciliate. Corolla purple (rarely white), small, with a circle of hairs 
 near the bottom of the tube, upper lip ovate entire, velvety, mid-lobe 
 of the lower lip flat. Carpels quite smooth, with a marginal, slightly 
 elevated rim at the apex. On rubbish. Annual. March October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 3 43. 
 
 5. Ii. album, Linn. White Dead Nettle. E. B. 768, L. C. 828. 
 Stems reclining at the base, thin, erect, branching, more .or less 
 pubescent. Leaves ovate-acuminate, cordate at the base, petioled, 
 
LABIATJE. LAMIUM. GALEOPSIS. 429 
 
 lower, crenate-toothed, the upper incised and toothed. Flowers in 
 clusters four-ten. Calyx ribbed and furrowed, hairy, with hairy, ciliated 
 spreading, acuminate, nearly equal teeth ; teeth very divergent after 
 flowering. Corolla large, white, with a long bulging tube abruptly 
 contracted below the ring of hairs. Upper lip elongated, vaulted, 
 densely hairy. Lower lip with a crenate central lobe and two lateral 
 lobes, each bearing a more or less subulate lateral tooth. Anthers 
 black. Hedges, grassy places, near villages, waysides, &c. Perennial. 
 March, April. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 A variety, with enlarged lateral lobes (a sort of cruciate flower) 
 (see " Bot. Gaz." vol. iii., p. 2, No. 25) was gathered in Battersea 
 Fields. 
 
 SECT, II. Plants perennial. 
 
 6. JL. macula* urn, Linn. Spotted-leaved Bead Nettle. E. B. 
 2550, L. C. 829. Stems erect or ascending, diffuse, usually curved, 
 simple or branched at the base, hairy or downy, rarely glabrous. 
 Leaves ovate-acuminate, cordate at the base, all stalked, unequally 
 toothed, wrinkled, often marked on the upper side with a long whitish, 
 patch. Flowers large, in clusters of three-five. Calyx pubescent, 
 with unequal, subulate teeth, ciliated, divergent after flowering. Tube 
 of the corolla inflated, bent, much contracted at the base, furnished 
 with glandular hairs ; upper lip arched and concave, toothed or 
 ciliate ; lower lip with somewhat divergent lobes and with two subu- 
 late teeth. Scotland ; rare. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 8. Alien. 
 
 This plant is well established near Ryde, under a hedge by a path 
 which leads from St. John's to Upton. 
 
 7. I<. Craleobdolon, Crantz. Galeobdolon luteum, Sm. Yellow 
 Archangel. E. B. 787, L. C. 827. Hoot creeping widely, with long 
 radical fibres. Stems reclining at the base, thence erect, mostly simple 
 or branching only at the base and summit, downy, usually accom- 
 panied with several barren shoots. Leaves petiolate, ovate, or slightly 
 cordate at the base, tapering, coarsely serrate ; upper leaves lanceolate, 
 all more or less wrinkled and hairy. Calyx slightly hairy, with trian- 
 gular, spreading teeth, ending in spinous points, when in fruit very 
 divergent. Corolla large, yellow, upper lip oblong-elongated, lower lip 
 three-parted, with equal lobes. Woods and hedges. Perennial. May. 
 
 Note. This species agrees with the species of Lamium in all its 
 characters except the colour of the flowers, which is yellow, and in 
 the nearly equally divided lower lip of the corolla. The plant is 
 rather more rigid and robust than the British species of Lamium. 
 
 A. 11, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 XII. Oaleopsis, Linn. Hemp Nettle. Annual hairy or downy 
 plants, with white or purple or reddish flowers, which are arranged 
 in axillary opposite clusters. Stems upright, branched. Leaves stalked, 
 ovate or lanceolate, serrate. Flowers large, party-coloured. Calyx 
 
44 V- 
 
 430 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 tubular, campanulate, with spreading, spinous teeth. Corolla ringent 
 (gaping), tube slender, throat dilated, with two prominences in the 
 palate, terminating in two conical teeth ; upper lip arched, rounded, 
 and serrated, lower three-lobed, the central lobe cleft and notched. 
 Stamens contiguous, parallel, the two lower ones longer than the two 
 upper. Carpels obovate, compressed, triangular at the base, convex 
 at the summit, almost smooth. The horizontally branched stems, the 
 hairy leaves, the spinous, widely-spreading calyx-teeth, and the varie- 
 gated showy flowers will help to identify this genus. 
 
 1. &. Tctrahit, Linn. Common Hemp Nettle. E. B. 207, 
 L. C. 834. Stem hispid, enlarged below the joints, hairs deflexed. 
 Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate, serrate. Calyx campanulate, with 
 long spinous spreading teeth, teeth and margin ciliated. Tube of 
 .corolla elongate, slender, slightly constricted at the throat ; upper lip 
 entire or slightly notched, rounded and concave; lower lip three-lobed, 
 lobes nearly equal, the lateral lobes deflected. Corolla about twice as 
 long as the calyx, upper lip nearly straight. Nuts (carpels) light 
 green, obovate, with slightly compressed margins. The flowers are 
 either variegated or white, or purplish, and variously dappled with 
 white spots. ^ 
 
 X Var. bifala, Bo3ning. Stem slenderer than in the typical form. 
 Leaves ovate, shortly acuminate, with very blunt teeth. Flowers 
 small, roseate ; upper lip cleft ; mid-lobe of lower lip oblong, entire, 
 or slightly notched, with two yellow prominent spots (ridges) close 
 to the throat. Wandsworth steam-boat pier. Annual. July, August. 
 
 2. Gr. Tersicolor, Curt. Large-flowered Hemp Nettle. E. B. 
 667, L. C. 835. Stem erect, stout, hairy ; hairs deflexed. Branches 
 spreading, leafy. Leaves ovate or cordate, wrinkled, rough, coarsely 
 toothed ; upper leaves roundish, cordate at the base, smoother. Flowers 
 sessile, axillary. Calyx ribbed, with spreading spinous teeth, some- 
 times with an intermediate smaller tooth, about one-third of the 
 length of the corolla. Lobes of the lower lip of the corolla nearly 
 equal, the middle one beautifully coloured, with a notched margin. 
 Corn-fields. Annual. July, August. 
 
 A. 16, C. 50. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 49 45. 
 
 This plant abounds between Killin and Taymouth on the spurs of 
 Ben Lawers ; and it probably attains, on some of the cultivated slopes, 
 a higher elevation than that assigned. to it in the " Cybele." 
 
 3. Gr. ochroleuca, Lam. ; villosa, Huds and Smith. Hairy Hemp 
 Nettle. E. B. 2353, L. C. 833. Stem taller than in the foregoing. 
 Leaves ovate, clothed with soft down. Calyx densely shag-gy. Corolla 
 large, pale, sulphur-coloured, with a yellow palate and bluish upper 
 lip (Sm.) In sandy corn-fields, Essex, North Wales, North of 
 England, &c. Annua]. July, August. 
 
 A. 6, C. 6. Lat. 51 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 4. Gr. JLaclaiium, Linn. Red Hemp Nettle. E. B. 884, L. C. 832. 
 Stems erect, rigid, branching, finely and densely downy, not swollen 
 at the articulations ; branches spreading, sometimes very widely so. 
 Leaves lanceolate, tapering both ways, with prominent nerves and 
 

 
 y 
 
 
 ttfctti) i^/+ 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
LAB1ATJE. GALEOPSIS. STACHYS. 
 
 431 
 
 lax teeth. Calyx downy or hairy, hairs appressed ; teeth spreading, 
 subulate, and prickly. Corolla rosy, purplish, tube longer than the 
 calyx, spotted, the mid-lobe of the lower lip with two white spots. 
 This beautiful and conspicuous plant adorns the stubble-fields in the 
 chalky, calcareous, and gravelly soils in the south and centre of 
 England. Annual. August, September. 
 
 'A. 12, C. 4<X Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 Var. . anyustifolia. Leaves linear. 
 
 Var. y. latifolia. Leaves ovate. 
 
 Sub-var. parviflora. Flowers small. 
 
 Sub-var. canescens. Whole plant hoary. 
 
 XIII. Stachys, Linn. Woundwort. Perennial, rarely annual, 
 lerbaceous, sometimes shrubby plants, with hairy, shaggy, or woolly 
 terbage. Stems erect, seldom branching, always leafy. Leaves cor- 
 date, ovate, or oblong, serrate or crenate. Inflorescence in numerous 
 axillary leafy or bracteate racemes. Calyx tubular-campanulate, 
 mgular, with ten ribs, and five spreading, spinous-pointed, almost 
 qual teeth. Corolla ringent, tube short, throat oblong and protube- 
 ant at the base. Upper lip erect, ovate, arched ; lower lip spreading, 
 hree-lobud, the middle one large, the lateral one smaller and reflexed. 
 Stamens four, contiguous, and parallel under the upper lip of the 
 corolla. Carpels obovate or oblong-obovate, glabrous, angular, 
 abrupt. The simple upright stems, and the cordate or lanceolate 
 leaves, with the long spike-like inflorescence, distinguish this genus. 
 
 1. S. Betoiiica; Benth. Wood Betony. E. B. 1142, L. C. 836. 
 'Stems erect, rigid, hairy, simple, not leafy. Root-leaves on long 
 petioles, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, cordate at the base, blunt, deeply 
 and regularly crenate, usually more or less hairy. Stem-leaves sessile, 
 usually two, situated above the middle of the stem. Clusters of flowers 
 in an oblong spike, interrupted at the base. Calyx with triangular or 
 lanceolate, very sharp, spinous teeth. Corolla purple, with a long 
 tube. Mid-lobe of the lower lip toothed, broad, rounded ; lateral lobes 
 entire, ovate. Woods and bushy places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. 8. germanica. Linn. Woolly or Downy Woundwort. E.B. 
 829, L. C. 839. Whole of the plant woolly or silky, hoary. Stem 
 erect or slightly reclining at the base, with sharp angles and concave 
 sides, stout, simple or branching above. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, the 
 lower petioled, the upper sessile, thick and soft. Flowers in compact 
 clusters, forming an interrupted, more or less dense, leafy spike. 
 Calyx-teeth ovate, pointed (mucronate), pricking ; throat of the calyx 
 furnished with a ring of hairs. Corolla purplish, with an inner ring 
 of hairs in the tube, and with a hairy-woolly upper lip. Chalky soil. 
 Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 4, C. 5. Lat. 54 55 (51 54). Berks York. Alt 
 100 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 2*. S. sylvatica, Linn. Hedge W r ound wort. E. B. 416,L.C. 
 838. The whole plant when handled emits a very disagreeable smell 
 
432 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Hoot long, creeping. Stems erect, simple, rarely branched, hairy. 
 Leaves ovate, pointed, strongly toothed, on long petioles, large, soft, the 
 lower ones cordate at the base. Flowers in three-seven-flowered 
 clusters, distant or contiguous. Calyx-teeth lanceolate, pricking. 
 Corolla much longer than the calyx, dark purple, throat spotted with 
 white. Shady places. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 3 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 3. 8. palustris 5 Linn. Marsh Woundwort. E. B. 1675, L. C. 
 837. Hoot fashy, creeping extensively. Stems quite erect, slightly 
 branched, \vith deflexed bristly hairs, leafy. Leaves elongated, Ian- 
 ceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the upper leaves half embracing 
 the stem with their rounded bases. Flowers in a lax terminal spike, 
 consisting of many whorls, each subtended by a couple of deflexed 
 leaves. Calyx-teeth subulate, pungent. Corolla purple, variegated 
 with white spots. Roadsides and wet places ; common. Perennial. 
 A ugust. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 Var. S. ambigua, Sm. Doubtful Marsh Woundwort. E. B. 2089, 
 L. G. 837 b. Stem acutely angular, with concave or grooved sides, 
 hairy, leafy, and branching ; branches spreading. Leaves nearly ses- 
 sile, or on very short pedicels, ovate or slightly cordate at the base, 
 lanceolate, regularly and sharply toothed, soft and downy. Flowers 
 whorled, five or six in each whorl, in terminal or lateral spikes, 
 sessile. Calyx spreading, with triangular short teeth. Upper lip of 
 the corolla hairy, lower in three equal lobes, mid-lobe notched. 
 
 I have never collected any form of the above which might not be 
 referred to S. palustris. A. I. 
 
 4. S. arvensis. Linn. Field or Corn Woundwort. E.B.I 154, 
 L. C. 840. Stem weak or slender, branching from the base, hairy, with 
 ascending branches. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, slightly cordate 
 at the base, obtuse, crenate, or dentate, the lower petiolate, the upper 
 sessile, the uppermost or floral leaves (bracts) ending in a prickly point. 
 Clusters axillary, either distant or in a close leafy spike, one-three- 
 
 fiowered. Teeth of the calyx ending in a short prickly point. Corolla 
 rather longer than the calyx, reddish, spotted with purple. Corn- 
 fields. Annual. July October. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 5. annua, Linn. Annual Woundwort. E. B. 2669, L. C. Excluded 
 Species, List C. Stem erect, downy, with opposite spreading branches. 
 Leaves oblong, lanceolate, slightly downy, the lower tapering at the 
 base, and petioled, the upper ones sessile and entire (?). Flowers 
 yellow, about six in a whorl. Calyx hairy, with subulate segments. 
 Upper lip of corolla with a crisp margin, lower one with three rounded 
 lobes. Seeds roundish, smooth, glossy, black. Field between Gads- 
 hill and Rochester. Mr. J. Woods, 1830. Cobham, Mr. Salmon. Alien. 
 
 XIV. Marrubium, Linn. White Horehound. Downy or 
 woolly, branching herbs. Leaves bluntly serrated. Flowers small 
 white, in dense racemes. Calyx tubular, ovate-cylindrical, ten-ribbed, 
 
LABIATJE. MARRUBIUM. BALLOTA. LEONURUS. 433 
 
 with five-ten spreading, linear or setaceous teeth. Corolla ringent, 
 tubular, with an elongated open throat; upper lip erect, linear, cleft; 
 lower lip three-lobed, the middle lobe broader and cleft, the two 
 lateral lobes acute, sometimes abortive. Stamens included. Carpels 
 four, elliptic, oblong, smooth. The rigid, woolly, or hairy stems, and 
 the dense clusters of flowers, distinguish this genus. 
 
 M, Tiilgare, Linn. Common Horehound. E.B. 416, L. C. 843. 
 Stems erect, stout, densely shaggy, white, branching. Leaves deeply 
 wrinkled, ovate -roundish, unequally crenate, petioled, mostly cuneate 
 at the base, downy or hairy on both sides. Clusters very dense, 
 nearly globular, with subulate bracts. Calyx hairy or woolly, ridged, 
 with about ten subulate hooked teeth (when mature). Upper lip of 
 the corolla cleft ; lobes contiguous and parallel. Commons and 
 similar waste places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. 50> 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 XV. Hallota, Linn. Black Horehound. Downy or hairy 
 foetid herbs. Leaves ovate or cordate, serrated or lobed. Flowers in 
 dense, axillary, bracteated racemes. Calyx tubular, five-angled, ten- 
 ribbed, with five equal, acute teeth. Corolla ringent, with a cylindri- 
 cal tube ; upper lip erect, concave, notched ; lower lip three-lobed, 
 spreading, the middle lobe notched. Stamens four, contiguous and 
 parallel, the two lower longer than the two upper (those on the lip 
 longer than those on the helmet). Carpels ovate-oblong, glabrous. 
 The stout, upright, leafy stem, with perennial root, the ovate or 
 slightly cordate leaves, and the dense axillary clusters, subtended by 
 bristle-shaped bracts, identify this genus. 
 
 J3. feet Ida 5 Lam. B. nigra, Linn. Stinking Horehound. E.B. 
 46, L. C. 825. Stems erect or ascending, branching, with blunt (?) 
 angles, woolly or hairy. Leaves wrinkled, petioled, ovate or ovate- 
 roundish, slightly cordate at the base, unequally crenated. Calyx 
 downy, with prominent nerves; limb large, more or less plicate; 
 teeth short, ovate or triangular, ending abruptly in a long point. 
 "Waysides. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Var. ruderalis (?). Stem bluntly angled, furrowed, soft, woolly. 
 Leaves light green, limp, very slightly wrinkled, with large, round, 
 very unequal, mucronate teeth. Bracts setaceous. Calyx elongated, 
 with bread, rounded, short and pointed teeth. Upper lip of the 
 corolla toothed and hairy on both sides ; lateral lobes of the lower lip 
 acutely toothed. 
 
 XVI. I^eonurus, Linn. Motherwort. Erect, smooth or downy 
 herbs. Leaves stalked, lobed, or cut. Flowers numerous, in axillary 
 racemes. Calyx tubular, five- angled and five-toothed. Corolla 
 ringent, tube short, cylindrical, narrow ; throat longish, but little 
 dilated; limb spreading; upper lip entire, hairy above; lower lip 
 spreading, three-cleft, lobes lanceolate, nearly equal, oblong, obtuse, 
 
434 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 the central lobe revolute or reflexed after fecundation. Carpels hairy 
 at the top, three-angled, oblong, truncate. 
 
 JL. Cardiaca, Linn. Motherwort. E. B. 273, L. C.826. Stems 
 erect, stout, branching, with prominent downy angles. Leaves 
 petioled, deep (dark) green above, pale (light) green beneath ; the 
 lower leaves large, deeply three-lobed; lobes oblong-triangular, 
 lanceolate, unequally incised or toothed ; upper leaves attenuated at 
 the base into petioles, three-toothed at the apex, the middle tooth the 
 largest. Flowers numerous, in lax, leafy, very long spikes. Calyx- 
 teeth triangular, ending in strong spinous points, very divergent when 
 in fruit. Upper lip of the corolla densely hairy on the outside, lip 
 spotted with purple. Waysides near villages ; very rare. Perennial. 
 July. Little London, a hamlet in Albury parish, near Guildford, in 
 1837. A. I. Near Bewdley, Worcestershire. Mr. Jordan. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 4V. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE III. Scutellariiiese. Calyx two-lipped, de- 
 pressed, and shut when ripe by the conyerging of the two lips. Labial 
 stamens longer than the other pair. 
 
 Genera. Prunella, Scutellaria. 
 
 . SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Prunella. Stems erect, branching, short ; flowers in terminal, dense, 
 spicate clusters. Upper lip of calyx three-toothed. 
 
 Scutellaria is distinguished from the above by its curious calyx, which is 
 truncate with a basal appendage ; also by its fewer and axillary flowers. 
 
 XVII. Pruuella (Brunella), Linn. Self-heal. Perennial plants, 
 with simple stems and ovate leaves, margin variable. Flowers spike- 
 like, dense, bracteate. Calyx two-lipped ; upper lip flat, three-toothed ; 
 lower lip cleft. Corolla ringent ; upper lip concave, inflexed, entire ; 
 lower lip in three round crenate lobes, the central one largest. Fila- 
 ments toothed below the anthers. Carpels oval. Stems rarely above 
 eight or nine inches high, branched near the root ; flowers in dense 
 terminal spikes. The herbage is not aromatic. 
 
 P. yul-ui is, Linn. All-heal. E. B. 961, L. C. 844. Stems 
 solitary or few, reclining, and often rooting at the base, simple, rarely 
 branched, channelled on two sides, the two other sides convex. 
 Leaves petioled, ovate or oblong, entire or toothed, or lobed. Calyx 
 coloured, glabrous or slightly hairy, two-lipped ; upper lip with 
 three very short setaceous teeth, truncate, lower lip with two linear 
 lanceolate teeth. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, violet, upper 
 lip concave, hairy outside. Pastures and grassy places. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt, 0750 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 Var. a. vulgaris. Leaves entire, sinuate, or toothed. 
 
 Sub-var. &. pinnatifida. Leaves pinnatifid or cleft. 
 
 XVIII. Scutellaria, Linn. Skull-cap. Perennials, with 
 
p 
 fl 
 
 LABIATE. SCUTELLARIA. AJUGA. 435 
 
 creeping roots, and more or less branching, slender stems. Leaves 
 entire or serrated. Flowers axillary or terminal. Calyx tubular, 
 two-lipped, with four equal lobes, and with a horizontal, herbaceous, 
 concave scale, which closes the calyx after flowering. Corolla ringent, 
 tube longer than the calyx, throat compressed below, dilated upwards ; 
 upper lip concave in three segments ; lower lip broader, in three shal- 
 low lobes. Stamens approximate, two lower longer than the two 
 upper. Carpels roundish, or oblong, smooth or tubercled, glabrous or 
 ubescent. The slender more or less branching stems, with axillary 
 owers, either solitary or in pairs, and especially the peculiar lid of 
 the calyx, when in fruit, characterize this genus. 
 
 1. 8. galericulata, Linn. Common Skull-cap. E. B. 523, L. C. 
 845. Stems erect or ascending, bushy (branching), downy or glabrous, 
 leafy. Leaves on short petioles, cordate at the base, oblong-lanceo- 
 late, blunt, laxly crenulate or toothed. Flowers axillary, opposite, 
 but turned to one side (unilateral). Calyx smooth or slightly downy, 
 with a broad, convex, horizontal spur. Corolla blue, with an elongated 
 tube, enlarged above, hairy. About river-sides, ditches, &c. Peren- 
 nial. July August. 
 
 A. 17/C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 5P 47. 
 
 2. S. minor, Linn. Lesser Skull-cap. E. B. 524, L. C. 846. 
 Stems slender, erect, or slightly reclining at the base, usually branch- 
 ing; branches erect, downy, especially at the angles. Leaves on 
 short petioles, cordate at the base, slightly hastate, oblong-lanceolate, 
 entire, or with one or two teeth at the base. Flowers solitary, 
 axillary, turned to one side. Calyx hairy. Corolla small, rosy- 
 whitish, lip spotted with purple. Marshy places in commons and 
 heaths. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40 (50). Lat. 50 56. Alt, 0. 200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 V&r.procera. Stems from one- three feet high, branched, and flower- 
 ing almost from the base. Leaves all on short petioles, cordate, and 
 with one or two teeth at the base. The calyx and corolla agree 
 with the same parts of the common form. Parkhurst Forest, 
 near Newport. August, 1853. A. L 
 
 TRIBE V. Ajugoideae. Corolla apparently one-lipped, the 
 upper lip being either very short or deeply cleft, and a portion 
 adheres to the opposite sides of the lower lip. Stamens approximate 
 and parallel, projecting beyond the corolla, the labial stamens longer 
 than the other pair. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 XIX. Ajuga 9 Linn. Bugle. Perennial or annual plants, with 
 flowers in axillary clusters, which are arranged in terminal spikes ; 
 
436 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 sometimes the flowers are axillary and solitary. Calyx ovate at the 
 base, with five equal, or nearly equal teeth. Corolla withering before 
 falling off, apparently one-lipped. Tube longer than the calyx ; upper 
 lip very short, two-lobed ; lower lip large, spreading, three-lobed. 
 Stamens approximate and parallel, much longer than the upper lip 
 of the corolla. Style persistent. Fruit oblong or obovate-roundish, 
 reticulate, wrinkled, glabrous. 
 
 1. A. reptans, Linn. Common Bugle. E. B. 489, L. C. 822. 
 Root thick, with strong fibres, throwing out long, often rooting barren 
 shoots. Flowering stem erect, rarely solitary, six-eight inches high, 
 two opposite sides hairy and two smooth, alternately in the inter- 
 nodes, Leaves oblong or ovate, or spathulate, entire, or faintly cre- 
 nulate; root-leaves on a long petiole. Stem leaves nearly sessile. 
 Floral leaves (bracts) green or coloured. Flowers usually blue, 
 sometimes red or white, in many-flowered clusters arranged in a ter- 
 minal, leafy, more or less compact spike. Woods, shady places, and 
 pastures. Perennial. May. June. 
 
 A, 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0750 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 The var. alpina differs from A. reptans in the notched or lobed 
 leaves, and, as it is described, by the absence of scions. In alpine 
 places. 
 
 2. A. pyramidalis. Linn. Pyramidal Bugle. E. B. 1270, 
 L. C. 823. Stem four-six inches high, withoul scions. Hoot-leaves 
 obovate, notched, stalked ; floral leaves (bracts) small, purplish. Calyx- 
 teeth hairy, long. Flowers in crowded whorls. Corolla bluish pur- 
 ple, with a yellow throat ; upper lip with two acute lobes. Moun- 
 
 finous pastures* Scotland. Perennial. June. 
 A. 4, C. 7. 'Lat. 56 60. Alt. 2500 yards (?). T. 45 40. 
 
 3. A. Chamiepitys, Schreb. Ground Pine. E. B. 77, L. C. 824. 
 Root fibrous, annual. Stems erect, bushy, branching, leafy. Leaves 
 three-parted; lobes linear; lower leaves oblong, attenuated into 
 petioles, entire or three-lobed; all very hairy. Flowers yellow, soli- 
 tary, axillary, almost concealed by the leaves, which far surpass them. 
 Chalky corn-fields. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 9. Lat. 51 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 XX. Teucrium, Linn. Germander. Herbs or shrubs, downy 
 or hairy. Leaves serrated or entire. Flowers axillary or capitate. 
 Calyx unequally five-cleft, with a lateral protuberance at the base. 
 Corolla ringent, tube cylindrical, short, curved upwards, upper lip 
 divided to the base, and forming two lateral lobes; lower spreading, 
 three-lobed, the two lateral lobes erect, resembling the lobes of the upper 
 lip, the central one larger, flat or concave. Stamens parallel, between 
 the fissure of the upper lip. Carpels oblong, rounded, wrinkled. 
 
 SECT. 1. Scorodonia. Flowers in spiked, terminal, slender clusters, 
 bracteate. Calyx apparently two-lipped (upper teeth much developed and 
 distant from the lower teeth). 
 
 1. T. Scorodonia, Linn. "Wood Sage. E.B. 1543, L. C. 818. 
 

 LABIATJE. TEUCRIUM. 437 
 
 Root creeping. Stem erect, one-two feet high, leafy, acutely angular. 
 Leaves cordate-lanceolate, wrinkled, serrated, hairy, stalked. Flowers 
 in numerous, terminal and axillary, erect clusters, unilateral. Upper 
 lip of the calyx entire, ovate (Babington). Corolla pale yellow, middle 
 lobe concave. The smell of the plant resembles that of Hops. In 
 woods and heaths, abundant. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. f;0 60. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 2. T. Scordium, Linn. Water Germander. E. B. 828, L.C. 819. 
 Stems recumbent, branched. Leaves oblong, blunt, downy or hoary, 
 dentate, serrate, sessile. Flowers stalked, two or more together, axil- 
 lary. Calyx-teeth broad, short, equal. Corolla pale purple, the middle 
 lobe rounded, flat, with two spots. Wet meadows ; rare. Perennial. 
 July, August. 
 
 A. 5, C. 7. Lat. 51 55. Alt. 050 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 3. T. Chamsedrys, Linn. Wall Germander. E. B. 680, L. C. 
 821. Somewhat shrubby plants. Roots woody, branching, widely 
 creeping. Stems more or less woody at the base, round, hairy, 
 reclining below, erect above, very downy. Leaves wedge-shaped at 
 the base, tapering into a petiole, deeply toothed, ovate or oblong, lower 
 leaves toothed to the base, upper only at the apex (nearly entire). 
 Flowers rosy or purple, rarely white, axillary, solitary or in pairs, in 
 terminal leafy clusters. Calyx gibbous at the base, with prominent 
 angles and lanceolate-acuminate teeth. Lobes of the upper lip of 
 the corolla acute, ciliated ; lower lip with a broad, concave middle 
 lobe ; throat strongly -bearded. Carpels nearly smooth. On old 
 walls, c. ; rare. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 10. Alien. 
 
 4. T. jt^otrys; Linn. Clustered Germander. Necs, Gen. 
 Plant, 6, 45. Stems reclining, erect, angular, hairy, branching, 
 leafy ; branches spreading. Leaves pinnatifid below, three-cleft 
 above, with cleft or entire blunt lobes, tapering at the base and 
 petioled. Flowers axillary, in several-flowered tufts, on pedicels 
 longer than the calyxes. Calyx remarkably gibbous or inflated and 
 prolonged at the base, with short triangular teeth, hairy. Mid-lobe 
 of the lower lip entire, spreading ; two lateral lobes more or less 
 erect, with three sharp teeth, the middle one elongated and 
 sharp-pointed. Reported from the vicinity of Box-hill. Peren- 
 nial. July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50% 
 JElsholtzm cristata. Root fibrous, annual (?). Stems bluntly four- 
 angular, rigid, rough, much branched, with opposite, spreading-erect 
 branches. Leaves ovate, ovate-oblong, or ovate-elliptical, tapering 
 at both ends, crenate-dentate, with rounded teeth. Whorls uni- 
 lateral, with rounded, herbaceous, membranous bracts and a short 
 point, aggregate. A weed, in gardens and on rubbish. Chelsea and 
 Parson's Green. July, August. 
 
 This plant appears periodically, but not every year. Last 
 year, 1 8&6, it was plentiful. It has not been observed this season 
 1857. 
 
438 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ORDER LVIL SCROPMUI*ARIACEjE, Br. THE FIG- 
 WORT FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, under-shrubs, and sometimes shrubs. Leaves variable, 
 both in structure and position. Flowers axillary or in racemes, 
 rarely spiked. Calyx pentasepalous or tetrasepalous by abortion, 
 sometimes gamosepalous. Corolla deciduous, variable, tubular, with 
 either a regular or bilabiate limb, imbricated in prefloration (aesti- 
 vation). Stamens two or four, two long and two short (didynamous). 
 Ovary two-celled (dicarpous), many-seeded. Fruit capsular, rarely 
 baccate, dehiscence valvular or by pores. Seeds many. The dicar- 
 pous fruit, the two or four stamens, and the personate, ringent, or 
 bilabiate corollas help to distinguish this order. When the corolla 
 has an expanded limb, one lobe is smaller than the others. 
 
 Fig. 154. Euphrasia officinalis. 1, Entire flower ; 2, pistil; 3, section of the ovary. 
 4, calyx and fruit ; 5, fruit detached j 6, seed ; 7, section of the same. 
 
 The plants of this order are found in all parts of the world, from 
 the coldest region in which flowering plants exist to the hottest 
 places between the tropics. One species is found in Melville Island. 
 They are common in India, South America, Australia, &c. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Veronica. Annual and perennial plants. Leaves mostly opposite. 
 Flowers rotate. Stamens two. Fruit cordate, turgid, or compressed. 
 
 Limosella. A minute aquatic, with radical entire leaves and very incon- 
 spicuous flowers. 
 
 Scrophularia. Leaves crenate, large. Corolla inflated, tubular, gibbous, 
 with four fertile and one barren stamen. 
 

 SCROPHULARIACE^E. VERONICA. 439 
 
 Digitalis. Stems erect, virgate Flower campanulate-tubular, inflated, 
 obliquely two-lipped. 
 
 Antirrhinum. Corolla tubular, inflated, personate. (See Index.) 
 
 Linaria. Corolla personate, with a spur. 
 
 Pedicularis. Leaves divided. Calyx five-toothed, inflated. Corolla 
 ringent, upper lip arched and compressed. 
 
 Rhinanthus. Leaves simple. Calyx inflated, four-toothed. 
 
 Melampyrum. Calyx tubular, four- toothed. Capsule few-seeded. 
 
 Bartsia. Calyx bell-shaped, four-cleft. 
 
 Eufragia. Calyx tubular, four-cleft. 
 
 Euphrasia. Calyx four-cleft or four-toothed. Corolla two-lipped. 
 
 Sibthorpia. Calyx in five deep and spreading segments. 
 
 I. Veronica, Linn. Speedwell. Annual or perennial, her- 
 baceous, rarely shrubby plants. Stems branched, erect, or procum- 
 bent. Leaves opposite, rarely whorled. Flowers axillary, alternate. 
 Calyx four-five-parted, segments rather unequal. Corolla rotate, 
 deciduous, four-cleft, lower lobe the smallest, the upper largest. 
 Stamens two. Ovary compressed. Style as long as the stamens, 
 with a small notched stigma. Capsule Variable, ovate, or obcordate, 
 more or less flat or turgid, two-celled, four-valved. Seeds orbicular, 
 compressed, peltate or umbilicate. The leafy stems, the small blue, 
 or rarely pink or white flowers, and the orbicular flat seeds distin- 
 guish this genus. 
 
 SECT. I. Mostly annual plants. Leaves all uniform or gradually 
 reduced to bracts. Flowers solitary, either distant or in terminal clusters. 
 
 1. Annuals. Leaves uniform. Flowers on curved, reflexed peduncles, 
 separate, solitary, axillary. 
 
 1. V. hederifolia, Linn. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. E. B. 2603, 
 L. C. 759. Root branching, fibrous. Stems prostrate, spreading, 
 simple or branching, soft, downy, or hairy. Leaves petiolate, the 
 lower opposite, the others alternate, slightly cordate at the base, three- 
 fae-lobed, with obtuse or shortly-pointed lobes, the uppermost lobes 
 
 largest. Pedicels as long as the leaves, reflexed when in fruit. Sepals 
 large, cordate-acuminate, ciliated (fringed at the margin). Corolla 
 pale blue or nearly white, veined, much smaller than the calyx. Fruit 
 nearly globular, two- or four-lobed, with large peltate seeds convex 
 on one side and concave on the other. Fields and rubbish j common. 
 Annual. March. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 2. V. agrestis., Linn. Procumbent Speedwell. E. B. 2603, 
 L. C. 760- Root branching, with long fibres. Stems solitary or few, 
 diffuse, prostrate, or ascending, round, stout, pubescent, glandular, 
 either simple or branching at the base, bearing flowers almost from 
 the base. Leaves petiolate, uniform, ovate-cordate, crenulated or 
 lobed, lobes entire or toothed, the lower opposite, the upper alternate. 
 Flowers on pedicels which are longer than the leaves ; pedicels bent 
 and reflexed in fruit. Sepals large, ovate, obtuse or pointed, as long 
 
440 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 as the fruit, slightly unequal, corolla veined, exceeded by the calyx. 
 Fruit large, turgid, two-lobed, downy or hairy, crowned by the 
 remains of the style, lobes not divergent, four-twelve-seeded. Seeds 
 oblong, concave, slightly rugose. Fields and rubbish. Common. 
 M arch November. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 46'. 
 
 Var. . (V. grandiflora?). Stems prostrate, round, branching, 
 hairy, leafy. Leaves of the barren shoots opposite, of the flowering 
 stems alternate, cordate, crenate, hairy, rugose, petioled. Sepals ovate- 
 lanceolate. Petals deep blue or whitish, with deep blue lines, larger 
 than the sepals. Capsule obcordate, with divergent sharply-keeled 
 lobes, very hairy on pedicels, which are nearly as long as the leaves. 
 
 Var. 7. politd, Fries. E.B. 783, L. C. 761. Stem usually slen- 
 derer than in the type. Leaves more or less glabrous, shining. 
 Sepals pointed. Corolla of a beautiful deep blue, of ten large. Fruit 
 very turgid and downy. In fields. Not uncommon. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 -57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 3. V. Buxbaumii, Tenore. Buxbaum's Speedwell. E. B. 2769, 
 L. C. 762. Stems prostrate or ascending, diffuse, downy or hairy, 
 usually branching. Leaves alternate, the lower opposite, on short 
 petioles, hairy or downy, especially below, slightly cordate at the 
 base, ovate-roundish, crenate or lobed, teeth or lobes mostly entire. 
 Peduncles twice as long as the leaves, reflexed at the top when near 
 maturity. Divisions of the calyx large, ovate-lanceolate, divaricated, 
 in pairs, longer than the fruit. Corolla larger than the calyx, veined. 
 Capsule hairy, broad, with obtuse, divergent, compressed lobes, jive- 
 eight-seeded. Style long. Seeds oblong, concave, wrinkled. Natu- 
 ralized. On rubbish, and in fields. Annual. April October. Berks; 
 Surrey, near Guildford ; Wandsworth steam-boat pier. 
 
 2. Plants annual. Upper leaves reduced to bracts. Pedicels of the 
 fruit erect, or nearly so. 
 
 4. V. triphyllos, Linn. Blunt-fingered Speedwell. E. B. 26, 
 L. C. 749. Stems weak, reclining, mostly with divergent branches. 
 Lower leaves ovate, more or less crenate or incised ; upper leaves 
 palmate, in three-Jive oblong or spathulate segments ; the upper ones 
 sometimes entire, linear (reduced to the terminal segment). Flowers 
 distant, on pedicels longer than the leaves. Segments of the calyx 
 (sepals) unequal, oblong, blunt, rather longer than the capsule, hairy, 
 glandular. Corolla deep blue, not quite so long as the calyx. Cap- 
 sule roundish, notched, lobes turgid at the base. Style longer than 
 the lobes of the capsule. Seeds eight-twelve, black, cone ave, finely 
 granulated (tuberculated). Sandy fields. Norfolk and other eastern 
 counties. Annual. March May. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 52 54. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 5. V. veriia, Linn. Vernal Speedwell. E. B. 25, L. C. 748. 
 Stems several or solitary, erect, simple, or with almost radical, 
 erect branches, downy or glandular, especially above. Lower 
 leaves oblong entire or incised, attenuated below into petioles, upper 
 
/ ^ ~J-VJis*- c^ix /^v 
 
 SCROPHULARIACEJS. VERONICA. 441 
 
 leaves pinnatifid, five-seven lobed, the terminal lobe the largest. 
 Uppermost leaves entire, alternate. Flowers on pedicels, which are 
 shorter than the leaves. Divisions of the calyx unequal, longer than 
 the capsule. Corolla pale blue, shorter than the calyx. Capsule very 
 broad, with a large notch (obcordate), hairy, glandular, ciliated; 
 lobes flat, spreading, as long as the style. Seeds small, yettotvish, 
 almost smooth, nearly flat on the inner surface. Sandy heaths ; in 
 Norfolk and Suffolk. Annual. May. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 52' 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 6. V. arveiisis, Linn. Wall Speedwell. E. B. 734, L. C. 747. 
 Stems solitary or several, erect or spreading, simple or branching, 
 hairy, especially above. Leaves slightly hairy, toothed, sessile ; the 
 lower ones opposite, ovate, or somewhat cordate, the upper alternate, 
 oblong or lanceolate, entire, somewhat longer than the fruit. Flowers 
 almost sessile, in lax spikes (clusters). Fruit (capsule) small, ciliate, 
 roundish, deeply notched, lobes compressed, nearly sessile, shorter 
 than the divisions of the unequal segments of the calyx. Style short. 
 Seeds small, yellow, finely wrinkled, scarcely concave on the inner 
 side. Banks, walls, rubbish. Annual. April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 60 61. Alt. 0350 yards. 
 
 3. Perennial plants. Root horizontal or stems rooting at the base. 
 Upper leaves reduced to bracts. Flowers in terminal clusters, usually spiked. 
 Pedicels of the fruit erect. 
 
 7. V. serpyllifolia, Linn, Thyme-leaved Speedwell. E. B. 
 1075, L. C. 750. Stems usually numerous, reclining and rooting at 
 the base, slender, erect, simple, rarely branching below, clothed, with 
 very fine down. Leaves glabrous, thick, the lower opposite, sessile, 
 or nearly so, ovate, entire, or with a few small, erect teeth, the upper 
 leaves alternate, oblong or linear. Pedicels shorter than the leaves. 
 Flowers in lax clusters. Divisions of the calyx almost equal, oblong, 
 shorter than the capsule. Corolla small, blue veined. Capsule glabrous, ^ 
 slightly notched at the 'apex, with from twenty-thirty seeds. Style 
 about as long as the capsule. Seeds very small, yellow, scarcely concave. 
 Moist pastures, ditches, roadsides. Not uncommon. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 40. 
 Var. humifusa. Stems prostrate, hairy, branching from the 
 base, clusters short. 
 
 8. V. spicata, Linn. Spiked Speedwell. E. B. 2, L. C. 746. Koot- 
 leaves obovate. Stems erect, round, stout, leafy, pubescent, simple, 
 branching above, more or less numerous. Stem-leaves elliptical, 
 lanceolate, sharply serrated with triangular or ovate sharp 
 teeth, tapering at the base into short leaf-stalks, thick, hairy. 
 Flowers bright blue, in dense elongated spikes, which are usually 
 solitary on the wild examples, and often in pairs on cultivated speci- 
 mens. Bracts much longer than the pedicels. Sepals ovate-lanceo- 
 late. Tube of the corolla elongate (longer than its diameter). Seg- 
 ments elliptical, twice as long as the sepals, mostly reflexed. Fila- 
 ments and anther deep blue. Style very long, blue. Capsule ovate, 
 
 G G 
 
442 DESCRIPTIVE RK1TL>H BuTANY. 
 
 hairy, crowned by the long deflexed style. Chalky pastures and lime- 
 stone cliffs. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 4, C. 8. Lat. 6l 55. Alt. 0250 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
 Naturalized on Wandsworth Common, opposite the County Jail, in 
 a deep cutting whence ballast was taken. The Veronica was partly 
 surrounded by furze-bushes in which a few plants of Dianthus barba- 
 tus were growing. At the same end of the cutting (the Wandsworth 
 end) there are a few plants of Drosera rotundifolia and Lycopodium 
 inundatum. Both of these latter plants are well established. It is a 
 curious fact that neither of these were previously observed on any 
 part of Wandsworth Common. In the depression only, caused by the 
 rail way, are they now to be seen. Melilotus vulgaris, GEnothera biennis, 
 and F&niculwn officinale are naturalized on a heap of shingly gravelly 
 clay, near the bridge, at the end of the cutting towards Wimbledon. 
 
 Var. V. hybrida, Linn. Hybrid Speedwell. E. B. 673. Leaves 
 ovate, crenate, with larger and more rounded teeth than V. spicata, 
 whole plant hairier ; flowers paler. Humphrey Head, near Cartmel, 
 Lancashire. John Windsor, M.D. (See " Phytologist," N. S., 
 November, 1857.) 
 
 9. V. alpina. Linn. Alpine Speedwell. E. B. 484, L. C. 751. 
 Root creeping, with long fibres. Stems solitary, or several from the 
 same root (Branching at the base), erect or reclining, straight or 
 flexuous, four-six inches high, more or less hairy and leafy. Leaves 
 ovate or elliptical, toothed or entire. Flowers bright blue, in a short 
 cluster, pedicels hairy. Sepals fringed. Fruit oblong or obovate, more 
 or less notched, crowned with the persistent style and capitate stigma. 
 On the sides of rills ; on the highest mountains of Scotland. Peren- 
 nial. July, August. 
 
 A. 2, C. 6. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 7001200 yards. T. 39 34. 
 
 10. V. saxatilis, Linn. Blue Kock Speedwell. E. B. 1027, 
 L. C. 752. Stems woody at the base, decumbent, branching above, 
 downy, leafy. Leaves obovate or oblong, with a few teeth near their 
 centre, on short petioles. Flowers large, bright blue, on longish stalks, 
 in short lax clusters. Sepals equal, oblong. Petals obovate, rounded. 
 Capsules downy, ovate, attenuated above, truncate or slightly notched, 
 crowned with the bending style. Rocks. Ben Lawers. Perennial. 
 June, Julv. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 56 59. Alt. 750900 yards. T. 39 37. 
 
 11. V. fruticulosaj Linn. Carnation-coloured Speedwell. E.B. 
 1028, L. C. List C. Root strong and woody. Stems shrubby at 
 their base, with flowering branches. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 
 serrated or entire. Clusters spiked or corymbose. Flowers flesh- 
 coloured, stalked. Calyx enlarged after flowering. Capsule elliptic. 
 Seeds flattish, smooth. Scottish mountains; Ben Lawers. Mr. R. 
 Brown. Perennial. July. 
 
 SECT. II. Perennial (British species). Flowers in axillary, terminal, not 
 leafy clusters. 
 
 12. V. oiliciiialis, Linn. Common Speedwell. E. B. 765, L. C. 
 
SCROPHULARIACE^E. VERONICA. 443 
 
 756. Root branching and creeping 1 , often producing barren shoots. 
 Stems several, rigid, hairy, prostrate, often rooting at the base, erect 
 at the summit. Leaves ovate or oblong, hairy, tapering into a short 
 petiole, toothed or crenate, obtuse or pointed. Flowers in spiked 
 cliisters, on round, firm, common peduncles ; pedicels shorter than the 
 linear bracts. Divisions of the calyx equal, shorter than the fruit. 
 Corolla larger than the calyx. Capsule small, strongly ciliate, 
 triangular obcordate, compressed ; cells many-seeded. Style about as 
 long as the capsule. Seed flat on the inner side (face). Heaths and 
 woods. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 52 38. 
 
 13. V. hi r siit a, Hopk. Small Hairy Speedwell. E. B. 2673, 
 L. C. 75<> b. This species or variety is said to be distinguished from 
 V. ojficinalis by its entire and not cordate or notched capsule. The 
 plant, Smith says, is like a starved variety of the foregoing, with 
 stalked, small, narrow leaves, and unaltered by culture. In Ayrshire, 
 Scotland. Perennial. June. 
 
 13*. V. mo at aim. Linn. Mountain Speedwell. E. B. 766, L. C. 
 
 757. Koot widely creeping. Stems prostrate, often rooting, simple or 
 branched at the base, round, hairy all over. Leaves hairy, opposite, 
 all petiolate, ovate, or almost cordate at the base, toothed, usually 
 reddish below. Pedicels more than twice as long as the linear bracts. 
 Flowers in lax clusters. Sepals ciliated, oblanceolate equal. Capsule 
 orbicular, dilated, notched, longer than the sepals. In woods and shady 
 places. Not very an frequent. Perennial. Mar July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 14. V. Channedrys, Linn. Germander Speedwell. E. B. 623, 
 L. C. 758. Koots slender, creeping extensively. Stems solitary or 
 several, reclining and rooting at the base, and then ascending, 
 simple or slightly branched, the internodes (space between the 
 leaves or junctures) furnished with two opposite rows of hairs, alternat- 
 ing in each internode. Leaves wrinkled, with prominent nerves and 
 large teeth, cordate at the base, ovate, nearly sessile, the upper ones 
 quite so. Flowers in lax clusters on longer or shorter pedicels, with 
 small bracts. Sepals leaf-like, unequal, ciliated, longer than the fruit, 
 and diverging in pairs. Corolla larger than the calyx, veined. Fruit 
 hairy, roundish, notched and flattened, with a rather long persistent 
 style. Hedges, woods, roadsides. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50- 61. Alt. 0900 yards. 
 
 Note. The three following species are marsh or water-plants. 
 
 15. V. scutellata, Linn. Narrow-leaved Marsh Speedwell. 
 E. B. 782, L. C. 753. Stems slender, prostrate, and rooting at the 
 base, ascending above, sin pie or branched, glabrous. Leaves oppo- 
 site, sessile, linear-lanceolate. Pedicels of the fruit three-four times 
 longer than the bract, in lax clusters. Divisions of the calyx equal, 
 oblong, shorter than the capsule. Corolla pale blue, veined, longer 
 than the calyx. Capsule slightly compressed, strongly notched at 
 the apex. Seeds small, fiat on both sides, smooth. Marshy, watery 
 places. Perennial. July. 
 
444 DESCRIPTIVE BKITl^H BOTANY. 
 
 A. 18, a 80. Lat. 50 3 60. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 52 41. 
 Var. j8. pubescens, Koch. V. parmularia, Poit. Stem hairy. 
 
 16. V. Aiiagallis, Linn. Water Speedwell. E. B. 781, X C. 
 754. Stems succulent, stout, erect or ascending-, often rooting at the 
 base, hollow. Leaves smooth, somewhat fleshy, opposite, sessile, half- 
 clasping, ovate or lanceolate, laxly toothed or sinuate. Flowers in 
 lax, many-flowered axillary clusters, on pedicels usually shorter than 
 the bracts. Divisions of the calyx equal, oblong-lanceolate, rather 
 longer than the fruit. Corolla about equal to the calyx, pale blue, 
 veined. Fruit smooth, roundish, scarcely notched, many-seeded. Seeds 
 nearly flat on the inner side. Watery places. Annual; rarely perennial. 
 July. Perennial according to Smith. " Eng. FL," vol. i., p. 21. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T, 5'2 45. 
 
 17. V. fleccabungaj Linn. Brooklime. E. B. 635, L. C. 755. 
 Stems solitary or several, stout, succulent, hollow, round, reclining 
 and rooting at their base, simple or branching, glabrous. Leaves 
 glabrous, fleshy, opposite, petiolate, ovate or oblong, blunt, laxly 
 toothed or sinuate. Flowers in axillary opposite clusters on long 
 .common stalks. Pedicels about as long as the linear bracts. Calyx 
 rather longer than the capsule. Corolla somewhat longer than the 
 calyx. Fruit glabrous, small, roundish, nearly entire at the apex, 
 turgid, containing many seeds. Style not quite so long as the cap- 
 sule (fruit). Seeds small, .almost flat on the inner side. Ditches and 
 watery places ; common. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 52 37. 
 
 V. peregrina, Linn. Whole plant glabrous. Stems solitary or 
 several, three-six inches high, erect or spreading, usually much 
 branched. Leaves oblong-obtuse, the upper ones oblong-linear or 
 spathulate, usually entire, much longer than the capsules. Pedicels 
 very short, erect. Divisions of the calyx slightly unequal, only a 
 little longer than the capsule. Corolla smaller than the calyx. 
 Capsule small, glabrous, scarcely notched at the apex, containing 
 numerous small, smooth, yellow seeds. Style very short. Annual. 
 July. Ireland. 
 
 "These plants were gathered in the fruit-garden of the Lodge, 
 Belfast, and, though not confined to one spot, were principally found 
 growing among parsley." Kev. W. M. Hind, in " Phytologist," N. S., 
 vol. ii., p,. 47. 
 
 II. liimosella, Linn, Mudwort. Aquatic or marsh plants. 
 Flower-stalks radical, simple, naked. Leaves linear or spathulate, 
 entire, aggregate. Flowers small, axillary and solitary. Calyx five- 
 cleft or five-parted; segments acute, equal. Corolla campanulate, 
 with a deeply five cleft limb, and spreading, slightly unequal seg- 
 ments. Capsule two-celled, two-valved. Seeds numerous, on a 
 large central receptacle. The place of growth, the minuteness of 
 the plant, the tufted, sometimes long leaves, which rise to the top of 
 the water when the plant is immersed, and the minute flowers are 
 characteristic of this genus. 
 
SCROPHULARIACEJE. - LIMOSELLA. SCROPHULARIA. 445 
 
 I>. aqiiaiicM, Linn. Common Mudwort. E. B. 357, L. C. 788. 
 Plant developed in water, flowering in dried-up places. Rhizomes 
 filiform* horizontal, producing flowers and leaves at distant intervals. 
 Leaves spathulate or oblong, glabrous, slightly fleshy, tapering into 
 long petioles and in lax rosettes. Flowers numerous, on radical 
 peduncles, shorter than the leaf stalks. Anthers dark purple. Cap- 
 sule ovate. Seeds very small, ovate, tubercled. In water, and where 
 water has stood. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 13, C. 30. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 III. Seroplmlaria,* Linn. Figwort. Herbaceous, some- 
 times shrubby plants, perennial, rarely biennial, Stem tall, four- 
 angled, leafy, leaves opposite, simple in the British species. Flowers 
 cymose, in axillary or terminal contiguous panicles. Calyx five- 
 lobed or in five deep segments. Corolla widely-tubular, inflated, 
 with a very small five-cleft limb, the upper segment reflexed, two 
 lateral spreading, two lower ones erect. Stamens four, fertile, 
 and one abortive or barren (staminodium), which is attached to the 
 base of the upper lip, and terminates in a blunt scale. Capsule 
 ovate or globular, pointed, two-celled, two-valved, with partitions 
 from the inflexed margins of the valves. Many-seeded, opening by 
 two valves. The tall, erect, leafy, sharply quadrangular stems, and 
 especially the curious inconspicuous small flowers are characteristic 
 of this genus. 
 
 1. 8. iiodosa, Linn. Knobby-rooted Figwort. E. B. 1544,L. C. 
 774. Roots swollen, knotty. Stem erect, four-angled, not winged, more 
 or less branched, about two feet high. Leaves ovate -lanceolate, 
 slightly cordate at the base, serrated, glabrous, with not-winged petioles, 
 Flowers brown, green, or pale yellow, with a dark purple upper lip, 
 in a more or less leafy panicle (cyme). Calyx lobes herbaceous, with a 
 very narrow scarious margin, blunt. Rudimentary stamen (stami- 
 nodium) nearly entire. Fruit (capsule) ovate acuminate, slightly 
 pointed. Moist, shady banks. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 58 (60). Alt. 0250 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 2. S. aquatica, Linn. Water Figwort. E. B. 854, L. C. 775. 
 Root scaly. Stems quadrangular, erect, robust, glabrous, angles 
 sharp or winged, sides furrowed, branching especially above, leafy. 
 Leaves on winged petioles, glabrous, or nearly so, cordate at the 
 base, ovate-oblong, or oblong, crenate or toothed, sometimes with 
 leaflets at the base (auricled). Flowers panicled, more or less leafy. 
 Divisions of the calyx roundish, with a broad, scarious, wrinkled, 
 torn margin. Corolla urceolate ; upper lip divided, with overlapping 
 lobes ; divisions roundish, reddish brown, lower lip green. Stami- 
 
 * This name should be spelled scrofularia, from Latin scrofula, scurvy, a disease for 
 which this or some kindred plant was believed to be a specific remedy. " Ex hac herba 
 unguentum conficitur ad omnis generis scabiem utilissimum, quo ipse (in quit Tragus) 
 scabies leprae sirnillimas sanari vidi." (Kay, sub verbo, " Cat. Plant.," p. 268.) The 
 ancient phytologists were not always philologists. It is an example of the inveteracy of 
 habit. It might be supposed that its derivation was Greek, which it is not. In the 
 sixteenth century it was written scrofularia. (See Cooper's "Thesaurus," sub voce.} 
 
446 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 node (rudiment of the fifth stamen) roundish, stipitate, entire. 
 Capsule roundish, abruptly pointed. Ditches, river-sides, and watery 
 places. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 56 3 . Alt. 0200 yards. T. 47. 
 
 6'. Elirlmrti (?), Stev. Ehrhart's Figwort. E. B. 2875, L. C. 
 774*. Stem quadrangular, winged, branched and leafy. Leaves 
 broadly cordate acuminate, sharply serrated, with larger teeth near 
 the base, limb decurrent, petiole winged, all the leaves stalked; 
 floral leaves (bracts) cordate like the others. Cymes six-eight- 
 flowered, numerous. Sepals broad, obtuse, rounded, but slightly 
 scarious at the margin. Corolla small. Staminodium obcordate, 
 stipitate. Capsule ovate, roundish, crowned with the long per- 
 sistent style. Seeds wrinkled, tubercular. Near water. Upper 
 Clent, near Stourbrid^e, Worcestershire. 
 
 This variety (we do not know Steven's except in the herbarium 
 state) agrees, on the whole, better with S.aquatica than with S.nodosa. 
 It is plentiful in the valley between the Cient-hills (Clatterbatch), 
 and is not associated with either of the two species to which it is 
 intermediate. A. I. 
 
 A. 10, C. 25. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 3. S. Scorodonia, Linn. Sage-leaved or Balm-leaved Fig- 
 wort. E. B. 2209, L. C. 776. Stem erect, acutely angular, downy. 
 Leaves cordate at the base, ovate, doubly crenated or toothed, petioled, 
 downy on both sides. Flowers in axillary, opposite cymes, on diva- 
 ricated pedicels. Sepals ovate, blunt. Corolla purplish. Stamino- 
 dium roundish, entire. Capsule ovate-roundish, pointed. Cornwall. 
 Ireland. Jersey. Perennial. July. 
 
 Looks very like S. nodosa. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 50 51. Alt. 050 yards. T. 52 51. 
 
 S. vernalis, Linn. Vernal or Yellow Figwort. E. B. 567, 
 L. C. 777. Root biennial. Stems downy or woolly, hollow, almost 
 four-angled. Leaves rounded or broadly cordate, pointed, incised or 
 toothed, downy. Flowers yellow, in axillary cymes, aggregate. 
 Calyx herbaceous, with oblong, spreading divisions. Corolla inflated, 
 contracted at the top, with a minute five-cleft limb. Fruit capsular, 
 ovate, acuminate, crowned by the persisting style. Lane between 
 Merton and Mitcham, where it has been observed during a century 
 at least. (See Huds., p. 240, 1st ed.) Biennial. May. 
 
 A. 4, C. 6. Lat. 51 5yi. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 Note. This is a rare plant in France, and is very local in the 
 south of England. ***AM^ 
 
 IV. Digitalis, Linn. Fox-glove. Biennial or perennial plants, 
 with alternate, crenulate, or toothed leaves, and purple, rarely white 
 flowers, in terminal unilateral clusters. Calyx five-parted, with un- 
 equal divisions, enlarged when in fruit. Corolla campanulate or tubu- 
 lar-inflated, with a short, oblique, two-lipped limb, lower lip three- 
 lobed, the middle one bearded within. Anther lobes divergent, cap- 
 sule many-seeded, with very thick placentas and septicidal dehiscence. 
 
SCROPHULARIACE^E. ANTIRRHINUM. LIN ARIA. 447 
 
 The simple, erect, tapering, leafy stems, the large, ovate or elliptic 
 oblong leaves, and especially the handsome bell-shaped flowers, in 
 long leafoclusters, distinguish this genus. 
 
 I*, i&rimrea, Linn. Purple Fox-glove. E. B. 1297, L. C. 778. 
 Stems robust, erect, round, tapering, quite straight, usually quite 
 simple, sometimes branching above, leafy. Leaves ovate-oblong or 
 lanceolate, wrinkled, with prominent nerves, crenulate, the lower 
 leaves large, tapering into the long petioles; upper ones sessile, 
 clasping, more or less downy, especially below. Flowers in spiked 
 unilateral clusters. Divisions of the calyx oblong or ovate. Corolla 
 glabrous without, hairy within, purple, rarely white, upper lip very 
 obtuse or truncate spreading, lobes of the lower lip shallow, rounded. 
 Capsule ovate-acuminate, downy. On sandy or gravelly banks, 
 woods, &c. Biennial. June, August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 52 40. 
 
 V. Antirrhinum, Juss. Snap.-dragon. Plants of one, two, 
 or several years' duration. Stems simple, round, leafy. Leaves sim- 
 ple, narrow, entire. Flowers axillary, or in terminal clusters. Calyx 
 five-parted. Corolla ringent and personate, gibbous at the base, 
 tumid, upper lip cleft, lower lip three -lobed, with a prominent palate 
 which closes the mouth. (A good example of a personate (masked) 
 flower). Capsule ovate, two-celled, opening by three round pores at 
 the top, the lower cell by two, the upper by one. Seeds numerous, on 
 a central 'placenta. 
 
 1. A. majiis, Linn. Great Snap-dragon. E. B. 129, L. C. 779. 
 Stems round, stout, smooth, glandular at the top, simple or branched, 
 leafy. Leaves lanceolate, tapering both ways, rather thick, glabrous. 
 Flowers in terminal clusters. Divisions of the calyx downy-glan- 
 dular, ovate or roundish, sjiort. Corolla large, very much longer than 
 the calyx, red or whitish, with a yellow palate. Fruit irregularly 
 ovate, slightly pubescent, glandular, longer than the calyx. On old 
 walls. Perennial. June. 
 
 It has established itself on the steep sides of many chalk quarries, 
 and on cuttings through the chalk in North Kent. Centranthus ruler 
 abounds in the same situations. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 2. A. Orontium, Linn. Field Snap-dragon. E. B. 1155, 
 L. C: 780. Stems rigid, erect, simple or slightly branched, hairy, 
 leafy. Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, tapering below. Flowers 
 axillary, on stout, erect pedicels, in terminal, leafy clusters. Sepals 
 
 ; Ipaf-jlike, linear- Lanceolate, elongate, very unequal, with a prominent 
 middle-nerve. Corolla striated, purple. Capsule irregularly ovate, 
 hany. Sandy corn-fields. Annual. June September. 
 
 A. 8, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 18. 
 
 VI. Liiiaria, Mill. Toad-flax. Annual or perennial plants. 
 Stems either flaccid and prostrate, with broad leaves, or rigid, upright, 
 with linear, scattered leaves. Flowers either solitary and axillary, 
 
448 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 or spiked, racemose and terminal. Calyx five-parted. Corolla per- 
 sonate, spurred at the base. Capsule opening by teeth or valves at 
 the apex. The habit of this genus is twofold : first, s^me have 
 upright, tapering, rigid, panicled stems, with entire, linear, scattered 
 and crowded leaves and terminal flowers ; secondly, others have 
 prostrate, round, flaccid stems, with variously lobed or entire broad 
 leaves and axillary flowers. The sharp, pointed spur is the obvious 
 characteristic, and the capsule opening by teeth or valves is the 
 essential discriminating mark of the genus. 
 
 SECT. I. Leaves linear or nearly so, sessile or narrowed at the base. 
 Flowers in terminal clusters on short pedicels. Throat, except in L. minor, 
 completely shut by the palate. 
 
 1. JL. Yulgarisj Moench. Common Toad-flax. E. B. 658, 
 L. C. 785. Stems erect, simple or branched, smooth or hairy. 
 Leaves scattered, contiguous, linear, lanceolate, tapering at both 
 ends. Divisions of the calyx triangular, pointed, with a scarious, 
 scarcely entire margin, shorter than the capsule. Flowers yellow, 
 in more or less dense spike-like clusters, which are simple or branched. 
 Corolla large, pale yellow; palate saffron colour, with a short, conical, 
 tapering spur. Capsule surrounded by a thickened disk. Seeds 
 with a smooth margin, rough and tubercled in the centre. Hedges 
 not uncommon. Perennial. July September. 
 
 Var. speciosa, Broomfield. Koots thick, woody. Stems woody 
 at the base, half an inch in diameter, glaucous, branched from the 
 base and again at the top. Leaves lanceolate, flat, with five dis- 
 tinct nerves, more or less prominent at the base. Flowers large, 
 showy, in rather lax clusters. In a chalk quarry at Northfleet, Kent. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat, 50 58V Alt, 0200 yards. T. 52> 47. 
 
 2. fc. repens, Ait.. Creeping Toad-flax. E. B. 1253, L. C. 784. 
 Stems erect, branching, glaucous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, or linear 
 mid-nerve very prominent, lower leaves whorled, upper scattered. 
 Flowers bluish, striated, in spike-like, more or less lax clusters. Divi- 
 sions of the calyx linear, akoftop. than the capsule. Corolla bluish 
 white, striped with violet, with a short conical spur. Fruit rather 
 small, roundish, subdidymous. Seeds ovate-triangular, with smooth 
 sharp angles and tubercled sides. Chalky fields. Rare. Peren- 
 nial. July. 
 
 A. 9, C. 20. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 L. supina, Desf. Prostrate Toad-flax. Stem glabrous, glau- 
 cous, prostrate at the base, then erect, simple, or slightly branched. 
 Leaves linear, narrow, the lower three-five together, the upper 
 scattered. Flowers imbricated, in short, dense clusters. Divi- 
 sions of the calyx linear, obtuse, shorter than the capsule. Corolla 
 lar^e, pale yellow, palate orange, with a very long spur. Cap- 
 sule roundish. Seeds smooth, black, shining, almost flat, with a 
 slightly elevated border. South-west of England. Annual. May 
 September. 
 
 2*. . pelisseriana, Mill. Pelisser's Toad-flax. E. B. 2832, 
 
SCROPHULARIACE^E. LINARIA. 449 
 
 L. C. 786. Stems erect, rigid, simple, or with erect branches. Leaves 
 linear, narrow, scattered, distant, those on the barren shoots dilated. 
 Flowers in lax spike-like clusters. Sepals linear, longer than the cap- 
 sule. Corolla violet-blue, with a very long spur. Seeds smooth, nearly 
 flat) surrounded with a dilate border. Jersey. Annual. June. 
 ^ L.purpurea,Mill. Purple Toad-flax. "Bot. Mag.," p. 399. Stems 
 erect," leafy. Leaves numerous, linear-lanceolate. Flowers purple, 
 in long terminal clusters. Sepals linear, shorter than the fruit (?). 
 Lower lip of corolla striated, with a very prominent hairy palate, 
 and a conical, somewhat curved spur. On walls at Eltham, Kent. As 
 a weed in gardens about Yarmouth, Isle of Wight. Perennial. July. 
 L. italica, Trev. Italian Toad-flax. " London Journal of Botany," 
 vol. i., p. 79. Rchb. v. 421. Stems erect, flexuous, round, smooth, 
 leafy, branching above. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, deep 
 green, glaucous. Flowers yellow, in lax clusters. Sepals linear-lan- 
 ceolate, slightly oblong. Upper lip of corolla erect, concave, deeply 
 notched, with spreading, pointed lobes ; palate prominent, bristly. 
 Spur long, tapering. Seeds scabrous, with a smooth, roundish margin. 
 Banks. Shirley, near Southampton. Mr. H. C.Watson. Perennial. 
 September, October. 
 
 3. I*, minor, Desf, Little Toad-flax. E. B. 2014, L. C. 787. 
 Stems erect, branching, round, tapering, hairy or downy. Leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, opposite below, alternate 
 above. Flowers solitary, axillary, in lax clusters on long pedicels. 
 Divisions of the calyx linear or oblong, about as long as the corolla, 
 and rather longer than the capsule. Corolla pale violet, with a yellow 
 throat, not closed as in the other species. Capsule ovate, oblique at the 
 base, broad and turgid, nearly two-lobed at the apex. Seeds ovate- 
 oblong, muricated. Sandy fields. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0-200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 SECT. II. Leaves broad, cordate, lobed, or roundish. Flowers axillary, 
 on long pedicels. 
 
 4. Ir. Cymbalaria, Linn. Wall Toad-flax. E. B. 502, L. C. 781. 
 Stems numerous, spreading, with elongated branches. Leaves alter- 
 nate, on long petioles, thick, often reddish below, roundish, cordate at 
 the base, with Jive-seven large, blunt, mucronate lobes. Pedicels a little 
 shorter than the leaves. Calyx shorter than the fruit. Corolla rosy- 
 bluish, with a yellow palate, and short bent spur. Fruit roundish, 
 with elevations produced by the seeds. Seeds ovate, large, with 
 granular surface. On old walls in many places. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 14. Alien. 
 
 5. .. spuria 5 Mill. Round-leaved Toad-flax. Fluellin. E. B. 
 691, L. C. 782. Stems numerous, diffuse, prostrate, branching, hairy. 
 Leaves on short petioles, oblong, roundish, with blunt points, often 
 slightly cordate at the base, hairy. Pedicels capillary, hairy, mostly 
 longer than the leaves. Divisions of the calyx ovate, very hairy. 
 Corolla yellow, upper lip small, deep violet. Spur slightly curved. 
 Capsule roundish, beeds ovate, tubercled. Chalky fields. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 7, C. 30. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 5148 . 
 
450 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 6. I*. Klatine, Desf. (Mill?). Fluellin, or Sharp-pointed Toad -flax. 
 E. B . 692, L. C. 783. Stems prostrate or ascending, spreading, branch- 
 ing-, very hairy. Leaves alternate petioled, ovate, pointed, hastate or 
 toothed at the base ; the lower ones rounded, scarcely hastate. Pedicels 
 smooth, capillary, longer than the leaves. Divisions of the calyx 
 ovate, pointed, rather longer than the fruit. Corolla pale yellow; 
 upper lip violet. Spur slightly curved. Capsule roundish. Seeds 
 ovate, tuberculate. Fields. Annual. July, August. 
 
 A, 9, C. 40. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 5248. 
 
 VII. Pedicularis, Linn. Lousewort or Red-rattle. Bien- 
 nial or perennial plants, with opposite or alternate pinnate leaves. 
 Flowers rose-coloured, rarely white, in terminal clusters. Calyx 
 inflated unequally, five-toothed, or two-lipped, the upper lip two- 
 toothed or entire, the lower three-toothed. Corolla two-lipped (bila- 
 biate), the upper lip helmet-shaped, compressed, the lower three- 
 lobed. Stamens four, concealed under the helmet (casque). Capsule 
 manj'-seeded, compressed perpendicularly to the partition. Seeds 
 ovate triangular, tubercular, surrounded by the raphe. The bushy 
 habit, the much-divided leaves, the angular stem, and the red flowers 
 characterize this genus. 
 
 1. T. sylvatica., Linn. Common Lousewort. E.B. 400, L. C. 
 773. Plant glabrous, with numerous stems, which rarely exceed an 
 inch or so in height, the central one is erect, the lateral ones spreading 
 and flexuous. Leaves pinnate, with incised lobes (the leaves are 
 rather pinnatifid than pinnate, with distant incised or toothed lobes). 
 Calyx glabrous, five-toothed (rather five-lobed with toothed lobes), 
 when in fruit vesicular, and crowned with leaf-like appendages. Tube 
 of the corolla much longer than the calyx ; casque somewhat sickle- 
 shaped (slightly incurved at the summit). The base of the calyx has 
 a loose membranous appendage, which surrounds the pedicel at its 
 junction with the ovary. In moist heathy places. Biennial or Per- 
 ennial (?). April September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt 0650 yards. T. 52 40. 
 
 2. P. palustris, Linn. Marsh Lousewort. E. B. 399, L. C. 
 772. Stems erect, solitary, branching, glabrous, slightly hairy at the 
 top, twelve-eighteen inches high. Leaves pinnate, with pinnatifid or 
 deeply toothed segments. Calyx more or less hairy, two-lobed, inflated 
 when in fruit with reflexed teeth. Upper lip of the corolla com- 
 pressed, toothed, slightly sulcate about its middle, truncate at the 
 apex. Lower lip of corolla three-lobed ; lobes rounded, equal. 
 Marshy places. Perennial or biennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50' 61. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 ^ VIII. jtlliinaiithus, Linn. Yellow-rattle. Annual plants, 
 with erect, square, leafy stems. Leaves sessile, oblong, serrated. 
 Flowers spicate, bracteate. Calyx compressed, inflated with four 
 nearly equal acute teeth. Corolla ringent, upper lip hooded, com- 
 pressed, slightly cleft j lower lip expanded, three-lobed, the central 
 

 SCROPHULARIACE^E. RHINANTHUS. MELAMPYRUM. 451 
 
 lobe the largest. Capsule ovate, compressed, pointed with the 
 remains of the style(?), two-celled, two-valved, opening at the margin. 
 Partitions transverse. Seeds obovate, compressed, more or less 
 bordered. The square rough stems, sessile serrated leaves, spiked 
 flowers, and flattish seeds distinguish this genus. 
 
 1. M. Crista-galli, Linn. Meadow-rattle. E. B. 657, L. C. 
 767. Stems rigid, erect, glabrous, simple or branching, angular. 
 Leaves sessile, oblong or lanceolate, deeply toothed, scabrous, and 
 slightly wrinkled, scaly below, lateral nerves ending in the angles 
 between the teeth ; floral leaves (bracts) broader at the base, cordate, 
 paler or discoloured. Calyx smooth, inflated. Corolla yellow, with 
 a tube about as long as the calyx. Lobes of the upper lip short, 
 roundish. Seeds broader than their border. Meadows. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 52 38. 
 Var. j8. Whole plant slenderer than the type. Stem simple, leaves 
 narrow, the floral one pale green. 
 
 2. . major, Ehrh. Greater Yellow-rattle. E. B. 2737, L. C. 
 767 b. Stems round, rigid, erect, simple below, branching above. 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, sharply and deeply serrated, opposite. 
 Flowers in unilateral crowded clusters, terminating the upper branches. 
 Bracts incised, especially at the enlarged base, with long acuminate 
 teeth. Calyx glabrous, finely reticulate, turgid, with short, triangular 
 teeth. Tube of the corolla slightly curved, lips spreading; lobes of 
 the upper lip oblong. Seed ovate, with a broad margin. Corn-fields, 
 in the north of England and Scotland. Annual. July, August. 
 
 A. 12, C. 50. Lat. 50~-61. Alt 0200 yards. T. 50 45. 
 
 IX. Melam]>yruifi 9 Linn. Cow-wheat. Annual, branched, 
 spreading plants, with four-angled stems, and opposite entire leaves. 
 Flowers axillary and leafy, or spicate and bracteate. Calyx tubular, 
 four- toothed. Corolla ringent, with a curved tube and gaping limb ; 
 upper lip compressed, with a reflexed margin, lower lip flat, three- 
 cleft, with two protuberances on the palate. Capsule oblong, 
 abliquely pointed, opening at the upper margin. Seeds one in each 
 cell, ovate-oblong, attached by a short, thick funiculus to the base. 
 The annual roots, upright stems, with spreading or horizontal 
 branches and entire sessile leaves, and the large solitary seeds, 
 resembling grains of wheat, distinguish this genus. 
 
 1. JML. cristatum, Linn. Crested Cow-wheat. E. B. 41, L. C. 
 768. Stem rigid, erect, downy above, with horizontally spreading 
 branches. Leaves linear-lanceolate, very rough or hispid; floral 
 leaves (bracts) closely imbricated in four rows, broad and cordate at 
 the base, acuminate, their lower part furnished with numerous, acu- 
 minate, lanceolate, ciliate teeth. Flowers in quadrangular, dense 
 spikes. Calyx tubular, with two hairy lines, not one- third part so long 
 as the tube of the corolla, and shorter than the capsule. Corolla nearly 
 shut. Woods. Annual. July, August. 
 
 A. 3, C. 11. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 2. ML. pratense, Linn. Meadow Cow-wheat E. B. 113, L. C. 
 
452 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 770. Stems rigid, almost glabrous, erect, branching almost from the 
 base ; branches divergent, horizontal. Leaves sessile, lanceolate or 
 linear-lanceolate, rough at the margin ; the floral leaves on short 
 stalks, incised-pinnatiiid at the base, with linear teeth. Flowers in 
 pairs, spreading on one side. Calyx with linear-setaceous teeth, not 
 so long as the fruit. Corolla yellow, or yellowish white, closed, upper 
 lip compressed. Woods. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 01000 yards. T. 51 36. 
 
 Var. j8. M. montanum, Johnstone. Stem mostly simple, much 
 smaller in all its parts than the type. Leaves oblong, hispid, very 
 finely toothed, bracts entire. Mountainous places ; not uncommon. 
 
 Var. y. latifolium, Teeth of the floral leaves (bracts) diverging 
 and declining, broadly cordate. 
 
 Var. majus (?), " Brit. Flor." Plant bushy. Flowers larger than 
 in M. pratense, colour lighter. Leaves large, some an inch broad at 
 the base, lanceolate. Spikes not so close as those of M. pratense. 
 
 3. M. sylvaticum, Linn. Sylvan Cow- wheat. E. B. 804, 
 L. C. 771. Stems ascending or erect, rigid, mueh branched. Branches 
 spreading, opposite. Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire. Flowers axil- 
 lary, distant, in pairs. Bracts entire, calyx-lobes long, lanceolate, ser- 
 rated. Corolla small, deep, ye) low. Mountainous woods. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 7, C. 15. Lat. 54 58. Alt. 100 350 yards. T. 4543. 
 
 4. M. arvense, Linn. Purple Cow-wheat. E. B. 113, L. C. 769. 
 Steins stout, erect, much branched, roughish, branched and leafy. 
 Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, upper leaves toothed at the 
 base or laciniated, with long narrow segments, bracts purplish or red, 
 pinnatifid, with long pointed segments. Spikes angular, rather 
 dense. Calyx-teeth elongate, spreading, ciliate, attenuated (filiform) 
 above their base. Corolla closed, purplish, like the bracts and calyx, 
 in colour, but with a broad yellow ring between the tube and the 
 limb. The whole plant is more or less hispid, namely, the stem- 
 leaves, calyx, and corolla. Corn-fields, in the Isle of Wight, and in 
 Norfolk. Annual. June, July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 3. Lat. 50' 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 X. Bartsia, Linn. Bartsia. Downy, mostly perennial plants. 
 Stems erect, leafy. Leaves nearly sessile, serrated. Flowers spicate, 
 bracteate. Calyx tubular, four-cleft, coloured. Corolla ringent, 
 upper lip entire, lower lip reflexed, three-lobed, segments deep, nearly 
 equal. Capsule ovate, pointed, compressed, two-celled, two-valved, 
 opening lengthways (?). Seeds small, angular, numerous attached. 
 
 1. B. Odontites, Linn. Ked-rattle. B. B. 1415, L. C. 765. 
 Steins erect, rigid, much branched, branches spreading. Leaves 
 lanceolate or lanceolate -linear, deeply toothed, sessile, scabrous. Calyx 
 downy or hairy, tubular, with lanceolate lobes. Corolla downy, 
 upper lip erect, vaulted ; lower lip three-cleft, spreading, red. Stamens 
 under the upper lip protruded. Fruit ovate, compressed, turgid, 
 crowned by the long style. Pastures. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 501200 yards. T. 52 35'. 
 
SCROPHULARIACh^E. BARTSIA. EUPHRASIA. 45o 
 
 2. B. alpina, Linn. Alpine Bartsia. E. B. 361, L. C. 763. 
 Stems erect or ascending, angular, with blunt angles, hairy or glan- 
 dular, leafy, simple. Leaves ovate, serrated, slightly clasping, oppo- 
 site. Flowers large, purplish blue, downy, spiked. Calyx purplish, 
 viscid. Alpine moist pastures. Gordale, Yorkshire. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 3. Lat. 54-58. Alt. 6001000 yards. T. 48 38. 
 
 XI Eufragia, Griseb. Yellow Bartsia. Calyx tubular, four- 
 cleft. Corolla tubular, two-lipped. Capsule pointed, cells many-seeded. 
 Seeds slightly angular, very minute. This genus differs from Rhinan- 
 thus chiefly in the very minute seeds. 
 
 E, > isi'osa, Benth. Bartsia viscosa, Linn. Clammy Bartsia. 
 L. C. 764, E. B. 361. Stem erect, round, simple, leafy, hairy- 
 glandular, viscid. Lower leaves opposite, upper ones alternate, all 
 ovate-lanceolate, deeply serrated, sessile ; uppermost leaves sometimes 
 linear, usually with longer teeth than the lower leaves. Flowers yel- 
 low, axillary, distant ; upper ones crowded. Anthers hairy. West of 
 the British Isles. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 50 57. Alt. LOO yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 XII. Euphrasia, Linn. Eyebright. Slender branching 
 plants. Stems not angular. Leaves opposite, upper leaves often 
 alternate. Flowers white, striated, spicate, bracteate. Calyx tubular, 
 with four acute teeth. Corolla ringent, open, upper lip concave, 
 entire ; lower lip in three deep, more or less equal segments. Stamens 
 four. Anthers with a long setaceous point. Capsule ovate-oblong, 
 obtuse or notched, with two membranous valves. Seeds several, com- 
 pressed, ovate, tapering. 
 
 E. officinalis, Linn. Common Eyebright. E.B. 1416, L. C, 766. 
 Stems erect, simple or branched, hairy or downy. Leaves ovate, 
 toothed, the floral leaves (bracts) smaller and more deeply toothed ; 
 all sessile, and more or less hairy or downy. Calyx-lobes lanceolate 
 acuminate. Corolla striated or furrowed, downy, with reddish violet 
 stripes, palate and throat with deep yellow patches; upper lip two- 
 lobed, lobes notched ; lower lip three-lobed, lobes notched or toothed. 
 Stamens shorter than the upper lip. Meadows. Pastures. Com- 
 mons. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 Var. a. pratensis. Stem stout, erect, six-twelve inches long, 
 downy, sometimes glandular, with numerous half-erect branches. 
 Flowers large. 
 
 Sub-var. grandiflora. Flowers large, plant often very small. 
 
 XIII. Sibthorpia, Linn. Sibthorpia. A prostrate, hairy, 
 perennial plant, with roundish, crenate leaves and small axillary 
 flowers. Calyx five-parted, segments nearly equal, spreading. Corolla 
 rotate, with a five-cleft limb ; segments unequal, the two lowermost 
 
454 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 the smallest. Capsule compressed, oVcordate, two-celled, t\vo-valved. 
 Seeds few, attached to a globular, central receptacle. The prostrate, 
 creeping habit, the roundish leaves, and the unequal segments of the 
 corolla distinguish this genus. 
 
 . europiea, Linn. Sibthorpia. E. B. 649, L. C. 789. Stems 
 slender (filiform), weak, trailing, creeping, simple (?), leafy. Leaves 
 small, round, lobed, on longish petioles, lobes truncate or very obtuse. 
 Flowers very small, axillary, solitary, on short pedicels, inconspicuous. 
 South-west of England, in damp, shady places. Perennial. June 
 September. 
 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat. 50 52. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 49. 
 
 Miinuliis, Linn. Monkey-flower. Stem upright, quadrangular, 
 leafy. Leaves ovate or elliptical. Flowers axillary and terminal, 
 showy. Calyx tubular, five-angled, five-toothed. Corolla rotate or 
 ringent, upper lip two-lobed, lower trifid, segments unequal. 
 
 M. luteusj Willd. Yellow Monkey-flower. L. C. 789*. Root 
 creeping. Stems erect, succulent, glabrous. Leaves ovate-roundish, 
 strongly nerved, toothed and sinuate, the lower leaves on long stalks, 
 the upper ones sessile, clasping. Flowers large, yellow, one of the 
 lobes of the corolla with a purple spot. Naturalized ; in several wet 
 or boggy places. Perennial. June. 
 
 Alien. A. 10. Lat. 51 58. 
 
 This plant appears to be distributed more extensively in Scotland 
 than in England. 
 
 ORDER LVIII.-OROBAXCIIACEJE. Rich. THE BROOM- 
 RAPE FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, leafless, parasitical plants, with scaly stems. Calyx 
 divided. Corolla irregular, persistent, with imbricated aestivation. 
 Stamens four, didynamous. Ovary one-celled, on a fleshy disk. Fruit 
 capsular, two-valved, with one or two placentas in the middle of each. 
 Seeds numerous, very minute. All the plants of this order are para- 
 sitic on the roots of other plants. Their stems are upright and suc- 
 culent. They grow in various parts of the wwld, and especially in 
 the southern parts of Europe, in Asia, North America, and the Cape 
 of Good Hope. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Orobanche. Flowers bracteate. Upper lip of corolla cleft or notched. 
 Lathi cea. Flowers without bracts, upper lip of corolla entire. 
 
 I. Orobanche, Linn. Broom-rape. Succulent parasites, grow- 
 ing on the roots of several species of plants. Stem simple. Leaves 
 none or rudimentary. Flowers in terminal bracteate clusters. Calyx 
 disepalous; sepals slightly united at the base or quite distinct, cleft; 
 lobes more or less unequal. Corolla two-lipped ; the upper one cleft 
 
OKOBANCHACE^E. OROBANCHE. 
 
 455 
 
 or notched, the lower one three-lobed, spreading. Fruit capsular, 
 tvvo-valved, many-seeded. Seeds minute. The species are distin- 
 guished by their yellowish or brown, erect, leafless stems. 
 
 SECT. I. Flowers with a single bract. Sepals two. 
 
 1. O. rap um j Thuill. O. major, Lam. and D.C. Great Broom- 
 rape. E. B. 421, L. C. 790. Base of the stem enlarged into thick, 
 fleshy bulb, surrounded with 
 imbricated scales. Stems 
 stout, with glandular hairs. 
 Flowers in a dense spike. 
 Sepals almost equally cleft. 
 Corolla campanulate-curved, 
 with obscurely toothed lobes. 
 Stamens inserted at the base 
 of the corolla. Filaments 
 glabrous. Stigma pale yel- 
 low. Ovary hairy or downy. 
 Parasitic on Broom, Furze, 
 and other shrubby leguminous 
 plants. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 13,0.40. Lat.50 56. 
 Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 
 47. 
 
 2. O. elatior, Sutt. "Linn. 
 Trans.," vol. iv., t. 17. Tall 
 Broom-rape. E.B. 568, L. C. 
 792. Stem usually tall 
 and slender. Flowers more 
 numerous, more yellow, or of 
 a lighter purple than in O. 
 rapum. Lobes of the sepals 
 unequal. Corolla glandular, 
 margin wavy, crenate. Sta- 
 mens inserted higher in the 
 tube than in the preceding. Fig. i55.-Orobanclie minor (?). 1, Portion of 
 
 stigma. Parasitic on Cen- showing the' placentas. 
 aurea scabiosa. Leatherhead, Surrey. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 10, C. 25. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 3 47. 
 
 3. O. caryophyllacea, Sm. Clove-scented Broom-rape. E. B. 
 2639, L. C. 791 Reich. 890, 891. Stem tall, glandular, very scaly 
 at the base. Flowers reddish, in a long, lax spike. Sepals distinct, 
 cleft, lobes equal or nearly so. Lobes of the lower lip of the corolla 
 elongate, spreading, and rounded, upper one erect, notched ; all erenu- 
 ate and ciliate, with glandular hairs. Stamens and style hairy. 
 
456 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Ovary smooth. Parasitic on Galium Mollugo. Kent. Rev. G. E. 
 Smith. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 50 52. Alt. 050 yards. T. 50 49. 
 
 4. O. rubra, Sm. Red fragrant Broom- rape. E. B. 1786, L.C. 
 794, Reich. 885, 886. Stem about a foot high, scaly at the hase, 
 with viscid glandular hairs above ; whole plant of a rusty purplish 
 red. Flowers more or less densely spiked, strongly scented. Sepals 
 lanceolate, entire. Corolla tubular below, with a two-lipped more or 
 less spreading limb; lobes rounded, crenate and slightly fringed. 
 Filaments fringed and glandular at the base. Ovary smooth, with a 
 partially hairy glandular style. On basaltic rocks. Perennial. July, 
 August. 
 
 A. 6, C. 7. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 050 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 5. O. lledertiv, Duby. Orobanche of the Ivy. E. B. 2859, L, C. 
 793*. Stem six-eighteen inches, purplish, swollen at the base, glandu- 
 lar, downy, scaly. Spike long, with lanceolate bracts, which are 
 longer than the flowers. Sepals ovate, with subulate points. Corolla 
 cream-coloured, with prominent purple nerves, toothed, wavy. 
 Fruit ovate, downy above. Stigma slightly two-lobed, disk yellow. 
 On Ivy. July. 
 
 A. 7, C. 18. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 49. 
 
 6. O. minor; Sutt. " Linn. Trans.," vol. iv., p. 159. Lesser Broom- 
 rape. E.B. 422, L.C. 793. Stem six-twelve inches high, with violet 
 scales, very hairy, slightly glandular above. Bracts nearly as long as 
 the flowers. Spike short, dense. Corolla tubular, curved, whitish, 
 veined with blue-lilac streaks. Upper lip notched. Stamens 
 scarcely hairy. Stigmas purple or violet. On Trifolium pratense, 
 after the grass has been mowed. Annual. July, August. 
 
 A. 7, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 7. O, Picridis, F. W. Schultz. Orobanche of the Ox-tongue. 
 E. B. 2956, L.C. 793*. Sepals entire or toothed in front, gradually 
 tapering into one or two subulate points. Corolla compressed, slightly 
 curved at each end. Stamens hairy in front along its whole length (?), 
 inserted above the base (below the middle of the corolla). Anthers 
 pale purple or yellowish. Style glandular, at the base only in front, 
 above over its whole surface. Stigma two-lobed. Isle of Wight ; on 
 Picris hieracioides. 
 
 From Dr. Bromfield's " Catalogue of Hampshire Plants," " Phyto- 
 logist," and Mr. Babington's " Manual," 3rd edition. Annual (?). 
 July. 
 
 8. O. amethystea* Thuil. Azure-coloured Broom-rape. Reich, 
 920,921, L. C. 793*. Stem slender. Spike elongate, dense; bracts 
 longer than the flowers. Sepals elongate-lanceolate, cleft into two 
 subulate points, sometimes entire. Upper lip of the corolla arched; 
 lower' lip spreading, with roundish unequal lobes ; margin of 
 lobes crenate or toothed. Stamens hairy below, glabrous above, 
 or nearly glabrous. Style hairy, glandular. Stigma with divaricate 
 lobes. Parasitic, on Daucus marititnus. Cornwall. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 50 51. Alt. (?). T. 52. 
 
OROBANCHACE^E. LATHR^A. VERBAbCACEA. 457 
 
 SECT. II. Flowers accompanied with three bracts, t\vo lateral, one 
 inferior ; calyx four-, rarely five-cleft ; lobes nearly equal. 
 
 9. O. ccerulea, Vill. Purple Broom-rape. E. B. 423, Reich. 928, 
 L. C. 795. Stem slightly downy, scarcely swollen at the base, about 
 a foot high. Flowers in a rather dense spike, bracts linear-lanceo- 
 late, rather shorter than the calyx, lobes of the calyx lanceolate-subu- 
 late. Corolla contracted about the middle, bluish above ; upper lip 
 ascending, slightly cleft, with intermediate notches, lobes of the 
 lower lip spreading, pointed, crenated or wavy. Filaments and 
 anthers smooth, the latter with a small tuft of down, or a downy line 
 at their junction. Stigma white. Grassy pastures. Norfolk, Herts, 
 Hants. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 3. Lat. 5053. Alt. 050 yards. T. 51 49. 
 
 10. O. areiiaria, Bork. Blue Broom-rape. Reich. 929-30, 
 L. C. 795*. Stem slender, pale, white, or bluish, pubescent above. 
 Spike lax. Flowers showy, blue. Bracts linear-lanceolate, rather 
 longer than the calyx. Calyx-lobes subulate. Corolla large, tubular, 
 dilated above, with obtuse, spreading lobes. Filaments smooth, 
 anthers hairy. Style hairy, glandular. Stigma pale yellow. Para- 
 sitic on Artemisia campestris, Achillea Millefolium, &c. Channel 
 Islands. Perennial. June August. Sarnian. 
 
 11. O. ramosa, Linn. Branched Broom-rape. E. B. 184, 
 L. C. 796. Stem slender, branched near the top, downy, with distant 
 scales, eight-ten inches high, swollen or bulbous at the base. Flowers 
 pale blue or yellowish in lax spikes, each subtended by three ovate- 
 lanceolate bracts. Calyx-lobes triangular-subulate. Upper lip of 
 corolla deeply three-cleft ; tube swollen (turgid) at the base, contracted 
 about the centre and dilated above, with obtuse spreading lobes. 
 Anthers glabrous. Ovary roundish; style pubescent, glandular. 
 Parasitic on hemp. Channel Islands. Annual. June September. 
 
 II. Lathraea, Linn. Toothvvort. Rhizome branching, covered 
 with imbricated fleshy scales. Calyx campanulate, four-cleft, without 
 lateral bracts ; upper lip of corolla entire ; lower three-cleft ; ovary 
 consisting of four parietal placentas combined in pairs. 
 
 JL, squamaria* Linn. Toothwort. E. B. 50, L. C. 797. Stem 
 simple, fleshy, with obovate scales (bracts, abortive leaves). Flowers 
 on short pedicels, drooping or nearly horizontal, in unilateral terminal 
 clusters. Anthers hairy about the line of dehiscence. The whole 
 plant is white or pale yellow when growing, but becomes quite black 
 when dried. Woods and thickets. In a wood at AVanborough, near 
 Guildford. Parasitical on Hazel, &c. Perennial. April, May. 
 
 A. 15, C. 40. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 ORDER LIX. VERBASCACEJE, Coss. and Ger., "Flor. 
 Par," vol. i., p. 278. 
 
 Biennial or annual plants, rarely perennial, with erect, virgate 
 stems, and alternate decurrent leaves. Flowers in fascicles, rarely 
 
 H H 
 
458 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 solitary, in spike-like or branching panicles. Corolla slightly irre- 
 gular, rotate, with a five-parted limb. Stamens five in the tube, and 
 
 alternate with the lobes, un- 
 equal. Ovary two-celled, with 
 many ovules. Fruit consisting 
 of two carpels, capsular many- 
 seeded. Seeds small. This 
 order is intermediate between 
 Solunacea and Scrophulariacece. 
 (Comp. Coss and Germain, loco 
 citato.) 
 
 Verbascuin, Linn. Mul- 
 lein. Biennial, more or less 
 woolly or mealy, herbaceous 
 plants, rarely annual and 
 smooth. Stems solitary, often 
 panicled towards the top. 
 Leaves all radical the first year, 
 subsequently all cauline, alter- 
 nate, simply or doubly crenate 
 or toothed, rarely entire. Flow- 
 ers yellow, rarely white, densely 
 racemose, spiked or panicled. 
 Calyx deeply five-parted. Co- 
 rolla rotate, with a very short 
 tube and spreading limb, in 
 2, five rounded, deep, unequal seg- 
 ments. Stamens five, declining, 
 often hairy, enlarged at the 
 apex. Capsule ovate, two-celled, two-valved. Seeds many, on 
 an ovate or globular central placenta. The generally woolly habit, 
 upright virgate stems, large, handsome, and deciduous flowers cha- 
 racterize the genus. 
 
 1. V. Tliapsu*, Linn. (?) Taper Moth Mullein. E. B. 549, L. C. 
 740. Stem erect, robust, simple or slightly branched, cottony or 
 woolly, winged, four-six feet high. Leaves large, ovate-oblong, white 
 and cottony on both sides, crenate or entire, the root-leaves tapering 
 into petioles, the stem-leaves erect and strongly decurrent. Flowers 
 tufted, axillary, in a long, dense, spike-like, erect, terminal cluster, 
 which is either simple or branching. Sepals unequal, ovate-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, woolly on the outside, glabrous within. Corolla 
 large, nearly flat. Upper stamens woolly, lower ones nearly naked, 
 or with a few scattered hairs only ; filaments as long as the anthers 
 or twice as long. Anthers linear. Capsule ovate-roundish, woolly. 
 Seeds cylindrical, granular. Banks and roadsides. Biennial. July. 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 Var. Stem slender, round, without prominent lines (elevations), 
 erect, rigid, leafy, about a foot high. Leaves obovate, tapering at 
 
 Fig. 156. Verbascum ni^rum. 1, Calyx; 
 corolla ; 3, a stamen ; 4, style ; 5, ovary; 
 2-celled capsule. 
 
VERBASCACEJE. VERBASCUM. 459 
 
 the base. Flowers in leafy spikes. Floral leaves (bracts) ovate. 
 Sepals narrowly lanceolate, united more than half-way upwards. 
 Corolla large. The three shorter filaments are slightly purplish, but 
 have long, woolly, not purplish, hairs. A variety of the former, but 
 not V. thapsiforme, Schr. The glabrous filaments are at least six 
 times as long as the decurrent anthers, and the corolla is not much 
 more than twice as long as the calyx, though considerably larger 
 than in V. Thapsus. On the Clent Hills, Worcestershire. 
 
 V. thapsiforme, Schrader, is described thus: "Flowers much 
 larger than those of V. Thapsus, about four times as long as the calyx." 
 (Compare Babington's " Manual," p. 225.) 
 
 2. V. fcychnitis. Linn. White Mullein. E. B. 58, L. C. 741. 
 Stems erect, a yard high, angular, branching above, very downy or 
 ccttony, leafy. Leaves nearly glabrous and green above, hoary 
 beneath ; root-leaves large, oblong, tapering at the base into petioles ; 
 stem-leaves sessile, not decurrent ; the floral ones ovate-lanceolate. 
 Pedicels twice as long as the calyx, downy. Flowers in tufts, which 
 are arranged in a lax cluster ; and the clusters are in a panicle. 
 Corolla small, white, or cream-coloured. Stamens clothed with long, 
 woolly, white hairs. Anthers orange, reniform. Several parts of 
 Kent, and in some other counties, but very rare. Biennial. July 
 September. 
 
 A. 5, C. 8. Lat. 50 54 (57). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48 (47). 
 
 Note. Smith in "Eng. Flora," vol. i , p. 310, tells us that speci- 
 mens from Denbighshire agree with Link's V. thapsoides. This is 
 worth investigation. 
 
 3. V. floccosuntj Wald. and Kit. O. pulverulentum, Sm. Woolly 
 Mullein. E. B. 487, L. C. 742. Stem erect, stout, with spreading 
 branches above, woolly or cottony, the wool or cotton deciduous, and 
 easily rubbed of. Leaves oblong. Root-leaves petioled, tapering at 
 the base. Stem-leaves sessile, not decurrent, the floral leaves amplexi- 
 caul, ovate-roundish, abruptly acuminate, woolly or floccose on both 
 sides. Pedicels about as long as the calyx, densely woolly. Flowers 
 in lax, lateral clusters, forming a tapering panicle, the summit of 
 which is the central cluster. Corolla small, yellow. Stamens clothed 
 with white wool. About Norwich. Biennial. June September. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 52 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 4. V, iii rum, Linn. Black Moth Mullein. E. B. 59, L. C. 
 743. Root thick, perennial. Stem erect, rather robust, usually 
 simple, furrowed, and rigid, hairy or pubescent (woolly). Leaves 
 ovate-oblong, crenulate, green, more or less hairy on both sides; the 
 root-leaves cordate at the base, on long petioles, the upper on shorter 
 petioles, or sessile, not decurrent. Upper bracts very minute, sub- 
 tending tufts of several flowers, some of which are usually abortive. 
 Pedicels slender, longer than the sepals. Corolla twice as long as 
 the calyx. Stamens with hairy filaments. Anthers reniform. In 
 dry, sandy, or stony places. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 7, C. 30. Lat. 50 54 (56). Alt. 0200 yards (300, 
 Clent Hills). 
 
460 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 5. V. Hlatiai hi. Linn. Moth Mullein. E. B. 393, L. C. 744. 
 Stem erect, rigid, smooth, roundish, with slight elevations, leafy, 
 branched above. Root- and lower leaves sinuate or somewhat lyrate, 
 tapering at the base; stem- leaves cordate, clasping, not decurrent. 
 Flowers single, in lax, elongated, simple clusters on pedicels twice as 
 long as the bracts, and spreading, beset with glandular hairs. Sepals 
 lanceolate or linear -oblong, glandular. Corolla large, yellow, purple 
 at the base. Capsule globular, wrinkled, glabrous or slightly hairy, 
 but not glandular, as it is in V. virgatum. About waysides. Biennial. 
 July September. ^[ \ 
 
 The specimen described above was sent from Somersetshire. 
 One of the branches is at least three feet long, and the clus- 
 ter of flowers and fruit above one-half of this length. It very 
 much resembles V. virgatum, which has been collected in several 
 waste parts about Chelsea and Brompton, certainly not wild, but 
 rather springing up from seeds produced by plants previously cul- 
 tivated in these places. It differs chiefly in the form of the radical 
 leaves which are not like the leaves of the Primrose, as those of V. 
 virgatum are. The chief difference is in the single flowers on long ' 
 spreading pedicels, and in the capsule which is not glandular, as that 
 of V. virgatum is. Coss and Ger. describe their plant as having 
 solitary or ternate flowers. These able botanists make two varieties ; 
 viz., a. vulgare, pedicels three-four times as long as the calyx, our 
 V. blattaria ; and . blattaroides, pedicels not so long as the calyx, a 
 character of our V. virgatum. 
 
 6. V. virgatum, With. Large-flowered Primrose-leaved Mul- 
 lein. E. B. 550, L. C. 745. Stem stout, tall, branching, often clothed 
 with short glandular hairs, four-six feet high, leafy. .Radical leaves 
 resembling those of a Primrose, but larger, and more or less lyrate. 
 Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, cordate at the base, with large ovate 
 mucronate teeth, all glabrous and wrinkled. Flowers large, axillary, 
 several together, partly stalked, the upper ones solitary, braeteate. 
 Calyx hairy, viscid, glandular, with linear segments. Pedicels 
 shorter than the bracts. Corolla large, with a purple ring round the 
 throat. Filaments with purple hairs. Fruit globular, thickly covered 
 with erect glandular hairs. Chelsea College, Devonshire and Worces- 
 tershire. Perennial (?). August. 
 
 A. 5, C. 8. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 ORDER LX. SOJLAIVACE^E, Juss. THE 'NIGHTSHADE 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple or lobed. Calyx five- 
 rarely four-parted. Corolla deciduous, with as many segments as the 
 calyx, bearing five stamens, which have an alternate insertion. 
 Ovary two-celled, rarely four- or many-celled. Fruit either capsular 
 or baccate. Seeds indefinite. The deciduous and usually sym- 
 metrical corolla distinguishes this order from the foregoing-. The 
 nutritious quality of the potato, Solatium tuber osum, is well known. 
 
SOLANACE^E. SOLANUM. 
 
 461 
 
 The species are produced in most parts of the world, but are abundan 
 in the tropical regions. 
 
 TRIBE I.- Solaneae verse. Fruit succulent, indehiscent. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Solanum. Flowers numerous, in corymbs or cymes. 
 Atropa. Flowers solitary, or in pairs. 
 
 I. Solanum, Linn. Nightshade. Herbaceous or shrubby plants, 
 mostly intra-tropical. Stem leafy. Leaves alternate, stalked, usually 
 lobed. Flowers solitary or 
 aggregate, in cymes or co- 
 rymbs. Calyx five-parted, 
 with acute segments. Corolla 
 rotate, with a short tube and 
 a reflexed plaited limb, in five 
 acute segments. Stamens 
 five, with short filaments and 
 oblong, angular converging 
 anthers, which open by ter- 
 minal pores. Ovary round- 
 . ish, with a thread-shaped 
 deciduous style and obtuse 
 simple or notched stigma. 
 Fruit a berry, round or ovate, 
 usually two-ceiled, with a 
 fleshy placenta in each cell. 
 Seeds numerous, embedded in 
 pulp. The reflexed segments 
 of the corolla, the converging 
 angular anthers, and the 
 round-berried fruit sufficiently 
 characterize this genus. 
 
 1. S. Dulcamara^ Linn. 
 Woody Nightshade. KB. 565, 
 L. C. 738. Stem woody, climb- 
 ing, branching. Leaves ovate, 
 petiolate, deep green, glabrous 
 
 Or downy, the upper ones with Fig< 157 ._ S olanum Dulcamara. 1, Portion of 
 two spreading, deeply-parted plant ; 2, flower ; 3, section of the same ; 4, 
 lobes or segments. Flowers in P ist ?J 5 vertical section of the ovary, show- 
 , . y . ing the ovary and ovules ; 6, horizontal sec- 
 
 branching corymbs on long tion of the ovary. 4 and 5 slightly magnified. 
 
 peduncles. Calyx small, with 
 
 five short triangular lobes or teeth. Corolla violet, with five ovate- 
 lanceolate divisions, spotted at their base with green spots. Berries 
 ovate, pendulous, red when mature. Hedges, woods, riversides. Per- 
 ennial. June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52- 
 
462 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 2. S. nig rum, Linn. Black or Garden Nightshade. E. B. 566, 
 L. C. 737. Hoot annual. Stems erect, branching, rough, somewhat 
 hairy. Leaves petiolate, ovate, pointed, tapering, rarely cordate at 
 the base, laxly-toothed or sinuate. Flowers pedicelled in trusses or 
 umbels at the end of short round peduncles, three-six. Calyx small, 
 with ovate -triangular segments. Corolla whitish, with ovate- 
 pointed, somewhat fringed lobes (divisions). Fruit globular, of various 
 colours, black, green, yellow, or reddish yellow, on reflexed pedicels. 
 In fields and rubbish-heaps ; not rare. Annual. July, August. 
 
 A. 11, C, 40. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 II. Atropa, Linn. D wale, Deadly Nightshade. Herbs or shrubs. 
 Leaves stalked, simple, mostly undivided. Flowers lateral, solitary 
 or aggregate. Calyx deeply five-parted, with acute segments. Corolla 
 campanulate, with a short tube and tumid limb, terminating in five 
 shallow, spreading lobes. Stamens five, inserted into the tube, with 
 cordate, four-lobed anthers. Ovary ovate, with a reclining style and 
 capitate stigma. Fruit baccate, globular, two-celled, with fleshy pla- 
 centas attached to the transverse partition. Seeds numerous. This 
 very dangerous plant, happily of infrequent occurrence, is distinguished 
 by its bushy growth, dingy-purple, bell-shaped flowers and shining 
 violet-black berries. The demand for preparations from the only 
 indigenous species has recently been so great that the plants are fast 
 disappearing. 
 
 A. Belladonna, Linn. 1 D wale, or Deadly Nightshade. E.B.592, 
 L. C. 739. Stems erect, robust, bushy, two-three-forked. Leaves 
 ovate-pointed, narrowed into the petiole, smooth, or clothed with fine 
 down, entire or slightly sinuate. Flowers large, solitary, or in pairs, 
 pedicelled. Berry nearly as large as a cherry, shining, black. Fatal 
 consequences have often followed the eating of this dangerous fruit. 
 Woods and hedges, old ruins, &c. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 10, C. 20. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 Jw jJW-A/fu^ J^r-^| < W\^A^^ kM W M fanAk 
 
 TRIBE II. Nicotianeae. Fruit dry, dehiscent (opening). 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Hyoscyamus. Fruit opening circularly (a pyx). 
 Datura. Fruit opening by valves (dehiscence valvular). 
 
 III. Hyoscyamus, Linn. Henbane. Herbaceous or occasion- 
 ally somewhat shrubby plants. Stem round, branching. Leaves 
 alternate, sinuate, or angular ; whole plant downy, fetid. Inflorescence 
 axillary, solitary. Calyx tubular, five-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 
 with a short tube and rather spreading limb, consisting of five rounded 
 segments, one of which is broader than the rest. Stamens five, with 
 cordate incumbent anthers. Ovary roundish, with reclining style and 
 capitate stigma. Capsule two-celled, opening by a lid. Seeds 
 numerous, on placentas attached to the partition. The unctuous feel, 
 
SOLANACE^i. DATURA. BORAGINACE^E. 463 
 
 downy stem and leaves, sessile large flowers, elegantly pencilled with 
 purple veins, and the round capsular fruit readily distinguish this 
 genus. The whole plant has the character of being fatal to poultry. 
 It has recently become a very popular remedial agent either in 
 tincture or in extract. 
 
 H. iiiger, Linn. Henbane. E. B. 591, L. C. 736. Stem stout, 
 erect, branching, with long glandulous hairs. Leaves sinuate, with 
 angular, unequal lobes, downy ; the root-leaves petiolate, the stem- 
 leaves clasping. Flowers sessile or on short peduncles, clustered, 
 Calyx-tube hairy or downy, densely cottony at the base, with pointed 
 angular lobes. Seeds reticulate-punctate. Whole plant viscid, with 
 a strong unpleasant smell. Hedges, roadsides, rubbish ; not frequent. 
 Barnes Common. Perennial. June. 
 
 A 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47*. 
 
 IV. Datura, Linn. Thorn Apple. Herbs or shrubs. Stems round, 
 branching. Leaves stalked. Inflorescence solitary, lateral, or in the 
 forks of the stem. Calyx tubular, five-angled and five-toothed, part 
 permanent and part deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a cylin- 
 drical tube and moderately spreading limb, with five plaits, five angles, 
 and five shallow pointed lobes. Stamens five, partly united to the 
 tube, with cordate-oblong, compressed anthers. Ovary four-celled, 
 with a central, erect style, and obtuse, two-lobed stigma. Capsule 
 roundish-ovate, four-valved, two-celled, each partially divided, having 
 placentas in each, which bear the numerous kidney-shaped seeds. The 
 dichotomous (two-forked) steins, pliant, smooth, angled leaves, large 
 plaited corollas, and thorny fruit distinguish this genus. One of the 
 least doubtful exotic plants ; probably first introduced among the 
 genuine natives by accident, and subsequently it has retained its place 
 in the Flora by right of prescription. No botanist ever admitted its 
 claims even as a naturalized species. 
 
 I>. stramonium, Liim. E. B. 1288, L. C., List of Excluded 
 Species. Stem forked, erect, glabrous. Leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 sinuate, angular, with long tapering teeth, petiolate. Flowers soli- 
 tary in the forks, pedicelled. Calyx tubular, with keeled acuminate 
 lobes. Corolla white, with a long tube and long sharp-pointed lobes. 
 Fruit ovate, spinous, as large as a walnut. Seeds large, black. In 
 gardens and waste rubbishy places. Near Wey bridge, Surrey, by the 
 river. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 13. Lat. 50--56 . 
 
 ORDER LXL BORACiI\ AC K ^K, Juss. THE BORAGK 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, sometimes shrubby plants, with round stems, and 
 alternate leaves, more or less covered with asperities ; and hence the 
 ancient name of the order Asperifolice. Flowers in one-sided gyrate 
 spikes, or cymes, or racemes, sometimes axillary and solitary. Calyx 
 tour- or five-parted. Corolla five-cleft, sometimes irregular. Stamens 
 
464 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 equal in number to, and alternate with, the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 
 four-lobed or parted, four-seeded. Fruit four distinct nuts, or fewer by 
 abortion. The rough leaves and nucamentous fruit distinguish this 
 
 order. In the latter character it agrees with the Ldbiatce, but differs 
 in having a round stem, alternate rough leaves, and five stamens. The 
 species are natives of temperate and warm climates. 
 
 TRIBE I. Anchusese. 
 
 base, or with a basal ring. 
 
 Carpels distinct, on a disk, with a flat 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Borago. Annual, very hairy, rough plants, with rotate flowers, on long 
 pedicels, in clusters, forming lax corymbs. 
 
 Anchusa. Corolla salver- or funnel-shaped. 
 
 Lycopsis. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a short crooked tube. 
 
 SympUytum. Corolla tubular, with a bell-shaped limb. 
 
 Myosotis. Corolla salver-shaped or rotate, with a short tube, and 
 rounded segments. 
 
 Lithospermum. Throat of the corolla open. 
 
 Pulmonaria. Calyx tubular, campanulate. 
 
 Echium. Corolla funnel-bell-shapfid, with five unequal lobes, and open 
 throat. 
 
 ^ I. Bora go, Linn. Borage. Hairy or bristly herbaceous plants, 
 with ovate-lanceolate leaves and numerous panicied handsome flowers. 
 
BORAGINACEJE. BORAGO. ANCHUSA. 465 
 
 Calyx five-parted; segments spreading. Corolla rotate, tubular, 
 with a deeply five-cleft limb ; segments, ovate, acuminate, flat 
 spreading; mouth surrounded with five obtuse valves. Stamens 
 short, angular, fleshy, with a long external, thick, coloured, erect, round, 
 pointed appendage ; anthers linear-lanceolate. Carpels ovate, rugged, 
 or tuberculated, with a very prominent basilar rim. The round, 
 branching, leafy stem, broad leaves, and long, sharp, prickly hairs, but 
 especially the large, handsome, deep-blue flowers, distinguish this 
 genus. 
 
 B. officinalis, Linn. Common Borage. E. B. 36, L. C. 861. 
 Stems thick, succulent, erect, much branched, with long, spreading, 
 rigid hairs. Leaves ovate or oblong ; the lower ones petioled ; the 
 upper sessile, all very hairy, irregularly crenated. Flowers bright 
 blue, on long, reflexed peduncles. Anthers brownish-black, ap- 
 pendages of the stamens violet. Carpels black when ripe, strongly 
 tuberculated, and ribbed, with a prominent toothed basal rim. In 
 rich nitrogenous soils. Annual. July. Naturalized (?). 
 
 A. 14. Lat. 50 58 (?). Alien. 
 
 II. Aiichusa, Linn. Alkanet. Mostly perennial or biennial, 
 hairy or bristly plants. Stems round, leafy. Leaves acute, mostly 
 sessile. Flowers in clusters. Calyx cylindrical, five-cleft ; segments 
 acute. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a straight tube, and a more or 
 less spreading limb ; segments rather deep, obtuse ; throat closed, with 
 five erect, vaulted, obtuse, hairy, converging scales. Fruit four rough 
 or tuberculated carpels, concave at the base (with prominent basal 
 rim). 
 
 1. A. officinal is, Linn. Officinal Alkanet. E. B. 662, L. C. 
 863. Root long, tapering, blackish. Stem one-two feet high, 
 angular, leafy, hairy, branching above. Leaves lanceolate, narrow, 
 the root-leaves stalked, the stem-leaves sessile and rounded at the base. 
 Spikes in pairs, w r ith ovate bracts. Corolla at first red, changing to 
 purple, with hairy bluish valves. Seeds wrinkled. Hartley Pans, 
 Northumberland. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 6(?). Alien. 
 
 2. A. sempervirensj Linn. Evergreen Alkanet. E. B.45, 
 L. C. 864. Stems erect, simple, bearing axillary peduncles on their 
 upper half, very rough. Leaves ovate, pointed or acuminate, the 
 lower petioled, the upper nearly sessile, very hairy. Flowers not 
 large, in a head at the summit of the peduncles. Peduncles round, 
 slender, leafy at the top. Calyx deeply five-parted, with ovate- 
 lanceolate, narrow divisions, very hairy, longer than the tube of the 
 corolla. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short tube ; throat with round, 
 hairy prominences, and corresponding depressions. Waste places 
 near ruins ; rare. Near Oswestry. W. P. and A. I. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 III. Lycopsis, Linn. Ox-tongue. Annual, hairy, very rough 
 
466 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 plants. Flowers in terminal clusters. Calyx five-parted. Corolla 
 tunnel-shaped, with short, curved tube and five-parted limb, divisions 
 unequal, the throat furnished with five hairy scales. Stamens in- 
 serted at the base of the corolla-tube, contiguous to its incurvation, 
 with short filaments. Carpels with a thick, very prominent, basal 
 margin. Seeds almost horizontal. The warty, rough surface, the 
 sessile or stem-clasping leaves, usually wavy at the margin, 
 and the clusters of forked, revolute, terminal flowers, with small 
 bracts, which enlarge when the plant is in fruit, distinguish this 
 genus. 
 
 Jj. arvensis. Linn. Ox-tongue. E. B. 938, L. C. 862. Stems 
 erect, branching, warty, succulent. Leaves very rough, oblong-linear, 
 sinuate, wavy ; the lower attenuate at the base ; the upper ses- 
 sile, half clasping. Flowers pale blue or vrhitish, in lax, leafy 
 spikes. Divisions of the calyx lanceolate, shorter than the tube 
 of the corolla, much enlarged in fruit. Corn-fields. Annual. June 
 September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0-450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 IV. Symphytiim, Tourn. Perennial very rough-leaved plants, 
 with fleshy roots, which abound in mucilage. Flowers drooping, in 
 short terminal and lateral clusters. Calyx deeply five-cleft, with 
 lanceolate teeth. Corolla tubular, with a campanulate-urceolate limb 
 (the limb or bell is contracted, not enlarged, at the mouth) ; throat 
 closed with five lanceolate, subulate, connivent scales. Stamens 
 included. Carpels wrinkled, with a prominent thick basal ring. 
 
 1. ft. oiHciiiale, Linn. Common Comfrey. E. B. 817, L. C. 859. 
 Root thick and fleshy. Stems ascending, stout, angular, winged, 
 rough and hairy, two-three feet high. Root-leaves large (often 
 a foot long), ovate-acute or ovate-lanceolate) on long petioles; stem- 
 leaves decurrent (hence the winged stem), sessile. Corolla white, 
 yellowish, or reddish violet, with triangular, short, reflexed lobes. 
 Scales included. Anthers long. In meadows, near rivers and 
 ditches. This plant is very common in England. Perennial. June 
 October. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Var. S. patens, Sibth. Calyx spreading, shorter than the tube of 
 the corolla. Caversham. This variety is not rare. It is easily dis- 
 tinguished from the typical form by its purple flowers. 
 
 2. 8, tuberosum, Linn. Tuberous-rooted Comfrey. E. B. 1502, 
 L. C. 860. Root tuberous (knobby), white on the outside (the root of 
 S. ojficinale is black externally). Stems erect, simple or nearly so 
 (not half so long as they are in the above species, scarcely winged. 
 Leaves ovate-oblong, tapering below, slightly decurrent. Flowers fewer 
 than in the preceding, pale white, with a yellowish tinge. Moist and 
 shady places. Perennial. June, July. Not rare in Scotland, where 
 it takes the place of S. officinale, which in its turn is the common 
 species in England. 
 
 A. 12, C. 25. Lat. 51 58. Alt 0200 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
BORAGINACE^E. MYOSOTIS. 467 
 
 V. Myosotis, Linn. Scorpion-grass. Annual or perennial, 
 hairy or bristly plants. Leaves entire. Flowers circinate, spicate 
 or gyrate. Calyx five-cleft or toothed, with acute erect segments. 
 Corolla salver-shaped, with a cylindrical tube and spreading or hori- 
 zontal limb in five obtuse lobes, twisted in aestivation, throat closed 
 with five rounded convex scales (valves). Fruit invested with the 
 closed calyx. Nuts pointed, smooth, with a small hollow at their 
 base. The round, often ascending or erect stems, the sessile (stalk- 
 less) leaves almost all uniform, and the small, elegant, bright blue 
 flowers characterize this genus. 
 
 SECT. I. Paludosa. Aquatics or palustrals. Calyx furnished with short 
 adpressed hairs. 
 
 1. M. palustris, With. Forget-me-not. E. B. 1973, L. C. 847. 
 Root creeping, oblique or vertical, with numerous fibres. Stems 
 reclining, rooting at the base, angular below, usually much branched, 
 rough and rigid, with spreading hairs near the base, and appressed 
 hairs towards the top. Leaves sessile, oblong or lanceolate, obtuse or 
 pointed ; the root-leaves tapering into petioles. Calyx five-toothed 
 or cleft. Corolla large, with a fiat limb and yellow throat, with 
 rounded lobes and five linear, prominent, cartilaginous processes, 
 which are alternate with the five deeply yellow prominences which 
 surround the orifice. Style and stamens shorter than the tube. Banks 
 of rivers, ditches, marshes, &c. Biennial or perennial (?). May, June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 75. Lat. 50 57 (58). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Var. M. strigulosa, Reich. Teeth of the calyx triangular or trian- 
 gular-lanceolate ; hairs (bristles) appressed; pedicels rather shorter 
 than, or nearly equal to, the length of the calyx. 
 
 2. M. repens (?), Don. M. secunda, Murray. " Northern Flora," 
 p. 115. E. B. 2703, L. C. 848. Stems stout, round, procumbent or 
 ascending, rooting at the joints and also below the leaves, hairy, hairs 
 long and spreading, hairs on the upper part of the stem appressed (not 
 appressed in specimens from the meadow at Little Chelsea), leafy. 
 Leaves oblong, tapering below, ciliated at or near the base j the upper 
 side of the leaves and the upper part of the stem have appressed 
 hairs. Panicle branched, clusters leafy, near the base. Calyx ovate, 
 slightly constricted above the base, deeply divided, calyx-lobes ovate, 
 nearly half as long as the calyx-tube, with closely appressed hairs. 
 Limb of the corolla flat or slightly reflex, longer than its tube. Style 
 not longer than the calyx, flowers nearly as large as in M. palustris> 
 but paler in colour. Marshy places. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 18, C, 75. Lat. 50 59 3 (61). Alt. 700yards. T. 50-40. 
 
 3. M. crespitosa (?), Schultz. E. B. 2661, L. C. 849. Stem and 
 leaves smaller than in the form named M. repens, also with spreading 
 hairs at the lower part of the stem, and the leaves are fringed at or 
 near the base. The raceme is quite simple, unilateral, and the pedi- 
 cels are much longer than the calyx. The latter is scarcely con- 
 stricted above the base, and the hairs are minute and few on this 
 part. Calyx deeply cleft ; segments lanceolate, blunt, more or less 
 
468 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 spreading. The corolla is concave in its limb, and the latter is not 
 longer than its tube. Segments of the corolla blunt, spreading, flat. 
 The carpels are ovate, convex on both sides, with a rim, and are 
 smooth and shining. Marshy places. Meadow at Walham Green, 
 August 18. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 50 43. 
 
 Note. M. ccespitosa and M. strigulom are scarcely distinct from 
 M. palustris as species. The former differs from M. palustris chiefly 
 in the size of the corolla, which is very much smaller, with entire lobes; 
 the latter, M. strigulosa, differs chiefly in the pubescence of the stem 
 being appressed. In the memory of living botanists there was but one 
 recognized British species of Myosotis, viz., M. scorpioides, and under 
 this there were several well-known varieties : for example, j3. myosotis, 
 scorpioides latifolia hirsuta ; y. M. scorpioides liirta minor ; and 5. 
 M. scorpioides palustris, the former name of our plant, which has now 
 been enlarged into M. palustris, M. repens, M. ccespitosa, M. strigu- 
 losa, with the varieties lingulata, &c. 
 
 SECT. II.-~Sylvaticee. Hairs or bristles of the calyx hooked, spreading, 
 or reflexed. 
 
 4. M. sylvatica, Ehrh. fl^ood Mouse-ear. E. B. 2630, L. C. 851, 
 Stems solitary or several, erect, much branched, deeply sulcate below, 
 round and tapering above, with long spreading hairs, leafy, with barren 
 shoots. Root-leaves and leaves of the barren shoots oblong-ellip- 
 tical, hairy, on long petioles ; leaves of the stem sessile, cordate, rough 
 with tubercles and rigid. Flowers in very long clusters, gyrate 
 (coiled up in prefloration), axis straight when in fruit; pedicels 
 slightly spreading, longer than the calyx, Calyx rounded below, 
 with five deep, lanceolate, slightly-keeled segments, with fine spreading 
 more or less hooked bristles closed on the fruit. Corolla large, deep 
 blue, with a horizontal limb, which is longer than the tube. Fruit 
 ovate, w 7 ith a rim and triangular beak, convex and shining on one 
 side and ridged and opaque on the other. Woods and shady places. 
 Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 15, C. 40. Lat. 50 57 (58). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
 5. JML. suaveolens, Kit. M. alpestris, 8m. and L. C. 850. Hock 
 Scorpion-grass. E. B. 2559, Roots fibrous, tufted, slightly creeping. 
 Stems several, erect, simple, hairy, leafy, five-ten inches high. Root- 
 leaves on long stalks, oblong, pointed. Stem-leaves sessile, oblong- 
 lanceolate, very hairy, hairs of both stem and leaves spreading, long, 
 white. Flowers in round branching clusters (compound panicles), on 
 longish, hairy or silky stalks. Calyx deeply divided, segments linear- 
 lanceolate, covered with erect, adpressed straight hairs. Corolla 
 intense, blue, much longer than the tube, as large as in M. palustris, 
 with rounded en tire segments which are slightly reflexed, and with a 
 small protuberant greenish eye. On the summits of Highland 
 mountains, rocks on Ben Lawers, &c. 
 
 A.I, C.I. Lat. 66 57. Alt. 1050 1300 yards. T. 37 34. 
 
 6. M. intermedia, Link. ; arvensis, Hoff. and L. C. 852, E. B. 
 
BORAGINACEJE. MYOSOTlS. LITHOSPERMUM. 469 
 
 2629. Stems solitary, or more or less numerous, rigid, erect, simple 
 or branched, hairy. Root-leaves obovate or oblong-, tapering into a 
 petiole ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile. Flowers distant, the 
 lower on long, spreading pedicels, which are twice as long as the 
 calyx. Calyx deeply parted, shut when in fruit, bristly ; bristles 
 spreading, hooked. Corolla small, blue ; throat yellow, with yellow, 
 rounded scales; the tube not longer than the calyx. In fields; not 
 uncommon. Annual. May Julv. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. "Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 7. M. versicolor, Ehrh. Yellow and Blue Mouse-ear. E. B. 
 480, L. C. 854. Stems several, from the crown of the same root, 
 branching, erect, round, tapering, hairy, leafy, hairs spreading. 
 Leaves oblong, narrow, somewhat acute (elliptical or oblong, sessile 
 or half-clasping). Flowers in long terminal clusters, which, are often 
 in pairs, especially in luxuriant forms. Pedicels ascending more or 
 less twisted to one side, shorter than the calyx. Calyx closed in 
 fruit, armed with spreading hooked bristles, teeth longer than the 
 tube, divided to within one-third of its length from the base (near 
 the base). Limb of the corolla concave, shorter than the tube. Fruit 
 ovate, with a very narrow rim and short beak, convex and shining 
 on both sides. Flower paler, bluish or whitish (pale blue, diluted 
 with yellowish white). Tube of calyx longer and not so round at 
 the base, as in M. collina, with longer teeth, on pedicels shorter than 
 the calyx ; bristles as in M. collina. Corolla not concave, but with, 
 erect or spreading lobes. Banks and meadows. Annual. May, 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards, T. 52' 42. 
 
 8. M, collina, Hoffm. Dwarf Mouse-ear. E. B. 2o58,L. C. 853. 
 Stems erect or reclining at the base, branching, hairy. Lower 
 leaves oblong-obovate, half-clasping, upper lanceolate, "all clothed 
 with long, straight hairs. Clusters mostly solitary, with a distant 
 flower ; pedicels diverging, about as long as the calyx. Calyx open 
 when in fruit, with spreading hooked bristles. Limb of the corolla 
 concave, shorter than the tube, bright blue. Fruit ovate, without 
 any rim or beak, about equally convex on both sides, shining. Dry 
 banks. Annual. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 Note. In M. collina the herbage is softer than in the above. 
 Stems not quite so tall nor the leaves so long and narrow as in M. 
 versicolor. The calyx is somewhat more ventricose and less deeply 
 divided. Hairs of the calyx hooked ; pedicels longer than the calyx, 
 which is rather longer than the tube of the corolla. The corolla is 
 of a deep blue and never yellow. 
 
 VI. Llthospermum, Linn. Gromwell. Erect, rigid, hairy. 
 Rough or bristly plants. Flowers in leafy spikes or clusters. Calyx 
 in five deep segments, nearly upright, with linear divisions. Corolla 
 funnel-shaped, tubular; limb cleft into five obtuse erect segments. 
 Throat naked, or with very minute scales, stamens included. Carpels 
 
470 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 very hard (like a stone), either polished or wrinkled, pointed, with a 
 flat base. 
 
 1. Iu arveiiHe, Linn. Field Gromwell. E. B. 123, L. C. 856. 
 Stem round, erect, slightly branched from the base, rigid, with rough 
 short hairs. Leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate, thick, midrib only 
 prominent, the lower leaves oblong, tapering into the petioles, all 
 rough, with white adpressed hairs. Corolla small, white, but little 
 longer than the calyx, hairy on the outside, throat with five downy 
 elevations (lines). Carpels brown, tubercular. Corn-fields. Annual. 
 May July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 2. IJ. oflicinale, Linn. Common or Officinal Gromwell. E. B. 
 134, L. C. 855. Stems erect, stout, round, rigid, rough, with appressed 
 bristles which point upwards. Leaves oblong-pointed or lanceolate, 
 with a prominent midrib and appressed bristly hairs. Corolla small, 
 whitish, rather longer than the calyx ; throat with five small downy 
 scales. Carpels smooth, pearly, shining, very hard. Bushy, grassy 
 places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70, Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 3. L. purpureo-cceruleum, Linn. Purple Gromwell. E. B. 
 117, L. C. 857. Roots woody, blackish. Barren stems round, pro- 
 cumbent, leafy and bristly, fertile stems erect, many-flowered. Leaves 
 lanceolate, pointed, alternate, contracted at the base. Spikes erect, 
 terminal. Calyx-segments narrow. Corolla large, violet blue, with 
 rather narrow, ovate, blunt segments ; the tube is not quite closed by 
 the protuberances. Seeds polished. Very rare. Darent Wood, 
 near Greenhithe. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 50 52. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 49. 
 
 4. Jj. luaritiniuiii, Lehmann. Mertensia maritima, Don. E. B. 
 368, L. C. 858. Whole herbage rough, with callous dots, fleshy and 
 glaucous. Stems procumbent, branched. Lower leaves ovate, 
 stalked ; upper leaves lanceolate, sessile. Flowers large, beautiful, 
 purplish blue ; tube of tbe corolla short. Sea-shores. Rare. Peren- 
 nial. May, June. 
 
 A. 8, C. 25. Lat. 53 61. Alt. 0. T. 49 45. 
 
 Many years ago I observed this very conspicuous plant on a sandy 
 part of the shore of the Southampton Water, not far from Netley 
 Abbey. Its range should include Hants. In Scotland I never 
 observed more than a single plant at any one part of large spaces of 
 sandy coast. A. I. 
 
 VII. Pulmonaria, Linn. Lungwort. Perennial hairy plants 
 of low growth. Flowers in erect, terminal, corymbose clusters. 
 Calyx five-angled and five-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube 
 cylindrical, limb spreading, segments rounded, throat open, no scales. 
 Carpels roundish, hairy, stony, base flat, with a central tubercle. 
 The soft texture of the whole plant, its often spotted leaves, the 
 bright coloured small flowers, and the stony nuts, distinguish this 
 genus. 
 
BORAGINACE.E. PULMONA1UA. ECHIUM. 
 
 . P. Offip 
 
 471. 
 ~68*. 
 
 ro- 
 
 of 
 
 >rt. 
 
 it 
 
 T- 
 Q- 
 
 s, 
 
 3S 
 1. 
 
472 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Root-leaves oblong, stalked ; stem-leaves narrow, oblong-lanceolate, 
 cordate and clasping at the base. Flowers large, purplish blue, in 
 elongated, slender, lax spikes. Divisions of the calyx long, linear- 
 lanceolate, ciliate, Corolla irregular ; stamens very unequal. Jersey. 
 Biennial. June. 
 
 Sarnian (Channel Islands.) 
 
 TRIBE II. Cynoglossece. Carpels contiguous at their apex, 
 attached to the central column by a lateral, flat, or almost flat, surface. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Cynoglossum. Calyx five -cleft or parted. Carpels with spinous tubercles. 
 Asperugo. Calyx enlarged when in fruit. Carpels shagreened. 
 
 IX. Cynoglossum, Linn. Hound's-tongue. Biennial, rarely 
 perennial, plants. Leaves lanceolate, acute. Whole herbage downy, 
 hairy or warty. Flowers racemose. Calyx five-cleft or five-parted, seg- 
 ments oblong. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a short tube and five-cleft 
 limb; segments rounded, throat closed with five horizon tally converg- 
 ing convex scales. Stamens included. Style stout, persistent. 
 Carpels depressed, clothed with rough-hooked prickles, all attached to 
 the central column (style), on the upper part of it. The erect stems, 
 long narrow leaves, and rather numerous clusters of small flowers dis- 
 tinguish this genus. 
 
 1. C. sylvaticuiH, Hsenke. Wood Hound's-tongue. E. B. 1642, 
 L. C. 867. Stems erect, branching at the summit, rough, with long 
 hairs and prominent lines. Leaves ovate or oblong, attenuated into a 
 long petiole; the upper ones sessile, half- clasping, shining and some- 
 what glabrous above, rough and downy below. Pedicels shorter than, 
 the calyx. Divisions of the calyx linear or lanceolate. Corolla blue 
 violet. Spines of the carpels contiguous on both the sides and borders. 
 Shady places. Epping Forest; road to Dorking, near Box-hill. 
 Biennial. June. 
 
 A. 3, C. 10. Lat. 51 5^. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 2. C. ofliciimle, Linn. Common Hound's-tongue. E. B.921, 
 L. C. 866. Stems stout, erect, leafy, branching at the top, downy and 
 soft. Leaves hoary on both sides, downy, soft, fetid when rubbed ; 
 root-leaves large, oblong, on long tapering petioles; upper leaves lan- 
 ceolate, often very narrow, sessile, and clasping. Calyx covered with 
 a silky down; divisions ovate, lanceolate, blunt. Carpels round, com- 
 pressed ; spines on the upper side rather distant, contiguous on the 
 under side and herders. Banks and hedges. Biennial. June. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 57 (60). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 X. Asperugo, Linn. Mad wort. Prostrate herbs, with axil- 
 lary blue flowers. Calyx five-cleft ; segment subsequently enlarged 
 into two erect, toothed, veiny lobes, much developed in fruit, com- 
 pressed into two flat, angular-toothed valves, applied to each other. 
 Corolla funnel-shaped, with a very short tube, and spreading five-cleft 
 
BORAGINACEJE. ASPERUGO. CUSCUTACE2E. CUSCUTA. 473 
 
 limb ; segments rounded ; throat nearly closed by five convex valves, 
 converging horizontally. Stamens short, concealed by the valves. 
 Fruit compressed laterally, shagreened, imperforate at the base, 
 laterally attached in pairs to a central column formed of the lower 
 part of *the style. The prostrate habit, bristly integuments, and axil- 
 lary blue flowers determine this genus. 
 
 A-, procumbens, Linn. Trailing Madwort. E. B.661,L. C. 
 865. Stem slender, spreading, prostrate, usually branching from 
 the base; angles rough (hispid), with strong reflexed prickles. 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, thin, nearly opposite, contiguous, in twos 
 or threes, oblong, narrowed at the base, ciliated, rough. Flowers 
 small, on very short pedicels, axillary, though apparently oppo- 
 site to the leaves. Calyx two-lipped, with triangular teeth, closed, 
 when in fruit reflexed. Corolla small. Carpels compressed. Way- 
 sides, rich waste ground. Wands worth steam-boat pier. Annual. 
 June. 
 
 A. 5, C. 7. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 050 yards. T. 45 47. 
 
 ORDER LXII.-CUSCUTACE.flE, Lind. THE DODDER 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Twining, parasitical, herbaceous, leafless plants, with racemose 
 flowers. Calyx and corolla persistent, four-five-cleft or parted, im- 
 bricated in aestivation (prefloration). Ovary consisting of two cells, 
 with two erect ovules in each. Fruit capsular, bursting transversely. 
 Styles two, sometimes one by cohesion. Stamens equal in number to 
 the segments of the corolla, and alternate with them. Anthers two- 
 celled, opening longitudinally. Seeds albuminous, with a spiral 
 acotyledonous embryo. The plants of this order are very obviously 
 distinguished by their delicate structure, by the absence of leaves, the 
 twining, parasitic stems, and by their little clusters of minute flowers. 
 They are all annual, and the root generally perishes when the parasite 
 has established itself on a plant suitable for its growth. It is destruc- 
 tive or very injurious to the plants on which it grows. 
 
 Cuscuta, Linn. Dodder. Calyx cup-shaped, with a fleshy 
 base. Corolla with an elliptical or cylindrical tube and spreading 
 limb, somewhat urceolate or campanuiate, the throat generally closed 
 with scales, which are attached to its interior base, and alternate with 
 its segments. Ovary roundish. Capsule membranous, bilocular, 
 sometimes monospermous by abortion. Stigma simple or capitate. 
 Stamens erect, shorter than the limb of the corolla, with roundish 
 two-lobed anthers. Twining, thread-shaped (filamentous), or capillary 
 (hair-like), alternately branched stems. Flowers pale, each pro- 
 vided with a bract, and arranged in sessile (sitting) lateral heads 
 or clusters, 
 
 1. C. europeea. Greater Dodder. E. B. 378, L. C. 732. Stem 
 thread-shaped, much branched. Calyx reddish. Corolla campanuiate 
 
 I I 
 
474 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 and subsequently globose, Jive -cleft, considerably larger than the 
 calyx. Styles short, spreading, with acute stigmas. Parasitical 
 
 on leguminous plants, Hops, 
 Brambles, Nettles, c. Osier- 
 holt, St. Catherine's, near 
 Guildford. A. I. Annual. 
 August, September. 
 
 A. 8, C. 25. Lat. 50 
 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 
 51 48. 
 
 2. C. Epilinum, Weihe. 
 Flax Dodder. E. B. 2850, 
 L. C. 733. Stem thread- 
 shaped, nearly simple. Calyx 
 nearly as long as the corolla. 
 Corolla ventricose, with two- 
 lobedjimbriated scales. Styles 
 erect, subsequently diverg- 
 ing, with con verging stigmas. 
 Parasitical on Flax. Field 
 near Thaxted, near Saffron 
 Walden. GIM*UA*( }JL 
 
 A. 10, C. 20. Lat. 51 
 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 
 50 47. 
 
 3. C. Epithymum, Sm. 
 Lesser Dodder. E.B.55,L,C. 
 734. Stem capillary, red or 
 purplish, very much divided, 
 twisted and entangled. Ca- 
 lyx campanulate, four-cleft, 
 not so long as the corolla. 
 
 Fig. 159.-Cuscuta europsea. 1, Portion of plant Corolla with a short funnel- 
 
 with clusters of flowers ; 2, a single cluster, shaped tube and four-deft, 
 
 detached and magnified; 3, a single flower ; 4, onrpnrlino- limh with npntp 
 
 section of the same; 5, section of ovary; 6,seed. s P readin g ^ nt) wltn acut 
 
 segments. Stamens equal to, 
 
 or longer than, the tube of the corolla. Scales large, converging, 
 closing the tube. Style longer than the ovary. Stigmas linear, deep 
 red. Heaths and open places, on Heath, Furze, Ling, Thyme, &c. 
 Annual. July, August. 
 
 A. 10, C. 25. Lat, 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 4. C. Trifolii, Babington. Clover Dodder. E.B. 2898, L.C. 735. 
 Stem thread-like or capillary, very much branched, and in this respect 
 like C. Epithymum. Calyx as long as the tube of the corolla, fleshy, with 
 Nlanceolate segments. Corolla with a cylindrical tube, furnished with 
 jfimbriated converging scales. Anthers apiculate. Parasitical on Clover, 
 y Rib-grass, Scabious, &c. Rottingdean (?), near Brighton, 1837. A. I. 
 Guildford, Surrey, on Clover. Too abundant in Kent and Essex in 1857. 
 \ A, 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
CUSCUTACE<E. CUSCUTA. CONVOLVULACE^E. 
 
 475 
 
 5. C. liassiaca, Koch. Lucern Dodder. A species either 
 new or hitherto confounded with C. europcea. Stem branching, of a 
 lively orange colour. Flowers pedicelled in fascicled racemes. Corolla 
 with a cylindric tube and five-cleft spreading limb, and the throat 
 closed by converging scales. Segments of the limb inflexed, with a 
 rigid apex. Styles two, with capitate stigmas. Parasitical on May- 
 weed, Sow-thistle, Lucern, &c. Discovered by Mr. E. G. Varenne, in 
 a field of Lucern belonging to Mr. Shoolbridge, Witham, Essex. 
 Description and locality from the " Phy tologist," for November, 1851, 
 vol. iii., p. 381, 382. 
 
 For an account of several species of Cuscuta compare " An. and 
 Mag. Nat. Hist.," No. 102, 1845. " Phytologist," vol. ii., p. 481. 
 
 ORDER LXIII.- 
 WEED FAMILY. 
 
 ;, Br. THE BIND- 
 
 Herbaceous plants or shrubs, usually with twining stems. Leaves 
 exstipulate, alternate, simple, lobed, rarely pinnatifid. Flowers axil- 
 lary or terminal, on. one or many-flowered, bracteated peduncles 
 
 Fig. 160. Convolvulus sepium. 1, Entire flower; 2, pistil; 3, section, showing the 
 ovary and disk ; 4, fruit wrapped in the calyx; 5, fruit with the calyx removed; 6, 
 transverse section of the fruit ; 7, the seed ; 8, section of seed, showing the curved 
 embryo and endosperm. 
 
 Calyx five-parted, with imbricated segments. Corolla with a plaited, 
 five-lobed limb. Stamens equal to, and alternate with, the lobes of 
 
476 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 the corolla. Style one, usually divided ; ovary two-four cells, rarely 
 one. Fruit capsular, one-four-celled, valvular. Seeds containing a 
 small quantity of mucilaginous albumen, with curved embryo and 
 shrivelled cotyledons. The British species of this order are all her- 
 baceous, and abound in hedges and cultivated fields, twining round 
 shrubs and herbaceous plants, both when ascending or when creeping 
 along the ground. Their roots abound in an acrid, milky, strongly 
 purgative juice. Jalap, Scammony, and other aperient drugs are 
 extracted from certain species, dietary articles from others. Many of 
 them are highly ornamental. They are very abundant in the tro- 
 pical and warm regions, and but a few species are found in cold 
 climates. The few indigenous to this country are easily known by 
 their habit, habitat, and their large, showy flowers, 
 
 Convolvulus, Linn. Bindweed. Stems in the British 
 species herbaceous, leafy, twining or trailing. Leaves alternate, 
 petiolate. Segments of the calyx ovate, converging. Corolla cam- 
 panulate, with five lobes and five prominent plaits. Stamens half as 
 long as the corolla, with erect, sagittate anthers. Style filiform, as 
 long as the stamens, with two oblong, spreading stigmas. Ovary 
 roundish, capsule invested with the persistent calyx, with valvular 
 or irregular dehiscence. Seeds large, two in each cell. The British 
 species of this genus are easily known by their twining or trailing 
 leafy stems, by their show^y flowers and their habitats. The root of 
 C. sepium has been used as a purgative, being similar in its properties 
 to the well-known Scammony. 
 
 1. C. arTcnsis, Linn. Small Bindweed. E. B. 312, L. C. 729. 
 Stems numerous, angular, twining or trailing, not much branched. 
 Lower leaves elliptical-obloncj -, upper sagittate with tapering bases, on 
 petioles shorter than the leaves. Peduncles bracteated at about two- 
 thirds of their length from their base, bearing one, rarely two, 
 flowers. Divisions of the calyx truncate or cordate at the apex, 
 with very short points. Corolla rosy or white, with five deeper- 
 coloured, broad, tapering streaks on the outside. Fruit ovate-roundish, 
 with a point. Seeds tubercled. Abundant in corn-fields, either 
 prostrate or twining up the corn-stalks. The flowers are very beau- 
 tiful, exhibiting many shades of pink, with crimson stains, and paler, 
 yellowish plaits. They are hygroscopic, always closing before rain. 
 Perennial. June August. 
 
 Var. j3. C. hirtus (Koch). Stem-leaves downy. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 2. C. septum, Linn. Great Bindweed. E. B. 313, L. C. 730. 
 Stem round, twining, glabrous, leafy. Leaves cordate-sagittate, with 
 sinuate rather than truncate lobes. These two triangular-pointed 
 lobes are separated by the long and shallow sinus. Bracts cordate, 
 with a purplish margin, entirely covering the calyx. Calyx ovate- 
 membranous, with ovate-triangular lobes. Flowers white, large, 
 solitary, axillary, on stout, furrowed peduncles, which are longer 
 than the petioles. Corolla with five greenish, striated bands. Stamens 
 
CONVOLVULACE^. CONVOLVULUS. POLEMONIACKJE. 477 
 
 dilated, glandular at the base. This plant is easily distinguished by 
 its white, rarely pinkish flowers, its large leaves and climbing habit. 
 It is found in moist hedges, osier-holts, and thickets. Perennial. 
 July September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 3 58 3 . Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Note. We botanized in Scotland from Edinburgh by Stir- 
 ling, and through the Perthshire Highlands by Callander, Kil- 
 lin, and along the valley of the Tay to Perth, but we only saw one 
 of these plants at Tay mouth, where it appeared to be cultivated. 
 
 3. C. Solclanella. Linn. Sea Bindweed. E. B. 314, L. C. 731. 
 Steins numerous, procumbent, short, somewhat succulent. Leaves 
 reniform, slightly angular, blunt at the apex or retuse, mucronate, on 
 petioles twice as long as the leaves. Peduncles angular, long and 
 swelling upwards, with ovate bracts, rather shorter than the calyx, 
 quite close to it. Flowers few, as large as the last. This species is 
 easily recognized by its habitat, sandy sea-shores, by its prostrate 
 habit, its succulency, and especially by its delicate, purplish, pink large 
 flowers, which expand only in the sunshine, and are of short duration. 
 Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 11, C. 25. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0. T. 52 48. 
 
 ORDER LXIV. POI^EIIOIMIJLCJEJE, Lind. THE GREEK 
 VALERIAN FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, with opposite, sometimes alternate, compound 
 or simple leaves. Calyx five-parted, sometimes irregular. Corolla 
 five-lobed, rarely irregular. Stamens five, alternate with the lobes 
 of the corolla. Ovary three-celled, Style simple, with a three-cleft 
 stigma. Capsule three- valved, three-celled, with septifragal dehis- 
 cence, few- or many-seeded. The single British representative of 
 this order is easily distinguished by its upright angular stem, com- 
 pound leaves, and irregular corolla. Many of these plants, as Phlox, 
 Cobaa, Collomia, &c., are showy border flowers. They abound in the 
 north-west of America. 
 
 Polenumium, Linn. Greek Valerian. Jacob's Ladder. 
 Herbaceous plants, usually with pinnate leaves. Flowers in ter- 
 minal panicles. Calyx cup-shaped, five-cleft, with broad segments. 
 Corolla rotate, with a short tube, closed at the throat by five downy 
 valves. Limb large, spreading, in five deep, obtuse, equal segments. 
 Stamens five, inserted into the tube, opposite to the segments, and 
 alternate with the valves which close the orifice. Anthers oblong, 
 roundish after bursting. Ovary ovate, pointed. Stigma in three 
 re volute segments on a cylindrical style. Capsule ovate, with three 
 blunt angles, three cells, and three valves. Seeds numerous, attached 
 to the inner angle of the cell. This single British species of the order 
 and genus is probably of American origin. As a naturalized plant 
 of this island, its claims are unquestioned, though the original cause 
 of its introduction be only matter of speculation. It was probably 
 in this country long before America was discovered. 
 
478 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 P. ccernlenm, Linn. Jacob's Ladder. E. B. 14, L. C. 728. 
 Stems erect, angular, slightly winged, glabrous, branched at the top. 
 Leaves compound, of numerous, lanceolate-pointed leaflets; lower 
 leaves petioled, upper sessile. Flowers large, bluish, or pale white, 
 in compound panicles. Segments of the calyx ovate, pointed. Fruit 
 nearly globular. Mountainous limestone, shady places. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 3. Lat. 53 55. Alt. 150300 yards. T. 46 45. 
 
 ORDER LXV. GJEHTTIAltfACE^E, Juss. THE GENTIAN 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, usually smooth plants, containing bitter juice, rarely 
 
 shrubs. Leaves en- 
 tire, generally sessile, 
 exstipulate, opposite, 
 usuallythree-flve-rib- 
 bed. Flowers termi- 
 nal or axillary, in 
 cymes or clusters, 
 corymbs or tufts, or 
 solitary. Calyx va- 
 riously divided*. Co- 
 rolla persistent, with 
 as many segments as 
 the calvx. Stamens 
 equal in number to 
 the segments, and 
 alternate with them. 
 Ovary one- or two- 
 celled, with many 
 ovules. Fruit cap- 
 sular, opening by two 
 valves, with nume- 
 rous small seeds. Al- 
 bumen fleshy. Kadi- 
 el e towards the hi- 
 lum. The habit, four- 
 angled stem, struc- 
 ture and position of 
 the leaves will serve 
 to identify most of 
 the British species 
 belonging to this or- 
 
 Fi ? .161.-ErythreaCentaureum. 1, Plant, upper part of; 2, ^er. They all possess 
 
 flower ; 3, section of the same ; 4, pistil, showing the ovary, intensely bitter pro- 
 
 style,and stigmas: 5, transverse section of ovary ; 6, capsule npr.fjpt, nr , A nrp f nn i 
 
 in the calyx j 7, capsule removed from the calyx, opening. I 16S ! ' ana are tonic > 
 
 stomachic, and febri- 
 fugal. Many are prized for their beauty. They are found both in 
 cold and warm regions. 
 
GENTIANACE^E. MEN YAN 7 THES. VILLARSIA. 479 
 
 TRIBE I. Menyanthese* Corolla induplicate-valvular in 
 prefloration. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Menyanthes. Leaves trifoliate, petiolate. 
 Villarsia. Leaves roundish-cordate, swimming. 
 
 I. Menyanthes, Linn. Buckbean. Herbaceous bog plants, 
 with very vascular smooth stems. Leaves ternate. Flowers race- 
 mose, on upright, round peduncles. Calyx five-cleft. Corolla tubu- 
 lar, with a five-cleft limb, and more or less pointed, hairy segments, 
 rosy-white, bracteate. Stamens five, with erect, cleft anthers. Ovary- 
 conical, with a filiform style, and a lobed or notched stigma. Fruit 
 capsular, one-celled, two-valved, with numerous seeds attached to 
 the axis of the valves. The only British plant of this genus is 
 readily distinguished by its habitat, its creeping stem, trifoliate 
 leaves, and beautiful spike of rose-coloured flowers. It is one of 
 the very handsomest of our native species. 
 
 M. trilbliata, Linn. Bogbean (Buckbean). E. B. 497, 
 L. C. 727. Rhizome thick, whitish, with membranous sheaths, which 
 leave annular marks (cicatrices) when they decay. Leaves trifoliate, 
 springing either from the summit of the rhizome, or from the rami- 
 fications, on long petioles ; leaflets oblong or obovate, entire or slightly 
 crenulate. Peduncles cylindrical, stout. Pedicels longer than the 
 bracts. Divisions of the calyx lanceolate, obtuse, scarcely half 
 the length of the tube of the corolla. Divisions of the corolla 
 lanceolate, pointed or tapering, reflexed, covered internally with long 
 filiform, petaloid white hairs. Style persistent. Capsule" somewhat 
 globular. Seeds large, ovate, compressed, with a yellowish, thick, 
 shining, very hard shell. In water, and in wet, boggy places. Peren- 
 nial. May, June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 3 61. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 II. ITillarsia, Gmel. Yellow Buckbean. Aquatics. Leaves 
 swimming, the lower alternate, the upper opposite. Flowers yellow, 
 in axillary tufts. Calyx five-parted. Corolla almost rotate, with a short 
 tube, bearded in the throat, five-parted. Stamens five. Style filiform. 
 Stigma two-lobed. Glands five, alternate with the stamens. Fruit 
 capsular, one-celled, many- seeded, bearing the seeds on the margins 
 of the valves. Seeds flat, almost membranous, ciliated. 
 
 1. V. nymphreoidesj Vent. Fringed Buckbean, or Yellow 
 Water Lily. E. B. 217, L. C. 726. Stems branching, submersed, 
 variable in length, which depends on the depth of the water in which 
 they grow. Leaves roundish, deeply cordate, with contiguous lobes, 
 very entire, leathery, on longer or snorter petioles, which enlarge at 
 the base, and form a membranous sheath. Flowers deep yellow, on 
 long peduncles. Calyx deeply -parted, with lanceolate divisions, 
 longer than the tube of the corolla. Divisions of the corolla obovate, 
 ciliated. Style persistent. Capsule ovate, acuminate, compressed. 
 
480 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Seeds flat, with, a ciliated margin. Rivers, where the current is very 
 gentle ; ponds, &c. This plant has been introduced into several 
 ponds in Surrey and Hants : for example, Wands worth Common and 
 near Upton, Ryde, Isle of Wight. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 12. Lat, 50 J 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 TRIBE II. Gtentianeae. Leaves simple ; corolla twisted in pre- 
 floration. 
 
 Genera. Erythraa, Gentiana, Cicendia, Chlora. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 IZrythrcea. Anthers spirally twisted after the emission of the pollen. 
 Gentiana. Plants more or less robust. Flowers large. Stigma cleft. 
 Cieendia, Plants slender. Flowers small. Stigma lobed. 
 Chlora. Calyx and corolla six-eight parted. Stamens six-eight. 
 
 III. Erytliraca. Centaury. Stems quadrangular. Leaves 
 simple, undivided, entire. Calyx monosepalous, in five long, acute 
 segments. Corolla tubular, with a salver-shaped limb in five seg- 
 ments. Stamens five, with oblong anthers, which tivist spirally as 
 the pollen ripens. Ovary nearly linear, compressed, with a cylin- 
 drical, straight, prominent style, and two roundish stigmas. Fruit 
 capsular, imperfectly two-celled, two-valved, with inflexed margins. 
 Seeds numerous, in two rows. The chief distinctive marks of these 
 plants are the erect round style and the spirally twisted anthers. 
 Like Gentiana, they possess tonic properties. 
 
 1. E. Centaur jtum, Pers. Common Centaury. E. B. 417, L. C. 
 724. Stem quite erect, ten-eighteen inches high, with four prominent 
 lines and opposite branches. Leaves (radical ones obovate in a 
 rosette) ovate or oblong. .Flowers deep pink, in contiguous cymes, 
 forming corymbs, on very short pedicels, terminal. In woods, pas- 
 tures, and other moist places. There is a white variety, which is 
 rare. Biennial. July September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 2. E. pulchella (?), Fries. Stems erect, either much branched 
 from the base or quite simple, two-three inches high. Root-leaves 
 few ; stem-leaves ovate, the uppermost oblong-lanceolate. Flowers 
 all stalked, the lateral or lower on long pedicels, the upper on short 
 ones. Lobes of the calyx quite as long as the tube of the corolla, 
 just about the time when the latter expands, a little shorter after 
 expansion. Corolla of a beautiful pink colour. All the parts of the 
 plant are smaller and more delicate than in E. Centaureum. Isle of 
 Wight, near Sconce Point, Yarmouth. The plant above described 
 abounds in the Isle of Wight, along the north coast, both west and 
 east of Yarmouth. It varies very much in size, viz., from an inch to 
 nearly two feet. When small, the stems are mostly simple, when 
 large, the plant is very bushy and spreading, the stems throwing out 
 branches almost close to the base. Annual. July September. 
 
 I believe this is E. pulchella as described by Smith, "Eng. 
 
GENTIANACE^E. ERYTHILEA. GENTIANA. 481 
 
 Flor.," vol. i., p. 322 ; and I suspect it is only a variety of E. 
 Centaur him. A. I. 
 
 A. 10, C. 25. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 -48. 
 
 3. E. latifolia, Sra. Broad-leaved Centaury. E. B. 2719, 
 L. C. 724 d. Stems simple or branching from the base, stout, angular, 
 winged and furrowed, two-four-inches high (twelve inches?). Hoot- 
 leaves obovate. Stem-leaves broad, oblong, obtuse, the lower with 
 five prominent ribs. Flowers in dense, leafy tufts, nearly sessile. 
 Divisions of the calyx linear-setaceous, about half as long as the 
 tube of the corolla. Lobes of the corolla elliptical. Sea-shores, 
 Lancashire. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 7 (?). One of the obscuriores. 
 
 4. E. linariaefolia, Pers. E. littoralis, Sm, Toad-flax-leaved 
 Centaury. E. B. 2305, L. C. 724 b. Stem simple or branching, 
 solitary or several, from the same root, two-six inches high, Root- 
 leaves linear-spathulate, in a rosette. Stem-leaves oblong-linear, 
 narrowing at the base, obtuse, numerous ; root-leaves spathulate. 
 Flowers numerous, corymbose, flowering branches sometimes elon- 
 gated. Segments of the corolla linear-subulate, as long as the tube 
 of the corolla. Lobes of the corolla ovate-lanceolate, pointed (ovate 
 obtuse?). Sandy sea-shores. Annual. June September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0. T. 52 45. 
 
 IV. Gentian a, Linn. Gentian. Smooth, very bitter, her- 
 baceous plants, with opposite, undivided, entire leaves. Flowers 
 panicled, whorled or solitary. Calyx in five, sometimes in four long 
 acute segments. Corolla tubular, with a more or less spreading limb, 
 and as many segments as there are in the calyx. Stamens equal in 
 number to the segments of the corolla, and alternate with them. 
 Anthers oblong, sometimes coherent. Ovary oblong, nearly cylin- 
 drical, with short, erect, sometimes combined styles and flat ovate 
 stigmas. Fruit capsular, nearly cylindrical, one-celled and two- 
 valved, with numerous seeds. Generally distinguished by their 
 angular stems, opposite leaves, and frequently by their intensely 
 brilliant blue colour. They vary in size from an inch or so to several 
 feet. The roots, and also every part of them, abound in a bitter sub- 
 stance which is a celebrated tonic. 
 
 G. acaulis, Linn. Gentianella. Large-flowered Gentian. E. B. 
 1594. Stem erect, two-three inches high, with opposite, elliptic, 
 pointed, clasping leaves. Calyx prismatic, with prominent, keeled 
 midribs ; teeth equal, triangular, lanceolate, pointed. Flowers large, 
 deep blue, campanulate, with two rows of dots, which have a metallic 
 lustre, about two inches long. Not native. Perennial. June. 
 
 Near Haverfordwest, South Wales. A very doubtful native. 
 " Mons. de St. Amans," " Eng. FL," vol. ii., p. 28. 
 
 1. Gt. Terna, Linn. Spring Gentian. E. B.493, L. C.718. Roots 
 slender, creeping, crowned by a tuft of leaves. Stems very short, 
 simple, leafy, bearing a solitary flower. Leaves ovate acute, about 
 half an inch long, Calyx angular, with sharp teeth. Tube of corolla 
 
482 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 whitish, limb horizontal, large, vivid blueJ Teesdale. Perennial. 
 April. \& 
 
 2. Gr. nivalisj Linn. Small Alpine Gentian. E.B.896, L. C. 
 720. Stem erect, branched, leafy. Leaves ovate, pointed, lower 
 ones broadly elliptical. Flowers two or more, bright blue, solitary 
 and terminal. Calyx cylindrical, angular, with equal acuminate 
 segments. Corolla five-cleft, with intermediate cleft or heart-shaped 
 segments, a greenish tube, and bright blue limb. Near the summits 
 of alpine mountains. Ben Lawers. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 56 57. Alt. 850 1300 yards. T. 38 35.. 
 
 3. G-. campestris. Linn. Field Gentian. E. B. 237. Stems 
 erect, angular, leafy, branching from the base, winged. Leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, clasping, rounder and broader at the base than in 
 G. amarella, and tapering more abruptly. Segments of the calyx 
 four, sometimes three or two, two much larger than the others, which 
 they partly cover. Segments of the corolla four, abruptly pointed. 
 On dry limestone hills. Annual. August, September. 
 
 There is a white-flowered variety not uncommon in Scotland. 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 4. Gr. Amarella, Linn. Autumnal Gentian. E. B. 236, L. C. 721. 
 Stems erect, branching at the base, angular, with prominent angles, 
 smooth. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, cordate at the base, gla- 
 brous. Flowers numerous, panicled, erect ; peduncles variable in 
 length. Calyx three-four-five-cleft, segments lanceolate, acute. 
 Corolla Jive-cleft, with sharp segments. Capsule cylindrical, tapering 
 at the apex. Seeds numerous, globular, shining. Calcareous and 
 cretaceous pastures. Annual. July, August. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Var. Stems simple, two-four inches high. Stem-leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate, acuminate. Segments of the calyx four, acuminate, 
 strongly ribbed, with reflexed margins, about two-thirds of the length 
 of the tube. Lobes of the corolla four, shorter and rather obtuser 
 than in the common form ; throat fringed with erect hairs, which are 
 half as long as the lobes. Downs, Isle of Wight, near Sconce Point, 
 Yarmouth. 
 
 Note. This appears to be the common form of G. Amarella in 
 the western parts of the Isle of Wight. On the Surrey Downs this 
 form is very rare. Dr. Bromfield questioned the distinctness of 
 these two reputed species, and not without reason. G. Amarella is 
 the southern, and G. camjiestris the northern, form. " Fl. Vect.," 
 p. 311. A. I. 
 
 5. G-. l*m iHMinioiiaiitlic, Linn. Calathian Violet. E. B. 10, 
 L. C. 719. Roots truncate, of several thick fibres. Stems erect, 
 simple or branched, six-ten inches high, more or less leafy. Leaves 
 lanceolate-linear or linear blunt, the lower ones connate and sheath- 
 ing. Flowers large, solitary, axillary or terminal, usually contiguous 
 (when not solitary). Divisions of the calyx equal, linear, five-seven. 
 Corolla large, campanulate-funnel-shaped, throat naked, with five 
 short triangular lobes, five-plaited, of a beautiful azure blue. 
 
GENTIANACE.E. CICENDIA. CHLORA. 483 
 
 Anthers coherent aftev. the escape of the pollen. Turfy, marshy 
 places. Perennial. July October. 
 
 A. 8, C. 15. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 V. Cicendia, Adans. Gentianella. Least Gentian. Intensely 
 bitter herbaceous plants, with opposite branches. Leaves simple, 
 entire, smooth, opposite. Flowers terminal. Calyx four-cleft, with 
 acute segments. Corolla tubular, with a four-parted limb, and equal 
 spreading segments. Stamens four, erect, with roundish-oblong 
 anthers. Ovary ovate, with a somewhat inclining style, and capitate, 
 undivided stigma. Fruit covered by the enlarged tube of the corolla, 
 two-valved, with inflexed edges and imperfectly two-celled. Seeds 
 numerous, small, rough, attached to a double receptacle (placenta). 
 
 Note. " Edges of the valves not inflexed." Babington. " Cap- 
 sule two-valved, with inflexed edges." Smith. " Capsule * * * 
 biloculaire par 1'inflexion des bords des valves." Coss and Ger. 
 
 1. C. flliformis, Reich. Least Gentianella. E. B. 235,L. C. 723. 
 Stem erect, branching, sometimes trichotomously (three branches 
 from one and the same point of the axis), or simple by abortion, 
 slender, two-six inches high. Root-leaves linear-lanceolate (oblong ?) ; 
 stem-leaves opposite, short, linear. Flowers solitary, on long slender 
 pedicels. Calyx four-cleft, with short triangular lobes. Corolla 
 yellow* South of England. Tilgate Forest, Sussex. Annual. 
 July, August. 
 
 A. 2, C. 5. Lat. 50 52. Alt. 050 yards. T. 52 49. 
 
 2. C.Candolii; Griesb. De Candolle's Gentianella. 1). C. 
 I. Gal., t. 16. Stem slender, branching from the base, one-four 
 inches high. Leaves linear -lanceolate. Calyx four-parted, with 
 linear appressed segments. Paradis, Guernsey. Mr. Babington. 
 
 VI. Clilora, Linn. Yellow-wort. Smooth, glaucous, annual 
 plants, with opposite or connate leaves. Flowers terminal, stalked, 
 either aggregate or solitary. Calyx in six-eight, deep, linear seg- 
 ments. Corolla with a short tube and a deeply eight- rarely six-cleft 
 cup-shaped limb. Stamens six-eight, with linear erect anthers. Ovary 
 ovate-oblong, with an erect style, and two oblong cleft stigmas. Fruit 
 capsular, furrowed, one-celled, two-valved, with inflexed margins, 
 bearing numerous seeds. This genus is easily distinguished by the 
 eight segments of the perianth. Its fruit and properties are similar 
 to those of Oentiana. 
 
 C, perfoliata, Linn. Perfoliate Yellow- wort. E. B. 60, L. C. 
 725. Stems erect, stout, round, smooth, simple, branching above. 
 Root-leaves obovate, narrowed at the base ; stem-leaves ovate, angular, 
 united at the base by their whole breadth. Whole herbage glaucous. 
 Flowers deep yellow, handsome, in forked panicles. Fruit oblong- 
 roundish, covered with the scarious persistent tube of the corolla, and 
 terminated by the style. Seeds very small, tubercled. Chalky hills. 
 Annual. July. 
 
 A. 10, C. 40. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
484 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 SWERTIA perennis, Linn., is said to have been found in Wales. 
 
 " Habitat in Wallia, D. Richardson invenit." Hudson, " Fl. 
 Anglica," 1762. 
 
 " Some mistake is to be suspected." Smith. 
 
 The learned author of the " Cybele" deems it " not very improbable 
 that luxuriant examples of Gentiana Pmneumonanthe might have 
 been thus misnamed." 
 
 ORDER, LXVL APOCYtf ACEJE, Juss, THE PERIWINKLE 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. The British species are only two, with trailing 
 stems, and evergreen entire and opposite leaves. Flowers somewhat 
 corymbose. Calyx in five divisions. Corolla deciduous, with five 
 
 lobes and twisted sestiva- 
 tion (prefloration) . Stamens 
 equal in number to, and al- 
 ternate with, the lobes of the 
 corolla. Ovaries two- or 
 one-two-celled, polysperm- 
 ous (many-seeded). Fruit 
 of the British species folli- 
 cular. The British species 
 are easily known by their 
 trailing habit, their bright 
 leathery leaves, and hand- 
 some blue flowers. They 
 are chiefly found in tropical 
 regions. 
 
 Fig. 162. Vinca minor. 1, Entire plant, very much 
 reduced ; 2, entire flower, natural size ; 5, section 
 of the ovary. 
 
 Linn, Peri- 
 
 winkle. Under-shrubs, with 
 creeping rhizomes. Leaves 
 opposite, entire, evergreen. 
 Flowers axillary, solitary, 
 alternate, blue, rarely white 
 or pink. Calyx five-cleft. 
 Corolla salver-shaped, five- 
 lobed; lobes wedge-shaped; 
 tube enlarged and angular above, crowned with a membranous ring. 
 Stamens five, inserted about the middle of the tube, just below its 
 enlargement. Anthers longer than their filaments. Style simple, 
 swelling above, and surrounded by a stigmatiferous ring. Fruit either 
 two cylindrical follicles, with inflexed margins, or one only by abortion. 
 Seeds peltate. 
 
 1. V. minor; Linn. Lesser Periwinkle. E. B. 917, L. C. 716. 
 Stems prostrate, rooting, long, glabrous ; the flowering shoots only 
 are erect and short. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, usually slightly 
 
APOCYNACE^E. VINCA. OLEACb^E. FRAXINUS. 
 
 185 
 
 cordate at the base, glabrous, on a short glandulous petiole. Pedicels 
 longer. Divisions of the calyx lanceolate, much shorter than the tube 
 of the corolla. Shrub. In woods, and other moist shady places. 
 Flowers, March June. 
 
 A.7,C. 20. Lat. 50 53 (58 ?). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 2. V. major, Linn. Greater 
 Periwinkle. E. B. 514, L. C. 717. 
 Stems spreading, prostrate, and 
 rooting, the flower-stems only erect, 
 glabrous, or almost so. Leaves 
 stalked, ovate, slightly cordate at 
 the base, downy, ciliated. Pedicels 
 shorter than the leaves. Flowers 
 large, purplish-blue. Divisions of 
 the calyx linear-lanceolate, ciliate, 
 about as long as the tube of the co- 
 rolla. Corolla funnel-shaped, with 7 
 horizontally -spreading limb. Seg- 
 ments obovate, connected at their 
 base by a whitish web-like crown. 
 River-sides. Banks of hedges. Na- 
 turalized (?). Perennial. April, May. 
 
 ORDER LXVII. OLEA- 
 
 CEJE, Hoff. and Link. THE 
 OLIVE FAMILY. 
 
 Fig. 162. Vmca, minor. 3, Section of 
 
 Trees or shrubs, usually with flower, showing the pistil and stamens ; 
 dichotoniOUS branches, which end 4, stamen ; 6, ovary ; 7, pistil. 
 abruptly in a conspicuous bud. Leaves opposite, simple, sometimes 
 pinnated. Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes or panicles. Calyx 
 divided. Corolla four-cleft, sometimes tetrapetalous, or wanting. 
 Stamens two, alternate with the segments or petals of the corolla. 
 Ovary simple, two-celled, with two-seeded cells. Fruit variable; 
 either a berry, or a capsule, or a samara, two-celled, or one-celled by 
 abortion, two-seeded, or one-seeded by abortion, Seed suspended, 
 often compressed. Embryo straight, in thick, fleshy albumen. Radicle 
 towards the hilum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Fraxinus. Usually lofty trees, with compound leaves, and pendulous 
 samaroid fruit. 
 
 Ligustrum. Usually small shrubs, with simple leaves, and baccate fruit. 
 
 I. Fraxinus, Tournf. Ash. Trees with opposite branches, com- 
 pressed at the apex. Leaves compound, opposite, smooth. Flowers 
 lateral and terminal. Calyx and corolla separated into four deep 
 linear segments (in the British species absent). Stamens two, with large 
 
486 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 four-furrowed anthers. Ovary ovate, two-celled, with short style and 
 cleft stigma. Fruit a lanceolate, flat, pendulous samara, often but one- 
 celled, with a single lanceolate compressed seed. The lofty growth, 
 opposite pinnate leaves, black buds, and naked flowers, with pendant 
 clusters of fruit, distinguish this genus. 
 
 F. excelsior, Linn. Common Ash. E. B. 1692, L. C. 715. A 
 lofty, handsome tree. Young branches brittle, green, shining, com- 
 pressed, with prominent scars (where the leaves have fallen off). 
 Leaves unequally pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, 
 accuminate, on short petioles, attenuated below, toothed. Flowers in 
 terminal clusters, on capillary peduncles. Fruit pendulous, oblong, 
 attenuated at the base, compressed and leaf-like in the upper part ; 
 crowned by the persistent base of the style. In woods, parks, hedges. 
 Flowers in May. Fruits in July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Var. . heterophylla (heterophyllus). Hook. E. B. 2476. " Fraxinus 
 in sylvis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis." Virg. Leaves both pinnate 
 and simple. 
 
 II. Ugustrum, Tournf. Privet. Shrubs with round, opposite 
 branches, and simple, entire, opposite leaves. Flowers white, in ter- 
 minal panicles. Calyx tubular, four-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, 
 with a four-cleft limb, and spreading segments, with valvular preflo- 
 ration. Stamens two, alternate, inserted in the top of the tube. 
 Ovary ovate, with a short style, and thick cleft stigma. Fruit a two- 
 celled berry, with two seeds in each cell. The shrubby habit, nar- 
 row, opposite leaves, white flower, and black berries distinguish this 
 genus. 
 
 Jj. vulgare, Linn. Common Privet. E. B. 764. Upright 
 small shrubs or trees, usually branching from the base. Branches 
 slender, flexible, usually opposite. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
 glabrous or slightly downy, often shining, slightly leathery, nearly 
 evergreen, on short petioles. Flowers in dense panicles at the end 
 of the branches, on short pedicels, with linear bracts. Berries black 
 when ripe, about the size of a large pea, often enduring to the fol- 
 lowing spring. Hedges, woods, commons, rocks. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 10, C. 40. Lat. 50 55'. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 52 D 47. 
 
 ORDER LXVIII. AaUIFOMACEJE, D. C. THE HOLLY 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with evergreen coriaceous leaves, and small axil- 
 lary, fascicled, or solitary flowers. Calyx polysepalous, consisting of 
 from four to six pieces, with imbricated aestivation. Corolla four- or 
 five-parted, also imbricated in aestivation. Stamens equal to, and 
 alternate with, the segments of the corolla. Ovary fleshy, two- 
 six-celled, with solitary pendulous ovules. Stigma lobed. Fruit 
 fleshy. Embryo minute in the upper part of the seed (nucule). The 
 sole British species is known by its arboreous habit, evergreen, 
 
AQUIFOLIACE^E. ILEX. 
 
 487 
 
 leathery, lobed leaves, and baccate fruit. Holly-berries, are emetic 
 and purgative ; and from a South American species ( Ilex paragua- 
 
 Fig. 163. Ilex Aquifolium. 1, Sprig of Holly in fruit; 2, flower; 3, a stamen; 4, 
 pistil, with lobed stigma ; 5, fruit ; 6, section, showing the four nucules of which 
 the fruit consists ; 7, a single nucule magnified j 8, a section of the same, showing the 
 position of the embryo. 
 
 yensis) a tea is prepared which is extensively used in that country. 
 The leaves of this plant afford the bitter principle, Theine, which 
 exists in tea and coffee. Species of Holly are found in Europe, Africa, 
 and America. 
 
 Hex, Linn. Holly. Trees or shrubs, with prickly-edged leaves 
 and axillary or terminal flowers. Calyx monosepalous, with four 
 teeth. Corolla monopetalous, rotate, in four, sometimes five, elliptical 
 segments, or composed of four petals, coherent at the base. Stamens 
 four, shorter than the corolla, with awl-shaped filaments and small 
 two-lobed anthers. Ovary roundish, with four sessile permanent 
 stigmas. Fruit baccate, globular, four-celled, with a solitary seed in 
 each. The upright growth, prickly, leathery, evergreen leaves, axil- 
 lary pink flowers, and bright red berries, distinguish this handsome 
 tree, the only British example of the genus. The bark abounds in mu- 
 cilage, which, by maceration in water, may be extracted and converted 
 into bird-lime. 
 
 JL. Aquifolium; Linn. Common Holly. E. B. 496, L. C> 713. 
 Tree more or less branching. Branches green and shining. Leaves 
 leathery, permanent, ovate or oblong, strongly undulate, with teeth 
 which terminate in strong spines. Flowers in axillary clusters. Fruit 
 of a beautiful red colour, persistent. Hedges, &c. Tree. Flowers, 
 May, June. Fruit, October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
488 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ORDER, LXIX. ERICACEAE, Juss. THE HEATH FAMILY. 
 
 Large or small shrubs, or under-shrubs, with entire, rigid, ever- 
 green, whorled or opposite leaves. Calyx and corolla four-five-cleft, 
 the former sometimes separable into as many pieces. Stamens equal 
 in number to the lobes of the corolla, or twice as many. Ovary 
 
 6 
 
 Fig. 164, Arbutus Unedo. 1, A cluster of flowers, natural size; 2, flower magnified; 
 3, section of the same, showing the stamens and pistil; 4, stamen much enlarged; 
 5, transverse section of the ovary ; 6, the fleshy fruit j 7, section of the same, showing 
 the ovules ; 8, section of seed. 
 
 many-celled, with many ovules. Fruit capsular, with central pla- 
 centas. In this country vast tracts are covered by these well-known 
 plants. They are most abundant at the Cape of Good Hope, and 
 decrease as they approach the tropics. In America the order is 
 represented by the splendid Rhododendrons, Azaleas, Kalmias, &c. 
 
 TRIBE I. Ericece. Small trees, with very small whorled 
 leaves. Flowers in panicles or clusters, rarely in simple umbels. 
 Sepals free or united. Corolla campanulate. Fruit dry, capsular. 
 
ERICACEAE. ERICA. 489 
 
 Genera. Erica, Calluna, Phyllodoce, Dabcecia, Azalea, An- 
 dromeda. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Erica. Calyx four-parted. Corolla campannlate or ovate, four-toothed. 
 
 Calluna. Calyx as in Erica. Corolla campanulate, four-cleft. 
 
 Phyllodoce. Calyx five-parted. Corolla ovate, with a contracted mouth 
 and five teeth. 
 
 Dabcecia. Calyx four-cleft. Corolla ovate, inflated with a four-toothed 
 limb. 
 
 Azalea. Calyx five-parted. Corolla campanulate, five-cleft. 
 
 Andromeda, which has a five-valved, five-celled, dry capsule, unites the 
 two tribes of Ericaceae. 
 
 I. Erica, Linn. Heath. Small trees or shrubs, with ever- 
 green opposite or whorled, mostly linear, leaves. Flowers in clus- 
 ters, axillary, or terminal, sometimes unilateral. Calyx composed of 
 four sepals, free or united, permanent. Corolla elongated, bvate or 
 campanulate, four-cleft, withering. Stamens eight, arising from the 
 receptacle, with terminal, erect, cloven anthers, which open by lateral 
 pores. Ovary roundish four-furrowed, four-celled, and four-valved, 
 each valve bearing a partition (dissepiment). Fruit capsular, opening 
 by cells. Seeds numerous, minute. The rigid, round, wiry stems, 
 minute, linear leaves, and clusters of^handsome flowers distinguish 
 this genus. 
 
 1. E, cinerea, Linn. Fine-leaved Heath. E.B. 1015, L.C. 692. 
 Stems downy or glabrous. Leaves whorled in threes, linear, acicular, 
 channelled below, blunt, slightly ciliated. Flowers purple, in short, 
 compact, terminal clusters, on axillary peduncles, bearing one-three 
 flowers. Calyx glabrous. Divisions lanceolate, pointed, about half 
 as long as the corolla, and twice as long as the bracts (calycule). 
 Corolla ovate, urceolate. Stamens included. Anthers with an 
 appendage. Woods and dry elevated places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat, 50 61. Alt. 0750 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 2. E. Tetralixj Linn. Cross-leaved Heath. E. B. 1014, L. C. 
 690. Stems branching, young shoots hairy or downy. Leaves 
 whorled, three-four in each whorl, oblong-linear, reflexed at the 
 m&Yfrm, fringed with glandular hairs. Flowers rosy, rarely white, in 
 short, terminal, compact clusters. Sepals ciliated, with very long 
 glandular hairs. Corolla ovate. Stamens included. Anthers with long, 
 pendant, linear, pointed appendages. Moist turfy places. Shrub. July. I 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. oO' 61'. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 3. E. mackaiana, Bab. Mackay's Heath. E. B. 2900, L. C. 
 690 b. Stern much branched, very leafy. Leaves four, in a whorl, 
 ovate, ciliated, and glandular, whitish below except on the midrib, more 
 or less deflexed or 'curved, with nearly erect tips. Flowers in termi- 
 nal clusters on short pedicels. Calyx ciliated, glandular. Corolla 
 ovate-urceolate. Stamens included. Anthers with appendages. 
 Style protruded. West of Ireland, Cunnamara. Shrub. July. 
 Hibernian. 
 
 K K 
 
490 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 4. E. ciliarisj Linn. Fringed-leaved Heath. E. B. 2618, L. C. 
 691. Stems erect or ascending, long, with spreading, leafy, hairy 
 branches. Leaves three-four in a whorl, fringed with long hairs 
 (ciliated). Flowers purple, axillary, on short, one-flowered pe- 
 duncles, in more or less elongated clusters, terminating the stem or 
 branches. Sepals ciliated, glandular. Corolla tubular, urceolate, 
 unequally inflated, slightly curved. Stamens included. Anthers 
 without appendages. Heaths. South of England ; Wareham, Dor- 
 setshire ; Carole w, Cornwall. Shrub. July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 50 51. Alt. 50 yards. T. 52 51. 
 
 5. E. mediterranea, Linn. (?) Mediterranean Heath. E. B. 
 2774, L. C. 693. Steins brittle, erect, with numerous erect flowering 
 branches, two-four feet high. Leaves linear, flat above, furrowed 
 beneath, in fours. Flowers axillary, solitary, stalked, intermixed 
 with leaves. Calyx coloured, with lanceolate sepals, about half as 
 long as the urceolate-ovate-cylindrical corolla. Stamens and style 
 exserted, the latter considerably longer than the former. Mountain 
 bogs,Jreland. Shrub. April, May. 
 
 Var. 0. Stems tall, erect, with numerous erect, leafy branches. 
 Leaves four in a whorl, spreading horizontally, glabrous, flat above 
 and convex beneath. Flowers numerous, drooping. Calyx coloured. 
 Corolla narrow, urceolate ; anthers awnless. Both they and the style 
 longer than the corolla (exserted). Ireland. 
 
 6. E. vagans 5 Linn. Cornish Heath. E. B. 3, L. C. 694. Stems 
 round, erect, with glabrous nearly erect branches. Leaves whorled, 
 four-five in a whorl, erect, linear-acicular, reflexed, glabrous. Flowers 
 rosy, axillary, on long pedicels, in dense elongated clusters. Sepals 
 glabrous, scarious, short. Corolla short, campanulate-angular. Stamens 
 protruding ; anthers without appendages. Style projecting, oblique, 
 or recurved. Cornwall. Ireland. Shrub. July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 50 51. Alt. 050 yards. T. 52 51. 
 
 II. Calluna 9 Salisb. Ling. Shrubs with round, hard, branching 
 stems, generally of humble growth, Leaves minute, imbricated in 
 rows, evergreen. Flowers in drooping racemes. Calyx coloured, 
 consisting of four sepals, within a four-leaved fringed involucre. 
 Corolla inonopetalous, campanulate, four-cleft, shorter than the calyx. 
 Stamens eight, short, curved, with terminal, erect, acute anthers. 
 Ovary orbicular, furrowed, with a cylindrical, nearly erect style, and 
 capitate stigma. Fruit capsular, four-celled and four-valved, with 
 numerous seeds. The essential difference between this genus and 
 Erica consists in the fruit. In Calluna the dissepiments are uncon- 
 nected with the valves, in Erica the partitions spring from the centre 
 of the valves. The four green bracts (involucre) and the imbricated 
 leaves obviously distinguish this genus from Erica. 
 
 C. \ulgaris, Salisb. Common Ling. E. B. 1013, L. C. 695. 
 Young shoots glabrous or downy, with numerous sterile branchlets. 
 Leaves opposite, closely imbricated in four rows, lanceolate linear, 
 very short, thick, channelled and hooded above, and convex or keeled 
 
ERICACEAE. PHYLLODOCE. DABCECIA. AZALEA, ANDROMEDA. 491 
 
 below, prolonged at the base (two- spurred), glabrous or downy, finely 
 fringed at the apparent margin (the true margin is reflexed). Flowers 
 axillary, in clusters or spiked panicles. Calyx scarious, coloured. 
 Corolla very small, concealed by the calyx! Stamens included. 
 Anthers with appendages. Dry, upland, peaty places. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 52 36. 
 
 III. Phyllodoee, Don. Flowers aggregate. Calyx deeply 
 parted ; segments five, hairy, acute. Corolla longer than the calyx, 
 ovate, five-cleft, with a contracted mouth. Stamens usually ten. 
 Fruit capsular, elliptic, four-five-valved, and with as many cells 
 as valves. Seeds numerous, attached to a central column. 
 
 I*, coeruleaj Salisb. Menziesia ccerulea, Sm. E. B. 2469, L. C. 
 696. Stems long, decumbent, the leafy flowering recent part only 
 erect, and a few inches high. Leaves ovate-elongate, furrowed above 
 and smooth, downy below, with revolute margins, numerous, petioled 
 opposite ; base of the petiole clasping. Scotland and the Scottish 
 isles. Shrub. Flowers, June, July. A 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 56 57. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 38. 
 
 IV. ffltabreeia, Don. (?) Calyx and corolla four-parted. 
 Stamens eight ; capsule four-celled. 
 
 I>. polifolia, Don. Menziesia, Sm. St. Dabeoc's Heath. E.B. 
 35, L. C. 697. Stems bushy, erect, afterwards decumbent, round, 
 tapering, hairy, leafy. Leaves eUiptical, with revolute margins, 
 white and cottony below, shining above. Flowers large, purple, in 
 long, lax clusters, on hairy reflexed pedicels. Divisions of the calyx 
 lanceolate, hairy, ciliated. Lobes of the corolla reflexed, short, 
 crenulate. Stamens round, shorter than the anthers. Anthers pro- 
 longed at the base, with diverging lobes. Ireland. Shrub. July. 
 
 A. 5. Hibernian. 
 
 V. Azalea, Linn. Azalea. Calyx five-parted. Corolla cam- 
 panulate. Stamens five. Fruit capsular, two-three-valved, two- 
 three-celled. Seeds attached to a central column. 
 
 A. procumbent Linn. Trailing Azalea. E. B. 865, L. C.698. 
 Stems ligneous and tortuous, with very leafy branches. Leaves 
 small, elliptical, with revolute margins. Calyx purple, deeply five- 
 parted. Corolla nearly bell-shaped, with spreading obtuse segments. 
 Scottish mountains. Shrub. May, June. 
 
 A. 4, C. 12. Lat. 56 61. Alt. 5001200 yards. T. 42 35. 
 
 VI. Andromeda, Linn. Wild Rosemary. Shrubs, with 
 simple, mostly evergreen, leaves. Flowers solitary or aggregate, 
 Calyx coloured, with five deep, acute segments. Corolla monopetalous, 
 ovate or campanulate, with a five-cleft limb, and five small reflexed 
 segments. Stamens ten, shorter than the corolla. Anthers incum- 
 bent, opening by two terminal pores, furnished with two reflexed 
 awns. Ovary roundish, five-furrowed, with a long persistent style 
 
492 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 and obtuse stigma. Fruit capsular, five-angled, five-celled, five- 
 valved, each valve bearing a central partition. Seeds numerous. 
 
 A. polifolia, Linn. Andromeda. E. B. 713, L. C. 699. Root 
 more or less creeping. Stem woody, reclining at the base, erect, round. 
 Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, on short petioles, glaucous or white below, 
 margins strongly revolute, persistent. Flowers terminal, drooping, 
 pink, on peduncles longer than the flowers. Fruit erect. Moun- 
 tainous parts of England, and Lowlands of Scotland. 
 
 A. IS, C. 25. Lat. 51 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 46. 
 
 TRIBE II. <%rbuteae. Calyx five-parted. Corolla globose or 
 ovate-campanulate, with a small, contracted, five-cleft, reflexed border. 
 Fruit a many-seeded berry. 
 
 Genera. "Arbutus, Arctostaphylos. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Arbutus. Fruit granular externally. 
 Arctostaphylos. Fruit not granular. 
 
 VII. Arbutus, Linn. Strawberry Tree. Bearberry. Trees 
 or trailing shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, evergreen. Flowers 
 racemose, drooping. Calyx monosepalous, small, in five deep seg- 
 ments. Corolla monopetalous, ovate, with a five- cleft limb, and re- 
 curved segments. Stamens ten, slightly attached to the base of the 
 corolla. Anthers incumbent, with terminal pores, and two reflexed 
 horns or awns. Ovary roundish, seated on an orbicular receptacle. 
 Style as long as the corolla, with an obtuse stigma. Fruit baccate, 
 five-celled. Seeds many, angular, long. 
 
 A. Unedo, Linn. Strawberry Tree. E. B. 2377. Stem arbo- 
 reous, with rough bark, branching. Leaves oblong, attenuated below, 
 slightly serrated, leathery, glabrous, petioled, evergreen. Clusters 
 terminal, panicled, drooping. Calyx flat, scarcely covering the base 
 of the corolla. Corolla urceolate, pinkish, yellow, with red striae. 
 Lobes small, broad, reflexed. Fruit red. Killarney, Ireland. Flowers, 
 September, October. Fruit in the following season. 
 
 VIII. AretONtaphylos, Tourn. This genus differs from Ar- 
 butus, with which it was formerly united, chiefly in the nature of the 
 fruit, which is only four-five-seeded, or one perfect seed in each cell. 
 There are rudimentary seeds besides. 
 
 1. A. U^a-iirsi, Spr. Bearberry. E. B. 714, L. C. 701. Stems 
 procumbent ; young shoots downy, leafy. Leaves oblong or obovate, 
 tapering below, on very short petioles, glabrous and slightly wrinkled 
 above, scaly-pubescent below, with downy margins. Flowers rose- 
 coloured, in short, terminal, drooping clusters. Fruit a roundish 
 scarlet berry. Seeds four-five. Dry, stony, alpine heaths. North 
 of England and Scotland. Small shrub. June, July. 
 
 A. 8, C. 20. Lat. 54 r 61. Alt. 0950 yards. T. 47 37. 
 
ERICACEAE. VACCINIACE.E. VACCINIUM. 493 
 
 2. A. alpiiia, Spr. Alpine Strawberry. E. B. 2030, L. C. 700. 
 A procumbent shrub, with erect, leafy, flowering shoots. Leaves 
 roundish-ovate, pointed, wrinkled, serrated, withering on the stem. 
 Flowers white, slightly hairy, with a minute five-toothed spreading 
 limb. Fruit round, green, then red, and when ripe, in the following 
 spring, black, one-seeded. Seed elongate, very hard. In mountainous 
 heathy parts of Scotland. Shrub. May, June. 
 
 A. 4, C. 7. Lat. 66 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 46 36. 
 
 ft Ovary more or less united with the calyx. 
 
 The orders in this section are connected by the general characters 
 of 1 st, ovary inferior ; 2nd, corolla monopetalous and generally by 
 the one- or few-seeded fruit. The orders with polyspermous ovaries 
 are Campanulacece ; sub-order, Lobeliece and Cucurbitacece. The calyx 
 is also generally present only in a rudimentary state, and is mostly 
 persistent. Vacciniacece unite the preceding with the subsequent 
 orders, and are known by their shrubby habit, small size, and urceolate 
 corollas ; Campanulacece by their herbaceous habit, by their conspi- 
 cuous showy flowers, and by their many-seeded capsules ; Composite, 
 the largest family in the vegetable kingdom, are known by their 
 common, flat, or raised receptacle, which is sometimes chaffy, some- 
 times plain (flat), and sometimes pitted, also by their cohering anthers; 
 DipsacecB by the capitate inflorescence and leafy involucre, the Va- 
 lerian family (Valerianacece), by its herbaceous/ upright habit, one- 
 celled ovary, with a single ovule ; Rubiacece (Stellatce), by its square 
 stem and whorled leaves ; Caprifoliacece, by its opposite leaves, its dry 
 or succulent fruit with few seeds, and by its woody stems. The gourd 
 family ( Cucurbitacece) is distinguished by its succulent many-seeded 
 fruit, and climbing habit. 
 
 ORDER LXX. VflLCCOTIAClLE, D. C. THE BILBERRY, 
 OR CRANBERRY FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs, with coriaceous, alternate leaves. Calyx entire, or four-six- 
 lobed. Corolla four-six-lobed. Stamens twice as many as the lobes 
 of the corolla,' with an epigynous, discoid insertion. Ovary four- or 
 five-celled, with one or many seeds. Style and stigma simple. Fruit 
 baccate, crowned by the persistent limb of the calyx. These plants 
 are all distinguishable by their shrubby habit, leathery leaves, and 
 their baccate fruit. The berries of several are eatable, viz., Cranberry, 
 Bilberry, Whortleberry, &c. They abound in America, where they 
 extend to high northern latit^uv*. They are not uncommon on high 
 land in the Sandwich Islands ; but they are more sparingly distributed 
 in Europe. 
 
 Vaccinium, Linn. Bilberry. Black Whortleberry. Mostly 
 small shrubs, with simple, alternate leaves. Flowers aggregate or 
 solitary. Calyx monosepalous, four-five-toothed or cleft. Corolla 
 campanulate, with four revolute segments. Stamens eight-ten, with 
 
494 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 flattened filaments, inserted on the receptacle. Anthers terminal, 
 erect, emitting the pollen by terminal pores. Ovary roundish, with 
 
 Fig. 165. Flower and fruit of Vaccinium. 1, Entire flower inverted, natural size; 2, 
 section of the same, magnified; 3, stamen, magnified; 4, fruit; 5, transverse section 
 of fruit, magnified; 6, seed, magnified j 7, section of same, showing the embryo. 
 
 a simple, erect style, and obtuse stigma. Fruit baccate, globular, 
 four-five-celled, with a central depression, and a few small angular 
 seeds. The British species are distinguished by their small, simple, 
 leathery, alternate leaves, by their acid, eatable berries, and by their 
 habitats, turfy bogs, mountainous heaths, and woods. 
 
 1. V. My nil I us. Linn. Bilberry-bush. E. B. 456, L. C. 703. 
 Stems erect, branching. Branches erect, leafy, angular ; angle pro- 
 minent ; bark smooth, shining. Leaves ovate, leathery, serrated, 
 deciduous, pale green. Flowers solitary, axillary, on short reflexed 
 peduncles, pale green, or red. Corolla urceolate. Anthers with hair- 
 like appendages. Fruit black, covered with a glaucous bloom (efflo- 
 rescence), slightly acid. On elevated heathy and stony places. Shrub. 
 June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50' 61. Alt. 01400 yards. T. 51 33. 
 
 2. V. ulig iitosuiii, Linn. Bog Whortleberry. E. B. 581, L. C. 
 704. Stems more or less prostrate, with erect, leafy, short branches. 
 Leaves shortly petioled, obovate or elliptical, entire, flat, obtuse, some- 
 times with a slight point, with prominent nerves, rather leathery, 
 deciduous. Flowers clustered. Corollas four-cleft, pinky, drooping. 
 Stamens eight. Fruit large, bluish-black. Seeds finely striated. 
 Mountainous parts. North of England and Scotland. Shrub. May, 
 June. 
 
 A.6,C. 15. Lat. 54 3 (53) 61. Alt. 200 1100 yards. T.45 35. 
 
 3. V. Vitis-Idtea, Linn. Cowberry, lied Whortleberry. E. B. 
 598, L. C. 705. Stem woody, diffuse, branching, round ; young shoots 
 hairy and leafy. Leaves obovate, dotted and glaucous below, smooth 
 
VACCINIACE^E. VACCIN1UM. CAMPANULACE.E. 
 
 495 
 
 and shining abo\ ; e, margin slightly revolute, petioled, evergreen. 
 Flowers rosy white, clustered, with concave, coloured, ciliated bracts, 
 Calyx segments broad, short, blunt, reddish. Corolla campanulate, 
 with four reflexed lobes. Fruit succulent, red. Mountain heaths. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 51 r 59. Alt. 100 1100 yards. T. 47 35. 
 
 4. V. Oxycoccus, Linn. Cranberry. E.B. 319, L.C. 706. Stems 
 filiform, woody, red, shining, leafy, 'prostrate, rooting, and branching. 
 Leaves ovate, entire, on short petioles, shining above, hoary below, 
 with revolute margins. Flowers solitary, red, on long filiform pe- 
 duncles, which are much longer than the leaves, one-three at the top 
 of the stems or branches. Lobes of the corolla lanceolate, blunt, 
 reflexed. Fruit red, of an agreeable acid taste. On wet, elevated 
 moors, among Sphagnum and other moor plants. Flowers, June. 
 Fruit, August. 
 
 A. 17, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 50 38. 
 
 ORDER LXXL 
 WIJI-ACI5JE, Juss. THE CAM- 
 PANULATE FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs or under shrubs. Leaves 
 exstipulate, mostly alternate. Flow- 
 ers in panicles, clusters, heads, 
 spikes. Calyx five-lobed, occasion- 
 ally three-eight-lobed, persistent. 
 Corolla inserted into the top of 
 the calyx, with an equal num- 
 ber of lobes withering on the fruit. 
 Stamens inserted into the calyx, 
 equal in number to the lobes of the 
 corolla. Ovary adherent, with two 
 or more many-seeded cells. Style 
 single, covered with collecting hairs. 
 Stigmas two- three, rarely five, li- 
 near-re volute, rarely two and erect. 
 Fruit opening by apertures in the 
 sides, or by valves at the apex, 
 crowned by the permanent ca- 
 lyx. Seeds numerous, horizontal, 
 
 very small. Embryo straight, in %^SM^25 
 fleshy albumen. Radicle towards I, I, I, I, I, lobes of ditto. 2, Lo 
 the hilum. The British species are j. u< g al secti J of *J e ova 7> ma g ni 
 
 , . ,, .,, r , 3, Stamen and anther ; st, stamen 
 
 herbaceous, generally milky, mostly anther. 4, Style and stigma. 5, S 
 
 with blue or white flowers, and may All magnified except 1. 
 
 be known from the other orders 
 
 of this section by their polyspermous capsular fruit, and 
 
 their regular corolla. They are plentiful in the northern 
 
 gions of Europe, Asia, and America, but are scarcely known in 
 
 by 
 re- 
 
 the 
 
496 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 tropical regions. De Candolle remarks that " the chain of the Alps, 
 Italy, Greece, Caucasus, and the Altai range are their true country ;" 
 also that " the species rapidly decrease in all directions distant from 
 these limits " (centres ?). The same celebrated botanist further states 
 that South Africa is another station, but that none of the genera 
 peculiar to the north are found there. 
 
 TRIBE I. Campannlese. Flowers regular, blue or white. 
 Genera. Campanula, Wahlenbsrgia, Specularia, Phyteuma, 
 Jasione. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Campanula, Calyx-tube short. Corolla bell-shaped. Fruit capsular, 
 inferior, opening by lateral pores. 
 
 Wahlenbergia. Calyx and corolla as in Campanula. Fruit half-supe- 
 rior, opening by valves. 
 
 Specularia. Calyx-tube linear-oblong. Corolla rotate. 
 
 Phyteuma. Corolla tubular, with linear divisions. Stigmas revolute. 
 
 Jasione. Corolla tubular, with linear divisions. Stigmas erect. 
 
 I. Campanula, Linn. Bell-flower. Herbs, rarely shrubs, 
 with milky juice. Leaves alternate, usually simple. Flowers in 
 clusters, cymes, or heads. Calyx five-parted, with acute* generally 
 spreading segments. Corolla bell-shaped, with a regular limb of five 
 shallow segments, and furnished at the base with five acute con- 
 verging valves, which cover the ovary. Stamens with dilated fila- 
 ments and long, linear, compressed anthers. Ovary angular, with a 
 thread-shaped, downy or hairy style. Stigma two-three cleft. Fruit 
 capsular, three- rarely five-celled, bursting laterally, rarely at the 
 summit. Seeds numerous. 
 
 SECT. I. Flowers on peduncles, never in compact heads. 
 1. Calyx of the fruit erect. Capsule opening by valves near tbe 
 summit. 
 
 1, C. Rapunculus; Linn. Rampion Bell-flower. E. B. 283, 
 L. C. 677. Koot fleshy, tapering, milky, white. Stem erect, taper- 
 ing, furrowed, hairy below, smooth, simple, or branching above, 
 leafy. Leaves narrow, oblong, tapering below (oblanceolate), upper 
 ones lanceolate, slightly hairy on both sides, bluntly toothed or entire. 
 Flowers erect, in long, lax, compound panicles, the lower ones on 
 long, the upper on short, stalks. Segments of the calyx linear, seta- 
 ceous, more than half as long as the corolla. Corolla light or pale 
 blue. South of England ; on light gravelly soil. Wood between 
 Bexley and Dartford. Mr. J. B. French. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 51 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 5048\ 
 
 2. C, persicifolia, Linn. Peach-leaved Bell-flower. E. B. 2773, 
 L. C. 682. Stem glabrous, rounded, usually simple, with distant leaves. 
 Leaves obovate or oblong, tapering into petioles, slightly serrate, 
 quite smooth, upper leaves sessile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 
 Flowers erect, solitary, terminal. Corolla broadly campanulate, with 
 
CAMPANULACEJE. CAMPANULA. 497 
 
 broad, pointed, spreading segments. Scotland. Mr. George Don. 
 Common in gardens. 
 
 A. 15. Alien. Apparently naturalized in Scotland, as Hieracium 
 aurantiacum is. 
 
 3. C. imtula, Linn. Spreading Bell-flower. E. B. 42, L. C.676. 
 Stems stout, angular or winged, rough, erect, much branched near the 
 summit, branches slender, rough. Root-leaves obovate, blunt, slightly 
 crenate, decaying before the flowers appear. Stem-leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, coarsely toothed. Flowers in lax panicles, on long slen- 
 der peduncles. Segments of the calyx elongated, with subulate points. 
 Corollas funnel-shaped, spreading, on long pedicels. Woods and 
 hedges. Fairfield Wood, Clent, Worcestershire, where this species is 
 not uncommon. Biennial. July September. 
 
 A. 9, G. 20. Lat. 50 3 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 4. C. Trac helium, Linn. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower. E.B. 12, 
 L. C. 680. Roots tufted, fleshy or woody, cylindrical. Stems erect, 
 a yard high, simple or branching near the top, rigid, rough, five- 
 angled, angles prominent. Lower leaves rough, cordate at the base, 
 
 i ovate acuminate, with large, unequal teeth, petioled, upper leaves 
 I ovate or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers one-three, usually two, on short 
 i axillary peduncles, forming a clustered panicle or a cluster. Calyx 
 hairy, with lanceolate divisions, erect after flowering or slightly 
 spreading. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, with unequal ciliated 
 lobes. Cretaceous soils ; in hedges and shady places. Perennial. July. 
 Var. )8. urticcefolia. Stems slender, peduncles one-flowered. 
 Sub-var. laciniata. Leaves lanceolate-acuminate, with long linear- 
 lanceolate teeth (lobes). 
 
 5. C. rapunculoictes, Linn. Rampion-like Bell-flower. E. B. 
 1369, L. C. 680. Root creeping extensively. Stem erect, simple, 
 
 j slightly angular, rough, with minute, deflexed hairs. Root-leaves 
 i on long stalks, cordate, elongate (like violet leaves, Sm.) Stem- 
 j leaves ovate-acuminate, the upper ones sessile, or nearly so, lanceo- 
 I late or linear-lanceolate, all unequally toothed or more or less rough and 
 j wrinkled. Flowers solitary, or in pairs, pedicelled, upper ones sessile 
 
 or nearly so, in a spike-like, unilateral cluster. Calyx rough, with 
 | linear-lanceolate divisions, reflexed after flowering . Corolla with ciliated 
 : or hairy lobes, three times as long as the calyx. Woods and fields. 
 
 In Cosson and Germain's "Flore des Environs de Paris," it is 
 i stated that this plant is found in uncultivated gardens, cultivated 
 | fields, vineyards, near dwellings, and subspontaneous in the gardens 
 
 of the Museum. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 Under a wall at Long-hedge Farm, Battersea. On the roadside, 
 j between Churchill station and Clent ; but always near houses, and not 
 i plentiful. It is probably naturalized. A. I. 
 
 2. Flowers on peduncles, capsule opening by pores at the base. 
 
 6. C. latifolia; Linn. Broad-leaved Bell-flower. E.B. 302, 
 ! L. C. 678. Stems erect, hollow, or filled with pith, round, tapering, 
 
 smooth, two yards high. Lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering, 
 
498 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY 
 
 pointed, petioled ; upper ones sessile, elliptical, lanceolate, all ser- 
 rated. Segments of the calyx lanceolate, tapering-, pointed, finely 
 serrated. Corolla with strongly revolute lobes and prominent nerves, 
 hairy within. Woods and groves. North of England and Scotland. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 7. C. rotundifolia 5 Linn. Nodding-flowered Hare-bell. E. B. 
 866, L. C. 675. Roots fleshy, tapering, fibrous. Steins slender, 
 reclining at the base, ascending, erect, usually simple, leafy, especially 
 be.ow, smooth. Hoot-leaves roundish, petioled. Stem-leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, sessile. Flowers in a lax panicle or cluster. Divisions of 
 the calyx linear-subulate. Lobes of the corolla ovate-pointed. Dry 
 banks and commons. Perennial. July. 
 
 SECT. II. Flowers sessile, mostly capitate. 
 
 8. C. glomerata 5 Linn. Clustered Bell-flower. E. B. 90. 
 Root oblique. Stems erect, simple, round, downy, four-twelve inches 
 high. Leaves rough, with short, rigid hairs ; the lower leaves 
 ovate-oblong, cordate or truncate at the base, the lower petioled ; the 
 upper ones ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; all very finely crenulate. Flowers 
 contiguous in lateral or terminal heads, rarely solitary. Calyx-divi- 
 sions linear, pointed, hairy, short. Capsule opening by three basal 
 holes. Dry, chalky, grassy places. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 I have a specimen from a meadow at Walton-on-Thames, collected 
 by Mr. Salmon, far from the chalk. A. I. 
 
 II. WahEenbergia, Schrad. In stem-leaves and form of 
 flower this agrees with Campanula. The capsule is only half inferior, 
 and has a valvular dehiscence. 
 
 W. hederacea, Reich. Ivy-leaved Bell-flower. E. B. 73, 
 L, C. 683. Stems slender, filiform, branched, leafy. Leaves roundish, 
 cordate, with angular lobes. Peduncles longer than the leaves, axillary 
 and solitary. Calyx-segments subulate. Flowers pale blue, slightly 
 drooping. Fruit round, erect. South and West of England, Wales, &c. 
 Perennial. June September. 
 
 f III. Specularia, Heist. Annuals. Leaves crenulate or waved. 
 Flowers violet, in terminal panicles. Calyx constricted above the 
 ovary, with five lanceolate divisions, narrowed at the base. Corolla 
 rotate, five-lobed. Stamens dilated and membranous at the base. 
 Stigmas three, filiform. Fruit linear-oblong, prismatic, three-celled, 
 opening near the top by three lateral pores. 
 
 8. hybricia, D. C. Venus' Looking-glass. E. B. 375, L. C. 684. 
 Stems erect, rigid, angular, with short, rough hairs, branching above 
 or from the base. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptical-lanceolate or 
 linear and spathulate, crisp, sessile. Flowers violet, contiguous at the 
 top of the stem, usually in threes, more or less divergent. Divisions 
 of the calyx oblong or oblong-lanceolate, more or less erect. Lobes 
 of corolla obovate, notched and mucronate, open (abortive ?). Fruit 
 large, with rounded angles, deep furrows, and short, bristly white hairs. 
 Chalky corn-fields. Chelsea College. Annual. June. 
 
CAMPANULACE^E. PHYTEUMA. JASIONE. LOBELIE^E. 499 
 
 IV. Phyteiima, Linn. Rampion. Herbaceous plants. Stems 
 round, with simple, entire or crenate leaves. Flowers spiked or capi- 
 tate (scattered in oriental species). Calyx in five deeply-divided, 
 acute segments. Corolla rotate, in five deep, linear, acute, recurved 
 segments. Stamens five, dilated at the base with oblong anthers. 
 Ovary angular, with a curved style, and from two to three spread- 
 ing stigmas. Fruit capsular, two-three-celled, ribbed, bursting 
 laterally and irregularly. Seeds numerous, small, obovate. Distin- 
 guished from Campanula by the tubular corolla, with a deeply 
 divided limb and narrow segments ; and in the British species by the 
 capitate or spicate flowers. 
 
 1. I*, orbiculare, Linn. Round-leaved Rampion. E. B. 142, 
 L. C. 685. Root fleshy, tapering, scaly, and with fibres. Stems 
 erect, simple, angular, glabrous. Root-leaves oblong or oblong- 
 lanceolate, crenulate, truncate or attenuate at the base, petioled. 
 Stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, more or less toothed. Bracts 
 ovate, pointed. Flowers deep blue, in round heads, becoming ovate 
 when at maturity. Chalky pastures. Perennial. June. 
 
 2. I. spicatunij Linn. Spiked-flowered Rampion. E. B. 2598, 
 L. C. 686. Root-leaves and lower stem-leaves ovate-pointed, or 
 ovate-lanceolate, or cordate, crenulate on long petioles. Upper leaves 
 petioled or sessile, lanceolate. Flowers whitish-yellow, rarely blue, 
 in terminal oblong spikes, elongated after flowering, with linear subu- 
 late bracts. Sussex. Perennial. June. 
 
 V. Jasione, Linn. Sheep's-bit. Annual herbs, with simple 
 leaves and capitate inflorescence. Calyx and corolla as in Phyteuma. 
 Stamens five, with anthers united at their base. Ovary roundish, 
 with erect style and cloven stigma. Fruit capsular, imperfectly two- 
 celled, opening by a round pore at the apex. This genus is closely 
 related to Phyteuma, but may be distinguished by the combined 
 anthers, the terminal orifice, and partitions of the capsule, and more 
 obviously by the many-leaved involucre. 
 
 J. moiitaiia, Linn. Sheep's Scabious. E.B. 882, L.C. 687. Root 
 vertical,' tapering. Stems several or solitary, rough and hairy below, 
 smooth and furrowed above, erect or ascending, simple or branching 
 above. Leaves linear-lanceolate, not pointed, undulate, rough and 
 hairy, especially below. Flowers blue, in dense globular umbels, with 
 an involucre. Bracts of the involucre scarious-membranous, with an 
 herbaceous point, ovate fringed. Divisions of the calyx linear ; divi- 
 sions of the corolla linear-lanceolate. Fruit globular. Dry sandy 
 heaths and commons. Annual or biennial. June, July. 
 
 TRIBE II. Lobelieae, Juss. THE LOBELIA TRIBE. Herbs 
 or shrubs, with alternate exstipulate leaves and terminal or axil- 
 lary flowers. Calyx entire or five-lobed. Corolla irregular, five- 
 lobed or parted, inserted into the calyx. Stamens five, attached to 
 the calyx. Ovary consisting of from one to three cells, with nume- 
 
500 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 rous ovules. Style simple. Fruit capsular, with one or more cells, 
 opening- at the apex. Seeds numerous. Distinct from Campanu- 
 
 lacece by their irregular corolla, 
 and by the excessive acridity of 
 their milk ; also by the intense 
 red of the blossoms in some of 
 the species, a colour never found 
 among the campanulaceous ge- 
 nera. They are found both in 
 temperate and hot climates. 
 
 ^Lobelia, Linn. Lobelia. 
 Herbs or shrubs, with acrid, 
 milky juice, and simple, entire 
 leaves. Flowers racemose or 
 solitary. Calyx five-parted, with 
 nearly equal segments. Corolla 
 with a cylindrical tube, and an 
 irregular five-parted limb, the 
 two upper segments of which 
 , are small, and form the upper 
 
 Fie. 167. 1, Flower of a Lobelia ; 3, united , . A . ' , 
 
 Inther, magnified; 5, transverse section of of; the others are larger, more 
 the ovary. diverging, and form the lower 
 
 lip. Stamens five, as long as 
 
 the tube, and cohering by their anthers. Ovary two-three-celled, 
 
 with a cylindrical style and capitate stigma, with a fringe of hairs. 
 
 Fruit capsular. The irregular bilabiate 
 
 corolla, the united anthers, and the 
 
 acrid juice, together with the fringe of 
 
 hairs under the stigma, serve to dis- 
 tinguish this sub-order from Campa- 
 
 nulece, with which it is closely con 
 
 Heated. The flowers are often bright 
 
 scarlet, and all are narcotic acrid 
 
 poisons. 
 
 1. JL. Jfortmaiiiia, Linn. Water 
 
 Lobelia. E. B. 140, L. C. (89. Stem 
 
 erect, round, nearly leafless, submersed, 
 
 bearing a simple cluster of light blue, 
 
 drooping, alternate flowers, rising a few 
 
 inches above the water. Leaves radi- 
 cal, in a dense tuft, linear, entire, 
 
 obtuse, divided by an internal par- 
 tition into two cells, two or three 
 
 inches long. Pedicels decreasing in 
 
 length upwards. Corolla bearded at 
 
 the mouth. Capsule oblong, five- 
 
 angled, crowned with the calyx. Lakes 
 
 in Wales, Scotland, North of England, and Ireland. Perennial. July. 
 
CAMPANULACEJE. LOBELIA. COMPOSITE. 
 
 ,01 
 
 2. Jj. urens. Linn. Acrid Lobelia. E. B. 953, L. C. 6*8. Stems 
 erect or ascending, simple, rarely branched above. Root-leaves ob- 
 ovate-oblong, crenulate, or slightly toothed, tapering below, sessile. 
 Flowers in long terminal clusters, on short pedicels, with linear 
 bracts. Calyx-tube elongate, with linear acuminate divisions. Heaths 
 in Devon. Perennial. August, September. 
 
 ORDER LXXII. COMPOSITE, Adans. THE COMPOSITE 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous or half-shrubby plants. Leaves alternate (rarely oppo- 
 site or whorled), simple or compound. Heads ef flowers in irregular 
 cymes, or in roundish compact clusters ; the terminal heads flower 
 first (general inflores- 
 cence definite or cen- 
 trifugal) ; sometimes 
 solitary, rarely in pa- 
 nicles (general inflo- 
 rescence indefinite or 
 centripetal). Florets 
 either perfect (males 
 and females), or the 
 exterior ones (florets 
 of the ray, circumfe- 
 rence) neuter or fe- 
 male, the interior ones 
 (florets of the disk, 
 centre), perfect, or 
 only male. The florets 
 are either all tubular 
 (discoid, flosculous) , or 
 all ligulate ; or of two 
 kinds those of the 
 centre tubular, those 
 of the circumference 
 ligulate. The florets 
 are either all of the 
 same colour or of two 
 colours; in the latter 
 case the central florets 
 are usually yellow. 
 Florets sessile, on a 
 
 Fig. 168. 1, Head of a compound (composite) cynaro- 
 cephalous flower ; a, the involucre. 2, A single floret, 
 magnified. 3, Head of a compound radiate flower; a, 
 involucre. 4, A central floret. 5, A ray floret (floret of 
 the circumference). 6, Stamens; a, anthers united ; , 
 free filaments ; c, stierma ; d, lower portion of style. 7, 
 Head of OchoriwnlntylniK. 8, A ray floret ; a, the ovary ; 
 b, the ligulate or strap -shaped corolla ; c, the stamens. 
 
 common receptacle, 
 surrounded by an in- 
 volucre, the whole 
 forming a head (capi- 
 tule). Involucre composed of small, herbaceous, membranous or scarious 
 leaves (leaflets, bracts), which vary in number and position. Recep- 
 tacle either flat or convex, or conical, or cylindrical, more or less 
 
502 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 pitted at the point where the florets are inserted, smooth or hairy, or 
 scaly or chaffy. Calyx united with the ovary, without a limb, reduced 
 to a circular thick or thin, entire, toothed, incised or variously divided 
 rim (elevated border), usually producing what is called the crown, 
 viz., fibrous or silky hairs (pappus, down), which is either soft or 
 smooth, rough, ciliated, or feathery. Corolla inserted on the calyx- 
 tube, either withering or caducous, gamopetalous, tubular, with a 
 regular or irregular limb, usually four-five-toothed or four-five-cleft, 
 valvate before flowering. Stamens four-five, inserted in the tube of 
 the corolla; filaments free, jointed above. Anthers erect, united by 
 their margins, and forming a tube which surrounds the style (synan- 
 theise). Style filiform, sometimes with a knot in the upper part, two- 
 cleft. Stigmas linear, with one or two stigmatic lines on the inner 
 face of the cleft portions of the style. Fruit (achenium) dry, one- 
 celled, one-seeded, not opening, with or without a beak (remains of 
 the calyx), with or without a crown of capillary down or scales. Seed 
 erect, usually closely invested by the pericarp. Albumen none. Em- 
 bryo straight. Kadicle towards the hilum. 
 
 SUB-ORDER. L TUBtJMFI.OMJE 5 End. Heads composed 
 of tubular florets, regularly four-five-toothed (the central florets 
 always are). 
 
 DIVISION I. Cynarocephaleee. Plants often spinous ; leaves 
 alternate. Florets tubular, usually deeply five-cleft, all equal ; or 
 those of the circumference barren, tubular, funnel-shaped, larger, and 
 radiating. Keceptacle often fleshy, furnished with chafly scales or 
 hairs, or deeply pitted. Style enlarged above, and often hairy at the 
 enlargement, with longer or shorter branches ; the stigmatic lines 
 reach the summit. Seeds (fruit) usually with a plume, either free or 
 united at the base. 
 
 T.RIBK I. Fruit crowned with long fibres, which are either smooth, 
 or rough, or feathery, united at the base by a ring (rim), caducous, 
 falling off in a single piece. 
 
 Genera. Onopordum, Carlina, Carduus, Silybum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Onopordum. Keceptacle alveolate (honeycomb-like), Involucral bracts 
 spinous. 
 
 Carlina. Receptacle with, cleft scales. Inner involucral bracts coloured 
 and radiating. 
 
 Carduus. Eeceptacle with fringed scales. Down (pappus) long, rough, 
 or feathery. 
 
 Silybum. Bracts of the involucre ending in a long, spreading spine. Re- 
 ceptacle hairy (?). 
 
 I. Onopordtim, Linn. Cotton Thistle. Large, annual or bien- 
 nial, hoary, spinous plants. Stems tall-, upright, usually winged. 
 
COMPOSITE. ONOPORDUM. CAKLINA. CARDUUS. 503 
 
 Leaves lobed, wavy, toothed, spinous. Flowers lateral and terminal, 
 solitary or aggregate, and on radical stalks. Involucre orbicular, 
 tumid. Scales (bracts) spinous-pointed, either spreading or erect. 
 Receptacle convex, fleshy, with deep honeycomb-like pits (cells). 
 Fruit obovate, four-ribbed, smooth, deeply sunk in the substance of 
 the receptacle. Pappus capillary, rough, attached to an annular ring 
 which crowns the fruit. 
 
 O. Acanthiuiiij Linn. Cotton Thistle. E.B. 977, L. C. 608. 
 Stem robust, branching, leafy, with broad spinous wings, very cottony 
 or shaggy. Leaves sinuate, pinnatifid, with triangular, short lobes, 
 terminating in strong spines ; all cottony or woolly ; the root-leaves 
 narrowed at the base; stem- leaves decurrent. Heads globular, cor- 
 date at the base ; bracts subulate, strongly spinous; the lower bracts 
 reflexed, the middle ones spreading, the upper erect, all cottony 
 and fringed, with minute sharp teeth. Receptacle very fleshy, deeply 
 pitted. Fruit five-angled, oblong, with concave sides, tapering towards 
 the base. Crown of the outer achenia on long pedicels, of the inner 
 ones on short pedicels, or sessile on the rim. Notunfrequent in Kent, 
 about Northfleet, Greenhithe, Gravesend, &c. Biennial. July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 30(40). Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 Note. A variety or a species was collected at Wandsworth steam- 
 boat pier, with the following characters : Stem not so tall nor robust 
 as in O. Acanihium. Leaves green, without the web-like pubescence. 
 The spines of the involucre are longer and more dilated than in the 
 former, and the crest of the carpels is purple at and above the ring. 
 The carpels also differ from those of O. Acanthium. 
 
 II. Carliiia, Linn. Carline Thistle. Rigid, dry, prickly plants. 
 Stems erect, leafy. Leaves prickly. Receptacle chaffy. Involucre 
 tumid. Outer bracts herbaceous, spinous, lax, permanent; the inner 
 long, scaly, polished, spreading horizontally, and forming rays to the 
 flowers. Anthers with two bristles at the base. Stigma simple or 
 divided. Fruit conical, rough. Down partly feathery, partly chaffy. 
 
 C, vulg-arisj Linn. Common Carline Thistle. E. B. 1144, L.C. 
 609. Stems erect, branching at the top, six-eighteen inches high, 
 downy, or with long woolly hairs. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, toothed 
 or lobed, with strong spines, woolly or tomentose, especially beneath. 
 Heads roundish. Outer bracts leaf-like, ciliated, with strong spines ; 
 inner ones more deeply fringed, with slenderer spines. On dry- 
 chalky and sandy places. Biennial. July September. 
 
 Note. This is a hygroscopic plant. Its involucre expands only 
 when surrounded by a dry atmosphere. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0250 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 III. Carduus, Linn. Thistle. Roots mostly fleshy and taper- 
 ing, occasionally creeping. Stems upright, leafy, winged. The 
 whole plant, viz., the leaves and wings of the stem, beset with 
 numerous straight spines. Involucre tumid, imbricated with lanceo- 
 late spinous-pointed scales, permanent. Receptacle flat, hairy (fim- 
 
504 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 briated scales). Florets perfect, equal, funnel-shaped. Fruit com- 
 pressed, polished, obovate. Pappus sessile, on an annular rim, which 
 crowns the fruit, either simple or feathery, deciduous. 
 
 SECT. I. Pappus (do^n) rough. 
 
 1. C. nutaits, Linn. Nodding Thistle. E. B. 1112, L. C. 595. 
 Stems erect, winged, spinous, branching. Leaves pinnatifid, decur- 
 rent, with short lobes and long spines, usually with webbed down 
 beneath. Peduncles downy or shaggy, bent at the top. Heads large, 
 drooping, rarely erect, usually solitary. Involucre downy ; lower 
 bracts loose, spreading or reflexed ; middle and upper ones refracted 
 about their middle ; all lanceolate, with strong, spinous points 
 Flowers purple, odorous, rather handsome. Not uncommon. On cal- 
 careous and cretaceous soils. Biennial. July September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. C. acanthoides. Linn. Welted Thistle. E. B. 973, L. C. 596. 
 Stem angular, winged, hairy ; wings spinous. Leaves hairy, espe- 
 cially beneath, pinnatifid ; lobes angular, spinous ; root-leaves taper- 
 ing at the base into petioles ; stem-leaves decurrent. Heads small. 
 ovate, in terminal clusters or close corymbs. Involucre somewhat cot- 
 tony ; bracts spreading, linear, ending in weak spines. Query 
 Var. of C. nutans ? Hedges and dry waste places. Annual. June, 
 July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70 . Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 3. C. tenuiilorus, Curt. Small-flowered Thistle. E. B. 412 ? 
 L. C. 597. Stems woolly or cottony, with broad, sinuous, toothed or 
 lobed spinous wings, simple or branching near the top. Leaves pale 
 green, with short hairs above, cottony below, deeply sinuated; lobes 
 angular, with long spines, decurrent, extending below the inter- 
 node. Heads cylindrical, elongate, not large, sessile, aggregate, rarely 
 solitary. Involucre more or less pubescent, bracts loosely imbricated, 
 curved above, ending in a slender spine. Flowers purple. Kubbish 
 about towns and roadsides. Annual or biennial. June. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. oO 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 SECT. II. Down (pappus) feathery. Cnicus, Linn., Sm. Cirsium, Koch. 
 
 4. 1\ laiiceolatuH, Linn. Spear Thistle. Bur Thistle, Burns* 
 E. B. 107, L. C. 599. Stems stout, angular, downy or woolly, more 
 or less branching. Leaves pinnatifid ; lobes triangular or lanceolate, 
 armed with strong spines ; terminal lobe linear lanceolate, elongated. 
 Heads solitary or aggregate, terminal, large, ovate-conical ; involucre 
 downy. Bracts lanceolate, subulate, spreading above, tapering into 
 strong spines. Meadows, pastures, &c. Biennial. June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0550 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 5. C, eriophorus, Linn. Woolly-headed Thistle. E. B. 386, 
 
 * " The big Bnr Thistle spreading wide 
 
 Among the bearded bear, 
 [ turn'd the weeder-clips aside, 
 And spared the symbol dear." 
 
COMPOSITE. CARDUUS. 505 
 
 L. C. 600. Stem erect, stout, angular, furrowed, branching, hairy, not 
 winged. Leaves pinnatifid, not decurrent, with lanceolate segments, 
 upper leaves with ovate or oblong (broader and shorter) lobes ; all 
 densely woolly beneath, the upper surface furnished with small ad- 
 pressed spines, the margin sometimes spinous, the tips always termi- 
 nating in strong spines, the lower leaves petioled, the upper sessile. 
 Heads large, roundish, covered with a more or less dense web, with 
 subulate, strongly spinous bracts. Waste places, on limestone soils. 
 Biennial. June September. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52' 47. 
 
 6. C. arvensis; Linn. Field Thistle. E.B. 975, L. C. 602. 
 Stem angular, not winged, much branched above ; branches erect ; 
 both stem and branches leafy. Leaves glabrous, or clothed with very 
 short hairs above, rather downy or cottony below, pinnatifid or 
 sinuate, with divaricated lobes and strong spines ; root-leaves tapering 
 at the base, petioled ; stem-leaves sessile, clasping, and auricled. 
 Heads not large, ovate, in corymbose panicles ; bracts ovate, appressed, 
 terminated by a short, spreading, scarcely spinous point. Flowers 
 pale purple, with a strong scent. Fields and rubbish. Biennial (?), 
 perennial (?). July September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 60 61. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 Var. /8. C. latifolius. Leaves broad, glabrous, decurrent. 
 
 Var. 7. C. setosus. Leaves not decurrent, slighty woolly or 
 hairy below, flat; lobes short, ovate; margins ciliate, with spines. 
 Near Dunfermline. Dr. Dewar. 
 
 A striking variety like setosus was collected at Battersea, not wild, 
 but spontaneous. It was taken into the garden, where it rapidly 
 spreads. A. I. 
 
 7. C. palustris, Linn. Marsh Thistle. E. B. 974, L. C. 601. 
 Stem flexible, angular, with spinous wings, hairy, simple or branch- 
 ing above. Leaves pinnatifid ; the stem-leaves decurrent ; the decur- 
 rent part lobed, spinous ; the root-leaves more or less tapering into 
 the petiole. Heads small, ovate, contiguous, terminal, often in a dense 
 corymb. Involucre downy, cottony, with erect, ovate-lanceolate 
 bracts, which end in spinous points. Flowers purple. Marshy 
 woods and hedges. Biennial. June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 J 61. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 38. 
 
 8. C. Forsteri, Sm. Forster's Thistle. L. C. 603. Stem angu- 
 lar, furrowed, winged, hairy, with deflexed hairs, branching above, 
 branches erect. Leaves decurrent, lanceolate, pinnatifid or lobed, 
 lobes cleft or entire, triangular, spinous, slightly hairy above, cottony 
 below. Involucres ovate, terminal, two or three together, cottony, 
 with diverging or horizontal spines, on densely cottony peduncles, 
 which are enlarged at the apex. Receptacle slightly convex, nearly 
 smooth. Florets cylindrical, with linear, equal segments. Style 
 considerably longer than the corolla, notched at the apex. Fruit 
 with a narrow rim and short beak. Down soft. Believed by some 
 botanists to be a hybrid between C. palustris and C. arvensis. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 51 52. Alt. 50100 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
506 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 9. C. pratensis* Huds. Meadow Thistle. E. B. 177, L. C. 604. 
 
 Stems usually twelve-eighteen inches high, occasionally three-four 
 feet, quite simple, and one-, rarely two-flowered. Root-leaves elliptic 
 lanceolate, slightly, toothed, and spinous on long tapering petioles; stem- 
 leaves sessile or clasping, two-four, similar to the root-leaves, only 
 smaller. -Parkhurst Forest, Isle of Wight, very plentiful and luxu- 
 riant ; Windsor Forest ; Wandsworth and Wimbledon Commons. 
 A, 8, C. 30. Lat. 50 3 54 (55). Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 10. C. tuberosusj Linn. Melancholy Thistle. E. B. 2562, 
 L. C. 605. Hoot fleshy. Stem erect, round, furrowed, hairy, not 
 winged. Leaves pinnatifid, segments two-three-cleft, ovate, ciliated, 
 with short spines at their tops, sessile, not decurrent. Involucre ovate, 
 bracts closely imbricated and appressed, except at the very tips, 
 scarcely spinous. Segments of the florets setaceous, linear. Wiltshire. 
 Perennial. August. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 51 52. Alt. (?). T. 49-48. 
 
 11. C. acauliN, Linn. Dwarf Thistle. E. B. 161, L. C. 606. 
 Hoot woody, truncate. Stem usually wanting; sometimes six-eight 
 inches high, without wings, simple, leafy, one-flowered. -Leaves pin- 
 natifid, glabrous on the upper surface, more or less hairy beneath ; 
 root-leaves tapering below, with spinous, triangular, or sinuate lobes ; 
 stern-leaves not clasping. Heads ovate, terminal, solitary, rarely two- 
 three. Bracts of involucre erect, lanceolate, the outer spinous. 
 Flowers purple. Dry places. Perennial. July September. 
 
 Note. This species, both in habit and structure, is nearer to C. 
 arvensis and palustris than to those among which it is placed. 
 A. 7, C. 25. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 12. C. heterophyllus, Linn. Melancholy Thistle. E.B. 675, 
 L. C. 607. Stems erect, simple, angular, downy or cottony, hollow, a 
 yard or more in height. Koot-leaves lanceolate, tapering at loth ends, 
 very long ; stem-leaves clasping, cordate, with large, rounded lobes, 
 contracted about the middle, tapering and pointed ; all white and 
 cottony below, glabrous above, ciliated, with minute prickles. Heads 
 solitary (one on a stem), large, cylindrical. Bracts lanceolate, imbri- 
 cated, pointed, not spinous. Fruit ovate, tapering, compressed, with 
 a ring at the apex, crowned with long, silky fibres. Settle, York- 
 shire, and Breadalbane, Perthshire ; not unfrequent. Perennial. July, 
 August. 
 
 A. 13, C. 30. Lat. 51 59. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 47 39. 
 
 IV. Silybum, Gaert. Milk Thistle. Annuals, with branch- 
 ing, spreading stems and large sinuate and spinous leaves, glabrous 
 on both sides, and marked with white broad streaks. Involucre 
 roundish. Bracts imbricated, outer lobed, spinous, inner ones ending 
 in very long spinous points. Keceptacle fleshy, scaly or hairy. Florets 
 unequally five-cleft. Achenia glabrous, compressed, crowned with a 
 pappus-bearing rim. Pappus in several rows, deciduous. 
 
 1. 8. Marianum, Gsert Blessed Thistle. E. B. 976, L. C. 598. 
 Stems stout, branching; branches spreading horizontally. Leaves 
 
COMPOSITE. SILYBUM. ARCTIUM. 507 
 
 glabrous, shining, slightly downy beneath, marbled with white 
 streaks in the direction of the nerves, pinnatifid or sinuate ; lobes 
 short, angular, ciliated, with stout spines ; root-leaves narrowing into 
 petioles, stem-leaves auricled, clasping. Heads roundish, very large ; 
 all the bracts except the five outer ones ending in very long, stout, 
 reflexed spines. Roadsides near villages, waste places. Found 
 usually in the vicinity of human dwellings. It appears to accompany 
 man in all his migrations. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 TRIBE II. Crown of the seed persistent or falling off in separate 
 portions, rarely absent. Down smooth or rough, never feathery, 
 rarely chaffy, free, rarely united in a ring. 
 
 Genera. Arctium, Serratula, Saussurea, Centaurea. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Arctium. Bracts of the round involucre terminating in hooked points. 
 Scales of the receptacle rigid, pointed. 
 
 Serratula. Bracts of the involucre scaly, imbricated, not armed ; 
 flowers dioecious. 
 
 Saussurea. Florets all perfect. Down in two rows. Seeds without a 
 rim. 
 
 Centaurea. Keceptacle hairy. Florets of the circumference tubular, 
 funnel-shaped, large, radiating, barren. 
 
 V. Arctium, Linn. Burdock. Large branching, downy, bien- 
 nial plants, with alternate, simple leaves and terminal flowers. Invo- 
 lucre globose. Bracts spinous, ending in hooked points. Keceptacle 
 flat, covered with narrow, rigid scales. Florets with a long slender 
 tube, and a limb divided into five linear, regular, spreading segments. 
 Fruit oblong, four-sided, downy at the summit. Pappu's short, rough, 
 neither stipitate nor cohering into a ring at the base. 
 
 A. commune. Lappa communis, Tourn. A. Lappa, Linn, 
 A. Lappa and Bardana, Sm., " Eng. Fl." E. B. 1228, 2478, L. C. 
 592, 592 b. Stem erect, stout, furrowed or angular, much branched, 
 with short hairs. Root-leaves large, cordate at the base, entire, or 
 sinuate ; the upper-leaves ovate-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, all 
 hairy above, downy or tomentose beneath. Heads globular, involucre 
 glabrous or woolly. Waste places. Biennial. June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Var. a. A. minus. Heads small ; involucres glabrous ; bracts 
 violet-purple on the inside. Scales of the inner florets not hooked, 
 but terminating in a rigid point. Perthshire, near Scone. 
 
 Var. )8. majus. Heads large, involucres glabrous ; bracts green 
 on the inside. 
 
 Var. y. tomentosum. Heads moderately large, involucre wooJy 
 (with spider-web-like pubescence); bracts usually coloured on the 
 inside. 
 
508 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 A.ardana(?) A. 18,0.70. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. 
 T. 52 46. 
 
 Note.. Var. y. is common in North. Wales. 
 
 VI. Serratula, Linn. Saw-wort. Perennials. Stems upright. 
 Leaves serrated or pinnatifid. Flowers dioecious, terminal, corym- 
 bose. Involucre cylindrical. Bracts lanceolate, sharp, but not 
 spinous. Receptacle bristly. Fruit obovate. Pappus sessile, rough, 
 in three or four rows, the inner longest; outer deciduous, not 
 cohering at the base. 
 
 .8. tinctoria, Linn. Saw-wort. E. B. 38, L. C. 594. Root ' 
 crowned by the persistent nerves of the decayed leaves. Ste,m 
 simple, erect, angular, smooth, branching only at the summit, leafy. 
 Leaves pinnatifid, smooth above, roughish below ; segments oblong or 
 lanceolate, finely and sharply serrated ; terminal lobe large, elongated, 
 especially in the upper leaves; lower leaves petioled, upper sessile. 
 Heads ovate-oblong, contiguous. Bracts lanceolate, pointed, closely 
 appressed. Fruit smooth, ribbed, tapering below, constricted at the 
 top, crowned with a row of dense spreading fibres. Woods, &c. 
 Perennial, Julv September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 VII. Saussurea, D. C. Alpine Saw-wort, (Sm.) Stem 
 simple, erect, round. Leaves variable. Flowers terminal, corymbose. 
 Involucre oblong. Brs*cts t unarmed. Receptacle flat, bristly, or 
 chaffy. Anthers ciliated at the base. Fruit smooth, glabrous. 
 Pappus in two rows ; the outer short, rough, bristly, persistent, the 
 inner feathery, slightly united at the base. 
 
 (8. alpina,, D. C. Alpine Saw-wort. E. B. 599, L. C. 593. * 
 Root tapering, blackish. Stem simple, erecf, leafy, downy, three- 
 twelve inches high. Lower leaves petioled ovate, toothed ; upper 
 ones sessile, rounded at^the base, decurrent, lanceolate, very laxly 
 toothed, green and smooth, above, hoary and cottony beneath. Heads 
 in a dense corymb. Involucre cylindrical, with ovate hairy bracts. 
 Flowers pink with blue anthers. Down of the fruit long and 
 feathered. On lofty mountains of Wales and Scotland. Perennial. 
 July, August. 
 
 A.7,C.15 20. Lat. 53 61. Alt. 700 1300 yards. T.41 34\ 
 
 VIII. Centaiirea, Linn. Knapweed, Blue-bottle, Star Thistle. 
 Stems rigid, erect, or ascending, leafy, mostly branching. Leaves 
 variable, but never spinous like Thistles. Flowers terminal or lateral, 
 solitary, or contiguous. Involucre roundish. Bracts closely imbri- 
 cated, with either scaly or ciliated margins (sometimes the scales are 
 armed with very sharp, stout and long spines). Receptacle bristly. 
 Florets of the disk or centre regular, perfect ; florets of the ray irre- 
 gular, larger than the central ones, imperfect, only the rudiments of a 
 pistil being present. Fruit produced only by the central florets, very 
 smooth. Pappus when present short, either bristly or feathery. 
 
COMPOSITE. CENTAUREA. 509 
 
 SECT. I. Cyanus. Bracts of the involucre furnished with a scarious 
 ciliated margin, not spinous. Flowers purple or blue, rarely white. 
 
 1. C. JFacea, Linn. (?) Brown Knapweed. E.B. 1678, L. C. 
 Excluded Species, p. 16, List 3. Stems several or solitary, bluntly 
 angular, simple or branched above, usually downy. Leaves rough on 
 both sides, oblong lanceolate, entire or toothed, with a short mucro. 
 Head roundish, ovate, solitary at the summit of the branches ; bracts 
 with a scarious, pale, deeply incised border, the scarious part of the 
 lower covering the herbaceous part of the upper (the lower bracts are 
 dilate pectinate, the upper simply incised}. Florets of the margin 
 large, radiating, with furrowed linear-lanceolate segments. Coss. 
 and Ger., " Flor. Par.," p. 392, unite the two forms, C. Jacea 
 and C. nigra, Linn. Meadows, pastures, &c. Perennial. July 
 September. 
 
 A. 7. Incognita (unknown). The examples so called, or some of 
 them at least, appear to be only a form of the following. The 
 English examples totally disagree with Reichenbach's beautiful 
 figures, Centaurea jacea genuina, Hehb., 754, &c., which represent 
 the continental forms of this plant. 
 
 2. C. nig^ra, Linn. Black Knapweed. E. B. 278, L. C. 611. 
 Stems erect, very rigid, hairy, branching. Leaves simple, oblong 
 lanceolate, entire, toothed or sinuate, rarely pinnatifid, blunt, pointed, 
 very rough at the margins ; the lower tapering into long petioles, the 
 upper sessile. Heads roundish, more or less numerous, terminal and 
 solitary. Peduncles swelling above, hollow, with herbaceous bracts. 
 Bracts of the involucre green, with a white scarious border, termi- 
 nated with a large membranous, black, nearly glabrous, ovate ciliated 
 appendage. Flowers purple, all equal, or those of the margin 
 larger and radiating. Fruit white, finely downy, without a crown, or 
 surmounted by a brownish plume. Meadows, &c. Perennial. June 
 September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 Var. a, cequalis. . Appendage of the bracts brown or black, oval, 
 pectinate-ciliate, fringes longer than the width of the appendage. 
 Florets all equal, perfect, rarely with barren, radiating, marginal 
 florets. In some parts this is the common form. 
 
 Var. radiata (nigrescens?}. L. C. 610. Stem slender, rough, with 
 spreading hairs, branching. Leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering at 
 both ends, nearly entire. Scales green, ribbed, with a triangular- 
 ovate appendage. Fringes (teeth) twice as Ion gas the breadth of the 
 appendage, toothed. Florets of the ray all very long and spreading, 
 deeply divided, barren. Parkhurst Forest, Newport, Isle of Wight. 
 The common form in this locality. 
 
 A. 12, C. 25. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Note. I have never seen the continental plant which the form 
 above described is said to represent, and only surmise that it 
 may,. be what is usually called C. nigresccns by British botanists. 
 A. 1. 
 
510 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 3. C. Cyaims 5 Linn. Blue-bottle. Corn-flower. E. B. 277, 
 L. C. 612. Stem erect, more or less branching, usually rigid, with a 
 slight cottony down. Leaves invested with a silky, whitish down ; 
 the lower 4 pinnatifid, with an elongated, lanceolate, terminal lobe, and 
 very small lateral and linear lobes ; the upper leaves linear, entire, 
 sessile. Heads ovate, solitary, terminal, on long peduncles. Invo- 
 lucre glabrous; bracts with a scarious, coloured, incised margin. 
 Flowers blue, rarely white, lilac or pink. Fruit surmounted by a 
 reddish crown, about as long as the fruit (achenium). Fields. Annual. 
 June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0-450 yards. T. 51 42. 
 
 4. C. Scabiosa, Linn. Great Knapweed. E.B. 56, L. C. 613. 
 Root black and woody. Stems stout, rigid, erect, nearly glabrous, 
 angular, furrowed, two-three feet high. Leaves pinnatifid, with 
 entire, toothed, or sinuate, pointed lobes, roughish on both sides, ending 
 in a mucro (point). Heads roundish, ovate, not numerous, on long, 
 furrowed, leafy peduncles ; bracts surmounted by a black, deeply 
 
 fringed border or appendage; herbaceous part of the bracts deep 
 green. Florets of the margin large, radiating. Fruit downy, crowned 
 with a short brownish plume. Borders of fields. Pastures. Peren- 
 nial. July, August. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50' 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 There is an uncommon variety with white flowers. 
 
 SECT. II. Calcitrapa. Bracts of the involucre spinoua ; flowers yellow 
 or purple, rarely white. 
 
 5. C. solstitial!*, Linn. St. Barnaby's Thistle. E. B. 243, 
 L. C. 616. Stem erect, spreading, rigid, interruptedly winged by the 
 bases of the decurrent leaves, hairy or woolly. Leaves lanceolate- 
 linear, contracted above their junction with the stem, rough, hairy, 
 lower leaves lyrate. Heads ovate-roundish, solitary, on leafy pedun- 
 cles. Involucre woolly ; bracts terminated by # long central spine 
 and shorter lateral ones (the spines on the upper are much longer 
 than those on the lower bracts). Florets yelloiv. Fruit white, com- 
 pressed ; carpels of the centre crowned with a white setaceous plume, 
 marginal carpels without a crown. Said to be naturalized in culti- 
 vated fields in the south of England. In a clover-field near Grays, 
 Essex, September, 1857. Wandsworth steam-boat pier. Annual. 
 August, September. 
 
 Note. This species varies in the more or less wooliness of its stem 
 and in the more or less broad wing. 
 A. 6. Alien. 
 
 6. C. Calcitrapa, Linn. Common Star Thistle. E. B. 125, 
 L. C. 615. Root vertical, fleshy, tapering. Stems several, stout, 
 erect or reclining, branching, not winged, very woolly. Leaves sessile, 
 pinnatifid, with a winged rach, very woolly below ; segments linear, 
 toothed, unequal. Heads solitary, mostly sessile, distant. Involucre 
 smooth ; bracts terminating in (almost composed of) strong, spreading, 
 channelled spines, which are more or less toothed at the base. Florets 
 
COMPOSITE. UiiJSTAUiUiA. CUUYMBIFEK^E. BIJDENS. oil 
 
 purple. Fruit flat, without a crown. Waysides. Putney. Biennial. 
 June September. 
 
 Note. The central and very stout long spine is furnished at the 
 base with two-five lateral, small, short, simple orcompound spreading 
 spines. 
 
 A 4, C. 12. Lat. 50 53 (55). Alt. 050 yards. T. 52 4S\ 
 
 7. C. Isnardi, Linn. Jersey Star Thistle. E. B. 2256, L,C. 614. 
 Stems erect or reclining, flu ted, very much branched, woolly or cottony, 
 branches divergent, leafy. Leaves lobed or toothed, pinnatifid for 
 about half their length, some of the upper leaves nearly entire. 
 Heads solitary, or nearly so, slightly woolly, on leafy peduncles; 
 scales close, spinous; spines reflexed, palmate, all about the same 
 length. Flowers purple. Channel Islands. Perennial. July, 
 August. Sarnian. 
 
 The following is a description of theWandsworth steam-boat pier form 
 of this plant: Roots annual. Stems prostrate-ascending, branched, 
 leafy. Leaves linear-oblong, tapering below, the lower ones toothed, 
 the upper entire, mucronate and ciliated, with short bristles. Flowers 
 purple. Heads solitary, lateral and terminal. Scales palmately 
 spinous, three-five. Spines equal or nearly so. Ray-florets spreading, 
 reflexed, much longer than the central ones. Wandsworth steam- 
 boat pier, with several exotic Centaureas. July September. 
 
 Note. The plant above described may be perennial in Jersey, 
 where the climate is milder than in England. It is not perennial in 
 the above-mentioned locality. 
 
 DIVISION II. Corymbiferae. Plants rarely spinous. Florets 
 either all tubular and perfect, or with those of the circumference 
 ligulate, female and radiating, and the central ones tubular and per- 
 fect. Style not enlarged above. Stigmatic lines distinct, not con- 
 fluent, not reaching the apex of the branch. Crown persistent or 
 caducous, often reduced to a membranous rim. Receptacle with mem- 
 branous scales or naked, sometimes deeply pitted. 
 
 TRIBE I. Receptacle scaly. Fruit without a crown, sometimes 
 with a spinous or chaffy ring. Anthers without basilar appendages. 
 Genera. Widens, Achillea, Anthemis, Diotis. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Bidens. Receptacle flat. Fruit compressed, angular, rough at the edges, 
 terminating in two-five stiff rough bristles. 
 
 Achillea. Receptacle nearly flat. FJorets of the circumference ligulate, 
 short. Fruit compressed. 
 
 Anthemis. Receptacle convex or conical. Fruit tapering, with more or 
 less prominent margins. 
 
 Diotis. Receptacle convex ; fruit compressed, crowned with the per- 
 sistent auricled tube of the corolla. 
 
 IX. Iticleiis, Linn. Bur-Marigold. Mostly annual plants. 
 Stems upright. Leaves opposite, simple, or compound, lobed or ser- 
 
512 DEttCJifPTIVE I'.uniMi JJOTANY. 
 
 rated. Flowers corymbose. Involucre flat, or nearly so. Bracts 
 erect, parallel, channelled. Rcc( ptade flat, beset with chaffy, deci- 
 duous scales. .Flon-ls all equal and uniform, tubular, with an ovate 
 limb and five Spreading segments. Fruit oblong, angular, eom- 
 prei d, witli rough or prickly angles, and bearing on its summit two 
 or more hin/>ifl liriMLaa. Varieties arc found with marginal florets. 
 
 1. II. tripartita; Linn. Three-lobed I',ur-Marigo!d. F. 15. 1 1 1 .'{, 
 L. (). 018. Stems erect, slightly angular or roundish, glabrous, simple 
 or branching, branches opposite. Leaves three-parted, the lateral 
 
 nents much smaller than the central and terminal OIK H, glabrous 
 or rough only at. the edges, toothed or serrated. Heads erect. Florets 
 all tubular. JJnicts leaf-like, the inner ones blackish-green, rigid, 
 with a narrow scarious margin. Fruit compressed, with sharply 
 rated margins and two-three-four bristly serrated awns. Margins of 
 ponds. Annual. August, September. 
 
 A. 10, 0. 00. Lat. f>0' 50'. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 62* 47*. 
 
 2. II. c-'r mm, Linn. Nodding Bur-Marigold. E. H. 1111, 
 L. C. 01'7. Stems erect or ascending, rooting at the base, cylindrical 
 below, somewhat, quadrangular above, simple or branching, smooth, 
 or with only a few hairs. Leaves lanceolate or lin<'.<ir-l<t>,<->l<tl t '., 
 f.do/Jicfl, sessile, or nearly so, the lower ones tapering at the base, and 
 on short petiole*, with erect teeth, sessile and half-clasping. Heads 
 hemispherical, declining, terminating the stem and branches, sub- 
 tended by five lanceolate, spreading or recurved, green, leaf-like bracts. 
 Iracfs of the involucre oblong, membranous, with a, broad .SYW/O//.S 
 innryin (brown in the centre, veined with black lines, margins yellow). 
 Florets tubular. Fruit terminating in four-Jive, rarely ////w, <iwns. 
 In marshy places, edges of ponds and brooks. Annual. August 
 October. 
 
 Var. . radiata. Florets of the circumference ligulate, usually 
 about eight. 
 
 iJoth kinds of flowers are occasionally produced on the same plant, 
 the heads bearing ligulafe (strap-shaped) florets, being smaller and on 
 the lower parts of the stem arid branches. 
 
 A. 10, C. 70. Lat. SO" 68". Alt. 0-200 yards. T. VI 47. 
 
 X. Acliillca, Linn. Yarrow. Perennials, with serrated or 
 pinnatifid leaves. Stems rigid, angular, leafy. Involucre ovate. 
 P.rac.fs ovate, acufe, imbricated. Receptacle slightly convex, narrow, 
 
 ' with acute scales. Morels of the ray from five to ten, short 
 (iinl rimiiili'd, inriTXi'Iii <-nr<l(itf y with a, small intermediate lobe or 
 tooth. Fruit obovate or oblong, with a filiform margin, without, any 
 margin or ring at the apex. The short broad florets of the ray afford 
 a tolerably good distinction between this genus and A-nlhmn'x, \\it.h 
 which it closely agrees in some of its characl- 
 
 1. /I. jflilicfoliiini, Linn Milfoil. Yarrow. F. H. 7/iS, I, C. 072. 
 Stems erect, rigid, usually simple, hairy or downy, furrowed. I .< 
 hifiunndr, segments rrri/ nitinrron.x, linear, short, all pointed, hairy or 
 downy. J leads small, numerous, in compact, terminal corymbs. 
 
COMPOSITE. ACHILLEA. ANTHEMIS. 513 
 
 Involucre ovate, cylindrical ; bracts with a brown margin. Florets 
 of the ray (margin) about six, three-lobed or three-toothed, short, 
 scarcely half so long as the involucre, usually white, sometimes pink. 
 Dry banks. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01300 yards. T. 52 34. 
 
 2. A. Ptarmica, Linn. Sneezewort. E.B/757, L.C. 671. Stems 
 decumbent at the base, erect above, round, almost glabrous and slightly 
 downy. Leafy, branching. Leaves rough, linear-lanceolate, finely 
 and doubly serrated, with very sharp teeth. Heads in terminal 
 corymbs. Involucre hemispherical ; bracts with a scarious margin. 
 Florets of the margin white, eight-twelve, ovate, three-toothed, as 
 long as the involucre. Moist meadows. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 3 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 D 40. 
 
 A. decolorans, Schr. A. serrata, Sin. Serrated Yarrow. E. B. 253, 
 L. C. p. 15, A. Like A. ptarmica, but with more deeply serrated 
 leaves and with small pale yellow or bun coloured flowers. Near 
 Matlock, Derbyshire. Perennial. August. 
 
 A. tomentosa, Linn. Yellow Milfoil. E. B. 2532, L. C. p. 15, A. 
 Stem erect, Jeafy and woolly, simple, with barren lateral shootsfrnm 
 
 -li/U. 
 
 J A-txw 
 
514 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 A. arvensis may always be distinguished from it by its lax procumbent 
 habit, generally larger and fewer flowers, that are on long hairy 
 peduncles, which are a little enlarged upwards, and not disposed in 
 the same panicled or corymbose manner as in that species." 
 
 The same accurate observer informs us that this plant is cropped 
 down closely by sheep, and that the plant '' should be encouraged in 
 clover and grass fields, as its sweet aromatic qualities are probably 
 salutary to stock of most kinds." 
 
 A. maritima or A. anglica, seen on the coast, Mr. Watson states, 
 " was probably only Pyrethrum maritimum" (See " Cybele," vol. ii., 
 p. 129.) 
 
 2. A. Cotula, Linn. Stinking May-weed. E. B. 1772, L. C. 
 669. Stems ascending or erect, branching, glabrous or slightly downy, 
 angular. 'Leaves pinnate or bipinnate, with linear elongate spreading 
 segments, which are either entire or slightly cleft, glabrous, or rather 
 downy. Heads solitary, on long slender peduncles. Bracts of the 
 involucre with broad scarious margins. Scales of the receptacle 
 scarious, with a herbaceous nerve, subulate ; receptacle conical, pointed. 
 Florets of the margin barren. Fruit light brown, with ten ridges, 
 cut into prominent tubercles, without a rim. Fields and rubbish. 
 Annual. June September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 3. A. tiiictoria, Linn. E. B. 1472, L. C. Excluded Species. Stem 
 erect, rigid, round, with many erect branches, downy. Leaves pinnate, 
 with pinnatifid leaflets, and ovate, acute, mucronate, downy segments. 
 Flowers solitary, on long downy stalks, bright yellow ; marginal florets 
 short, furrowed, toothed or notched at the tips. Central florets tubu- 
 lar, with acute, spreading lobes. Bracts unequal, all silky, the outer 
 pointed, the inner blunt, with scarious edges. Receptacle bluntly conical 
 or conico-hemispherical, with long-pointed scales. Fruit quadrangu- 
 lar, crowned with a membranous, entire border. Fields and stony 
 places. Biennial (?). August October. Wandsworth steam-boat pier. 
 
 A. 3. Alien. 
 
 4. A nobilis. Linn. Common or Officinal Chamomile. E. B. 
 602, L. C. 667. Root horizontal, creeping, perennial. Stems solitary 
 or several, spreading, ascending or erect, always with more or less 
 upright flower-stalks, branched, leafy at least below, downy. Leaves 
 pinnate, with a thick, fleshy, common petiole, and divaricating, linear, 
 thick, short-pointed segments. Heads solitary. Bracts thin, scarious 
 at the margins and top. Scales of the receptacle oblong-linear, obtuse, 
 or torn at the apex. Florets of the margin channelled, obtuse, and 
 somewhat notched. Tube of the central florets covering nearly half 
 the fruit. Fruit yellowish brown, with three filiform ridges. Whole 
 herb, when bruised or crushed, emitting a powerful odour. Commons. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 XII. Diotis, Desf. Cotton- weed. Perennial, densely cottony 
 plants, with branching stems, and corymbose yellow flowers. Involucre 
 
COMPOSITE. DIOTIS. PYRETHRUM. 515 
 
 hemispherical. Bracts convex, obtuse, imbricated. Receptacle con- 
 vex, nearly globular, beset with oblong, concave, downy-tipped scales. 
 Florets all uniform, regular, tubular, level at the top, with a five-cleft 
 limb, and spreading equal segments. The tube of the corolla is fur- 
 nished with two ears (hence the generic name) at the base, and these 
 separate from the tube, and adhere to the ovary. The fruit is without 
 down. 
 
 1). maritima 5 Cass. Sea Cotton-weed. E. B. 141, L. C. 621. 
 Hoots deeply penetrating. Stems round, cottony, and leafy, recum- 
 bent at the base, about a foot high. Leaves scattered, oblong, obtuse, 
 crenate, thick, densely cottony. Flowers yellow, in terminal, corym- 
 bose tufts. Involucres densely cottony. Fruit brown. Sandy sea- 
 shores. Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 51 54. Alt. 0. T. 50 49. 
 
 TRIBE II. Receptacle not chaffy. Fruit not crowned with silky 
 fibres. Anthers usually without basilar appendages. 
 
 Genera. Pyrethrum, Chrysanthemum, Bellis, Artemisia, Tana- 
 cetum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Pyrethrum. Involucre hemispherical. Fruit angular, with an elevated 
 membranous crown. 
 
 Chrysanthemum. Receptacle and involucre as in Pyrethrum. Fruit 
 tapering, without a crown, or crowned, with three minute teeth. 
 
 Bettis. Receptacle conical. Fruit compressed, without a crown. 
 
 Artemisia. Florets all tubular. Fruit obovate, crowned witk a small 
 disk. 
 
 Tanacetum. Florets all tubular. Fruit oblong, crowned with a large disk. 
 
 XIII. Pyrethruin, Gaert. Feverfew. Ox-eye. Leaves pinnate 
 or bi- or tri-pinnate, rarely simple, crenate and toothed. Heads solitary 
 and terminal, sometimes in a corymb. Ray-florets white, often re- 
 fracted ; tubular (disk) florets yellow. Involucral bracts imbricated. 
 Receptacle conical, hemispherical, or more or less convex, naked 
 (without scales). Fruit uniform, nearly quadrangular or cylindrical, 
 never with lateral wings, with a rim or membranous crown, or without 
 this appendage. 
 
 SECT. I. Matricaria. Annuals. Leaves two-tnree-pinnate, with long 
 linear segments. Receptacle ovate-conical, or conical-hemispherical. Fruit 
 two -three-ribbed on the inner side. 
 
 1. P. Chamomilla, Gsert. Coss. and Ger. Matricaria Chamo- 
 milla, Linn. Wild Chamomile. E. B. 1232, L. C. 665. Stems rigid, 
 quite smooth, erect or ascending, branching above. Leaves bipinnate, 
 with filiform or linear (capillary) pointed leaflets, all glabrous. Heads 
 solitary, on long furrowed or angular peduncles, with a strong, un- 
 pleasant smell. Bracts of the involucre oblong, scarious at the borders. 
 Receptacle hollow, pitted or warted, ovate-conical, pointed. Ray- 
 florets pure white, elongate, ribbed ; disk-florets tubular, yellowish- 
 
516 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 green. Fruit small, whitish-yellow, cylindrical, somewhat triangular, 
 slightly curved, with five filiform edges on the inner side, and a late- 
 rally oblique disk, crowned with a blunt or sharp rim. Fields and 
 waste placs. Annual. June, July. The whole herbage of this species 
 is of a very deep dark green, and quite smooth. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. JP, iiiodormiij Sm. Chrysanthemum, Linn. Scentless Fever- 
 few. E B. 676, L. C. 664. Stems erect, ascending or spreading, 
 branching often from the base, glabrous. Leaves bipinnate, with 
 spreading, elongated, setaceous segments, clasping at the base, glabrous. 
 Heads usually numerous, solitary, on long, more or less leafy pe- 
 duncles. Outer bracts lanceolate , inner ones broader, with dilated 
 scarious margins. Receptacle conical, rounded. Fruit qudr angular, 
 slightly compressed, uniform, with a sharp rim, its apex presenting 
 the appearance of a rhomboid, with one of the angles flattened. There 
 are two yellowish glands on the outer side, below the rim, which 
 become black and depressed when the fruit is ripe. Fields and waste 
 places. Annual. June August. 
 
 Note, The ray-florets.are not more than half as long as the ray- 
 florets of P. Chamomilla. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 3. I*, maritimuin, Sm. Sea Feverfew. E. B. 979, L. C. 664 b. 
 Stems stout, round, and smooth, ascending. Leaves bipinnate ; leaf- 
 lets (segments) linear-channelled, spreading in all directions, fleshy. 
 Involucre somewhat hemispherical ; bracts lanceolate, obtuse, keeled, 
 with scarious margins. Kay-flowers large, linear, furrowed, white ; 
 central florets greenish-yellow. A variety of P. inodorum f Sea- 
 shores. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 SECT. II. Perennials. Leaves compound or simple. Receptacle convex, 
 or nearly hemispherical. Fruit with ridges on all sides. 
 
 4. 1*. JLciiciiiitlwniiimj Coss. and Ger. Chrysanthemum Leu- 
 canthemum, Sm. Great Ox-eye Daisy. E. B. 601, L. C. 662. 
 Stems more or less numerous from the same root, or solitary, erect, 
 or reclining at the base, simple, or with long erect branches. Leaves 
 at the base obovate or spathulate, on long tapering petioles, toothed, 
 crenate, or incised ; stem-leaves oblong, dilated at the base, and sessile, 
 partly embracing the stem, deeply toothed or pinnatifid. Heads 
 large, broad, solitary, terminal. Bracts herbaceous, with a narrow, 
 brown-black, scarious margin. Receptacle convex or nearly hemi- 
 spherical. Fruit (achenia) nearly cylindrical, black, with a rim at the 
 apex. Meadows and hedges. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50' 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 5.1*. l*artlienium, Sm. Feverfew. E.B. 1231, L.C. 663. Stems 
 solitary or several, erect, branching, especially above, glabrous or 
 downy. Leaves pinnate below, pinnatifid above, petioled, segments 
 (leaflets) ovate-oblong, the lower pinnatifid, the upper incised or 
 toothed, confluent, downy. Heads numerous, corymbose. Bracts 
 
COMPOSITE. CHYRSANTHEMUM. BELLIS. 517 
 
 scarious. Receptacles convex. Fruit pale or brown, crowned with 
 a membranous toothed rim. Usually near dwellings. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 XIV. Chrysanthemum, D. C. Marigold. Leaves deeply 
 toothed, rarely pinnate. Heads solitary, terminating the stem and 
 branches. Bracts of the involucre imbricated. Receptacle only 
 slightly convex, naked. Fruit not uniform, that of the ray winged, of 
 the disk (centre) nearly cylindrical, wjfh ten equal ridges, or with a 
 narrow wing near the base, without any rim at the apex. 
 
 C. segetum. Linn. Corn Marigold. E. B. 540, L. C. (561. 
 Stems erect, simple, branching above, sometimes branched at the base, 
 glabrous, rather succulent, leafy. Leaves oblong, glaucous, fleshy, 
 incised or toothed; upper leaves clasping. Heads large, solitary, 
 terminating the stem and branches. Bracts scarious in their upper 
 half. Florets of the margin bright yellow, broad, toothed. Fruit 
 yellow, nearly cj'lindrical ; fruit of the margin with two lateral thick 
 wings and seven-eight sides; that of the centre with ten equal sides. 
 Corn-fields. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 44. 
 C. eoronarium, Linn. Pinardia coronaria, Less. Stems erect, much 
 
 branched. Leaves pinnatifid, with linear pointed alternate segments. 
 Ray-florets large, white, orange-yellow at their base, and about one- 
 third of their length from the base. Achenia short, angular (lozenge- 
 shaped). Receptacle pitted, and the pits are surrounded with a quad- 
 rangular border. The carpels and receptacle are quite smooth. 
 AVandsworth steam-boat pier. Very abundant. Annual. September. 
 
 XV. Bellis, Linn. Perennial, almost stemless plants. Leaves 
 in rosettes, on very short stalks. Heads solitary, on axillary or 
 nearly radical peduncles. Flowers of the ray white or rose-coloured, 
 those of the disk yellow. Bracts of the involucre equal. Receptacle 
 conical, elongate, without scales (naked). Florets of the ray (circum- 
 ference) ligulate (strap-shaped), female, fertile; florets of the disk 
 (centre) perfect (both male and female). Fruit (achenia) obovate, 
 compressed, surrounded with a prominent obtuse border, and without 
 a membranous crown. 
 
 B. perennis, Linn. Common Daisy. E. B. 424, L. C. 660. 
 Root usually branching, stoloniferous. Stems very short, either under 
 or above ground, leafy, usually ascending. Leaves in a rosette, ap- 
 parently radical, but truly cauline (borne on the stem), obovate-spa- 
 thulate, tapering into petioles. Peduncles axillary, or almost radical, 
 much longer than the leaves. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous. 
 Ray-florets white, often tipped with red (rose colour). Fruit slightly 
 hairy. Meadows and pastures. Perennial. March November. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 52 38. 
 Note. This is an example of a common plant. It is almost 
 ubiquitous. 
 
518 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 XVI. Artemisia, Linn. Wormwood, Southern-wood, Mug- 
 wort. Herbaceous or shrubby plants, with very inconspicuous 
 flowers, and bitter and often aromatic properties. Leaves variable, 
 but more or less divided, rarely undivided, usually hoary or silky. 
 Flowers in panicled racemes or tufts, very inconspicuous. Involucre 
 ovate, roundish. Bracts convex, compact, rounded, membranous 
 at the edges. Florets of two kinds; those of the disk numerous, 
 tubular, with a five-cleft limb ; those of the ray few, with an undivided 
 ligulate limb. Fruit obovate, without down. 
 
 1. A. vulgaris, Linn. Mugwort. E. B. 978, L. C. 626. Stems 
 erect, branching above, pubescent or nearly glabrous. Leaves pinnate 
 or bipinnate, with oblong -lanceolate segments, whitish and tomentose 
 beneath ; stem-leaves auricled at the base. Heads subsessile, ovate- 
 oblong. Involucre tomentose. Receptacle glabrous. Waysides, 
 fields, &c. Perennial. July October. 
 
 A 2. A. Absinthium, Linn. Common Wormwood. E. B. 1230, 
 L. C. 625. Stems woody, erect, stout, branching above, clothed with 
 white, silky down, leafy. Leaves hoary, silky on both sides, the 
 lower on long petioles, pinnate, with pinnatifid lea/lets, segments 
 broad, obtuse, toothed or lobed ; upper leaves trifid, on broad petioles, 
 half-clasping, or entire lanceolate and sessile. Heads roundish, 
 hemispherical, peduncled, drooping, in panicles or clusters. Involucre 
 slightly downy (glabrous). Bracts herbaceous ovate blunt with 
 scarious margins. Receptacle convex, with long silky hairs. Whole 
 plant strongly aromatic. Apparently naturalized on waste ground or 
 rubbishy places, near houses and villages. Perennial. August. 
 A. 14, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 3. A. campestris; Linn. Field Southernwood. E. B. 338, 
 L. C. 623. Stem rigid, ascending, slender, much branched, gla- 
 brous, angular. Leaves one-two, pinnate, segments linear, silky 
 when young, glabrous when mature. Heads small, numerous, on 
 short pedicels, ovate. Bracts of the involucre glabrous, shining, 
 purplish. Florets yellow. Involucre glabrous. Sandy heaths, 
 Norfolk and Suffolk. Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 52 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 4. A. iitaritiitia, Linn. Sea Wormwood. E. B. 1706, L. C. 
 624. Stems ascending, branched, woody, rigid, woolly or hairy. 
 Leaves pinnatifid, with linear, blunt segments, hoary, downy. Heads 
 small, oblong-lateral and terminal, mostly on one side of the branches 
 or branchlets. Bracts fleshy, unequal, obtuse. 
 
 A. 15, C. 30. Lat. 50 3 57. Alt. 0. T. 52> 48. 
 Var. gallica. E. B. 1001. Clusters of heads denser, and more 
 erect. 
 
 Var. salina. Heads drooping. 
 
 Note. This differs but slightly from A. Absinthium. 
 
 XVII. Tan acetum. Linn. Tansy. Bitter, strongly aromatic 
 plants. Stems tall, upright and leafy. Leaves simple, pinnate 
 
COMPOSITE. TANACETUM. FILAGO. 519 
 
 or bipinnate. Flowers corymbose, forming a level disk. Involucre 
 hemispherical. Bracts elliptic-oblong, compact, imbricated, mem- 
 branous at the margin. Keceptacle convex, naked, dotted. Florets 
 of the disk tubular, level-topped ; florets of the ray few, sometimes 
 absent, with a flat three-cleft limb. Fruit oblong, angular, with 
 a slight membranous margin. 
 
 T. vulgare, Linn. Common Tansy. E. B. 1229, L. C. 622. 
 Stems robust, erect, branching above. Leaves almost glabrous, 
 bipinnatifid; lobes lanceolate, deeply serrate. Surface rough with 
 depressions ; rach winged, or winged and lobed. Heads numerous in 
 compact branching corymbs. Bracts of the involucre glabrous, scari- 
 ous at the apex. Fruit crowned with a membranous, obscurely 
 toothed rim. Riversides and waste places. Perennial. July, 
 August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 f 
 
 TBIBE III. Receptacle naked or chaffy only at the circumference. 
 Fruit with a plume of fine silky fibres. Anthers with or without 
 basilar appendages. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. Anthers with basilar appendages. 
 
 Genera. Filago, Gnaphalium, Antennaria t Pulicaria, Inula. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Filago. Plants annual, downy ; heads small. Florets all tubular, inter- 
 mixed with the bracts of the involucre ; outer ones female. Fruit cylindri- 
 cal, with a crown of silky hairs. 
 
 Gnaphalium. Plants annual or perennial, downy. Florets tubular, never 
 intermixed with leaflets of the involucre. 
 
 Antennaria. Plants perennial, dioecious. (Male and female florets on 
 distinct plants.) 
 
 Pulicaria. Florets of the circumference female, ligulate. Fruit with two 
 rows of rough fibres, the exterior united. 
 
 Inula. Fruit with a single row of slightly rough hairs. 
 
 XVIII. Filago, Desf. Cotton-weed. Annual, usually branched, 
 more or less tomentose plants. Leaves quite entire alternate. Flowers 
 either axillary or on the apex of the branches. Involucre somewhat 
 conical. Bracts imbricate lanceolate. Receptacle conical, elongated, 
 filiform (Endlich.), scaly, the scales of the receptacle being mixed with 
 the inner scales of the involucre. Achenia (fruit) tapering, not quite 
 smooth. Pappus of the central florets filiform, that of the marginal 
 florets none or unequal. 
 
 1. F. germanicaj Linn. Erect Cudweed. L. C. 635. Stems 
 several or solitary, usually simple, erect, woolly or cottony, leafy. 
 Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, revolute, densely cottony, 
 imbricated. Heads round, sessile, terminating the stem, which 
 gives out two-three or several branches just beloiv the terminal head ; 
 each of these branches is also terminated by a smaller round head. 
 
520 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Flowers yellowish; bracts ending in long, sharp, smooth points. 
 Waysides, &c. Annual. June September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. F.apiculata, G. Sm., " Phytologist," vol. ii., p. 575. ' F. 
 Jussicei, Coss. and Ger., " Illustr. Fl. Par.," Fig. 26 A. L. C. 635*. 
 Stem branching from the base, usually forked, but sometimes three- 
 forked (three branches from the same point), branches spreading or 
 divaricated, rather leafy. Leaves oblong, rather distant, more or less 
 spreading, slightly silky, flat or revolute at the edge only. Clusters 
 hemispherical, composed of fewer heads than F. germanica, and sub- 
 tended by a leafy involucre. Heads with five very prominent angles, 
 attached to each other at their base, distinct, spreading and radiate 
 above, not immersed in thick down as the former. Bracts acutely 
 angled without, concave within, surmounted by a long, sharp, subu- 
 late point. Sandy places. Annual. July September. Near 
 Walton-on-Thames. Only recently distinguished from the former. 
 
 A. (?), C. (?). Lat. 5u 54. Alt. 0200 yards. 
 
 3. F. spathulataj Presl. Spathulate-leaved Cudweed. L. C. 
 635*. Plant bushy ; stems branching from the base ; branches spread- 
 ing, woolly and more or less leafy. Leaves oblong, or somewhat 
 obovate or spathulate, with a short point, slightly reflexed at the 
 margin, densely woolly. Heads round, mostly sessile; outer bracts 
 (scales) of the involucre leaf-like ; inner yellow, scarious, with a long 
 subulate point. West Moulsey, Surrey. Annual. July Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 A. (?), C. (?). Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 4. F, minima, Fries. Least Cudweed. . B. 1157, L. C. 634. 
 Stems erect, leafy, and cottony, twice-forked, four-nine inches high. 
 Leaves numerous, small, sessile, linear-lanceolate, flat, pointed, 
 downy or cottony on both sides, pointed or mucronate, somewhat 
 appressed. Heads ovate, axillary, lateral and terminal (some are 
 in the forks). Bracts of the involucre lanceolate ; outer ones 
 ovate, very short, barren. Sandy and gravelly places. Annual. 
 June September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0250 yards. T. 52 3 44. 
 
 5. F. gallica, Linn. Narrow-leaved Cudweed. E. B. 2369, 
 L. C. 633. Stems several or solitary, erect, irregularly branched 
 below, forked above, cottony, leafy, three-six inches high. Leaves 
 linear-subulate, scattered, nearly erect, cottony. Heads small, 
 ovate, with obtuse angles, and separated by more or less deep 
 concavities, in axillary clusters, surpassed by the leaves; some in 
 the forks, others lateral. Involucre densely covered with long 
 silky down, scarious and brown above. Bracts of the involucre 
 not pointed, spreading when the fruit is ripe, the outer ones ovate, 
 very short. Corn-fields, Bereehurch, Essex. Annual. July 
 September. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 51 52: Alt. 050 yards, T. 49. 
 
 XIX. Gnaphaliuiu, Liun. Cudweed. Herbaceous, rarely 
 
COMPOSITE. GNAPHALIUM. ANTENNARIA. 521 
 
 shrubby, more or less woolly or tomentose plants. Stems variable. 
 Leaves sessile or decurrent. Flowers terminal or axillary, in fas- 
 cicles, corymbs, or spikes. Involucre ovate. Bracts imbricated, scaly, 
 white, purple, or yellow. Receptacle flat, naked. Anthers with two 
 setae at the base. Stigma obtuse. Achenia tapering. Pappus in one 
 row, equal, scarcely scabrous. 
 
 1. Gr, Inteo-album, Linn. Jersey Cudweed, E. B. 1002, 
 L. C. 629. Stems several, more or less branched or simple, recumbent 
 at the base, ascending or erect, cottony, leafy. Leaves linear-oblong, 
 upper ones rounded at the base and lanceolate, wavy at the margin, 
 half-clasping, cottony on both sides. Heads in dense, leafless clusters ; 
 bracts scarious, shining, with an ovate green rib. Florets yellow. 
 Receptacle convex, tuberculate. Fruit small, crowned with rough 
 fibres. A doubtful native. Annual. July September. 
 
 2. Gr. uliginoHiim, Linn. E. B. 1194, L. C. 632. Stem simple 
 or branched at the base, round, clothed with long silky hairs, leafy. 
 Leaves elongate, spathulate, silky on both sides and wavy at the 
 margin. Cluster terminal, much shorter than the leaves. Heads 
 ovate-cylindrical, at the ends of the branches and stem ; bracts ovate 
 or lanceolate, scarious, greenish-black, rather longer than the florets. 
 Wet fields, and especially where water has previously been. Annual. 
 July October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 3. Gr. rectum, Sm. G. sylvaticum, Linn. Upright Cudweed. 
 E. B. 124, L. C. 630. Root oblique, crowned with a tuft of leaves. 
 Stem ascending, rigid, simple, leafy to the top, six inches to two 
 feet high. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, cottony on both sides, 
 sometimes less so above. Heads in axillary spikes, rarely solitary, 
 in a spike-like panicle. Bracts of the involucre (scales) brown at 
 the tops, the outer bracts shorter than the inner ones. Upland woods. 
 Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 60 D . Alt. 0550 yards. T. 51 41. 
 Yar. G. norvegicum, G. sylvaticum, Sm., is the alpine form of this 
 species. 
 
 4. Gr. supimim, Linn. Dwarf Alpine Cudweed. E. B. 1193, 
 L. C. 631. Roots creeping, brownish. Barren stems prostrate, very 
 leafy ; flowering stem erect, with one-three heads (one-five), leafy at 
 the base, naked above, very downy, slender, two-four inches high. 
 Root-leaves in tufts, about the base of the stalks or barren stems, 
 linear, cottony on both sides. Heads lateral and terminal or solitary 
 and terminal. Involucre ovate. Bracts greenish, with a scarious, 
 black margin, ovate. Not unfrequently found with a single terminal 
 head. Summits of the highland mountains. Ben Lawers. Peren- 
 nial. July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 15. Lat. 56 60. Alt. 5001450 yards. T. 42 33. 
 
 XX. Antennaria, Br., Gsert. Cudweed. Herbs or shrubs. 
 Found mostly in the temperate and cooler parts of the northern 
 hemisphere. Leaves alternate, quite entire, tomentose on the under 
 
 M M 
 
522 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 side. Inflorescence dioecious or sub-dioecious, corymbose. Involucre 
 hemispherical ? Bracts imbricated, scarious, or coloured at the apex, 
 lleceptacle convex, punctured. Male florets tubular, fercale ones 
 filiform, with a five-cleft limb. Achenia tapering. Pappus in one 
 row. That of the male flowers clavate ; of the female setaceous. 
 
 1. A. iiiararitaeea, Linn. Pearly Everlasting. American 
 Cudweed. E. B. 2018, L. C. 628. Stems erect, round, filled with 
 pith, densely cottony and leafy, branching above, one-two feet high. 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, with a prominent midrib and a thin, 
 cottony covering. Heads numerous, in flattish-topped corymbs. 
 Bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, spreading, of a pure or paper- 
 like whiteness, globular before expansion. Florets yellow. Natu- 
 ralized (?). Perennial. August. 
 
 A. 2, C. 5. Lat. 51- 52. Alt. 0. T. 48. 
 
 2. A. dioica; Linn. Mountain Cudweed. E.B. 267, L. C. 627. 
 Roots fibrous. Stems erect, branched at the top, leafy and cottony, 
 
 Jive-eight inches high, with barren shoots. Leaves obovate on the 
 shoots, lanceolate on the flowering stems, green above, white and 
 cottony beneath. Flowers elegant, white, with, a reddish shade. 
 Bracts membranous. A very handsome species. Heathy, moun- 
 tainous places. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0950 yards. T. 51 37. 
 
 XXI. Pulicaria, Linn. Fleabane. Erect branching plants, 
 with alternate, cordate-lanceolate or sagittate, entire or toothed leaves. 
 Inflorescence terminal ; peduncles single-flowered. Involucre hemi- 
 spherical. Bracts laxly imbricated, linear. lleceptacle flattish, 
 naked, areolate (marked into distinct angular spaces). Achenia taper- 
 ing. Pappus in two rows ; outer short, cup-like, membranous, toothed ; 
 inner pilose (rough). 
 
 1. P. vulgaris, Gsert. Inula Pulicaria, Linn. Small Flea- 
 bane. E, B. 1196, L. C. 659. Stem erect, branching from near the 
 base ; branches erect or ascending, round, hairy, leafy. Leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, undulate, sessile, the upper ones half-clasping the stem. 
 Heads roundish, lateral and terminal. Involucre hemispherical- 
 roundish, hairy or downy, with linear, narrow bracts. Florets of 
 the margin very short, but slightly longer than those of the centre. 
 Seeds crowned with a laciniated rim. Moist, inundated, gravelly or 
 sandy places. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 4, C. 20. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 -48. 
 
 2. P. dysenteric^, Gacrt. Common Fleabane. E. B. 1115, 
 L. C. 658. Stems stout, erect, branching, downy below, woolly above, 
 leafy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, laxly toothed, 
 enlarged, cordate and clasping at the base, sometimes arrow-shaped, 
 hoary, cottony below. Heads large, hemispherical, terminal ; invo- 
 lucre downy, woolly or cottony ; bracts linear, subulate. Florets of 
 the margin radiant, much longer than those of the centre. Banks of 
 hedges and ditches. Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50> 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
COMPOSITE. INTJLA. 523 
 
 Note. This is one of the most abundant plants in the Isle of 
 Wight, In August every wayside bank is yellow with its flowers. 
 
 XXII. Inula, Gsert. Elecampane. Perennial, rarely biennial or 
 annual plants. Stems upright. Leaves alternate, usually amplexicaule, 
 simple, either quite entire or toothed. Inflorescence solitary or corym- 
 bose. Flowers yellow. Involucre hemispherical. Bracts imbricated 
 in several series. Receptacle flat, or slightly convex, naked. Florets 
 of the margin ligulate or sub- tubular, with a three- cleft limb. Anthers 
 with two bristles at the base. Achenia tapering, slightly four-angled. 
 Pappus in one row, equal and slightly scabrous. 
 
 SECT. I. Inner bracts oblong, obtuse. Flowers of the margin long, 
 ligulate. Fruit nearly quadrangular. 
 
 1. I. Hellenmm, Linn. Elecampane. E. B. 1546, L. C. 655. 
 Root thick, fleshy. Stem erect, stout, branching above, woolly or 
 downy. Leaves large, downy- w'hitish below ; root-leaves oblong, 
 tapering at both ends, on long petioles; stem-leaves ovate-pointed, 
 half-clasping, auricled or slightly decurrent. Heads large, few ; outer 
 bracts broadly ovate, acuminate, very downy, inner ones membranous, 
 oblong, blunt, or truncate. Florets of the margin linear, narrow, 
 channelled, toothed. Fruit smooth, with a roughish downy crown. 
 Naturalized (?). North Wales, near Dolgelly, apparently wild; 
 Quarr Abbey, near Ryde, Isle of Wight. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 10, C. 25. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 3 48. 
 
 SECT. II. Inner bracts lanceolate or linear pointed. Florets of the 
 margin tubular, scarcely ligulate. Fruit almost cylindrical. 
 
 2. I. Conyza, D. C. Conyza squarrosa, Linn. Plowman's 
 Spikenard. E. B. 1195, L. C. 656. Stem erect, simple, branching 
 above, two-three feet high, striated, downy. Lower leaves petioled, 
 attenuated at the base, oblong, slightly toothed or entire, downy, soft, 
 upper leaves sessile. Heads ovate, cylindrical, numerous, in terminal 
 corymbs. Outer bracts short, ovate, pointed, reflexed at the tips ; 
 inner bracts linear, pointed, scarious at the tips, erect, much longer 
 than the outer ones. Florets of the margin scarcely ligulate, not 
 longer than the central ones (some of the ray-florets are tubular and 
 some ligulate). Fruit hairy; crown white. Dry, chalky, shady 
 places. Biennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 11, C. 40. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 3. I. critUmoides, Linn. Golden Samphire. E. B. 68, 
 L. C. 657. Stem erect, simple, round, leafy. Leaves fleshy, linear, 
 scattered, entire or three-toothed at the apex, Peduncles scaly, 
 swollen above, with solitary flowers. Scales of the involucre linear, 
 with long, tapering points. Florets of the ray linear, narrow ; those 
 of the disk orange-coloured. Muddy, salt marshes. Isle of Sheppey. 
 Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 6, C. 15. Lat, 50 55. Alt. 0. T. 52 49. 
 
524 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Anthers without basal appendages. 
 Genera. Aster, Solidago, Erigeron, Linosyris (Chrysocoma), 
 Doronicum, Cineraria, Senecio, JEupatorium, Tussilago, Petasites. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Aster.. Receptacle flat, pitted. Florets of the circumference in a single 
 row. 
 
 Solidago. Florets of the circumference in a single row, five-ten. Seeds 
 with a crown of silky hairs. 
 
 Erigeron. Florets of the circumference numerous, in several rows. 
 
 Linosyris. Receptacle slightly convex, deeply pitted. Florets all tubu- 
 lar, deeply five-cleft. 
 
 Doronicum. Florets of the circumference ligulate, female, with a crown 
 to the seeds. Seeds of the tubular central florets crowned with short silky 
 hairs. 
 
 Cineraria. Seeds of both exterior and central florets crowned. 
 
 Senecio. Receptacle nearly flat, naked. Fruit almost cylindrical, fur- 
 rowed, all crowned. 
 
 Eupatorium. Florets few, all tubular. Fruit with a crown of one row 
 of silky hairs. 
 
 Tussilago. Exterior florets very narrow, female, in several rows. Seeds 
 crowned with several rows of fine silky hairs. 
 
 Petasites. Florets all tubular ; females mostly in the centre, and males 
 mostly in the circumference. 
 
 XXIII. Aster, Linn. Starwort. Michaelmas Daisy. A large 
 genus of plants, chiefly of American origin. Many of them are cul- 
 tivated. Stems erect, branching, virgate. Leaves simple, entire (?) 
 or toothed. Flowers corymbose, blue or purple, rarely white. Eecep- 
 tacle flat, naked, alveolate and toothed. Florets of the ray more than 
 ten, two- three- toothed, finally revolute. Fruit obovate, compressed. 
 Pappus sessile in many rows. 
 
 A. Tripolimu, Linn. Sea Starwort. E.B. 87, L.C. 641. Stems 
 erect, glabrous, hollow below. Leaves linear-lanceolate, fleshy, entire, 
 quite smooth and shining. Flowers blue, corymbose. Involucre 
 cylindrical ; bracts obtuse. Florets of the margin blue, toothed, of 
 the disk yellow. Ray-florets often wanting. In muddy, salt marshes. 
 Perennial. Julv, August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 50." Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0. T. 52 47. 
 
 XXIV. Solidago, Linn. Golden-rod. A numerous genus, 
 chiefly American, agreeing in habit, foliage, and flowers with Aster, 
 only the flowers of the ray are not blue, as in that genus, but yel- 
 low, and sometimes white. Involucre composed of scabrous, closely 
 imbricated, and not spreading, bracts. Receptacle naked (sligbtly 
 pitted) Sm. Fruit tapering (obovate-oblong) Sm. Pappus pilose, 
 rough, in one row. 
 
 8. Virg-a-aurea, Linn. Golden-rod. E. B. 301, L. C. 642. 
 Stems rigid, erect, roundish, slightly downy, branching above. Lower 
 leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, attenuated below ; stem-leaves oblong, 
 
COMPOSITE. SOLIDAGO. ERIGERON. 525 
 
 tapering at both ends. Heads in terminal, oblong, close panicles, 
 erect. Florets deep yellow ; those of the margin spreading, reflexed, 
 elliptical, lanceolate, notched ; those of the centre with acute, reflexed 
 segments. Heaths, commons, woods. Not rare. Perennial. August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01000 yards. T. 52 37. 
 
 Var. latifolia (?), Koch. Stem two-three feet high, branching from 
 below the middle ; branches panicled-corymbose, erect. Lower leaves 
 deeply toothed or serrated, with fringed petioles ; upper leaves entire, 
 lanceolate. Heads numerous, corymbose, clustered. Florets of the 
 margin five-seven, lanceolate, elongate, spreading or reflexed. Woods. 
 Hampstead. Perennial. August. 
 
 XXV. Erigeron, Linn. Fleabane. Annual or perennial 
 herbaceous plants, found in Europe, North America, and South Africa. 
 Stem erect. Leaves simple, entire or toothed. Flowers paniculate 
 or corymbose, rarely solitary. Involucre ovate-oblong. Bracts linear, 
 erect, nearly equal, the innermost longest. Receptacle flat, naked, 
 slightly punctured (cellular). Florets of the margin (ray) numerous, 
 with an entire or slightly-toothed limb. Achenium obovate, angular (?). 
 Pappus sessile, setaceous, in several rows. These plants are all more 
 or less rigid and rough in their stem, leaves, and involucral bracts. 
 Name from ^p, ver. (early), and yep&u/, an old man. 
 
 1. E, canadensis, Linn. Canadian Fleabane. E. B. 2019, 
 L. C. 640. Annual plants, with erect simple stems, branching only 
 above, rough, rigid, leafy, flowering branches erect. Leaves lanceo- 
 late or linear entire, or slightly toothed (the lower leaves are often 
 laxly toothed, the upper are entire). Heads small, cylindrical, very 
 numerous in lateral clusters, contiguous, forming a pyramidal panicle. 
 Involucre glabrous, or nearly so. Florets of the ray white or pale 
 yellow, linear, notched, slightly longer than the central florets. Fruit 
 with a whitish crest. Waste places and fields. Valley of the Thames, 
 especially about Battersea and Chelsea, where it is a common garden 
 weed. Annual. July October. 
 
 A. 6. Alien. 
 
 Abundant on both sides of the Thames above Nine Elms andPim- 
 lico. On waste ground about Ranelagh it is just as plentiful as 
 Groundsel. Its handsome rosettes of radical leaves are now (October 
 26, 1857) dotting the dried mud and gravel in all directions. 
 
 2. E. alpinus; Linn. Alpine Fleabane. E. B. 464, L. C. 638. 
 Stem erect, rigid, simple, hairy, leafy, usually with a single head. 
 Hoot-leaves oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate-linear, tapering below into 
 long foot-stalks. Stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile, all hairy. Invo- 
 lucre hemispherical, hairy or woolly. Florets of the margin nume- 
 rous, light purple ; those of the centre yellow, only about half as long 
 as those' of the disk. Seeds hairy. Highlands of Scotland. Peren- 
 nial. July. 
 
 E. uniflorus, Sm. Stem always single-flowered. Involucre 
 woollv. Breadalbane Mountains, Perthshire. Perennial. July. 
 A!" 1, C. 3. Lat. 56 57. Alt. 800900 yards. T. 38 37. 
 
526 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 3. E. acris, Linn. Blue Fleabane. E. B. 1158, L. C. 639. 
 Roots somewhat tufted. Stems erect or ascending, branching, reddish, 
 downy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, entire or obscurely 
 toothed; the lower leaves oblong-obtuse, the stem-leaves distant, 
 sessile, usually pointed. Heads solitary, or rarely two-three, ter- 
 minating the branches. Florets of the circumference violet, lilac, or 
 rosy, slightly longer than the central florets. Crest pale or reddish. 
 On chalk and gravel ; sometimes on walls. Biennial or perennial (?). 
 June September. $ , f^ 
 
 XXVI. Chrysocoma, Linn. Goldilocks (Golden-locks). 
 Shrubs or herbaceous plants. Leaves numerous, simple, usually nar- 
 row. Flowers terminal, solitary, or corymbose. Involucre hemi- 
 spherical. Bracts leaf-like, linear, convex, pointed, in one row. 
 Receptacle flat, naked, slightly pitted (alveolate) or tuberculated. 
 Florets all tubular, perfect, five-cleft. Fruit obovate, compressed, 
 silky (?). Pappus sessile, copious, rough, in two rows. South Africa 
 is the home of these species. 
 
 C. Irinosyris, Linn. Flax-leaved Goldilocks. E. B. 2505, 
 L. C. 620. Stems erect, round, furrowed, simple, leafy. Leaves 
 scattered, linear, rough at the margins. Heads numerous, corym- 
 bose. Bracts linear, leaf- like, lax, the lower ones spreading or 
 reflexed. Florets all tubular, equal, with linear-lanceolate segments. 
 Fruit angular, hairy, crowned with a plume of rough fibres. Lime- 
 stone maritime cliffs. Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat.50 3 54. Alt. 0. T. 52' 49*. 
 
 XXVII. Doronicum, Linn. Leopard's-bane. Large, peren- 
 nial, tuberous rooted plants. Stems upright, leafy. Leaves oblong or 
 cordate, mostly toothed. Flowers terminal, large, early. Florets all 
 yellow. Involucre hemispherical. Bracts in two rows, linear, nearly 
 equal, and about as long as the ray-florets. Receptacle somewhat 
 convex, naked, pitted. Florets of the ray female, in one row, about 
 as many as the inner row of bracts, ligulate, three-five-toothed. Fruit 
 obovate, downy, furrowed ; that of the ray without down ; that of the 
 disk (centre) furnished with sessile setaceous down. 
 
 1. D. plantagineuni 3 Linn. Plantain-leaved Leopard's-bane. 
 E. B, 630, L. C. 654. Root creeping, rhizomes ending in fleshy bulbs. 
 Stems erect, furrowed, downy, simple, or branching at the top. Leaves 
 downy or hairy, sinuated, toothed, the lower petioled ; petiole auricled, 
 and stem clasping ; upper leaves sessile. Fruit of the centre hairy, of 
 the ray smooth, and without a crown. Naturalized. Perennial. June. 
 
 ^ A. 5. Alien. 
 
 2. I*. Pardalianches, Linn. Spotted Leopard's-bane. E. B. 
 2654, L. C. 653. Root and stem as in the preceding species, only 
 the stem of D. Pardalianches is more deeply furrowed and more 
 branching. Root-leaves on long petioles, cordate. Stem-leaves sessile, 
 clasping, with large auricles. Fruit as in D. plant agineum. 
 
 Both these species are reputed British, but we have never seen 
 
COMPOSITE. CINERARIA. SENECTO. 527 
 
 them naturalized. They are perennial, and flower between April and 
 July. 
 
 A. 10. Alien. 
 
 XXVIII. Cineraria, Linn, in part. Fleawort. Annual or 
 perennial plants. Leaves simple, entire, toothed or sinuate. Heads 
 in a terminal umbel-like corymb. Bracts equal, in one row, without 
 scales at their base. Florets of the margin strap-shaped, female, in 
 one row, with a plume. Florets of the centre perfect, tubular. Fruit 
 nearly cylindrical, striated, with a crown of very fine, silky fibres, in 
 several rows. 
 
 1. C. campestris, Retz. Mountain Fleawort. E. B. 152, L. C. 
 652. Root truncate, with many fibres. Stem erect, simple, somewhat 
 hollow, woolly, or shaggy. Leaves densely cottony and white beneath, 
 green above ; the root-leaves slightly and unequally crenate, spathulate, 
 or oblong, attenuated into petioles; stem-leaves sessile, lanceolate, or 
 linear. Heads erect, bracteate at the base of the branches. Peduncles 
 simple (in very exposed places it only bears a single head). Bracts 
 of the involucre linear, downy, or quite glabrous. On chalky downs 
 in the middle and south of England. Hogsback, near Puttenham. 
 Perennial (?). June. 
 
 A, 5, C. 12. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 Var. 0. maritima. Whole plant much larger, with the lower leaves 
 toothed, and with numerous larger heads. Holyhead. Rev. H. 
 Davies, " Welsh Botanology," p. 79. 
 
 C . palustrisj Linn. Marsh Fleawort. See Senecio. 
 
 XXIX. Senecio, Linn. Groundsel. Ragweed or Ragwort. 
 Herbs or shrubs, chiefly natives of Europe and Africa. Stem erect, 
 leafy. Leaves pinnatifid or undivided, serrated, smooth, or downy. 
 Flowers yellow, corymbose. Involucre somewhat conical. Bracts 
 numerous, equal, linear, contiguous, with a smaller number of unequal 
 minute, imbricated bracts at the base of the inner row; these latter 
 mostly with black tips. Receptacle slightly convex or flat, tesselated, 
 naked. Fruit angular, with sessile, setaceous down (pappus), in several 
 rows. 
 
 SECT. I. Annuals. Florets all tubular, or the marginal ones short and 
 revolute. 
 
 1. S, vulgaris; Linn. Groundsel. E. B. 747, L. C. 643. Root 
 short, branching into many radical fibres. Stems erect or ascending, 
 branching above, downy, hollow. Leaves rather fleshy, pinnatifid, 
 lobes with pointed teeth. Heads small, numerous. Involucre cylin- 
 drical ; lower bracts (scales) closely appressed, very short, often with 
 a coloured (black) point. Flat florets of the ray absent. Fruit downy. 
 Fields, gardens, rubbish. Annual. Flowers during nearly the whole 
 year. 
 
 Var. Ray-florets elongated. On a sandy eminence covered with 
 old Firs, near Churchill, Worcestershire. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
528 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 2. 8. sylvaticus, Linn. Wild Groundsel. E. B. 748, L. C. 644. 
 
 Stem erect, simple below, branching above, slightly downy, and 
 glandular. Leaves pinnatifid, downy below ; lobes distant, unequal, 
 oblong-linear, toothed or sinuate, root-leaves and lower leaves of the 
 stem petioled ; upper leaves clasping, auricled. Heads small, nume- 
 rous, in a large terminal corymb. Involucre cylindrical, tapering 
 when in flower, cylindrical-conical in fruit. Outer bracts very short, 
 with uncoloured points. Florets of the margin minute) reflexed, few. 
 Fruit (achenia) cylindrical, constricted at both ends with hairy or 
 downy ribs. Sandy fields and dry banks. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0350 yards. T.52 43. 
 
 3. 8. viseosus, Linn. Clammy Groundsel. E. B. 32, L. C. 645. 
 Root annual Stems ascending, erect, branching, hairy, vi&cid, leafy, 
 round, furrowed, or ridged. Leaves pinnatifid, with linear, entire, 
 toothed, or lobed segments, broadly auricled at the base, with clammy, 
 glandular hairs. Heads ovate, cylindrical, more or less numerous, in 
 lax, terminal corymbs. Bracts of the involucre linear, lanceolate, 
 herbaceous, with numerous glandular, viscid hairs, the lower ones 
 lax and reflexed, not coloured at the tips. Florets of the margin 
 small, linear, reflexed. Fruit smooth, black, or dark brown. Waste 
 ground. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 30. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 SECT. II. Perennials, except S. squatidus. Florets of the margin flat 
 and spreading. 
 
 1. Leaves divided (pinnatifid). 
 
 4. 8. sQualidiiSj Linn. Elegant Groundsel. E. B. 600, L. C. 
 646. Stem glabrous, slightly furrowed, branching. Leaves pin- 
 natifid, glabrous, half-clasping, with small auricles ; lobes oblong, 
 toothed. Involucre cylindrical when in flower, glabrous; outer scales 
 minute; all tipped, with black teeth. Ray -florets ribbed, notched 
 or entire, horizontal or reflexed. Receptacle quite flat, pitted. Fruit 
 cylindrical, striated. Walls, Oxford. Annual. July. 
 
 5. 8. erucsefolius, Linn. ; tenuifolius, Jacq., Sm. Hoary Rag- 
 wort, E. B. 574, L. C. 647. Root creeping, stems erect, rigid, 
 branching above. Leaves pinnatifid, with oblong or linear, entire or 
 toothed lobes, cottony, especially below, sometimes nearly smooth. 
 Heads numerous, in terminal corymbs. Involucre ovate-cylindrical, 
 downy ; bracts oblong, acuminate, with several lax secondary ones, 
 about half as long as the inner bracts. Fruit scabrous, downy ; crown 
 with many rows of fibres. Hedges, &c. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 This is the commonest species of Senecio in the eastern parts of 
 the Isle of Wight. A. I. 
 
 A. 13, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 6. 8. Jacobtea, Linn. Ragweed, Ragwort. E. B. 1130, L. C. 
 648. Root short, truncate, vertical, or oblique. Stems erect, rigid, 
 angular, furrowed, glabrous, or slightly downy, branching only 
 above. Root-leaves petioled, oblong-toothed, or lyrate, sometimes in 
 a rosette; stem-leaves pinnatifid, with oblong -linear, toothed lobes, 
 
COMPOSITE. SENECIO. EUPATORIUM. 529 
 
 sessile, more or less auricled. Heads large, numerous. Involucres 
 hemispherical, glabrous, or nearly so, with a few lanceolate, spreading 
 bracts at the base. Fruit plume of few fibres. Meadows, waysides, 
 hedges, ditches. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 3 40. 
 
 7. 8. aqwaticus, Huds. Water Ragwort. E. B. 1131. L. C. 
 648*. Root short, truncate. Stems erect, rigid, branching above, 
 often reddish. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, with a large, ovate or oblong, 
 terminal lobe. Involucre hemispherical, with obovate acuminate 
 bracts. Fruit downy or glabrous. Watery places. July September. 
 
 Note. The ray-florets of this species are fewer and broader than 
 in S. Jacobaa. A variety of the former ? 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 " Between Chatteris and Ely." Mr. Babington, in " Phytologist," 
 vol. ii., p. 303. 
 
 2. Leaves entire. 
 
 8. S. paludosus, Linn. E. B. 650, L. C. 649. Stem tall, erect, 
 grooved, stout, branching only above. Leaves lanceolate, elongate, 
 finely toothed, sessile. Heads large, numerous, terminal. Involucre 
 slightly downy, with linear bracts. Ray -florets ten-fifteen. 
 
 This plant has almost disappeared from our Flora. It still grows 
 sparingly in the fens in the East of England, fide Wm. Marshall, 
 F.L.S. ("Phytologist," N. S., vol. ii., p. 250.) Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 52 54. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 9. S. saracenicus, Linn. Broad-leaved Ragwort. E. B.2211, 
 L. C. 650. Stems tall, erect, glabrous, with prominent angles. 
 Leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, finely and irregularly 
 toothed, glaucous. Involucre cylindrical, downy ; bracts linear, outer 
 ones long, all tipped with black points. Florets of the margin few. 
 
 " Between Wells and Glastonbury, and near Shepton Mallet." It 
 was still growing in this locality in 1855, fide Ed. Burton, Esq., 
 Brooklyn, near Maidstone, Kent, where it is partly naturalized. It 
 also still grows about Ingleton, Yorkshire. 
 
 A. 10, C. 20. Lat. 51 56. Alt 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 10. 8. palustris, D. C. Cineraria pahistris, Linn. Marsh Flea- 
 bane. E. B. 151, L. C. 651. Stem a yard high, simple, branching above, 
 stout, hollow, angular, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, wavy, variously 
 toothed. Flowers numerous, erect, on shaggy stalks. Calyx hairy, 
 cylindrical. Ray-florets numerous, spreading, short. Seeds smooth, 
 furrowed, with long, white down. 
 
 Fen-ditches. Very rare. Sm., Eng.FL," vol.iii., p. 445. "Still 
 in the Cambridgeshire fens," fide Wm. Marshall, F.L.S. Perennial. 
 July. ( Phytologist," N. S., vol. ii., p. 250.) 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat 52 54. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 XXX. Enpatorium, Linn. Hemp-Agrimony. Herbs or 
 shrubs, chiefly American. Stems erect, leafy. Leaves opposite, 
 mostly simple, and strongly serrated or lobed. Flowers densely 
 
530 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 corymbose. Involucre oblong. Bracts lanceolate, unequal, imbricated. 
 Receptacle small, naked. Florets uniform, perfect, their tops form- 
 ing a flat disk. Style prominent. Stigmas downy. Fruit oblong, 
 angular. Pappus in one row, simple and rough, or feathery. 
 
 E. caiiiiahiiiuiti, Linn. Hemp-Agrimony. E. B. 428, L. C. 
 619. Stems erect, simple or branching, round, downy or rough, 
 leafy. Leaves petiolate, opposite, with three-five lanceolate, toothed 
 segments or leaflets, the terminal leaflet largest, more or less petioled. 
 Heads small, numerous, in a large flattish corymb. Florets all 
 tubular, pink, about four or five in a head. Banks and shady places. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 XXXI. Tnssilago, Linn, in part. Colt's-foot. Perennial 
 plants, with radical, simple, cordate-angular or lobed leaves, appearing 
 after the flower. Flowers solitary on radical scapes. Involucre 
 cylindrical. Bracts erect, close, linear, equal. Receptacle naked. 
 Ray florets numerous, linear; disk-florets few, male only. Fruit 
 oboVate-oblong, glabrous, only produced by the ray-florets. Pappus 
 very slender; that of the ray-florets in several rows; that of the disk 
 in one row. 
 
 T, * arfara, Linn. Common Colt's-foot. E. B. 429, L. C. 637. 
 Root rhizomatous, thick, fleshy, creeping. Stems erect, slender, 
 scaly, cottony, one-flowered, four-six inches high, elongated after 
 flowering. Leaves all radical, on long petioles, roundish, cordate, 
 angular, lobed, sinuate, developed long after the flowers are decayed. 
 On clayey soils. Perennial. March, April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 52' 38. 
 
 XXXII. Petasites, Tournf. Tussilago, Sm., Geert. Butter- 
 bur. Root thick, creeping, bearing the leaves long after the flower 
 has disappeared. Stem simple, furnished with linear-lanceolate her- 
 baceous or membranous scales, bearing a somewhat ovate-elongated 
 cluster of shortly pedicelled heads of florets, which are imperfectly 
 dioecious. Leaflets of the involucre in one or two rows, often 
 with smaller scales at the base. Receptacle naked, deeply pitted. 
 Perfect florets tubular, with a deeply five-cleft limb, and narrow 
 acute segments. Female florets filiform, usually central, where 
 female florets are predominant, or marginal where the reverse is the 
 case. Fruit cylindrical, slightly striated, crowned with a greater or 
 less number of rough hairs. 
 
 I*, vulgarisj Desf. Tussilago Petasites, Sm. Common Butter- 
 bur. E. B. 430, 431, L. C. 636. Root fleshy, with creeping rhizomes. 
 Stems short, thick, downy, with loose, narrow scales. Leaves 
 roundish, angular, appearing after flowering, numerous, spreading, on 
 long stalks, often attaining a great size (sometimes nearly a yard in 
 diameter). Heads in an ovate-oblong cluster. Banks of rivers and 
 moist meadows; not very common. Perennial. March, April. 
 
 A.17,C.75. Lat. 50 58 (61). Alt.O 500yds. (?) T. 51 46 (42). 
 
COMPOSITE. PETASITES. LIGULIFLOR.E. LAPSANA. 531 
 
 This genus is distinguished from Petasites by the ligulate female 
 florets and the smaller and neater leaves. Winter Heliotrope is 
 frequently cultivated for the sweet odour of its flowers, and for the 
 use of the bees. It is occasionally found almost naturalized. It may 
 be known by its roundish, toothed leaves, which appear before the 
 flower-stem. It flowers in winter. 
 
 " Petasites fragrans, Nnrdosmia, Cass. (the Sweet-scented Butter- 
 bur), a native, I believe, of southern Italy, in Calabria, upon mountains, 
 is now quite naturalized on moist ditch banks, under hedges, near 
 gardens, and in orchards, in very many parts of the island, it being a 
 general favourite, from the delicate fragrance of its early flowers, 
 which are produced in mild seasons as early as January or February. 
 It is found all over the grounds at Swainston, where, Sir Richard 
 Simeon assures me, it makes excellent shelter for pheasants ; also 
 at the foot of walls at Bembridge, and in the orchard and hedges 
 adjoining, at East Cowes Castle." Dr. Bromfield, in " Flora Vect." 
 
 I have seen it growing wild in several parts of Surrey and Mid- 
 dlesex. A. I. 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. Uguliflorse, End. Plants rarely spinous, 
 often with milky juice. Receptacle not chaify. Florets ligulate 
 (strap-shaped), radiating. Style not enlarged above, with reflexed 
 or coiled branches. Stigmatic lines not reaching to the middle of the 
 branches. Crown of the fruit persistent, free, rarely united at the 
 base, rarely none or a membranous rim. 
 
 TRIBE. I. Fruit without a crown of silky hairs, either truncate 
 or surmounted by a margin (rim), or a very short crown of silky- 
 membranous scales. 
 
 Genera. Lapsana, Arnoseris, Cichorium. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Lapsana. Fruit flattened, striated, with a crown or rim. 
 Arnoseris, Fruit nearly five-angular, with a short pentagonous rim. 
 Cichorium. Fruit compressed, quadrangular, with a membranous chaffy 
 crown. 
 
 XXXIII. iJapsana, Vaill. Nipplewort. Annual, glabrous, 
 more or less milky plants. Stems leafy. Lower leaves lyrate, upper 
 toothed. Involucre with one row of erect bracts, and a few short ones 
 at the base. Receptacle naked, flat, dotted. Florets uniform. 
 Stamens with very short filaments. Ovary obovate, with sessile 
 spreading stigmas. Fruit striated, compressed, without a beak, deci- 
 duous. Pappus none. 
 
 ]j. communisj Linn. Nipplewort. E. B. 844, L. C. 590. 
 Stems erect, more or less branching, almost glabrous above, hairy 
 beneath. Lower leaves lyrate, with a large, angular-toothed, 
 terminal lobe. Peduncles slender, each subtended by a small bract. 
 Involucre angular, smooth. Flowers yellow. Waysides and culti- 
 
532 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 vated places. Annual. June. This is one of the commonest way- 
 side plants in Scotland. It is the only viatical species apparently 
 common both in the south and north of the British Isles. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 3 60 3 . Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52' 43. 
 
 Lapsana, Sp. (?) Stem round, furrowed, pulverulent, branching 
 and leafy ; branches opposite, similar to the stem. Leaves ovate, 
 faintly and distantly serrated, slightly wrinkled above, with promi- 
 nent nerves beneath, opposite, all except the very uppermost with 
 longer or shorter footstalks. Flowers few, on hairy glandular pedi- 
 cels. Involucres ovate-globular, slightly angular ; bracts about five, 
 strongly keeled and fleshy. Petals (ray-florets) jive, pure white, very 
 small, toothed or notched; disk-florets equal, yellow. Receptacle 
 conical, pitted. Fruit ribbed, hairy, dark-brown. Scales of the invo- 
 lucre longer than the achenia. Near Kew, at the corner where the 
 Mortlake Road branches off from the road to Richmond, August the 
 25th, 1856. 
 
 XXXIV. Arnoseris, Gaert. Swine's-succory. Lamb's-cress, 
 Ger. Annuals with radical scapes, bearing one-three flowers. Leaves 
 radical, obovate-oblong, toothed. Peduncles enlarging above, fistu- 
 lous. Bracts of involucre equal ; keeled, ultimately hardened and 
 converging, with a few small ones at the base. Receptacle flat, 
 naked, pitted. Fruit angular, smooth, crowned with an elevated 
 entire rim (margin). 
 
 A. pusilla , Gaert. Lapsana pusilla, Willd. and Smith. Dwarf 
 Nipplewort. Swine's-succory. E. B. 95, L. C. 589. Root tapering, 
 with fibrous branches (rootlets). Stalks several, erect, leafless, 
 enlarged above, quite smooth, reddish below, simple, branching 
 above. Leaves all radical, in rosettes, depressed or ascending, oblong 
 or obovate, toothed or lobed, tapering below, smooth or scarcely 
 hairy except at the margin. Heads solitary on long, swollen, tubular 
 peduncles, sometimes with several abortive heads. Involucre 
 roundish when in fruit. Sandy and gravelly fields. Annual. June 
 September. 
 
 A. 7, C. 20. Lat. 50 58\ Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51--47 . 
 
 Var. Stem very slender. Leaves spathulate, slightly toothed. 
 Bexley Heath, Kent. 
 
 XXXV. Cicliorium, Linn. Chicory. Milky, bitter, peren- 
 nial or biennial plants, with fleshy roots. Stems upright, leafy. 
 Leaves pinnatifid, toothed. Involucre cylindrical. Receptacle 
 slightly chaffy. Bracts in two rows ; outer bracts about five, short 
 and lax; inner bracts eight or more, linear, converging, finally 
 recurved. Florets spreading, deeply five-cleft or toothed. Anthers 
 forming a five-angled tube. Ovary obovate, with a style as long as 
 the stamens, and a revolute two-parted stigma. Fruit turbinate, 
 crowned with two rows of short, bristly scales. The fleshy roots, 
 upright, angular, leafy stems, and axillary, large, handsome, blue 
 flowers sufficiently distinguish this genus. 
 
COMPOSITE. C1CHORIUM. HYPuCHCERIS, 533 
 
 C. Inty bus, Linn. Common Chicory. E. B. 539, L.C. 591. Stems 
 erect, stout, angular, downy, with spreading branches. Lower leaves 
 runcinate, with angular, toothed lobes; upper ones lanceolate, 
 sessile. Heads sessile on the branches, or on long or short pedicels. 
 Lower bracts lax, lanceolate, pointed, leaf-like ; upper ones (inner) 
 oblong, with a narrow, scarious margin. Florets of the margin 
 (ray) few, showy, bright blue. Borders of fields in chalky and sandy 
 soils. Annual or biennial. July September. 
 
 This plant has a very fibrous, tenacious bark, which might 
 probably be useful for cordage, and in the paper manufactory. It is 
 extensively cultivated for the sake of its roots, which are very com- 
 monly used as a substitute for coffee, or for its adulteration. 
 
 A. 16, a 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Note. The name Endive and Intybus are from the Arabic 
 Hmdebeh. 
 
 TRIBE II. Fruit (at least in the centre) surmounted by a crown 
 of feathery, silky fibres. 
 
 Genera. Hyppchceris, Thrincia, Oporinia, Leontodon, Apargia, 
 Picris, Helminthia, Tragopogon, Lactuca, Sonchus, Mulgedium, Bork- 
 hausia, Crepis, Hieracium. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Hypochwris. Eeceptacle chaffy. Fruit beaked. 
 
 Thrincia. Eeceptacle naked. Fruit with a membranous toothed crown. 
 Oporinia. Fruit crowned with one series of feathery fibres. 
 Leontodon. Receptacle naked. Fruit crowned with rough fibres. 
 Apargia. Flowers terminal, solitary, on hairy radical peduncles. 
 Picris. Fruit crowned with hairs, united at the base. 
 Helminthia. Fruit crowned with feathery down. 
 Tragopogon. Involucre consisting of equal bracts in a single row. 
 Lactuca. Bracts of the involucre unequal, in several rows. Fruit 
 beaked. 
 
 Sonchus. Fruit without a beak, crowned with fine- fibres. 
 
 Mulgedium. Fruit with a ciliated disk. 
 
 Borkhausia. Fruit cylindrical, beaked. (See Crepis.) 
 
 Crepis. Fruit cylindrical, without a beak. 
 
 Hieracium. Fruit crowned by a slightly prominent rim. 
 
 XXXVI. Hypocliceris, Linn. Cat's-ear. Swine's-cress, 
 Ger. Stems branching, with several heads, or simple and one- 
 headed by abortion. Leaves radical, or nearly so, runcinate or 
 toothed. Flowers yellow. Bracts of involucre numerous, unequal, 
 in several rows. Receptacle furnished with membranous scales. 
 Fruit striated, more or less rough, attenuated into a long, slender 
 beak. Crown of the fruit feathery or toothed, equal, persistent ; 
 fibres (pappus) of the margin not feathery, but simply toothed. Hol- 
 low, naked stems, with only radical leaves and large yellow flowers, 
 characterize this genus. 
 
 1. If. ra client a 5 Linn, Long-rooted Cat's-ear. E.B.831, L.C. 
 
534 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 553. Root thick, branching. Stem erect, usually branching-, gla- 
 brous, glaucous, furnished with short, herbaceous, or scale-like 
 bracts. Leaves radical in a rosette, oblong, narrowed at the base, 
 runcinate or sinuate, usually very rough. Peduncles slightly swollen 
 above (under the flowers). Leaflets of the involucre membranous at 
 the margin. Fruit with a long tapering beak. Meadows, pastures, 
 roadsides. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 2. H, imiculata, Linn. Achyrophorus, Scop. Spotted Cat's- 
 ear. E. B. 225, L. C. 552. Root thick, often crowned by the bases 
 of the decayed leaves. Stem erect, usually branched above, rarely 
 simple, rough, hairy, with one or two leaves. Root-leaves in a rosette, 
 oblong, sinuate-dentate, large, hispid, with one or two brown or black 
 patches. Peduncles slightly enlarged above. Involucre shorter than 
 the flowers, invested with Hack hairs ; inner bracts downy at the 
 margins. Achenia (fruit) terminating in a long beak. Chalky and 
 limestone hills. On Flookburgh Rocks, by the sea near Cartmel, 
 Lancashire, John Windsor, M.D. (See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. ii., 
 November, 1857). Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 52 54. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 3 48 a . 
 
 3. H. fflabra* Linn. Smooth Cat's-ear. E. B. 575, L. C. 551. 
 Stems erect, branching, glabrous, each branch subtended by a leaf- 
 like scale at its base, and bearing a single head. Leaves radical, in 
 a rosette, oblong, sinuate, toothed or lobed, runcinate (?), glabrous. 
 Bracts of the involucre glabrous, the inner ones about as long as the 
 
 florets. Fruit of two sorts ; the interior beaked, the exterior with- 
 out a beak, or with a very short one. Sandy fields. Weybridge, 
 Surrey. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 25. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 XXXVII. Thrincia, Roth. Leontodon, Sm. Thrincia. 
 Stalks hairy, single-flowered. Leaves all radical, rarely undivided. 
 Bracts of the nearly cylindrical involucre numerous, unequal, imbri- 
 cated in several rows. Receptacle naked, smooth, punctured. Fruit 
 slightly curved, rough, striated, attenuated above, marginal, sur- 
 mounted by a membranous, toothed, very short crown j the central 
 achenia crowned with a downy, feathery plume. 
 
 T. hirta, Roth. Rough Thrincia. E. B. 555, L. C. 518. Root 
 short, truncate, fibrous about the collar, or tapering and producing 
 fibres through its whole extent. Stalks erect or ascending, round, 
 slightly furrowed, very hairy at the base. Leaves long, sinuate, 
 toothed, cr runcinate, rarely undivided, more or less hispid. Heads 
 erect, variable in size. Involucre partly glabrous ; bracts strongly 
 keeled. Gravelly pastures, and dry, stony places. Perennial (?). July. 
 
 Var. a. vulgaris. Root short, truncate. Involucre slightly hairy 
 or glabrous. 
 
 Var. )3. hispida. Root tapering. Heads larger than in var. o. 
 Involucre hairv. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
COMPOSITE. OPORINIA. LEONTODON. 535 
 
 XXXVIII. Oporinia, Don. Leontodon, Linn. Heads soli- 
 tary. Leaves radical. Bracts of the involucre numerous, unequal, 
 imbricated in several rows. Receptacle naked. Fruit striated, 
 tapering at the summit, with a persistent crest of one row of fibres, 
 by which last very slender mark it is chiefly distinguished from 
 Leontodon. 
 
 O. atitumnalis, Don. Apargia autumnalis, Sm. Autumnal 
 Hawkbit. E. B. 830, L.C. 550. Root truncate or oblique, with 
 several strong fleshy fibres. Stems erect or ascending, solitary or 
 several, simple or branched, furrowed, hairy or nearly smooth, when 
 branched with a single abortive leaf, sixteen-eighteen inches high. 
 Leaves mostly radical, in rosettes, lanceolate or oblong, toothed or 
 lobed, tapering at the base, usually rough. Heads solitary, cylin- 
 drical, on long peduncles, which are enlarged upwards and hollow 
 at the base of the involucre; bracts unequal, lanceolate, keeled, 
 glabrous or hairy. Fruit tapering at both ends, with brownish 
 down. Meadows, pastures, &c. Perennial. August, September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01000 yards. T. 52 37. 
 
 Var. j8. Apargia taraxica, Sm. Leaves quite smooth, oblong, on long, 
 slender stalks, nearly entire or slightly toothed, or with one or two 
 backward-pointing lobes. Stem quite simple. Involucral bracts 
 hairy. Florets reddish below. On lofty mountains. 
 
 Var. 7. sordidus. Stem branched. Leaves and involucre hairy. A 
 largo plant. Scotland, in highland glens. 
 
 XXXIX. JLeontotlon, Sm. Taraxacum, Juss. Lion's-tooth. 
 Perennial stemless plants, with runcinate (teeth or jags pointing back- 
 wards) rarely entire leaves. Heads terminal, solitary, on naked, fistu- 
 lar, usually very glabrous, radical peduncles. Flowers yellow. Bracts 
 of the involucre numerous, unequal, in several rows, the outer ones 
 usually spreading or reflexed, all reflected when the plant has reached 
 maturity. Receptacle naked. Fruit longitudinally ribbed, w 7 ith 
 transverse striae, abruptly attenuated into a filiform beak, Aigrette 
 or plume of several rows. 
 
 I,. Taraxacum^ Linn. Dens-leonis^esf. Dandelion. E. B. 510, 
 L. C. 588. Root thick, fleshy. Radical peduncles five-ten inches 
 high, erect or ascending. Leaves all radical, in a rosette, oblong; 
 lobes triangular, pointed, toothed or entire ; the leaves are rarely 
 entire or sinuate. Bracts of the involucre all reflected when the 
 fruit is ripe, rarely all erect when in flower. The plumes in combi- 
 nation form a roundhead. Fruit with longitudinal ribs and striae, 
 tubercular above (near the apex). Meadows, waysides, about houses 
 and in gardens. Perennial. March October. 
 
 A.18,C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 Var. a. officinale. Stems tall, very glabrous. Leaves runcinate, 
 with large triangular lobes. Fruit green, yellowish-brown. Mea- 
 dows, gardens, &G. Very common. Perennial. April. 
 
 Var. 0. Icevigatum. Half as tall as the above variety ; leaves with 
 
536 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 narrower lobes. Involucral bracts often glaucous, not reflexed. Fruit 
 red or brick-dust colour. Dry sandy places. 
 
 Var. 7. palustre. Plant much smaller than either of the above 
 varieties. Leaves almost entire, linear or oblong, attenuated below. 
 Outer bracts erect. Fruit brown. Moist places. 
 
 XL. Apargia, Sm. (?) Leontodon, Linn. Hawkbit. Usually 
 single-flowered plants, with radical, sinuated or toothed leaves. Invo- 
 lucre ovate, cylindrical. Bracts unequal, in several rows ; inner linear, 
 parallel, imbricated ; outer very small, irregularly imbricated. Recep- 
 tacle naked or slightly hairy, dotted. Fruit oblong, striated, slightly 
 rough, tapering at the top, with sessile, feathery down, or the exte- 
 rior down serrulated. 
 
 A. hispida, Willd. Rough Hawkbit. E.B. 554, L. C. 549. 
 Root oblique, truncate. Flower-stalks radical, erect, round, tapering, 
 bearing one head, hairy. Leaves all radical, sinuate, pinnatifid or 
 runcinate, hairy. Crown of the fruit in two rows, the outer row not 
 feathery, only toothed. Meadows and pastures. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. i6, C. 60. Lat 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 XLI. I*icris, Linn. Ox-tongue. Herbaceous plants, indi- 
 genous both to Europe and Asia, with branching hispid stems, and 
 alternate very rough leaves. Flowers terminal, solitary, yellow. 
 Involucre sub-cylindrical. Bracts in two rows ; inner equal, imbri- 
 cate ; outer lax, spreading. Receptacle flat, dotted ; achenia uniform, 
 striated across, attenuated into a short beak, or with the apex con- 
 stricted. Pappus equal, in two rows, deciduous ; inner feathery, outer 
 setaceous. 
 
 I*, hieracioidesj Linn. Hieracium -leaved Ox-tongue. E. B. 
 196, L. C. 547. Stem erect, round, branching above, hispid, prickly. 
 Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the lower sinuated and toothed, tapering 
 at the base ; the upper sessile or clasping. Involucre cylindrical- 
 ovate ; outer bracts lax, shorter than the inner ones ; inner bracts 
 lanceolate, convex and enlarged at the base, strongly fringed or 
 covered with glandular bristles. Heads large, bright yellow. Chalky 
 fields. Biennial. July. 
 
 A. 10, C. 40. Lat. 55. Alt. 50200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 XLII. BBelniiiitliia, Juss. Worm-wort. Annual, very hispid 
 plants, with erect stems, forked (dichotomous) branches, and alternate 
 semi-am plexicaule leaves. Flowers terminal, solitary, yellow. Invo- 
 lucre half-clasping as in Picris. Bracts about eight, erect, connivent, 
 subtended by five cordate, broad, spreading leaves. Receptacle flat, 
 dotted. Achenia uniform, elliptical, transversely furrowed (?), rounded 
 at the apex, and terminated by a long, slender, brittle beak. Pappus 
 persistent in several rows, feathery. 
 
 H. echioidesj Gaert, Echium-like Ox-tongue. E. B. 972, L. C. 
 54H. Stems stout, erect, branching, especially above, furnished with 
 prickly hairs, which have tubercular bases. Leaves oblong, very rough, 
 
COMPOSITE. TRAGOPOGON. LACTUCA. 537 
 
 with spinous hairs ; the lower attenuated at the base, the upper cordate 
 and clasping, ciliated, with prickly hairs. Outer bracts leaf-like, 
 cordate, acuminate, fringed with spinous, simple hairs; inner bracts 
 membranous at the edges, terminated by along, fringed point. Invo- 
 lucre ovate. Ditches and banks, on clayey soil. Annual. July, 
 August. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 XLIII. Tragopogon, Linn. Goafs-beard. Roots long, 
 tapering, fleshy, with lateral fibres. Stems erect, rather succulent, 
 simple or branching, leafy. Leaves linear, or linear-lanceolate. Heads 
 terminal, solitary. Bracts of the involucre eight-twelve, herbaceous, 
 equal, in one row, more or less united at the base. Receptacle 
 naked. Fruit with longitudinal, rough, or toothed ridges, with a 
 slender, long beak, crowned with a plume of several rows of interlaced 
 fibres. Plants with smooth herbage, grass-like, sheathing, entire 
 leaves, and solitary flowers, which shut up at twelve o'clock. 
 
 1. T. pratensisj Linn (?). T. minor, Fr. Meadow Goat's- beard. 
 E. B. 434, L. C. 544. Root very long, vertical. Stem erect, simple 
 or branched, very leafy, eighteen-thirty inches high (less on upland 
 dry places). Leaves clasping at their base, channelled, keeled, broad 
 where they form a sheath for the stem, branch, or flower, and fur- 
 nished with long woolly hairs interiorly, abruptly tapering at the 
 base or top of the sheath, long-tapering, and pointed upwards. Leaf- 
 lets of the involucre longer than the yellow florets (twice as long 
 as the florets). Outside of the tube of the florets furnished with dense 
 yellow hairs or fringes. Meadows and marshes. Biennial. June 
 August. 
 
 There is a variety, rather unfrequent, with the involucral bracts 
 not longer than the flowers. This is not uncommon in the Eastern 
 Counties, and is probably Smith's T. pratemis. It is rare near Lon- 
 don. (See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., pp. 1535, 334). 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 2. T. porrifoliusj Linn. Salsafy. E. B. 638, L. C. 545. Stems 
 erect, hollow. Leaves broad at the base, short, gradually tapering, 
 not so thickly keeled as in the preceding. Peduncles swollen at the 
 top, as thick as the involucre. Bracts in one row, equal, longer than 
 the florets. Florets purple. Meadows by the Thames. Biennial. 
 June. 
 
 An escape from cultivation? (See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. ir, 
 p. 226.) 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 50 53. Alt, 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 XLIV. ff^aetuca. Linn. Lettuce. Milky, bitter, fetid plants, 
 either annual or biennial. Stems erect, solid, round, leafy. Leaves 
 simple, with a variable margin. Flowers in terminal panicles. Invo- 
 lucre cylindrical, few-flowered. Bracts flat, unequal, membranous at 
 the edges. Receptacle small, naked, dotted. Florets numerous, with 
 four-five teeth. Ovary obovate-oblong. Fruit obovate, furrowed, 
 
 N N 
 
Ou. 
 
 W\ 
 
 538 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 compressed. Down (pappus) elevated on a stipe or beak nearly as 
 long as the fruit. 
 
 1. I*, sali-iia, Linn. Least Lettuce. E. B. 707, L. C. 556. 
 Stems usually erect, round, smooth, branching, slender. Branches 
 spreading or half-erect, slender or filiform, very smooth. Leaves 
 sagitate, clasping, linear, tapering, pointed, very entire, smooth or 
 rough only on the midrib ; the lower leaves often runcinate. Heads 
 small, oblong, mostly sessile on the branches, forming lax spikes. 
 Florets yellow. Fruit oblong-obovate, glabrous, striated, with a long 
 beak (twice as long as the fruit). Chalky and marly places. At 
 the Butts, near Woolwich. Biennial. July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 10. Lat. 50 59 (?). Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 2. L. virosa, Linn. Acrid Lettuce. E. B. 1957, L. C. 554. 
 Stems erect, leafy, more or less hollow, or with pith in the centre, 
 very prickly below, smooth and branching above ; branches slender, 
 smooth, diverging. Leaves obovate-oblong or oblong, the lower petioled, 
 the upper sessile and clasping, the midrib armed with strong prickles, 
 the margin ciliated with spinous teeth. Heads small, numerous, 
 peduncled or sessile, in a spreading panicle, with cordate bracts. 
 Flowers yellow. Fruit dark brown or black, with a long white beak. 
 All parts of the plant abound in an acrid, milky, viscid juice, with a 
 
 -strong, unpfeasauXsmell. Dry banks. XBiennial. July, August. 
 A. 12, C. 30. !^5&--&^A&rf) 200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 3. Ii. Scariola, Linn. Prickly Lettuce. E.B.268,L.C.555. Stem 
 erect, flexuous or zigzag, tall, hollow, at least near the base, leafy, 
 smooth, branching above; branches slender, spreading. Leaves 
 smooth, with a spinous midpib, clasping, sinuate, dentate (pinnatijid) 
 lobes, toothed above, entire below, retrofiexed (directed backwards). 
 Heads and florets as in If. virosa. Essex, not far from Benfleet. Mr. 
 Salmon. Biennial. August. 
 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat. 50^54. Alt. 050 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 4. I*, muralisj D.C. (Less. ?) Wall Lettuce. E. B. 457, L.C.557. 
 Stems erect, round, smooth, branching above. Leaves lyrate, pinna- 
 tifid, lobed or toothed, with a large, triangular, toothed lobe, glaucous 
 beneath, light green above ; upper leaves entire or toothed, linear, 
 auricled, and clasping. Heads small, cylindrical on diverging, diva- 
 ricated, compound panicles. Bracts glabrous. Fruit brown, with a 
 beak. On damp walls, shady places, in woods. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 XLV. Sonchiis, Linn. Sow-Thistle. Annual or perennial, 
 milky, bitter plants. Stems usually tall, upright, hollow, leafy. 
 Leaves more or less lobed, toothed or prickly at the edges. Inflores- 
 cence terminal, subumbellate. Involucre tumid at the base. Bracts 
 imbricated in two rows, unequal, acute, finally connivent. Florets 
 four-five-toothed. Fruit oblong, roughish, compressed, with sessile 
 pappus. 
 
 1. S. oleraceus* Linn. Sow-Thistle. E. B. 843, L. C. 561. 
 Stems erect, branching above, angular, slightly winged, hollow, gla- 
 
COMPOSITES. SONCHUS. 539 
 
 brous, sometimes hairy above. Leaves runcinate or pinnatifid, with 
 large angular lobes or teeth, spinous, with large pointed auricles at the 
 base. Heads cylindrical before and during flowering, afterwards 
 depressed, terminating abruptly in a conical blunt point. Involucre 
 glabrous, usually with a few glandulous hairs. Bracts succulent at 
 the base. Fruit striated across. Fields and rubbish. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 Var. runcinatus. Leaves runcinate, terminal division large, tri- 
 angular. 
 
 Sub-var. triangularis. Leaves reduced to a large, terminal, trian- 
 gular lobe, the lobes absent or very small. 
 
 Var. )8. lacerus. Leaves deeply pinnatifid ; the terminal division 
 slightly developed, usually more or less lobed. 
 
 Sub-var. gla'ndulosus. Peduncles and involucres more or less glan- 
 dulous. 
 
 2. S, asper,, Hoffm. Rough Sow- Thistle. E. B. 2765, 2766, 
 L, C. 560. Auricles of leaves rounded ,- fruit with longitudinal ribs. 
 
 Mr. Watson says that this grows intermingled with the above 
 form. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82, Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 3. 8. arvensis, Linn. Field Sow-Thistle. E.B. 674, L.C. 559. 
 Stems erect, simple, very glabrous, hairy and glandular above. 
 Lower leaves petioled; stem-leaves sessile, clasping, with rounded 
 auricles, runcinate-pinnatifid, with an elongated, oblong, terminal 
 lobe. Heads in an irregular, terminal corymb. The involucre covered 
 with black, glandular, viscid hairs. Fruit striated across. Fields. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Sub-var. integrifolius. Leaves entire, or slightly sinuated. Heads 
 nearly or quite solitary. In fields and meadows. Perennial. July 
 September. 
 
 Sub-var. elatior. Leaves divided, large, with broad auricles. 
 Heads numerous. Wet or marshy places. This may be mistaken 
 for the next. 
 
 4. 8. palustris. Linn. Marsh Sow-Thistle. E.B. 935, L.C. 558. 
 Stem simple, branching only near the summit. Angular and winged, 
 quite smooth, onty somewhat scabrous towards the top, leafy. Leaves 
 linear lanceolate, serrated, the lower with long, lanceolate, acute, runci- 
 nate lobes, of which there are one or two pairs on the lower, and only 
 the basal lobes or auricles on the upper leaves ; the basal lobes are 
 lanceolate and pointed, like the lateral lobes, but narrower ; all the 
 lobes, both basal and lateral, are parallel to each other ; the upper leaves 
 are quite simple linear and sharply serrated. Peduncles, pedicels, and 
 involucral bracts are glandular and hairy. In the river Medway, 
 between Aylesford station and the village. W. P. and A. I., Sept. 5, 
 1857. As this is the first time this plant has been observed during the 
 last twenty-five years, the time of its discovery is precisely entered. 
 It was observed in the Medway, opposite Hailing, in 1831, when the 
 observer did not know that it was one of the very rarest of British 
 
540 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 plants. Some time previously to the last date, it was collected by 
 Mr. J. Woods and Mr. Kippist, in Deptford Marshes. A specimen 
 existed in the late Mr. Luxford's herbarium. Mr. J. S. Mill 
 informed me that Mr. Luxford and himself both sought for it in 
 marshes between Blackwall and Ham, where the former had found 
 it, but without success. Mr. Luxford's specimen was probably pro- 
 cured within the last twenty years. From these dates to this no 
 trustworthy record of its appearance near London .has been published. 
 A. 2, C. 6. Lat. 50 D 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 XLVL Miilgedium, Cass. Alpine Sow-Thistle. Alpine 
 plants, found only in the northern hemisphere. Leaves entire or 
 runcinate. Flowers corymbose, blue. Involucre cylindrical. Bracts 
 in two rows, inner equal and imbricate, outer lax and short. Re- 
 ceptacle without chaff or bristles, pitted (alveolate). Achenia uniform, 
 with a short beak, and with a ciliated disk. Pappus setaceous, equal, 
 in several series, attached to the very short beak of the seed. 
 
 M. alpiiiuiiij Less. Sonchus coeruleus, Sm. Alpine Sow- 
 Thistle. E. B. 2425, L. C. 562. Root woody, slightly creeping. Stem 
 erect, glabrous below, hairy, glandular, viscid above, leafy, a yard 
 high. Leaves lyrate, arrow-shaped at the base, clasping, with a long 
 winged midrib, one pair of intermediate and one large triangular 
 terminal lobe, all more or less toothed, smooth on both sides and 
 slightly glaucous beneath. Flowers large, numerous, blue. A very 
 handsome plant. Lochnagar, Aberdeenshire, and the Clova Moun- 
 tains, Forfarshire. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 56 57. Alt, 700950 yards. T.40 37. 
 
 XL VII. Crepis, Linn. Hawk's-beard. Annual, biennial, or 
 perennial plants. Stems upright, branching, angular, furrowed. 
 Involucre double, outer bracts short, lax, deciduous; inner ones 
 lineai', permanent, and converging. Receptacle without scales, with 
 a few bristly hairs. Florets five-toothed. Fruit nearly cylindrical, 
 striated, slightly attenuated above. Down simple, radiating, either 
 sessile or stipitate, in several rows. 
 
 SECT. L Fruit with a more or less prominent beak. 
 
 1. C. fcetida (?), Linn. Borkhausia fcetida, D. C. Stinking 
 Hawk's-beard. E. B. 406, L. C. 585. Stem erect, with upright 
 branches, hairy, hairs slender. Root-leaves large, runcinate, hairy 
 on the midrib and nerves; stem-leaves rather small, linear, lanceolate, 
 pointed, hairy on the keel and margin, clasping, enlarged and pinna- 
 tifid at the base; lobes linear, lanceolate, pointed. Lower bracts of 
 the involucre spreading, hairy on the keels, nearly as long as the 
 pappus. Dry chalky places. Rare. Biennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat. 50 3 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 51 48, 
 Note. This species differs from C. setosa in the more appressed 
 and not ciliated lower bracts. 
 
 2. C. taraxacifolia* Thuil. HorJihausia, D,C. Leontodon- 
 
COMPOSITE. CREPIS. 541 
 
 leaved Crepis. E. B. 2929, L. C. 586. Stems erect, often several 
 from one root, simple at the base, branched ahove, more or less red on 
 the under part, downy, hairy, or bristly. Leaves rough, hairy ; the 
 root-leaves in a rosette, narrowing below, runcinate, toothed, or pin- 
 natifid ; lobes unequal, entire or toothed; stem leaves sessile, clasp- 
 ing, deeply pinnatifid, lobes entire, finely ciliated, with a linear lan- 
 ceolate, entire or toothed, terminal one. Peduncles not enlarged 
 above, with one or two bracts. Bracts of the involucre ciliated on the 
 keels ; inner bracts with black glandular hairs. Florets of the ray- 
 reddish externally. Fruit with a long leak. Meadows, pastures. 
 Biennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 8. Lat. ol 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 Note. "The root-leaves in this species are not so large as in C. 
 biennis, and are more equally pinnatifid ; the lobes are all broader and 
 shorter; the stem-leaves are more divided, with a broad and not lan- 
 ceolate lobe ; the bracts are also more abruptly pointed and downy 
 rather than hairy in some forms. The beaked fruit is the most 
 constant mark. 
 
 3. C. setosa (?), Hall. Borkhausia, D. C. Stem erect, with 
 upright branches, rigidly, hairy, channelled ; hairs enlarged at the 
 base. Leaves dentate or lobed, runcinate, clasping, with toothed, 
 acute, elongated lobes at the base ; upper leaves hastate, nearly entire. 
 Lower bracts of the involucre spreading, bluntly keeled, ciliated with 
 stiff spreading hairs loth on the margin and keel, rather longer 
 than the pappus. Cleygate, Surrey, among clover. Annual. July. 
 
 Naturalized ? 
 
 SECT. II. Fruit nearly cylindrical, but slightly attenuated above. 
 
 4. C. biennis; Linn. Biennial Crepis. E. B. 149 (?), L. C. 564. 
 Root fusiform, fleshy, with numerous stout fibres. Stem angular, 
 furrowed, sometimes very rough and bristly, sometimes quite smooth, 
 branching. Hoot-leaves in a rosette, not always decayed before 
 flowering, runcinate-pinnatifid. Stem arid upper leaves clasping, 
 toothed, or pinnatifid, uppermost linear, nearly entire. Outer bracts 
 of the involucre spreading, irregular, usually with blackened tips. 
 Flowers large, Receptacle pitted, smooth, and shining. Fruit 
 (achenium) smooth, beautifully marked, cylindrical-angular, scarcely 
 attenuated upwards, nearly as long as the pappus. Chalky banks. 
 Biennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 6, C. 10. Lat. 51 56. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
 Note. This is the common character of the species as seen in the 
 examples collected near Northfleet, Kent. The name Taraxacum- 
 leaved Crepis would be more appropriately given to this than to 
 species No. 2. In Crepis biennis the lobes are much longer and more 
 acute than in C. taraxacifolia. The corymb is much more spreading, 
 the flowers on longer peduncles, and much larger than in the species 
 with which it has been confounded. Some botanists separate C. 
 foetida, C. taraxacifolia, and C, setosa from Crepis on account of a 
 slight difference in the fruit; while some eminent botanists 
 
542 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 have been unable to distinguish No. 2 from No. 4, even as 
 species. 
 
 5. C. paludosaj Moench. Hieracium paludosum, Sm. Marsh 
 "Crepis. E. B. 1094, L. C. 567. Stems erect, simple, angular, quite 
 smooth, tapering, leafy, two-three feet high. Leaves large, smooth ; 
 root-leaves runcinate at the base, ovate-oblong, toothed above ; stem- 
 leaves clasping, cordate, with rounded, strongly toothed lobes, pale 
 green below, deeper green above, with whitish patches, tapering. 
 Bracts much attenuated, glandular, hairy, outer ones short. Fruit 
 striated, not attenuated above, crowned with a single row of rigid 
 fibres. Stainforth Wood, near Settle. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 50650 yards. T. 4740. 
 6. C . succissefolia; Tausch. Hieracium molle, Sm. Scabious- 
 leaved Crepis. E. B. 2210, L. C. 566. Stems erect, slender, simple, an- 
 gular, slightly hairy. Root-leaves on very long stalks, oblong, tapering 
 below, toothed, smooth, or nearly so ; stem-leaves clasping, auricled, 
 narrow below, toothed and slightly hairy. Lower bracts short, 
 appressed ; inner ones lanceolate, pointed, all slightly hairy. Flowers 
 not large, corymbose. Fruit striated, tapering above. Moist woods, 
 in the north of England and Scotland, 
 
 A. 5, C. 8. Lat. 54 57". Alt. (?) T. 45 41. 
 
 7. C. sirens, Linn.; tectorum, Sm. Smooth Crepis. E. B. 1111, 
 L. C. 563. Stems erect, simple, and branching above, or branching 
 from the base, glabrous or downy, often hairy below, and sometimes 
 rough above. Root-leaves in a rosette, often decaying at flowering 
 time, nearly glabrous, midrib hairy, runcinate-pinnatifid, lobed or 
 toothed; upper leaves enlarged and incised at the base, linear-lanceo- 
 late. Involucre hairy, hairs often black ; outer bracts lax, pointed ; 
 inner equal, linear. ' Fruit oblong, linear, with conspicuous striae, 
 smooth. Fields. Annual. July. Very variable in the shape of its 
 leaves and in hairiness of habit. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 44. 
 
 Var, Florets tubular. 
 
 XLVIII. Hieracium, Linn. Hawkweed. Perennial plants, 
 on dry, hilly, mountainous, or woody places, and flowering rather late 
 in the summer. Stems erect, leafy (in many species), and usually 
 branched. Leaves hairy or rough. Whole herbage more or less 
 bitter. Involucre imbricated, with numerous linear bracts, which are 
 of unequal length. Receptacle convex, dotted, sometimes slightly 
 scaly. Florets of the usual form. Stamens shorter than the florets. 
 Ovary ovate ; style and stigma as usual in this order. Fruit angular, 
 furrowed, crowned with copious, uniform, sessile fibres. These 
 species may generally be known by their upright, round, panicled 
 stems ; a few of them have single flowers on radical scapes. 
 
 SECT. I. Piloselloidea. Monocephalous (one-headed). Stoloniferous 
 (bearing radical shoots). Peduncles radical (flowers on leafless stems). 
 
 1. H. I*iloella, Linn. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. E. B. 1093, 
 
543 
 
 )ots. 
 wer. 
 ring 
 
 lairs 
 3ath. ** 
 
 thed 
 
 4.uri- 
 .ated, 
 near, 
 eaves 
 base, 
 ibose. 
 with 
 
 black bristles, interspersed wim nun*, * . > base. 
 
 Florets of the ray erect, with equal teeth. Receptacle depressed. 
 
 Fruit smooth. Down rather shorter than the bracts. Near Rydal, 
 
 Westmoreland. Hudson. It is a Swedish and North-European 
 
 species, which may have been found in England, and may again 
 
 be discovered. 
 
 Note. The Nos. in this genus are the same as in the " London 
 
 Catalogue," 5th edition. 
 
 2. H. aurantiaciim, Linn. Orange-flowered Hawk weed. 
 E. B. 1469, L. C. 569. Stems erect, round, invested with black 
 hairs, which swell at their base, mostly leafless. Root-leaves oblong, 
 entire, pointed, on short winged petioles (tapering at the base into 
 petioles) ; surface rough, with glandular tubercles (the swollen bases 
 of the hairs). Flowers deep orange, in a dense corymb. Bracts herba- 
 ceous, with many long, spreading, black hairs, interspersed with 
 glands and scarious margins. Down of the fruit about as long as the 
 conical involucre. Naturalized (?). Common in gardens. Perennial. 
 July October. Spontaneous on a lawn, at the cottage ornee in the 
 Vale of Glen Lochay, about a couple of miles from Killiu. In Wilton 
 Woods, Cleveland. J. G. Baker. 
 
 SECT. II. Pulmonarea. Stems leafy (forming rosettes of leaves at the 
 base), not stoloniferous. Root-leaves not decayed at the time of flowering. 
 Fruit short, truncate. 
 
 1. Alpines. 
 
 3. H. alpinum, Back, and Linn. (?) Alpine Single-flowered Hawk- 
 weed. Fl. Dan. 27, L. C. No. 3 (Sp. Backhousiance). Stem erect, 
 wiry, simple, never branched, rigid, hairy, with spreading, white 
 hairs, and a single stem-leaf. Root-leaves oblong, elliptical, or oblong, 
 lanceolate, pointed, slightly toothed, tapering below into long, winged, 
 woolly petioles. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous, unequal, short, 
 broad, narrowed above, densely covered with long, whitish hairs and 
 
544 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 black bristles. Florets large, five-toothed, teeth tapering (?). ' Alpine 
 places. Perennial. July. 
 
 Alt. 10001400 yards. 
 
 Note. H. Halleri of E. B. 2379 is supposed to represent a very 
 luxuriant form of H. alpinum. 
 
 4. H. holosericeum; Backhouse, pp. 19, 20,* E. B. 1110, is 
 distinguished from the above by its blunt, entire leaves, more silky 
 stem and involucre, and by its linear, attenuated, acute, inner in- 
 volucral bracts. 
 
 Alt. 7001200 yards. 
 
 5. H. eximium, Back. pp. 20,21. H. melanocephalum, Hook 
 and Ar., 7th ed. H. villosum, E. B. 2379. Stem elongated, six- 
 fifteen inches high, densely clothed with black-based shaggy hairs 
 and setae (bristles), with one, rarely two-four heads. Root-leaves 
 lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, with sharp teeth, which point 
 forwards ; stem-leaves one-three, like the root-leaves, or like bracts. 
 Bracts of the involucre linear, narrow, acute, very shaggy. In alpine 
 places. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 Alt. 7001000 yards. 
 
 6. H. calenduliflorum. Back, p. 23. Stem simple or branched, 
 six-fourteen inches high, with large, handsome heads. Root-leaves 
 broadly ovate or ovate-spathulate ; stem-leaves acute, often bract- 
 like. Bracts of the involucre like those of H. eximium, of which it 
 may be only a variety, with somewhat broader root-leaves. 
 
 Alt. 10001400 yards. 
 
 2. Nigrescentes. 
 
 7. H. gracilentuin, Back. p. 24, Fl. Dan. 27, differs from 
 the above in its shorter, hairier, rather stouter stem, with a some- 
 what broader stem-leaf. The flowers are rather larger, and the invo- 
 lucre is shaggier. (Not so shaggy in my specimens ; the hairs are 
 shorter and not so numerous, A. I.) Mountains of Braemar. Per- 
 ennial. July, August. 
 
 Alt. 8001400 yards. 
 
 8. H. globosuinj Back, p. 26. Stem six- twelve inches, with 
 one or few heads, slightly hairy. Root-leaves broadly ovate, or 
 ovate-lanceolate, entire, or slightly toothed. Buds spherical. Bracts 
 numerous, linear, attenuated, nearly destitute of down and setae 
 (bristles). Rocks, Braemar. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 Alt. 8001400 yards. 
 
 9. H. nigrescens, Willd. E. B., H. pulmonarium, 2307 (?). 
 Willd., Hort. Berol. 10. Stems simple, erect, with long, spreading, 
 white hairs, which are enlarged and black at the base. Root-leaves 
 of various shapes, petioled, toothed, tapering at both ends, teeth various, 
 with long, white, spreading hairs, intermingled with thick,black bristles. 
 Stem-leaf lanceolate, rudimentary (a bract-like leaf). Bracts of the 
 
 * In the description of the Hieracia, p., with a number, refers to Backhouse's 
 Monograph of the " British Hieracia ;'' and the altitudinal range is taken from the 
 same. 
 
COMPOSITE. HIEBACIUM. 
 
 545 
 
 involucre long, linear, attenuated above, pointed, herbaceous, thickly 
 clothed with long white hairs, interspersed with numerous black 
 bristles. Florets large, deeply five-cleft, with linear teeth (lacinise), 
 hairy externally. Fruit clear, shining, brown, with five prominent 
 angles, and with as many indistinct intermediate ones. Down of the 
 -;* *Y ,,^f ork i^no- n the bracts. Alpine rocks, on the Grampians. 
 
 f. 
 
546 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 petioles. Stem-leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, elongate, taper- 
 ing and pointed, rounded, and half-clasping at the base, smooth above, 
 rough below, with shaggy margins. Heads large, solitary, on rather 
 long, bracteated, glandular, hairy pedicels. Bracts of the involucre un- 
 equal, taper-pointed, convexly keeled, covered with black bristles and 
 long shaggy hairs, deep green. Florets of the margin hairy externally, 
 furrowed, with long, equal teeth. Teith, near Kilmahog. Perennial. 
 July 4th. 
 
 Alt. 500700 yards. 
 
 Note. The above description probably comprehends H. Law- 
 soni, or H. anglicum, with its varieties. Of H. cerinthoides I have 
 not yet seen a wild specimen. (E. B. 2378.) 
 
 Note.- The figures 2083 E. B. and 2378 apparently represent the 
 same plant. Fig. 2083 is rather more glandular than 2378. The 
 leaves in both are pretty much the same. 
 
 14. H. iricuin, Fries. Lapeyromii? Froel. E.B.2915 (2916 ?). 
 Root fleshy, with numerous fibres. Stem erect, or nearly so, branched, 
 hollow, round, hairy, shaggy, and leafy, with barren shoots. .Root- 
 leaves ovate, rounded, on tapering stalks ; stem-leaves oblong, tapering 
 at both ends, rather rigid, with a few small teeth ; upper leaves ovate 
 at the base, lanceolate, quite sessile, and clasping. Involucres ovate at 
 the base, hairy, and shaggy, with stellate pubescence ; outer scales 
 lax, inner lanceolate, tapering, not membranous at the margin. Florets 
 very large, bright yellow. A very conspicuous and highly ornamental 
 plant. With the former, at Kilmahog. Perennial. July. 
 
 Note. This plant approaches the section Aceipitrince, in its rigid, 
 erect, leafy stem, and broad bracts. 
 
 A, 8, C. 15. Lat. 54 59. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 46 38. 
 
 15. H. amplexicaule* Linn. E. B\ 2690. Stems erect, 
 rigid, variable in height, furnished with dense, glandular, viscid 
 hairs, leafy, branching above. Radical leaves obovate-oblong or 
 oblong-lanceolate, tapering below, coarsely toothed, blunt; stem-leaves 
 ovate-oblong, cordate at the base, and clasping ; the upper ones sub- 
 tending the branches, toothed, and more or less acute, all furnished 
 with glandular hairs, and more or less viscid ; uppermost leaves cor- 
 date, acuminate, entire. Heads large, or moderately so, on densely 
 glanduliferous peduncles. Involucre ovate-cylindrical, bracts unequal, 
 herbaceous, green, with scattered, glandular, black hairs and bristles, 
 and rounded keels. Marginal florets narrow, furrowed, unequally 
 toothed, hairy externally. Fruit small, tawny, shorter than the 
 whitish down. Scotland, Clova Mountains (?) and Cleish Castle. Per- 
 ennial. July September. Alien. 
 
 A. 2,0.2. Lat. 51 57. 
 
 3. PaWda. 
 
 16. H. pallidum, Fries. Back. p. 43. Stem simple, or branch- 
 ing above, about one-two feet high, more or less hairy, sometimes with 
 one-two leaves. Root-leaves in a dense rosette, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 
 toothed chiefly at the base, stiffly ciliate, more or less hairy. Outer 
 
COMPOSITE. HIERACIUM. 547 
 
 leaves ovate, inner ones lanceolate. Stem-leaves lanceolate, sessile 
 (shortly stalked), distant from the base. Heads few, spreading, ovate at 
 the base, and often woolly. Bracts acute, pointed (cuspidate), with 
 glandular bristles mixed with white flocky hairs. Marginal florets 
 subciliate. Fruit compressed, pale, striated, short, crowned with short, 
 rough fibres. Giggleswick and Penyghent, near Settle, Yorkshire. 
 Perennial. July September. 
 
 Alt. 300700 yards. 
 
 16*. M. lasiophyllum; Back. p. 45. Stems leafless, or with 
 one leaf, eight-twenty inches high, and with two or three heads 
 of medium size. Root-leaves broad, rounded at both ends, rough, 
 with coarse hairs, on bulbous bases. Involucres roundish. Bracts 
 attenuated upwards. Braemar and Clova Mountains, and Craig 
 Breidden, Wales. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 Alt. 300900 yards. 
 
 17. H. Glibsoni, Back. p. 47. H. hypochceroides, S. Gibson, 
 in " Phytologist," vol. i., p. 907. Stems leafless, wiry, about a 
 foot high. Leaves all radical, broadly ovate, blunt, apiculate, toothed 
 and glabrous above, hairy at the margins. Involucres truncate at 
 the base. Bracts broad, obtuse. Giggleswick Scars, and Gordale, 
 near Malham, Yorkshire. Perennial. July September. 
 
 18. H. ardent cum. Back. p. 49. Stem simple or branched, 
 one-two feet high, nearly glabrous, fistular. Root-leaves lanceolate, 
 acute, toothed toward the middle, three-four inches long, with short, 
 slightly hairy petioles ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate. 
 Involucres constricted above. Bracts obtuse, with pale margins, and 
 scattered, whitish hairs. Mountains of Clova and Braemar. Snow- 
 don, Wales. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 19. H. nit id uin, Back. p. 50. Stems glabrous, leafless, or 
 with one leaf, fifteen-twentyfour inches high. Root-leaves lanceo- 
 late, sharply toothed, almost ruminate, glabrous above, slightly hairy 
 at the margins, firm, deep green. Heads few. Involucres ventri- 
 cose (turgid), with black hairs and setse. Bracts acuminate or blunt- 
 ish. Mountains of Braemar. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 Alt. 500700 yards. 
 
 20. H. aggregating Back. p. 52. Stems fifteen-twenty inches 
 high, with one leaf and numerous small heads, glabrous or 
 flocky. Root-leaves in a dense rosette, broadly ovate, blunt, coarsely 
 toothed at the base. Heads numerous, on elongate, slender pedun- 
 cles. Involucres cylindrical in bud, conical after flowering, flocky, 
 with coarse down. Bracts blunt. Mountains of Braemar. Peren- 
 nial. July, August. 
 
 Alt. 500900 yards. 
 
 21. H. niurormii, Linn. Mural Hawkweed. E. B. 2082. 
 Stem erect, slender (?), with a few long hairs and one small leaf, 
 branching at the very top. Root-leaves several, in a rosette, persistent, 
 ovate, slightly tapering at the base, acuminate or rounded at the end, 
 pointed, hairy below, spotted above; teeth lax, spreading, lower ones 
 horizontal, petioles concave, slightly winged. Heads ovate- roundish, 
 
548 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 on densely hairy pedicels, bracts unequal, densely clothed with white 
 hairs, and several black setae intermixed. In rocky places. Perennial. 
 June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70 . Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 50 38. 
 
 22. H. caesium., Fries. Stem erect, rough, with a few long, 
 straggling hairs, striated, with 'one or two leaves, often leafless, 
 usually quite simple, in luxuriant forms branched. Radical leaves 
 ovate or lanceolate, rounded, or tapering at the base (In most exam- 
 ples I find the leaves truncate or even cordate at the base. A. I.) 
 (both forms occur in the same individual), more or less toothed, downy 
 on both sides, shaggy at the margin, and especially at the midrib, 
 base, and petiole. Heads ovate-cylindrical, solitary, on downy, 
 bristly-glandular pedicels. Bracts of the involucre unequal, convex, 
 downy, chiefly glandular, bristly, on the rounded keel, green. Hay 
 florets not hairy (?), sulcate. Fruit large, cylindrical, ridged or 
 striated, brown, crowned with pale yellowish fibres, which are rather 
 longer than the fruit. In dry places the leaves are often spotted.. 
 Giggleswick, near Settle. A, I. Perennial. August. 
 
 23. H. stelligerum, Fries. Back. p. 59. Stems eighteen- 
 twentyfour inches high, flocky, with one or two leaves and two or 
 three heads, or branched, and with five-seven heads. Root-leaves 
 ovate, blunt, or only slightly pointed, toothed, hoary on both sides, 
 with minute stellate down. Stem-leaves large, similar to the root- 
 leaves, half -clasping. Heads few. Involucres ovate at the base, 
 clothed with hairs and setae. Bracts slightly pointed. 
 
 Note. Flocky throughout, and more robust than H. c&sium, with a 
 taller, less rigid stem, much larger and soft root-leaves and half-clasp- 
 irig stem-leaves. Banks of alpine streamlets. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 Alt. 5001000 yards. 
 
 24. H. vulgatuinj Fries.; maculatum, Sm. Spotted-leaved 
 Hawkweed. E. B. 2121. Root strongly fibrous, with a thick crown. 
 Stem erect, hairy or bristly. Hairs or bristles white, interspersed 
 with stellate pubescence, branching, scarcely leafy (the stem-leaves 
 are not numerous, as in the following section). Root-leaves in a 
 rosette, oblong, pointed at the apex and tapering below into broad, 
 flat, very hairy petioles, spotted, or rather flecked with purplish 
 patches, hairy and downy ; stem-leaves oblong -lanceolate, both root 
 and stem-leaves toothed ; teeth large, moderately spreading. Bracts 
 of the involucre unequal, linear-lanceolate, with white stellate pubes- 
 cence only (there is usually some setse). Fruit shining, smooth, of a 
 beautiful purplish black, strongly ribbed and cylindrical, with a yel- 
 lowish white fibrous crown, which is considerably longer than the 
 fruit. Found, with other Hawkweeds, from the sea-level to alpine 
 heights. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 3 59. Alt, 01100 yards. T. 50 36 (?). 
 
 Var. H. vulgatum (?), Fries. H. sylvaticum (?) Sm. Common 
 Hawkweed. E. B. 2031. Stems erect, simple, branching above, 
 hairy, more or less leafy. Leaves rough on both sides, with large, 
 erect teeth, lanceolate, tapering at both ends, the lower ones petioled, 
 
COMPOSITE. HIERACIUM. 549 
 
 the upper one sessile ; barren leafy tufts present with the flowering 
 stems. Peduncles hairy, with several black bristles intermixed. 
 Bracts keeled, unequal, armed with black bristles. Marginal florets 
 hairy, externally, halfway above the bracts. Frurt brown, tapering 
 at the base, furrowed, shining. On dry banks. Perennial. July. 
 
 4. Pseudo-accipitrince. 
 
 25. H. gothicum. Stem erect, rigid, tapering, furrowed, hairy, 
 leafy. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate or oblong-elliptical, the lower ones 
 tapering at both ends, the upper rounded at the base; teeth sharp, 
 with a rather upward direction, all smooth above and downy-hoary 
 below. Heads large, few, solitary, on rather densely downy, slightly 
 bristly pedicels. Bracts of the involucre flattish, blunt, with pale 
 q-reen or whitish margins, and black in the centre, downy, with a few 
 black bristles. Fruit dark brown, shining, crowned with long, 
 rough, brownish down. Cader-Idris and Snowdon. Twycross, Lei- 
 cestershire. Rev. A. Bloxam. Mr. Backhouse states its habitat to be 
 heathy or grassy places in subalpine districts. There are no such districts 
 in Surrey and Leicester, whence this species is reported. I have ex- 
 amples from both these counties. A. I. Perennial. July September. 
 
 JJ. dovrense, Fries. Stem straight, rigid, leafy, hollow. Radical 
 leaves few, decaying before the plant flowers, oblong or lanceolate, 
 toothed, petiolate ; stem-leaves sessile, half- clasping, cordate or ovate 
 at the base. Heads roundish, contiguous, on one- rarely two-flowered 
 peduncles. Bracts of the involucre broad, blunt, with black hairs 
 (setae?). Marginal florets ciliate. Fruit short, with white down. 
 
 Supposed to have been found in the Braemar district. Mr. Back- 
 house says " I have examined (searched) the banks of the Clunie 
 carefully, but find no traces of H. dovrense. It requires further 
 search, and may probably yet be found." (Monograph, p. 66.) 
 
 SECT. III. Accipitrina. Radical leaves either absent or decayed before 
 the plant flowers. Bracts in many rows. Pappus (crown of the fruit) rigid, 
 unequal. 
 
 1. Pseudo-pulmonaria. Stem leafy, occasionally with small rosettes at 
 the base. Stem-leaves never clasping. 
 
 26. H. tridentatum, Fries. Tridentate-leaved Hawkweed. 
 Back. p. 68. Stem slender, erect, branched only at the top, hairy 
 and rough, with long white hairs and rigid bristles, leafy. Root- 
 leaves permanent, few, ovate-lanceolate, acute, tapering at the base, 
 with several minute spreading teeth. Stem-leaves similar, but 
 smaller, and with fewer teeth (the teeth are near the centre of the 
 leaf, and there are more than three teeth on the lower and fewer on 
 the upper leaves), all petioled and hairy on both sides, petioles covered 
 with long white hairs. Heads small, few, solitary, on long hairy 
 peduncles. Bracts equal, with white hairs, and rows of black setao 
 on their keels, narrow, attenuated, rather unequal, not so numerous 
 as in H. boreale. Fruit deep brown or black, shining, slender, ribbed, 
 
550 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 crowned with short, rough fibres. Stainforth, near Settle, Yorkshire. 
 Perennial, September. 
 
 Distinguished from H. mdgatum by its taller, more leafy stem, 
 the hairy base of its leaf-stalks or of the leaf (when sessile), and by 
 the usually large sharp teeth towards the middle of the leaves. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 5oO (?) yards. T. 49 
 46 (43 ?). 
 
 2. Aphyllopoda (without root-leaves). Stem leafy, never forming 
 rosettes at the base. 
 
 27. JBL. prenanthoidesj Vill. Rough-bordered Hawkweed. 
 E. B. 2235 (?). Stem erect, simple, leafy. Leaves sessile, clasping, 
 oblong, rounded at, and contracted above the base, tapering both ways, 
 slightly toothed, hairy or downy, especially below, upper leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate. Heads not large, numerous, corymbose, several on one 
 peduncle. Pedicels and bracts hairy, with many black setae. Bracts 
 in one row, lanceolate, with some very short ones at the base. Fruit 
 smooth, slightly ribbed (?). Scotland and north of England. Peren- 
 nial. August. 
 
 Note. The fig. E. B. quoted above agrees but indifferently with 
 my examples of H. prenantkoides. 
 
 28. H. strictum, Fries. Johnston, East. Bord. Back. p. 71. 
 Stem rigid, hollow, leafy, branching. Leaves numerous, scattered, 
 narrowed at the base and half-clasping, ovate or oblong, toothed, 
 acute, glabrous above, glabrous, or slightly hairy below, glaucous, 
 three-nerved. Heads roundish when the plant has done flowering, 
 with a few black, slightly glandular hairs. Bracts blunt, marginal 
 florets ciliate. Fruit tawny black. H. denticulatum, E. B. 2122 (?). 
 In mountainous parts of England and Scotland. Perennial. July, 
 August. 
 
 29. H. umbellatiim, Linn. Narrow-leaved Hawkweed. E. B. 
 1771. Stems erect, leafy, simple or branching at the top, more or 
 less hispid or hairy, or quite smooth, round, tapering, two-three feet 
 high. Lower leaves decayed before flowering ; stem-leaves nume- 
 rous, linear-lanceolate, toothed or lobed or entire, attenuated at the 
 base, diminishing gradually from the base to the top of the stem, 
 especially in length. Bracts of the involucre unequal, lanceolate, 
 more or less recurved at the tips. Flowers large, in an umbellate 
 corymb or compound panicle. In woods. Perennial. July Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 30. H. crocatum, Fries, H. inuloides (?), Tausch. Broad 
 Smooth Hawklung. Back, p. 74. Stems erect, rigid, solid, or nearly 
 filled with a pith-like substance, smooth, or only slightly downy, 
 shining, leafy, branching, especially at the top. Leaves scattered, 
 sessile, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, attenuated below, upper stem- 
 leaves rounded or cordate at the base, half-clasping, lanceolate, all 
 nearly or quite smooth, toothed, especially above or in the middle ; 
 teeth pointing forwards, large on the lower and small on the upper 
 
COMPOSITE. HIERACIUM. 551 
 
 leaves. Heads cylindrical, in spreading corymbs, not numerous, on 
 short pedicels, clothed with whitish (stellate) down. Bracts unequal, 
 bluntly keeled, lanceolate or linear, with abruptly pointed tips ; 
 outer black, inner green, outer invested with a few black bristles and 
 white short hairs above. Florets not large, deep yellow, scarcely 
 hairy on the outside. Fruit tawny-black. North of England and 
 Scotland ; Aberdeenshire (?). Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 54 58. Alt. 100400 yards. T. 47 42. 
 
 31. H. rigidum, Fries. Rigid Ha wkweed. Back. p. 76. Stems 
 erect, slightly reclining at the base, simple, branching only at the top, 
 rigid, glabrous, except at the top, leafy.. Leaves (root-leaves decay 
 before flowering), elliptical-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, strongly 
 and widely-toothed, teeth spreading, upper leaves lanceolate, sessile. 
 Heads corymbose ; peduncles slightly downy above. Bracts flat, 
 lanceolate, black, nearly smooth, the margins slightly paler. Fruit 
 brownish, crowned with soft feathery pappus. Mountainous districts. 
 North of England ; North Wales. Perennial. July September. 
 
 H. rigidum has a more divaricate panicle than H. boreale, and the 
 leaves which subtend the flowering branches are longer, and not 
 rounded and cordate at the base. 
 
 32. H, c o i- > in bos tun, Fries. Corymbose Hawkweed. Back, 
 p. 77. Stem erect or ascending, rigid, furrowed, tapering, hairy 
 below, nearly smooth and shining above, branching at the very sum- 
 mit, or near to it, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at both ends, 
 toothed; teeth small, and somewhat erect ; lower leaves elongated, 
 all sessile, alternate, contiguous, and slightly pubescent. Heads 
 corymbose, on one or two-flowered, downy, not bristly peduncles, 
 which are furnished with linear bracts. Bracts of the involucre 
 unequal, flattish, with green edges, and black in the centre, blunt, 
 downy, neither bristly nor glandular ; lower ones lax and slightly 
 spreading. Fruit ribbed, shining, tawny black, crowned with brown, 
 rough fibres. Upper Teesdale, Mr. J. G. Baker. Perennial. July. 
 
 33. H. boreale, Fries. JET. sabaudum (?), Sm. Broad-leaved 
 Hawkweed. E. B. 349, Back. p. 79. Stems erect, round, striated, 
 simple, branching above, with short, rigid hairs. Leaves sessile ; 
 root-leaves small, decaying before flowering ; lower stem-leaves ovate- 
 oblong; upper ones ovate-acute, all toothed, teeth distant. Flowers 
 (heads) in lax, simple, or compound panicles ; erect or slightly 
 spreading. Pedicels furnished with a few herbaceous scales, not 
 glandular. Bracts imbricated, close, the lower ones only spreading 
 or lax, lanceolate. Marginal florets large, with five acute teeth. 
 Fruit attenuated and curved at the base, angular, ribbed, shining, 
 brown or black, with a crown of rough fibres. Yorkshire. Peren- 
 nial. August. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0-200 yards. T. 51 46\ 
 H. sabaudum. Crown not quite twice the length of the fruit. Stem 
 ascending or erect, rigid, wiry, hairy and leafy. Leaves rounded at 
 the base, broadly ovate, abru'ptly pointed, toothed. Flowers corym- 
 bose, on hairy, not glandular stalks. Bracts of involucre UIIKH ml, 
 
552 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ovate-lanceolate, blunt, hairy. Florets hairy externally, marginal 
 ones deeply and finely toothed. Seeds shining, beautiful deep brown, 
 not very prominently ribbed, very minutely tubercled (shagreened ?), 
 A cultivated example. Perennial. July. 
 
 SUB-ORDER. Ambrosiaceae. Link. THE BURWEED FA- 
 MILY. Annual plants, with alternate petioled leaves. Heads of 
 flowers contiguous, in spikes, the upper ones barren, the lower fertile. 
 
 Xaiittiiiuii, Linn. Burweed. Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby, 
 rather downy plants. Leaves alternate, stalked, simple, lobed, with 
 stipules. Flowers monoecious, axillary, and terminal, spicate, incon- 
 spicuous. Involucre of male flowers globular, many-flowered. Bracts 
 free, equal, imbricated. Receptacle scaly. Involucre of female 
 flowers with leafy, prickly bracts. Corolla none. Stigmas undivided. 
 
 X. strumarium, Linn. E. B. 2544, L. C. p. 15. Stem erect, 
 branched. Lower leaves lobed, cordate, coarsely toothed. Beaks of 
 the fruit two, straight, Very rare. On mud in Battersea Fields, 
 1853. Mr. J. T. Syme. 
 
 ORDER LXXIII. - DIPSACE^E. THE SCABIOUS on TEASEL 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, or under-shrubs. Leaves opposite or whorled. 
 Flowers capitate, on a common conical or cylindrical receptacle, with 
 
 Fig. 169. Dipsacus sylvestris. 1, Entire flower; 2, section of corolla; 3, section of 
 ovary ; 4, fruit and part of the involucel ; 5, section of fruit. 
 
 a many-leaved involucre. Calyx membranous, with a scarious invo- 
 lucel. Corolla tubular, with an oblique four- or five-lobed limb, im- 
 
DIPSACEJE. DIPSACUS. 553 
 
 bricated in prefloration. Stamens four. Ovary one-celled, adherent, 
 with a single pendulous ovule. Style filiform. Fruit dry, indehiscent, 
 crowned by the calyx, one-celled, one- seeded, not shining, enclosed in 
 the persistent involucel. Seed pendulous, testa adhering to the peri- 
 carp. Embryo straight, in a fleshy albumen. Radicle towards the 
 hilum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Dipsacus. Involucre leafy, with prickly points. 
 
 Seabiosa. Involucre imbricated with small leaf-like bracts. Receptacle 
 scaly. Fruit nearly cylindrical. 
 
 Knautia. Involucre as in Seabiosa. Fruit four-sided. 
 
 I. Dipsacus, Linn. Teasel. Herbaceous plants, biennial, 
 with rough, often angular and furrowed stems, either prickly or hairy. 
 Leaves often connate. Involucre leafy. Receptacle of the florets 
 conical, beset with scales, which terminate in a long spinous point. 
 Calyx minute, entire, persistent, crowning- the ovary. Outer calyx 
 (involucel) forming a rim to the ovary. Corolla tubular, erect, with a 
 four-five-lobed limb, the outer lobe being the largest. Filaments 
 capillary, with oblong incumbent anthers. Pistil with a thread- 
 shaped style, and simple or cloven stigma. Fruit sessile, oblong, 
 four-angled. 
 
 1. 1>. sylvestris, Mill. Teasel. E. B. 1032, L.C.539. Stems 
 robust, rigid, furrowed, angular, hollow ; angles furnished with 
 strong, deflexed, hooked prickles. Root-leaves petioled, narrowed 
 below ; stem-leaves, except the uppermost, connate at the base, form- 
 ing a deep cavity ; all oblong-lanceolate, entire or toothed, the mid- 
 rib very prominent, and armed with prickles similar to those on 
 the stem. Bracts linear, subulate, prickly, bent, ascending, longer 
 than the heads. Flowers rosy, in large, dense, ovate heads. Scales 
 of the receptacle abruptly ending in a long, spinous, ciliated point. 
 Calyx-limb truncate, densely hairy, ciliated. Fruit four-angled.. 
 Moist hedges and ditches. /^Biennial. July, August. /fWfvW'>w 
 
 A. 16, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. I>. I iilloimm, Willd. Fullers' Teasel. E. B. 2080, L. C. 
 Excluded Species. This form agrees with D. sylvestris in the stem 
 and leaves; the latter are rather more deeply connate than in 
 the preceding. The involucral leaves are not so long as the heads are. 
 The point of the involucral scale is recurved at the summit. Found 
 occasionally in the West of England. Avon New Cut, Bristol. 
 Biennial. July, August. 
 
 Alien. A variety of the foregoing ? 
 
 3. 1>. pilosusj Linn. Shepherd's Rod. E. B. 877, L. C. 540. 
 Stems robust, branched, channelled, with unequal prickles. Leaves 
 in three unequal segments, the midrib furnished with weak prickles. 
 Leaflets of the involucre linear-lanceolate, with a spinous point, 
 spreading and reflexed. Heads globular. On chalky and limestone 
 soils, in shady places. Biennial. June August. 
 
 A. 9, C. 30. Lat. 50 C 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 oo 
 
554 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 II. Scabiosa, Linn. Scabious. Herbaceous, rarely shrubby, 
 plants. Stein round. Leaves rough or hairy, usually divided 
 or compound. Involucre imbricated, consisting of several rows of 
 leaf-like bracts. Receptacle scaly, Outer calyx membranous, plaited. 
 Inner calyx with five awl-shaped, elongated, bristly segments. 
 Corolla tabular, dilated upwards with a four- or five-cleft, equal 
 or unequal, limb. Filaments and anthers as in Dipsacus. Pistil 
 with a thread-shaped style, and obtuse cloven stigma. Fruit almost 
 cylindrical, and furrowed, crowned with both the calyxes. 
 
 1. 8. succisa, Linn. Devil's-bit Scabious. E.B. 878, L. C. 
 541. Koot short, truncate ; stems erect or ascending, round, leafy, 
 hairy, divided above into peduncles, rarely quite simple. Lower and 
 root-leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, petioled, entire, or toothed; 
 upper ones linear sessile. Flowers blue, rarely white, all equal. 
 Receptacle chaffy, chaff linear, tapering below. Involucel of the fruit 
 (outer calyx) hairy, with a short erect limb, surpassed by the black 
 awned teeth of the calyx. Meadows, pastures. Perennial. August. 
 
 A. J8, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 52 38. 
 
 2. . Columbaria, Linn. Mountain Scabious. E. B. 1311, 
 L. C. 542. Root woody. Stems erect or ascending, simple or 
 branching into very long peduncles, round, downy, often leafless 
 except at the base. Root-leaves obovate or oblong-blunt, attenuated 
 into long petioles, crenulate, rarely incised ; stem-leaves pinnatijid, 
 with linear-lanceolate, entire or toothed segments. Outer florets large, 
 radiatinir. Receptacle chaffy. Involucel of the fruit downy, an- 
 gular, with a scarious campanulate limb, about one- quarter of the 
 length of the black awns of the calyx. Chalky pastures. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0450 yards. T.51 45. 
 
 III. Knautia, Coult. Perennial herbaceous plants, with pin- 
 natifid, toothed, or entire leaves. Flowers in hemispherical heads, 
 subtended by a leafy involucre. Receptacle hairy, not scaly or chaffy. 
 Involucel (outer calyx) minute, with four short teeth. Calyx fur- 
 nished with six-eight erect awns. Fruit four-angled. Distinguished 
 from Scabiosa by its hairy not scaly receptacle. 
 
 K. arteiiKis, Coult. Field Scabious. E.B. 650, L.C. 543. Root 
 oblique, creeping. Stem erect, rigid, hairy, branched above the 
 middle, two-three feet high. Root-leaves oblong-lanceolate, tapering 
 at both ends, toothed or incised. Stem-leaves usually pinnatifid, with 
 lanceolate or linear lobes. Flowers on long peduncles, rose-lilac, the 
 exterior ones larger than those of the interior ; corolla four-cleft, with 
 very unequal lobes. In pastures and grassy places about fields. 
 Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 Sub-var. pinnatisecta. Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, even the 
 root-leaves. 
 
 Var. . integrifolia. Leaves entire, or obscurely toothed or 
 sinuated, \\Q\. pinnatifid ; stems slender, often simple. 
 
VALERIANACHJE. CENT RANTflUS. 
 
 555 
 
 ORDER LXXI V.-T A IBERIAN ACE JE, B.C. THE VA- 
 LERIAN FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, annual, or perennial plants. Stems branching, usually 
 forked. Radical leaves in tufts. Stem-leaves opposite, simple, or 
 compound. Flowers in axillary and terminal cymes, 
 aggregate or solitary in the forks, perfect, rarely 
 unisexual by abortion, almost regular. Calyx ga- 
 mosepalous, regular or irregular. Corolla garnope- 
 talous, inserted on a disk at the top of the calyx- 
 tube, tubular-funnel-shaped, regular or swelling at 
 the base, or spurred ; limb usually five-lobed, im- 
 bricated in prt-floration. Stamens one-three, inserted 
 in the lower part of the tube of the corolla. Ovary 
 adherent to the calyx, with three one-seeded carpels, 
 or with three cells, one of which is fertile, and two 
 barren. Ovule suspended. Fruit dry, one-seeded, 
 not opening, usually crowned by the limb of the 
 calyx, or by a feathery plume. Albumen wanting 
 Radicle directed towards the hilum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Centranthus. Corolla five-lobed, with a spur. 
 
 Valeriana. Perennials. Corolla five-lobed, gibbous, 
 without a spur. Fruit one-celled. ... 
 
 Vakrianella. Annuals. Corolla five-lobed, without f aieria^a officinf 
 a spur. Fruit three-celled. Us, magnified. 
 
 I. Centranthus, D. C. Red Valerian. Spurred Valerian. 
 Stem glabrous, glaucous. Leaves entire; flowers red, rarely white, 
 in axillary and terminal cymes, contiguous, forming a close corymb. 
 Calyx minute, persistent. Corolla tubular, five-lobed, spurred at the 
 base. Stamen one. Fruit one-celled, crowned with the calyx and a 
 feathery pappus. 
 
 1. C\ ruber, D. C. Common Red Valerian. E. B. 698, L. C. 
 529. Stems erect, round, glabrous. Leaves thick, glaucous, ovate or 
 lanceolate, entire, sometimes slightly sinuate at the base. Spur longer 
 than the ovary, and shorter than the tube of the corolla. The type 
 of this species has ovate-lanceolate leaves. Chalk pits aud walls. 
 Naturalized. Perennial. June. Plentiful in many parts of North 
 Kent, about Greenhithe, Northfleet, &c. Associated with Antir- 
 rhinum majus. 
 
 Alien. A. 11. 
 
 Var. . Leaves lanceolate. Is this variety found wild in Eng- 
 land ? 
 
 2. C. CnlcHraiia 5 Dufr. Stem smooth. Root-leaves ovate ; 
 stem-leaves pinnatifid. Flowers in panicles, Spur very short. This 
 species is naturalized on a wall at Eltham, Kent, where it has grown 
 
556 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 for many years. Is this its only English locality ? It has been ob- 
 served here for at least thirty years. A. I. Annual. April, May. 
 Alien. A. 3. 
 
 II. 1'alcriaiia, Linn. Valerian. Perennial, herbaceous, mostly 
 glabrous plants, with divided leaves, and white or rose-coloured flowers. 
 Calyx-limb involute during Jioration (flowering), afterwards forming a 
 crest. Corolla gibbous at 'the base, not spurred. Stamens three. Fruit 
 one-seeded, crowned with a silky plume. (See Fig. 170.) 
 
 1. V, ofli< iualis. Linn. Common Valerian. E. B. 698, L. C. 
 532. Hoot vertical, truncate, usually throwing out rooting, aerial sto- 
 lons. Stem erect, grooved, fistular, leafy, branching at or near the top. 
 Leaves all pinnate, with oblong, toothed, or entire segments, the ter- 
 minal ones confluent. Flowers perfect, in corymbose, axillary, and 
 terminal cymes. Fruit glabrous. In moist places, near hedges or 
 rivers, &c. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt, 0650 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 This plant varies in the number of leaflets, viz., from four to eight 
 pairs (seven-ten pairs, Babington). We are unacquainted with 
 V. sambucifolia of continental authors ; but as it has been introduced 
 to the botanists of Britain on high authority, we subjoin a description 
 copied from a German Flora. 
 
 V. sambucifolia, Mikan. Stem round, striated (gestreift). Ra- 
 dical and stem-leaves pinnate ; the uppermost simple, entire. Like 
 the former (Voriger ahnlich). Leaflets of the root-leaves nine-eleven, 
 broadly ovate, coarsely toothed ; leaflets of the stem-leaves lanceolate, 
 toothed; bracts linear. We would, with deference, request our 
 readers to examine the plants for themselves, in order to ascertain 
 whether all these characters are not present in V. officinalis. 
 
 In V. sambucifolia the leaves are described as all pinnate ; in V. 
 officinalis the upper leaflets are united to the common stalk by their 
 entire base, and the compound leaf is precisely pinnate on the lower 
 portion and pinnatifid on the upper. The number of pairs of leaflets 
 varies as above stated. 
 
 The var. sambucifolia is common in the south and middle of Eng- 
 land. The form V. officinalis was observed in North Wales, between 
 Cann Office and Mallwydd, and in the Highlands of Perthshire. 
 
 2. V. ilioira, Linn. Marsh Valerian. E. B. 628, L. C. 531. 
 Stems erect, striated, hollow, twelve-eighteen inches high. Leaves 
 glabrous; root-leaves and leaves of the barren shoots simple, ovate or ob- 
 long, entire; stem-leaves lyrate-pinnatifid^vith entire segments. Flowers 
 
 /dioecious, in corymbose, dense, axillaiy, and terminal cymes. Fruit 
 glabrous. Boggy meadows and marshy places. Perennial. May, June. 
 A. 16, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 51 43. 
 
 3. V. pyrenaica; Linn. Heart-leaved Valerian. E. B. 1591, 
 L. C. 533. Stems erect, glabrous, furrowed, about two-three feet 
 high. Hoot-leaves cordate, on long, fleshy, furrowed, petioles, with 
 a toothed or sinuate margin ; stem-leaves usually with two pairs of 
 smaller leaflets below, serrated j floral-leaves ovate. Flowers small, 
 
VALEltlANACh^E. CENTRANTflUS. 555 
 
 ORDKR LXXIV.- YAI- BRIGHT A CEJE, B.C. THE VA- 
 LERIAN FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, annual, or perennial plants. Stems branching-, usually 
 forked. Kadical leaves in tufts. Stem-leaves opposite, simple, or 
 compound. Flowers in axillary and terminal cymes, 
 aggregate or solitary in the forks, perfect, rarely 
 unisexual by abortion, almost regular. Calyx ga- 
 mosepalous, regular or irregular. Corolla garnope- 
 talous, inserted on a disk at the top of the calyx- 
 tube, tubular-funnel-shaped, regular or swelling at 
 the base, or spurred ; limb usually five-lobed, im- 
 bricated in prefloration. Stamens one-three, inserted 
 in the lower part of the tube of the corolla. Ovary 
 adherent to the calyx, with three one-seeded carpels, 
 or with three cells, one of which is fertile, and two 
 barren. Ovule suspended. Fruit dry, one-seeded, 
 not opening, usually crowned by the limb of the 
 calyx, or by a feathery plume. Albumen wanting 
 Radicle directed towards the hilum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Centranthus. Corolla five-lobed, with a spur. 
 
 Valeriana. Perennials. Corolla five-lobed, gibbous, 
 without a spur. Fruit one-celled. 
 
 Valtrianella. Annuals. Corolla five-lobed, without f aieria^a offidna! 
 a spur. Fruit three-celled. lis, magnified. 
 
 I. Centranthus, D. C. Red Valerian. Spurred Valerian. 
 Stem glabrous, glaucous. Leaves entire; flowers red, rarely white, 
 in axillary and terminal cymes, contiguous, forming a close corymb. 
 Calyx minute, persistent. Corolla tubular, five-lobed, spurred at the 
 base. Stamen one. Fruit one-celled, crowned with the calyx and a 
 feathery pappus. 
 
 1. C. ruber, D. C. Common Red Valerian. E. B. 698, L. C. 
 529. Stems erect, round, glabrous. Leaves thick, glaucous, ovate or 
 lanceolate, entire, sometimes slightly sinuate at the base. Spur longer 
 than the ovary, and shorter than the tube of the corolla. The type 
 of this species has ovate-lanceolate leaves. Chalk pits aud walls. 
 Naturalized. Perennial. June. Plentiful in many parts of North 
 Kent, about Greenhithe, Northfleet, &c. Associated with Antir* 
 rhi/iam majus. 
 
 Alien. A. 11. 
 
 Var. . Leaves lanceolate. Is this variety found wild in Eng- 
 land ? 
 
 2. C. Calcitraiia* Dufr. Stem smooth. Root-leaves ovate ; 
 stem-leaves pinnatifid. Flowers in panicles. Spur very short. This 
 species is naturalized on a wall at Eltham, Kent, where it has grown 
 
558 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BKHM&b BOTANY. 
 
 limb obliquely truncate, with a pointed or slightly blunt tooth r much 
 narrower than the fruit. Fruit ovate, roundish, three-lobed, each lobe 
 with a filiform nerve, and separated by unequal furrows. Barren 
 cells larger than the fertile cell, separated by a thin partition. Fields. 
 Hare. Annual. May August. 
 
 Range as above. (See " Cybele," vol. ii., p. 28.) 
 5. V. eriocarpaj JJesv. Hairy-fruited Corn-Salad. Fruit-bearing 
 cyme dense. Calyx-limb obliquely truncate. Fruit ovate, slightly 
 compressed, hairy ; hairs in two longitudinal lines. Fields. Kare. 
 Great Oruie's Head. Annual. June. 
 A variety ? Mr. Babington. 
 
 ORDER LXXV. RUBIACJE^E, Juss. in part. Stellate, 
 Linn. THE MADDER FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, rarely woody, plants. 
 Stems four-angled. Leaves whorled, 
 sessile. Flowers usually in tricho- 
 tomous or dichotomous (three-forked 
 or forked) cymes, lateral or terminal, 
 or in panicles or leafy corymbs, 
 rarely in terminal heads. Sepals 
 four-six, in a tube united with the 
 ovary. Corolla gamopetalous, inserted 
 at the top of the calyx-tube, four-five- 
 cleft, rarely three-cleft, rotate, funnel- 
 shaped, or nearly bell-shaped. Stamens 
 four-five, inserted in the tube of the 
 corolla. Ovary united with the calyx, 
 composed of two carpels, or one by 
 abortion. Styles two, free or united. 
 Fruit dry, rarely fleshy, rarely crowned 
 by the adhering calyx-limb, consisting 
 of two one-seeded carpels, separating 
 when ripe. Embryo in a horny albu- 
 men. Kadicle approaching the hilum. 
 
 SUB-ORDER.- Stellatse. THE 
 
 MADDER TRIBE. Herbaceous plants, 
 with quadrangular stems and whorled 
 exstipulate leaves. Flowers panicled 
 or corymbose. Calyx four-five- or six- 
 lobed. Corolla rotate or tubular, with 
 as many lobes as the calyx has. Stamens 
 
 no t e4 p equal L number to the lobes of the 
 5, section of ovary, showing the corolla, and alternate with them. Ovary 
 
 SfflSESk'C^r*" 1 sim P le - two-celled, containing a solitary 
 
 erect ovule in each cell. Stigmas two. 
 
 Fruit a didymous, indehiscent pericarp, with two cells and two seeds. 
 
RUBIACEJS. SHKRARDIA. ASPERULA. 559 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Sherardia. Fruit crowned with the six- toothed calyx. 
 
 Asperula. Corolla funnel-shaped. 
 
 Galium. Corolla rotate. 
 
 Eubia. Corolla rotate or campanulate ; fruit succulent. 
 
 I. Sherardia, Linn. Field Madder. Annual plants, with 
 rough prostrate stems. Leaves four-six, rarely eight, in a whorl. 
 Flowers nearly sessile, surrounded by the uppermost whorl. Calyx 
 six-toothed, enlarging after flowering. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a 
 slender elongate tube, and a four-cleft limb. Stamens four. Fruit 
 crowned by the calvx-teeth. 
 
 S. arveiisis, Linn. Field Madder. E. B. 891, L. C. 526. 
 Stems numerous, spreading, branched, rough, four-eight inches high. 
 Leaves lanceolate, acute, often acuminate, hispid, fringed at the edges 
 and on the middle nerve. Flowers blue, or rose-lilac,- much shorter 
 than the surrounding leaves. Fruit oblong, crowned by the calyx- 
 teeth, covered with short appressed hairs. Fields. Annual. April 
 October. This plant has been observed eighteen inches high (long), 
 with several flowering branches, and a broad-leaved involucre. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 3 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 II. Asperula, Linn. Woodruff. Perennial, rarely annual, 
 plants, usually with smooth stems. Leaves four-eight in a whorl. 
 Flowers white or pinkish, rarely blue, in trichotomous, rarely forked, 
 cymes, either lateral or terminal, rarely in clusters, and surrounded 
 by a leafy involucre. Calyx-teeth short, and not apparent when the 
 ovary is developed. Corolla funnel-shaped or bell-shaped, with a more 
 or less elongate tube. Limb four- rarely three-cleft. Fruit dry, con- 
 sisting of two carpels without any vestige of the calyx. 
 
 1. A. odorata, Linn. Scented Woodruff. E. B. 755, L. C. 527. 
 Root creeping. Stems smooth, erect, simple, leafy, six-eight inches 
 high. Leaves oblong-lanceolate or oblong-obtuse, mucronate (witji a 
 point), fringed on the edges with sharp prickles, the lower leaves 
 smaller and less numerous than the upper. Flowers white in conti- 
 guous cymes, which form a terminal corymb, surrounded by the upper 
 whorl. Corolla funnel-shaped or bell-shaped. Fruit hispid. Whole 
 plant very fragrant when dry, arid retaining its scent during many 
 years. Woods. Perennial, May, June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 51 43. 
 
 2. A. oyiiaiicliica. Linn, Squinancywort. E. B. 33, L.C. 528. 
 Boots tufted. Stems numerous, some barren, erect or ascending, 
 bluntly four-angled, branching, two-four inches high. Leaves linear, 
 very narrow, pointed, fleshy, in whorls of four-six-eight, the upper- 
 most opposite. Flowers white, with a pinky tinge, stalked in cymes, 
 arranged in a corymb. Corolla funnel-shaped, campanulate, with a 
 four-parted spreading limb; the lobes are marked with three red 
 stripes. Fruit hairy ; hairs finely tuberculated, stout ' and hooked. 
 On dry chalky pastures. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 9, C. 25. Lat, 50 55. Alt. 0-200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
560 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 A. arvensis, Linn. Field Woodruff. E, B. 2792, L. C. p. 15. 
 Root annual. Stems ereet, simple or branched, almost glabrous, 
 leafy. Leaves in whorls, the lower ones in whorls of four, obovate- 
 oblong, glabrous ; the upper ones linear-obtuse, in whorls of four-six, 
 and laxly ciliated. Flowers blue, contiguous, and surrounded by a 
 many-leaved involucre, or a series of bracts, which are ciliated with 
 long silky hairs, and exceed the flowers. Tube of the corolla long. 
 Fruit when mature covered with short appressed hairs. Wandsworth 
 steam-boat pier, on rubbish, with many other exotic plants. Annual. 
 j une September. It has been collected here from 1851 1855. It 
 has disappeared since the latter date. A. I. 
 
 Alien. A. 3, C. ? 
 
 III. C^ali ii in. Linn. Bed- Straw. Flowers terminal or lateral. 
 Calyx very minute, with four teeth. Corolla rotate, with a deeply 
 four-cleft limb, and acute, often long-pointed segments. Stamens 
 four, with round anthers. Ovary two-celled. Style cleft, with 
 two capitate stigmas. Fruit dry, with two carpels not crowned by 
 the calyx. 
 
 SECT. I. Stems smooth, glabrous, or pubescent. Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. Gr. cmciatum, With. Crosswort. E. B. 143, L. C. 514. 
 Stems weak, diffuse, ascending, simple, with spreading hairs. Leaves 
 ovate-oblong, four in a whorl, hairy, ciliated, pale green. Flowers 
 yellow, some of them barren, in axillary cymes, on short peduncles. 
 Fruit smooth, on reflexed pedicels. Hedges and shady places. Per- 
 ennial. April September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 2. Gr. vcrum, Linn. Lady's Bed-Straw. E.B. 660, L. C. 513. 
 Stems rigid, erect or ascending, often diffuse, usually simple, with 
 numerous, divergent, short, barren, or fertile branches, more or less 
 rough or downy. Leaves linear, with reflexed margins, and appa- 
 rently setaceous, rough and pointed, six- twelve in a whorl. Flowers 
 yellow, in terminal leafy panicles. Fruit small, glabrous, soft. Dry 
 banks. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 SECT. II. Stems smooth, glabrous, or downy. Flowers white. 
 
 3. *. Mollusc, Linn. Great Hedge Bed-Straw. E. B. 1673, 
 L. C. 519. Stems diffuse reclining or ascending, often robust, 
 branching, smooth. Leaves in whorls of eight, oblong, or oblong- 
 ovate, mucronate, more or less rough at the margins. Flowers in 
 terminal and lateral panicles, spreading, rarely erect. Fruit on 
 divergent pedicels. Lobes of the corolla cuspidate. Fruit small, 
 glabrous, nearly smooth. Hedges, meadows, &c. Perennial. May 
 August. 
 
 G. erectum, Huds. Upright Galium. E. B. 2607, L. C. 518. 
 Stems with four prominent angles, and two convex and two hollow 
 sides, slightly hairy below, glabrous, shining above. Leaves six- 
 
RUBTACE^E. GALIUM. 561 
 
 eight in a whorl, mostly six, oblong pointed, with prickles pointing 
 upwards, and a slender midrib, shining on both sides. Flowers small. 
 
 A variety of the preceding (?). 
 
 G. cinereum, Sm. E. B. 2783. Leaves linear, six-eight in a 
 whorl. 
 
 G. aristatum (?), Linn. Awned Bed-Straw. E. B. 2784, L. C. 
 519 d. Stems quite smooth and shining, with prominent angles and 
 convex sides, branching. Leaves six in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, 
 tapering at the base, abruptly pointed, with a short terminal reflexed 
 bristle, margins toothed with forward-pointing teeth. Flowers axil- 
 lary and terminal, on diverging branches and divaricated peduncles 
 and pedicels. Carpels unequal, somewhat kidney-shaped, smooth 
 when green, tuber cled when ripe. Angusshire. Mr. G. Don. Peren- 
 nial. July, August. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 4. Gr. saxatile, Linn. Mountain Bed-Straw. E. B. 815, 
 L. C. 517. Stems slender, spreading, erect after flowering, branch- 
 ing, smooth. Leaves four-six in a whorl, obovate, with a point, very 
 slightly ciliate, the upper ones oblong or linear-oblong. Flowers 
 white, in corymbose lateral and terminal panicles. Lobes of the 
 corolla taper-, not sharp-pointed. Fruit small, glabrous, slightly 
 tuberculate (?). Heaths, very common. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat 50 61. Alt. 01250 yards. T. 52 34. 
 
 G. montanum, Vill. (See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., p. 182.) 
 Lower leaves lanceolate, upper linear-lanceolate, six-seven in a whorl. 
 Panicle small, sparingly branched. Plant preserving its colour in 
 drying. 
 
 In the 5th edition of the " London Catalogue" this is entered as 
 a variety of G. sylvestre ( G. pusillum.) 
 
 5. G-. pusilluin, Linn. ; sylvestre, Poll. Slender Bed-Straw. 
 E, B. 74, L. C. 520. Stems spreading, slender, ascending, branching, 
 smooth, without marginal prickles. ' Leaves linear, pointed, rarely 
 linear-obovate, six-eight in a whorl. Flowers white, in corymbose 
 panicles, numerous. Fruit erect-spreading, small, very finely or 
 obsoletely tubercled. On limestone soil. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 9, C. 12. Lat. 52 57. Alt. 100700 yards. T. 48 41*. 
 
 G. commutatum,, Jord. L. C. 520 b. (See " Phytologist," N. S., 
 vol. i., p. 181.) Mr. Baker, in the above-quoted publication, states 
 that " it may be known from the above by its more numerous and 
 smaller flowers, more spreading panicle, patent branches, thicker and 
 narrower leaves (seven in a whorl), obscurely nerved on the under 
 side, shining and glabrous stems, &c. 
 
 SECT. III. Stems rough, with teeth or prickles on the angles. Flowers 
 white, whitish or reddish. 
 
 6. dr. pal UK t re, Linn. Marsh Goose-Grass. E. B. 1857, L. C. 
 515. Stems weak, diffuse, straggling, branching, rough, with toothed 
 or prickly prominent angles, rarely smooth. Leaves tour-six, oblong- 
 
DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 obovate, rarely quite linear, blunt, without a point, margin rough, 
 with forward-pointing teeth. Flowers white, in lax, lateral and 
 terminal corymbose panicles. Petals ovate, pointed. Fruit small, 
 glabrous, smooth. Watery places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 D 61. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 Var. elongatum, Pres. Stem and leaves elongated. 
 
 The variety Witheringii differs from the above in its slightly rough 
 stem, leaves narrower, and four, five, or six in a whorl, and in its 
 smaller flowers. Wet places, not unfrequent. 
 
 7. Gr. uligiiiosumj Linn. Hough Marsh Bed Straw. E. B. 
 1972, L. C. 516. Stems weak, diffuse, branched, with rough angles. 
 Leaves Jive-seven, oblong or linear-oblong, tapering, mucronate, 
 toothed at the margins and midribs ; the denticulations point upwards. 
 Flowers terminal and lateral in corymb-like panicles. Fruit srrn^ll, 
 with Jine tubercles. Ditches and wet places. Perennial. June 
 September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70, Lat, 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 8. Gr. aiiglicuiii, Huds. Wall Goose-Grass. E. B. 384, L. C. 
 521. Stems slender, rough, hairy or prickly, branching ; branches 
 rather erect, with about three secondary, flower-bearing branches. 
 Leaves Jive-seven, linear or linear-oblong, revolute, with a prominent 
 midrib (?), decidedly pointed when young, margin prickly, prickles 
 pointing forwards. Flowers in corymbose panicles, lateral and ter- 
 minal. Petals linear, pointed, with the margins recurved. Fruit 
 small, granulated. Dry fields and stony places. Annual. June 
 August. 
 
 A. 45, C. 10. Lat. 51 53(55 J ). Alt. 0100 yards. T.49 48. 
 
 O. saccharatum, All.; verrucosum (?), Sm. E. B. 2173, Fl. Gr. 
 133. Warted Goose-Grass. E. B. 2173, L. C. p. 16. Stems 
 procumbent, spreading, rough, with a few deflexed prickles on the 
 angles. Leaves linear-lanceolate, pointed with marginal, forward- 
 pointing prickles. Peduncles axillary, usually three-flowered, the 
 central flower only fertile. Flowers small, pale yellow. Fruit 
 large, spherical (one or two globes), yellow, entirely covered with 
 elevated tubercles. North of England and Scotland. Annual. July, 
 August. ^ ; ^ 
 
 Is this a genuine native ? 
 
 9. Gr. tricorne, With. Rough-fruited Goose-Grass. E. B. 1641, 
 L. C. 522. Stems trailing, with acute angles and concave sides, 
 branching, angles furnished with strong, hooked, or deflexed prickles. 
 Leaves six-eight in a whorl, linear, tapering at both ends, with a 
 point (inucro), with strong deflexed prickles on their margins. Flowers 
 white, in axillary three-flowered cymes, very small, one or two gene- 
 rally abortive. Fruit large, black, warty, with white prickles, on 
 reflexed pedicels. One of the carpels often abortive. Corn-fields, 
 in a dry, chalky soil. Annual. July. 
 
 This was found among other stellate exotics at Wandsworth steam- 
 boat pier. 
 
 A. 9, C. 25. Lat. 50 3 56. Alt. 2uO yards. T. 51 47. 
 
RUBIACE^E. GALIUM. RUBIA. 563 
 
 G. tricorne differs from G. Aparine in having granulated not 
 bristly fruit, which is rather more reflexed than in the commoner 
 species, G. Aparine. 
 
 10. O. Aparine; Linn. Goose-Grass. E. B. 816, L. C. 523 
 Stems weak, trailing, very rough, with prickly angles. Leaves six- 
 eight in a whorl, obovate-oblong or linear-oblong, strongly ciliated 
 with hooked prickles, the upper prickles pointing forwards, the rest 
 pointing downwards. Flowers few, axillary, on common peduncles, 
 more or less spreading or divaricated. Fruit large, with hooked 
 bristles. Pledges and bushy places. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 3 6(T. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 G. spurium (?), Linn. Smooth-fruited Corn Goose-Grass. E. B. 
 1871, L. C. p. 16. Stems with blunt angles and furrowed sides, 
 shining, prickly, prickles pointing backwards, branches numerous 
 and leafy. Leaves six in a whorl, linear-lanceolate, with a prickly 
 point, margins armed with forward-pointing bristles (teeth), midrib 
 prominent. Flowers white, on axillary opposite branches ; peduncles 
 and pedicels ascending. Corolla spreading, with long-pointed, 
 reflexed lobes. Fruit smooth. Annual. August. 
 
 G. Vaillantii, D. C. E. B. 2943, fioribundum (?). Fl. Gr. 134. 
 L. C. 524. This plant approaches both G. Aparine and G. tricorne 
 in its characters. It agrees with both in its trailing, prickly, 
 hooked stems. Its leaves are broader than those of G. tricorne, 
 and narrower than in Aparine; its fruit is more like that 
 of G. Aparine than that of G. tricorne. Saffron- Walden. Mr, 
 Gibson. 
 
 Note. G. spurium is called a narrow-leaved variety of G. Apa- 
 rine by Coss. and Ger., " Flore des Environs de Paris," and G. Vail- 
 lantii is termed a sub-variety. 
 
 A. ?, C. ?. Lat. 51 57. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 59 47. 
 
 11. <*. borealej Linn. Cross-leaved Bed-Straw. E. B. 105, L. C. 
 525. Stems erect or ascending, branching, with prominent angles and 
 convex sides, hairy. iiea,\esovate-lanceolate,fourm a whorl. Flowers 
 white, in terminal corymbs. Peduncles spreading when in fruit. 
 Fruit covered with long slender bristles. Rocky, subalpine places. 
 Perennial. July. ^ m fyc 
 
 IV. ISulua, Linn. Madder. Stem and leaves as in the preceding 
 genera, only the latter are evergreen and the stem sometimes shrubby. 
 Calyx either very minute, with four teeth, or wanting. Corolla 
 campanulate, with a four- or five-cleft limb and deep segments. 
 Stamens four-five, with awl-shaped filaments and round anthers. 
 Ovary of two cells, with a short cleft style, and capitate stigma. 
 Fruit* a two-lobed berry, not crowned by the calyx teeth. 
 
 It. peregrina, Linn. Wild Madder. E.B.815, L. C. 512. 
 Stems diffuse, contiguous, branching, rigid, rough, with acute prickly 
 angles and deeply concave sides, woody or persistent at the base 
 Leaves in fours, oblong-lanceolate, with prickly margins and keels, 
 with spinous points. Lobes of the corolla ovate pointed. Stony 01 
 
564 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 rocky shady places in the south and south-west. In Sussex, Isle of 
 Wight, Gloucestershire, &c. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 6, C.20. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 49. 
 
 ORDER LXXVI. CAPRIFOLIACE^E, Rich. THE 
 HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs or herbaceous plants, with opposite, exstipulate leaves. 
 Flowers usually corymbose, and mostly scented. Calyx four-five- 
 cleft. Corolla, in the 
 British species, tubular, 
 rotate, or campanulate, 
 in the exotic species 
 often polypetalous. 
 Ovary adherent, one- 
 three- or four-celled, 
 one cell being often one- 
 seeded, the others many- 
 seeded. Style single. 
 Stigmas one-three or 
 four. Fruit in dehis- 
 cent, dry, or succulent, 
 crowned by the per- 
 sistent calyx. Seeds 
 suspended, usually com- 
 pressed. Embryo small, 
 in a fleshy or horny 
 albumen. Radicle to- 
 wards the hilum. 
 
 TRIBE I. Sam- 
 biicineae. Corolla ro- 
 tate. Fruit three-five- 
 celled, and one ovule in 
 
 Fig. 172. Lonicera Caprifolium. 1, Entire flower; 2, each cell. Stigmas three- 
 stamen ; 3, transverse section of the ovary ; 4, vertical ve gessile or On three- 
 section of the same ; 5, stigma; 6, fruit ; 7. section of '-.. , ; 
 seed ; 8, seed entire. five distinct styles. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Viburnum. Corolla bell- or funnel-shaped ; fruit one-seeded. 
 Sambucus. Corolla rotate ; fruit three-four-seeded. 
 
 I. Viburnum, Linn. Guelder-Rose. Small trees, with oppo- 
 site, petiolate, toothed, or lobed leaves. Flowers white, in branching 
 corymbs. Calyx five-toothed or five- lobed. Corolla rotate or rotate- 
 campanulate. Stamens five, stigmas three, sessile. Fruit a berry, 
 one-celled, and one-seeded by abortion. 
 
 1. V. lLaiilaiia, Lirm. Wayfaring Tree. E. B. 331, L. C. 507. 
 Low tree, with flexible, downy branches. Leaves ovate or oblong, 
 
CAPRIFOLIACE^E. VIBURNUM. SAMBUCUS, 565 
 
 sharply toothed, with prominent nerves and dense, rusty down, 
 especially beneath. Flowers white, in a large, flat corymb. Co- 
 rolla rotate. Fruit oblong, pointed, flat, red before its maturity, then 
 black. Hedges in chalky places ; not uncommon. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 7, C. 25. Lat. 50 3 54. Alt. 0200 yards (feet in " Cybele"). 
 T. 5P-48 . 
 
 2. V. O pul us, Linn. Guelder-Rose. E. B. 332, L. C. 506. 
 Tree, sometimes of considerable size. Leaves glabrous, or nearly so, 
 above, pale green beneath, and more or less pubescent, ihree-lobed; 
 lobes sinuate, or laxly and unequally toothed, with linear stipules, 
 two on each side, and several cup-like glands along the margins of 
 the petiole (abortive leaves). Flowers in a flat corymb; the central 
 campanulate-rotate, fertile ; those of the margin much expanded, and 
 flat, barren. Fruit a round, red berry. Moist hedges and woods. 
 Flowers in June, bears fruit in September, October. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0250 yards. T. 51 44. 
 
 II. Sambucus, Linn. Elder. Stem arborescent, rarely her- 
 baceous. Leaves opposite, compound, stalked. Flowers in terminal, 
 branching corymbs or panicles. Calyx minute, with five small seg- 
 ments. Corolla rotate, slightly concave, with five deep, obtuse seg- 
 ments. Stamens five, awl-shaped, with roundish heart-shaped anthers. 
 Ovary three- five-eel led, or one-celled by the destruction of the par- 
 titions, obtuse, with three sessile obtuse stigmas. Fruit a berry con- 
 taining three-five seeds. 
 
 1. S. I buliis. Linn. Banewort. E. B. 475, L. C. 505. Stems 
 herbaceous, erect, branching. Leaves pinnate, with an odd leaflet. 
 Leaflets linear -lanceolate, unequal at the base, or with a small leaflet 
 there, sharply serrated. Flowers white, in large, branching cymes. 
 Anthers purplish. Banks of ditches, &c. ; rare. Perennial. "June. 
 Ripens fruit in August, September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 50 or 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 2. 8. nigra, Linn. Common Elder. E. B. 476, L. C. 504. Tall 
 shrub, or small tree. Branches containing much pith. Leaves com- 
 pound, three-seven leaflets, petioled; leaflets glabrous, ovate-pointed, 
 or tapering, toothed. Stipules none, or very small. Corymb flat, 
 with three-five principal branches, which are much subdivided. 
 Flowers white, with a sharp, disagreeable odour. Fruit black, 
 shining. Hedges. Perennial. June. Ripens fruit in September. 
 
 A. 16 (18), C. 60 (75). Lat. 50 56 (60). Alt. 0200 yards. 
 T. 52 47 (45). 
 
 TRIBE II. Caprifolieae. Corolla tubular or campanulate, 
 with a two-lipped or five-cleft limb. Cells of the ovary with more 
 than one seed. Style single. Stigma three-lobed. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Lonicera. Corolla tubular, or funnel-shaped, with five stamens. 
 Linncea. Corolla turbinate, or campanulate ; stamens four, rarely five. 
 
566 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 III. Lo nicer a, Linn, in part. Honeysuckle. Small trees or 
 climbing shrubs. Leaves entire. Flowers in terminal heads or in 
 pairs, at the end of axillary peduncles. Calyx adherent, the free 
 part of it five-lobed. Corolla tubular, funnel-shaped, or campanulate. 
 Stamens five. Style filiform. Fruit a succulent berry, \vith three 
 two-four-seeded cells, or one-celled by the rupture of the partitions. 
 
 SECT. I. Flowers in terminal heads. Twining shrubs. 
 
 1. I>. Periclymenum, Linn. Common Honeysuckle. E. B. 
 800, L. C. 508. Stems twining, slender, with deciduous bark. Young 
 branches downy. Leaves on short petioles, oblong, or ovate-pointed, 
 coriaceous, hairy, or smooth, sometimes lobed or toothed. Floral 
 leaves sessile, not connate (?). Heads globular, bracteate; outer bracts 
 ovate lanceolate, inner ones obovate, roundish, all glandular. Calyx- 
 lobes small, triangular, spreading. Corolla tubular, with an unequally 
 divided limb, the upper segment four-toothed, the lower entire, hairy 
 and glandular. Fruit red, crowned by the calyx. Woods and hedges. 
 June September. 
 
 A. 18,"C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 2. EJ. Caprifolium, Linn. Honeysuckle. E. B. 789. Stem 
 twining, variable in length. Young brandies glabrous, or reddish and 
 glaucous. Leaves roundish or oval or oblong, glabrous on both sides, 
 glaucous, the lower ones stalled, the upper ones connate, the floral 
 ones united into a fiat, round, disk-like, perfoliate leaf. Flowers ses- 
 sile, in a terminal head. Tube of the corolla cylindrical, enlarged 
 above, slightly hairy. Segments nearly equal, not quite half the 
 length of the tube, striated, white or yellowish. Fruit red, crowned 
 by the calyx-limb. A shrubbery plant. Flowers in May j ripens 
 fruit in July September. 
 
 Alien ? A. 14, C. ? 
 
 SECT. II. Flowers in pairs. Erect shrubs. 
 
 3. 1*. Xylostcum^ Linn. Fly Honeysuckle. E.B. 916, L. C. 510. 
 
 Stems erect, not twining. Leaves softly pubescent, especially below, 
 ovate or oblong-pointed, on short petioles. Corolla irregular, cam- 
 panulate, with a short tube, and lateral protuberances (gibbosities). 
 Peduncles axillary, two-flowered. Fruit in twins, slightly coherent. 
 Hedges. Small shrub. Flowers, June. Fruit, September. Said .to 
 be truly wild in Sussex. fr^M nvu4KiH^ 'Vu A/I /W ff*+ /^ 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. oO 51. Alt. ? T. 50. 
 
 IV. Unnaea, Linn. Linnsea. Stem shrubby, trailing, and 
 branching, with petiolate, roundish leaves. Calyx-limb five-cleft. 
 Segments erect, lanceolate, acute. Corolla campanulate, with a five- 
 cleft limb, and nearly equal segments. Stamens four, didynamous, 
 with versatile anthers. Ovary globular, three-celled, with cylindrical 
 style, and obtuse stigma. Fruit a dry, three-celled, one-seeded berry ; 
 two of the cells barren. 
 
 1,. borealigj Linn. Two-flowered Linnaca. E. B. 433, L. C. 511. 
 
CAPRIFOLIACE^E. LINNJEA. CUCURBITACE^. 
 
 567 
 
 Stems woody, round, downy or hairy, leafy, trailing, and creep- 
 ing 1 , in patches. Leaves roundish, or ovate, crenate, and eiliate 
 near the base, on short eiliate petioles, opposite, numerous. Peduncles 
 slender, round, tapering, two-flowered ; flowers two, pinky, pendu- 
 lous, on short, bracteate, glandular pedicels. Corolla variegated 
 internally with rosy and yellow patches. Kingcausie, Kincardine- 
 shire, Scotland. Woods at Craibstone. near Aberdeen.^ Perennial. 
 June. uI'te^W^^H^-^^ / </#J) 
 
 A. 4, C. 10. Lat. 55 58. Alt^O SSOTanTsTT. 46 38. 
 
 ORDER LXXVII. CUCURBIT ACE JB, Juss. THE GOURD 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Succulent plants, with climbing stems, rough leaves palmate or 
 with palmate nervation. Flowers axillary, generally monoecious. 
 
 Fig. 173. Bryonia dioica. 1, Branch -with male and female flowers; 2, male flower; 
 3, section ot the same ; 4, ovary and stigmas of female flower; 5, transverse section of 
 ovary ; 6. seed. 
 
 Calyx minute, five-toothed, or sometimes obsolete. Corolla five- 
 parted, or five-lobed or toothed, with reticulated veins. Stamens five. 
 
568 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Ovary two- three- or one-celled by disruption, with three parietal 
 placentas. Fruit fleshy, with flat, oval seeds. 
 
 liryotiia, Linn. Briony. Root fleshy, sometimes very large ; 
 stems climbing by tendrils ; leaves cordate, palmate or lobed ; flowers 
 small, greenish-white, in axillary corymbs. Corolla of barren flowers 
 five-cleft. Stamens five, in three parcels, inserted at the base of the 
 corolla. Filaments short; anthers forming a sinuous line (like an S). 
 Calyx-tube of fertile flower roundish, constricted above the ovary into 
 a narrow neck. Fruit a berry, three-celled, containing six-seeds or 
 fewer by abortion. Seeds roundish, obovate, slightly compressed, 
 and with a narrow border. 
 
 B. dioica, Jacq., Linn. White Briony. E. B. 439, L. C. 393. 
 Root cylindrical, very thick, fleshy, often branching-. Stems slender, 
 climbing, usually very long, angular, rough, hairy, bristly, or spinous. 
 Leaves hairy, on long petioles, palmate, five-seven-lobed, lobes 
 angular, sinuated. Male flowers larger than the female ones, corym- 
 bose, on long peduncles, opposite to a long, twisted (coiled) tentril 
 (abortive peduncle ?). Female flowers sessile, or on short peduncles, 
 sometimes solitary. Fruit red when ripe, with viscid juice. Seeds 
 
 frey, marbled. Hedges, usually near habitations. Perennial. July, 
 ruit, September. 
 A. 11, C. 40. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 tft Perianth double ; corolla polypetalous. 
 
 Ovary more or less united with the calyx. (Stamens on the 
 ovary, epigynous.) 
 
 Araliacece are distinguished by their umbellate flowers, and bac- 
 cate fruit ; Cornacece, by their tetrapetalous flowers, and baccate two- 
 celled fruit ; Loranthacece, by their parasitic growth ; Grossulacece, by 
 their baccate, pulpy, many-seeded fruit ; Saxifragacece, by their her- 
 baceous habit, and two-celled capsule; Umbe.lliferce, by their umbel- 
 late flowers, and dicarpous fruit ; Haloragece, by their aquatic habitat, 
 inconspicuous flowers, and four-celled indurated fruit ; Onagracece, by 
 their erect habit, tetrapetalous flowers, and four-two-celled fruit; 
 Pomacece, trees or shrubs, with conspicuous polyandrous flowers, and 
 pomaceous fruit. 
 
 ORDER LXXVIIL ARAJLIACEJE, Juss. THE IVY FAMILY. 
 
 Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate, exstipulate leaves and 
 umbellate flowers, Calyx entire or toothed. Petals five-ten, decidu- 
 ous, valvate in sestivation (prefloration). Stamens equal to or double 
 the number of the petals. Ovary with more than two cells. Styles 
 equal to the number of the cells. Ovules solitary and pendulous. 
 Fruit dry or succulent, composed of several one-seeded cells. 
 
 I. Adoxa, Linn. Perennial succulent plants, with scaly bulb- 
 
ARALIACEJE. ADOXA. HEDERA. 
 
 569 
 
 ous roots, barren shoots, erect flowering stems, and petiolate, 
 tender, trifoliate leaves. Calyx fleshy, two-three-lobed. Corolla 
 rotate, with a four-five-parted limb. Stamens four-five, with divided 
 filaments, which bear an anther- 
 lobe on each division. Styles four- 
 five, distinct, persistent. Fruit bac- 
 cate-succulent, containing four-five 
 one-seeded cells (the fruit is often 
 one-seeded byabortion). Seedscom- 
 pressed, with a membranous rim. 
 A, moschatellina; Linn. Tu- 
 berous Moschatel. E. B. 453, L. C. 
 437. Slender succulent plants, 
 with horizontal, bulbiferous roots, 
 producing erect, flowering stems, 
 and filiform shoots. Flowering 
 stems erect, about six inches 
 high, simple, glabrous, bearing 
 two leaves. Leaves glabrous, with 
 blunt lobes. Flowers greenish 
 yellow, with a slight musky 
 odour, in a terminal, four-six- 
 flowered, round head, the termi- 
 nal one being in its parts quater- 
 nary (four sepals, four petals, &c.) 
 Fruit greenish, semitranslucent 
 (diaphanous), four-five-celled, 
 roundish-triangular, with three, 
 rarely two, spreading, fleshy 
 
 teeth. In shady places, in woods and under hedges. 
 April, May. Fruit in June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 51 36. 
 
 II. lledera, Linn. Ivy. Climbing shrubs, with evergreen, 
 petiolate, smooth, leathery leaves. Flowers umbellate or capitate. 
 Calyx minute, five-toothed. Petals five, broadest at the base, and 
 spreading. Stamens five or ten, erect, with anthers cleft at the base. 
 Ovary three-five-celled, turbinate, with a simple style, or five-ten, 
 more or less combined. Stigma simple. Fruit globular, baccate, one- 
 celled, with from three to five seeds. 
 
 H, Helix, Linn. Common Ivy. E. B. 1267, L. C. 438. Stems 
 woody, climbing and rooting. Leaves cordate, often rounded at the 
 base ; lower leaves three-five-lobed, upper ones ovate-acuminate, 
 entire. Flowers in compact, globular umbels, on downy pedicels. 
 Petals green, reflexed, pointed, slightly downy. Fruit fleshy, black, 
 surrounded by the limb of the calyx, "and crowned by the persistent 
 style. On rocks, old walls, and trees. Flowers, September, October* 
 Fruit, April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 Fig. 174. Hedera Helix (Ivy). 1, The 
 umbel of flowers, much reduced ; 2, a 
 single flower, magnified. 
 
 Perennial. 
 
570 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ORDER LXXIX. CORHTACEJE, B.C. 
 
 OR DOGWOOD FAMILY. 
 
 THE CORNEL TREE 
 
 Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite in the British 
 species and in most of the exotic, entire, with pinnate veins. Flowers 
 capitate, umbellate or corymbose. Sepals and petals four, with val- 
 ,, ' vate aestivation (prefloration). Stamens 
 four, alternate with the petals. Ovary 
 two-celled, with a filiform style, and simple 
 stigma. Fruit fleshy, with a two-celled 
 nut, and solitary seeds. 
 
 f ornus, Tournf. Cornel, Dogwood. 
 Shrubby or herbaceous plants, with simple, 
 entire, generally opposite leaves, and co- 
 rymbose or umbellate white or yellow 
 flowers. Calyx deciduous, with four minute 
 teeth, united with the ovary. Corolla with 
 four acute, flat petals, broad at the base. 
 Stamens four, with roundish, incumbent 
 anthers. Ovary roundish, compressed, with 
 a thread-shaped style and obtuse stigma. 
 Fruit drupaceous, containing an oblong 
 or cordate two-celled nut, with one kernel 
 in each cell. 
 
 1. C. sanguineaj Linn. Dogwood or 
 Cornel Tree. E. B. 249, L. C. 439. Tree, 
 more or less elevated, with downy, opposite, 
 often reddish, branches. Leaves ovate- 
 Fig. 175. i, Comus sanguinea oblong, acuminate, with prominent nerves, 
 (Dogwood) ; 2, flower of C. hairy, especially below. Flowers terminal, 
 
 alba; 3, fruit of C. sanguinea. . , J ' f. J T ., 7 , 7 
 
 in branching corymbs, without an involucre. 
 
 Fruit dark purple, roundish, crowned by the rim of the calyx. 
 Hedges and plantations. June. 
 
 A. 11, C. 50. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 2. C. suecica, Linn. Dwarf Cornel. E. B. 310, L. C. 440. Roots 
 long, creeping. Flowering stems, round, leafy, erect, herbaceous, six 
 inches high, scaly at the base. Leaves ovate, shortly pointed, opposite 
 and sessile, with prominent nerves. Bracts four, obovate or ovate, 
 pointed, petaloid. Flowers very minute, umbellate. Fruit round. 
 On upland moors and hills in Scotland. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 12. Lat. 54 59\ Alt. 300950 yards. T. 42 37. 
 
 ORDER LXXX. XORANTHACE^E, Juss. THE MIS- 
 TLETOE FAMILY. * 
 
 Parasitical shrubs, with nerveless, exstipulate, fleshy, generally 
 opposite leaves. Inflorescence axillary or terminal, solitary or 
 
LORANTHACE^E. VISCUM. GROSSULARIACE^E. RIBES. 571 
 
 corymbose, &c., sometimes monoecious. Calyx bracteated. Corolla 
 with three, four, or eight petals, sometimes wanting. Stamens equal 
 in number to the petals, and opposite. Ovary one-celled, with a 
 pendulous ovule. Style sometimes wanting. Stigma simple. 
 
 Yiscum, Tournf. Shrubby parasitic plants, with fleshy leaves 
 and dioecious flowers. Calyx of male flower four-cleft. Corolla 
 wanting. Stamens four, with sessile anthers. Calyx of female 
 flower united with the ovary. Fruit a one-seeded pulpy berry. 
 Embryo green. 
 
 V. album,, Linn. Mistletoe. E. B. 1470, L. C. 503. Shrub, 
 parasitical. Stem repeatedly forked, very much branched, forming a 
 roundish tuft sometimes of several feet high. Leaves oblong-obtuse, 
 fleshy, yellowish-green, narrowed at the base, their nerves only 
 visible when the plant is dried. Flowers sessile, terminal, in small 
 groups very inconspicuous. Fruit pellucid. Flowers in March 
 May. Fruit, August December. On White-thorn, Apple-tree, 
 Poplar, &c. 
 
 A. 11, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 ORDER LXXXL GROSSUtARIACE^E, D. C. 
 
 GOOSEBERRY AND CURRANT FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs, with or without spines. Leaves 
 alternate, lobed, with plicate vernation (pre- 
 foliation). Flowers axillary, in bracteated 
 racemes. Calyx four-five-parted, coloured. 
 Petals five, minute, borne in the throat of the 
 calyx. Stamens five, alternate with the 
 petals. Ovary one-celled, with opposite, pa- 
 rietal placentas and numerous ovules. Style 
 two-three-four-cleft. Fruit baccate, crowned 
 with the remains of the flower and filled 
 with pulp. Seeds numerous, suspended by 
 long funicles among the pulp. Embryo very 
 small, in a horny albumen (perisperm). 
 Kadicle towards the hilum. 
 
 THE 
 
 s, Linn. Currant and Gooseberry. 
 A genus of shrubs, with petiolate, lobed, 
 notched, deciduous leaves and axillary 
 flowers. Calyx with a five-, rarely four-, 
 deeply-parted, spreading limb, withering on 
 the fruit. Corolla with five, small, obtuse, 
 erect petals, borne by the rim of the calyx. 
 Stamens five, rarely lour, on the calyx, with 
 the petals. Anthers two-lobed, compressed. Ovary roundish, with 
 a cloven style and obtuse stigmas. Fruit a berry, with numerous 
 angular, testaceous seeds. 
 
572 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 and the middle of 
 very hairy. Fruit 
 
 SECT. I. Spinous. Peduncles short, one-three-flowered. 
 
 1. . OroKNiilaria, Linn. Gooseberry. E. B, 1292, L. C. 406. 
 Stem branching ; branches spreading, with one-two-three stout spines 
 below the leaves. Leaves downy, three-five-cleft, lobes blunt, cut and 
 
 toothed, usually about three at 
 the extremity of the lateral, 
 very short branches (spurs). 
 Flowers one-three on short pe- 
 duncles, with minute bracts be- 
 low the base. Calyx reddish, 
 hairy, the lower part (tube) glo- 
 bular (where connected with the 
 ovary), the upper bell-shaped. 
 Lower part of the petals and 
 filaments 
 the style 
 hairy or smooth. 
 
 The typical form, It. syl- 
 vestre, D. C. Leaves small, 
 hairy, or downy. Fruit smooth. 
 Var. j8. sativum, D. C. 
 Leaves large, usually glabrous 
 and shining above. The calyx 
 is reflexed only till impregnation 
 is accomplished, afterwards the 
 segments are erect, and close up 
 the apex of the flower and fruit. 
 Fruit large, of various colours, smooth or hairy. Of this variety 
 tihere are probably hundreds of forms now or formerly in cultivation. 
 The wild plant is occasionally found in hedges. Flower, April. 
 Fruit, July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt, 0350 yards. T. 51 43. 
 This is reckoned by British botanists among the species of doubtful 
 origin. Yet it is one that we have noticed in our peregrinations in 
 England, Wales, and Scotland as occurring very much more fre- 
 quently than the other species. 
 SECT. II. Without spines. 
 
 2. M. alpinum,, Linn. Mountain Currant. E. B. 704, L. C. 
 405. Stems erect, with slender, nearly erect branches. Leaves three- 
 lobed, lobes incised, toothed, glistering below, slightly hairy above. 
 Clusters erect, both in flower and fruit. Flowers small, greenish, 
 subtended by elongated brown bracts, and on short pedicels. 
 Fruit deep scarlet. Woods in the north of England. Perennial. Mav 
 
 A. 10, C. 20. Lat. 5156. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 46. 
 
 3. It. ruin-urn, Linn. Red Currant. E. B. 1289, L. C. 404. 
 Shrub, without spines. Leaves cordate at the base, three-five lobedj 
 lobes crenulate-toothed, glabrous above, downy below. Flowers in 
 axillary, pendulous clusters, yellowish green, pedicelled, with very 
 
 Calyx glabrous, with rotate flat limb. Fruit glo- 
 
 Fig. 176. 3, K. nigrum, in fruit ; 4, a single 
 berry. 
 
 short bracts. 
 
GROSSULARIACE^:. RIBES SAXIFRAGACEJE. 
 
 573 
 
 bular, glabrous, red, acid. In woods. Cultivated. Flower, April. 
 Fruit, June. 
 
 A. 14, G. 50. Lat. 50 58 3 . Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 45. 
 
 4. . nigrum, Linn. Black Currant. E. B. 1291, L. C. 403. 
 Shrub without spines. Leaves cordate at the base, three-five-lobed ; 
 lobes large pointed, crenulate-toothed. Flowers in axillary, pen- 
 dulous clusters, subtended by very short, subulate bracts, green. 
 Calyx downy, glandular, with campanulate limb. Fruit globular, 
 black. Every part of the plant has an aromatic savour. Cultivated, 
 rarely subspontaneous. Limestone pavement, Ingleborough. Flower, 
 April. Fruit, June. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 ORDEK LXXXII. SAXIFRACfACE JS f Juss. THE 
 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 
 
 Perennial or annual plants, growing in tufts or patches, with 
 simple, often leafless stems. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, entire 
 or cleft. Calyx inferior or su- 
 perior, of five or four sepals, 
 more or less cohering at their 
 base. Petals five-four, some- 
 times wanting. Stamens ten, 
 rarely eight, hypogynous or 
 perigynous, with three-celled 
 anthers. Ovary more or less 
 adhering to the calyx or free, 
 dicarpous, always diverging 
 at the apex. Stigma sessile. 
 Fruit generally amembranous 
 one- or two-celled capsule, 
 with indefinite, rarely de- 
 finite seeds. Ovules on the 
 partition or on reflexed pla- 
 centas, which cover the inte- 
 rior of the valves. Styles 
 two, terminal. Fruit capsular, 
 two-celled (or with two many- 
 seeded carpels), more or less 
 distant at the apex when ripe. 
 Seeds small. Embryo in the 
 centre of the fleshy albumen. 
 Radicle towards the hilurn. 
 
 Fig. 177. 1, Saxifraga umbrosa ; a, Boot-leaves 
 and stem. 2, Expanded flower, magnified. 3, 
 Ovary, magnified; c, reflexed segments of the 
 calyx ; s, spreading stigmas. 4, Longitudinal 
 section of the fruit. 6, A flowering branch, nat. 
 size. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 Chrysosplenium. Perianth 
 single, four-five-parted. Sta- 
 mens eight-ten. 
 
 Saxifraga. Perianth double, five-parted. Stamens ten. Capsule two- 
 celled, with two spreading beaks. 
 
574 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 I. Chrysosple nium, Linn. Golden Saxifrage. Stems suc- 
 culent, procumbent. Leaves stalked, simple, notched, kidney-shaped. 
 Flowers terminal and corymbose. Perianth single, four-five-parted, 
 with spreading, permanent, internally coloured segments. Stamens 
 eight-ten, short, with roundish two-lobed anthers. Ovary inferior, 
 ovate, with two styles and obtuse stigmas. Capsule one-celled, two- 
 valved, with numerous small seeds. 
 
 1. C. oppositifolium, Linn. Opposite-leaved Golden Saxi- 
 frage. E. B. 490, L. C. 434. Stems spreading, prostrate, rooting, 
 tufted, succulent, downy or hairy, branching from below. Leaves 
 roundish, opposite, petioled, not deeply crenulate, hairy above, glau- 
 cous beneath, truncate at the base or attenuated into petioles. Flowers 
 yellow, small, scattered. Moist shady banks and rocks. Perennial. 
 March May. On Ben Lawers it was flowering in July, 1856. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 50 36. 
 
 2. C. a 1 tent if ol in m, Linn. Alternate-leaved Golden Saxi- 
 frage. E. B. 54, L. C. 435. Stems erect or ascending, branching 
 near the top, robust, downy below, glabrous above. Leaves alternate ; 
 root-leaves large, roundish-reniform, deeply crenate. Flowers deep 
 yellow, nearly sessile, umbellate. Moist rocks, rivulets, &c. Peren- 
 nial. May. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. (?) 1050 yards. T. 49 37. 
 
 Il.Saxifraga, Linn. Saxifrage. Habit various, generally hairy, 
 often glutinous, with stalked, simple, undivided or lobed leaves. Calyx 
 superior, inferior, or half-inferior, five-parted, persistent. Petals five, 
 inserted in the calyx. Stamens ten, attached to the calyx, with two- 
 lobed anthers. Ovary more or less adherent, tapering into two 
 short, spreading styles, with obtuse, mostly downy stigmas. Cap- 
 sule two-beaked, two-celled, with numerous small seeds on the par- 
 tition. 
 
 SECT. L Stems with decumbent barren shoots at the base. 
 1. Calyx not adhering to the ovary ; sepals reflexed 
 
 1. 8. Gteumj Linn. Kidney-leaved Saxifrage. E. B. 1561 and 
 2893, L. C. 419. Stem slender, erect, tapering, hairy. Flowers 
 in loose panicles ; branches not so distant as in S. hirsuta. Leaves 
 round or kidney-shaped (transversely ovate), crenate or dentate, 
 hairy on both sides, on long, narrow, tapering, channelled, hairy foot- 
 stalks. ^ Calyx strongly reflexed. Petals narrow, obovate or ellip- 
 tical, faintly spotted. Capsule nearly cylindrical or slightly conical, 
 with tapering divaricate tips, terminating in short, not much diva- 
 ricate, straight styles. A smaller plant than S. hirsuta. Ireland. 
 Perennial. June. Hibernian. 
 
 Var. elegans, Mack. E. B. 2892, L. C. 419 d. Leaves round, 
 smooth, shining, sharply serrated. Panicle racemose. Capsule supe- 
 rior (free). Killarney. Perennial. June. 
 
 2. S. hirsiiin, Linn. Hairy Oval-leaved Saxifrage. E. B. 
 
SAXIFRAGACEJ3. SAXIFRAGA. 575 
 
 2322, L. C. 420. Stem erect, tapering, hairy, leafless. Flowering 
 branches alternate, distant, one-three-flowered. Leaves ovate- 
 roundish, crenate-serrated, smooth, on semi-cylindrical, tapering, 
 hairy stalks. Calyx reflexed. Petals elliptical. Styles and stigmas 
 much divaricated. Hibernian. West and South of Ireland; very 
 rare. Perennial. June. 
 
 Var. . Leaves rounder, with sharper and deeper notches. 
 
 3. S. umbrosa, Linn. London Pride. E. B. 663 and 2892, 
 L. C. 421. Keich. Icon. Bot. 841. Stem erect, like the two pre- 
 ceding. Flowers in loose panicles, branches long, alternate, two- 
 three-flowered. Leaves in dense rosettes, obovate-roundish, with 
 strong, sharp serratures, smooth, tapering gradually into dilated, 
 short, hairy footstalks. Calyx reflexed. Petals spotted. Capsule 
 ovate, with two tapering, divaricate lobes, each terminated by its 
 acute style. Yorkshire and West of Ireland. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 54 55. Alt. 100 (?) yards. T. 47 (?). 
 
 Var. a. Leaves crenate. Yorkshire. 
 
 Var. |8. Leaves serrate. Ireland. 
 
 Hibernian. Alien in Britain (?). 
 
 Pedicels of the above three species are hairy and glandular. 
 
 4. 8. Andrews!!, Harv. Hooker's Journal 1848, 19. Andrew's 
 Saxifrage, Stem round, slightly leafy, hairy, glandular in the upper 
 part. Leaves large, spathulate, nearly smooth, shining, serrated ; 
 petioles concave and ciliated. Stem-leaves rudimentary toothed. 
 Flowers in panicled clusters. Sepals linear-lanceolate reflexed, 
 scarcely glandular. Petals large, linear, elliptical or oblong, beauti- 
 fully marked with bright red spots. Ovary globular. Style short, 
 divaricated. Ireland. Perennial. June. 
 
 5. S. stellar!*, Linn. Starry Saxifrage. E. B. 167, L. C. 422. 
 Stems several, erect, simple, branching only at the top, furnished with 
 a few long, white hairs, leafless. Leaves radical, oblong, cuneate at 
 the base, sharply toothed above the middle, obtuse, or shortly pointed. 
 Flowers white, in a corymbose panicle. Sepals green, lanceolate, 
 blunt. Petals ovate, with two yellow spots. Filaments subulate ; 
 anthers bright orange. Capsule cleft, with divaricated beaks. 
 
 Var. 0. integrifolia, Hook. Leaves entire. 
 
 On mountainous rocks. Ingleborough, Yorkshire. . Ben Nevis. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 10, C. 25. Lat. 52 3 59. Alt. 2001450 yards. T.45 - 32. 
 
 6. 8. Hirculus, Linn. Yellow Marsh Saxifrage. E.B.1009,L.C. 
 424. Stems stout, erect, downy above, with barren, prostrate shoots. 
 Leaves lanceolate, fiat, entire, alternate ; root-leaves tapering into a i 
 foot-stalk. Sepals fringed, blunt. Petals obovate, yellow, with red j 
 dots. Wet moors ; very rare. Perennial. August. 
 
 A. 6, C. 7. Lat. 53 56 3 . Alt. 100 (?) yards. T. 47 (?) 
 
 7. S. hirta. Linn. Hairy Alpine Saxifrage. E. B. 2291, L. C. 
 431*. Stems erect, branched, four-six inches high. Leaves (mostly 
 radical or on the barren stems) three-five-cleft, ciliate, hairy, or woolly ; 
 stem-leaves mostly simple. Calyx broad, and rounded at the base, 
 
576 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 glandular, with tapering, lanceolate teeth. Petals large, white, 
 veined, obovate, obtuse. Stigmas on longish styles, elliptical, spreading. 
 Fruit half-inferior. Kerry, Ireland. Perennial. July. Hibernian. 
 
 8. S. cwspitosa; Sm. Tufted Alpine Saxifrage. E. B. 794. 
 L. C. 432. Stems mostly solitary, erect, hairy, and viscid (some forms 
 are rougher than S. hirta), two-four inches high. Root-leaves crowded, 
 three- or five-cleft, fringed with soft hairs (only noticeable on young 
 plants?). Stem-leaves few, three-cleft, or entire. Petals obovate, 
 more rounded, and smaller, and the styles are also shorter, and the 
 stigmas less dilated, than in S. hirta. Wales and Ireland, on lofty 
 mountains. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 11001300 yards. T. 34. 
 Var. . incurvifolia, E. B. 2909. Stem five-eight inches high, with 
 five-six-nine flowers. S. hirta has rarely more than three flowers. 
 
 9. S. aflinis, (Don.) Involute Alpine Saxifrage. E. B. 2903, 
 t L. C. 431*. Stern erect, one-three inches high, with simple, linear 
 ' leaflets. Leaves of barren shoots three-five-lobed, with a broad, 
 
 fringed base. Petals oblong, three-nerved, inflexed laterally. Ire- 
 land. Perennial. July. 
 
 This looks like No. 7 or No. 8. 
 
 10. 8. hyjiioidesj Linn. Mossy Saxifrage. Lady's Cushion. 
 E. B. 454, L.Ic. 431. Stems erect, nearly leafless, with long, pro- 
 cumbent, leafy shoots, which form large, mossy cushions in rockv, 
 alpine places. Root-leaves three-five-cleft. Leaves of the shoots 
 entire, all acute, bristle-pointed and fringed. Sepals ovate, pointed. 
 Petals oblong. Mountains. Perennial. May July. 
 
 The Fig. in E. B. 2276 represents S.platypetala, the stem of which 
 is rather more leafy than the above-described form, and it bears 
 larger and more rounded petals. It is the common form of this plant 
 on Ben Lawers. S. elongella, E. B. 2277, has elongate, prostrate 
 shoots. " These varieties are scarcely worth notice." Mr. Babington. 
 
 A. 14, C. 30. Lat. 51 6t). Alt. 01300 yards. T. 47 34. 
 
 Var. laetevirens, Don. Bright-green Saxifrage. L. C. 431 f. 
 Shoots very long and trailing. Leaves five- three- parted, with linear 
 acute lobes. Sepa.ls lanceolate, pointed. Petals spathulate, notched, 
 or cleft. Mountains in Scotland. Perennial. June. 
 
 11. S. pedatifida* Ehrh., Sm. (?). Web -foot leaved Saxifrage. 
 E. B. 2278, L. C. 432*. Stem wiry, branching almost from the base, 
 reddish, hairy, with a few rudimentary, simple leaves; branches 
 erect, long. Root-leaves on long stalks, hairy, and ciliated ; leaves of 
 
 i the barren shoots tripartite ; the outer lobes deeply cleft. Flowers 
 
 j white, in a cymose panicle. Calyx almost at the top of the ovary. 
 
 Sepals short, triangular, spreading, with callous tips. Petals more 
 
 than twice as long as the sepals, elliptical, white, with three green 
 
 lines. Clova Mountains. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 The long-stalked root-leaves and the large umbel-like panicle of 
 flowers may distinguish this plant. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 56 57. Alt. 800900 yards. T. 34. 
 
 S. palmata, E. B. 455, looks like a reduced form of S. pedatifida. 
 
SAXIFRAGACE^S. SAXIFRAGA. 577 
 
 2. Calyx adhering to the ovary (half-inferior), segments erect, spread- 
 ing, or recurved. 
 
 12. 8. aizoides, Linn. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. E.B.39, L.C. 
 425. Stems three-five inches, succulent, reclining at the base, erect, 
 leafy, round, hairy or glandular above. Leaves thick, linear-oblong, 
 scattered, pointed, with a few marginal cilia (fringes). Flowers few, 
 yellow. Calyx almost inferior. Sepals ovate, blunt, recurved. Petals 
 narrow, obovate or oblong, yellow, spotted with reddish spots, some- 
 times notched, distant. Fruit widely divergent, surrounded at the 
 base by a large disk. Wet, gravelly, or spongy places on mountains, 
 Perennial. July September. 
 
 Note. This agrees better with S. Hirculus than with the species 
 of this group. 
 
 A. 8, C. 20. Lat. 54 60. Alt. 01050 yards. T. 48 36. 
 
 13. 8. muscoides, Wulf. Mossy Alpine Saxifrage. Sturm. 33.9 
 and 35.9. E. B. 2314, L. C. p. 16. Herbage glutinous. Stems erect, 
 branching above, only two-three inches high, nearly leafless. Root- 
 leaves in dense tufts, linear, blunt, entire, or trifid. Flowers buff- 
 colour, on glandular peduncles. Petals oblong, obtuse, scarcely longer 
 than the calyx. Perennial. May. " Said to have been found in West- 
 moreland." Babington. 
 
 Var. . pygmcea. Highlands of Scotland. 
 
 SECT. II. Without barren shoots. Stems erect, leafy. Calyx attached 
 to the ovary, spreading; 
 
 14. 8. tridactylites, Linn. Rue-leaved Saxifrage. E. B. 501, 
 L. C. 430. Stem erect, often branching at the base, with glandular, 
 viscid hairs. Leaves slightly fleshy, the radical ones attenuated into 
 petioles; the stem-leaves alternate, rarely opposite, sessile, three-four- 
 lobed ; lobes narrow; the upper leaves linear. Flowers small, in a 
 forked, irregular cyme, on pedicels much longer than the calyx. 
 Calyx united with the ovary, and crowning it when in fruit. On 
 walls and roofs, and sandy places. Annual. March, April. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 51 45. 
 
 15. 8. granulata, Linn. Granular-rooted or White Saxifrage. 
 E. B. 500, L. C. 427. Root with several small bulbs, mixed with 
 fibres. Stems solitary, erect, about a foot high, simple or branched, 
 hairy, viscid, especially above. Lower leaves on long stalks, three- 
 parted, with roundish or reniform divisions, and large blunt crenula- 
 tions, tapering into a long channelled petiole. Upper leaves sessile, 
 palmate, four-eight-lobed ; floral leaves three-lobed or linear. Flowers 
 large, white, in a terminal, few-flowered corymb. Pedicels of the 
 fruit very short. Calyx united with the ovary only at its base. 
 Perennial. April, Mav. Dry sandy places. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 46. 
 
 16. 8. cernua, Linn. Drooping-flowered Saxifrage. E. B.664, 
 L. C. 428. Stem erect or ascending, furrowed, hairy, leafy. Lower 
 leaves five- upper ones three-lobed ; lobes of the upper leaves more or 
 less pointed, of the lower and root-leaves rounded (abruptly pointed). 
 
578 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Bulbs axillary, sometimes with rudimentary sepals. Petals always 
 absent in the rudimentary flowers. Perfect flower solitary, terminal, 
 white. Near the summit of Ben Lawers. Perennial. June 
 August. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 56 57. Alt. 12501300 yards. T. 35 34. 
 
 17. 8. rivularis, Linn. Alpine Brook-Saxifrage. E. B. 2275, 
 L. C. 429. Stems slender, flexuous, furrowed, hairy, branching, 
 without bulbs. Root and lower leaves all on long petioles, three- 
 five-lobed, lobes large, ovate. Stem-leaves sessile, ovate-oblong, entire. 
 Flowers terminal, solitary (only one on its peduncle). Sepals (divi- 
 sions of the calyx) ovate. Petals obovate, about as long as the 
 sepals, scarcely so long as the ovary. Ben Nevis. Annual. June (?) 
 August. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 1000 1200 yards. T. 35. 
 
 18. S. niTalis, Linn. Clustered Alpine Saxifrage. E. B. 440, 
 L. C. 423. Stalks round, tapering, hairy, leafless, three-six inches 
 high. Leaves all radical, in a rosette, obovate, cuneate at the 
 base, tapering into a broad petiole, variously toothed. Calyx half- 
 embracing the ovary with its broad base. Petals ovate. Capsule 
 large, with recurved beaks. Ben Lawers, Snowdon. Perennial. 
 July. This approaches some forms of 8. stellar is, but it may gene- 
 rally be distinguished from that species by the broader calyx-base, 
 and by the narrower greenish-white petals. 
 
 A. 4, C. 10.' Lat. 53 58. Alt. 6501320 yards. T. 40 34. 
 
 SECT. III. Stems procumbent, and leaves opposite. 
 
 19. 8. oppositifolia, Linn. Purple Saxifrage. E. B. 9, L. C. 
 426. Stems procumbent or suspended, leafy. Leaves thick, obtuse or 
 truncate, ciliated, opposite, in four rows. Sepals fleshy, ciliated, like 
 the leaves. Petals oblong, veined, red-purple. Subalpine rocks. 
 Perennial. April, May. Plentiful on Penyghent ; rare on Ingle- 
 borough, Yorkshire ; rocks of Scottish mountains, not rare. 
 
 A. 7, C. 15. Lat. 52 61. Alt. 01320 yards. T. 48 34. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIIL 1J1MEBEI.I.IFERJE, Juss. THE UM- 
 BELLIFEROUS FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, often with conical fleshy roots. Stems usually 
 hollow or with much pith, channelled or furrowed. Leaves alternate, 
 usually much divided, with broad sheathing petioles. Flowers in 
 general (compound) umbels, the rays of which are usually subtended by 
 a series of whorled bracts (involucre), again separating into partial or 
 ultimate umbels (umbellets), also usually subtended by a similar 
 series of bracts (involucel). Calyx consisting (normally) of five 
 sepals united in a tube, five-lobed, five-toothed, or obsolete. Petals 
 five, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube, usually inflexed. 
 Stamens five, inserted with the petals. Ovary adherent, dicarpous, 
 each carpel with one cell and one pendulous ovule. Styles two, per- 
 sistent; one pointing to the circumference, the other to the centre of 
 
UMBELLIFER.E. ORTHOSPERM^E. HYDROCOTYLE. 
 
 579 
 
 the umbel, united at the base by a two-lobed disk, which crowns the 
 ovary. Disk depressed, fiat or conical (stylopod). Stigmas terminal. 
 Fruit with two one-seeded indehiscent carpels (achenia, mericarps), 
 usually separating when 
 ripe, suspended from the 
 top of a central column 
 (carpophore). Carpels 
 fiat or concave on the 
 sides, which are con- 
 nected, each one fur- 
 nished with five-nine 
 ridges, more or less ele- 
 vated (originating in the 
 sepalous nerves* and the 
 junction of their margins). 
 The five principal ridges 
 are separated by furrows 
 (valleculae), containing 
 resinous channels (vittse), 
 developed in the peri- 
 carp, from the summit to 
 the base of the carpel, 
 corresponding to the se- 
 condary ridges. Seed 
 entirely and closely in- 
 vested by the pericarp, 
 
 rmvl v frpp nnpnrlprl Fi S- 177. 1, Part of branch and leaf of Comum macu- 
 .ee, suspen .ea. latum . 2 , umbel in fruit; 3, umbellet (partial umbel) 
 
 Jimbryo Straight, very in flower ; 4, a single flower, enlarged, showing the 
 petals and stamens ; 5, fruit ; 6, cross-section of the 
 same, showing the involute albumen of the two seeds ; 
 7, longitudinal section of one of the carpels, showing 
 
 small near the hilum, in 
 a corneous thick albu- 
 men. Radicle towards 
 the hilum. 
 
 the minute embryo near the apex of the albumen. 
 
 DIVISION I. Ortbosperniae. Seed flat or convex on the 
 side where the junction takes place (commissural). 
 
 TRIBE I. Umbel liferse imperfectae. Inflorescence ano- 
 malous. Flowers sessile or almost sessile, in heads, solitary or 
 in vertical whorls, or in umbels. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. -Hydrocotyleae. Flowers in solitary whorls, or 
 in whorls above each other. Fruit without spikes or scales, com- 
 pressed perpendicularly to the line of junction (commissural axis), 
 lenticular, horizontal section linear, ridges distinct. 
 
 Genus, Hydrocotyle. 
 
 I. Hydrocotyle, Linn. White-rot. Marsh Pennywort. 
 Creeping herbs, usually in boggy, wet, or watery places. Leaves 
 simple, stalked, roundish or kidney-shaped or peltate. Flowers ses- 
 
580 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 sile, in one or more whorls, with few bracts, on naked peduncles, 
 which are either solitary or fascicled in the articulations of the stem. 
 Calyx absent.* Ovary round, compressed, ribbed, smooth. Styles 
 permanent. Fruit two fiat, roundish, three-ribbed carpels; margi- 
 nal ribs indistinct. 
 
 H. Yulgaris, Linn. Common White-rot. E. B. 751, L.C. 441. 
 Stems slender (filiform), creeping, succulent. Leaves glabrous, on 
 long petioles, roundish, peltate (with the petiole in or near the centre), 
 with shallow notches, or very obtuse wide lobes. Flowers rather 
 rarely developed, on slender naked stalks, very small, four-six in 
 a whorled head. Fruit nearly didymous. Wet and marshy places. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 D 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 44. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Saniculeae. Flowers in capitules (heads), or 
 in umbels. Fruit furnished with spines or scales, horizontal section 
 roundish ; ridges not distinct. 
 
 Genera. Sanicula, Eryngium, Astrantia. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Sanicula. Leaves palmate, three-five -lobed; flowers sessile, terminal. 
 Eryngium. Leaves coriaceous, with decurrent segments and spinous 
 lobes ; flowers sessile, axillary. 
 
 Astrantia. Flowers in irregular umbels, and in regular umbellules. 
 
 II. Sanicula, Tournf. Sanicle. Perennials, with palmate 
 leaves, and heads of white or roseate flowers. Flowers perfect, or 
 intermixed with barren flowers, sessile, on a chaffy receptacle, with 
 an involucel of several bracts. Petals and stamens inflexed. Fruit 
 hemispherical, with indistinct ridges, and subulate hooked spines, 
 surmounted by the enlarged lanceolate lobes of the calyx. 
 
 . europaea, Linn. Wood Sanicle. E. B. 98, L. C.442. Root 
 vertical, with fleshy fibres. Stems simple, slender, grooved, glabrous, 
 erect, naked, or with one or two leaves when the plant is luxuriant. 
 Leaves mostly radical, in a rosette, on long petioles, leathery, gla- 
 brous, shining, palmate, with large incised or toothed lobes, which 
 are terminated by a rigid bristle. Most of the flowers barren. Rays 
 of both general and partial umbels much elongated after flowering. 
 Fruit densely covered with long hooked prickles, crowned by the 
 spreading styles. Moist woods. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 50 44. 
 
 III. Eryngium, Tournf. Eryngo. Sea Holly. Perennial 
 plants, with pinnate or bipinnate, coriaceous leaves, and pale blue or 
 whitish flowers. Bracts of the involucre leaf-like, spinous, subtending 
 
 * In the following descriptions the ordinal character of the petals, viz., ohcordate or 
 obovate, with an inflexed point, will not be repeated in the generic diagnostics. When 
 the petals vary from the normal character they -will be described. 
 
UMBELLIFERJ3. ERYNGIUM. ASTRANTIA. CICUTEJE. 581 
 
 the compact, many-flowered head of flowers, which are arranged on a 
 cylindrical receptacle. Calyx-lobes leaf-like, terminating in spines. 
 Fruit obovate-oblong. Carpels semi-cylindrical, with indistinct ridges 
 and imbricated scales, crowned by the persistent calyx. 
 
 1. E, maritimum, Linn. Sea Holly. E. B. 718, L. C. 444. 
 Stems spreading, erect, or ascending, hoary, branched. Root-leaves 
 on long round stalks, roundish, truncate at the base, with large spinous 
 lobes, somewhat plaited; stem-leaves sessile or clasping, cuneate 
 at the base, lobed or toothed; all spinous. Bracts of the involucre 
 large, spreading, three-lobed, spinous. Flowers blue, in dense, ovate, 
 sessile heads. Fruit spinous, crowned with the persistent prickly 
 calyx. Sandy sea-shores. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 16, C. 30. Lat. 50 57 (61). Alt. 0. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. E. campestre, Linn. Field Eryngo. E. B. 57, L. C. 445. 
 Stem one-two feet high, stout, glabrous, beautifully marked with 
 white and green lines (stripes). Leaves glaucous ; the root-leaves 
 pinnate or bipinnate, with decurrent, toothed, or pinnatifid segments, 
 
 both segments and teeth terminating in strong spines. Upper leaves 
 nearly sessile and amplexicaule (clasping the stem). Heads nume- 
 rous, nearly globular, in terminal corymbs. Bracts of the involucre 
 linear-lanceolate, with spinous teeth much longer than the flowers. 
 Fruit covered with white scarious scales. In dry stony places. 
 Devonshire and Norfolk. Perennial. July September. 
 A. 5? Alien? 
 
 IV. Astrantia, Tournf. Starwort. Perennials. Radical 
 leaves petiolate ; cauline leaves sessile. Umbel irregular, of five rays. 
 Umbellule (umbellet) regular. Involucel of many bracts. Calyx-limb 
 with leafy lobes. Petals oblong-obovate, with a long lobe. Fruit 
 slightly compressed. Carpels almost adnate, with five elevated, 
 plicate, dentate, inflated ridges, with smaller corresponding ridges 
 under the former. 
 
 A. major 5 Linn. Greater Astrantia, or Starwort. L. C. 443. 
 Stems erect, hollow or full of pith, glabrous, striated. Lower leaves 
 five-seven-parted ; upper ones three-parted, on very leafy, sheathing 
 petioles ; lobes oblong, acute, cleft, or toothed ; teeth terminating in 
 long bristly points. Involucre of many white scarious bracts, with 
 green sharp-pointed tips, rather longer than the simple umbel. Mr. 
 Borrer considers this plant to have been naturalized for ages above 
 Stokesay Castle, near Ludlow. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 TRIBE II. Cicuteae. Umbels compound, very rarely re- 
 duced to lateral partial umbels. Fruit nearly cylindrical or com- 
 pressed perpendicularly to the axis. Carpels without spines, five 
 primary ridges equal, or nearly so, rarely winged. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. Amminese. Fruit flattened perpendicularly 
 to the axis, often almost two-lobed ; horizontal section oblong. 
 
582 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Genera. Bupleurum, Trinia, Sison, Cicuta, JEgopodium, Carum, 
 Petroselinum, Apium, Helosciadium, Sium, Pimpinella, Bunium ( Cono- 
 podiurn). 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Bupleurum. Leaves entire, coriaceous, glaucous ; flowers yellow, with a 
 many-leaved involucel. 
 
 Trinia. Leaves bi- or tripinnate ; involucre and involucel absent, or 
 almost none. 
 
 Sison. Leaves pinnate, with lobed segments ; involucre and involucel 
 with few bracts. 
 
 Cicuta. Leaves tripinnate ; involucre none, involucel with many 
 bracts. 
 
 JEgopodium. Leaves ternate ; no involucre nor involucel. 
 
 Carum. Leaves bi- or tripinnate; involucre and involucel usually 
 with several or many bracts, rarely wanting. 
 
 Petroselinum. Leaves pinnate or bi- or tripinnate ; involucre with one- 
 three entire leaflets, involucel with few or many bracts. 
 
 Apium. "Whole herbage aromatic ; involucre and involucel wanting. 
 
 Helosciadium. Aquatics, with stems more or less rooting ; leaves pin- 
 nate, or the submersed leaves bi- or tripinnate, with capillary segments. 
 
 Sium. Leaves pinnate; involucre and involucel of several leaflets 
 (bracts). 
 
 Pimpinella. Leaves pinnate, rarely bipinnate ; no involucre nor invo- 
 lucel. 
 
 Bunium (Conopodium). Leaves bi- or tripinnate ; no involucre nor in- 
 volucel. 
 
 V, Bnpleurum, Linn. Hare's-ear. Thorow-wax. Her- 
 baceous or shrubby plants, with simple, undivided, quite entire 
 leaves. Umbels simple or compound. Partial involucres always, 
 general ones sometimes present. Calyx absent. Fruit ovate, slightly 
 compressed, crowned with the very short permanent styles. Carpels 
 somewhat cylindrical, with five prominent acute ribs, with flat inter- 
 stices. No vittse. 
 
 1. B. tenuissimumj Linn. Slender Hare's-ear. E.B. 478, 
 L. C. 466. Stems much branched, branches very slender, spreading, 
 slightly furrowed, or striated, smooth, wiry, rigid. Leaves simple, 
 linear-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile. Umbels simple, axillary and 
 terminal, arranged in panicles, often nearly sessile, three-jive-flowered, 
 with long involucral bracts. Carpels round, ridged and granular. 
 Salt marshes. Annual. August, September. 
 
 A. 7, C. 15. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 47'. 
 
 2. B. lalcatiini, Linn. Sickle-leaved Hare's-ear. E. B. 2763, 
 L. C. 468. Stems erect, branching, zigzag, smooth, furrowed, two- 
 four feet high. Lower leaves oblong, tapering below ; the upper 
 linear-lanceolate, pointed, simple, entire, smooth, sessile. Umbels 
 compound, lateral and terminal, five-ten-rayed ; bracts oblong, with 
 tapering points, those of the partial umbels nearly as long as the 
 
 flowers. Fruit about as long as the pedicel, smooth, with prominent 
 
UMBELLIFERvE. BUPLEURUM. TRINIA. 583 
 
 ridges and concave interstices, crowned with the enlarged disk. 
 Near Ongar, Essex. Naturalized (?). Alien. Perennial. August. 
 
 3. B. aristatum, Barti. Awned-leaved Hare's-ear. B. odon- 
 tites, Sm., not Linn. E. B. 2468, L. C. 467. Stem branching, gla- 
 brous, only a few inches high (eighteen inches). Leaves linear- 
 lanceolate, pointed, sessile. Umbels compound, terminal, two-three- 
 rayed, subtended by three-four large, prominent, five-nerved elliptical 
 bracts, which are longer than the umbels ; bracts of the involucel 
 three-nerved, similar, smaller, all sharply pointed (acuminate and 
 awned). Fruit on short equal pedicels, with very slender ridges and 
 smooth interstices. Devonshire and Channel Islands. Annual. 
 July, August. 
 
 At Wandsworth steam-boat pier, this plant has occurred upwards 
 of eighteen inches long, branching from the base. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 50' 52. Alt. ? T. 52 50. 
 
 B. Sp. No. 1 (?). Whole plant stouter and more spreading than 
 B. aristatum. Stems and branches flexuous, not leafy. Leaves 
 linear, not so long nor with so long points as the preceding. Umbels 
 compound, with numerous rays, much longer than the few bracts by 
 which the rays are subtended. At Wandsworth steam-boat pier. 
 Annual (?). August. 
 
 Scarcely differs from the Essex forms of B. falcatum, but is rather 
 more spreading, and the stem and branches are not leafy as in No. 2. 
 
 B. protractum, Link and Hoffm. Rchb. Ic. Cr. ix. 824. This 
 form or species was long confounded with B. rotundifolium, from 
 which indeed it is not separated by very distinct or obvious marks. 
 Leaves ovate-oblong, perfoliate, elongate; umbellets small and nearly 
 sessile. Annual. July. 
 
 Note, The stem is more inclined to ramify than in B. rotundi- 
 folium, and it is not nearly so leafy. Wandsworth steam-boat pier, as 
 above, growing with great numbers of exotic plants. Annual. July. 
 
 4. JB. rotundifolium; Linn. Round-leaved Hare's-ear. E. B. 
 99, L. C. 469. Stem erect, simple, quite smooth, leafy. Leaves oval- 
 roundish, mucronate, perfoliate, glaucous, quite smooth. Rays four- 
 eight, without any general involucre. Partial involucre (involucel) 
 with five very unequal, ovate, shortly pointed bracts. Florets on very 
 short stalks, spreading, with greenish-yellow, involute petals. Stigma 
 .flat, discoid. Chalky corn-fields. Rare. Annual. June, July. 
 
 A. 8, C. 25. Lat. 50 -55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 5P -48. 
 
 VI. Triiiia, Hoffm. Honewort. Biennial, branching plants. 
 Stem angular. Leaves bipinnate, with triternate segments and 
 linear lobes. Umbels many-rayed, in a panicle or thyrse. Dioecious 
 by abortion. Calyx-limb obsolete. Fruit ovate. Carpels with five 
 equal and prominent ridges. Interstices with single vittse or none. 
 Carpophore two-parted. Seed convex, gibbous. 
 
 r JT. glaberrima, Hoffm. Pimpinella dioica, Sm. Dwarf Bur- 
 net Saxifrage. E. B. 1209. T. vulgaris, L. C. 453. Root tapering, 
 fleshy, crowned with the remains of decayed leaves. Stems chan- 
 
584 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 nelled, angular, smooth, much branched, branching from the base. 
 Leaves bi-tri-pinnate, with glaucous green, linear entire, or cleft 
 segments. Umbels of the fertile plant two-five-rayed; rays unequal, 
 spreading ; those of the barren plants compact, without involucres. 
 Fruit elliptical, ovate. On dry limestone hills, Somersetshire. Peren- 
 nial. May, June. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat, 50 52. Alt. 0. T. 52 50. 
 
 VII. Sison, Linn. Honewort. Biennial plants, with erect 
 stems, tapering, panicled branches. Segments of the lower leaves 
 toothed or incised, those of the upper linear, many-cleft. Bracts of 
 the involucre and involucel few. Calyx-limb obsolete. Styles very 
 short. Fruit ovate, laterally compressed. Carpels with five filiform 
 equal ridges, the lateral ones at the margin. Interstices with one 
 vitta. Commissure with two short clavate vittce. Carpophore cleft. 
 Seed gibbous. 
 
 8. A n 10 mum, Linn. Hedge Honewort. E.'B. 954, L. C. 456. 
 Stem erect, branching, finely striated, glabrous. Leaves, pinnate, 
 with ovate-oblong leaflets, which are incised or toothed. Umbels on 
 few rays (three-five). Umbellets few-flowered, on very unequal 
 pedicels. Bracts of the involucre linear entire, rarely cleft ; bracts 
 of the involucel linear-lanceolate. Flowers small, white. Damp 
 chalky and gravelly places. Biennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 VIII. Cicuta, Linn. Water-Hemlock. Cowbane. Aquatic, 
 perennial, fetid plants. Leaves simply or doubly ternate, with sharply 
 serrated, acute, smooth leaflets. Umbels terminal and axillary, with 
 -partial and sometimes general involucres. Bracts linear. Calyx 
 membranous; sepals somewhat unequal, acute, permanent. Fruit 
 nearly round, crowned with the calyx and styles. Carpels nearly 
 hemispherical, with three broad, flattened, dorsal ribs, and two similar 
 marginal ones, with a resinous channel in the interstices. 
 
 C. virosa, Linn. Common Water-Hemlock. E. B. 479, L. C.449. 
 Stems round, quite hollow, striated, or slightly furrowed, glabrous. 
 Lower leaves on long, fistular petioles, bipinnate; lower leaflets mostly 
 three-parted, with lanceolate, narrow, long, acutely- toothed divisions, 
 upper ones two-parted, terminal ones three-parted ; upper leaves on 
 shorter, sheathing, not hollow petioles, ternate or biternate, with 
 narrow, elongated, sharply serrated leaflets. Umbel many-rayed, 
 without an involucre. Bracts of the involucel short, linear, entire. 
 In ponds. Rare. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 30. Lat. 51 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 IX. ^E^opodium, Linn. Goafs-foot. Herb-Gerarde. Roots 
 creeping, perennial. Leaves ternate or biternate, with broad-pointed, 
 serrated leaflets. Umbels axillary and terminal, with no involucres 
 nor involucels. Calyx obsolete. Fruit elliptic, slightly compressed, 
 crowned with the conical stylopod and the reflexed styles. Carpels 
 
UMBELLIFERvE. JEGOPOD1UM. CARUM. PETROSELINUM. 585 
 
 oblong, with five filiform ridges, without vittse. Fruit rarely perfect ; 
 a common case in plants that increase much by their roots. Seeds, 
 when present, convex, tapering. 
 
 JB. -Podag-raria, Linn. Common Gout- weed. E. B. 940, L. C. 
 457. Root creeping extensively. Stems robust, hollow, furrowed, 
 glabrous, leafy. Leaves pinnate, with acuminate ovate or lanceolate, 
 unequally- toothed, somewhat acutely -serrated leaflets ; lower leaves 
 on very long petioles ; the upper leaves only three-cleft. Umbels 
 many-rayed. Petals pure white. Common about towns and villages ; 
 in waste, shady places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 51 45. 
 
 X. Carimi, Linn. Caraway. Biennial, smooth plants. Leaves 
 bipinnate. Segments much divided. Limb of calyx obsolete, or very 
 minute. Fruit ovate or oblong, with a depressed stylopod and de- 
 flexed styles. Carpels oblong or linear-oblong, with five filiform 
 ridges, the two lateral marginal. Interstices with one vitta. Com- 
 missure with two vitta. Carpophore free, forked at the top. Seed 
 tapering, convex. 
 
 1. C. Carui, Linn. Caraway. E. B. 1503, L. C. 458. Root 
 tapering, fusiform (like a spindle). Stem erect, furrowed, smooth, 
 branching from the base, leafy; branches erect. Leaves tripinnate ; 
 ultimate segments linear, setaceous, pointed. Rays numerous, unequal; 
 involucre and involucel absent, or one or two bracts united at their 
 base. Petals nearly equal, notched, or obcordate. Carpels greyish- 
 brown, very aromatic. Biennial. June. 
 
 Cultivated, or an escape from cultivation? 
 Alien? 
 
 2. C. Tcrticillatum, Koch. Sium, Sm. Whorl-leaved Meadow- 
 Parsnip. E. B. 395, L. C. 459, Stem erect, rather slender, fur- 
 rowed, smooth, with erect branches. Leaves pinnate ; leaflets oppo- 
 site, divided to the base into numerous linear-capillary segments, 
 forming a series of apparent whorls ; these apparent whorls are nume- 
 rous, increasing upwards from the base to the apex. Umbels terminal, 
 with numerous equal rays, and an involucre of several short, linear- 
 lanceolate, scarious-edged bracts ; bracts of the involucel similar to 
 those of the involucre. Damp, hilly pastures, in the West of Scotland 
 and Ireland. Perennial. August. 
 
 ' A. 5, C. 15. Lat. 51 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 46. 
 
 3. C. Biilbocastamiiii, Koch. E. B. 2862, L. C. 460, 461, 3rd 
 edition. Bracts always present. Umbels many-rayed. Fruit shorty 
 abrupt, with reflexed styles. Chalky fields. Herts and Cambridge. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 51 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 48. 
 
 XI. Petroselinuitt^ Hoffm. Parsley. Biennial, branching, 
 smooth plants. Leaves decompound, with cuneate lobes. Involucre 
 with few, the involucel with many bracts. Flowers greenish-white, 
 uniform. Calyx-limb obsolete. Fruit ovate, crowned with the conical 
 stylopod and the diverging styles, contracted laterally. Carpels with 
 
 Q Q 
 
586 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 five equal, filiform ridges, and solitary vittae. Commissure with two 
 vittse. Carpophore two-parted. Seed convex, gibbous. 
 
 1. P. sativum, Hoffm. Common Parsley. L. C. 451. Stems 
 erect, stout, furrowed, hollow, glabrous, branching. Leaves bipinnate, 
 shining, with ovate, trifid leaflets, more or less incised or toothed ; 
 lower leaves on long petioles ; upper ones sessile, with linear, entire 
 segments. Flowers greenish-yellow, terminal, in many-rayed umbels. 
 Bracts of the involucre one-two, linear pointed ; bracts of the involucel 
 several, linear lanceolate. Fruit crowned with a turgid disk. Partially 
 naturalized in chalk pits and on old walls. Annual or biennial. 
 July. 
 
 Alien. A. 7. 
 
 2. P, segetum, Koch. Corn Parsley. E. B. 228, L. C. 452. 
 Stems rigid, striated, glabrous, branching, spreading. Root-leaves 
 
 pinnate, with ovate-oblong, toothed or incised leaflets ; upper stem- 
 leaves very much reduced in size and number, or with the petiole 
 only developed. Umbels very unequal, the lateral ones reduced to 
 umbellets. Bracts two-five. In stony places and in fields. Not com- 
 mon. Annual (?) or biennial. July September. 
 
 A. 5, C. 20. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 XII. Apium, Linn. Celery. Perennial aquatics. Root en- 
 larged at the collar. Stem sulcate, branching. Leaves decompound, 
 with cuneate segments. Umbels axillary or terminal. Involucre 
 and involucel absent. Calyx-limb obsolete. Fruit roundish. Stylo- 
 pod depressed. Carpels, vittae, ridges and seed as in Petroselinum. 
 
 A. graveolens, Linn. Wild Celery. E. B. 1210, L. C. 450. 
 Stem erect, furrowed, branched, two-three feet high. Leaves ternate, 
 with large, cut, wedge-shaped leaflets. Umbels sessile, lateral, many- 
 rayed. Flowers white. Tidal rivers and salt-water ditches. Com- 
 mon. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 30. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0. T. 52 48. 
 
 XIII. Helosciadium, Koch. Marshwort. Aquatics, either 
 creeping or prostrate, with axillary and terminal umbels. Calyx- 
 limb five- toothed or obsolete. Fruit compressed perpendicularly to 
 the commissure (line of junction). Carpels oblong, with five fili- 
 form, equal, elevated ridges, with solitary vittse. Carpophore (column) 
 entire, free. Seed gibbous. 
 
 1. H. iiocliliorum, Koch. Sium nodiflorum, Linn. Procum- 
 bent Marshwort. E. B. 639, L. C. 454. Stems prostrate and rooting 
 at the base, usually robust, hollow, glabrous. Leaves pinnate, on 
 long petioles. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, sessile, opposite, and hori- 
 zontal, not in the same plane as the common petiole, sharply serrated, 
 shining. Umbels on short peduncles or sessile, four-eight-rayed, 
 without an involucre. Involucel consisting of about six membranous, 
 lanceolate bracts, each with a scarious margin, nearly or quite as long 
 as the umbellet. Grassy ditches ; marshy meadows. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50' 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
UMBELLIFERjE. HELOSCIADIUM. SIUM. PIMPINELLA. 587 
 
 Var. j8. intermedium. Stems slender, prostrate, and rooting ; um- 
 bels sometimes with a peduncle. Ditches ; not uncommon. Inter- 
 mediate between the above species and the following. 
 
 2. H. repens, Koch. Prostrate Water-Marshwort. E .B. 1431, 
 L. C. 454 b. Stems prostrate, rooting, glabrous, striated, hollow, leafy. 
 Leaves pinnate. Leaflets sessile, ovate-roundish, or oblong and cuneate 
 at the base, crenulate, or toothed ; terminal leaflets three-lobed, with 
 rounded, crenate lobes, or entire and roundish. Umbels lateral, all 
 more or -less peduncled. General involucre wanting, or but one bract. 
 Partial involucres of several concave, striated bracts. Fruit ribbed, 
 crowned with the divergent styles. Meadow between Walham Green 
 and Little Chelsea, where Cyperusfusct grows. 
 
 Area as in No. 1? 
 
 3. II. iiiuiidatiim, Koch. Least Water-Marshwort. L. B.227, 
 L. C. 455. Stems usually submersed, variable in length, sometimes 
 prostrate and rooting, slender, glabrous. Submersed leaves li-tri- 
 pinnate, with elongate, capillary segments , aerial leaves pinnate, with 
 incised segments. Umbels pedunculate, two-three-rayed, without an 
 involucre. Pools, on commons and turfy bogs. Not rare. Perennial. 
 May July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0250 yards. T. 51 44*. 
 
 XIV. N in in, Linn, in part. Water-Parsnep. Perennial plants, 
 with pinnate leaves and white flowers. Bracts of the involucre and 
 involucel entire or incised. Calyx-teeth short. Fruit compressed, 
 or nearly didymous. Carpels oblong, with five filiform ridges. Styles 
 filiform (cylindrical). Resiniferous channels (vittse) several. Column 
 bipartite, the divisions usually united with the carpels. 
 
 1. 8. latifolium* Linn. Broad-leaved Water-Parsnep. E. B. 
 204, L. C. 464. Stems erect, stout, hollow, with prominent, acute 
 angles, and concave, furrowed or striated sides, branching above, 
 glabrous. Leaflets rounded at the base, lanceolate, finely and regularly 
 toothed and serrated ; teeth with a sharp point ; leaflets of the lower 
 leaves sometimes incised or pinnatifid ; of the upper serrated, linear- 
 lanceolate. Rays of the umbel numerous. Bracts of the involucre 
 and involucel linear, entire. Fruit with a very thin pericarp. Ditches 
 in marshy meadows. Rare. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50' 47. 
 
 2. 8. an ust Hoi in HI, Linn. Narrow-leaved Water-Parsnep. 
 E. B. 139, L. C. 465. Stems round, hollow, grooved or furrowed, 
 branched, glabrous, leafy. Leaflets ovate, or ovate-oblong, more or 
 less incised ; the lower on long stalks, the upper sessile. Rays nume- 
 rous, on short peduncles. Bracts of the involucre leaf-like, incised ; 
 those of the involucel incised or toothed. Styles enlarged on a hemi- 
 spherical or conical base. In ditches and other watery places. Per- 
 ennial. July September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 Sub-var. gracile. Plant slender ; segments of the leaves not so 
 deeply cut ; bracts entire or scarcely incised. 
 
588 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 XV. Pimpinella, Linn. B urn et Saxifrage. Rigid, perennial, 
 pungent, and aromatic plants. Leaves pinnate, with finely-cut leaf- 
 lets. Umbels compound, without involucres. Calyx none (obsolete). 
 Fruit ovate, compressed, crowned with the long, capillary, permanent 
 styles. Carpels linear-oblong, with five filiform ridges and several 
 resiniferous channels. 
 
 1. I", magriaj Linn. Large Burnet Saxifrage. E. B. 408, L. C. 
 463. Roots tapering. Stems erect, angular, furrowed, branching, 
 glabrous or downy. Leaves pinnate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, broad, 
 deeply toothed or incised, with a three-lobed terminal leaflet ; lower 
 leaves on long petioles, the upper ones on short, sheathing petioles ; 
 the uppermost reduced to an enlarged petiole. Rays of the umbel 
 eighteen, nearly equal. Petals oblong, notched, equal. Fruit 
 smooth. Moist places, in meadows, by riversides, &c. Perennial. 
 July, August. 
 
 A. 8, C. 25. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 A glabrous variety, with oblong segments, serrated with angular 
 teeth, grows about York. 
 
 2. JP fc Saxifraga, Linn. Common Burnet Saxifrage. E. B. 
 407, L. C. 462. Stems round, finely striated, branching, glabrous, or 
 slightly hairy. Leaflets roundish, ovate, or oolong, toothed or incised, 
 sometimes divided into linear lobes, the terminal lobe being three- 
 cleft ; segments of upper leaves narrower, deeply incised, usually 
 reduced to a broad petiole. Rays many, almost equal. Fruit smooth. 
 Dry pastures, &c. Perennial. June October. 
 
 A very variable species. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52* 41. 
 Var . dissecta, Thuil. Leaves deep green, sometimes blackish, 
 
 and with linear, more or less curved segments. "Flore Par." 
 p. 174. 
 
 XVI. Illinium, Linn. Earth-Nut, Pig-Nut, Kipper-Nut. 
 Roots tuberous. Stem erect, slender, leafy. Leaves bipinnate, with 
 very narrow, smooth segments. Umbels compound, with parted in- 
 volucres. Calyx often obsolete. Styles much swollen at the base, 
 permanent. Fruit contracted at the sides, linear, oblong, crowned 
 with the calyx, if present, and the depressed (rarely conical) sty lopod. 
 Carpels with three slightly elevated, distant ribs, most conspicuous 
 at the summit, and one-three vittae. Carpophore bifid. Seed taper- 
 ing, convex, face plane. 
 
 B. flexuosumj With. Earth-Nut or Pig-Nut. E. B. 988, L. C. 
 461, 460 in 3rd ed. Roots fleshy, roundish, sometimes aggregate, and 
 forming a large, knobby, shapeless lump. Stem slender, flexuous, 
 naked below, leafy and branching near the top. Root-leaves on long 
 petioles, usually decayed before the plant flowers ; stem-leaves sessile ; 
 segments narrowly linear-pointed, Rays of the umbel numerous, 
 nearly equal. Involucel only a single bract, or altogether absent. 
 Sandy fields, woods, and pastures. Corn-fields are, in some parts, 
 
UMBELLIFER.E. JETHUSA. (ENANTHE. 589 
 
 white with the flowers of this plant, and the roots are often as large 
 as a goose-egg. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 51 42. 
 
 B. Bulbocastanum, Linn., ( Conopodium) Koch. See ante, under 
 Carum, p. 585. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Seselinese. Fruit almost cylindrical, or some- 
 what four-angled, rarely nearly globular ; horizontal section round, 
 or almost round. 
 
 Genera. JEthusa, (Enanthe, Libanotis, Ligusticum, Fceniculum, 
 Silaus, Meum, Crithmum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 JEthusa. Leaves bi-tripinnate ; involucre wanting ; bracts of the in- 
 volucel unilateral, reflexed. 
 
 (Enanthe. Aquatic or semi-aquatic plants. Leaves pinnate, or bi- 
 tripinnate ; involucre none, or with many bracts ; involucel with several 
 bracts. 
 
 Libanotis. Leaves bipinnate ; involucre with several bracts. 
 
 Ligusticum. Leaves biternate ; involucre and involucel present. 
 
 Fceniculum. Leaves bi-quadripinnate, with capillary segments ; flowers 
 yellow. 
 
 Silaus. Leaves bi-tripinnate ; involucre none-two leaflets ; involucel 
 with several bracts. 
 
 Meum. Herbage aromatic ; leaves setaceous ; involucre and involucel 
 present. 
 
 Crithmum. Leaves fleshy ; involucre and involucel present. 
 
 XVII. ^Eaimsa, Linn. Fool's Parsley. Root annual. Leaves 
 bi - tripinnate. General bracts wanting ; partial 
 
 bracts unilateral. Fruit ovate, roundish, crowned by 
 the stylopod and reflexed styles. Carpels hemisphe- s tp'' 
 rical, with jive prominent, thick ridges. Column two- 
 parted. 
 
 AS. Cy ii a pin m, Linn. Dog's Parsley, Fool's Pars- 
 ley. E.B.1192,L.C.475. Stems erect, branched, round, 
 polished, beautifully striated, usually glaucous. Leaves 
 deep green, with rhomboidal-triangular (cuneate) seg- 
 ments and incised lobes. Bracts of the involucel Fig. ns. Fruit 
 usually three, linear, deflexed and unilateral. A 'of JEthusa Cyna- 
 weed. In gardens, fields, &c. Annual. July Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 A. 16, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 XVIII. CEiiaiitlie, Linn. Water-Dropwort. Biennial or 
 perennial, often aquatic or marsh plants. Stems furrowed, branch- 
 ing, leafy, sometimes tumid at the joints. Leaves compound, more or 
 less divided. Flowers in terminal or lateral umbels, which are either 
 sessile or stalked. Involucral bracts often wanting; those of the 
 umbellets numerous, narrow. Calyx conspicuous j sepals leaf-like, 
 
590 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 acute, permanent. Fruit oblong or ovate, crowned with the dilated 
 or depressed base of the styles. Carpels five-ribbed, with interme- 
 diate, vittse, and with a more or less spongy, corky bark. 
 
 SECT. I. (Enantlie. Radical fibres usually tuberous ; barren flowers pedi- 
 celled; fertile flowers sessile. 
 
 1. <E. fistulosa; Linn. Common Water-Dropwort. E. B. 363, 
 L. C. 470. Hoot of several fleshy fibres. Stems tvvelve-eighteen 
 inches high, hollow, - finely striated, nearly simple. Root-leaves bi- 
 tripinnate, on long petioles; segments very small, linear; stem- 
 leaves pinnate, with linear, entire, or two-three-cleft segments ; 
 petioles hollow, and longer than the leafy part. Partial involucre 
 (involucel) consisting of numerous linear entire bracts. Umbels on 
 long peduncles, usually with three rays ; umbellets on short stalks, 
 many-flowered ; the outer florets only fertile. Calyx in five linear 
 lanceolate deep divisions. Fruit turbinate, four- angled. Grassy 
 margins of ponds. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 80. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 2. 0E, silaifolia, Bieb. (?) (E. peucedanifolia, Poll., Coss. and 
 Ger., 212. Silaus-leaved Dropwort. E. B. 348, L. C. 472. Root 
 tuberous, tubers oblong. Stem furrowed, branching above. Root- 
 leaves bi-tripinnate, on long stalks; stem-leaves bipinnate, 
 segments linear, entire, or cleft. Umbel Jive-ten-rayed. Flowers of 
 the circumference larger than those of the disk. Involucre usually 
 none, or reduced to a single leaf. Bracts of the involucel linear, 
 entire. Fruit oblong, crowned with a broad laciniated or lacerated 
 disk, and the deflexed styles. The fruit is smooth, with narrow 
 ridges, green, crowned with an expanded flat disk, over which the 
 persistent deflexed styles are laid, and they exceed the breadth of the 
 disk. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 6, C. 10. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 01 00 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 Note. The almost sessile fruit, in a close hemispherical head, is a 
 generic character, of all the British species (?) of this section. In this 
 species the fruit is crowned by the enlarged teeth and rim of the 
 calyx, and by the slender, elongated, divaricate styles. (Is not this a 
 generic character ? Can any reliable specific characters be derived 
 from the form of the fruit?'*) The calycine teeth of CE.fistulosa 
 when in fruit are slenderer and more elongate than in (E. silaifolia, 
 and the styles in the former are longer than in the latter. The above 
 description is that of examples collected in Battersea Fields, and 
 kept alive in the garden during several years (from 1852 to 1857). 
 (Comp. " Phytologist," vol. in., p. 48.) 
 
 3. E. pimpinelloides, Linn. Parsley Water-Dropwort. Jacq. 
 394, L. C. 471. Root fibrous, with several ovate or roundish fleshy 
 knobs. Stem erect, round, furrowed, smooth, hollow, leafy, one-three 
 feet high. Root-leaves bipinnate, with elliptical, entire or notched, or 
 
 * Eminent botanists (seeBabington's " Manual," 2nd edition) assert that the identity 
 of (E. peucedanifolia, Poll., and (E. silaifolia, Bieb., cannot be determined without ripe 
 fruit of the English plant. 
 
UMBELLIFEltTE. (ENANTHE. 591 
 
 incised mucronate segments. Stem-leaves pinnate, with linear, acute, 
 fiat leaflets ; uppermost quite simple, only a dilated petiole. Umbels 
 many-rayed, with many linear bracts (each ray subtended by 
 a bract ?). Umbellets (partial umbels) dense, subtended by bracts 
 as long as the rays. Fruit nearly quadrangular, with prominent 
 angles, smooth, on very short pedicels, rather longer than the slightly 
 diverging persistent styles. Salt marshes (?). Gloucestershire, Hants, 
 &c. In dry spots in the Isle of Wight, as at Upton, near Hyde. 
 Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 4,0. 8. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 4. CE. Lachenalii* Gmel. E. B. 347, L. C.4Y1*. Root fur- 
 nished with several long cylindrical tubers. Stems erect, slender, 
 grooved, hollow, alternately branched, three-four feet high. Root- 
 leaves often decayed before flowering, bipinnate, with obovate or 
 oblong incised, often three-lobed segments. Stem-leaves bipinnate, 
 with narrow, linear segments. Umbel about twelve-rayed, with a few 
 deciduous, setaceous bracts. Umbellets many-flowered, very compact, 
 outer flowers about the same size as the inner ones. Bracts of the 
 involucel linear-lanceolate, short. Petals cleft. Fruit oblong, nearly 
 four- angled. Styles about half as long as the fruit ; the latter is 
 elliptical cylindrical, crowned with the spreading teeth of the calyx, 
 and with the long, nearly straight styles. Salt marshes; not un- 
 frequent. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47*. 
 
 Note. In all the specimens of these three species that I have seen, 
 the umbels and umbellets appear to afford distinctive characters. In 
 (E. pimpinelloides the rays of the umbel are few, short, and stout, and 
 the umbellets are composed of dense capitate aggregations of 
 florets and fruit. In (E. peucedanifolia the rays are more numerous, 
 longer, and nearly as stout as in No. 3, and the florets are more 
 numerous. In (E. Lachenalii the rays are numerous, slender, and 
 elongate, and the umbellets are not so dense, or the florets are on 
 longer pedicels. 
 
 5. E. crocata, Linn. Water Hemlock. E. B, 2313, L. C. 47o. 
 Stem erect, stout, furrowed, branched, usually exuding a fetid 
 yellow juice. Leaves tripinnate, with dilated, cuneate-ovate, cut 
 leaflets. Involucre of few bracts. Riversides; common. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards (?). T. 52 46. 
 
 Var. (E. apiifolia. Whole plant slenderer, and without the yellow 
 juice of the typical form. North Wales, near Dolgelly, on a hill above 
 Sir Vaughan's ; more than 200 yards above the coast-line (?). 
 
 SECT. Il.Phellandrium. Radical fibres filiform (not tuberous) ; flowers 
 of the umbellules all pedicelled ; fruit more or less distant. 
 
 6. CE. Phellandrium, Lam. Fine-leaved Water-Drop wort. 
 E. B.684, L. C. 474. Stems very thick and hollow below, often 
 reclining and rooting at the base, flexuous or zigzag, with numerous 
 spreading branches, glabrous or slightly rough, furrowed or striated. 
 
592 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Leaves tripinnate ; segments (leaflets) divaricated, ovate, deeply cut 
 into very small oblong, entire, or incised lobes ; lower leaves sometimes 
 submersed, and with capillary segments. Umbels lateral or terminal, 
 sometimes on short stout stalks, or nearly sessile, six-nine-rayed, 
 without an involucre. Bracts of the involucel linear lanceolate. Fruit 
 ovate-oblong. Ponds, ditches. Perennial (?). July. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 47. 
 Note. The finely-divided leaves of this species form exquisitely 
 beautiful objects. It will grow in the garden, and it forms a neat 
 rounded tuft of stems, branches, and leaves. 
 
 7. CE. fluviatilis, Golem. River Water-Dropwort. L. C.474*. 
 Stem floating. Leaves bipinnate, with simple or pinnatifid leaflets 
 (the segments of the stem-leaves are broader, and not so fine and ele- 
 gant as in the preceding). Segments of the submersed leaves cuneate, 
 incised, pellucid, with many parallel nerves. Umbels lateral, opposite 
 to the leaves. Fruit broad, elliptical. Streams in chalky districts, 
 Hertford. A plant was taken out of the New River-head, Clerken- 
 well, London. Are the florets pedicelled ? Biennial or perennial (?). 
 July September. 
 
 Area and Lat. undetermined. T. 49 48. 
 
 XIX. Libanotis, Crantz. Mountain Stone-Parsley. Ultimate 
 segments of the leaves ovate, incised, or much cleft, often decussated. 
 Bracts of .both involucre and involucel usually numerous. Calyx-limb 
 of five long, linear, subulate, coloured, deciduous segments. Fruit 
 ovate, crowned with the reflexed styles. Carpels witn five thickish, 
 corky, equal ridges, the two lateral at the margin (?). Stylopod conical 
 (Bab.) 
 
 JL. mo n tana, Koch. Athamanta IJibanotis, Linn. Mountain 
 Stone-Parsley. E. B. 138, L. C. 477 (Seseli Lebanotis). Root taper- 
 ing, crowned with the persistent nerves of former leaves. Stem erect, 
 firm, one-three feet high, solitary, angular, furrowed, smooth, or with 
 stellate pubescence, especially above, the upper part branched. Root- 
 leaves on short petioles, doubly compound; leaflets opposite, deeply 
 incised, with elliptic, mucronate lobes ; the lower leaflets contiguous 
 to the rach, crowded, and often crossing; stem-leaves on shorter, 
 winged, or sheathing petioles, doubly or singly compound. Umbel 
 many-rayed, more or less hairy or downy, erect when the fruit is 
 ripe. Bracts of the involucre and involucel linear-pointed. Fruit 
 hairy, or densely downy (tomentose). Chalky pastures. Hertford- 
 shire, Cambridgeshire, &c. Biennial or perennial (?). July Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 XX. Ligiisticum, Linn. Lovage. Perennials. Leaves com- 
 pound, either ternate or pinnate, smooth, with deeply cut or notched 
 leaflets. Umbels terminal, with both general and partial involucres. 
 Bracts membranous at the edges. Calyx-teeth pointed, erect, some- 
 times obsolete. Fruit elliptical, slightly compressed, furrowed, crowned 
 
UMBE-LLIFER^E. FGENICULUM. SILAUS. MEUM. 593 
 
 with the calyx, if present, Carpels oblong, with three dorsal and 
 two marginal, slightly winged, sharp ridges, and many vittse. 
 
 ]j. scoticum, Linn. Scottish Lovage. E. B. 1207, L. C. 478. 
 Stem erect, smooth, striated, more or less tinged with red, nearly 
 simple. Leaves biternate, on round petioles ; leaflets roundish- 
 ovate, truncate, cuneate, or unequal at the base, mostly trind, 
 with broad, toothed, or incised lobes, quite smooth, shining. Bracts 
 of the involucre five-seven, linear ; those of the involucel setaceous. 
 Calyx- teeth minute. Corolla white. Fruit smooth, with prominent 
 ridges and a broad crown. Kocky coasts of Scotland, and the North- 
 East of England. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 7, C. 20. Lat. 55 61. Alt. ? T. 48 3 46. 
 
 XXI. Fceniculum, Hoffm. Fennel. Biennial or perennial 
 plants. Stem tapering, sub-striated, branching; ultimate segments 
 of the leaves linear-setaceous. Involucral- and involucel-bracts gene- 
 rally absent. Calyx-limb obsolete. Fruit oblong. Carpels with five 
 rather prominent, bluntly keeled ridges, the marginal ones a little 
 broader. Carpophore adnate. Seed semi-cylindricaL 
 
 Jb\ otticiiialej All. F. vulgare, Gaert. Common Fennel. E. B. 
 1208, L. C. 476. Stem round, tapering, very smooth and shining, 
 beautifully striated, branching, zigzag. Leaves tripinnate, with 
 linear, setaceous, elongated segments. Umbels large, many-rayed. 
 Flowers yellow. Petals involute, equal. Fruit nearly cylindrical. 
 In several places, especially near the coast, apparently naturalized. 
 Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 50 3 54. Alt. 0. T. 52 49. 
 
 XXII. Silaus. Besser. Pepper Saxifrage. Perennial, smooth 
 plants. Leaves bi- quadripinnate, with linear lobes. Involucre none, 
 or one-two bracts.. Involucel with many bracts. Calyx-limb obsolete. 
 Fruit slightly tapering. Carpels with five acute, slightly-winged, 
 equal ridges, and several contiguous vittae. Column (carpophore) two- 
 parted. Seed subcylindrical. 
 
 8. pratensis., Besser. Cnidium Silaus, Sm. Meadow Pepper 
 Saxifrage. E. B. 2142, L. C. 479. Hoot tapering, fleshy. Stem 
 furrowed, glabrous, branching, slightly leafy above. Leaves of the 
 root tripinnate; leaflets lanceolate-linear, pointed, rough at the 
 edges, on long petioles ; stem-leaves mostly reduced to a few segments, 
 or quite simple, with short, sheathing petioles. Umbels eight-fifteen- 
 rayed. Flowers greenish yellow. Damp meadows. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51--47 . 
 
 XXIII. UleuBBi, Tournf. Spignel, Meu, Bald-money. Aro- 
 matic plants, with finely divided leaves. Umbels compound. ^ Calyx 
 obsolete. Fruit ovate, contracted at the apex, and crowned with the 
 permanent styles. Carpels with three dorsal, and two marginal, equi- 
 distant, elevated ridges, and many intermediate vittse. The fruit 
 differs from that of Silaus in the less prominent ridges. 
 
594 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 M. athamanticum, Jacq. Bald-money. E. B. 2249, L. C. 480. 
 
 Root fleshy, vertical, crowned with the fibrous remains of the decayed 
 petioles and leaves. Stems erect, from one to two feet high, branch- 
 ing. Leaves mostly radical, in spreading rosettes. Root-leaves on long 
 petioles, with short, setaceous, divaricating segments ; stem-leaves on 
 short, sheathing petioles, with short, capillary segments ; all tri- 
 pinnate. Umbels many-rayed, subtended by a few bracts (involucre). 
 Bracts of the umbellets more numerous. Fruit strongly ribbed, 
 crowned by the disk (stylopod) and the remains of the styles. Dry, 
 mountainous limestone (?) pastures. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 9, C. 20. Lat. 52 58. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 47 42. 
 
 XXIV. Crith mum, Linn. Samphire. Perennial, fleshy plants. 
 Leaves bipinnate, with thick, linear, entire, turgid leaflets. Umbels 
 terminal, with general and partial involucres. Calyx five equal, 
 acute, inflexed sepals (obsolete, Endl.) Base of the styles large, 
 tumid, pyramidal. Fruit elliptical, crowned with the calyx and styles. 
 Carpels with a spongy pericarp and five elevated, sharp ribs. Seed 
 marked with many vittse. 
 
 C. ma ri i i in 11 in. Linn. Common Samphire. E. B. 819, L. C. 481. 
 Stems solid, striated, smooth, more or less erect, branching. Leaves 
 bi-tripinnate, leaflets linear-oblong, fleshy, quite smooth. General 
 and partial. Involucres of many elliptical or lanceolate, entire, reflexed 
 bracts, which have scarious margins. Petals greenish white. Fruit 
 crowned with a broad, convex disk (styloped), and the remains of the 
 styles. On rocky sea-shores. Perennial. August. 
 
 A. 7, C. 15. Lat. 50' 56. Alt, 0. T. 52 48. 
 
 Note. Samphire is a corruption of St. Pierre St. Peter' s-tcort. 
 
 TRIBE III. Selinese, Umbels compound, regular. Fruit com- 
 pressed, parallel to the axis. Carpels without spines, with five pri- 
 mary, unequal ridges ; the three dorsal ones filiform, sometimes 
 rather indistinct, rarely winged, much smaller than the two marginal 
 ridges ; the two marginal ridges dilated into broad, either mem- 
 branous or thick wings. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. Angeliceae. Fruit surrounded by two mem- 
 branous wings ; dorsal ridges winged or filiform. 
 
 Genera. Angelica, Archangelica. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Angelica. Calyx obsolete. 
 
 Archangelica. Calyx with five minute teeth ; herbage aromatic. 
 
 XXV. Angelica, Linn. Angelica. Stems round, smooth, hollow. 
 Leaves very large, repeatedly compound, with serrated leaflets. Umbels 
 compound, terminal and lateral, many-rayed. General involucres 
 often wanting, partial, of numerous, sometimes leafy, serrated bracts. 
 
UMBELLIFEILE. ANGELICA. ARCHANGELICA. 595 
 
 Calyx obsolete. Fruit dorsally compressed, crowned with the floral 
 receptacle and reflexed styles. Carpels convex, with 
 three elevated dorsal ribs, and two lateral, dilated 
 into a wing on each side. Vittse variable. 
 
 ffote. The nucleated fruit, and the thicker ridges, 
 and more numerous vittse are the chief distinctions 
 between Archangelica and this genus. 
 
 A. sylvestris, Linn. Wild Angelica. E. B. 
 1128, L. C. 4S2. Stems erect, stout, hollow, finely 
 striated, branching. Leaves bipinnate; leaflets 
 ovate, cordate, truncate or tapering at the base, un- 
 equally toothed ; root-leaves on long petioles ; stem- tris ; dr, dorsal 
 leaves with a large, dilated, often coloured, more or ribs ;w, the lateral 
 
 . , ., . . -i or marginal wines. 
 
 less membranous, sheathing, short petiole ; segments 
 (leaflets) few, small ; umbels large, many-rayed ; involucre of nume- 
 rous setaceous bracts. Petals white, involute. Moist banks, shady 
 places, meadows ; frequent. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T.5239\ 
 
 XXVI. Archangelica. Hoffm. Garden Archangel. Stems 
 very succulent, glaucous, quite smooth. Leaves on long hollow 
 stalks, biternate, the central leaflets mostly trifid or three- 
 lobed. Calyx very minute or obsolete.* Petals ovate, entire, green 
 (herbaceous), carpels with three dorsal, thick, tubercled ridges, and 
 two marginal ones dilated into broad wings, with numerous resinous 
 channels (vittse) intervening between the seed and the perisperm. 
 
 A. officinalisj Hoffm. E. B. 2561, L. C. Excluded Species. 
 Stems very tall, round and polished. Leaves on hollow, round, 
 polished, long stalks ; leaflets broad, sometimes somewhat cordate or 
 decurrent, the basal ones deeply toothed or lobed, the central and 
 terminal one almost always three-cleft. Involucre of one setaceous 
 bract or none. Involucel of several smaller similar bracts. Rays 
 very numerous. Disk not elevated, wrinkled, broader than the apex 
 of the fruit. Biennial. July. Thamesbank, above Vauxhall. 
 
 Note. This plant grows luxuriantly in the smoky, dusty atmo- 
 sphere and highly nitrogenized soil of London. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Peucedaneae. Fruit usually lenticular, 
 surrounded by a flat or thick rim (originating in the confluence of 
 the marginal wings (ridges) of the carpels ; dorsal ridges filiform, 
 sometimes indistinct'. 
 
 Genera. Peucedanum, Pastinaca, Heracleum, Tordyliurr,. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Peucedanum. Leaves bi-tripinnate, rarely quadripinnate ; involucre 
 and involucel with several bracts, rarely with none or one-three bracts. 
 
 * I have examined numerous examples of this species, and have not observed any 
 trace of a calyx. The petals are green, linear-lanceolate, with setaceous long points 
 (the dorsal nerves prolonged?). 
 
596 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Pastinaca. Leaves pinnate ; involucre and involucel absent, or one-two 
 bracts. 
 
 Heracleum. Leaves pinnate, with lobed segments ; involucre with few 
 caducous bracts or none ; involucel with numerous bracts. 
 
 TJtrdylium. Leaves pinnate; involucre and involucel with several 
 bracts. 
 
 XXVII. Peiiceclanum, Linn. Sulphurwort, Hog's-Fennel. 
 Fetid, resinous, smooth plants. Stems solid, branching, leafy. Leaves 
 repeatedly compound, with very narrow, acute, entire leaflets. 
 Flowers in compound umbels, with both general and partial invo- 
 lucres. Calyx-teeth five, permanent. Fruit compressed, surrounded 
 with a flat thin margin, crowned with the conical stylopod and 
 styles, and with the setaceous calyx-teeth. Carpels broadly ellip- 
 tical, with a notch at each end, nearly flat, with three dorsal slightly 
 elevated ridges and two lateral obsolete ones. 
 
 1. I*, officinale; Linn. Common or Officinal, or Sea Sulphur- 
 wort. E. B. 1767, L. C. 483. Stem striated, branching above, green, 
 or somewhat glaucous. Lower leaves on long petioles, four-five times 
 trifoliate, all the divisions petiolate. Segments linear, elongate, entire, 
 pointed, rough, divaricated. Umbels many-rayed ; rays unequal ; 
 bracts of the involucre several, subulate, those of the involucel linear 
 or capillary. Flowers yellow-greenish or buff. Calyx-limb five- 
 toothed. Fruit oblong, crowned by the enlarged convex base of the 
 styles. Salt marshes ; very rare. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 51 62. Alt. 0. T. 50 49. 
 
 2. P. im lust re, Mcench. Selinum palustre, Linn, and Sm. 
 Marsh Sulphurwort. E. B. 229, L. C. 484. Roots not crowned by 
 the persistent nerves of former leaves. Stem channelled, branching 
 above, glabrous. Lower leaves on long petioles, tri-quadripinnate, 
 the first series of divisions erect, petiolate ; segments pinnate or 
 incised, lobes linear -lanceolate mucronate. Kays twenty-thirty, 
 unequal. Bracts of involucre and involucel lanceolate, with broad 
 membranous margins. Fruit oblong, with a narrow blunt border 
 and equal, contiguous, dorsal ridges. Turfy marshy places. Rare. 
 Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat. 52 54. Alt. 0- 50 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 3. P. ONtrut hium, Koch. Masterwort. E. B. 1380, L. C. 485. 
 Stem erect, round, finely striated, branching above. Leaves biternate, 
 leaflets broadly ovate or oblong, lobed and toothed ; lobes and teeth 
 with sharp ascending points. Involucre and* involucel wanting. 
 Umbels of many unequal rays. Umbellets with many spreading or 
 deflexed unequal rays. Calyx obsolete. Fruit crowned with a thick 
 cleft disk (stylopod). Scotland. In moist meadows. Common in 
 cottage gardens in North Wales. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 16. Alien. 
 
 XXVIII. Pastinaca, Linn. Parsnep. Biennial or peren- 
 nial large plants, with broad leaves. Umbels compound. Flowers 
 
UMBELLIFER^E. HERACLEUM. 597 
 
 yellow. Calyx-teeth minute or obsolete. Styles much dilated at the 
 base. Fruit with a broad margin, crowned with the discoid floral 
 receptacle (stylopod) and styles. Carpels with three dorsal and two 
 more prominent marginal ridges. Vittse filiform. 
 
 P. saliva, Linn. Common Parsnep. E. B. 556, L. C. 486. 
 Stems erect, stout, deeply furrowed, angular, hairy or glabrous, much 
 branched and leafy, often two yards high. Lower leaves pinnate ; 
 leaflets nearly sessile, large, ovate or oblong, lobed, crenated or toothed. 
 Umbels terminal, many-rayed. Involucre and involucel absent. 
 Petals small, greenish yellow. Fruit ovate, compressed, ribbed, 
 tubercled, crowned with a broad, convex, crenate disk. Borders of 
 fields. Biennial. July. 
 
 A. 9, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 Var. a. sylvestris. Root scarcely fleshy. Leaves downy. 
 
 Var. )3. sativa. Root tapering, fleshy. Leaves glabrous and 
 shining. 
 
 Is P. sativa the origin of the edible Parsnep ? 
 
 XXIX. Heracleum, Linn. Cow Parsnep. Hogweed. 
 Perennial or biennial plants, with robust, furrowed stems and variously 
 pinnated leaves, with broad sheathing petioles. Umbels compound, 
 terminal, large, convex or flat. Involucre one- or few- 
 leaved. Involucel several-leaved. Marginal florets 
 perfect and fertile ; those of the centre abortive. Calyx- 
 teeth minute, obliterated in the fruit. Styles broad 
 and pyramidal at the base. Floral receptacle a little 
 broader than the base of the styles. Fruit dorsally 
 compressed, roundish, crowned with the receptacle and 
 the styles. Carpels notched at the apex, and less or 
 more at the base, with three dorsal slender ribs, and 
 two distant broad marginal ones. Vittse none, or 
 only of small extent. 
 
 H. Sphondyliumj Linn. Cow Parsnep. E. B. Sphondylium. 
 939, L, C. 487. Stems robust, deeply furrowed and ^ f n rginal rib 
 hollow, branching above, with rough, spreading, 
 or deflexed hairs. Lower leaves pinnate, with broad, angular, 
 lobed, serrated segments, on long, partial petioles ; common 
 petiole sheathing ; upper leaves usually ternate, on similar but 
 shorter petioles. Umbel with numerous, usually unequal rays, 
 without an involucre. Involucel-bracts setaceous. Fruit elliptical, 
 compressed, rather hairy. Meadows. Hedges. Perennial. June, 
 July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 52- 38. 
 
 Var. H. Sphondylium majus. Stem erect, two-three yards high, 
 very hairy, deeply grooved and acutely ridged. Root-leaves nearly 
 two yards long ; lower leaves pinnate, usually with three undulate, 
 stalked, cordate, three-lobed large leaflets on each side of the leaf- 
 stalk ; upper trifoliate. Umbels supra-compound ; the first series has 
 four-six stout erect rays, all more or less leafy, except the central one, 
 
598 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 which terminates the axis of growth ; rays of the second series 
 numerous, long, without involucral bracts ; rays of the third or ulti- 
 mate series very numerous, subtended by numerous lanceolate, elon- 
 gate bracts (involucel). Flowers pink ; those of the ray very large, 
 with deeply-cleft petals. Fruit ovate-ribbed, densely clothed with 
 glandular hairs. In woods near Hagley and Clent, and at Chelsea 
 Old Waterworks. M 'He to fant 
 
 XXX. Tordylium, Linn. Hartwort. Annual, rough 
 plants, having pinnate leaves, with broad, notched segments. Umbels 
 compound, with general and partial involucres. Calyx-teeth subu- 
 late, deciduous, or permanent. Styles deciduous. Fruit almost 
 round, crowned with the tumid bases of the styles, and furnished 
 with a broad, thick, crenate or wavy margin. Carpels with three 
 dorsal and two lateral ridges, all indistinct. Channels with one to 
 three vittse. 
 
 T. maximum^ Linn. Great Hartwort. E. B. 1173, L. C. 488. 
 Stem furrowed, scabrous, with reflexed, rigid hairs. Lower leaves 
 three-parted or three-lobed, with sessile, ovate, crenulate or incised 
 segments ; segments of the upper leaves lanceolate, the terminal lobe 
 or segment elongated. Umbels compact, five- ten-rayed, rays equal. 
 Bracts linear, shorter than the umbel. Fruit invested with erect, 
 rigid hairs, crowned by the calyx-teeth. Has it been found in 
 England recently ? Annual. June August. 
 
 A. 1, C. 3. Lat. 5l 52. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 T. offirinak, Linn. Officinal Hartwort. E. B. 2440, L. C. p. 16. 
 Stem hairy, about a foot high. Leaflets ovate, simply pinnate. Petals 
 with very unequal lobes. Annual. June, July. 
 
 Said to have been found near London. Smith says, " possibly 
 never seen in England, the preceding being mistaken for it." 
 
 A. 3. Alien. 
 
 TRIBE IV. l^aserpitieae. Umbels regular, compound. Fruit 
 compressed, parallel to the axis, or almost cylindrical. Carpels with 
 nine ridges, the five primary filiform, the four secondary developed in 
 membranous wings, or deeply incised, or cut into spines or bristles ; 
 resiniferous channels (vittse) under the secondary ridges. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. Thapsiese. There is no example of sub-tribe 
 Thapsiece in the British Islands. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Daucineae. Fruit furnished with spines or 
 bristles by the incision of the secondary ridges. 
 Genus. Daucus. 
 
 XXXI. Ilauctis, Linn. Carrot. Annual or biennial plants, 
 with tapering roots, and round, furrowed, branching, leafy stems. 
 Leaves finely divided. Umbels compound, with both general and 
 partial involucres. Outermost flowers barren, inner fertile. Calyx 
 
UMBELLIFERJE. DAUCUS. CAMPYLOSPERM^. 599 
 
 five-toothed. Fruit ovate, dorsally compressed, bristly, imperfect in 
 the marginal and central florets ; perfect in the 
 intermediate ones. Carpels bristly on the pri- 
 mary ridges, and prickly on the intermediate 
 ones. 
 
 D, Carota, Linn. Common Carrot. E. B. 
 1174, L. C. 489. Stems erect, round, striated, 
 or furrowed, hispid, with prickly, spreading 
 hairs. Leaves tripinnate ; segments oblong or 
 linear, pointed. Umbels with thirty-forty very 
 unequal rays, erect after flowering, and the 
 whole assuming a concave shape. Bracts 
 large, herbaceous, scarious, pinnate. Bracts 
 of the involucel broadly membranous, linear, Fi - 
 entire, elongated. Outer flowers larger than 
 the inner. Bristles of the fruit as long as the diameter of the carpels. 
 Meadows, pastures, sides of fields. Biennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C.82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 I>. m:i i H linns, With. E. B. 2560, L. C. 490. This species or 
 variety is said to differ from D. Carota, in its more dilated, fleshy, 
 and hairier leaflets, in the broader bases of the seed, bristles, &c. 
 Cornwall, on the coast. Withering. Biennial. July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 12. Lat. 50 a 54. Alt. ? T. 52' 49. 
 
 The lafe Professor E. Forbes proposed the following characters of 
 the varieties of this puzzling species (" Bot. Gaz." vol. i., p. 295) : 
 
 Var. a. campestris. Umbels in fruit concave ; flowers white, with 
 entire-edged petals. 
 
 Var. )3. maritimus. Umbels in fruit, flat or convex ; flowers white, 
 with entire-edged petals. 
 
 Var. 7. ciliatus. Umbels in fruit, flat or convex ; flowers greenish- 
 yellow, with fringed petals. 
 
 DIVISION II. Campylospermae. Seed (carpel) marked with 
 a deep furrow on the side contiguous to the axis (commissural face), 
 originating in the inflexion of the margins. Seed (fruit) rarely 
 concave. 
 
 Genera. Turgenia, Caucalis, Torilis, Anthriscus, Cheer ophyllum t 
 Myrrhis, Scandix, Conium, Physospermum, Smyrnium, Echinophora y 
 Coriandrum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 a. Carpels rough. 
 
 Targenia. Leaves pinnate, or deeply pinnatifid ; involucre two-three 
 bracts ; involucel usually with five bracts. 
 
 Caucalis. Leaves bi- or tripinnate ; involucre none, or almost none ; 
 involucel with several bracts. 
 
 Torilis. Leaves pinnate or bipinnate ; involucre absent or with one- 
 several bracts ; involucel with several bracts. 
 
600 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Anthriscus. Leaves bi- or tripinnate ; involucre none ; involucel with 
 several bracts, or with one-three bracts. 
 
 b. Carpels smooth. 
 
 Chcerophyllum. Involucre absent, or with one-two bracts ; involucel with 
 several bracts. Carpels smooth. 
 
 Myrrhis. Carpels large, without a beak, crowned only by the persistent 
 styles. 
 
 Scandix. Fruit with a long tapering beak. 
 
 Conium. Leaves tri- or quadripinnate ; involucre and involucel with 
 three-five bracts; fruit almost round. 
 
 Physospermum. Root-leaves triternate ; carpels roundish. 
 
 Smyrnium. Leaves very large, ternate; flowers in dense rounded 
 umbels ; fruit black. 
 
 Echinophora. Leaves pinnate, with spinous segments. 
 
 Coriandrum. Lower leaves pinnate, upper bi- or tripinnate ; involucre 
 none, or of one bract ; involucel unilateral, of three bracts. 
 
 XXXII. T urge nia , Hoff. Caucalis, Linn. Annual plants, 
 with pinnate or pinnatifid leaves and purplish flowers. Involucre 
 with two-three bracts ; involucel usually with five bracts. Calyx-limb 
 five-toothed, teeth setaceous. Carpels ovate-acuminate, with five 
 primary and four secondary nearly equal ridges, cut into robust subu- 
 late spines, usually in two-three rows. Column cleft. 
 
 T. latifolia, Hoff. Caucalis latifolia, Linn, and Sfi. Broad- 
 leaved Bur-Parsley. E. B. 198, L. C. 492. Stem furrowed, branched, 
 scabrous. Leaflets oblong, with triangular or oblong toothed or 
 entire lobes. Kays two-four. Bracts of involucre and involucel 
 oblong, concave, almost entirely scarious. Fruit large, longer than 
 the pedicel, armed with rough spines. Chalky fields in Cambridge 
 and Hertford. Annual. June August. 
 
 A. 4, C. 6. Lat. 51 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 48. 
 
 XXXIII. Caucalis, Linn. Bur-Parsley. Stem annual or 
 biennial, branched, furrowed, leafy. Leaves doubly or triply pinna- 
 tifid, finely cut. Umbels lateral and terminal, of few rays. Invo- 
 lucres various. Calyx five-toothed, teeth triangular-lanceolate. 
 Ovary oblong, bristly. Fruit rather compressed. Carpels ovate- 
 oblong or acuminate, with the primary ridges bristly, the secondary 
 with hooked prickles (spines ?). 
 
 C. daiicoides, Linn. Common Bur-Parsley. E. B. 197, L. C. 
 491. Stems angular, furrowed, branched, nearly glabrous. Leaflets 
 small, linear, entire, or oblong-incised, with slightly mucronate lobes. 
 Rays two-five. Bracts of involucel linear, unequal, ciliated. Fruit 
 large, longer than the pedicels ; spines of secondary ridges smooth, 
 in one row, curved at the apex. Chalky fields. Annual. May 
 July. 
 
 A. 7, C. 15. Lat. 51 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 XXXIV. Torilis, Adans. Hedge-Parsley. Herbage very 
 
UMBKLLIFKRjE. TORILIS. ANTHRISCUS. 601 
 
 rough, with bristles. Stem leafy, branched and furrowed. Leaves 
 doubly pinnate, incised. Umbels terminal or lateral, with partial 
 bracts, and sometimes general ones. Calyx five-toothed. Ovary 
 ovate, bristly. Styles very tumid at the base. Carpels with bristly 
 primary ridges, and with prickly interstices. 
 
 1. T. Anthriscus, Gsert. * Upright Hedge-Parsley. E. B. 987, 
 L. C. 493. Stem erect, branched from the base, furrowed, rough, 
 prickly hairs appressed, pointing upwards. Leaves rough, bipinnate ; 
 segments ovate or oblong, pinnatifid, or toothed ; terminal segment 
 elongated in the upper leaves. Umbels six-nine-rayed, on long 
 peduncles at the top of the stem and branches. Involucre and invo- 
 lucel of several membranous, linear, pointed, hairy bracts. Prickles of 
 the fruit curved, not hooked. Hedges. Biennial. June September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52' 47. 
 
 2. T. infesta, Spreng. Spreading Hedge-Parsley. Scandix in- 
 festa, Linn. E. B. 1314, L.C. 494. Stems spreading, finely striated, 
 usually branching from the base, rigid, with deflexed hairs. Leaflets 
 ovate or oblong, pinnatifid or deeply toothed. Umbels three-seven- 
 rayed, terminal. Involucre often absent, or with one-three very 
 short bracts; bracts of the involucel several, hairy. Fruit small, 
 with hooked spines. Dry fields, stony places. Annual or biennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 3. T. nodosa, Gsert. Knotted Hedge-Parsley. E. B. 199, 
 L. C. 495. Stems prostrate or reclining, branching and spreading, 
 rigid, slender, striated, rough, withreflexed hairs. Leaves bipinnate, 
 hairy, with erect, rather closely pressed hairs ; segments deeply pin- 
 natifid, linear, entire or incised. Umbels small, sessile, or on very short 
 stalks, opposite to the leaves, with two-three very short rays ; umbellets 
 compact, on very short stalks, roundish. Involucre wanting ; involucel 
 with several linear, hairy bracts. Eruit small, sessile; outside 
 carpels, with long, scabrous, straight spines; inside ones tubereulate. 
 Waste, grassy, and stony places. Annual. June, July. Wands- 
 worth steam-boat pfer. 
 
 A. 13, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 XXXV. Anthriscus, Hoff. Beaked Parsley. Leaves bi- 
 or tripinnate. Flowers white. Involucre none ; involucel with few 
 or several bracts. Calyx- limb almost none. Fruit compressed or 
 nearly didymous. Carpel smooth or prickly, oblong-lanceolate, 
 tapering abruptly at the apex into a short beak ; the five primary 
 ridges only obvious in the upper part of the fruit. Secondary ridges 
 none. Vittse (resiniferous channels) none, or almost none. Column 
 entire, or cleft only at the apex. 
 
 1. A. vulj?ari, Pers. Common Beaked Parsley. E. B. 818, 
 L. C. 497. Stem striated, branching often from the base, glabrous, 
 smooth. Sheaths hairy; leaves more or less hairy, tripinnate, with 
 ciliated and pointed lobes. Umbels on short peduncles, three-seven- 
 rayed ; opposite to the leaves. Involucel with two-four bracts. Fruit 
 
 B R 
 
602 DKSCRIPTIVE BRITISH BoTANY. 
 
 small, ovate, with a conical beak, furnished with sharp, curved 
 spines. Hedgebunks, near towns and villages. Annual. April, May. 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50' 61. Alt. 200yards. T. 51-46>. 
 2. A. Cerefolium, Hoff. Garden Chervil. E. B. 1268, L. C. 
 499. Stem erect, much branched, angular, smooth, shining, slightly 
 hairy where the branches diverge. Leaves tri- 
 piunate; leaflets pinnatifid, smooth, shining. Umbels 
 lateral, stalked; three-rayed, stalk of general and 
 partial umbels downy. Bracts of involucel (partial 
 or ultimate umbel) three, linear, hairy. Fruit (car- 
 pels) linear, smooth, long, on smooth short stalks, 
 about twice as long as its beak. Supposed to be an 
 escape from gardens. Annual. May, June. 
 A. 9. Alien. 
 
 3. A. sylvestris, Hoff. Chcerophyllum syl- 
 restre, Linn. Wild Chervil. E. B. 752,' L. C. 498, 
 Fig. 182. Fruit of Koot thick; stem erect, ridged and furrowed, with 
 A. Cerefolium. short stiff hairs below, glabrous above, swollen below 
 fclrpopfmre')^ &e joints, much branched. Leaves bipinnate ; pinnae 
 styles, with 'the (secondary series of leaves or leaflets) pinnate at the 
 eniargedbase(&ty- base and pinnatifid upwards, smooth and shining, the 
 margins ciliated (fringed) with very short stiff hairs ; 
 the lower leaves on long stalks ; the upper on short stalks or sessile. 
 (This is the normal or regular character of all leaves; the root- leaves 
 are on longer stalks than the stem-leaves, and the stalks of these 
 latter decrease upwards till the leaves are sessile). ' Kays of the 
 general umbel numerous, six-ten ; rays of the partial umbels many, 
 with many abortive florets; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, entire, 
 hairy below, reflexed (ovate-lanceolate, ciliate). Fruit smooth, ovate, 
 tapering, crowned with a short beak, and the stout, slightly spreading 
 persistent styles. Hedgebanks. Common. Perennial. May, June. 
 A. 18, C."82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 XXXVI. Chserophyllum, Linn. Chervil. Annual or 
 perennial plants. Stem branched, leafy. Leaves repeatedly pinnate. 
 Umbels either terminal and stalked, or lateral and sessile. Partial 
 involucres only. Calyx obsolete (none). Ovary slightly compressed, 
 smooth. Carpels with five equal, obtuse ridges, and single vittse in 
 the interstices. 
 
 1. C. temulentum(?), (C. temulum?)* Linn. Hare's Parsley. 
 E. B. 1521, L. C. 500. Stem solid, or almost so, slightly sulcate, 
 hairy, swelling be-low the articulations, branching above, marked with 
 small brown spots. Leaves bipinnate, leaflets ovate-oblong, pinna- 
 tifid or incised, dark green, limp and hairy. Involucre wanting, 
 rays ten-twelve ; involucel of numerous, lanceolate-pointed, reflexed 
 bracts. P'mit linear-oblong, smooth. Hedges, woods, waysides. 
 Biennial (?). June, July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 * The specific names, temulum and temulentnm, are both ascribed to Linnaeus. 
 
UMBELLIFER^E. CHJ2ROPIIYLLUM. MYRRHIS. SCANDIX. 603 
 
 2. C. aureum, Linn. Golden Chervil. E. B. 2103, L. C. p. 16. Stem 
 angular, striated, downy, solid. Leaves pinnate, with sharply pinnatifid 
 leaflets. Umbels many-rayed. Involucral bracts few or none. Partial 
 bracts reflex, ovate, with long 1 points. Flowers cream-coloured. Fruit 
 crowned by the elongated spreading styles. Between Arbroath and 
 Montrose. Mr. George Don. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 2. Alien. 
 
 3. C. aromaticum, Linn. Broad-leaved Chervil. E. B. 2636, 
 L. C p. 16. Stem erect, branched, stiff, angular, furrowed, hairy. 
 Leaves sabtcrnately bipinnate ; leaflets oblong 1 acuminate, sharply 
 serrated, hairy beneath. Involucre a single, lanceolate, membranous 
 bract. Umbels spreading, ten-twelve-rayed. Involucel eight-ten 
 reflexed bracts. Styles short, spreading, recurved. Fruit long, 
 quite smooth, with five flattish ribs, contracted at the top, and 
 crowned by the persistent styles. Forfar. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 1. Alien. 
 
 XXXVII. Myrrhis, Tournf. Cicely. Perennial or biennial 
 aromatic plants. Stem erect, branched, leafy. Leaves repeatedly pin- 
 nate, sharply cut, rather hairy. Umbels terminal, with partial bracts 
 only. Innermost flowers barren. Calyx absent. Petals nearly 
 uniform, inversely heart-shaped, with an inflexed taper point. Ovary 
 furrowed, smooth, slightly compressed. Pericarp of fruit double, 
 outer deeply five-furrowed, inner closely adhering to the seed. Fruit 
 without a beak, crowned only with the thick basis of the permanent 
 styles. 
 
 M. odorata, Scop. Sweet Cicely. E. B. 697, L. C. 501. Stem 
 erect, round, hollow, leafy, hairy, striated. Leaves bipinnate, 
 with pifmatifid or toothed segments, downy, soft. Involucre nearly 
 or quite absent. Umbel of several rays. Involucel ciliated, reflexed 
 bracts ; fertile flowers two-five. Fruit large (an inch long) oblong, 
 tapering above, shining, black when ripe, with three prominent, 
 rough, dorsal ridges and two lateral ones, crowned by the conical 
 bases of the styles. Odour of the whole plant highly aromatic. In 
 many parts of Scotland and West Hiding of Yorkshire. Perennial. 
 July. /l*u/*Uul otAT***: &*& )<&*&/ 
 
 A. 16, C. 50. Lat 50 59. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 49 45. 
 
 XXXVIII. Scandix, Linn, Shepherds-needle. Annuals 
 with compound, finely subdivided leaves. Flowers in umbels either 
 simple or compound, with only partial bracts. Calyx obsolete. Ovary 
 more or less rough, with close hairs. Styles swelled at the base* 
 Stigmas simple ; in the barren flowers the stigmas are obtuse. Carpels 
 with five ridges, attached to a very long, striated, hairy beak. 
 
 . Pecten-Veneris, Linn. Shepherds-needle. E. B. 1397, 
 L. C. 496. Stems erect, finely striated, branching, slightly hairy or 
 rough above. Leaves tripinnate, with narrow, linear, short, 
 acute segments or lobes. Umbel simple, with leaf-like, incised or 
 
604 
 
 DESCK1PT1VE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 entire erect bracts. Fruit slightly rough, with a beak more than 
 four times its own length. Fields and gardens. Annual. Juiie. 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50' 58'. Alt. 0200 yards. 1.52- 16. 
 
 XXXIX. Centum, Linn, Hemlock. Biennial plants Leaves 
 tripiimate, ultimate segments pinriatifid or incised. Leaflets (bracts) 
 of the involucre and mvolucel united at the base. Flowers white. 
 
 Calyx obsolete (none). 
 Fruit nearly round, 
 slightly compressed, 
 nearly didymous (twin). 
 Crowned with an en- 
 larged hemispherical 
 disk and cleft column. 
 Carpels ovate, with five 
 prominent primary un- 
 dulated ribs, each with 
 an indistinct resinifer- 
 ous channel. 
 
 C* . niacn lat urn, 
 Linn. Common Hem- 
 lock. KB. 1191,L.C. 
 446. Stems stout, erect, 
 finely striated, spotted, 
 especially below, shin- 
 ing, branching above, 
 two yards high. Leaves 
 
 Fig. 183 .-1, Flower of Coniura maculatum ; o, ovary; tripillliate, with <;left 
 p, pet il, showing the incurved point ; stp, stylopod ; st, segments, and pointed, 
 style; , seamen. 2, Section of ovary. 3, Fruit entire. g j icrt) incised, or entire 
 
 4, Transverse section of fruit. 
 
 lobes. Umbels large 
 
 (twelve-twenty rays). Bracts of the involucre reflex ed, lanceolate, 
 membranous at the margin bracts of the involucel reflexed, sliort. 
 Flowers about equal. Fruit tuberculate on the primary ridges. 
 Hedges. Biennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T . 52 46. 
 
 XL. Ptiysospermiini, Cass. Bladder-seed. Lower leaves 
 triternate, upper reduced often to a scaly sheath. Bracts of the invo- 
 lucre and involucel many. Calyx-limb five-toothed. Fruit laterally 
 compressed, subdidymous. Carpels reniform-globose, with five fili- 
 form, slender, equal ridges, the lateral within the margin. Vitt^e 
 broad, solitary. Seed involute, semilunar. 
 
 Ph. corimbiciise, ]). C. Cornish Bladder-seed. E. B. 683, 
 L. C. 447. Stems tapering, smooth, striated, hollow, branching. 
 Hoot-leaves triternate, with wedge-shaped, incised, or deeply-toothed 
 leaflets. Stem-leaves ternate, lanceolate, entire, all smooth and 
 shining. Umbels terminal, with sliort, linear-lanceolate bracts. 
 Florets on sliort. pedicels, with lanceolate bracts. Fruit large, crowned 
 
DMBELLIFERJE. SMYRNIUM. CORIANDRUM. 605 
 
 by the broadly expanded disk (stylopod), and the two reflexed styles. 
 Bushy fields, in Devon (?) and Cornwall. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 50100 yards. T. 50. 
 
 XLI. Smyr itium, Linn. Alexanders. Biennial, smooth, 
 shining herbs, with broad, bi- or triternate leaves. Umbels with- 
 out bracts. Calyx five very minute teeth. Ovary ovate, angular, 
 furrowed. Carpels turgid, each with three dorsal, prominent ridges; 
 two lateral obsolete. 
 
 V oiiisatrum. Linn. Alexanders. E. B. 230, L. C.448. Stems 
 erect, smooth, striated, solid (at least when young). Root-leaves ter- 
 nate, with large, ovate, incised and serrated, shining leaflets. Stem- 
 leaves with ovate or roundish leaflets; upper leaves trifid j all with 
 dilated sheaths, which have broad, scarious, fringed margins. Flowers 
 greenish-yellow, in round umbels. Fruit large, shining, prominently 
 ribbed, crowned by the enlarged persistent base of the styles. Chiefly 
 about old ruins. Biennial. June (?). 
 
 A. 16, C. 40. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 XLII. Echlnophora, Linn. Prickly Samphire* Very rigid 
 plants. Stem round, furrowed, branching, leafy. Leaves bipinnatifid, 
 with acute or spinous segments. Umbels terminal, with both general 
 and partial involucres. Bracts spinous-pointed. Flowers of the cir- 
 cumference barren ; those of the centre solitary and fertile. Calyx 
 five, spinous-pointed, rigid, permanent leaves. Ovary in central 
 flower only, turbinate. Fruit ovate, imbedded in the enlarged prickly 
 receptacle. Vittce single. 
 
 E. spinosaj Linn. Sea-Parsnep. E. B. 2413, L. C. Excluded 
 Species. Hoot fusiform, fleshy. Stem spreading, branched, downy, 
 glaucous, two-three feet high. Leaves doubly pinnatifid, with entire, 
 spinous-pointed segments. Flowers white. General bracts numerous, 
 partial ones smaller. Fruit globose, surrounded with three indurated, 
 partial bracts. Sea-coasts of Kent and Lancashire. Not observed 
 since the times of Gerarde and Bay. Perennial (?). July. 
 
 A. 3. Alien. 
 
 XLIII. Coriandrum, Linn. Coriander. Annual plants, with 
 three-cleft root-leaves, and bi-tripinnate stem-leaves. Involucre want- 
 ing, or reduced to one bract ; involucel with three unilateral bracts. 
 Calyx teeth unequal ; two of them elongate, linear. Petals unequal, 
 the two opposite to the enlarged calyx-teeth large and deeply divided. 
 Fruit globular, remaining united. Carpels hemispherical, with five pri- 
 mary, depressed, flexuous ribs, and four secondary, more salient, and 
 straight ones. Resimferous canals not distinct. Seeds concave on 
 one side. Column cleft. 
 
 C. satrvum, Linn. Common Coriander. E. B. 67, L. C. 502. 
 Stem erect, glabrous, finely striated, branched above, leafy. Lower 
 leaves three-cleft, upper bipinnate, with pinnatifid segments and 
 linear ultimate lobes. Umbels three-six-rayed. Outer petals and 
 
606 DESCRIPTIVE BKITISH BOTANY. 
 
 sepals enlarged ; bracts of involucel deflexed. This plant is remark- 
 able for a nauseous, penetrating odour. Thames-side, about Chelsea, 
 Battersea, and Wands worth. Not very rare. A few plants have 
 been noticed between Nine Elms and Putney for several years. An- 
 nual. July, August. 
 
 A. 8. Alien. 
 
 Ammi majus (?). Stem glabrous, striated, branched, leafy. 
 Leaves tripinnate, with linear ultimate segments. Kays of umbel 
 numerous, contiguous when ripe; the numerous rays of the umbellules 
 are also contiguous when the plant is in the same state. Involucre 
 of numerous pinnate bracts, with linear segments, terminating in 
 a setaceous, subulate point ; involucel of numerous spreading, simple, 
 linear bracts. Carpels glabrous, oblong, strongly incurved when ripe, 
 Steam-boat pier, Waridsworth. Annual. July, August. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIV. HALOR AG1 A CE2B. Haloragese, 
 
 Br. THE FEATHER- WEED OR WATER MILFOIL FAMILY. 
 
 Aquatic, submersed, or swimming plants, with whorled or opposite 
 leaves. The flowers in the British species are axillary and sessile. 
 Calyx very minute 04 absent. Petals four, minute, sometimes obso- 
 lete, inserted into a disk at the top of the calyx, along with the 
 stamens. Ovary adherent to the calyx, one- or two-celled. Fruit dry, 
 indehiscent (not opening), membranous or bony, with one cell or with 
 several. Seeds solitary. 
 
 TRIBE Dlyriopliylleae. Stamens eight, rarely four. Ovary 
 four-celled. Stigmas four, sessile. 
 
 JVI v ri<>tliy Hum, Linn. Water Milfoil. Feather-weed. (Feder 
 kraut, Ger.) Leaves verticilled (whorled), sessile, pinnatifid, with 
 setaceous segments. Flowers verticilled, monrecious. Male flowers 
 with four petals inserted in the upper part of the calyx-tube ; petals 
 longer than the sepals. Stamens eight-four. Petals usually wanting 
 in the female flowers. Ovary four-celled. Stigmas four, sessile, large. 
 Fruit four one-seeded hard nuts, crowned by the stigmas. Embryo 
 cylindrical. 
 
 1. M. spicatum. Linn. Spiked Water Milfoil. E. B. 83, L. C. 
 381. Length of the stems varying with the depth of the water where 
 they grow, slender, branching, swimming, emitting roots from the 
 lower part. Leaves usually verticilled (four in a whorl), pectinate 
 (comb-like), with capillary segments. Flowers verticilled, the verti- 
 cils forming a leafless spike, terminating the stem and branches. 
 Floral bracts scale-like, entire, shorter than the flowers. Stagnant 
 water, in rivers, ponds, &c. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat, 50' 60. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 2. M. verticillatum, Linn. Whorl-flowered Water Milfoil. 
 E. B. 218, L. C. 380. Stem swimming, branched, leafy. Leaves 
 whorled, pinnatifid, with setaceous segments. Flowers in rather dis- 
 
HALORAGIACFJE. MYRIOPHYLLUM. ONAGRACE^E. 
 
 607 
 
 tant whorls, the upper whorls nearly contiguous, subtended at the base 
 by pectinate bracts, more or less surpassing the Jlowers. Ponds and 
 ditches. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 11, C. 40. Lat. 50 55'. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 Var. a. vulgare. Bracts about as long as the leaves, much longer 
 than the flowers. 
 
 Var. /8. pectinatum (M. pectinatum, D. C.) Bracts much shorter 
 than the leaves, scarcely longer than the flowers. 
 
 3. M. aUeriiilloriim, D. C. Alternate-flowered Water Mil- 
 foil. E. B. 2854, L. C. 382. Leaves three-four in a whorl, submersed. 
 Barren flowers alternate, about six, forming a leafless spike, pendulous 
 when in bud, afterwards erect. Fertile flowers about three together, 
 in axillary whorls at the base of the spike. This form differs from 
 M. spicatum, in having the male flowers alternate on a drooping 
 spike. Stagnant water. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 51 43. 
 
 ORDER LXXXV. O1VACM1ACEJE, Juss. in part. THE 
 EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous or shrubby plants, 
 with simple, entire, or toothed, al- 
 ternate or opposite leaves, and axil- 
 lary or terminal flowers. Calyx 
 tubular, with a four-lobed limb. 
 Petals equal in number to the 
 lobes of the calyx, and inserted into 
 its throat. Stamens four or eight. 
 Ovary consisting of several cells. 
 Style filiform, with either a capitate 
 or four-lobed stigma. Fruit four- 
 celled, many-seeded. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Epilobium. Calyx-tubes four-angled, 
 slightly longer than the ovary. Seeds 
 with a silky plume. 
 
 (Enothera. Calyx-tube almost cylin- 
 drical, much longer than the ovary. 
 Seeds without a plume. 
 
 Isnardia. Calyx campanulate, four- 
 toothed, not longer than the ovary ; pe- Fig. 184. 1, Flower of (Enothera (Even- 
 tals wanting. ning Primrose) ; 2. same, with the 
 
 /> M Q i j , T petals removed, showing the stamens 
 
 (,V*0. fcepals and petals two re- nd an ^ers; 3, cross section of the 
 spectiveiy. Fruit two-celled. four-lobed and four-celled capsule. 
 
 I. Kpilobitim, Linn. Willow-Herb. Herbaceous plants, with 
 simple, mostly toothed leaves. Flowers in terminal, leaiy clusters. 
 
608 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Calyx monosepalous, with a four-parted limb and long, deciduous 
 segments. Petals four, dilated upwards, more or less cleft or notched. 
 Stamens eight, erect or reflexed. Ovary quadrangular, very long, 
 with either entire (globular) or four-cleft stigmas. Capsule four- 
 celled, four-valved, opening from the top downwards, with numerous 
 small oblong seeds, each with a feathery crown. 
 
 SECT. I. Leaves scattered j petals entire or almost entire ; stamens and 
 style deflexed. 
 
 1. E. aiiffustifolium, Linn. French Willow-Herb. E. B. 
 1947, L. C. 367. Stems erect, often reddish, simple or branched 
 above, glabrous. Leaves sessile, or on short stalks, lanceolate, 
 slightly toothed, glaucous below. Flowers purple, in long, lax, spike- 
 like clusters ; calyx coloured. Petals ovate or obovate, entire or 
 slightly notched. Stigmas cruciate. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 50 39. 
 Var. /8. JS. br achy car pium, Leigh. Capsule short. In dry places 
 and woods. Perennial. July. 
 
 2. E. roKiiiariiiiloliunij Haenke. Rosemary-leaved Willow- 
 Herb. Rchb. Ic. Cr. 341. Root creeping; stem short, erect or 
 prostrate. Leaves linear, not veined, abruptly tapering at both ends. 
 Flowers rose-coloured or white. Petals elliptic-oblong, without 
 claws. Style as long as the stamens. (Fide Mr. Babington, p. 117, 
 4th edition.) Glen Tilt. Perennial. August. 
 
 In JE. rosmarinifolium the leaves are quite entire ; in E. angusti- 
 folium they are slightly toothed, and the petals are more pointed in 
 this ; they are rounded at the apex in the former. 
 
 SECT. II. Petals spreading, notched or cleft. Stamens and style erect. 
 1. Stigmas cruciate. 
 
 3. E. hirsutum. Linn. Woolly Willow-Herb. E. B. 838, L. C. 
 368. Stems erect, branching, woolly or hairy, round, not winged. 
 Leaves lanceolate, or oblong-lanceolate, sessile, clasping, toothed, soft 
 and downy. Flowers large, rosy, in clusters, or leafy panicles. 
 Divisions of the calyx lanceolate, half as long as the petals, forming 
 a short point at the apex of the quadrangular, hairy, glandular 
 bud. Marshy ditches and ponds. Perennial. July August. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 4. E. imrviiloruiu, Schreb. Small-flowered Willow-Herb. 
 E. B. 795, L. C. 369. Stems round, without prominent angles, densely 
 covered with very soft down, not so tall as No. 3, and with fewer 
 branches. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, downy and ve,ry soft, the lower 
 opposite and clasping, the upper sessile or on very short petioles, 
 laxly toothed. Divisions of the calyx scarcely pointed, nearly as long 
 as the petals. Buds obtuse. Fruit erect, five-six times as long as the 
 pedicels. Seeds obovate, with a fine silky crown. Usually with 
 No. 3. Perennial. Ju)y. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 5. E. montanumj Linn. Mountain Willow-Herb. E.B. 1177, 
 
ONAGRACEJE. EPILOBTUM. 609 
 
 L. C. 370. Root horizontal, fibrous below and stolon-bearing above. 
 Stem usually solitary, erect, without prominent lines, simple or 
 branching, round, tapering, downy. Leaves on short petioles, glabrous, 
 ovate, rounded, the lower slightly cordate at the base, strongly and 
 laxly toothed, teeth unequal. Flowers pale rose, small, in leafy 
 panicles. Divisions of the calyx slightly keeled and ciliated, acute. 
 Dry uplands and on walls. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50' 61. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 51 41. 
 
 E. lanceolatum, Koch. L. C. 370 b. Stem two feet high, less or 
 more, with axillary tufts of leaves. Leaves lanceolate, tapering at the 
 base, stalked. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 51 41. 
 
 2. Stigmas globular. 
 
 6. E. palustre. Linn. Marsh Willow-Herb. E. B. 346, L. C. 
 372. Stems solitary or few, erect, without prominent lines, simple or 
 branching, glabrous, or with short down. Leaves glabrous, narrow, 
 lanceolate, strongly and laxly toothed, on short petioles, mostly oppo- 
 site, with no mark of decurrence. Flowers small. Divisions of the. 
 calyx lanceolate, with a coloured margin, and short abrupt point. 
 Seeds elliptical, tapering at the base, surmounted by stipitate plumes 
 (aigrette). Marshy places. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0050 yards. T. 51 40". 
 
 7. E. tetragonum. Linn. Square-stalked Willow-Herb. E. B. 
 1941, L. C. 373. Stem erect or ascending, with two-four elevated lines. 
 Leaves glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, often narrow, closely toothed, 
 rarely sinuate, opposite, sessile or nearly so, on decurrent petioles 
 forming the prominent lines of the stem. Flowers in clusters or in 
 leafy panicles, axillary and solitary, small, rose-coloured. Seeds 
 oblong, plume sessile. Moist places, ditches, &c. Perennial. July 
 September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 -60. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 51 40. 
 
 Var. . Stem branched, with four prominent lines ; leaves erect, 
 lanceolate, narrow, deeply toothed. 
 
 JS. obscurum, Schreb. E. virgatum, Bab., A. N. H., 2nd ser., 
 vol. xvii., p. 236, Fr. (?) The author of this species says, " re- 
 sembling E. tetragonum, but the capsule much shorter.'" (See 
 "Manual," in loco 118.) " Florileg. Brit," Fig. 624. Stem one- 
 three feet high, with very faint lines ; scions from the lower joints not 
 ending in a rosette of leaves. Leaves lanceolate, slightly toothed, 
 not decurrent, lower leaves tapering towards their rounded, slightly 
 denticulated base; stigma undivided. Seeds oblong obovate, not 
 pointed. Deep ditches in peat-bogs. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 The following account of a supposed new species, discovered, 
 described, and distributed by Mr. Baker, of Thirsk, is extracted from 
 the " Phytologist," N. S., vol. ii., p. 19: " Stem nearly two feet 
 high, ihuch branched, quadrangular below, procumbent and creeping 
 widely at the base, sending out rootlets and stolons ; stolons numerous, 
 elongated, leafy ; at the flowering time slender, the lower ones 
 
610 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 afterwards thickened, and bearing a rosette of obovate leavrs. Leaves 
 lanceolate-ligulate, varying in breadth, when narrow nearly or quite 
 entire, when broader sparingly denticulated, narrowed more or less 
 gradually to adecurrent haft. Sepals lanceolate ; stigmas entire at 
 first, finally sometimes quadrifid ; seeds about half a line long, oblong 
 fusiform, broader above." If a new species, the author proposes to 
 name it liyulatum" 
 
 8. E. roseuni, Schreb. Smooth-leaved pale Willow-herb. E. B. 
 693, L. C. 371. Koot horizontal, with strong branching fibres. Steins 
 erect or ascending, with two-four prominent lines, branching, almost 
 quite glabrous. Leaves only very slightly downy about the petiole, 
 tapering at both ends, oblong, strongly toothed, teeth unequal, oppo- 
 site below, all petioled, petioles decurrent, the decurrency forming the 
 prominent lines of the stem. Petals small, pale rose, not much longer 
 than the linear divisions of the calyx. Fruit downy. Seeds 
 ovate, oblong, plume sessile. Usually in moist places. Hyde Park, 
 opposite Bays water Koad. North Wales. Perennial. July Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 A. 1 C. ? Lat. 50 58 Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 9. E. alsinifolium, Vill. Chickweed-leaved Willow-Herb. 
 E. B .2000, L. C. 374*. Roots widely creeping. Stems several, 
 six-twelve inches high, simple, angular, with two elevated hairy 
 lines, leafy, reclining at the base. Leaves ovate pointed, with a few 
 minute teeth on the margin, nearly sessile, glabrous. Petals notched, 
 rose-coloured, veiny. Fruit downy. North of England and Scot- 
 land, in mountainous districts. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 8, C. 15. Lat. 50 59'. Alt. 200 1000 yards. T. 45 37. 
 Note. This looks like a broad-leaved form of E. tetragonum. 
 
 10. E. alpiiium, Linn. Alpine Willow-Herb. E. B. 2001, 
 L. C. 374. Koots creeping. Stems erect, ascending, or reclining at 
 the base, simple, with two hairy lines, leafy. Leaves attenuated 
 below, on very short petioles, oblong or ovate-oblong, entire or slightly 
 toothed, bearing axillary rosettes of leaflets. Flowers about two, rarely 
 one-three, bright red, drooping in bud. Calyx-segments ovate, half as 
 long as the cleft petals. Alpine rivulets in Scotland. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 12. Lat. 53 59. Alt. 4001300 yards. T. 41 34. 
 
 11. E. anagallidifolium, Lam. An. N. H. 2ndser. xvii. Flowering 
 stems from a long rooting base. Sepals oblong, blunt. Higher moun- 
 tains (?) than those on which E. alpinum grows. Perennial. July. 
 
 Note. The barren stems of this plant are described as aestivai 
 (of summer growth ?), leafy, not rosulate (without the rosette-like 
 tuft of root-leaves formed the previous season). 
 
 II. Onothera, Linn. Evening Primrose. Herbaceous plants, 
 with simple leaves and axillary and solitary flowers. Calyx mono- 
 sepaluus, with a cylindrical tube, and a four-deeply-cleft limb, in four 
 acute, rerlexed, partly combined segments. Petals four, obcordate. 
 Stamens eight. Ovary angular and furrowed, with a long thread- 
 shaped style, and four-cleft, cruciate stigma. Fruit capsular, four- 
 
ONAGRACE^E. (ENOTHERA. ISNARDIA. CIRCJEA. 611 
 
 celled. Capsule four-valved, with numerous seeds. Seeds without 
 a downy crown. 
 
 E. bienuiS; Linn. Evening Primrose. E, B. 1504, L. C. 375. 
 Stem erect or reclining at the base, stout, hairy, leafy. Leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, tapering below, usually sharp-pointed, entire, or slightly 
 toothed or fringed. Divisions of the calyx membranous, linear-lan- 
 ceolate, pointed, reflexed. Petals large, longer than the stamens. 
 Moist places; a very common garden plant. Naturalized. Biennial. July. 
 A. 11. Alien. 
 
 III. Isnardia, Linn. Calyx bell-shaped, with a four-toothed 
 limb. Petals wanting. Stamens four, opposite to the calvx-teeth. 
 Style filiform, stigma capitate. Capsule short, four-valved, four- 
 celled, many-seeded, with loculicidal dehiscence. 
 
 I. palustris, Linn. Marsh Isnardia. E. B. 2593, L. C. 376. 
 Stems prostrate, rooting or swimming, often branching, glabrous, leafy. 
 Leaves oblong, or oblong-roundish, pointed, entire, tapering at the 
 base, on short petioles. Flowers herbaceous, with two small bracts. 
 Fruit ovate, bluntly quadrangular, calyx persisting and spreading 
 horizontally. Pools and marshy places. Petersfield and Brockenhurst, 
 Hants; Buxted, Sussex. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 50 51. Alt. 050 yards. T. 50. 
 
 It has been for some time eradicated in the Petersfield and Buxted 
 localities. 
 
 SUB-ORDER. Circeeeee. Circceacea, Lind. THE ENCHANTER'S 
 NIGHTSHADE TRIBE. Herbs with opposite, petiolate, toothed leaves. 
 Inflorescence in terminal and lateral racemes. Calyx deciduous, 
 tubular, with a two-parted limb. Petals two, alternate with the 
 calyx-lobes. Stamens two, alternate with the petals. Ovary two-celled, 
 with one erect ovule in each. Fruit capsular, two-valved, two-seeded. 
 
 IV. Circaea, Linn. (Tournf. ?) Enchanter's Nightshade. 
 Perennial herbaceous plants, with erect stems and opposite leaves. 
 Flowers white, often with a tinge of rose-colour, in erect, terminal 
 clusters. Sepals two, or calyx-limb parted (bifid), caducous, 
 with the segments reflexed ; tube of the calyx obovate, abruptly 
 constricted. Petals cleft (bifid). Stamens two. Style filiform. 
 Stigma notched (emarginate). Fruit obovate or round, with a short 
 neck, covered with long, hooked hairs, coriaceous, not opening, con- 
 sisting of two one-seeded cells. This genus is easily distinguished 
 from the other genera of this order by its two petals, round two- 
 celled capsule, and one-seeded cells. 
 
 1. C. lutetiana, Linn. Enchanter's Nightshade. E. B. 1056, 
 L. C. 377. Hoot creeping. Stem twelve-eighteen inches high, erect, 
 simple or branched, slightly downy on the upper parts, round and 
 enlarged at the junctions. Leaves cordate at the base, acuminate or 
 ovate pointed, laxly toothed, or sinuate or entire, glabrous, shining 
 opposite, on long leaf-stalks. Flowers in slender, erect clusters, 011 
 
612 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 horizontal pedicels. Fruit reflexed. In moist shady places. Peren- 
 nial. June August. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 59 3 . Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 2. C. a I p ina, Linn. Mountain Enchanter's Nightshade. E. B. 
 1057, L. C. 378. Stem ascending or erect, tapering, smooth, or very 
 slightly downy, leafy, ten-fifteen inches high. Lower leaves stalked, 
 cordate, lobed or toothed, crisp ; upper leaves sessile or on very short 
 stalks, toothed, downy at the edges, surface of the leaves smooth and 
 shining. Flowers in lax clusters, on slender stalks ; lower ones with 
 setaceous bracts. Sepals membranous. Petals short, narrow. Fruit 
 deciduous. Woods and shady places ; in mountainous districts. 
 Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 51 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 47 45. 
 
 Var, j8. C. intermedia, Ehrh. Stem taller than in the typical 
 form, more downy. Flowers larger. Petals and sepals nearly equal, 
 the latter less membranous. This looks like an alpine \ariety of 
 C. lutetiana. 
 
 ORDER LXXXVL POIfl Al F TE, Juss. 
 FAMILY. 
 
 THE APPLE-TREE 
 
 Trees or shrubs, sometimes with spinous branches. Leaves scat- 
 tered, often tufted, simple, toothed, lobed or pinnate. Stipules free, 
 
 deciduous, rarely persis- 
 2 tent. Flowers solitary, in 
 
 umbellate tufts, in clusters 
 or in corymbs, very deci- 
 duous. Limb of the calyx 
 five-parted. Petals five, on 
 a thin disk at the gorge of 
 the calyx. Stamens fifteen- 
 thirty, inserted on the 
 gorge of the calyx with 
 the petals. Ovary united 
 with the calyx, composed 
 of five carpels or fewer by 
 abortion, five-celled or 
 fewer-celled ; ovules in- 
 serted at the inner angle 
 of the cells. Styles five, 
 or one- four by 'abortion, 
 either free or more or less 
 coherent at the base. Stig- 
 ma simple. Fruit fleshy 
 or pulpy (partly formed of 
 
 Fig. 1P5. Pyrus Mains. 1, A spripr in flower; 2, a the developed calyx), five- 
 Xe frSt! 1 ; 3> a fl Wer ; 4 ' horizontal section of celled or one-four-celled by 
 
 abortion. Cells two-seeded 
 or one-seeded by abortion, rarely many-seeded, endocarp (lining of 
 
POMACE^. Mh.>PlLUS. - CKAT^GUS. 
 
 the cell) membranous, cartilaginous or bony. Seed ascending, rarely 
 horizontal, without albumen. Embryo straight. Kadicle directed 
 towards the hilum. 
 
 TRIBE I. Ovary (with a bony endocarp). Fruit, a nut. 
 Genera. Mespilus, Cratcegvs, G>t(,neastei\ 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Mespilus. Divisions of the calyx almost leaf-like, persisting. 
 Cratcegus. Lobes of the calyx short, withering. 
 
 Cofoxeuster. Fruit turblnate ; nuts adherent to the fleshy calyx, but not 
 cohering at the centre. 
 
 I. 9Iespiliis 9 Linn. Medlar. Spinous trees or shrubs. 
 Leaves nearly entire, with deciduous stipules. Flowers white, nearly 
 sessile, mostly solitary. Calyx five-parted, with leaf-like divisions. 
 Ovary five-celled, with two ovules in each cell. Styles five. Fruit 
 roundish-turbinate, crowned by the developed leaf-like sepals, the 
 upper part not united with the calyx, forming a large dilated disk, 
 and exposing the. upper portions of the bony cells, which are one- 
 seeded by abortion. 
 
 I. M. germauica, Linn. Common Medlar. E. B. 1523, 
 L. C. 359. Shrub branching from the base, slightly spinous; rarely 
 a low tree. Leaves on short stalks. Flowers large, with linear 
 bracts. Calyx woolly, with divisions longer than the tube. Fruit 
 large, fleshy, finally becoming pulpy and sweet (when fermentation 
 takes place). Hedges. 
 
 A. 4, C. 5. Lat. 50 54. . Alt. ? T. 50 48. 
 
 II. Crataegiis, Linn. Hawthorn. Spinous shrubs. Leaves 
 more or less lobed or cleft. Stipules leaf-like, usually persistent. 
 Flowers in a branching corymb, with caducous bracts. Calyx with 
 a five-lobed limb, lobes short, triangular. Ovary one-two-, rarely 
 three-five-celled. Fruit round*, crowned by the withered calyx-teeth, 
 the upper part free, constricted near the summit, with one bony one- 
 seeded nut, rarely two-five nuts. 
 
 C. Oxyacantha, Linn. Common Hawthorn. E. B. 2504, L. C. 
 360. Shrub very spinous, forming a tufted bush, and sometimes a 
 small tive. Leaves glabrous, leathery, petioled, obovate, wedge- 
 shaped, more or less deeply divided into three-seven lobes, lobes 
 toothed or incised above. Stipules toothed. Calyx renYxed, 
 downy or glabrous. Fruit red, farinaceous, pulpy. Flowers in 
 May, bears fruit in September. Woods and hedges. A valuable hedge- 
 shrub. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75 (80). Lat. 50-*-59. Alt. 0500 yards. T.52 44. 
 
 Var. a. vulgaris. Leaves deeply pinnatifid ; peduncles and calyxes 
 of the flower downy or hairy ; style usually single ; fruit bearing a 
 single nut. 
 
 Var. . oxyacanthoides. Leaves less deeply pinnatifid ; peduncles 
 
614 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 and calyx of the flower glabrous, or nearly so ; styles one or two, rarely 
 three ; fruit larger, bearing one-two, rarely three nuts. A later 
 flowering plant than var. a. 
 
 III. Cotoneaster, Lind. Stone-Apple. Shrubs, with simple 
 entire leaves and partly procumbent branches. Flowers solitary. 
 Calyx turbinate, five-parted or five-toothed, with leaf-like divisions. 
 Petals roundish. Styles two-five. Ovary five-celled, with two 
 ovules in each cell. Fruit pear-shaped, cottony, crowned by the 
 persistent limb of the calyx. 
 
 C. vulgari 5 Linn. Common Stone-Apple. E. B. 2713, L. C. 
 361. Small tree or bush. Leaves roundish, ovate or obovate, on 
 short petioles, leathery, smooth above, densely downy, cottony, or 
 shaggy below, alternate. Flowers pale red, drooping. Calyx seg- 
 ments ovate, blunt. Petals round ; styles three. Fruit pear-shaped, 
 at first red, finally black or dark brown. Great Orme's-head, North 
 Wales. Shrub or tree, July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 53 54. Alt, 0200 yards. T. 48* 47. 
 
 Cosson and Germain remark that this shrub is rarely sub- 
 spontaneous in the hedges within seventy miles of Paris (the limits 
 of their Flora), but they say it is planted in gardens and planta- 
 tions. 
 
 TRIBE II. Ovary -with a thin (sometimes cartilaginous) but not 
 
 Y 
 
 / 
 
 IT 
 
 mounted by the persisuan, . 
 
 two-one seeds in each. Endocarp cartilaginous. 
 
 1. P. Malus, Linn. E. B. 179, L. C. 363. Tree, usually low, 
 with spreading branches. Leaves on short petioles, toothed or cre- 
 nulate. Flowers large, rosy, or white, on short pedicels. Fruit cjla- 
 brous, on a pedicel not much longer than the depth of the depression 
 where it is inserted. 
 
 Var. 0. tomentosa. The cultivated varieties have downy leaves. 
 Woods and hedges. Flowers in May ; boars fruit in September. 
 A. 16. C. 60. Lat, 50 57. Air. 0-200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 2. 1. com niu nis, Linn. Pear-tree. E. B. 1784, L. C. 362. A 
 
POMACEvE. PYRUS. SORBUS. 6 Id 
 
 more or less lofty tree; often a branching shrub in a wild state. 
 Leaves ovate, or obovate, or ovate-oblong, petioled, with short points, 
 finely toothed or crenulate, downy below, coriaceous, shining aoove. 
 Flowers large, on long stalks. Fruit smooth, bitter in the spontaneous, 
 and more or less sweet in the cultivated state. Hedges and woods. 
 Flowers in April ; bears fruit in August. 
 
 A. 8, C. 20. Lat. oO 54. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 V. Sorbus, Linn. Service-tree. Trees or shrubs not spinous. 
 Leaves pinnatifid or lobed. Flowers white, small, in branching, many- 
 flowered corymbs. Calyx five-cleft. Petals roundish. Ovary two- 
 five-celled, with two ovules in each. Styles two-five. Fruit roundish 
 or top-shaped, not umbilicate at the base ; umbilicate at the apex, 
 and crowned by the withered or permanent limb of the calyx. Fruit 
 with a membranous endocarp, one-four-celled, very unequally deve- 
 loped, usually one-seeded, rarely five-celled. 
 
 SECT. I. Leaves pinnate. 
 
 1. S. flomestica, Linn. Pyrus domestica, Sm. True Service- 
 tree. E. B. 350. Large tree, with erect branches, and glabrous, glu- 
 tinous buds. Leaves pinnate, thirteen-seventeen opposite pairs, with 
 oblong, toothed, downy, or silky, elliptic-lanceolate leaflets (quite 
 smooth when full grown). Styles five. Fruit large, fleshy, bitter, but 
 becomes sweet after fermentation. A solitary tree in Wyre Forest. 
 It was in existence in 1857. Flowers in May. 
 
 A. 5. Alien. See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., pp. 278, 343, 
 354, 392. 
 
 2. S. Aucuparia Linn. Rowan-tree. Mountain Ash. E. B. 
 337, L. C. 3 .6. Smal tiee with erect branches. Leaves pinnate; 
 leaflets ten-fourteen, with a terminal one, opposite, ovate-oblong, 
 toothed, glabrous above, hoary-silky below. Flowers small, white, 
 corymbose. Fruit small, globular, with two-three unequal cells, 
 rarely four ; red, pulpy-succulent, acid, bitter. Flowers, May, June. 
 Fruit, September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 50 38. 
 
 SECT. II. Leaves lobed or lobed-toothed. 
 
 3. 8. torminalis, Crantz. Wild Service-tree. E. B. 298, L. C, 
 364. Small tree. Leaves glabrous, shining, cordate or tnmcate at 
 the base, iobed ; lobes triangular or lanceolate, acuminated, unequal, 
 more or less diverging, toothed or serrated. Styles glabrous, two-five. 
 Fruit small, oblong, roundish, fleshy, becoming pulpy when ripe, and 
 finally of an acidulous taste. Hedges, South of England. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 This tree is often confounded with S. domestica. Its fruit is not 
 of good repute. 
 
 A. 8, C. tO. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50-~48 . 
 
616 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 The following account of this tree is from the late Dr. Bromfield's 
 " Flora Veetensis," p. 167. The dimensions were taken last summer, 
 August, 1857, from which we ascertained that it was still growing 
 and thriving : 
 
 " The largest Wild Service-tree in the island with which I am 
 acquainted stands in Quarr Copse, about twenty yards from the Bin- 
 stead entrance, on the left hand, and perhaps a dozen yards from the 
 main path, overhanging a deep hollow. The girth of this tree, at 
 about two feet from the ground, I found to be six feet eleven inches ; 
 at three feet, it measured five leet six inches ; and at five feet, five 
 feet two inches. Its height I estimate at little under forty feet. The 
 large, rounded, oak-like head, spreading limbs, and leaning trunk, 
 render it a very picturesque object, and especially so when clothed in 
 the gorgeous covering of autumn. The specimen is probably of great 
 age, and, though flowering freely, fruits but sparingly. Trees suffi- 
 ciently large or old for bearing are indeed seldom to be met 
 with in our woods, from its being cut periodically with the copse- 
 wood, 
 
 " This species has long been, and still is, strangely confounded with 
 the true Service-tree (P. domestica), a very different kind, with much 
 larger, pear-shaped fruit and pinnated leaves, like those of the Moun- 
 tain Ash, but which there is no reason to believe was ever found wild 
 in Britain, and certainly is not so with us. though described as com- 
 mon in the Isle of Wight, our P. torminalis having been uniformly 
 mistaken for it, and the error perpetuated by the similarity of names, 
 and unscrutinizing habits of compilers. 
 
 " The Wild Service-tree is not a native of either Scotland or Ire- 
 land." 
 
 4. 8. Aria, Crantz. White Beam-tree. E. B. 1858, L. C, 365. 
 Usually a taller tree than the preceding. Leaves white-cottony below 
 in all stages, ovate or oblong, doubly or unequally toothed, base 
 tapering, nearly entire. Styles two-three, hairy below. Fruit round- 
 ish, pulpy when ripe, of an acidulous taste. Hedges. Common on 
 chalky hills. Perennial. May. Fruit, August, September. 
 
 A. 13, C. 40. Lat. oO 59 3 . Alt, 0300 yards. T. 51 45. 
 
 S.fennica, Kalm ; pinnatifida, P. hybrida, Sm. 3(>5 b. The Hybrid 
 Beam-tree. Lower portion of the leaves truly pinnate, pinnatitid in 
 the centre, and doubly and deeply serrated towards and at the apex. 
 The divisions of the leaves seem to be the sole characteristic difference 
 between this plant and P. Aria. Isle of Arran. 
 
 Area, &c., not determined. 
 
 8. Kcandica, Fr. L. C. 365 c. Leaves broadly lobed. Lobes 
 triangular-ovate, toothed most deeply about the centre of the leaf. 
 Finely serrated at the base, and one-fourth upwards narrowly lobed, 
 from three-fourths from the base to the apex. The lobed leaves 
 appear to be the sole distinction bc-tvveen this plant and S. Aria. 
 
 Note. Are not S. fennica and S. scandica cultivated varieties 
 of S. Aria, and consequently found in plantations and shrub- 
 beries ? 
 
TOMACE^E. 80RBUS. AMYGDALACE^. PRUNUS. 
 
 617 
 
 f f Ovary free ; stamens inserted on the calyx (perigynous). 
 
 Amygdalacece. Trees with drupaceous fruit. 
 
 Rosacece. Shrubs or herbaceous plants, with compound leaves, 
 and generally polycarpous fruit. 
 
 Crassulacece. " Fleshy (succulent) plants, with regular isomerous 
 flowers. 
 
 Illecebracece. Slender plants with small or minute flowers; sepals 
 present only in some genera. 
 
 Portulacece. Succulent plants, with minute or small flowers, 
 
 Lythracece. Herbaceous plants, with axillary flowers, and two- 
 celled, many-seeded capsules. 
 
 Leguminiferce. Flowers papilonaceous ; stamens more or less 
 connected. 
 
 Rhamnacece. Trees or shrubs with baccate fruit. 
 
 ORDER LXXXVII.AMYQBAliACEJE, Juss. THE AL- 
 MOND FAMILY. 
 
 Gum-yielding trees or shrubs. Branches sometimes spinous. 
 Leaves scattered, often in tufts, simple, toothed, with free, deciduous 
 stipules. Flowers solitary or in pairs, in umbellate tufts, or in 
 corymbs or clusters, very caducous. Sepals five, united in a eampa- 
 nulate tube, with a five-cleft limb. Petals five, inserted at the mouth 
 of the calyx on a thin 
 disk, free, caducous. Sta- 
 mens fifteen- thirty, in- 
 serted with the petals. 
 Ovary free, with a single 
 one-celled carpel, con- 
 taining two ovules. Style 
 one ; stigma capitate. 
 Fruit (drupe) fleshy, suc- 
 culent, with a furrow 
 corresponding to the 
 edges of the carpellary 
 leaf, containing a single 
 ligneous or bony nut, 
 which is one-seeded by 
 abortion, rarely two- 
 seeded. Seed without 
 albumen. Radicle di- 
 rected to wards the hilum. 
 
 Primus, Tournf. 
 Sloe, Plum, Cherry. 
 Trees or shrubs, usually 
 more or less thorny (the 
 thorns on these are abor- 
 tive branches). Leaves simple, serrated, stalked, involute or plicate 
 
 Fig. 186. Primus spinosa. 1, Part of a branch in 
 flower; 2, flower, showing the petals, stamens, and 
 single style ; 3, branch in fruit ; 4, horizontal sec- 
 tion of the fruit, showing the succulent (drupaceous) 
 part and the bony nut. 
 
618 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 before expansion. Flowers white, solitary or in pairs, or aggregate. 
 Drupe (fruit) round or oblong, succulent, usually coloured, with a 
 glaucous efflorescence. Nut oblong (nearly globular in the Cherry), 
 more or less compressed, smooth or slightly furrowed, consisting of two 
 sliffhtlv-furrowed valves, with a prominent margin. 
 
 1. P. spinosa, Linn. Sloe-tree. E. B. 842, L. C. 314. Stems 
 very rigid, six-ten feet high (usually in several slender rod- like stems 
 from one root), more or less spinous. (The spines are long, sharp, and 
 terminal when old. Bromfield). Leaves elliptical or obovate, tapering 
 towards the base, hairy or downy on the under side (the young shoots 
 and leaf-stalks are also more or less hairy). Flowers white, solitary or 
 in pairs or in small tufts, usually expanded before the leaves. Fruit 
 on short pedicels, rounded, ovate (obovate), with a groove or seam on 
 one side. Nucleus (nut) roundish, rugose, with an adhering pulp. 
 In hedges, thickets, &c. Tree or shrub. Flowers in April, and bears 
 fruit in September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 Var. j8. P. insititia, Linn. Wild Bullace-tree. E. B. 841, L. C. 
 314 b. Kangeas set under P. spinosa. (?) Leaves downy on the under 
 side, two-flowered; flowers simultaneous with the leaves (?). Fruitlarge 
 globular, or subglobular, black, glaucous, green, or yellow. In hedges. 
 
 Var. 7. P. domestica, Linn. Common Wild Plum-tree. E. B. 1 783, 
 L. C. 314 c. Leaves oblong or obovate; fruit drooping, large, black, 
 glaucous, violet, or reddish. In hedges, near habitations. 
 
 Note. There are numerous varieties of all these forms. 
 
 2. P. padus, Linn. Bird Cherry. E. B. 1383, L. C. 315. A 
 small tree or shrub, with erect or spreading, slender, flexible branches. 
 Leaves large, ovate^oblong, tapering at the base, toothed and wrinkled. 
 Flowers numerous, small, in long , pendulous clusters. Sepals rounded, 
 blunt, fringed. Petals twice as long as the sepals. Fruit globular, 
 black or red, about as large as peas, bitter and rough (austere). In 
 hedges and woods. Tree. Flowers in May. Fruits in August. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 51 59. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 49 43. 
 
 3. P. aYiiiin, Linn. Wild Cherry. E. B. 706, L. C. 316*. A 
 tree thirty-forty feet in height, or more, with the epidermis (outer 
 bark) often peeling off in circular zones ; in old trees the bark is very 
 rough. Branches spreading, never pendulous the whole forming a 
 round head. Leaves obovate or obovate-oblong, glandular, usually 
 downy below, in tufts, with longer leaf-stalks than those in P. Cerasus. 
 Flowers on very long pedicels (two inches), three-five in each umbel. 
 Petals flaccid, scarcely spreading (Bromfield). Ovary turbinate, rib- 
 bed, with a somewhat longer neck than in P. Cerasus. Fruit roundish 
 or round, and sub-cordate at the base. Nucleus (nut) round and 
 smooth. Woods. Tree. Flowers in May, and is in fruit in July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58'. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 Var. a. sylvestris. Fruit round, black, about the size of a pea, 
 bitter and acid. 
 
 Var . Juliana, Gean. Fruit larger than in var. a, red or black, 
 juicy, sweet, with some acidity. 
 
AMYGDALACE^E. PRUNUS. ROSACES. 
 
 619 
 
 Note. The petals in P. avium are larger than they are in P. 
 Cerasus, and the scales of the leaf and flower-buds never become 
 leaves as they partly do in the Cherry-tree. The distance of the 
 glands from the base of the leaf is greater than in the above. 
 
 4. P. Cerasus,* Linn. Cherry. E. B. 2863, L. C. 316. Shrub 
 or tree, with more or less spreading branches, which are often slender 
 and pendulous. Leaves obovate-round or obovate-oblong, shortly and 
 abruptly acuminate, doubly-toothed, glabrous and wrinkled, stalked. 
 Flowers three-four together, in umbellate clusters, on long erect pedi- 
 cels. Segments of the calyx reflexed. Woods and hedges. Flowers 
 April, May. Bears fruit in June and July. 
 
 A. 8, C. ? Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 C. austera, Leighton's " Flora of Shropshire," is a synonym of 
 the above. 
 
 ORDER LXXXVIILROSACE JE, Juss. in part. THE ROSE 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbaceous 
 plants or shrubs, the latter often 
 prickly, usually producing an astrin- 
 gent watery sap. Leaves alternate, 
 pinnate or, palmate, rarely simple or 
 undivided, stipulate. Flowers perfedt, 
 in more or less regular cymes or in 
 corymbs. Calyx not attached to the 
 ovary, persistent, rarely withering. 
 Sepals five, rarely four, united below, 
 often stipulate (the stipules in this 
 case unite and form a calycule, or 
 secondary or exterior calyx). Petals 
 five, rarely four, free,caducous, uniform 
 on a disk, imbricated like the sepals in 
 prefloration. Stamens indefinite. An- 
 thers introrse. Ovary free, consisting 
 of an indefinite number of carpels, 
 rarely few (one or two). Carpels 
 with one ovule in each, rarely with 
 two or several ovules. Ovules sus- 
 pended or erect. Styles as many as 
 the carpels, lateral, rarely terminal, 
 free, rarely agglutinated in a column. 
 Stigmas undivided. Fruit consisting 
 of distinct carpels, usually indefinite, 
 rarely few ; carpels dry or drupaceous, Kf ^"^^j^e-^aSet 
 one-seeded, not opening (many-seeded carpel; 7, a single nut. ' 
 and opening in Spirted), usually dis- 
 posed in a head or on a hemispherical or conical receptacle, rarely 
 
 * There is much valuable matter on these ill-defined species in Dr. Bromfield's 
 excellent " Flora Vectensis." 
 
620 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 enclosed in the fleshy or ligneous tube of the calyx. Seeds suspended 
 or erect, without albumen (perisperm). Embryo straight. Kadicle 
 directed towards the hilum. 
 
 Fig. 187. Kubus discolor (fruticosus). 2, Vertical section of the flower, with the petals 
 removed, showing the receptacles, the ovaries, styles, and stamens ; 3, a single 
 carpel, with style and stigma ; 4, section of the ovule ; 5, fruit, nat. size. 
 
 TRIBE I. Spiraeeae. Carpels few, each two-six-seeded, in a 
 single whorl, opening by the inner margin (the border nearest the 
 axis or centre of the Sower). 
 
 Germs. Spircea. 
 
 I. Spiraea* Linn. Meadow-sweet Dropwort. Perennial, her- 
 baceous or ligneous plants, with pinnate, pinnatifid, lobed or entire 
 leaves (segments often very unequal) ; stipules often very minute or 
 absent. Flowers white or roseate, in many-flowered corymbs, or in 
 spicate panicles. Calyx in five divisions, without a calycule (secon- 
 dary calyx). Styles terminal, withering. 
 
 1. 8. Ulmaria, Linn. Meadow-sweet. E.B. 960, L.C. 317. Stem 
 erect, rigid, angular, smooth, branched above, leafy ; leaflets ovate or 
 slightly cordate at the base, with sharply toothed lobes, hoary or 
 tomentose below, in four -five pairs, with alternate smaller or abortive 
 ones, and with a dilated trifid terminal enlarged lobe ; stipules lunu- 
 late, sharply toothed. Flowers in compound cymes. Petals roundish, 
 
ROSACES. SPIR^A. POTENT1LLA. 621 
 
 -with linear claws, white. Carpels twisted, glabrous. In watery 
 places. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 51 38. 
 
 2. 8. Filipcndula, Linn. Dropwort. E. B. 284, L. C. 318. 
 Roots furnished with fibres which terminate in fleshy tubers. Stems 
 herbaceous, one-two-three feet high, erect, usually simple, with a few 
 branches near the top. Leaves of the root numerous, of the stem few, 
 with numerous leaflets (interruptedly pinnate), which are sessile, and 
 slightly clasping ; stipules toothed. Flowers white, in many- 
 flowered, terminal corymbs. Carpels numerous, small, conical, hairy 
 or bristly. On chalky or limestone open places. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47^. 
 
 3. S. salicifolia,. Linn. Willow-leaved Spinea. E. B. 1468, 
 L. C. 319. This species is shrubby, four-five feet high, with nume- 
 rous, erect, round, smooth, wand-like, leafy branches. Leaves oblong, 
 lanceolate, on short petioles, serrated with mucronate teeth. Flowers 
 small, in dense, branched, erect, terminal clusters, of a pale rose-pink, 
 interspersed with small, hairy, deciduous bracts. Styles five. Fre- 
 quent in shrubberies, apparently wild in hedges, in many parts of 
 Wales and Scotland. (See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., pp. 8, 32, 
 297, 365, 366, 449.) Shrub. Flowers in June, July. 
 
 A. 12, C. ? Lat. 53 (?) 57. Alt. ? T. ? , , I / ' 
 
 kt+tt 4*^ 8 <*w<*M cHn\^ Uw . 
 
 TRIBE II. Potentilleae. Carpels numerous, each one- 
 seeded, not opening, either dry or succulent (drupaceous), on a dry 
 or fleshy hemispherical or conical receptacle. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Potentilla. Carpels numerous, small ; nuts on a flattish dry receptacle. 
 
 Sibbaldia. (See P. Sibbaldia). 
 
 Comarum. (See P. Comarum.) 
 
 Fragaria. Carpels on a largely -devel oped fleshy-succulent receptacle. 
 
 Rubus. Carpels drupaceous, succulent, on a conical persistent receptacle. 
 
 Dry as. Calyx and petals eight-nine respectively; carpels on a dry 
 receptacle, 
 
 Geum. Petals five ; carpels tipped with the jointed styles, on a dry 
 receptacle. 
 
 II. Potentilla, Linn. Perennial, herbaceous plants, some- 
 times shrubby at the base, rarely annual. Leaves pinnate or pal- 
 mate or ternate ; stipules entire or incised. Flowers yellow or 
 white, in terminal, few-flowered, irregular cymes. Calyx in five, 
 rarely in four, divisions, with a calycule (outer calyx) similarly 
 divided. Petals obovate, round, or notched at the apex. Styles 
 caducous. Carpels dry, on a convex, dry, hairy, persistent receptacle. 
 
 SECT. I. Fragariastrum, D. C. Leaves digitate, trifoliate; flowers 
 white. 
 
 1. I*. Fragaria, Poir. Fragaria steritis, Linn. Barren Straw- 
 berry. E. B. 1785, L. C. 333. P.'Fragariastrum^l^. Root almost 
 
622 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 woody, oblique or horizontal, the rhizomes ending in a rosette of 
 leaves, sometimes stolon-like. Stems one-four inches high, slender, 
 spreading, about as long as the leaves. Leaves all ternate and petio- 
 late ; leaflets obovate or round and cuneate at the base, pubescent, 
 silky beneath, toothed ; the terminal tooth is shorter than the lateral 
 ones. Flowers terminal, on long pedicels, Sepals lanceolate, taper- 
 ing. Petals sometimes notched, scarcely so long as the calyx. 
 Stamens oil a brownish, hairy disk. On grassy banks and in woods. 
 Perennial. March May. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 51 40. 
 
 2. P. tridentataj Sol. Three-toothed Cinquefoil. E. B. 2389, 
 L. C. p. 16, List of Excluded Species. Root creeping, woody. Stems 
 herbaceous, three-four inches high, round, hairy, slightly leafy, bear- 
 ing three-four elegant white flowers. Leaves ternate ; leaflets entire, 
 except at the summit, which is equally toothed; lower stipules undi- 
 vided, upper stipules cut. Calyx purplish, hair}', with uniform and 
 equal segments. Petals obovate. Carpels hairy. Seeds ovate, 
 turgid. On a mountain called Werron, and some other hills in 
 Angusshire, to the westward. Mr. G. Don. From the " English 
 Flora" of Sir J. E. Smith, vol. ii., p. 425. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 SECT. II. Leaves digitate ; leaflets three-five-seven. 
 1, Flowers yellow. 
 
 3. P, Tormeiitilla, Nestl. T. ojfficinalis, Linn. Common Tor- 
 mentil. E. B. 863, L. C. 332. Roots thick, often woody. Stems nume- 
 rous, slender, spreading or ascending, six-twelve inches high. Leaves 
 ternate, rarely quinate ; leaflets cuneate, deeply toothed, the terminal 
 teeth being longer than the lateral teeth; radical leaves on long 
 petioles, often decayed before flowering ; stem-leaves sessile ; stipules 
 leaf- like, large, deeply toothed. Flowers rather small. Calyx in 
 four, rarely in Jive, divisions. Petals four, rarely five, rather longer 
 
 than the sepals. Carpels smooth when ripe. On heathy places, 
 in dry or moist commons or pastures. Perennial. May August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 52 36. 
 
 I have a variety of this plant collected about Callander and other 
 places in the Perthshire Highlands, which has very long linear- 
 cuneate leaflets, with three-five very long spreading teeth or lobes. 
 The stems are very long and prostrate, the flowers are on long pedi- 
 cels. Is this P. nemoralis, Nestl. ? 
 
 Var. 0. procumbens. Tormentilla reptans, E. B. 864. Stem pros- 
 trate, elongate, round, hairy. Leaves all petiolate ; leaflets obovate, 
 regularly, closely, and sharply toothed; stipules not leaf-like nor 
 divided, as in P. Tormentilla, with which it agrees only in the 
 divisions of the calyx, and in the number of its petals. It differs in 
 nothing from P. reptans, except in the number of the parts composing 
 its floral envelopes. 
 
 4. P. reptans, Linn. Creeping Cinquefoil. E. B. 862, L. C. 
 331. Root thick, crowned with a rosette of leaves. Stems long, 
 slender or filiform, prostrate and rooting at the joints. Leaves usually 
 
ROSACES. POTENTTLLA. 623 
 
 in five divisions; segments (leaflets) obovate or oblong, tapering and 
 cuneate at the base, serrated with numerous large teeth. Flowers 
 solitary, lateral or opposite to the leaves, on long pedicels. Outer 
 sepals (bracts) larger than the inner, sometimes incised. Petals 
 longer than the sepals. Carpels, when ripe, slightly rough. Road- 
 sides. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70, Lat. 50 58 Q . Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 5. P. alpestris, Hall. Alpine Cinquefoil. E. B. 2193, L. C. 
 33 1). Roots rather woody, divided at the crown. Stems numerous, 
 six-twelve inches high, ascending, branched, hairy, and leafy. Root- 
 leaves quinate (in fives), rarely septenate (in sevens), with cuneate 
 leaflets, which are more or less deeply cut in their upper half; stem- 
 leaves ternate, nearly sessile ; stipules ovate, pointed, entire or cut. 
 Pedicels long, slender, hairy. Petals obcordate, much longer than 
 the sepals. Carpels smooth, on a hairy receptacle. There is a more 
 erect, smaller, and less hairy form of this plant. The flowers are 
 larger and the carpels more numerous.* Mountains. Perennial. 
 June, July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 10. Lat. 52 57. Alt. 200900 yards. T. 46 37. 
 
 6. I. Terna, Linn. Spring Cinquefoil. E. B. 37, L. C. 329. 
 Stems prostrate, sometimes rooting, forming a close tuft (cushion ?). 
 Radical leaves five-seven, obovate, cuneate at the base, toothed only 
 on their upper half; teeth spreading, with prominent nerves on the 
 under side, of a light lively green ; stem-leaves ternate or simple ; 
 stipules of the root-leaves narrow, linear -subulate ? Pedicels filiform, 
 hairy. Petals only a little longer than the sepals. Carpels smooth, 
 on a hairy receptacle: In hilly and mountainous open places. Per- 
 ennial. May. 
 
 A. 12, C. 25. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0250 yards. T. 50 46. 
 The petals are more veined in P. alpestris than in this species. f 
 
 7. I*, opaca, Linn. Hairy Cinquefoil. E. B. 2449, L. C. Ex- 
 cluded Species, List C, p. 16. Root as in the preceding. Stems rigid, 
 prostrate-ascending, branched, hairy, and leafy. Root-leaves septenate ; 
 stem-leaves quinate or ternate, sessile, with cuneate leaflets, which are 
 cut or serrated almost to the base, larger, hairier, and of a lighter 
 green than the leaves generally are in the two preceding species ; sti- 
 pules lanceolate or linear, mostly entire. Outer segments of the calyx 
 lanceolate, nearly as long as the inner (the outer sepals are as long as 
 the inner in some examples) ones, but not quite so broad. Petals 
 scarcely longer than the calyx. Scottish mountains. Perennial.- 
 June. 
 
 8. I. argentea. Linn. Hoary Cinquefoil. E. B. 89, L. C. 328. 
 Root rather woody. Stems several, erect, six-twelve inches high, 
 
 * In this species the leaves are acuminate, on short footstalks, singly or doubly ser- 
 rated, teeth tipped with glands. Flowers three-four, on long, erect peduncles, in tufts, 
 surrounded at the base of their stalks by brownish fringed or toothed involucral scales. 
 Sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, reflexed. Petals rounded. 
 
 t "How far Potentilla alpestris is distil. ct from P.verna, I will not attempt to 
 decide ; but the appearance is different, and its mode of growth much more loose and 
 straggling." Mr. Joseph Woods, in " Companion to Bot. Mag.," vol. i., p. 293, 
 
624 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 leafy, slightly branched. Leaves stalked, consisting of five narrow, 
 deeply serrated or incised leaflets, which are cottony and white on the 
 under side, and dark green on the upper side ; stipules lanceolate, 
 tapering. Flowers in terminal, downy corymbs. Calyx white, like 
 the under side of the leaflets. Corolla small. Receptacle hairy, seeds 
 numerous. In gravelly pastures ; not frequent. Perennial. June, 
 July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 2. Leaves digitate; flowers white. 
 
 9. P. Sibbaldia.* Sibbaldiaprocumbens,Linu. E.B.897. L. C. 
 324. Stems very woody, short, prostrate. Leaves tern ate, petiolate ; 
 leaflets obovate or cuneate, with a three-toothed apex. Flowers 
 bracteate, on short, stout, hairy stalks. Sepals triangular or lanceo- 
 late, hairy. Petals very small and fugacious, obovate, linear, greenish- 
 yellow. Stamens few. Ben Lawers, and other alpine heights, on 
 rocky spots. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 12. Lat. 56 61. Alt. 5001400 yards. T. 41 33. 
 
 P. recto, Linn. Erect Cinquefoil, Fl. Dan., 11, 1820. Stem quite 
 erect, round, slender, hairy, branched only at the base and summit. 
 Leaves all stalked except the uppermost, digitate and quinate. Leaflets 
 oblanceolate (cuneate-elongate), deeply incised, with erect blunt lobes 
 or teeth, ribs prominent and hairy below ; stipules entire, linear- 
 lanceolate. Sepals linear-lanceolate, elongate, one or two of the outer 
 series laciniate, the rest entire. Petals yellow, shorter than the 
 sepals. On rubbish at Wands worth, and near Parson's Green, Mid- 
 dlesex. Perennial. July September. 
 
 ** 10. P. alba, Linn. White Cinquefoil. E. B. 1384, L. C. Ex- 
 cluded Species, List C, p. 16. Root long and woody, branched at 
 the crown. Stems scarcely as long as the root-leaves, very slender 
 and hairy, branched, and with a few leaves. Root-leaves on long, 
 furrowed, hairy stalks ; leaflets quinate, oblong, nearly entire (a few 
 teeth near the apex), the middle one much larger than the two lateral 
 pairs, all slightly hairy above and beautifully silvery and silky be- 
 neath. Pedicels slender, hairy, bracteate. Flowers white. Calyx 
 silky, outer segments nearly as long as the inner, but much 
 narrower. 
 
 We have only Hudson's authority for the growth of this plant in 
 Britain : " Habitat in Wallia, Per. Aug., D. Haviland." It has never 
 been reported since ; and may now, after a lapse of a hundred years, 
 be deemed extinct as a British plant, if it ever had any claims to this 
 rank. Kittel, in "German Flora," p. 650, informs us that it grows 
 here and there in woods and hedges, especially in the south of Ger- 
 many. 
 
 * Several eminent botanists have maintained the generic identity of Sibbaldia and 
 Potentilla. In deference to these the plant has been described as a Potentilla. There 
 are many other unnecessary divisions of genera ; but it would be desirable that botanists 
 of more influence than the writer of these descriptions should propose their discon- 
 tinuance. 
 
ROSACES. POTENTILLA. 625 
 
 SECT. III. Leaves pinnate. 
 1. Flowers white. 
 
 11. p. rupestris; Linn. Strawberry-flowered Cinquefoil. E. B. 
 2058, L. C. 326. Root woody, tapering, with numerous fibres. Stems 
 erect, stout, round, leafy, reddish, one-two feet high, branching, many- 
 flowered. Leaves pinnate and lyrate, with seven-five-three leaflets, 
 on long leaf-stalks; leaflets broadly elliptical, incised or toothed ; whole 
 plant hairy. Flowers large, white, like the flowers of the cultivated 
 Strawberry (Sm). Calyx spreading, brown. Seeds smooth. On the 
 sides of Craig Breidden, in Montgomeryshire. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 52 53. Alt. 150250 yards. T. 47 46. 
 
 2. Flowers yellow. 
 
 12. P. anserina, Linn. Silverweed. E. B. 861, L. C. 327. 
 Roots tapering, succulent. Stems prostrate, slender, long, rooting, and 
 bearing rosettes of leaves at the nodes (knots or joints), which are 
 usually distant. Leaves of fifteen-twentyfive leaflets, intermixed 
 with very small, entire or incised smaller leaflets (interruptedly pin- 
 nate) ; leaflets green on the upper side, cottony, white on the under 
 side, oblong, with pointed teeth; stipules sheathing, and divided 
 towards the summit. Flowers large, solitary, on simple, mostly erect 
 peduncles. Petals much longer than the calyx. Waysides, banks, 
 and moist places ; common. Perennial. June. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 13. P. fruticosa,, Linn. Shrubby Cinquefoil. E. B. 88, L. C. 
 325. A bushy shrub, about three or four feet high, leafy. Leaves 
 stalked ; leaflets five-seven, oblong, acute, hairy, revolute at the mar- 
 gin, pale on the under side, the three terminal confluent ; upper leaves 
 ternate. Flowers terminal and aggregate, large and handsome. 
 Greta Bridge, and other places in Teesdale. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 3, C. 3. Lat. 54 55. Alt. ? T. ? 
 
 P. supina, Linn. Stem round, hairy, reddish,much branched, procum- 
 bent, leafy. Leaves pinnate, having two pairs of leaflets, with a large, 
 terminal, usually trifid lobe ; leaflets oblong, sessile, incised, with erect 
 lobes or teeth, quite smooth on both sides ; stipules entire or toothed 
 (the lower are entire, the upper three-toothed). Flowers solitary, 
 axillary, on slender, reflex pedicels, which are shorter than the leaves. 
 Outer sepals longer than the inner, ovate, spreading ; inner segments 
 of the calyx triangular, pointed, erect, or embracing the fruit. Petals 
 not half so long as the calyx. Segments obovate or cuneate, notched, 
 bright yellow. Fruit very compact, hemispherical. Battersea Fields, 
 on mud and soil. Annual ? July, August. 
 
 SECT. IV. Receptacle fleshy. 
 
 14.1*. Co 111 a rum, Nestl. Comarum palustre,IArm. Purple Marsh 
 Cinquefoil. E. B. 172, L. C. 334. Stems round, ascending, hairy, 
 branched, reddish. Leaves elliptic-oblong, serrated with large pointed 
 teeth, light green above, hoary below, pinnate; stipules leaf-like, 
 
626 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 entire and rounded at the base, serrated, and sharply-pointed upwards. 
 Outer calyx (calycine bracts) spreading, linear-lanceolate. Sepals 
 (divisions of the inner calyx) ovate, acute, purple within, and usually 
 of a dingy purple without, converging and covering the fruit. Seeds 
 (carpels) numerous, easily detached from the enlarged, conical, fleshy 
 or spongy receptacle. Peaty, boggy places; not. common. Perennial. 
 June, July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 61\ Alt. 0900 yards. T. 50 38. 
 
 Note. Differing from Potentilla, to which perhaps it ought to be 
 joined by its enlarged, spongy receptacle. Babington, ll Manual," 
 2nd ed., p. 95. 
 
 III. Frngaria, Linn. Perennial plants, with thick, woody 
 roots, which are invested with the dilated bases of the decayed leaves, 
 throwing out numerous stolons (runners) w r hich strike roots, and thus 
 produce new plants. Leaves trifoliate, toothed, mostly radical, with 
 stipules united to the petiole. Flowers white, in terminal cymes. 
 Calyx five-parted, with a five-parted outer, spreading calyx (calycule). 
 Receptacle ovate, much developed, fleshy, succulent. 
 
 F. resect, Linn. Strawberry. E. B. 1524, L. C. 335. Stolons 
 numerous. Stems four-eight inches high, naked, or with a solitary 
 leaf under the flowers, usually about as long as the leaves. Leaves 
 pubescent, white and silky underneath, with oblong or obovate leaf- 
 lets, toothed and plicate before expansion, the terminal one usually 
 shorter than the lateral ones. Petioles and pedicels hairy. Calyx 
 spreading. Fruit red, ovate-globular. Woods and hedges. Perennial. 
 May. 
 
 A. 18(?), C. 81. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 51 40. 
 
 Var. . elatior. F. elatior, Ehrh. Stems taller; leaves broader; 
 the lateral leaflets often stalked ; flowers larger than in the typical 
 species, often abortive. Woods in the south of England ; rare. 
 
 IV. Rubus, Linn. Bramble. Stems variable, but mostly 
 shrubby, rarely herbaceous. Leaves compound. Flowers terminal, 
 panicled or corymbose. Calyx five-parted ; segments concave, pointed. 
 Petals five, obovate. Stamens indefinite. Ovaries aggregate, with a 
 nearly terminal style to each, placed on a spongy, conical receptacle. 
 Fruit an agglomeration of one-seeded, juicy drupes. Seeds hard, 
 wrinkled, pitted. These plants have long, usually arching, angular 
 or round, prickly stems, which are of two years' duration (but some 
 exceed this period) ; their fruit is acid, pulpy, mostly black, but some- 
 times crimson, or yellowish- white. They grow in temperate regions, 
 and rarely between the tropics. 
 
 Note, The range or area of the various so-called species of this 
 genus is quoted from the third volume of " Cybele Brit.," p. 337 ; for 
 which work it was written by Mr. Babington. 
 
 1. Suberecti, Lind. Stem erect; leaves pinnate or digitate. 
 
 1. . idieus; Linn. Raspberry. E. B. 2442, L. C. 339, 346 in 
 
ROSACES. RUBtTS. 627 
 
 3rd ed. Stem erect or nearly so, round, tapering, with warts or ru- 
 dimentary prickles. Branches rather erect, hairy, with slender prickles 
 (aciculi). Leaflets of the barren stem ovate-acuminate, with broad, 
 mucronate teeth ; terminal leaflet cordate at the base ; leaflets of the 
 fertile stem small, all densely tomentose and white below ; stipules 
 setaceous. Sepals densely tomentose, with long, setaceous teeth. 
 Petals erect, not exceeding the sepals. Fruit very pulpy. Heaths, 
 thickets. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. -75. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 50 40. 
 
 Var. j8. trifoliatus, Dr. Bell Salter, in " An. Nat. Hist.," vol xvi., 
 p. 365. Stem polished ; prickles few ; leaves ternate. 
 
 Var. 7. Leesii, Bab. in " An. Nat. Hist.," vol. xvii., p. 169. Lees' 
 Bramble. L. C. 339 b. Leaves ternate ; lateral leaflets overlapping. 
 
 A. 1 (?). Devon and Somerset. 
 
 2. . suberectus, Andr. Red-fruited Bramble. E. B. 2572, 
 L. C. 340, 3. Stem rather erect, bluntly angular, slightly prickly, 
 more or less hairy above (often quite smooth) ; prickles small, deflexed, 
 variable, confined to the angles (?). Leaves green on both sides, and 
 slightly hairy,- leaflets obovate or elliptical, somewhat acuminate 
 (oblong pointed), deeply and sharply toothed, some of them lobed ; 
 stipules lanceolate, fringed. Flowers in branched, spreading panicles. 
 Sepals smooth and black or tawny externally, internally clothed 
 with long, thick, white down (shaggy at the edges), reflexed in 
 flower. Petals large, two or three times as large as the sepals. Fruit 
 red. In woods and groves. Shrub. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 9, C. 16 (?). Devon to Moray. 
 
 Var. 0. trifoliatus. Leaves all ternate ; fruit bright red. 
 
 Var. 7. fissus, Leight. Fl. Sh. 225. L. C. 340, 4. Prickles not 
 confined to the angles, numerous and contiguous ; calyx spreading, 
 erect. (See " Phytologist," vol. iii., p. 72.) 
 
 3. . plicatus, W. and N. Upright Blackberry. E. B. 2714, 
 L. C. 340, 5. Stem nearly erect, angular, furrowed, glabrous, except 
 at the top, prickly. Prickles on the angles of the stem, dilated at 
 the base, curved, uniform, deflexed. Leaflets ovate-oblong, leathery, 
 with prominent nerves and prickly midrib. Flowers in a spreading 
 panicle or cluster, on long pedicels. Sepals lax, ovate-acuminate, 
 densely tomentose on the inside. Petals large, conspicuous. Fruit 
 nearly black. In damp and boggy places. Shrub. July September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 22. Lat. 50 57. 
 
 Var. j8. carinatus, Bell Salter in " An. Nat. Hist." vol. xvi., p. 365. 
 Leaflets lanceolate, strongly keeled and veined below. 
 
 R. fastigiatus, W. and N. (?) Stems angular, glabrous, with few, 
 equal, straight, deflexed prickles, which are confined to the angles of 
 the stem. Leaflets cordate, acuminate, green on both sides, flexible, 
 large, unequally toothed and serrated, downy and paler beneath. 
 Panicle simple, elongate. Woods. Scotland. Shrub. August, 
 September. 
 
 This is called a sylvan form of It. plicatus in the third edition of 
 the " Manual ;" in the fourth it is invisible. 
 
628 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 2. Stem glabrous or slightly hairy, with straight prickles and spreading 
 hairs. 
 
 4. it. inriirvat us. Bab. L. C. 340, 10. Stem angular, sulcate, 
 slightly clothed with scattered hairs, and armed with distant, de- 
 clining prickles. Leaflets ovate-acuminate, ending in a curved point, 
 undulating, crisp, toothed, and serrated. Panicle leafy, long and 
 flexuous. Peduncles downy and densely hairy. Sepals downy, in- 
 curved ahout the flowers and immature fruit. Thickets. Shrub. 
 July ? " Phytologist," vol. iv., p. 822. 
 
 A. 4, C. ? Lat. 51 55. 
 
 5. . imbricatus, Hort. " An. of Nat. Hist." vol. ii. ser. vii., 
 L. C. 340, 9. Stem angular, furrowed, purplish-red ; prickles small, 
 deflexed on a long (broad) base. Leaflets roundish-cordate, cuspidate, 
 imbricate (overlapping each other). Panicle narrow, leafy below. 
 Fruit roundish. Valley of the Wye, near Monmouth; plentiful. 
 Shrub. June August. 
 
 A. 1, C.2. Lat. 51 53. 
 
 6. K. rhamnifoliusj W. and N. Buckthorn-leaved Bramble. 
 E. B. 2604, L. C. 340, 11. Stems angular, furrowed. Prickles uni- 
 form, straight, deflexed. on very broad bases ; prickles on the petioles 
 curved, much deflexed. Leaves ternate or quinate. Leaflets on the 
 barren stems oblong or obovate, pointed, petiolate, lowest pair deflexed, 
 of the fertile stem sessile, all ovate-oblong or rhomboid, finely and 
 sharply toothed, more or less hairy on both sides, whitish below, 
 green above. Flowers in rather dense panicled clusters ; at the base 
 dense and on short peduncles, on the upper part open and on long 
 axillary peduncles. Sepals ovate, shortly acuminate, densely shaggy 
 on both sides, reflexed, about half as long as the petals. Shrub. 
 July, August. 
 
 " Cybele,"No. 12. A. 10, C. 15. Lat. 51 56. 
 
 Var. R. cordifolius, W. and N., differs from R. rhamnifolius in its 
 rather more flexible and greener leaves, terminal leaflet slightly cor- 
 date at the base, rounded, and shortly and sharply acuminate. This 
 is rather a synonym of R. rhamnifolius than the name of a variety. 
 
 7. M. ailinis, W. and N. Related Bramble. L. C. 340, 7. 
 Stem angular, hairy; prickles slender, deflexed, slightly curved. 
 Leaflets ovate, coarsely serrated, dark green above, paler beneath, 
 more or less hairy on the under side. Flowers in a long, straggling 
 panicle. Fruit of many large, black grains. Woods. Shrub. 
 August (?). 
 
 " Cybele," No. 8. A. 11, C. 17. Lat. 51 57. 
 Compare Leighton in " Shropshire Flora," p. 226. This is entered 
 in deference to the authors of the London Catalogue. 
 
 8. . Grabowskii, Weihe (?). Grabowsky's Bramble. L. C. 
 340, 12. Stem glabrous, or slightly downy, with blunt angles; 
 prickles numerous, slender, straight or hooked, much deflexed, slightly 
 hairy at the base. Leaves of the barren stem quinate, of the fertile 
 ternate, on petioles furnished with numerous strongly hooked prickles. 
 
ROSACEJE. RUBUS. 629 
 
 Leaflets shortly petioled, rounded, cordate at the base, shortly acu- 
 minate, unequally and finely serrated ; teeth mucronate ; midribs 
 furnished with numerous strongly hooked prickles, glabrous above, 
 pale green and slightly hairy beneath. Flowers in simple clusters ; 
 rach (common peduncle) very prickly ; prickles very long, straight 
 or hooked ; hairs spreading, not numerous, except on the pedicels. 
 Woods, &c. 'Shrub. August. 
 
 "Cybele," No. 13. A.I. Leicester. Lat. 52 53. 
 
 9. . nitidus, W. andN. Shining-stalked Bramble, L. C. 340, 6. 
 Stem quite smooth (fere glabro = almost smooth), with blunt angles, 
 more or less prickly ; prickles of the stem deflexed, not straight, 
 compressed and dilated at the base. Leaflets all petiolate, ovate 
 or obovate or oblong, more or less acuminate, slightly cordate at 
 the base, doubly, coarsely and unequally toothed, glabrous above 
 (on the upper surface), soft and downy underneath, green on both 
 sides. Petioles both general and partial,* thickly armed with hooked, 
 deflexed prickles, which extend along fche midrib of the leaflets of 
 the barren stem. 
 
 Note. The lower pair of leaflets are stalked, and do not overlap 
 the intermediate pair (Babington). Panicle prickly, composed of 
 divergent, horizontal branches. Sepals whitish, densely shaggy, 
 with short points. Petals twice as large as the sepals. Fruit small. 
 Hedges and thickets. Shrub. July September. (See " Phyto- 
 logist, vol. iii., pp. 75, 360 ; vol. ii., pp. 101-2.) 
 
 A. 9, C. 16. Lat. 51 56. 
 
 Var. R. affinis, W. and N. (See No. 7, L. 0.) Stem angular, 
 with rather stouter, more strongly curved prickles (?) than It. nitidus; 
 leaflets more leathery, and rather tomentose on the under side ; 
 flowers in rather more erect, axillary corymbs ; sepals more acumi- 
 nate. (Compare " Phytologist," vol. iii., pp. 73, 325). See Leigh- 
 ton's " Shropshire Flora," where there is an eloborate description of 
 this and the other Salopian Brambles. See p. 628.) 
 
 "Cybele," No. 8. A. 11, 17. Lat. 51 57. 
 
 Var. E. macrophyllus, W. and N. E. B. 2625, L. C. 340, 21. 
 Babington's " Manual," p. 101, 2nd ed. Stem angular, furrowed, 
 very slightly hairy, shining, prickly ; prickles nearly straight and 
 nearly horizontal, those on the petioles deflexed, all much compressed 
 and dilated at the base ; leaflets large, rounded, with coarse, unequal, 
 spreading teeth, green on both sides, and rather more cordate at the base; 
 flowers in very lax leafy corymbs ; sepals with longish, filiform points. 
 
 Var. amplificatus, Lees. Stem hairier, with more deflexed and 
 rather stouter prickles; leaflets narrower, with more erect teeth; 
 panicle not very open ; sepals more acuminate. 
 
 Note. The leaflets in this variety vary between broadly obovate 
 and cuneate; the sepals are elongate and more tapering than in the 
 preceding varieties. A var. of Jl. macrophyllus. (See Babington's 
 11 Manual," p. 101, 4th ed.) 
 
 * The general petiole supports the series of leaflets which compose the compound 
 leaf; the partial ones only bear leaflets. 
 
630 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 The forms in this group, viz. rhamnifolius, nitidus, &c., are dis- 
 tinguished by petiolate lower leaflets, which are always more or less 
 declinate. 
 
 R. latifolius, Bab. L. C. 340, 8. Stem angular, furrowed, 
 glabrous, purplish or green ; leaflets very large, cordate at the base, 
 rounded, acuminate, very broad ; lower pair of leaflets overlapping. 
 
 A. 3, C. 3. Lat. 54 57. 
 
 See " Phytologist," vol. iv., p. 969, where Mr. Baker informs us 
 that it is a connecting link between R. corylifolius and R. nitidus, 
 as we understand the passage. He says that it is probably a luxu- 
 riant state of the former. 
 
 10. a, Salteri; Bab. Salter's Bramble. L. C. 340, 20. (See 
 " Phytologist," vol. iv., p. 919, where it is described by Mr. Lees 
 among the Cassious Brambles.) Stem angular, furrowed, slightly 
 hairy, with uniform, straight, deflexed prickles, which are confined 
 to the angles of the stem. Leaflets ovate, pointed (apiculate), hairy 
 above and downy beneath, not overlapping. Panicle compound, 
 with lax hairs and no setae. Apse Castle Wood, Isle of Wight. 
 Shrub. July September. 
 
 A. 3, C. 3. Lat. 51 55. 
 
 Var. R. balfourianus, L. C. 340, 35. Stem angular, slightly 
 hairy, shining ; prickles numerous, straight, or a little curved, hori- 
 zontal ; prickles of the petioles hooked and deflexed ; lower pair of leaf- 
 lets sessile and overlapping, ovate-rounded ; terminal leaflet of the bar- 
 ren stem cordate, rounded, all with long, thick, shaggy down beneath, 
 prominent, prickly midribs, and equal and mostly double serratures ; 
 flowers corymbose ; sepals shaggy, large, with acuminate points. 
 
 11. R. corylifolius, Sm. Hazel-leaved Bramble. E. B. 827, 
 L. C. 340, 36. Stem roundish, smooth, or slightly hairy, with one or 
 two very blunt angles; prickles straight, uniform, horizontal, or very 
 slightly deflexed ; prickles on the petioles curved and deflexed. Lower 
 pair of leaflets sessile, and consequently slightly overlapping the 
 intermediate pair, slightly but decidedly declinate ; terminal leaflet 
 ovate or cordate at the base, oblong or rhomboid, sharply and un- 
 equally toothed, slightly hairy above, densely tomentose beneath. 
 Flowers in lax corymbose panicles. Sepals shaggy, pointed. Woods 
 and hedges. Shrub. July September. 
 
 A. 8, C. 8. Lat. 50 56. 
 
 Var. sublustris, Lees. Whole plant green ; prickles slender ; 
 leaflets more velvety below. (See Leighton in " Phytologist," vol. 
 iii., p. 165.) 
 
 A. 8, C. 11. Lat. 51 56. 
 
 Var. y. Smithii and 8. intermedius. (See " Leighton in " Phy- 
 tologist," ib.) These two varieties are distinguished by their purplish 
 stems furnished with numerous strong prickles and smaller leaflets. 
 The var. 8 is more prickly than var. 7. 
 
 3. Carpinifolii. Stems slightly hairy ; hairs spreading. 
 
 12. R. carpiiiifolius, W. and N. Hornbeam-leaved Bramble. 
 
ROSACEJE. RUBUS. 631 
 
 E. B. 2664, L. C. 340, 16. Stem stout, rounded, or angular; prickles 
 strong, enlarged at the base, on the angles, when the stem is angular, 
 deflexed. Leaflets usually petiolate ; lower pair declining, some- 
 times nearly sessile and declinate, and slightly overlapping, often 
 cuneate (tapering) at the base, oblong or rhomboid ; terminal leaflet 
 of the barren stem rounded, obovate, or somewhat rhomboid, cordate 
 at the base, and shortly and sharply acuminate, both sides of the 
 same colour, rather coriaceous above, slightly hairy beneath. Flowers 
 terminal or axillary, on horizontal or erect branches. Sepals ovate, 
 with short points, shaggy on both sides, reflexed. Petals usually of 
 a light pink colour. Fruit small. Woods and hedges. Shrub. July 
 September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 22. Lat, 50 57. 
 
 R. macrophyllus, W. and N. Long-leaved Bramble. E. B. 2625, 
 L. C. 340, 21. Stem angular, hairy, with several straight prickles. 
 Leaflets elliptical ovate, lowest pair not overlapping, doubly serrated 
 with long points, downy or hairy beneath. Panicle compound, with 
 ascending branches. (Babington, "Manual," p. 161.) Woods and 
 hedges ; not common. Shrub. July September. 
 
 A. 11, C. 19. Lat. 50 56. 
 
 13. . pampinosus, Lees; villicaulis, W.andN. L. C. 340, 18. 
 Stem angular, polished, with short inconspicuous hairs, and 
 many small declining prickles. Leaflets ovate or cordate-ovate, large, 
 thin, flexible, with coarse serratures. Panicle very long. Sepals 
 densely hairy, loosely reflex in flower and fruit. In dense thickets. 
 Shrub. July ? (Compare " Phytologist," vol. iv., p. 822.) 
 
 A. 9, C. 16. Lat. 50 56. 
 
 14. R. sylvaticus, Leighton's fasc. 340; mucronatus, Blox. fasc. Syl- 
 van Bramble. L.C.340,19. Stem angular or rounded, furrowed, smooth; 
 prickles few, small. Leaves ternate or quinate ; leaflets rounded, 
 obovate or oblong, pliant, nearly of the same colour and slightly 
 hairy on both sides, equally and deeply toothed, slightly and abruptly 
 acuminate. Panicle simple, few-flowered ; rach and pedicels hairy 
 and glandular, with few prickles. Woods ? Shrub. July Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Note. In the third edition of the "Manual" this species was 
 divided between three, or formed part of R. villicaulis, R. mucro- 
 natus, and R. calvatus ; in the fourth edition the 'latter species has 
 been hung on to R. Salteri, with the candid observation, that they 
 seem to be the extremes of one species. 
 
 R. humifusus, W. and N. (See " Phytologist," vol. iv., p. 293.) 
 E. B. 2661. Stem procumbent ; prickles and aciculi numerous, slen- 
 der, often gland-tipped. Leaves ternate or pedate-quinate ; leaflets 
 cordate-acuminate, doubly and unequally serrated. Branches of the 
 panicle appressed, thickly clothed with setae, aciculi, and gland- 
 tipped prickles. Sepals lanceolate, setose, prickly. Woods and 
 thickets ; very rare. Shrub. June August. 
 
 This was collected long ago under a dense growth of Brambles, 
 &c., in a shady lane at Bellsize House, near Hampstead. This loca- 
 
632 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 lity no longer exists ; the place does ; but the shady path has shared 
 the fate of Hag-bush Lane. (See "Every Day Book," p. 870.) A. I. 
 
 15. . Sprengelii, W.andN. Sprengel's Bramble. L.C.340,22. 
 Stem rounded or angular; prickles small, straight or hooked, de- 
 flexed. Leaves ternate or quaternate, thin, of the same colour on 
 both sides, smooth ; leaflets cuneate at the base, oblong-ovate, lower 
 pair on short petioles, with large, sharp teeth. Flowers in close, 
 terminal, and axillary clusters ; rach glandular, hairy, with a few 
 long, slender prickles. Sepals acuminate, nearly as long as the petals. 
 Fruit enclosed in the calyx. Woods. Shrub. July, September. 
 
 A. 8. C. 13. Lat. 51 55. 
 
 Var. R. Borreri, Bell Salter, " An. Nat. Hist.," vol. xv., p. 306. 
 Stem rounded or angular ; prickles slender, deflexed, unequal. Leaves 
 of barren stem quinate, of the same colour on both sides. Leaflets 
 oblong-obovate, deeply and sharply toothed or doubly toothed, lower 
 pair not overlapping (?). Flowers in branched, compact panicles j rach 
 shaggy, glandular (?). Sepals ovate, pointed, very shaggy. 
 
 16. M. leucostachys, Sm. JR. vestitus, W. and N. White- 
 clustered Bramble. E. B. 2631, L. C. 340, 15. Stem angular or 
 rounded, clothed with white hairs or down ; prickles straight, hori- 
 zontal, strong, equal, hairy, and enlarged at the base. Leaves quinate, 
 leathery, smooth and green above, soft and whitish below, shaggy or 
 tomentose, always with white, shining hairs; leaflets petioled, the 
 lowest pair deflexed, obovate or oblong, pointed, sharply serrated, 
 with mucronate teeth. Panicle branched and leafy below, more or 
 less dense and narrow above. Pedicels shaggy, with long and short 
 hairs interspersed with a few setae and glands. Fruit purplish- 
 black. 
 
 A. 10, C. 19. Lat 51 56. 
 
 Var. vestitus. Leaves more or less pliable, slightly hairy above, 
 shaggy or tomentose below ; leaflets more rounded than in the type. 
 Sepals hairy, glanduliferous. 
 
 Var. villicaulis. Stem rather more densely hairy. Leaflets ob- 
 ovate or oblong. 
 
 Var. argenteus. Stem angular, very shaggy. Leaves oblong- 
 obovate, white below. Sepals shaggy, armed with prickles. 
 
 Var. R. Leightonianus, Bab. Stem angular or rounded, hairy, 
 with straight, slightly deflexed prickles, which are on a dilated, hairy 
 base. Leaflets thin, roundish, doubly toothed, pale green and hairy 
 beneath. Panicle with rather distant, spreading branches, densely 
 clothed with hairs and setae (bristles bearing glands). Compare 
 " Phytologist," vol. iii., p. 176, where the Rev. W. A. Leighton 
 clearly shows that this is neither a species nor even a variety, but 
 the veritable R. leucostachys, var. vestitus. Entered in deference to 
 the learned authors of the " London Catalogue." 
 
 4. Tomentosi. Stem angular, with concave sides, more or less clothed 
 with silky hairs ; prickles mostly on the angles of the stem, stout, clothed at 
 the base with silky down (pubescence). Leaves of the barren stem quinate, 
 
ROSACEJE. RUBUS. 033 
 
 of the fertile one ternate or quinate, white or hoary below. Flowers usually 
 in leafless, downy panicles. 
 
 17. M. discolor, W. andN.; fruticosus. E. B. 715, L. C. 340, 14. 
 
 Two-coloured-leaved Bramble. Stems glaucous, with minute, silky 
 hairs; prickles stout, mostly hooked, of the same colour as the stem, 
 except . at the tops, where they are yellowish-brown, and without 
 down (tomentum). Leaflets all petioled, not overlapping-, cuneate, 
 oblong, or obovate, pointed, serrated (teeth unequal), glabrous above, 
 white and downy below. Flowers in compound or simple clusters ; 
 rach and branches downy. Sepals ovate, with short points. Petals 
 varying from pure white to deep red. Very common in hedges. 
 Shrub. July, August. / 
 
 A. 9, C. 21. Lat. #1 55. ff 
 
 Var. j8. thyrsoides, Bab. L. C. 340, 13. Stems and prickles gla- 
 brous, nearly without pubescence. Leaflets more elongate and not so 
 leathery nor so white below as in the typical form ; panicle closer and 
 more elongate. (Compare " Phytologist," vol. iii., p. 182.) 
 
 A. 5, C. 12. Lat. 51 54. 
 
 Var. y, macroacantkus, Bell Salt. Stem greenish, rough, with 
 spreading hairs and long slender prickles ; leaflets broad, rounded, 
 coarsely toothed, teeth mucronate, hoary below. 
 
 Var. argenteus. L. C. 340, 13 b. Stem purplish, with fewer 
 spreading hairs; prickles more hooked or declinate, not clothed half 
 way up with shaggy hairs. Leaflets petioled, obovate, with unequal 
 teeth, hoary below. Flowers in compound clusters.. Sepals shaggy. 
 
 Var. villicaulis. Stem hairy or woolly. Leaflets obovate, sharply 
 serrated, not so tomentose underneath as the above forms of discolor. 
 Nearer to R. leucostachys than to JR. discolor (?). 
 
 A. 9, C. 16. Lat. 51 55. 
 
 5. Stems hairy. 
 
 18. M. rudis, Weihe. Rough Bramble. L. C. 340, 26. Stem 
 angular, furrowed with numerous setae and aciculi (small prickles) ; 
 prickles equal, nearly straight, deflexed, long and slender, more or less 
 enlarged, and slightly hairy at the base. Leaflets petiolate, with 
 strongly-hooked prickles on their midribs, ovate-acuminate, coarsely 
 and doubly serrated, pale green and hairy below. Panicle open and' 
 branching towards the base, dense above, leafy throughout. Sepals 
 ovate-acuminate, with long leaf-like points. Petals longer than the 
 sepals. . Bushy places. Perennial. Shrub. July. 
 
 A. 10, C. 20. Lat. 51 56. 
 
 19. . pallidus; W. and N. L. C, 340, 27. Stem angular, 
 armed with distant prickles, copiously fringed with hairs, setae, and 
 aciculi. Leaflets elliptical, obovate ; narrowed at the base, bright- 
 green above, pallid beneath. Panicle broad, hairy, and setose. 
 Woods. Shrub. July (?). 
 
 A. 12, C. 15. Lat. 51 57. 
 
 Var. Leiyhtonii. Prickles more flattened. Leaflets stalked, dis- 
 tinct, obovate. or oblong shortly acuminate. Panicle spreading, leafy 
 
 T T 
 
634 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 below. Besides this, there are several varieties of this form, viz., 
 Reichenbachii, with round leaflets ; denticulatus, with shallow teeth ; 
 attenuatus, leaflets with long tapering points. 
 
 20. . pyramidalis, Bab. Pyramidal Bramble. L. C. 340, 
 30. Stem angular or rounded, armed with many short, strong 
 prickles, which are enlarged at the base, intermixed with a few 
 aciculi, setae, and hairs. Leaflets hairy on both sides, toothed and 
 serrated. Panicle pyramidal, leafy below j rach straight, rigid. 
 (Babington.) Woods (?). Shrub. July(?). 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 51 54'. 
 
 21. . Guntheri, Weihe. Gunther's Bramble. L. C. 340,31. 
 Stems rounded or angular, with flat sides, hairy and glandular; 
 prickles unequal, usually small, straight and declining. Leaves ter- 
 nate or quinate ; leaflets petioled, cordate at the base, rounded, ovate, 
 obovate, or oblong, sometimes green on both sides, sometimes nearly 
 white below, teeth of the serratures mucronate. Flowers numerous, 
 in branching panicles, clustered and leafy below, dense and leafless 
 above. Sepals reflexed, densely shaggy, prickly, with short, callous 
 tips (points). Woods. Perennial. Shrub. August. 
 
 A. 3, C. 5. Lat. 61 53. 
 
 JR. JBabingtonii, Bell Salt. Babington's Bramble. Stem angular, 
 with concave sides, hairy ; glandular in the variety . Bloxamii ; 
 prickles declining, strong, short, hairy and enlarged at the base. 
 Leaves mostly ternate, hairy on both sides ; leaflets broad, obovate, 
 unequally toothed or lobed, with short, abrupt points. Panicle 
 spreading, on long, leafy, very prickly branches, scarcely glandular, very 
 hairy. Sepals densely shaggy. This form or species has degenerated 
 into a var. of R. Hystrix, W. ; the var. R. Bloxamii has advanced a 
 step. (See infra.} 
 
 A. 6, C. 9. Lat. 51 54. 
 
 22. . .Bloxamii, Lees. L. C. 340, 23. Stem sulcate, with 
 numerous aciculi and setae (prickles?). Leaflets soft and green, 
 hairy on both sides. Panicles very long. (Compare " Phytologist," 
 vol. iv., p. 921.) 
 
 23. . Kwhleri, Weihe. Koehler's Bramble. L. C. 340, 28. 
 Stem angular, with flat, ridged sides ; prickles very unequal, usually 
 small, hooked or straight, declining. Leaves quinate, on prickly stalks, 
 prickles strongly hooked, smooth above, soft and hairy below; 
 leaflets obovate, pointed with scolloped margins and long mucronate 
 teeth, lower pair deflexed. Panicles leafy below, clusters 011 downy, 
 hairy, prickly, glandulous, short branches. Sepals lanceolate, pointed, 
 densely downy, nearly as long as the narrow, clawed petals. Woods, 
 hedges, and bushy places. Perennial. Shrub. July, August. 
 
 A. 9, C. 15. Lat. 51 56. 
 
 Var. fusco-ater. L. C. 340, 29. Stem very prickly ; prickles 
 rather stronger than in the type, mostly straight, deflexed ; lowest 
 pair of leaflets on or attached to the petioles of the central pair. 
 
 Var./wscMS. Leaves more coriaceous, more rigid, and less hairy 
 below than in the typical form ; petioles and midribs red ; prickles, 
 
ROSACE^E. RUBUS. 635 
 
 aciculi, and setae reddish ; hairs white. A var. of JR. glandulosus. 
 (" Manual," p. 105). 
 
 A. 3, C.3. Lat. 52' 53. 
 
 24. . hirtus, W. and N. Hirsute Bramble. L. C. 340, 32. 
 Stem angular, furrowed with long, spreading hairs, and with aciculi, 
 setae, and slender, unequal, deflexed, nearly straight prickles. Leaves 
 pliant, nearly of the same colour on both sides; leaflets mostly 
 petioled, ovate-lanceolate or rounded and shortly acuminate, nearly 
 equally serrated with longish, mostly ascending teeth. Panicle leafy 
 below. Sepals hairy and glandular without. Petals elliptical, 
 longer than the sepals. Woods. Shrub. July, August. 
 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat. 51 55. 
 
 Var. foliosus, W. and N. Leaves ovate or obovate, coarsely and 
 doubly toothed ; lower pair of leaflets slightly overlapping the inter- 
 mediate pair. Fruit small. 
 
 25. It,, sea her, Weihe. Scabrous Bramble. L. C. 340, 34. Stem 
 angular, furrowed with deflexed, very unequal prickles, intermixed 
 with aciculi (prlcklets) and setae (glandular hairs). Leaflets ovate or 
 obovate, sharply serrated with mucronate teeth, rigid, smooth, with 
 only a few scattered hairs on the under side. Panicle spreading, 
 with long, horizontal branches. Sepals lanceolate. Fruit small. 
 Woods. Shrub. July (?) September. 
 
 A. 4, C. 5. Lat. 51 -54. 
 
 26. . Bellardi; W. and N. Bollard's Bramble. L. C. 340, 
 33 a. Stems rounded, armed with prickles, aciculi, and in the upper 
 part densely hairy or shaggy ; prickles small, unequal, straight, 
 slender; hairs spreading, dense on the petioles. Leaves ternate; 
 leaflets rounded or obovate-oblong, sharply serrated with mucronate 
 teeth. Panicles compound, branched, more or less dense; rach shaggy, 
 with glandular hairs. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, spreading. Woods 
 and hedges. Shrub. July, September. 
 
 This is now a var. of R. glandulosus. 
 A. 4, C. 6. Lat. 51 55'. 
 
 27. * glandulosus, Bellardi. Glandular Bramble, E. B. 2883, 
 L. C. 340, 33. Stem slightly angular or rounded, furrowed, hairy- 
 glandular ; prickles slender, unequal. Leaves ternate, in 7. rosace-its, 
 quinate, deep green on both sides, more or less hairy ; leaflets petio- 
 late, lower pair on the barren stem declinate, none overlapping ; ter- 
 minal leaflet ovate or obovate, or oblong, all with sharp, unequal 
 teeth. Panicle branched, leafy below ; rach hairy-shaggy, with nu- 
 merous setae (bristles bearing glands), and very unequal, slender 
 prickles. Sepals lanceolate, glandular, and armed with small prickles 
 (aciculi). Rare. Shrub. July, August. 
 
 Area and range as in No. 26. 
 
 Var. fl. Lejeunii, Bell Salter. " Phytologist," vol. ii., p. 135. Leases 
 of barren stem ternate, pliant, deep green, finely but unequally ser- 
 rated, one of the leaves subtending a branch of the panicle is broadly 
 cordate, and one or two broadly ovate or narrowly ovate, less glan- 
 dular than the typical form. 
 
636 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Var. y. rosaceus. Leaves of the barren stem quinate, the lower 
 pair of leaflets deflexed (none overlapping) ; leaflets ovate or oblong, 
 unequally and coarsely serrated. Each and pedicels densely shaggy, 
 glandular and prickly. 
 
 Var. 5. dentatus. Babington's " Manual," 2nd ed. Leaves of 
 barren stem ternate; leaflets obovate-oblong, cordate at the base, 
 with short, abrupt points, finely and unequally serrated. 
 
 28. . Radula* W. and N. Hairy Bramble. L. C. 340, 25. 
 Stem angular and rounded, furrowed, hairy, glandular, and prickly ; 
 hairs spreading, glands on longer or shorter setse ; prickles not uni- 
 form, deflexed, and hooked. Leaflets of barren stem elliptical-oblong, 
 of the fertile stem sessile or subsessile, obovate, finely and unequally 
 serrated, with ascending teeth, mucronate, of a paler colour, and hairy 
 and soft below. Flowers in panicles, leafy below, in a simple cluster 
 above ; rach hairy, with a few long prickles, Sepals ovate-acuminate. 
 Petals large. Hedges and woods. July, August. 
 
 A. 11, C. 15. Lat. 50 56. 
 
 Var. Hystrix, W. and N. L. C. 340, 24. Stems less hairy ; leaf- 
 lets elliptical-oblong ; sepals longer and more acuminate than in the 
 type. 
 
 A. 8, C. 13. Lat. 50 56. 
 
 Var. foliosus. Leaflets broader than in R. Hystrix ; panicle leafy 
 throughout. 
 
 Var. Lingua, Weihe ; scaber, W. and N. (?). Stem rounded or 
 slightly angular ; prickles nearly equal, small, deflexed, with nume- 
 rous aciculi, glands, and spreading hairs. Panicle very open, on long, 
 spreading branches or peduncles. Sepals glandular and pointed. 
 
 29. R. nemorosusj Hayne. R. dumetorum, W. and N. Bramble 
 of the Bushes. L. C. 340, 37. Stems bluntly angular or round, with 
 numerous prickles, aciculi, hairs, and glands; prickles very unequal, 
 mostly straight and horizontal. Leaves imperfectly quinate, hairy, 
 and of the same colour on both sides; leaflets obovate, or oblong or 
 rounded, somewhat cordate at the base, acuminate, coarsely or finely, 
 or simply or doubly toothed, paler and softer on the under side. Pa- 
 nicle compound, spreading. Sepals reflexed in flower, embracing the 
 fruit when quite ripe. Petals large and showy. Hedges and woods. 
 July, August. 
 
 A. 9, C. 13. Lat. 50 55. 
 
 Of this there are numerous varieties, characterized by their names, 
 viz., glabratus, bifrons (leaves with two colours, a common character 
 in this genus), pilosus, horridus, &c. 
 
 6. CcesiL Stems and fruit more or less glaucous. 
 
 30. . ceesius; Linn. Dewberry. E. B. 826, L. C. 340, .38. 
 Stem round ; barren stem angular, rounded, glaucous, furnished with 
 prickles, glands, and hairs ; prickles variable, straight or declining. 
 Leaves ternate, those on the barren stem quinate or ternate, with 
 lateral external lobes on the lower pair ; leaflets (lower pair) nearly 
 sessile, overlapping, ovate-acuminate, deeply and unequally toothed. 
 
ROSACEJE. RUBUS. 637 
 
 Panicle nearly simple ; rach and pedicels prickly, glandular, and hairy. 
 Sepals ovate-elongated, with short points, embracing the fruit. Petals 
 obovate. Fruit glaucous, with more or less of a bluish tint. Hedges. 
 Flower, June. Fruit, August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 30. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 R. tennis. Stem weak, without hairs and setse (?). Dr. Bell 
 Salter. 
 
 A. 10, C. 17. Lat 51 55. 
 
 31. J. Wahlbergii, Arrh. Wahlberg's Bramble. Stem rounded, 
 angular, glaucous, downy, with numerous long, nearly equal, straight 
 or curved prickles, enlarged and hairy at the base ; barren stem angu- 
 lar, furrowed with strong, decidedly hooked, and decimate prickles. 
 Leaves quinate, rather thick, slightly hairy above, downy and whitish 
 or grey below, with prickly petioles; leaflets roundish, abruptly 
 pointed, cordate at the base, unequally serrated, the lower pair (when 
 the leaf is quinate) deflexed and not overlapping. Panicle branched 
 and leafy below, prickly, downy, and slightly glandular. Sepals 
 spreading. Fruit large, dark purple. Hedges in the south of Eng- 
 land. Shrub. August. 
 
 Note. The plants called R. Wahlbergii are now referred, in the 
 " Manual," to R. corylifolius and R. nemorosus. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 51 53. 
 
 Var. R. aquaticus, W. and N. Stems long and slender, with 
 very few and small prickles. Flowering branches erect, slender, 
 acicular and glandular, scarcely prickly. Flowers few, on filiform, 
 glandular pedicels. This does not appear in the fourth edition of the 
 " Manual." 
 
 Note. The Dewberry Brambles have a tendency to produce nu- 
 merous erect branches, originating in the same joint ; these branches 
 are often abortive, a tuft of scaly sheaths and leaves only remaining 
 to indicate the usual places of their growth. 
 
 7. Stems half-shrubby, not prickly. 
 
 32. . saxatilis, Linn. Rock Bramble. E. B. 2233, L. C. 338. 
 Stem erect, with (usually) a few minute prickles. Leaves ternate, 
 on long, hairy, prickly petioles; leaflets ovate-elliptical, tapering at 
 both ends, serrated, downy. Flowers few, in a corymb, yellow. Fruit 
 one-four large red drupes. Near Settle, Yorkshire. In mountainous, 
 stony places. Shrub. July September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 51- 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 46 38. 
 
 33. M. Chamsemorus, Linn. Cloud-berry. E. B. 716, L. C. 
 337. Stems creeping underground, flowering-shoots erect, unarmed, 
 herbaceous, six-ten inches high. Leaves simple, five-seven-lobed. 
 Lobes short, obtuse, plaited, toothed. Petals white. " True stem 
 underground, creeping, woody." Mr. Babington. Turfy bogs on lofty 
 mountains. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 11, C. 30. Lat. 53 59. Alt. 2001100 yards. T. 43 36. 
 
 R. arcticus, Linn. Arctic Bramble. E. B. 1585, L. C. Excluded 
 
 Species, p. 16. Stem erect, one-flowered. Leaves ternate. Petals 
 
638 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 purple. Isle of Mull and on Ben Ghlo (?). Has long disap- 
 peared (?). 
 
 Hooker and Arnott separate the Rubi into three sections, con- 
 taining as below : 
 
 SECT. I. R. idceus. 
 
 SECT. II. R. suberectus y R. fruticosus, R. rhamnifoliusj R. car- 
 pinifolius, R. corylifolius, R. glandulosus, R. ccesius. 
 
 SECT. III. R. saxatilis, R. arcticus, R. Chamcemorus. 
 
 These judicious authors state, in a note (see Hooker and Arnott's 
 " British Flora," p. 122, 7th ed.), that all the Rubi comprehended in 
 Sect. II. are mere varieties, approaching on the one side to R. idceus, 
 and on the other to R. saxatilis, with both of which many fertile and 
 permanent hybrids may have been formed, and are still forming. 
 
 The following is Dr. Bell Salter's arrangement, which is a modi- 
 fication of what may be called the modern views, represented in this 
 country by Mr. Babington and his followers : 
 
 Under the Group I. SUBERECTI, Lindley, are described three 
 forms R. idceus, R. suberectus, R. plicatus. 
 
 Group II. CORYLIFOLII R. rhamnifotius, R. macrophyllus, R. co- 
 rylifolius, R. Salteri. 
 
 Group III. CARPINIFOLII R. carpinifolius, R. Sprenc/elli. 
 
 Group IV. TOMENTOSI R. discolor, R. argenteus, R. leucostachys. 
 
 Group V. RADULJE R. Radula, R. rudis. 
 
 Group VI. KCEHLERIANI R. Guntheri, R. Kcehhri, R. humi- 
 fusus, R. hirttts, R. glandulosus. 
 
 Group VII. (LESII R. Wahlbergii, R. nemorosus, R. ccesius. 
 
 Group VIII. HERBACEI R. saxatalis, R. arcticus, R. Chamce- 
 
 V. Dryas, Linn. Perennial, herbaceous plants, with simple, 
 short, leafy stems. Leaves simple or compound. Flowers large, soli- 
 tary, terminal. Calyx eight-ten-parted or cleft, in one row. Petals 
 eight-ten. Stamens indefinite. Carpels (achenia) ovate-oblong, with 
 long feathery appendages, on a depressed, downy, minutely cellular 
 receptacle. 
 
 1>. octopetala, Linn. Mountain Avens. E. B. 451, L. C. 320. 
 Roots woody, widely spreading. Flowering-stems very short, with 
 tufts of leaves at their base ; barren stems prostrate or ascending, 
 leafy. Leaves oblong, blunt, deeply serrated, shining and green 
 above, white below, or very downy. Petioles persistent. Stipules 
 linear, setaceous, hairy. Flowers white, solitary, terminal, on long 
 hairy stalks. Sepals eight, rarely ten or six, lanceolate, uniform. 
 Petals obovate, as many as the sepals (divisions of the calyx). Styles 
 densely feathery, with long silky down. Yorkshire, Craven district, 
 mountainous parts of England and Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. 
 Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A ; 5, C. 9. Lat. 54 60\ Alt. 0900 yards. T. 46 38. 
 
 Note. This interesting plant has only recently been satisfactorily 
 ascertained to be an occupant of the lofty mountains of Glyder Fawr ? 
 
ROSACE^E. GEUM. ROSA. 639 
 
 Carnarvon, North Wales. (See " Phytologist," January, 1858, vol. ii., 
 p. 313.) 
 
 VI. Creum, Linn. Herbaceous, perennial, thick-rooted plants. 
 Root-leaves pinnate, with unequally lobed or toothed or incised seg- 
 ments; the terminal lobe large, the lateral very small ; stem-leaves 
 usually ternate ; stipules large, leaf-like. Flowers solitary, yellow, 
 or red, or purple. Calyx in five divisions, with an outer calyx con- 
 sisting of five bracts. Styles terminal, very much elongated after 
 flowering, each hooked (bent or twisted) at about one-third of its length 
 from the point, the terminal joint falling off (caducous). Carpels 
 dry, hairy, in a globular head, and arranged on a cylindrical recep- 
 tacle. 
 
 1. Gr. urbanum, Linn. Herb Bennett, or Common Avens. 
 E. B. 1400, L. C. 321. Root short, truncate. Stems branched, rarely 
 simple, erect or nearly so, round, hairy and leafy. Leaves petiolate, 
 with ternate, pointed, terminal lobes. Calyx green, reflexed some time 
 after flowering. Petals obovate, rounded at the apex. Carpels sessile 
 at the bottom of the calyx, upper joint of the style nearly glabrous. 
 Hedges, woods, and moist shady places. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 52 47. ' 
 
 2. Gr. intermedium, Ehrh. Intermediate Geum. L. C. 321 b, 
 Fl, Dan., p. 1874. Root elongate. Stems branching, rarely simple (?). 
 Flowers drooping. Sepals reddish, horizontal after flowering, not 
 reflected as in G. urbanum. Petals abruptly contracted into a sharp 
 claw. Carpels sessile at the bottom of the calyx. By this character, 
 viz., the absence of the carpophore (fruit-stalk), and by the spreading, 
 not erect sepals, it is distinguished from G. rivale. Woods and moist 
 shady places. Perennial. May August. Jtc^/Vfty Hvu# cLu*. ^UJL/I, ft 
 
 Area and range undetermined. * ' 
 
 3. O. rivale, Linn. Water Avens. E. B. 106, L. C. 322. Root 
 rhizomatous, elongated. Stems erect, branching, twelve-eighteen 
 inches high, hairy, leafy. Flowers pendulous. Calyx reddish, very 
 hairy, erect after flowering. Petals broad, cuneate, with long claws. 
 Carpels on a round stipitate head (on a stalk rising from the base of 
 the calyx), upper joint of the style furnished with long spreading 
 hairs. In moist grassy places, woods, river-banks, &c. Unfrequent 
 in the south and middle of England. Perennial. May July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 5060 . Alt. 0950 yards. T. 50 37. 
 
 TRIBE III. Roseae. Carpels numerous, one-seeded, dry, not 
 opening, enclosed in the calyx-tube, which enlarges after flowering, 
 and is fleshy when ripe ; stamens indefinite. 
 
 Genus, Rosa. 
 
 VII. Rosa, Linn. Rose. Shrubs often with creeping roots. 
 Stems prickly. Leaves compound, with singly- or doubly-toothed 
 leaflets ; stipules laterally attached to the petioles. Flowers large, 
 solitary or aggregate, axillary or terminal. Calyx-tube urceolate 
 
640 DJSSCKIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 constricted at the top, increasing after flowering-, and fleshy when 
 ripe, the inner surface lined with rough hairs; limb in five rarely 
 entire divisions. Corolla imbricated before flowering (when in bud). 
 Styles with lateral insertion (not on the centre of the ovary), 
 either free or united above. Carpels numerous, bony, irregular in 
 shape, covered with hairs, inserted on the inner side of the calyx- 
 tube. 
 
 SECT. I. Carpels stipitate, at least the central ones ; stipes about as 
 long as the carpel. 
 
 1. Canince. Koot-shoots arched; prickles uniform, hooked ; leaflets 
 ovate, without glands ; divisions of the calyx deciduous, the throat sur- 
 rounded by a thick, elevated disk. 
 
 R. canina, R. bractescens, R. c&sia. 
 
 1. . canina, Linn. Dog-Rose. E. B. 922, L. C. 351. Stems 
 much branched, spreading; prickles of the old wood nearly equal, 
 robust, enlarged, and compressed at the base, abruptly terminating in a 
 hooked point. Leaflets five-seven, ovate or oblong, doubly toothed, 
 the upper teeth almost connivent ; stipules of the floral leaves dilated, 
 erect. Flowers white or pale rose, mostly solitary. Divisions of the 
 calyx pinnatifid, reflexed after flowering. Fruit ovate-oblong or 
 globular. Flower, June. Fruit, August November. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 61. Alt. -450 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 There are several varieties and sub-varieties of this Rose, viz. : 
 
 R. bractescens, Woods. Bracteated Dog-Rose, Woods, in " Linn. 
 Trans." Prickles hooked. Leaflets simply serrated, downy beneath ; 
 bracts overtopping the fruit. Calyx-tube round. Styles woolly. 
 Fruit round. Westmoreland. Shrub. June, July. Apparently a 
 variety of R. canina, Hooker and Arnott. 
 
 The two following are described as species by some botanists : 
 
 R. systyla, Sm. United-styled Rose. E. B. 1895, L. C. 352. 
 Leaflets five-seven, with simple serratures. Sepals nearly entire. 
 Styles united. Fruit elliptical, smooth (?). (See Sect. II., 2, infra.} 
 
 R. ccesia, Sm. Glaucous-leaved Dog-Rose. E. B. 2367, L. C. 
 351 g. A much-branched shrub. Prickles strongly and uniformly 
 hooked, numerous. Leaflets five, serrated and glandular at the edges, 
 smooth or downy. Stipules large, with short, broad tips. Calyx- 
 divisions sparingly pinnatifid. Fruit elliptical, smooth. 
 
 Var. . incana. Prickles strongly uncinate, from a much lengthened 
 base, Hooker and Arnott, who say, " We do not distinguish this from 
 R. canina" 
 
 The area, range, &c., of these varieties have not yet been de- 
 termined. 
 
 )8. R. sarmentacea, Woods. E. B. 2595. Leaflets keeled, smooth. 
 Calyx-divisions long, pinnatifid. Fruit elliptical, with a longish 
 collar. 
 
 7. R. surculosa, Woods. Leaflets flat, smooth, with unequal ser- 
 ratures. 
 
 8. R. dumetorum, Woods. E. B. 2610, Leaflets simply serrated, 
 
ROSACES. ROSA. 641 
 
 hairy, with glandular petioles and stipules on very short stalks. 
 Fruit oblong-elliptical, with a short collar. 
 
 e. R. Forsteri, Sm. E. B. 2611. Leaflets more or less folded. 
 Fruit ovate-roundish, with a short, tapering collar. 
 
 2. Eubiginosce. Root-shoots arched, with unequal prickles; leaves 
 glandular ; calyx-divisions persistent, throat with a more or less thick disk. 
 R. septum, R. rubiginosa, R. micrantha, R. inodora. 
 
 2. . septum, Thuil. Small-leaved Sweet-Briar. E. B. 2653, 
 L. C. 350*. Shrub three-four feet high, with numerous large and 
 hooked and small straight or subulate prickles, interspersed with 
 setse (bristles). Leaflets five-seven, serrated, glandular on both 
 margin and disk. Divisions of the calyx mostly entire (simple), glan- 
 dular at the margin. Fruit smooth, ovate-elongate, with a longish 
 thick neck, crowned by the diverging divisions of the calyx. Midland 
 counties. Shrub. June. 
 
 For area, &c., of this and the two following, see R. rubiginosa. 
 
 3. . inodora, Fr. Scentless Briar. E. B. 2759, L. C. 348. 
 Stout shrub. Prickles equal, hooked, with very broad bases. Petioles 
 and stipules bristly, the former prickly, the latter with a short, 
 abrupt point. Leaflets five-seven, slightly glandular, doubly and 
 deeply serrated. Bracts leaf-like and pinnatifid. Peduncles bristly 
 and prickly. Divisions of the calyx pinnatifid, with linear, serrated 
 lobes. Fruit ovate-oblong, smooth, with a short neck, not crowned 
 by the calyx-divisions. Hedges. June, July. 
 
 4. H,. loicraiitha, Sm. Small-flowered Sweet-Briar. E. B. 
 2490, L. C. 349. Very similar to the last described, in stem, prickles, 
 and leaves. Divisions of the calyx and segments longer and more 
 leaf-like. Fruit elliptical-ovate, without a neck. Leaves sprinkled 
 with rusty glands. Hedges. Shrub. June, July. 
 
 5. H. rubiginosa, Linn. Sweet-Briar. E, B. 991, L. C. 350. 
 Shrub densely branched with straight shoots; prickles numerous, 
 unequal, the larger curved. Leaflets five, hairy, glandular beneath 
 and on the margin. Stipules broadly lanceolate. Divisions of the 
 calyx elongated, persistent. Fruit obovate (pear-shaped), slightly 
 bristly, crowned by the persistent calyx. Closely allied to the two 
 preceding species. Shrub. June, July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 3. VilloscB. Shoots and prickles nearly straight ; leaflets with diverg- 
 ing teeth; sepals persistent, converging; calyx-throat closed by a thick 
 disk. 
 
 R. villosa, R. tomentosa, R. hibernica. 
 
 6. . villosa, Linn. Hairy-leaved Rose. E. B. 583, L. C. 346. 
 Stems stout, with slender, nearly straight prickles. Leaflets five- 
 nine, rounded, with double, acute, nearly glandular serratures, downy 
 on both sides. Tube of calyx furnished with glandular bristles. 
 Fruit large and globular, crowned with the leaf -like sepals. Yorkshire, 
 West Riding. Common. Fruit, September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0560 yards. T. 51 41. 
 
642 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Var. Mollis. E. B. 459. Fruit smaller. Sepals narrower and 
 more pointed than in the type. 
 
 7. . tomentoa, Sm. Downy-leaved Rose. E. B. 990, 1896, 
 L. C. 347. Root-shoots erect or bending. Prickles nearly uniform, 
 straight or curved. Leaves on short, bristly, glandular petioles ; 
 stipules pointed, spreading, glandular; leaflets about five, ovate, 
 singly or doubly serrated, downy on both sides. Divisions of the 
 calyx pinnatifid; segments elliptical-lanceolate, serrated. Fruit 
 hispid, crowned with the spreading divisions of the calyx. Hedges. 
 Shrub. June, July. 
 
 A var. of R. villosa ? The leaves of both are doubly serrated, but 
 in the latter they are more pubescent, or rather shaggy about the 
 midrib. The sepals are simpler in the former than in the latter, in 
 both they are glanduliferous. The petals are rather larger in R. 
 tomentosa, and white ; in R. villosa they are deep rosy-red. These 
 are both common forms in Scotland, but especially the first described. 
 
 8. . hibcrnica, Sm. Irish Rose. E. B. 2196, L. C. 342. 
 Stem erect, bushy ; prickles not numerous, unequal, slightly hooked ; 
 young shoots hairy, sometimes prickly, not glandular. Stipules 
 broad, slightly serrated, glandulose. Leaflets roundish-ovate, simply 
 serrated with deeply-cut, sharp teeth, slightly hairy below. Tube of 
 the calyx round ; divisions about as long as the petals, acuminate, 
 pinnatifid, with spreading, linear, slightly glandular segments. Styles 
 distinct. Fruit roundish-ovate, red or orange, sometimes round, 
 crowned with the upright segments of the calyx. North of Ireland. 
 Shrub. June November. Hibernian. 
 
 SECT. II. Carpels sessile or very shortly stipitate ; stipes shorter than 
 the carpel, 
 
 1. Pimpinellifolia. Shoots acicular (bristly) ; prickles straight or 
 nearly straight ; calyx-divisions persistent ; disk thin or wanted. 
 
 It. Sabinij R. involuta, JR. Wilsoni^ It. spinosissima, R. rubella. 
 
 9. . Sabiiii, Woods. Sabine's Rose. E. B. 2594, L. C. 345. 
 Stem erect, with reddish-brown spreading branches ; prickles nume- 
 rous, unequal, straight, or nearly so. Peduncles with glandular setae 
 (stiff, glandular hairs). Leaflets five-seven, elliptical or ovate, rounded 
 at both ends, rarely acute, never acuminate. Stipules rather broad, 
 with sharp, spreading auricles, glandular and hairy. Flowers soli- 
 tary or in threes. Calyx-tube ovate, segments about as long as the 
 petals, hairy, bristly, glandular. Fruit dark-red f globular, or some- 
 what urceolate, crowned with the erect persistent segments of the calyx. 
 North of England and Scotland. Shrub. June. 
 
 Var. a. doniana, Lind. E. B. 2601, L. C. 345 b. Prickles very 
 numerous and very unequal. Leaves very hairy. Calyx-segments 
 almost entire. Wood near Ingleton, Yorkshire. 
 
 Var. )3. gracilis, Borr. L. C. 345 c. Large prickles more hooked, 
 one of the segments of the calyx slightly toothed. Near Newcastle. 
 
 10. R,. iiivoluta, Sm. Prickly unexpanded Rose. E. B. 2068, 
 *L. C. 344. Dwarf shrub, spreading widely. Prickles and setse 
 
ROSACES. ROSA. 643 
 
 (bristles) straight, numerous, very unequal. Leaves on short, bristly- 
 petioles, with about seven leaflets ; leaflets ovate, folded (plicate), 
 doubly serrated; stipules pointed, ciliated. Peduncles and calyx 
 bristly ; calyx-tube ovate ; divisions entire, spreading in flower. Fruit 
 ovate, bristly, crowned by the converging divisions of the calyx. This 
 Rose has some resemblance to R. spinosissima. West Highlands and 
 Islands of Scotland. June, July. 
 
 10*. R. Wilsoni, Borr. W ilson ' s Rose. E. B. 2723, L. C. 343. 
 Bush about three feet high, with slender, spreading branches and 
 reddish foliage. Prickles very unequal, most of them slightly curved, 
 the larger much dilated at the base, intermixed with setse. Leaflets 
 serrated, hairy, seven-nine ; stipules with ovate, diverging points. 
 Calyx-divisions simple, glandular. Fruit ovate-roundish, with a short 
 neck, crowned with the persistent, spreading segments of the calyx. 
 North Wales, Wilson. Shrub. June. 
 
 11. H/. spinosissima, Linn, Burnet-leaved Rose. E. B. 187, 
 L. C. 341 . Stems erect, much branched at the summit, forming a low, 
 tufted bush. Prickles very numerous, especially above, very unequal, 
 slender, straight, more or less deflexed. Leaves with five-nine leaflets 
 and uniform, nearly linear, stipules; stipules of the upper (floral) 
 leaves somewhat broader, with spreading auricles ; leaflets roundish 
 or oblong-roundish, serrated. Divisions of the calyx lanceolate, 
 acuminate, nearly half as long as the corolla, shaggy or downy within. 
 Petals pure white, slightly yellow above the claw. Styles distinct, 
 shorter than the stamens. Fruit nearly glabrous, globular, somewhat 
 depressed, purplish-black when ripe. On sandy heaths. Perennial. 
 Flower, June, July. Fruit, August, September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 52 40'. 
 Var. #. hispida. Peduncles more or less hairy, almost prickly. 
 
 12. . rubella, Woods. "Trans. Lin. Soc.," vol. xii., p. 177. 
 Red Dog-rose. E. B. 2521. Stem two-three feet high, bushy; 
 prickles straight, slender, intermixed with glandular setce (bristles). 
 Leaflets seven-eleven, broadly elliptical, blunt. Fruit small, globular, 
 scarlet. Northumberland sea-coast (Mr. Winch). Shrub. July. 
 
 Area, etc., not given in " Cybele." 
 
 2. Cinnamomea. Shoots with or without bristles (setae) ; leaflets 
 elongate, without glands ; disk thin. 
 
 R. systyla, R. arvensis, It. cinnamomea, R. Dicksoni. 
 
 13. . systyla, Woods. Close-styled Dog-rose. E.B.1895, 
 L. C. 352. In habit and usual habitat like R. canina. Prickles 
 strongly hooked, with broad bases. Leaflets five-seven, serrated, 
 not glandular, downy beneath. Calyx-divisions nearly simple, deci- 
 duous. Styles united, smooth. Fruit smooth, elliptical, with a 
 convex disk crowned by the united styles. Hedges. Shrub. June. 
 
 A. ? C. ?. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 46. 
 
 14. , aryensis, Huds. Trailing Dog-rose. E. B. 188. Stems 
 slender, low, except when supported; branches divaricate, long,* 
 arching, and sometimes rooting ; prickles numerous, conical or com-^ 
 
644 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 pressed, more or less curved. Leaves glabrous, with five-seven leaflets, 
 whitish-green below; leaflets oblong or roundish, simply serrated, 
 teeth large (sometimes doubly and unequally serrated); stipules 
 uniform, slightly glandular, with lanceolate spreading auricles. 
 Calyx-tube smooth ; segments ovate, pointed, nearly entire. Styles 
 united in a cylindrical column, about as long as the stamens. Fruit 
 red when mature, roundish or oblong. Heaths and bushy places, &c. 
 Shrub. June -September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 60. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51- 47. 
 
 Var. R. stylosa. Leaves broader and hairier below. Segments of 
 the calyx more acuminate. 
 
 lo/lfc. cinnamoinca, Linn. Cinnamon Rose. E. B. 23S8, 
 L. C. Excluded Species. Shrub, with brown, erect branches. Prickles 
 strong, slightly curved. Shoots (suckers) densely prickly with setse 
 (bristles). Leaves five-seven leaflets; leaflets lanceolate, serrated, 
 wrinkled, smooth above and downy beneath. Stipules broad, con- 
 cave, somewhat fringed ; petioles slender, unarmed. Flowers one- 
 three ; bracts large, reddish at the edges, concave ; peduncles and 
 calyx-tube quite unarmed. Divisions of the calyx entire, narrow, 
 ciliated, spreading. Styles hairy, distinct. Fruit ovate or globular, 
 crimson, crowned by the converging sepals. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 16. M. IMcksoni, Lind. Dickson's Rose. E. B. 2707, L. C. 
 Excluded Species. Stems slender, with scattered, subulate, slender 
 prickles. Leaflets large, with large, unequal teeth, slightly glan- 
 dular. Divisions of the calyx entire, elongate, ciliated with setae. 
 Fruit ovate-urceolate, with a long tapering neck and a few glandular 
 hairs. Ireland, Mr. Drummond. " Scarcely a native ; it may prove 
 to be a mere garden variety of R. cinnamomea, Hooker and Arnott." 
 Hibernian. 
 
 TRIBE IV. Jtgriinonieae. Herbaceous plants or under -shrubs, 
 with alternate, stipulate, compound or simple leaves. Calyx with a 
 thickened disk-lined tube and a three- to five-lobed limb. Stamens 
 definite (in Agrimonia, eight-twenty), inserted in the orifice of the 
 calyx. Ovary solitary, with solitary or twin ovules. Fruit a nut 
 (in Agrimonia one- two), enclosed in the tube of the indurated calyx. 
 
 Genera. Agrimonia, Sanguisorba, Poterium, Akhemilla. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Agrimonia. Leaves interruptedly pinnate ; stamens eight-twelve. 
 Sanguisorba. Leaves pinnate ; flowers perfect, capitate ; stamens few. 
 Poterium. Leaves pinnate; flowers dioecious, small; stamens thirty- 
 forty. 
 
 Alchemilla. Leaves lobed, digitate, or palmate. 
 
 VIII. Agrimonia, Linn. Agrimony. Hairy herbaceous 
 plants. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, rarely ternate. Leaflets 
 
ROSACES. AGRIMONIA. SANGUISORBA. POTERIUM. 645 
 
 incised. Flowers spicate, yellow. Calyx five-cleft, with hooked 
 bristles, constricted with a glandular ring. Petals five, notched, 
 spreading. Stamens seven-twenty, inserted with the petals into the 
 constricted part of the calyx. Ovaries two, sometimes three, with 
 styles as long as the stamens ; stigmas obtuse. Fruit usually two 
 indehiscent carpels, one-seeded, enclosed in the indurated, turbinate 
 calyx. Seed inverted. 
 
 1. A. euiiatoria, Linn. Common Agrimony. E. B. 1335, 
 L. C. 323. Roots thick, tufted. Stems erect, round, tapering, simple 
 or branching above, hairy. Leaves interruptedly pinnate, with an 
 odd leaflet. Leaflets ovate-oblong, deeply-toothed, intermediate and 
 smaller leaflets entire or incised, all pubescent below ; petioles and 
 midribs furnished with longer reddish hairs. Stipules leaf-like, 
 clasping, incised or toothed. Calyx usually with one ripe carpel. 
 Waysides. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. A. odorata; Thuil. Var. of the preceding (?). Stems taller 
 than in A. eupatoria, and branching at the summit, leafy. Calyx of 
 the fruit globular, much larger than in the typical form ; this enlarge- 
 ment of the calyx is caused by the development of both carpels. 
 
 A. ctffrimonioides, Linn. Aremonia agrimonioides, I). C. " Fl. 
 Gr." 458. Stem-leaves ternate ; stamens eight (?) ; fruit smooth. 
 This plant has recently been detected in the woods about Scone and 
 in several pftgteoj: Perthshire. John Sim-Jn " Phy tologist," N. S., 
 vol. ii., p. MXiXJt^ W4 
 
 IX. Sanguisorba, Linn. Burnet. Herbaceous plants, with 
 pinnate leaves, and cut or serrated leaflets, with densely spicate 
 flowers. Perianth four-cleft, coloured, with four scales or bracts at 
 the base, and constricted by an annular disk. Stamens four. Ovary 
 with four angles. Fruit covered by the hardened calyx-tube, one- 
 celled, indehiscent, one- or two-seeded. 
 
 8. officinalis; Linn. Common Burnet. E. B. 1312, L. C. 354. 
 Root thick, woody. Stems erect, rigid, branching above, angular, 
 smooth. Leaves pinnate, nine-fifteen leaflets ; leaflets cordate, 
 lanceolate serrate, shining above, glaucous below; stipules leaf-like, 
 toothed. Flowers in dense ovate or obovate-cylindrical heads. 
 Perianth dark purple ; segments ovate, pointed, keeled. Moist 
 upland pastures and meadows. Perennial, July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 X. Poterium, Linn. Salad-Burnet. Herbaceous or shrubby 
 plants. Leaves pinnate, with cleft or serrated leaflets. Flowers in 
 terminal heads or spikes, monoecious, the upper fertile, the lower 
 barren. Calyx with three sepals. Corolla of the male flowers tubu- 
 lar, with a four-parted limb. Of the female flowers rotate, with a 
 very short tube, constricted at the throat by an annular disk and 
 four deep, reflexed, permanent segments. Stamens twenty- thirty, 
 with long flaccid filaments and roundish two-lobed anthers. Ovaries 
 
646 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 two or one, ovate-oblong in the calyx-tube. Style capillary. Stigmas 
 tufted. Fruit an angular, rugged achenium, one- or two-celled, 
 covered by the hardened urceolate calyx-tube, with oval, solitary 
 seeds. 
 
 1. P, Sanguisorba, Linn. Common Salad-Burnet. E. B. 860, 
 L. C. 355. Hoot somewhat woody. Stems erect, angular, hollow, 
 furrowed, especially above, densely downy below, nearly glabrous 
 above. Leaves compound, six-eight pairs of leaflets, with an odd 
 one ; the lower on long petioles, the upper sessile, all stipulate ; sti- 
 pules of the lower leaves membranous, attached by their whole length 
 with linear herbaceous segments ; those of the upper leaves broader, 
 incised, or toothed. Leaflets oblong-obovate, mostly truncate at the 
 top and truncate or cordate at the base, deeply toothed, glaucous- 
 green below. Fruit reticulated, wrinkled, more or less downy, with 
 tour prominent angles. Calyx-lobes deciduous. Dry banks. Peren- 
 nial. June, July. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47'. 
 
 2. P. muricatum, Spach. Warty-fruited Burnet. L. C. 355*. 
 Stems erect. Leaflets oblong, incised, or deeply serrated, teeth 
 long, sharp. Tube of the calyx indurated, quadrangular, angles 
 winged, sides pitted, elevated margins of the pits dentate. Essex 
 ( Saffron- Walden) ; Warwickshire, near Leamington Station ; Somer- 
 setshire. Perennial. June. (Compare " Phytologist," vol. iii., pp. 
 707-715.) 
 
 Area undetermined. 
 
 XI. Alchemilla, Linn. Lady's Mantle. Perennial, rarely 
 annual plants. Stems procumbent. Leaves lobed or cleft or parted. 
 Flowers axillary or terminal. Perianth eight-cleft, the four outer 
 sepals alternate with, and smaller than, the inner ones, constricted 
 with an annular disk. Stamens one-four, alternate with the larger, 
 and opposite to the smaller sepals inserted into the ring. Style 
 basilar, or nearly so. Fruit one- seldom two- seeded, invested by the 
 persistent base of the perianth. 
 
 1. A. > uiaris. Linn. Common Lady's Mantle. E. B. 597, 
 L. C. 356. Root somewhat woody. Stems slender, ascending or 
 erect, round, hairy, branching at the top. Leaves hairy or downy, 
 reniform, plaited, lobed, roundish, the root-leaves on long-stalks, the 
 upper ones nearly sessile; lobes more or less deep, rounded, toothed, 
 or serrated; teeth mucronate; lower stipules scarious, surrounding 
 the stem; upper ones herbaceous, leaf-like, toothed or incised, 
 spreading. Flowers in dense, terminal corymbs. Perianth (calyx) 
 slightly hairy. Pastures. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 3 60. Alt 01200 yards. T. 50 35. 
 Var. . subsericea, Koch. Stem leaves and petioles silky. 
 
 2. A. alpiiia* Linn. Alpine Lady's Mantle. E. B. 244, L. C. 
 357. Root woody. Stems several, erect, downy, branching above. 
 Radical leaves on long stalks, jive-seven-parted ; divisions obovate- 
 oblong, obtuse, serrated at the end, beautifully silky-silvery below. 
 
ROSACE^E. ALCHEMILLA. CRASSULACE^E. 
 
 64? 
 
 Lower stipules scarious, upper ones like the leaves. Calyx spreading, 
 reflexed. Mountains. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 6, C. 15. Lat. 54 60. Alt, 1501400 yards. T. 45 34. 
 
 A. conjuncta, Babington, is distinguished from A. alpina by the 
 lobes being connected for about one-third of their length ; also by its 
 large size and more silky appearance. Clova Mountains. Mr. G. 
 Don. Common in gardens, and flowers at the same time as the typical 
 plant. 
 
 3. A. arveiisis, Scop. Parsley Piert. E. B. 1011, L. C. 358. 
 Root annual. Stems prostrate-ascending, producing lateral bundles 
 (bunches) of flowers throughout nearly its whole length, hairy or 
 downy. Root-leaves with a rounded or orbicular outline, palmate, 
 with cuneate lobes, decayed before the plant flowers. Stem-leaves 
 equal; stipules subulate, fleshy, united at the base, and closely 
 embracing the bunch of flowers. Calyx downy, with erect-spreading 
 teeth, which have a pearly white margin. In poor soils, sandy places 
 and roadsides. Annual. May August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 01 50 (550) yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 ORDER LXXXIX. CRASSUIiACJEJE, B.C. THE HOUSE- 
 LEEK FAMILY. 
 
 cymose. 
 
 Succulent plants, either herbaceous or shrubby. Flowers 
 Sepals from three to twenty, more 
 or less cohering at the base. Petals 
 as many as the sepals, either dis- 
 tinct or cohering, inserted in the 
 bottom of the calyx. Stamens in- 
 serted with the petals, and alternate 
 with them, either of an equal num- 
 ber, or twice as many. Ovaries as 
 many as the petals. Fruit follicu- 
 lar, opening by their ventral and 
 sometimes by their dorsal suture, of 
 five-, rarely three-twenty carpels, 
 many- rarely two-seeded. Seeds 
 minute, without albumen. Embryo 
 cylindrical, minute, straight. Ra- 
 dicle towards the hilum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Cotyledon. Corolla tubular, five- 
 cleft. Carpels five. 
 . Sedu,n. Petals five Carpels five- 
 six, many-seeded. (Rhodiola has four nified. 
 petals and four carpels.) 
 
 Sempervivum. Petals six-twenty. Carpels six-twenty. 
 
 Tillcea. Minute plants. Petals three-four; carpels three-four, two- 
 seeded, constricted in the middle. 
 
648 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY 
 
 account probably 
 name was given. 
 
 I. Cotyledon, Linn. Navelwort. Herbs or shrubs, with suc- 
 culent leaves and spiked or panicled flowers. Calyx monosepalous, 
 with a five-cleft limb and acute segments. Petals cohering, in a 
 
 tubular, campanulate, five-cleft 
 corolla. Stamens ten, borne on 
 the petals. Anthers roundish, 
 two-lobed. Ovaries five, oblong, 
 with a scale at the base, and each 
 terminating in an awl-shaped 
 style, with simple stigmas. Car- 
 pels five, each with one valve, 
 and loculicidal dehiscence. 
 
 1. C. umbilicus, Huds. 
 Linn. (?) Common Navelwort. 
 E.B.325, L. C.418. Root round- 
 ish, flattened or concave, on which 
 
 the specific 
 Stem erect, 
 
 succulent, with a few leaves at 
 the base, and then flowering all 
 the way to the apex, ending in 
 
 Fig. 188.-Semper T ivum tectorum. 2 single sev eral undeveloped flowers, Six- 
 flower, natural size ; 3, vertical section of , , , F , T 
 the flower, showing the petals, stamens, twelve inches high. Leaves on 
 styles, and interior of some of the ovaries ; longish Stalks, alternate, rounded 
 5, ovaries, natural size. peltate, comjave> crena te, fleshy, 
 the upper ones more deeply crenate or lobed. Flowers numerous, 
 pale yellow, in simple or compound clusters, pendulous, bracteate. 
 Stamens short, in two rows. On rocks, banks, and old walls, in the 
 south and west of England. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 47. 
 2. C. lutea, Huds. Greater Yellow Navelwort. E. B. 1522, 
 L. C. p. 16. Stem a foot or more in height. Lower leaves somewhat 
 peltate, upper ones obovate or ovate, crenate or toothed. Flowers 
 numerous, large, erect, in simple or compound leafy spikes rather 
 than clusters. Calyx divided almost to the base. Naturalized (?). 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 This plant has been deemed British on very slight grounds. Hud- 
 son saw a plant in the garden of Mr. Clement, who received it from 
 Somersetshire. A plant derived from this source (the garden of Mr. 
 Clement) was long cultivated in the Chelsea garden, and from thence 
 (a descendant of said plant) the figure in E. B. was drawn. (Com- 
 pare Smith, Withering, and Hudson.) 
 
 II. Ned 11 BIB, Linn. Stonecrop. Herbs, with scattered, succu- 
 lent leaves, and generally cymose, corymbose, or spiked flowers. 
 Calyx monosepalous, with a deeply parted limb and acute upright 
 segments. Petals five, sometimes four, rarely six-eight, lanceolate, 
 flat, spreading. Stamens ten-eight, rarely more, with roundish 
 
CRASSULACEJ5. SEDUM. 649 
 
 anthers. Ovaries tapering into a short style. Stigmas blunt. Fruit 
 consisting of five, sometimes four, rarely six-eight, spreading, many- 
 seeded carpels, bursting along the inner margin, with a scale at the 
 base of each. 
 
 SECT. I. Flowers yellow, or white, or pink. Petals five, sometimes 
 four, rarely six-eight. 
 
 1. 8. acre, Linn. Biting Stonecrop. E. B. 839, L. C. 414. 
 Barren-stems numerous, rooting at the base; flowering-stems with 
 several leaves; barren stems very leafy. Leaves ovate-triangular, 
 more convex above than below ; those of the barren stems in six rows; 
 concave at the base, where they are attached to and partly clasp tke 
 stems. Flowers in terminal branching corymbs. Sepals (divisions 
 of the calyx) very fleshy, leaf-like. Petals oblong, lanceolate, more 
 than twice as long as the calyx, greenish-yellow. Anthers yellow. 
 Ovaries yellowish-green. On walls and dry sandy places. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0250 yards. T. 52 44. 
 
 Note. This species was observed on lofty rocks above Gordale, at 
 a much higher altitude than that where Bartsia alpina grows, and 
 the altitude of this latter is estimated ,at 600 2000 yards, more or 
 less. Is the upper limit of S. acre 500600 yards ? 
 
 2. S.sexangulare, Linn. Mild Stonecrop. E. B. 1946, L. C. 
 415. Stems prostrate, slender, round, leafy. Leaves cylindrical, taper- 
 ing, blunt, sliyhtly spurred at the base, arranged in six rows on the barren 
 shoots. Flowers yellow, in a three-branched cyme. On dry rocks 
 and walls ; rare. Perennial. July. 
 
 Distinguished from S. acre chiefly by the foliage and slightly acid, 
 not acrid, taste. 
 Alien. A. 6. 
 
 3. 8. aiigliciim, Huds. English Stonecrop. E. B. 171, L. C. 
 412, Stems numerous, slender, two-four inches high, tufted, smooth, 
 leafy. Leaves ovate, cylindrical, blunt, smooth, fleshy, alternate, 
 spurred at the base. Flowers white, with red spots. Fruit mem- 
 branous. On the sea-shore, and on lofty mountains and hilly places. 
 The herbage of this species becomes red towards the end of summer. 
 Annual. July, August. 
 
 A. 16, C. 40. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 52 38*. 
 
 SECT. II. Leaves fleshy, tapering-cylindrical. Flowers white or rosy. 
 
 4. S. album, Linn. White Stonecrop. E. B. 1578, L. C. 413. 
 Barren stems several, reclining, rooting at the base ; flowering stems 
 slender, leafy, purplish. Leaves cylindrical or obovate, turbid below, 
 nearly flat above. Flowers white or rosy, in a forked corymb. Petals 
 about twice as long as the calyx. Anthers brown. Ovaries green. 
 Old walls. /v Perennial. June, July. fade* 7u^4 A^fv^U 
 
 Alien. A. 12. 
 
 Var. |3. turgidum. Stems green, leaves larger, more ovate and 
 turgid than in the common form of S. album. Of this variety we 
 
 U U 
 
650 DESCRIPTIVE BTUTISR BOTANY 
 
 have seen only cultivated examples. The common form grows wild 
 on walls and roofs in the south and west of England. In France it 
 grows on rocks and in dry stony fields. 
 
 5. 8. dasyphyllum, Linn. Thick-leaved Stonecrop. E.B.656, 
 L. C. 411. Barren stems numerous, leafy, often rooting at the base; 
 
 flowering stems leafless, erect. Leaves sessile, convex on the back, 
 ovate, short, glabrous, glaucous, Flowers terminal in an irregularly 
 branching corymb. Petals elliptical, blunt, three-four times as long 
 as the calyx, with a reddish keel. Anthers very dark purple or 
 nearly black. Ovaries the same colour as the inside of the flower. 
 Carpels hairy or bristly, with long points. Old walls./) Perennial. July. 
 Alien, fa&tcfy faouuui* Ht^i <l-\ M \^t>^h Mit*~4rt 
 
 6. 8. villosum, Linn? Woolly Stonecrop. E. B. 394, L. C. 410. 
 Stems erect, solitary (barren shoots wanting), simple at the base, 
 branching above, hairy-glandular. Leaves scattered, semi-cylindrical, 
 linear-oblong, tapering at the base, blunt, downy. Flowers rosy- 
 white, irregularly corymbose. Petals ovate-oblong, not awned, about 
 twice as long as the calyx. On low rocks, on moory mountainous 
 places. Sometimes with a perennial root, when it produces barren 
 shoots. Biennial. July. 
 
 A. 7, C. 20. Lat. M 58. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 46 40. 
 Note. Perennial, according to Smith; biennial, Koch ; annual, 
 De Candolle. " Discrepant doctores ; qu : s judicabit ?" 
 
 7. 8. reflexum, Linn. Crooked Yellow Stonecrop. E. B. 695, 
 L. C. 416. Stems stout, reclining, then erect, densely leafy, with 
 barren shoots at their base. Leaves thick, tapering to a bristly point. 
 Flowers yellow, in a dense, terminal cyme. Segments of the calyx 
 ovate, about half the length of the petals. Petals lanceolate, obtuse. 
 On cottage roofs. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 1 1 , C. 30. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 5P 48. 
 Var. S. glaucum, not S.glaucum of continental botanists. Whole 
 plant slenderer, and of a more glaucous hue. 
 
 8. 8. rupestre, Linn. Rock Stonecrop. E. B. 170, L. C. 416*. 
 Stems prostrate, round, smooth, reddish, very leafy. Leaves subu- 
 late, spurred at the base, slightly flattened above. Calyx glaucous, 
 with a reddish tinge. Petals bright yellow. Little St. Vincent's 
 Hocks, between Bath and Bristol. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 6, C. 10. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0400 yards." T. 52 45. 
 
 9. 8. JPoi-Kteriauuiii, Sm. Welsh Kock Stonecrop. E. B. 1802, 
 L. C. 416*. Barren stems very short and leafy. Leaves subulate, 
 spurred at the base, in dense" rose-like tufts. Distinguished from 
 the foregoing, Smith says, by the bright green colour of its foliage, 
 and by the rosettes of spreading leaves. Nant Francon, Carnarvon- 
 shire. Perennial. July. 
 
 Are Nos. 7, 8, 9 varieties of one species ? 
 
 SECT. IllLeaves flat; flowers yellow (?) in S. Rhodiola, purple in 
 S. Tdephium. 
 
 10. 8. Telephium, Linn. Orpine, Everlasting. E. B. 1319, 
 
CRASSULACE^E. SEDUM. SKMPKKY1YUM. TILL^EA. 651 
 
 L. C. 409. Roots thick, creeping, with fleshy fibres. Stems usually 
 several, erect, simple below, branching above, round, smooth, leafy. 
 Leaves oblong or obovate, flat (not convex), fleshy ; the lower nar- 
 rowed at the base, the upper sessile, laxly toothed, glabrous and 
 glaucous. Flowers rose-purple, paler without, in terminal dense 
 corymbs. Petals lanceolate, acute, spreading, recurved at the apex, 
 united below with the inner row of stamens. Hedges, banks, river- 
 sides. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50' 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T.52 43. 
 
 Var. S. purpureum (?). Flowers deep red. Yorkshire and North 
 Wales. Is this S.purpurewn, Tausch? 
 
 II. JS. Rhodiola, I). C. Rose-root. E. B. 508, L. C. 408. 
 Root thick, smelling when dry like Roses. Stems several, round, 
 tapering, erect, leafy. Leaves scattered, obovate or oblong, pointed, 
 toothed or serrated, glaucous. Flowers in a compact cyme, 'dioecious. 
 Sepals and petals four, the former erect, the latter reflexed. Stamens 
 six-eight, much longer than the petals; anthers bluish. On wet 
 alpine rocks. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 10, C. 25. Lat. 52 61. Alt. 01300 yards. T. 48 34. 
 
 There is a whimsical account of this flower in " Flora Lapponica," 
 Smith's edition, p. 315 : " Curiosa est hie sexus consideratio. Matri- 
 monia in altera planta constant appropriatis maritis et uxoribus, 
 thalamo impositis splendido, aulseo luteo et quinque partito, sed 
 steriles sunt hae Sarse. In altera autem planta, matrimoriia, thalamos 
 nudos aulseis destitutes exhibent, atque in iisdem feminas quinque 
 maritis orbatas deprehendis. Hae Hagares concipiunt e maritis legiti- 
 marum et sterilium uxorum, familiam propagant." 
 
 III. Sempervivum, Linn. House-leek. Herbs or shrubs, 
 with very succulent entire leaves, disposed in rosettes. Stem-leaves 
 scattered. Calyx monosepalous, limb deeply divided into from six to 
 twelve uniform, fleshy segments. Petals as many as the segments of 
 the calyx, lanceolate, acute, withering. Stamens as many or twice as 
 many as the petals. Carpels as many as the stamens, radiating and 
 terminating in a point. Seeds numerous. 
 
 8. teetoruiii, Linn. E. B. 1320, L. C. 417. Flowers in uni- 
 lateral spikes, sessile. Sepals and petals lanceolate, hairy. Carpels 
 hairy, terminated by the hairy styles. Cottage-roofs. Perennial. July. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 This plant, which has only recently been deemed an alien, grows 
 on such places as produce Sedum reflexum. It appears on walls and 
 cottage-roofs from the Pyrenees and the Alps to the middle of Norway, 
 Sweden, and Russia. 
 
 IV. Tillaea, Linn. Tilkea. Small annual plants, with filiform, 
 very slender stems and opposite connate, concave leaves^ Flowers 
 small, axillary, solitary, sessile. Calyx often coloured in three-four 
 divisions (three-four coherent sepals). Petals three-four, white. 
 Stamens as many as the petals. Scales wanting or very small. 
 
652 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Carpels three-four, two-seeded, constricted in the middle (between the 
 two seeds). 
 
 T. muscosa. Linn. Moss-like Tillsea. E. B. 116, L. C. 407. 
 Stems one-three inches high, spreading or ascending, often contigu- 
 ous and tufted (growing in a tuft), simple or branched, glabrous, 
 sometimes rooting at the base. Leaves very small, ovate, acute, 
 mucronate, glabrous, often reddish, connate at the base. Flowers 
 sessile. Sepals ovate or lanceolate, acute. Petals narrow, subulate, 
 white, tipped with red. On sandy open heaths in the east of Eng- 
 land (Norfolk and Suffolk). Annual. June August. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 52 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 ORDER XC. II^ECEBRACEJE, Br. THE KNOT-GRASS 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Annual or biennial, herbaceous or half-shrubby plants, with oppo- 
 site or scattered, entire sessile leaves, and scarious stipules. Sepals 
 
 usually five, rarely three or four. 
 Petals minute or wanting. Sta- 
 mens generally equal in number 
 to the sepals, sometimes fewer by 
 abortion. Ovary one- rarely 
 three-celled, with one or more 
 ovules. Styles two-five, distinct 
 or coherent. Fruit a utricle or 
 three-valved capsule; in either 
 case covered by the calyx. Al- 
 bumen farinaceous ; embryo an- 
 nular, curved round the albumen. 
 Radicle towards the hilum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Corrigiola. Flowers small, white 
 or tinged with rose-colour in many- 
 flowered terminal clusters, sur- 
 rounded by floral leaves. 
 
 Herniaria. Flowers herbaceous 
 (green), in lateral many-flowered 
 clusters, intermixed with leaves. 
 
 Illecebrum. Flowers milk-white, 
 in axillary clusters (three-five false 
 
 Fi R .189.-Scleranthus a nnuu3. 1, A branch 
 wrh leaves and flowers, reduced; 
 
 rolycarpon. Jf lowers small, in 
 
 surrounded by the curved embryo. 
 
 green or whitish, in forked cymes. 
 
 L Corrigiola, Linn. Strapwort. Stems numerous, prostrate. 
 Ueavtt scattered, entire, slightly fleshy; stipules small, scarious. 
 
ILLECEBRACE^E. CORRIGIOLA. HERNIARIA. 653 
 
 Flowers small, in terminal clusters, surrounded by the floral leaves. 
 Calyx five-parted, with concave divisions. Petals five, persistent, 
 oblong, slightly surpassing (longer than) the calyx. Stamens five. 
 Stigmas three, very short, nearly sessile. Capsule crustaceous, 
 ovate-triangular, one-seeded, not opening, enveloped in the persistent 
 calyx. 
 
 C. littoralis, Linn. Sand Strapwort. E. B. 668, L. C. 396. 
 Stems numerous, spreading, prostrate, filiform below, enlarged and 
 flattened above. Leaves scattered, linear-oblong, or oblong, narrowed 
 at the base, blunt. Flowers in clusters at the top of the stem 
 and branches. Divisions of the calyx often coloured, scarious and 
 white at the margins. Petals pure white. South coasts of England. 
 Annual. July, August. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 50 3 51. Alt. ? T. 52. 
 
 II. llerniaria, Linn. Rupturewort. Annual or biennial 
 plants, with prostrate stems. Leaves opposite or alternate above, 
 quite entire ; stipules small, scarious. Flowers small, herbaceous, in 
 lateral clusters. Calyx five-parted, divisions scarcely concave. Petals 
 five. Stamens five, inserted on a fleshy disk, which invests the throat 
 of the calyx. Stigmas two, very short, free or united below. Capsule 
 membranous, oblong, one- seeded, not opening, enveloped in the per- 
 sistent calyx. 
 
 1. If. glabra* Linn. Smooth-leaved Rupturewort. E. B, 206, 
 L. C. 397. Stems very numerous, slender, cylindrical, much branched, 
 prostrate, rooting, leafy, and bearing flowers from the base. Leaves 
 glabrous, ovate or oblong, quite entire, sessile. Flowers in dense 
 clusters, sessile. Calyx glabrous. Sepals concave, greenish, more or 
 less hooded. In gravelly or sandy ground. Shores of Cornwall, 
 Suffolk, Lincoln, Ireland. Biennial or perennial (?). July, August. 
 
 A, 4, C. 8. Lat. 50 3 54. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 2. H. ciliata, Bab. Fringed Rupturewort. E. B. 2857, L. C. 
 397 b. Stems prostrate, spreading, witk minute, decurved (reflexed ?) 
 hairs. Leaves obovate or roundish, tapering at the base, fringed the 
 whole extent of their margin. Flowers in small clusters of about 
 four or five in each. Clusters solitary or two or three together in the 
 axils of the leaves of- the lateral branches. Sepals fringed. Lizard 
 Point, Cornwall, on gravelly soils, walls, and banks. Perennial (?). 
 July September. 
 
 Range ? 
 
 This plant, whether it be a variety or a species, approaches nearer 
 to H. hirsuta than H. glabra, both in the shape of its leaves and in 
 the laxer clusters and fewer flowers. 
 
 H. hirsuta, Linn. Hairy Rupturewort. E. B. 1379, L. C. Ex- 
 cluded Species, p. 16. Stems as in H. glabra, but hairy, more 
 elongate, with fewer flowers and fewer leaves. Leaves oblong or 
 ovate-oblong (much longer than in H. glabra), pubescent, and strongly 
 ciliated (fringed) on the margin. Calyx hairy, with long fringes. 
 Clusters of flowers smaller and less numerous than in H. glabra t 
 
 \ 
 
654 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Sandy fields; a very doubtful native of Great Britain. Annual 
 or perennial (?). June September. 
 
 III. Illeceforum, Linn. Knot-grass. Gristlewort, Ger. Stems 
 prostrate, often rooting. Leaves opposite, entire, with very small 
 stipules. Flowers small, milk-white, in axillary clusters. Calyx five- 
 parted, with thick spongy divisions, concave hooded, with a subulate 
 point. Petals five, filiform,very short. Stamens five, with very short 
 filaments. Stigmas two, short, sessile, united below. Capsule mem- 
 branous, oblong, one-seeded, furrowed, bursting along the furrows, 
 enveloped in the persistent calyx. 
 
 I. verticil latum, Linn. Whorled Knot-grass. E. B. 895, 
 L. C. 395. Stems filiform, procumbent, spreading, reddish, leafy. 
 Leaves roundish or ovate, small, about as long as the clusters 
 of flowers. Flowers white, axillary, whorled. Boggy places in 
 Devon. Annual, July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 50 3 51. Alt. 0. T. 52 50. 
 
 IV. Polycarpon, Linn. All-seed. Leaves obovate-oblong, 
 the lower in whorls, with scarious stipules. Sepals five, slightly 
 united at the base. Petals five, entire or notched, shorter than 
 the sepals. Stamens five, or fewer by abortion. Styles three, very 
 short. Capsule opening to the base by three valves. 
 
 P. te trap hy Hum, Linn. Four-leaved All-seed. E. B. 1031, 
 L. C. 398. Stems slender, forked or branched, often in a tuft. 
 Leaves smooth, obovate-oblong, the lower in verticels of four, the 
 upper opposite. Flowers in forked cymes, the branches of which are 
 subtended by scarious bracts. Sepals mucronate, with scarious 
 margins. Coasts of Devon, &c. Annual. May July. 
 
 A, 3, C. 4. Lat. 50 52. Alt. ? T. 52 50. 
 
 " Naturalized at St. Cloud and at Malesherbes." -Coss. and Ger. 
 
 V. Sc I era nth us, Linq. Knawel. Rigid weeds, with oppo- 
 site, linear, often combined (coherent) leaves. Flowers axillary and 
 terminal, aggregate. ^Perianth single, urceolate, ribbed at the base, 
 with a limb parted into five deep segments. Stamens five-ten. 
 Ovary roundish, with spreading styles and simple downy stigmas. 
 Fruit utricular, membranous, inclosed in the indurated tube of the 
 perianth. Seeds two, convex on one side and flat on the other 
 (Smith); often one by abortion. 
 
 1. 8. animus, Linn. Annual Knawel. E. B. 351, L. C. 399. 
 Stems more or less reclining or prostrate, very much branched, bushy, 
 slender, enlarged at the junctions, downy, forked, especially above. 
 Leaves linear, subulate, connate at the base. Divisions of the calyx 
 linear lanceolate, as long as the tube, pointed, with a narrow scarious 
 margin, spreading when in flower, erect or slightly divergent in 
 fruit. Sandy fields. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 80. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 44. 
 
 4 2. 8. perennis, Linn. Perennial Knawel. E. B. 352, L. C. 
 
PORTULACE^E. MONTIA. CLAYTONIA. LYTHRACE^E. 655 
 
 400. Stems branched, more rigid than in the preceding species, 
 branches shorter, more spreading, not so leafy, slightly downy. Leaves 
 with a ciliated, scarious margin at the base, subulate, short. Divisions 
 of the calyx ovate or ovate-lanceolate, with an obtuse point, and broad 
 scarious margin, nearly connivent when in fruit. Sandy fields. 
 Biennial (?). July. 
 
 A. 2,0.4. Lat. 51 53. Alt? T. 51 48. 
 
 ORDER XCL PORTIJliACEdE, Juss. THE WATER PURS- 
 
 LANE FAMILY. 
 
 More or less succulent plants, with forked stems, opposite leaves, 
 and lateral and terminal solitary or aggregate flowers. Sepals two, 
 rarely three-five, either free or united at the base. Petals five, rarely 
 four-six, inserted at the base of the calyx, more or less united, rarely 
 free. Stamens three-twelve, inserted at the base of the calyx. Ovary 
 free, or united with the calyx, one-celled by disruption of the par- 
 titions. Ovules on a central placenta. Fruit capsular, membranous, 
 one-celled, many seeded, opening by a lid (dehiscence circular), 
 (pixid) or three-seeded and three-valved, with valvular opening. Al- 
 bumen central. Embryo annular, curved round the albumen. Radicle 
 contiguous to the hilum. 
 
 I. JKontia, Linn. Blinks. Small annual plants, with forked 
 sterns, and opposite, entire, rather succulent leaves and terminal 
 flowers. Calyx with two persistent sepals. Corolla with five petals, 
 cohering at the base, unequal, the three smaller bearing the stamens. 
 Stamens three, rarely four-five. Ovary turbinate, three-lobed, with 
 three downy stigmas. Fruit capsular, one-celled, three-valved, three- 
 seeded. Seeds on a central column. 
 
 M. fontana, Linn. Water Blinks. E. B. 1206, L. C. 394. Stems 
 one-four inches high, reclining, ascending, or erect, often tufted, gla- 
 brous, fleshy. Leaves opposite, oblong or spathuiate, attenuated into 
 a petiole, quite smooth. Flowers very minute, white, bending down- 
 wards on the pedicel. Fruit capsular, erect when at maturity. Wet 
 places. Annual. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 52 36. 
 
 Sub-var. elongata. Stems slender, elongated, prostrate, or swimming. 
 
 Clay to ill a, Linn. Succulent annual plants. Calyx with two 
 sepals. Petals five. Capsule three-valved, one-celled, three-seeded. 
 
 C. perfoliata, Don. American Salad. Root-leaves spathuiate, 
 rhomboid; stem-leaves orbicular, angular, perfoliate. Naturalized 
 about Ampthill, Bedfordshire, and in Surrey. H. C. Watson. Near 
 Christchurch, Hants. Mr. Hussey. "Phytologist," N.S., vol. i., p. 389. 
 
 ORDER XCIL I/tfTHRACEJE, Juss. THE LOOSESTRIFE 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, rarely shrubby plants. Leaves entire, exstipulate, 
 
t>56 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 mostly opposite. Calyx monosepalous and tubular, variously lobed. 
 Petals deciduous, inserted between the calycine segments. Stamens 
 inserted into the tube of the calyx, under the petals, variable in 
 number, but mostly some multiple of the petals. Ovary two- or four- 
 celled. Fiuit capsular, membranous, one-celled, covered by the calyx. 
 Seeds numerous, small. Embryo straight. Radicle towards the 
 hilum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GKNERA. 
 
 Lythrum. Stems erect; calyx tubular, cylindrical; petals longer than 
 the cj-.lyx. 
 
 Peplis. Stems creeping ; calyx campanulate ; petals very small, or 
 absent. 
 
 I. IL> thrum, Linn. Purple Loosestrife or Willow-herb. Herbs 
 or half-shrubby plants. Leaves simple, entire, oblong. Flowers 
 axillary, sessile, or nearly so. Calyx cylindrical, with four-six large, 
 and as many intermediate small teeth. Petals half as many as the 
 calyx -teeth, elliptic-oblong, inserted by short claws into the rim of 
 the calyx. Stamens two or three times as many as the petals, alter- 
 nately "long and short, with roundish incumbent anthers. Ovary 
 ovate -oblong, with a filiform style and capitate stigma. Fruit two- 
 celled, many-seeded, enclosed in the persistent calyx. 
 
 1. JL. Salicariaj Linn. Purple Willow-herb. E. B. 1061, L. C. 
 390. Roots woody. Stems somewhat woody at the base, angular, 
 with winged angles, simple or branching. Leaves lanceolate, cordate 
 at the base, clasping opposite, seldom in whorls of three leaves, glabrous 
 or downy. Flowers axillary, on short pedicels, forming long, leafy, 
 spike-like terminal clusters. Calyx hairy, outer teeth long, diverging, 
 setaceous, hairy, inner teeth triangular, converging, closing the mouth 
 of the calyx. Petals deep rose-colour, lanceolate- toothed, tapering 
 below. Banks of rivers and ponds. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52' 46. 
 
 2. t, hyssopifoli^ Linn. Grasspoly. E. B. 292, L. C. 389. 
 Root fibrous, annual. Stem ten-eighteen inches high (often less when 
 the plant grows in a poor, dry, gravelly soil), erect, round, smooth, 
 branched or simple, leafy. Leaves oblong-linear, attenuated at the 
 base, sessile, alternate, glabrous. Flowers axillary and solitary, 
 sessile, calyx glabrous, cylindrical-campanulate, with six outer 
 spreading subulate teeth and as many inner triangular ones, which 
 are erect and barely half the length of the outer row. Calyx of the 
 fruit erect. In moist, sandy, or gravelly places. Wandsworth steam 
 boat pier. In 1853 only a single plant was noticed in this station; 
 in 1855 there were hundreds. A. 1. 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50^48. 
 
 XI. Peplis, Linn. Purslane. Stem prostrate, rooting, square, 
 with small, opposite, entire leaves. Flowers solitary, axillary, small. 
 Calyx bell-shaped, short, limb twelve-parted; segments in two rows, 
 the inner row longer and broader, erect, the outer row alternate and 
 
LYTHRACK.E. PLPLIS. LKGUMINIFER^E. 
 
 657 
 
 spreading, petals six, minute, caducous, or wanting-, inserted on the 
 (summit of the calyx tube, and alternate with its inner segments. 
 Stamens six, inserted with the petals. Stigma nearly sessile, capi- 
 tate. Capsule roundish, two-celled, many-seeded, thin, membranous, 
 bursting irregularly, its lower half surrounded by the persistent calyx. 
 
 I. Portula, Linn, Water Purslane. E. B. 1211, L. C. 391. 
 Stems numerous, prostrate, rooting, simple or branched, flowering 
 from the base, smooth, red, leafy. Leaves obovate or spathulate, 
 opposite, tapering into the petioles, often reddish. Flowers sessile, 
 axillary, inconspicuous. Calyx reddish, with triangular pointed 
 lobes and two long setaceous teeth at their base. Corolla pale rose, 
 often wanting. Fruit round, reddish, partly covered by the per- 
 sistent calyx. Watery places. Annual. Perennial (?). Julv, August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 3 60. Alt. 0300 yards. T. o> 43. 
 
 ORDER XCIIL 
 AND BEAN FAMILY. 
 
 THE PEA 
 
 Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, compound, 
 or simple by abortion, stipulate. Stipules persistent or deciduous, 
 rarely absent. Flowers in erect or pendulous clusters, in heads or in 
 
 Fig. 190. Astragalus glycyphyllos. 1, Two flowers entire ; 2, standard enlarged ; 3, the 
 stamen-* and part of the calyx ; 4, pistil ; 5, keel (carina) ; 6, wings ; 7, legume ; 8, 
 transverse section of legume ; 9, section of the seed. 
 
 umbels, rarely in panioles, with or without bracts. Calyx tubular, 
 five-, rarely four-parted (by the complete union of two of the sepals), 
 
658 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 usually persistent. Corolla irregular (papilionaceous), or regular, or 
 absent. Petals five, inserted at the base of the calyx, free, rarely 
 united, and forming a gamopetalous corolla. Upper petal (standard) 
 folded lengthways during prefloration, and embracing the lateral 
 petals (wings, also) ; the lateral petals applied to the lower petals ; the 
 lower contiguous and united, so as to form the carina (keel). Sta- 
 mens ten, inserted at the base of the calyx, with the filaments united, 
 and forming an entire or cleft tube (monadelphous), or one stamen is 
 free and the other united (diadelphous). Ovary free, of one carpel. 
 Ovules inserted at the inner angle. Stigma terminal or nearly late- 
 ral. Fruit (legume) dry, many- or few-seeded, opening at the ventral 
 and dorsal nerve, sometimes with transverse partitions, and not open- 
 ing. Seed with a large hilum. Albumen absent. Embryo usually 
 curved. Kadicle approaching the hilum, usually folded upon the 
 edges of the cotyledons, 
 
 TRIBE I. Loteae. Leaves unequally pinnate or trifoliate, rarely 
 simple by abortion. Legume (fruit) usually one-celled ; rarely two- 
 celled by the inflexion of the dorsal nerve, sometimes twisted. Sta- 
 mens monadelphous or diadelphous. Cotyledons germinating above 
 ground. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. CJenisteae. Stamens monadelphous. 
 Genera. Sarothamnus, Genista, Ulex, Ononis, Anthyllis. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Sarothamnus. Shrubs without spines. Leaves ternate. Style much 
 elongated, filiform, spirally twisted during flowering. Pod (legume) flat, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 Genista. In this and in the next following genus, the leaves are simple 
 by abortion. Small shrubs, rarely spinous. Stigma oblique. 
 
 Ulex. Shrubs, with spinous abortive branches. Calyx two-lipped 
 divided to the base. 
 
 Ononis. Perennial, sometimes half-shrubby plants. Calyx in five linear 
 divisions. 
 
 Anthyllis. Leaves pinnate. Calyx tubular, inflated. Legume one- 
 two- seeded. 
 
 I. Karof Iiamniis, Wimm. Broom. Shrubs, with erect, round, 
 or angular branches, without spines. Leaves simple and trifoliate, 
 -without stipules. Flowers solitary and axillary. Calyx short, two- 
 lipped, toothed, and scarious at the margin. Standard nearly round, 
 cordate at the base. Stamens all united. Style long, inflexed. Le- 
 gume oblong, compressed, many-seeded. Seeds deciduous, on a two- 
 lobed caruncle. 
 
 1. S. scoparius, Wimm. Spartium scoparmm, Linn. Common 
 Broom. E. B. 1339, L. C. 248. Under shrub very much branched 
 branches erect, angular, furrowed. Leaves trifoliate or simple; 
 
LEGUMINIFER^E. GENISTA. ULEX. 659 
 
 leaflets or leaves oblong-obovate, pubescent or silky on both sides, the 
 upper ones sessile. Flowers large, in terminal clusters. Fruit with 
 hairy borders. Commons, woods, heaths. Perennial. May. 
 A. 17, C. 80. Lat. 50" 59. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 51 41 
 
 II. Genista, Linn. Petty Whin, Green-weed. Shrubs of humble 
 growth, sometimes thorny. Leaves simple, entire. Flowers axillary 
 and solitary. Calyx tubular, two-lipped, upper lip in two deep seg- 
 ments, lower one three-toothedv Standard oblong, distant ; wings 
 spreading; keel with two lanceolate petals, slightly cohering. Fila- 
 ments more or less monadelphous ; the odd one separated more than 
 half-way down. Legume turgid, somewhat compressed, obliquely 
 pointed, with numerous, rarely with few, seeds. Seeds roundish. 
 
 1. GJ-. pilosa, Linn. Hairy Woad, or Dyer's Weed. E. B. 208, 
 L. C. 252. Stems procumbent, winged, or angular, furrowed, not 
 prickly, leafy and branching, woody. Leaflets elliptic-lanceolate, 
 slightly hairy or silky, channelled at the midrib, slightly plicate ; sti- 
 pules narrow, blunt. Flowers yellow, in lax clusters. Calyx cylin- 
 drical, silky, with long linear teeth. Legume compressed, hairy. 
 A very local species. Dry, sandy, and gravelly places. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 4. Lat. 50 3 -53 3 . Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 49. 
 
 2. Gr. tiiictoria, Linn. Woad-waxen, Dyer's Green-weed. E. B. 
 44, L. C. 251. Shrubby plants. Sterns ascending or erect, simple 
 or branching, partly herbaceous, roundish, with prominent angles and 
 deep furrows, glabrous. Leaves oblong, pointed, or blunt, smooth, 
 shining. Flowers in terminal, rather close, clusters. Pedicels short, 
 axillary. Standard smooth. Fruit glabrous, compressed. Perennial. 
 June, July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 3 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52^47. 
 
 3. . an^lica, Linn. Petty Whin. E. B. 132, L. C. 253. Low 
 much branched shrub, spreading, the lateral branches terminating in 
 slender spines. Leaves oblong-elliptic, pointed. Flowers axillary, 
 in lax clusters. Legume linear, inflated, glabrous. Heaths and com- 
 mons. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0-700 yards. T. 52" 40*. 
 
 III. Ulex, Linn. Furze, Whin, Gorse. Ligneous, bushy plants. 
 The numerous compound striated thorns with which the plant is 
 beset appear to be metamorphosed leaves. Calyx coloured, divided 
 to the base, the upper division with tw r o, the lower with three teeth. 
 Standard of corolla ovate, cleft, somewhat longer than the calyx; 
 wings obtuse. Keel with two straight, obtuse, cohering petals. Sta- 
 mens all united at the base, one slightly separate. Legume oblong, 
 turgid, few-seeded, about as long as the calyx. Valves rigid, elastic. 
 Seeds with a tumid crest. 
 
 1. tr. europjKus, Linn. Gorse, Whin. E. B. 742, L. C. 249. 
 Branches spreading, lateral ones almost equal, ending in a spine. 
 Pedicels, bracts, and calyx very hairy. Bracts larger than the pedicel. 
 
(360 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Fruit (legume) downy, hairy. Heaths and commons. Perennial. 
 Flowers in April, and again in Autumn. 
 
 A. 17, C. 80. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 42. 
 U. strictus, Mack. Erect-branched Furze. L. C. 249 b. Stem 
 much humbler than in the foregoing, with erect branches and small 
 slender spines. Flowers (rarely produced) on the summit of the stem 
 and branches, slightly different from those of the preceding. In 
 Lord Londonderry's Park, Down, Ireland. Shrub. Perennial. April, 
 Mav. 
 
 2. U. iianus, Forst. Dwarf Furze. E. B. 743, L. C. 250. 
 Bushy, low, spreading shrub. Stems much branched; branches 
 mostly on one side, nearly equal ; secondary branches very short, 
 terminating' in long, deflexed, curved, slender spines. Bracts very 
 small, narrower than the diameter of the pedicel. Calyx downy, 
 with appressed pubescence, and with more distinct and spreading 
 teeth than U. europceus. In this species or variety the flowers are 
 smaller than in No. 1. It flowers in autumn ; the Common Furze in 
 the spring. On open heaths. Shrub. Perennial. August No- 
 vember. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat, 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 U. Gallii, var. of U. nanus, or of U. europceus (?). " U. nanus and 
 U. Gallii have frequently flowers near the ends of the branches, but 
 their usual position is near the base of the primary spines, and never, 
 as in U. europaus, scattered more than half along their length, or on 
 the secondary spines." Jas. Woods, F.L.S., in " Phy tologist," vol. iii., 
 p. 1059. 
 
 In U. Gallii the wings are supposed to be one-thirtieth or one- 
 fortieth of an inch larger than the keel. In U. nanus the wings and 
 keel are said to be equal. A fine di ; ciion ! 
 
 IV. Ononis, Linn. Rest-harrow. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, 
 occasionally spinous. Leaves ternate, toothed. Stipules large, and 
 often adnate. Flowers stalked. Calyx tubular, with five linear seg- 
 ments. Standard large, striated, keeled and compressed at the back; 
 wings obovate ; keel a little longer than the wings, pointed. Sta- 
 mens all united. Style long. Legume turgid, sessile. Valves elastic 
 and rigid. Sc'eds few, kidney-shaped. 
 
 1. O. arvensisj Linn. (?), Roth. (?) Rest-harrow or Cammock. 
 E. B. 2659, L. C. 254. Stems round, tapering, more or less hairy, 
 rooting at the base (?), ascending, much branched a,nd leafy (the 
 branches sometimes terminate in a spine). Leaves elliptical, oblong, 
 or cuneate, sharply and uniformly toothed at the upper end, taper- 
 ing and less toothed below, with long spreading glandular hairs; 
 stipules united for the greater part of their length, the free part tri- 
 angular and pointed. Flowers axillary and solitary, on short pedicels. 
 Divisions of the calyx linear-lanceolate. Legume hairy, not so long 
 as the divisions of the calyx. Seeds finely tubercular. Roadsides, 
 commons, and pastures. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 5 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
LEGUMINIFKIOE. ONONIS. ANTUYLL1S. 6bl 
 
 Var. a. arvensis, Grenier ; O.procurrens, Wallr. ; O. spinosa, Linn. 
 Fl. Suec. Fi. Dan. v., 783. " Stems eighteen-twentyfour inches 
 high ; leaves and flowers large, the latter in lax spikes ; floral leaves 
 as long as the calyx. O. arvensis, Lam." 
 
 Var. )8. maritima, Gr. ; O. repens, Linn. Stems slender, four-five 
 inches high; flowers sma 1, in short, dense spikes; floral leaves 
 (bracts) shorter than the calyx. 
 
 2. O. aiitiquorum, Benth. (not Linn.); O. campestris, Koch. 
 Thorny Ilest-harrow. Baxter, vol. iv., p. 289. E. B. b82, L. C. 255. 
 Stems and branches woody, erect, or nearly so, round, olive-coloured, 
 with woolly or hairy alternate lines ; spines stout, two-three together, 
 spreading. Leaves linear-oblong, laxly toothed, glandular. Flowers 
 large, solitary and axillary, on pedicels, which are much longer than 
 those of O. arvensis, but not so long as the calyx. Divisions of the 
 calyx linear-lanceolate, glandular, not hairy. Corolla twice as long 
 as the calyx. Legume ovate, compressed, as long as the calyx. Seeds 
 ovate, brown, tubercular, two-four. Barren places, roadsides, pastures. 
 Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 3 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47\ 
 Grenier states that O. antiquorum, of Linnaeus, is distinguished 
 from the above, or O. campestris, Koch, by more slender and flexuous 
 stems, which have not the hairy alternate lines of 0. antiquorum, 
 Benth., by the much smaller leaves and flowers, by its legume equal- 
 ling the calyx, and by its solitary, finely tubercied seed. 
 
 3. O. reclinata, Linn. Prostrate Rest-harrow. E. B. 2838, 
 L. C. 256. Stems slender, round, hairy, branched, spreading, diffuse ; 
 branches not terminating in spines (secondary branches not changed 
 to spines ?). Leaves cuneate, strongly nerved and toothed only in 
 their upper half, on slender petioles. Flowers in terminal, leafy clus- 
 ters, on long slender pedicels (the latter as long as the leaves). Di- 
 visions of the calyx linear-lanceolate, twice as long as the tube. 
 Corolla not longer than the calyx. Legume cylindrical, hairy, dark 
 brown when ripe, longer than the calyx. Seeds numerous, com- 
 pressed, tubereled. Sandy places. Galloway, Channel Isles. Annual. 
 June(?). 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 56(?). Alt.? T. ? 
 
 V. Anthy His, Linn. Lady's Finger. Stems herbaceous. Hoot- 
 leaves entire ; stem-leaves pinnate, thick. Flowers yellow or reddish, 
 in a dense round head. Calyx coloured, with an inflated tube ; upper- 
 lip two-toothed, lower three-cleft, bladder-like when in fruit ; teeth 
 connivent. Standard rather larger than the \vings ; wings and keel 
 adhering together by the limb. Stamens all united. Style curved- 
 ascending. Stigma terminal. Fruit compressed, roundish, one- or 
 two-seeded, enclosed in the calyx-tube. 
 
 A. \uliieraria, Linn. Common Lady's Finger. E. B. 104, 
 L. C. 257. Stems erect, ascending, or spreading, sometimes branch- 
 ing, more or less downy or hairy. Lower leaves oblong entire; upper 
 pinnate, oblong or linear, with a large terminal lobe (the lateral lobes 
 
662 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 are sometimes abortive, and then the leaf is simple). Flowers yellow, 
 ruivlv red. Calyx-teeth triangular-lanceolate, very hairy. .Corolla 
 longer than the calyx. Chalky and dry gravelly places. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 38. 
 
 Var. . Dillenii. Whole plant smaller, with red flowers. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Trifolieae. Stamens diadelphous. 
 
 JVbfe. Nine of the stamens are connected by a membrane, and 
 one is free. 
 
 Genera. Lotus, Medicago, Melilotus, Trifolium, Astragalus, 
 Oxytropis. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Lotus. Perennial or annual herbaceous plants, with trifoliate leaves. 
 Legume linear, straight, cylindrical, many-seeded. 
 
 Mtdicago. Annual or perennial plants. Legume reniform (broadly 
 heart-shaped), or falciform (like a sickle), or spirally twisted. 
 
 Melilotus. Biennials, with a thick vertical root. Leaves pinnate-tri- 
 foliate. Flowers in spike-like clusters. Legume longer than the calyx, 
 straight, oblong, one-four-seeded. 
 
 I\ 'tfoliuM. Annual or perennial plants. Leaves trifoliate. Flowers in 
 heads (capitulee), or in short, dense, compact spikes. Legume small, usually 
 enclosed in the calyx. 
 
 Astragalus. Perennial plants, with unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers 
 in axillary clusters. Legume many-seeded, elongated, curved, incom- 
 pletely two-celled ; partition formed by the nf.zxcd margin of the lower 
 suture 
 
 Oxytropis is distinguished by its fruit, which, like Astragalus, is imper- 
 fectly two-celled, and the partition is formed by the inflexed margin of the 
 upper suture. 
 
 VI. Lotus, Linn. Bird's-foot Trefoil. Annual .or perennial 
 herbaceous, rarely shrubby plants. Leaves ternate, with leaf-like 
 stipules. Flowers solitary or umbellate, on long axillary stalks. 
 Cciiyx tubular, with five nearly equal teeth. Petals deciduous. 
 Standard spreading, with a rounded, broad, vaulted claw, wings con- 
 verging at their upper margin ; keel ascending with a narrow point, 
 protuberant, with narrow, short, distinct claws. Style bent, stigma 
 simple. Legume cylindrical, one-celled, separated by a spongy sub- 
 stance into several spurious or incompletely separated cells. Seeds 
 one in each. 
 
 1. JL. corniculatusj Linn. Common Bird's-foot Trefoil. E. B. 
 2090, L. C. 283. Stems spreading or ascending. Leaflets obovate 
 or obovate-oblong, entire. Stipules ovate-cordate, leaf-like, somewhat 
 pointed. Flowers in terminal, dense clusters, three-six, sometimes 
 almost solitary. Divisions of the calyx triangular-lanceolate, shorter 
 than the tube, erect before flowering. Keel-petals united as far as the 
 middle. Fruit glabrous, ending with the permanent, almost straight 
 style. Commons, heaths, and pastures. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. bl. Lat. 50 60\ Alt. 0950 yards. T. 52 38. 
 
LhOUMlNlFER^E. LOTUS. MED1CAGO. 663 
 
 Var. $. tennis. L. decumbens, Forst. in " Eng. Fl.," vol. iii,, p. 314. 
 Stems very slender, elongated ; leaflets and stipules narrow j flowers 
 few or solitary. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 3 47. 
 
 Var. 7. villosus. Upper parts of the plant and calyx hairy ; hairs 
 long, spreading-. 
 
 Var. 5. crassifolius. Leaflets fleshy. Flowers large, solitary (some- 
 times two). 
 
 2. I., major, Scop. Large Bird's-foot Trefoil. E. B. 2091, 
 L. C. 284. Root tufted, tapering. Stems ascending or erect, with a 
 few long hairs, hollow. Leaflets obovate or oblong, broad, entire, 
 thin, hairy ; stipules broad, oval, or somewhat cordate, obscurely 
 toothed and pointed. Heads eight-ten-flowered. Calyx-teeth linear, 
 shorter than the tube (about as long as the tube), hairy, ciliate, 
 spreading in bud (an inconstant character). In L. major the teeth are 
 more subulate and elongate than in L. corniculatus, but in this they 
 often spread as much as they do in the former. The two species are 
 not distinguished by very prominent characters. In moist places. 
 Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt 0100 yards. T. 52 46 3 . 
 Var. j8. glabriusculus. Plant entirely glabrous; calyx-teeth 
 scarcely ciliated. 
 
 3. JL. angustissimus, Linn. Narrow-leaved Bird's-foot Trefoil. 
 E. B. 925, L. C. 285. Stem ascending or procumbent, slender, round, 
 hairy, leafy, branching widely. Lower leaflets obovate, upper 
 oblong, pointed, all very hairy; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute. 
 Flower-stalks long, weak, spreading, one-two-flowered. Calyx-teeth 
 linear-tapering, about twice as long as the calyx-tube. Keel with its 
 spur longer than either the helmet or wings of the corolla. Legume 
 (pod) linear, narrow, straight, undulated, six times the length of the 
 calyx, terminated by the long, slender, tapering, persistent style. 
 South of England, near the sea. Annual. May July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 50 3 51. Alt. ? T. 52. 
 
 Var. 0. seringianus, Bab. Peduncles of the flower and fruit as 
 long as the leaves. Stem ascending. 
 
 4. JL. hispidus, Desf. Hairy Bird's-foot Trefoil. E. B. 2823, 
 L. C. 285 b. Stems thicker than they are in L. angustissimus, also 
 the stipules are broader and blunter. Peduncles two-four-flowered. 
 Wings of the corolla attenuated and rounded at the apex. Legume 
 rugose, only about twice as long as the calyx, about twice as thick as in 
 the above species. Near the sea in Devon and Cornwall. Annual. 
 May August. 
 
 Area as in angustissimus (?). 
 
 VII. Medicago, Linn. Annual or perennial herbaceous plants, 
 with trifoliate stipulate leaves. Flowers clustered or spiked, axillary 
 or terminal, usually yellow. Cnlyx campanulate, in five divisions. 
 Corolla caducous. Stamens diadelphous (in two parcels). Style fili- 
 form, glabrous. Legume reniform (oblong), falcate or spirally con- 
 
u 
 
 664 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 voluted (somewhat like a screw), usually indehiscent (not opening). 
 Seeds kidney-shaped, smooth. 
 
 SECT. l.Lupularia. Legume not spinous. 
 
 1. M. lupulina, Linn. Black Medick, or None-such. E. B. 
 971, L. C. 260. Hoot slender. Stems erect, ascending or spreading, 
 much branched, slightly pubescent. Leaflets obovate, cuneate at the 
 base, notched or entire at the apex, and toothed (often obcordate and 
 mucronate) ; stipules lanceolate, pointed, entire. Flowers yellow, 
 small, in oblong heads (spikes), on short pedicels ; peduncles axillary, 
 and longer than the leaves. Legumes reniform, pubescent or glabrous, 
 with prominent ridges, one-seeded, curved, black when quite ripe. Dry 
 pastures, meadows, and waste ground. Annual. June September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T.52 47. 
 
 2. M. saliva, Linn. Lucern. E. B. 1749, L. C. 258. Roots 
 lorg. Stems stout, ascending or erect, slightly hollow. Leaflets 
 oblong, toothed above and pointed. Stipules lanceolate-subulate, 
 entire or toothed, slightly membranous. Flowers blue or violet, 
 on very short pedicels, in terminal or lateral clusters, on long axillary 
 peduncles. Legume elongated, many-seeded, falcate rather than 
 spiral. Cultivated and occasionally subspontaneous. Perennial. July 
 September. 
 
 It is only partially naturalized in the environs of Paris. Coss and 
 Ger., 128. 
 
 3. M. syl^estris, Fries. Wild Medick. L. C. 258*. Stem quad- 
 rangular, pithy, ascending. Leaflets obovate-oblong, dentate on the 
 ^margin of their upper half, notched, mucronate. Peduncle many- 
 
 jjiflowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx, longer than the bract. 
 Flowers yellow or blackish-green. 'Legume annular (with one flat 
 turn). Sandy and gravelly places in Norfolk and Suffolk. Perennial. 
 June, July. 
 
 This species is unnoticed in the " Cybele Britannica." 
 
 4. M. falcata, Linn. Yellow Sickle Medick. E. B. 1016, 
 L. C. 259. Koots thick, persistent, spreading. Stems erect or 
 ascending, with erect, slightly pubescent, and leafy branches. Leaflets 
 oblong or cuneate, toothed above and mucronate ; stipules lanceolate- 
 subulate, half-herbaceous, entire or slightly toothed. Flowers yel- 
 lowish or greenish-white, on peduncles which are longer than the 
 leaves; the pedicels are about as long as the bracts, and shorter than 
 the calyx. Legumes elongate, falcate (like a reaping-hook), many- 
 seeded. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 7. Lat. 50' 53. Alt. ? T. 51 48. 
 
 SKCT. II. Legume spinous, spirally convoluted. 
 
 5. M. maculata, Sibth. Spotted Medick. E. B. 1616, L. C. 
 261. Stem spreading, ascending or erect, angular and furrowed. 
 Leaflets obovate or obcordate, toothed above, tapering, and entire 
 below, with a dark brown or purplish spot : stipules toothed. Flowers 
 in clusters, three-four, or solitary, on very short peduncles. Legumes 
 

 j- 
 
 *<*-*< 
 ij Cf/e ct-ot*/^ 
 
 I ft\d~ 
 
 obcordate or broadly obovate, truncate or depressed, and toothed at 
 the apex, on short, stout petioles, which are about as long- as the 
 leaves ; stipules small, laciniated with unequal linear-setaceous seg- 
 ments (the teeth are long and pointed). Flowers small, solitary 
 or several (one-ten), on axillary peduncles, which are about as long as 
 the leaves. Legume glabrous, with prominent external ridges, and a 
 single row of very long, tapering, slender, curved spines (the spines 
 are longer than the semi-diameter of the legume, the spiral has at 
 least three turns). Blackheath, with the former. Annual. July 
 September. 
 
 A. 4, C. 9. Lat. 50 53. Alt. ? T. 52 49. 
 
 Var. M. apiculata. Spines straight and shorter than in M-. denti- 
 culata. Near the Itchin, Southampton, and at Wandsworth steam- 
 boat pier, with the following exotic species: 
 
 Medicago, sp. Stem stout, erect, furrowed. Leaflets oblong, 
 narrow. Peduncles stout, erect, longer than the leaves. Flowers 
 rather large, pale yellow, in lax heads (capitate), on pedicels scarcely 
 as long as the scarious smooth calyx. The whole herbage is quite 
 smooth. Wandsworth. Annual. August. 
 
 M. orbicularis, All., Moris Fl. Sard. 37. Stems weak, sulcate, 
 slightly hairy. Leaflets obovate-cuneate at the base, hairy. (Leaves 
 often ovate, and they become red when decaying.) Stipules laciniate, 
 with long, linear-lanceolate, pointed segments. Peduncles hairy, 
 slender, shorter than the leaves, one-two- or more-flowered. Flowers 
 very small, yellow; calyx hairy. Legume large, with five to six 
 turns of the spiral, ridged without spines, smooth. Wandsworth. 
 Annual. August. 
 
 X X 
 
666 DESCRIPTIVE B1UTISH BOTANY. 
 
 M. scutellata, All., Moris Fl. Sard. 37. Stems simple or branched, 
 angular, prostrate, smooth or puberulent, hairy above, leafy. Leaflets 
 cuneate or deltoid, the upper (odd one) rhomboid or rounded, all 
 toothed on the upper margin ; stipules with horizontal teeth. 
 Peduncles slender, one-two-flowered, not quite so long as the leaves ; 
 pedicels very short, subtended by two scarious, awned, minute bracts. 
 Flowers small, yellow; teeth of the calyx subulate, longer than the 
 tube. Fruit five to six turns of the spiral, ridged, large, smooth or 
 slightly puberulent. W an ds worth steam-boat pier. Annual. June 
 August. 
 
 M. tenoreana (?), D. C., Tenore Fl. Nap. 178. Stem hairy, round, 
 slender, leafy. Leaves stalked. Leaflets cuneate, upper one roundish 
 or oblong, all toothed and hairy. Flowers solitary or in pairs, small, 
 yellow, on long, slender, hairy flower-stalks (longer than the leaves); 
 calyx scarious, with very unequal setaceous teeth. Legume hairy, 
 consisting of four spiral turns, crowned with the style. Wandsworth 
 steam-boat pier. Annual. July September. 
 
 M. ciliaris, Willd., Moris Fl. Sard. 51. Bur Medick. Stems 
 procumbent, much branched, straggling, smooth. Leaves smooth, 
 obovate, rather fleshy, slightly toothed ; stipules dilated, herbaceous, 
 with numerous unequal pointed teeth. Flowers solitary, small, 
 yellow on long peduncles. Fruit perfectly globiilar, with long ciliate 
 teeth. Annual. Wandsworth steam-boat pier, September 15th, 1857. 
 
 VIII. Melilotus, Tourn. Annual or biennial plants, with 
 strong, woody, vertical, tapering roots. Stems erect or reclining, 
 round,tapering, branched, leafy. Leaves trifoliate. Flowers yellow, 
 rarely white ; calyx campanulate, with five erect, slender teeth. 
 Corolla caducous ; standard equalling or surpassing the wings ; keel 
 obtuse, adhering to the wings. Stamens diadelphous (in two par- 
 cels). Legume straight, longer than the calyx, oblong, one-four- 
 seeded. 
 
 l^M. officinalis, Willd. Common Melilot. Honey- or Sweet- 
 Lotus, E. B. 1340, L. C. 264. Stems two-three feet high, erect, 
 glabrous, leafy. Leaves on short petioles. Leaflets oblong, elliptic, 
 often linear, truncate, toothed. Stipules subulate, setaceous, enlarged 
 at the base. Flowers yellow, numerous, in slender, lax, lateral and 
 terminal clusters, on very short, filiform pedicels, which are reflexed 
 when in fruit. Standards scarcely longer than the wings. Legume 
 wrinkled transversely, oblong, attenuated at the summit, furnished 
 with appressed hairs, and terminated by the long slender style. In 
 waste places ; sometimes in fields. Biennial. June September. 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 47. 
 Var. (?) Flowers very small, in dense, cylindrical-conical, nar- 
 row spikes ; the whole plant slenderer and weaker than the common 
 form. Wandsworth. 
 
 2. M. >ul S ai is, Willd. M. leucantha, Koch. White Melilot. 
 E. B. 2689, L. C. 265. Stem as- in M. officinalis. Leaves on rather 
 longer stalks, with broader, obovate or ovate, toothed leaflets. 
 
LEGUMINIFEIUE. MELILOTUS. 667 
 
 Flowers white, in shorter clusters than those of M. officinalis. 
 Standard longer than the wings. Legume oblong or obovate, at- 
 tenuated at the apex, wrinkled transversely, containing three-four 
 ovules. In waste and gravelly places. Biennial. June September. 
 Alien. 
 
 Wandsworth Common, in the railway cutting opposite the prison, 
 it has for several years maintained its settlement on heaps of clayey 
 mould. 
 
 3. M. arvensis, Wallr. Field Melilot. E. B. 2960, L. C. 264*. 
 Stems erect, round, branching, leafy. Leaflets obovate (?) (elliptical- 
 lanceolate), with wide, unequal teeth. Clusters elongated, very much 
 longer than the leaves (the upper or terminal clusters are branched, 
 and subtended by a single leaflet or bract). Flowers white. Legume 
 glabrous, obtuse, oblong-ovate, transversely wrinkled, terminated by 
 the style, usually two-seeded. In corn-fields, &c. Annual. July, 
 August. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 Note. The distinctive characters of these three sorts, M. officinalis, 
 M. vulgar is, and M. awensis, are very obscure. 
 
 M. parviflora, Desf. L. C. p. 16. Coss and Ger., Fig. 11, G. 
 Stems erect or diffuse, usually much branched, cylindrical, striated, 
 leafy. Leaflets oblong or obovate, toothed. Flowers yellow, small. 
 Pod granulose, containing one large shagreened seed. Steam-boat 
 pier, Wands worth. Annual. June September. 
 
 Alien ; will probably be naturalized. 
 
 This species, which is readily distinguished from those above 
 described by its humble growth, small yellow flowers, reticulated, 
 rugose, globular, small, sessile legumes, and by its one or two ovate, 
 finely tubercled seeds, is spreading over the few cultivated fields that 
 still remain between Wandsworth (where it originated) and Batter- 
 sea. If it gain a settlement in the allotments below Lavender Hill 
 and Battersea Kise, it will be safe for some time. 
 
 M. messanensis, Desf., Moris Fl. Sard. 58. Stems ascending, 
 branched, leafy. Leaflets obovate, cuneate, toothed on the upper 
 half, slightly notched at the apex ; stipules almost scarious, small, 
 acuminate, mostly entire or toothed at the base. Clusters of small, 
 yellow flowers, shorter than the leaves, on a short, common peduncle. 
 Legume ovate-elliptical, acute, terminated by the persistent style, 
 with numerous prominent contiguous concentric ridges. Kubbish on 
 the shore of the Itchin, Southampton, and at Wandsworth steam-boat 
 
 ?ier ; abundant in both places, especially in the latter. Annual, 
 uly September. 
 
 M. parviflora and M. messanensis have been seen as stragglers 
 about Manchester. 
 
 M. caerulea, Pers., Lam. Encyc. 613. Stems erect, smooth, angu- 
 lar and furrowed, with erect branches. Leaves linear-lanceolate 
 or obovate-cuneate, toothed only on their upper half. Clusters 
 short, dense, nearly capitate, on peduncles which are much longer 
 than the leaves. Flowers whitish, with blue veins, in dense ovate or 
 
668 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 n-lobular heads. Legumes turgid, ovate-round, with a long beak. 
 Seeds two, ovate, rounded. Wandsworth, with the preceding, but 
 not common. Annual. July, August. 
 
 This species is an economical plant ; it is employed to flavour 
 cheese and to scent snuff. All the species have a more or less 
 agreeable smell when dry ; this odour they retain in the herbarium 
 for many years. 
 
 M. sulcata, Desf., Moris Fl. Sard. 59. Stem erect, six-ten inches 
 high, sulcate, leafy. Leaves obovate or oblong, cuneate, toothed 
 intheir upper half. Clusters dense, cylindrical, on peduncles which 
 are longer than the leaves. Flowers deep yellow ; standard much 
 longer than the wings. Only the var. 0. major, Cambess., has been 
 collected at Wandsworth. It is distinguished from the var. a. by its 
 deep green leaves and its dense cluster. 
 
 IX. Trifolium, Linn. Annual or perennial herbaceous 
 plants, with trifoliate stipulate leaves. Flowers in capitate clusters 
 (heads), or in short spikes. Calyx campanulate or tubular, in five 
 divisions (five-toothed or five-cleft). Corolla often gamopetalous 
 (petals cohering), withering, persistent. Stamens diadelphous (in 
 two parcels), more or less cohering to the petals. Legume small, 
 entirely covered by the calyx (rarely a little longer than the calyx), 
 ovate or slightly oblong, one-seeded, rarely two-four-seeded, scarcely 
 opening. Seeds roundish, very smooth. 
 
 SECT. I. Flowers yellow, and becoming scarious after flowering (flora- 
 tion) ; throat of calyx naked ; legume stipitate. 
 
 1. T. filiforme, Linn. T. minus, Sm. Lesser Yellow Tre- 
 foil. E.B. 1256. L. C. 282 and 282*. Hoots fibrous, tubercular. 
 Stems spreading-diffuse or ascending, glabrous or slightly pubescent, 
 very slender. Leaflets obovate or obcordate, toothed on the upper 
 part, the central leaflet petiolate, the lateral pair sessile; stipules 
 ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed or tapering to a point. Heads (capitules) 
 lax, five-twenty-flowered, on long, filiform peduncles. Standard 
 plicate or keeled, scarcely longer than the wings, not striated or with 
 very fine longitudinal strice. Style much shorter than the fruit. In 
 wet, gravelly places. Annual. May September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 D 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 Var. 0. pauciftorum f ^ T. filiforme, Sm. E. B. 1257. Stems 
 very slender; heads two-eight-flowered. 
 
 2. T. procumbens, Linn. Hop Trefoil. E. B. 945, L. C. 281. 
 Stems spreading, reclining or ascending, more or less downy, with 
 two deep channels. Leaflets oblong or obovate, usually notched, 
 toothed above, the central leaflet petioled. Stipules acuminate, with 
 setaceous teeth. Heads round, many-flowered, stalked. Flowers 
 sulfur^ (sulphur-) coloured, very numerous, helmet strongly striated, 
 spreading, much longer than the wings. Style very short. Waysides ; 
 dry, sandy places. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60'. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
LEGUMINIFER./E. TRIFOLIUM. 669 
 
 SECT. II. Flowers purple, roseate, or white, rarely yellow^m heads or 
 spikes ; legume sessile. 
 
 1. Flowers sessile, or nearly so ; calyx hairy or glabrous, with a pro 
 minent ring ; teeth ciliated. 
 
 3. T. pratense, Linn. Purple Clover. E. B. 1770, L. C. 271. 
 Stem angular, hollow, ridged and grooved, pubescent or smooth, 
 leafy. Leaves elliptical, tapering at both ends, more or less hairy, 
 often marked with pale-green bands ; stipules herbaceo-membranous, 
 awned. Heads sessile, ovate, dense. Calyx-teeth not quite so long as 
 the corolla. (These characters are variable.) Pastures ; common ; 
 often cultivated. Perennial. June. September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 52--40 . 
 
 Var. j8. parviflorum. Heads not sessile ; calyx-teeth as long or 
 longer than the corolla. 
 
 T. medium is distinguished from T. pratense by its round, flexuous 
 (often wiry), and solid stem, and by its more elongate uniformly pale- 
 green leaflets, by its herbaceous lanceolate stipules, by its stalked 
 heads, and by the long setaceous hairy .teeth of the calyx. 
 
 4. T. medium,, Linn. Zigzag Trefoil. E. B. 190, L. C. 272. 
 Stem ascending, flexuous or zigzag, solid or nearly solid. Leaflets 
 oblong, all more or less narrowed at both ends ; stipules herbaceous 
 (membranous), with prominent green nerves and lanceolate-linear or 
 setaceous teeth. Flowers on short peduncles, in the centre of the leaves 
 or in the axils when twin flowers are produced. Calyx-throat closed 
 when in fruit, with a hairy ring; teeth slightly spreading, lanceolate- 
 linear (filiform), four of them equal, one double the length of the 
 others. Fruit compressed, obovate, crowned with the slender per- 
 sistent style (?). Grassy places ; both in woods and in fields. Perennial. 
 June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 51 43. 
 
 In the Highlands this species is often very handsome. In the 
 dried-up channels of streams it is sometimes found with a round, wiry, 
 rigid stem. 
 
 5. T. ochroleiicum, Linn. Sulphur-coloured Trefoil. E. B. 
 1224, L. C. 269. Stems ascending, pubescent, round, leafy. Leaflets 
 oblong, entire, pubescent above, silky below; stipules herbaceous, the 
 free portion linear or subulate, haiiy. Flowers cream-colour ; heads 
 oblong, solitary, rarely in pairs. Calyx-divisions lanceolate, hairy, 
 spreading when in fruit. Standard much longer than the wings, 
 compressed. In dry, gravelly places, chiefly in the East of England. 
 Many examples have been observed near Wandsworth steam-boat 
 pier. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 3, C. 9. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 T. incarnatum, Linn. Italian Clover. E. B. 2950, L. C. p. 15, 
 in List of Excluded Species. Stems hollow, erect, sulcate, very 
 downy, six-thirty inches high. Leaflets obovate-roundish orobovate- 
 cuneate, toothed on their upper part, downy on both sides ; stipules 
 ovate, obtuse, membranous, herbaceous near the summit. Flowers in 
 oblong-cylindrical, solitary and terminal spikes, bright purple (car- 
 
670 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 nation), without bracts at the base of the spike. Calyx very hairy, 
 about half as long as the corolla ; the divisions are much spread when 
 in fruit. Only here and there of partially spontaneous growth. It has 
 been cultivated for upwards of twenty years, and springs up occa- 
 sionally in fields and waste places. Annual. June August. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 Var. jS. Molinieri, Balb. Flowers pale-rose ; plant smaller, with 
 obcordate leaflets. Lizard Point, Cornwall. Eev. W. S. Hore, in 
 " Phytologist," vol. ii., p. 237.* 
 
 6. T. stellatum, Linn. Starry-headed Trefoil. E. B. 1545, 
 L. C. 274. Stems erect or ascending. Leaflets small, obcordate, 
 cuneate at the base, dentate at the summit ; stipules ovate, toothed, 
 obtuse. Heads globular, lax, solitary, terminal, on long, hairy pedun- 
 cles. Calyx-throat closed, with woolly hairs ; divisions of the calyx 
 lanceolate, elongate, with prominent reticulations, hairy, equal, and 
 radiating, much longer than the tube. Seed large, ovate, smooth. On 
 the sea-beach, near Shoreham, Sussex. Annual. July August. 
 Wandsworth steam-boat pier ; very few examples. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 50 51. Alt. ? T. 51. 
 
 7. T, arvense, Linn. Hare's-foot Trefoil. E. B. 944, L. C. 275. 
 Stems usually several, slender, erect, much branched and hairy. 
 Leaves on short petioles, nearly sessile. Leaflets oblong, linear, 
 blunt or truncate, with silky hairs on both sides ; stipules acuminate- 
 awned. Flowers white or roseate, on oblong, cylindrical, blunt spikes, 
 without bracts. Divisions of the calyx subulate, setaceous, almost 
 equal, longer than the corolla, more or less spreading when in fruit ; 
 the teeth are beautifully fringed with long, whitish hairs. Sandy 
 fields. Annual. July September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 8.T.striatum,Linn. Soft Knotted Trefoil. E.B. 1843, L.C. 277. 
 Stems spreading or erect or ascending, very downy, four-six A inches 
 high. Leaflets obovate or oblong, toothed at the apex ; stipules 
 ovate, acute, awned, almost membranous. Flowers in ovate, sessile. 
 or shortly pedunculate heads, elongated after flowering, pale- white or 
 roseate, with bracts at their base. Divisions of the calyx linear subu- 
 late, very hairy, spreading or erect when in fruit. Tube urceolate or 
 somewhat globular when in fruit. Dry, sandy places. Annual, June, 
 July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 This species is distinguished from the following principally by its 
 less rigid calyx-teeth. 
 
 * " Whether the plant (Var. )8. Molinieri) is a mere variety of T. incarnatum I 
 
 much doubt, and therefore avail myself of the present opportunity to point out the 
 
 difference between its characters ;md those found in the diagnoses of the typical form, 
 
 as given by Koch, Babington, and others. The Lizard plant is in most cases prostrate, 
 
 but sometimes with a tendency to ascend; the stipules are narrow^ ovate, and acute; 
 
 the throat naked," &c., &c. The author adds: "Whether these discrepancies are of 
 
 sufficient importance to justify a separation of the two plants, I leave to more able 
 
 s to determine. I should state that not a single specimen with a, red corolla was 
 
 u among the countless numbers which we observed on this and the former 
 
 occasions." 
 
LEGUMINIFERvE. TRTFOLIUM. 671 
 
 9. T. scabrum, Linn. Rough Trefoil. E. B. 903, L. C. 276. 
 Stems slender, rigid, prostrate or ascending, flexuous, branching, 
 downy, a few inches high, about the same height as the stem of T. 
 striatum. Heads ovate, oblong after flowering, solitary, axillary, and 
 terminal. Flowers pale white or pink. Calyx-tube oblong, slightly 
 enlarged under the limb, coriaceous, hairy, the throat is shut by two 
 callous processes. Divisions of the calyx rigid, somewhat spinous, 
 
 J- .*. ru^ oo nAr rilanps Annnn,]. .Trim^Jnly 
 
 ds. T. 52 48. 
 E. B. 2868, L, C. 
 
 Leaflets obovate or 
 it ; stipules veined, 
 
 or in pairs, dense, 
 Calyx-tube mem- 
 drich is not callous 
 iceolate, spinous at 
 one as long as the 
 Annual. July. 
 
 Trefoil. E.B. 220, 
 g (often prostrate), 
 ss the primary axis, 
 tire or only feebly 
 cute. Heads ovate, 
 le, mostly terminal, 
 teral callosities, like 
 te-acuminate, finally 
 ual. June August. 
 49. 
 
 are unequal. There 
 T. Xatardii,V.C.(?) 
 ,m-boat pier, 
 iderground) Trefoil, 
 r woolly, prostrate, 
 jhtly toothed, pube- 
 inted. Flowers yel- 
 ther, on stout pedun- 
 Calyx of the fertile 
 by the barren calyxes, 
 and form a kind of 
 il, in which it is natu- 
 tandard of the corolla 
 rings are much larger 
 :k, large and shining. 
 June. 
 
 ards. T. 52 48. 
 of the calyx glabrous or 
 
 Round-headed Trefoil, j 
 
672 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 K. P>. 1063, L. C. 278. Root annual. Stems spreading- or erect,- 
 glabrous. Leaves obovate-cuneate or roundish, with wide, sharp, 
 ascending teeth and prominent nerves, glabrous on both sides; stipules 
 entire, ovate-acute, awried, scarious. Flowers sessile, roseate, the 
 standard being much longer than the wings, in round, dense, usually 
 solitary heads. Calyx glabrous, with ovate, lanceolate teeth, shorter 
 than the corolla, spreading when enclosing the fruit. Seeds ovate- 
 reniform. In dry, gravelly places. Annual. June, July. 
 A. 5, C. 9. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 51 49. 
 
 14. T. strictimi, Linn. Erect Trefoil. E. B. 2949, L. C. 278*. 
 Koot annual. Stems erect or spreading, branched, stouter than in 
 T. glomeratum, leafy. Leaflets oblong -linear, or obovate or cuneate, 
 strongly toothed, glabrous on both sides; stipules large, dilated, ovate, 
 scarious, sharply toothed. Heads dense, round, stalked, axillary, and 
 terminal. Calyx-teeth subulate, nearly as long as the corolla. Fruit 
 obovate, compressed, glabrous, much longer than the tube of the calyx. 
 Seeds ovate. Jersey. Annual. August. 
 
 A Channel Islands' plant. (Sarnian). 
 
 15. T. suffocatunij Linn. Suffocated Trefoil. E. B. 1049, 
 L. C. 279. Stems short, branching, prostrate, usually buried in the 
 sand where they grow. Leaves much longer than the stem, with ob- 
 ovate leaflets, cuneate at the base, and often notched and toothed at 
 the apex ; stipules ovate, abruptly acuminate. Heads small, ovate, 
 contiguous, sessile, axillary. Calyx-tube ovate, with almost equal 
 lanceolate-subulate teeth. Seeds two, lenticular, notched. On sandy 
 sea-shores ; rare. Annual. May July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 10. Lat. 50 54. Alt. ? T. 52 49. 
 
 16. T. re pens, Linn. White Trefoil, or Dutch Clover. E. B. 
 1769, L. C. 267. Stems prostrate and rooting. Leaflets obovate or 
 rhomboidal, blunt or notched, bordered with pointed teeth; stipules 
 lanceolate, abruptly subulate. Heads globular, on peduncles, which 
 are as long as the leaves. Flowers on pedicels, which are ultimately 
 reflexed. Calyx-tube campanulate, with lanceolate, subulate di- 
 visions, the upper contiguous, longer than the lower. Legume linear, 
 turgid, bearing three-four roundish, notched seeds. Pastures and 
 moist places; very common. Perennial. May October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 fards. T. 52 38. 
 
 17. T. ornithopodioidesj Linn. Trigonella ornitliopodioides, 
 D. C. and L. C. Bird's-foot Trefoil. E. B. 1047, L. C. 266. Stems 
 spreading and prostrate, usually very short (two-six inches long). 
 Leaflets obovate, cuneate at the base, truncate or notched at the apex, 
 serrated with sharply subulate teeth; stipules lanceolate-subulate, 
 entire. Flowers few (one-five), usually pedunculate. Divisions of the 
 calyx (teeth) nearly equal, longer than the tube. Standard longer 
 than the wings. Legume pubescent, linear, compressed, obtuse, 
 elongate, containing many ovate, smooth seeds (six-eight). Dry, 
 sandy, and gravelly places. Wandsworth Common. Animal. June, 
 July. 
 
 W A. 10, C. 20. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
LEGUMINIFKKJE. TKIFOL1UM. ASTRAGALUS. 573 
 
 SECT. III. Heads many-flowered ; corolla withering ; throat of the 
 calyx naked, becoming inflated when in fruit (forming a head like a straw- 
 berry) ; legume sessile. 
 
 18. T. fragiferum, Linn. Strawberry-headed Trefoil. E. B. 
 1050, L- C. 280. Stems reclining and rooting, furrowed on one side, 
 glabrous or pubescent. Leaflets roundish-obovate, toothed, glabrous ; 
 stipules membranous, entire, lanceolate, awned. Heads round, sub- 
 tended by scarious bracts. Peduncles axillary, much longer than the 
 leaves. Calyx pubescent, with silky hairs, and with linear-subulate 
 divisions, inflated, membranous and reticulate in fruit. Waysides. 
 Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 T. resupinatum, Linn. Reversed Trefoil. E. B. 2789, L. C. Ex- 
 cluded Species. Root annual. Stem slender, prostrate or ascending. 
 Leaflets obovate, rounded, toothed, with lanceolate, elongate stipules, 
 ovate at the base, lanceolate-subulate above. Peduncles about a's long 
 as the leaves. Flowers in rather lax, hemispherical heads, purplish, 
 twice as long as the calyx. Fruit in strawberry-like clusters, formed 
 by the inflated calyx. At Wandsworth stea'in-boat pier. Annual, 
 June September. 
 
 A. 3(?). Lat. 51. Alt. 050 yards. 
 
 This species may readily be known by its elegant purplish flowers, 
 and when in fruit by its inflated calyxes, forming a globular head, 
 like that of T.fragiferum. 
 
 Tri/olium spuosum, Linn. Stem branching from the base, leafy. 
 Leaflets obovate-toothed. Heads nearly sessile. Flowers roseate- 
 purple. Calyx membranous, smooth, with long, filiform or setaceous 
 teeth. Calyx of the fruit inflated, striated. Legume elongate, three- 
 four-seeded, with a long beak. Wandsworth steam-boat pier. An- 
 nual. July, August. 
 
 Only noticed one season, and then but few examples occurred. 
 
 This locality, Thames-side, near the steam-boat pier so frequently 
 mentioned, produced, in addition to the above, the following rare 
 species of this genus, viz., T. resupinatum, plentiful and large spe- 
 cimens ; also T. maritimum, var. Xatardii, and T. ochroleucum, only 
 small forms, and T. stellatum. The Melilots, Medicks, Triyonellas, 
 &c., were very abundant and fine. 
 
 X. Astragalus, Linn in part. Perennial plants, with some- 
 what woody roots. Leaves unequally pinnate. Flowers in axillary 
 clusters. Calyx tubular or campanulate, with five teeth. Standard 
 of the corolla longer than the wings* Keel obtuse. Stamens diadel- 
 phous. Legume elongate, curved, many-seeded, two-celled by the 
 inflexion of the dorsal nerve (the lower suture). 
 
 1. A. glycyphyllusj Linn. Sweet Milk-Vetch, Wild Liquo- 
 rice. E. B. 203, L, C. 286. Stems spreading or ascending (often 
 quite prostrate), angular, flexuous, leafy. Leaves all petiolate, with 
 numerous pairs of leaflets and an odd one (four-twelve pairs) ; leaflets 
 
fi74 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ovate-oblong, entire ; stipules herbaceous, ovate-oblong, pointed, free. 
 Peduncles axillary, stout, shorter than the leaves. Flowers greenish- 
 yellow, in dense clusters. Legume somewhat three-angled, tapering 
 at the point, smooth or puberulent, curved and stipitate (on a short 
 stalk). In woods and bushy places. Perennial. June August. 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47'. 
 
 2. A. hypo^lottis, Linn. Purple Mountain Milk- Vetch. E. B. 
 274, L. C. 287. Root slender, woody, creeping. Stems round, slen- 
 der, flexuous, clothed with long, white hairs (only on the recent 
 stems), prostrate, two-six inches long. Leaflets in numerous pairs 
 with 'an odd one (six-twelve on each side), small, oblong, obtuse, 
 hairy on both sides; hairs white, scattered ; stipules united. Peduncles 
 longer than the leaves, with lanceolate, membranous bracts. Flowers 
 purple, in a globular cluster. Calyx tubular, with oppressed hairs, 
 and linear-lanceolate teeth. Legumes erect, ovate or cordate at the 
 base, pointed. Seeds black, reniform. On heaths, sea-coasts, &c. 
 Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh. Perennial. June July. 
 
 A. 9, C. 25. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 48-46. 
 
 3. A. alpinus, Linn. Alpine Milk-Vetch. E. B. 2717, L. C. 
 288. Stem slender, clothed with soft hairs, six-twelve inches long, 
 prostrate, elongate. Leaves with ten- twelve pairs of hairy, ovate or 
 elliptical, blunt leaflets ; stipules ovate, pointed, free (or sometimes 
 slightly combined). Peduncles as long as the leaves. Flowers few, 
 white with purple tips, in capitate spikes (dense clusters). Legumes 
 oblong, tapering at both ends, stalked, pendulous (?), enveloped in 
 th,e calyx (?), covered with black hairs when young. On mountains 
 in Clova and Braemar. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 800900 yards. T. 38 37. 
 
 XI. Oxytropis, D. C. Leaves mostly radical (in the British 
 species) ; leaflets numerous, with an odd terminal one. Calyx in five 
 divisions. Keel of the corolla apiculate (having a narrow point). Le- 
 gume incompletely two-celled (the cells are formed by the inflexed 
 margin of the upper suture). 
 
 1. O. campestris; D. C. Yellowish Mountain Oxytropis. E. B. 
 252, L. C. 290. Stem short, procumbent (root producing a tuft of 
 leaves and one or two flowering-stalks. Leaves with ten-fifteen 
 pairs of ovate or lanceolate leaflets. Flowers six-ten, in a short, 
 roundish or ovate cluster. Calyx tubular, with linear teeth, covered 
 with appressed yellow hairs. Legume ovate, apiculate. Seeds reni- 
 form. Caithness, discovered by Mr. R. Dick. Clova Mountains. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 The range of this plant must be extended. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 56 67. Alt. 700 yards. T. 41 40. 
 
 2. O. uralensis, 1). C. O. Halleri, Bunge. Hairy Mountain 
 Oxytropis. E. B. 466, L. C. 289. Root woody. Leaves radical, 
 stalked, with scarious adnate stipules. Leaflets ovate, acute, eight- 
 twelve pairs, whitish and silky on both sides. Flowers on erect, 
 radical peduncles, which are longer than the leaves ; the whole herb- 
 
LEGUMINIFERJE. OXYTROPIS. VICIA. 675 
 
 age is remarkably silky. Flowers bracteate, of a rich bluish- 
 purple. Calyx tubular, densely hairy, with short, blunt teeth. Legume 
 ovate-oblong, pointed, with a membranous partition, crowned with the 
 permanent style. Mountains in Scotland, on a sandy soil. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 6. Lat. 54 59. Alt. ? T. 48 45. 
 
 TRIBE II. Yiciese. Leaves equally pinnate, terminating in a 
 tendril (rarely in a sharp point) ; stamens diadelphous or monadel- 
 phous ; legume one-celled (rarely with cellular cross partitions). 
 Cotyledons remaining underground after germination, 
 
 XII. Vicia, Tourn. Annual, biennial, or perennial herbaceous 
 plants, with equally pinnate leaves and numerous leaflets, terminating 
 in branched tendrils; stipules herbaceous, often half arrow-shaped. 
 Flowers axillary. Calyx tubular, campanulate, with equal or unequal 
 teeth. Style filiform. Legume many-seeded and elongated or short 
 and few-seeded. Seeds rounded, angular, or compressed, with an 
 oblong or linear hilum. 
 
 SECT. I. Flowers solitary or in pairs (clustered in V. sepium). Corolla 
 longer than the calyx. Style bearded just below the summit. 
 
 1. V. sativa, Linn. Common Vetch. E. B. 334, L. C. 298. 
 Stem angular, scarcely winged and slightly hairy, leafy. Leaves 
 with three-seven pairs of leaflets, with dilated, toothed, herbaceous 
 stipules; leaflets elliptical-linear, only apparently notched, hairy, 
 plicate, mucronate. Calyx ribbed, slightly hairy, with nearly equal 
 teeth. Flowers single, on very short pedicels. Corolla a deep purple 
 (not red). Legume slightly hairy. On Barnes Common ; not rare. 
 Annual. May September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50> 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 Var. . Stem hairy. Leaflets all uniform, linear-oblong, truncate 
 or notched with a longish mucro. Flowers solitary, sessile, purplish- 
 blue. Calyx-teeth subulate, ciliate. Pods densely hairy or silky when 
 young. 
 
 Var. 7. Densely hairy. Leaflets obovate, deeply notched, with a 
 long mucro. Flower and pods as in var. . 
 
 Var. 8. Stem smooth. Leaflets nearly smooth, blunt, without a 
 mucro. Peduncles twice as long as the flowers. Calyx-teeth unequal, 
 short, downy, not hairy as in the above variety, oblong, flattish, not 
 at all tapering, about six-seeded, wrinkled and smooth. 
 
 These varieties grew on mud laid on Battersea Fields, among 
 olher exotic rarities. 
 
 2. V. lathyroidesj Linn. Spring Vetch. E. B. 30, L. C. 299. 
 Stems procumbent, branched, four-five inches long. Leaflets obcor- 
 date or oblong, notched, usually in three pairs, usually only with the 
 rudiment of a tendril. Stipules entire, without the depressed spot of 
 V. sativa, &c. Flowers solitary, sessile, small, purple. Legumes 
 
676 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 erect, smooth. Seeds cubicular, tubereled. On dry pastures, banks, 
 and roadsides. Annual. April, May. 
 
 A 17, C. 50. Lat. 50 58 J . Alt, 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 3.V.lutea,Linn. Rough -podded Yellow Vetch. E.B.481,L.C.300. 
 Stem procumbent, twisted, ridged arid furrowed, hairy, leafy. Leaves 
 in six-eight pairs, with elliptic, lanceolate, apiculate leaflets; stipules 
 three-cleft, with triangular lobes, of one colour or spotted. Calyx- 
 teeth very unequal, two of them very long, erect, the others short, 
 and more or less spreading. Corolla yellowish-white; helmet 
 (standard) glabrous, dilated. Legumes elliptic-oblong, hairy. Whole 
 herbage hairy ; hairs of the legume bulbous at the root. Wands- 
 worth steam-boat pier. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 5, C. 9. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 4. V, lie\ii ata, Linn. Smooth-podded Vetch. E. B. 483, L. C. 
 List of Excluded Species. Root perennial, tuberous. Stems nearly 
 erect, six-twelve inches high. Leaflets oblong, notched, mucronate, 
 in about four pairs, quite smooth as well as the stem ; stipules short, 
 with a lateral lobe. Flowers larger than in the preceding, pale-blue 
 or whitish. Legume always smooth. This appears to be the only 
 distinction between the above and some of the following species 
 or forms. On the pebbly beach, W r ey mouth. Unknown in recent 
 years. Perennial. July September. 
 
 5. V. hy for id a, Linn. Hairy -flowered Yellow Vetch. E. B. 
 482. Stems ascending, hairy. Leaflets oblong or obovate, notched 
 .or entire and mucronate, about six pairs ; stipules ovate. Flowers 
 solitary, large, yellow, more or less veined with purple. Standard 
 hairy. Legumes reflexed, hairy. Glastonbury, Somerset. Perennial. 
 June, July. 
 
 Sirjith says that the essential specific difference between these 
 two species consists in the standard of V.hybrida "being clothed 
 externally with abundance of shining yellow hairs." 
 
 6. V. sepium, Linn. Bush Vetch. E. B. 1515, L. C. 301. 
 Stem straggling, branched, leafy, winged or angular. Leaflets 
 ovate, mucronate, in four-eight pairs; stipules toothed, teeth pointed. 
 Flowers in axillary clusters, on short peduncles. Calyx tubular, 
 hairy, with short, unequal teeth. Standard dilated, longer than the 
 wings. Legumes oblong (scimitar-shaped), black when the fruit is 
 ripe. Seeds globular, black, speckled with white; hilum linear, 
 white, surrounding half the circumference. Hedges and woods. 
 Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 51 40. 
 Var. 0. montana, Koch (?). Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, truncate. 
 
 7. V. bithynicaj Linn. Rough-podded Purple Vetch. E.B. 
 1842, L. C. 302. Root perennial. Stems slender, angular, glabrous, 
 spreading, leafy. Leaflets lanceolate or linear, pointed, one pair on 
 the lower, and two pairs on the upper leaf-stalks ; stipules lanceolate, 
 with fringed teeth. Flowers solitary, axillary, on stalks w r hich are 
 shorter than the leaves. Calyx tubular, with long pointed teeth. 
 Standard purple. Legumes tumid, hairy. Seeds six, globular, 
 
LEGUMINTFER^l. VICIA. 
 
 speckled. There is a variety of this plant with narrowly linear 
 leaves and narrower stipules. In bushy, gravelly places near the 
 sea. It was gathered at Battersea in 1853 and 1854, on mud laid on 
 the fields, with several other foreigners. Perennial. July Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 A. 7, C. 15. Lat. 51 54. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52' 48. 
 
 SECT. II. Flowers clustered, rarely solitary by abortion. Common 
 peduncles much longer than the pedicels. Corolla much longer than the 
 calyx. Style pubescent or almost glabrous. 
 
 8. V. Cracca, Linn. Tufted Vetch. E. B. 1168, L. C. 297. 
 Root perennial, Stem climbing, angular, furrowed, hairy or puberu- 
 lent; tendrils long, branched, and coined. Leaflets oblong, linear or 
 lanceolate, tapering, or obtuse and mucronate, eight-ten pairs ; 
 stipules herbaceous, half arrow-shaped, entire, lanceolate. Flowers 
 numerous, bluish violet, on peduncles which are not longer than the 
 leaves. Calyx-teeth very unequal, the upper two very short, nearly 
 obsolete, the other three subulate, the central one longer than the 
 lateral ones, the tube partly coloured. Corolla much longer than the 
 calyx. Standard not longer than the wings, obcordate, with rounded 
 lobes. Legumes reflexed or spreading, oblong, glabrous. Seeds 
 roundish, smooth when ripe, with a prominent linear h'ilum, which 
 half encircles the seed. Hedges. Perennial. June September 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 51 38. 
 
 V. tenuifolia, Koth. Stems angular, furrowed, slightly pubescent 
 or glabrous. Leaves on stout horizontal stalks, with eight-ten pairs 
 of linear pointed leaflets, ending in small branching- tendrils. 
 {Stipules linear, one with a divaricate lobe (half sagittate)^ the other 
 entire. Flowers numerous on long spreading stalks (peduncles) 
 longer than the leaves. Standard reflexed, pinkish, longer than the 
 wings. Calyx-teeth very unequal. legumes few-seeded, oblong, 
 reflexed or spreading. Battersea Fields, July 20. Perennial (?). 
 July September. 
 
 In this species the cluster of flowers is laxer and more elongated 
 than in V. Cracca. The seeds also are larger than in the former 
 species, and only one-fourth part of their circumference is embraced 
 by the funicle. 
 
 V. Gerardi, Vill. This form, of which a few examples were col- 
 lected on the mud or soil laid on Battersea Park, differs from 
 V. Cracca by its more rigid stems, denser clusters of intensely blue 
 flowers, narrower leaflets, fewer seeds, and more obviously by the 
 shayyiness of every part of the plant. 
 
 V. villosa, Roth. V. polyphylla, W. and K. Stem angular, fur- 
 rowed, climbing, pubescent or hairy, branched and straggling. 
 Leaves at right angles to the stem, on stout petioles (common. leaf- 
 stalks), with eighteen hairy, lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire 
 leaflets, all mucronate, with long branching tendrils ; stipules very 
 hairy, one of them with a lobe at the base (half-sagittate), and 
 toothed towards the apex, the other entire. Flowers in dense 
 
678 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 clusters, on stout horizontal peduncles, which are about equal to the 
 leaves. Standard bluish purple, spreading, wings white, quite as 
 long as the standard. Legumes broad, smooth, oblong, few-seeded, 
 in this variety or form the leaflets descend to the base of the common 
 petiole, or arc contiguous to the stem ; the calyx is coloured with very 
 unequal teeth; the legumes are rhomboid and reflected. Battersea 
 Fields ; not unfrequent during several seasons. Annual. July. 
 
 9. V. hii-su.n, Koch. Hairy-podded Tare. E. B. 970, L. C. 
 303. Stems angular, grooved, glabrous, leafy. Leaflets five-eight 
 pairs, linear-elliptical or oblong, obtuse or truncate, mucronate ; sti- 
 pules linear, entire or incised, with long, spreading, setaceous teeth. 
 Flowers small, pale blue, in groups (clusters) of from three to eight, 
 on peduncles which are about as long as the leaves. Calyx-teeth 
 linear-subulate, rather longer than the tube, and about as long as the 
 corolla. Legumes oblong, hairy, two-seeded. Seeds roundish, slightly 
 compressed, smooth. In fields. Annual. May September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 51 44. 
 
 A variety of the above has flat oblong pods, which are quite 
 smooth, strongly reticulate, with three-seven small, flattish, wrinkled, 
 ovate seeds, with a very short hilum (the hilum does not em- 
 brace above one-fourth or one-fifth of the circumference of the 
 seed). Battersea Fields. M V. angmtifolia (?), Fries. Annual (?). 
 August (?). 
 
 10. V. tetraspenna, Moench. Smooth-podded Tare. E. B. 
 1223, L. C. 304. Koot annual. Stems weak, straggling, climbing, 
 branched and leafy, angular, smooth. Leaflets linear, acute, mucro- 
 nate, two-four pairs, with very long tendrils. Flowers one-two, on 
 very slender pedicels, which are shorter than the leaves. Calyx- 
 teeth slightly unequal, acute. Standard longer than the wings, pale 
 pink, with deep purplish lines. Pods oblong, four-seeded, glabrous. 
 Grassy places; about fields and meadows. Annual. July Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 57 s . Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 Ervum pubescens f Stems numerous from the same root, quite 
 prostrate, and spreading in all directions. Leaflets linear, narrow, 
 notched and mucronate. Flowers one or several, on short, hairy 
 peduncles. Legume dilated, oblong, hairy, terminated by the style. 
 Seeds about four. Battersea Fields (Park), on mud or soil. 
 
 V. gracilis, Lois. Slender Vetch. E. B. 2904. " Plant larger 
 than V. tetrasperma, and of a somewhat glaucous hue. Leaflets 
 much longer, narrower, and more acuminate than in the above, seldom 
 exceeding three pairs, and they are singularly erect. Peduncles 
 longer than the leaves, one-six-seven-flowered. Legume six-seeded. 
 Seeds small, reddish-brown, obscurely mottled with black. Hilum 
 very short, scarcely longer than broad. Cornfields, near West 
 Cowes." " Flora Vectensis." 
 
 In the " Phytologist," vol. iii., pp.280, 281, Dr. Bromfield states: 
 " In cultivated fields, woods, and hedges, not unfrequent, and some- 
 times very abundant, in the Isle of Wight, but uncertain and capri- 
 
LEGUMES iFfcK/E. VICIA. LATHYRUS. 679 
 
 cious in its stations. I am still more than half inclined to regard it 
 as a mere variety of the last (V. tetrasperma], finding most of its 
 characters prone to variation; but in deference to the opinion of 
 others I here keep it distinct." 
 
 11. V. syl^atica, Linn. Wood Vetch. E. B. 79, L. C. 296. 
 Koot creeping. Stems several, spreading, trailing and climbing, 
 angular, glabrous, zigzag, leafy. Leaves on stout, spreading leaf- 
 stalks ; leaflets ovate-elliptical, with a short point, five-ten pairs, with 
 branched curling tendrils ; stipules small, fringed with slender teeth. 
 Flowers drooping, blue and white, in clusters on stout peduncles, 
 which are longer than the leaves. Pedicels as long as the calyxes. 
 Calyx truncate, with short, erect teeth. Standard dilated, finely 
 marked with purple lines. Legume about an inch long, not rough. 
 Seeds roundish, few. A very elegant plant. Woods and hedges ; 
 rare. Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0500 yards, T. 50 42. 
 
 12. V. Orobus, D.C. Wood Bitter Vetch. E.B. 518, L. C. 
 295. Stems numerous, erect or ascending, one-two feet high. Leaves 
 terminating in a sharp point (mucro), not in a tendril ; leaflets oblong, 
 obtuse, mucronate, six-fourteen pairs, the lowest pair contiguous to 
 the stem; stipules slightly toothed at the base, half-hastate, entire or 
 slightly toothed. Flowers numerous, with purplish streaks, on long 
 peduncles (longer than the leaves). Lower teeth of the calyx lanceo- 
 late-subulate. Standard tapering into a broad claw. Legumes smooth, 
 yellow when at maturity. Seeds ovate-compressed, smooth ; hilum 
 occupying about half the circumference of the seed. Woods in upland 
 rocky places. Perennial. May July. 
 
 A. 8, C. 20. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 48 46. 
 
 XIII. JLatliyriis 9 Linn, Annual or perennial plants, with 
 angular or winged.stems and equally pinnate leaves ; tendrils branched 
 (in L. Aphaca the stipule is leaf-like, and in L. Nissolia the stalk is 
 dilated, but the leaflets are abortive in both). Calyx companulate, 
 five-cleft or five-toothed, the two upper teeth being shorter than the 
 lower three. Style flat, linear or dilated at the apex. Legume 
 oblong or linear, many-seeded. Seeds globular or slightly compressed, 
 with an oblong or linear hilum. 
 
 SECT. I. Leaflets one-four pairs ; rach terminating in a tendril. 
 1. Roots perennial; peduncles many-flowered (L. macrorhizus two- 
 four-flowered) . 
 
 1. Li. pratensis; Linn. Meadow Vetchling. E. B. 670, L. C. 
 308. Stem climbing or straggling, branched, leafy, angular. Leaf- 
 lets in pairs, lanceolate, tapering at the base, pointed, strongly ribbed 
 on the under surface ; stipules (sagittate, ovate-oblong, acuminate) 
 lanceolate, with a single, setaceous, spreading tooth at the base. Pedun- 
 cles longer than the leaves, many-flowered. Flowers yellow, in a close 
 cluster. Calyx cylindrical, with short, nearly equal teeth. Standard 
 
680 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 dilated, longer than the wings. Legumes oblong, scimitar-shaped, 
 many-seeded, reticulate. Seeds large, with a small hilum, black 
 when ripe. Meadows and hedges. Perennial. July September. 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 2. !L, sylvestris, Linn. Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea. E. B. 
 805, L. C. 310. Hoot branching. Stems broadly -winged. Leaflets 
 oblong -lanceolate, mucronate, in single pairs on broadly-winged leaf- 
 stalks ; stipules linear or setaceous, elongate. Flowers roseate, on long 
 peduncles. Legumes oblong-linear, finely reticulate, glabrous. Seeds 
 round, slightly shagreened, the hilum half surrounding them. Hedges 
 and bushy places ; not common. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 3. Jj latifolius, Linn. Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea. E. B. 
 1108, L. C. List of Excluded Species. Stem climbing, with very 
 broad wings and spreading branches. Leaves on a winged petiole, 
 with a single pair of elliptical leaflets, and terminating in a stout, 
 branched tendril. Flowers numerous, on stout peduncles, which are 
 much longer than the leaves. Legume compressed, beautifully veined 
 (nerved). Seeds numerous, round or ovate, tubercled ; hilum about 
 one-third of the circumference. Hedges. Perennial. July, August. 
 In a hedge near Yapton, Sussex. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 This species is reputed to be a doubtful native, but from its tenden- 
 cies to keep its place (its retentive hold of the soil), it might be pre- 
 sumed to have a strong claim to nationality. As it produces a great 
 quantity of leafy stems and branches, it might be worth while to try 
 its value as a fodder-plant. It will grow in very poor soil. A plant 
 was observed in 1856 growing vigorously on the verge of a gravel-pit 
 on Wandsworth Common. 
 
 4. E,. macrorhizus, Wimm. Orobus tuberosus, Linn, and Sm., 
 and L. C. Common Bitter Vetch. Heath Pea. E. B. 1153, L.C. 312. 
 Roots slender, creeping, furnished with rounded tubercles (knobs). 
 Stems narrowly winged, ascending. Leaves with two-four pairs of 
 
 J^lliptical leaflets, which end in setaceous points ; stipules half arrow- 
 ,i^*shaped, entire or toothed. Flowers two-four, on a peduncle which 
 usually surpasses the leaves. Calyx-teeth Very unequal, the upper 
 short, convergent. Legume nearly cylindrical, tapering at the base, 
 black when mature. Seeds round, smooth, hilum occupying about 
 one-third of the circumference of the seed. On heaths and in woods. 
 Perennial. May August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt, 0700 yards. T. 51 40. 
 
 Var. . Orobus tenuifolius, Roth. Leaflets narrow, linear-lanceo- 
 late. Not rare in North Wales. 
 
 5. L. nigerj Wimm. Orobus niger, Linn, and Sm. Black 
 Bitter Vetch. E. B. 2788, L. C. 313. Stems angular, not winged, 
 erect, much branched. Leaflets in three- six pairs, oblong-elliptical 
 (ovate-oblong), obtuse and apiculate (with a small mucro), the com- 
 mon petiole (rach) ending in a subulate point (not with a tendril). 
 Flowers four-eight, on common peduncles, which surpass the leaves. 
 
LEGUMINIFERJS. LATHYRUS. 681 
 
 Calyx-teeth unequal, the upper short, triangular convergent. Legume 
 linear, slightly compressed, tapering at the base, finely veined. Seeds 
 ovate, with a linear liilum, which is equal to one-third of the circum- 
 ference of the seed. The whole herbage turns black in drying. This 
 character is not peculiar to L. niger ; L. macrorhizus sometimes 
 assumes this colour in the herbarium. Mountainous passes in Scot- 
 land ; rare. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 56> 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 45?. 
 
 6. Ii. maritimus, Fr. Pisum maritimum, Linn, and Sm. Seaside 
 Pea. E. B. 1046, L. C. 311. Stern angular, not winged, reclining 
 at the base, erect upwards, flexuous. Leaves on a non-winged petiole, 
 terminating in a simple or branched tendril; leaflets elliptical or oblong, 
 in four-six pairs; stipules leaf-like, ovate, cordate at the base. Flowers 
 numerous, on erect and stout peduncles, which are not much more than 
 half as long as the leaves. Calyx-teeth unequal, the upper short, trian- 
 gular, and converging. Legume compressed, cuneate at the base, 
 terminated by the long, flattened style. Seeds numerous, black, 
 smooth ; hilum one-third of the circumference of the seed. On pebbly 
 sea-beaches ; rare. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 5, C. 5. Lat. 50 61. Alt. ? T. 51 47. 
 Var . acutifoiius, Bab. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute. Burra- 
 firth, Unst, Shetland. Edmonston, " Fl. Shetland," p. 31. 
 
 SECT. II. Roots annual or perennial ; peduncles one-three- or many- 
 flowered. 
 
 7. I*, palustris, Linn. Marsh Everlasting Pea. E. B. 169, 
 L. C. 309. Stems slender, winged. Leaflets linear-lanceolate, pointed, 
 in two-three pairs, common petiole terminating in a slender, branching 
 tendril ; stipules half arrow-shaped, often very slender (setaceous). 
 Flowers bluish, one, three, or several, on a slender common peduncle, 
 which is rather longer than the leaves. Calyx-teeth unequal ; the 
 upper short, triangular, converging. Legume linear, smooth, com- 
 pressed, cuneate at the base, strongly reticulate. Seeds round, com- 
 pressed ; hilum equal to one-fourth of the circumference of the seed. 
 Boggy meadows in the west of England. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. n 54 Alt. 0-100 yards. T. 50' 48. 
 Var. 0. linearifolius, Serin g. Leaves narrow, linear-lanceolate, 
 acute. Has this variety been observed in England ? 
 
 8. I<. hirsutus, Linn. Rough-podded Vetchling. E. B. 1255, 
 L. C. 307. Stem slender, with narrow wings, slightly branched. 
 Leaves on a short not-winged petiole, ending in a tendril, consisting 
 of a single pair of elliptical or oblong-linear leaflets; stipules narrow, 
 half arrow-shaped. Peduncles one-tw r o-flowered, longer than the 
 leaves. Calyx-teeth nearly equal, ovate, acuminate. Legume oblong, 
 compressed, keeled, covered with long woolly hairs, which grow out 
 of a tubercular base. Seeds round, tubercular, with a short hilum. 
 East of England; rare. Annual. June August. Essex, not far 
 from Southend. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 51 52'. Alt. 50 yards. T. 50 5 49. 
 
 Y Y 
 
682 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 9,'Ei. Kissolia, Linn. Crimson Vetchling. E. B. 112, L. C. 
 
 306. Stems rigid, slender, erect, angular, not winged. Leaves and 
 stipules (?) abortive (the petiole is elongate, flattened, and leaf-like); 
 leaf-like petioles linear-lanceolate, tapering, ribbed, quite entire ; sti- 
 pules minute (Sm.) Flowers usually solitary, on a long filiform pe- 
 duncle, shorter than the leaf (petiole). Legume oblong-linear, tapering 
 at the apex, longitudinally veined (nerved). Seeds ovate, tubercled, 
 with a very short hilum. In bushy and grassy places ; rare. An- 
 nual. June, July. 
 
 A. 6 10(?), C.20. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 10. I*. Aphaca, Linn. Yellow Vetchling or Grass Vetchling. 
 E. B. 1167, L. C. 305. Stems angular, weak, usually prostrate, 
 branched. Leaves abortive (only a long, slender, coiled tendril is 
 developed); stipules large (like two opposite leaves), cordate-saggitate. 
 Flowers on long, slender peduncles, one-two (rarely two), yellow. 
 Calyx-teeth almost equal, linear-acute, spreading. Legume com- 
 pressed, oblong, reticulate. Seeds ovate, smooth, with a very short 
 hilum. Sandy and gravelly fields ; rare. Annual. May August. 
 
 A. 5-9 (2), C. 20. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 TRIBE III. Hedysarese. Leaves unequally pinnate. Legume 
 divided transversely into one-seeded joints. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Ornithopus. Flowers solitary or few. 
 Arthrolobium. Flowers on peduncles ; legume elongate. 
 Hippocrepis. Flowers numerous, umbellate, yellow. 
 Onobrychis. Flowers numerous, in spike-like clusters. 
 
 XIV. Ornithopus, Linn. Annual plants, with unequally pin- 
 nate leaves and small flowers, which are either solitary or in few- 
 flowered umbels. Calyx tubular, campanulate, with five almost equal 
 teeth. Legume linear, curved, with oblong, slightly-compressed joints. 
 
 0. perpusillus, Linn. Bird's-foot. E. B. 369, L. C. 291. 
 Hoot annual. Stems spreading or ascending, diffuse, very pubescdnt. 
 Leaflets numerous, oblong, small; stipules triangular, scarious, barely 
 visible. Peduncles one-four-flowered. Legume hairy, strongly reti- 
 culate, terminated by a short and slender beak. Sandy places. An- 
 nual. June September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70 Lat. 50 3 58. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 51 46. 
 Var. )8. leiocarpus. Legume glabrous. 
 
 XV. Arthrolobium, Desv. Leaves pinnate, in many pairs, 
 Flowers pedunculate. Calyx tubular, with five nearly equal teeth 
 Keel of the corolla blunt. Legume elongated, cylindrical, consisting 
 pt many one-seeded joints, which are scarcely contracted at their 
 junctions, not opening. 
 
 1. A. ebracteatuin, D. C. Sand Joint- Vetch. E. B. 2844, 
 
LEGUMINIFERJS. HIPPOCREPIS. ONOBRYCHIS. 683 
 
 L. C. 292. Stem round, prostrate, branching, leafy. Leaves on short 
 leaf-stalks ; leaflets in numerous pairs, with an odd terminal one, 
 oblong-elliptical; stipules minute, scarious(P). Flowers few, small, 
 yellow, on peduncles which are about as long as the leaves. Legumes 
 linear, torulose, with cylindrical joints, curved somewhat like a sickle. 
 There is a minute scale at the base of each pedicel (the foot-stalk of 
 an individual flower), but no leafy bract. (<Babington). Hence the 
 specific name, ebracteatum, " without a bract." Channel and Scilly 
 Islands. Annual. June, July. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 49 50. Alt. ? T. 53 52. 
 
 2. A. tcorpioides. Stem very slender, simple, leafy. Leaves tri- 
 foliate, with a large, obovate, terminal leaflet, and two very small 
 rounded, reniform, lateral leaflets, subtended by two scarious-mem- 
 branous bracts. Calyx truncate, with small teeth. Corolla yellow. 
 Legumes linear elongate. Wandsworth steam-boat pier, June, 1857. 
 
 XVI. Hippocrepis, Linn. Perennial, ligneous-rooted plants, 
 with unequally pinnate leaves and yellow umbellate flowers, on long 
 axillary and terminal peduncles. Calyx campanulate, with nearly 
 equal teeth. Corolla keeled. Stamens diadelphous. Legume linear, 
 sinuate, with compressed, crescent-shaped joints. 
 
 H. comosa, Linn. Horse-shoe Vetch. E. B. 31, L. C. 293. 
 Stem spreading, prostrate at the base, ascending, glabrous, four-six 
 inches high. Leaflets numerous, oblong, obtuse or notcjhed, slightly 
 mucronulate; stipules partly herbaceous, small. Umbel consisting of 
 four-eight yellow flowers, on long, leafless peduncles. Legume 
 straight or curved, with crescent-like rough joints, terminated by a 
 compressed beak. On dry, chalky places. Perennial. May 
 August. 
 
 A. 10, C. 25. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0600 yards, T. 51 42. 
 
 XVII. Onobrychis, Tourn. Hedysarum, Linn. Herbaceous 
 or shrubby perennial plants, with unequally pinnate leaves. Flowers 
 numerous, on long, axillary, naked peduncles. Calyx campanulate, 
 with five nearly equal, subulate divisions (teeth). Keel of the corolla 
 obliquely truncate. Stamens diadelphous. Legume consisting of a 
 single compressed joint, one-seeded, reticulate. Seeds reniform. 
 
 O. saliva. Lam. Hedysarum Onobrychis, Linn, and Sm. 
 Saintfoin. E. B. 96, L. C. 294. Root somewhat woody. Stems 
 reclining, round, furrowed, leafy, two-three feet high. Leaves in 
 numerous pairs, with an odd leaflet ; leaflets uniform, oblong-ellipti- 
 cal, pointed ; stipules ovate, entire, pointed. Peduncles longer than 
 the leaves, clusters (spikes) dense, with numerous interspersed bracts. 
 Flowers crimson or pink, beautifully striped. Legumes bordered 
 with sharp teeth and reticulated with prominent partly spinous ribs 
 (nerves). Sm. Often cultivated as a fodder plant, hence it has 
 become naturalized on open chalky or calcareous places. Perennial. 
 June August. 
 
 A. 8, C, 20. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50? 48. 
 
684 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Corouilla. C.varia, Linn. Stems herbaceous, spreading, ascend, 
 ing-, glabrous, branched and leafy. Leaves in four-ten pairs, wit i an 
 odd one, with oblong-obtuse, petiolate, mucronate, notched leaflets; 
 stipules free, herbaceous or slightly scarious. Flowers a pale rose- 
 colour, in dense many-flowered umbels, on long, axillary peduncles. 
 Legumes triangular (cylindrical, with a deep groove on one side, and 
 a ridge on the other), with a long filiform beak. In dry banky places 
 on the Continent. It occasionally grows spontaneously in the South 
 of England. Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, and Chelsea. 
 
 Trifolium tomentosum has been seen in fields near Dorking, 
 Surrey. 
 
 T. elegans has also been seen in England. 
 
 ORDER XCIV. RHAMIVACE.JS, D. C. THE BUCKTHORN 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate, rarely opposite leaves, 
 minute stipules and axillary or terminal flowers. Calyx four-five- 
 cleft. Petals as many as the calycine lobes, or wanting. Stamens 
 
 opposite to the petals. Ovary two- 
 three- or four-celled, with solitary 
 erect ovules in each cell. Fruit 
 either dry and separating in three 
 divisions, or baccate. 
 
 fit Si a mini*, Linn. Small trees 
 or shrubs, with abortive branches, 
 which often become spines. Leaves 
 oblong or ovate, glabrous. Calyx 
 urceolate, usually in four-five divi- 
 sions (four-five-cleft). Petals equal 
 to the number of calyx-divisions, 
 small, sometimes imperfect or want- 
 ing. Stamens four, inserted in the 
 mouth of the calyx, short, with 
 roundish, two-lobed, small anthers. 
 Ovary on a glandular disk, with a 
 short style, and a two-three- or four- 
 lobed stigma. Fruit globular, suc- 
 culent, containing two-four one- 
 seedrd, leathery -cartilaginous nuts. 
 
 1. It. catharticus; Linn. Purg- 
 ing Buckthorn. E. B. 1629, L. C. 
 246. Small tree, usually very much 
 branched, with a spine in the forks 
 (an abortive terminal branch). Leaves 
 roundish-ovate or elliptical, abruptly 
 pointed, finely toothed, arranged in 
 at the base of the flowering branches, downy at the base. 
 
 Fig. 191.- 
 Sprig in 
 3 , sprig i 
 
 rosettes 
 
 -Rhamnus catharticus. 1 
 flower, reduced; 2, flower 
 n fruit, reduced ; 4, fruit. 
 
RHAMNACEJE. RHAMNUS, VIOLACEJE. VIOLA. (i85 
 
 Flowers yellowish-green, perfect, dioecious or polygamous, in tufts on 
 very short spurs (lateral branches). Style two-three-cleft. Fruit 
 black. Woods and hedges. Tree. Flower, May, June. Fruit, 
 August, September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 -55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. M. Frangula, Linn. Alder Buckthorn. E. B. 250, L. C. 
 247. Shrub. Stem three-six feet high, branching. Branches oppo- 
 site or alternate, numerous, blackish, not spinous. Leaves obovate, 
 elliptical, or roundish, with very short abrupt points, scattered, con- 
 tiguous on the upper part of the branches. Flowers perfect, pale 
 whitish-green, aggregate, axillary, rarely single. Style short, simple. 
 Fruit red at first, dark purple when ripe, with two large seeds. In 
 woods and thickets. Flowers, May. Fruit, August, September. 
 
 A. 13, C. 30. Lat. 50 ? 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 tff Petals and stamens on the receptacle (torus), ovary free. 
 
 * Placentation parietal. (See p. 148.) 
 
 ViolacecB are known by their stipulate simple leaves and spurred 
 irregular corolla ; Cistacece, by their entire revolute leaves, fugacious 
 petals and indefinite stamens; Crucifercs, by their cruciate flowers, 
 definite stamens and siliquose fruit ; Fumariacece, by their succulent 
 brittle stems, definite connected stamens, and irregular corollas ; 
 Papaveracece, by their large cruciate corollas, indefinite stamens, and 
 many-seeded ovaries ; Nymphceacece, by their large, succulent, floating 
 leaves, large flowers, and Nby the indefinite number of their floral 
 organs ; Resedacece, by their many-parted calyx, lacerated petals, and 
 one-celled and three-lobed ovary ; Droseracea, by their circinate 
 leaves, glandular hairs, and erect flower-stalks ; Hypericacece, by their 
 large yellow flowers and indefinite stamens in three or more parcels. 
 
 ORDER XCV. YIOLACK^, D. C. THE VIOLET FAMILY. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbaceous plants or shrubs. Leaves simple, 
 entire, stipulate, usually alternate. Sepals five, persistent. Petals 
 five, equal or unequal, generally withering, with obliquely convolute 
 aestivation (prefloration). Stamens five, with dilated filaments, elon- 
 gated beyond the anthers. Ovary one-celled, many-seeded, rarely 
 one-seeded, with three parietal placentae. Style one, with an oblique- 
 hooded stigma. Capsule three-valved, with loculicidal dehiscence. 
 Seeds horizontal or pendulous. Embryo straight, in a thick, fleshy 
 albumen (perisperm). Radicle towards the hilum. 
 
 Viola, Linn. Violet. Mostly herbaceous plants, with either 
 trailing or erect stems or without a stem. Leaves simple, usually alter- 
 nate, crenate, serrated or deeply divided (stipulate). Sepals five, erect, 
 acute, prolonged at their base. * Petals five, unequal, one terminating 
 in a spur. Stamens with short filaments and coherent anthers. Ovary 
 roundish, with a long style and a pointed or concave stigma. Cap- 
 sule one-celled, three-valved, with several seeds. 
 
686 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 SECT. I. Upper petal erect, the lateral and lower petals pendant, stigma 
 more or less bent, usually pointed. 
 
 1. Stemless or nearly so. 
 
 1. V. palustrisj Linn. Marsh Violet E, B. 444; L. C. 132. 
 Root creeping, rhizomatous, without stolons. The radical pe- 
 duncle supplies the place of a stem. Leaves rounded, reniform, 
 blunt, glabrous, radical, petiolate. Flowers pale, scentless. Corolla 
 with a short blunt spur. Capsules oblong, three-angled, glabrous, 
 on erect peduncles, which are curved at the top. Bogs ; in moun- 
 tainous and hilly districts. Perennial. April July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 01300 yards. T. 50 34. 
 
 2. V. odorata, Linn. Sweet Violet. E. B. 619, L. C. 133. 
 Root fleshy and fibrous, stoloniferous. Leaves radical, or on the 
 
 ' , !T~ odorata. 1, Plant in flower j 2, single flower; 3, united anthers and 
 
 x>ked connective ; 4, combined anthers ; 5, a single stamen with its appendage ; 
 b, horizontal section of ovary ; 7, capsule; 8, capsule, open; 9, transverse and vertical 
 section of seed. 
 
 rooting stolons, deeply cordate, reniform or ovate, crenulate, pubescent, 
 stipules lanceolate, ciliate, scarious, or herbaceous. Flowers blue or 
 white, very odoriferous. Peduncles of the fruit reclining. Capsule 
 roundish, hairy. Shady and grassy places. Perennial. March- 
 May. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 The stolons often bear abortive flowers as well as leaves, which 
 shows that the tendency of the plant is to become caulescent. 
 
 Var. alba is a species according to some continental authorities. 
 
VIOLACEJE. VIOLA. 687 
 
 3. V. hirta, Linn. Hairy Violet. E. B. 894, L. C. 134. Root 
 without stolons. Leaves like those in V. odorata, but hairy ; stipules 
 lanceolate, acute, feebly fringed. Sepals ovate, rounded at the apex. 
 Petals slightly notched (emarginate), the lateral pair closely fringed. 
 Capsule downy. On chalky banks. Common. Perennial. April 
 May. / 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 Mr. Baker, in the new series of the " Phytologist," pp. 76 79, 
 maintains the identity of the two usually received species, and asserts 
 that " they are modifications of a single specific type produced by the 
 influences of situation^ Mr. Cheshire, in the same periodical, pp. 
 494 497, urges their specific distinctness. Mr. Cheshire's distinctive 
 marks are : V. odorata, odorous ; leaves as long as the flowers at the 
 time of flowering, generally as broad as long. V. hirta, inodorous; 
 leaves shorter than the flowers at the time of flowering, generally 
 one-half longer than broad. 
 
 $ 2. With a stem. 
 
 4. V. sylvestris, Lam. V. sylvatica, Fr. V. canina f Smith 
 in " English Flora." Dog's Violet, E. B. 620, V. flavicornis, Forst. 
 in E. B. 2736. L. C. 135 (?). Root simple or branching, fleshy or 
 woody, surrounded near the crown with the bases of the decayed 
 leaves, not stoloniferous. Primary or central stem woody at the base, 
 barren. Flowering stems lateral, ascending, more or less leafy and 
 branched. Leaves reniform or cordate, crenulate, pointed, stalked ; 
 stipules toothed, lanceolate. Pedicels axillary, elongate, bracteate 
 near the flower. Sepals narrow, lanceolate, scarious at the margin, 
 two of them produced at the base, the three others shorter. Spur 
 pale blue or somewhat white. Capsule oblong, triquetrous, glabrous, 
 with two intermediate rounded ridges and with a tapering point. 
 Seeds smooth, shining, obovate. On banks and open places. Peren- 
 nial. April September. 
 
 A variety of this Violet from Barnes Common and other open 
 places in Surrey agrees with the above in specific characters, though 
 much reduced in the size of its organs. The leaves are rather more 
 leathery and more finely crenulate. The bracts are also similarly 
 situated, and the lateral petals have a similar tuft of hairs on one 
 side above the claw. 
 
 Var. a. sylvatica, Fr. The common form as described above. 
 
 Var. . flavicornis. E. B. 2736. This is distinguished from the 
 former, a. sylvatica, by its more leathery (coriaceous) plane, not 
 wrinkled leaves, and its deeper blue flowers, with a pale yellowish 
 spur. On dry open places. In all these forms there is always pre- 
 sent a barren or flowerless stem which bears only a rosette of leaves, 
 whence flowering-shoots are developed next season. 
 
 5. V. canina, Linn. (?) V. flavicornis, Sm. and of L. C. 135*. 
 V. pumila, Hooker and Arnott. Primary and lateral stems elongated 
 and flowering. None of the stems or shoots in this form are barren. 
 Leaves cordate, oblong, rounded at the apex (not acuminate, as in V. 
 
a- r 
 
 688 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 sylve&tris. Stipules ciliated or toothed. Bracts contiguous to the 
 flower. Sepals acute, protracted, and notched at the base. Spur 
 longer than the calycine appendages. Sandy places. Near JNew 
 Brighton, Cheshire. Mr. Sansom, 
 
 6. V. lactea, Sm. V. pwnila, Vill. (?) Dillenius' Violet. E.B. 
 445, L. C. 135*. Primary and lateral stems producing flowers. 
 Leaves ovate, oblong, or lanceolate, the lower ones somewhat cordate 
 at the base. Stipules serrated or fringed. Bracts membranous, lanceo- 
 late, toothed. Sepals acuminate. Spur longer than the calycine 
 appendages. Flowers pale blue or whitish. Heathy, dry, sandy 
 places. Perennial. April September. 
 
 ^ Var. a. V. canina, Fries (?). Leaves cordate at the base ; stipules 
 fring-ed or toothed. 
 
 Var. . Jlavicomis, Sm. Leaves rounded at the base ; stipules ser- 
 rated or incised. 
 
 7. V. stag-nina, Kit. Haller's Violet. Reich., 4507. According 
 to Keichenbach this is V. lactea, Sm. L. C. 135*. Hoot slender, 
 rhizornatous. Primary and lateral stems producing flowers. Leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, somewhat cordate at the base ; petioles winged 
 towards the top (Hooker and Arnott) ; stipules serrated or incised, 
 linear-lanceolate, shorter than the petioles. Sepals acuminate. Spur 
 short and blunt. Flowers pale blue, nearly white. Turfy bogs; 
 rare. Botisham Fen, near Cambridge. Perennial. May July. 
 
 SECT. II. All the petals erect, except the lower, which is pendulous or 
 horizontal ; stigma roundish, urceolate. 
 
 8. V. luten j Huds. Yellow Mountain Violet, or Yellow Pansy. 
 E. B. 721, L. C. 137. Stem ascending, diffuse, filiform underground, 
 branched (stem unbranched, Sm.) Lower leaves ovate or cordate, 
 upper ovate or lanceolate, crenate or serrate, slightly fringed ; stipules 
 pinnatifid, with a large entire terminal lobe. Spur about as long as 
 the calycine appendages. Sepals acute. Flowers large, handsome. 
 Mountainous pastures. Common in Wales and in the north-west of 
 Derbyshire, Yorkshire, and Scotland. Perennial. May September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 51 59. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 47 38. 
 
 V. Curtisii, Curtis's Violet. E. B. 2693. Sepals pinnatifid, with 
 lanceolate linear lobes, upper lobe but slightly more dilated than the 
 lateral ones. On sandy places, near the West Coast. 
 
 9. V. tricolor, Linn. Heart's-ease. Pansy. E. B. 1287. L.C.136. 
 Stems solitary or several, reclining at the base or erect, branching, 
 glabrous, winged. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, deeply toothed or crenu- 
 late, the lower on petioles and somewhat cordate. Stipules leafy, 
 pinnatifid, with narrow lateral lobss nnd a broader terminal crenuiate 
 one often as large as the leaves. Flowers yellow and purple ; lower 
 petal spurred ; spur longer than the basal prolongation of the sepals. 
 Peduncles long, rather erect, bent at the top. Fruit capsular, ovate- 
 oblong, triangular, glabrous. In fields and gardens. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 3 43. 
 Var. o. arvensis. E. B. 2712. Petals slightly longer than the 
 
I 
 VIOLACEJE. VIOLA. CISTACE.E. HELIANTHEMUM. 689 
 
 calyx, yellow, rarely tinged with violet. In fields and cultivated 
 places. 
 
 In a paper in the "Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., p. 512, Mr. Baker 
 states that the form V. Curtisii grows about the estuary of the 
 Torridge, in Devon, and Aberifraw, in Anglesea. Another form, V. 
 sabulosa, Boreau, occurs on the Cheshire coast in the neighbourhood 
 of New Brighton. The first-mentioned variety resembles V. lutea, 
 and the second V. tricolor. The learned author of this paper inclines 
 to the belief that these two plants belong neither to V. lutea nor to 
 V. tricolor, but to the representative of a third series, V* rothoma- 
 gensis, the Rouen Violet, which has been reported as a native, in the 
 vicinity of Tunbridge Wells. 
 
 en ; 
 five 
 
 ate, 
 ler, 
 ive, 
 eds 
 
 SECT. I. Leaves, the upper at least, furnished with stipules. 
 1. H. viilgare, Gsert. Cistus Helianthemum, Linn. Common 
 Rock-Hose. E. B. 1321, L. C. 128. Stems half-shrubby, spreading, 
 
690 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 branching, downy. Leaves opposite, on short petioles, oblong, with 
 reflexed borders, upper surface green, lower surface white, tomentose ; 
 stipules linear-lanceolate. Flowers yellow, in short terminal clusters, 
 inflexed before expansion, bracteate. Pedicels of 
 the fruit reflexed. Style persistent, twice as 
 long as the ovary. Dry open places. May 
 August. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0650 
 yards. T. 51 41. 
 
 Var. o. to?nentosum. Leaves whitish or to- 
 mentose on the under side. A common state. 
 
 Var. . virescens. Leaves green on both 
 sides. 
 
 Var. 7. Flowers white or rosy (?) ; roseum, 
 D.C. 
 
 Var. leptopetalum. Petals narrow (?) ; sur- 
 rejanum, Mill. 
 
 A variety with copper-coloured petals occurs, 
 at Sanderstead, near Croydon, a locality which 
 abounds in varieties of this species. 
 
 2. H. polifolium, Pers. (Arnott ?). Cistus 
 polifolius, Linn., and Sm., " Eng. Fl." White 
 Mountain Cistus. E. B. 1322, L. C. 129. Root 
 oblique. Stems shrubby, round ; young shoots 
 densely downy. Leaves oblong-linear, with re- 
 volute edges, densely downy and hoary on both 
 sides, opposite and stipulate. Sepals more or less hairy and scarious, 
 with red ribs and minute papillae (nipples) scattered over its surface. 
 Petals white (yellow ?), with yellow claws. Capsule shaggy. Brean 
 Downs, Somersetshire ; Torquay, Devon. Shrub. June August. 
 
 Agrees very closely with No. 1. The smaller white flowers and 
 the hairier leaves are the prominent distinctions. 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 50 52. Alt ? T. 51 50. 
 
 SECT. II. Leaves without stipules. 
 
 3. H. ffiittatum, Mill. Spotted Cistus. E. B. 544, L. C. 131. 
 Hoot rigid, fusiform, annual. Stems several or solitary, herbaceous, 
 erect, more or less branched, clothed with long, spreading, white hairs. 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate, hairy, the lower opposite ; upper ones alter- 
 nate, stipulate, or without stipules. Flowers yellow, usually with 
 a deep red (brown ?) spot at the base of each petal, in lax elongated 
 clusters, without bracts. Fruit bearing calyxes on spreading ascending 
 pedicels. Stigma nearly sessile. Jersey. Sandy hill above Petit 
 Port. Mr. H. C. Watson. Annual. June August. Sarnian and 
 Hibernian. 
 
 H. Breweri, Planch. Lond. Journal of Bot," 111, 618, Tab. 21. 
 Stems herbaceous, erect, branching. Leaves obovate, blunt, without 
 stipules ; upper leaves linear. Clusters bracteate. Petals narrow, 
 yellow. Fruit erect. Holyhead, Anglesea. Annual. June August. 
 
 Fig. 193. Cistus creti- 
 cus. 3, Ovary, cut to 
 show the attachment 
 of the ovules ; 5, the 
 capsule, opening, 
 showing the five 
 valves. 
 
CISTACE.E. HELIANTHEMUM. CRUCIFER^. 
 
 691 
 
 4. H. ledifolium, Willd. Ledum-leaved Cistus. E. B. 2414, 
 L. C. p. 16, List C. Stems herbaceous, erect, with a long tapering 
 root. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, the lower opposite, the upper alter- 
 nate, almost sessile. Flowers opposite to the alternate leaves, with 
 inconspicuous and very fugacious petals. Fruit large, angular, glossy. 
 Brean Downs, Somerset. " Not found for many years, and probably 
 an error." Babington. Annual. June July. 
 
 5. H, canum, Dun. Hoary Dwarf Cistus. E. B. 386, L. C. 
 130. Stem shrubby, erect, and spreading, a few inches high, with 
 strong, rigid roots. Leaves opposite, oblong-ovate, on short, flat 
 stalks, hoary beneath. Flowers small, yellow, in pairs (?), terminal. 
 Style twisted (zigzag). Capsule ovate, smooth, with three or four 
 hairy lines. Limestone rocks in the north of England and Wales. 
 Great Orme's head. Carnarvonshire. Perennial, May, June. 
 
 A. 4, C. 8. Lat. ol 55. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 50> 42. 
 
 ORDER XCVIL CRIJCIFER^E, Juss. THE CRUCIFEROUS 
 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Annual or perennial, herbaceous, rarely 
 half-shrubby plants, with watery, often 
 acrid juice. Leaves alternate, simple or 
 compound, sessile or petiolate, without 
 stipules. Flowers in simple clusters, often 
 in corymbs, much elongated after flowering. 
 Sepals four, free, caducous, rarely persistent, 
 two often larger and slightly gibbous 
 (swollen, saccate) at the base. (These two 
 exterior sepals are opposite to the two 
 valves of the fruit.) Petals four, free, 
 caducous, usually equal, with a long or 
 short claw, and an entire or notched or 
 cleft limb. Receptacle furnished with 
 two-four glands. Stamens six, hypogy- 
 nous, unequal, the two outer ones shorter 
 and opposite to the outer sepals ; the four 
 inner stamens longer, equal, and opposite 
 to the two inner petals. Ovary free, with 
 two carpels, and parietal placentas. (The 
 two-celled fruit is formed by a prolonga- 
 tion of the cellular placenta.) Style simple, 
 sometimes absent. Stigma simple or two- 
 lobed. Fruit dry, either an elongated pod 
 (siliqua) or short pouch (silicula), two-celled, ri | ran 9 c t~ S i n ith iS c?ufter of 
 many-seeded, opening by the two valves flowers- G^the pod^natural 
 from the base to the summit; sometimes size ; 9 transverse section of 
 not opening, few or one-seeded, sometimes the seed> 
 separating at transverse joints, and not opening. Seed pendulous, 
 rarely horizontal, without albumen. Radicle approaching the hilum, 
 
692 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 lateral (accumbent), /. e. t applied to the edges of the cotyledons = 
 x iiicunibeiit). liadicle dorsal (applied to the back of the cotyle- 
 dons) ||. Kadicle dorsal with the 
 cotyledons folded on each other 
 (conduplicate), radicle included 
 77. Cotyledons twice folded 
 
 oil II. 
 
 DIVISION I. Siliquosae. Fruit 
 linear or lanceolate (a pod), open- 
 ing, rarely not opening, many- 
 seeded. 
 
 TKIBE I. Cotyledons flat ; radicle 
 commissural (applied to their edges) 
 0^=. 
 
 Genera. Cheiranthus, Matthiola, 
 Barbarea, Arabis, Dentaria, Carda- 
 ej Nasturtium, Turritis. 
 
 Fig. 194, Sinapis nigra. 2, Flower, 
 magnified ; 3, a petal ; 4, stamens, 
 style, and sepal; 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Cheiranthus. Stem half shrubby 
 at the base, leaves attenuated below; 
 flowers yellow, odoriferous. Stigma 
 two-lobed ; lobes curved outwardly ; 
 pod linear, nearly four-angled. 
 
 Matthiola. Stigma with two erect 
 lobes ; pod cylindrical or compressed. 
 
 Barbarea. Stigma entire or slightly 
 5, pistil; 7, pod', notched; pod linear, cylindrical, with 
 enlarged, witn one valve detached ; 8, pn^vp-x- valvpi 
 the same, showing the partition (re- \ , v 
 
 pl um ). Arabts. Pod linear compressed; 
 
 valves almost flat. 
 
 Dentaria. Sepals not gibbous at the base ; pod lanceolate, compressed. 
 Cardamine. Sepals more or less spreading ; pod linear, compressed. 
 Nasturtium. Pod cylindrical, short, passing into a silicle. 
 Turritis. Sepals spreading; pod linear elongated. 
 
 I. Cheiranthus, Linn. Wallflower. Perennial, somewhat 
 shrubby plants. Stem leafy, branched, round or slightly angular. 
 Leaves oblong, lanceolate, toothed or entire. Flowers odoriferous, 
 racemose. Sepals connivent, gibbous at the base. Petals spreading, 
 entire or slightly notched. Ovary linear, compressed, with a short 
 style and divergent, two-lobed stigma, sometimes only slightly 
 notched. Pod linear, dorsally compressed, mostly with an elevated 
 longitudinal ridge on each side. Seeds compressed in a single row. 
 
 C. Cheiri, Linn. Wallflower. E. B. 1934, L. C. 109. Stem 
 woody (suffrutescent), round, branching, leafy. Leaves lanceolate, 
 acute, entire, tapering at the base. Sepals lanceolate, blunt, at first 
 brown, then green. Petals large, with reflexed limbs, spotted or 
 
ifofrtt^&WV' CM'jhdfa**fah> 
 
 fy ffAJ/*.0u faiifd/ftLda YL/M 
 ^i-pi^M^ ^+&~h't^mL&w& fr*t 
 
 TTHIOLA.-iBAttBAlMlA. 69:3 VL 
 
 CRUCIFER^:. CH El RAN THUS. MATTttlOLA. 
 
 marked with deep or reddish brown marks on the outside, yellow 
 within. Fruit (pods) hairy, on short erect pedicels. Perennial. 
 March May. Old walls. 
 
 Var. a.fruiiculosus, Linn. Petals more or less of a deep yellow 
 colour, not veined. On old walls. In France it grows on calcareous 
 rocks. Perennial. April June. 
 
 Var. 3. hortensis (C. Cheiri, Linn.) Petals veined or striped 
 with purple. In gardens. A variety with very narrow petals is 
 found upon the walls of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmund's. Mr. 
 Babington. 
 
 A. ? C. 14. It is found between the latitude 50 and 58, or from 
 the British Channel to the Moray Frith, and from the Atlantic to the 
 German or British Ocean. 
 
 II. Tftatthiola, Br. Stock. Herbaceous or half shrubby, 
 usually hoary plants. Sepals and petals as in Cheiranthus. Style 
 very short or absent. Lobes of the stigma converging, thickened at 
 the back, permanent. Fruit linear compressed or nearly cylindrical. 
 Seeds with a membranous border. 
 
 1. M. incaiia, Br. Hoary Shrubby Stock. E. B. 1935, L. C. 
 110. Stems erect, round, hoary, leafy, bushy, about two feet high. 
 Leaves scattered, lanceolate, entire, hoary, rounded at the apex, taper- 
 ing into a short petiole. Fruit long, cylindrical, without glands. 
 Seeds with a white filmy border. Maritime cliffs, south of England. 
 Perennial. June. In gardens, usually of biennial duration. 
 
 A. 2, C. 10. Lat. 50 51. Alt. ? T. 51. 
 
 2. JML. si. mat a, Br. Great Sea Stock. E. B. 462, L. C. 111. 
 Hoot long and tapering, whole herbage downy. Stem branched, 
 widely spreading, two feet high, round, leafy. Leaves linear-oblong, 
 sinuated, the lowermost with large teeth, and wide scollops. Flowers 
 clustered, terminal, scented in the evening. Sepals densely hoary. 
 Pods long, convex at the sides (compressed), muricated and hoary. 
 Sea-shores, south and west of England. Biennial. June August. 
 
 A. 3, C. 10. Lat. 50 54. Alt. ? T. 52^49. 
 
 Malcolmia maritima, Br. One of the most popular annuals about 
 Chelsea; occurred once or twice near Battersea; and M. littorea.Br., 
 a perennial species, neither known nor cultivated in any common 
 garden, appeared for a season or two at Wands worth steam-boat 
 pier in profusion another proof that all our exotics are not escapes 
 from cultivation, as some fondly imagine. 
 
 III. Barbarea, Br. "Winter Cress. Biennial or perennial, 
 smooth plants, with upright, rather angular stems, and glabrous, 
 shining leaves. Lower leaves lyrate, the upper pinnatifid or 
 toothed. Flowers terminal, racemose, yellow. Calyx erect; sepals 
 nearly equal at the base. Petals obovate, flat, with claws nearly 
 as long as the sepals. Ovary four-angled. Sty.e short, with an 
 obtuse, simple stigma. Pod linear, four-angled, with convex promi- 
 nently ribbed valves. Seeds in one row, slightly compressed. 
 
694 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 1. U. fulgaris, Br. Common Winter Cress. E. B. 443, 
 L. C. 95. Hoot vertical, tapering. Stems erect, branching above. 
 Lower leaves lyrate, pinnatifid, with a large terminal lobe. Upper 
 leaves obovate, toothed. Pods four-angled, short, spreading, with a 
 long beak. Hedges, ditches, waysides. Perennial (?). April 
 July. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70 Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 Var. . arcuata. Flowers in lax clusters ; pods when young 
 curved and spreading. Hedgebanks, &c. Biennial (?). May. 
 
 2. B. stricta, Andrzj. Stems erect, or somewhat curved, 
 simple, slender, smooth, leafy. Lower leaves lyrate, with a large, 
 oblong-ovate, terminal lobe, and two-three pairs of small lateral lobes ; 
 upper leaves simple, oblong- triangular toothed. Petals oblong- 
 cuneate, considerably longer than the sepals, but not so large as in 
 JB. vulgaris. Pods erect, contiguous, unilateral, three times as long 
 as the pedicels, in an elongate cluster. Between Sheffield and 
 Halifax, and between Weedon and Blisworth. Mr. Borrer. Bien- 
 nial (?). May August. 
 
 A. ? C. ?. Lat. 52 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
 3. B. PPBBCOX, Br. Early Winter or American Cress. E. B. 
 1129, L. C. 97. Stems erect, branching at the top. Lower leaves 
 unequally pinnate, with leaflets gradually enlarging towards the apex, 
 and with a large, roundish terminal lobe ; upper leaves deeply pinna- 
 tifid, with entire linear lobes, and with a terminal linear-oblong 
 one. Pods very long (two inches or more), with a short blunt beak in 
 a rather diverging cluster. Sandy places. Biennial or annual (?). 
 April, May. About Brentford, Mitcham, &c., near London. 
 
 A. 10. 
 
 This is reputed to be a famous winter salad. 
 
 IV. Arabf s, Linn. Rock Cress. Annual or perennial plants, 
 with leafy upright stems. Radical leaves in a rosette j stem-leaves 
 sessile, clasping. Flowers terminal, racemose, white, rarely rosy. 
 Calyx erect; two of the sepals somewhat protuberant at the base. 
 Petals obovate, spreading, tapering at the base into broadish claws. 
 Stigma entire, or scarcely notched. Pods linear, compressed, 
 elongated, crowned with the stigma. Valves flat or nearly so, one- 
 nerved or with several irregular very fine nerves. Seeds in a single 
 row, pendulous, flattened-marginate. 
 
 1. A. hirsuta, Br. Hairy Rock Cress. KB. 587, L. C. 92. 
 Stems rigid, erect, usually simple, rough, with entire or branching 
 hairs. Leaves toothed, covered with forked hairs ; the root-leaves in 
 a rosette, the stem-leaves sagittate and clasping, more or less serrate. 
 Flowers small, white. Fruit (pods) erect, linear elongate. Seeds 
 bordered, finely netted. Banks, common in chalky places. Biennial. 
 May. 
 
 A, 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 01000 yards. T. 50 39. 
 
 2. A. ciliata, Br. Fringed Rock Cress. E.B. 1746, L. C. 
 91. Stems erect, tapering, furrowed, hairy, with a few leaves 
 
CRUCIFEIUE. ARABIS. DENTARIA. 695 
 
 on luxuriant forms, when it slightly branches. Root-leaves in a 
 dense rosette, spathulate, entire or slightly toothed, ciliate, the upper 
 leaves when present ovate-lanceolate, sessile ; all glabrous. Flowers 
 in- lax panicled clusters, or in simple clusters, which are much 
 elongated when in fruit. Fruit (pods) linear, straight, on short, 
 erect pedicels. Rocks by the sea; Cunnamara, Ireland; Glen Esk, 
 Scotland. Biennial. July, August. Hibernian. 
 
 3. A. stricla, Huds. Bristol Rock-Cress. E. B. 614, L. C. 90. 
 Root simple, tapering, branched and tufted at the extremity. Stalks 
 several or solitary, scarcely branched, round, tapering, hairy, two-six 
 inches high. Leaves radical, in dense rosettes, rough, hairy, tapering at 
 the base, toothed and sinuate. Stem-leaves few, smaller, toothed, and 
 half-clasping. Flowers few, erect. Petals large, white, about twice 
 as long as the sepals. Sepals hairy, blunt, not spreading. Fruit 
 slender, erect, straight, on short smooth pedicels. St. Vincent's Rocks, 
 Bristol. Perennial (?). May August. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 51 52. Alt. ? T. 49 48. 
 
 4. A. petrcea; Lam. A. hispida, Linn. Alpine Rock-Cress. 
 E. B. 469, L. C. 89. Root long, tapering. Stems erector ascending, 
 simple or branched, usually smooth, four-eight inches (with a very 
 few hairs near the base). Leaves somewhat rough, with short, 
 spreading, forked hairs ; root-leaves in lax tufts, lyrate, pinnatifid or 
 oblong, w r ith long stalks ; stem-leaves narrow, entire or slightly notched. 
 Flowers in terminal, erect, lax, corymbose clusters. Fruit somewhat 
 spreading, slender, straight, tipped with a short beak. Seeds oblong, 
 with a narrow margin. Alpine rocks, England and Scotland. Per- 
 ennial. June. 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 53 61. Alt. 3001400 yards. T. 44 33. 
 
 5. A. Turrita, Linn. Tower Rock-Cress. E. B. 178, L. C. 93. 
 Stem branching, six-fourteen inches high, with soft hairs. Leaves 
 clasping, obovate, broad, toothed, cordate. Flowers corymbose, pale 
 yellow. Fruit long, flat, striated, curved downwards. On walls. 
 Scotland, Kinross-shire. Biennial. May. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 V. Weiitaria , Linn. Coralwort. Stems quite simple, upright, 
 with scaly or tooth-like horizontal fleshy rhizomes. Leaves palmate or 
 pinnate. Flowers rosy or white. Sepals erect, equal. Ovary oblong, 
 with a short, thick style, and obtuse, capitate stigma. Pod lanceolate, 
 compressed ; valves flat, without ribs, bursting with elasticity, mostly 
 revolute. Seeds compressed, in one row, on dilated winged funiculi 
 (seed-stalks). 
 
 1*. hiilbifera-j Linn. Bulb-bearing Toothwort. Coralwort. 
 E. B. 309, L. C. 83. Root (rhizome) thick, toothed, horizontally 
 creeping. Stem solitary, erect, naked below, simple, furrowed, 
 smooth. Leaves alternate, the lower ones pinnate, with five-six 
 lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, toothed, or laxly serrated leaflets, 
 petiolate ; the upper leaves sessile, simple (reduced to the terminal 
 leaflet), with bulbs in their axils. Flowers large, rosy or purple, in 
 
696 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY 
 
 a corymb. Scarcely ever producing seeds, the plant propagating 
 itself by its axillary bulbs. Moist, shady places. Perennial. May. 
 
 A, 3, C. 6. Lat. 51 56. Alt. ? T. 49> 47. 
 
 It still grows abundantly in Old Park Wood, and in Garret Wood, 
 both near Harefield, Middlesex. 
 
 VI. Cardamine, Linn. Bitter Cress. Annual or perennial, 
 generally smooth, herbaceous plants, Stem and leaves variable. 
 Flowers terminal, racemose. Calyx slightly spreading. Two of the 
 sepals unequal at the base. Petals obovate, rather upright, tapering 
 at the base into short claws, sometimes very small or absent. Ovary 
 linear, slender, with an obtuse, sessile, entire stigma. Pod sessile, erect, 
 laterally compressed, often elongated, valves flat, without ribs, open- 
 ing elasticaily from the base. Seeds in a single row, on slender funi- 
 culi, ovate, with accumbent cotyledons. 
 
 SECT. I. Annual or biennial plants. Petals scarcely longer than the 
 calyx ; sometimes absent. 
 
 1. C. sylvatica, Link. Wood Bitter Cress. L. C. 86 b. Stems 
 round, smooth, slender, flexuous, leafy. Leaves pinnate ; lower leaves 
 with roundish, angular, or toothed leaflets ; upper leaves with narrow 
 ones. Petals longer than the sepals, erect. Pods erect. Common 
 in dry sandy places, in woods, &c. Annual. March September. 
 
 Area, &c., combined with the following, of which it is probably 
 only a variety. 
 
 2. C. hirsuta, Linn. Hairy Marsh Bitter Cress. E. B. 492, 
 L. C. 86. Roots vertical, fibrous. Stems furrowed, angular, rough, 
 with tubercles or hairs, somewhat zigzag. Hoot-leaves in a rosette. 
 Stem-leaves alternate, all pinnate, with three-four pairs of roundish 
 or oblong toothed leaflets. Sepals not gibbous at the base ; petals 
 small. Stamens six. Fruit nearly erect, with a very short, truncate 
 beak. In watery places. Annual. May September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt 01000 yards. T. 52 3 37. 
 
 3. C. impatiens, Linn. Narrow-leaved Lady's Smock. E. B. 80, 
 L. C. 87. Koot small, tapering. Stems solitary or several, erect, 
 slightly branched, more or less zigzag, leafy, angular, hollow. Leaves 
 pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, cleft or notched, lobed or toothed at the 
 base, mostly on the lower half, and especially in the lower leaves ; 
 leaflets of the upper leaves nearly entire on the upper edge. Petioles 
 auricled, clasping ; auricles linear, acute. Flowers numerous, very 
 small. Petals minute, very caducous. Pods erect, slender, discharg- 
 ing their seeds with a crackly noise. Godalming, Surrey. Biennial 
 or annual. May, June (?). 
 
 A. 6, C. 10. Lat 51 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 48 46. 
 
 Var, Leaves and leaflets much narrower and less spreading than in 
 the typical form, unbranched (?). Shady situations, chiefly in the north 
 of England. 
 
 SECT. II. Plant* perennial, with an oblique root. Petals much longer 
 than the calyx. 
 
 4. C. ainara* Linn. Bitter Lady's Smock. E. B. 1000, L. C. 
 
CRUCIFEILE. CARDAMINK. NASTURTIUM, 697 
 
 84. Root with an elongated, oblique, or horizontal rhizome, usually 
 branching. Stems erect or ascending, angular said furrowed. Leaves 
 pinnate, with obovate, angular, toothed or crenulate, stalked leaflets, 
 the terminal one the largest. Flowers large, white. Stamens almost 
 equal to the petals. Anthers purple. Pods slender, spreading. Seeds 
 ovate, yellowish-green. Biversides ; not common. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 58'. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 46. 
 
 5. C. pratensis, Linn. Lady's Smock. E. B. 776, L. C. 85. 
 Root oblique or horizontal, short, truncate, knobby. Stems erect or 
 slightly reclining at the base, round, quite smooth, and glossy. 
 Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid, segments variable in shape, but mostly 
 roundish, the terminal one the largest. Segments of the upper leaves 
 linear and quite entire. Petals large, with dilated, obscurely-toothed, 
 or winged claws. Stamens only half as long as the petals. Anthers 
 yellow. Pod with a short, blunt beak. Wet meadows and watery 
 places. Perennial. March, April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 52 36, 
 
 Var. 0. Leaflets, especially those of the lowermost leaves, acutely 
 angled. 
 
 VII. UTasturtium, Br. Cress. Branching, mostly aquatic, 
 smooth, herbaceous plants, throwing out numerous radicles, of annual, 
 biennial, or longer duration. Stem slightly angular. Leaves pinnate 
 or pinnatifid. Flowers racemose. Calyx spreading, equal, not pro- 
 tuberant at the base. Petals obovate, undivided, tapering into short 
 claws. Style erect, short, with a blunt, slightly notched stigma. Pod 
 short, turgid ; valves without ribs or keel. Seeds rounded, in two 
 rows, irregularly arranged. 
 
 SECT, I. Petals white. 
 
 1. W. officinale, Br. Water Cress. E. B. 855, L. C. 98. Root 
 creeping. Stem erect, succulent, branching above. Leaves pinnate, 
 with ovate or oblong, entire or toothed segments, the terminal one 
 roundish, large. Petals white, about twice as long as the calyx. 
 Fruit linear, more or less curved, with a bent point longer than the 
 peduncle, spreading, erect. In ditches and watery places. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 Var. siifolium. Stem luxuriant, robust, often an inch thick, many 
 feet long. Segments of the leaves nearly equal. The variety grow*s 
 in deep water. 
 
 SECT. II. Petals yellow. 
 
 2. Ji". amphibium, Br. Armoracia amphibia. Ronpa amphibia, 
 Bess. Great Yellow Cress, E. B. 1840, L. C. 101. Stems stout, 
 erect, or reclining and rooting below, branching, glabrous, deeply 
 furrowed. Leaves petioled or attenuated at the base, auricled, and 
 partly clasping, the lower often pinnatifid, the upper toothed. Petals 
 longer than the calyx. Fruit roundish, oblong, on long, spreading, or 
 
 z z 
 
698 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 deflexed pedicels, abruptly terminating in a slender leak. Banks of 
 rivers. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 12, C.40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0*-200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 Var. a. indivisum. Leaves all umliviided, entire, or toothed. 
 
 Var. . heterophyllum. Lower reaves pinnatifid ; the upper ones 
 entire, or rarely toothed. 
 
 Gren. and Godr. notice two varieties, viz. : 
 
 Var. a. longisiliquum. Pods long, tapering at both ends, twice as 
 long as the styles. 
 
 Var. . roiundisiliquum. Pods globular, as long as the styles. 
 
 3. HT. sylvestrc, Br. Sisymbrium sylvestre, Linn. Wild Cress. 
 E. B. 2324, L. C. 100. Stems reclining or prostrate, spreading, 
 branching. Leaves pinnatifid, with usually toothed lobes, petioled ; 
 petioles not clasping nor auricled. Petals longer than the calyx. Fruit 
 linear, nearly as long as the pedicel, with a cylindrical beak. Watery 
 places. Perennial. May August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47". 
 
 4. k, palustrc, D. C. N. terrestre, Sm. Land Cress. E. B. 
 17, L. C. 99. Stems erect, branching above. Leaves petioled, deeply 
 pinnatifid, with oblong-lanceolate, or linear toothed, or cleft seg- 
 ments, rarely lyratepinnatifid. Petals longer than the calyx. Pod 
 linear, usually curved, about as long as the pedicel, terminated by a 
 cylindrical beak ; fruit-stalks spreading or deflexed. In moist places. 
 Annual or biennial. June. . 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 5jK Alt. 0700 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 VIII. Turritis, Linn. Tower Mustard. Upright biennial 
 plants, with round, leafy stems. Leaves entire, clasping the stem. 
 Flowers white, in terminal racemes. Sepals oblong, diverging, two 
 slightly protuberant at the base. Petals obovate, erect, entire. Ovary 
 linear. Style very short, with an obtuse simple stigma. Pod linear, 
 compressed, very long and slender, two-edged. Valves straight, flat, 
 with a prominent nerve. Seeds numerous, in two rows. 
 
 T. glabra, Linn. Smooth Tower Mustard. E. B. 777, L. C. 
 91. Stems erect, rigid, simple, slightly hairy at the base, glabrous 
 and glaucous above. Hoot-leaves in a rosette, hairy, decaying before 
 the production of the fruit ; the upper leaves glabrous and glaucous. 
 Fruit very long, pressed close to the stem, quite smooth, five-six times 
 as long as the pedicels. Dry places about hedges and fields. Bien- 
 nial. June, July. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 TRIBE II. Cotyledons flat, radicle on the back of one of them. 
 (Radicle dorsal ||.) 
 
 Genera. Hesperis, Erysimum, Sisymbrium. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Hesperis. Stigma two-lobed ; lobes erect, connivent. Fruit cylindrical. 
 Erysimvm. Stigma entire, or lobed. Fruit linear, angular. 
 Sisymbrium. Stigma entire or notched. Fruit linear, with convex valves. 
 
CRUCIFEB^E. HESPERIS. ERYSIMUM. 699 
 
 IX. Hesperis, Linn. Dame's- Violet. Stem erect, branching. 
 Leaves ovate-lanceolate, toothed. Flowers terminal, racemose, odor- 
 ous, especially in the evening. Sepals converging, obtuse, two lateral 
 gibbous at the base. Petals clawed, slightly notched, spreading 
 obliquely. Ovary four-angled; stigma nearly sessile, two-lobed, 
 downy. Pod linear, more or less four -angled, striated. Valves linear, 
 undulated, acute. Seeds in one row, pendulous. 
 
 Jtt. matroiialis, Linn. Dame's- Violet. E. B. 731, L. C. 112. 
 Stems several, erect, round, hairy, leafy. Leaves petioled, oblong- 
 elliptical, tapering at both ends, pointed, hairy, shining, laxly toothed; 
 teeth small. Flowers white, with a reddish violet tinge, in lax, ter- 
 minal, or axillary clusters. Calyx erect; sepals unequal at the base, 
 obtuse. Petals with a broad, spreading, flat limb and long claw, with 
 two small teeth, one on each side. Fruit torulose, nearly erect, on 
 short, spreading, upwardly-curved 
 
 ecarooljj naturalized. /^Perc 
 v""* / in \~*t 
 
 v ^^_^~ ^ ftrrirt 
 
 X. Erysimuni, Linn. Treacle Mustard. Biennial plants, 
 rarely annual or perennial in duration. Stems erect, branched. 
 Leaves simple, often lanceolate, and almost entire. Flowers race- 
 mose. Pods in long, upright clusters. Calyx erect. Sepals nearly 
 equal. Petals flat, with erect claws. The two shorter stamens are 
 accompanied with a gland. Style very short ; stigma notched, or 
 obtuse. Pod four-angled ; valves keeled, rectangular. Seeds in one 
 row. 
 
 SECT. I. Plants with starry pubescence. Stem-leaves nearly eessile. 
 Flowers yellow. 
 
 1. E. Cheiraiithoides, Linn. Treacle Mustard. E. B. 942, 
 L. C. 106. Stem rigid, rough, erect, branching above, angular. 
 Leaves roughish, oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at both ends, laxly 
 toothed, rarely entire. Pedicels spreading, shorter than the pods. 
 Claw of the petals scarcely longer than the calyx. Fruit green, 
 quadrangular, with acute angles, slightly downy. Stigma entire. 
 Moist fields. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 10. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 (200) yards. T. 51 48. 
 Fields on the Clent Hills, 200 yards high at least. 
 
 SECT. II. Plants glabrous -glaucous. Stem-leaves cordate, clasping. 
 Flowers pale yellow, white. 
 
 2. E* orientate, Br. Hare's-ear Treacle Mustard. E. B. 1804. 
 L. C. 15. Stems simple, branching above. Leaves entire, glaucous; 
 root-leaves obovate ; stem-leaves ovate-oblong, cordate and clasping 
 at the base. Limb of the petals narrow, tapering gradually into a 
 long claw. Fruit on short pedicels, spreading, long, with pro- 
 minent angles ; stigma entire. Near the sea ; in fields and on cliffs. 
 Wandsworth steam-boat pier, plentiful for several years. AnnuaL 
 June. 
 
700 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 XL Sisymforium, Linn, in part. Hedge Mustard. Hairy 
 or downy plants. Flowers yellow or white. Sepals slightly spreading 
 or nearly erect, equal. Fruit (silique, pod) linear cylindrical ; valves 
 convex, with three longitudinal nerves, and sometimes obscure lateral 
 nerves. Seeds in one row, oval or oblong. 
 
 SECT. I. Flowers white. Leaves not divided. 
 
 1. 8. Alliaria, Scop. Alliaria afficinalis, B.C. Hedge Garlic. 
 E. B. 796. Erysimum Alliaria, L. C. 107. Stems usually solitary, 
 erect, simple, or branching above, hairy below. Leaves petioled, 
 glabrous, the lower ones on long stalks, reniform-cordate, the upper 
 ovate-cordate, all with large unequal teeth. Pods spreading, many 
 times longer than the pedicel. Seed oblong, truncate obliquely at 
 both ends, striated longitudinally. Hedges ; common. Biennial, 
 May. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. 8. thalianum, Gay. Arabis thaliana, Linn. Wall Cress. 
 E. B. 901, L. C. 88. Stems several or solitary, erect, simple or 
 branching, slender, downy below, glabrous above. Leaves mostly 
 radical, in a rosette, oblong, laxly-toothed, tapering into petioles, 
 hairy ; stem-leaves oblong, entire, sessile. Pods spreading-ascending, 
 cylindrical, longer than the pedicels. Seeds small, ovate-roundish, not 
 striated. Sandv fields, banks and walls. Annual. April June. 
 
 A. 18, C.80." Lat. 50 60 D . Alt. 0300 yards. T. 51 45. 
 
 SECT. II. Flowers yellow. Leaves more or less divided. 
 
 3. 8. officinale, Scop. Officinal Hedge Mustard. E. B. 735, 
 L. C. 102. Root very long, hard, tapering. Stem erect, rigid, 
 with numerous spreading branches, or branched from the base ; 
 hairs rough, spreading or deflexed. Leaves petioled, hairy, the 
 radical and lower stem-leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, with nume- 
 rous oblong, angular, unequally toothed lobes, the terminal one 
 the largest; upper leaves hastate, with elongated terminal narrow 
 lobes and narrow lateral ones. Petals longer than the sepals. 
 Fruit hairy or downy, closely appressed to the stem, oblong-conical, 
 tapering to a slender point on a short stout pedicel. Hedges, road- 
 sides ; common. Annual. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 4. 8. Irio, Linn. London Rocket. Not the London Rocket of 
 gardeners, which is some species or variety of Hesperis. E. B. 1631, 
 L. C. 103. Stems erect or reclining at the base, simple, branohing 
 above, round, glabrous, or slightly downy, leafy. Leaves glabrous or 
 nearly so ; root-leaves runcinate, pinnatijid, or pinnate, with oblong, 
 unequal, toothed lobes, upper leaves somewhat hastate, with elon- 
 gated, narrow, lanceolate, entire or toothed lobes, terminal leaflet 
 oblong lanceolate, entire or sinuate. Petals longer than the calyx. 
 Fruit glabrous, spreading, ascending, linear, slender, much longer than 
 the pedicel, with a very short point. Rubbish about towns. Annual. 
 June. 
 
CRUCIFERJE. SISYMBRIUM. 701 
 
 Has this plant been seen recently about London ? 
 
 A. 3, C. 7. Lat 51 56. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 5. 8. Sophia, Linn. Flix-weed. E. B. 963, L. C. 104. Stems 
 erect, round, tapering, with soft, downy hairs, branching ; branches 
 somewhat spreading. Leaves bi-tripinnate, with narrow, linear, entire 
 or incised segments, clothed with soft hairs. Petals shorter than the 
 calyx or absent. Fruit glabrous, spreading-ascending, linear, slender, 
 twice as long as the pedicel, with a very short beak. Fields and 
 waste places. Not common. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 6. 8. polyceratium, Linn. Many-podded Hedge Mustard. 
 Rchb. 4403, L. C. 105. Stem round, downy, furrowed, very leafy 
 and much branched. Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, with triangular has- 
 tate terminal lobes. Flowers in pairs or in threes, very small. Pods 
 numerous, several together, sessile, or nearly so, roundish, subulate, 
 spreading, or partly encircling the stem, usually incurved, slightly 
 hairy. Bury, Suffolk. Apparently naturalized. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 S. austriacum (?), Jacq. Rchb. Ic. Fl. Ger., ii. 77. Stems 
 erect, slender, rigid, hairy. Lower leaves lyrate-runcinate, with 
 toothed lobes, the terminal lobe hastate. Upper leaves lyrate or 
 hastate or linear-lanceolate. Flowers rather large. Pedicels spread- 
 ing-erect. Sepals yellowish. Pods cylindrical, hairy. Wandsworth 
 steam-boat pier. Annual. July. 
 
 S. pannonicum, Jacq. Ic. 123. Rchb. Ic. Fl. Ger., ii. 74. Stems 
 erect, straight, cylindrical, shining, with a few, long, scattered 
 hairs, leafy. Lower leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, with triangular 
 toothed lobes, hairy, petiolate ; stem-leaves (upper leaves) pinnate, 
 with linear-cylindrical leaflets. Pedicels not longer than the calyx. 
 Sepals spreading. Petals about twice the length of the calyx. Pods 
 spreading, very long, cylindrical, furrowed (?), glabrous, with a few 
 long hairs and a thick, spongy dissepiment. With the above. Annual 
 or biennial. June August. 
 
 8. Columns, Jacq. Fl. Aust, iv. 323. Rchb. Ic. Fl. Ger., ii. 75. 
 Stems erect, rigid, glabrous, with a few scattered hairs, leafy. 
 Root-leaves runcinate, each lobe with a basal ascending tooth, the 
 lobes are all triangular elongate and toothed, upper leaves pinnate, 
 with linear, channelled, fleshy lobes, clusters lax. Pedicels stout, 
 rather longer than the sepals, spreading, ascending. Pods three- 
 four inches long, arcuate ascending, or nearly erect, hairy, crowned 
 with the two-lobed stigma. Seeds finely punctate, cylindrical. 
 These exotics have grown at Wandsworth steam-boat pier plentifully 
 (especially the last) during the preceding five or six years. They 
 seem quite at home, and will probably outlast the home itself, which 
 is gradually becoming a commercial rather than a botanical locale. 
 
 TRIBE III. Cotyledons con duplicate. The folded cotyledons 
 embrace the radicle which lies on their back (radicle included) ~7~?. 
 Genera. Brassica, Sinapis, Eruca, Diplotaxis. 
 
702 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Brassica. Root-leaves commonly lyrate or pinnatifid petiolate. Flowers 
 yellow or white, sometimes veined. Pod linear-roundish, with convex 
 valves and cylindrical beak (style). 
 
 Sinapis. Pod linear or oblong, roundish, with a more or less compressed 
 angular beak. 
 
 Eruca. Flowers white, with violet veins. Pod oblong-roundish. Valves 
 convex, keeled. 
 
 Diplotaxis. Leaves petiolate, flowers yellow, sepals slightly spreading, 
 not gibbous at the base ; pod linear, compressed. 
 
 XII. Brassica, Linn. Cabbage, Colewort, &c. Annual or 
 biennial herbaceous plants, with succulent erect stems and glaucous 
 leaves. Sepals erect or spreading, linear, coloured, the two outer 
 slightly gibbous at the base. Fruit linear, nearly cylindrical. Valves 
 convex, with one straight, longitudinal nerve ; lateral nerves wavy, 
 indistinct or none ; beak conical. Seeds in one row, round. 
 
 1. B. oleracea. Linn. Sea Cabbage. E. B. 637, L. C. 113. 
 Stem woody, cylindrical, leafy only about the top. Flower-stems 
 long, succulent. Leaves fleshy, glaucous, glabrous, lyrate, waved, 
 sinuate, toothed. Flowers deep yellow, in long clusters. Sepals 
 erect, close at the base. Petals with thick, fleshy, winged claws and 
 prominent branching and anastomosing nerves. Fruit cylindri- 
 cal^ smooth, veined with a short beak, crowned with the round 
 stigma. Seeds large, roundish. Sea-cliffs, Dover, and many other 
 parts of the coast. The origin of the Garden Cabbage (?). Biennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 5, C. 10. Lat. 50 54. Alt. ? T. 52 a 49. 
 
 2. B. campestris. Linn. Common Wild Navew, Turnip. E. B. 
 2234, L. C. 114. Root tapering ; stem two feet high, branched, leafy, 
 glaucous. Root-leaves lyrate, rough. Stem-leaves glaucous, smooth. 
 Flowers/ large. Pods (fruit) stalked, ascending, smooth, stout, angu- 
 lar, cylindrical, leak one-third of an inch long. Seeds brown. Corn- 
 fields and ditch-banks. Annual. June, July. 
 
 Note. This and the two following are probably varieties of one 
 species. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 3. B. Hapa, Linn. Common Turnip. E. B. 2176, L. C. 114*. 
 Root fleshy. Root-leaves lyrate, rough ; stem-leaves smooth. Fields. 
 Biennial. April, May. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 5147. 
 
 4. B. JVapusj Linn. Rape or Cole-seed. E.B. 2146, L. C. 115. 
 Stems erect, fleshy, angular, branched, leafy. Leaves smooth, glau- 
 cous ; root-leaves, which disappear before flowering, lyrate ; stem- 
 leaves sessile, clasping, cordate at the base, lanceolate, toothed, or 
 entire. Sepals erect, open only above, linear- lanceolate, slightly 
 coloured. Petals smaller, with branching, straight, not reticulating 
 nerves, and slender, not winged claws. Fruit on slender, spreading 
 
CRUCIFERJE. BRASSICA. SINAPIS. 703 
 
 stalks, turgid,* with long, eylindrical beaks. Ditch-banks, fields, 
 and waste ground. Biennial. June. 
 
 A, 18, C. 70. Lat. 50 59 D . Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46 
 Note. Gr. and Godr., Fl. de Fr., 76, only recognise three of our 
 British Brassicas, viz., B. oleracea, as an escape from cultivation, 
 not wild, as British botanists always describe it, and call it the parent 
 of the cultivated varieties on very slender evidence ; B. Napus, 
 including the oil-producing (colza) plant and the common esculent ; 
 and B. asperifolia, including B. Rapa, Koch, and B. campestris, Linn. 
 
 XIIL Sin apis, Linn, in part. Mustard. More or less hairy 
 plants. Leaves lyrate or pinnatifid. Flowers yellow; sepals 
 spreading, rarely erect, equal. Fruit (silique, pod) linear or oblong, 
 nearly cylindrical, with convex valves, which are furnished with 
 three-five longitudinal, straight, prominent nerves. Beak long, more 
 or less compressed ; often bearing a seed at its base. Seeds in one 
 row, almost round. 
 
 1. S. arveiisis, Linn. Wild Mustard. Charlock. E. B. 1748, 
 L. C. 116. Stem branching, hispid, with strong, often reflexed hairs. 
 Leaves ovate or oblong, the lower ones lyrate or irregularly sinuate, 
 the upper unequally sinuated or toothed, sessile, or nearly so. Sepals 
 spreading horizontally. Fruit more or less spreading, usually glabrous. 
 Valves thick, with intermediate nerves longer than the beak. Beak 
 conical compressed. Seeds black, smooth. Fields common. Annual. 
 May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 Var. glabra. Stem and leaves quite glabrous ; fruit cylindrical, 
 torulose, with an angular beak, prominently nerved. Seeds ovate, 
 finely shagreened in two rows. Beak without seeds. Common about 
 Chelsea, Battersea, and Kew. 
 
 There is another variety with pods, not angular like the above, 
 but very turgid and compressed ; beak tapering, round. Seeds rather 
 more globular than in the preceding, and more decidedly two- 
 rowed. 
 
 These varieties in aspect and characters approach the genus 
 Brassiea. Are the genera Sinapis and Brassica well distinguished ? 
 
 2. S. alba, Linn. White Mustard. E. B. 1677. L. C. 117. 
 Stems erect, branched, glabrous (sometimes hispid). Leaves all lyrate, 
 pinnatifid, glabrous (or hispid), with unequally sinuated or toothed 
 lobes. Sepals spreading. Pods hairy (hispid), with two-three seeds; 
 valves shorter than the flattened ensiform beak (sword-shaped beak), 
 spreading. Seeds yellowish, finely punctate, not numerous. Fields 
 and waste places. Annual. June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 Var. Stem and leaves as in the common form (?). Sepals spread - 
 
 * The following distinctive marks are said to be derivable from tbe pod : In B. cam- 
 pestris the pod is stout and angular ; in J5. Napus it is torulose (beacied) ; and in B. 
 Rapa shorter and not so much beaded. Will any botanist endorse these characteristic 
 notes ? 
 
704 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ing, partly glabrous. Petals more than twice the length of the sepals. 
 Style flat, not so long as the pod in the matured specimen. Pod 
 twice as long as in S. alba, and not half so thick, hairy or bristly, as 
 well as the brak. Seeds ovate, small. 
 
 At Wandsworth steam-boat pier a sub-variety of this, with the 
 pods not so hairy, and one with the pods quite glabrous, are found. 
 
 3. . dissecta. Lag. Hort. Madr. Mor. Fl. Sar. 12. This species 
 may perhaps have been confounded with S. alba, from which it is suffi- 
 ciently distinct. Stems erect, branched and bushy, glabrous, or only 
 with a few spreading hairs. Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid, with oblong, 
 pinnatifid, or toothed segments, glabrous, fleshy. Flowers smaller than 
 in S. alba. Sepals spreading, shorter than the peduncles (pedicels). 
 Pods short, smooth, ovate or oblong, spreading, ascending with a very 
 long, flat, attenuated beak, which is glabrous, except a few marginal 
 fringes. This is readily distinguished from S. alba by its smaller 
 flowers, and especially by its glabrous, few-seeded pods, as well as by 
 its pinnatifid leaves. The whole herbage is glabrous and fleshy. 
 Abundant in 1855, on mud spread out on Battersea Fields (Park), 
 with several exotics, but where it has since disappeared. Annual. 
 May June. 
 
 4. S. monensisj Bab. Brassica monensis, Huds. Isle of Man 
 Cabbage. E. B. 962, L. C. 122. Root tapering, woody. Stem soli- 
 tary, or several from the same root, slightly branched, round, glabrous, 
 x>r somewhat bristly, or smooth, leafy. Leaves mostly radical, deeply 
 pinnatifid, with toothed or jagged linear lobes; in the upper leaves 
 (when present) the lobes are linear and almost entire. Sepals con- 
 verging. Pods almost erect (slightly spreading), on short pedicels, 
 large, smooth, veiny, quadrangular. Beak about one-third as long as 
 the pod, tapering, ribbed, containing one-three seeds. Isle of Man, 
 and Lancashire and Cheshire coasts. Perennial (biennial ?). June 
 July. 
 
 It has been gathered, with many exotic Crucifers, at "Wandsworth 
 steam-boat pier. Is this species unknown on the Continent, or is 
 it included in the following? 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 51 57. Alt? T. 50' 48. 
 
 5. S. Cheiranthus, Koch. Wallflower-like Sinapis. E.B. 1821, 
 L. C. 122. Stem erect, glaucous, branching above, rough, with long, 
 distant, spreading hairs. Leaves all pinnatifid, lobes unequally 
 toothed ; upper leaves with linear, entire lobes. Sepals erect, close 
 to the petals, rather longer than the pedicels, slightly unequal. Petals 
 large, yellow. Fruit (pods) glabrous, spreading ; valves with three 
 dorsal nerves and anastomosing veins. Seeds numerous, black, finely 
 punctate; the beak is one-three-seeded. Merthyr-Tydvil, South 
 Wales ; Channel Isles. Biennial or perennial. May August. 
 
 A. (6). 
 
 A stray plant was gathered at Chelsea in 1852, probably intro- 
 duced with coals or iron from South Wales. 
 
 Gren. andGodr., " Fl. de France," under S. Cheiranthus, describe 
 three varieties, viz. : 
 
___ _ n 
 
 CRUCIFERvE. SINAPIS. ERUCA. DIPLOTAXIS. 705 
 
 Var. a. genuina, Gren. and Godr. Stem solitary, rather leafy ; 
 leaves with obtuse lobes ; flowers large. 
 
 Var. )8. cheiranthi flora, Gren. and Godr. Stems slender, with few 
 leaves ; lobes of the leaves acute ; flowers small. 
 
 Var. 7. moniana, D. C. Stems short, numerous, not leafy; flowers 
 deep yellow. Annual or biennial. June August. 
 
 The first variety agrees better with our S. Cheiranthus than the 
 second, which may be our S. monensis, or some form of it. The var. 
 7. montana is probably unknown as a British plant. 
 
 6. 8. nigra, Linn. Black Mustard. E. B. 969, L. C. 118. 
 Stems stout, branching, hairy, hispid, especially below. Leaves 
 petiolate, lyrate-pinnatifid ; the lower ones hispid, the upper usually 
 glabrous-lanceolate, entire, or sinuated. Sepals spreading. Fruit 
 erect, more or less curved about the stem, and contiguous and pressed 
 to it, oblong, linear, smooth ; valves keeled by the prominent dorsal 
 nerve. Beak four-angled, bearing one or two seeds. Fields. Annual. 
 June. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 51 56. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 48\ 
 
 7. 8. incana, Linn. Erucastrum incanum., Koch, E. B. 2843, 
 and Hirschfeldia adpressa, Moench. Hoary Eruca. Stems round, 
 tapering, rigid, hairy or bristly-warty ; branches spreading. Lower 
 leaves lyrate, upper ones oblong-linear, toothed, on tapering petioles. 
 Flowers in clusters, on short pedicels ; clusters very much elongated 
 in fruit. Sepals lax, hairy, linear. Petals yellow, with longish 
 claws, twice as long as the calyx. Fruit appressed, with a very large 
 unilateral beak. The habit of the whole plant and the disposition of 
 the fruit resemble Sisymbrium officinale. Jersey. Biennial. June. 
 Steam-boat pier, Wandsworth. Very few examples. 
 
 XIV. Eruca, D. C. Annual or biennial plants, with lyrate 
 or pinnatifid leaves and white flowers, veined with violet. Sepals 
 erect, not gibbous at the base, closely applied. Pod oblong, nearly 
 cylindrical, hairy, with convex, keeled valves, and a single prominent 
 nerve. Beak compressed, ensiform, smooth, without a seed at its 
 base. 
 
 E. sativa, Lam. Stem spreading, much branched, smooth. 
 Leaves slightly fleshy, smooth, lyrate-pinnatifid; the upper narrow, 
 oblong, and toothed. Claws of the petals very long. Pods erect, not 
 closely applied to the stem, hairy or glabrous (we have only noticed 
 hairy pods). The pods are usually spinous; the beak large, flattened 
 and smooth, except on the margin, which has spinous fringes, com^ 
 pressed. Fields and waste places on the Continent. Annual. 
 June September. 
 
 Very abundant at Wandsworth steam-boat pier for several years. 
 
 XV. Diplotaxis, D. C. Wall Mustard. Annual or biennial, 
 rarely perennial, plants. Stems erect, branching. Leaves sinuate, 
 toothed, pinnatifid, petiolate, often fleshy. Flowers yellow, in long 
 racemes, or_filiform pedicels. Calyx lax, equal at the base. Petals 
 
706 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 entire. Stigma discoid. Pod linear, elongated, compressed, four- 
 angled ; valves convex, one-nerved. Seeds many, ovate, compressed, 
 pendulous in two rows, rarely in one row by abortion. . ^ 
 
 A 1. 1>. tenuifolia, D. C. Slender-leaved Wall Mustard. E. B." 
 '525, L. C. 120. Root perennial, woody. Stems ascending or erect, 
 somewhat woody at the base, leafy, branching, glabrous or nearly so, 
 glaucous. Leaves glabrous, glaucous, somewhat fleshy, the lower 
 ones pinnatifid, with entire or slightly toothed lobes ; the upper leaves 
 sinuate-toothed, or almost entire. Pedicels elongated after flowering, 
 spreading. Flowers large. Calyx spreading, glabrous. Petals much 
 larger than the calyx, obovate or roundish, with a short narrow claw. 
 Pods about as long as the pedicels. Rubbish about towns. Peren- 
 nial. June. 
 
 Note. It frequently grows on old walls at Southampton, Chester, 
 &c. In such localities the plant is smaller, and the leaves are entire, 
 with a rigid habit, like the common Wall-flower. 
 
 2. J>. muralis, D. C. Sand Mustard. E. B. 1090, L. C. 121. 
 Stems ascending or erect, often simple, or several from one root, 
 rough, with deflexed, bristly, white hairs, round. Leaves mostly 
 radical, oblong, toothed or pinnatifid, almost glabrous, tapering at 
 the base into winged petioles. Pedicels spreading, the lowermost 
 long, the others gradually decreasing. Calyx rough, with stout bristles. 
 Petals longer than the calyx, with a rounded limb and short claw. 
 Fruit distant, spreading, linear, narrowed at both ends, compressed, 
 with a short beak. Dry banks and old walls. Biennial or peren- 
 nial (?). June. 
 
 In the valley of the Thames generally, from the Isle of Thanet to 
 the upper part of the river. Very plentiful about Battersea, Kew, &c. 
 
 Diplotaxis erucoides, D. C. Stem herbaceous, erect, leafy. Root- 
 leaves lyrate ; stem-leaves pinnatifid, with short blunt lobes. Flowers 
 large, white, veined with violet veins. Sepals spreading a little 
 longer than the peduncle. Fruit beaked, with a single seed at its 
 base. Very plentiful near the steam-boat pier, Wandsworth. An- 
 nual. July. 
 
 DIVISION II. Siliculoste. Fruit oval, oblong or nearly 
 round, opening ; rarely not opening, one-four- or many-seeded. 
 
 TRIBE I. Fruit (silicle, pouch) opening. Seeds not adhering to 
 the valves. 
 
 SUB-TRIBE I. Fruit compressed, parallel to the partition ; parti- 
 tion equal to the larger transverse diameter of the pouch (fruit). 
 Valves nearly flat or convex, never boat-shaped. 
 
 Genera. Alyssum, Koniga, Drdba, Cochlearia, Armoracia, Came- 
 Una, Telia. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Alyssum. Leaves entire \F owers yellow or yellowish. Pouch ovate or 
 roundish, with convex valves. 
 
CRUCIFERjE. ALYSSUM. KoNIGA. DRABA. 707 
 
 Koniga. Pouch ovate, with flat valves. 
 
 Draba. Flowers minute, white. Pouch oblong, entire at the apex, 
 crowned with the persistent, nearly sessile style. 
 
 Cochlearia. Leaves entire, or toothed, or incised. Flowers white. Pouch 
 roundish or oblong, with very convex nerved valves. 
 
 Armoracia. Distinct from the last by its large petiolate leaves. Pouch 
 round, valves not nerved. 
 
 Camelina. Stem-leaves clasping. Pouch obovate, pear-shaped, slightly 
 compressed. 
 
 Velio,. Leaves pinnatifid. Pouch with a broad, flat, leaf-like appendage 
 (style?). 
 
 XVI. Alyssum, Linn. Alyssum (Alyson). Small herba- 
 ceous or shrubby plants, of annual or biennial duration. Stems 
 branching. Leaves mostly narrow and entire ; whole plant downy or 
 hoary. Calyx persistent, cup-shaped ; sepals ovate, uniform, erect. 
 Petals obovate, spreading, with short claws. Stamens toothed or 
 glandular at the base. Silicle roundish or ovate, with flattish, valves 
 or convex in the centre, one-three-celled. Seeds ovate, one or two 
 in each cell, compressed. 
 
 1. A. calycinum, Linn. Rigid Alyssum. E.B, 2853, L. C. 82. 
 Stems several from a long, tapering, woody root, branched above, 
 erect. Lower leaves obovate ; upper oblong. Flowers at first yellow, 
 afterwards white. Calyx more or less persistent. Petals about 
 as large as the sepals, slightly notched. Lateral stamens each with a 
 subulate tooth. Fruit roundish, slightly notched, with an incurved 
 rim, and covered with more or less spreading hairs, crowned by the 
 remains of the style. Grassy commons, Scotland. Annual. May, 
 June. jlbutCu ^jju^A-U) /i/'l/U^i^t^^- Jo-Ju^ f-vn*> 
 
 A. 7, C.? Lat. 50 5B. Alt.? T.? 
 
 XVII. Koiiiga, Br. Koniga. Annual or perennial plants, 
 with nearly linear, quite entire leaves. Flowers white, in terminal 
 racemes. Calyx spreading, nearly equal at the base. Petals 
 spreading, clawed, with an entire limb. Pouch nearly ovate, with 
 flat valves. Seeds several or solitary by abortion. 
 
 K. maritima, Br. Alyssum, Sm. Sweet Alyssum. E. B. 
 1729, L. C. 81. Roots annual. Stems several, procumbent, leafy, 
 branching, slightly hairy, rather woody. Leaves oblong-linear, 
 pointed, tapering at the base. Flowers white, odorous, in long clus- 
 ters. Pedicels of the fruit spreading, half an inch long; fruit ascend- 
 ing, ovate, nearly glabrous, crowned by the stout persistent style. 
 Naturalized in several places, and especially near the sea.^Perennial^?). 
 August, September. Annual, in gardens. fy\t <w /A/(M^&^) 
 
 A. 7, C.? Lat. 50 57. 
 
 XVIII. Draba, Linn. Whitlow-grass. Annual and perennial 
 plants, usually with rosaceous tufts of root-leaves, which are entire or 
 toothed, and more or less hairy. Flowers very small, usually white. 
 Sepals slightly spreading. Pouch oblong, entire at the apex, 
 
708 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANT. 
 
 crowned by the persistent stigma, compressed ; valves flat, or 
 slightly convex ; cells many-seeded. Seeds compressed in two rows. 
 
 1. J. verna, Linn. Common Whitlow-grass. E. B. 586, L. C. 
 79. Hoot annual, fibrous. Stems several, slender, erect, or slightly 
 bent, naked, quite smooth, leafless. Leaves all radical in a rosette, 
 oblong pointed or oboval, entire or notched at the summit, furnished 
 with both simple and forked hairs. Flowers very small, in a corym- 
 bose cluster; petals white, deeply cleft, longer than the calyx. Fruit 
 on long pedicels, smooth and veiny. On old walls, sandy soil, &c. 
 Annual. March. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat, 50 60. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 39. 
 
 Var. j8. inflata. Pouch turgid. This we have seen near Settle, in 
 September, and we have a specimen from Ben Lawers. 
 
 Var. Stem hairy. Leaves spathulate, not rounded, in a dense 
 rosette. Pedicels long, spreading, or reflexed. Calyx hairy. Pouch 
 quite smooth, elliptical, tapering at both ends. 
 
 2. O. aizoides; Linn. Yellow Alpine Whitlow-grass. E. B. 
 1271, L. C. 75. Root perennial. Stems numerous, branched near the 
 root ; barren ones short, with a tuft of leaves ; fertile ones very slen- 
 der, rough, simple, with a few bright yellow clustered flowers. Leaves 
 very numerous, imbricated, rigid, linear or lanceolate, ciliated, keeled. 
 Petals twice as long as the calyx, slightly notched. Fruit elliptical, 
 with a short blunt beak. Seeds ovate, elongate. On rocks (?) and 
 walls. South Wales (Pennard Castle, near Swansea). Perennial. April. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 51 52. Alt. ? T. 50 ? 
 
 3. 1>, rupestris, Br. Rock Whitlow-grass. E. B. 1338, L. C. 
 76. Stems numerous, very slender, each bearing a dense rosette of 
 leaves, and one-three peduncles. Leaves small, elliptical-lanceolate, 
 ciliated at the margins in dense rosettes about half-way up the stem. 
 Flowers small, in lax, terminal clusters. Petals twice as long as the 
 sepals, with a notched limb. Fruit oblong, slightly hairy, somewhat 
 twisted, with a stout cylindrical rounded beak. On alpine rocks. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 56 59. Alt. 900 1300 yards. T. 36 34. 
 
 4. . iiicaiia, Linn. Whitlow-grass. E. B. 388, L. C. 77. 
 Steins erect, four-sixteen inches high, densely hairy, with spreading 
 hairs, simple or branching, leafy. Leaves sessile, lanceolate ; root- 
 leaves in dense rosettes; stem-leaves scattered, sessile, with erect 
 teeth. Sepals blunt, hairy. Petals twice as long as the calyx, 
 notched. Fruit ovate-lanceolate, slightly twisted, twice as long as the 
 pedicel. Mountainous rocks. Annual. July, 
 
 A. 9, C. 15. Lat. 53 61. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 46 36. 
 
 This species varies from three-four inches to two feet long. In 
 luxuriant specimens the clusters are panicled, on branches more or 
 less divergent all the way up the stem. In smaller forms the clusters 
 are quite simple. 
 
 5. I), muralis, Br. Wall Whitlow-grass. E. B. 912, L. C. 
 78. Stem erect, branched, round, rough, leafy. Root-leaves obovate, 
 tapering at the base, in a lax rosette, entire or toothed. Stem- leaves 
 
CRUCIFER^E. DRABA. COCHLEARIA. 709 
 
 ovate, elliptical, toothed, with tivo rounded auricles. Flowers numerous, 
 small, white, terminating the stem and branches in a dense cluster, 
 axis subsequently elongated, with numerous spreading hairy pedicels. 
 Calyx hairy. Petals notched or incised. Fruit (pouch) about half 
 the length of its stalk, elliptical even, smooth, six-eight seeds in each 
 cell. Rocky calcareous places, West Yorkshire, &c. Annual. May, 
 June. 
 
 A. 6, C. 6. Lat. 51 55. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 48 45. 
 
 XIX. Cochlearia, Linn. Scurvy-grass. Annual or peren- 
 nial, smooth, rather succulent herbaceous plants, with branched 
 spreading stems, and simple, mostly entire leaves and white flowers. 
 Calyx lax, spreading; sepals ovate, equal at the base. Petals 
 spreading, with short claws quite entire. Silicle globose, ovate or 
 elliptical, turgid, rugged, tipped with the style, two-celled; valves 
 thick, scarcely keeled. Seeds in two rows, several in each cell. 
 
 1. C. officinalisj Linn. Common Scurvy-grass. E. B. 551. 
 L. C. 72. Stems erect, branched, angular, succulent, smooth. Root- 
 leaves roundish (cordate-reniform), on long stalks. Stem-leaves on 
 short stalks or sessile ; all fleshy and entire or toothed, smooth, 
 shining, upper leaves clasping, auricled, toothed, angular. Calyx 
 spreading or open ; sepals with broad scarious margins. Petals large, 
 white. Fruit (pouch) round (globular or obovate), smooth. Bien- 
 nial (?). Sea-coast, or on the banks and channels of mountain streams. 
 May August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 50. Lat. 50~61. Alt. ? T. 52 46. 
 
 C. alpina, L. C. 72 b. Root-leaves entire, stem-leaves lobed; 
 fruit and flowers as in C. officinalis. On lofty hills, between Malham 
 and Settle, Yorkshire. Ben Lawers. 
 
 2. C. daiiica, Linn. Danish Scurvy-grass. E. B. 696, L. C. 
 72 c. Stems procumbent, branching at the base, spreading. Leaves 
 cordate lobed (deltoid), all petioled, except the very uppermost (the 
 stalks gradually shortening upwards). Flowers pinkish, smaller, and 
 less spreading than in C. officinalis. Fruit (pouch) ovate, in much 
 longer clusters than in the above. Sea-coast. Annual. May August. 
 
 A. 15, C. 40. Lat. 50 61. Alt, ? 
 
 Smith says it is unchanged in cultivation ; this we can confirm. 
 Whether it and the following be distinct from the preceding is not 
 yet so certain. 
 
 3. C. angelica, Linn. English Scurvy-grass. E. B. 552, L. C. 
 72 d. Stem deeply furrowed or winged, branching. Root-leaves 
 tapering into a long petiole, oblong, lobed or toothed. Stem-leaves 
 sessile or amplexicaule, toothed. Flowers in terminal clusters ; calyx 
 spreading; sepals fleshy, with a scarious border. Petals ovate, blunt, 
 with a more or less oblique short claw. Fruit twice as large as in 
 C. officinalis, turgid, roundish, notched, crowned with the style. Seeds 
 large brown, muricated. Muddy places by the sea, and on the banks 
 of tidal rivers. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 30. Lat. 50> 5b. Alt. ? T. 52 47. 
 
710 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 XX. Armoracia, Fl. Wett. Roripa, Besser. Root fleshy, 
 conical, deeply fixed in the soil, of a very acrid flavour. Stems erect, 
 rigid. Leaves simple. Sepals equal. Petals more than twice the 
 length of sepals. Fruit roundish, with very convex nerveless valves. 
 Seeds numerous. 
 
 Note. This genus differs but slightly from Cochlearia. 
 
 A. rusticana; Fl. Wett. Horse-radish. E. B. 2323, L. C. 73. 
 Stems a yard high or more, robust, branching above, glabrous. Root- 
 leaves on long petioles, ovate-oblong, crenulate ; stem-leaves lanceolate 
 entire or serrated, the lower ones sometimes pinnatifid. Flowers white, 
 clustered, clusters in terminal panicles. Fruit on longish pedicels. 
 Valves not nerved. Commonly cultivated, and occasionally wild 
 about riversides, but more common on rubbish and waste places ; near 
 villages. Perennial. June. 
 
 Besser includes Nasturtium amphibium with -4. rusticana in his 
 genus Roripa. 
 
 XXI. Camelina, Crantz. Gold of Pleasure. Annuals, with 
 slender, erect, mostly simple stems. Stem-leaves sagittate, clasping, 
 entire, toothed, or cleft. Flowers yellow. Sepals erect, equal. Petals 
 small, with ovate limb and long claw. Fruit obovate, pear-shaped, 
 slightly winged. Valves turgid. Style about half as long as the 
 pouch. Seeds several in each cell, ovate, scarcely compressed, finely 
 punctate. 
 
 C. sativa, Crantz. E. B. 1254, L. C. 80. Stems erect, simple, 
 rigid, more or less downy. Leaves (lower) oblong, narrowed at the 
 base. Stem-leaves lanceolate, upper ones linear, clasping, and 
 arrow-shaped at the base, all toothed and glabrous or slightly 
 downy. Fruit (pouches) large, with a long beak, on long, spreading, 
 or deflexed stalks. Among flax. Not naturalized. Fields. Annual, 
 June. 
 
 This plant is an introduced species. C. dentata may be a synonym 
 of C. sativa, in which the leaves are sometimes entire and sometimes 
 toothed. 
 
 A. 15, C. ? Lat. 50 58. 
 
 Var. a. pubescens. Whole plant hairy, especially the lower part 
 of the stem. 
 
 Var. #. glabrescens. Plant glabrous, or only with a few scattered 
 hairs. Pouches yellowish-green. This form is much taller than 
 pubescens, which has been noticed only at Wandsworth steam-boat 
 pier, associated with many exotics. 
 
 Neslia paniculata, Desv., has been collected during several years 
 in the vicinity of Chelsea and Battersea, and especially near the steam- 
 boat pier, Wandsworth. It may be readily distinguished from the 
 genera and species in this section by its rounded, bony, wrinkled 
 pouches, which are in lax panicled clusters. The stem is quite erect, 
 usually simple, rough and hairy. Leaves oblong-linear or lanceolate- 
 clasping, toothed, more or less rough. Annual. June August. 
 
CRUCIFER^E. VELLA TEESDALIA. 711 
 
 XXII. "Vella, Linn. Cress-rocket. Herbaceous or half-shrubby 
 plants, with small yellow flowers. Calyx erect, sepals equal. Petals 
 small, obovate, with claws as long as the sepals. Fruit cylindrical- 
 ovate, ribbed, hairy, crowned by the much-dilated, concave, ovate, 
 pointed style, twisted to one side or pendulous, few-seeded. 
 
 \r. ainnia. Linn. Annual Cress-rocket E. B. 1442, L. C. 16. 
 Root small, tapering, stems erect, bushy, rough, with deflexed bristles. 
 Leaves two, pinnate, with linear segments. Flowers small, in ter- 
 minal clusters. Pouch ribbed, bristly, crowned by the ovate, curved, 
 rigid style. Stated by Kay to have been found on Salisbury plain. 
 Battersea Fields and Wandsworth steam-boat pier. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 2 (?), C. 2 (?). Lat. 51 52. Alt. ? T. ? 
 
 It was noticed first in 1852, and in every subsequent year till 
 1855, in which it was not visible. In 1853 it occurred, but sparingly, 
 on soil laid on Battersea Fields. The plant has disappeared at Bat- 
 tersea, and the Wandsworth station has undergone changes which 
 will at no distant period diminish the rich harvest of exotics which 
 have been collected here during the last seven years (1858). 
 
 SUB-TRIBE II. Fruit compressed perpendicularly to the parti- 
 tion ; partition narrow, often linear. Valves boat-shaped j keel often 
 winged. 
 
 Genera. Teesdalia t Thlaspi, Hutchinsia, Iberis, Lepidium, Cap- 
 
 sella. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Teesdalia. Leaves mostly radical, lyrate-pinnate, in a rosette. Pouch 
 ovate, two-seeded, crowned by the nearly sessile stigma. 
 
 Thlaspi. Leaves entire or sinuate-dentate ; stem-leaves clasping. Pouch 
 roundish-obovate, deeply notched. Seeds numerous. 
 
 Hutchinsia. Pouch elliptical, with two seeds in each cell. 
 
 Iberis. Leaves entire or toothed at the apex. Petals unequal. Pouch 
 roundish or obovate-rounded, deeply notched, one-seed in each cell, crowned 
 by the style. 
 
 Lepidium. Pouch roundish- ovate or oblong, slightly notched with one- 
 seeded cells. 
 
 Capsella. Pouch triangular-obcordate, compressed with boat-shaped (na- 
 vicular) valves and numerous seeds. 
 
 XXIII. Teesdalia, Br. Teesdalia. Small, annual plants, 
 with numerous lyrate-pinnatifid radical leaves in a rosette. Stalks 
 several, of which the central one is leafless. Flowers clustered. 
 Calyx spreading ; sepals equal at the base. Petals obovate, entire, 
 equal, or unequal, and in this case the two outermost are the largest. 
 Filaments sometimes four, with a scale at the base of each. Silicle 
 roundish, compressed, concave on one side, keeled below and winged 
 above (boat-like valves with dilated keels). Seeds two in each 
 cell. 
 
 T. ii mlicau I is, Br. Stems several, nearly erect, the central 
 one always so, a few inches long, almost leafless. Leaves radical. 
 
712 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 numerous in a rosette, lyrate-pinnatifid, with obtuse entire lobes; 
 outer stems with two-three small entire or toothed leaves, central stem 
 usually naked. Petals unequal, the outermost being largest. Pedi- 
 cels of the fruit spreading. Fruit (siiicle-pouch) apparently concave 
 on one side (surrounded with an incurved rim) in an elongated 
 cluster. On barren sandy heaths and gravelly dry places. On 
 Barnes Common and Putney Heath. Annual. April. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 5. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 The former of these localities has been cut in two by the London 
 and Windsor Railway, and a large portion of it is covered by two 
 Necropolistic establishments. The above plant, however, still grows 
 on it, and also Acorus pseudacorus, Hydrocharis morsus-rance, and 
 Actinocarpus Damasonium. Putney Heath has recently been selected 
 for the reservoir of the Chelsea Water Company. Rumex maritimus 
 used to grow here. 
 
 XXIV. Thlaspi, Linn. Penny-Cress. Mithridate-Mustard. 
 Perennial or annual plants. Stems round, smooth. Leaves undi- 
 vided, rarely pinnatifid. Flowers white, in terminal leafless racemes. 
 Calyx slightly spreading ; sepals equal at the base. Petals obovate, 
 sometimes slightly notched, with short broad claws. Silicle roundish 
 and notched, or obcordate, crowned by the short style, two-celled ; 
 valves strongly keeled, mostly winged. Seeds several in each cell, 
 with accumbent cotyledons. 
 
 1. T. ar^cnse, Linn. Penny-Cress. E. B. 1659, L. C. 60. 
 Stems glabrous, erect, branching above or simple. Root-leaves ovate- 
 oblong, tapering into a petiole, entire or sinuated. Stem-leaves 
 oblong, deeply-cordate, arrow-shaped at the base, with short acute 
 auricles. Fruit large, roundish, flat, with a large membranous border, 
 more or less cleft at the apex, with contiguous lobes sometimes partly 
 covering each other. Seeds about four or five in each cell, strongly- 
 striated, with curved strise. Fields and waste places. Battersea 
 Fields. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 60, Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 The altitude of this plant may safely be stated at 300 yards. It 
 was gathered in Clent, on the Walton Hills, which are about 1000 
 feet high, and cultivation extends to their summit. 
 
 2. T. perfoliatum, Linn. Perfoliate Shepherd's Purse. E. B. 
 2354, L. C. 61. Root fibrous, fibres long, tapering. Stems leafy, 
 erect, branched from the base, branches spreading. Root-leaves 
 stalked, ovate, obtuse. Stem-leaves sessile, clasping, lanceolate or 
 oblong, toothed. Fruit in short terminal clusters, on horizontal pedi- 
 cels, rather longer than the slightly turyid, obcordate, rounded pouches, 
 bordered by a membranous rim. Seeds numerous, ovate, yellowish. 
 Sapperton Tunnel, near Cirencester, Gloucestershire. Annual. April, 
 Mav. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 51 52. Alt. ? T. 48 (?) 
 
 3. T. alpestre, Linn. T. virens, Jord. Alpine Penny-Cress. L. C. 
 62 c. Stems several, from the crown of the root j erect or ascending t 
 
CRUCIFER^E. THLASPI. HUTCHINSIA. IB KRIS, 713 
 
 simple, leafy, \vith a roseate tuft of leaves at or near the base. Lower 
 leaves spathulate or obovate in a rosette, on tapering petioles ; stem- 
 leaves clasping, with sharp-pointed auricles and toothed margins. 
 Flowers large. Petals longer than the sepals. Fruit in elongated 
 clusters ; pedicels as long as the pouches, horizontally spreading. 
 Pouches oblong, tapering at both ends, terminated by the long per- 
 sistent style (the style is about as long as the extent of the diameter 
 of the fruit}. Matlock, Derbyshire. Annual or perennial (?). 
 
 Var. occitanum, Jord. Alpine Shepherd's Purse. E. B. 81, L. C. 
 62 b. Stems erect, simple, several from the same root, smooth, leafy. 
 Root-leaves in dense tufts (rosettes), roundish, spathulate, on long 
 tapering petioles. Stem-leaves clasping, ovate-oblong, toothed. 
 Clusters elongated after flowering. Sepals short, blunt. Petals 
 much longer than the calyx, spathulate, tapering below. Fruit 
 (pouch) triangular-obcordate, deeply-notched, turgid, crowned by 
 the long style. Limestone. Mountain-pastures. Yorkshire. West 
 Hiding . Perennial. July. 
 
 These two forms, virens and occitanum, differ slightly in their 
 foliage. T. virens is of a lively green colour, and has larger flowers 
 than T. occitanum; the pouch is narrowly winged, and the style is 
 exserted (considerably longer than the lobes of the capsule). T. 
 occitanum has longer clusters, smaller flowers, and shorter styles. 
 These characters, if constant, might be sufficient to distinguish the 
 two forms. 
 
 XXV. Hutchinsia, Br. Hutchinsia. Perennial or annual 
 plants. Leaves smooth, pinnatifid or pinnate. Flowers in terminal 
 racemes. Calyx spreading ; sepals equal at the base. Petals 
 obovate, entire. Silicle elliptic-oblong, nearly entire, two-celled ; valves 
 keeled, but not winged ; cells bearing two or more pendulous seeds. 
 
 H. petrsea, Br. Rock Hutchinsia. E. B. 114, L. C. 64. Stems 
 solitary or several, very slender, simple or branching at the base, 
 leafy and clothed with short down. Root-leaves petioled, pinnate, 
 with six-eight pairs of leaflets, with an odd one ; stem-leaves sessile, 
 with fewer leaflets or segments. Flowers in clusters, which are elon- 
 gated in fruit ; pedicels longer than the fruit, spreading. Pouches 
 oblong, blunt, two-celled, with two seeds in each cell. Limestone 
 rocks. Annual. April. Naturalized on Eltham churchyard wall. 
 Malham Tarn, Yorkshire. 
 
 A. 6, C. 10. Lat. 51 55. Alt. 0450 yards. T. 49 44. 
 
 XXVI. Iberis, Linn. Candy-tuft. Herbaceous or in some 
 cases slightly shrubby plants. Leaves sessile, toothed at the apex or 
 entire. Flowers terminal, corymbose, or even umbellate. Calyx 
 slightly spreading ; sepals equal at the base. Petals obovate, spread- 
 ing, with short claws, unequal, the two outermost being the largest. 
 Silicle ovate or roundish, with keeled and winged valves, crowned 
 with the persistent style. Seeds solitary, pendulous, one in each cell. 
 
 I. a mar a, Linn. Bitter Candy-tuft, E. B. 52, L.C. 66. Stems 
 
 A A A 
 
714 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 erect or ascending, rigid, branched. Leaves somewhat fleshy, oblong, 
 blunt, tapering into a linear base, with two-three blunt teeth on each 
 side at the top. Flowers white, in short corymbose clusters. Fruit on 
 spreading pedicels in spicate clusters, roundish, notched with short, 
 triangular, not divergent lobes, which are surpassed by the style. 
 Chalky fields. Annual. June, July. 
 
 Plentiful about Streatly and Goring, near Reading, Berks. On 
 hills above Whitchurch, a lilac-flowered variety is not scarce. 
 
 XXVII. JLepidiiim, Linn. Pepperwort. Hoary or glaucous, 
 herbaceous or shrubby plants, of a hot pungent flavour. Stems 
 tapering, branching. Leaves entire, toothed, or pinnatifid. Flowers 
 small, white. Sepals elliptical equal. Petals obovate. Stamens 
 sometimes fewer than six. Silicle roundish or oblong, either entire or 
 notched, crowned by the stigma, two-celled ; valves keel-shaped. 
 Seeds one in each cell, three-sided or compressed, pendulous. 
 
 SECT. I. Pouch cordate. 
 
 1. I,, jaraba, Linn. Whitlow Pepperwort. E. B. 2683, L. C. 
 68. Stems round, hairy, erect or reclining at the base, flexuous, 
 branching above ; branches corymbose. Leaves oblong or ovate, 
 downy or hairy, sinuate, toothed ; root-leaves attenuated into petioles; 
 stem-leaves sessile, clasping, slightly auricled at the base. Pedicels 
 spreading. Fruit triangular-cordate, entire at the apex, turgid, nearly 
 didymous, terminated by the style, which is rather longer than half 
 the length of the ripe capsule. By the Thames-side, Battersea, above 
 where was the Red House, between the pier and the Prince Albert. 
 Introduced. Steam-boat pier, Wandsworth. Chalk quarries, North- 
 fleet. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 6. Well-established in Kent and Surrey. 
 
 SECT. II. Pouch ovate, notched, valves winged. 
 
 2. fc. campestre, Br. Field Mustard. E. B. 1385, L. C. 70. 
 Stems erect, rarely simple, always branching above, leafy, covered 
 with short spreading hairs. Leaves soft, pubescent ; root-leaves 
 in a rosette, oblong, tapering into a petiole, more or less deeply 
 toothed or cleft ; stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, sagittate-clasping, 
 toothed. Pedicels spreading in fruit. Fruit covered with little 
 scales, ovate-oblong, notched; style scarcely exceeding the contiguous 
 lobes. Fields. Biennial. May. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 5 <r-5H. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46\ 
 
 3. 1L. Smithii, Hook. L. hirtum, Sm. Smith's Pepperwort. 
 E. B. 1803, L. C. 69. Stems round, slender, prostrate, or ascending. 
 Root-leaves tufted, obovate, slightly toothed, on long slender foot- 
 stalks. Stem-leaves clasping; all soft, hairy, and more or less 
 toothed. Pedicels rather longer than the fruit, very hairy. Pouches 
 nearly erect, convex outwardly and concave inwardly, lobes more or 
 less unequal. Style about thrice as long as the notch/ Under hedges, 
 
. LKP1DIUM. CAPSELLA. 715 
 
 near Itchen Ferry, Southampton. North Wales. Perennial. July, 
 August. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt, 0350 yards. T. 52 3 43\ 
 
 SECT. III. Pouch orbicular, notched or entire, not winged. 
 
 4. !< latifoliiim, Linn. Broad-leaved Pepperwort. E.B. 182, 
 L. C. 67. Stems erect, stout, branching above, mostly glabrous, more 
 or less glaucous. Leaves glabrous and glaucous, the lower large, 
 ovate-oblong, laxly toothed, on long petioles; the upper leaves elliptical- 
 lanceolate, tapering both ways, mostly with short distant teeth. 
 Flowers in dense clusters ; clusters panicled. Petals larger than the 
 calyx. Fruit downy, roundish^ scarcely notched at the summit. 
 Valves not winged. Style short. Shady moist places near the sea (?). 
 Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 6, C. 10. Lat. 60' 55. Alt. ? T. ? 
 
 L. graminifolium, Linn. L. Iberis, Poll. Rchb. Ic. Fl. Ger., 
 vol. ii., 10. Steins slender, erect, with numerous branches. Leaves 
 (of the stem) linear-lanceolate, quite entire, pointed. Flowers small, 
 white. Wandsworth steam-boat pier. Perennial. July. 
 
 5. *j. ruderale, Linn. Stinking Cress. Narrow-leaved Pep- 
 perwort. E. B. 1595, L.C. 71. Stems erect or spreading, with 
 spreading branches, almost woody at the base. Boot-leaves in a 
 rosette, petioled, pinnate, with linear leaflets; upper leaves sessile, 
 simple, linear, tapering below. Petals very small or none. Pedicels 
 of the fruit spreading. Pouch ovate, roundish, notched, lobes short, 
 not spreading ; valves narrowly winged above. Rubbish, about the 
 banks of tidal rivers, near towns, by the foot of walls. Annual. 
 June, July, 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 50 53. Alt. ? T. 52 49. 
 
 L. sativum, Linn., Common Cress, is partially naturalized on 
 waste places, where the refuse of gardens has been thrown. The 
 flowers vary between white, pink, and lilac. 
 
 XXVIII. Capsella, D. C. Shepherd's-purse. Annual plants. 
 Stem tapering and branching. Radical leaves in rosettes, entire, at 
 the narrow base toothed or incised, or variously lobed above ; stem- 
 leaves sagittate at the base. Flowers in terminal racemes on longish 
 pedicels, small and white. Calyx equal at the base. Petals entire. 
 Pouch obversely triangular ; valves keeled. Seeds numerous. 
 
 C. Eiursa-pastiM is. Linn. Shepherd's-purse. E. B. 1485, 
 L. C. 63. Root tapering, fleshy, slightly fibrous. Stems solitary or 
 numerous, upright, simple or branched, more or less pubescent. 
 Leaves more or less hairy on both sides ; the radical leaves disposed 
 in a rosette, very variable, lyrate or pinnatifid, with triangular or 
 linear lobes ; upper leaves entire or toothed, clasping the stem, and 
 slightly auricled. Fruit in long clusters on spreading pedicels. 
 Everywhere in the vicinity of human abodes, waysides, and other 
 places. Annual. It is in flower during nearly the whole year. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 350*yards. T. 52 43. 
 
716 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Sub-var. integrifolia. All the leaves entire. A variety, with 
 doubly pinnatifid leaves and acute segments, also with dense, abortive 
 clusters, and very large, spreading, fertile pouches, was observed on 
 the Walton Hills, above the church of Clent, near Stourbridge. 
 
 TRIBE II. Fruit not opening, rarely with valvular dehiscence. 
 Genera. Subularia, Senebiera, Isatis, Cakile, Crambe. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Subularia. Aquatics, with subulate leaves, and small \\hite flowers. 
 
 Senebiera. Leaves deeply pinnatifid. Flowers small, in short clusters, 
 opposite to the leaves. Pouch reniform at the base, not notched, with two 
 one-seeded cells. 
 
 Isatis. Leaves entire, stem-leaves clasping. Pouch oblong or obovate- 
 oblong, one-celled by abortion. 
 
 Cakile. Pouch angular, containing two one-seeded cells. 
 
 Crambe. Pouch jointed; upper joint globose, one-celled, one-seeded; 
 lower joint barren. 
 
 XXIX. Sufoiilaria, Linn. Awlwort. Aquatic and stemless 
 small plants. Calyx erect, equal at the base. Petals obovate, spread- 
 ing, with short claws. Silicle, elliptic-oblong, entire, crowned with 
 the stigma, two-celled ; valves turgid, boat-shaped, not keeled. Seeds 
 in two rows, four or more in each cell. 
 
 8. aq iiatica, Linn. Water Awlwort. E. B. 732, L. C. 74. Root 
 with numerous, long, white fibres, and crowned with the small leaves 
 and flower-stalks. Leaves subulate, spreading, an inch or two inches 
 long. Flowers few, white, on a radical common peduncle, in a 
 simple cluster. Pouches erect, elliptical or obovate. On the sandy 
 or gravelly bottoms of alpine lakes, under water. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 10. Lat. 53 59. Alt. (?) 700 yards. T. 47 39. 
 
 XXX. Senebiera, Poir. Wart Cress. Often diffuse or pros- 
 trate, mostly smooth, plants. Flowers in small axillary clusters. 
 Calyx spreading. Sepals equal. Petals ovate or obovate, sometimes 
 absent. Silicle roundish, two-lobed, two-celled, indehiscent; valves 
 rugged or crested, each bearing a single seed. Seeds pendulous, ob- 
 long, angular. Radicle dorsal, near the dorsal nerve of the valve. 
 
 1. S. Coronopus, Poir. Swines' Cress. E. B. 1660, L. C. 58. 
 Stems numerous, prostrate, diffuse, branching, glabrous. Leaves 
 somewhat fleshy, deeply pinnatifid ; lobes of the lower leaves pinna- 
 tifid, of the upper ones linear, entire, or incised. Flowers in round, 
 axillary clusters, on short pedicels. Fruit (silicle) compressed, broad, 
 reniform at the base, reticulated, wrinkled, with tubercles on the 
 margin. Sepals often permanent. Roadsides ; by walls, &c. An- 
 nual. June. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. 8. clidynia, Pers. S. pinnatifida, D.C. Lesser Wart Cress. 
 E. B. 248, L. C. 57. Stems spreading, or nearly erect, not glabrous. 
 
C1U7CIFERJE. SENEBIERA. ISA.TIS. CAKILE. 717 
 
 Leaves pinnate ; leaflets pinnatifid only on the upper side, the lower 
 one entire; lobes obovateor oblong, pointed. Fruit on long pedicels, 
 didymouS) notched at the summit, tubercled or wrinkled. Naturalized 
 in several places in the South of England ; Channel Islands. Annual. 
 June. 
 
 A. 4, C. 10. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0100 yards T. 50 .(?). 
 
 This has been collected in the following inland localities since 
 1835 : Highgate, Middlesex, near the Archway ; Brixton, Surrey, 
 not far from the church ; Battersea Fields, Kew Churchyard, Parson's- 
 green, near Little Chelsea. 
 
 XXXI. Isatis 9 Linn. Woad. Tall, erect, branching, glaucous 
 plants, either annual or biennial. Leaves mostly entire, lower petiolate, 
 upper ones sessile and stem-clasping. Flowers clustered. Inflorescence 
 corymbose, terminal. Calyx spreading, equal at the base, coloured. 
 Petals obovate, tapering into short claws. Silicle roundish, com- 
 pressed, one-celled by abortion, two-valved. Cells one-seeded. Valves 
 flat and keeled. 
 
 I. tiiic.toria. Linn. Dyers' Woad. E. B. 97, L. C. 59. Stems 
 erect, rigid, glabrous or downy, branching at the top. Root-leaves 
 oblong, attenuated into a long petiole. Stem-leaves lanceolate, sag- 
 gitate. Flowers small, yellow, in dense clusters. Fruit pendulous, 
 oblong, blunt or slightly notched, tapering at the base, on long, slender 
 pedicels. Chalk quarries, near Guildford, Surrey ; in a chalky field, 
 in which there is a chalk-quarry, on the cliffs of which, and on the 
 debris of the quarry itself, the plant has grown very plentifully for 
 many years (since the beginning of the present century). Fields, 
 Norfolk. Biennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 9, C. ? 
 
 XXXII. Caitile, Gaert. Sea Rocket. Annual, maritime 
 plants. Stem and leaves fleshy. Flowers racemose. Calyx nearly 
 erect, two sepals protuberant at the base. Petals obovate, spreading, 
 with long claws. Anthers cloven at the base. Silicle angular, with 
 two joints, compressed ; each joint of one cell, indehiscent; the upper 
 deciduous and fertile, bearing one erect seed; the lower persistent, 
 seedless, or with one pendulous seed. 
 
 C. maritima, Scop. Purple Sea Rocket. E. B. 231, L. C. 55. 
 Stem erect, much divided ; branches flexuous or zigzag. Leaves pin- 
 natifid, fleshy, with linear, entire or lobed, obtuse, mucronate seg- 
 ments. Flowers lilac, large, handsome, in simple racemes, which are 
 elongated in fruit. Fruit lomentaceous ; the lower joint bordered all 
 round with a prominent ridge ; upper joint elliptical or oblong, com- 
 pressed, pointed ; the ridges of both joints are connected by smaller 
 branching ridges. Sandy sea-shores. South of England (?). Annual. 
 July September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 25. Lat. 50^56. Alt. ? T. 52 48. 
 
 Rapistrum rugosum, All. The aspect of this plant much resembles 
 Sisymbrium polyceratium, especially in the disposition of the pods, 
 
718 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 which are appressed to the stem. The stem is erect, angular; the 
 lower leaves lyrate, very large, on long- stalks ; the upper smaller, 
 oblong, and sessile. The fruit consists of two joints, the lower one 
 cylindrical and barren, the upper globular and one-seeded; pod not 
 opening. One of the very commonest of the exotic Crucifers, in 
 the AVandsworth steam-boat pier station. Annual. July September. 
 Sandy fields, South of France. 
 
 XXXIII. Cramfoe, Linn. Sea Kale. Herbaceous or slightly 
 shrubby plants. Leaves fleshy, toothed, pinnatifid or lyrate, either 
 smooth or hairy. Flowers white, in clusters. Calyx spreading; 
 sepals nearly equal at the base. Petals spreading, claw of equal 
 length with the rounded limb. Silicle coriaceous, with two one-celled 
 joints, not dehiscent, the lower abortive, the upper deciduous, with 
 one pendulous seed, on a long curved funicle, springing from the 
 bottom of the cell. 
 
 C, maritima, Linn. Sea Kale. E. B. 924, L. C. 56. Root 
 large and fleshy. Stems several, stout, two feet high, branched, 
 spreading, leafy ; whole herbage very glaucous. Leaves stalked, 
 ovate, rhomboid, lobed and toothed. Clusters terminal, more or less 
 dense. Flowers large, white. Fertile part of the pod round, with a 
 short, thick beak. Sea-shores. Perennial. May June. 
 
 A. 12, C. 25. Lat. 50 56. Alt. ? T. 52 48. 
 
 TRIBE III. Pods jointed, not opening. 
 
 XXXIV. It aph anus, Linn. Radish. Stems upright, branched, 
 annual or biennial, with their lower leaves lyrate. Calyx erect, two 
 of the sepals protuberant. Petals obovate or obcordate, with linear, 
 erect claws. Stamens with four intermediate glands. Pod tapering 
 upwards, spongy within, incompletely two-celled, with a long beak, 
 indehiscent, or dividing across into two one-seeded cells. Seeds pen- 
 dulous. 
 
 JR. sativus. Linn. Common Radish. Root fleshy. Stem erect, 
 branching, more or less hairy. Flowers white, cream-coioured or violet, 
 with deep violet veins. Pod oblong-lanceolate, without transverse par- 
 titions, tapering gradually into a beak. Scarcely naturalized, though 
 not unfrequent in corn-fields near towns and villages. Annual. June. 
 
 1. H. Itaiihanistriim, Linn. Wild Radish. E. B, 856, L.C. 
 123. Root tapering, vertical, slender. Stem erect, branching, one- 
 two feet high, rigidly hairy. Leaves lyrate, rough, with a large 
 toothed terminal lobe. Flowers large, yellow or white, with bluish- 
 violet veins. Pod linear-oblong, moniliform (necklace-like), when 
 ripe separated by transverse partitions forming one-seeded cells, a; - 
 ruptly contracted into a long subulate beak. Fields. Annual. May 
 August. A very variable plant. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 5061 . Alt. 0350 yards. T. 51 43. 
 
 This plant has been seen in one of our midland counties at an 
 elevation of 300 yards. 
 
CRUCIFER^E. RArilANUS. FUMARIACE^E. 
 
 719 
 
 2. R. mariiimus, Sin. Sea Itadish. E. B. 1643, L. C. 124. 
 Root large and succulent. Stem three-four feet high, rough chiefly 
 at the bacse. Hoot and lower stem-leaves more serrated than in R. 
 Raphanistrum ; upper simple and serrated. Flowers yellow, and 
 less veiny than in the above species. Pods more strongly and broadly 
 furrowed, not rough. Smith, in " Erig. Fl.," vol. iii., p. 227. 
 
 A. 7, C. 10. Lat. 50 56. Alt. ? T. 52 48\ 
 
 R. Landra, Moretti. The upper leaves of what we suppose may 
 be this species are coarsely serrated, with very unequal sharp teeth. 
 The flowers are much smaller than in the preceding species (forms ?). 
 The style is three times as long as in R. sativa, becoming a long 
 tapering beak, usually longer than the pod, which consists of three- 
 four joints. Is this plant, which grows about Wandsworth and Bat- 
 tersea, a variety of R maritimus f 
 
 Enarthrocarpus lyratus, 1). C., has abounded in this locality for 
 some years. In Grenier and Godron's " Flore de France," this plant 
 is enumerated among the excluded species with the following remark : 
 " Introduites accidentellementdans cette localite; Juvenal, pres de 
 Montpellier, ou elles ont depuis longtemps disparu." It cannot be 
 permanent in the Surrey locality, for the space is gradually becoming 
 covered with buildings. 
 
 ORDER XCVI1L FUJHARIACE JB f D. C. 
 
 FAMILY^ 
 
 Annual or perennial her- 
 baceous plants, with brittle 
 stems. Leaves mostly alter- 
 nate, many-parted or cleft, 
 often with tendrils. Flowers 
 in terminal or lateral clusters. 
 Sepals two, deciduous. Petals 
 four, cruciate, parallel ; the 
 two outer, or one of them, sac- 
 cate or gibbous at the base, 
 the two inner cohering at the 
 apex, where they enclose the 
 anthers and stigma. Stamens 
 six, in two parcels. Anthers 
 extrorse. Ovary superior, one- 
 celled. Style filiform. Fruit 
 dry, one-celled, one-seeded, 
 not opening, or many-seed- 
 ed, opening by two valves. 
 Seeds reniform. Albumen fleshy, thick. 
 
 THE FUMITORY 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Corydalis. Fruit a compressed, two-valved, many-seeded pod. 
 Fumaria. Fruit one-seeded, not opening. 
 
 Fig. 195. Fumaria officinalis. A branch, with J 
 leaves and cluster of flowers. 
 
 Radicle near the hilum* 
 
720 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BK1TISH BOTANY. 
 
 I. Corydalis, D. C. Perennial Fumitory. Perennial plants, 
 
 with solitary or several stems. Leaves divided. Flowers clustered, 
 
 1 
 
 Fig. 195. Fumaria officinalia. 1, Flower ; c, calyx. 2, The stamens, in two parcels 
 (bundles) ; 3, a detached parcel, showing the united filaments ; 4 and 5, two views of 
 the united anthers; 6, the ovary, with its style and stigma ; 7, section, showing the 
 fruit; 8, fruit ; 9, section of same, showing the albumen and radicle. 
 
 yellow or pink, rarely white. Petals more or less coherent at the 
 apex, gibbous, spurred at the base. Fruit an elongated, pod-like, 
 compressed, opening seed-vessel. Seed with an aril. 
 
 1. C. lutea, B.C. Yellow Fumitory. E. B. 588, L. C. 49. 
 Roots scaly, succulent, tufted. Stems numerous. Leaves bipinn ate; 
 leaflets stalked, ovate-oblong, incised, cuneate at the base. Bracts 
 linear-lanceolate, shorter than the pedicels. Flowers yellow, with a 
 short curved spur. Seeds finely granulated, with spreading arils. 
 On old walls. Perennial. June. /{? JJ[ ;u a\&(c( jW<u Yr(lb*^ 
 
 Alien. /<U/vtC 
 
 2. C. solida, Sm. Tuberous-rooted Fumitory. E. P. 1471, L. C. 
 49*. Stem solitary, erect, simple, with a rudimentary leaf (scale). 
 Leaves radical^bi-tripinnate. Bracts cuneate, incised. Flowers purple. 
 Naturalized and plentiful in a wood at Totteridge, Herts. Common 
 in gardens. Perennial. April. See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., 
 p. 391. 
 
 3. C. claTiculata, D. C. White-flowered Fumitory. E.B.103. 
 Roots fibrous. Stems angular, weak, trailing, climbing, branching. 
 Leaves bipinnate below, often ternate above, ending in a branching 
 tendril; leaflets elliptical, pointed, pale yellowish-green. Bracts 
 lanceolate, longer than the pedicels. Flowers in short clusters, white, 
 
COKYDALIS. FUMARIA. 
 
 721 
 
 blunt spur. Fruit cylindrical, tur- 
 y, bushy places. Annual. June 
 
 Alt. 0400 yards, 
 abundant and ornamental on cottage 
 an places, where it sometimes covers 
 (See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., 
 
 ,rt. Fumitory. Annuals. Stems 
 ise, climbing. Leaves bi-tripinnate. 
 .rple or green at the tips. Sepals 
 r, the lower channelled and spurred, 
 x, the two lateral ones winged and 
 : one with a long claw, dilated only 
 Fruit roundish, one-seeded, not 
 
 nmon Fumitory. E. B. 589, L. C. 
 ed, spreading. Leaves bipinnate, 
 )blong, linear, blunt, or pointed. 
 ers; bracts small, herbaceous, with 
 > shorter than the ovary, nearly 
 incisions and sharp teeth. Fruit 
 ightty depressed at the summit, with 
 3. Annual. May, June, &c. 
 Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 3 45. 
 
 listed ; flowers white or pale rose- 
 
 * he common form, 
 imping Fumitory. E. B. 943, L.C. 
 
 a.LLl -orii-h nrnminfint. anffles. 
 KJ; 
 ,cts 
 ver 
 md 
 :ter 
 out 
 
 not 
 
 590, 
 htly 
 ding 
 very 
 hole 
 
 5876, 
 
722 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 L. C. 52. Stems angular, branching, bipinriate, with linear, flat 
 segments. Flowers purple or rosy, ifr more or less dense clusters. 
 Sepals roundish, toothed, nearly one-third of the length of the corolla. 
 Bracts lonycr than the flower -stalks, but not longer than the fruit- 
 stalks. Fruit roundish, slightly depressed, sometimes shortly apicu- 
 late. Corn-fields. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 10, C. 50. Lat. 52 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 D 47. 
 
 5. f. Vaillantii, Lois. Vaillant's Fumitory. E. B. 2877, L. C, 
 54. Stems spreading, branched, angular, and furrowed. Leaflets 
 (segments of leaves) linear, narrow, now and then notched. Bracts 
 nearly as long as the pedicels, with scarious edges and sharp tips. 
 Sepals one-sixth part of the length of the corolla. Corolla white, 
 with purple tip. Fruit round, surmounted with a point when young. 
 This point disappears when the fruit is ripe. Saffron-Walden, Essex. 
 Annual. June, July. 
 
 Area, &c., as in F. parviflora, from which it is scarcely distin- 
 guishable. 
 
 F. agraria, Lag., F. major, Reich. 4455, is reported from Amble- 
 side, Westmoreland, in " Bot. Gaz.," vol. ii., p. 54. The following 
 character is drawn up from a specimen grown at Wandsworth steam- 
 boat pier, and compared with Grenier and Godron's description, " Flore 
 de France," vol. i., p. 67: Leaves bipinnate, with lanceolate seg- 
 ments. Flowers in lax clusters, with lanceolate bracts, which equal 
 or exceed the pedicels of the flowers (shorter than the pedicels of the 
 fruit). Sepals' ovate-lanceolate, toothed, narrower than the corolla, 
 and only one-third of its length. Fruit globular, rough, rounded at 
 the summit, and pointed at the base of the style. Seeds depressed 
 at the summit, nearly round. South of France. Annual. June 
 August. 
 
 The following distinctive characters of these species are drawn up 
 chiefly from the sepals and the fruit : 
 
 F. officinalis. Sepals less than half as long, and nearly as broad 
 as the corolla. The fruit is almost obcordate, depressed at the apex, 
 and slightly apiculate. 
 
 F. micrantha. Sepals broadly ovate, much broader than the tube 
 of the corolla, and half as long. The fruit is globular, very slightly 
 depressed, and faintly apiculate at the summit. 
 
 F. capreolata. Sepals about as broad as the corolla, and about 
 half as long. The fruit is globular, not apiculate. 
 
 F. Vaillantii. Sepals very small, scarcely one-sixth part as long 
 as the corolla, and much narrower. Fruit globular, rounded, and not 
 apiculate at the summit. 
 
 F. parviflora. Sepals broader than in F. Vaillantii, and about as 
 long as they are in that species. The fruit is globular and apiculate 
 at the summit. 
 
 F. agraria. Sepals narrower than the corolla, and about one- 
 third as long. The fruit is globular, rounded at the apex, and 
 apiculate. 
 
PAPAVERACE.E. PAPAVER. 
 
 723 
 
 ORDER XCIX. PAPAVERACE^E, Juss. THE POPPY 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous annual or perennial plants, with milky or coloured 
 juice, and alternate, divided leaves. Sepals two, deciduous. Petals 
 either four, or some multiple of four, 
 cruciate. Stamens generally very nume- 
 rous. Ovary solitary, style short or 
 absent. Stigmas alternate with the pla- 
 centas, either two or many, and radiated 
 upon the apex of the ovary. Fruit one- 
 celled, pod-shaped, or capsular, with two 
 or with several parietal placentas. Seeds 
 numerous. 
 
 ^ / 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Papaver. Juice milky white; stigmas 
 four- twenty, radiate ; partitions of the fruit 
 incomplete. 
 
 Meconopsis. Juice milky, yellow ; stigmas 
 four-six radiate ; partitions wanting. 
 
 Rwmeria. Stigmas capitate ; fruit one- 
 celled, linear (like a pod). 
 
 Glaucium. Stigmas capitate ; fruit two- 
 celled, with a spongy partition. 
 
 Ghelidonium. Stigmas two, oblique ; fruit 196 ._ Papaver Rhoeag . lf Un _ 
 one-celled, two-valved. expanded bud, showing the sepals 
 
 ' only; 3, stamens with anthers; 
 4 and 6, ovaries, showing the 
 lobed stigmas. 
 
 I. Papaver, Tournf. Poppy, An- 
 nual or perennial plants, with milky nar- 
 cotic juice. Stems round. Leaves incised, pinnatifid, or pinnate. 
 Flowers lateral or terminal, on long peduncles, large, fugacious. 
 Calyx with two sepals, deciduous. Petals four, crumpled in pre- 
 floration, spreading. Stamens indefinite, with erect anthers. Ovary 
 globular or oblong, with a radiated persistent stigma. Fruit coria- 
 ceous, one-celled, or with as many spurious cells as the stigma has 
 rays,' with numerous seeds. 
 
 1. P. soBimiferum, Linn. Garden Poppy. E. B. 2145, L. C. 
 43. Stems erect, robust, simple or branching, very glaucous and 
 glabrous. Leaves sinuate, toothed or crenate, usually wavy ; the 
 stem-leaves oblong or obovate, cordate, clasping, all glabrous and 
 glaucous. Sepals glabrous. Petals large, purple, violet, parti-coloured, 
 white. Filaments enlarged above. Stigmas eight-fifteen. Fruit 
 (capsule) roundish, glabrous. Fields and rubbish. Not uncommon 
 in several parts of North Kent. In the Eastern Fens. Annual. 
 June September. 
 
 Alien. A. 11. 
 
 It is only subspontaneous on the Continent, where it is extensively 
 cultivated for its juice (opium), and for its oleaginous seeds. It has 
 
724 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 been numbered among British plants during centuries, but it is not 
 yet naturalized. 
 
 2. P. Mhceas, Linn. Field Poppy. E. B. 645, L. C. 42. 
 Stems erect, branching, with long, spreading hairs. Leaves hair}', 
 pinnatifid, with oblong, toothed- 
 
 incised lobes ; teeth terminated 
 by a hair. Peduncles tind sepals 
 furnished with long spreading 
 hairs. Petals large, roundish, 
 deep red. Stigmas eight-twelve. 
 Capsule obovate-roundish ; disk 
 covered with callow, somewhat 
 imbricated lobes. Fields. An- 
 nual. June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 75. Lat, 50 58. 
 Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 3. I. liybriduiiij Linn. 
 Rough Round-headed Poppy. 
 
 Fig. 196.-Papaver Rhceas. 2, Flower ex- E - B ' 45 > L ' 9' 39 ' StemS St Ut ' 
 
 panded, showing the petals, the stamens, erect, branching, round, tapering 
 and^ ovary; 5, transverse section of the hairy. Leaves pinnatifid ; seg- 
 ments linear-pinnatifid or lobed 
 
 or toothed. Sepals clothed with rigid spreading hairs. Petals obovate- 
 oblong, purplish. Stigmas four-eight. Fruit (capsule) roundish, ridged 
 and furrowed with bristly spreading -ascending hairs, usually with eight 
 ridges. Chalky corn-fields. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 9, C. 25. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 4. P. Argemone^ Linn. Long-headed Rough Poppy. E. B. 
 
 643, L. C. 40. Stems erect or ascending, branching above. Leaves 
 hairy, bipinnatifid, with lanceolate or linear lobes. Sepals hairy. 
 Petals oblong-obovate, red. Stigmas four-six (four-six-rayed). Cap- 
 sule oblong -clavate, more or less hairy. Fields. Annual. May 
 August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 Sub-var. glabratum. Capsule nearly smooth. 
 
 5. P. clubiiinij Linn. Long Smooth-headed Poppy. E. B. 
 
 644, L. C. 41. Stems nearly solitary, erect, slender, hairy, furrowed. 
 Leaves glaucous, with long hairs, pinnate, lobes oblong-lanceolate, 
 entire or toothed, terminated by a bristle. Sepals hairy. Petals 
 large, roundish, deep red. Stigmas five-ten. Fruit oblong, club- 
 shaped, glabrous. Disk of the stigmas lobed, not overlapping each 
 other. Corn-fields. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 45. 
 
 P. nudicaule, Linn. Hook, Br. Fl. 255. Naked-stalked Yel- 
 low Poppy. E. B. 2681, L. C. Excluded Species, p. 16. Stalk erect, 
 stout, hairy, single-flowered. Leaves pinnatifid, with lanceolate acute, 
 usually entire segments, all radical and clothed with tawny hairs. 
 Petals yellow. Fruit hispid, obovate, four-six-ribbed. Achill head, 
 north-west of Ireland. Professor Giesecke. 
 
PAPAVERACE.E. MECONOPSIS. RCEMERIA. GLAUCIUM. 725 
 
 II. Meconopsis, Vig. Petals and stamens as in the kindred 
 genera. Stigmas five-six, free, radiating, on a short style. Capsule 
 obovate, opening by pores beneath the apex. 
 
 JHL. cambrica, Vig. Welsh Poppy. E. B. 201, L. C. 44. Stems 
 erect, branching, round, more or less hairy, leafy. Leaves pinnate, 
 with trifid, terminal leaflets, glaucous beneath. Flowers yellow, on 
 long, hairy, tapering peduncles. Calyx hairy. Capsule smooth. 
 About Settle, Yorkshire. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 5, C. 10. Lat. 50^55 (58). Alt. 0700 yards. T. 48 44. 
 
 Note. This plar , is apparently as wild in Perthshire and Kin- 
 cardineshire as in Yorkshire. Its home in the British Isles is on the 
 cliffy rocks of the Cambrian Alps. About Llanberris it is very coni- 
 mo^< It still exists on the Cheddar Cliffs, Somersetshire. (See " Phy- 
 tologist," N. S., vol. ii., p. 241.) 
 
 III. Roemeria, D. C. Annual plants. Sepals two, caducous. 
 Petals four, crumpled before flowering. Style short. Stigmas 
 capitate. Capsule elongated, one-celled, without a partition, silicular 
 (a little or short pod), three-four-valved, opening from the summit to 
 the base. 
 
 . hybritla, D. C. Glaucimn violaceum, Sm. and L. C. 47, 
 E.B. 201. Stem erect, hairy, more or less branched. Leaves deeply 
 cut, bi-tripinnatifid, with tapering lobes, terminating in a bristle. 
 Peduncles shorter than the capsules, enlarged at their tops. Flowers 
 large, of a beautiful violet. Sepals hairy, concave. Capsule linear, 
 cylindrical, longitudinally striated, with spreading hristles. Seeds 
 cinereous, reniform. Fields in Norfolk and Cambridgeshire. Annual. 
 June. Wandsworth steam-boat pier. Very rare in the latter 
 locality. 
 
 IV. Cclaiicium, Tournf. Herbage hoary, glaucous. Leaves 
 pinnate or pinnatifid. Flowers large, nearly solitary, terminal. 
 Sepals herbaceous, caducous. Petals four. Stigma capitate, two- 
 lobed. Capsule elongate, linear (like a pod), two-celled, with a spongy 
 dissepiment, opening by valvular dehiscence from the summit to the 
 base. Seeds without an aril. 
 
 1. Cr. I u U- ii m. Scop. Yellow Horned Poppy. E. B. 8, L. C. 46. 
 Stems reclining or ascending, robust, branching. Hoot-leaves 
 lyrate-pinnatifid, with sinuate or toothed lobes, petiolate ; stem- 
 leaves embracing the stem, all very glaucous and more or less rough 
 or tubercular. Capsules linear, cylindrical, often arcuate (shaped 
 like a bow). Sea-shores. Biennial. July September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 30. Lat. 50 57. Alt. ? T. 52 48 3 . 
 
 2. Gr. phceiiiceuhij Gsert. G. corniculatum, Curt. Scarlet 
 Horned Poppy. E. B. 1433, L. C. Excluded Species. Slenderer, 
 and not so glaucous as the preceding. Stem hairy. Leaves deeply 
 pinnatifid, with narrower lobes than in G. luteum. Flowers smaller, 
 on shorter peduncles. Petals red or orange, ivith a purple spot at the 
 base. Capsule rough. At Wandsworth steam-boat pier. In this 
 
726 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 locality it has been noticed from 1852 to 1855. Annual. June 
 September. 
 
 V. Clnelidoiiiiim, Tournf. Perennial herbs, with a copious 
 yellow milky juice, pinnatifid leaves and yellow flowers. Sepals 
 two, slightly coloured. Stigma two-lobed. Capsule linear (like a 
 pod), one-celled, with a defective partition, opening by two valves 
 from the base to the summit. Seeds aril late. 
 
 C. majus, Linn. Common Celandine. E. B. 1581, L. C. 45. 
 Root thick, oblique or vertical. Stems erect, branching, with more 
 or less spreading hairs. Leaves lobed ; lobes three-seven, ovate, 
 incised or crenate, glabrous, glaucous above. Sepals coloured. Cap- 
 sule linear, slightly torulose (beaded). Seeds ovate, shining, with a 
 white aril. Usually near houses ; seldom far from human dwellings. 
 Perennial. April September. 
 
 A Var. . laciniatum, Rchb. Fl. Ger. 4467. Segments of the 
 leaves pinnatind, with straight linear lobes. Petals incised-crenu- 
 late. About Wimbledon, under hedges and on.old walls. 
 
 Hypecoum procumbens, Linn. Rchb. Fl. Ger. iii. 9. Root-leaves 
 bi-tripinnate, with linear segments. Outer sepals three-lobed, with 
 a herbaceous tipped mid-lobe, inner parted, smaller. Pod torulose. 
 Petals six, the lateral ones quite separated and united with the fila- 
 mentous web of the anthers. Wands worth steam-boat pier. Annual. 
 July. 
 
 THE WATER LILY 
 
 ORDER C. UTinHPH JEACE^B, D. C. 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Aquatics, with cordate or peltate, fleshy, floating leaves. Sepals 
 
 and petals numerous, imbricated, 
 passing gradually into each other, 
 the former persistent. Stamens 
 indefinite, with petaloid filaments 
 and adnate anthers. Ovary many- 
 celled, polyspermous, with radiat- 
 ing stigmas. Fruit many-celled, 
 indehiscent. Seeds very numerous, 
 attached to spongy dissepiments. 
 The British species have large 
 floating leaves, on long petioles. 
 Their flowers are on peduncles, 
 which vary with the depth of the 
 water wherein they are found. 
 Their capsules are lanje, and 
 crowned by the dilated or radiat- 
 
 ing Stigmas. Victoria reqia, one 
 ? f the grandest aquatics, has 
 leaves above four reet in diameter, 
 with large and odoriferous flowers. This magnificent plant grows in 
 
NYMPHJEACE^E. NYMPH^EA. NUPHAR. 727 
 
 the great rivers of South America. The white Water Lily, which 
 adorns our standing waters, is one of the very noblest of British plants. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Nymphcea. Flowers white. 
 Nuphar. Flowers yellow. 
 
 I. Nympluea, Linn. White Water Lily. Aquatics without a 
 stem. Leaves large, cordate, floating, on long foot-stalks. Flowers 
 solitary, on long simple stalks. Sepals four, coriaceous, perrranent, 
 coloured on the inside. Petals numerous, in several rows on the base 
 of the ovary. Stamens indefinite, inserted with the petals, the outer 
 ones gradually dilated. Anthers linear, attached by their whole 
 length to the filament (adnate). Ovary globose, with an orbicular, 
 sessile, radiated, permanent, stigma. Fruit baccate, with as many 
 cells as there are rays in the stigma, with numerous seeds. 
 
 JS alba, Linn. E. B. 160, L. C. 36. Leaves cordate, ovate- 
 rounded, with contiguous almost parallel lobes. Flowers white or 
 pale rose. Rivers/ &^ Perennial. July. l*JwJ** 
 
 A. 18, C. 70. Xat. 50 61. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 For distinctive character of the leaves of the white and yellow 
 Water Lilies, see " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., p. 477.* 
 
 II. \ iiplnir, Sm. Sepals obovate-roundish, coloured, persistent. 
 Petals ten-twenty, obovate, shorter than the sepals, thick, fleshy, in 
 two rows, with longitudinal prominences, corresponding to the 
 anther-lobes. Fruit ovate, smooth, crowned by the radiate stigmas. 
 
 1. JI. luteum, Sm. Yellow Water Lily. E. B. 159, L. C. 37. 
 Leaves ovate, coriaceous, deeply cordate, with slightly divergent lobes 
 on a slightly triangular petiole. Petals shining, gradually 'attenuated 
 at the base. Stigmas umbilicate, entire or slightly undulate. Fruit 
 tapering into a slender neck. (The name Brandy-bottle is descriptive 
 of the shape of the fruit.) In deep waters. Perennial. June 
 September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. W. pi i mil ii in, Sm. Least Yellow Water Lily. E. B. 2292, 
 L. C. 38. Leaves with parallel or slightly divergent lobes. Petals 
 roundish, abruptly tapering into a claw. Disc of the stigmas strongly 
 umbilicate. Lakes. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 56^58. Alt. ? T. 45 44. 
 
 The plant is much smaller than N. luteum, with flowers about as 
 large as those of Caltha paiustris. In several Scottish lakes. Lake 
 at the foot of Ben Cruachan, Mr. Borrer ; in a mere near Ellesmere, 
 Shropshire, Rev. T. A. Cox. '(See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., 
 p. 127.) Loch Kinnord, Cromar, Aberdeenshire. Wm. Sutherland.. 
 An interesting addition to our Flora. <A d *j With. tsvj.4U J^^Uw 
 
 * In the white Water Lily the leaf is rounded- ovate, usually purplish beneath, the lobes 
 
 at the base ;ire almost parallel, and the lea!-stalk is cylindrical. The leaves of (he jel- 
 r Lily are ovate pointed, not rounded at the apex, as is the case in those of "the 
 
 low Water I 
 
 white Lily; the basal lobes are slightly divergent, and the leaf-stalk is angular, especially 
 in the upper part. 
 
728 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ORDER CL RESEDACE^E, B.C. THE MIGNIONETTE 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, rarely shrubby, plants, with alternate leaves, and 
 minute, gland-like stipules. Flowers in terminal spike-like clusters. 
 Calyx many-parted. Petals four-six, entire or lacerated, unequal. 
 Stamens definite, ten-twenty. Ovary three-lobed, one-celled, many- 
 seeded, with three-six parietal placentas. Stigmas three, sessile. 
 Fruit opening at the apex. Seeds reniform, without albumen. 
 Embryo cylindrical, plicate (folded). Radicle near the hilum. The 
 favourite Hiynionette is a species of this small family. 
 
 Reseda 9 Linn. Dyer's Rocket. Weld. Mignionette. Herba- 
 ceous plants, with minutely papillary surface. Leaves alternate, 
 pinnatifid, or simple. Flowers racemose, numerous. Calyx mono- 
 sepalous, deeply divided, with numerous narrow, irregular, persistent 
 segments. Petals variable, more or less unequal, cleft or jagged, 
 deciduous. Stamens variable, under twenty and more than ten, with 
 oblong, erect anthers. Fruit three-five carpels, united into a one- 
 celled capsule, opening at the apex. Seeds numerous. 
 
 1. . Luteola* Linn. Dyer's Rocket. Weld. E. B. 320, L. C. 
 125. Stems rigid, erect, round, very angular or furrowed, glabrous, 
 branching above, very leafy. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, quite entire, 
 glabrous; the root-leaves often undulated. Flowers yellowish-green, 
 in long, tapering, spike-like clusters, on very short, thick pedicels, 
 with lanceolate bracts. Sepals (divisions of the calyx) four, lanceo- 
 late or elliptical, blunt. Petals cleft, with entire or toothed segments. 
 Fruit roundish, three-lobed ; lobes tapering to a truncate apex. Seeds 
 smooth. Waste stony places, waysides, ruins. Biennial (?). July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. It. lulea, Linn. Wild Mignionette. E. B. 321, L. C. 126. 
 Stems reclining or ascending, spreading, branching, rigid, angular, 
 hollow. Lower leaves oblong ovate, attenuated at the base ; upper 
 ones pinnate or bipinnate, lobes wavy or crisp. Flowers pale yellow, in 
 compact, terminal clusters. Calyx in six spreading, linear divisions. 
 Fruit oblong, slightly attenuated at the base, truncate, scarcely toothed 
 at the top, tubercled especially on the angles, granulated. Pedicels 
 erect ; bracts deciduous. Seeds smooth. Borders of chalky fields. 
 Biennial. July. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 58 3 . Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 3. "R. *u ilriit iculoxa, Linn. Half-shrubby Wild Mignionette. 
 E. B. 2t>28, L.C. 127. Stems woody at the base, stout, round, hol- 
 low, with five more or less prominent angles. Leaves pinnatifid, with 
 linear, wavy, toothed lobes. Sepals Jive, linear -lanceolate. Petals 
 three-cleft; segments linear. Fruit bluntly three-angled, with three 
 sliyhtly spreading beaks, densely granulate, with crystalline granules. 
 Here and there, on rubbish, South of England. Annual or biennial. 
 July. 
 
RESEDACE^E. DROSERACE^. PARNASSIA. DROSERA. 729 
 
 Var. R. alba, Linn. White Wild Mignionette. Stem round, hollow, 
 erect, straight, without prominent angles. Leaves pinnatifid ; lobes 
 linear-lanceolate, toothed or lobed; segments more numerous than in 
 R. suffruticulosa. Sepals six, lanceolate-linear. Petals three-cleft, seg- 
 ments not laciniated as in the preceding. Near Settle, Yorkshire. 
 Annual (?). August. 
 
 ORDER CIL DROSERACEJE, D. C. THE SUNDEW 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, with alternate leaves, which are circinate in pre- 
 foliation, and furnished with glandular hairs and fringes. Sepals and 
 petals five respectively. Stamens withering, either equal in number 
 to the petals, and alternate with them, or some multiple of the petals. 
 Ovary simple, with three-five styles. Capsules with from three to 
 five valves, and loculicidal dehiscence. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Parnassia. Flowers solitary, large. 
 
 Drosera. Flowers small, in terminal clusters. 
 
 I. Parnassia, Linn. Grass of Parnassus. Stems erect, bear- 
 ing a single leaf. Leaves mostly radical, cordate-ovate, leathery, in a 
 rosette. Flowers large, solitary, terminal. Sepals five, slightly 
 attached to each other at the base ; petals and stamens five, with 
 five scales, fringed with glandular setae. Stigmas four, nearly sessile. 
 Capsule one-celled, four-valved. 
 
 TP. palustris, Linn. Grass of Parnassus. E. B. 82, L. C. 436. 
 Stems erect, simple, angular, smooth. Leaves cordate-ovate ; the lower 
 petioled, the upper sessile, amplexicaule. Flowers solitary. Sepals 
 blunt, striated. Petals large, white, veined, much longer than the calyx. 
 Stamens reflexed, glands of the scales spreading. Boggy places, espe- 
 cially in the north of England and Scotland. Perennial. August. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 50 38. 
 
 II. Drosera, Linn. Sundew. Stems often wanting. Leaves 
 undivided or lobed only. Flowers on scapes, terminal, racemose, 
 rarely solitary. Whole plant furnished with glandular viscid hairs. 
 Calyx in five or more deep, permanent segments. Petals five or 
 more, with claws. Stamens five-ten, with small roundish anthers. 
 Ovary roundish, with from five-eight styles. Stigmas club-shaped. 
 Fruit capsular, ovate, one-celled, three- or four-valved. Seeds 
 numerous. 
 
 1. 1>. rotuiulifolia, Linn. Round-leaved Sundew. E.B. 867, 
 L. C. 138. Stems erect, springing from the centre of a leafy rosette, 
 which they much surpass. Leaves close to the ground, with a 
 roundish limb, abruptly tapering into a petiole. Fruit erect, on short 
 pedicels, in a one-sided, elongated, terminal cluster. Seeds tapering 
 
 B B B 
 
730 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 (fusiform), elongate, with a loose, reticulate testa. Boggy heaths. 
 Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 1H,C. 80. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0700 yards. T. 52 3 40. 
 
 2. 1>. intermedia, Hayn. D. longifolia, Linn, and Sm. Nar- 
 row-leaved Sundew. L. C. 139. Leaves obovate or obovate -oblong, 
 tapering into petioles > not fringed as the above, erect. Boggy heaths. 
 Walton Heath, Surrey (Walton-or>Thames). Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 13, C. 4. Lat. 50 3 58 a . Alt. 0200 yards. T, 52 4CP. 
 
 Var. caulescens. (See " Phytologist," vol. ii., p. 27.) Caulescent 
 forms of this Drosera appear to have been forgotten by writers on 
 British plants, during the present century. Attention has been 
 called to it by the Kev. W. M. Hind, as above. 
 
 3. I>. angliea, Huds. Great Sundew. E. B. 869, L. C. 140. 
 Leaves erect, linear-oblong, obtuse, or truncate at the apex, on longer 
 stalks, and broader than those of D. intermedia ; hairs red, very long 
 and glandular. Flower-stalks as long as the leaves. Seed oblong, 
 with a lax, reticulated, or tubercled coating. North of England and 
 Scotland ; Norfolk (?). Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Var. . obovata, Mert. and Koch. Limb of the leaf rather obovate 
 than linear-oblong. Capsule often almost abortive, shorter than the 
 calyx. 
 
 This plant grow r s in Braemar ; and the altitude of the lowland part 
 of that highland district is estimated by Mr. Barton (see " Phytolo- 
 gist," N. S., vol. ii., p. 308) between 1000 and 1500 feet high. 
 According to this estimate, the upper limit of D. anylica should be 
 extended to 500 yards. 
 
 ORDER CIII. HYPERIACE^E 9 B.C. THE TUTSAN 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees. Leaves entire, usually oppo- 
 site. Sepals four-five, either distinct or more or less conering. Petals 
 just as many as the sepals, twisted in prefloration. Stamens inde- 
 finite, in three or more parcels. Anthers versatile. Ovary simple, 
 with several cells and a central placenta. Styles several, with simple, 
 occasionally capitate stigmas. Fruit either capsular or baccate, rarely 
 one-celled, multivalvular. Seeds minute indefinite. Embryo straight, 
 without albumen, Radicle towards the hilum. 
 
 Ilypericuin, Linn. St John's-wort. Herbaceous plants or 
 shrubs, with opposite, simple, entire leaves, which are usually fur- 
 nished with pellucid dots (reservoirs of essential oil). Sepals five, 
 free or united at the base, ovate, slightly unequal, permanent. Petals 
 as many as the sepals, obtuse, spreading. Stamens indefinite, com- 
 biiH-cl at the base into three or five sets, with small roundish anthers. 
 Ovary with three-five cells or carpels and as many styles, with sim- 
 plo stigmas. Fruit capsular, rarely baccate, three-five-celled, with 
 numerous seeds. 
 
HYP ERICACEAE. HYPERICUM. 
 
 731 
 
 SECT, I. Stems herbaceous. Stamens in three parcels (triadelphous) . 
 Styles three. Capsule three-celled, three -valved. 
 
 1. Sepals without glandular serratures. 
 
 1. II. perforatum, Linn. Perforated St. John's-wort. E. B. 
 295, L. C. 215. Stems erect or ascending, glabrous, reddish, with 
 two prominent lines, branch- 
 ing. 
 with 
 
 i ^. 198 .-Hypericum perforatum (?). 1, Flower 
 entire; 2, one of the bundles of stamens; 5, 
 capsule, opening with three valves; 6, seed entire; 
 
 7 > section of the seed ' 
 
 Leaves elliptic-oblong, 
 transparent* (pellucid) 
 nerves and pellucid dots 
 (punctures). Flowers nume- 
 rous, panicled. Sepals lanceo- 
 late, pointed. Petals twice 
 as long as the sepals. Ovary 
 about as long as the sepals. 
 Dry places. Perennial. July 
 September. * 
 
 A. 16, C. 80. Lat. 50 
 61. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 
 52 46 3 . 
 
 Var. #. angmtifolium. 
 Leaves linear elliptical, with 
 large pellucid punctures. Se- 
 pals lanceolate, denticulate, 
 rather longer than the ovary. 
 This is the common form in 
 dry, chalky places. 
 
 Note. The comital area or census of this plant is far from gene- 
 ral. In walking through several counties in the centre of Scotland 
 no example of this occurred. 
 
 2. H. quadra iigul urn, Linn. H. tetrapterum, Fr. Square- 
 stalked St. John's-wort. E. B. 370, L.C.217. -Root creeping. Sterrs 
 erect or ascending, branching, glabrous, four-angled, with four very 
 prominent wings. Leaves ovate-oblong, sessile, with numerous small 
 pellucid dots. Flowers in compact panicles, sometimes spreading. 
 Sepals lanceolate, acuminate, ribbed. Petals longer than the calyx, 
 ribbed or striated. Fruit more or less triangular, with blunt angles, 
 ovate at the base, smooth, striated. Watery places. Perennial. 
 July, August. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 Does not this species grow commonly in more counties than H. 
 perforatum f 
 
 3. H. dubiunij Leers. If. quadr angular e, Linn. Imperforate 
 St. John's-wort. E. B. 296, L. C. 216. Stems erect, glabrous, 
 usually branching, with four more or less elevated lines. Leaves 
 ovate-oblong, blunt, with few pellucid dots, the secondary nerves 
 
 * These dots are commonly called transparent, but pellucid would be the better 
 term. Objects cannot be seen through them, but the light can (perlucet, the light 
 passes or shines through them). 
 
732 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANT. 
 
 pellucid and anastomosing. Flowers in close terminal panicles. 
 
 Sepals shorter than the corolla, blunt or pointed, toothed at the apex. 
 
 Petals elliptical, with black streaks. Capsule ovate-acuminate, 
 
 wrinkled longitudinally. Styles 
 stout, nearly as long as the ovary. 
 Moist grassy places ; in woods and 
 shady places. Mountainous parts. 
 Perennial. July September. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat.50 57. Alt. 
 0300 yards. T. 51 45. 
 
 4. H. humifusum^ Linn. Trail- 
 ing St. John's-wort. E. B. 1266, 
 L. C. 218. Stems very slender, 
 prostrate, rarely somewhat erect. 
 Leaves oblong, with slightly pellu- 
 cid dots. Flowers nearly solitary 
 
 Fig. 198. Hypericum perforation (?). and terminal, or in few-flowered 
 3, Pistil and calyx ; 4, transverse sec- racemes. Sepals ollong, obtuse, or 
 
 with a slight mucro (point). Cap- 
 
 sule bluntly triangular. This is distinguished from the other species 
 by its prostrate habit. It comes near to No. 5, but is not shrubby 
 like that. Moist pastures. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 16, C. 75. Lat. 50-58. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 52' 46. 
 
 In Scotland it probably grows at a greater elevation than that 
 above stated. 
 
 5. M. linariiefolium,* Vahl. Toad -Flax-leaved St. John's- 
 wort. E.B. 2851, L. C. 219. Stems several from the same root, 
 toondy, round, tapering, leafy, nearly cylindrical. Leaves linear, 
 with resolute margins and blunt tips, opposite. Flowers cymose. 
 Sepals ovate- tapering, with glandular margins, and scattered black 
 glands externally. Petals yellow, glandular at the tips. Capsule 
 ovate, acuminate, ribbed. South of England. Devon. Perennial. 
 June September (?). 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 50' 51. Alt. ? T. 52. 
 
 This plant is like H. humifusum in habit, but is rather larger and 
 far more rigid. 
 
 2. Stems round. Sepals with ciliary glands. 
 
 6. H. piilchriim, Linn. Elegant St. John's-wort. E.B. 1227, 
 L. C. 220. Stems erect, bent at the base, round, glabrous, simple or 
 branching. Leaves ovate, clasping, coriaceous, smooth, with numerous 
 translucent dots. Flowers in opposite panicled cymes. Sepals 
 obovate, roundish, with a point, ciliated, with nearly sessile glands. 
 Petals oblong, ribbed, with black sessile glands. Commons; hedges 
 and dry bushy places. Perennial. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0750 yards. T. 52 40. 
 
 * The specific name of this plant is variously spelled, viz., linarifolium, Unariifolium, 
 and linearifolium. If its name be derive d from the shape of its leaves it should be 
 lin.tritsfolium (linaria-leuved). 
 
IIYPERICACE.E. HYPERICUM. 
 
 7. H. mo ii tan urn* Linn. Mountain St. John's-wort. E. B. 371, 
 L. C. 222. Stems erect, round, simple, smooth. Leaves oblony or 
 ovate-oblong, sessile, with transparent veins, translucent dots, and 
 bordered by glandular fringes. Flowers in a dense terminal corymb. 
 Sepals linear-lanceolate, fringed with strong stipitate Hack glands. 
 Shady places ; on chalky or sandy places. A very elegant plant. 
 Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 8. H, hirsutum, Linn. Hairy-stalked St. John's-wort. E. B. 
 1156, L. C. 221. Stems erect, simple or slightly branched, hairy, 
 almost hoary. Leaves ovate or oblong, on short petioles, or sessile, 
 with prominent nerves and numerous pellucid dots. Flowers in a 
 narrow panicle. Sepals lanceolate-linear, fringed with black, shortly 
 stipitate glands. Woods, hedges, and shady places. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 01 50 yards. T. 51 46 (45?). 
 
 H. barbatum, Jacq. Bearded St. John's-wort. E. B. 1987, L. C. 
 Excluded Species. Stems erect, with two very slightly elevated 
 lines. Leaves oblong, with numerous black dots and pellucid punc- 
 tures. Sepals ovate, pointed, strongly fringed, with numerous black 
 dots. Petals strongly ribbed and dotted. Styles longer than the 
 ovary. Aberdalgie, Perthshire. Mr. G. Don. Perennial. July. 
 
 SECT. II. Stem shrubby ; styles three ; capsule baccate. 
 
 9. H. AndroMwiiiuiiij Linn. Tutsan. Curtis, Fl. Lond. 164, 
 L. C. 214. Stems ligneous at the base, glabrous, erect, or ascending, 
 simple or branching, with two prominent lines. Leaves ovate, blunt, 
 broad, glabrous, glaucous underneath, without glands. Flowers 
 corymbose. Petals yellow, with a tinge of red. Fruit baccate, black. 
 Sepals ovate, enlarged after flowering. Stamens scarcely half as long 
 as the petals. Shady places. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50' 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 H. anglicum, Bertol. E. B. 1225. Sepals broad, unequal, half 
 as long as the petals. Styles exceeding the stamens. Capsule ovate 
 (See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., p. 117.) 
 
 H. hircinum, Sibth. Fl. Gr. 773. Goat-smelling St. John's- 
 wort. Stems erect, branched with angular branches (both stems and 
 branches are winged). Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, more or less 
 glaucous, with a goatish smell, especially when bruised; hence the 
 name. Peduncles one-three-floweied, shorter than the leaves, with 
 two rudimentary bracts. Pedicels longer than the calyx. Sepals 
 ovate-lanceolate , acute, entire, not half as long as the petals, not 
 dilated, as in H. Androscemum. Stamens considerably longer than 
 the petals. Capsule smooth, opening at the apex. 
 
 This plant has been observed in Yorkshire, near Settle. It has 
 been received from Lancashire and Cornwall. 
 
 SECT. III. Stein shrubby ; styles five. 
 
 10. M. caljciiiiim, Linn. Large-flowered St. John's-wort. 
 
734 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 E. B. 2017, L. C. Excluded Species. Stems woody, procumbent, 
 branching, leafy. Young branches smooth, round. Leaves leathery, 
 ovate, elliptical, tapering at both ends, quite entire, glaucous below. 
 Peduncles bracteate. Flowers terminal, solitary. Sepals obovate, 
 leathery, membranous, spreading ; petals large, tapering into a long, 
 concave claw. Naturalized in woods and hedges, &c. Probably not 
 an original native. (How many of our species are original, and how 
 many are introduced ?) The following are fair localities : Dorking 
 great chalk quarry, near Denbies ; in a dense wood between Hyde 
 and the ruins of Quarr Abbey ; in a hedge at Shalford, near Guild- 
 ford, Surrey. In Ireland and Scotland it is said to be more plentiful 
 than in England. It is a very ornamental plant, and where it obtains 
 a footing it maintains its ground. Perennial. July September. 
 
 SECT. IV. Stamens not numerous. Fruit capsular, one-celled, three- 
 valved. 
 
 11. H. elodcs, Linn. Marsh St. John's-wort. E. B. 109, L. C. 
 223. Aquatic stoloniferous plants. Stems procumbent, rooting, erect 
 above, without prominent lines. Leaves ovate, roundish, slightly 
 cordate at the base. Divisions of the calyx ovate, bordered with 
 glandular fringes. Turfy bogs. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 5u 60. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 ft Placentation axile, or central (p. 149). 
 
 Pyrolacea are known by their erect, simple stems, round, leathery 
 leaves, and neat flowers ; Monotropacece, succulent, leafless plants, 
 with terminal clusters of pale yellow flowers ; Celastracece, a small 
 order of shrubs or low trees, readily distinguished, in autumn, by the 
 rich scarlet aril of the fruit and the crimson-coloured lining of the 
 cell ; Aceracece, an order of trees known by their lobed leaves, pen- 
 dulous flowers, and keyed fruit ; Polyyalacete, by their crested petals, 
 connected stamens, and compressed ovary ; Tiliacece, an order of trees 
 with broad, cordate, petiolate leaves, and sweet-smelling, pendulous 
 flowers; Malvacece, by their monadelphous stamens, and, in the 
 British species, by the whorled ovaries ; Geraniacece, by the swollen- 
 jointed stems, clawed petals, and beaked fruit ; Halsaminacece, by 
 their succulent habit, unsymmetrical flowers, and elastic, capsular 
 valves; Oxalidacece, by their compound, ternate leaves, and conspicu- 
 ous, regular flowers; .Elatinacece, by their minute size, aquatic habi- 
 tats, and inconspicuous flowers ; Linacecz, by their simple, entire leaves 
 and regular conspicuous flowers ; Caryopliyllacece, by their opposite, 
 connate leaves (by the union of the sepals in a tube), by the clawed 
 petals, and stipitate ovary ; Frarikeniacece, by the branching stems 
 and sheathing leaves ; Tamaricacece, the British species, by the minute, 
 appressed, scale-like leaves, and inconspicuous, axillary, spicate 
 flowers; Berberidacece, by their arborescent habit and baccate fruit; 
 Ranunculacea, by their sheathing petioles, polycarpous fruit and acrid 
 properties. 
 
t 
 
 I. 
 
 5. 
 
 ;e 
 
 r- 
 
 Ql 
 
 us 
 lie 
 
 corolla. Stigma annular, Jive-lobed (witn nve erect pum..^. On 
 open, elevated, heathy places in the north. Not rare in Scotland. 
 Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 1 1, C. 25. Lat. 52 61. Alt. 0600 yards. T. 48 3 40. 
 3. P. rotundifolia, Linn. Larger Winter-Green. E. B. 213, 
 L. C. 707. Leaves large, round, slightly and remotely toothed, 
 some of them with a very slight point. Flowers large, spreading, 
 pendulous, on pedicels longer than the bracts. Petals large, white, 
 ovate. Style considerably longer than the petals, with an annular 
 enlargement. Stigma stellate, with five blunt rays. In woods ; rarer 
 than the preceding. Perennial. July, August. 
 
736' DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Note. In this species or form the leaves are pointed, or slightly 
 pointed, the panicle is laxer, and the style always considerably longer 
 than in P. media. P. minor has denser or less lax panicles than 
 either of the two, with which it can be confounded. Its stems are 
 generally taller than those of P. media, but usually shorter than the 
 steins of P. rotundifolia. (See " Phytologist," vol. i., p. 296.) 
 
 A. 6, C. 12. Lat. 52 58. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 49 39. 
 
 Var. arenaria, a maritime form of this species, is distinguished 
 from the typical form by the more numerous bracts on its stem. 
 Lancashire and Yorkshire coasts. - 
 
 4. I*, secunda, Linn. Serrated Winter-Green. E, B. 517, 
 L. C. 710. Stem branched, rather more woody than in the preceding 
 species, leafy, bearing a slender cluster of white, drooping, unilateral 
 flowers. Leaves ovate, serrated. Segments of the calyx triangular, 
 rounded, minutely jagged, or downy at the margin. Petals very 
 much longer than the calyx, convergent. Stamens equally incurved. 
 Style long, much exserted, not much enlarged at the apex. Stigma 
 with five radiating lobes. In alpine mossy woods. Perennial. 
 June (?), July. 
 
 A. 7, C. 12. Lat. 54 58. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 47 40. 
 
 Note. This is a very distinct species, not liable to be confounded 
 as Nos. 1, 2, 3 are. 
 
 II. Hlonesis, Salisb. Stems erect, one-flowered, with a few 
 roundish, toothed leaves. Petals slightly connected at the base. 
 Filaments subulate; anthers with two tubular pores at the base of 
 the anther-lobes. Stigma five-parted. Capsule five-celled, five- 
 valved, opening from the apex. Margins of the capsular valves not 
 webbed. 
 
 M. gr an di flora, Salisb. P.uniflora,\Aim. Single-flowered Win- 
 ter-Green. E. B. 146, L. C. 71 L Stems only two-three inches long, 
 reclining, densely leafy. Leaves ovate, roundish. Flower-stalk three 
 inches long, with a concave bract, and a large, solitary flower. Sta- 
 mens shorter than the petals. Anthers turgid, inflexed, with tubular 
 appendages at the base. Scotland. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 8. Lat. 56' 58. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 47 46. 
 
 ORDER. CV. MOUfOTROPACE^E, Nutt. THE FIR-KAPE 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Parasitical (?) leafless plants. These are easily distinguished from 
 Pyrolacea by their succulent habit; also by their straight, not 
 declinate, style, and by the longitudinal dehiscence of their anthers. 
 
 Monotropa. Birds'-nest. Parasitic (?) plants, with simple, 
 scaly stems. Flowers racemose, Perianth single, in eight-ten pieces. 
 Stamens eight-ten, with kidney-shaped, one-celled anthers. Ovary 
 ovate, with four or five furrows with as many cells. Style short, 
 
MONOTROPACE.E. MONOTROPA. CELASTRACE^l. EUONYMUS. 737 
 
 erect, with an orbicular, peltate stigma. Fruit capsular, four- or five- 
 celled, four-five-valved, with a dissepiment from the centre of each, 
 and with a spongy, central column, with numerous minute, tunicated 
 seeds. 
 
 M. hypopitys, Linn. Fir-Tree Birds'-nest. E. B. 69, L. C. 712. 
 Roots scaly, fleshy, with matted fibres. Stem four-six inches high, 
 erect, simple, with ovate or oblong appressed scales. Flowers several, 
 drooping, in a terminal cluster. Petals ciliated. Capsule ovate. 
 Woods ; rare. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 ORDER CVL CEI^ASTRACE^E, Br, THE SPINDLE- 
 TREE FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs, with simple leaves and axillary cymous flowers, 
 four or five, inserted into an expanded torus. Petals four-five, 
 by a broad base. Stamens 
 alternate with the petals. 
 Ovary immersed in the disk 
 (torus), with three or four cells, 
 each containing one or several 
 seeds. Fruit capsular, with 
 septiferous valves (bearing the 
 partitions). Seeds one, or se- 
 veral, in each cell. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Euonymus. Leaves simple; 
 calyx flat, four-five-lobed; petals 
 four-five ; capsule three-five- 
 celled. 
 
 Staphylea. Leaves compound ; 
 calyx five-parted ; capsule mem- 
 branous. 
 
 Sepals 
 inserted 
 
 Fi 
 
 ig. 199. Euonynms europseus. 1, Entire 
 T w-i T . flower ; 2, stamen ; 4. fruit ; 5. section of 
 
 I. Euoiiyiiius, Lmn.. seed. 
 Spindle-Tree. Shrubs, with 
 
 hard wood, opposite branches, and opposite, stalked, simple, smooth 
 leaves. Flowers axillary, on forked peduncles. Calyx monosepalous, 
 permanent, in five deep segments. Petals five, flat, spreading. Sta- 
 mens four-five, distant, attached to both ovary and receptacle. Ovary 
 with three-four-five lobes, and as many cells, one short style and 
 obtuse stigma. Capsule valvular, coloured, with a single arillate 
 seed in each cell. 
 
 E. europceus, Linn. Spindle-Tree. E. B. 362, L. C. 245. 
 Small tree, much branched ; bark of the recent branches smooth and 
 green. Leaves glabrous, oblong, acuminate, finely toothed. Flowers 
 small, in axillary cymes. Calyx spreading or reflexed. Petals 
 oblong. Capsules rosy-red when mature, with three-four, rarely five, 
 
738 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 obtuse lobes. Seeds white, enveloped in a fleshy orange-red aril. 
 Hedges, &c. Tree. Flowers, May. Fruit, September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat.50 56. 
 Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 
 47. 
 
 Note. Skewers are usually 
 made of the wood of this tree. 
 (See Loudon, Arb., 497.) 
 
 II. Staphylea, Linn. 
 Bladder-Nut. Trees or shrubs, 
 with opposite, compound 
 leaves. Flowers in clusters. 
 Calyx monosepalous, W 7 ith five 
 deep, coloured segments. Pe- 
 tals five, erect. Stamens five, 
 with roundish anthers. Ovary 
 two- three -lobed, with two- 
 three erect styles and obtuse stigmas. Capsules two-three-celled, 
 inflated, bladder-like, cohering by their sutures, where they burst. 
 Seeds few (usually two) in each capsule, with a large scar, and oblique, 
 lateral point. 
 
 8. pimiata, Linn. Bladder-Nut. E. B. 1560, L.C.p. 15. A small 
 tree. Leaves pinnate, in five-seven pairs. Flowers in racemes. Fruit 
 inflated, membranous, two-three-celled. Often planted in shrubberies. 
 Flowers, June. 
 
 Fig. 199. Euonymus europseus. Section of 
 pistil and di>k. 
 
 ORDER CVIL ACERACE^E, B.C. THE MAPLE FAMILY. 
 
 Trees, with aqueous saccharine sap. Leaves simple, exstipulate, 
 lobed, rarely compound. Flowers in axillary corymbs or pendulous 
 racemes. Calyx with four-nine lobes, and an annular thick disk 
 Petals as many as the calyx-lobes, inserted round the hypogynous 
 disk. Stamens on the same disk, definite," usually eight. Ovary 
 two-lobed. Style one, with two stigmas. Fruit a samara, separating 
 into two indehiscent. one-two-seeded, winged carpels. Seed ascending, 
 without albumen. Embryo plicate. Radicle near the hilum. 
 
 Acer, Linn. Maple. Trees or shrubs, with opposite branches, and 
 lobed, stalked, smooth leaves. Flowers in racemes, upright, or droop- 
 ing. Calyx flat at the base, with five or more deep, acute, permanent 
 segments. Petals equal to and alternate with the segments of the 
 calyx. Stamens seven-nine, with peltate, two-lobed anthers. Ovary 
 two-lobed, compressed, with a cylindrical style, and two or three 
 pointed, revolute stigmas. Capsules as many as the stigmas, com- 
 bined at the base, compressed, ending in a rounded, firm, membranous 
 wing. Carpels woolly on the inner side. Seeds one-two in each cell. 
 
 1. A. campestrc, Linn. Field Maple. E. B. 304, L. C. 225. 
 Small tree, or large, branching shrub. Leaves palmate, ftve-lobed, 
 
ACERACEJE. ACER. POLYGALACE^E. 
 
 739 
 
 the middle and larger lateral lobes often three-lobed, with blunt seg- 
 ments. Flowers green, in erect, branching corymbs. Petals rather 
 narrower than the sepals. Fruit downy, with broad, spreading wings. 
 Hedges. June. 
 
 A. 10, C. 40. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 2. A. Pseudo-platanus; Linn. Sycamore. E. B. 303, L. C. 
 226. A more or less lofty tree, with five-lob ed, serrated, or toothed 
 leaves. Flowers in long, pendulous, panicled clusters. Fruit rather 
 glabrous, with spreading wings, narrowed at the base. In plantations. 
 May. This tree grows in woods in several parts of Scotland, and in 
 plantations in England. About Taymouth there are some gigantic 
 examples of the Plane-tree, as it is there commonly called. Some 
 huge trees of the Field or Hedge Maple occur also in Scotland, where 
 it is uniformly a tree, and never a hedge-shrub (?). At Blairlogie, in 
 Stirlingshire, there is a Maple (A.campestre) fifty-five feet high, with 
 a trunk four feet in diameter at the base, and the* circumference of its 
 top is about fifty yards. At Callander, in Perthshire, there are fine 
 specimens of tLis tree. (Compare Loudon's" Arboretum,"pp.416 430.) 
 
 ORDER CVIIL POMTAIiACE<aE, Juss. THE MILK- 
 WORT FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs or her- 
 baceous plants. 
 Leaves simple, and 
 usually alternate. 
 Flowers in spiked 
 terminal racemes. 
 Sepals five, irregu- 
 lar. Petals three ; 
 one of which is 
 larger than the 
 other two, and 
 forms the keel, 
 which is often 
 crested. Stamens 
 eight, with mona- 
 delphous or diadel- 
 phous filaments. 
 Anthers one-celled, 
 opening by termi- 
 nal pores. Ovary 
 two - three - celled, 
 with solitary ovules 
 
 and Single style. K , 2 Op.-Polygala vulgaris. 1, Entire flower, magnified; 3, 
 capsular, the keel and the stamens, in two parcels; 5, the entire 
 with one-three one- ca Psule; 6, horizontal section of the same. 
 
 seeded cells, dehiscence loculicidal. Seed crowned. Albumen fleshy 
 Radicle towards the hilum. 
 
740 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 I*olygala, Linn. Milkwort. Leaves entire. Flowers in 
 clusters. Calyx with five sepals, the three outer small, the two inner 
 
 larger and coloured. Petals 
 variable in number, slightly 
 combined with the fila- 
 ments and with each other, 
 irregular, the lowermost 
 keel-shaped, generally 
 crested with a many-cleft 
 appendage. Stamensunited 
 by their filaments, and di- 
 vided into two sets of four 
 in each. Ovary roundish, 
 with a club-shaped, straight 
 style, and two-lipped con- 
 cave stigma. Capsule com- 
 pressed, tw r o-valved and 
 two-celled, with solitary 
 pendulous seeds. Seeds 
 downy, with a four-pointed 
 caruncle at the base. 
 
 1. I*, irulg-aris, Linn. 
 Common Milkwort. E. B. 
 76, L. C. 141. Steins re- 
 clining and shrubby at the 
 base, ascending or erect, 
 Kg. 200.-Poiygala vulgar*. 2, Corolla detached, leafy. Lower leaves oUong 
 
 showing the connection of the petals and crested Or OOOVClte, attenuated at 
 keel-petal j 4, the pistil ; 7, seed entire ; 8, section ^he base, scattered ; upper 
 
 ones linear-lanceolate, al- 
 ternate. Flowers blue or pink, rarely white. Wings (the two inner 
 sepals) oblong, with three nerves, the middle nerve anastomosing 
 copiously with the lateral nerves ; lateral nerves ramifying. Dry 
 or wet grassy places ; common. Perennial. May July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 60". Ait. 0-900 yards. T. 51 38. 
 
 Var. P. oxyptera, Rchb. Narrow-winged Milkwort. E. B. 2827. 
 Leaves narrow, lanceolate. Calyx-wings narrower than in the type. 
 Flowers and fruit mostly unilateral. Guernsey. 
 
 Var. P. depressa, Wenderoth. Spreading Milkw r ort. Lower 
 leaves nearly opposite, never in a rosette, oblong or oblong-obovate, 
 attenuated towards the base, very minute, usually decaying and fall- 
 ing off before the flowers appear. Upper leaves alternate, increasing 
 proportionately to their distance from the base, oblong or oblong- 
 linear. Flowers pale blue or white, in short clusters of six-twelve 
 flowers. Calyx-wings oblong or elliptical, attenuated at the base, 
 and with a short, abrupt, blunt tip ; central nerve strong, the two 
 lateral nerves anastomosing, and much ramified. Capsule obcordate, 
 winged, slightly granulate. Dry pastures. Down, Ireland. Per- 
 ennial. May July. 
 
POLYGALACEJE. POLYGALA. TILIACE^E. TILIA. 
 
 741 
 
 P. calcarea, Schultz. P. amara, Don. E. B. 2746, L. C. 141*. 
 Stems ascending. Lower leaves and leaves of the barren shoots ob- 
 ovate, blunt, sometimes spathulate, tapering into short flattish foot- 
 stalks. Flowers deep blue (?), drooping, on short pedicels. Bracts 
 three, coloured, the central one oblong, the two lateral lanceolate ; 
 lateral wings (calyx) large, oblong or obovate, rounded, narrowing 
 towards the base, and with a short, broad point. Common on 
 the chalky downs of the South of England. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 2. I*, austriaca, Crantz. P. uliginosa, Rchb. Bog Milkwort. 
 Kchb. PL Grit., i. 21. Stems herbaceous, with a terminal raceme of 
 flowers. Lower and root-leaves obovate, obtuse, in a rosette ; stem- 
 leaves oblong-elliptical, much smaller than the root-leaves. Calyx- 
 wings oblong or ovate, blunt, with simple or slightly branched nerves. 
 Capsule broader than the wings, roundish, cuneate. Perennial. 
 June (?). 
 
 Var. a. Leaves of the rosette larger than the leaves of the branch- 
 ing stem ; flowers smaller than in var. /8 ; capsule rounded at the base. 
 
 Var. )8. Stem nearly simple ; flower-shoot almost constantly 
 simple ; flowers large ; capsule cuneate. This is the only form as yet 
 seen in Cronkley Fell, Yorkshire. 
 
 ORDER CIX. TIL.IACE.3E, Juss. THE LINDEN OR 
 LIME-TREE FAMILY. 
 
 Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, 
 stipulate, toothed, alternate. Flowers 
 axillary. Sepals and petals four-five. 
 Stamens distinct, usually indefinite. 
 Ovary with two-ten, mostly united car- 
 pels. Style one, with as many stigmas 
 as carpels. Fruit many- or one-celled 
 by abortion, dry or pulpy. Seeds one- 
 two or many. 
 
 Tilia, Linn. Lime-Tree. Usually 
 lofty trees, with alternate,* spreading 
 branches, and stalked, cordate acute, 
 serrated leaves, and panicled fragrant 
 flowers. Calyx five-parted, or with 
 five sepals. Petals five, obovate, obtuse, 
 somewhat notched at the apex. Stamens 
 indefinite, free, with rounded anthers. 
 Ovary five-celled, roundish, with an 
 erect, deciduous style, and a five- obtusely- 
 angled stigma. Fruit roundish, cap- 
 sular, imperfectly five-celled (one-celled by disruption of the parti- 
 tions), one-two-seeded. Seeds globular and smooth. 
 
 1. T. euroysea, Linn. T. intermedia^ D. C. (?) Common 
 
 Fig. 201.- Tilia grandifolia, Ehrh. 
 A branch in flower. 
 
742 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Lime-Tree. E. B. 610, L.C. 212. Leaves unequally cordate, entire at 
 the base, pointed, shining on both sides; petioles about half as long as 
 their leaves. Cymes of flowers three-six. Fruit downy, globular, 
 
 crowned by the long, straight, nearly 
 smooth style. In plantations, parks, 
 and pleasure-grounds. A common 
 avenue- or lawn-tree. Flowers in 
 June and July. 
 
 2. T. parvifolia, Ehrh. Small- 
 leaved Lime-Trce. E. B. 1705, L.C. 
 211. Leaves cordate at the base, 
 roundish, abruptly acuminate, closely 
 serrated with ovate sharp teeth, on 
 long slender petioles, dark green 
 above, glaucous below, quite smooth, 
 except in the low r er part of the under 
 surface, where the angles formed by 
 the nerves and midrib are densely 
 shaggy with ferruginous, short, 
 woolly hairs. Peduncles slender, 
 about two- or three-flow 7 ered. Sepals 
 downy. Fruit woolly. Distinguished 
 from T. europcea by its smaller leaves. 
 In woods. Flowers in August. 
 
 A. 8, C. 15. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 
 0100 yards. T. 51 47, 
 
 Near Bewdley, in Worcestershire, 
 .vary ; 5, capsule. 2, 3, 4, magnified. t j lere ig & lar ^ e wood> above 50Q acregj 
 
 remote from any dwelling or public 
 
 road, where the whole or greater part of the under wood is the Small- 
 leaved Lime. (See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., p. 281.) 
 
 3. T. grandifolia; Ehrh. Large-leaved Lime-Tree. E. B. 2720, 
 L. C. 213. A lofty tree. Leaves downy on their under surface. 
 Peduncles one-three-flowered. Lobes of stigma usually erect. Flowers 
 in July and August. 
 
 In the " Arboretum and Fruticetum Britannicum," these three 
 species or forms or states are combined under the name Tilia europcea, 
 the European or Common Lime-tree. Mr. Loudon maintained that 
 all the known Lime-trees may be included under two species, 
 T. europcea- and T. americana. His view of our English or European 
 Limes is as follows : 
 
 T. europcca, Linn. " Leaves cordate, acuminated, serrated, 
 smooth, except a tuft of hair at the origin of the veins (nerves or ribs), 
 beneath, twice the length of the petioles. Cymes many-flowered. 
 Petals without scales. Fruit coriaceous, downy." 
 
 The following, which rank as species according to De Candolle and 
 other systematic botanists, Mr. Loudon terms races or varieties, viz. : 
 
 T. microphylla (T. parvifolia, Ehrh.) " Leaves cordate, roundish, 
 acuminated, sharply serrated, smooth above, glaucous and bearded be- 
 
 Fig. 201 . Tilia grandifolia, Ehrh. 2, A 
 single flower ; 3, section of the pistil, 
 showing the hypogynous insertion of 
 the stamens ; 4, transverse section of 
 
TILIACE.E. TILIA. MALVACE^. MALVA. 
 
 743 
 
 neath on the axils of the veins, as well as in hairy blotches. Petals with- 
 out scales. Fruit rather globose, hardly ribbed, very thin and brittle." 
 T. plataphylla (T. grandifolia, Ehrh.) "Leaves shaped as in 
 T. microphy/la, but larger, and downy beneath; axis of the veins 
 woolly. Cymes three-flowered. Petals without scales. Fruit 
 woody, downy, turbinate (pear- or top-shaped), with five prominent 
 angles." "This tree," it is added, "is about the same size as 
 T. europfpa, from which it is readily distinguished by its larger and 
 and rougher leaves, also by its rougher bark, and hispid branches." 
 In the work above quoted there are, in all, eight varieties of this 
 tree mimed and described. In T. americana the leaves are stated to 
 be more obliquely cordate than in T. europcsa and its forms. The 
 petals also have a scale at the base, which is not the case in the Euro- 
 pean species or states. In England, T. americana does not flower till 
 the flowers of our common forms are decaying. In winter this species 
 (T. americana) is recognized by the dark brown colour of the bark 
 of the young shoots, and by the robust appearance of the trunk and 
 branches. " Arboretum and Fruticetum," vol. i., p. 373. 
 
 ORDER CX.~ MAITVACKJE, Juss. THE MALLOW FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate, stipulate, more 
 divided leaves. Flowers on axil- 
 lary peduncles. Sepals five, 
 rarely three or four, more or less 
 united at the base. Petals as 
 many as the sepals, with a 
 twisted prefl oration (aestivation ) . 
 Stamens usually indefinite, con- 
 nected by their filaments (mona- 
 delphous). Anthers one-celled, 
 reniform, bursting transversely. 
 Ovary formed by the union of 
 several carpels around a com- 
 mon axis, either coherent or dis- 
 tinct. Styles as many as the 
 carpels. Fruit capsular or bac- 
 cate, with one- or many-seeded 
 carpels. Seeds with a curved 
 embryo and no albumen. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Malv a. Outer calyx three- 
 leaved. 
 
 Althaa. Outer calyx six-nine- 
 cleft. 
 
 Lavatera. Outer calyx three- 
 lobed. 
 
 or less 
 
 Figr. 202. Malva sylvestris. 1, Branch with 
 leaves and flowers, reduced ; 5, fruit and 
 calvx ; 7, an entire feed ; 8, embryo de- 
 tached from the fleshy endosperm. 
 
 I. Malva, Linn. Mallow. Herbaceous plants or shrubs, with 
 
744 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE ENGLISH BOTANY. 
 
 simple, often plaited and lobed leaves. Flowers either axillary or 
 terminal. Calyx monosepalous, with three bracts (outer calyx) 
 divided into five broad segments. Petals five, inversely heart-shaped, 
 
 attached by claws to the tube 
 formed by the united stamens, 
 twisted before expansion (aesti- 
 vation). Stamens indefinite, 
 with kidney-shaped anthers 
 and united filaments. Ovary 
 orbicular. Style cylindrical, 
 surrounded by the combined 
 filaments, with many stigmas. 
 Fruit with as many carpels as 
 there are stigmas, arranged 
 about the columnar receptacle, 
 one-celled and two-valved. 
 Seeds kidney- shaped, one, 
 rarely two or three in each 
 carpel. 
 
 1. M. mosrliala. Linn. 
 Musk Mallow. E. B. 754, 
 L. C. 204. Stems erect or as- 
 cending, simple or branching, 
 round, rigid, hairy. Koot- 
 ' leaves roundish, lobed, with 
 crenulate segments ; stem- 
 leaves deeply divided, palmate, 
 in three-Jive divisions, with 
 secondary linear entire or in- 
 cised lobes. Flowers large, 
 in axillary tufts, on long, rigid 
 peduncles. Bracts lanceolate-linear, pointed. Calyx large, lax, 
 enveloping the fruit. Petals rosy-pink, widely notched. Carpels 
 hairy, not reticulate. In woods and dry places. Perennial. July. 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 (300) yards. T. 52~47. 
 In North Wales and about Clent and Hagley, Worcestershire, 
 there is a variety of the Musk Mallow not uncommon, with the 
 upper leaves not palmate, and with linear lobes as in the usual state, 
 but with lobed leaves resembling the root-leaves. Several plants had 
 lobed and toothed upper leaves, some had them cleft, and some had 
 all the forms, lobed, cleft, and palmate leaves on the same plant. It 
 is the late-flowering examples that exhibit this variety. The plants 
 flower before they have produced a long stem, and before the deve- 
 lopment of the deeply-divided leaves which accompany a tall stem. 
 This was the Common Mallow, about Clent, and it grew on the very 
 summit of the Clent Hills, which are at least three hundred yard's 
 hiyh. 
 
 2. M. sylvestris, Linn. Common Mallow. E. B. 671, L. C. 
 205. Stems round, hairy, robust, reclining, diffuse or erect. Leaves 
 
 Fig. 202. Malva sylvestris. 2, Entire flower, 
 natural size ; 3, section of the same ; 4, reni- 
 form one-celled anther ; 6, a single carpel. 
 
MALVACEAE. MALVA. 745 
 
 five-lobed, plicate, lobes ovate, toothed, lower ones five-seven-lobed ; 
 lobes short, blunt, broad, toothed or crenulate. Flowers in axillary 
 tufts (trusses), on long hairy pedicels, which are erect in fruit. Divi- 
 sions of the calyx erect after flowering, not completely covering the 
 fruit. Corolla purple-violet, veined, large, with deeply-notched 
 petals. Carpels strongly reticulate. Koadsides, hedges, waste places. 
 Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 3. M. rotundifoliaj Linn. Round-leaved Dwarf Mallow. E.B. 
 1092, L. C. 206. Stems reclining or ascending, spreading, branched, 
 more or less hairy. Leaves roundish, with five-seven slightly pro- 
 minent lobes, margin toothed or crenate. Flowers in pairs or soli- 
 tary, axillary, on long reflexed peduncles. Bracts of the calyx 
 (calycule) lanceolate, shorter than the calyx. Corolla pale rose-colour, 
 twice as long as the calyx. Carpels pubescent, not reticulate, completely 
 invested by the calyx. At the foot of walls, roadsides, &c. Biennial 
 or perennial. June. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 3 47. 
 
 M. nicceensis, All. Italian Mallow. Kchb. Fl. Ger., v. 168. 
 Stem procumbent or ascending, round, hairy, tubercular, with spread- 
 ing branches. Pedicels short, two-four together. Calycule-bracts 
 ovate-lanceolate. Calyx increasing slightly after flowering. Petals 
 about twice as long as the calyx, ovate, notched. Carpels glabrous, or 
 slightly pubescent, not toothed at the margin. Battersea and Wands- 
 worth. Annual. July October. 
 
 4. M. borealis, Wallm. M. pusilla, Sm. E. B. 241, L. C. 
 Excluded Species. Stem stouter and smoother than in M. rotun- 
 difolia. Leaves larger and more deeply lobed. Petals very minute, 
 scarcely as long as the sepals. Carpels reticulate-rugose, meeting each 
 other with a toothed edge. Hythe, Kent. Hudson. " Not found 
 since." Babington. Annual. July (?). 
 
 M. ambigua, Guss. Stem round, slender, branching, ascending 
 or procumbent, flexuous, covered with short, white, rigid, stellate 
 hairs. Leaves smaller than they are in M. sylvestris, three-five-lobed; 
 the lobes, especially the middle one, are longer and narrower than in 
 the former-mentioned species. Flowers few, on slender, hairy pedi- 
 cels ; lobes of the calyx ovate-acuminate, hairy. Petals scarcely 
 double the size of the calyx-lobes. Fruit smooth, with an elongate 
 central column. Wands worth steam-boat pier. Annual. July 
 September. 
 
 M. parviflora, Linn. Jacq. Vind. 39. Stems rigid, firm, erect 
 or arched, branching, round, smooth (hispid above), hollow, leafy. 
 Leaves orbicular, cordate, with broad, blunt, crenulate lobes, on stout, 
 elongate, hispid leaf-stalks. Peduncles slender, unequal, spreading. 
 Bracts of the calycule linear, pointed. Calyx-lobes broad, mucro- 
 nate, much developed when in fruit. Carpels strongly wrinkled across, 
 with a prominent toothed margin. Wandsworth steam-boat pier. 
 Annual. July, August. 
 
 M. microcarpa(?). Rchb. Fl. Ger., v. 166. Desf. Stem round, 
 
 C C C 
 
DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 rou"-h, with tubercles and rigid stellate hairs. Leaves on hairy leaf- 
 stalls] with plicate pointed lobes. Flowers in pairs, with slender, 
 hairy pedicels. Bracts of the calyx triangular. Calyx-lobes broad, 
 with an abrupt point, ribbed and ciliate. Petals scarcely longer than 
 the calvx-lobes, strongly notched. Tube of the stamens hairy. Fruit 
 small, smooth at the bottom of the calycine cup, which is but little 
 enlarged after flowering. Wandsworth, with the above. Annual. 
 July September. 
 
 II. AIt!ia?a, Linn. Mallow. Annual or perennial herbaceous 
 or shrubby plants, with floral organs like those of Malva. Calycule 
 six-nine bracts united at their base. 
 
 1. A. offlcinalis, Linn. Marsh Mallow. E. B. 147, L. C. 
 208. Roots large ; stems erect, downy. Leaves thick, densely covered 
 with soft, short down, ovate, angular or lobed, truncate, or slightly 
 cordate at the base, with unequal crenules; the lower about five-, the 
 upper three-lobed. Flowers pale rose-colour, usually in axillary tufts, 
 contiguous. Divisions of the calyx ovate-pointed. Fruit downy. 
 Salt marshes. Perennial. July August. 
 
 A. 8, C. 15. Lat. 50 56. Alt. ? T. 51 48. 
 
 2. A. hirsuta. Linn. Hough Mallow. E. B. 2674, L. C. 209. 
 Steins erect, ascending or spreading, hairy, with long spreading hairs. 
 Leaves palmate, lobes five-three, oblong crenate, with awned or ciliated 
 lanceolate bracts ; root-leaves small, reniform, not palmate. Flowers 
 rosy, solitary, axillary, on long pedicels. Divisions of the calyx and 
 calycule (involucre) lanceolate fringed. Carpels glabrous, strongly 
 wrinkled. Borders of fields. With Salvia pratensis, on the south 
 margin of Cobham Park Wood, and in an adjoining field, near Cuxton, 
 Kent. Annual. July. Naturalized only in this locality (?). Steam- 
 boat pier, Wandsworth, but here very uncertain. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 III. JLavatera* Linn. Tree Mallow. Trees or shrubs, densely 
 downy. Leaves lobed, serrated, stalked. Inflorescence axillary. 
 Involucre of three broad, deep, spreading segments. Calyx mono- 
 sepalous, cleft, with five acute lobes. Petals five, of the same shape 
 and attachment as in the foregoing malvaceous genera. Stamens 
 and anthers as in Malva. Carpels as many as the stigmas, arranged 
 about a columnar receptacle, each one-celled and two-valved, with 
 solitary kidney-shaped seeds in each. Distinguished from the other 
 above-mentioned Mallows by their arborescent habit and three-lobed 
 involucre. 
 
 I*, arborea, Linn. Tree Mallow. E. B. 1841, L, C. 210. Root 
 tapering, much branched, running deep into the ground. Stem tw T o- 
 thrce yards high, erect, stout, leafy. Leaves with five-seven crenate 
 lobes, stalked, soft and flexible. Flowers pink. Isle of Wight ; on 
 f lifts. Not rare in cottage-gardens in North Wales, between Bangor 
 and Conway. Biennial. July October. 
 
 A. 6. Lat. 50 56. T. 52 48. 
 
MALVACEAE. LAVATERA. GERANlACfc^E. 747 
 
 On ledges of the Elyange Stack, Pembrokeshire, South Wales> 
 "Botanical Looker-out among the Wild Flowers of England and 
 Wales," by Edwin Lees, F.L.S. In the very agreeable work above- 
 mentioned there is a view of this singular rock, with representations 
 of the Tree Mallow growing on its inaccessible projections. 
 
 TJ, cretica (?), Linn. Jacq. Vind. 41. Stems herbaceous, two-three 
 feet high, erect or ascending, branching, leafy. Leaves glaucous, 
 with whitish prominent nerves; the lower ones rounded, slightly 
 lobed, truncate at the base ; the upper ones with acute triangular 
 lobes; all crenated or toothed. Calycule slightly shorter than the 
 calyx, not enlarging much at maturity. Calyx-lobes abruptly 
 pointed (acuminate), scarious. Carpels smooth, wrinkled, toothed at 
 the margin, yellowish. Wandsworth steam-boat pier. Annual or 
 biennial. July September. 
 
 L. punctata (?), 1). C. Rchb., v. 176. Stems herbaceous, erect, 
 six-twenty four inches high. Leaves pale green, the upper ones 
 hastate, all crenulate or irregularly toothed. Calycule about equal to 
 the calyx. Calyx-lobes acuminate, erect, connivent. Petals three 
 times as long as the lobes of the calyx. Carpels wrinkled. With 
 the above. Annual. July September. 
 
 L. olbia, Linn. Rchb., v. 177. Stems slightly woody. Leaves 
 hoary, as in most of the genus ; the lower ones cordate, three-five- 
 lobed, the upper hastate. Petals much longer than the calyx. Car- 
 pels hairy, yellowish when ripe, with an elongated axis termi- 
 nating in a nipple-like point. At Wandsworth, with the pre- 
 ceding. 
 
 This species is shrubby, and said to be perennial on the shores of 
 the Mediterranean. It is herbaceous here, and probably annual. 
 July October. 
 
 ORDER. CXI. GERAOTACE^}, D. C. THE GERANIUM 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs or herbaceous plants, with forked stems, separable at the 
 tumid joints. Leaves alternate or opposite, with scarious or mem- 
 branous stipules, petiolate, lobed, palmate, rarely pinnate. Flowers 
 in pairs, solitary or numerous in the angle of the fork or opposite to 
 the leaves, apparently axillary ; peduncles bracteate. Sepals five, 
 persistent, ribbed, more or less unequal, imbricated in prefloration. 
 Petals five, rarely four by abortion, unguiciilate, hypogynous or 
 perigynous. Stamens usually monadelphous, twice or thrice as many 
 as the petals. Ovary with five pieces adhering to an elongated axis, 
 each one-celled and one-seeded. Styles five, cohering round the axis. 
 Carpels five, each containing one seed, by abortion of one of the 
 ovules, in a membranous pericarp ; carpels, when ripe, separating at 
 the base, and curling upwards, or otherwise, by the elasticity of the 
 dorsal nerves, which cohere to the elongated indurated axis (beak). 
 Embryo plicate. Radicle approaching the hilum. 
 
748 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Geranium. Stamens all antheriferous ; carpels with a recurved awn. 
 Erodium. Two stamens only, fertile ; five barren carpels, with a long, 
 spirally-twisted awn. 
 
 I. Geranium, Linn. Crane's-bill. Herbage hairy or downy, 
 rarely smooth. Upper leaves nearly 
 sessile, variously parted. Flowers pur- 
 ple-, rose- or lilac-coloured ; pedicels un- 
 equally reflexed after flowering. Stamens 
 ten, united by their filaments, the five 
 opposite to the petals shorter than the 
 other five, all bearing anthers. Carpels 
 round, or nearly so, separating at the 
 base with elasticity, the dorsal nerve 
 forming a coil, and adhering by its 
 upper extremity to the axis. 
 
 SECT. I. Petals waved or obcordate, 
 with a more or less bearded claw. 
 
 1. C*. ilia>um, Linn. Dusky Crane's- 
 bill. E. B. 322, L. C. 229. Stems erect, 
 round, tapering, hairy, with deflexed 
 hairs. Leaves broad, Jive-lobed ; lobes 
 large, acute, cut or cleft, with larae un- 
 equal teeth. Peduncles stout, spreading, 
 hairy, with two equal pedicels. Flowers 
 black or deep purple. Sepals with a 
 short stout point. Petals not much 
 longer than the sepals, with a wavy or 
 crisp margin. Carpels hairy, trans- 
 versely wrinkled or plaited above. Seeds 
 
 2> punctate, striated. In woods. Peren- 
 nial. May. fyfrfot farm. 
 Var, Flowers white. 
 A.? C. 15. Lat. 5055. 
 
 2. G. nodosum, Linn. Knotted 
 Crane's-bill. E. B. 1091, L. C. p. 15. Stems slender, rigid, angular, 
 turrowed, with swollen joints, branching, leafy. Leaves on long foot- 
 stalks, except the uppermost, which are shortly petiolate, three-cleft 
 or five-cleft when the lateral lobes are cloven ; lobes ovate acuminate, 
 coarsely serrated or incised. Flowers in pairs, on slender peduncles ; 
 sepals lanceolate, ribbed, awned ; petals twice as long as the sepals, 
 
 bcordate, with notched lobes, all purple. Hertfordshire. Natu- 
 ralized (?). 
 Alien. 
 
 3. A. lira tense, Linn. Meadow Crane's-bill. E. B. 404, L. C. 
 ol. btems erect, round, downy, with reddish knots. Leaves five- 
 
 Fig. 203. Geranium dissectum. 
 Stamens and pistil ; 3, pistil ; ., 
 section of the ovary ; 5, fruit, com- 
 posed of five shells (coques), two 
 of them coiled up and raised to the 
 top of the style. 
 
GERANIACEJS. GERANIUM. 
 
 749 
 
 seven-parted ; divisions deeply incised, with unequal sharp lobes and 
 
 teeth ; lower ones petiolate, upper sessile. Flowers large, fine, deep 
 
 blue-purple, with white and purple veins, in pairs; pedicels and 
 
 calyx with glandular hairs. Sepals ribbed, 
 
 with scarious-membranous margins, and 
 
 short thick awns. Petals obovate or ob- 
 
 cordate, with short claws, thickly ciliated 
 
 above the claw. Stamens long, slender, 
 
 greatly dilated at the base. Anthers deep 
 
 purple. Fruit not wrinkled, hairy. Seeds 
 
 punctate (dotted). In meadows. Perennial. 
 
 June. 
 
 An uncommon plant in the south of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0600 
 yards. T. 51 42. 
 
 4. Gr. syl^aticuni, Linn. Wood Crane's- 
 bill. E. B. 121, L. C. 230. Stems erect, 
 round, downy, knots of the same colour as the 
 Stem. Leaves Jive-seven-cleft; lobes incised, 
 toothed, or coarsely serrated, not cleft as in 
 the preceding; the lower on long stalks, the ^L^iTvSS^^Bl 
 
 , 
 
 the dotted seed ; a, the hi- 
 lam. 7, Embrvo, all mag- 
 nified. 
 
 upper nearly sessile. Flowers light reddish- 
 purple, with crimson veins. Pedicels and 
 calyx scarcely hairy, not glandular. Sepals 
 ribbed and awned; awn longer and slenderer than in G. prateme. 
 Petals tapering into a longish claw, which is hairy all over, not ciliated. 
 Stamens fringed at the base. Fruit hairy about the keel. Seeds 
 dotted. Woods and pastures, north of England. Perennial. June. 
 
 In many parts of Scotland this forms one of the most conspicuous 
 ornaments of the woods and hedges. 
 
 A. 11, C. 30. Lat. 52 60. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 47 36. 
 
 SECT. II. Petals more or less notched or cleft, more or less bearded 
 above the claw. 
 
 5. Gr. saii uiiioum, Linn. Red Crane's-bill. E. B. 272, L. C. 
 
 240. Root thick, horizontal, branching. Stems reclining or partly 
 erect, spreading, with long, spreading hairs. Leaves deeply parted, 
 :n five-seven divisions, each division more or less cleft, ivith two-three 
 linear, entire, or incised lobes. Peduncles one-flowered, often with 
 an abortive peduncle, Sepals with a broad, scarious margin and 
 stout point. Petals more or less notched, more than twice as long as 
 the calyx, very fugacious. Carpels smooth, with long hairs only at 
 the apex. Seeds finely punctured. Dry calcareous pastures. Per- 
 ennial. June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 40, Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 44. 
 
 Var. erectum. Stem erect. 
 
 \&r. prostratwn. Stem prostrate. 
 
 6. Gr. coluiubinuiiij Linn. Long-stalked Crane's-bill. E. B. 
 
750 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 259, L. C. 237. Steins ascending, with widely spreading branches, 
 slightly downy, reddish. Leaves ahout five-parted ; divisions three- 
 cleft, with linear, entire, or incised, divaricating lobes. Peduncles 
 much longer than the leaves, bearing two flowers on unequal 'pedicels, the 
 lower one rejlexed. Flowers purple, striated. Sepals slightly downy, 
 irith very long points. Petals not longer than the sepals. Fruit glabrous. 
 Seeds strongly punctured. Chalky fields. Annual. June September. 
 A. 16, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 7. Gr. pyrenaiciiui, Linn. Perennial Dove's-foot Crane's-bill. 
 E. B. 405, L. C. 232. Hoot thick, vertical, conical. Stems decum- 
 bent or ascending, downy ; hairs short and spreading. Leaves pal- 
 mate, in five-seven divisions ; divisions more or less cleft, lobed, or 
 toothed, with narrow, reddish margins ; the lower leaves on long 
 petioles, the upper on short ones, or nearly sessile. Flower-stalks 
 longer than the floral-leaves. Flowers lilac-purple, very rarely white. 
 Sepals with a very short, blunt tip. Petals cleft, twice as long as the 
 sepals. Carpels soft, finely pubescent. Seeds smooth. Perennial. 
 May. Battersea Fields, Mortlake, Chelsea. 
 
 A. 11, C. 20. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0100 yards (250). T. 50 47. 
 St. Leonard's Crags. Arthur Seat, Edinburgh. In this locality it 
 is diminutive. 0U>tuW OA^ VU/A/V P-e/ufc 
 
 8. O-. piiKilluiii, Linn. Small-flowered Crane's-bill. E. B. 385, 
 L. C. 234. Stems spreading or erect, soft, with very short, spreading 
 hairs. Leaves palmate, with five-seven divisions (lobes) ; lobes cleft; 
 upper leaves nearly sessile. Peduncles about as long as the floral 
 leaves, with minute herbaceous bracts. Flowers lilac. Sepals with 
 short points, and furnished with spreading hairs. Petals notched or 
 cleft, scarcely longer than the sepals. Carpels clothed with soft, 
 slightly oppressed hairs. Seeds smooth. Dry, gravelly places. An- 
 nual. May. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 5147. 
 
 9. Gr. moile, Linn. Common Dove's-foot Crane's-bill. E. B. 
 778, L. C. 235. Root tapering, with strong fleshy fibres. Stems 
 diffuse, prostrate or ascending, soft, with long, spreading, downy 
 hairs. Leaves round, in five-seven deep lobes, each lobe subdivided 
 into several rather broad rounded segments, shortly and abruptly 
 pointed, the lower on long stalks, the upper nearly sessile. Flower- 
 stalks longer than the contiguous leaves, spreading. Sepals hairy, 
 with a short blunt point. Petals cleft, longer than the calyx. Fruit 
 roundish, wrinkled across, not hairy. Seeds smooth. Cultivated and 
 waste ground ; very common. Annual. April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 52 44. 
 
 Nos. 8 and 9 may generally be distinguished as follows : In G. 
 molle the petals are rather obcordate than obovate; the notch is deeper 
 and the colour is redder or more crimson than the colour of G.pusillum. 
 The curious wrinkled, but not hairy, carpels afford the most reliable 
 distinctive mark. Some botanist's distinguish them by smelling. 
 There is a faint, musky smell in No. 9, not perceptible, it is said, in 
 G. pusillum. 
 
GERANIACKyK. GKKANIUM. 751 
 
 SECT. III. Petals entire, rounded at the tips, not hairy at the claw. 
 
 10. Gr. rotundifolium, Linn. Hound-leaved Crane's-bill. E. B 
 157, L. C. 233. Stems spreading- or ascending, downy; hairs long, 
 spreading, more or less glandulous. Leaves roundish, lobed, with five- 
 seven crenulate or toothed lobes, all, even the upper lecwes, on long 
 petioles. Peduncles shorter than the petioles, with red, pointed bracts. 
 Flowers rosy; sepals hairy, with short points. Petals entire, longer 
 than the sepals. Fruit (carpels) subtended by the persistent fila- 
 ments, downy, delicately reticulate. Seeds punctured. Hedges and 
 roadsides. Annual. May. 
 
 Still grows about Battersea, Lavender Hill, and Wandsworth 
 Rise. A. I. 
 
 A. 5, C. 15. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 11. Gr. lucidum, Linn. Shining-leaved Crane's-bill. E. B. 75, 
 L. C. 238. Stems smooth, reddish, diffuse, spreading, ascending, or 
 erect. Leaves five-seven cleft, with incised, crenulate lobes, all 
 petiolate, shining. Peduncles longer than the floral leaves. Flowers 
 rosy; three outer sepals broadly winged or prominently angled, with 
 deep furrows and short transverse ridges, the two inner sepals scari- 
 ous, with a herbaceous prominent nerve. Petals entire, longer than 
 the sepals, with a long linear claw. Fruit hairy, wrinkled and. punc- 
 tured. Seeds punctured. Hedges and stony places ; not frequent. 
 Annual. June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 70. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46*. 
 
 12. <i. robertianuin, Linn. Herb Robert. E. B. 1486, L. C. 
 239. Stems diffuse, ascending or erect, often reddish, hairy and glan- 
 dular. Leaves palmate, with three -five segments, petioled. Peduncles 
 longer than the leaves. Sepals awned. Petals entire. Carpels 
 wrinkled. Seeds smooth. The whole plant is readily known by its 
 strong unpleasant odour. Hedges, &c. Annual. April October. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0550 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 Var. Raii. G. purpureum. Vill. E.B.2640. Leaves smaller, 
 more shining and fleshy than in the type. The hairs on the calyx 
 are glandular and short. In G. robertianum the hairs are long and 
 without glands. The fruit in the variety is smooth, in the type 
 downy. 
 
 G. striatum, Linn. Striated Geranium. " Bot. Mag.," vol. ii., 
 p. 55. Rchb. Fl. Ger. v. 196. Stem slender, round, leafy ; upper 
 leaves three-parted or deeply three-cleft, with sharp teeth, on short 
 foot-stalks. Peduncles long, two-flowered ; sepals awned and striated. 
 Petals beautifully pencilled ; anthers bluish. Cornwall. Observed 
 at Trefriew, near Llanrwst, North Wales, well established. (See 
 " Phytologist," N. S., vol i., p. 57.) 
 
 II. Erodium, Linn. Herit. Stork's-bill. Herbaceous plants, 
 with opposite, stalked, pinnate or simple leaves, and membranous 
 stipules. Flowers mostly umbellate. Sepals and petals as in Gera- 
 nium. Stamens ten, united at the base, five perfect and five alternate, 
 shorter and abortive (anthers on the longer filaments only). 
 
752 inisciupTiVK BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Carpels five, each with one or two seeds and a long, internally 
 bearded awn, which ultimately is spirally twisted and adherent to the 
 top of the style. 
 
 1. *:. cicutarium, Linn. Herit. Hemlock Storks-bill. E. B. 
 1768J L. C. 228. Stems several, reclining, spreading, more or less 
 hairy. Leaves pinnate ; segments pinnatifid or with cleft lobes. Fer- 
 tile stamens enlarged at their base. Fruit invested with appressed 
 hairs. Sandy places. Annual. April October. 
 
 A. 18, C.jfa. Lat. 50 3 59. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52' 47. 
 
 2. E. moschatum, Willd., Sm. Musk Crane's-bill. E. B. 902, 
 L. C. 228*. Stems procumbent, ascending, stout, hairy. Leaves pin- 
 nate ; leaflets ovate, unequally incised or toothed, sessile ; stipules 
 ovate. Fertile stamens dilated and toothed at the base. Peduncles 
 many-flowered ; pedicels swollen at the base. Carpels shaggy, with 
 appressed hairs. The plant has a rather strong scent of musk. Waste, 
 places. Naturalized (?). July, ni^jjii^^k /*t**pi >/***; l^Q fa 
 
 A. 9, C. 15. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 48. A 
 
 3. E, maritimum, Sm. Sea Stork's-bill. E. B. 646, L. C. 227. 
 Root tapering. Stems several, quite prostrate, three-nine inches long, 
 branched, hairy, leafy. Leaves small (scarcely half an inch long), 
 cordate, lobed ; lobes notched, rough, hairs closely appressed. Flowers 
 solitary or in pairs, on long peduncles. Petals pale red, minute or 
 wanting. Fruit bristly, with more or less hairy beaks. Sandy or 
 gravelly sea-coasts. Perennial (?). May September. 
 
 A. 9, C. 20. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 Note. This plant is not confined to maritime localities, but is 
 found in inland parts, as in Worcestershire. Nor is it seen only in 
 the vicinity of saline springs, for it grows at Clent, opposite the 
 church, at the foot of the hills, a dozen miles from any known salt 
 spring. 
 
 E. littoreum, Willd. Leman in D. C., Fl. Fr., iv. 843. Rchb. Fl. 
 Ger., v. 185. Root annual (?). Stems several, procumbent, or ascend- 
 ing, much branched, leafy, and hairy. Leaves somewhat cordate at 
 the base, ovate with sharp ascending lobes or teeth, the lower on 
 short stalks, the upper sessile, all rather rigid, with short, rough 
 hairs growing out of minute papillae. Peduncles rather longer than 
 the leaves, bearing several flowers (three-four). Sepals elliptic, with 
 a rather long awn, very hairy. Petals bright pink, scarcely so long 
 as the sepals. Fruit rough, with white spreading hairs with a de- 
 pression at the apex. Near the Chelsea old Water Works, Pimlico. 
 
 J2. ciconiu?n(?), Willd. Rchb. Fl. Ger., v. 184. Stems stout, 
 spreading. Leaves large, with two-three pairs of ovate, pinnatifid or 
 incised leaflets. Peduncles stout, rather longer than the leaves; 
 pedicels short. Sepals strongly-ribbed. Carpels depressed at the 
 summit. Wandsworth steam-boat pier. Annual. June October. 
 
 ORDER CX1L BAXSAHINACE^E, Rich. THE BALSAM 
 FAMILY. 
 
 Succulent plants, with simple exstipulate leaves and axillary 
 
BALSAMINACE^E. IMPATIKNS. OXALIDACEJE. 753 
 
 flowers. Sepals five or three by abortion, deciduous, unsymmetrical, 
 the lower one spurred. Petals five or fewer by coherence, irregular, 
 deciduous. Stamens five, opposite to the sepals. Ovary with five 
 combined carpels (five-celled), with sessile stigma. Fruit capsular, 
 with five elastic valves, and septifragal dehiscence. Seeds many or 
 solitary. 
 
 Impatiens, Linn. Balsam. Annual plants, with very succu- 
 lent, leafy stems. Leaves undivided, serrated. Flowers axillary, 
 stalked, pendulous, yellow or red, some are very ornamental. Calyx 
 with two, small, unequal, deciduous sepals. Corolla with five unequal 
 ringent petals. 
 
 L I. ffoli-me-taiigercs Linn. E. B. 937, L. C. 242. Stem 
 erect, branching, succulent, slightly swollen at the joints. Leaves soft, 
 oblong or ovate, sharply serrated. Peduncles spreading, two-five- 
 . flowered. Flowers drooping, yellow, with small red spots within; 
 fcpur wide at the base, tapering, straight and recurved at the point. 
 Fruit glabrous, linear-elongate, angular. North Wales, Nannau, 
 near Dolgelly. (" Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., p. 30.) 
 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat. 52 55. Alt. ? T. 48 46. 
 
 2. I. fulva, Nutt. American Balsam. E. B. 2794, L. C. 241. 
 Stems erect, succulent, glabrous, tumid at the joints, two-four feet 
 high. Leaves ovate, smooth, flat, serrated with reflexed glandular 
 teeth. Peduncles few-flowered. Flowers large, orange yellow, with 
 red spots. On the Tillingbourne, from Albury Park Gardens down- 
 wards, and on the Wey, from below Shalford, near Guildford. Com- 
 pletely naturalized. Annual. July September. 
 
 Alien. Naturalized only in Surrey (?). 
 
 Impatiens parviflora, Nutt. Small-flowered Balsam. Stem erect, 
 round, smooth, shining, striated, slightly tumid, branching and leafy. 
 Leaves ovate or oblong, tapering at the base, stalked, serrated ; teeth 
 with spreading or spreading-erect cartilaginous points. Peduncles 
 axillary, elongate, many-flowered. Spur of the hooded sepal elongated, 
 small, tapering, straight. Sepal opposite to the hooded one, with a 
 thick herbaceous rib, both of them of a yellowish- white colour, the 
 hooded one spotted with orange. Petals minute, yellow, with 
 orange dots. Fruit angular. Naturalized about Nine Elms, Chel- 
 sea, Kew, and Mortlake. A plant from Battersea Fields taken into 
 the garden has propagated itself now five seasons, and become a weed 
 as plentiful as Erigeron canadensis. It is partially naturalized in the 
 Isle of Wight, about Hyde. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 ORDER CXIII.OXAJL1DACEJE, D. C. THE W^OOD- 
 SORREL FAMILY. 
 
 Herbs, under-shrubs, or trees, with alternate, compound leaves. 
 Calyx with five sepals, sometimes slightly cohering at the base, per- 
 sistent. Petals five, unguiculate, with twisted prefloration. Stamens 
 
754 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ten, usually more or less united by their filaments. Ovary with five 
 angles and five cells. Styles five, with capitate or somewhat bifid 
 stigmas. Fruit capsular, membranous, valvular, with five cells, and 
 five to ten valves. Seeds few, pendulous, in a fleshy envelope 
 (aril ?). Albumen fleshy, thick. Embryo straight or slightly curved. 
 Radicle towards the hilum. The British species of this order are 
 known by their trifoliate leaves and radical peduncles. 
 
 Oxalis. Wood-sorrel. Acid herbaceous plants, with scaly, 
 bulbous, or fibrous roots, and compound mostly ternate leaves. 
 Flowers axillary. Sepals five, more or less united at the base, acute, 
 permanent. Petals five, connected by their claws, with spiral pre- 
 floration. Stamens ten, united at their base, the five outermost 
 short. Anthers roundish, furrowed, incumbent.. Ovary with five 
 angles. Styles five, with obtuse, downy stigmas. . Fruit capsular, 
 five-celled, 'membranous, bursting at the angles. Seeds polished, 
 enclosed in a fleshy, elastic tunic; sometimes one, sometimes several 
 in each cell. 
 
 1. O. Acetosella, Linn. Wood-sorrel. E. B. 762, L. C. 243. 
 Root perennial, branching, creeping, knotty and scaly. Stalk (radical 
 peduncle) downy, one-flowered, with two small bracts near its middle, 
 upright in flower, reflexed in fruit. Flowers white. Fruit (capsule) 
 ovate. Seeds shining, striated. W^oods. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 01300 yards. T. 51 34. 
 
 2. O. corniculata, Linn. Yellow Wood-sorrel. E. B. 1726, L. C. 
 244. Hoot annual, fibrous. Stems several, spreading, and often 
 rooting, or erect, reddish, hairy. Leaves ternate, petiolate, and stipu- 
 late ; leaflets obcordate. Flowers yellow, in pairs, on long peduncles, 
 branching at the top ; pedicels refracted in fruit. Fruit oblong, 
 many-seeded. Sometimes springing up in gardens as a weed, and 
 also in shady, moist, waste places. Albury, Surrey. Annual. June, 
 July. 
 
 3. 0. stricta, Linn. Upright Yellow Wood-sorrel. L. C. 244*. 
 Stems erect, branching. Leaves ternate, without stipules. Peduncles 
 several-Jlotvered, rarely one-two-flowered. Fruit (capsule) linear, 
 oblong. Sometimes springing up spontaneously in gardens. Annual. 
 June. By the riverside, Walton-on-Thames. A. I. 
 
 ORDER CXIV. EFjy%TI]ACE^E 5 Cambessedes, in "Mem. 
 Mus." THE WATERWORT FAMILY. 
 
 Annual or perennial herbaceous plants, with opposite or verti- 
 cilled leaves and axillary flowers. Sepals three-four, united at their 
 base, persistent. Petals three-four, free, caducous. Stamens as many 
 as the petals, or twice as many, free. Anthers two-lobed, introrse. 
 Ovary free, with three-four carpels. Ovules inserted on the inner 
 angle of the cells, reflexed. Styles three-four, short, with capitate 
 stigmas. Fruit capsular, three-four-celled, many-seeded, crowned by 
 the persistent styles, opening by the partition (septicidally). Seed's 
 
ELATINACE.E. ELATINE. LINAGES. 755 
 
 cylindrical, more or less curved, without perisperra. Radicle towards 
 the hilum. 
 
 Elatine, Linn. Waterwort. Marshy, more or less succulent, 
 plants, with spathulate linear or lanceolate leaves, and very minute 
 sessile or pedunculate flowei's. Calyx in three-four divisions (sepals 
 three-four, united at their base). Petals three-four. Stamens three- 
 eight. Styles three-four. Capsule roundish, depressed, three-four- 
 lobed, and with three-four many -seeded cells. Seeds cylindrical, 
 more or less curved, striated-reticulate. 
 
 1. E. hexaiidra, D. C. E. hydropiper. E. B. 955, L. C. 143. 
 E. tripetala. Eng. Fl. Small Waterwort. Stems scarcely an inch 
 high, prostrate or ascending, round, smooth, striated, leafy, forming 
 small matted tufts under water. Leaves spathulate, fleshy, longer 
 than their stalks. Sepals three, lanceolate, distant. Capsule round, 
 depressed at the summit, slightly tapering below, sessile (?), axillary. 
 In this species the flowers and capsules are stalked. With the follow- 
 ing, in a mill-pond, near Church Hill, Worcestershire. Annual. July 
 October. 
 
 A. 10, C. 15. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 2. E. hydropiper, Linn. Biting Waterwort. E, B. 2670. 
 L. C. 144. Stems prostrate, rooting, slender, leafy. Leaves broader 
 than in the foregoing species, on longer stalks. Flowers sessile, with 
 four petals. Capsules globular, smaller than in E. hexandra, axillary 
 and sessile. This species does not grow in tufts. In a mill-pond, near 
 Church Hill railway-station, with the former. Annual. July 
 October. 
 
 A. 3, C. 3. Lat. 51 54. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 ORDER CXV.l^IMACE^E, D. C. THE FLAX FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous plants or small shrubs, with entire exstipulate and 
 usually alternate leaves. Sepals three to five, persistent. Petals as 
 many as the sepals, unguiculate, twisted in prefloration (aestivation), 
 fugacious. Stamens as many as the petals, united at the base by a 
 ring. Ovary with as many cells as there are petals, seldom fewer. 
 Styles as many as the cells. Stigmas capitate. Fruit capsular, multi- 
 locular and valvular ; the cells partially separated by spurious dis- 
 sepiments, opening by two valves at the apex. . Seeds compressed. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Zinwn. Sepals, petals, and stamens five, respectively. 
 Eadiola. Sepals, petals, and stamens four. 
 
 I. YJsiiiBii, Flax. Herbs or shrubs, with simple, entire, gene- 
 rally alternate leaves. Flowers lateral or terminal. Calyx with five 
 lanceolate, erect, permanent sepals. Petals five, obtuse, twisted in 
 prefloration, fugacious, Stamens five, inserted into an annular recep- 
 
756 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 tacle with the petals, with five intermediate abortive filaments. An- 
 thers arrow-shaped. Ovary ovate, with five cells and five styles, each 
 
 bearing a blunt, undi- 
 vided stigma. Fruit cap- 
 sular, almost globular, 
 five-celled, each cell being 
 partially or completely 
 divided by an entire 
 or partial dissepiment. 
 Seeds polished, com- 
 pressed, acute, two in 
 each cell when the cap- 
 sule is five-celled, and 
 one only when it is ten- 
 celled. 
 
 SECT. I. Leaves scat- 
 tered. 
 
 1. ft, angustifo- 
 liiniij Huds. Narrow- 
 leaved Flax. E.B.381, 
 L. C. 201. Stems nume- 
 rous, erect, round, leafy, 
 branching above. Leaves 
 scattered, linear-lanceo- 
 late, sharp-pointed. Se- 
 pals ovate, pointed, with 
 scarious margins^ ciliated 
 and slightly keeled. Pe- 
 Fig. 204. Linum usitatissimum. 1, Flowering branch, tals pale blue. Fruit 
 with bud, flower, and fruit; 2, flower bud, as enve- i, urL, J^ XT ,V7i f 
 
 Iopedinthecalyx(calyxremoved),8howingit8 twisted slightly downy, With a 
 prefloration (aestivation) ; 4, horizontal section of a tapering beak. Chalky 
 
 and sandy places. Per- 
 ennial. July. Not unfrequent about Hyde, Isle of Wight. 
 
 A. 7, C. 15. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52^48. 
 
 2. ft. perenne; Linn. Perennial Blue Flax. E. B. 40, L. C. 
 200. Root woody, branched at the summit. Stems numerous, a foot 
 high, or more or less, round, tapering, smooth, leafy. Leaves scattered, 
 linear, pointed. Flowers in branching panicles. Sepals obovate. obtuse, 
 pointed. Petals large, twisted in prefloration. Stamens variable 
 in length. Stigmas bluntish, capitate. Chalky hills. Perennial. 
 June. 
 
 A. 5, C. 8. Lat. 51 55. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 (?) 47. 
 
 3. ft. usitatissimum, Linn. Common Flax. E. B. 1357, 
 L. C. 199. Stems solitary, erect, branching, leafy. Leaves nume- 
 rous, scattered, lanceolate, linear, pointed, smooth at the edges. 
 Flowers blue, in a terminal, branching corymb, drooping when in 
 bud, on long pedicels. Sepals ovate-acuminate, pointed with smooth 
 membranous borders nearly as long as the capsule. Petals three times 
 
LINAGE^. LINUM. RADIOLA. CARYOPHYLLACE^;. 
 
 757 
 
 as long as the calyx. Fruit globular, with a short 'beak. Seeds ovate, 
 compressed. Koadsides, scarcely naturalized. Annual. July. 
 
 SECT. II. Leaves opposite. 
 
 4. I*, catharticum, Linn. Purging Flax. E. B. 382, L. C. 
 202. Stems very slender, erect, or 
 ascending or spreading, forked or 
 alternately branched. Leaves oppo- 
 site, oblong, rough at the margin ; 
 lower leaves obovate. Flowers small, 
 white, in irregular cymes, on long 
 pedicels. Sepals elliptical, pointed, 
 glandular, nearly as long as the cap- 
 sule. Petals longer than the calyx. 
 Seeds ovate, compressed. Grassy 
 places, waysides, and dry banks. 
 Annual. June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. 
 Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 37. 
 
 II. Radiola, Gmel. Flax- 
 seed. Small plants, with a repeat- 
 edly forked stem (dichomotous). 
 Leaves entire, opposite. Flowers 
 both axillary and terminal. Calyx 
 with four sepals, each three-parted 
 and connected at the base, persistent. 
 Petals four, obovate. Stamens four. 
 Ovary four-lobed, with four very 
 short styles, and capitate stigmas. 
 Capsule eight-ribbed, eight-valved, 
 spuriously eight-celled, with solitary, 
 compressed, polished seeds. 
 
 1 . millegraua, Sm Thyme- 
 
 leaved Flax-seed. E. B. 893, L. C. 
 
 203. Stems erect, filiform, very 
 
 ,, /> i i % j v T 
 
 slender, forked, reddish. Leaves 
 opposite, sessile, ovate, pointed. Flowers in terminal clusters or 
 cymes, in the forks. Sepals two-three-parted. Corolla about as 
 long as the calyx. Capsule globular. Moist, sandy heaths, often 
 where the turf has been pared off. Annual. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 204 ._ limm n3itatissimnm . 3 , 
 
 Section of a flower ; 5, vertical sec- 
 
 Ji on of * he ovai T ; 6, the capsule in 
 
 the persistent calyx. 
 
 ORDER CXVJ.-CARYOPHYI.JLACJE.dE, Juss. THE 
 PINK FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous plants, rarely half- shrubby at the base. Stems usually 
 forked (dichotomous), jointed. Leaves opposite, quite entire, rarely 
 with scarious stipules. Flowers in terminal forked cymes, either showy 
 
758 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 and conspicuous or very small, or in clusters, or in panicles, or solitary. 
 Sepals five, rarely four, free or united in a tube, usually persistent, im- 
 bricate in prefloration. Petals five, rarely four, under the ovary, or on 
 a disk surrounding it, free, caducous or withering-, imbricated or imbri- 
 cated-twisted in prefloration, rarely absent. Stamens as many as the 
 petals, or twice as many, free, the inner ones shorter than the outer. 
 Ovary free, often on a stalk (a prolongation of the axis), with two- 
 five carpels, rarely with two-five imperfect cells. Ovules on a cen- 
 tral placenta, ascending, or at the inner angle of the cells. Styles 
 two-five, filiform, the internal side bearing the stigmas. Fruit cap- 
 sular, many-, rarely few-seeded, one-celled, rarely with two-five 
 incomplete cells, opening by valves or by teeth, which are as many as 
 the styles, or twice as many, very rarely baccate and indehiscent. 
 Seeds more or less reniform, ovate or angular (lenticular), with a 
 
 shagreened or tubercular epi- 
 sperm. Albumen farinaceous. 
 Embryo usually annular or semi- 
 annular, surrounding the albu- 
 men. Radicle usually distant 
 from the hilum. 
 
 SUB-ORDER I. Silenece. 
 
 Sepals united in a tube (at least 
 for some distance above the base), 
 free at the apex. Petals with an 
 elongated claw. 
 
 Genera. Dianthus, Sapona- 
 ria, Silene, Lychnis, Cucubalus. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Dianthus. Calyx calyculate 
 (surrounded by bracts or scales at 
 the base ) ; styles two. 
 
 Saponana. Calyx without bracts 
 at the base ; styles two. 
 
 Silene. Calyx tubular, more or 
 less tumid, without bracts (caly- 
 cule) ; styles three. 
 
 Lychnis. Sepals and petals as 
 in Silene; styles five. 
 
 Cucubalus. Styles three ; fruit 
 baccate. 
 
 Fig. 205. Dianthus Caryophyllus. 1, A I. IHatitllllS, Linn. Pink. 
 
 & s tr^tionTfVe n o d varT r " badS; *' Herbaceous orsomevvhatshrubby 
 
 plants. Leaves opposite, linear, 
 
 keeled, mostly combined at the base. Flowers terminal, aggregate 
 or solitary. Calyx tubular, five-toothed, surrounded at the base with 
 two or six imbricated, opposite bracts. Petals five, with long narrow 
 
CARYOPHYLLACE^E. DIANTHUS. 
 
 759 
 
 a prominent 
 rough edge. 
 
 claws, and a fiat, dilated, variously notched limb. Stamens ten. 
 Styles two. Capsule cylindrical, one-celled, opening with four 
 valves (?). Seeds compressed, attached to a central placenta. 
 
 SECT. I. Bracts at least half as long as the calyx. Flowers in heads or 
 clusters. 
 
 1. . prolifcp, Linn. Proliferous Pink. E. B. 956, L. C. 145. 
 Stems erect, ascending, or sometimes spreading, branching, glabrous. 
 Leaves linear, narrow, with 
 
 midrib, and 
 Flowers in 
 
 dense round, terminal, ses- 
 sile clusters (tufts) or heads. 
 Bracts of the involucre se- 
 veral, unequal, scarious ; the 
 outer very short, the inner 
 about as long as the calyx. 
 Calyx quite enveloped by a 
 scarious bract or scale. Pe- 
 tals rose-coloured. Sandy 
 gravelly places ; very rare. 
 Annual. July. 
 
 A. 3, C. 4. Lat. 50 
 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 
 51 48. 
 
 2. J>. Armeria, Linn. 
 Deptford Pink. E. B.317, 
 L. C. 146. Root tapering, 
 oblique. Stem erect, straight, 
 with swollen joints, more or 
 less hairy at the junctions 
 (articulations), leafy. Leaves 
 
 linear-lanceolate, hairy or downy, ciliate. Flowers purple, in terminal 
 and axillary tufts, each tuft containing several flowers, only one of 
 
 which is usually open at once. 
 Scales and bracts herbaceous, ribbed 
 and downy, lanceolate, taper- 
 pointed, about as long as the calyx. 
 Seeds nearly flat, rough and 
 pointed at one end. Dry sandy 
 places, pastures, and about hedges. 
 Near Netley Abbey, Hants. An- 
 nual. May August. 
 
 A. 12, C. 25. Lat. 50 
 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T.51 
 
 Fig. 205. Dianthus Caryophyllus. 2, Section of 
 flower, magnified. 
 
 Fig. 205. Dianthus Caryophyllus. 3, Cap- 
 sule open at the apex ; 5, seed entire ; 6, 
 section of seed, showing the embryo. 
 
 47, 
 
 SECT. II. Bracts short, scale-like. Flowers in open cymes, or solitary. 
 3. 1>. deltoides. Linn. Maiden Pink. E. B. 61, L. C. 150. 
 
' 
 
 760 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Roots branching. Stems reclining at the base, rough, downy, glau- 
 cous. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rough. Scales (bracts) of tie calyx 
 ovate-acuminate, about one-third of the length of the calyx. 
 Petals purple, finely and regularly toothed, with a deep purple ring at 
 the top of the throat. Duppas Hill, Croydon ; near Ham, Surrey ; in 
 a common field, opposite Teddington Lock. Perennial. July. 
 A A. 12, C. 40. Lat 50 58. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 51-^46*. 
 
 Yar. fr.ylancus. L. C. 150 b. King's Park, Edinburgh. We saw 
 some of the common form here, but none of the rare beauty. W. P. 
 and A. I. (See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i., p. 417.) 
 
 4. 1>. ciesius, Sm. Mountain Pink. E. B. 62, L. C. 149. Roots 
 bearing several leafy tufts. Stems erect, simple, or with an abortive 
 branch at the base, slender, smooth, leafy, glaucous as well as the 
 leaves. Leaves linear-lanceolate, blunt, with rough, scarious edges. 
 Scales (bracts) obtuse, pointed, about one quarter the length of the 
 calyx. Calyx faintly ribbed or furrowed with imbricating black seg- 
 ments. Petals obcuneate (inversely wedge-shaped), with a notched or 
 dentate margin, and a long tapering claw ; base of the limb (top of 
 the claw) bearded with purplish bristly hairs. Perennial. June 
 August. 
 
 Still growing on Cheddar Cliffs, near Wells, Somersetshire. (See 
 " Phytologist," N. S., vol. ii., p. 241.) 
 
 A. 1 , C. 1. Lat. 51 52. Alt. ? T. 49. 
 
 5. I), plumarius, Linn. Feathered Pink. Rchb. Fl. Ger., vi. 
 257, L. C. 147. Stems procumbent, rooting, branching, forming dense 
 tufts, where they grow spontaneously. Leaves short, channelled, 
 linear, tapering, pointed, rough at the margin ; whole herbage very 
 glaucous. Scales roundish,' scarcely pointed, scarcely one-fourth of 
 the length of the calyx. Petals deeply cleft, with linear segments, 
 hairy above the claw, and marked with purple. Fruit nearly cylin- 
 drical, contracted near the top, on an enlarged short carpophore. On 
 an old wall, Shalford, Guildford, Surrey. Perennial. June (?). 
 
 A. 8. 
 
 6. 1>. Caryophyllus, Linn. Clove Pink. E. B. 214, L. C. 148. 
 Root rather woody. Stems erect or ascending, glabrous, glaucous. 
 Leaves linear, glabrous, glaucous ; leaves of the barren shoots linear- 
 elongate. Scales of the calyx roundish, ridged at the top (obovate), 
 mucronate, scarcely one-fourth of the length of the tube. Teeth of 
 the calyx entire at the margin. Petals red or rose-coloured, unequally 
 and sharply toothed. This is said to be the parent of our fine garden 
 Carnations. On Rochester Castle, and probably on other castles in 
 Kent; Boxley Abbey, near Maidstone. Perennial. July, August. 
 
 A. 8. 
 
 II. Saponaria, Linn. Soapwort. Smooth or hairy, often 
 viscid, herbaceous plants. Leaves opposite. Flowers in forked 
 panicles or terminal cymes. Calyx tubular, five-toothed. Petals five, 
 with narrow claws and a dilated limb. Stamens ten. Styles two- 
 three-hve. Capsule opening by four valves. Seeds reuiform, globular. 
 
CARYOPHYLLACEJE. SAPONARI A. SILEN E. 761 
 
 8. officinalis; Linn. Common Soapwort. E. B. 1060, L. C. 
 151. Root perennial, creeping widely. Stems erect, stout, simple or 
 branching, leafy, downy or smooth. Leaves on short petioles. Ovate- 
 or oblong-lanceolate, strongly ribbed beneath. Flowers rosy white, 
 in tufts, arranged in a close panicle. Calyx herbaceous, downy, pro- 
 tuberant at the base. Fruit stipitate, opening- at the top by four 
 reflexed teeth. Borders of fields, chalk-pits. Perennial. July, 
 August. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 Var. fi. Saponaria concava anglica. Bauh. Pin. 206. Lychnis 
 Saponaria dicta, Raii. Syn. 339. Gentiana concaca, Ger. Em. 435. 
 Gerarde's account of this variety is as follows, loco cit. : " I found 
 this strange kind of Gentian in a small grove of a wood, called the 
 Spinie, neere unto a small village in Northamptonshire, called Lich- 
 barrow; elsewhere I have riot heard of it." Johnson's remark is, 
 "Not having- as yet seen the plant, I can affirm nothing of certaintie." 
 Sir J. E. Smith notices it thus : " Var. &. has some of the upper 
 leaves combined and sheathing-, with a monopetalous corolla." 
 
 Is this S. hybrida of Linn. ? 
 
 S. vaccaria, Linn. Gypsophila vaccaria, Sm. Fl. Grsec. 380. 
 Hoot annual. Stem erect, repeatedly forked, glabrous. Leaves ses- 
 sile, ovate-lanceolate, slightly connate at the base. Flowers pink or 
 rosy, in a lax cyme. Calyx with five-winged angles, membranous. 
 Petals not much surpassing the calyx. Capsule opening by four erect 
 valves (teeth). Riverside, near the steam-boat pier, Wands worth. It 
 was observed here during three or four seasons, but it is now extinct. 
 The habit and appearance of this species, as Smith says, agree better 
 with Gypsophila than with Saponaria. ' 
 
 A. 1. 
 
 III. Silene, Linn. Catch-fly. Annual or perennial herbaceous 
 plants, with leafy, jointed stems, and opposite, entire leaves, united 
 at the base. Flowers in terminal or lateral cymes. Calyx tubular, 
 angular, or furrowed, sometimes inflated, with five teeth, without 
 scales at the base. Petals five, with narrow claws, and generally an 
 upright scale at the base of the limb, forming a crown at the throat of 
 the corolla. Filaments ten. Styles three. Capsule imperfectly 
 three-celled, six-valved. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped. 
 
 1. S. anglica; Linn. English Catch-fly. E. B. 1178, L. C. 155. 
 Root slender, tapering, fibrous. Herbage densely hairy, more or less 
 luxuriant and glutinous. Stem erect or recumbent, branched, leafy. 
 Leaves oblong-lanceolate or obovate, tapering towards the base. 
 Flowers solitary, from the axils of the upper leaves on short pedicels. 
 Calyx of the flower cylindrical, of the fruit ovate, with Jive viscid green 
 ribs, contracted at the apex, not uinbilicate at the base. Petals small, 
 white or with a reddish tinge, slightly cleft, with a cleft scale above 
 the claw. Capsule invested with the calyx, nearly sessile. Gravelly 
 and sandy corn-fields. Annual. June August. 
 
 A. 14, C.40. Lat. 50 7 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 D D D 
 
762 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Var. a. quiiiqiie vulnera. Petals white or roseate, with a deep 
 purple spot in the centre of each liinb. Steam-boat pier, Wands- 
 worth. 
 
 In the same place there grew another variety, with the fol- 
 lowing characters: Leaves linear- oblong-, hairy, and glandular; 
 calyx with long, white, spreading, cartilaginous hairs ; petals 
 spreading, notched, reflexed, pink; crown erect, with five erect 
 cleft lamina. 
 
 2. 8. nutansj Linn. Drooping Catch-fly. E. B. 465, L. C. 156. 
 Root somewhat woody, branching. Stems erect or ascending, three- 
 forked, downy or hairy, and viscid above. Lower leaves lanceolate, 
 tapering into a petiole. Stem-leaves lanceolate or linear. Flowers 
 white, usually drooping, in a lax panicle. Calyx hairy or downy, 
 with triangular short teeth ; swollen above ivhen in fruit. Petals 
 deeply cleft, with a crown. Fruit on a long stipe. Seeds finely 
 shagreened. On limestone and chalk cliffs. On Nottingham Castle 
 Rock. Rocks in Dovedale. Perennial. May July. 
 
 A. 7, C. 12. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51-48. 
 
 3. S. Halica, Pers. S. patens, Peete. Italian Catch-fly. E. B. 
 748 L. C. 156* (Excluded Species, 3rd ed.) Root woody. Steins 
 
 recc or ascending, six-eighteen inches high, more or less hairy. 
 Lower leaves spathnlate, tapering into the petiole ; the upper leaves 
 linear-lanceolate. Flowers erect on short peduncles (pedicels?), in 
 lax pyramidal clusters. Calyx inflated, slightly umbilicate, downy, 
 and often glandular, with ovate, blunt teeth. Petals cleft or obcordate, 
 without a crown. Capsule ovate-oblong, acuminate, with a long stipe 
 (a column elevating the capsule, thecaphore). Seeds tubercled, and 
 flat on both sides. Perennial. May August. 
 
 In the " Fl. Vect.," p. 62, there is an elaborate description of the 
 Silene, which grows on the top of the cliff, and on the land-slips 
 below it, in Sandown Bay. The Isle of Wight plant very much 
 resembles the Fig. in E. B. above quoted, S, patens, Peete. Dr. 
 Bromfield describes it as S. nutans. 
 
 4. S. Otites, Sm. Spanish Catch-fly. E. B. 85, L. C. 154. 
 Root woody, tapering. Stems erect, downy or viscid, simple. Lower 
 leaves spathulate; stem-leaves almost linear. Flowers dioecious, 
 rarely polygamous, small, numerous, clustered, disposed in a rather 
 close panicle. Calyx tubular-campanulate, glabrous ; teeth triangu- 
 lar, short, often split when in fruit. Petals linear, entire, without 
 scales above the claw. Capsule ovate, longer than the calyx, sessile. 
 Eastern Counties of England. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 2, C. 3. Lat. 52 53. Alt, 0-50 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 5. 8. inflata, Sm. Bladder Catch-fly. E. B. 164, L. C. 153. 
 Root vertical. Stems ascending, often prostrate at the base, branch- 
 ing, glabrous, or slightly downy below. Leaves glabrous, slightly 
 ciliated or toothed, oblong or ovate-lanceolate. Flowers white, in a 
 terminal cyme. Calyx ylalrous, ovate, bladder-like, veined, with large 
 triangular teeth, not' torn by the mature fruit. Petals cleft, with two 
 small tubercles above the claw. Fruit roundish, on a thick stalk, 
 
CARYOPHYLLACEJE. SILENE. 763 
 
 nearly half as long as the capsule. Roadsides, dry pastures ; common. 
 Perennial. June. Not common in the North of Scotland. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0250 yards. T. 52 3 44\ 
 
 Var. /6. minor. Leaves all linear ; flowers small. At Wandsworth 
 steam-boat pier. 
 
 Var. hirsuta. Plant hoary, tubercled. Common in the South of 
 England. 
 
 6. S. maritima, With. Sea Bladder- Campion. E. B. 597, L. C. 
 153*. Stems decumbent, fiexuous, swollen at the articulations, quite 
 smooth; flowering stems erect. Leaves lanceolate, tapering, quite 
 entire, pointed. Flowers few, white. Calyx inflated, membranous, 
 with reticulating veins and short triangular teeth. Petals cleft, 
 crowned to the base of the limb, ivith two projecting teeth on the top of 
 the long narrow claw. Fruit roundish, with a tapering, very blunt 
 beak, on an enlarged, rigid, roundish carpophore. Rocks and shingly 
 places by the sea. Perennial. June, tin -*x^o/& ^K^u^ L /^/ J*^ 
 
 A. 18, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01000 yards. T.52 J 36. / 
 
 7 8. conica, Linn. Striated Corn Catch-fly. E. B. 922, L. C. 
 158. Root tapering, small. Sterns erect, six-twentyfour inches 
 high, round, tapering, finely downy, leafy. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 acute, downy. Flowers from the forks or at the summits. Calyx 
 cylindrical or conical, umbilicate at the base, ivith thirty green ribs ; 
 teeth long and tapering. Petals small, each with a red, cleft limb 
 and a cleft or divided scale at its base. Capsule ovate, rather shorter 
 than the calyx. East of England and Scotland (?). May July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 5. Lat. 51 57. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 8. 8. noctiflora, Linn. Night-flowering Catch-fly. E. B. 291, 
 L. C. 157. Stem erect, round, furrowed, repeatedly forked, hairy 
 and viscid above. Leaves oblong- lanceolate, tapering at the base ; 
 upper ones lanceolate, sessile and rounded at the base. Flowers 
 solitary in the forks, or terminal (cymose). Calyx oblong, club-shaped, 
 or ovate, very viscid, with ten ridges, and long, setaceous, subulate teeth. 
 Petals deeply cleft, with a cloven scale or crown at the base of their 
 limb (top of the claw). Capsule ovate-conical, shortly stipulate. East of 
 England, in corn-fields. Annual. July. Wandsworth steam-boat pier. 
 
 A. 9, C. 25. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
 Silene catholica, Ait. Hort. Kew, ill. 85. Cucubalus catholicus, 
 Linn, an Italian species, has been reported in the " Phytologist," 
 N. S., vol. ii., p. 220, for September, 1857, from Suffolk, " among trees 
 separating the Park from the parsonage of Great Livermere, near 
 Bury St. Edmund's." 
 
 S. Armeria, Linn. Deptford Catch-Fly. E. B. 1398, L.C.p. 15. 
 Stems slender, erect, branching, leafy. Leaves clasping at the base, 
 linear-lanceolate, blunt. Flowers terminal and lateral, in many- 
 forked cymes. Calyx smooth, with more or less prominent ridges. 
 Petals notched, spathulate, with two scales ; claws longer than the 
 calyx. Capsule club-shaped. Wandsworth steam-boat .pier. An- 
 nual, July. 
 
 Alien. 
 
764 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 S. alpestris, Jacq. Alpine Catch-fly. Boot fibrous. Stems branch- 
 ing-, downy or hairy. Leaves lanceolate, blunt. Calyx cylindrical, 
 top-shaped, with ovate, blunt teeth. Petals pure white, with a four- 
 toothed scolloped limb. Claws crowned with two flat, ovate, petal-like 
 processes. Said to have been collected by the late Mr. George Don, on 
 a mountain to the east of Clova, Forfarshire. Perennial. June. 
 
 9. 8. acaulis. Linn. Moss-Campion. E. B. 1081, L. C. 159. 
 Roots long, branching, crowned by short, branched, tufted, leafy stems. 
 Leaves linear, crowded, smooth, slightly fringed at the base. Flowers 
 solitary, terminal. Calyx smooth, more or less inflated, with short 
 blunt teeth and a reddish tinge. Petals slightly notched or entire, 
 with a minute cloven scale at the base of the limb. (Japsule ovate- 
 cylindrical, twice as long as the calyx. On the Scottish mountains. 
 Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 6, C. 15. Lat. 53 61. Alt. 01450 yards. T. 44 32 D . 
 
 IV. Ijyclmis, Linn. Lychnis, Campion. Stems hairy, slightly 
 glandulous above. Leaves ovate, oblong or lanceolate. Flowers 
 imperfect (dioocious), in forked or irregular cymes. Calyx tubular, 
 more or less inflated, five-toothed, without a secondary calyx (calycule). 
 Petals five, with long claws, with a crown of scales above the claws. 
 Stamens ten. Styles five. Capsule one-celled, opening at the top 
 by five-ten valves. 
 
 1. JL. diurna, Sibth. Red Campion. E. B. 1574, L. C. 163. 
 Stem erect, hairy, branching above, slightly glandular at the apex. 
 Leaves downy, the root-leaves and lower stem-leaves attenuated into 
 petioles, the upper ovate-oblong, tapering. Flowers usually red or 
 rosy, in a cyme, more or less numerous. Calyx reddish, inflated in 
 the male flowers and ovate in the female flowers. Petals cleft. Fruit 
 ovate-sessile, with rejiexed teeth when the fruit (seed) is ripe. Hedges 
 and woods. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 52 58. 
 
 Var. Stem-leaves quite smooth. Much taller, slenderer and hand- 
 somer than the common form of M. sylvestre. Calyx like the calyx 
 of L. Flos-cuculi, and quite smooth. Petals narrow, not ragged, but 
 bifid. Another variety with narrow, toothed, or notched petals, 
 neither cleft nor ragged. Banks round fields, Colchester. 
 
 2. . Yespertina* Sibth. White Campion, E. B. 1580, L. C. 
 164. Stems erect, branching above, round, hairy, somewhat glan- 
 dular at the summit. Lower leaves narrowed into a petiole, the 
 upper lanceolate, all hairy. Flowers white, in a lax, few-flowered 
 cyme. ^ Calyx green, scarcely swollen in the male flowers, becoming 
 ovate in the female ones. Petals more or less deeply cleft. Claw 
 crowned, with erect, spreading teeth. Fruit ovate, sessile, with erect 
 teeth. Fields, fallows, waysides. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 3. I*. E !os-ci]<-uli, Linn. Ragged Robin. Cuckoo-flower, 
 E. B. 573, L. C. 16*2. Root creeping. Stems erect or reclining at 
 the base, branching above and emitting scions from below, rough, 
 
CARYOPHYLLACE.E. CUCUBALUS. 765 
 
 angular. Leaves hairy at the base, smooth above, the lower oblong, 
 attenuated into a petiole, the upper oblong -lanceolate or linear. Flowers 
 purple, in a terminal cyme or lax panicle. Calyx coloured, not hairy, 
 but rough, with puckered angles and triangular-pointed teeth. Petals 
 deeply-parted into four unequal linear segments, with scales at the 
 base of the limb. Fruit capsular, ovate, sessile, one-celled. Wet 
 meadows. Perennial. June. . 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 51. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 51 40. 
 
 4. I.. Tiscaria, Linn, lied German Catch-fly. E. B. 788, L. C. 
 161. Root somewhat woody. Stems erect, simple, glabrous, viscid 
 below the articulations. Leaves glabrous, linear-lanceolate, with the 
 margins woolly at the base. Flowers purple, in tufts, on a short 
 common peduncle, and very short pedicels. Calyx usually coloured, 
 glabrous, with short, triangular- pointed teeth. Petals entire or 
 slightly notched, with a crown surmounting the long claws. Fruit 
 ovate, on a longish pedicel (carpophore). Seeds minute, reniform, 
 sharply tubercled. In dry, rocky, mountainous places. Perennial. 
 June. / 
 
 A. 3, C. 6. Lat. 52 57. Alt. 0300 yards. T. 47 46\ 
 
 5. JL. alpinaj Linn. Red Alpine Campion. E. B. 2254, L. C. 
 160. Stem erect, round, smooth, leafy, a few inches high (three-six), 
 quite simple. Root-leaves in a- dense rosette. Stem-leaves clasping, 
 all linear or linear-lanceolate. Flowers in a dense round head, rose- 
 coloured. Petals cleft, crown only two small tubercles on each petal. 
 Capsule stipitate, on a carpophore one-third of the length of the cap- 
 sule, five-celled when young, with membranous partitions. Seeds 
 reniform, minute, tubercled. Clova mountains, Scotland, and Cam- 
 brian mountains, England. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 56 57. Alt. 7001000 yards. T. 40- 37. 
 
 6. JL. Gritliago, Lam. Agrostemma Githago, Linn. Corn 
 Cockle. E. B. 741, L. C. 165. Stems erect, slender, simple or forked, 
 hairy. Leaves linear, hairy, ciliated, long. Flowers solitary, showy, 
 on long, terminal foot-stalks. Calyx ovate-cylindrical, with promi- 
 nent, rounded, hairy ribs, separating into Jive linear -lanceolate, elon- 
 gated segments, nearly twice as long as the petals. Petals obovate, 
 nearly entire or slightly notched, without a crown, marked by three 
 dark lines. Cornfields. Annual. June, July. -z-dfa M ..& f^M u*- 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt, 0200 yards (?). T. 52 46.#i 
 
 V. CucubaEns, Grert. Cucubalus. Prostrate or climbing plants, 
 with petiolate ovate leaves ; herbage hairy or downy. Flowers soli- 
 tary or in pairs, laxly panicled. Calyx bell- shaped, ribbed, five-cleft. 
 Petals five, long-clawed, crowned above the claw. Stamens ten, 
 styles three. Fruit, a berry, not opening. 
 
 C. bacciferiis* Linn. Berry-bearing Cucubalus. E. B. 1577, 
 L. C. Excluded Species. Stem weak, trailing, round, tapering, with 
 swollen joints, viscid and clothed with soft, shaggy hairs, leafy, 
 branches opposite, divaricate. Leaves ovate, tapering at both ends, 
 on short stalks. Flowers in cymes, sepals lanceolate, scarious at the 
 
766 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 edges ; petals twice as long as the sepals, deeply cleft, with ribbed 
 claws, pure white or greenish white. Claw of the petals crowned 
 with two tubular-toothed processes. Berries black, shining. Hedges, 
 shady moist places. Isle of Dogs, London. Perennial. July. 
 Alien. 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. Alsineae. THE CHICKWEED TRIBE. Sepals 
 four-five. Petals as many as the sepals, not unguiculate, but sessile, 
 deciduous, generally two-lobed or cleft, sometimes absent. Stamens 
 usually twice as many as the sepals, rarely of the same number or 
 fewer. Styles two-five. Capsule one-celled, with as many valves or 
 teeth as there are stigmas in the flower. Seeds indefinite, rarely 
 few or solitary. 
 
 Genera. Lepigonum, Spergula, Sagina^ Alsine, Holosteum, Are- 
 naria, Stellaria, Cerastium, fyc. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Lepigonum. Leaves stipulate. Styles three. Capsule opening to the 
 base by three valves. 
 
 Spergula. Leaves stipulate. Styles five. Capsule opening by five valves. 
 
 Sayina. Leaves exstipulate. Styles four. Capsule four-valved. 
 
 Euffonia. Petals and stamens four, respectively. Styles two. 
 
 Ahine. Styles three. Capsule three-valved. 
 
 Holosteum. Petals toothed and fringed. Capsule opening by six teeth. 
 
 Arenaria. Styles two-three. Capsule opening by four-six teeth. 
 
 Honckenya. Succulent plants, with three styles and three-valved 
 capsules. 
 
 Stellaria. Petals cleft or parted, nearly to the claw. Styles three. 
 Capsule six-valved. 
 
 Moenchia. Sepals, petals, and stamens four respectively. Capsule eight- 
 ten, toothed. 
 
 Cerastium. Petals cleft or parted. Styles five, rarely four. Capsule 
 opening by twice as many teeth as there are styles in the flower. 
 
 Malachium. Capsule opening by five two-toothed valves. A genuine 
 Cerastium (?). 
 
 VI. I.epigomim, Wahl. Fl. Goth. 45. Arenaria, Sm. Sper- 
 f/ularia, Pers. L. C. 175. Annual plants, with stipulate leaves. 
 Flowers in cymes, usually reduced to unilateral clusters. Sepals five. 
 Petals five, entire. Stamens ten, or fewer by abortion. Styles three. 
 Capsule opening to the base by three valves. 
 
 1. Ii* riiliriim, Wahl. Arenaria rubra, Linn, and Sm. Purple 
 Sandwort. E. B. 852. S. rubra. L. C. 175. Stems numerous, 
 spreading-, erect at the summit, leafy, nearly glabrous below, hairy, 
 glandular above. Leaves thick, linear, subulate, pointed. Stipules 
 entire, scarious. Flowers on short pedicels, which are about as long 
 as the calyx, rose-purple, in one-seeded leafy clusters. Sepals hairy, 
 glandular, scarious only at the edges. Seeds not winged. Sandy or 
 gravelly places. Annual. May. June. 
 
 A. 17. C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 X 
 
 V 
 
CARYOPHYLLACEJE. LEPIGONUM. SPERGULA. SAGINA. 767 
 
 2. 1^. rupestre, \Vahl. (?) Sperqidaria rupestris, Cambes. Mem. 
 du Mus. St. Hilaire, Fl. Bras. 110. U C. 174*. (See Appendix.) 
 
 '3. ]j. marinum. Arenaria marina, Sm. E. B. 958, L. C. 174. j 
 Stems bluntly angular, compressed, swollen at the articulations, 
 erect or reclining, smooth or downy. Leaves cylindrical, fleshy, 
 blunt, with scarious stipules. Flowers in terminal cymes. Sepals 
 blunt, fleshy, with a very narrow scarious border. Flowers pink. 
 Fruit ovate, triangular at the apex. Seeds roundi h, compressed, 
 with a broad, conspicuous, white, scarious, marginal rim. Muddy 
 places by the sea and near tidal rivers. Annual (?). July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 50. Lat. 50' 61. Alt.? T. 52' 46. 
 
 4. I. medium, Fr. Root woody. Stems numerous, thickly 
 covered with glandular hairs. Leaves rather fleshy, tipped with 
 a minute, horny point. Capsule slightly longer than the calyx. Seeds 
 with a thickened, rough border. Cliff at Tenby ; slate at Ilfracombe ; 
 limestone, Plymouth and Torquay. Mr. F. J. A. Hort, in " Phyto- 
 logist," November, 1848. 
 
 VII. Spergula, Linn, Spurrey. Annual plants, with linear, 
 subulate leaves, in opposite fascicles, apparently whorled. Stipules 
 scarious. Flowers white, in cymes, ' usually reduced to unilateral 
 clusters. Sepals five. Petals five, entire. Stamens five-ten. Capsule 
 valvular, opening by five valves to the base. 
 
 1. 8. arvensis, Linn. Corn Spurrey. E. B. 1535, L. C. 172. 
 Stems spreading, round, hairy, sometimes glabrous or glandulous, 
 enlarged at the articulations. Leaves linear, setaceous, convex, 
 with a longitudinal furrow on the under surface, hairy. Stipules sca- 
 rious, small, very abruptly pointed. Pedicels spreading or refracted 
 after flowering. Sepals herbaceous, with a narrow, scarious margin. 
 Petals about as long as the calyx. Fruit smooth. Seeds round, 
 tubercled, with a border, blackish brown j tubercles or papillae pale. 
 Corn-fields. Annual. June. 
 
 /\ 2. S. pentaiidra, Linn. E. B. 1536, L. C. p. 16. Stems solitary 
 or several, erect or ascending, glabrous or nearly so. Leaves not grooved 
 on the under side. Stamens five. Seeds compressed, with a large 
 scarious margin. Ireland. Annual. April June. 
 
 Species dubia (a doubtful plant). 
 
 VIII. Sagina, Linn. Pearlwort. Small annual or perennial 
 plants, with opposite, linear, filiform, or subulate leaves, and minute, 
 axillary or terminal, solitary, stalked flowers. Sepals four-five, con- 
 cave and bluntish. Petals entire, four, rarely five, sometimes wanting. 
 Stamens four-five-ten. Stigmas four-five, sessile. Capsule one-celled 
 and four-eight-valved, opening to the base. Seeds numerous, on a 
 central placenta. 
 
 SECT. I. Sepals five. Styles five. Capsule five-valved. 
 
 1. S. nodosa, Meyer. Speryula nodosa, Linn. Knotted Spurrey. 
 E. B. 694, L. C. 171. Stems several, slender, almost filiform, reclin- 
 ing or prostrate at the base, ascending, usually branched, slightly hairy 
 
DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 or nearly glabrous. Leaves subulate, blunt ; upper leaves short, in 
 axillary tufts. Pedicels erect, Jive times as long as the calyx. Sepals 
 close to the capsule, thick, fleshy, blunt. Petals five, about as long 
 as the sepals. Seeds numerous, black, finely muricated or shagreened. 
 Sandy moist places. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0500 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 2. 8. subulata, Wimm. Spergulasubulata, Swartz. E. B. 1082, 
 L. C. 170*. Stems numerous, slender, almost filiform, prostrate at 
 the base, ascending, usually branching, invested with short, more or 
 less glandular hairs. Leaves subulate, pointed (awned), ciliated, 
 with short glandular hairs, with a tuft of axillary leaves as in the 
 foregoing species. Pedicels usually contiguous at the top of the stems, 
 
 ' ten-fifteen times longer than the calyx, reflexed after flowering, and 
 erect when in fruit. Sepals linear, with scarious tips and margins. 
 Petals rather longer than the calyx. Styles five. Capsule five- 
 valved. Gravelly places. Is this obscure species a variety of S.pro- 
 cumbens ? Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 15, C. 40. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 51 40. 
 
 3. 8. saxatilis, Wimm. Spergula saginoides, Sm. Smooth 
 Awl-shaped Spurrey. E. B. 2105, L. C. 170. Stems in tufts, pros- 
 trate below, ascending above, quite smooth, leafy. Leaves linear- 
 setaceous, pointed, smooth, fleshy* Peduncles solitary, terminal, 
 reflexed after flowering, finally erect. Sepals blunt, ovate, fleshy, 
 with a narrow membranous edge, longer than the petals, shorter than 
 the capsule. Petals obovate. Valves of capsule oblong, recurved at 
 the tips. Seeds roundish, kidney-shaped, smooth, brown, not bordered. 
 On lofty mountains in Scotland. An alpine form of S. procumbens (?). 
 Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 3, C. 68. Lat. 56 59, Alt 650850 yards. T. 40 38. 
 
 SECT. II. Sepals four. Styles four. Capsule four-valved. (Flowers 
 tetramerous.) 
 
 4. 8. procumbens, Linn. Procumbent Pearlwort. E. B. 880, 
 L. C. 167. Stems numerous, slender, thread-shaped, spreading, pros- 
 trate or ascending, rooting below, usually branched, glabrous. Leaves 
 linear, pointed, not ciliated. Pedicels capillary, curved (reflexed) at 
 the apex after flowering, erect, when the fruit is ripe. Sepals four, 
 spreading after flowering. Petals not half so long as the sepals, often 
 wanting. Fruit a capsule, opening by four valves. On walls, heaths, 
 and dry places. Annual (?). May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01250 yards. T. 52 35. 
 
 5. 8. lamritinia, Don. Sea Pearlwort. E. B. 2195, L. C. 168. 
 Stems numerous, spreading, with ascending, elongate, leafy branches. 
 Leaves short, broad ; margin scarious, at the base, blunt. Flower- 
 stalks long, slender, erect. Sepals broadly ovate, obtuse. Capsule 
 longer than the calyx. Scottish coast and eastern shores of England. 
 Annual. May August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 40. Lat. 50 61. Alt. ? T. 52 46. 
 S. densa, Jord. (See " Phytologist," N. S., vol. ii., p. 23.) Stems 
 much branched, and forming dense tufts. Capsule rounded, stalked. 
 
CARYOPHYLLACE^E. SAGINA. BUFFONIA. ALSINE. 769 
 
 6. S. apetala, Linn. Erect Pearlwort. E.B. 881, L. C. 169. 
 Stems numerous, very slender, filiform, ascending or erect, branching, 
 glabrous or slightly downy. Leaves linear, fleshy, but not cylindrical, 
 some slightly ciliated and auricled, with a scarious edge and a short 
 nmcro (point), many without the usual tuft of leaves in their axils. 
 Pedicels 'Very long, erect or slightly reflexed after flowering. Sepals 
 ovate, hooded, keeled, not so long as the capsule, and closely enveloping 
 it. Petals much shorter than the calyx, often abortive. Capsule longer 
 than the calyx. Seeds numerous, brown. About walls; generally 
 in dry places. Annual. May September. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 7. S. ciliata, Fr. Fringed Pearlwort, *L. C. 169*. Stems 
 slenderer than in the above, hairy. Leaves shorter, more fleshy, 
 cylindrical, ciliated through their whole extent, with fascicles of leaves 
 in their axils. Capsule not much longer than the calyx. Flowers on 
 shorter pedicels more numerous and contiguous. Chelsea Hospital. 
 Annual. May September. 
 
 IX. Iluft"oiiia 9 Linn. Calyx four-parted. Petals four, entire 
 or two-toothed. Stamens four, opposite to the sepals, or eight, and 
 then opposite and alternate, inserted on a disk which surrounds the 
 ovary (perigynous disk). Styles two, opposite to the two valves. 
 Seeds two, erect, basilar. 
 
 JB. ton ui folia, Linn. E. B. 1313, L. C. Excluded Species, p. 16. 
 Hoots slender, fibrous. Stem alternately branched, spreading. Leaves 
 awl-shaped (subulate). Flowers on rough pedicels, in a thyrse (a 
 panicle tapering at both ends). Sepals lanceolate, acuminate (an 
 extended point), with three confluent nerves. Petals much shorter 
 than the calyx. Filaments and styles very short. Seeds minute, 
 scarcely tubercular. Found near Boston, by Plukenet, and on Houns- 
 low Heath, by Mr. Doody. Compare Kay's Synopsis by Dillenius. 
 Not found since. Annual. June. 
 
 X. Alsine, AVahl. Annual or perennial plants, with linear, 
 subulate, or setaceous leaves, without stipules. Flowers white, in 
 forked terminal cymes. Sepals five, petals five, entire. Stamens ten 
 or fewer. Styles three. Capsule opening to the base by three 
 valves. 
 
 1. A. tenuifolia, "VVahl. Arenariatenuifolia,Sm. Fine-leaved 
 Sandwort. E. B. 210, L. C. 179. Stems procumbent, forked from the 
 base, mostly smooth. Leaves subulate, three-nerved, with a point. 
 Flower-stalks erect, longer than the leaves. Flowers small, nume- 
 rous, axillary. Sepals lanceolate-subulate, herbaceous, three-nerved, 
 with a narrow scarious border, much longer than the petals. Petals 
 oblanceolate. Capsule pellucid, with three valves. Sandy, chalky 
 places. Annual. June. 
 
 A. 6, C. 15. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 Var. . viscidula. Very slender, with glandular short hairs, and 
 smaller flowers than the type. 
 
770 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 2. A. stricta, Wahl. A. uliginosa, Schl. Marsh Sand wort. 
 E. B. 2890, L. C. 181*. Stem prostrate, tufted. Leaves filiform, 
 nerveless. Flower-stalks erect, very long. Sepals ovate-acute, three- 
 nerved. Petals as long as the sepals, oboval, tapering below. Cap- 
 sule ovate, rounded. Teesdale ; very rare. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 54. Alt, ? T. ?. 
 
 3. A. Terna, Jacq. Vernal Sandwort. E. B. 512, L. C. 180. 
 Flowering-stems erect, filiform, forked, with only a few leaves ; barren 
 stems prostrate, tufted, leafy. Leaves linear, subulate, sharp, quite 
 smooth. Peduncles long, single-flowered, hairy; hairs spreading. 
 Sepals ovate-lanceolate, with a membranous margin, hairy, acute. 
 Petals rounded, somewhat cordate, larger than the sepals. Fruit 
 cylindrical, three-valved, longer than the calyx. In mountainous 
 parts ; not uncornmen. Perennial. May September. 
 
 A. 12, C. 25. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0850 yards. T. 52 3S\ 
 
 4. A. rubella, Wahl. Alpine Sandwort. E. B. 2638, L. C. 181. 
 Wahl. Fl. Lap. 128, t. 6. Stems numerous, leafy, forming dense 
 tufts. Flowering-stalks downy, one-flowered, with one-three pairs of 
 leaves. Leaves linear-lanceolate, mucronate, with three prominent 
 dorsal nerves. Flowers solitary, reddish. Sepals prominently three- 
 nerved, acute, with a membranous margin. Petals obovate, narrowed 
 below, shorter than the sepals. On the tops of the Scottish moun- 
 tains. Ben Lawers. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 56 59. Alt. 8501300 yards. T. 38 34. 
 
 A.fastigiata^^ll. E.-B. 1744, L. C. p. 16. Stems four-five inches, 
 branched, leafy, round, nearly smooth. Leaves slender, smooth, 
 three-ribbed at the base. Flowers in level-topped cymes. Sepals 
 tapering, whitish. Petals shorter than the calyx. Mountains of 
 Scotland. Annual. June. 
 
 One of the species dubice, introduced by Mr. G. Don, and cir- 
 culated by the rather credulous (?) authors of E. B. 
 
 5. A. Cherleri, Fenzl. Cherleria sedoides, Linn. Dwarf 
 Cyphel. E. B. 1212, L. C. 198. Hoots rather woody, bearing dense 
 tufts of leafy stems, which are either prostrate or partly erect, all 
 branching. Leaves linear-lanceolate, somewhat downy, with promi- 
 nent dorsal nerves, and finely ciliated margins. Flowers solitary, 
 erect, terminal. Sepals keeled, and slightly ribbed, lanceolate. 
 Petals usually wanting. On the tops of the loftiest mountains of 
 Scotland. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 8. Lat. 56 61. Alt. 8501300 yards. T. 38 3 34. 
 
 XI. Honekenya (Honkeneja, Ehrh.) Smooth, succulent, 
 procumbent, perennial plants, with much-branched, angular, leafy 
 stems. Flowers perfect and dioecious. Sepals five, one-nerved. 
 Petals five, entire, more developed in the male flowers, with a disk 
 and nectariferous glands. Stamens ten, without pollen in the female 
 flowers. Ovary barren in the male flowers. Styles three. Capsule 
 fleshy, globular or roundish, with as many valves as styles. Seeds 
 few, large, pyriform, beaked, dotted, furrowed on one side. 
 
CARYOPHYLLACK^E. HONCKRNYA. HOLOSTEUM. ARENAKIA. 771 
 
 H. peploides, Ehrh. Sea Chickweed. E. B. 189, L. C. 173. 
 Stem spreading-, many times forked. Leaves ovate, acute, gla- 
 brous, one-nerved. Pedicels axillary, about as long as the calyx. 
 Sepals ovate, obtuse, one-nerved, shorter than the petals. Capsule 
 rugose, large, globular, one-third part longer than the calyx. The 
 root creeps very extensively, and the stems are often more than half- 
 buried in the sand. Sm. Sandy sea-coasts. Perennial. June 
 September. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 5(T- 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51--46 . 
 
 XII. Holosteum, Linn. Jagged Chickweed. Smooth, rather 
 glaucous, annual plants. Leaves entire. Flowers umbellate oi\ 
 panicled. Sepals five, ovate, concave. Petals five, unequally jagged 
 or toothed. Stamens five, three, or four, rarely ten. Styles three, 
 short, with bluntish. downy stigmas. Capsule nearly cylindrical, 
 opening with six teeth. Seeds numerous, rough. 
 
 H, umbellatum, Linn. Umbellate Jagged Chickweed. E. B. 
 27, L. C. 183. Stems erect or spreading, simple, glaucous, often 
 reddish, downy, viscid, with two-three pairs of leaves. Pedicels 
 unequal, refracted after flowering. Sepals scarious at their margins. 
 Petals white, rarely rose-coloured, longer than the sepals. On walls, 
 at Norwich, Yarmouth, &c. Annual. April. 
 
 A. 1, C. 2. Lat. 52 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 48. 
 
 XIII. Arenaria, Linn. Sandwort. Small herbaceous or half 
 shrubby plants, with numerous or much-branched, slender stems. 
 Leaves entire. Flowers small. Calyx four-five-pointed, spreading, 
 mostly ribbed sepals. Petals four-five, ovate or lanceolate, not 
 divided, withering. Stamens ten or fewer, on a glandular disk. 
 Styles two-three, spreading, with downy stigmas. Capsule one- 
 celled, opening by four-six teeth, or by three, four, or six valves. 
 Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, roughish. 
 
 SECT. I. Seeds smooth, arillate (Moehringia}. 
 
 1. A. trinervia, Linn. Plantain-leaved Sandwort. E. B. 1483. 
 A. trinervis. L. C. 182. Moehringia trinervia, Clair. Stems usually 
 numerous, slender, branched and spreading widely, hairy ; hairs short, 
 deflexed. Leaves ovate, pointed, the lower ivith broad tapering petioles, 
 the upper nearly sessile, hairy and ciliated, with three-five principal 
 nerves. Flowers on long pedicels, in a leafy cyme ; pedicels spreading 
 and curved downwards after flowering. Sepals lanceolate, acute, 
 with a thick, herbaceous, ciliated, or rough keel, and broad scarious 
 margins. Petals shorter than the calyx. Hedges. Annual. May. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 SECT. II. Seeds shagreened, without an aril. 
 
 2. A. serpyllifolia, Linn. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. E. B. 925, 
 L. C. 178. Hoot fibrous, branching. Stems very numerous from one 
 root, spreading, branching, with short rough hairs. Leaves small, 
 
772 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 ovate-pointed, sessile, nerved. Flowers in forked cymes, usually 
 numerous. Sepals lanceolate, one-three-nerved, scarious at the margin. 
 Petals shorter than the sepals. Dry sandy places. Annual. May. 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. : 60. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 3. A. ciliata, Linn. Fringed. Sandwort. E.B. 1745, L.C. 176. 
 Stem simple, slender, three-four inches high. Leaves obversely lan- 
 ceolate, sessile, tapering and fringed at the base. Flowers solitary, on 
 hairy stalks. Calyx smooth. Petals longer than the calyx. Scottish 
 and Irish mountains. Perennial. July, August. Hibernian. 
 
 4. A. norvegiea, Gunn. Norwegian Sandwort. E. B. 2852, 
 L. C. 177. Stems several, very slender, erect, branching, only a few 
 inches high. Leaves obovate, fleshy, with a short point, not ciliated. 
 Sepals herbaceous, more or less keeled, obscurely three-ribbed. Petals 
 slightly longer than the calyx. Capsule longer than the calyx. 
 Seeds few, round, tuberculate, brown. Unst, Shetland. Perennial. 
 July. 
 
 A.I, C.I. Lat. 60 61. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 46 45. 
 
 XIV. Stella ria, Linn. Stitch wort. Annual and perennial 
 plants, with lanceolate, or linear, or ovate andsharply pointed leaves. 
 Flowers white, lateral, or in cymes. Sepals five. Petals five, cleft, 
 or parted. Stamens ten, or fewer. Styles three. Capsule opening 
 by six valves. 
 
 1. 8. media. With. Common Chickweed. E.B. 537, L. C. 185. 
 Stems diffuse, or prostrate and rooting, succulent, brittle, smooth, 
 except an alternate hairy line (not continuous). Leaves petioled, 
 ovate, shortly pointed, upper ones tapering at the base, and sessile or 
 nearly so. Flowers in leafy cymes. Sepals ovate, hairy. Petals 
 deeply-parted, scarcely so long as the calyx. Fruit ovate, longer than 
 the calyx. Seeds large, beautifully and regularly tubercled. Every- 
 where. Annual. In flower all the year. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat, 50 3 61. Alt 0850 yards. T. 52 3 38. 
 
 Var. Stems round, hairy, leafy, very stout, succulent, with the 
 alternate hairy lines. Leaves cordate-ovate, very large, with ciliated 
 petioles ; upper leaves sessile. Calyx hairy. 
 
 2. S. iieuioruin 5 Linn. Wood Stitchwort. E. B. 92, L. C. 184. 
 Stems ascending, round, hairy, brittle, with a tough, elastic, central 
 part. _ Leaves cordate, petiolate, upper ovate, and almost sessile ; all 
 acuminate and with prominent nerves, rough, ciliate. Flowers in 
 forked panicles. Sepals with narrow, scarious margins. Petals twice 
 as long as the sepals, parted. Fruit longer than the calyx. Moist 
 woods, Yorkshire, c. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 01 50 yards. T.49 46. 
 Note. In this species, the leaves on the barren shoots differ much 
 botk in shape and size from those on the flowering stems. 
 
 3. S. If olostca, Linn. Greater Stitchwort. E. B. 511, L.C. 
 186. Root tufted, with branching scions. Stems reclining at the 
 base, ascending, glabrous, slightly rough at the angles. Leaves some- 
 what coriaceous, sessile, linear-lanceolate, very sharp pointed, with 
 
CARYOPHYLLACE.E. STELLARIA. MOENCHIA. 773 
 
 rough edges. Cyme many-flowered, terminal; bracts herbaceous, 
 with ciliated margins. Sepals lanceolate, pointed, glabrous. Petals 
 cleft, pure white, twice as long as the calyx. Hedges. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 51 41. 
 
 8. scapigera, Willd. Many-stalked Stitchwort. E. B. 1269. 
 Steins shorter than the flower-stalks. Leaves roughly ciliated. 
 Calyx as long as the petals. Mountains of Scotland. " No wild spe- 
 cimens are known." Mr. Babington. 
 
 4. 8. glauca, With. Glaucous Stitchwort. E. B. 825, L. C. 
 187. Koots tufted, branching, producing leafy, barren shoots. Stems 
 about a foot high, reclining and rooting at the base, four-angled, solid, 
 branching, glabrous, smooth. Leaves linear-lanceolate, reflexed, and 
 smooth at the edges. Flowers moderately lai'ge, in terminal cymes ; 
 bracts scarious, not ciliated. Sepals lanceolate, acute, smooth, with 
 prominent nerves. Petals parted to the claw, twice as long as the 
 calyx. Grassy ponds and ditches. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 5. 8. graminea, Linn. Grassy-leaved Stitchwort. E. B. 803, 
 L. C. 188. Boots tufted, branching, producing creeping shoots. 
 Stems reclining at the base, four-angled, smooth, glabrous. Leaves 
 leathery, sessile, linear-lanceolate, ciliate-scabrous at the base. Flowers 
 in a forked, terminal cyme. Bracts scarious, ciliated. Sepals lanceo- 
 late, acute, glabrous. Petals deeply-parted, shorter than the calyx or 
 about equal to it. Pastures and bushy places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt, 0450 yards. T, 52 42. 
 
 6. 8. iiliginosa, Murr. Bog Stitchwort, E. B. 1074, L. C. 
 189. Stems prostrate at the base, ascending, diffuse, weak, glabrous. 
 Leaves glaucous, oblong-lanceolate, slightly ciliate at the base. Sepals 
 lanceolate acute, with white, scarious margins. Petals deeply divided, 
 with spreading lobes, shorter than the sepals. The flowers of this 
 pretty little palustral species are very shy of disclosing their beauties. 
 They open only when the atmosphere is very dry. Then the sepals 
 and petals spread horizontally, or are somewhat deflected from the 
 horizon towards the ground ; the petals, which are parted to the 
 base (claw), have their divisions very divergent at their apices. In 
 ditches and watery places. Annual. June August. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01100 yards. T. 52 36. 
 
 XV. Ufoencliia, Ehrh. Annual, erect, sometimes minute 
 plants, with linear-lanceolate, glaucous leaves. Sepals four, erect. 
 Petals four, entire or slightly notched. Stamens four. Capsule 
 opening, with eight-ten teeth. 
 
 Jtt. erecta, Ehrh. Sagina erecta, Linn. E. B. 609, L. C. 166. 
 Stems solitary or several, simple or forked. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 glabrous and glaucous. Flowers terminal, usually solitary, with 
 slightly scarious bracts. Pedicels erect, long. Sepals acute, broadly 
 scarious at their edges. Petals shorter than the calyx. Sandy, bare, 
 open places. Annual. April, May. 
 
 A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 XVI. Cerastium, Linn. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Annual or 
 perennial, ccespitose, herbaceous plants. Leaves ovate or elliptical, 
 rarely lanceolate, quite entire, sessile, and connate at the base. Flowers 
 axillary and terminal, in forked cymes. Sepals five-four, mem- 
 branous at the edges. Petals five-four, cleft or notched. Stamens 
 ten, five-four. Styles five, rarely four. Capsule one-celled, mem- 
 branous, opening with twice as many teeth as there are styles.* Seeds 
 numerous. 
 
 1. C* triviale, Link. C. viscosum, Sm. Narrow-leaved Mouse- 
 ear Chickweed. E. B. 790, L. C. 193. Hoot fibrous. Steins several, 
 spreading, or sometimes prostrate, erect only at the top, or when sup- 
 ported by other plants, long, round, densely hairy, hairs rarely glan- 
 dular, forked near the summit, with a single flower in the angle. 
 Leaves very dark green, half embracing the stem, the lower oblong, 
 the upper ovate. Bracts short. The cyme is repeatedly forked, and 
 the flower in the ang-le of the bifurcation has a long, diverging, 
 or reflex stalk. The sepals are densely hairy, acuminate and scarious 
 at the tips and margins, scarcely so long as the petals. Petals scarious, 
 rather deeply cleft, with narrowish blunt lobes. Fruit conical, obtuse, 
 more or less incurved, crowned by the stigmas. In grassy places, 
 waysides, and meadows. Perennial (?). April September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01200 yards. T. 52 35. 
 
 2. C. seniidecandrum, Linn. Little Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
 E. B. 1630, L. C. 194. Bracts membranous above, denticulate. Pedi- 
 cels much longer than the calyx, refracted after flowering, then erect. 
 Sepals lanceolate, with a broad, white, shining margin. Petals rather 
 notched than cleft. Stamens five, rarely ten. Smith asserts that it 
 is a most distinct species, and i out of flower before C. triviale begins 
 to put forth its less conspicuous flowers. On walls and in sandy, open 
 places. March May. 
 
 A. 18, C.82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50' 46. 
 
 3. C. g loin era turn, Thuill. C. vulgattim, Sm. Broad-leaved 
 Mouse-ear Chickweed. E. B. 789, L. C. 192. Stems solitary or 
 several, spreading-ascending or erect, covered with soft hairs, some- 
 
 .i-hindulous. Leaves ovate ; bracts herbaceous, all hairy. Pedi- 
 cels of the solitary flowers in the forks seldom longer than the flowers 
 themselves, spreading or reflexed. Sepals erect, tapering, pointed, 
 scarious at the tips and margins. Petals scarcely longer than the 
 . or nearly as long. Fruit longer than the calyx, scarious, 
 striated. Meadows, roadsides, walls. Annual. April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 D 61. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 Yar. Stems simple, erect; leaves obovate, densely hairy, hairs long. 
 Petals mostly wanting. Stamens few. On walls and dry places. 
 
 4. J. tetraiidrum, Curt. Four-cleft Mouse-ear Chickweed. E.B. 
 10f), L. C. 194*. Curtis's Fl. Lond. 31. Stems several, spreading 
 or procumbent, branched, forked, densely hairy. Leaves elliptical- 
 oblong, the upper leaves ovate. Peduncles erect, longer than the 
 
 * This is also characteristic of Alsine, Cherleria, Arenwria, Holosteum, (Saginaf}. 
 
C/ 
 
 >- / 
 7 J 
 
 
 
 
 -\ 
 
 A 
 
 / 
 
 * 
 
 / 
 
- 
 
 z ^ ^ 
 
 T 
 
 C 
 
 
 t^e^t 
 
 
 y 
 
 s t^ 
 
 ' J V 
 
 
 
CA R YOPH YLL ACE.E. C ER ASTIUM. 
 
 calyx, glandular. Sepals four, lanceolate, sharp -pointed, with long- 
 hairs, and broad, scarious margins. Petals four, longer than the 
 sepals, cleft. Stamens ^and styles four, respectively, rarely five. 
 Capsule longer than the calyx, with eight teeth. The number of the 
 sepals, petals, stamens, styles, and calyx-teeth is not constant, but 
 the plant may generally be distinguished from C. semidecandrum by 
 its tapering sepals, more deeply cleft petals, and by its nearly straight 
 capsule being only slightly longer than the calyx. It is also later 
 in flowering. Sandy sea-coasts, walls, &c. Annual. May, June. 
 For area, &c., see (7. semidecandrum. 
 
 5. C. alpinuin, Linn. Alpine Mouse-ear Chickweed. E. B.472, 
 L. C. 196. Koot creeping, producing tufts of round, leafy stems, a 
 few inches high. Leaves oblong or ovate, sessile, more or less pubes- 
 cent or woolly. Flowers few. Bracts herbaceous. Sepals ellip- 
 tical, scarious at the margins, hairy or woolly. Petals much longer 
 than the calyx. Capsules conical-cylindrical, curved, longer than 
 the calyx. Seeds small, acutely tubercled. North Wales ; Highlands 
 of Scotland. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 5, C. 12. Lat, 53 59\ Alt. 8501300 yards. T. 38 34\ 
 
 6. C. latii'oliiiiiij Linri. Broad-leaved Alpine Chickweed. E. B. 
 473, L. C. 197. Stems ascending, tufted, leafy, mostly simple ; barren 
 shoots procumbent, branching, densely hairy ; hairs woolly, long, 
 white. Leaves elliptical, bluntly pointed. Flowers solitary or seve- 
 ral. Sepals with a slight membranous border. Mountains in Wales 
 and Scotland. Perennial. June, July. 
 
 A. 4, C. 8. Lat. 53 59. Alt. 01250 yards. T. 37 34. 
 
 The distinctive characters of the two latter species are very obscure 
 or minute. In C. latifolium the stems are more tufted and closer than 
 in C. alpinum, and are usually one-flowered ; the leaves are shorter, 
 more elliptical, and more evidently pointed than they are in the 
 kindred species ; the hairs, which are quite as numerous in C. latifolium 
 as in C. alpinum, have a more rusty or yellowish hue than in its 
 congener. 
 
 7. C. trigynum, Vill. Stellaria cerastoides, Linn. Alpine 
 Stitchwort. E. B. 911, L. C. 190. Hoot rather widely creeping. Steins 
 diffuse, three-six inches long, marked with a hairy line, and terminating 
 with about two flowers ; usually producing a barren lateral shoot (?). 
 Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth. Peduncles long, swollen, 
 and hairy above. Sepals with a hairy keel. Petals cleft, longer than 
 the calyx. Styles usually three. Capsule cylindrical, twice as long 
 as the calyx, with twice as many teeth as there are styles. Seeds 
 rough. Mountains of Braemar. Perennial. June September. 
 
 A. 2, C. 4. Lat. 56 58. Alt. 9001300 yards. T. 36 34 9 . 
 
 8. C. aryensej Linn. Field Chickweed. E. B. 93, L.C. 195. 
 Stems numerous, reclining, matting and. rooting below, ascending 
 above, six-twelve inches high, hairy or downy. Leaves lanceolate- 
 linear. Flowers few, white. Bracts herbaceous, with scarious edges. 
 Pedicels longer than the leaves. Sepals with broad scarious margins. 
 Petals cordate, twice as long as the calyx. Fruit cylindrical, about 
 
1 776 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 | as long as the calyx. Seeds few, with prominent tubercles. Gravelly 
 ! and chalky places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 12, C. 30. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 50 46. 
 
 Var. 0. strictum. Plant glabrous. Ireland and Isle of Arran. 
 
 XVII. M alacliiiim, Fr. Aquatic plants, with weak, strag- 
 gling stems and rather large white flowers. Sepals five, ovate, acute, 
 hairy. Petals five, deeply-parted. Stamens ten. Styles five, alter- 
 nate with the sepals. Capsules ovate, opening with five bidentate 
 (two-toothed) valves, which are opposite to the sepals. 
 
 M. aquatlcum, Fr. Cerastiumaquaiicu?n,I J inn. Water Chick- 
 weed. E. B. 538, L. C. 1.91. Stems numerous, succulent brittle, decum- 
 bent, or prostrate-ascending, branching, round, smooth below, hairy - 
 glandular above. Leaves glabrous, sessile, ovate -tapering, some of 
 them slightly cordate at the base. Pedicels rather longer than the floral 
 leaves, hairy-glandular, spreading or reflexed after flowering. Sepals 
 spreading, blunt, herbaceous, glandular. Petals parted to the claw, 
 with spreading divisions, rather longer than the sepals. Capsule 
 slightly longer than the calyx, ovate, straight, opening by ten teeth. 
 In water and in wet and dry places near water. 
 
 A. 10, C. 40. Lat. 50 5o\ Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 ORDER CXVIL FRANKER I ACE JE, St. Hil. THE SEA- 
 HEATH FAMILY. 
 
 Annual, biennial, or perennial, decumbent, shrubby, or herbaceous 
 plants, with entire leaves and solitary, regular flowers. Calyx gamo- 
 sepalous, tubular, four-five cleft, persistent, with equal lobes. Petals 
 four-five, with a membranous claw. Stamens four-six, rarely five ; 
 filaments persistent, embracing the ovary ; anthers extrorse. Ovary 
 ganular, one-celled, with three-four parietal placentas ; ovules in two 
 rows. Style simple, with three-four stigmas. Capsule one-celled, with 
 three-four valves. Seeds rough, with a coriaceous testa, and umbilicate 
 at the base. Embryo straight, surrounded by the perisperm ; radicle 
 short, approaching the hilum. 
 
 Fratikeiiia , Linn. Decumbent, mostly shrubby plants, with 
 entire small leaves and small reddish flowers. Calyx cylindrical, 
 angular, toothed. Petals clawed, five, with ovate, spreading limbs. 
 Capsule ovate, furrowed, one-celled, three-four-valved, many-seeded. 
 
 1. F, larvis, Linn. Smooth Sea-heath. E. B. 205, L. C. 142. 
 Root woody. Stems prostrate, wiry, much branched. Leaves linear, 
 revolute, fringed at the base, convex and smooth above (Sm.), with 
 axillary, leafy tufts or short leafy branches. Flowers terminal or 
 axillary, sessile, pink. Petals with a yellow scale attached to the 
 claws. Muddy salt marshes, chiefly on the east coasts of England. 
 At St. Helen's Spit, Isle of Wight. Perennial. August. 
 
 A. !i, C. 7. Lat, 50 53. Alt. ? T. 51 49. 
 
 2. /'. p> ilver ulenta, Linn. Powdery Sea-heath. E. B. 2222, 
 L. C. Excluded Species. Stems numerous, prostrate, much branched, 
 
TAMARIXACEJE. TAMAR1X. BERBERIDACE^E. 
 
 777 
 
 leafy and downy. Leaves obovate, slightly revolute, opposite, or in 
 whorls of four together, smooth above, hoary beneath. Flowers axillary, 
 pale red. Said to have been found on the southern coasts. Annual. July. 
 
 ORDER CXVIIL TAMARIXACJE^E, Desv. Tamariscacea. 
 Tamariscinece. THE TAMARISK FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs or herbs, with alternate, entire, scale-like leaves. Flowers 
 spiked or clustered. Calyx four- or five-parted, persistent. Petals 
 inserted into the base of the calyx, withering. Stamens equal in 
 number to the petals, or twice as many. Ovary one-celled. Style 
 very short, with three stigmas. Fruit capsular, three-valved, with 
 loculicidal dehiscence and many seeds. 
 
 Tamarix, Linn. Tamarisk. Shrub, with slender, pliant, 
 branching stems, and minute, fleshy, sessile leaves. Inflorescence in 
 dense, lateral, and terminal racemes. Calyx monosepalous. Seg- 
 ments five, erect, permanent. Petals five, spreading. Stamens five, 
 opposite to the segments of the calyx. Anthers roundish, incum- 
 bent. Ovary ovate, with three revolute, downy, sessile stigmas. 
 Fruit capsular, triangular, one-celled, three-valved, with numerous 
 seeds. Seeds with a stalked, feathery crown. 
 
 T. anglica, Webb. Tamarisk. L. C. 392. Journal of Bot. 
 iii.,429, t. 15. Stem shrubby, slender, tapering, branching. Branches 
 erect or drooping, leafy. Leaves 
 ovate, pointed, minute, imbricated, 
 smooth, with a spur at the base. 
 Flowers on lateral and terminal 
 cylindrical clusters; clusters pa- 
 nicled. Flowers small, reddish, or 
 white. Fruit capsular, roundish, 
 pointed, somewhat angular at the 
 base. Shrub. July. 
 
 T. gallica, Sm*. E, B. 1318. 
 Leaves broader at the base, capsule 
 with a more tapering point than in 
 T. anglica. A species of this plant 
 is partially naturalized about Yar- 
 mouth. Isle of Wight. A. I. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 ORDER CXIX. BERBE- 
 
 RIDACE^E, Vent. THE BER- 
 BERRY FAMILY. 
 
 Shrubs or herbaceous plants. Fig. 206. Berber-is vulgaris. 1, Entire 
 Leaves compound, alternate. Se- J ow ^ r 5 2 > stamen with the cells shut ; 
 1,1 f r . , . , 3, the eame, with the cells open. All 
 
 pals three-four-six, deciduous. Pe- magnified, 
 tals either equal in number to, or 
 double the number of the sepals. Stamens as many as the petals and 
 
778 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 opposite to them. Ovary solitary, one-celled, containing two-twelve 
 ovules. Fruit fleshy or dry, with few seeds. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENEEA. 
 
 Berberis. Sepals, petals, and stamens six, respectively. 
 Epimedium. Sepals, petals, and stamens four, respectively. 
 
 I. Herberts, Linn. Berberry. Shrubs, with alternate, stalked, 
 simple or pinnate, serrated leaves. Inflorescence racemose. Calyx with 
 
 six sepals, coloured, 
 deciduous. Petals 
 six, opposite to the 
 sepals, and attached 
 to their base. An- 
 thers two - lobed, 
 opening by a valve 
 from the bottom up- 
 wards. Ovary el- 
 liptic-oblong, with 
 a sessile, orbicular 
 stigma, which is 
 broader than the 
 ovary. Fruit an ob- 
 long berry, one- 
 celled, with two or 
 three oblong seeds 
 attached by short 
 funiculi to the lower 
 part of the cell. 
 
 JB. vulgaris, 
 Linn. Common Ber- 
 berry. E.B.49,L.C. 
 401/5th ed., 35. A 
 small tree, with yel- 
 low wood and cine- 
 reous bark. Leaves obovate or oblong, fringed, with spinous cilia. 
 Berries vivid orange, acid, terminated by the stigma. Hedge-tree. 
 Flowers in May and June. Fruits in August and September. 
 A. 16, C. 40. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0150 yards. T. 51 46. 
 
 II. Epimedium, Linn. Barrenwort. Stem herbaceous, with a 
 perennial creeping root and compound leaves, with cordate leaflets, 
 which have bristly serratures. Calyx and corolla composed of four 
 pieces respectively, opposite each other; the former deciduous, the latter 
 with pouch-like scales at their base. Stamens four. Anthers with a 
 peculiar attachment, situated below the summit of the filaments and 
 opening, as in Herberts, by a valve, which bursts from the bottom and 
 rolls back. Ovary elliptic-oblong, with a furrow at the back. Style 
 
 Fig:. 2<P. Berbens vnlgaris. 4, The ovary; 5, section of 
 the ,-ame ; 6, fruit entire ; 7, section of the same ; 8, sec- 
 tion of seed. All except 6 magnified. 
 
BERBERIDACE.E. EPIMEDIUM. RANUNCULACEJE. 779 
 
 oblique. Stigma simple. Fruit an oblong pod, one-celled, two-valved, 
 with numerous unilateral, oblong seeds. 
 
 Ek a I pi mi in, Linn. Alpine Barrenwort. E. B.438, L. C. 3rded. 
 402,* 5th ed. Excluded Species. Stems round, erect, leafy only at the 
 top. Leaves biternate. Leaflets ovate, cordate at the base, with slender, 
 horizontal teeth. Flowers panicled (branching cluster), on hairy 
 glandular pedicels. Calyx pale red. Petals yellow, nectary-shaped. 
 In mountain thickets. A doubtful native (?). Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 7. 
 
 ORDER CXX. -RAHfUHTClJJLACE^E, B.C. THE CROW- 
 FOOT FAMILY. 
 
 Herbaceous, rarely half-shrubby or woody plants, containing a 
 more or less acrid juice. Leaves usually alternate, simple or com- 
 pound, with a dilated and sheathing petiole. Flowers solitary, ter- 
 minal or lateral, in more or less irregular cymes, clusters, or panicles. 
 imbricated in preflora- 
 tion. Sepals three-fif- 
 teen, free, often coloured 
 and deciduous or her- 
 baceous and perma- 
 nent. Petals five-fifteen, 
 
 rarely absent. Stamens 
 indefinite (Myosurus 
 five-ten). Anthers usu- 
 ally extrorse. Ovary 
 free, carpels indefinite, 
 or two-ten, rarely a sin- 
 gle carpel. Carpels free 
 or coherent at or near the 
 base, with one or seve- 
 ral ovules. Styles free. 
 Stigmas entire. Fruit 
 an Aggregation of one- 
 seeded dry carpels, 
 not opening, or of se- 
 veral-seeded follicles, 
 opening by the ventral 
 suture, rarely a single 
 
 fleshy, indeh'iscent car- 
 
 i J ' , . 
 
 pel. heeds ascending 
 
 or pendulous. Embryo straight, very small, in a thick, horny albu- 
 
 men. Kadicle towards the hiium. 
 
 207.Hellebprus fotidus. 1, Flowering branch; 
 2, flower ; 3, stamen ; 8, entire seed : 10, leaf. 
 
 TRIBE I. Clematideae Leaves opposite; corolla absent; 
 
 * 401 and 402 are unappropriated places in the 5th ed. L. C. 
 
780 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 prefloration valvular ; carpels indefinite in number, one-seeded, not 
 opening. 
 
 Genus. Clematis. 
 
 I. Clematis, Linn. Traveller's Joy. Stems usually shrubby 
 and climbing, rarely herbaceous and erect. Leaves opposite, decom- 
 pound, often with twining footstalks. Flowers axillary or terminal, 
 panicled, rarely solitary. Perianth single, 
 in four-eight pieces, valvate in aestivation. 
 Stamens and pistils indefinite. Fruit 
 numerous, ovate, compressed achenia, on 
 a capitate receptacle, each terminating in 
 a long feathery tail. 
 
 C. Vitalba, Linn. Virgin's Bower. 
 E. B. 612, L. C. 1. Stems woody, climb- 
 ing, angular, furrowed. Leaves pinnate, 
 on rigid, diverging petioles. Leaflets 
 ovate-lanceolate, on longish, more or less 
 coiled stalks. Flowers in axillary pani- 
 
 ^,, awm cles, turned to one side. Sepals densely 
 
 *ylll ijjr downy, almost shaggy externally. 
 
 Hedges; in chalky places. Perennial. 
 f| July, August. 
 
 A. 6, C. 30. Lat. 50 53 (55 ?). 
 Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 TRIBE II. Ranimculeae. Leaves 
 alternate or radical. Petals uniform, 
 rarely absent. Carpels indefinite, one- 
 seeded, not opening. 
 
 Genera. Tlialictrum, Anemone, Ado- 
 nis, Myosurus, Ranunculus, Ficaria* 
 
 Fig. 207. Helleborus fcetidus. 4, 
 A petal; 5, the three carpels 
 composing the fruit ; 6, section 
 of a carpel ; 7, fruit opening by 
 the inner side ; 9, section of en- 
 tire seed. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Tlialictrum. Perianth single, 
 usually four, shorter than the stamens. 
 Anemone. Perianth single. Flowers with a leaf-like involucre. Sepals 
 l five-fifteen, longer than the stamens. 
 
 Adonis. Perianth double. Petals with a nectariferous pore at the base. 
 Myosurus. Stamens five-ten. Petals with a tubular claw. 
 Ranunculus. Sepals and petals usually five, respectively. 
 Ficaria. Sepals three. Petals indefinite. 
 
 II. Tlialictrum, Linn. Meadow Rue. Perennial, glabrous 
 plants, with rigid, upright, often fisTular stems, repeatedly compound 
 leaves and racemose flowers. Perianth single, in four or five pieces, 
 imbricate in prefloration (aestivation). Stamens and pistils indefinite. 
 Stigmas sessile, downy. Carpels (achenia) ovate, furrowed without a 
 terminal appendage. Seeds pendulous. 
 
KANUNCULACEJE. THALICTRUM. 781 
 
 1. T. minus, Linn (?). Small Meadow Rue. L. C. 3. Stems 
 slender, striated, zigzag 1 , leafless at the base. Leaflets ternate, trun- 
 cate, with three broad teeth, or ovate pointed, more or less glaucous 
 below; stipules very short or wanting. Panicle lax, pyramidal; 
 branches at the base, long, and gradually shortened, all spreading. 
 Flowers distant, drooping, on long pedicels. Stamens drooping. 
 Anthers after the emission of the pollen with a curved point. Carpels 
 tapering, eight-ribbed. Alpine pastures. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 17, C. 50. Lat. 50 59. Alt. 0650 yards. T. 52 41. 
 The specimen from which the above description was drawn up 
 grew at Gordale, near Malham, Yorkshire. 
 
 2. T.jlexuosum,~Reich. Flexuous-stalked Meadow Rue. L. C. 3*. 
 Stem zigzag, striated, branched, leafy to the base. Stipules with 
 reflexed auricles. Leaves bi-tripinnate, leaflets three- five-cleft, paler 
 beneath. Petioles with patent divaricate branches. Panicle leafy, elon- 
 gated with patent, often reclinate branches. Flowers drooping, carpels 
 narrowly oblong, sub-compressed, sub-ten-ribbed, gibbous within, 
 upwards. T. majus, Sm. E.B 611. Eng. Fl., iii., 42. 
 
 3. T. saxatile, D. C. Rock Meadow Rue. L. C. 3*. Stem 
 zigzag, smooth, but striated below the striated sheaths, branched, 
 hollow, leafy to the base. " Stipules with horizontal auricles," Fries. 
 Leaves bi-tripinnate ; leaflets three-five-cleft, paler beneath. Petioles 
 subterate, with patent, not divaricate, branches. Panicle leafless, erect 
 pyramidal, with patent straight branches. Flowers drooping. Carpels 
 
 'regularly oval. 
 
 These descriptions (2 and 3) are copied verbatim from the " Phy- 
 tologist," vol. iv., p. 938. They originally appeared in the " Ann. 
 Nat. History," No. 64, for April, 1853. The} 7 were drawn up by 
 Mr. Babington. Their localities, area, range, &c., are not yet deter- 
 mined. 
 
 4. T. aliftiiiiim. Linn. Alpine Meadow Rue. E. B. 262, L. C. 2. 
 Stem erect, three-six inches high, quite smooth and simple, with 
 usually one leaf. Leaves biternate or bi-tripinnate, on slen- 
 der erect petioles; leaflets trifid, wedge-shaped at the base, shining 
 above, hoary or glaucous beneath, with reflexed edges. Flowers in 
 terminal lax clusters, on filiform stalks. Fruit smooth, tipped with 
 the hooked style. On mountainous and alpine places. Perennial. 
 May July. 
 
 A. 9, C. 20. Lat. 53 61. Alt 01300 yards. T. 46^34. 
 
 5. T. ilavum, Linn. Common Meadow Rue. E. B. 367, L. C. 4. 
 Root with elongated horizontal rhizomes. Stems erect, grooved, 
 branching, quite smooth. Leaves bipinnate, primary and secondary 
 petioles divaricated. Leaflets oblong, wedge-shaped, lobed at the 
 apex, upper one larger and three-cleft. Panicle compact, many- 
 branched. Flowers yellow, contiguous, dense, at the summit of the 
 erect branches. Stamens erect, or nearly so. Carpels ovate or oblong, 
 ribbed and crowned with the permanent style. Meadows and river- 
 sides. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 15, C. 50. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
782 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 III. Anemone, Linn. Anemone. Perennial herbaceous plants, 
 with tuberous roots and radical flower-stalks. Leaves more or less 
 compound petiolate. Perianth single, with five-nine pieces, subtended 
 by aleafy-like involucre. Stamens and pistils indefinite ; styles short. 
 Carpels numerous, on a thickened receptacle, forming a round or 
 oblong head, sometimes tipped with the elongated persistent styles, 
 which become feathery or downy appendages to the fruit. 
 
 1. A. Pulsatilla, Linn. \\ind Flower. E. B. 51, L. C. 5, 
 Root thick, woody, oblique, more or less branching. Stems round, 
 cylindrical, hairy or woolly, one-flowered. Leaves radical, bipinnate, 
 with linear pointed leaflets (segments). Segments of the involucre 
 linear, very hairy. Flowers solitary, erect, or slightly drooping, 
 bluish violet- or rose-colour. Sepals covered with silky hairs exter- 
 nally, oblong or lanceolate, erect below, spreading, curved above. 
 Carpels downy or silky, with long, feathery tails. Chalky and lime- 
 stone pastures. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 5, C. 10. Lat. 51 54\ Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
 2. A. nemorosa, Linn. Wood Anemone. E. B. 355, L. C. 6. 
 Hoots horizontal, slender, branching, very long. Stems one-flowered, 
 solitary. Hoot-leaves (sometimes wanting) on long stalks, ternate or 
 quinate, with petiolate leaflets. (Barren stems ?) Involucre like the 
 leaves, petiolate, with three petiolate, incised leaflets. Flowers white 
 or slightly rosy, inclining. Sepals glabrous, roundish. Carpels 
 downy, spreading, with a longish incurved beak. Woods. Peren- 
 nial. March, April. 
 
 A. 17, C. 80. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0950 yards. T. 52 38. 
 
 3. A. apeniiiiia, Linn. Blue Mountain Anemone. E. B. 1062, 
 L. C. 7. Roots tuberous, roundish. Stems erect, furrowed, hairy, 
 leafless, except in the middle, where the leaf-like involucre is situated. 
 Root-leaves biternate. Involucre trifoliate. Leaves ternate ; leaflets 
 incised, with a triangular outline. Flowers solitary. Sepals lan- 
 ceolate, blunt, spreading, blue. Carpels pointed, tailless. Natural- 
 ized (?). It is spontaneous in Wimbledon Gardens. It is not now 
 known to grow in the Park, but the Wild Tulip is. Perennial. 
 April. 
 
 Alien. 
 
 4. A. ranunculoides, Linn. Yellow Anemone. E. B. 1484, 
 L. C. 8. Roots rhizomatous, long, slender. Stems one-two-flowered. 
 Root-leaves as in A, nemorosa. Involucral leaves sub-sessile. Flowers 
 erect, yellow. Moist mountainous places. Perennial. April, 
 May. 
 
 Naturalized (?). This species is reputed British on slender 
 authority. 
 
 IV. Adonis, Linn. Pheasant's-eye. Annual or perennial 
 plants. Stems branched. Leaves linear or almost setaceous. Flowers 
 solitary, terminal. Sepals five, coloured, converging, obtuse. Petals 
 five-fifteen, oblong, obtuse, with claws. Carpels numerous, on a 
 
RANUNCULACE.E. ADONIS. MYOSURUS. RANUNCULUS. 783 
 
 cylindrical receptacle, gibbous, angular, beaked with the persistent 
 style, 
 
 A. autumiialis, Linn. Common Pheasant's-eye. E. B. 308, 
 L. C. 9. Stems erect, branching, smooth and shining. Leaves bi- 
 tripinnate, ultimate divisions linear or setaceous, channelled, and 
 somewhat fleshy. Sepals dark purple, spreading. Petals scarlet, 
 glossy, toothed at the summit, finely ribbed behind, obovate, concave, 
 connivent. Corn-fields, near Dartford, Kent. Annual. June 
 September. 
 
 A. 3, C. 8. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0100 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 V. UEyosums. Linn. Mouse-tail. Annual small plants. 
 Leaves radical, linear, entire. Sepals five, spurred at the base. 
 Petals five, very small, tubular at the base, with an obliquely dilated 
 limb. Stamens five or more. Carpels oblong-acute, very numerous, 
 closely imbricated, on a very long, filiform receptacle, terminated by 
 the persistent style. 
 
 M. minimus, Linn. Least Mouse-tail. E. B. 435, L. C. 10. 
 Stalks filiform, three-five inches high, numerous, erect, gradually 
 enlarged upwards. Leaves in tufts, numerous, erect, linear. Spurs 
 of the sepals closely applied to the stalk. Carpels four-angled, in a 
 long, slender, tapering spike. Corn-fields. Annual. May. 
 
 A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 5P 47. 
 
 VI. Ranunculus, Linn. Crowfoot. Mostly perennial, 
 smooth, or hairy plants. Stems round, branching, generally upright. 
 Flowers terminal, lateral or axillary. Sepals five, rarely three, deci- 
 duous. Petals commonly five, rarely more, or fewer; obtuse or 
 obcordate, with short claws, and a pore at the base, in several species 
 covered by a scale. Carpels numerous in a globular head, each 
 tipped with a point or hook. Seed erect. 
 
 SECT. I. Batrackium, Fries. Aquatics, either submersed or swimming. 
 Petals white, with a yellow claw, and without a cover to the pore. Carpels 
 wrinkled across, without a rim. 
 
 1. tt. hederaceus, Linn. Ivy-leaved Crowfoot. E. B. 2003, 
 L. C. 13. Stem prostrate, rooting at the joints. Leaves on long 
 petioles, opposite to each other or to the flower-stalks, reniform, three- 
 five-lobed ; lobes rounded, slightly notched. Petals very small, 
 oblong or ovate, scarcely longer than the sepals. Carpels smooth, 
 blunt, without a point. Boggy places and in ditches. Perennial. 
 May September. 
 
 A. 18, C. 80. Lat. 50 D 59. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 51 41. 
 
 2. H. cceiioKiiK, Guss. L. C. 12. Stem and leaves as in the 
 preceding, only the latter organs are more deeply incised with cuneate 
 lobes. The flowers are larger than in It. hederaceus. Carpels 
 pointed, with the persistent style. Muddy places. Perennial. 
 May September. 
 
 A. 14, C. 60. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 50 47. 
 
784 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 3. B. aquatilis, Linn. Water Crowfoot. E. B. 101 (P), L. C. 
 11. Stems swimming. Leaves all uniform or differing; the lower 
 many-parted, setaceous, spreading in all directions as in JK. tripartitus, 
 the upper sometimes dilated, and three-five-parted. Petals obovate, 
 usually much longer than the calyx. Carpels hairy, rarely glabrous. 
 Ditches, ponds, c. Perennial. April July. 
 
 A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 60. Alt. 0350 yards. T. 52 43. 
 
 4. R. tripartitus, D. C. Three-parted-leaved Crowfoot. L. C. 
 11 .* Stems usually swimming. Lower leaves much divided, with 
 the capillary segments spreading in all directions ; the upper leaves 
 reniform, deeply three-five-parted. Petals small, oblong, scarcely 
 longer than the calyx. Carpels glabrous when ripe, scarcely mucronu- 
 late. Ditches and stagnant pools. Perennial. May July. 
 
 Area, &c., undetermined (?). 
 
 Under JR. aquatilis, the " London Catalogue," 5th ed., includes the 
 following varieties, deemed species by some botanists, viz., a. hetero- 
 phyllus, Fr. ; b. peltatus, Fr. ; c. Jtoribundus, Bab. ; d. trichophylhis, 
 Chaix. ; e. Drouettii, F. Schultz. All the others enumerated below are 
 retained. The genus Ranunculus is likely soon to attain the unen- 
 viable notoriety of the Salices, JRubi, Hieracia, &c. 
 
 5. It. Baudot ii, Godr. ; confusus. L. C. 11*. Stem stout, 
 cylindrical, smooth. Leaves, except the uppermost ones, all setaceous, 
 repeatedly forked. Upper leaves three-lobed, flat; lobes linear 
 or cuneate, blunt. Fruit very compact, ovate, conical, umbilicate or 
 cordate at the base (the shape is almost exactly that of a straw- 
 berry). Carpels wrinkled, smooth, winged. Sussex, Hants. Per- 
 ennial (?). 
 
 6. W. fluitans, Lam. Floating Water Crowfoot. E. B. 2870, 
 L. C. 11*. Stems long, floating or submersed, very variable in length, 
 repeatedly forked. Leaves all submersed, on long stalks, much 
 divided, segments often very long, forked, setaceous, approximate, 
 almost parallel. Petals five-twelve, large, white, much exceeding the 
 sepals. Carpels (?) glabrous. In running and standing water. 
 Perennial. May August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 Var. . terrestris. Segments of the leaves shorter, thickened and 
 enlarged at the apex. Sandy shallow places by river-sides. 
 
 Var. 7. heteropkyllus. Upper leaves floating, three-five-parted, 
 deeply incised, with cuneate segments. Coss. and Germ., Fl. Ear. (?). 
 Found in England (?). 
 
 7. B. circinatus, Sibth. Round-leaved Water Crowfoot. 
 E. B. 2869, L. C. 11*. Stems floating or more or less under water 
 (submersed). Leaves sessile, much divided, segments setaceous or 
 capillary, repeatedly forked, rigid, spreading in one plane (not divari- 
 cate like R. aquatilis), and with a circular outline, and maintaining 
 their position when taken out of the water. Petals obovate, longer 
 than the sepals. Carpels usually hispid. Ditches and stagnant 
 water. Perennial. June August. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
RANUNCULACE.E. RANUNCULUS. 785 
 
 SECT. II. Ranunculus, Fries. Terrestrial or aquatic, never floating, 
 plants. Petals yellow, rarely white ; p^re covered with a scale. Carpels 
 smooth or tubercular, rarely wrinkled, surrounded with a compressed rim. 
 
 1. Leaves entire. 
 
 8. . lingua. Linn. Spear-leaved Crow-foot. E. B. 100, 
 L.C. 16. Root bearing stolons. Stem erect, round, hollow, smooth, 
 simple, leafy. Leaves lanceolate-elongate, nearly sessile, attenuated 
 below, slightly and laxly toothed, glabrous above, slightly downy 
 below. Calyx downy, very fugacious. Petals large, shining. Fruit 
 smooth, with a stout beak, and a rim which is flattened only on the 
 inner side. Fen-ditches. Norfolk, &c. Perennial. July. 
 
 A. 15, C. 60. Lat. 50 58. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 9. . Flammula, Linn. Lesser Spearwort. E. B. 387, L. C. 
 15. Root branching, with more or less oblique rhizomes. Stems 
 ascending, spreading, or prostrate and rooting at the base, hollow, 
 glabrous, with some downy hairs above. Leaves glabrous, entire or 
 toothed, with a prominent mid-nerve ; the radical leaves on long 
 petioles, ovate or oblong, sometimes cordate at the base ; stem-leaves 
 lanceolate-linear, tapering into a petiole or nearly sessile. Calyx 
 downy, with close hairs. Carpels smooth, with a short beak. Watery 
 places. Perennial. June. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50' 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 52 38. 
 Sub-var. reptans. Stem prostrate, rooting, almost through its 
 whole extent. 
 
 10. R. ophioglossifolius, Vill. Dphioglossum-leaved Crow- 
 foot. E. B. 2833, L. C. 17. Root annual. Stem six-twelve inches 
 high, erect, hollow, glabrous. Lower leaves cordate-ovate, stalked. 
 Upper leaves oblong, sessile, clasping. Carpels tubercled, with a termi- 
 nal point. St. Peter's Marsh, Jersey. Annual. June. 
 
 2. Leaves lobed or incised. 
 
 f Plants perennial. Carpels smooth, or almost so. 
 
 11. It. auricomus, Linn. Wood Crowfoot. E. B. 624, L.C. 18. 
 
 Stems solitary or several, erect or ascending, nearly glabrous. Leaves 
 glabrous, or nearly so / root-leaves on long stalks, roundish-reniform, 
 lobed and crenulate ; stem-leaves palmate, with five-seven divergent, 
 linear lobes, sessile. Calyx erect. Carpels pubescent, with a hooked 
 beak. Woods, &c. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 70. Lat. 50 58 3 . Alt. 0500 yards. T. 5142. 
 
 12. . acris, Linn. Upright Meadow Crowfoot. E. B. 652, 
 L. C. 19. Root oblique, producing strong fibres. Stem more or less 
 erect, with ascending hairs. Leaves more or less hairy, the radical 
 ones on long petioles, palmate, usually with five primary segments, 
 or three with the lower pair divided nearly to the base ; segments 
 wedge-shaped, with linear pointed lobes or teeth; stem-leaves on 
 short petioles, the upper nearly sessile, with linear, entire, or cut 
 segments. Peduncles long, round, not furrowed. Calyx erect or 
 
786 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 slightly spreading. Carpels smooth, with a curved beak. Pastures. 
 Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01300 yards. T. 52 34. 
 
 13. tt. repeiis, Linn. Creeping Crowfoot. E. B. 516, L. C. 20. 
 Root strong, with vertical, seldom oblique fibres. Stems rough, with 
 deflexed hairs, some ascending, others reclining, prostrate, rooting. 
 Leaves hairy or smooth, the radical leaves often marked with black 
 patches, on long petioles, ternate, or biternate, the divisions lobed, 
 incised or toothed, the middle and upper division on a longer petiole 
 than the two lateral ones. The stem-leaves are on shorter petioles. Pe- 
 duncles strongly furrowed. Sepals loose, slightly spreading. Carpels 
 finely punctate ; beak slightly hooked at the top. .Receptacle slightly 
 hairy. About ditches, hedges and roadsides. Perennial. May. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 1 61. Alt. 0900 yards. T. 52 38. 
 
 14. Ii. bulbosus, Linn. Bulbous Crowfoot. E. B. 515, L. C. 
 
 21. Root bulbous (swollen bases of the leaves). Stems solitary or 
 several, erect, hairy or downy, hairs ascending. Leaves hairy, the 
 radical ones on long petioles, in five deeply-parted primary segments, 
 the middle one on a long petiole, four lateral, one terminal, allmore or 
 less deeply cut, with narrow, acute, secondary segments, or linear 
 lobes or teeth, all pointed. Peduncles grooved, calyx reflexed, car- 
 pels glabrous, with a curved beak. Meadows and pastures. Peren- 
 nial. May August. 
 
 A. 17, C. 75. Lat. 50 58. Ait. 0500 yards. T. 52 42. 
 
 ft Plants annual. Carpels tuberculated, rough or spinous. 
 
 15. . hirsutus, Curt. Hairy Crowfoot. E. B. 1504, L. C. 
 
 22. Stems diffuse, spreading or ascending, rarely erect, branching 
 from the base, downy or hairy. Root-leaves on long petioles, three- 
 cleft, with incised or toothed lobes; stem-leaves on short petioles, 
 with linear, entire or incised lobes. Calyx reflexed, very fugacious. 
 Carpels numerous, in a round head, much compressed, surrounded by 
 a green border, with rows of tubercles near the margin, with a large, 
 straight, or scarcely curved beak. Waste places and fields. Annual. 
 June. 
 
 A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 47. 
 
 16. . arvensis, Linn. Corn Crowfoot. E.B. 135, L. C. 25. 
 Stems usually solitary, often branching from the base, almost smooth. 
 Leaves glabrous, o slightly downy, the lower on petioles, the upper 
 sessile, three-parted or three-cleft, with wedge-shaped two-three-cleft 
 segments. Flowers greenish-yellow, not large. Calyx slightly 
 spreading or erect. Carpels large, four-eight, compressed, surrounded 
 by a thick rim, with long straight spines and tubercles on the sides, 
 with a long, nearly straight beak. Corn-fields and rubbish. Annual. 
 June. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 50 56. Alt. 0200 yards, T. 51 47. 
 
 17. !* iar\iflorus, Linn. Small-flowered Crowfoot. E. B. 
 120, L. C. 24. Stems prostrate, branched, leafy, hollow, round, 
 with long, spreading, fine hairs, eight-twelve inches long. Leaves 
 
RANUNCULACE^. RANUNCULUS. FICARIA. 787 
 
 petioled, roundish-cordate, sharply-notched, three-lobed ; upper leaves 
 with long lanceolate entire segments. Calyx erect or reflexed. Petals 
 narrow, obovate, one or more often defective. Fruit flat, roundish, 
 with a border and large curved point, the sides thickly covered with 
 small, prominent, hooked prickles. Gravelly fields and under hedges. 
 South of England.- Annual. June. 
 
 A. 11, C. 40. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 3 48. 
 
 18. . scelcratus, Linn. Celery-leaved Crowfoot. E. B. 681, 
 L. C. 23. Stems usually solitary, erect, hollow, usually branching ; 
 branches erect, forked. Leaves smooth or slightly hairy ; lower 
 ones on long stalks, reniform, three-five-lobed or parted, the lobes or 
 divisions crenated or cleft ; upper leaves sessile or nearly so, with 
 linear or linear-oblong, entire or cleft segments. Flowers in the 
 forks or terminal. Calyx reflexed, very caducous ; petals not so long 
 as the ovaries, without a scale at the base. Carpels in an oblong, 
 spicate head, small, slightly compressed, with a marginal ring. Watery 
 places ; on mud. 
 
 A. 18, C. 75. Lat. 5(T 59. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 E. cordigerus (?) or trilobusffl. Root-leaves cordate lobed ; stem- 
 leaves trifid. Flowers on long stalks. Calyx reflexed. Petals about 
 as large as in R. hirsutus. Carpels flat, with a broad margin and 
 strongly tubercled oarpolo-. Wandsworth steam-boat pier. Annual. 
 July September. 
 
 VII. Ficaria, Dill. Pilewort. Stem procumbent, quite 
 smooth, hollow, slightly branched. Leaves kidney-shaped or cordate, 
 on long petioles, either entire or with broad, pointed lobes. Flowers 
 solitary, sometimes on radical peduncles. Sepals three-five, herba- 
 ceous or slightly-coloured, deciduous. Petals six-nine, lanceolate, 
 with a pore and scale at the base. Carpels numerous ; beak short or 
 none. 
 
 F. ranunculoidcs, Mosnch. R. Ficaria, Linn. Common 
 Pilewort. E. B. 584, L. C. 14. Root tuberous. Stems short, 
 ascending. Leaves thick, shining, more or less crenulate, with broad, 
 obtuse, or pointed lobes, or entire, variable. Peduncles long. Flowers 
 yellow, often green on the exterior. Carpels nearly globular, pubes- 
 cent or smooth, almost always smooth when ripe. Moist meadows. 
 Perennial. March. 
 
 \. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 0800 yards. T. 52 41. 
 
 TRIBE III. Helleborese. Leaves alternate, or all radical. 
 Calyx and corolla imbricated in preflpration. Calyx coloured, rarely 
 herbaceous. Petals usually irregular, rarely absent. Carpels folli- 
 cles', three-ten, very rarely solitary, many -seeded, opening. 
 
 Genera. Caltha, Trollius, Helleborus, JEranthis, Aquilegia, Del- 
 phinium, Aconitum. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Caltha. Leaves simple, crenulate, or dentate. Perianth single. 
 
788 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 Trollius. Sepals coloured, indefinite, deciduous. Petals linear (abortive 
 stamens ?). 
 
 Helleborus. Sepals herbaceous, persistent. Petals tubular. 
 
 Eranthis. Sepals deciduous, five-eight. Petals tubular. Fruit stalked. 
 
 Aquilegia. Petals funnel-shaped, all spurred at the base. 
 
 Delphinium. Sepals five ; upper one with a spur. 
 
 Acomtum. Sepals five ; upper one with a hood. 
 
 VIII. Caltba, Linn. Marsh Marigold. Semi-aquatic, smooth 
 plants. Stems procumbent, hollow, jointed, with scarious, short 
 sheaths. Leaves simple, undivided, crenate. Sepals five-seven, 
 coloured. Corolla absent. Carpels five-twelve, free, spreading-, 
 opening at the upper edge. Seeds numerous, on the margins of the 
 follicle. 
 
 1. C. palustris, Linn. Common Marsh Marigold. E. B. 506, 
 L. C. 26. Root short, vertical, with thick fibres. Stem procumbent, 
 or partly erect, thick, leafy, many-flowered, branching above. Leaves 
 roundish, reniform, thick, smooth, shining ; the root-leaves on long 
 petioles, the stem-leaves on short stalks, the upper ones sessile, or 
 nearly so. Flowers large, bright yellow. Carpels nerved, termi- 
 nating in a beak (the prolongation of the dorsal nerve). In marshy 
 places and moist meadows. Perennial. April. 
 
 A. 18, C. 82. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 01150 yards. T. 51 36. 
 
 Var. . Much smaller and more reclining ; leaves with the lobes 
 
 considerably elongated. (C. flcarioides ?} In mountainous situations. 
 
 2. C. radicaits, Forst. Creeping Marsh Marigold, E. B. 2175, 
 L. C. 26 b. Stem reclining, rooting. Leaves triangular-cordate, 
 sharply crenate. Petals obovate. Carpels seven-eight. Scotland. 
 Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A variety with double flowers is sometimes cultivated. 
 
 IX. Trollins, Linn. Globe-flower. Stems erect, smooth. 
 Leaves deeply parted, smooth and shining. Flowers globular. Sepals 
 numerous, the outer ones slightly herbaceous and toothed, roundish, 
 concave, converging. Petals linear, flattened, incurved. Fruit (car- 
 pels) cylindrical, pointed, in a round head. Seeds ovate, smooth, 
 several in each carpel. 
 
 T. europseus, Linn. Mountain Globe-flower. E. B. 28, L. C. 
 27. Root fibrous. Stems round, hollow, leafy, one-two feet high. 
 Leaves deeply five-parted, the two lateral and lower divisions cleft 
 below the middle, the three upper deeply cleft, lobes deeply incised, 
 with pointed teeth; lower leaves petioled, upper sessile. Flowers 
 bright yellow. Seeds black, shining. Moist mountainous situations 
 in the North of England, Wales, and Scotland. Perennial. May, 
 June. 
 
 A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 52 61. Alt. 01050 yards. T. 47 37. 
 
 X. Helleborus, Linn. Hellebore. Perennial, rigid, herba- 
 ceous .plants. Leaves coriaceous, pedate, digitate or ternate. Stem, 
 
RANUNCULACE^E. HELLEBORUS. ERANTHIS. AQUILEGIA. 789 
 
 if present, leafy, branched. Flowers terminal, solitary or aggregate. 
 Sepals five, persistent. Petals eight-ten, small, tubular, deciduous, 
 two-lipped and clawed. Stamens indefinite. Follicles ovate, com- 
 pressed, coriaceous, keeled, beaked by the styles, opening at the 
 rounded inner margin. Seeds several, attached in two rows to a 
 linear placenta (fungoso umbilico.) 
 
 1. H. viridis, Linn. Green Hellebore. E. B. 200, L. C. 29. 
 Roots black, oblique. Stem erect, branching slightly above, annual. 
 Root-leaves stalked, digitate; stem-leaves sessile, all more or less 
 leathery and rigid, oblong-lanceolate, toothed, especially above, the 
 lower ones sometimes incised. Flowers two-five, slightly drooping. 
 Sepals slightly concave, spreading, green. Carpels oblong, with an 
 elongated beak (the prolongation of the dorsal nerve). Woods in 
 the South of England; on a chalky soil. In a copse near the Fox, 
 Ranmer Common, Denbies, near Dorking. A. I. Perennial. April, 
 May. 
 
 A. 7, C. 20. Lat. 50 55. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 2. H. fcetidus; Linn. Stinking Hellebore. E. B. 613, L. C. 
 30. Stems erect, persistent, round, stout, marked with the scars of the 
 deciduous leaves. Root-leaves on long, triangular, channelled foot- 
 stalks, pedate. Leaflets lanceolate, sharply and deeply serrated; the 
 upper leaves gradually becoming simpler till near the 'summit, where 
 they are lanceolate entire bracts. Flowers numerous, pendulous. 
 Carpels on a short stout column. High Laver, Essex. Rockingham 
 Forest, Northamptonshire. Hills above Boxley, near Maidstone, in 
 great plenty. W. P. and A. I. Perennial. March. / 
 
 A. 8, C. 20. Lat. 50 53. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. /Ip 
 7 s kn^ i-j ' Stt^^A^i l-uti dvH. Jux/v P*"rXj 
 
 XI. Kranthis, Salisb. Winter Aconite. Perennial, early * 
 flowering plants, with radical, much divided, long-stalked leaves. 
 Flowers solitary, on radical scapes. Sepals five-eight, coloured, sub- 
 tended by an involucre of two leaves. Petals five-eight, very short, 
 tubular, unequally two-lipped. Stamens indefinite. Follicles five- 
 six, somewhat membranous, stipitate, on a common foot-stalk. Seeds 
 round, in one row. 
 
 E. hyemalisj Salisb. Winter Aconite. Rchb. 4714, L. C. 28. 
 Roots tuberous. Stalks round, tapering, quite smooth. Leaves 
 rounded in outline, three-five-seven-parted, on cylindrical, tapering, 
 erect leaf-stalks, all radical, divisions cuneate, ultimate segments 
 linear, pointed, quite smooth and shining. Flowers bright yellow, 
 solitary, subtended by a leaf-like, contiguous involucre. Sepals bb- 
 cuneate, rather greenish at the base. Petals tubular, with a claw, 
 two-lipped. Ovaries several, on short stalks. Hemswell, near 
 Spital, Lincolnshire. A. I. Perennial. February April. 
 
 XII. Aquilegia 9 Linn. Columbine. Perennial plants, with 
 rigid, upright stems, ternate or biternate leaves ; leaflets lobed and 
 incised. Flowers terminal, pendulous, solitary or in a lax panicle. 
 Sepals five, deciduous, coloured. Petals five, tubular, terminating 
 
790 DESCRIPTIVE BRITISH BOTANY. 
 
 below in a horn-like spur, dilated upwards, oblique at the mouth. 
 Stamens indefinite ; pistils five. Carpels as many as the pistils, 
 cylindrical, connivent, parallel, opening below. Seeds numerous, 
 keeled. 
 
 A. Ttilffaris, Linn. Common Columbine. E. B. 297, L. C. 31. 
 Root thick. Stems solitary or few, erect, branching above. Root- 
 leaves on long petioles, biternate ; primary divisions ternate on longish 
 stalks, leaflets wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, incised above 
 with very obtuse lobes; stem-leaves sessile, or the lower one with a 
 very short common petiole ; floral leaves three-parted with entire 
 divisions. Flowers large; sepals erect, pubescent. Spurs incurved. 
 or nearly coiled. Carpels pubescent-glandular, oblong, with_a slender 
 beak. Woods. Perennial. May. /Jr^H }$tA/h(t4*fav6t 
 
 A. 13, C. 35. Lat. 50 54. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 51 47. 
 
 XIII. Delphinium, Linn. Larkspur. Bushy, annual, or 
 perennial plants. Stems erect. Leaves much and finely divided. 
 Sepals five, coloured, deciduous, unequal, the upper one extended into 
 a long, hollow, blunt spur. Petals four, free or united, the upper 
 two spurred and included in the spurred sepal. Stamens indefinite, 
 pistils three, rarely one-five. Follicles as many as the pistils, nearly 
 cylindrical, opening at the inner side, crowned with the permanent 
 style. Seeds angular, in two rows. 
 
 D. Consolida, Linn. Common Larkspur. E. B. 1839, L. C. 32. 
 Stems erect, branching, downy or hairy. Lower leaves petioled; 
 upper nearly sessile. Flowers bracteate, in short clusters, usually 
 blue, rarely white, sometimes pink. Sepals downy, coloured, with 
 green dorsal nerves; one with a very long conical spur. Petals 
 united, forming a one-lipped, monopetalous corolla, with a cleft upper 
 lobe, and two roundish lateral ones. Fruit often solitary, smooth or 
 nearly so, terminating in a slender beak. Fields, among corn or after 
 harvest, Cambridgeshire ; Weybridge, Surrey, by the river. Annual. 
 August. 
 
 A. 1, C. 4. Lat. 51 53. Alt. 050 yards. T. 49 3 48. 
 
 XIV. Aconitum, Linn. Wolf's-bane, Monk's-hood. Per- 
 ennial herbaceous plants. Stems erect. Leaves digitate and cut. 
 Flowers in terminal, bracteated clusters. Sepals five, coloured, 
 unequal, the upper one hooded (galeate), two lateral rounded, two 
 lowermost oblong, deflexed. Petals two-five, two upper on long 
 stalks, and concealed in the hooded sepal. Stamens indefinite ; pis- 
 tils three-four-five. Follicles as many as the pistils, ovate-oblong, 
 opening at the inner side. Seeds numerous, angular. 
 
 A. JVapellus* Linn. Common Monk's-hood. E. B. 2730, L. C. 
 33. Root fleshy, turbinate. producing short, fleshy rhizomes, which 
 end in tapering roots. Stems erect, simple or branched above, 
 glabrous, or very slightly downy. Leaves glistening, deeply-parted 
 divisions wedge-shaped, two-three-parted, lobes oblong, incised; the 
 lower leaves on long, the upper on shorter petioles. Flowers in ter- 
 
RANUNCULACEJS. ACUMTUM. PJEONIA. ACTUEA. 791 
 
 minal, elongated, spicate clusters; peduncles erect, with two small 
 bracts. Sepals downy, blue, the upper one arched, terminating in a 
 beak, the two lower much smaller than the two lateral ones. Two 
 upper petals with a long curved claw, inflexed at the margins, and a 
 curved hollow process (cornet) at the end; the lower petals linear- 
 filiform (abortive stamens). Carpels glabrous, oblong, diverging when 
 young. West of England, near Ludlow. Perennial. June. 
 A. 4, C. 6. Lat. 52 3 54. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 49 47. 
 
 TRIBE IV. Pseonieae. Leaves alternate or radical. Petals 
 four-five, rarely more, uniform. Carpels two-five, or solitary, many- 
 seeded opening, or fleshy (baccate), not opening. 
 
 Genera. Pceonia, Actcea. 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA. 
 
 Pceonia. Fruit capsular (follicle). 
 Actcea. Fruit a berry. 
 
 XV. Paeonia, Linn. Piony. Herbs or shrubs, with upright, 
 round stems, and biternate leaves, entire or cut leaflets. Sepals five, 
 persistent. Petals five or more, concave, spreading, with claws. 
 Follicles two-four-five, coriaceous, spreading, on a fleshy disk, opening 
 inwards, crowned with the oblong, recurved stigmas. Seeds nume- 
 rous, polished. 
 
 I. coralline* Retz. Entire-leaved Piony. E, B. 1513, L. C. 
 34 (Excluded Species, 5th ed.) Root knobby, fleshy. Stems simple, 
 round, leafy, polished, about two feet high. Leaves biternate, with 
 elliptical leaflets ; leaflets ovate, entire. Flowers large, crimson, with 
 yellow anthers. Carpels two-four. Seeds black, shining. Steep 
 Holmes, Severn. Perennial. May, June. 
 
 A.I, C.I. Lat. 51. 
 
 XVI. Actaea, Linn. Bane-berry. Perennial herbs, inhabiting 
 cold countries. Stem upright. Leaves bi- or triternate, lobed and 
 cut. Flowers white, in terminal racemes. Sepals four-five, coloured, 
 deciduous. Petals four, alternate, clawed, deciduous. Stamens inde- 
 finite, outer sterile (?). Ovary simple, with sessile depressed stigma. 
 Fruit monocarpous, one-celled, indehiscent, succulent. Seeds nume- 
 rous, in two rows. 
 
 A. spicata, Linn. Spiked Bane-berry. E. B. 918, L. C. 3o, 
 5th ed. 34. Stem erect, branched, smooth, two-three feet high, 
 leafy. Leaves bipinnate or biternate; leaflets incised, ovate, quite 
 smooth. Flowers in simple, terminal, elongating clusters. Petals 
 pure white, elliptic, small. Limestone pavement, Ingleborough Hill, 
 Yorkshire. Perennial. June. Fruit, September. 
 
 A. 2, C. 2. Lat. 53 55. Alt. 0400 yards. T. 47 (?). 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 ADDENDA ET COEEIQENDA. 
 
 Page 2, line 19 from bottom, instead of for read or. Submerged 
 sometimes occurs for submersed, as in p. 4. Item, Phragmitis for 
 PhragmiteS) ochreate for ocreate, Cymballaria for Cymbalaria. 
 
 P. 47, O. majus and O. minus should be O. major and O. minor, 
 respectively ; also, the former, being a synonyme of O. rapum, should 
 be bracketed. 
 
 P. 50, 1. 8-9, for versicular read versicolor. 
 
 P. 53, 1. 29, for Crassalacece read Crasstdacecs. 
 
 P. 73, last line but three, for umbilele read umbellule, or umbellet. 
 The letter , in termination of some names, as Lychnites, is put for e. 
 
 P. 76, for Caroyphyllacece read Caryopliyllacece. 
 
 Pp. 77, 78. for Cochlearea read Cochfearia. 
 
 P. 78, for Holoschcenus read Ifolosch&nus. Item, for Geranium 
 read Erodium. Item, for Matthiolus read Matthiola. Also, in last 
 line, cancel as, and change the comma into a semicolon. 
 
 P. 78, in last line but two, after Poa, for as read also. 
 
 P. 79, .for Scabions read scabious. 
 
 P. 79, cancel the comma between Scabiosa Columbaria and Aspe- 
 rula Cynanchica. 
 
 P. 80, 1. 11, for Millium read Milium ; and in same page, for Cypa- 
 racece read Cyperacece ; and for Irisfcetida read I.foetidissima. 
 
 P. 82. (7. pulicaris is found on dry heaths in Scotland. Tesfe, 
 William Sutherland, in a letter to editor. 
 
 P. 83, cancel comma between Linaria and Elatine, and read 
 L. Elatine. 
 
 P. 86, for H. virides read H. viridis. 
 
 P. 89, for Spartina alternifolia read S. alterniflora. 
 
 P. 90, for Athamaticum read Athamanticum. . 
 
 P. 134, for Datylis rend Dactylis. 
 
 P. 113, 1. 8,/br is ve/ are. 
 
 P. 136, cancel ls Sub-division. For Cforallarhiza read Corallo- 
 rhiza. 
 
 Pp. 172 and 173, ^. Mdckaii, E. variegatum, with its var. E. Wil- 
 soni, grow on the Dje, Aherdeenshire. (See " Phytologist," vol. i., 
 
 F F F 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 pp. 369, 376, and Wm. Sutherland, in " Phytologist," N. S., vol. ii. 
 p. 337.) 
 
 P. 178. Lastrea dilatata, var. dumetorum, common in Aberdeen- 
 shire. W. S. The passage in text does not mean that this variety 
 is confined to Yorkshire, but only that it abounds there. Its area is 
 probably co-extensive with the typical form of L. dilatata. 
 
 P. 180, after var. 0. lobatum enter E. B. 1563. 
 
 P. 181, after var. 5. angustata enter E. B. 2790. 
 
 P. 181, cancel fishing town of Finnan, and insert on rocks below 
 the fishing village of Cove, first station south of Aberdeen. 
 Fide W. S. 
 
 P. 182, Woodsia liyperlorea, for E. B. 2033 read 2023. 
 
 P. 183, to E. F. iv., 283, add E. B. 2199. 
 
 P. 186, Scolopendrium officinale should be S. vulgar e. 
 
 P. 190, after Botrychium Lunar ia enter A. 18, C.75. Lat.50 61. 
 Alt. 0900 yards. T. 50 38. 
 
 P. 191, 1/18, for Accorus read Acorus. 
 
 P. 195. The Battersea forms of Setaria have been compared with 
 specimens in the Linnsean Society's herbarium, and also with those 
 preserved in the Banksian, British Museum; and both S. glauca and 
 S. italica are doubtful. The varieties of S. viridis are very remarkable. 
 8. glauca and S. verticillata are probably among the forms collected 
 there. I will not now indorse S. italica as a Battersea plant. A. I. 
 
 P. 200, after A.fulvus enter E. B. 1467. The examples of Crypsis 
 from Battersea have been compared with herbarium specimens, and 
 are certainly O. schcenoides. Another species, without the flowers 
 or fruit, is probably C. alopecur aides, or C. acuteata. 
 
 P. 209, for Milliece&nd Millium read Milieee and Miliwn. 
 
 P. 210, for Sessleria read Sesleria. 
 
 P. 216. Air a alpina is almost exclusively viviparous on the moun- 
 tains of Aberdeenshire. W. S. 
 
 P. 244, 1. 10, for Hislington read Heslington. 
 
 P. 249, C. rariflora, after mountains of Clova add and of Aber- 
 deenshire. W. S. 
 
 P. 253, after sea-coast add and occasionally in the interior as at 
 lloscobie Den. 
 
 P. 256, C.jttiformi*, after rare add Loch Kinnord, Cromar, Aber- 
 deenshire. W. S. 
 
 Pp. 256 and 257, C. saxatilis, after Ben Lawers, Scotland, add 
 Glen Callater. Dickie. Also, for Grahmi read Grahami. 
 
 P. 268, Juncus balticus, after sea-shore add in Aberdeenshire, only 
 in the Loch of Drum, twelve miles inland. W. S. 
 
 P. 270, Juncus castaneus. The author is reminded by a friendly 
 hand that rare should be inserted after the description of this plant. 
 It has been stated, in general terms, that when the provincial and 
 comital estimates are low the plant is scarce, and vice versa. '\ he-re 
 are some exceptions to this assumed rule, but this is not one. Even 
 where it does occur it appears very sparingly. 
 
 P. 275, 1. 6 from bottom, for radical read radicle. 
 
APPKNDIX. 795 
 
 P. 283, add to note on term Potamoaeton " Potamogeton adver- 
 satur et crocodilis itaque secum habent earn qui venantur. Castor 
 hanc aliter noverat," &c. N. H., lib. xxvi., c. 33. 
 
 P. 302, for scordoprasum read scorodoprasam. 
 
 P. 306, for Soolmon's sea, read Solomon's seal. 
 
 P. 313, under Epipogium, for E. appyllum read E. aphyllum. 
 
 P. 322, under Listera cordata, after turfy, mountainous moors, add 
 often in woods in Scotland. 
 
 P. 335. " Without ranking- Juniperus nana as a species, I really 
 think it ought to have a place in your work as a variety. Its habit is 
 quite different; so compact and dense is it as to present a striking 
 resemblance to the old-tashioned Dutch cut yew-trees, while it never 
 rises more than a foot or so from the ground. Alpine situations." W. S. 
 
 P. 349, under S. lanata the localities should be as follow : Glen 
 Dole, Clova, and Glen Cullater, Braemar. 
 
 P. 387, under C. opulifolium add This plant also occurs occasionally 
 at Middlesboro', Yorkshire. Fide J. G. Baker. This corroborates 
 what is said in the text about the assumed nativity of C. glaucum. In 
 Sup. " Yorkshire Fl.," C. olidum is published as doubtfully native 
 there, and C. glaucum as native sine dubio. I have seen a score of 
 localities of C. olidum to one of C. glaucum, and hundreds of examples 
 of the former to one of the latter. A. I. 
 
 P. 395, under C. autumnalis, after Loch of Drum and authority 
 insert Loch Kinnord, Cromar. W. S. 
 
 P. 463, //. niaer, add A variety from Wandsworth steam-boat 
 pier has a very rigid, round, not very hairy stem. Leaves entire or 
 toothed, ovate. The chief difference between this and the above is in 
 the calyx, which has a more rigid prickly limb, and the teeth are 
 much shorter. 
 
 P. 423. The following characters of the two forms of Thymus are 
 believed to be more distinctive than those on p. 423 : 
 
 T. Serpyllum, Linn. (?). Stems prostrate or ascending, woody 
 at the base, hairy or puberulerit, much branched, leafy. Leaves 
 'oblong or ovate-oblong, attenuated at the base, pitted (scrobiculate) 
 on both sides, nearly smooth. Flowers whorled, in dense terminal 
 clusters. Calyx hairy, with ciliate teeth (the upper lip has three 
 lanceolate, spreading teeth, the lower lip two subulate, erect, ciliate 
 teeth), closed when in fruit with a web-like process of white hairs. 
 Upper lip of the corolla erect, notched, hairy; lower lip spreading. 
 Style nearly as long as the limb of the corolla. Carpels roundish, 
 flattened. 
 
 T. Chamcednjs, Fr. Barren stems herbaceous, filiform prostrate, 
 reddish, puberulent, leafy. Flowering stems woody, filiform, much 
 branched. Leaves elliptical, or oblong-elliptical, tapering, and ciliate 
 at the base, scrobiculate, and with prominent ribs. Flowers in denser 
 and shorter heads than those of the former state. This flowers a 
 month at least before the other variety. 
 
 P. 470. Addendum to note on L. maritimum : " With the plants 
 growing at the mouth of the Don and at Muchals your observation. 
 
796 APPENDIX. 
 
 holds good, but not so in reference to those on the shingly shores of 
 the hay of Nigg, Kincardineshire, where it grows in large patches, 
 and really presents a most lovely appearance." 
 
 P. 494, Vaccinium Fit. Id. 1 see Mr. Barton very properly notices 
 a peculiarity of this plant, of which I have been cognizant for several 
 years. It is the case that both this plant and A. Uva-ursi flower 
 in May, June, and again in August, September, and even later ; the 
 flowers of the later flowering are often more vigorous and abundant 
 in some places than the earlier ones, but of course never arrive at 
 maturity. In my later autumnal rambles I am so constantly finding 
 both these species in flower as to have thought nothing of it until 
 Mr. B. pointed it out as something not generally known, and 
 expressed his desire of further corroboration of his statement, which 
 I now am happy to accord. 
 
 P. 497, C. Trachelium,3iM A. 8, C. 30. Lat. 50 57. Alt.O 200 
 yards. T. 51 48. 
 
 P. 497, C. rapunculoides, for L. C. 680 read 679, and add A. 5, 
 C. 6. Lat. 51 57. Alt. 0200 yards. T. 48 46. 
 
 P. 498, C. latifolium, add A. 14, C. 50. Lat. 51 58. Alt. 
 250 yards. T. 49' 44. 
 
 P. 498, C. rotundifolium, add A. 18, C. 81. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 
 1150 yards. T. 52 3 35. 
 
 P. 498, C. glomerata, add A. 12, C. 40. Lat. 50 57. Alt. 
 200 yards. T. 51 48. The habitat of the above should be chalk 
 and limestone soils, but not exclusively confined to these, as Walton- 
 on-Thames is one of its localities. In the south of England it is 
 rarely seen but on chalk, and there it is plentiful. 
 
 P. 498, W. hederacea, add A. 10, C. 30. Lat. 56. Alt. 0300 
 yards. T. 52 46. 
 
 P. 498, S. hybrida, add A. 8 (10), C. 30. Lat. 50 55 (57). 
 Alt. 0200 yards. T. 52 48. 
 
 P. 499, P. orbiculare, add A. 2, C. 5. Lat. 50 52. Alt. 0100 
 yards. T. 50 49. 
 
 P. 499, P. spicata, add A. 1, C.I. Lat. 51. Alt. 50 100 yards. 
 T. 50 49. 
 
 P. 499, J. montana, add A. 16, C. 60. Lat. 50 61. Alt. 
 350 yards. T. 52 45. 
 
 P. 500, L. Dortmanna, add A. 9, C. 25. Lat. 51 59. Alt. 100 
 550 yards. T/ 48 41. 
 
 P. 501, L. urens, add A. 1, C. 1. Lat. 50 51. 
 
 P. 506, C. tuberostts, for Melancholy Thistle read Tuberous Thistle. 
 
 P. 506, after C. heterophyllus enter C. pycnocephalus, Linn., a 
 plant of the south of Europe, has been seen at Middlesboro', mouth of 
 the Tees. In this locality Galactites tomentosa, Moench, Centaurea 
 Galactites,Ijinn., was also observed. 
 
 P. 511, C. calcitrapoides, Linn. Rchb. Fl. Germ. xv. 798. Stem 
 rigid, glabrous, much branched, round, and wiry. Leaves pinnatifid, 
 with oblong-lanceolate, toothed lobes, sessile and amplexicaule. 
 Heads ovate-globular, solitary, lateral, and nearly sessile. Scales 
 
APPENDIX. 797 
 
 scarious at the margin, nearly entire, quite smooth, whitish green, 
 terminating in very long stout spines, which have two minute spines 
 on each side of the base. Flowers bright yellow, about as large as 
 those of C. solstitialis. 
 
 Var. Leaves oblong, linear, slightly toothed. Heads globular, 
 peduncled, with indurated scales, which are crowned by a single 
 stout, long spine, with a membranous-scarious web at their base. 
 Flowers yellow, much slenderer than the type, with more entire 
 leaves. 
 
 There are, from Wandsworth steam-boat pier, also the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 C. iberica, Trev. Rchb. Fl. Germ. xv. 798. Stems very much 
 branched, slender, striated, slightly furrowed, hairy, leafy. Leaves 
 oblong, elongate, (almost) linear, nearly entire, and sessile, termi- 
 nating in a short stout spine. Heads on long peduncles, globular, 
 green. Scales armed with palmate spines, the central one slender, 
 straight ; the lateral ones rather erect, very small. Ray-florets 
 pale pink. 
 
 C. aspera (?), Linn. Rchb. Fl. Germ. xv. 799. Stems very slender, 
 grooved, much branched. Leaves linear, toothed (only slightlj*), 
 ending in a very feeble point. Heads ovate-cylindrical, elongate, 
 with pale yellowish-green scales, which terminate in very minute, 
 simple, or palmate spines. Flowers pink. Wandsworth steam-boat 
 pier, with the above-mentioned exotics. 
 
 C. paniculata, Linn. Rchb. Fl. Germ. xv. 790. Stem erect, 
 straight, with spreading, panicled, straight branches. Lower leaves 
 bipinnatifid; upper pinnatifid, with linear segments. Involucres 
 ovate, with closely appressed membranous bracts (scales) ; bracts cili- 
 ated at the apex, with diverging spinous teeth. Flowers purple. 
 Rare. St. Ouen's Bay, Jersey. Annual. July, August. 
 
 I am indebted to Mr. George Wolsey, of St, Andrew's, Guernsey, 
 for this information, accompanied with a specimen. A. I. The plant 
 was discovered by Mr. Pignet, York Street, Jersey. 
 
 P. 513, after Anthemis tinctoria, add A ray less variety of this 
 plant was not uncommon with the type at Wandsworth steam -boat 
 pier. 
 
 P. 521, after G. rectum, add G. sylvaticum, Sm. E. B. 1139 (913). 
 Roots fibrous. Stems erect, simple, six-eight inches high, covered 
 with loose cottony down. Leaves elongate, linear, tapering at both 
 ends, and pointed, cottony on both sides. Spikes terminal, clustered, 
 leafy. In appearance, as also in the stem arid leaves, this form differs 
 widely from G. rectum. 
 
 Note. In G. sylvaticnm the leaves are longer and broader than 
 in G. rectum. The plate 1139 of E. B. is a tolerably good represen- 
 tation of C. sylvaticum ; 124 is a good figure of G. rectum, 
 
 P. 567. L. boreaiis has almost disappeared at Craibstone, but there 
 are at least twelve other stations in Aberdeenshire. It is a difficult 
 plant to detect, and it is thought that it may exist in every large old 
 wood in this county. Fide W. S. 
 
798 APPENDIX. 
 
 P. 583, for B. sp. No. 1 (?) enter B. anoulosum, Linn. Rchb. Ic. 
 Crit. ix. 81 H. The plant was determined by a comparison with speci- 
 mens preserved in the Banksian herbarium. 
 
 To an obliging friend I am indebted for the information that the 
 Wandsworth example, described as Trifolium ochroleucum, is not that 
 species. It is suggested that it may be T. albidum, lietz,, a synonyrne 
 of T. panormitanum, Presl, of which T. squarrosum, Auct., is a syno- 
 nyme ; and T. squar., Linn., is synonymous with T. ochroleucum. 
 Thus, T. albidum = T. panormit. ; T. panormit. = T. squarroswn ; 
 T, squar. = T. ochroleucum ; all equal to the same thing, and to 
 each other. (Teste, Nyman, Syl. Fl. Kurop., p. 293.) 
 
 On the same authority, some of the Wandsworth specirrens of 
 T. resupinatum are probably suaveolens, and others T. tomentosum. 
 Are not T. resupinatum, T, tomentosum, and T. suaveolens synonymes, 
 or, at most, names of varieties P 
 
 P. 677, after Vicia Cracca enter V. pseudocracca, Bert. A south 
 of Europe plant, occurring at Middlesboro', Yorkshire. 
 
 The following Wandsworth Crucifers were determined too late to 
 appear in their proper place : 
 
 P. 695, Arabis arenosa, Scop. Stems slender, flexuous, erect or 
 spreading; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; root-leaves in a rosette; calyx 
 gibbous at the base; pods spreading, compressed; seeds slightly 
 winged at the summit. Annual. July. 
 
 P. 701, Si&ymbrium orientale is S. Columnce, Jacq., according to 
 Grenier, Fl. Fr. 94. S. acutangulum, described by Grenier as a var. 
 of 8. austriacum, has short, either smooth or hairy pods, which con- 
 verge towards the axis. 
 
 P. 703, after S. alba and var. add Sinapis hispida, Schusb., so 
 named by a gentleman well acquainted with Continental botany, by 
 whom the Wandsworth plants were examined and compared with 
 foreign specimens. 
 
 P. 706, after Diplotaxis erucoides enter Erucastrum obtusangulum, 
 Reich. Diplotaxis bracteata, Gren. Stems erect or ascending ; flowers 
 yellow; sepals spreading; petals yellow, with long claws, pods 
 spreading, with a one-seeded beak. Annual. July. 
 
 P. 717, after Rapistrum rugosum add R. perenne, All. Rchb. 
 Fl. Ger. ii. 2. 
 
 P. 728, after Reseda suffruticulosa enter R. Phyteuma, which has 
 entire oblong-obovate root-leaves; stem-leaves trifid, with oblong 
 lobes ; flowers large, few. Middlesboro'. 
 
 P. 763, after Silene catholica insert Silene nutans has rather 
 broader and more ciliate leaves than S. italica. The latter has a 
 rather longer calyx than the former. Silene catholica differs much 
 from both the above. The leaves are broader and shorter, and the 
 flowers are small and greenish ; the ovary globular or obovate. 
 
 P. 767. Spergularia rupestris of the London Catalogue is not that 
 of Cambessedes but of Labillardiere, on the authority of the learned 
 Curator of the Botanical Society of London, who calls it a glandulcus 
 var. of S. media. It is not S. rupestris, Cambess., which has numerous 
 
APPENDIX. 799 
 
 and rather erect stems, linear subulate leaves, nearly an inch long, 
 stipules clasping, with few, semi-erect flowers, on short pedicels. 
 Ovary oblong-, shortly stipitate. Grows in the fissures of rocks in 
 Brazil. Perennial (?) in its native country. We have still to learn 
 on whose authority it is entered in the 5th edition of the " London 
 Catalogue," as S. rupestris of any botanist. It will readily be ad- 
 mitted that it is not S. rupestris of Cambessedes, and it differs still 
 more from Arenaria rupestris of Labillardiere. This latter is one of 
 the exstipulate species of the group The Jersey plant is what it is 
 named above, viz., a variety of S. media, which is itself probably a 
 variety of S. marina, which some botanists believe to be only a 
 variety of S. rubra. Thanks to the kindness of the gentleman who 
 favoured me with a specimen as well as with the name of it, I am 
 able to satisfy myself that the history of the discovery of this new 
 Jersey plant "is as veritable and instructive as the story of the three 
 black crows. A. I. 
 
 P. 726. After description of Chelidonium majus and var. /3. lacini- 
 atum add A variety, with double or semi-double flowers, but pro- 
 ducing perfect seeds, was collected between the village of Auchter- 
 gaven and Scone, Perthshire. 
 
 Tetterwort, on Halli well's authority, is Great Celandine, or the plant 
 Celidony, synonymes of Chelidonium majus. This name Tetterwort 
 had become obsolete in Kay's days, for he gives " the Greater Celan- 
 dine," in his ** Cat. Plant. Angliae,"as the English name of Chelidonium 
 majus, and states "3, Succus herbae illius, Herpetem miliarem effica- 
 citur compescit et sanat. D. Hulse" This quality corroborates Hal- 
 li well's statement that Tetterwort is this plant. 
 
 The Swallow- wort is believed by some botanists to be but a 
 doubtful native of these islands. Its name, however, appears in all .the 
 ancient glossaries of middle and northern Europe, from the tenth 
 century. The appearance of its name in the old-, middle-, modern- 
 German and Scandinavian languages, is some evidence that the plant 
 existed where it had a linguistic representative, 
 
 "RUTHENUS' GARLAND. 
 (From the Greek Anthology, " BlackwoocT s Magazine. 1 ') 
 
 " I send to thee, my Rhodocle, a diadem of flowers, 
 Wreathed by myself m sunshine among the vernal showers. 
 The Lily white, with the red Rose, both matchless, gently vies, 
 Narcissus on Anemone looks down with dewy eyes, 
 And rich upon the blended bloom the purple Violet lies. 
 Now Nature looks more b' autiful where'er thy footsteps turn: 
 Flower of the world and queen ! I hail thy coronation morn. 
 * * * * * * * 
 
 " I send to thee, my Rhodocle, with many a living gem, 
 From sprint? beds by thy lover culled, a dewy diadem. 
 The Lily in her simple stole is breathing of delight, 
 And placed beside the queen of flowers appears more purely white ; 
 Ne'er smiled the Anemone so sweet, now by INarcissus set, 
 The beauty of them both eclipsed by dark-blue Violet. 
 
 * Then proudly place the blended bloom above thy haughty brow, 
 And to the sun, and skies, and clouds, a fairer Flora show. 
 Ah, dazzling vision ! in my trance, how could I proudly say 
 The brightest births of nature still the soonest feei decay." 
 
800 APPENDIX. 
 
 MEAEAFPOT. 
 
 " riA|a> \VK6'iov, TrA|eo S' aTraAozs a^ua /j.vprots, 
 
 NdpKtacrov, TrAc^co Kai ra ye\cai>Ta Kpiva: 
 IlAe|w Kat Kp&KOV tjSvv irnr\ea> S'vd.Kii'Qov 
 
 HoptyvptijVy 7rAe|w /cat (piAepaara poSw. 
 'fis a.v 67rt Kporatyois fAVpoftoffrpv\ov 'HAi 
 Evn\OKa/j.ov xamjv avBofiohri aretyavos." 
 
 " I'll -wreathe -white violets with the myrtle shade 
 Bind soft narcissus and amidsi them braid 
 The laughing lily, with whose virgin hue 
 Shall blend bright crocus and the hyacinth blue : 
 There many a rose shall, interwoven, sned 
 Its blushing grace on Heliodora's head, 
 And add fresh fragrance, amorously entwining, 
 Her clustered locks with spicy ointments shining." 
 
 MERIVALB. 
 
 The ingenious Greeks had no idea of paper hyacinths and buckram 
 roses, the modern ornaments of feminine head-gear. They were all 
 poets. Full of sensitive fancy and imagination, they saw a touching 
 charm in the fading garland. They felt that the bright eyes beaming 
 beneath it would grow dim too, and therefore they worshipped them 
 with the more intensely passionate admiration. What would Meleager 
 have said to a lady adorned with artificial flowers, false ringlets, and 
 a painted * *. Proh pudor ! He has left no example of 
 
 such an epigram. 
 
 " The -wind-flower and the violet, they perished long ago, 
 And the brier-rose and the orchis died amid the summer's glow ; 
 But on the hills the golden rod, and the aster in the wood, 
 And the yellow sunflower by the brook, 
 In autumn beauty stood; 
 
 Till fell the frost from the clear cold heaven as * * * 
 And the brightness of their smile was gone from upland glade or glen." 
 
 BBYANT. 
 
 " The lovely flowers of Scotland, 
 
 All others that excel ; 
 The thistle's purple bonnet, 
 
 And the bonny heather-bell. 
 Oh, they're the flow ei s of Scotland 
 
 All others that excel ; 
 For the thistle in her bonnet blue 
 
 Still nods out ower the fell, 
 And dares the proudest foema 
 
 To tread the heather-bell." 
 
INDEX, 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. A. S. Anglo-Saxon ; C. B. or Cam. Br. Cambro- British ; Cel. Celtic ; 
 dim. diminutive; Eng. English; fr. from; Fr. French ; Ger. German; It.Italian; Lat. 
 Latin ; Med. G-los. Mediaeval Glossaries ; M. Ger. Middle German (Mettel-hoch deutsch) ; 
 O. Ger. Old German (All-hoch deutsch) ; q. v. quod vide (look at that) ; sup. superlative; 
 W. or Westpti. Gios. WestphaJian Glossary; Dut. Dutch; Dan. Danish. 
 
 Many of the ordinal and generic terms, and most of the specific, are significant. The 
 latter express either the time when the plant is in flower, as, cestivalis, summer, hiemalis, 
 winter, or the plaue where it grows, a numerous series of names, usually called the habitats 
 of the plants, viz., aquatili8,palustris,arenosus, arvensis, sylvaticus, &c. All of these are 
 explained in detail in the Introduction. The habit of the plant is still more frequently 
 expressed by its trivial name, as, rectus, straight or erect ; proctimbens, 'prostrate; scan- 
 dens, climbing, Special qualities of the plant itself, or its form, colour, size, duration, 
 &c., are most generally denoted by specific names, e.g., humilis, low; procera, tafl; 
 major, minor, round-leaved, white, perennial, annual. But there is another not unimpor- 
 tant class of names, and perhaps the most ancient, that are not founded upon the same 
 principles as those above stated. They are rarely descriptive, and in these rare cases 
 they are founded on remote relationships and fanciful resemblances, the reasons of 
 which are now only conjectural. The common or popular names, as opposed to the 
 learned, whether they be English, including the German, Danish, Dutch, Scandinavian, 
 and the Teutonic names in general, as also those which have descended to us from the 
 Greeks and Eomans, our instructors in science, were originally invented, not to describe 
 or characterize the plants, but rather to express the inventor's opinion of their value. 
 Hence we may account for the frequent occurrence of the term Lady, as Lady's-finger, 
 or Our Lady, or St. Mary, or benedictus, blessed, &c. In the hagioloy of the middle 
 ages the departed saints occupied a prominent place, and the gratitude of the living was 
 exemplified in the dedication of useful and popular plants to their blessed memories. 
 Others, as Robert, Christopher, Bennet, and Henry, might have been the names of pious 
 herborizers of the olden time, who first taught the simple rustics the sanative qualities of 
 certain herbs, which, in memory of their benefactors, were henceforth called by their 
 names. Barbarea (Barbara), St. Barnaby, St. John, St. James, and St. Peter became 
 the names of plants which began to flower at or near the days when the festivals of 
 these saints were celebrated. An interesting and instructive article might be prepared 
 on this subject, but this is not the place for it. This is an introduction to an index, which 
 will contain some further remarks both on the popular and scientific nomenclature. 
 
 In the names of orders, the vowel a of the antepenultimate syllable is long, as, 
 Lindcea, Rosdcece, Sec. ; and the i in the antepenultimate of the orders terminating in 
 'ferae is short, as, Coiiiferce, Cruciferce, but it is accented. The vowel a in the penulti- 
 mate is usually long, as in inftdta, montdna, qfficindlis, &c. The vowels o and u are also, 
 in general, long in the penultimate, as in nodosa, hirsuta. 
 
 In the terminal syllables, inus, ina, inum, the i is generally long, except sometimes when 
 it is preceded by a long syllable ; i in other combinations is usually short, as aquntilis, 
 sylvaticus. A vowel before two consonants is usually long. Some terms, as Arbutus^ 
 Erica, &c., often mispronounced, have the quantities marked, and the pronunciation 
 determined, for the help of those unskilled in prosodial learning. 
 
 ABELE-THKE, Dut. abeel-boom, Ger. albe, 
 albele, and alber, the white poplar, 350 
 
 AbietineEe, fr. abies, 332, 333 
 
 Abortion, or an abortive organ, is an imper- 
 fect development of said part. 
 
 Abrotanum, seethrenwuda (southernwood), 
 fr. a, not, and /Sporos, mortal ; a name 
 given to some plant eminent for its sa- 
 
 native virtues. Ger. aberraute (boar- 
 rue). 
 
 Absinthium, fr. afyivOiov, a, not, and v^ti/0os 
 =rpev//is, a vermifuge, vulg. worm expel- 
 ling, hence wormwood. An example of a 
 name derived from the real or reputed 
 quality of the plant. 
 
 Acanthoides, like an Acanthus, fr. a.Kav9os, 
 
802 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 and ctSto, I am like to. The affix oides, fr. 
 eiSto, similis gum, denotes similarity to the 
 name after which it is placed, as schoe- 
 noiries, like a Schoenus, ranunculoides, like 
 a Ranunculus. 
 Acati.is, e, stemless, fr. Lat. a, without, and 
 
 caulis, a stalk. 
 
 Acer and Aceraceae, fr. Gel. ac, a point, 
 hence Lat. acer, hard or sharp, 738; 
 A. campestre, 738 ; A. Pseudo-platanus, 
 739 
 
 Aceras, fr. a, not, and /tepas, a horn, 320 ; 
 A. anthropophora, fr. avOpwrros, and 
 <opee/, to represent, to bear, in allusion 
 to the form of its flower, 320 
 
 Acetosa and Acetosella, fr. Lat. acetum, an 
 acid. 
 
 Achenium, small seed-like fruit. (See Com- 
 positae, Kosaceae, &c.) 
 
 Achillea, in honour of Achilles, a Grecian 
 hero, 612 ; A. decolorans, 613 ; A. Mille- 
 folium, thousand leaf, 512 ; A. Ptarmica, 
 fr. TTTapjatKij, the Greek name of sneeze- 
 wort, 513; A. tanacetifolia, 513; A. to- 
 mentosa, 513 
 
 Achlamydese, or Achlamydeous plants, fr. 
 a, not, and xA.a/xu5, a coat or covering, 70 
 
 Acicularis, e, pointed, a term derived fr. 
 acicula, a small pin or needle, used only 
 in modern Latinity. 
 
 Aclnos, Gr. name of some plant, like Basil. 
 
 Aconitum, CUCOVTJ, cliffy, rocky, because the 
 species grows in rocky places ; 01*07, a 
 sharp point; A. Napellus, Lat., a little 
 turnip, fr. Napns, 790 
 
 Acorns, said to be derived fr. a, privative, 
 without, and nopiov, pupil of the eye; it 
 was supposed to be a remedy in diseases 
 of the eye. A. Calamus, 279 
 
 Acotyledonous, adj., fr. Acotyledons. 
 
 Acotyledons, fr. a, not, and KOTu\y8<av, a 
 seed-lobe or leaf, 31, 131, 153 
 
 Acrogens, fr. a/epos, the summit, andya/crat, 
 is produced ; grows at the apex ; increases 
 by additions to the summit, 10, 116, 118, 
 153. 160 
 
 Actaea, fr. OKTTJ, the elder, 791 ; A. spicata, 
 791 
 
 Actinocarpus, fr. O.KTLVT), a ray, and Kapiros, 
 iruit ; the fruit is radiate, 292 ; A. Duma- 
 son ium, fr. damson, a corruption of da- 
 mascenes, fr. Damascus, 292. An ancient 
 name of some aquatic, described in Dios- 
 corides, spelt Damassonium. 
 
 Aculeatus, a, um, having a sharp point, fr. 
 Lat. acus, a needle. In similarly formed 
 words the p_enultimate is long, a.s,perfo- 
 rdtus, cristatus, spicata, &c. 
 
 Acuminate, fr. Lat. acus, a needle, tapering 
 and pointed. 
 
 Acutus, a, um, fr. Lat. acus, a needle ; 
 acutifoeitu and acudjlorns, acute or sharp, 
 or sharp-leaved, or sharp-flowered, ir. 
 the former, and folium, a leaf, ana^os, a 
 flower. The a,ffi.\fuliu* or folia, folium 
 or//' riix, <i, um, implies that these organs 
 have the quality denoted by the first por- 
 tion of the compound term, sharp-leaved, 
 obtusifolius, blunt-leaved, &c. 
 
 I Adder's-ton'rue, A. S. after, fr. eiter, poison ; 
 
 Dan. slange tunge, 190 
 Adiantum, fr. afitai/ros, dry, 187 ; A. Ca- 
 
 pillus Veneris, hair of Venus, 187 
 Adonis, a mythic-poetic name, 782 ; A. au- 
 
 tumnalis, 783 
 Adoxa, fr. o$oa, humble, 568 ; A. moscha- 
 
 telltna, musky, 569. 
 Adscendens, Lat., ascending, climbing, 
 
 292 
 
 JEgilops, fr. aiyiA.o>i//, the name of a weed- 
 like grass; ^E.ovata, 237 
 ^Egopodium. _fr. ai aryo? and TTOVS, - r 84; 
 M. Podagraria, fr. TTOVS, foot, and aeger, 
 ailing (gout). 
 ^Jstlvus, a, um, fr. Lat. cestas, summer, 
 
 flowering in summer. 
 
 .-Ethusa, fr. ai#&>, I burn, an acrid, poison- 
 ous plant, 589; M. Cynapium, fr. KV<OV, 
 a dog, and apium, parsley, 589. This plant 
 in German is named garten sctiierling, 
 because it grows usually in gardens. 
 Affinis, fr. Lat. ad and finix, near to, alike, 
 related to ; a synonyme of anceps, ambi- 
 guus, confusus, dubius, obscurus (?), 
 multaque alia quas nunc prcescribere Ion- 
 gum est. Sic dicunt Etoniani. 
 Agarics, Agarici, Agaric us, the name of a 
 very extensive genus of Fungi, fr. a-yapi/coi/, 
 and Ayapia, a country of >armatm, 156 ; 
 A. phalloi(li j s, 1.^7 ; A. muscarius, fr. 
 musca, afly. fly agaric, 156, 157; A. caru- 
 pestris, field agaric ; A. oreades, fr. opos, 
 mons, because they grow on open places. 
 Agraphis, fr. a, not, and-ypa^w, 1 write, not 
 written; without the inscribed letters:* 
 in allusion to the plant into which Ajax 
 was turned, according to the fable (see 
 Ovid, Metam.), which was inscribed with 
 the letters at. The above had not this 
 inscription, and hence was called non 
 scripta, not written. A. nutans, 301 
 Agraiial plants, 82 
 
 Agre-4is, e, fr. ager, and aypos, a field. 
 Agrimonia and Agrimonieae, a corruption of 
 Argemone, q. v., 614 ; A. eupatoria, 645 ; 
 A odorata, 645 
 
 Agrimony, 644; Agrimony, hemp, 529 
 Agrosi ideae and Agrosti.-, fr. aypos, a field, 
 because th- se species grow m open places, 
 and ei8w, I resemble, 193 ; A. aiba, 204; 
 A. canina, 204; A. sttacea, 204; A. vul- 
 giiris, 204 ; A. interrupta, 205 ; A. Spica- 
 venti, 205 
 
 Aira, fr. aipetj/, to hurt, a name given to 
 Darnel, a poisonous grass, 215; A. alpina, 
 216 ; A. caespitosa, 216 ; A. fiVxuosa, 216 
 Aizoides, fr aet^ooi/, house-leek, ami etSco, 
 similia sum. The word aizo<>n is supposed 
 to be derived fr. aei0aA.es, evergreen ; but 
 the derivation fr. aet, always, and 0117, 
 li'e, is more probable, and is nearer to the 
 derived term. The Latin word, se/per v i- 
 vum, and English, everlasting, al-o applied 
 to a similar plant, favours this view. 
 Ajuga, a, and ^evyi/v/xat, to unbind, or fr. 
 Lat. abigo, to drive away, in allusion to 
 its remedial qualities. A. alpina, 435 ; 
 A. Chamaepitys, fr. x ^* 1 * on tne ground, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 803 
 
 and TUTVS, a pine ; its leaves bear some 
 resemblance to pine leaves, 4-36 ; A. pyra- 
 midalis, 43'*; A. reptans, 436 
 
 Ajugoideae, a tribe or Labiatse, 435 
 
 Alse, win ^s, 25 
 
 Alatus, a, um, winged, fr. Lat. ala, a wing 
 
 Albumen, perisperm, what is about the em- 
 b.yo, fr. albus, white, 31, 39 
 
 Albus, a, um, adj. whit&,Bmdalbidus, whitish. 
 
 Alchemilla, fr. - r.alkemelyeh, alchemy, from 
 its imagined potency in the occult sciences. 
 A. alpina, 646; A. arvensis, 647; A. vul- 
 garis, 64H 
 
 Alder, 356, 357 ; berry-bearing:, 565 
 
 Alehoof, ground ivy, A. S. eorthifig, 426 
 
 Alexanders, alisanders, a corruption of Olu- 
 satrum, black herb, 605 
 
 Alga and Algae, and Alual and Algals, fr. 
 alga, a water-weed, 115 154 
 
 Alkanet, an Arabic word (?), 465 
 
 Alisanders. (See Alexanders.) 
 
 Alisma and Alismaceae, fr. Cel. alls, water, 
 where the species grow, 291 ; A. natans, 
 292 ; A. Plantago, 291 ; A. ranunculoides, 
 292 
 
 Alleluia, W. Glos. hasen suramphe, Wood- 
 sorrel, in flower at Easter, when halle- 
 lujah was sung in the churches, 654 
 
 All-good (King Henry), 37 
 
 Ail-heal, 432 
 
 AUium, fr. Celt, al, acrid, hot, pungent, 301 ; 
 A. ampelopra^um, fr. ctjUTreAos, a vine, 
 and irpaa-ov, u leek; it grew among vines 
 or in vineyards, 303 ; A. Babingtouii, 30 3 ; 
 A. oleraceum, 302 ; A. Sclxjenoprasum, fr. 
 or^otro?, a rush, and Trpaow, 302 ; A. Sco- 
 rodcnrasum, cncopoSof, a knob ; and Trpa- 
 croi/, 302 ; A. sphserocephalum,fr. cr^cupos, 
 globe, and /ce^oAij, round-headed, 303 ; 
 A. triquetrum, 303; A. ursinum, 301; 
 A. vineale, belonging to a vineyard, grow- 
 ing in a vineyard, 82, 302 
 
 ^.lliaria, fr. allium, leek, garlic, because it 
 has a garlic smell 
 
 Allseed is iUdiola millegrana, q. v. 
 
 Almond, 617 
 
 Alnu.s, fr. Cel. als, water (Ihre says it is de- 
 rived fr. al, water), Dut. elze-boom, 
 357 ; A. glutinosa, fr. Lat. gluten, giue, 
 yielding clammy juice, 357. These Celtic 
 derivations are rather ambiguous, as the 
 following terms, which all signify water, 
 show : Alls, water ; apon, water ; Us, 
 water ; site, water ; arn t water, &c. 
 
 Alopecuru*, fr. oAooTrrj^, a fox, and ovpa, a 
 tail, 199 ; A. agrestis, 200 ; A. alpinus, 
 199; A. bulbosus, 200; A. fulvus, 200; 
 A. genieulatus, 200 ; A. pratensis, 199 
 
 Aloides fr. aloe, and eiSco, like an aloe. 
 
 Alpestris, e, and Aipinus, a, um, fr. alp, 
 lofty mountains, lit<e the Alps. 
 
 Alsinastrum, fr. oAs, sea, and acrrpoi/, star, 
 or tr. aAcrii/T}. 
 
 Alsine and Alsinese, aAcrii/T), a name applied 
 by Pliny to some Myowotis. 766, 769 ; 
 A. Cherleri, in honour of Cherler, a 
 friend of Bauhins, 770 ; 4 . fasti^iata, 770; 
 A. rubel.a, 770 ; A. stricta, 770 ; A. tenui- 
 folia, 769 ; A. verna, 770 
 
 Alternate, arranged on opposite sides, but 
 not growing from the same point. 
 
 Alternifloru*, a, um,and Alternifoaus, a, um, 
 alternate-flowered and alternate-. eaved, 
 wuen the flowers and leaves are alter- 
 nately arranged. 
 
 Alyssurn, fr. a, not, and Aucrcra, madness, 
 which it was believed to cure, 707; A. ca- 
 lycinum, fr. calyx, 707 
 
 Amaranth, 393 
 
 Amaranthaceae and Amaranthus, fr. a/ua- 
 pai/Tos, unfading, an order and genus of Di- 
 cotyledons, 101,393; A.Blitum, fr./3AiTOi/, 
 the Greek name of some culinary pLmt, 
 393 ; A. retroflexus, fr. Lat. retro, back- 
 wards, andjlexus, bent, 393 
 
 Amarus, a, um, bitter, Heb. Mara. " Call 
 me Mara, for the Almighty hath dealt 
 very bitterly with me," Ruth i. 20 
 
 Amaryllidacese, fr. Amaryllis, a rustic 
 beauty celebrated by Theocritus, 33, 
 325 
 
 Ambiguus, a, um, uncertain or obscure. A 
 name fitly bestowed on several plants, 
 e. g., Stachys ambiyua, &. 
 
 Amentifera, fr. amentum (cachryn, bearded 
 like barley), fr. conns, a cone, and/ero, I 
 bear. An order, or, in more recent times, 
 a group of orders. 
 
 Amomum, " feratetrubus asper amo- 
 
 mum," Virg. 
 
 Amnioplrila, fr. oft/uos, sand, and 0tAeti/, to 
 love, 206; A. arenaria, 206. These grow 
 in sand. 
 
 Amminese and Ammi, grows on sand(1), 
 a/u./xos, 581 
 
 Amphigens, fr. aju.$i, prep., round about, in 
 all directions, and y'-i'eTai, is produced, 
 116, 117, 118, 131, 132, 153, 154 
 
 Am;>hibium, a, us, aju^t, and /3ios, life, that 
 grows on land and ir. water. 
 
 Amplexicaulis, e, stem-clasping, fr. am- 
 plexus, embracing, and caulis, stem. 
 
 Amygdalaceae, fr. a/x-uyfiaAos, au almond, 617 
 
 Amygdaloides and Amygdalina, almond- 
 like. 
 
 Anacharis, fr. ava, without, and x a P^' 
 grace ; A. Alsinastrum (canadensis), 
 113 
 
 Ana^allis, fr. ayaAAi?, the name of a plant, 
 called by the Germans gauch-heil, fool's- 
 heal ; some say it is the cuckoo-flower, 
 which is in bloom when the bird sings his 
 unwelcome note, maritix corniitis. A. 
 arvensis, 411; A. ccarulea, 411; A. te- 
 nella, 412 
 
 Anastomosing, the union of nerves or 
 veins, fr. ayaoTtojaocris, a combining. 
 
 Anatropal, ava, and Tperrw, when the apex 
 is at the base, 30 
 
 Anchusa, fr. <ryxov<ra, colour, 465 ; A. offi- 
 cinalis, 465; A. sempervirens, 465. The 
 roots of some yield colouring substances. 
 
 Andersoniana, a'commemorative name, of 
 which there are many ; and it is needless 
 to repeat them, for they declare tneir 
 own meaning. 
 
 Andromeda, a poetic-mythic name, 491 j A. 
 polifolia, 492 
 
804 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 Androsaemum, fr. ai/ep, gen. avSpos, and 
 oujaa, blood, a name given to another 
 plant, Dunewort, because it grew where 
 the Danes were slaughtered. If the name 
 Danewort be genuine, it may be inferred 
 that this plant has been long established 
 among us. 
 
 Anemone, fr. are/mo?, wind, both a Greek 
 and an English word; in the original the 
 penult is long, in English it is short, 782 ; 
 A. a p pen! ii a, 782 ; A. nemorosa, 782 ; A. 
 Pulsatilla, 782 ; A. ranunculoides, 782 
 
 Anemone, or wind-flower, 782 
 
 *' The coy anemone that ne'er uncloses 
 Her leaves until they're blown on by the 
 wind." 
 
 Angel wort, 594, 595, fr. Lat., excellent or 
 superior. 
 
 Angelica and Angeliceae, fr. Lat. angelits, 
 angel, 594 ; A. sylvestris, 595 
 
 Anglicus, a, um, English. 
 
 Angulare, is, fr. Lat. angulus, an angle. 
 
 Anuustifolia, us, um, fr. Lat. angustus, 
 narrow, and folium, a leaf, and sup. an- 
 ffustissimu*, a, um, very narrow. 
 
 Animals, 131 
 
 Annotinum, a, us, Lycopod. an, fr. Lat., 
 anno, and term*, that which is of one 
 year old, in allusion to the growth of 
 this plant. The penultimate i, in words 
 
 , 
 
 long, is shortened when the preceding 
 syllable is long, as above. See also vitel- 
 lma,clandestma, secaltnus, &c. 
 
 Annuus, a, um, yearly, annual, fr. Lat. 
 
 annus, a year. 
 
 Ansi r!na, fr. Lat. anser, a goose, Goose- 
 wet d. 
 
 Antennaria, fr. Lat. antenna?, insect-feelers, 
 521; A. dicnca, 522; A. margaritacea, 
 fr. Lat. margarita, fr. fj.apya.pov, pearl, 
 in allusion to the pearly colour of some 
 of the species, 522 
 
 Anthemis, fr. av6efj.ov, a flower, 513; A. ar- 
 vensis, 513 ; A. Cotula, fr. KOTTOL, ahead, 
 and/corvAr/,514; A.maritima(A. anglica), 
 514; A. i.ohilis, 514; A. tinctoria, fr. 
 Lat. tingo, I dip, or dye, 514 
 Anthericeae, a tribe of Liliaceous plants, fr. 
 ai/0epiKo?, the name of the Greek spider- 
 wort, 299 
 Antheridia, male organs (?) of Mosses, fr. 
 
 a.v9r)po$, q. v. 
 Anther, t he poll en case, fr. avOypos, flower. 
 
 iny, blooming. 
 
 Anthoceros and AnthocerateaB, fr. avQos, 
 a flower, and /cepas, a horn ; fr. the horn- 
 like fructification, 161 
 Anthoxanthum, fr. cu/0os, flower, and 
 
 a/0os, yellow, 197; A. odoratum, 197 
 Anthriscus, fr. avQpvo-Kov, avOos and 
 pvofj.ai, 1 free from, a vulnerary, a plant 
 described by Pliny. A. Cerefolium, fr. 
 X<upu>, I delight in, and (j>v\\ov, a leaf; an 
 I >le plant, the same as cheero- 
 phyllum and chervil ; carvi and carui and 
 caraway ai e all from the same root, 
 6<>2; A. sylvestris, 602; A. vulgaris, 
 52, 601 
 
 Anthyllis, fr. av0og, a flower, and tovAos, 
 a beard, bearded, 661 ; A. vulneraria, 6(J1 
 Antirrhinum, fr. O.VTI, and piv, a snout, 417 ; 
 A. niajus, 447; A. Orontium, so named 
 from the place where it grew, the river 
 Orontes in Syria. 
 Aparine, fr. airo, and piv, without a nose, 
 
 unbeaked. 
 
 Apa'gia, fr. airapyia, fr. arro, and ap-yta, 
 inutility, good for something ; A. his- 
 pida, 536 
 Apetala, fr. a, without, and TreraAoi', a leaf 
 
 or petal. 
 Aphaca, fr. a^aur), fr. a, not, and (fro/yco, I 
 
 eat, not fit to be eaten. 
 Apiculate, fr. apex, a point. 
 Apifera, us, um, fr. Lat. apis, a bee, and 
 fero, I bear, in allusion to the singular 
 resemblance the flower bears to a bee. 
 Apium, fr. Gel. apon or avun, water, where 
 these plants grow, 586 ; A. graveolens, 586 
 Apocynacese, fr. airo, and /cvcov, dog's-bane, 
 
 484 
 
 Apothecia, the cups or shields containing 
 the fructification of Lichen, airo, from, 
 and 0^7/07, a case, fheath, &c. 
 Apple, Gaelic abhal, Ger. apfel, 54, 612 
 Apple-tree, 108, 614 ; stone-apple, 614 
 Apple-thorn, 463 
 Aquatic plants, 75 
 
 Aquaticus, a, um, and aquatilis, fr. 
 aqua, water, growing in or near or under 
 water. 
 
 Aquifoliaceae, fr. acutus and folium, sharp- 
 leaved, 486 
 
 Aquilegia, fr. aqnila, an eagle, to the claws 
 of which the nectarie- bear some resem- 
 blance, 789 ; A. vulgaris, 790 
 Arabis, fr. Arabs, Arabian, 694 ; A. ciliata, 
 694; A. hirsuta, 694 ;_A. petraea, 695; 
 A. stricta, 695 ; A. turrita, 695, fr. turris, 
 a tower, where the plants grow. 
 Aracese and Arum, fr. aron, an Egyptian 
 name, origin unknown, apov (?), fr. atpco, 
 remove, take off, kill, 21, 191 
 Arachnites, fr. apaxvy, a spider, like a 
 
 spider. 
 
 Araliaceas (Lake Aral). 
 Aranifera, us, um, fr. Lat. aranea, a 
 
 spider. 
 Arborea, us, um, of or belonging to a tree, 
 
 fr. Lat. arbor, a tree. 
 Arbuscula, Lat., dim. a little tree. 
 Arbutus, fr. arbor and arbustum, a grove 
 of trees, vulgarly pronounced as if the 
 penult was long " Dulce, * * * depulsis 
 arbutus ho3dis," " Stolen waters are 
 sweet," 492; A. Unedo, fr. I eat one, say 
 fanciful etymologists, and that is one too 
 many, 492. " Un* dones," Pliny. 
 Archangel, 427, 595; Archangel, yellow 
 
 (Lamium Galeob.), 429 
 Archangeiica (superior), 595; A. officinalis, 
 
 595 
 
 Arctium, fr. ap/cros, a bear, hence bur, 
 rough as a bear, 507 ; A. commune, 507 ; 
 A. Bardana, 508 
 
 Arcticus, a, belonging to the north, fr. 
 ap/cros, a bear, the north. 
 
805 
 
 Arctostaphylos, fr. apKros, a bear, and 
 
 (7Ta$vA.T), a bunch, 492 ; A. alpina, 493 ; 
 
 A. Uva-ursi (bear-berry), 492 
 Arenaria, fr. Lat. arena, s >nd, where the 
 
 species grow, 771; A. ciliata, 772; A. 
 
 norvegiCii, 772; A. serpyllitblia, thyme- 
 leaved, 771 ; A. trinervia, 771 
 Arenarius, a, urn, fr. arena, sand, Are- 
 
 nosu-, a, urn, sandy ; trivial names of 
 
 plants, which grow in a sandy soil. 
 Arcuatus, a, um, bent, fr. Lat. arcus, a bow. 
 Argemone, fr. ap-yejua, because it purged 
 
 or cleared the eyes. 
 Argentt-a, fr. Lat. argentum, silver. 
 Aria, fr. apux, a name applied by Theo- 
 
 phvastus to a laurel-like tree or shrub. 
 Aristatus, a, um, fr. arista, an awn. 
 Aristolochia nd Aristolochiacese, fr. 
 
 apion-o?, excellent, and AOXTJ, birth ; hence 
 
 birthwort, 397 ; A. Clematitis, fr. A>j/u.a, 
 
 anu /cA.a5os, a shoot or sprout, hence Cle- 
 
 ma'tis and Clematitis, not Clematis, 398 
 Armeria i Sweet William) , sea-pink, 403 ; 
 
 A. miirirtma, 403; A. plantaginea, 403 
 Armoracia, fr. Armorica, 710; A. rusti- 
 
 cana, 710 
 Arnoseris, 532, fr. api>os, a lamb, lamb's- 
 
 lettuce; A. pusillu, 532 
 Arom.iticum, a, us, fr. Lat. aroma, aro- 
 matic. 
 
 Arrow-head, 289, 293 
 Arrhenatherum, fr. appyv, male, and a0>jp, 
 
 an awn, 206 ; A. avenaceum, fr. avena, 
 
 oat- like, 207 
 Artemisia, or mater herbarum (Matricaria), 
 
 Jr. aprejous, Diana, 518 ; A. vulgaris, 518 ; 
 
 A. absinthium, fr. a^/ivOiov, the same 
 
 sense as wormwood, vermifuge, 518 ; 
 
 A. campestris, 518 ; A. maritima, 518 
 Arthrolobium, fr. ap0po?, a joint, and AojSos, 
 
 a shell or pod, has a jointed pod, 682 ; 
 
 A. ebracteatum, 682 ; A. scorpioides, 
 
 683 
 Aiticulatus, a, um, fr. Lat. art-us, a joint, 
 
 jointed. 
 Arum, fr. apov, 278 ; A. italicurn, 279 ; A. 
 
 maculatum, 6, 279 
 Arundinacea, us, um, fr. Lat. arundo, like 
 
 a reed ; or fr. Cel. arn, water ; or fr. 
 
 arendo, fading soon. " Who shall decide 
 
 when doctors disagree ?" Aeeas = oiSe?, 
 
 like or resembling. 
 Arvensis, fr. Lat. arvwn, a field. 
 Arve, henbit or chickweed. 
 Asarabacca, 398 
 Asarabacara, haslewort. Ancient glossary. 
 
 Awordformed, like abracadabra, tomake 
 
 the latter half rhyme with the former. 
 Asarum, fr. acrapov, foal-foot, or a kind of 
 / spikenard, 398 ; A. europaeum, 398 
 Ash, mountain, 37, 615, 617 
 Ash-tree, 50, 485-486, A. S. esce. 
 Ashweed, goutweed, 584; goafs-foot, 584, 
 
 585 
 Asparagus, Greek, fr. enrapaoxrw, I tear, 
 
 305 ; A. officinalis, 305 
 Asp, or aspen " Miror helenistas nostros 
 
 nondum etymon accersivisse, a Or. 
 
 a<r7raipu>, palpito, vibro," Skinner, 351 
 
 Asper, era, um, rough. 
 
 Asp^rugo, fr. asper, rough, 472 ; A. pro- 
 
 cumbens, 473 
 Asperula. fr. asper, rough, 659 ; A. cynan- 
 
 chica, dog's-bane, 559 ; A. odorata, 559 ; 
 
 A. arvensis, 560 
 Asphodel, bog, 304 ^ 
 Aspidieae and Aspidium, fr. aa-mg, gen. 
 
 a<r7rt8os, a shield, which the indusium 
 
 resembles, 176. The British sp cies of thia 
 
 genus are now called Lastreu and Poly- 
 
 stichum. 
 Asplemese and Asplenium, fr. a, not, and 
 
 tnrArjf , a preventive of obstructions of 
 
 tne viscera ; A. adiantum-nigrum, fr. 
 
 a6iai/T05, dry, 183 ; A. fontanum, 184 ; A. 
 
 germanicum, 185 ; A. lanceolatum, 184 ; 
 
 A. maiinum, 184 ; A. ruta-muraria, 185 ; 
 
 A. septentrionale, 74, 185 ; A. tricho- 
 
 manes, 184 ; A. vir ide, 185 
 Aster, fr. astrum, a star, 524 ; A. Tripolium, 
 
 fr. rpi, and TTO/UOS, so-called because its 
 
 flower chan;. ed three times in one day, a 
 
 blue daisy, 524 
 Astragalus, fr. aorpayaAos, the vertebra, 
 
 a name applied to a knobby-rooted plant, 
 
 673 ; A. alpinus, 674 ; A. glycyphyllos, 
 
 673 ; A. hypoglottis, 674 
 Astrantia, fr. astrum, a star, because its 
 
 bracts resemble rays, 581 ; A. mnjor, 581 
 Athamantum, fr. aBa^as, gen. AflajuayTos, 
 
 a mythic king of Thessaly, Ovid's Met. t 
 
 iv. 11 
 Athyrium, fr. a, not, and 0vpa, a door, in 
 
 allusion to the open or reflexed indusium, 
 
 182 ; A. Fiiix-foemina, female fern, 183; 
 
 A. fontanum, fr. fans, a fountain, 183, 
 
 184 ; A. rhseticum, 183 
 Atratus, a, um, fr. ater, black. 
 Atriplex, Lat., a name of a culinary plant 
 
 described by Pliny, 3^:3, 388 ; A. angusti- 
 
 folia, 389 ; A. deltoidea, 390 ; A. laciniata, 
 
 390 ; A. littoralis, 388 ; A marina, 388 ; 
 
 A. patula, 389 ; A. rosea, 390 
 Atropa, fr. arpOTros, a, and rpeTrw, I stop the 
 
 wheel, or cut the thread of life, 462 ; A. 
 
 Belladonna, named in honour of Our 
 
 Lady, 462 
 Aucuparia, fr. Lat. auceps, a fowler, 
 
 fowler's-tree. 
 Aurantfacus, a,um, fr. aurum, gold, having 
 
 an orange colour. 
 
 Aureus, a, um, golden, fr. ati-rum, gold. 
 Aurfcbmus, fr. Lat. aurum and coma, hair, 
 
 gold hair. 
 Auricle, fr. auris, an ear, a lobe at the base 
 
 of a leaf. 
 Auriculate, fr. auris, an ear, lobed at the 
 
 base, having two lobes or ears, 14 
 Auritus, a, um, eared, fr. Lat. auris, an ear. 
 Autumnalis, fr. autumnus; ees/ivalis, sum- 
 mer ; vernalis, spring ; and hiemalis, 
 
 winter ; the qualifying names of the four 
 
 seasons. 
 Avellana, an adjective derived from Avella, 
 
 a town of Campania, famous for producing 
 
 filberts, H54. The common nut is " Nux 
 
 avellana sylvestris," hence it should have 
 
 a small iniiial a. 
 
806 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 Aviculare, is, fr. Lat. avis, a bird, and 
 
 colo, 1 irequent. 
 Avena and Avenerc, 193 ; Cel. (?) atan, 
 
 oat, and etan, 212 ; A. alpina, 214; A. 
 
 caryopnyllea, 215; A. fatua, 213; A. 
 
 flavescens, 214; A. planiculmis, 214; 
 
 A. praecox, 215 ; A. pratensis, 214; A. 
 pubesctns, 213 ; A. strigosa, 213 
 
 Avens, b38 
 
 Axil, angle; Axillaris, axillary, in the 
 
 angle. 
 Axis, tlie part around which leaves, flowers, 
 
 &c., are arranged, 20 
 Awiwort, 716 
 A/alea, fr. o^oAeos , dry, 491 ; A, procum- 
 
 bens, 491 
 
 Bachelor's buttons, fr. Lat. baccalauri, 
 hence bachelor. The flowers have a re- 
 semblance to the jagged cloth buitous 
 anciently worn. Flos-cuculi (see Gerarde, 
 mbvooe). 
 
 Bald-m mey, 594 
 
 .tfallota. tr. /SaAAw, 1 throw away, worthless, 
 433 ; B. icetida, 433 
 
 Balm, 4.5 
 
 Balsam, 752, 753 
 
 Balsarninacese, from balsamum, 752 
 
 Bane-berries, 791 
 
 Barbarea,in Honour of St. Barbara, 693. Se- 
 veral plants bear the names of saints, and 
 the must popular is St. Mary, commonly 
 styled in the floral nomenclature, Lady, 
 or Our Lady, or Belladonna, or Mariana. 
 
 B. pr33cox,694j B. stricta, 694; B. vul- 
 g-aris, 694 
 
 Barbatus, a, um, bearded, fr. Lat. barbti, 
 beard. 
 
 Barberry, 778 
 
 Bardaua, fr. bardane, Fr., and barde. 
 
 Barley, 236, fr. beer, because beer is some- 
 tim>'S brewed from malt. 
 
 Barrenwort, 778, 779 
 
 B irtsia, nomen honoris, to commemorate 
 Linnaeus' friend, John Batsch, M.D., 
 452 ; B. alpina. 453 ; B. Odontltes, fr. 
 oSou?, a tooth, and eiSw, I am like, a cor- 
 ruption of Odontides, Pliny, 452 
 
 Basil fr. basilica, royal (?) ; fr. /ScuriAevs, a 
 king, 425 
 
 Baste (Linden), inner bark. 
 
 Bastard toadflax, 396 
 
 Beam, 54 
 
 i-tive, white, 616 
 
 B a;n, horn, fr. Ger. beam, a tree, and 
 horn, hard, 354 
 
 IM" 
 -Vrry, 492 
 
 Beccahunga, ft . Ger. bachebunge, fr bach, a 
 
 brook, and bunge, a purse or bundle ; or 
 
 fr. A. S. and old Eng. beck, and hung, a 
 
 pure. In Yorkshire streamlets ' re 
 
 becks, brooks, hei.ce brooklime. 
 
 ''can is a corruption of 6ecA:-bean, 
 
 or brook-beau. 
 
 Rear'-i-foot, 789 
 
 -raw, 558, 560, 562, 563 
 
 Beech, 3.V2 
 
 Bellilower, 496,498 
 
 Bell s, Lat. bellus, beautiful, 517 ; B. 
 perennis, 517 
 
 Belladonna (Benedictus). 
 
 Berberidaceae and Berberis, fr. Arabic, 
 778 ; B. vulgaris, 20, 778 
 
 Berberry, 778 
 
 Beta, fr. Cel. bett, red, 383, 388; B. 
 maritima, 388. " Ut sapiant f atuse fabro- 
 rum prandia betae" Tasteless as dinner 
 of insipid beet. . 
 
 Betonica, fr. ben, good, and ton ; /Se^nor-ros 
 in Doric Gr.,is jSeATtaros in Atiic,Theoc., 
 or, according to some, from Vettones, 
 who first discovered the good qualities of 
 thf plant. 
 
 Bi-tony, wood, 431 
 
 B tula, "fortasse sic dicta ab usu," a 
 threshing instrument, to beat, 355 
 
 "Afflictive birch, 
 Cursed by unlettered idle youth." 
 B. alba, 355 ; B. nana, fr. nanus, a dwarf, 
 356 
 
 Betulaceae, an order of amentiferous trees. 
 
 BIcolor, fr. bis, two, and color, colour. In 
 this and similar words, when all the syl- 
 lables are short, the accent or stress of 
 the voice in pronouncing it is laid on the 
 first syllable, or foot, as a prosodian 
 would say. Tricolor, concolor, versico- 
 lor, and numerous words, are regulated 
 by this law, viz., accent the antepenul- 
 timate syllable, or the third from the 
 end The tendency of our language is 
 to accent as far from the final syllable 
 as p ssible; hence the radical syllable 
 is often left unaccented, although the 
 most important part of the \\ord. 
 
 Bidens, fr. Lat. bis, two, and dens, tooth, 
 bidentate. two-toothed, 511 ; B. cernua, 
 5l2; B. tripartita, 512 
 
 Biennis, fr. Lat.iis, two, and annus, a year. 
 
 B fidus, fr. Lat. bis, two, and^u/o, I cleave, 
 separated half- way into two pieces. 
 
 Biflorus, a, um, fr. Lat. bis, two, and Jiorus, 
 flowered. 
 
 Bifolius, a, um, fr, bis, two, and folium, a 
 leaf two-leaved ;trifoliatus, three-leaved; 
 quadrifoliata, four-leaved. 
 
 Biglumis, e, fr. Lat. bis, two, and gluma, a 
 scale. 
 
 Bilberry, fr. Dan. bdllbcer, bilberry; Sw. 
 bliboer; Scot, blaeberry; the English 
 form is from the Danish bollbcer, the first 
 syllable of which is = bit, 50, 493, 494 
 
 Hi. id weed, 475, 476, 477 
 
 Bindweed, black, 37S 
 
 Binervis, two-nerved ; trinervis, three- 
 nerved. 
 
 B pin iate, twice pinnate. 
 
 Birch, Scot, and Dan. birk ; Cel. bediv, 
 bedu, 355, 356 
 
 Bird-ch rry, 618 
 
 Bird' 8-foot, 662, 663, 682 
 
 Bird-lime (Mistletoe), 571 
 
 Bird-grass. 
 
 Bi d-rnilk, Ger. vonel-milk. 
 
 Bird's-eye (germander speedwell), 443; 
 Bird's-eye primrose 407; Bird's-uest, 
 
USDKX. 
 
 807 
 
 320; Bird's-tongue (Senecio paiu^osus), 
 529 : Bird-tree, 80 ; Sor. Aucup, 615 
 
 Birthwort, 397, 398 
 
 Bishop wort (Bisccp wyrt], Betonica, 431 
 
 Bistort, fr. bis, twice, and tortus, twisted, 
 375 
 
 Bitter-sweet, Dan. bitter-sode, 461 
 
 Bitter-pilewort, Hydropiper. 
 
 Blackberry, 27 
 
 Black nightshade, 50 
 
 Blackthorn, 53 
 
 Bladuer-nut, 738 
 
 bladder-seed, 604 
 
 Bladder-snout, 447 
 
 Bladderwort, 414 
 
 Blattaria, fr, Lat. blatta, cockroach. 
 
 Blechnum, p\r)icvov, a Gr. name for some 
 fern ; B. Spicant, fr. spicare, to form 
 a spike ; they form a spike. 
 
 Blewart, Dan. bl&wort, Korn Bloemster, 
 510 
 
 " When the blewart bears a pearl, 
 And the daisy turns a pea, 
 And the bonny lucken gowan 
 Has folded up her e'e ; 
 Tnen the laverock frae the blue lift, 
 Doops down, and thinks nae shame 
 To u oo his bonny lassie, 
 When the kye comes hame." 
 
 Blinks, 63, 655 
 
 Blitum virgatum, 387 
 
 Blite. 393 
 
 Bloodwort (Rumex sang.), 380 
 
 Blue-bottle, or Blue-bonnet, 510 
 
 Bogbean, 50; Buckbean, fr. beck, brook, 
 and ' ean, which the fruit resembles, 479 
 
 Boletus, fr. |3a>A.09, a ball, in allusion to the 
 rounded form of many of the species, 
 157; B. edulis, eatable boletus, fr. edo, I 
 eat, 157 
 
 Borage, 101, 463 
 
 Boraginaceae, fr. Borago. 463 
 
 Borago, quasi a cor. ft ago, " Borage gives 
 courage," 50, 83,82,110, 464; B. oflicina- 
 lis, -465 
 
 Borealis, e, fr. /Sopea?, the north. 
 
 Botany, fr. jSorai/rj, an herb, 1 
 
 Botrychium, fr. jSorpv?, a cluster, in allu- 
 sion to the clustered fructification, 189 ; 
 B. Lunaria. fr. luna, the moon, in allu- 
 sion to the crescent-shaped leaflets, 
 190 
 
 Box, 367. This is one among the many 
 examples of plant that have been named 
 from the uses which they subserve. Box, 
 because boxes were made of it ; hence 
 pix, a little box. 
 
 Brachypodium, fr. /3pa\v5, short, and TTOU?, 
 
 foot, 232 ; the pedicels are short in this 
 
 genus, or the florets are nearly sessile ; 
 
 B. pinnatum. 232 ; B. sylvaticum, 232 
 
 Bract, the name ot floral leaves, or those 
 
 by whk'h the flowers are subtended. 
 Bramble, fr. A. 8. bremel, 54, 123, 62fi, 638. 
 Thomas and bremeles, Gen. iii. 18. 
 
 Brank, Buckwheat. One of the absurd 
 names of modern times, a corruption 
 of the meaning of Fagopyrus. beech- 
 wheat, fr. $17709, Dor. tjxvyos and Trvpo?, 
 
 wheat ; Ger. buche, a beech ; hence our 
 beech, 379 
 
 Brassica, fr. Cel. bresych, or bresic, a cab- 
 bage, fr. which also /3i0pcoo-Kw, I eat, and 
 Scot, brose. Varro derives the name from 
 Lat. prceseco, because it is cut from the 
 stalk! B. campestris, 702; B. Napus, 
 702 ; B. oleracea, 702 ; B. Rapa, 702 
 
 British species, 97 
 
 Briza, fr. /3pi0o>, I balance, 235. The spike- 
 lets are suspended as from the ends of a 
 balance. B media, 225 ; B. minor, 225 
 
 Bromus, fr. /3pw/u.a, food, and /Spoto, I eat, 
 220; B. arvensis, 231 ; B. asper, 229 i 
 B. commutatus, 231 ; B. diatidrus, 230 i 
 B. erectus, 229; B. maximus, 230; B 
 mollis, 230; B. patulus, 231; B. race- 
 mosus, 231 ; B. secalinus, fr. gecale, rye j 
 B. sterilis, 230 
 
 Brookweed, 51, 410 
 
 Broom, golden, 54 
 
 Broom, rape, 454, 457 
 
 Bryonia, 568 ; B. dioica, 568 
 
 Bryony, 53, 568 
 
 Buckbean, Dan. bulcTce-blatle, fr. Dan. bale, 
 a brook or rivulet, where the species 
 grow, 479 
 
 Buckbean, fringed, 479 
 
 Buckthorn, 55, 358, 684 
 
 Buckthorn plantain, 401 
 
 Buckwheat, fr. Ger. buche, a beech, and 
 Trvpos, wheat, 373, 379. (See Brank.) 
 
 Buffonia, named in honour ot the celebrated 
 Buffon, 7ti9 ; B, tenuifolia, 769 
 
 Bugle, fr. ]8ov?, ox, bugail, a herdsman, 
 Cam Br., 435, 436 
 
 Bulbifera, fr. bulb, andfero, I boar. 
 
 Bulbocastanum, bulb chestnut, 585 
 
 Bulbosus, a, um, bulbous, adj fr. bulb ; 
 the penult in such words is long, osus. 
 
 Bullace, 618 
 
 Bumble-kites, or blackberries, q. v., 627 
 
 Bunium, fr /3ovi/os, a hill or open place, 
 where these plants grow, 588 ; B. flexu 
 osum, 588 
 
 Bupleurum, fr. /Sou?, ox, and TrAeupov, rib, 
 rib-leaved plants. 582 ; K. aristatum, fr. 
 arista, an awn, 583; B. falcatum, fr. 
 falx, a hook, 582; B. protractum, 583; 
 B. rotundifolium, 583 ; B. tenuissimum, 
 582 
 
 Burdock, 507 
 
 Bur-marigold, 511, 512 
 
 Burnet, 645, 646 
 
 Burnet saxifrage, 588 
 
 Burnet, salad, 645 
 
 Bursa-pastoris, shepherd's-purse, 715. 
 
 Burweed, 552 
 
 Butornus, fr. /3ov, ox, and re^vw, I cut, 
 293 ; B. umbeliatus, 293 
 
 Butterbur, 51 
 
 Buttercups, "that will be seen whether we 
 will or no." 
 
 Butterwort, 412, 413 
 
 Buxus, TTUOS, and Lat. buxu*, same root 
 as box, q. v., 366; B. sempervirena, 
 evergreen, 367 
 
 Cabbage, fr. It. capuccio, a cowl or hood, 
 
808 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 hence capuchin or hooded friar, a term 
 applied to cabbage and lettuce, because 
 the leaves resemble this clerical head- 
 cover ; capa, covering for the head, is from 
 caput, tlie head, 702 
 
 Caducous, from Lat. cado, I fall. When the 
 sepals fall off Oefore the corolla expands, 
 they are caducous, as in the poppy ; arid 
 when the petals fall off before the pollen 
 is shed, the\ are caducous 
 
 Caespitosus. a, um, turty, fr. ccespes, a turf. 
 
 Cakile (Arabic), 717 ; C. man lima, 717 
 
 Calamagrostis, fr. calamus, a reed, and 
 agrostis, a grass ; C. epigejos, CTTI, o", and 
 yj, the earth, not growing in water, 205 ; 
 C. lanceolata, 205; C. lapponica, 206; 
 C. stricta, 205 
 
 Calamint, 423 
 
 Calamintha, fr. KaXos, good, and ^(.vBa, 
 mint, 423; C. otticinalis, 421; C. Nepeta, 
 424; C. sylvatict, 425 ; C. Clinopodium, 
 K\IVTJ, a bed, and xrous, a foot, 425 
 
 Calamus, Lat. a reed, and calamdria, re- 
 lated to a reed, 01 reed-like.\ 
 
 Calaihian violet, 482 
 
 Calfs--nout, Antirrhinum Orontium,473 
 
 Calettrapa, the Lat. name of an instrument 
 with four spikes. If the penult be long, 
 it is probably from same root as trap or 
 truppen, and should be Calcitrappa, fr. 
 Lat. calcitro (calx, the heel) x a name 
 sometimes given to plants or seeds armed 
 with spurs, which are worn on the heel. 
 This is the primary idea conveyed bycalci; 
 the first half of the compound term, 
 trapa, may be from the same root as trap, 
 a snare, hence crtrappen, A. S. treppan, 
 Fr. attraper. By analogy the antepenult 
 should be accented by rule under bicolo-r, 
 as saxtfraga. 
 
 Ca.litrichacf a? and Callitriche, fr. aXos, ; 
 and 0pt rpiYOs, beautiful hair, 53, 394 ; j 
 C. autumnahs, 394; C. verna, 394 
 
 Caltha, fr. aAa0os, a cup, 788; C. palus- 
 tris, 788 ; C. radioans, 788 
 
 Caltrops, frog's-lettuce (Potamogeton),283 
 
 Calluna, Kakvvo), I sweep, 490; C. vul- 
 garis, 490 
 
 Calyculatum and Calycinus, a, um, fr. calyx. 
 When plants are furnished with a double 
 or secondary calyx, as in Potentilla, or 
 when there are several bracts contiguous 
 to the calyx, as in Crepis, they are called 
 calyculate. 
 
 Calyx, fr. /caAaflos, a cup, a little cup, 23 
 
 Cambium, 89. 
 
 C amehna, fr. xa/^ai, humble, and \ivov, 
 flax, 710; C. sativa, 710 
 
 Cammock, "A. camb. Br. Camog," Junius, 
 660, fid 
 
 Campanula, Campanulaceae, and Campa- 
 nulose, fr. campana, a bell, and campa- 
 nula, a little bell, which the flowers re- 
 sf mble, 33, -495, 406; C. glomerata, 491 ; 
 C.latifolia. 497; C. patttl ., 497 ; C persi- 
 cifolia. 496 ; C. rapuncnloides, 497 ; C. 
 rapuncnlns, 496; C. rotundifolia, 498; 
 C. Trachelium, 497 
 
 Campcstris, e, fr. Lat. campus, a plain, 
 
 open flat places ; plants growing in such 
 are so termed. 
 
 Campion flower, 764, 765 
 
 Campy iospermse, fr. /ca/u.7rvA.os, hollow, and 
 OTrep/ma, seed, 599 
 
 Campylotropal, fr. Kaju.7ruA.os, bent, 30, and 
 TpeTTuj, curved or bent on itself. 
 
 Canadensis, adj., belo ging to Canada, 
 growing there ; and Canariensis, Canaries, 
 so ca.led because the seeus ot this grass 
 produce the famous Canary-bird seeds. 
 
 Candy-tuft, 713 
 
 Canescens, fr. canescere, to become grey. 
 
 Caninus, a, um, adj., fr. cards, a dog, worth- 
 less plants (?). 
 
 Cannablne* and Cannabis, fr. Kavva, a 
 reed, in allusion to the reed-like stems, 
 369 ; C. sativa, 370 
 
 Canum, us, a, hoary. (See Canescens.) 
 
 Capillus, a hair, Capillaris, e, vt ry narrow 
 leaves, &c., are so called. 
 
 Capitatus, a, um, capitate, fr. Lat. caput, a 
 head. 
 
 Capreolatus, a, um, and caprea, fr. copra, 
 a she-goat. 
 
 Capriibliaceae, the honey-suckle family, fr. 
 Lat. caper, a goat ; many of the species 
 are climbers, 564 
 
 Caprifolieee, 565 
 
 Caps lla, Lat. a little coffer, fr. Lat. capio, 
 I take, and capax, holding, 715 ; C. Bursa- 
 pastoris, 715 
 
 Caraway, 585 
 
 Curdamlne, fr. /capSta, the heart, and 
 6a/u,aeii/, to strengthen, a cordial, 696 ; 
 C amara, 696 ; C. hirsuta, 696 ; C im- 
 patiens, 696; C. pratensis, 697 ; C. syl- 
 vatica, 696 
 
 Cardiacus, a, um, fr. KopSia, the heart ; 
 cordial. 
 
 Carduus, fr. Gel. ard, a point, apS, Lat. 
 arduus, 503 ; C. acanthoides, 504 ; C. 
 acaulis, 506 ; C. arvensis, 505 ; C. erio- 
 phorus, 504; C. Forsteri, 505 ; C. hetero- 
 phyllus, 506; C. lanceolatus, 604; C. 
 nutans, 504 ; C. palustris, 505 ; C. pra- 
 tensis, 506; C. tenuiflorus, 504; C. tube- 
 rosus, 506 
 
 Carex, *ceipo>, I shear or cut, in allusion 
 to the sharp leaves, 240 ; C. acuta, 248; 
 C, ampullacea, fr. ampulla, abottle, 256; 
 C. aquatilis, 249 ; C. arenana, 242; C. 
 atrata, 247 ; C. axillaris. 244 ; C. binervis, 
 254; C Pcanninghauseniana, 244; C. bri- 
 zoides, 244; C. Buxbaumii. 247; C.cces- 
 ^o.sa,248;C.capillaris,251 : C clande"s- 
 tlna, 247 ; C. curta, 246 ; C davalliana, 
 241 ; C. depauperata, 252 ; C. dipitata, 247; 
 C. dioica, 241 ; C. distans, 254; C. divisa, 
 242 ; C. divulsa, 243 ; P. dongata, 245 ; 
 C. extensa, 253; C. filiformis, 256; C. 
 flava, 253 ; C. fulva, 252 : C. glauca, 
 250; C.hirta, 255; C. incnrva 212 ; C. 
 intermedia, 241 ; C. leporma, 246 : C. 
 laevigata, 253 ; C. limosa, 249; C. ^'ielicho- 
 feri ; C. montana, 255 : C mtiricata, 243 ; 
 C. OedeVi, 253 ; C. ovali?, 246; C. palles- 
 cens, 250 ; C. paludosa, 257 ; C. panicea, 
 250; C. paniculata, 244; C. paradoxa, 
 
809 
 
 244 ; C. pauciflora, 241; C. pendula, 251 ; 
 C. Persoonii, 240; C. pillulifera, 255; 
 C. prsecox, 254; C. Pseudo-cyperus, 252 ; 
 C. pulicaris,241;C.pulla,256 ; 'C.punctata, 
 
 254 ; C. rariflora, 249 ; C. recur va, 250 ; 
 C. remota, 245; C. rigida, 249 ; C. rip..ria, 
 257 ; C. rupestris, 2-tl ; C. saxatilis, 25t> ; 
 C. speirostajhya, 253 ; C. stellulata, 245 ; 
 C. stictocarpa ; C. stricta, 2i8 ; C. stri- 
 gosa, 251 ; 0. syl-atica, 252 ; C. tenella, 
 
 245 ; C. teretiuscula, 243 ; C. tomentosa, 
 
 255 ; C. ustulaia, 250 ; C. Vahlii, 246 ; C. 
 vesicaria, 256 ; U. vulgaris, 248 ; C. vul- 
 pina, 242 
 
 Caricina, like a Carex. 
 
 Carinatus, keeled, fr. Lat. carina, a keel, 
 a thin projection, also the two lower 
 petals of a papilionaceous flower. (See 
 Leguminiferae.) 
 
 Carlma, fr. Carolus Magnus, who used a 
 root of this plant as a remedy against 
 the plague then prevalent in his army, 
 503; C. vulgaris, 503 
 
 Carline thistle, 503 
 
 Carpellary, 31. The valves of the ovary 
 are carpellary leaves. 
 
 Carpels, fr. /capTros, fruit, 28 
 
 Carpinus, fr. carpo, 1 cut or carve, hence 
 carpenter, 354; 0. betulus, like a beech, 
 an adj. from Setula, 354 
 
 Carpinifoiius, a, urn ; or floras, a, um, ter- 
 minating a word which is the name of a 
 Elant, denotes that the leaves or the 
 owers respectively are like those of the 
 hornbeam, ivy, &c. 
 
 Carpology, fr. xapTro?, and Aoyos, the laws 
 regulating the structure of fruit, seed, 
 &c., 28 
 
 Carpophore, fr. KopTros, fruit, and <epw~, I 
 bear, 27 
 
 Carrot, 598, 599 
 
 Carum, fr. Caria, where the plant abounds, 
 585; C. Bulbocastanum, 585; C. carui 
 and carvi, fr. x at P w an d $vAAoi/, an esti- 
 mable leaf or plant, 585 ; C. verticillatum, 
 \vhorled, 585 
 
 Caryophyl aceae, 22, 24, 31, 77, 81, 84, 86, 757 
 
 Caseine, 39 
 
 Castanea, fr. Castana, a town of Thessaly, 
 celebrated for chestnuts, 353; C. vul- 
 garis^ 353 
 
 Catabrosa, fr. Kara^pwcri?, an eating out, 
 Kara, and /3pow, in allusion to the trun- 
 cate glumelies, 221 ; C. aquatica, 222 
 
 Catchfly, 761, 764 
 
 Catharticus, a, um, cathartic, laxative. 
 
 Catkin, 335 
 
 Catmint, 426. Cataria, fr Lat. catus, a cat, 
 because cats are fond of it. The term cat 
 prefixed does not mean a resemblance, 
 but as opposed to dojr, or contrasted with 
 that other domestic favourite. 
 
 " If you set it the cats will eat it, 
 
 If you sow it the cats will not know it." 
 
 Cat's-ear, 533 
 
 Caucalis, fr. ew, I lie down, and ccauAos, 
 a stem, 600 ; C. daucoides, 600 
 
 Caudex, Lat., a trunk of a root or under- 
 ground stem, 7 
 
 Celandine, a corruption of xe/ViSwi', a 
 swallow; Scheelwort, Westph. trios.; 
 Svale-urt, Dan : so called because it "is 
 in flower when the swallows arrive, This 
 plant was well known to our Teutonic 
 ancestors. It is entered in the glossaries 
 of northern nations, from that of Isidore 
 down to modern times. 
 
 Celastracese, 737 
 
 Celery, 586 
 
 Cell, the primary element in plants, 1 
 
 Cellular, belonging to a cell. 
 
 Cellulars and cellulares, fr. cella, a cell. 
 Plants chiefly composed of cellular tissue. 
 115 
 
 Cellular tissue, 115 
 
 Ceuomyce, from nevos, empty, and /AU/COS, 
 a fungus, in allusion to the empty cup- 
 like fructification; a genus of Lichens, 
 158 ; C. pyxidatus, fr. pix, or TTU, a little 
 chest, in allusion to the thecce (spore- 
 cases), 158; C. rangifeiina, fr. rai/gifer, 
 a reindeer, reindeer moss, 158 
 
 Centaureaand Centaurium. 7, 26, 56, 57 
 
 Centaui ea, from Lat. centum, a hundred, 
 508. " Cecropiumque thymum, et gra- 
 veolentia ceniaurea," Virg. Geo. iv. 270. 
 C. ealcftrapa, fr. calcitro, 510 (see Calci- 
 trapa, ante] ; C. cyauus, fr. /cuou/os, blue, 
 510; C. IsnardI, nomen honoris, Isnard, 
 a French botanist, 1720, 511; C. Jacea, 
 509 : C. nigra, 509 ; C. scabiosa, 510 ; 
 C. solstitialis, said to flower at the sum- 
 mer solstice, 510 
 
 Centaurium, 21 
 
 For Centaurias read centaureas, 50 
 
 Centaury, 480, 4.81 
 
 Centranthus, fr. Kevrpov, a spur, and avQos, 
 a flower, 555 j C. calcitrapa, 555; C. 
 ruber, 555 
 
 Centunculus, a dim. of cento, a patched 
 coverlet, because it covered the fields, 
 412 ; C. minimus, 412 
 
 Cephalanthera, fr. Ke^oATj, the head, and 
 av6epa, 324 ; C. ensifolia, fr. ensis, a sword, 
 and folium, a leaf, 324 ; C. grandiflora, 
 24 ; C. rubra, 324 
 
 Cerastium, fr. xepa?, a horn, to which the 
 capsule bears some resemblance, 774; 
 C alpinum, 775 ; C. arven.-e, 775 ; C. glo- 
 meratum, 56, 774 ; C. la'ifolium, 775 ; 
 C. semidecandrum (half of ten stamens), 
 774; C. tetrandrum, 774; C. trigyuum, 
 775 ; C. triviale, 774 
 
 Ceratophyllacese and Ceratophyllum, fr. 
 /cepas, a horn, and <f)v\\ov, a leaf (the 
 leaves are like little horns), 372 ; C. de- 
 mersum, 372 ; C. submer-um, 372. Both 
 terms denote the being under water. 
 
 Cetemch, probab'y fr. the Arabic, keterack, 
 (Persian ?), 186 
 
 Cermius, a, um, drooping. 
 
 Cetraria, fr. cetra, a littie target, which 
 the fructification is thought to resemble, 
 island moss; C. islandica, 158 
 
 Cheerophyllum, fr. xcupio, I esteem, and^vA.- 
 \ov, a leaf, nn estimable plant, 602 ; C.aro- 
 matieum, 603 ; C. aureum, 603 j C. te- 
 mulentum, 602 
 
 G G G 
 
810 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Chaffweed, 412 
 
 Chalaza, where the nucleus of the seed 
 join the integuments, 29 
 Chumomile, fr. x ^ "-* on tne ground, 513, 
 
 514 
 
 Chamomile, corn, 52 
 Chara and Characeae, fr. chara, an edible 
 
 root, Caesar Bel. Civ. iii., 48 ; C. aspet a, 
 
 rough, 166 ; 0. crinita, fr. crinis, hair, 
 
 167 ; C. fragilis, 167 ; C. hispida, 166 ; 
 
 C. hispidula, 166 ; C. tomentosa, 166 ; 
 
 C. vui^aris, 166 
 Characias, said to be fr. x a P a > a valley 
 
 where this kind of spurge commonly 
 
 grows. 
 
 Charlock, 703 
 Chelidonium, fr. xeAi&oi', a swallow, a bird 
 
 which arrives when this plant begins to 
 
 blossom, 72rt; C. majus, 726 
 Cheese-renning, Gralium verum, 560 
 Cheiranthus, fr. Arabic kheyry, and av0os, 
 
 a barbarism, according to philologists, 
 
 692 ; C. Cheiri, 692 
 Chenopodiaceae and Chenopodium, fr. xnv> 
 
 a goose, and TTOVS, a foot, 48, 82, 85, 110, 
 
 3S3; C. album, 385; C. Bonus Henri- 
 
 cus, 387 ; C. Botrys, 387 ; C. botryodes, 
 
 386; C.ficifolium, 385; C. glaucum, 387; 
 
 C. hybridum,386; C. murale, 386 ; C. oli- 
 
 dum. 384 ; C. opulifolium, 387 ; C. poly- 
 
 spermum, 384 ; C. rubrum, 386 ; C. urbi- 
 
 cum, 385 ; C. viride, 385 
 Cherry, 54, 619 
 Ci.ervil, 603 
 Chestnut, 353 
 Chicory, 532, 533 
 
 Chick weed, winter-green, 409, 410 
 Cliickweed, 56, 766 
 Chives, 302 
 Culora, fr. x^wpo? greenish yellow, 483 ; 
 
 C. perfoliata, 483 
 
 Chlorantha, having greenish-yellow flowers. 
 Chondrus (Irish moss),fr.xov8pos, a ^istle, 
 
 in allusion to the cartilaginous or gristiy 
 
 nature ot the plants. 
 Chrysanthemum, fr. xpvcros, golden, and 
 
 av6os, flower, 517 ; (7. coronarium, 517 ; 
 
 C. segetum, 517 
 
 Chrysocoma,, fr. xpv<ros L and KOJU.O., hair, gol- 
 den hair, 526 ; C. LiiiOsyris, tr. \LVOV, llax, 
 
 ; ml iSyros, one of the Cyciadian Mes, 526 
 Chryso>pleiiium,fr. xpv<ros, sold, at d o-TrArji/, 
 
 a disease, valuable in splenetic complaints, 
 
 674; C. alternifolium, 574; C. oppositi- 
 
 folium, 574 
 Cicely, 603 
 Cioendia, fr. Lat. cis and candeo, cicindela, 
 
 a glow-worm, hence candle ; C. fililbrmis, 
 
 483 ; C. Candolii, 483 
 Cichoraceae, 71. (>ee Ligulifloroa). 
 Cichorium, Arabic cMkouryeh, 532 ; C. In- 
 
 tybus, " Amarisintuban'bris," Virg. 5: j 3 
 Cicuta and Cicuteae, fr. Lat. cieo, or quatio, 
 1 cause to shake, 581. Cicuta was a plant 
 
 with a ho, low stem, of which the Italian 
 shepherds made pipes, " Sep em compac- 
 tis cicutis ti-tula," a whistle ; Scottice, 
 
 fuxxlc ; C. virosa, fr. virus, poison, 6, 584 
 Ciliatus, a, um, fr. cilium, a fringe, eyelash, 
 
 fringed, commonly written by botanists 
 as if the original were cilia, gen. cilice. 
 It is cilium, cilii, nom. pi. cilia, not 
 cities. 
 
 Cineraria, fr. cinis, ashes, 527; C. campes- 
 tris, 527 
 
 Cinereus, a, um, fr. Lat. cinis, ashes, of a 
 pale nan-like colour. 
 
 Cinquefoil, quinque, five, and folium, leaf, 
 621, 622, 625 
 
 Circeea and Circaeege, fr. Circe, the sorce- 
 ress, 611 ; C. alpina, 612 : C. lutetiana, 
 611 
 
 Circinate, fr. circus, round, and natus, 
 grown, coiled or curled up like the top 
 of a crook or crosier. (See Ferns.) 
 
 Circulation, 37 
 
 Cistaceae, fr. cistus, a plant described by 
 Pliny, 689 
 
 Citratus, a, um, fr. Lat. citreum, a citron 
 or lemon, lemon-scented. 
 
 Cladium, fr. xXaSos, 263 ; C. Mariscus, 263 
 
 Clary, 421, 422 
 
 Clate, A. S., a bur. Clay, fat, adhesive soil, 
 and clammy, are probably from the same 
 root. Agrimony is called a bur, bee; use 
 it also sticks. Lappaie the grote lediken 
 of the ancient Germans. Clat is also a 
 synonyme of clod, 507 
 
 Clavaria, fr. clava, a club, in allusion to the 
 shape of some of the species, 156 
 
 Clavatum, club-shaped. (See supra.) 
 
 Claviculata, fr. Lat. davit, dim. a tendril 
 or little shoot, whereby it lays hold of 
 objects. 
 
 Claw, 24 
 
 Claytonia, in memory of Mr. J. Clayton, 
 an American botanist, and correspondent 
 of Gronovius, (i55 ; C. perfoiiata, 655 
 
 Clematideae and Clematis, fr. /cAr^a, a vine- 
 shoot, and Clematitis, 780 ; C. vitalba, 
 780 
 
 Clinopodium, fr. /cAii/oTrou?, bed-foot, be- 
 cause the trusses of flowers resemble the 
 knosps with which couches were anciently 
 adorned. (See Calamintha, 808). 
 
 Clover, fr. A. JS. cl/Jian, to cleave, hence, 
 clcefrewyrt, became the leaves are di- 
 vided. Ch'ffe is the herb Agrimony, in 
 which the leaves are divided. 
 
 Cloudberry, 638 
 
 Cochlearia, fr. Lat. cochleare, a spoon, in 
 allusion to the shape of the leaves, 709; 
 C. anglica, 709 ; C. danica, 709 ; C.oflici- 
 nalis, 709 
 
 Cockle. When the great St. Bernard 
 founded his benedictme abbey at Clair- 
 vaux, he and his thirteen companions 
 lived on barley- or cockle-bread, with 
 boiled beech leaves for vegetables, while 
 they were employed in grubbing up the 
 forest and in building huts lor iheir 
 habitation. lhamas. .Disc. EccL iii. 
 513 
 
 Codlings-and-cream, a species of willow- 
 herb, smelling, they say, like the above- 
 named dainties, 24 
 
 Co3iio*us, a, um, fr. Lat. ccenum, mire, ap- 
 plied to plants growing in miry parts. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 811 
 
 Coeruleus, a, um,fr. Lat. cesium, and coeru- 
 lencens, blue or bluish. 
 
 Colcbicum, fr. Colchis, where these plants 
 abound, 294; C. autuumale, 295 
 
 Coilina, f'r. Lat. collis, a hill. 
 
 Coloiata, coloured, fr. Lat. color, colour. 
 
 Colt's-foot, 51,530 
 
 Coiumuaria and Columbinum, fr. Lat. co- 
 lumba, a pigeon- or dove-house, and be- 
 longing to a dove. 
 
 Columbine, stone-blue or deep night- 
 brown, 31, 789, 790 
 
 Comarum. The fruit of this plant resembles 
 that of the Arbutus, once so called. 
 
 Comfrey, 50, 466 
 
 Common Ling, 50, 490 
 
 Common Parsnep, 596, 597 
 
 Commuiatus, changed, a name bestowed on 
 plants which are but doubtfully distinct 
 irom previously known species. 
 
 Comosus, a, um, fr. Lat. coma, very hairy 
 or leafy. 
 
 Composite, fr. con, together, and pono, I 
 place, positus, placed, 21, 33, 39, 89, 90, 
 110, 501, 502 
 
 Confervae, conferva, fr. confervere, to heal 
 or grow together, a water Algal, once sup- 
 posed to be conducive to the coalescing 
 of broken bones, 155 
 
 Congestus, a, um, heaped or piled together, 
 fr. Lat. congerere, to heap. 
 
 Coniferse, fr. Lat. conus, a cone, and fero, 
 I bear, in allusion to the sometimes cone- 
 shaped fruit produced by trees and shrubs 
 of this order, 2, 10, 39, 332 
 
 Conium, fr. KOVCIOV and /ttovetoi/, Cicuta; 
 C. maculatum, 604 
 
 Connate, fr. con, together, and nascor, I 
 grow together, 17 
 
 Connective, the part between the anther- 
 cells, and to which they adtiere, 27 
 
 Consolida, wunden emit, a vulnerary, 790 
 
 Convallaria, fr vallis, a valley, where these 
 
 S'ants grow, 305 ; C. majalis or maialis, fr. 
 aia, 306. *' Rura mihi etrigui placeant 
 
 in vallibus amnes,' Virg. 
 Convolvulaceae, Convolvulus, fr. volvo, I 
 
 wind round, 50, 70, 475 ; C. arvensis, 476 ; 
 
 C. sepium, 476 ; C. Soldaneila, 477 
 Coralwort, 695 
 Corallorhiza, Jr. /eopaAAiov, coral, andpia, 
 
 root, 312; C. innata, 312 
 Cordata, us, um, heart-shaped, fr. Lat. 
 
 cor, the heart. 
 
 Cordate, fr. cor, the heart, 13 
 Coriander, fr. /copi;, a bug, which the plant 
 
 exceeds in its fetid smell, 605 
 Coriandrum, Kopiavov, fr. /copts, a bug (see 
 
 supra) ; C. sativum, 605 
 Corm, fr. Kop/u,o$, an underground stem, 7 
 Cornaceae and Corpus, fr. Lat. coma, a 
 
 horn, because the wood is hard, 570 ; C. 
 
 sanguinea, 570 ; C. suecica (Swedish), 
 
 670 
 
 Corn-cockle, 513. (See Cockle.) 
 Cornel, Prick or Gatterwood, fr. Lat. 
 
 cornuy a horn, so named because the 
 
 wood is hard, 570 
 Corn-flag, 331 
 
 Corn-salad, 557 
 
 Corn-parsley, 584 
 
 Corolla, fr. Lat. corona, a little crown, 23 
 
 Coronilla, fr. corona, a crown, 684 
 
 Coronopus, fr. opa, a crow, and TTOUS, a 
 foot, 51 
 
 Corrigiola, fr. Lat. corrigia, a thong, and 
 corium, leather, from which thongs are 
 cut, in allusion to the strap-shit ped leaves 
 of the species, 652 ; C. littoralis, U53 
 
 Corydalis, fr. /copufios and xopus, crested 
 lark, in allusion to the shape of the 
 flowers, 720. The accent should be on 
 the antepenultimate syllable ry. (See 
 rule under Bicolor.) C. claviculata, fr. 
 clavicula, a tendril (clavis), 720 ; C. lutea, 
 720 ; C. solida, 720 
 
 Corylaceae and Corylus, fr. xapva, a nut- 
 tree, hence core, 351, 354 
 
 Corymbiferse, fr. corymbus, and fero, I bear, 
 511 
 
 Corymb, 20, 22. (See Inflorescence.) 
 
 Corynephorus, fr. Kopwy, a club, and <epo>, 
 ' I bear, 212 ; C. canescens, 212 
 
 Ootoneaster, fr. KV&OJ/IOV, a quince, 614; 
 C. vulgaris, 614 
 
 Cotton-thistle, 502 
 
 Cottun-weed, 514, 519 
 
 Cotula, dim. fr. cota, 513. (See Antheinis.) 
 
 Cotyledon, fr. Koru/Vrjfiwi/, 31, 648 ; C. um- 
 bilicus, 648 
 
 Cow bane is Cicuta, 584. Cow, dog, goat, 
 goose, hare, hen, and horse, form no 
 small part of the popular nomenclature. 
 
 Cowberry is Vaccinium, 493 
 
 Cow's-lungwort is Verbascum Thapsus, 458 
 
 Cow-parsley and Cow-parsnep, 53, 597 
 
 Cowquake is Briza, 225 
 
 Cowslip, 406 
 
 Cow-weed, Chaerophyllum sylvestre, 602 
 
 Cow-wheat, 451 
 
 Crab, 614 
 
 Cracc.i, or Crack-vetch, Belg. crack, 677 
 
 Crakeberry, Crowberry, 360 
 
 Crambe, fr. /cpa/ajSo?, 718 ; C. maritima, 
 718 
 
 Cranberry ; Cranberries, or Moss-berries, 
 or Moorberries, 495 
 
 Crane's-bill, 747, 751 
 
 Crassulaceae, 647 
 
 Crataegus, fr. /cparo?, strength ; the wood is 
 very durable, 613 ; C. oxyacantha, fr. 
 ovs, sharp, and aKavtios, atnorn, 613 
 
 Crenate, Crenuiate, fr. crenatus, notched 
 or scolloped, and crenulatus, slightly 
 notched or scolloped, 14 
 
 Crepis, fr. /cprjTris, slipper, 540 ; C. biennis, 
 541 ; C. fcctida, 540 ; C. paludosa, 542 ; C. 
 f etosa, 541 ; C. succisaBfolia, 542 ; C. 
 taraxacifolia, 540; C. virens, 542 
 
 Cre>s, 693, 694, 695, 696, 697 
 
 Cress, Kerse of the ancient glossaries. 
 Abeidonice wall (well or water) gers or 
 girse (grass) ; waU-girse = water-cresses, 
 not crisses, as cried in London streets, 
 and sometimes pronounced by better- 
 taught lolks than London male and temale 
 cadgers (caupones circutnferanei, &c.), 
 715 
 
812 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cress-rocket, 711 
 
 Crinita, us, a, urn, fr. crinis, hair, that 
 which is hairy. 
 
 Crispus, a, um, curled, erisp, 14 
 
 Cristatus, a, um, crested, fr. crista, a crest. 
 
 Crithmum, fr. *cpi07), barley, to which the 
 fruit has some similarity, 594 ; C. mari- 
 tiinum, 594 
 
 Crocus, fr. Kpo/cos, 328, 329 j C. nurtiflorus, 
 329 ; C. sativus, 329 ; C. vernus, 329 
 
 Cross-leaved heath, 50, 489 
 
 Crosswort, 560 
 
 Crowberry, because crows do not eat it (?). 
 
 Crowfoot, 25, 779, 780, 783, 787 
 
 Crow-garlic, 302 
 
 Crown of root, 7 
 
 Cruciatus, a, um, cruciate, the parts dis- 
 posed cross ways, and forming a cross. 
 
 Cruciferse, fr. crux, a cross, and fero, 24, 
 28, 32, 56, 77, 84, 86, 89, 90, 129, 691 
 
 Crus-galli, cock's-leg or foot. 
 
 Crypsis, fr. /epvi/ri?, concealing ; the flowers 
 are partly hidden in the sheaths ; C. 
 aculeata, C. schcenoldes, 200 
 
 Cryptogamia, fr. /cpo>7rros, concealed, and 
 ya/xos, union ; organs of fructification 
 invisible or concealed, 24, 153 
 
 Cuckoo-flower, 57, 764 
 
 Cucubalus, fr. cucubare(1), to hoot like an 
 owl, a dismal sound ; the berries of the 
 plant are said to be poisonous or dan- 
 gerous, 765 ; C, bacciferus, fr. bacca, a 
 berry, sand, fero, 765 
 
 Cucurbitacese, fr. cucurla, a cable, to which 
 the spreading shoots and the fruit bear 
 some resemblance, 10, 567 
 
 Cudweed, 519, 520, 521, 522 
 
 Cupressineae, fr. cupressus and Kvirapioros, 
 a cypress-tree. 
 
 Currant, a corruption of Corinth ; the ber- 
 ries resemble currants in both shape and 
 size, 571, 572, 573 
 
 Curta, us, um, short. 
 
 Cuscutaceae, Cuscuta ; Castuca and Kassu- 
 tha, ancient glossary, 473; C. Epilinum, 
 474; C. europaea, 473 ; C. Epithymum, 
 fr. eiri, on, and thymnm, thyme, 474 ; C. 
 hassiaca, 475 ; C. Trifolii, 474 
 
 Cuspidatus, a, um, fr. cuspis, a point, 
 tapering into a hard point. 
 
 Cyan us, a, um, fr. Kvavos, blue. 
 
 Cycl.imen, fr. /cv/cXa/ixti/os, sow-bread, 405 ; 
 C. hederaefolium, 408 
 
 Cyinbalaria, a plant like ivy. 
 
 Cyme, fr.Kv/u.a, a sprout. (See Inflorescence.) 
 
 Cynupium (dog's-parsley), 89 
 
 Cynaracephaleae, fr. Kwapa, an artichoke, 
 cynara, and Ke(/>aA.ii, a head, 5(12 
 
 Cynodon, fr. Kvtav, dog, and oSov?, tooth, 
 201 ; C. Dactylon, fr. SO.KTV\OV, a finger, 
 in allusion to the digitate spikelets, 
 201 
 
 Cyi oglossum, fr. KVW and yA.a>o-<ra, dog's- 
 ton^ue, 472 ; C. officinale, 472; C. syl- 
 vaticum, 472 
 
 Cynosurus, fr. KVWV, and oupa, a tail, dog's- 
 tail ; C. cristatus, 226; C. echinatus, 
 
 CyperaceaB and Cyperus, an order and 
 
 genus of Monocotyledons, fr. KVTreipos, 
 
 a reed, a name given to some kindred 
 
 plant, 19. 62, 129, 130, 239, 265 ; C. fuscus, 
 
 265 ; C. longus, 265 
 Cypripedieee and Cypripedium, fr. icvTrpi?, 
 
 a slipper, 324 ; C. calceolus, a little shoe, 
 
 324 
 Cystopteris, fr. KVCTTOS, a chest, and Trrepis, 
 
 a fern, 180 ; C. aipina, 181 ; C. fragilis, 
 
 181 ; C. montana, 181 
 
 Daboecia, named fr. St. Dabeoc, an Irish 
 
 saint, 491; D. polifolia, 491 
 Daboec's, St., Heath, 491 
 Dactylis, fr. SaKrvXos or Sa/crvAis, a finger ; 
 
 D. glomerata, 226 
 Daffodil, 326. " Bid daffodillies fill their 
 
 cups with tears," Milton. 
 Daisy, Dan Tu sind-fryd 51, 517 
 Daisy, Michaelmas, 524 
 Damasonium, fr. Sa/acuo, I subdue. It was 
 
 an ancient specific. 
 Dandelion, "sunflower of the spring," fr. 
 
 Fr. dent-de-licn, 51, 535. The jagged 
 
 leaves are said to resemble the lion's 
 
 teeth. 
 
 Danewort,Dan. Sommer-hyld, 565 
 Daphne, a poetic-mythic name, t'r. Daphne, 
 
 a nymph changed into a laurel, 359 ; D. 
 
 Laureola, little laurel, 112, 360; D. 
 
 Mezereum, fr. /u,ecupioi>, fr. the Persian, 
 
 not the laurel sacred to Apollo, 360 
 Datura, fr. datora and tatura, an Arabic 
 
 name of some plant, 463; D. Stramo- 
 nium, fr. sterno, 463 
 Daucineae and Daucus, 598; Sauces, Diosc., 
 
 599, fr. Saiw, I warm; D. carota, fr. 
 
 Fr. carotte, 599; D. maritimus, 599 
 Dead-men' s-bells = Foxglove. 
 Dend Nettle, 427 
 Deciduus, a, um, deciduous, falling off as 
 
 the leaves in autumn ; opposed to ever- 
 green. 
 Decipiens, fr. Lat. decipio, I deceive ; a fit 
 
 name for an ambiguous species. 
 Decumbens, fr. Lat. decttmbo, I recline, 
 
 rising up at the point. 
 Deeurrent, fr. de. and curro, running down 
 
 the stem ; prolonged beyond the point 
 
 where the leaf is attached to the stem. 
 Decussate, in pairs that alternately cross 
 
 each other, 17 
 
 D hiscence, fr. delmco, I open, 31 
 Delphinium, fr. SeA^ii/, a dolphin, to which 
 
 the upper calyx-leaf has a likeness, 790; 
 
 D. Consolida, so called because of its 
 
 reputed vulnerary properties, 790 
 Deltoides, like the 'Greek letter A. 
 Densus, a, um, close. 
 Dentitria, fr. Lat. dens, a tooth, 695; D. 
 
 bulbifen, bulb-bearing, 695; ferus, a, 
 
 um, denotes bearing. 
 Dentatus, a, um, and Denticulatus, toothed 
 
 and slightly toothed, fr. Lat. dens, a 
 
 tooth. 
 
 Denudatus, a, urn, fr. nudus, naked. 
 Dep luper.itus. a, um, fr. Lat. pauper, poor, 
 
 starved, abortive in some part. 
 Desmidieoe, fr. Secr/xos, a bond, fr. Sew, I 
 
INDEX. 
 
 813 
 
 bind, in allusion to the union of the fila- 
 ments, 155 
 
 Devil's-bit, Duueles-bit, ancient glossary j 
 Dan. Dievil s-bid, a plant of high repute 
 in the middle ages, 554 
 
 Dewberry, 54, 636 
 
 Diadelphous, fr. Sis, two, and aSeA<^os, 
 a brother, 26 
 
 Diandrus, a, um, fr. Sis, two, and ai/ep, a 
 stamen ; tri mdrous, having three sta- 
 mens, tetrandrous, four stamens, &c. 
 
 Diamhus, fr. Zevs, gen Sios, and cu>0os, 
 divine flower, 758 ; D. Armeria, 759 ; L). 
 coesius, 760; D. Caryophyllus, fr. Kapvo- 
 <uAAoj/, a clove-pink, 7(30 ; D. deltoidesi ?), 
 because the letter A is inscribed on the 
 petals, 759 ; D. plumarius, 750; D. pro- 
 liter, fr. Lat. proles, a race, and/era, I 
 bear, 760 
 
 Diaphanous, transparent, fr. Sia, through, 
 and $aii/oju.ai, I appear. 
 
 Diatomacese, fr. Sia, across, and Teju,i>w, I 
 cut, 155 
 
 Die Ula: nydese, Sis, two, and xM^s, coat, 
 or covering, having two floral envelopes, 
 398 
 
 Dicotyledons, fr. Sis, two, and KOTvArjSwi', 
 having two cotyledonary leaves or seed- 
 lobes, 116, 131, 332 
 
 Dictyogens, netted, fr. SIKTVS, a net, and 
 yii/ecf0ai, to be, 19 
 
 Diffusus, a, um, spread. 
 
 Digitalis, fr. Lat. digitus and digitale, a 
 finger, finger of a glove, 446; D. pur- 
 purea, 447 
 
 Digitaria, in allusion to the disposition of 
 the spikelets, 193 ; D. humifusa, 194 ; D. 
 sanguinalis, 194 
 
 Digitatus, a, um, fr. Lat. digitus, a finger, 
 having five lobes. 
 
 Digynus, a, um, fr. 5is two, and yvvrj, 
 style, having two styles. 
 
 Dilatata, us, um, fr. Lat. dilato, I enlarge 
 in width. 
 
 Dillesk (in Ireland), an eatable sea-weed; 
 Dulse (Scotland), 155 
 
 Dioecious, fr. Sis, two, and oi/cos, house, 70 
 
 Dioica, fr. Sis, two, and OIKQS, house, hence 
 dioecious, q. v., 23, 70, 335 
 
 Diotis, fr. Sis, two, and ows, gen. OTIS, ear, 
 two-eared, 514 ; D. maritima, 515 
 
 Diplotaxis, fr. Sin-Aoos, Stn-Aovs, double, and 
 TOIS, rank; the seeds are in two rows, 
 705 ; D. erucoides, 706 ; D. muralis, 706 ; 
 D. tenuifblia, 706 
 
 Dipsacese and Dip c acus, fr. SD//W, I am 
 thirsty, 23, 33, 129, 552 ; D. fullonum, 
 553; D. pilosus, 553; D. sylvestris, 
 553 
 j Dioscoreaceae, fr. Dioscorides. 
 
 Dissepiment, fr. di, apart, and sepio, I 
 separate, 30 
 
 Distans, fr. dinted, is distant. 
 
 Distichous, fr. Sis, two, and CTTIX?? rank, 
 in two rows, 17 
 
 Divjsus, a, um, divided. 
 
 Divulaus, a, um, distant, fr. divellere, to 
 
 put asunder. 
 Dock, Dan. skr&ppe, rhabur, 379 
 
 Dodder, 473, 475; Dodder, great, 50; 
 Doder castuca, ancient glossary. 
 
 Dogbane, 559; Dogberry (Cornel), Dog- 
 berry is Solanum nigrum, 570; Dog- 
 bramble is not raspberry, 633 ; Do^-brier 
 is Kosa canina, 640 ; Dog's-cabbage, 
 Cynocrambe, Mercury, 366 j Dog's- 
 chamomile is Dog-daisy, 514; Dog's- 
 fennel is Dog's-parsley (?), 589 ; Dog's- 
 
 grass (Ag. canina), 204 ; Dog's-mercury, 
 ynocrambe dicta (Ray), 366; Dog's- 
 parsley, or Fool's-parsley, 589 ; Dug- 
 rose, 54, is R. camna, 640 ; Dog's-tail, 
 225 ; Dog's-tongue, 472 ; Dog's-tooth, 
 201 ; Dog's-wheat, 235 ; Dog-wood, 570. 
 The names of both domestic and wild 
 animals enter largely into the popu- 
 lar nomenclature of plants, e. g., ass, 
 bear, cat, cow, dog, fox, hare, horse, 
 lion, mare, ox, sow, wolf, &c. ; also the 
 names of fowls, as the general term bird, 
 crane, dove, duck, goose, hen, stork. 
 Names of plants are derived from the 
 insect tribes, as bee, flea, drone, fly, 
 spider, &c. Sometimes the resemblances 
 are real, sometimes fanciful. The term 
 dog is generally applied to worthless or 
 poisonous species, as dog-daisy (stinking 
 chamomile), dog-^rass, dog's-cabbage, 
 dog's-violet (because it has no smell), 
 dog's-parsley (a poison), &c. Horse is 
 often the name of what is large ; Dog of 
 what is worthless or dangerous. 
 
 Domesticus, a, um, fr. Lat. domus, a house, 
 cultivated ; Prunus domestica, in oppo- 
 sition to P. spinosa. 
 
 Doronicum, fr. Swpoi/, and 1/1*07, excellent, 
 surpassing (Linn.) ; Doronigi, an Arab 
 name, 526; D. Pardalianches, fr. nap- 
 SaAos, a leopard, leaves spotted, 526; D. 
 plantagineum, 526 
 
 Dorsal, fr. Lat. dorsum, belonging to the 
 back. 
 
 Dove's-foot, 750 
 
 Draba, fr. SpajSrj, acrid, 707 ; D. aizoides 
 (see aizoides), 708 ; D. incana, 708 ; D. 
 muralis, 708; D. rupestris, 708; D. 
 verna, 708 
 
 Dropwort, 621 ; Dropwort, Water, 591 
 
 Drosera and Droseraceae, fr. Spocros, dew, 
 with which the plant is always furnished, 
 55, 729 ; D. anglica, 730 ; D. intermedia, 
 730; D. rotundifolia, 729 
 
 Dubius, a, um, doubtful. 
 
 Dryas, fr. Spvs, an oak, in allusion to the 
 shape of the leaves, 638 ; D. octopetala, 
 having eight petals, 38 
 
 Duckweed, or duck's-meat, 280, 281 
 
 Dumetal and septal plants, 81 
 
 Dumetorum, fr. dumetiun, a bushy place, 
 and dumus, a bush, and Svo>, I shade. 
 
 Duramen. 37 
 
 Duration of plants, 64 
 
 Durmast, 353 
 
 Durus and Duriuscula, us, um, hard, rigid, 
 and rather hard, or somewhat rigid. 
 
 Dutch rushes, Equisetum hiemale, 172 ; 
 rectius scribitur hiems quam hyems et hie- 
 inalis quam hyemalis. 
 
814 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Dyer's Eocket, 728 ; Dyer's Weed, 659 ; 
 Dyer's Woad, 717 
 
 Ebulus, Dwarf elder, or Wall wort, or Dane- 
 wort. Ebuli fumo fugantur serpentes 
 The smoke of this plant drove away ser- 
 pents. Pliny, xxv. 10. It was anciently 
 believed to have sprung up in places 
 where Danes were slaughtered, and hence 
 was called Androssemon, man's blood. 
 
 Echinatus, a, urn, bristling like a hedge- 
 hog, fr. extfos, a hedgehog. 
 
 Echmophora, fr. ex LVO< >i a hedgehog, and 
 <epw, I bear, 605. The plant bears spines 
 like a hedgehog. E. spinosa, 605 
 
 Echium, fr. ex<-s, a serpent, for the sting of 
 which the plant was a specific, 471 ; E. 
 vulgare, 471 ; E. violaceum, 471 
 
 Effusus, a, urn, fr. e, em&fundere, to spread 
 from. 
 
 Eglantine, 641. Sweet-briar of Shakspere 
 and our older poets : 
 " And leaf of eglantine, whom not to slan- 
 der, 
 
 Outsweetened not thy breath." 
 Milton calls the honeysuckle by this name : 
 
 " Through the sweet-briar or the vine, 
 Or the twisted eglantine." 
 
 ElfieagnaceEB, fr. eAeuov, oil, 358 
 
 Elatior, fr. Lat. elatus, lofty, elatior, 
 lottier. 
 
 Elecampane, fr. eKA.eiyju,a (e*cXctx w J I ^ c ^ 
 or suck), a pulmonary or cough medi- 
 cine, 523. Electuary is from the same root. 
 This plant was famed in ancient phar- 
 macy. 
 
 Elder, 52, 565 
 
 Elm, 371,372 
 
 Elongatus, a, urn, and elongate, prolonged 
 or lengthened. 
 
 Elsholtzia cristata, 437 
 
 Eiymus, fr. Elyma, in Greece, where these 
 grasses were abundant; E. arenarius, 237 ; 
 E. geniculatus, 238 
 
 Elyna, fr. eAuco, I cover ; E. caricirai, fr. 
 carex, like a Carex, 257 
 
 Echioides, like an Echium. 
 
 Jblailnaceae, fr. eAa-nj, a pine, which it does 
 not resemble, 754 ; ElatTne, 755 ; E. hex- 
 andra, 755 ; E. Ilydropiper, fr. v&op, 
 and piper, pepper, 755. The accent 
 should be on the antepenult. (See Bi- 
 color.) The i in elatlne is long, being 
 preceded by a short syllable, eAcmj. 
 
 Emarginate, slightly notched, 14 
 
 Embryo, fr. e/ot/Spuos, the germ or rudi- 
 ment of the future plant while in the 
 seed, 31 
 Embryouate, having an embryo, not a spore, 
 
 116 
 
 Empetracese and Empetrum, fr. e/ATrerpor, a 
 reputed remedy lor the stone, hence the 
 TI a- e, 360; E. nigrum, 360 
 Knarlhrocarpus lyratus, fr. evapfl, 
 jointed, and Kaprro<;, fruit; the pods are 
 joinied, 719 
 
 Enchanter's nightshade, 611, 612 
 Endocarp, fr. et/Sos, within, and KCUM 
 fruit, 30 
 
 Endogens, and Endogenous, fr. ei^o?, with- 
 in, and -yii/eo-flcu, to grow, increasing from 
 the interior, 9, 10, 19, 32, 119, 116, 131 
 
 Ensifolius, a, uin, lony and narrow-leaved, 
 fr. Lat. ensis, a sword, and folium, a leaf. 
 (See Iris.) 
 
 Epigejos, fr. CTTI, on, and yaia, earth, not 
 growing in water, as the common reed 
 does. 
 
 Epigynous, fr. CTTI, on, and yvvy, the ovary, 
 3, 26 
 
 Epilobium, fr . CTTI, on, and Ao^oy, a pod, 607 ; 
 E. alpinum, 610; E. alsinifjlium, 610 ; 
 E. anagallidifolium, 610; E. angusti- 
 folium, 608; E. himitum, 608; E. mon- 
 tanum, 608; E. palustre, 609; E. parvi- 
 florum, 608; E. roseum, 610; E. ros- 
 marinifolium, 608 ; K. tetragonum, 609 
 
 Epimedium, and eiri^Si-ov, the name of 
 some plant described by Pliny, 778; E. 
 alpinum, 779 
 
 Epipactis, fr. eiri, upon, and TTOLKTIS, pointed 
 elevation. (See " Phytologist," N. 8., 
 vol. i., p. 415,) E. latifolia, 323 ; E. media, 
 323 j E. ovalis, 323; E. palu^tris, 323; 
 E. purpurata, 323. 
 
 Epipogium, fr. CTTI, and mo-ycs, beard, 313 ; 
 E. aphyllum, fr. a, not, and <f>vX\ov, leaf, 
 leafless. Correct in text, appyllum, 313 
 
 Epithymum,fr. CTTI, upon, and 0viu.os,thyme, 
 growing on thyme, &c. 
 
 Equisetaceae andEqui^etum, fr. Lat. equus, 
 a horse, and seta, a hair, in allusion to 
 the hair-like branches of the species, 119, 
 169*; E. arvense, 169; E. hiemale, fr. 
 Tiiems, winter, because the species remain 
 green in that season, 172; E. limosum, 
 171 ; E. Mackaii, 172 ; E. Moorei, 172 ; 
 E. palustre, 171 ; E. sylvaticum, 171 ; E. 
 Telmateia, 170; E. umbrosura, 170; E. 
 variegatum, 172 
 
 Equitant, fr. Lat, equito, I ride, 18. (See 
 Iris, 329.) 
 
 Erectus, Lat., erect, upright. 
 
 Erica and Ericaceae, fr. epicw, I break, 
 489; E. ciliaris, 490; E.cinerea, 50, 489; 
 E. Mackaiana, 489 ; E. mediterranea, 
 490 ; E. Te'tralix, cross, 489 ; E. vagans, 
 490 
 
 E ran this, fr. rjp, early, and ai/0os, flower, 
 early flowerer ; E. hiemalis, 789 
 
 "Ericetal plants, 82 
 
 Erigeron, fr. epi or cap or yp, early, and 
 yepwi/, old, in allusion to the receptacle, 
 which soon becomes like a bald head, 525 ; 
 E. acris, 526 ; E. alpinus, 525 ; E. cana- 
 densis, the name of the province from 
 which it was originally introduced, 525 
 
 Eriocarpa, fr. epto^, wool, and /capTros, 
 
 fruit. 
 
 Eriocaulacese, and Eriocaulon, fr. epiov, 
 wool, and /cavAos, stem, woolly-stemmed 
 plan's, 191, 275 ; E. septan gulare, 275 
 Eriophorum, fr. eptop, wool, and <|>cp<o, I 
 bear ;'E. alpinum, 265 ; E. angutifolium, 
 2ti4 ; E. gracile, 264; E. latilolium, 264; 
 E. vaginatum, fr. Lat vagina, a sheath, 
 264 
 Erodium, fr. Lat. erodius, a stork or heron, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 815 
 
 in allusion to the beaked fruit, 751 ; E. 
 cieutarmm, 752 ; E. ciconum, fr. cico- 
 nia, a stork, 752 ; E. littoreum, 752 ; E. 
 maritimum, 752 ; E. moschatum, 752 
 
 Eruca, tr. Lat., aptum est erucas vitare 
 salaces, 705 ; E. sativa, 705 
 
 Eryngium, fr. epvyytov and epv-yecv, from 
 its supposed efncacy in flatulent disorders, 
 hence eructatio and eructation, 580 ; E. 
 campestre, 581 ; E. maritimum, 581 
 
 Eryngo, Dan. hundrede-hoved, 6 
 
 Erysimum, fr. epuu>, I cure, in allusion to 
 the curative qualities of the plants, 699 ; 
 E. cheiranthoides, 699 ; E. orientale, 699 
 
 Erythrsea. fr. epuflpos, red, 21,430; E.Cen- 
 taurium (centaurea, Virg.), 480; E. lati- 
 fola, 481; E. liiiarisefolia, 481 ; E. pul- 
 
 chella, 480 
 
 Eufragia, fr. ev, and ^pcujco, I speak well 
 of, 1 praise, 453 ; E. viscosa, 453 
 
 Eupatorium, name fr. Eupator, a king of 
 Pontus, 529 ; E. cannabinum, 530 
 
 Euphorbia and Euphorbiacea?, name fr. Eu- 
 phorbus, ameaical botanist, 361; E. amyg- 
 daloides, like an almond, sic lucns a non 
 lucendo, 110, 365; E. charaoiaa, fr. 
 Xapcuctas, 365 ; E coralloides, 363 ; E. cy- 
 parissias, /cuTrapttrcrtas, Diosc., 364 ; E. 
 E-ula, 364, fr. Cel. em, acrid ; E. exigua, 
 363 ; E. helioscopia, fr. rjAco?, sun, and 
 cTKOTreti', to regard, or look at, 362 ; E. 
 hiberna (Irish ? employed in Ireland 
 for poisoning fish), 362; E. Lathyris, 
 Cross-leaved Spurge or Caper-plant, 364 ; 
 E. paralias, irapa, by or near, and oA.s, the 
 sea, 3B4; E. Peplis, fr. Treats, 7re7rAtoi>, 
 and TrerrXos, Greek names of spurge, 
 365 ; E. Peplus, 363 ; E. pilosa, 363 ; E. 
 pl.typbylla, 362; E. portlandica, fr. 
 Portland Island, where the plant grows, 
 363 ; E. paiustris, 363 ; E.stricta, 362 
 
 Euonymus fr.ev, good, and ovo/mo?, repute. 
 Smith says by antlphrasis, because 
 worthless, s'C parca, quia non parcant, 
 737 ; E europaeus, 737 
 
 Euphrasia, fr. ev, and <pao>, I praise, a 
 commendable plant, 453 ; E. officinalis, 
 453 
 
 Evening primrose, 607, 611 
 
 Exembryonate, 115 
 
 Exkuus, a, um, small, little. 
 
 Exogrns, fr. e and yii/eo-0at, to grow by 
 external additions, 10, 335 
 
 Extensus, a, um, extended. 
 
 Eyebnght, Dan. oyen-trost (eye-comforter), 
 453 
 
 Fagopyrum, Eng. buck-wheat, r Ger. buch- 
 weiz'en, Dan. bog-hvede (beech-wheat), 
 37'J ; F. vulgare, Polygonum Fagopyrum, 
 q. v.,379 
 
 Fagus. fr. </nryos, <ayw, I eat, 352 ; F. sylva- 
 tica, 352 
 
 Falcatus, a, um, hooked, fr. Lat. falx, a 
 hook. 
 
 Farfara, fr. Heb. var, a general word in- 
 cluding all kinds of corn, hence Lat. far, 
 corn, and farfara, a plant, growing 
 among corn (seges y not far) . 
 
 Fastigiatus, a, um, pointed. The Lombardy 
 poplar is an example of what is called a 
 fastigiate plmt, the branches being all 
 erect (pointing upwards). 
 
 Farinaceous, fr.farina, containing farina. 
 
 Fatuus, a, um, insipid, beta fatuae, insipid 
 roots. 
 
 Featherweed, 606 
 
 Fedia (Valerianella), 52 V. olitoria, fr. 
 Lat. olus, an herb, 52 
 
 Fell wort is Gentian, q. v., 482 
 
 Fennel, ir.faeniculum, Mid. Ger.fenechel, 
 audfengel, Dan. fennikel, anaW. Glos. 
 venekol, 593 
 
 Fern, A. S. fearn, fr. Mid. Ger. varn, O. 
 Ger. faran, the primary sense of which 
 is motion from one part to another, and 
 hence extension arid distribution are im- 
 plied in the term applied to Kerns, be- 
 cause they are universally distributed in 
 the North, where this name originated, 
 81, 173-190 
 
 Ferruginous, a, um, fr. Lat. ferrum, iron, 
 having a rusty appearance. 
 
 Festuca and Festucese, Gel. f est, and Lat. 
 pascua, and Eng. pasture, are a 1 from 
 the same root as Festuca, a genus of pas- 
 ture-grasses. F. arundinacea, 228 ; F. 
 bromoides, /3pto/u.os and eifiw, bromus-like, 
 227 ; F. gigantea, 228 ; F. ovina, fr. ovis, 
 a sheep, 227 ; F. pratensis, 228 ; F. rubra. 
 227 ; F. sylvatica, 228 ; F. uniglumis, 227 
 
 Feverfew, Dan. feber-urt = scutellaria 
 galericul., 515, 516 
 
 Fibrils, 6 ; and Fibrine, 39 
 
 Ficitolium, fig-leaved, fr. Lat.^cws, fig, and 
 folium, leaf. 
 
 Figwort, 438, 445, 446 
 
 Fill go, fa.filum, a thread, in allusion to the 
 cottony fluey covering of the plants, 519 ; 
 F. apiculata, 520; F. gallica, 520; F. gei- 
 manica, 519; F. minima, 520; F. spatuu- 
 lata, 520 
 
 Filament, fr. Ti&t.Jilum, a thread. 
 
 Filices, fr filix, a fern, "urenda filix," fr. 
 filum, a thread, the roots being fibrous, 
 78, 88, 173 
 
 Filiformis, e, fr.Jilum, a thread, and^ forma, 
 form, thread-like. 
 
 Finkle = Fennel, q. v., 593 
 
 Fir, 333 
 
 Fir-rape, 736 
 
 Fistulosa, tubular, fr. ~La,t. fistula, a pipe, 
 Scot, a whistle, Aberdonice, afiixusle. 
 
 Flabtllatus, a um, fr.jlabellum, a fan, fan- 
 shaped. 
 
 Fl ivus, a, um, Lat. yellow, and jlavescens, 
 yellowish. 
 
 Flav cornis, fr. Lat. Jtavus, yellow, and 
 cornu, a horn, yellow-horned. 
 
 Flax. 755, 657 
 
 Fleub.me, 522, 525; Fleawort, 527 
 
 Fleur-de-luce is derived from Louis, a king 
 of France, who used this flower as his 
 crest, emblem or device. It is now cor- 
 rupted into fleur-de-lis. 
 
 Flexuosus, a, um, fr. Lat.Jlexus, bent, flexu- 
 ous or bent. 
 
 Flixweed, 701 
 
816 
 
 IN DEX. 
 
 Fluellin, 450 
 
 Fluitans, t'r.fluere, to flow or float. 
 
 Fluviatiiisj e, fr. L&t.fluvius, a river, grow 
 ing in the water. 
 
 Foal-foot, Folle-fod, Tussilago, 398, 530 
 
 Foetidus, a, um, stinking, and Fcetidissimus 
 a, um, very stinking. 
 
 Fceniculum, fr.foenum, hay, to the smell o 
 which the Fennel has some resemblance 
 593 ; F. officinale, 593 
 
 Fontanum, fr. Lat.jftws, a fountain. 
 
 Fool's-parsley, 589 
 
 Foramen, fr. Lat. /om, a door, 29 
 
 Forget-me-not, DOiii.forg(Bt-mig-ej,467. For 
 gtt-me-not is, like the violet oi Napoleon 
 the white and red roses of York and Lan 
 caster, a historical flower. (See Mis 
 Strickland's " History of the Queens o 
 England.") 
 
 Foxglove, 446. Not in Dan. FL, 1767. 
 Fragaria, fr. La,t.fraga, strawberries, 10 
 
 " Qui legitis flores et humi nascentia 
 
 fragi 
 Frigirtus oh pueri ! fugite hinc latet an- 
 
 guis in herba." Virg. EC. lii. 92. 
 " Molliatraga leges." Ovid. 
 Fr. f raise (the root is probably Celtic), 
 so called in French because of its fresh, 
 cooling quality, It. fresco, fresh, Mod. 
 Gr. <ipaovA.i. F. elatior, 626; F. vesca, 
 626 
 Fragilis. e, fr. Lat. frango, I break, what 
 
 is easily broken. 
 Frangula, ^ak.frango (?). 
 Frankeniaand H rankeniaceae, fr. FranJcen, a 
 Swedish botanist, 776 ; F. Isevis, 776 ; F. 
 pulverulenta, 776 
 Fraxinus, fr. <pa<rcrfc>, I hedge round, 485; 
 
 F. excelsior, fr. excelaus, lofty, 486 
 French willow-; erb, 608 
 Fresh-water plants, 75 
 Friar's crown, a kind of thistle. 
 Fritillaria, fr. Lat. fritillus, a dice-box, 
 which the flowers of this genus are fancied 
 to resemble, 297 ; E. Meleagris, a poetic 
 name, Meleager's Garland, a s, lection of 
 poetic short pieces of great merit from 
 the Greek anthology, 297 
 Frog's-lettuce is I'otamogeton, 283 
 Frond, fr. Lat. from, a green bough. 
 Fruiicosus, a, um, andirutescens, shrubby, 
 
 fr. L&t.frutex, a shrub. 
 Fucifera, fr. Lat./wcws, a drone, a,r\dfero, 
 
 1 bear. 
 
 Fuller's-weed is Teasel, which tuckers use. 
 
 Fullonum, of fullers, fr. Lat. fullo, a fuller. 
 
 Fulvus, a, um, adj. tawny. 
 
 Fumaria, 7*J1, and Fumariaceoe, 33, 84, 719, 
 
 721), 721, i'r.Jumns, smoke, it has a smoky 
 
 smell ; F. agraria, 722 ; F. capreolata, 
 
 fr. cuper, a goat, because it climbs, 721 ; 
 
 F. micrantha, fr. /U.IKOOS, small, and avOos, 
 
 a flower, 721 ; F. officinalis, 721 ; F. pat - 
 
 viilora, 721 ; F. Vaillantii, in honour of 
 
 Vaillan1,722 
 
 Fungi, fr. fungus, a mushroom, 115, 154 
 Funuulus, a little cord, fr. Lai. j'unin, a 
 cord, 27, 29 | 
 
 Funnel-shaped, 24 
 Furze, 54, 660 
 Fuscus, tawny. 
 
 Gagea, a name dedicated to Sir T. Gage, a 
 famous Suffolk botanist, 300; G. lutea, 
 300 
 
 Gale, or Goule, or Sweet Willow, or Dutch 
 Myrtle, fr. Cel. gal and galb, unctuous 
 matter, gaul in Gaelic, 357 
 Galanthus, fr. ya\a, milk, and avOo$, flower, 
 
 325 ; G. nivalis, 326 
 
 Galeop^is, fr. -yaAeij, and ov/us, face, appear- 
 ance, likeness, 424 ; G. Ladanum, name 
 of an Eastern gum, obtained fr. a shrub 
 called lada, 430 ; G. ochroleuca, 430; G. 
 Tetrahit, fr. Terapros, four-angled, 430; 
 G. versfcolor, 430. 
 
 Galium, fr. yaXa, milk, rennet-plants, 560; 
 G. anglicum, 562 ; G. Aparine, ir. aTratpto, 
 I lay hold, as thejruit and whole plant 
 does, 563 ; G. aristatum, 561 ; G. boreale, 
 563 ; G. cinereum, 561 ; G. commutatum, 
 561; G.^ruciatum, 560 ; G. erectum, 560 ; 
 G. Mollugo, fa.tnollis&ndago, a termina- 
 tion signifying the same as otfies, 560 ; G. 
 montanum, 561 ; G. palustre, 561 ; G. 
 pusillum, 561 ; G. saccharatum, 562 ; G. 
 saxatile, 561; G. spurium, 563; G. tri- 
 corne, 562; G. uliginosum, 562 ; G. Vail- 
 lantii, 563 j G. verum, 560 
 jarden archangel, 595 
 Gasteromycetes, a tribe of fungi, fr. ya<r- 
 Tijp, a stomach, and /U,VKO?, a fungus, 156 
 jrastrfdium, fr. yam^p and yacrrpLSiov, a 
 swelling on,the glume, 210 ; G.leudf gerum, 
 fr. Lat. lens, gen. lendis, a nit, and gerit, 
 bears, 210 
 
 3-eniculatus, adj., bent, fr. genu, a knee. 
 Genista, fr. Cel. gen, a shrub, 659; G. an- 
 glica, 659; G. pilosa, 659; G. tinctoria, 
 659 
 
 Gentian, vernal, 50, 478, 481, 482 
 Tentiana and Gentianaceffi, named fr. Gen- 
 tius, a royal herbalist, 478 ; G. acaulis, 
 481 ; G. Amarella, fr. Lat. amdrus, bitter, 
 482 ; G. campestris, 492 ; G. rivalis, 482 ; 
 G. Pneumonanthe, fr. -rrvev^a, wind, and 
 av6>o5, flower, 482 ; G. verna, 581 
 Tentianella, Dan. enzian^ 483 
 ^easter, a yenus of fungi, name fr. -yea or 
 yy], earth, and aorpoj/, a star, star of the 
 earth, in allusion to the radiate form, of 
 that part which bears the pileus, 156 
 jemmiparus, a, um, fr. Lat. gemma, a bud, 
 and parit, it produces, 
 entilis, e, of the same race (?). 
 eraniaceee and Geranium, fr. -yepai/o?, a 
 crane, in allusion to the beaked car- 
 pels, 21, 25, 33, 55, 747, 748 ; G. colum- 
 binum, fr. Lat. columba, a pigeon, 749; 
 G. dissectum, 749; G. lucidum, 751; 
 G. molle, 750; G. nodo um, 748; G. 
 phseum, 748 ; G. pra'ense, 748 ; G. pur- 
 pureum, 751 ; G. pusillum, 750 ; G. pyi e- 
 naicum, 750; G. robertianum, 751; G. 
 rotundiiblium, 751 ; G. sanguineum, 749; 
 G. striatum, 751 ; G. sylvatieum, 749 
 Geum, a name applied to some savoury 
 
INDEX. 
 
 817 
 
 plant, fr. yeuw, I taste, hence gustare and 
 gusto, 639 ; G. intermedium, 639 ; G-. ri- 
 vale, 639 ; G. urbanum, 639 
 
 Githago, fr. gith or git, and ago, I am like. 
 
 Gibbus, a, urn, Lat., having a swelling or 
 protuberance. 
 
 Gipsywort, Dan. vand-marru, water-mar- 
 rubium, 421 
 
 Glaber, glabra, glabrum, smooth, and gla- 
 berrimus, a, um, very smooth. 
 
 Glards 4,5 
 
 Glandulosus, a, um, Glandulose, glandular, 
 bearing glands. 
 
 Glass wort, 392 
 
 Giauciutn, fr. Lat. glaucus, sea-green, the 
 colour of the leaves, 725 ; G. luteum, 725 ; 
 G. phcenicium, 725 
 
 G-laux, fr. yA.av, owl, a name given to a 
 piant having the colour of the owl's eyes, 
 or fr. Lat. glaucus, and glancius, sea- 
 green, 410 ; G. maritima, 410 
 
 Glechoma, fr. yK-r\x^v, a sort of thyme, 426 ; 
 G-. hedev 'cea, 426.* * * "Trrepti/ o>Se Trarr;- 
 (Tet? /cat yAa-xcoi' a.vQe.va'o.v," Theoc. v. 56 
 
 Globe-flower, 7H8 
 
 Glomeratus, fr. Lat. glomus, a clew or round 
 cluster. 
 
 Glume, Glumelle, Glumellule, dims., fr. 
 gluma, 192 
 
 Glyceria, fr. yAvxus, sweet, 222. Some of 
 these species yield a viscid, sweet exuda- 
 tion. G-. aquatica, 223 ; G. fluitans, 222 ; 
 G. plicata, 222 
 
 Gnaphalium, fr. yvafyaXov, down, 520; G. 
 dioicum (see Antennaria), 521, 522; G. 
 luteo-album, 521 ; G. rectum, 521 ; G. su- 
 pinum, 521 ; G. sylvaticum (see Appen- 
 dix); G. uliginosum, 521 
 
 Goafs-foot, 585 ; Goafs-beard, 52, 537 
 
 Gold of pi asure, an absurd name, 710 
 
 Goldilocks, 526 
 
 Golden rod, 524 
 
 Golden Saxifrage, 574 
 
 Good He.iry, or King Henry, 387 
 
 Goodyera, named in honour of John Good- 
 yer, a Hampshire botanist, and corres- 
 pondent of Gerarde, 321 ; G. repens, 321 
 
 Gooseberry, 571, 572 ; Goose-corn, Goose- 
 grass, 561, 562 ; Goose-foot, 48, 383, 384, 
 386, 387 ; Goose-tansy is P. anserina, 
 625 ; Goose-tongue is Achillea Ptarmica, 
 513 
 
 Gorse, 54, 659 
 
 Gout-weed, Fr: boucage, Ger. geisfuss, 
 should be Goat-weed, 584, 585 
 
 Gowans, Horse-gowans (Daisy and Horse- 
 daisy), 517 
 
 Grain-bearing plants, &c., 99, 105 
 
 Gracilis, e, slender, weak, tender. 
 
 Graminese, 19, 39, 85, 88, 90, 129, 130 
 
 Grandiflorus, a, um, large-flowered, fr. Lat, 
 grandis, great, andflos, flower. 
 
 Granulatus, a, um, granulate, bearing 
 grains or tubercles. 
 
 Granules, fr. Lat. grana, small grains, 1 
 
 Grass, couch, panic, 7 
 
 Graveolens, fr. Lat. gravis, strong, andoZeo, 
 I smell. 
 
 Great snapdragon, 71 
 
 Greek Valerian, 477 
 
 Gristlewort, 654 
 
 Gromwel!, Graymil, 50, 469,' 4?0 
 
 Grossulariacese, grossus, a green fig, and 
 
 ?rossula and grossularia, a berry, 24, 
 71 
 
 Ground ivy, 426 
 Groundsel, common, A. S. grundeswylige, 
 
 Grunny-swally, 51, 527 
 Guelder rose, Dan. fuyle-baer and vand- 
 
 hyld, 564, 565 
 
 Guile, Dan. onde-urter, the bad weed, 517 
 Guttatus, a, um, fr. Lat. gutta, a drop, 
 
 spotted. 
 Gymnadenia, fr. yv/u.i'os, visible, uncovered, 
 
 and aSt]v, a gland, 317 ; G. albida, 317 ; G. 
 
 conopsea (by antiphrasis ?), fr. KU>VO^, a 
 
 canopy, because the glands are naked (?). 
 Gymnogens, fr.yvju.vo?, naked, and yii/ecr#ai, 
 
 to be, 332 
 Gymnogramma, fr. yvjavo?, naked, and 
 
 ypa/x/u,7j, a line, naked lines of spore ca^es, 
 
 176; G. loptophylla, fr. A-CTTTO?, slender, 
 
 and <f)v\\ov, a leaf, 176 
 Gyrate, fr. gyratus, turned round, like a 
 
 shepherd's crook, 22 
 
 Habenaria, fr. Lat. habena, a rein, 317 ; 
 H. bifolia, 318 ; H. chlorantha, fr. x Aoe- 
 pos, or xAxopos, yellowish-green, 318 ; H. 
 viridis, 317 
 
 Haloragiaceae, fr. a\s aA.os, an order of 
 aquatics, and pa, a bunch of grapes, 
 606 
 
 Hare's-ear, Dan. gienem-vcext (thorow- 
 wax), 582, 583 
 
 Hart wort, 598 
 
 Ha>tatus, a, um, and Hastulatus, a, um, fr. 
 Tiasta, a spear, and hastula, a little spear, 
 to which some resemblance is borne by 
 some part of the plants so named. 
 
 Haslewort, asarabacara, Dan. hassel, hazel 
 orhasel, 351,354 
 
 Hawk's-beard (Hawk-lung), 540; Hawk- 
 weed, Dan. hogsurt, 542, 552 
 
 Hawthorn, hagedorn, Dan. hage-torn, 613 
 
 Hedera = Hiedra or Heath, hcot. heather, 
 fr, heat, because it was, and is, used for 
 fuel, 50. Hedera = Eygloff. Verbena 
 ysern-wort. Hederick = Album mel., i.e., 
 Album lolium, Westph. Glo^s. H. Helix, 
 fr. eAicro-o), I bind around, 569 
 
 Hederaceus, a, um, fr. Lat. hedera, ivy, 
 ivy- like. 
 
 Hedge-parsley, Dan. vild-Tcorvel, 600, 601 
 
 Hedysurese, fr. rjSu?apoi/, sweet pulse, or 
 clover, 682 
 
 Helianthemum, fr. 17X105, the sun, and av0o<;, 
 a flower, 689; H. canum, 691 ; H. gut- 
 tatum,690; H.ledifolium (ledum-leaved), 
 691 ; H. polifolium, fr. Lat. polio, I 
 smooth, 690 ; H. vulgare, 689 
 
 Helioscopia, fr. lyAtos, the sun, and ovfOTrew, 
 I regard. 
 
 Hellebore, Ger. neiszwwrz, 788 
 
 Helleborine, 322, 324 
 
 Helleborus, fr. eAeir/, to injure, and /3opa, 
 food, a poisonous plant, 788 ; II. foetidus, 
 789 ; H. viridis, 101, 789 
 
818 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 Helminthia, e\(ju.vdos a worm, and 9eKr), a 
 case, which the seeds were fancied to re- 
 semble, 536 : H. echioides, 536 
 Heleocharis, fr. eAeos, marsh, and x a <-P . 
 love.because these plants delight in watery 
 places, 258. The name is sometimes written 
 Eleocharis. The initial in the original is 
 aspirated thus, v^ev, hymen. H. acicu- 
 laris, 260 ; H. multicaulis, 259 ; H. palus- 
 tris, 259 ; H. uniglumis, 259 ; H. Wat- 
 soni, 259 
 
 Helosciadium, fr. e\o? and criciaSeiov (<TKI . . 
 a shadow, grows in shady, wet places, or 
 its umbel casts a shadow, 586; H. inun- 
 datum, 587 ; H. nodiflorum, 586 ; H. re- 
 pens, 587 
 
 Heloscidium, corrige into Helosciadium, 377 
 Helvella, the Lat. name of some fungus not 
 
 ascertained. 
 
 Hemlock, the Danes call it sJcarntyde, a 
 villainous plant, 604; hymelic (Cicuta 
 virosa), 584 
 
 Hemp, 369, 370 ; Hemp-nettle, 429, 430 
 Henbane, Dan. soe-bonne (hog-bean), de- 
 structive to poultry, 49, 462, 463 
 Henbit is dead-nettle, 428 
 Hepaticae, fr. etrap, the liver, in allusion to 
 the shape or the colour of some of the 
 species, 115, 118, 160 
 
 Heracleum, fr. Hercules, a great botanist 
 and warrior, 597 ; H. Sphondylium, fr. 
 (r0oi/5uA.Tj, a beetle ; the smell of the plant 
 resembles that of beetles, 597 
 Herb Bennett, 639 
 Herb Christopher, 791 
 Herb Gerrard, 639; Herb Paris, 308 
 Herba perforata, sunta Johnnes-wort, an- 
 cient glossary, 731 
 
 Herbaceous, fr. herba, applied to stems 
 which die annually, opposed to arboreous, 
 fruticpse, &c. 
 
 Herminium (Ophrys monorchis of old bota- 
 nical authors), fr. Hermipne, the daugh- 
 ter of Helen (?}, pulchriori matre filia, 
 319 ; H. monorchis, 319 
 Her iii aria, fr. hernia, a rupture, for which 
 it was a reputed remedy, 653 ; H. ciliata, 
 653 ; H. glabra, 653 ; H. hirsuta, 653 
 Hesperis, fr. eoTrepi?, the evening, when the 
 flowers give out a fragrant smell. H. ma- 
 tronalis, fr. mater, lady, Our Lady, 699 
 Heterophyllus, a, um, fr. erepo?, other, 
 and </>uAAoi', a 1 'af, varying in its foliage. 
 Hexandrus, a, um, fr. e, six, and avep, 
 gen. ai/Spos, a stamen, having six sta- 
 mens. 
 
 Hiberna, winter quarters. 
 Hieracium, fr. iepa, a hawk, universally 
 believed to have been us< d by hawks, and 
 other birds of prey, to strengthen their 
 sight, hence Hawkweed, Eperviere, Ha- 
 bit- ht' s- kraut, Ho^'s-urt, &c. H. alpin- 
 um, 543; H. angiicum, 546; H/aggre- 
 gatum, 547 ; H amplexicaule, 546 ; H. 
 argenteum, 547; H. auranti icum, 548; 
 H. borenle, 551 ; H.calenduliflorum, 541; 
 i inthoides, 545 ; H. chrysanthum, 
 f>ir> ; H. crocatum, 550 ; 11. corymbosum, 
 551 ; H. caesium. 548 ; H. eximium, 544; 
 
 H.floculosum, L. C. ; H. Gibsoni, 547 ; H. 
 globosum, 544; H. gothicum , 549 ; H. 
 gracilentum, 544 ; H. holosenceum, 544; 
 H. iric'.m, 546 ; H. lasiophyllum, 547 ; H. 
 lingulatum, 545 ; H.mnrorum,547 ; II. ni- 
 yrescens, 544 ; H. nitidum, 547 ; H. pal- 
 li-iuin, 546; H. Pilos-lla, 543; H. pre- 
 nanthoides, 550; H. rigidum, 551 ; H. 
 sabaudum, 551 ; H. senescens, 545 ; H. 
 stelligt-rum, 548; H. strictum, 550; H. 
 tridentatum, 549 ; H. umbellatum, 550 ; 
 H. vulgatum, 548 
 
 Hieroch'ca, fr. iepo?, sacred, and x^ OT ?> a 
 
 grai-s, holy gra>s, because anciently used 
 
 to strew on the floors of churches, 197 ; 
 
 H. bor-alis, 197 
 
 Hippocrepis, fr. ITTTTOS, a horse, and KPTJTTI?, 
 
 a shoe, 683; H comosa, 683 
 Hippophae, fr. ITTTTO?, a horse, and <cuo, I 
 cause to shine or glisten. The ancient 
 n tme of some unknown plant given to 
 hordes to make them sleek. H. rham- 
 noides, like arhamnus, 358 
 Hippuridacese and Hipputis, fr. ITTTTOS, a 
 horse, and ovpct, a tail, 396 ; H. vulgaris, 
 396. Correct Hippurus, p. 94 
 Hirtus, a, um, contraction for Hirsutus, a, 
 
 um, rough, shaggy, hairy. 
 Hispidus, a, um, hispid, having stiff hairs. 
 Holosehcenus, fr. 6\os, whole, and o^on'os, 
 
 a rush. 
 Holosericeus, a, um, fr. oAos, all, and seri- 
 
 ceus, silky. 
 
 Hog-nut corrupted into hawk-nut, or hawk- 
 nut degenerated into hog-nut. The Dan- 
 ish name of hawk is hog, pronounced al- 
 most exactly like hawk (kipper-nut), 
 588 . Hoii-weed, Ger. heil-kraut. (healing- 
 wort), 597 
 
 Holcus, fr. 6\Ko? and eA.*a>, I draw, a name 
 given to a plant that had the property of 
 drawing thorns from the flesh, 207 ; H. 
 lanatus, 207 ; H. mollis, 207 
 Holly, a corruption of holy tree, used for 
 decorating churches at Christmas-tide (?), 
 48, 50, 486 
 " The holly pointing to the moorland 
 
 storm 
 
 Its hardy, fearless leaf." 
 Eolostea, fr. 6\os and ocrrea, by antiphra- 
 sis, O called because there is nothing 
 ha,rd or bony in any part of the plant, 772 
 Holosteum (see Holostea), 771 ; H. umbel- 
 latum, 102, 771 
 
 Honckenya, in honour of G. A Honkenya, 
 a famous cultivator, 770 ; H. peploides, 
 771 
 
 ETonewort, 584 
 Honeysuckl--, 564, 566 
 Hooded milfoil, 414 
 Hop, Dan. humle> 369 
 Hordeitormis, e, fr. hoideum, and forma, 
 
 barley-iike. 
 
 Hordi um, horreo, I bristle (horda). H. 
 maritimum, 236 ; H. murinnm, 236; H. 
 pratense. 236; H. sylvaticum, 236; H. 
 vulgare, 237 
 
 'orehound, Dan. marrube, black, 432 
 Horizontal area, &c., of British plants, 86 
 
INDEX. 
 
 819 
 
 Hornbeam, 354 
 
 Horn wort, 52, 372 
 
 Horse-bane (Phellandrium aquatieum, 
 (Enanthe Phell.), 591. The application of 
 the terms horse, dog, &c.,to plant s, teaches 
 us that our ancestors had more imagina- 
 tion than invention, or were more puetical 
 than their posterity. They perceived re- 
 semblances where the relations, affinities, 
 and analogies were very remote. Horse- 
 daisy or go wan is a bad weed in hay-fields, 
 and Horse-knops is worse than worthless 
 in pastures. Horse-mint is not popular 
 in the kitchen. Horse was also applied to 
 something great as well as worthless, e.g., 
 Horse-chestnut, Horse-radish, Horse- 
 leech, &c. ; Horse-bean, the common field 
 bean ; Horse-beech, probably a corrup- 
 tion of horn-beech, which again is pro- 
 bably a corruption of horn-beam (Carpi, 
 nus Betulus) ; Hor^e-foot, Dan. heate-hov, 
 or Coli's-lbot, Tussilago, an example of a 
 foreign word becoming naturalized, bet- 
 ter understood, and^more familiar than the 
 genuine Anglo-Saxon name, 530; Hoise- 
 gowan, 517 ; Horse-heal, Elecampane 
 Horse-knobs or Knap-weed, Centaurea 
 nlgra, 508 ; Horse-mint, Dan. heste-mynthe, 
 418 ; Horse-parsley, Hipposelinum, 605 ; 
 Horse-radish; Horse- shoe, 54, 683; 
 Horse-tail, Dan. heste-rumpe, Hi 
 
 Hottonia, so called in honour of Peter Hot- 
 ton, a famous Dutch botanist, author of 
 some works on medicinal plants, 405 ; H. 
 palustris, 407 
 
 Hound's-frmgue, Cynoglossa, "West. Glos. 
 hundes-tunge, 50, 471, 472 
 
 House-leek, Dan. huus-log, West. Glos. 
 hus-loec, 102, 647, 648, 651. Barba Jovis, 
 Jupiter's beard, is a common name of 
 this plant in the mediseval glossaries. In 
 the mythology of the northern nations 
 Jupiter supplanted Thor, to whom this 
 plant was probably dedicated. Hence it 
 is not of very modern introduction, as 
 some botanists imagine, because it grows 
 on walls. 
 
 How, Wm., 96 
 
 Hudson's Flora Anglica, 97 
 
 Humifusa, us, um, fr. humus, ground, and 
 fundere, to spread over, a term expressive 
 of the prostrate habit of some plants. 
 
 Humulus, fr. humus, ground, 369 ; H. Lu- 
 pulus, a dim. fr. lupus, 369 
 
 Hutchinsia, in honour of Miss Hutchins, a 
 famous Irish cryptogamist, 813 ; H. pe- 
 traea, 713 
 
 Hyacinth grape, 303 ; Hyacinth wood, 301 ; 
 Hyacinth ancient 
 " Ipse suos gemitns foliis inscribit et ai 
 
 ai." Ovid, Metam. x. 215. 
 " The sanguine flower inscribed with 
 woe (ai)." 
 
 Hybridus, a, um, hybrid. 
 
 Hydrocharidacese and Hydrocharis, fr. 
 vSwp, water, and x<*ipw, I love ; H. Mor- 
 sus-rana?, 33, 310 
 
 Hydrocoty'le, fr. vStap, water, and /corvArj, a 
 cup or hollow, 11, 579 ; H. vulgaris, 5dO 
 
 Hydrolapathum, fr. u5wp, water, and ActTra- 
 Oov, sorrel or dock. 
 
 Hydroptper, fr. vSiap, water, and piper, 
 pepper, a word which etymologists call 
 a barbarism, a hybrid production of two 
 languages, or rather of one who ignorantly 
 or wilfully broke Priscian's head. 
 
 Hymenophyllum, fr. v^v, a membrane, 
 and (j>v\\oi>, a leaf, 188 ; H. Tunbridgense, 
 fr. Tunbridge, Sussex, where this species 
 grows, 183 ; li. umlaterale, fr. umis, one, 
 and latus, side, the pinnae being one- 
 sided (unilateral). 
 
 Hypecoum, fr. vn-rj^eo), I sound. The seeds 
 make a noise in the capsule. H. pro- 
 curnbcns, 726 
 
 Hyoscyamus, Fr. jusquiamus, fr. vo?, sow, 
 and /cua/xos, bean, 462 ; H. niger, 403 
 
 Hypoglottis, fr. VTTO, under, and yAoo-cra, or 
 yAoTTa, the tongue, like the muscle u^der 
 tae tongue. Epiglottis has the same 
 meaning. 
 
 Hypericacese and Hyperlcum, .fr. VTTO and 
 epeiKa, and hence the penult is long, or 
 should have the accent, urrep ei/ccor, 
 super imago, 33, 730; H. Androsaeumm, 
 7 )3 ; H. anylictun, 733 ; H. calycTuam, 
 733 ; H. dubiurn, 731 ; H. elodes, rectius 
 heleodes, fr. eAo?, a marsh, where this 
 species grows, 731; H. hircinum, 733; 
 H.hirsutum, 733; H.humifusum, 55, 732; 
 H. linariaefolium, fr. linaria and folium, 
 732 ; H. montanum, 733 ; H. perloraturn, 
 731 ; H. pulchrum, 55, 732 ; H. quadran- 
 gulum, 731 
 
 HypochaBris, fr. VTTO, under (for), and 
 Xotpo?, a hog, 533 ; H. glaora, 534 ; H. 
 maculata, 534 ; H. radicata, 533 
 
 Hypogynous, fr. UTTO, under, and yvvt}, the 
 organ of fructification, 26 
 
 Iberis, fr. Iberia (Spain), where these 
 
 plants abound, 713 ; I. amara, 713 
 Ilex, a name given by Pliny to some plant, 
 
 487 ; 1. Aquifolium, 487 
 Illecgbracese, 652, and Illecebrum, 654, fr. 
 
 Lat. illecebra, by antiphrasis ; the pi mts 
 
 have no attractive qualities ; I. verticil- 
 
 latum, 654 
 Imbricate, or imbricated, fr. imber, a 
 
 suower, by metonomy, the cause put for 
 
 the effect ; tiled. 
 Impatiens, Lat. (impatient), the seeds leap 
 
 from their capsule, 753; I. fulya, 113, 
 
 753; I. Noli-me-tangere, a touchy object, 
 
 a Timothy Testy among plants, 753 ; J. 
 
 parviflora, 753 
 Indusium, fr. induo, I put on ; a cover of 
 
 the clusters of spore-cases. 
 Inflorescence, in, andflos, a flower, 28; 
 
 centrifugal, 21 ; centripetal, 21 ; definite, 
 
 21 ; indefinite, 20 
 Introduced plants, 111 
 Intila, fr.EAevrj, Helen (?), 523; I. Conyza, 
 
 523, KVVCL, Erigeron graveolens, i.at. 
 
 Schol. in Theocr.iv.. 25 ; I. crithmoides, 
 
 523 ; I. Hellenium, 523 
 Incanus, a, um, hoary. 
 Incisus, a, um, cut or cleft. 
 
820 
 
 1NDKX. 
 
 Incurvus, a, um, curved inwards. 
 
 Indehiscent, not opening, 31 
 
 Infestus, a, um, trouolesome. 
 
 Innatus, a, um, growing on. 
 
 Inodorus, a, um, without smell. 
 
 Insectiterus. a, um, insect-bearing. 
 
 Intermedius, a, um, intermediate. 
 
 Interruptus, a, um, adj,, interrupted. 
 
 Involutus, a, um, and Involute, fr. in, and 
 voloo, I roil, roiled inwards, 18 
 
 Involucre, fr. Lat. involvo, I embrace, a 
 series of bracts subtending severalflowers, 
 22 
 
 Iridacrae and Iris, a poetic-mythic name, 
 327, 329 ; I. fcetidissima, 330 ; I. Pseudo- 
 acorus, 329 
 
 Irriguum, a, us, fr. in, and rigo, I water 
 " rlura mini etrigui placeant in vallibus 
 amnes" Growing in plashy or wet 
 places. 
 
 Isatis, to-art?, fr. t<raa>, I make equal, sup- 
 posed to have the effect of smoothing tiie 
 skin, 717; I. tinctoriu, 717 
 
 Isnardia, in honour of D'Isriard, a cele- 
 brated French botanist; I.palustris, 611 
 
 Isoetes and Isoeteas, fr. 10-09, equal, and 
 eros, year, i. e., evergreen, 164 ; I. lacus- 
 tris, fr. lacus, lake, 164 
 
 Ivy, Dan. ved-bende (winding about), 569 
 
 Jack - by - the - Hedge, Dan. hvid-Vogs-urt 
 (leek- wort), 56, 700 
 
 Jacob's ladder, 477, 478 
 
 Jasioue, fr. tacrajf, tao/u.at, I heal, or fr. 
 LOV, a violet, 499 ; J. montana, 499 
 
 Juncacea? and Juncus, name fr. jungo, I 
 join, some species being used, and still 
 are used, for traces and other drawing- 
 gear, 266, 267; J. acutiflorus, 271; J. 
 acutu*, 269 ; J. balticus ; 268 ; J. biglu- 
 mis, 279 ; J. bufonius, fr. bufo, a toad, 
 270; J. cupitatua, 271; J. castaneus, 
 chestnut-like, 270; J. coanosus, 269; J. 
 compressus, 269 ; J. conglomeratus, 268 ; 
 J. diffusus, 267 ; J. effusus, 267 ; J. fill- 
 formis, 268 ; J. glaucus, 268 ; J. lampro- 
 carpus, fr. Actfurpo?, shining, and /capTros, 
 fruit, 272; J. maritimus, 268; J. obtu- 
 siflorus, 271 ; J. squarrosus, 269 ; J. 
 tennis, 270, 272 ; J. trifidus, 271 ; J. tri- 
 glumis, 270 ; J. uliginosus, 272 
 
 Juncaginaceae, fr. Juncus, and ago, like, 289 
 
 Jungermannia and Jungermanniuceae, 
 named in honour of L. Jungermann, a 
 German botanist, 161 
 
 Juniper, 334 - 
 
 Juniperus, fr. Gel. jeneprus, rough, 334; 
 J. commuuis, 334 
 
 Kipper-nut, 588 
 
 Knap parts, or gnapparts, is heath -pea, 680 
 
 Knappia, fr. Mr. Knapp, a celebrated 
 
 author on British grasses ; K. agrostidea. 
 
 201 
 Knautia, in honour of C. Knautius, 554 ; 
 
 K. arvensis, 554 
 Knot-grass, 377, 652 
 Knoutberry, or Knoupberry, or Cloudberry, 
 
 Koeleria, name in honour of J. L. C. 
 
 Koelle, a German botanist, 211 ; K. cris- 
 
 tata, 211 
 
 Korn rose = Papaver Rhceas, 723 
 Ko'niga, fr. Mr. Ktiaig, who, with Mr. 
 
 Sims, was conductor for some time of the 
 
 ** Bot. Mag.," 707 ; K. maritlina, 707 
 
 Labiates, name fr. Lat. labium, a lip, 23, 
 39, 89, 110, 129 
 
 Lactuca, fr. Lat. lac, milk (Pliny), milky 
 plants, 537; L. muralis, 538 ; L. saligna, 
 so culled fr.the withy-^e stems (?), 538 ; 
 L. scanola (scarriola ?) , fr. Lat. scarreo, 
 I am rough, 531 ; L. virosa, 538 
 
 Laciniatus, a, um, having deep incisions, 
 or long and narrow lobes. 
 
 Lacustris, e, growing in water, fr. lacus, a 
 lake. 
 
 Lady's bed-straw, Our Lady, the Virgin 
 Mary, 560; Lady's linger, Dan. katte- 
 Tclever (cat-clover), 661 ; Lady's seal, 
 DSLU. hunde-baer (dog-berry), 331 ; Lady's 
 slipper, 324 ; Lady's tresses, 321 ; Lady's 
 or Dame's violet, 699 ; Lauy's mantle, 
 Dan. love-fod (lion's-fbot, 464, 645 ; Lady's 
 smock, Dan. enge-Tcers (meadow-cress), 
 697 
 
 Laevigatus, a, um, fr. losvis t polished. 
 
 Lagurus, fr. Ao/yws, a hure, and oupa, a 
 tail, hare's-tail, 207 ; L. ovatus, 207 
 
 Lamb's-lettuce, Y)a,n.felt-krop (corn-salad), 
 557 
 
 Laminaria, fr. lamina, thin scales, a blade ; 
 so called from the tenuity of their 
 fronds, 154 
 
 Lamioideae, 426 ; and Lamium, fr. Aat/ao?, 
 throat; 427; L. album, 428; L. amplexi- 
 caule, 48, 49, 427 ; L. Galeobdolon, fr. 
 yaA.e>), a weasel, and j85oA.os, fcetor, nau- 
 seosa, quce nescio quod insueti produnt 
 (Linn. Ph. Bot. 129), 49, 429 ; L. incisum, 
 428 ; L. intermedium, 428 ; L. macula- 
 turn, 429; L. purpureum, 48, 428 
 
 Lanceolate, narrow, long, and tapering like 
 a lance, 12 
 
 Lappa, fr. AajSeti/, to adhere to, "sticks 
 like a bur," or fr. Cel. llap, a hand, or 
 lap = coagulare, lappered milk is milk 
 coa_gulated. 
 
 Lapsana, or Lapsana, fr. AaTrrw, I suck ; 
 " lapsana vivere," to fare badly, 531 ; L. 
 communis, 531 
 
 Larkspur, 790. It has a more dignified name 
 in German and Danish, viz., ritter and 
 ridder-spore, or knight's-spur. 
 
 Laserpitieaj, fr. laser, a gum, and serpit, 
 roots yielding gum, 50& 
 
 Lastrea, named in honour of D'Lastre, a 
 zealous French botanist, 176 ; L. aemula, 
 fr. cemulus, a rival, 179 ; L. cristata, 177 ; 
 L. dilatata, fr. dilato, 178 ; L. Filix-mas, 
 177; L. Oreppteris, fr. opos, mountain, 
 and TTTepts, fern, growing in open places, 
 179; L.rigida, 177; L.Thelypteris, 0eAvs, 
 female, and Trrepis, a fern, 179 
 
 Lathyrus, fr. Aaflupo?, Theophrastus, 54, 
 679 ; L. Aphaca, fr. a<J>aK?j (and ^axo?), 
 not a lentil, not eatable, 682 ; L. hirsu- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 821 
 
 tus, 681 ; L. latifolius, 680 ; L. macro- 
 
 rhizus, 680 ; L. maritimus, 681 ; L. niger, 
 
 680 ; L. Jtfissolia, 682 ; L. palustris, 681 ; 
 
 L.pratensis, 679; L. sylvestris, b80 
 Lavate. u, m honour of ttie celebrated Lava- 
 
 ter, 746 ; L. arborea, 746 ; L. cretica, 747 ; 
 
 L. olbia, 747 ; L. punctata, 747 
 Lavender, 404 
 Laver, or porphyra, 154 
 Lead.wort order, 402 
 Lecauora, IV. \eicaviov, a small shield, in 
 
 allusion to the shape and consistency of 
 
 the fructification ; a genus ot Lichens, 
 
 remarkable for their coloriiic properties. 
 Lantana, Jr. Lat. (dog-latin), lento, 1 make 
 
 pliant, fr. lentus, pliant, tough. 
 Lataraea, fr. Aaflpatos, concealed, as these 
 
 plants are by the dead leaves, 457 ; L. 
 
 squatnaria, 457 
 
 Letk, A. 8. leac, Dan. log, 301, 303 
 Leaves, compound, when composed of more 
 
 than one distinct piece, 15 ; simple, when 
 
 they consist of one piece, 12 
 Leersia, name fr. J. D. Leers, 202 ; L. 
 
 oryz^iues, 202 
 Legurniniferse, fr. legumen, a legume, and 
 
 fero, 1 bear, 19, 23, 26, 29, 39, 54, 81, 
 
 89, 90, 657 
 Leiuua and Lemnaceae, fr. AeTris, a 
 
 scale (?), 280; L. gibba, 281 ; L. minor, 
 
 5281 ; L. polyruiza, 281 ; L. tiisulca, three- 
 fur, owed, 281 
 Leontodun, 1'r. Aewi', lion, and oSous, tooth, 
 
 535 ; L. Taraxacum, fr. rapo-fto, I will 
 
 move, in allusion to the aperient proper- 
 ties of the root, 535 
 Leonurus, fr. Aecoi/, lion, and ovpa, a tail, 
 
 433 ; L. Caruiaca, fr. cor, heart, hence 
 
 curdiacus, a cordial, 434 
 Leopord'h-bane, 526 
 Lepidium, fr. ACTI-IS, a scale, which the little 
 
 pouches resemble, 714 ; L. campestre, 
 
 714; L. draba, 714 ; L. gramiriifolium, 
 
 715 ; L. latifoliutn, 715 ; L. ruder.iie, 715 ; 
 
 L. Smithii, 714 ; L. satuum, 715 
 Lepigonum, fr.Aen-ts, a scale, and yovr), an 
 
 angle, 766 ; L. marmum, 767 ; L. medium, 
 
 767 ; L. rubrum, 766 ; L. rupe.-tre, 767 
 Lepturus, t'r. ACTTTOS, slender, and ovpa, a 
 
 tail, in allusion to the taper slender spikes, 
 
 238 j L. incurvatus, 238 
 Lettuce, Dan. laktuk (lactuca), 537, 538 
 Libanotis, fr. XtjSavwTts, the Greek name 
 
 of an odoriferous umbellifer, 592 ; L. 
 
 montana, 592 
 
 Lichens, Lichenes, or Lichen, 158 
 Ligusticum, fr. Liguria, where these plants 
 
 grow (see Pliny, book xix. ch. 50), 592 ; 
 
 L. scoticum, 593 
 Lentibulacese, named from the lenticular 
 
 air-bladders, 412 
 Lent-lily, Dun. paaske-lilie. 
 Leucojura, fr. AeuKocov, white violet, 326 ; 
 
 L. aestivum, 326 
 
 Ligule, fr. ligula, a little band, 18, 191 
 Ligustrum, fr. Lat. ligo, 1 bind, 486 ; L. 
 
 vulgare, 486. " Alba ligustra caduut." 
 Liliaceae, 295 
 Lily, fr. Cel. Us, whiteness. 
 
 Lily of the vale, Dan. lilietjes van den 
 date (lily conval.) 
 
 Lily, water, 726, 727 
 
 Limosa, fr. Lat. limus, mud. 
 
 Limosella, fr. Lat. limits, mud, 444; L. 
 aquutica, 445 
 
 Linum and Linacese, 755, 756, fr. \ivov, a 
 fibre or thread, C. B. llin, a fibre, an 
 example of the name of the piaut de- 
 rived from its economical uses, 755, 756; 
 L. angustifolium, 756; L. catharticum, 
 757 ; L. perenne, 756 ; L. usiiatissimum ; 
 756 
 
 Linaria, fr. linum, flax, to which the leaves 
 of some bear a resemblance, 71, 447. 
 The terminations aria, aster, astrum, 
 ago, &c., mean likeness. L. Cymbalaria, 
 fr. cymbalaris, " an herb that *>roweth in 
 mud walls, with a leafe in fashion like 
 ivy, but much less, and a little purple 
 flower" (Cooper's Thess.. 1581), 449. This 
 reputed alien has been dwelling here 
 three centuries at least. L. elatine, 450 ; 
 L. italica, 449 ; L. minor, 449 ; L. pelis- 
 seriana, 448 ; L. repens, 448 ; L. spuria, 
 449 ; L. supina, 443 ; L. vuigaris, 448 
 
 Linden, or Lime, 742, 743, fr. A. s. lind or 
 lin, flax fibre, because the inner bark 
 is fibrous, and is woven into mats. 
 
 Linear, fr. Lat, linea, a line, when the leaf 
 is very narrow and long it is linear, 12 
 
 Ling, Dan. lyng ; ling is a line, Fr. ligne, 
 a kind of rush in Scotland. A ling el is a 
 shoemaker's thread. In the same country 
 heath is twisted into ropes to secure 
 thatch on cottages, 490 
 
 Linnaea, named in honour of the great 
 Linnaeus, 566 ; L. borealis, 566 
 
 Linnaean system, 128 
 
 Lilium, fr. Cel. Us, whiteness, 297 ; L. Mar- 
 tagon, 297 ; L. pyrenaicum, 297 ; L. can- 
 didnm, 289 
 
 Liparis, fr. AtTras, or AITTOS, fat, 312, 313; 
 L. Loisellii, 313 ; nomen honoris, J. Lb- 
 sel, or Lo^eliuP, a German botanist, 1650 
 
 Listera, a name commemor-.tive of Dr. 
 Martin Lister, 322 ; L. cordata, fr. cor, 
 the heart, 322 ; L. ovata, 322 
 
 Lithospermum, fr. Ai0os, astone, anda-Trep/xa, 
 seed, which is as hard as a stone, 469; 
 L. arvense, 470; L. maritimum, 470; 
 L. officinale, 470 ; L. pui pureo-cceruleum, 
 470 
 
 Littoralis, e, and littoreus, a, um, fr. Lat. 
 littus, the sea-shore. 
 
 Littorclla, fr. littus, a shore where the 
 species grow, 402 ; L. lacusiris, 402 
 
 Lobelia and Lobelieas (in honour of De 
 Lobel, a distinguished botanist, auct. 
 Stirpium Icones, 1591), 499, 500 ; L. Dort- 
 manna, Dortmann, a Dutch oruggist and 
 botanist, 500 ; L. urens, 501 
 
 LocUer-gowlans = Lucken-gowans, fr. lu~ 
 chen, stiut up (lock), in allusion to the 
 folded sepals of this flower, 788 
 
 Lolium, fr. Cel. loloa. " Infcelix lolium et 
 steriles dominantur avense," Virg. L. 
 linicola, fr. linum, flax, and colo, I till, 
 grows where flax is cultivated (?), 233 ; L. 
 
822 
 
 INDKX. 
 
 multiflorum, 233 ; L. perenne, 233 ; L. 
 temuleutum, 234. " If it be eaten in hoate 
 breade it maketh the head gidie," Coop. 
 Thess. 
 
 Loiidon Catalogue, 97 
 
 Londo_n Rocket, 699 
 
 Lomcera, fr. Lonicer, a German botanist, 
 who lived in 1582, 566 ; L. Oajirifoiium, 
 566 ; L. Periclymenum, fr. irept, about, 
 and K\.viJ.evov ; L. Xylo'steum, fr. uAoi>, 
 wood, and ooreoi/, a bone, wood hard as a 
 bone. 
 
 Losestrife and Loosestrife, Dan. fred-log 
 (lose-peace), katte-urt, 408,409, 656 
 
 Lividus, a, urn, with cloudy marks. 
 
 Lloydia, a name devoted to the memory of 
 H. Lhwyd, a famous Cambrian antiquary, 
 linguist, and botanist, the discoverer of 
 this plant on the mountains of Carnar- 
 von, 298 ; L. serotina, fr. sero, late, 293 
 
 Lobatus, a, urn, lobed. 
 
 Longus, a, um, long, and Longifolius, a, um, 
 long- leaved. 
 
 Lorauthacese, fr. lorum, a thong or bridle, 
 and avOos, a flower, 570 
 
 Loteae, 658 
 
 Lotus, fr. AOITOS, 662; L. angustissimus, 
 663 ; L. corniculatus (horned), 662 ; L. 
 hispidus, 663 ; L. major, 663 ; L. tenuis, 
 662 
 
 Lousewort, Dan. luus-urt, 450 
 
 Lovage, Ger. liebstock (lovestick), 592, 593 
 
 Lucidus, a, um, and Lucens, shining, fr. 
 Lat. lux, light 
 
 Lungwort, Dan. lunge-urt, 470 
 
 Luzula, fr. It. lucciola, a glow-worm, so 
 called from the shining capsules ; L. 
 arcuata, fr. arcus, a bow, 274 ; L. Bor- 
 reri, 273 ; L. campestris, 274 ; L. Fors- 
 teri, 273; D. multiflora, 274; L. pi- 
 losa, 273 ; L. spicata, 274; L. sylvatica, 273 
 
 Lychnis, fr. \vxyos, light, a name given to 
 BO me plants like these, parts of which 
 served for lamp-wicks, 56, 764 ; L. alpina, 
 765 ; L. diurna, fr. diu, in the day, 764 ; 
 L. Flos-cuculi, cuckoo-flower, because it is 
 in flower when that bird arrives, 57, 764; 
 L. Githago, IV. yith, which has a seed like 
 a cockle, and ago, like ; Cockle is Nigella 
 sativa(?), 112, 765; L. vespertina, fr. 
 vesper, the evening, when the flowers 
 open, 764; L. viscaria, fr. Lat. viscum, 
 birdlime, 765 ; L. campion, 764, 765 
 
 Lycopodiaceee and Lycopodium, fr. AVKOS, 
 wolf, and TTOVS, claw, 162 ; L. clavatum, 
 fr. clauis, a club, hence all the f-pecies 
 are named club-mosses, 162 ; L. alpinum, 
 163; L. annbtinum, fr. annotinus, a, um, 
 naves annotince, ships built the last year, 
 or rather employed in the last year's 
 expedition, fr. annus, a year ; L. inun- 
 datum, fr. inundat, it overflows ; it grows 
 in places that have been overflowed, 163 ; 
 L. selaginoides, Selago-like, 16i; L. 
 Selago, a name of Pliny's applied to 
 savin-like plants, which some of these 
 species resemble, 163 
 
 Lycopsis, fr. Av/cos and 01^19, resembling a 
 woLf, 465 ; L. arvensis, 466 
 
 Lycopus, fr. AVKO?, and TTOVS, foot, wolf's- 
 
 foot, 421 ; L. europaeus, 421 
 Lyrate, fr. lyra, a lyre, or pa;iduriform, 
 
 h'ke a violin, 14 
 Lysimachia, fr. Awo, I loose, I end, ju-avrj, 
 
 the strife, 69, 405 ; L. nemorum, 409 ; L. 
 
 , 
 
 little pieces of money, to which the leaves 
 of this species have .some resemblance, 
 409 ; L. thyrsiflora, fr. Qvp<ros, truss, or 
 cluster, 409 ; L. vul^aris, 408 
 Lythraceae, and Lyihrum, fr. Auflpoi/ (?), 
 blood, in allusion to the colour of the 
 flowers, 655, 656 ; L. hysopitoliuin (hy- 
 sopifoiia in text, corrigend], 656 ; L. 
 Salicana, the leaves resemble those of 
 willows, 656 
 
 Maculatus, a, um, spotted, fr. macula, a 
 spot. 
 
 Madder, Ger. farber rothe (dyer's red), 
 559, 563 
 
 Madwort, or German Madwort, is sharp- 
 wort, in Ger. scharf kraut, and it is be- 
 lieved by some etymologists to be a cor- 
 ruption of A. S. mcede-wyrt, meadow- 
 wort, 472, 473. In Elfric's glossary As- 
 pf-rugo is herba pratensis. See Bos- 
 worth, in loco, 232. Madwort is probably 
 tne name given to some worm-expelling 
 plant or vermifuge, from mad or math, 
 a worm, and wort, plant or root. 
 
 Magnus, a, um, and Major, us, and Maxi- 
 mu>, a, urn, great, greater, greatest. 
 
 Maianthemum, fr. Maia and av0o<;, a flower 
 dedicated to Maia, the daughter of Atlas, 
 or to that other mythological beauty to 
 whom the month May is dedicated, 307 ; 
 M. bifolium, 307 
 
 Maithes, red, one of T.F. Forster's names, 
 or E. Forster's (?), Warner, PI. Wood, 
 MS. 
 
 Malachium, fr. /uaAax^, soft ; hence malva 
 and mallow ; M. aquaticum, 776 
 
 Malcolmia, named in honour of Mr. Win. 
 Malcolm, an eminent nurseryman, 693 ; 
 M. littorea and maritima, 693 
 
 Mallow, 13, 743, 746 ; M. musk, 55 
 
 Mallow-marsh, Merse-meallewe. 
 
 ALJva and Malvaceae, a mallow, 33, 55, 70, 
 743 ; M. ambigua, 745 ; M. borealis, 745 ; 
 M. microcarpa, 745; M. moschata, 744 j 
 M. nicceensis, 745; M. parviflora, 745j 
 M. rotundifoha, 745; M. sylvestris, 744 
 
 Maple, wild, 55, 738 
 
 Mare's-tail, 395, 396 
 
 Marigold, 31, 517 ; marsh, 57, 788 
 
 Marsh wort, 586, 587 
 
 Malaxis, fr. /u.aAao-<rw, I soften, 313; M. 
 paludosa, 313 
 
 Mariscus, fr. nxaptovcos, 263 
 
 Master wort, the counterpart of Impera- 
 tori,,596 
 
 Marrubium, fr. Heb. mara, bitter, and Cel. 
 rube, a general name for root, 432; M. 
 vulgare, 433 
 
 Marchautia and Mardiantiaceae y a compli- 
 mentary term in honour of Marchant, a 
 French botanist, 161 
 
Maritimus, a, urn, and Marinus, a, urn, fr. 
 mare, the sea. 
 
 Marram, or sea-reed, fr. Dut. marron, to 
 ku^cr, tarry, fr. Gel. tnor, the sea, be- 
 cause this piaat grows near the sea, and 
 stops its incursions, heuce marsh, moor, 
 muir, CMC., 206 
 
 Maroh marigold, 788. The flowers boiled 
 with aiuui give a good aye to paper. 
 
 Marjoraui, Kyniiig s-wyrc, is King's- wort, 
 423, 4*2 
 
 Mafaiiea and Marsileaceae, fr. Count L. 
 Jb\ Mar.-sigii, a patron of science, to whom 
 Linnaeus dedicated this genus, 164 
 
 Matiehon, Knapweed, Dan. knop-urt, 509 
 
 Matthioia, 1'r. Maithiola, a famous Italian 
 botanist, and editor of Dtoscorides, who 
 lived in 15dO, 693 ; M. incuna, 6d3 ; M. 
 sinuaia, 693 
 
 Matricaria, mater herbarum, 515 
 
 Matroualis, fr. mater, madre, Our Lady. 
 
 Mayweed, Dan. gaase-urt, 514 
 
 Meadow-rue, 780, 781 
 
 Meadow-sweet, Dan mod-urt, 620. Meadow- 
 sweet is probably a name given by our 
 Anglo-Saxon ancestors to some plant 
 used witn honey in the preparation of 
 metheglin or mead. 
 
 Meconopsis, fr. /UTJKIOI/, a poppy, and oi/fis, 
 likeness, 725; M. cambrica (Wales), 
 where this plant grows, 725 
 
 Medicago, fr. fuj&jei), Median, 663 ; M. 
 ciliaris, 666 ; M. denticulata, 665 ; M. 
 falcata, 664 ; M. lupuli ua, 664 ; M. macu- 
 lata, 664 ; M. luinima, 665 ; M. orbicu- 
 laris, 665 ; M. sativa, 664 ; M. soutellata, 
 666 ; M sylvestris, 664 ; M . tenoreana, 666 
 
 Medlar, 613 
 
 Medick, Dan. guul-klever, 664, 666 
 
 Medullary, 36, 37 
 
 Medullary sheath, 8 ; Medullary rays, 9 
 
 Melampyrum, fr. ju.eA.ai/, black, and Trupos, 
 wueut, which the seeds resemble, 451 ; 
 M. arvense, 452 ; M. cristatum, 451; M. 
 pr itense, 451 ; M. sylvaticum, 452 
 
 Melanthacete, fr. /u.eA,as, black, and avOo<s, a 
 flower, 294 
 
 Meiica, fr. mel, honey, applied to some 
 plaat, which had a sweet stem; M. 
 nutans, 209 ; M. uuiflora, 208 
 
 Melilot, 66<>, 667 
 
 Meli.otus, fr. mel, honey, and Lotus, 666 ; 
 M. arvensis, 667 ; M. messanensts, 667 ; 
 M. coerulea, 667 ; M. oificinalis, 666 ; M. 
 pitrviflora, 667 ; M. tulcata, 668 ; M. 
 vulgaris, 666 
 
 Melissa and Mellissineae, fr. /u,eA.to-(ra, a bee, 
 and mel, honey, 423, 425 ; M. omcmaiis, 
 425 
 
 Me.ittis, fr Lat. mel, honey, 427; M. 
 melissophyllum, fr. /neAtcrcra., a bee, 
 427 
 
 Membranous, thin and partly pellucid; 
 differs from scarious in being thicker and 
 not shrivelled. 
 
 Mentna, fr. Gel. min, a lip (?), and Men- 
 thoideue, 417; M. aquatica, 419; M. 
 arvensis, 420; M. citrata, 419 ; M. pi- 
 perita, 419 ; M. pulegium, fr. pulex, and 
 
 bzd 
 
 T, a flea-bane ; M. pratensis, 418 ; 
 rotundifolia, 418 ; M. sylvestris, 418 ; 
 M. viridis, 418 
 
 Menyantheae and Menyanthes, fr. /U.TJI/, a 
 mouth, and avOos, a flower ; flowers 
 during a month (?), or once had the repu- 
 tation of being a menstrual plant, an em- 
 meitagoyue (?), 479 ; M. tritoliata, 47J 
 
 Mercurialis, fr. Mercurius, Mei cury, who 
 discovered the virtue of this plant, 365 ; 
 M. ambigua, 366; M. annuus, 366; M. 
 perennis, 366 
 
 Mercury, Dan. bengel-urt (bing or bin), 
 365 
 
 Merulius, supposed fr. merula, a black- 
 bird, some of the species being of this 
 colour; a genus of >ungi (dry-iot) ; M. 
 lachrymanSy fr. laeryma, a tear, 15. The 
 exudation of this destructive pest is sup- 
 posed to resemble tears. 
 
 Mesocarp, fr. /xeeros, middle, and Kapiros, 
 fruit, 30 
 
 Mespilus, fr. fj.<rm\rj, a Medlar, /uteao? and 
 TriAtj, half a ball, which the fruit re- 
 sembles, 613 ; M. germanica, 613 
 
 Meuin, fr. (JLTJOV, applied by Dioscorides to 
 some umbellifer ; M. athamanticum, 394 
 
 Mezereon, 359 
 
 Milieae and Milium, fr. mille, a thousand, 
 or Cel. mil, a stone, in allusion to the 
 number or the hardness of its seeds, 193 ; 
 M. effusum, 210 
 
 Milkvetch, Dan. vild-lakris (liquorice), 
 673, H74 
 
 Milkwort, Dan. kors-blomster (crosswort), 
 739, 740 
 
 Miltwort, or Spleenwort, 183, 184 
 
 Mimulus, fr. Lat. mitno, I mimic, hence 
 monkey-flower, 454 ; M. luteus, 113, 454 
 
 Minor, us, and Minimus, less, least. 
 
 Mint, Dan. mynthe, fr. Lat. mentha, 
 famous as an ingredient in mint-julep, 
 one of the many cooling cordial drinks 
 of our transatlantic cousins, 49, 417, 
 420 
 
 Mistletoe, Dan. fugle-liim (bird-lime), 
 570, 571. Turdus malum sibi cacat. 
 
 Moenchia, named in honour of Mocnch (see 
 Authorities), 773; M. erecta, 773 
 
 Molinia, named in honour of G-. I. Molina, 
 an Italian botanist ; M. coarulea, 225 
 
 Mollis, e, adj., soft. 
 
 Monesis, 736 ; M. grandiflora, 736 
 
 Moneywort, Dan. penge-blad, 409 
 
 Monileform, necklace-shaped, fr. Lat. 
 monile, a necklace. 
 
 Monkey-flower, 454 
 
 Monk's-hood, 790 ; Monk's-rhubarb, 382 
 
 Monocephalous, fr. /xovos, one, and Ket^aAij, 
 head, one-headed, 23 
 
 Monochlaim dese,fr. JLLOJ/OS, one, and xA-ajuvs, 
 coat, and Monochlamydeous, 33, 70 
 
 Monoecious, fr. /u-ovos, one, and OIKOS, 
 house ; plants that have their flowers on 
 more or less distant parts of the same 
 plant; opposed to dioecious and perfect 
 flowers, 20, 22. (See Inflorescence.) 
 
 Monocotyledons, s., and Monocotyledonous, 
 adj., fr.jw.of os, one, and /coTvA^Siof, a seed- 
 
INDEX. 
 
 leaf, 7, 9, 33, 70, 131, 133, 190. The ac- 
 cent is <>n the e and not on the y. 
 
 Mouo^nou*, fr. /u,oi/os, one, and yvjrj, 
 pistil, organ of fructification, 28 
 
 Monopetaious, fr. /aoi/os, one, and TreraAoj/, 
 a leat (petal), 24 
 
 Monosepaious, fr. /AOfos, and <re7roAo?, a 
 leat, ti:i 
 
 Mo/iotropa, ;md Monotropacese, fr. ^ovo<s, 
 one, and rpeTrw, I turn, 736. The flowers 
 all turn the same way ; a more 1 descrip- 
 tive term than secunda: M. hypopitys, 
 fr. UTTO, under, and TTITVS, a pine, where 
 the spic.es grow, 737 
 
 Monspeiiensis, fr. mons, and pelion, Mont- 
 pelier, a town in France. 
 
 Montana, tr. mons, a mountain. 
 
 Montia, named in honour of J. de Monti, a 
 botanist of Boiogna, 655 ; M. fontamt, 6oA 
 
 Moonwort, Dan. miltwort, or spleenwort, 
 190 
 
 Morel, and Morchella, fr. Ger. morchel, 
 morell, 146 
 
 Morphology, 65, 66 
 
 Moschatus, a, um, and Moschatellma, 
 fr. /UUHT^OS, musk, having a smell of musk. 
 
 Motherw^rt, Dan. hierte-span, 433 
 
 " Mountain ash no eye can overlook * * * 
 Deck'd with autumnal berries that out- 
 shine 
 Spring's richest blossoms," 615 
 
 Mouse-ear Chiekweed, Dan. muus-ore, mus- 
 ore, and muse-ore, ancient glossary, 50, 
 467, 469, 774 
 
 Mouse-tail, Dan. muse-rumpe, 783 
 
 Mucedo, pi. Mucedines, mould and moulds, 
 name tr. muceo, or mucescere, to become 
 musty or mouldy, 156 
 
 Mucronatus, a, um, mucronate, with a 
 point, lr. mucrOy a short point. 
 
 Mud wort, 444 
 
 Mulgedium, fr. Lat. mulgere, to milk, a 
 miiUy plant, 54D ; M. alpinum, 540 
 
 Mullein, L>an. konge-lys (king's-candle), 
 molli*, soft (?), 458, 460 
 
 Mulsa is medc und beer (mead and beer) ; 
 Musturu is wyn unt mede (wine and mead) . 
 
 Muricatus, a, um, fr. murex, a shell, beset 
 with hard wartlike processes. 
 
 Murorum, Muralis, e, and Murinus, a, um, 
 of the walls, or growing on walls, or be- 
 lon-ing to a wall, fr. murus, a wall. 
 
 Muscari, tr. JU.QO-XOS, musk, a smell yielded 
 by some species; M. racemosum, fr. 
 racemus, a cluster, 303 
 
 Mushroom, 156 
 
 Mustard, Fr. moutarde, fr. Lat. mustum- 
 ardents, 698, 699, 700, 703, 714. " Le 
 moui ou vin doux entre dans la prepara- 
 tion de la moutarde; a mostoet ardore," 
 bcaliger. (See Alulsa and Mustum, supra.) 
 
 Myosotis, fr. /bivs, a mouse, and ovs, gen. 
 <ms, an ear, 50, 467 ; M. aroenxis, 468 ; 
 M. coe.spitosa, 467 ; M. collina, 469 ; M. 
 intermedia, 468 ; M. palustris, 467 ; M. 
 repens, 4u7 ; M. suaveolt-ns, 46S ; M. 
 sylvauca, 468 ; M. versicolor, 469 
 
 Mjosurus, tr. p-vs, mouse, and ovpa, a tail, 
 783 ; Ai. miuuiiua, 73 
 
 Myrica, fr. /aucrt/CTj, which the Greeks ap- 
 plied to the tamarix; M. Gale, Gaul, 
 gaelic, 357 
 
 Myriophyilum, fr. /xvpta?, ten thousand, 
 and <uAA.a, leaves, 606; M. altermfloi um, 
 607 ; M. spicatum, 606 ; M. verticiliatum, 
 606 
 
 Myrrhis, fr. javppa, and /avppt?, Heb. mur, 
 mara, bitter, 603 ; M. ouorata, 603 
 
 Ifaias, fr. ^fayas. a water nymph : N. 
 
 flexilis,282 
 Nanus, a, um, dwarf. 
 Narcis-us, fr. Nap/ctercro?, a poetic-mythic 
 
 hero, who fell in love with himself, not 
 
 an uncommon ailment, but tew die of it, 
 
 as this unhappy youtu did, 326 ; N. bi- 
 
 florus, 327; N. poeticus, 326; JS". 
 
 Pseudo-narcissus, 327 
 Nardese and Kdrdus, fr. vapSos, nard, 238 ; 
 
 N. stricta, 238 
 Narthecium, fr. vap9r], a rod, 304 ; 1ST. ossi- 
 
 fragum, fr. os y a bone, and frango, I 
 
 break. 
 JSTasturtium, fr. nasus and tortus, it causes 
 
 the eater to make wry faces, 697 ; JST. 
 
 amphibmm, 697; N. officinale, 697; 1ST. 
 
 palustre (terrestre), 698; I\ r . sylvestre. 
 
 698 
 
 Natans, swimming or floating. 
 Wavelwort, Dan. navle--urt, 648 
 ISemorum, of groves, fr. Lat. nemus, a 
 
 grove, and nemorosus, a, um, belonging 
 
 to groves. 
 Nemorosus, a, um, fr. Lat. nemus gen. 
 
 nemoris, a grove ; growing among trees. 
 Neottia, and .Neottiese, fr. veocro-os or t/eor- 
 
 TOS, young birds, fr. i/eos, young, 320; 
 
 N. nidus-avis, bird's-nest, 320 
 Nepeta, and Nepeteae, 426 ; 1ST. cataria, fr. 
 
 catus, a cat, cat-mint, 426 
 Neslia, 710j N. paniculata, 710 
 Nettle, Dan. ncelde, Ger. nessel and nettel, 
 
 367, 368 * 
 
 Nicotianeae, a tribe of Solanace*, 462 
 Nidulciria, a little nest, fr. nidus,, a nest ; 
 
 a genus of fungi, resembling exquisitely 
 
 delicate little nests, with a few ovules at 
 
 their base, 15U 
 Niger, nigra, um, black; nigricans and 
 
 uigrescens, blackish. 
 Nightshade, 460, -161, 462 
 Nipplewort, Dun. hare-kaal, 531 
 Nitelia, fr. niteo, I brighten; N. Bor- 
 
 reri, 169 ; N. glomerata, 167 ; N. gracilis, 
 
 16K ; N. mucronata, 168 ; N. pohsperma, 
 
 169; N. prolifera, 169; N. syncarpa, 
 
 168 ; N. tenuissima, 169; N. trauslucens, 
 
 168 
 
 Nitens, shining. 
 Nitidus, neat. 
 Nivah's, of or belonging to snow, fr. Lat. 
 
 nix, gen. 'idvis, snow. 
 Nobilis, noble. 
 Noctifloi us, a, um, flowering at night, fr. 
 
 nox, night, and^cw, flower. 
 Noiiidorus, flowering at the joints or knots. 
 Nodulose andnodosus, fr. noaus, a knot, 
 
 knotted, 5 
 
INDEX. 
 
 825 
 
 Nondehiscence, 31 
 
 Nonesuch, 661 
 
 Nudiflorus, a, um, having naked flowers. 
 
 Number of British species, 95 
 
 Nuphar, fr. vov^ap, of Uiosco rides, 727 ; N. 
 
 luteum, 727 ; N. pumilum, 727 
 Nutans, fr. Lat. nutat, nods, in allusion to 
 
 the drooping position of the flowers in 
 
 some plants. 
 Nutrition, 38 
 Nut-tree. Dan. Tiassel, 351 
 Nymphaea, and Nymphaeaceae, fr. nyrnpha, 
 
 a nymph, 726; N. alba, 727 
 
 Oak, Dan. eeg, A. S. cec, 37, 353 
 
 Obcordate, obversely heart-shaped, the 
 broader end uppermost, 13 
 
 Obione, 391 ; O. pedunculata, 391 ; O. por- 
 tulacoides, 391 
 
 Oblong, elliptical and blunt at both ends. 
 
 Obovate, obversely ovate, with the broader 
 end uppermost, 13 
 
 Odontites, fr. oSou?, a tooth. 
 
 Odoratus, a, um, fr. odor, odoriferous. 
 
 (Enanthe, fr. oivo?, wine, and av9os, flower, 
 a name anciently given to some plant 
 with a vinous odour, 6, 589 ; (E. crocata, 
 crocus-like, in allusion to its yellow juice, 
 591; (E. fistulosa, 590; (E. fluviattlis, 
 592 ; (E. Lachenalii, named in honour of 
 W. de Lachanal, a Swiss botanist, 591 ; 
 CE. Phellandrium, fr. </>\A.o? and Spvs, 
 cork-tree, 591; (E. piinpinelloides, 590 ; 
 (E. silaifolia, 590 
 
 (Enothera, fr. oti/os, wine, and 0T)pa, prey, 
 caught the wine flavour or odour, 610 ; 
 (E. biennis, 611 
 
 Officinalis, officinal, sold in shops, fr. 
 
 f cina, a shop, 
 nan's-beard, Ger.weissbart, Dut. grys- 
 baard, It. geropogon. 
 
 Oleaceae, fr. oleum, oil, 485 
 
 Oleaster, wild olive, fr. oleum, oil, 485 
 
 Onagracese, Mr. oi>aypo?, oros, an ass, and 
 aypos, wild, Fr. onagre (cenothera), herbe 
 aux aneg, so called because it was be- 
 lieved that the ass prefers it to a thistle, 
 607 
 
 Onobrychis, fr. ovos, an ass, and fipvxy, 
 food, fi83 ; O. sativa, 683 
 
 Ononis, fr. o^os, an ass, 660 ; O. antiquorum 
 (of thn ancients), 661 ; 0. arvensis, 660; 
 O. reclinata, 661 
 
 Onopordum, fr. 01/05, an ass, and TrepSw, 
 Lat. pedo, q. v., 502 ; O. Acanthium, 503 
 
 Ophioglossacese, and Ophioglossum, fr. 
 o<f>i<>, serpent, and yAwo-o-a, a tongue ; O. 
 lusitanicum, 190 ; O. vulgaturn, 190 
 
 Ophrys, fr. o<pvs, eye-lashes, 318 ; O. api- 
 fera fr. apis, a bee, 74, 318 ; O. arach- 
 nites, fr apaxvy, a spider, 74, 319 ; O. 
 aranifet a, fr. aranea, spider, and fero, I 
 bear, 74, 319 ; O. fucifera, fr. fucus, a 
 drone, &c., 319 ; O.muscii'era, fr. musca, 
 a fly, &c., 317 
 
 Oporinia, 535 ; O. autumnalis, 535 
 
 Opulus,or water-elder, or guelder-rose, 564 
 
 Orache, or Arraehe, or Orage, fr. aurum, 
 gold, a valuable herb, 388, 390 
 
 Orbicular, and Orbicularis, quite round, fr. 
 Lat. orbis, a circle. 
 
 Orchid, Ger. ragwurz, 33, 74, 81, 89, 314 
 
 Orchidacese, and Orchis, 313, 314, 320 ; O. 
 fusca, 314 ; 0. hircina, fr. hircus, a goat, 
 the plant having a rank smell, 316 ; O.lati- 
 folia, 316 ; O. laxiflora, 315 ; O. maculata, 
 315 ; O. mascula, fr. mas, a male, 315 ; 
 O. militaris, 314; O. Morio, fr. moria, 
 folly, and morio, a fool, 315 ; O. pyra- 
 midalis, 316 ; O. tephrosanthos, fr. re^pos, 
 grey, and avBos, a flower, 315; O. ustu- 
 lata, 314 
 
 Organs, compound, 3 
 
 Organic bases, 39 
 
 Origanum, fr. opo?, a hill, and yai/eo), I love, 
 422; they grow in open places; O. vul- 
 gare, 423 
 
 Ornithopus, fr. opi/is, and TTOVS, bird's-foot, 
 682 ; O. perpusillus, 682 
 
 Ornithogalum, fr. opi/i?, a bird, and yoAa, 
 milk, or pigeon's milk, for which the 
 gouks are dispatched on the feast of All- 
 fools ; O. nutans, 300; O. pyrenaicum, 
 299 ; O. umbellatum, 299 
 
 Orobanchacese, and Orobanche, fr. opo/3os, 
 and ayx eLV ) to strangle, because they in- 
 fest the roots of leguminous and other 
 plants, 454 ; O. amethystea, like an 
 amethyst, 456; O. arenaria, 457; O. 
 caryophyllacea, 455 ; O. coerulea, 457 ; 
 O. elatior, 455 ; O. Hederae, 456 ; O. 
 minor, 456; O*. Picridis,456; O.rarnosa, 
 457 ; O. rapum, 455 ; O. rubra, 456 
 
 Orpine, Dan. kraeft-urt, 650 
 
 Orthotropal, fr. op^o?, right, and rpeTrto, I 
 turn, when the foramen is opposite to the 
 hilum, 29, 30 
 
 Orthospermse, fr. op0o?, straight, and 
 o-7rep//,a, seed, 579 
 
 Osier, 340, 336, 350. (See Willow.) 
 
 Osmunda and Osmundeae, fr. A. S. Osmund, 
 a proper name, fr. os, heroic, and mund, 
 defence, hence manus(?), 189; 0. re- 
 galis, royal, fr. rex, king, 189 
 
 Ovatus, ovate, like an egg, fr. ovum, egg, 
 the section of which is ovate, 13 
 
 Ovary, fr. onarium, 27 
 
 Ovule, the immature seeds, 28 ; ascending, 
 30 ; descending, 30 
 
 Oxaridacese, and Oxalis, fr. ou?, acid, 753, 
 754; O. Acetosella, 754 ; 0. corniculata 
 (cornu), 754 ; O. stricta, 754 
 
 Ox-eye, Dan. oxe-oeye, 516 ; Ox-eye daisy, 
 52; Ox-heel is bear's-foot; Ox-tongue, 
 Dan. oxe-tunge, 465, 536 (Ossentuuge, 
 buglossa) ; Ox-ear is Anemone nem. } Dan. 
 oxe-oere, 
 
 Oxyria, fr. ous, sharp, 382; O.reniformis, 
 383 
 
 Oxytropis. fr. o^v?, sharp, and rpoTrts, a 
 keel, sharp-keeled, a character of the 
 genus, 674 ; O. campestris, 674 j O. ura- 
 lensis, 674 
 
 Paeonia, a mythic name ; a physician who 
 
 cured Pluto ; P. coralllna, 791 
 Paigles, or Patrils, Dan. koblomme, 406 
 Pallescens, fr. pallesco, I become pale. 
 H H H 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Palmatus, and Palmate, fr. palma, having 
 lobes like the fingers of the hand, 15 
 
 Paludal or Palustral, 75 ; Paludosus, a, urn, 
 and Palustris, e, fr. palus, gen. paludis, a 
 marsh, 75 
 
 Pamceus, a, urn, fr. Panicum, like a pamc- 
 
 Panicese, and Panicum, fr.panis, bread (?), 
 because some of the species yield bread- 
 corn, 193, 194; P. Crus-galli, fr. crus, a 
 letr, and gaUus, a cock, 194 
 
 Panic uiatus, a, um, in a panicle, fr. Lat. 
 panicula. 
 
 Pansy*, Dan. trefoldiglieds blow, (tricolor), 
 688. " Pansy freaked with jet." 
 
 Papaver, and Papaveracese, fr. Gel. papa, 
 because it was exhibited as pap, C. B. 
 pabi, hence poppy, 24, 33, 723 ; P. Arge- 
 mone, fr. ap-ye/xconj, a remedy for a dis- 
 ease of the eye, 56, 724 ; P. dubium, 724 ; 
 P. hybridum, 724; P. nudicaule, 724; 
 P. Rhceas, fr. poia, pomegranate, which 
 the capsule resembles ; granat-apple, in 
 allusion to the shape of the fruit, 724 ; P. 
 somnilerum, fr. Lat. somnus, sleep, and 
 fero, I cause, 723 
 
 Papilionaceous, fr. papilio, a butterfly, 25 
 
 Paradoxa, like ambiquus, dubius, &c. It 
 means that the species is doubtful or 
 paradoxical. 
 
 Parenchyma, fr. -rrapa, about, and eyxufia, 
 extended in all directions around, 13; 
 Parenchymatous, adj., an effusion, porous, 
 fleshy, cellular, 153 
 
 Parietaria, fr. paries, a wall, 369 ; P. offici- 
 nalis, 369 
 
 Paris, fr. par, equal, four sepals, four 
 petals, &c., 308; P. quadrifolia (four- 
 leaved), 308 
 
 Parnassia, fr. Mount Parnassus, 26, 729 ; 
 P. palustris, 729 
 
 Parnassus, grass of, 729 
 
 Parsley, bur, 585, 586, 600 ; fool's or dog's, 
 589 ; garden, 65 ; piert, 647 
 
 Parsnep, sea, 605 ; water, 587 ; cow's, 
 597 
 
 Partite, or parted, divided into segments 
 lieaiiy to the base, 14 ; bipartite (two- 
 parted), tripartite (three-parted). 
 
 Parviflorus, a um, small-flowered. 
 
 Pascual plants, 78 
 
 Pastinaca, fr. pasco, I eat, pastus, eatable, 
 596 ; P. sativa, 597 
 
 Patulus, a, um, spreading, " patulae sub- 
 tegmine fagi." 
 
 Pauciflora, fr. pauci and flores, few-flowers. 
 
 Pauls Betony (Thyme-leaved Speedwell), 
 49, 411 
 
 Pendulus, a, um, pendulous, fr. pendere, to 
 hang down. 
 
 Piluliterus, a, um, bearing hairs. 
 
 Praecox, early. 
 
 Pulicaris, fr. Lat. pulex, a flea, like a 
 flea. 
 
 Pea, 30, 657, 680, 681 
 
 Pear, fr. Gel. peren, 54, 614 
 
 Pearlwort, 768, 769 
 
 Pectinatus, having a comb, fr. pecten, a 
 comb. 
 
 Pe"date, fr. pes, a foot, when the lateral 
 
 leaflets of a palmate or digitate leaf are 
 
 united, as in many Eubi, 16 
 Pedatifidus, a, um, like palmate, but having 
 
 the lateral lobes divided. (See Pedate, 
 
 and Fig. 47, p. 16.) 
 Pedicel, a little foot. fr. pes, a foot, 
 
 20 
 Pedicular is, fr. pediculus, a parasitical 
 
 hexapod, and morbus pedlcularis, for 
 
 which these plants were specifics, 71, 450 ; 
 
 P. palustris, 450 ; P. sylvatica, 450 
 Peduncle, fr. pes; a little foot, 20 
 Pedunculatus, a, um, peduncled. 
 Pellitory, Dan. St. Peder's-urt, dag-og-nat 
 
 (day-and-night), 369 
 
 Peltate, ir.pelta, a buckler (Fig. 17, p. 11). 
 Pendulus, a, um, pendulous,- drooping, fr. 
 
 pendere, to hang, 27 
 Pennatus, fr. penna, a feather, resembling 
 
 a feather. 
 
 Penny-cress, Dan. penge-urt, 712 
 Penny-royal, Dan. vand-poley (water- 
 
 poley), 420 
 Pepper saxifrage, 593 
 Pepperwort, 714, 715 
 Peplis, 656 ; P. Portula, 657 
 Perennial, fr. Lat. perennis, e, fr. per, and 
 
 annus, of long duration, 42 
 Perfoliatus, a, um, and Perforate, the leaf 
 
 surrounding the stem, 17 
 Perianth, fr. irepi, about, and avOos, flower, 
 
 70 
 Pericarp, on or around the fruit, fr. Trepi, 
 
 and icapTros, fruit, 30 
 Perigynous, fr. Trepi, about, and yvvon, the 
 
 organs of fructification, 33 
 Peristome, the teeth about the urn-like 
 
 theca of a moss, fr. Trepi, about, and 
 
 O-TO/XO,, the mouth, 161 
 Periwinkle, fr. pervinco, A. S. peruince, 
 
 50, 484 
 
 " There sprang the violet al newe, 
 And rich perwiuke rich of hewe." 
 
 Chaucer. 
 
 Permanent or persistent, 62 
 Petasites, fr. Trerao-o?, a cover, which the 
 
 leaves afford, 530 ; P. vulgaris, 530 
 Petiole, a leaf-stalk, 11 ; lamina, the blade 
 
 or flat part of a leaf, 11 
 Petiolaris, having a petiole. 
 Petraea, us, um, fr. Trerpo?, a rock. 
 Petroselinum, fr. Trerpos, a stone, and seli- 
 
 num, parsley, 585 ; P.^ativum, 586 ; P. 
 
 segetum, fr. seges, growing corn, 586 
 Peucedaneae and Peucedanum, fr. Treu/crj, 
 
 a pine, and Saves, fr. Scn/eicjco, I increase ; 
 
 P. ofncinale, 596; P. Ostruthium, fr. 
 
 a-TpovOiov, a sparrow (?), 596; P. palustre, 
 
 596 
 Peziza, or Pezica, a name given by Pliny to 
 
 some fungus. A genus of beautiful cup- 
 
 or saucer-shaped fungi. 
 Phalaridese and Phalaris, fr. <oAos, 
 
 shining, 193 ; P. arundinucea, 196 ; P. 
 
 canariensis, 196; P.paradpxa, 196 
 Phallus, a genus of fungi, fr. 
 
 (Priapus), 156 
 Pheasant's-eye, 783 
 
INDEX. 
 
 827 
 
 Philodoce, <J>tAea>, I love, 491 ; P. coeru- 
 lea, 491 
 
 Phleum, $Aeo? = reed-mace, 197 ; P. pra- 
 tense, 197 ; P. Boehmeri, 198 ; P. Mi- 
 chelii, 198 ; P. arenarium, 198; P. aspe- 
 rum, 198 ; P. alpinum, 199 
 
 Phragmites, fr. $pay/u,o>i/, a thorn hedge, 
 217 ; P. communis, 217 
 
 Physiology of the embryo, 63 ; of the re- 
 productive organs, 62 
 
 Physospermum, fr. <f>v(ra., a bladder, and 
 0-7repju,a, seed, 604 ; Ph. cornubiense, fr. 
 Cornovia, Cornwall, where the plant 
 grows, 604 
 
 Phyteuma, fr. (vreuju,a, and QVTOV, a plant, 
 499; P. orbiculare, 499; P. spicatum, 
 499 
 
 Phytology, fr. <f>vros, a plant, and Aoyos, 
 science, knowledge, 1 
 
 Picris, fr. Trtxpos, bitter, 536; P. hiera- 
 cioides, 536 
 
 Pig-nut, or earth-nut, 53, 588 
 
 Pilcorn, avena fatua, 213 
 
 Pilewort, the Danish pilewort is Polygonum 
 amphibium, 787 
 
 Pilosus, a, um, hairy, and Piluliferus, a, 
 uni, fr. pihts, a hair, and fero, I 
 bear. 
 
 Pilosellen-muschoren, mouse-ear, 543 
 
 Pimpernel, fr. pampinus, a vine-shoot, 
 30, 411 
 
 Pimpinella, fr. bipennula, as Linnaeus con- 
 jectures ; Pimpernel, Ger, biebernel, fr. 
 bieber, a beaver, beaverwort, 588 ; P. 
 magna, 588 ; P. Saxifraga, 588 
 
 Pine, ground, 438 
 
 Pine family, 332 
 
 Pinguicula, fr. pinguis, fat, because of the 
 unctuous leaves, 413 ; P. alpina, 413 ; 
 P. grandiflora, 413 ; P. lusitanica, 413 ; 
 P. vul-aris, 413 
 
 Pink, 30, 757, 760 
 
 Pinna, the primary division of a pinnate 
 leaf. 
 
 Pinnae, the primary leaflets of a pinnate 
 leaf ; pinnules are the secondary leaflets. 
 
 Pinnatitid, fr. fido, I cleave, and pinna, a 
 feather ; leaf divided nearly to the axis 
 into segments, as a feather is, 14 
 
 Pinnutum, us, a, pinnate, leaflets ar- 
 ranged on both sides of a common 
 petiole. 
 
 Pinnate, or pinnated, fr. pinna; a feathered 
 leaf, 16. Bipinnate, twice-pinnated or 
 feathered, 16. Unequally pinnate, when 
 there are more leaflets on one side than 
 on the other, or when the whole is ter- 
 minated by an odd leaflet, 16 
 
 Pinus, Cel. ben or pen or pin, mountainous 
 parts, where this tree grows (?), 333 ; P. 
 sylvestris, 333 
 
 Pinny, 791 
 
 Pistil, 27 
 
 Placenta, that part of the ovary which 
 bears the ovules, 29 
 
 Placentation, the arrangement or situation 
 of ovules on the placenta, 31 ; basal, 
 30, 31 ; axile, 31 ; central, 31 
 
 Plantae cellulares, 115; Plantae phane- 
 
 rogamae, fr. ^cu/epos, evident, and ya/Aos, 
 union, 32 , Plantse ductulosae, 3 ; Plantae 
 eductulosse, 3; Plantae eryptogainae, 
 32 
 
 Plantaginaceae and Plantago, fr. TrAarus, 
 broad, and Lat. planta, the foot (see 
 " Phytologist," N. S., vol. i. p. 14), 51, 
 399 ; P. arenaria, 401 ; P. Coronopus, 
 crowfoot, 401 ; P. lanceolata, 401 ; P. 
 major, 400 ; P. maritima, 401 ; P. media, 
 401 
 
 Plantain, Da.n. vey-brede, and faare-tunge 
 (sheep 's-tongue), 399, 400 
 
 Plants, agrarial, 82 ; aquatic, 75 ; dumetal, 
 81 ; littoral, 77; palustral, 76; pascual, 
 78 ; rupestral, 85, 86 ; viatical, 85, 86 ; 
 
 ?lants introduced by the religious orders, 
 07 
 
 Platypetalus, a, um, having broad petals ; 
 Platyphylla, broad-leaved. 
 
 Plicate and plicatus, a. um, fr. plica, a 
 fold, folded, 18 
 
 Plowman's spikenard, Dan. trold-urt (wiz- 
 zard-wort) 523 
 
 Plum, 614 
 
 Plumbaginacese, fr. plumbum, lead, be- 
 cause some of the species are of a leaden 
 colour, 402 
 
 Plumule, fr. plumula, a little feather, 
 31,36 
 
 Pluri-locular, multi-locular, having seve- 
 ral or many cells, 28 
 
 Poa, fr. TTOTJ, a grass ; P. alpina, 219 ; 
 P. annua, 218 ; P. Balfourii, 220 ; P. 
 bulbosa, 218 ; P. caesia, 219 ; P. com- 
 pressa, 221 ; P. laxa, 218 ; P. minor, 
 219 ; P. montana, 220 ; P. nemoralis, fr. 
 nemus, a grove, 219 ; P. Parnellii, 220 ; 
 P. polynoda, TroAvs, and nodus, a knot, 
 221 ; P. pratensis, 220 ; P. sudetica, fr. 
 the name of a chain of mountains in 
 Germany, where this grass grows; P. 
 trivialis, 221 
 
 Podagraria, gout, fr. TTOUS and ceger. 
 
 Poeticus, a, um, poetic. 
 
 Polemoniaceae, Polemonium cceruleum, fr. 
 TroAeju.05, war, 28, 477, 478. Two kings 
 went to Avar about this plant, "reges 
 delirant plectuntur Achivi." 
 
 Pollen-grains, 28 
 
 Polycarpon, fr. TroAvs, much, and /caprro?, 
 fruit, 654 ; P. tetraphyllum, four-leaved, 
 654 
 
 Poly gala and Polygalaceae, fr. TroAv?, much, 
 and yaAa, milk, 739, 740 (per antiphra- 
 sin?); P. austriaca, 741; P. calcarea, 
 741 ; P. vulgaris, 740 
 
 Polydelphous, fr. TroAvs, many, and aSeA- 
 $09, a brother, 26 
 
 Polygonacese and Polygonum, fr. TroAus 
 and yow, many-angled, in allusion to the 
 flexuous or bent stems, 30,76,89, 110,373; 
 P. amphibium, fr. aju.0t, both, and /Sco?, 
 life, it lives on both land and water, 375 ; 
 P. Bistorta, fr. tortus, twisted, as the 
 roots are, 375 ; P. aviculare, fr. avis, a 
 bird, and avicula, a little bird, and avicu- 
 laria, an aviary or bird-cage, 377 ; P. con- 
 volvulus, fr. volvo, I roll, 378; P. dume- 
 
828 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 torum, 378 ; P. Hydropiper, fr. vScop, 
 water, and piper, pepper, 377 ; P. laxum, 
 376 ; P. maritimum, 378 ; P. minus, 377 ; 
 P. mite, 376 ; P. Persicaria, 376 ; P. la- 
 pathiiblium, 377 ; P. Kaii, in honour of 
 the famous John Raj, 378 ; P. viviparum, 
 375 
 
 Polygonatum, fr. TroXv?, many, and yow, 
 angle, o06; P. multiflorum, 306 ; P.ver- 
 ticillatum, 307 ; P. vulgare, 306 
 
 Polygonous, fr. TTOA.VS, many, and yvvy, 
 the pistil, many pistils, 28 
 
 Polypetalous, fr. 7roA.vs,and Trera\ov, having 
 many petals, 24 
 
 Polypodieae and Polypodium, fr. TroAvs, 
 and novs, foot, 174; P. alpestre, alpine, 
 175; P. calcareum, fr. calcar, lime, where 
 the species grows, 175 ; P. Dryopteris, 
 fr. Spvs, an oak, and Trrepis, a fern, 174 ; 
 P. flexile, pliant, 175 ; P. Phegopteris, 
 fr. </>eyo5, a beech, andTrrepis, afern, 174; 
 P. vulgare, 174 
 
 Polypogon, fr. TroAvs, much, and irwycoi/, a 
 beard, very hairy plants, 208 ; P. litto- 
 ralis, fr. Littus, the shore, 208; P. mons- 
 peliensis, 208 
 
 Poiysepaious, fr.7roAvs,many, and <re7raAoi>, 
 a leaf, having many sepals, 23 
 
 Polysperma, many-seeded, fr. TroAvs, much, 
 a.nd oTrepjua, seed. 
 
 Polystachion, fr. TroAvs, many, and crraxv?, 
 an ear. 
 
 Poly stic hum, fr. TroAvs, many, and omxos, 
 row or rank, in allusion to the many, 
 rowed fructifications, 179; P. aculeatum, 
 fr. acus, a needle, sharp pointed, 179; 
 P. angulare, fr. angidus, an angle, IbO; 
 P. Lonchitis, fr. \oyxn, a lance, to which 
 the frond has no slight resemblance, 180 
 
 Pomaceae and Pomum, 612 
 
 Poor man's weather-glass, 411 
 
 Poplar, white and black, Dan. poppel-pitl, 
 350 ; arrow, 351 
 
 Poppy, Dan. korn-rose, 723, 725 
 
 Popular names, 124 
 
 Populus, fr. TraAAco, I brandish, and 
 TraiTraAAw, I quiver (?), Ger. weisspappel, 
 Dun. poppel-trae, 350; P. alba, 350; 
 P. cauescens, 350; P. nigra, 351; P. 
 tremula, 351 
 
 Porous, fibrous, and spiral cells, 2 
 
 Porphyra, fr. Trop^vpa, the purple snail, 
 from which the exquisite Syrian dye was 
 obtained, 151 
 
 Portulacese, 655, and Portiila, a name ap- 
 plied to some plant whose leaves resembled 
 little ports or gates. 
 
 Potumacese, fr. TTOTO./XOS, a river where the 
 species grow, 282 
 
 Potamogeton, fr. Trora/u-os, river, and -yeiTt 
 near, 283 ; P. acutifolia, 287 ; P. com- 
 pressa, 287; P. crispa, 285; P. densa, 
 286 ; P. fililormis, 287 ; P. flabeUata, 287 ; 
 P. jluitans, 285 ; P. graminea, 287 ; P. 
 heteropliylla, 284; P. lanceolata, 284; 
 P. longifolia, 286; P. lucens, 285; P. 
 nutans, 283; P. oblonga, 284 ; P. pecti- 
 nata, 288; 1'. perfoliata, 285; P. plan- 
 taguiea, 2S5; P. pusilia, 287; P. ruie- 
 
 scens, 284; P. trichoides, 288; P. zos- 
 tereefolia, 287 ; P. zosteracea, 287 
 Potentilla and Potentilleae, a genus and 
 tribe of Bosaceae, fr. potentia, power ; 
 potentilla, little efficacy, 21, 70, 621 ; 
 P_. alba, 624 ; P. alpestris, 623 ; P. anse- 
 rina, 625 ; P. argentea, 623 ; P. comarum, 
 fr. Ko/xapos, a name given by Theophrastus 
 to some plant, 625 ; P. Fragaria, 621 ; P. 
 fruticosa, 625 ; P. opaca, 623 ; P. reptans, 
 622 ; P. rupestris, 625 ; P. bibbaldia, in 
 honour of Dr. Sibbald, 624 ; JF. Tormen- 
 tilla, fr. tormina, dysentery, 622 
 Po.terium, meansadrinking-cup, the leaves 
 of this or some similar plant being used 
 in the preparation of " a cool tankard," 
 645 ; P. muricatum, 646 ; P. iSanguisorba, 
 646 
 
 Prsecox, fr. prce, before, and coquo, early, 
 early ready, rath ripe. 
 
 Prselongus, very long. 
 
 Praernorse, or truncate, 5 
 
 Pratensis, e, fr. pratum, a meadow. 
 
 Primine, 29, 31 
 
 Primrose, fr. primus, and rosa, early flower, 
 25, 50, 405, 406, 407 
 
 Primula and Primulaceae, fr. primus, early, 
 some of them flower early, 24, 31, 50, 71, 
 405, 406, 408; P. elatior, 406; P. fari, 
 nosa, 406 ; P. scotica, 407 ; P. veris, 406 ; 
 P. vulgaris, 406 
 
 Privet, Print, or Primprint, fr. A. S. prut, 
 pride, beauty, pryfetses privet, 50, 486 
 
 Procumbens, ir.procumbo, I lean forwards,8 
 
 Proliferus, a, um, productive, fr. proles, 
 offspring, andferre, to bear. 
 
 Propiuquus, a, um, near. 
 
 Prostratus, a, um, prostrate. 
 
 Prunella, fr. Ger. braune, quinsy, hence 
 Erunella and Prunella, 434 ; P. vulgaris, 
 434 
 
 Prunus, fr. rrpovvq, Theoph., 617 ; P. avi- 
 um, fr. avis, a bird, 618; P. Cerasus, 
 same root as cherry, 619 ; P. Padus, 618 ; 
 P. spinosa, 618 
 
 Ptarmica, Gr. Tr-mp/Ai/ci], sneezewort, 513 
 
 Pteridese and Pteris, fr. Trrepts, a fern, fr. 
 Trrepoi>, a wing, 187 ; P. aquilina, aquila, 
 an eagle, 187 
 
 Pubescens, fr. pubes, down, downy. 
 
 Pudding-grass, Pulegium. 
 
 Pulchellu^, a, um, fair. 
 
 Pulicaria, fr. pulex, a flea, flea- wort or bane, 
 522j P. dysenterica, 522 ; P. vuigaris, 522 
 
 Pulicaris, fr. pulex, a flea. 
 
 Pullus, a, um, pale or black (?),pullum olus 
 or olusatrum, a black herb. 
 
 Puilus, a, um, a sprout or shoot. 
 
 Pulmonaria, fr. pulmo, the lungs, Dan. 
 lunge-urt, 470; P. angustifolia, 471; P. 
 officinalis, 471 
 
 Pyre" thrum, fr. Trvpe0poi>, and Trvp, fire, 515 ; 
 P. Chamomilla, 515; P. inodorum, 516; 
 P. Leucauthemum, ACVKOS, white, 516 ; P. 
 maritimum, 516; P. Partheniuin, 516 
 
 Pulverulentus, a, um, fr. Lat. pulvis t 
 powder, powdery. 
 
 Purpureus, a, um, purple. 
 Pusillus, a, um, small. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 829 
 
 Pyramidalis, shaped like a pyramid. 
 
 Pyrola and Pyrolacece, fr. Lat. pyrus, a 
 pear, pyrola, a little pear, 50, 735 ; P. 
 media, 735; P. minor, 735; P. rotundi- 
 folia, 735 ; P. secunda, one-sided, or 
 flowers on one side, or unilateral, 736 
 
 Pyrus, fr. Cel. peren, a pear, 614 ; P. com- 
 munis, 614; P. Malus, 614 
 
 Quake-grass, or Cow-quake, Dan. lefver- 
 grces, 225 
 
 Quaternate, fr. quatuor, four, "when four 
 leaflets, &c., are attached to a common 
 axis or centre, 16 
 
 Quercus, Cel. quer, beauty, and quez, tree, 
 (uncertain); some say fr. ^otpo?, a hog, be- 
 cause hogs eat acorns ; fr. the same root 
 as cork, which is produced by one of the 
 oaks. Q. intermedia, 353 ; Q. peduncu- 
 lata, 353 ; Q. sessil'iflora, not peduncled 
 353 
 
 Quillwort or Merlin's grass, 164 
 
 Quinate, fr. qiiinque, five, when five are at 
 tached to a common axis, 16 
 
 Quince, 614 
 
 Eacemosus, clustered, fr. racemus, a cluster 
 Each or Eachis, fr. paxt?, the vertebra, back- 
 bone, stalk of a compound leaf, axis of a 
 series of flowers. 
 Eadiate, or whorled, in rays from a centre 
 
 17 
 Eadicatus, a,um, having a root, fr. radix, a 
 
 root. 
 
 Eadicle, a little root, fr. radix, a root, 31 
 Eadiola, fr. Lat. radius, a ray, 757 ; E.mil- 
 
 legrana, 757 
 Eagged Robin, 764 
 " When St. Barnaby bright smiles night 
 
 and day, 
 
 Poor Eagged Eobin blooms in the hay." 
 Eagweed, 528, 529 
 
 Eamalina, fr. ramus, a branch, in allusion 
 to the branching mode of their growth, 
 a genus of Lichens, 160 
 Eames-ader, herba salutaris ; Rames-ore, 
 
 herba salviarum. 
 Eamosus, a, um, branchy, abounding in 
 
 branches, fr. Lat. ramus, a branch. 
 Eampions, Dan. rapuntzel, 52, 496 
 Earns = Allium urs. and Orchis bifolia, fr. 
 ram, rank, ill-scented, hence rammish, a 
 smell like that of some plants, and espe- 
 cially that of the chestnut, when in 
 flower. 
 
 Eamson, fr. Dan. rams, a leek, hramse, an- 
 cient glossary, 301 
 
 Eanunculacese, fr. rana, a frog, and colere, 
 to dwell, they grow in marshes with the 
 frogs, 24, 33, 84, 120, 121, 779, 783 
 Eanunculeae and Ranunculus, 89, 780, 783 ; 
 E acris, 121, 785 ; E. aquaticus, 783; E. 
 arvensis, 786 ; E. auricomus, 785 ; E. Bau- 
 dotii, 784 ; E. bulbosus, 121, 786 ; E. cir. 
 cinatus, 784; E. ccenosus, 783 ; E. cordi- 
 gerus, 787 ; E. Flammula, 785 ; E. fluitans, 
 784; E. hederaceus, 783; E. hirsutus, 
 786 ; E. Lingua, 785 ; E. ophioglossifo- 
 lius, 785 j E. parviflorus, 786 ; E. repens, 
 
 121, 786 ; E. sceleratus, 787 : E. tripar- 
 titus, 784 
 
 Eaphanus, fr. paStus, early, and^atvco, lap- 
 pear, Trapa TO pa6tw<r <j)a.ive<T0at,, it springs 
 up in three days, it speedily 'springs up, 
 718 ; R. Landra,7\9 ; E. maritimus, 719 ; 
 E. Eaphanistrum, 718 
 Easpberry, Dan. hind-baer, Ger. him-baere, 
 
 54, 626 
 
 Eay's Catalogue, 9 
 ! Eeceptacle, fr. recipio, I receive, 20. (See 
 
 Compositse.) 
 
 Eectus, a, urn, erect or straight. 
 Eecumbent, reclining, 8 
 Eecurvatus, a, um, recurved, bent outwards 
 
 from the axis. 
 
 Redshanks is Tillsea muscosa, q. v., 652 
 Eeed-mace, 275 
 i Eeflexus, a, um, reflexed. 
 Repens, creeping, 7 
 Eeptans, rooting at spaced distances, as the 
 
 strawberry. 
 
 Eeseda and Eesedacete, fr. sedo, I am a 
 sedative, 29, 728 ; E. lutea, 728 ; E. Lute- 
 ola, 728 ; E. suffruticulosa, 728 
 Eest-harrow, Dan. kraqe-torn (crow-thorn). 
 
 660 
 Eesupinatus, a, um, inverted, that which is 
 
 usually underneath being uppermost. 
 Eeticulatus, a, um, netted, fr. rete, a net. 
 Eetusus, a, um, blunt and depressed at the 
 
 end. 
 Eevolute, fr. re and volvo, I roll outwards, 
 
 18 
 
 Ehamnaceae and Ehamnus, fr. ramus, a 
 branch, ramesan, ancient glossary, 684; 
 E. catharticus, 684 ; E. Frangula, 685 
 Ehinanthus, fr. pii/, a snout, and avOos, a 
 flower, the flowers are spurred, 71, 450 ; 
 E. Crista-galli, cock' s-crest or comb, 451 ; 
 E. major, 451 
 
 Ehodomenia, fr. poSoei?, rosy, and v^v, a 
 membrane, in allusion to the colour and 
 consistence of the plants, a geaus of Al- 
 gals (Algae), 154 
 Ehizanths, 116 
 Ehizome or root-stock, 7 
 Ehynchospora, fr. pvy/co?, a beak, and OTTTO- 
 pos, a seed, seed or nut (fruit) beaked, 
 258 ; E. alba, 258 ; E. fusca, 258 
 Eibes, pi., bastard corinths (currants), 
 571; E. alpinus, 572; E. Grossularia, 
 572; E. nigrum, 573; E. rubrum, 572; 
 .K. petrceum and spicatum, varieties of 
 E. rubrum. 
 
 Eibgrass or Eibwort, ribbewort, 51, 401 
 Eiccia and H icciacese, named in honour of 
 
 P. F. Eicci, an Italian botanist, 161 
 Rigid us, a, um, fr. riget, it is stiff. 
 Eiparia, us, um, fr. ripa, a bank ; growing 
 
 on the banks of rivers. 
 Roan or Eowan-tree, fr. Dan. ron, Scot, run- 
 tree or roddin-tree, 54, 615 
 Roccella, a genus of Lichens, name from 
 the discoverer of its valuable properties 
 as a dye-material, 159 ; It. tinctoria, fr. 
 tingo, I stain, 159 
 lock-rose, 689, 691 
 Eocket-sea, 717 
 
830 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Roemeria, fr. Koemer, a celebrated bota- 
 nist, 725 ; R. hybrida, 725 
 
 Eosa and Rosacese, Gr. poSov, 70, 81, 86, 
 122, 619, 639 
 
 Roseaj and Rosa, 639; R. arvensis, 643; 
 R. canlna, 640; R. cinnamomea, Heb. 
 Jcinamon, a spice, 644 ; R. Dicksoni, 644 ; 
 R. hibernica, 642; R, inodora, 641; R. 
 involuta, 642 ; R. micrantha, 641 ; R. 
 rubiginosa, 641 ; R. Sabini, 642 ; R. se- 
 pium, 641 ; R. spinosissirna, 643 ; R. sys- 
 tyla, 643; R. tomentosa, 642 ; R.villosa, 
 641 ; R. Wilsoni, 643 
 
 Rosemary, Dan. vild-rosmarin, 491 
 
 Rosette, fr. rosa, a rose, when the leaves 
 are arranged as the petals of a rose they 
 are rosulate, or in a rosette, 16 
 
 Rose-root, Ger. rosen-wurz, 651 
 
 Rotundifolius, a, um, round-leaved, fr. Lat. 
 rotundus, round, &iid. folium, a leaf. 
 
 Rubens, reddening. 
 
 Bubia, 563, and Rubiaceae, 52, 81, 558 (see 
 Rubus) ; R. peregrina, 563 
 
 Rubiginosus, a, um, rusty, fr. robigo, and 
 rubigo, rust. 
 
 Rubus, 626. " Ita dictum quod virgulta 
 ejus rubeant, vel quod mora rubra fe- 
 rat," Perot. Its shoots are reddish, and 
 it sometimes bears a red berry ; hence 
 the name. R. affinis, 628 ; R. affinis, 629 ; 
 It. amplificdtus, 629 ; R. arcticus, 637 ; 
 R. argenteus, 632 ; R. balfourianus, 630 ; 
 R. Borreri, 632; R. Bellardi, 635; R. 
 Bloxamii, 634; R. coesius, 636; R. car- 
 pinifolius, 630 ; R. chainaemorus, 637 ; R. 
 corylifolius, 630; R. discolor, 633; R. 
 glandulosus, 635 ; R. Grabowskii, 628 ; 
 R. Guntheri, 634 ; R. hirtus, 635 ; R. hu- 
 tnifusus, 631; R. idseus, 626; R. imbri. 
 catus, 628 ; R. incurvatus, 628 ; R. Kceh- 
 leri, 634 ; R. latilblius, 630 ; R. leighton- 
 ianus, 632 ; R. leucostachys, 632 ; R. 
 macrophyllus, 631 ; R. nemorosus, 636 ; 
 R. niticlus, 629 ; R. pallidus, 633 ; R. 
 pampinosus, 631 ; R, plicatus, 627 ; R. 
 pyramidalis, 634; R. radula, 636; R. 
 rhamnifolius, 628 ; R. rudis, 633 ; R. Sal- 
 teri, 630 ; R. saxatilis, 637 ; R. scaber, 
 635; R. Sprengelii, 6o2 ; R. suberectus, 
 627 ; R. sublustris, 630 ; R. vestitus, 632 ; 
 R. Wahlbergii, 637 
 
 Rue, Dan. rude, herb of grace, repent, 
 ance. 
 
 Rue-weed, Dan. rude, herb of repentance. 
 
 Rufescens and Rufus, reddish, or red, or 
 pale red. 
 
 Rugosus, a, um, wrinkled. 
 
 Rumex, fr. pvojucu (id quod traMtiir), be- 
 cause the plant was sucked to allay thirst ; 
 hence rumen, ruminatio, and rumina- 
 tion. A name given to some esculents, 
 or acidulous, thirst-quenching salads, 
 379 ; R. Acetoaa, 382 ; R. Acetoselia, 382; 
 R. alpinus, 382 ; R, aquaticus, 381 ; R. 
 conglomerate, 380; K. crispus, 381 ; It. 
 Hyclrolapatbum, 3-1 ; R. marftmins, 379 ; 
 R. obtusifolius. 380 ; R. palustris, 379 ; 
 R. pratensis, 381 ; R. pulcher, 380 ; R. 
 sangufneus, 380 
 
 Rupestral plants, 85 
 
 Rupestris, e, fr. rupes, growing on rocks. 
 
 Rupture-wort, Dan. brud-urt, brud = 
 breaking, 653 
 
 Ruppia, named in honour of H. B. Rup- 
 pius, author of "Flora Jenensis," 283; 
 R. maritima, 289 ; R. rostellata, fr. ros- 
 tellum, a little beak, and rostrum, a beak, 
 289 
 
 Ruralis, e, fr. rus, rural. 
 
 Ruscus, brusJcus, brush, Cel. beuslcelen. The 
 species were used for brooms, hence the 
 English name, Butcher' s-broom. R. acu- 
 leatus, 308 
 
 Russelliana, smithiana, weigeliana, are 
 commemorative of meritorious individu- 
 als ; for example, the Duke of Bedford, 
 Sir J. E. Smith, Stuart, Weigel, Wool- 
 gar, &c. 
 
 Rye-grass, or rather Ray-grass, 233 
 
 Saccharatus, a, um, sugary. 
 
 Sach, Scottice, is willow, Swed. sake, 335, 
 351 
 
 Saffron, 329 
 
 Sage, 421. " How can a man die that has 
 sage in his garden ? " 
 
 Sagina, Lat., and tray/ma, food which fattens 
 (by antiphrasis), or the creatures that feed 
 on it become lean, 767 ; S. apetala, 7G9 ; 
 S. ciliata, 769; S. densa, 768; S. mari- 
 tima, 768 ; S. nodosa, 767 ; S. procum- 
 bens, 768 ; S. saxatilis, 768 ; S. subulata, 
 768 
 
 Sagittaria, fr. sapitta, an arrow, which the 
 leaves of this plant much resemble, 293 ; 
 S. sagittaefolia, arrow-leaved, 293 
 
 Salicaceae and Salix, fr. salio, I leap, of 
 quick growth, 335; S. acuminata, 341; 
 S. acutifolia, 339 ; S. alba, 338 : S. 
 ambiua, 347; S. amygdalma, 339; S. 
 andersoniana, 343 ; S. angustifolia, 348 ; 
 S. aquatica, 342 ; S. arbuscula, 348 ; 
 S. aurita, 342 ; S. bicolor, 344 ; S. bor- 
 reriana, 344; S. caprea, 342 ; S. carinata, 
 349; S. cin^rea, 341 ; S. cotinifolia, 343 ; 
 S. croweana, 345 ; S. cuspidata, 338 ; S. 
 damascena, 343; S. davtilliana, 344; /S. 
 decipiens, 338 ; S. dicksoniana, 345 ; S. 
 domana, 348; S.ferruginea, 341; S. for- 
 ty ana, 340 ; S. forteriana, 343 ; S. 
 fragilis, 338; S.fusca, 347; S. glauca, 
 346 ; S. hastata, 349 ; S. Helix, 340; S. 
 herbacea, 350 ; S. hirta, 343 ; S. hoffman- 
 niana, 339 ; S. holosericea, 341 ; S. lam- 
 bertiana, 340; S. lanata, 349; S. lappo- 
 num, 346 ; S. laurlna, 344; S. malifolia, 
 346 ; S. meyeriana, 342 ; S. myrsi- 
 nites, 349 ; S. nigricans, 343 ; S. 'olei- 
 folia, 342 ; S. pentandra, 337 ; S. pe- 
 traea, 343; S. phylicifolia, 343, 344; S. 
 procumbens, 349; S. propwqua, 343; 
 !S. prostrata, 347; S. prunifolia, 349; 8. 
 radicans, 344; S. ropens, 346; S. reticu- 
 lata, 349; 8. rosmarinifolia, 348; S. ru- 
 bra, 340 ; S. rupestris, 3i3 ; S. russelliana, 
 388 ; S. smithiana, 341 ; S. sphacelata, 
 342; S. stipularis, 341; S. htuartiana, 
 346 ; S. tenuifolia, 345 ; S. triandra, 339 ; 
 
INDEX. 
 
 831 
 
 S. undulata, 339 ; S. vacciniifolia, 348 ; S. 
 viminalis, 340 ; S. vitellma, 339 ; S. wei- 
 geliana, 345 ; S. woolgariana, 310 
 
 Salicornia, fr. sal, salt, and cornu, a horn, 
 384, 392 ; S. herbacea, 392 ; S. radicans, 
 392 
 
 Sallow, Scot. saucJi, 342 
 
 Sallowthorn, 358 
 
 Salsola, fr. aA?, sea, or sal, salt, in which 
 they abound, 384; S. kali, an Arabic 
 word, 892 
 
 Saltwort, Dan. salt~urt and glas-urt, 391, 
 392 
 
 Salvia, fr. salveo, I am well, a salutiferous 
 herb, 421 ; S. clandestina, 422 ; S. pra- 
 tensis, 421 ; S. verbenuca, verbena-like, 
 421 j^ S. viridis, 422 
 
 Sambucus, fr. tra^vK-q, a musical instru- 
 ment made of this wood, 565 ; S v Ebulus, 
 56 5 ; S. igra, 565 
 
 Samolus, fr. Cel. samivl and samylen. The 
 Welsh name of this plant is claerlys (see 
 Davies, "Welsh Bot.," 24.) Both this 
 plant and Selago were of great repute 
 among the Druids. S. Yalerandi, the 
 name of a botanist, 410 
 
 Samphire, a corruption of Saint Pierre 
 (San Pierre), 591; golden, 523; prickly, 
 605 
 
 Sandalwood, 396 
 
 Sand wort, Dan. sand-urt, 766 
 
 Sanguinalis, sanguineus, sanguinaria, fr. 
 sanguis, blood, blood-red. 
 
 Sangnisorba, fr. sanguis, blood, and sor- 
 bvre,to absorb, 615; S. officinalis, 645 
 
 Sanicle, 53, 580. Qui a la bugle et la sani- 
 cle, fait aux chirurgiens la nique." 
 
 SanTcula, fr. sano, I heal, a plant of sana- 
 tive properties, 580 ; S. europsea, 580 
 
 Santalaceae, an order of Dicotyledons, 31 ; 
 Sandalwood, 39S 
 
 Sap, ascent of, 37 
 
 Saponaria, fr. sapo, soap, for which these 
 plants were anciently substitutes, 760 ; 
 S. officinalis, 761 ; S. vaccaria, fr. vacca, 
 a co\v, 761 
 
 Sarothamnus, 658; S. scoparius, 658, fr. 
 scopae, a broom. 
 
 Sassaurea, in honour of Samsure, a cele- 
 brated Swiss naturalist, 508 ; S. alpina, 508 
 
 Sativus, a, um, that may be cultivated, fr. 
 Lat. sero, I sow or plant. 
 
 Sauch, Scot., sallow, willow, 342 
 
 Saw-wort, Ger. schartendistel, 508 
 
 Saxatilis, e, growing- on rocks. 
 
 Saxifraga, 1'r. saxum, a stone, and frango, 
 I break, was a specific in calculous disor- 
 ders, 571 ; S. affinis, 576 ; S. aizoides, 577 ; 
 S. Andrewsti, 575; S. caespitosa, 576 ; 
 S. cernua, 577 ; S. (Jeum, 574; S. granu- 
 lata, 53, 577 ; S. Hirculus, 575; S. hir- 
 suta, 574; S. hirta, 575; S. hypnoides 
 (cortige hynoides), 576; S. muscoides, 
 577 ; S. nivalis, 578 ; S. opposltifolia, 53, 
 578; S. palmata, 576; S. pedatifida, 576 ; 
 S. rivularis, 578; S. stellans, 575; S. 
 tridactyhtes, 53, 577; S. umbrosa, 575 
 
 Saxifrage, stone-break, A. S. steen-breke, 
 573. 578 ; golden, 53, 574 
 
 Scaber, scabra, uni, and scabriusculus, 
 
 rugged, and rather rugged, has the same 
 
 root as scabies or scab. 
 Scabiosa, fr. Lat. scabies or scab, 554 ; S. 
 
 columbaria, fr. columba, dove, 554; S. 
 
 succisa, 554 
 Scabious, or scabwort, Dan. skab-urt, 52, 
 
 544 
 
 Scandent, fr. scandeo, I climb, 8 
 Scandix,, fr; some word now lost, which 
 
 meant to give pain, as a prick in the 
 
 flesh, hence scandal, fr. cnccu'SaAj.c/o, 
 
 603 ; S. Pecten-veneris, Venus'-comb, 603 
 Scheuchzeria, fr. Scheuchzer, a celebrated 
 
 Swiss botanist; 289 ; S. palustris, 290 
 Schoberia, 384; S. fruticosa, 391 ; S. mari- 
 
 tima, 391 
 Schcenus, f. trxoivw, I twist, a general name 
 
 of plants, wnich were twisted into bands 
 
 or cords, 266 ; S. nigricans, 266 
 Scilla and Scilleae, fr. Lat. squilla, a sea 
 
 union, 298 ; S. autumnalis, 300; S. bifolia, 
 
 300; S. verna, 300 
 Scirpe* and Scirpus, fr. Cel. cirs, pi. cors, 
 
 hence cord, 260; S. ceespitosus, 260; S. 
 
 carinatus, 262 ; S. compressus, 263; S. 
 
 fluitans, 260; S. Holoschcenus, 261; S. 
 
 lacustris, 261 ; S. maritiiiius, 262 ; S. 
 
 parvulus, 261; S. pauciflorus, 260; S. 
 
 Eothii, 262; S. rufus, 263 ; S. Savii, 261 ; 
 
 S. setaceus, 261; S. sylvaticus, 263; S. 
 
 triqueter, 262 
 Scleranthus, fr. <rKA.eps, hard, and avOos, 
 
 flower, 654 ; S. annuus, 654 ; S, pereiinis, 
 
 654 
 Sclerochloa, fr. ovcAepo?, hard, and X^OT?> a 
 
 kind of grass, in allusion to the hardness 
 
 of the herbage, 223 ; S. Borreri, 224 ; S. 
 
 distans, 223 ; S. loliacea,224; S. niaritima, 
 
 223; S. procumbens, 224 ; S. rigida, 224 
 Scolopendrium, tr/coAoTrej/Spa, millepes, 186 ; 
 
 S. vulgare (officiuale, error), 186 
 Scorpion-grass, Dan. scorpions-urt, 467 
 Scotch parsley or lovage, q. v., 593 
 Scorodonia, fr. o-Kopo&ov, contracted <7Kop- 
 
 Sov, a leek. 
 Scrophularia and Scrophulariaceas, fr. 
 
 scrofula, the scurvy, which plants of this 
 
 order were believed to cure, 49, 81, 83, 
 
 89, 110, 438, 445 ; S. aquatica, 445 ; S. 
 
 Eftrharti, 446; S. nodosa, 7, 445; S. 
 
 Scorodonia, 446 ; S. vernalis, 446 
 Scutellaria and Scutellarineae, fr. scutella, 
 
 a buckler, 434 ; S. galericulata, helmet- 
 bearing, 435 ; S. minor, 435 
 Scurvy-grass, Dan. skior-buys-urt (scurvy), 
 
 709 
 
 Sea-chickweed, 771 ; Sea-heath, 776 ; Sea- 
 holly, 581 ; Sea-kale, 718 ; Sea-milkwort, 
 
 410; Sea-parsnep, 605 
 Secale, fr. Cel. segal, rye, 237 ; S. cereale, fr. 
 
 Ceres, a mythological deity, to whom the 
 
 cereal plants were dedicated, 237 
 Secund, or unilateral, all on one side, 
 
 ' ' Irish reciprocity," 31 
 Secundine, one of the coats of the true 
 
 seed or embryo, 29 
 Sedge, Dan. siv, Scot. sea. A. S. secq, 
 
 124 
 
832 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sedum, fr. sedeo, I act as a sedative, 648 ; 
 
 S. acre, 649 ; S. album, 101, 649 ; S. an- 
 
 glicum, 049; S. sexangulare, 649; S. dasy- 
 
 phyllum, 650 ; S. tbrsterianurn, 651 ; S. 
 
 retiexum, 650 ; S. Rhodiola, 651 ; S. 
 
 rupestre, 650; S. Telephium, 650 j S. 
 
 villosum, 650 
 
 Seges, gen. segetis, growing corn. 
 Selago (see Lycopodium Selago), so called 
 
 because it was collected with solemnity, 
 
 fr. se and lego, I collect, 163 
 Self-heal, dough-beal, 434 
 Semiamplexicaule, 'or amplexicaule, fr. 
 
 semi, halt', amplexo, I embrace, and caulis, 
 
 the stem (Fig. 50, p. 17). 
 Sempervivum, fr. semper, always, and vivo, 
 
 I live, ever living or everlasting, 651 ; S. 
 
 tectorum, 651 
 Senebiera, in honour of a botanist, 716 ; 
 
 S. coronopus, 716 ; S. didyma, 716 
 Senecio, fr. Senex, on old man (bald-head, 
 
 which the receptacles resemble when the 
 
 flowers and fruit have f alien-off), 527 ; 
 
 S. aquaticus, 529; S. erucaefolius, 528; 
 
 S. Jacobsea, 528; S. paludosus, 529 ; S. 
 
 palustris, 528 ; S. saracenicus, a vulne- 
 rary among: the Saracens, 529 ; S. sqiia- 
 
 lidus,' 528 ; S. sylvaticus, 528 ; S. vis- 
 
 cosus, 528 ; S. vulgaris, 527 
 Sengreen, house-leek, -periwinkle, 651 
 Sepals, fr. sepes, a hedge, 23. 
 Septangularis, e, seven-angled. 
 Septenate, fr. septem, seven, when seven 
 
 leaves or leaflets grow from a common 
 
 centre. 
 
 Serrated, doubly, 14 
 Serratula, fr. serra, a saw, 508; S. tinc- 
 
 toria, 508 
 
 Serotmus, a, um, fr. sero, late. 
 Service-tree, 54, 614, 615 j wild, 616 
 Seseli and Seselineae, 589 
 Sesleria and Seslerieaa, named in honour 
 
 of S. Sesler, an Italian botanist, 913 (cor- 
 
 rige Sessleria, p. 210); 8. coerulea, blue, 
 
 fr. ccelum, heaven, 211 
 Sessile, sitting, fr. sedeo, I sit, when the 
 
 leaves are without petioles (leaf-stalks) 
 
 they are called sessile, 11 
 Setaceuy, a, um, adj., fr. aeta, a bristle, or 
 
 hair, 4 
 Setaria, fr. seta, a bristle, 194 ; S. glauca, 
 
 fr. glaucus, bluish, 195; S. italica, 195; 
 
 S. verticillata, 195 ; S. viridis, 195 
 Setterwort, 789 
 Sheep' s-bit, scabious, 498 
 Shepherd's crook, Verbascum Thapsus, 
 
 q. v., 458 
 Shepherd's bodkin, or Shepherd's needle, 
 
 603; Shepherd's purse, or Shepherd's 
 
 pouch, 715 ; Shepherd's rod, D&n.gyldeti 
 
 vund-urt (golden woundwort). 553 
 Sherardia, named in honour of W. Sherard, a 
 
 patron of botanists, 559 ; S. arveusis, 559 
 Shoreweed, G-er. strandling, 402 
 Sibthorpia, nomen memorabile (see Authori- 
 ties, p. xix.), 453; S. europaea, 454 
 Signification of the names of species, &c., 
 
 125 
 Bilaus, a name applied to some umbelli- 
 
 ferous plant by Pliny, 593 ; S. pratensis 
 593 
 
 Silene, fr. o-taAoi/ and o-teAoi/ (?), fr. <7iaAi<Jo> 
 and o-taAos, Ionic o-ieAos, what is moist 
 or viscid, 761 ; S. acaulis, 764 ; S. alpes- 
 tris, 764 ; S. anglica, 761 ; S. Armeria, 
 763 ; S. catholica, 763 ; 8. conica, 763 ; S. 
 inflata, 762 ; S. italica, 762; S. maritnna, 
 763 ; S. noctiflora, 763 ; S. nutans, 762 ; 
 S. Otites, fr. ov<;, an ear, an ear-pick, 
 which the leaves resemble, 762 ; S. para- 
 doxa or patens, 762 
 
 Siliculosae, fr. siiicula, a little pouch, 706 
 
 Silverweed, Dan. gaase-urt (goosewort), 
 54, 625 
 
 Silybum, fr. <riAvj3os, a thistle-kind of plant 
 wliich bore eatable sprouts, 506 ; S. Ma- 
 rianum, Our Lady's thistle, 506 
 
 Simethis, fr. SimcEthis, a Sicilian nymph (see 
 Ovid's Met. xv.), 113, 298 ; S. bicolor, 298 
 
 Simson or Groundsel, Dan. kaars-urt. 
 inapis, fr. cnvanc, and fr. Gel. nap, a 
 turnip or cabbage, or ysniab ysnid (?), a 
 snout, in allusion to the beaked fruit, 
 hence snipe, 703; S. alba, 703; S. ar- 
 vensis, 703; S. Cheiranthus, 704; S. dis- 
 secta, 704; S. incana, 705; S. monensis, 
 fr. Mono, insula (Isle of Man), where the 
 plant grows, 704 ; S. nigra, 705 
 
 Sison, fr. Gel. sizon, a brook (?), fr. cricrwv, 
 a Syrian plant or a medicinal seed ( ?), 584 ; 
 S. Amomum, fr. O./UUOJK.OI/, the name of an 
 odoriferous plant used in the process of 
 embalming, hence mummy, that which 
 has been embalmed, 584 
 
 Sisymbrium, fr. cncrv^piov, a name given 
 to some plant, 700 ; S. Alliaria, fr. Allium, 
 a garlic-smelling plant, 700 ; S. austria- 
 cum, 701; S. Columnce, 701; S. Irio, 
 fr. iris, party-coloured, 700 ; S. officinale, 
 700; 8. pannonicum, 701 ; S. polycera- 
 tium, fr. TroAvs, much, and /cepas, a horn, 
 in allusion to the numerous horn-like 
 pods, 701 ; S. Sophia, 701 ; S. thalianum, fr. 
 flaAii/o?, sprouting, fr. 0aAAos, a sprout, 700 
 
 Sit siccar, the Scottish name of Kanuncu- 
 lus repens. 
 
 Sium, fr. Gel. siw, water, or fr. aetew, I 
 shake, quia ab rtquis crterat, 587. A 
 plant strongly recommended by Pliny 
 (Bohn's ed., vol. iv., bk. xxii., chap. 41). 
 S. anguxtifolium, 587; S. latit'oiiurn, 587 
 
 Skullcap, D&n.feber-urt, 434, 435 
 
 Sloe, Dan. slaaen-torn, 618 
 
 Sinyrniuin, fr. a~fj.vpva, and fj.vppa (?), Heb. 
 mar a, 6i)5 ; S. Olusatrum, black-herb, 
 Alexanders (a corruption of Olusatrum), 
 605 
 
 Snake-root, slange-urt, Polygonum Bistorta, 
 q. v., 374 
 
 Snakeweed, 48, 374 
 
 Snake-head, Dan. slange-hoved, 297 
 
 Snapdragon, 447 
 
 Snee/ewort, Dan. nyse-urt or nyse-krud 
 
 (nyse = sneeze), 513 
 Snowdrop, 108, 325; Snow-flake, 326; 
 
 Snow-plant, 66 
 
 Soapwort, 761, Dan. soebe-urt, 761 
 Soboles, 7 
 
INDEX. 
 
 833 
 
 Solanaceae, 10, 81, and Solanum, fr. sola- 
 men, comfort, fr. sol, the sun (?), 461 ; 
 S. Dulcamara, 461 ; S. nigrum, 462 ; 8. 
 tuberosum, 6 
 
 Solidago, fr. solidor, I unite, 524 ; S. Virga- 
 aurea, 524 
 
 Solomon's seal, Dan. Salomon's segl. 
 
 Sonchus, fr. ero-yx ? (Ainsw. Pliny, xxii. 
 22), cro^os (?), (Linn. "Ph. Bot." 183), 
 538; S. arvensis, 539; S. asper, 539; S. 
 oleraceus, 538 ; S. palustris, 539 
 
 Sorbus, fr. sorbum, an apple, or the fruit of 
 the sorb, so called quia ejus succus sorbe- 
 tur, a potable substance is obtained from 
 the fruit, 615 ; S. Aria, 616 ; S. Aucuparia, 
 fr. auceps, a fowler, because its wood 
 affords the implements of his craft, 615 ; 
 S. torminalis, because the fruit has the 
 reputation of causing the mulligrubs, 615 ; 
 S. domestica, 615 ; S. scandica (Skandi- 
 navian), 616 
 
 Sorrel, Dan. swzfr-fcaaZ (sour-kale), 379, 382, 
 334 
 
 Sorrel, wood, 753, 754 
 
 Souracks, Scottice for Sorrel, 382 
 
 Southernwood, 518 
 
 Sowbane (Chenopod) ,384 
 
 Sow-bean, Dan. soe-bonne, 463 
 
 Sow-bread, It. pan porcino, Port, pao de 
 porco, Swed. svin-brod, 403 
 
 Sow-thistle, W. Glos. su-distel. Dan. svine- 
 tidsel, 539, 540 
 
 Sparganium, fr. <nra.pya.vov, a band, in allu- 
 sion to the riband-shaped leaves, 277 ; 
 S. minimum, 277 ; S. natans, 277 ; S. ra- 
 mosum, 277 ; S. simplex, 277 
 
 Spartina, fr. Sp. esparto, a cord, some 
 similar plant being used for cordage, 
 202 ; S. alterniflora, 202 ; S. stricta, 
 202 
 
 Specularia, fr. speculum, a looking-glass, 
 498 ; 8. hybrida, 498 
 
 (The terminations aria, aster, astrum, ella, 
 ula, like oides, signify a likeness to the 
 plant whose name forms the first part of 
 the word. ) 
 
 Speedwell, Ger. ehrenpreis, Dan. cerenprijs, 
 so named because of its sanative repu- 
 tation, 49, 439, 444 
 
 Spergula, and Spergularia, like a Spergula, 
 a synonyme of Lepigonum, fr. spargere, 
 to scatter, 767 ; S. arvensis, 767 ; S. 
 . pentaudra, 767 
 
 Sphnerococcus, fr. tr^atpa, a sphere, and 
 /cox/cos, fruit, in allusion to the globular 
 fructification, 155 
 
 Spicatus, a, um, fr. spica, a spike, spiked 
 or bearing a spike. 
 
 Spica-venti, fr. spica, spike, and ventus, 
 wind ; the panicle is easily moved. 
 
 Spignel, 593 
 Spike, fr. spica, and Spikelet, fr. spicula, a 
 little spike, 20, 21. (See Inflorescence.) 
 
 Spindle-tree, Dan. been-ved (bone-wood), 
 55, 737 
 
 Spinulosa, fr. spina, a spine. 
 
 Spiraea, and Spiraeeae, fr. o-7reipeia, Theoph., 
 620 ; S. Fihpendula, fr. Jilum, a thread, 
 and pendulus, hanging, 621 ; S. salicifolia, 
 
 621; S. Ulmaria, fr. ulmus (quod noninter 
 ulmos crescit) . 
 
 Spiralis, turning or winding like a screw. 
 Spiranthes, fr. oTreipa, a spiral, and ai/0os, 
 321 ; S. aestivalis, 321 ; S. autumnalis, 
 321; S. cernua, 321 
 Ipongioles, fr. sponge, 6 
 Sporangia, Sporidia, Spore-cases, Spores, 
 Sporules, fr. <nropa, sowing or seed, fr. 
 o-Treipw, I sow, 153. The reproductive 
 matter of cellular or acotyledonous 
 plants. 
 Spurge, fr. purgo, I purge, 361. The 
 
 species are violent cathartics. 
 Spurrey, Dan. knae-graes, 767. 
 Squalidus, a, um, inelegant. 
 Squarrosus, rough, fr. squarra or scarra, 
 
 roughness. 
 Squinancy-wort, it cured the quinsy (?), 
 
 559 
 
 St. Barnabas-thistle, or Star-thistle, 510; St. 
 Jphn's-wort, 730, 734 ; St. Stephen's-wort, 
 Circaea lutetiana, q. v., 611 ; St. Mary's- 
 thistle, labium veneris, Silybum, 506 ; St. 
 Peter's-wort, 731 
 
 Stachydeae, and Stachys, fr. o-raxv?, a 
 spike, 426, 431 ; 8. annua, 432 ; 8. ar- 
 vensis, 432 ; S. Betonica, fr. Vettones, a 
 nation in Spain, whose inhabitants disco- 
 vered the quality of this herb, or fr. 
 ben, good, 431 ; S. germanica, 431; S. 
 palustris, 432 ; S. sylvatica, 431 
 Staphylea, fr. ara^u^}, a cluster, 738 ; S. 
 
 pinnata, 738 
 Starch, 39 
 Star wort, 394, 581 
 Star wort, sea, 724 
 
 Statice, fr . sto, or <rr<m<J<o, poetic, for lar^jtit, 
 I stop ; it was supposed to stop the flux, 
 404 ; S. Limonium, fr. Aet/xaji/, a meadow, 
 404; S.rariflora, 404; S. reticulata, 404 ; 
 S. spathulata, 404 
 
 Stellaria, fr. stella, a star, in allusion to the 
 radiate petals, 772; S. glauca, 773; S. 
 graminea, 773 ; S. Holostea, 56, 772 ; S. 
 media, 772; S. neniorum, 772 ; S. uligi- 
 nosa, 773 
 
 Stellatus, a, um, and Stellaris, e, fr. stella, 
 a star, the species have radiate leaves, 
 559 
 Stellulatus, a, um, fr. stellula, a little star, 
 
 starry. 
 
 Steins, subterranean and aerial, 7 
 Sticta pulmonacea, 159 
 Stictocarpa, fr. OTIKTOS, depressed, and 
 
 KapTros, fruit. 
 
 Stigma, fr. (mv/u.a, a point ; is usually but 
 not always the uppermost part of the 
 pistil, 27 
 
 Stipa, and Stipese, fr. O-TUTTTJ, silky ; stuppa, 
 flax and tow are from the same root, 
 193 ; S. pennata, 209 
 
 Stipulate, with stipules, and Stipule, a leaf- 
 % like appendage to a leaf, usually at its 
 base, or attached to its sides near the 
 base, 17 
 
 Stitchwort, Dan. oeyen-trost, 772 
 Stock, 693 
 Stomata, fr. crro/xa, a mouth, 3, 4 
 
834 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Stone-crop, 648, 650 
 
 Stone-parsley, Dan. steen-karse, 592. 
 
 Stork's-bill, Dan. stoerke-naeb, 751, 752 
 
 Strapwort, 652, 653 
 
 Strati6te,, fr. <rrp<mo>rjjs, a soldier, 310 ; S. 
 aloides, 311 
 
 Strawberry, Dan. jord-bcer, Ger. erd-beere, 
 621, 626. So called because straw is | 
 often laid between the rows, to prevent 
 the fruit being spoiled by the ruin. The 
 common ancient name is Earthberry, be- 
 cause the fruit grows on the ground. 
 
 Strawberry, barren, 53 
 
 Strawberry-tree, 492 
 
 Striatus, a, um, lined, veined, or streaked. 
 
 Strict us, a, um, adj., straight. 
 
 Strigosus, a, um, fr. strigo, lank, scraggy, 
 meagre. 
 
 Style, that part of the pistil which bears 
 the stigma, 27 
 
 Bubuiariu, fr. Lat. subula, an awl, 716; S. 
 aquatica, 716 
 
 Subterraneous, a, um, under ground, fr. 
 Lat. sub, under, and terra, the earth. 
 
 Suecory, 532 
 
 Suffoeatus, a, um, suffocated or choked. 
 
 Suffruticose, fr. sub and frutex, a shrub, 
 half-shrubby plants are so called. 
 
 Sulcate is furrowed. 
 
 Sulphurwort, Ger. haar-strang (hair- 
 strings), sow-fennel, 596 
 
 Sundew, Dan. soel-dug (sundew), 729, 730 
 
 Supinus, a, um, lying on the back. 
 
 Swallow-wort, Dan. svale-urt, 726 
 
 Sweet-briar, 641 
 
 Swine's-cress, Ger. krahenfuss, crow's-foot, 
 716 
 
 Swine's-succory, 532 
 
 Sycamore, 55, 739 
 
 Sylvaticus, a, um, and Sylvestris, e, fr. 
 sylva, -A wood or grove ; the first means 
 a woodland plant, the second a wild plant. 
 
 Sylvestral plants, 71 
 
 Symphytum, fr. crujaivw, I unite, the 
 species were reputed, vulneraries, 46(5 ; 
 S. officinale, 466 ; S. tuberosum, 466 
 
 Syncarpa, fr. <TUJ/, and KO-PTTOS, with combined 
 
 carpels. 
 Syncarpous, fr. (rvv, together or combined, 
 
 and KapTTo?, fruit, 30 
 Systyla, united styles, fr. <rvv and <rruAos. 
 
 Tamarix, Tamarixaceae, and Tamaricaceae, 
 
 777 ; T. an<ilica, 777 
 Tamus, fr. tamnus, a wild vine, Pliny, 331 ; 
 
 T. cummunis, 332 
 Tanacetum, fr. aBavavLa, a, not, and 0cu/a- 
 
 TO?, death, "no cure for death," 518 ; T. 
 
 vulgare, 519 
 Tangle, fr. the same root as tongs, fr. A. S. 
 
 tang, forceps, because it lays hold on the 
 
 rocks on which it grows, 155 
 Tare, 540 
 T.msy, Dan. reinfan, Ger. rainfarrn, 8<f 
 
 called because it grows on banks, rein 
 
 and has leaves like a fern, 519 
 Taxiuese, and Taxus, fr. TO.OS (Diosc. iii 
 
 78), 332 ; T. baccata, fr. bacca, a berry, 334 
 Taxonomy, 131 
 
 Teasel, fr. tease, to separate, Dut. harden* 
 distel = vollers kaarden, Sp. cardencho, 
 Dan. karde-tidsel (card-thistle), 552 
 Technicalities, 114, 120, 126, 130 
 Tectorum, of roofs, fr. tectum, a roof. 
 Teesdalia, in honour of E. Teesdale, a 
 Yorkshire botanist, 711; T. nudicaulis, 
 711 
 
 Telephium, fr. TelepJius, the son of Hercu- 
 les, who discovered its virtues. 
 ?emulentus, a, um, what causes ebriety, fr. 
 tementum, TO /u.e0u, quod teneat mentem, 
 602 
 
 "endril, a twisted, thread-like process, 18 
 ?enellus, a, um, fr. Lat. tennis, slender. 
 Tentwort, white maidenhair, Asplenium 
 
 ruta muraria. 
 Dennis, e, thin, fine, small, fortasse a teneo, 
 
 quia tenuia facile teneantur. 
 Fenuissima, us, um, sup. deg,, very thin. 
 Dercine, 23. 
 Deretiuscula, somewhat tapering, fr. teres, 
 
 round and tapering. 
 Derrestris, e, fr. terra, growing on the 
 
 ground. 
 Tetragonum, fr. Teoxrapo?, four, and yow, 
 
 an angle, four-angled. 
 Petragynous, having four pistils, fr. reo-cra- 
 
 pos and yvi/Yj, pistil, 70 
 Tetrahit, fr. Terapros, Epic form, rerparos, 
 
 having four angles. 
 
 Tetrasepalous, Tetrapetalous, Tetrandrous, 
 and Tetraspermum, fr. recro-apos, four, 
 having four sepals, four petals, four 
 stamens, 70 
 
 Teucrium, fr. Teucer, a royal Trojan me- 
 dical botanist, 436 ; T. Botrys, fr. /Sorpvs, 
 a cluster, 437 ; T. Chamffidrys, fr. x a t*--<-> 
 on the ground, and Spvs, oak, ground- 
 oak, 437 ; T. Scordium, fr. cncopSoi>, a 
 leek, which it is thought to savour, 437 ; 
 T. scorodonia, fr. the same (?), 436 
 Thalamus, Gr., or fr. Lat. torus, where the 
 axis of growth ends, and where the flower 
 or flowers are situated, 20 
 Thalianus, a, um, fr. Thalia (?}, one of the 
 Graces, named per antiphrasin, because 
 it has no beauty. 
 
 Thalictrum, fr. 0aA\o), I am green, or I 
 flourish, 780; T. alpinurn, 781 ; T. fla- 
 vum, 781 ; T. fluxuosum, 781 ; T. minus, 
 781 ; T. saxat'ile, 781 
 
 Thallogens, fr. 0aAAos, a sprout, and 
 yt^erat, is produced, plants in which the 
 root, stem, and leaves are not distin- 
 guished ; a synonyme of Amphigens, 
 q. v., 153 
 
 Thallophytes, fr. Oa\\o<; and <f>veii>, to pro- 
 duce, a synonyme of Thallogens, 153 
 Theca, and Thecaphore, a spore, or spo- 
 
 rule-case, fr. theca, a pouch. 
 Thapsus, fr. the island Thapsus (?) ; cat 
 /neu XP W? / aei/ Ojixoto? cyii'eTO TroAActKi 
 Oatyw (Theocrit.ii.88). Disappointed love 
 threw the poet into the yellow jaundice, 
 or coloured his skin like the Thapsus. 
 Thesium, named in honour of Theseus, the 
 mythic Grecian hero, 396 ; T. humifusum, 
 397 
 
INDEX. 
 
 835 
 
 Thlaspi, fr. 0Acuo, I flatten (flat ' pouches), 
 712; T. alpestre, 712 ; T. arvense, 7]2; 
 T. perfoliatum, 712 
 
 Thief-thorn, ancient glossary, thife-thorn 
 (Rhamnus), Christ's-thorn. 
 
 Thistle, Dan. tidsel, Ger. distil, 504, 506 
 
 Thorn, Dan. torn, 17, 18 
 
 Thorn-apple, 101, 463 
 
 Thorow-wax, 582 
 
 Thrift, Dan. bierg-nelliTce (mountain-pink), 
 402, 403 
 
 Thrincia, fr. 0pti>/cos, a feather, 534; T. 
 hirta, 534 
 
 Thyme, fr. Lat. thymus, and 0v/xos, 423 
 
 Thymeliacese, fr. flv/uo?, thyme. 
 
 Thymoideae and Thymus, fr. 0v/u.o?, 422, 
 "53 ; T. Serpyllum, fr.Lat. serpens, creep 
 ing, 423; T. vulgaris, 423. (See Ap 
 pendix.) 
 
 423 ; T. Serpyllum, fr.Lat. serpens, creep 
 ing 
 pen 
 Tilia, and Tilinceae, fr. trriXov, or 
 
 light substances, 741 ; T. europaea, 741, 
 
 742 ; T. grundifolia, 742 ; T. microphylla, 
 742; T. parvifolia, 742; T. platyphylla, 
 
 743 ; T. americana, 743 
 
 Tillsea, named to commemorate M. A. 
 Tilli, an Italian botanist and author, 
 651; T. muscosa, 652 
 
 Tissue, conducting-, 28 
 
 Toadflax, Dan. torsk-mund (haddock- 
 mouth), 447, 450 
 
 Tofieldia, so called in honour of Mr. To- 
 field, a Yorkshire patron of botanists, 
 295 ; T. palustris, 295 
 
 Tomentosus, a, urn, TO/XOS, fr. re/xi/o, I cut or 
 shave, what may be cut off. 
 
 Toothed (dentate), serrate or serrated, fr. 
 serra, a saw, 14 
 
 Toothwort, Dan. tand~urt, 457, 695 
 
 Tordylium, fr. ropSvXiov, the name given to 
 some umbelliferous plant, fr. Cel. turn, a 
 wheel, and Gr. ropvos, and Lat. tornus, 
 because the fruit is like some things 
 made by the turner's art; T. maxi- 
 mum, 598; T. officinale, 598. (Corrige 
 Tardylium, 596). 
 
 Tormentil, Dan. bloed-roed (red), 622 
 
 Torilis, fr. ropeuw, I carve, or turn, in allu- 
 sion to the carved-like seeds (see Tordy- 
 lium), 600 ; T. Anthriscus, fr. avOpvcr- 
 KOV(?), 601; T. infesta, 601 ; T. nodosa, 
 601 
 ' Torus, Lat., a couch, 20, 120 
 
 Tracheae, tissues, fr. trachea, the windpipe, 
 2,38 
 
 Tragopogon, fr. rpayo? and iroyytov, goafs- 
 beard, 537 ; T. porrifolius (leek-leaved), 
 537 ; T. pratensis, 537 
 
 Transverse, across, 18 
 
 Translucens, fr. translucet, the light passes 
 through. 
 
 Traveller s-joy, 780 
 
 * * " The Traveller's-joy, 
 Most beauteous when its flowers assume 
 Their autumn form of feathery plume : 
 The Traveller's-joy, name well bestowed 
 On that wild plant. 3 ' * * * 
 Viorna quasi via orno.na (ornament of 
 the wayside) . 
 
 Treacle-mustard, 699 
 
 Trefoil, 668, 673 
 
 Tremulus, a, um, fr. tremo, I quiver. 
 
 Trichoides, fr. Opig, rpixos, a hair, and 
 eiSw, I resemble. 
 
 Trichomanes, fr. 0pi, hair, /u,cu/ta, excess, 
 189; T. radicans, fr. radix, a root, 189 
 
 Trichonema, fr. 0pi, a hair, and i/e/xa, a 
 filament, 330; T. Columnse, Columnas, 330 
 
 Tricolor, three-coloured. 
 
 Tricornis, e, three-horned. 
 
 Trientalis, fr. triens, in fours, -109 ; T. 
 europaea, 410 
 
 Trifidus, a, um, three-cleft. 
 
 Trifoliatus, a, um, three-leaved. 
 
 Trifolium,- fr. tr&s, three, and folium, a 
 leaf, 668 ; T. arvense, 670 ; T. Bocconi, 
 671; T. filiforme, 668; T. fragiferum, 
 673 ; T. glomeratum, 671 ; T. maritimum, 
 671 ; T. medium, 669 ; T. minus, 668 ; 
 T. ochroleucum, 669; T.ornithopodioides, 
 672 ; T. pratense, 669 ; T. procumbens, 
 668; T. repens, 672; T. resupinatum, 
 673; T. scabrum, 671; T. stellatum, 
 670 ; T. striatum, 670 ; T. subterraneum, 
 671 ; T. suifocatum, 672 
 
 Triflorus, a, um, three-flowered. 
 
 Triglochin,- fr. rpec9, three, and yAw^is, a 
 point, three-pointed, 290; T. maritimum, 
 290 ; T. palustre, 290 
 
 Triglumis, e, with three glumes. 
 
 Trilliacea?, fr. Trillium, 131, 308 
 
 Trinia, named in honour of C. B. Trinius, a 
 Eussian botanist, 583 ; T. glaberrima, 583 
 
 Triodia, fr. rprj?, and ofiovs, tooth, 212. (See 
 Danthonia) . 
 
 Triphyllos, fr. rpi, and <$>v\\ov, a leaf, three- 
 leaved. 
 
 Tripinnate, thrice-pinnated, 16 
 
 Triqueter, quetra, um, four-angled or 
 sided. 
 
 Triticese and Triticum, fr. tero, I bruise, 
 because its produce is ground into flour, 
 193, 234 ; T. caninum, 235 ; T. cristatum, 
 235; T. junceum, 235; T. laxum, 235; 
 T. repens, 234 ; T. sativum, 235 
 
 Trivialis, e, belonging to trivium, a place 
 where three ways meet. Trivial names, 
 although applied as specific names, usu- 
 ally describe some accident of the plant, 
 as the duration, locality, native country, 
 &c. ; specific names, properly so called, 
 describe some quality of the plant. 
 
 Trollius, fr. (Jer. trolen, a ball; Trollblmne, 
 Dan. trol-bloemster, 788 ; T. europseus, 
 788 
 
 True-love is Paris, Dan. ulfs-baer, orjire- 
 blad (four-leaf), 308 
 
 Trunk or truncus, 7 
 
 Tuberosus, a, um, tuberous. 
 
 Tuber, truffle, a genus of exquisitely deli- 
 cate fungi, fr. t^lmet, it swells, or fr. Heb., 
 tuber, umbilicus, 156 
 
 Tubuliflorse, fr. tuba, a tube, and^os, a 
 flower, 502 
 
 Tutted or fasciculate, 17 
 
 Tulipa and Tulipeae, fr. Per. toliban, tur- 
 ban, 296; T. sylvestris, 296 
 
 Tun-hoof is Ale-hoof. 
 
 Turbinate, fr. turbo, a top, top-shaped, 24 
 
83(5 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Tursenia, fr. turgco, I swell, 600 j T. lati- 
 
 folia, 600 
 
 Turnip, Dan. Roe, vild-kaal, 702 
 Turritis, fr. turris, a tower, 698; T. glabra, 
 
 698 
 Tussilago, fr. tussis, a cough, 530 ; T. Far- 
 
 fara, fr. far, corn (?), among which it 
 
 grows, or fr. </>apo>, I plough, because the 
 
 land is ploughed for corn, 530 
 Tutsan, fr. Fr. tout-sain, all-heal, 730, 733 
 Twayblade, Dan. toblad, 322 
 Typha and Typhaceae, fr. TV$O?, a marsh 
 
 where the plants grow, 275 ; T. angusti- 
 
 folia, 276; T. latifolia, 276 
 
 Ulex, fr. Gel. ec or ac, a sharp point, 659 ; 
 U. europaeus, 659 ; U. Gallii, 660 ; U. 
 nanus, oon 
 
 the Teutonic and Celtic languages, 371 j 
 U. campestris, 371 ; U. montana, 372 
 
 Umbel, when the flower-stalks radiate from 
 a common centre, the inflorescence is 
 called umbellate, 22 
 
 Umbellule and umbel) ets, when there is a 
 second series of umbels at the end of the 
 first, 22 ; fr. umbra, a shade, and ** um- 
 bella, a little round thing that gentle- 
 women bore in their hands to shadow 
 them." Cooptr's Thes. subvoce. 
 
 Umbelliferae, fr. umbel, and fero, I bear, 
 23, 24, 33, 71, 77, 81,83, 89, 90, 578, 579 ; 
 U. impert'ectse, 579 
 
 Umbeliuus, fr. ojux/xxAi/cos, the navel. 
 
 Umbrosus, a, urn, fr. umbra, a shade ; 
 growing in shady places. 
 
 Undulutus, a, urn, wavy or crisp, fr. unda, 
 a wave. 
 
 Urbicus, a, um, growing near dwellings, 
 fr. urbs, a city. 
 
 Uredo, pi. Uredines, the name of a genus of 
 fungi, fr. uro, I burn, the plants on which 
 they appear having a burnt appearance, 
 
 Ursinus, a, um, fr. ursus and ursa, a bear. 
 Urtica and Urticaceae, fr. uro, I burn ; U. 
 
 dioica, 368 ; U. pilulifera, 368; U. urens, 
 
 368 ; U. Dodartii, 369 
 Usitatissimus, a, um, sup., very common or 
 
 usual. 
 Ustulatus, a, um, fr. uro, I burn, having a 
 
 scorched appearance. 
 Utricularia, fr. utriculw, a little bottle, in 
 
 allusion to the air-bla.iders which help to 
 
 float the plants, 414 ; U. intermedia, 414 ; 
 
 U. minor, 414 ; U. vulgaris, 414 
 
 Vacciniacese and Vaccinium, fr. bacca, a 
 berry, or vacca, a cow(?), one of the 
 ppecies is named cow-berry, 493; V. Myr- 
 tillus,.494; V. Oxycoocus, fr. ofu?, acid, 
 and /COKKOS, a berry, 495 ; V. uliginosum, 
 494; V. Vitis-idaea, 494. Alba ligutstra 
 cadunt nigra vaccinia leguntur. 
 
 Vagans, wandering. 
 
 Valerian, Ger. and Dan. baldrian, 555; 
 Valerian family, 555, 556 
 
 Valeriana and Valerianaceae, fr. valeo, 33, 
 52, 70, 71, 555 ; V. dioica, 556 ; V. offi- 
 cinalis, 556 ; V. pyrenaica, 556 
 
 Valerianella, this small group of plants has 
 borne three names within the space of a 
 not very long life, viz., Valeriana, Fedia, 
 and Valerianella, 557; V. Auricula, 
 557 ; V. carinata, 557 ; V. dentata, 557 ; 
 V. eriocarpa, 55S ; V. olitoria, 557 
 
 Valvate, having a valve, 18 
 
 Varieties, 99 
 
 Vascular, adj., or vasculars, s., fr. vas, 
 a vessel, plants that have vascular as well 
 as cellular tissue are so called, 116, 153 
 
 Vascular tissue, cellular tissue, 2 
 
 Vasiform, 38 
 
 Vegetable acid:*, 39 
 
 Vegetable physiology, 35 
 
 Vella, fr. Gel. veler, cress, or fr. vello, I 
 bite, pinch, or pull, cAw, 711 ; V. annua, 
 103, 711. The Gauls call Iris or Erysimum 
 vela (Pliny, 44, 53, Bonn's ed.) " 
 
 Venus' looking-glass, 498 
 
 Verbascacese and Verbascum, fr. barba, 
 a beard, 457, 458; V. Blattaria, fr. 
 blatta, cock-roach, 460; V. floccosum, 
 (woolly), 459; V. Lychnitis, fr. \vxvos, a 
 light, the plant affords wicks, 459; V. 
 nigrum, 459 ; V. pulverulentum, 459 ; V. 
 thapsiforme, 459; V. Thapsus,fr. 0cu/aa, 
 or 0ai//o5, insula, 458 ; V. virgatum, 460 
 
 Verbascum, konigs kerze, royal taper. 
 
 Verbena and Verbenacese, herbena, herba, 
 herb (?), 415. An herb; the hi.Tb par 
 excellence. V. officinalis, 21, 416. 
 Etymon ? Herba bona, or Gel. ben, good ; 
 Berbena, A. S. berbure. Origin very un- 
 certain. 
 
 Vernaiis and Vernus, a, um, fr. ver, the 
 spring, spring flowers. 
 
 Verslcolor, changing colour, like some of 
 the Myosotes. 
 
 Verum, true. 
 
 Ventral, fr. venter, the bag, 29 
 
 Veronica (etymon, new ?), (vems-unicus) , 
 i/etKw, I excel, 439; V. agrestis, 439; V. al- 
 pina, 442 ; V. Anagallis, 444; V. arvensis, 
 441 ; V. Beccabunga, a Latin corruption 
 of Ger. bachebunge, brookbean or brook- 
 lime, 444 ; V. buxbaumii, Buxbaum, a 
 botanist, 440 ; V. Chameedrys, fr. va/u-ai, 
 on the ground, and 8pv?, oak-leaved, 443 ; 
 V. fruticulosa, 442 ; V. hederaefolia, 439 ; 
 V. hirsuta, 443; V. hybrida, 442; V. 
 montana, 443; V. officinalis, 442 ; V. pere- 
 grine, 444; V. saxatilis, 442; V. scu- 
 tellata, 443 ; V. serpyllifolia, 441 ; V. spi- 
 cata, 441 ; V. triphyllos, 440 ; V. verna, 
 440 
 
 Verticillate, in a radiate manner, 17 
 
 Verticillatus, a, una, verier e, to turn. 
 Vervain, or holy herb, Verbena, iepo^oran?, 
 sacred herb, herba bona "place the ver- 
 vain on the altar," 419 
 Vesicaria, fr. vesica, a bladder. 
 Vetch, fr. Lat. vicia, 675, 679 ; climbing, 
 
 54; wood, 54 
 Vetchling, 679, 681, 682 
 
 Vexillum, Lat., a standard, 25 
 
INDEX. 
 
 837 
 
 Viatical plants, fr. via, a way, 85 
 
 Viburnum, fr. vieo, I bind, 564 ; V. Lan- 
 tana, fr. lentus, flexible, 564 ; V. Opulus, 
 565 
 
 Vicia, fr. Cel. gwig, Ger. wicke, Fr. vesce, 
 Gr. /3uci, Dan. vikker, 675; V. bithy- 
 nica, 676 ; V. Cracca, crack-vetch, Ger. 
 krache, Belff. crack, 677; V. Gerardi, 
 677; V. gracilis, 678; V. hirsuta, 678; 
 V. hybrida, 676 ; V. lathyroides, 675 ; V. 
 Isevigata, 676 ; V. lutea, 676 ; V. Ore-bus, 
 fr. opw, I strengthen, and /Sous, an ox, 
 679 ; V. tenuifolia, 677 ; V. tetrasperma, 
 678; V. sativa (Fitchacks), 675; V. 
 sepium, 676 ; V. sylvatica, 679 ; V. vil- 
 losa, 677. 
 
 Villarsia, fr. Villars, a distinguished French 
 botanist, who published a Flora of Dau- 
 phine, 50, 479 ; V. nymphseoides, 479 
 
 Villosus, a, um, hairy. 
 
 Viminalit;, fr. vimen, a twig, slender and 
 flexible. 
 
 Vinca, fr. vincio, I bind, 50, 484; V. major, 
 484 ; V. minor, 484 
 
 Vinealis, e, fr. vitis, a vine, growing in a vine- 
 yard. 
 
 Viola and Violacese, fr. via, a way, because 
 it grows by roadsides (?), 33, 685 ; V. ar- 
 vensis, 688 ; V. canina, 687 ; V. hirta, 
 687 ; V. lactea, 688 ; V. lutea, 688 ; V. 
 odorata, 686 ; V. palustris, 686 ; V. stag- 
 nina, 688; V.sylvestris,687 ; V. tricolor, 
 688 
 
 Violaceum, violet-coloured. 
 
 Violet, 18, 685689 
 
 Viper's bugloss, 471 
 
 Virgin's bower, Ger. wald rebe, 780 
 
 Viridis, e, adj., green, fr. ver, spring, when 
 vegetation is green. 
 
 Virosus, a, um, poisonous, venomous, fr. 
 Lat. virus, poison. 
 
 Viscosus, a, um, viscid. 
 
 Viscum, fr. to^vs, quiavis ei magna, 571 ; V. 
 album, 571 
 
 Vitellina, fr. vitellus, yellow, like the yolk 
 of an egg. 
 
 Viviparus, a, um, fr. vivus and pario, pro- 
 ducing young alive, among animals, and 
 by bulbs, &c., among plants. 
 
 Volatile oils, 39 
 
 Voluble, fr. volvo, I twine, 8 
 
 Vulpina, fr. vulpes, a fox, fox-coloured (?). 
 
 Vul^aris, e, and Vulgatus, a, um, very com- 
 mon. 
 
 Vulneraria, fr. vttlnus, a wound, a vulne- 
 rary or wound-curing plant. 
 
 Wahlenbergia, 498. The plant, handsome 
 though ir be, is horoured in bearing this 
 honoured name. "W. hederacea, 498 
 
 Wallflower, Ger. lack, 692 
 
 Wands worth, 102 
 
 Wart-cress, 716 
 
 Wartwort, Uan. vorte-urt, 361, 365 
 
 Water aloe. 311 ; Water avens,639 ; Water 
 betony (Water figwort), 445 ; Water drop- 
 wort, 589, 591/592; Water germander, 
 437 ; Water hemlock (Cowbane), 584, 
 591; Water milfoil, 7, 53, 407, 606; Wa- 
 
 ter parsnep, 53, 587 ; Water purslane, 
 655, 656, 657 ; Water violet, 407 ; Water- 
 wort, 754, 755 
 
 Waybread, O. Ger. wegapreita, M. Ger. 
 wegebreid (Phyt. N. S.'i. pp. 12, 13, 14). 
 
 Way bennet, Hordeum murinum, 236 
 
 Wayfaring-tree, varende bom, 564 
 
 Weld is Keseda, q. v., 728 
 
 Whin, 659. This plant is not in Miiller's 
 " Danish Flora." 
 
 White campion, 57, 764 ; White rot (sheep's 
 rot), 579, 580; White thorn, Dan. hvid 
 tor;, 54, 613 
 
 Whitlow ^rass, 707, 708 
 
 Wild cabbage, Dan. vild kaal, 702 
 
 Wilding crab, Dan. skov-ceble, 614 
 
 Willow, 37, 105, 123, 335, 350 
 
 Willow-herb, 607, 610, 656 
 
 Wind flower, Dan. oxe-oere, 782 
 
 Winter aconite, 789 ; Winter cress, Dan. 
 vinter-kaarse, 694; Winter green, 735, 
 736. Winter's greens is a mistake for 
 Winter greens, 50 
 
 Witchweed and Witchwort is Enchanter's 
 nightshade, Dan. St. Stephen' s-urt, 611 
 
 Withering, Dr., Botanical arrangement, 97 
 
 Woad,Ger.tay,659, 717 ; Woad-waxen, 659 
 
 Wolf's-bane, the roots are used to poison 
 wolves, 790 
 
 Wolf's-milk, Dan. ulve-milJc, Ger. wolf's- 
 milch. 
 
 Wood anemone, 55, 782 ; Wood betony, 431 ; 
 Wood chervil, wudu cerjille (wild cher- 
 vil), 602 ; Wood crowfoot, 57, 785 ; Wood- 
 ruff, 559, 560; Wood sage, 40, 436; 
 Wood sorrel (Alleluia), 55; Woody fibre, 
 39 ; Wood violet, 55 ; Woody nightshade, 
 Dan. hunde-bcer, 50 
 
 Woodsia,named in honour of Joseph Woods, 
 F.L.S.,182; W. ilvensis, 182 ; W. hyper- 
 borea, 182 
 
 Wormseed (Erysimum), 699; Wormwood, 
 7, 518 ; Wormwort, Dan., Scrophularia 
 nodosa, 445, 536 
 
 Woundwort, 431 
 
 Xanthium, fr. av0o5, yellow, 552 ; X. stru- 
 marium, fr. struma, a scrofulous swelling, 
 552 
 
 Yam, 331 
 
 Yarrow, A. S. gearwe, 512 
 Y< How-rattle, 450 
 Yellow-wort, 483 
 
 Yew or Eugh, 37, 332, 334. Yew was an- 
 ciently used to adorn the dwellings of 
 England's gentry and yeomanry, as Her- 
 rick beautifully sings 
 " When yew is out, the birch comes in, 
 
 And many flowers beside, 
 Both of a fresh and fragrant kind, 
 To honour Whitsuntide." 
 
 Zannichellia, fr. Zannichel, an Italian bota- 
 nist, 288 ; Z. palustris, 288 
 
 Zostera, fr. ^bxn-rjp, a riband or girdle, 
 which the leaves only slightly resemble, 
 281 ; Z. marina, 282; Z. nana, 282 
 
 Zosteracese, 281 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 ABKLE, from the German, albele, a white 
 poplar, also from the Dutch, abeel, the 
 same; evidently derived from albus, 
 white, which is the colour of the under 
 side of the leaves. The French name is 
 aubeau, also peuplier llano. Aube is 
 alb; aube de pretre, a pfiest's alb, or 
 white garment in which a priest ministers ; 
 aube de jour, daybreak, &c. Some say 
 Abele is from Arbela, near the Euphrates, 
 where many of these trees grew. 
 Absinthio n, or Absinthium, fr. a\}nv6iov (?), 
 so called quasi airivBiov, impotabile prop- 
 ter insignem amarorem ( bitterness) . 
 Acanthium, Acanthus-like (?), fr. a/crj, top, 
 
 and avQos, flower. 
 Aconite, winter, 789 
 
 * * * Winter Aconite, 
 Its butter-cup-like flowers that shut at 
 
 night, 
 With ^reen leaf furling round its cup of 
 
 gold." Clare. 
 Acorn, fr. A. S. cec, oak, and corn, grain, 
 
 hence kernel. 
 Adonis, fr. Heb. adon, a lord, hence don in 
 
 Spanish and dan in Old English. 
 Alder 
 
 " O'er the dark pond * * 
 The rigid alder its stiff image throws 
 Gloomy and sad." * * * 
 In Index, p. 803, " berry-bearing" should 
 be cancelled. 
 
 Alehoof, fr. A.S. aloth, and hof, ale and 
 
 hoof; so called because the leaves, which 
 
 bear some resemblance to a hoof, were 
 
 used in the middle ages to clarify ale. 
 
 Alsine, fr. aA.<nj (?), a grove, because some 
 
 of the species grow in shady places. 
 Amaranthus, male scribitur per th (Ama- 
 
 rantus), see 803. 
 
 Angelica, a legendary name ; a certain king 
 
 was admonished by an angel to use this 
 
 plant to stay the plague raging in his 
 
 army. 
 
 Aphanes, fr. a, not, and <|>aiva>, I appear 
 
 inconspicuous . 
 Arbutus, fir. Cel. ar, rough, and boise, a 
 
 bush. 
 Ar en aria 
 
 " Among the loose and arid sands 
 The humble arenaria creeps ; 
 Slowly the purple star expands, 
 But soon within its calyx sleeps." 
 A. Strickland. 
 
 Arundo, Lat. reed. Ainsworth says the 
 name is from arendo, because it soon 
 withers. Pace this learned man, it appears 
 rather to be from arens, thirsty, because 
 it loves water ; hence arena, sand, which 
 souks up water, and is never soaked. 
 Asai abacca, fr. asarum, q. v., and baccharis 
 It was originally known by both names. 
 
 and was named asarabacca to distinguish 
 it from the true baccharis. 
 Aspen, fr. Ger. espe (?). The tree was pro- 
 bably introduced from the Continent. 
 " O woman ! in our hour of ease, 
 Uncertain, coy, and hard to please, 
 And variable as the shade, 
 By the light quivering aspen made ; 
 When pain or sickness rends the brow, 
 A ministering angel thou." Scott. 
 
 * * * " Not a breath 
 Is heard to quiver thro' the closing wood, 
 Or rustling turn the many twinkling leaves 
 Of aspen tall." Thomson. 
 Atriplex, said by some to be derived from 
 a, privative, 'and rpe^co, I nourish ; by 
 antiphrasis, because the species affords 
 no nourishment. 
 
 Atropa,fr. a, not, andrpeTrw, I turn, inflex- 
 ible. A name indicative of the inevitable 
 fate of such as become subject to its influ- 
 ence. Belladonna, because once employed 
 as a cosmetic by the Italian ladies. An 
 overdose of the plant product s delirium, 
 fury, and death ; hence the names mani- 
 acum, furiosum, and lethale, poisonous, 
 narcotic, acrid, &c. When it enters into 
 the circulation, it acts on the heart, brain, 
 and alimentary canal. 
 " Or have we eaten of the insane root 
 
 That takes the reason prisoner ?" 
 It has been recommended as a preven- 
 tive against scarlet fever. <k Atropa 
 belladonna furnishes an important me- 
 dicinal preparation, one of whose most 
 remarkable and useful effects is dila- 
 tation of the pupil. Perhaps one of the 
 most protracted instances of this effect 
 has occurred to the writer of these re- 
 marks, who was, some years ago, con- 
 sulted by an individual in whom one eye 
 was blind, whjje in the other vision was 
 so impaired that he only saw when 
 under the effect of belladonna, as light 
 only then could reach the optic nerve. 
 For the uncommon space of six or seven 
 years this influence was in a great mea- 
 sure continued, though latterly, I under- 
 stand, the indulgence was reserved for 
 fairs and feasts, and other remarkable 
 occasions. An English opium-eater, I 
 recollect, speaks of carrying happiness in 
 his waistcoat pocket ; and in the same 
 way the individual referred to might well 
 consider vision in the light of a portable 
 commodity." (From Murray's "Northern 
 Flora," p. 143.) 
 
 Avens, from Cel. afon, water, some of the 
 species grow near water. In "Franche 
 Compte," the Osier is named aivan, 
 because it grows by rivers (aven = 
 river). 
 
ADDENDA. 
 
 839 
 
 .Bardana, fr. It. barda, a horse-cloth, be- 
 cause the leaves are large ! Forte a bar- 
 duc-, hebes ; vel quasi Dardana, secun- 
 dum Apuleium C. 36. . A Dardano mago. 
 Beech, Dan. bog, Ger. buche, hence buch % 
 a book, because the ancient Germans 
 carved letters, or wrote, on beech trees. 
 The Latin, liber^ a book, is also derived 
 from liber, the inner bark, because the 
 ancients wrote on this substance. 
 
 " No wars did men molest 
 When onlybeechen bowls were in request." 
 
 Tibuilus. 
 
 Berberis and Berberi, fr. Phoen. barar. 
 Blechnum, fr. /3Aa, stultus. Spicant is 
 derived from spica nardi or spica indica. 
 (See Gesner, "Hort. Ger." p. 265.) 
 .Blechnum, Gr. /SAijxpof, or ^ a XP 05 > ^ e 
 name of some plant (?) fr. j8Aa, soft, 
 and hence, by antiphrasis, the English 
 name, hard fern. 
 
 Borage, said to be put for corage (cor 
 and ago) ;.an exciting drink was made 
 from it. Pliny says, " if the leaves and 
 flowers of borage be put into wine, and 
 that wine drunken, it driveth away all 
 heavy sadness and dull melancholy." 
 Burton, in his " Anatomy of Melan- 
 choly," also says : 
 " Borage and hellebore fill two scenes: 
 Sovereign plants to purge the veins 
 Of melancholy, and cheer the heart 
 Of those black fumes which make it 
 
 smart." 
 
 Bourtree (elder), boretre, Skinner (?), 
 because its young shoots are hollow. A 
 writer in the statistical account of Kil- 
 learn, Stirlingshire, says " it is no 
 stranger in many places of the parish. 
 * * * The branches cause an agreeable 
 shade, hence the propriety of the name, 
 bower-tree (bourtree) ." Jamieson says 
 " This shrub was supposed to possess 
 great virtue in warding off the force of 
 charms and witchcraft. Hence it was a 
 custom to plant it round country houses 
 and barn-yards." 
 
 Cardamine is said to be derived from 
 /capSia, the heart, and Sa.ju.cuo, I tame. 
 Only botanical etymologists construe 
 this verb, "I strengthen.' 1 They pro- 
 duce no examples of 6o,ju.aw in this sense. 
 The English verb, to tame, is connected 
 with the Greek both in sound and sense. 
 There is also a Greek proverb founded 
 on this plant KapSa.fj.ov jSAeireti', to look 
 gour- 
 
 Celandine, Lesser 
 
 * * * " The first gilt thing 
 
 That wears the trembling pearls of spring. 
 
 There is a flower, the Lesser Celandine, 
 That shrinks, like many more, from cold 
 
 and rain, 
 And the first moment that the sun may 
 
 shine, 
 
 Bright as the sun himself is out again." 
 Wordsworth. 
 
 Clematis 
 
 " Ellen's hand had taught to twine 
 The Ivy and Idsean vine, 
 The Clematis, the favoured flower, 
 Which boasts the name of virgin's 
 bower/ Scott. 
 
 Clote 
 
 " This is the clote(galium cruc. ?) bearing a 
 
 yellow flower j 
 And this black horebound, both are very 
 
 good 
 For sheep or shepherd, bitten by a wood 
 
 (mad) 
 Dog's envenomed tooth." Drayton. 
 
 Cucubalus quasi xa/co^ovAps, i. e., cujus 
 malum est consilium, quia malefica est. 
 KCIKOS, malum; fioko<;,jacienis. (Beck- 
 maun, " Lex. Bot.," 8vo, 1801.) 
 
 Cymbalaria, quia folia figuram partium in 
 Cymbalo resonantium. 
 
 Cynara, a KVWV, canis, quia spinse quodam 
 modo canis dentes acutos referunt. 
 
 Daisy. The learned in Greek lore say this 
 name is from. 6cua>, I divide ; others seek 
 a humbler derivation in day's eye. 
 " Lenten (lent) ys come with love to tonne 
 
 (town), 
 With blosmen (blossoms) and with brid- 
 
 des ronne (song), 
 That all this blisse bryngeth. 
 Dayes ezes (daisies) in this dales ; 
 Notes suete of nightingales, 
 
 Uch (each) foul songe singeth." 
 " Under the Hawthorn and the Poplar tree 
 The humble florets all delight to be; 
 The Primrose and the purple Hyacinth, 
 The dainty Violet and the wholesome 
 
 Minthe, 
 
 The double Daisy and the Cowslip, queen 
 Of vernal flowers dooverpeer the green." 
 G. Peele, 1584. 
 
 Elder. The elder, the laurel, the moun- 
 tain-ash, the rue, the piony, &c., were 
 planted in the gardens and around the 
 dwellings of our progenitors as bulwarks 
 against the attacks of demons, to whom 
 these plants were intolerable. 
 
 Erica, fr. epeiKTj, a name applied by the 
 Greeks to a much taller plant than our 
 common heath, but probably not so tall 
 as the modern Erica arborea, which in 
 the Isle of Teneriffe reaches the enormous 
 height of forty feet. (See " Phytologist," 
 and " Proceedings of the Linnaean So- 
 ciety" tor 1856. Compare " Theocritus," 
 EC. v. line 64, where one of the shepherds 
 counsels the other to call the wood- 
 cutter, who cleft the Ericas, heaths.) 
 The European heaths of the present day 
 are not timber-trees, and are never cleft 
 for fire-wood, nor for other purposes. 
 This may help to determine the deriva- 
 tion of Hypericum; vrro, under, and 
 epeiKTj, or epi/oj, fr. epet/co), frango. The 
 species of the modern genus Hypericum 
 are comparatively humble plants, and 
 might truly be described as being inferior 
 
840 
 
 ADDENDA. 
 
 to such shrubs and trees as were sub- 
 mitted to the axe and splitting saw of the 
 wood-cutter. According to Linnaeus, fr. 
 vnep etKiov, imago super. (Linn. " Ph. 
 But.") De Theis says, Linnaeus should 
 have told us what figure it is. " Car il ne 
 pas facile de diviner." 
 
 Esula, eouAa, eatable, because among the 
 sweetest of the Euphorbias. Beckmann is 
 credited with this notable reason of the 
 etymon. 
 
 Globe-flower, or Lucken-gowan 
 By Billy -burn, in the langsyne days, 
 The globe-Jlower oft I have plucked 
 
 with thee, 
 
 Or wandered about on the mossy braes, 
 Chasing the dragon-fly and wild re'd 
 
 bee." Anon. 
 Gowan 
 
 ** Yon guarded roses glowin', 
 
 It's wha daur mint to pu' ? 
 But aye the wee bit gowan 
 
 Ilk reckless hand may strew." 
 " While on burn banks the yellow gowan 
 
 (caltha pal.) grows,. 
 Or wandering lambs rin bleating after 
 
 ewes, 
 His fame shall last." Kamsay. 
 
 Lily of the Valley. " In Norway," Inglis 
 writes, "it stood everywhere around, 
 scenting the air, and in such profusion, 
 that it was scarcely possible to step with- 
 out bruising the tender stalks and blos- 
 soms." This author adds, "I have not 
 seen this flower mentioned in any enu- 
 meration of Norwegian plants, but it 
 grows in all the western parts, in Lat. 
 :d 60, wherever the ground is tree 
 from forest, in greater abundance than 
 any other wild flower." Our author evi- 
 dently did not consult the best authorities. 
 
 " Fair flower ! than whom the vernal gale 
 None fairer wakes on bank or spray ; 
 Our England's Lily of the May, 
 Our LiJy of the Vale." 
 
 Martagon (Lilium), Mathiol. in Diosc., 
 
 <0, 601, auctof eat, herbam ita a 
 
 chemistLs esse nominatam ; quid autem 
 
 sibi voluerint chemistse cum hac liliorum 
 
 .ntque undeipsinomen deduxerint, 
 
 ,nm, pp. 137, 138.) - 
 
 u. Questo nome orientale 6 stato 
 
 dato dal Loebelio, dal Clusio e da altri a 
 
 e di gigli ; ma e rimasto piu 
 
 al Lilium Martagon dei 
 
 !ia i petali reflessi e curvati 
 
 infuori. ("Dizionario delle Scienze Nat.' ') 
 
 Martagon, a figura floris Cymbalum vocat 
 
 Laurenberg, App. p. 86. 
 Meum, fr. jueiow, mittwo, be' vase its leaflets 
 
 are attenuated ! 
 Mistletoe, mistel is fr. Ger. mist, A. S. 
 
 mixen, dung. 
 " The damsel donned her kirtle sheen, 
 
 The hall was dressed with holly green ; 
 
 Forth to the wood did merry men go 
 
 To gather in the mistletoe." 
 " There, where the spreading consecrated 
 boughs 
 
 Fed the sage mistletoe, the holy Druids 
 
 Lay rapt in moral musings." 
 
 Mason. 
 Myrica, Gr. /u.vpw, I flow(?), because the 
 
 species grow in watery places ; or rather 
 
 fr. ju-vpoco, I cast a pleasant scent. Some 
 
 of the species are odoriferous. Our 
 
 British plant is called the bog-myrtle. 
 
 Eissolia, fr. W. Nissole, a French botanist, 
 author of a " Memoir sur les Plantes 
 Cryptogames." 
 
 Phyllodoce, a poetic name, one of the 
 
 nymphs. 
 Potentilla reptans 
 
 " Oh, for a faith like thine, 
 Thou lovely creeper, that dost humbly 
 
 twine 
 
 O'er the waste places by our dusty ways; 
 Content, * * * serenely still, 
 In His world-temple one small niche to 
 
 fill. 
 ***** 
 
 In His world-choir to raise one simple 
 
 strain, 
 
 Assured * 
 Thee, too, He made, who nothing made 
 
 in vain." 
 
 Setewale = Valerian 
 
 " Fykes, reisyn, dates, 
 Aimanndrys, pomme-garnates, 
 Kanel and setewale." 
 
 Guy of Warwicke. 
 
 Spicant (Osmunda). Nomen in Germania 
 corruptum e spicanardi sen f-j.'icn iitdica. 
 Videntur majores Osmundce hocce nomen 
 indidisse quod ejus radices ad simili- 
 tudinem spicsB indicce accedunt. Quse 
 est sententia Gesneri in " Hort. Ger- 
 man," p. 265. (From Beckmann's " Lex 
 Bot." p. 202.) 
 
 Tetter -berries (White briony berries), the 
 berrieslvere reputed remedial in the skin 
 disease called tetters. 
 
 Tetterwort (Great Celandine, the plant Ce- 
 lidony, HalliweU). 
 
 THE END. 
 
 London : Thomas Harrild, Printer, 11, Salisbury Square, Fleet Street. 
 
U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES