UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BERKELEY 4, CALIFORNIA LABOR AND MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS OF CALIFORNIA VEGETABLES JOHN H. MacGILLIVRAY,' ARTHUR SHULTIS, 2 A. E. MICHELBACHER, 3 P. A. MINGES,' and L. D. DONEEN 5 A previous publication 6 has presented food values on a pound, acre, and man-hour basis for California fresh vegetables. The present report, by way of a supplement, gives the labor require- ments and materials essential for producing the given acreages of vegetables in California during the period 1937-1941. In most cases the materials needed per acre, as shown in the tables, are not to be regarded as a recommended amount: often a given material is used on only part of the acre- age. Through these data, the different crops may be compared according to their requirements for various materials, some of which are now limited or may soon become so. Table 1 shows the average yields and hours of labor, with some figures on shipping. The acre- ages and yields appear in greater detail than in the report on food values. 7 The yields for the period 1937-1941 are in pounds per acre of mer- chantable product as packed for shipment, local market, or processing. For certain crops, con- cerning which there was no published information, yields were estimated from agricultural commis- sioners' reports after consultation with Carl M. Schiller. Honeydews and Casaba melons, being low in vitamin A, are listed separately from the yel- low-fleshed cantaloupes. LABOR REQUIREMENTS The man-hour data were developed from Cali- fornia records and publications, together with current field inquiry among the growers. Each crop was treated objectively, on a comparable basis. The figures obtained may be used in corn- Associate Professor of Truck Crops and Olericulturist in the Experiment Station. Specialist in Agricultural Extension and Associate on the Giannini Foundation. 3 Assistant Entomologist in the Experiment Sta- tion. 4 Assistant in Agricultural Extension. 5 Assistant Irrigation Agronomist in the Ex- periment Station. 6 MacGillivray, John H. , Arthur Shultis, G. C. Hanna, and Agnes Fay Morgan. Food values on a pound, acre, and man-hour basis for California fresh vegetables. 24p. California Agricultural Experiment Station. Sept., 1943. (Litho.) 7 See table 5 in the citation given in foot- note 6. [1] paring one crop with another, though the hours of labor are net actual state averages. The schedules of hours are designed to fit the yield indicated. Tractor and truck hours are estimates based on the man-hours shown, with the assumption that all cul- tivating is performed by tractor. The hours of work are those required with adult skilled labor performing as in 1937-1941; they will not fit 1942 and 1943 conditions or problems without adjustment. If the product is largely shipped out of Califor- nia, the figures on labor requirement are carried to the point of final packing and loading. Minor crops grown for local or processing use are as- sumed to be field- or farm-packed and hauled to farm shed or roadside only. The man-hour requirements for many state aver- age yields are based on crops grown by different methods. Some of these limitations are given here. Asparagus yields are expressed as if part of the acreage were grown entirely for the cannery and part for the fresh market. The market asparagus is cut to a 9-inch length; the cannery to 7 inches. Some of the cannery asparagus is white; the re- mainder green. Most (70 per cent) of the snap beans for market are the pole type, and a still greater percentage of pole beans are grown for processing. Some of the cantaloupes, Casabas, Honeydews, cucumbers, and watermelons are started under paper covers made of glassine or waxed pa- per. Some are forced by giving protection with rows of brush and paper. All of these methods increase the labor requirement on part of the acreage. A portion of the sweet-corn acreage is suckered. Staking is practiced somewhat with mar- ket peas and market tomatoes. The large number of man-hours used in harvesting market spinach is due to the southern California practice of tying the plants in bunches, a method followed on 60 per cent of the state production. Summer squash re- ceives frost protection during January and Febru- ary. In market tomatoes and cabbage, some acre- age is seeded in the field and thinned. Some early onions are produced by transplanting. These labor figures, which give an average for the crop as grown under different practices, were developed by first obtaining figures for different areas or times of harvest. State average inputs and yields result in lower production per hour of labor than may be obtained under the better prevailing conditions and prac- tices of the leading commercial producers. A good commercial yield per acre, an estimate of the UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE DAVIS hours required with this yield, and the resulting production per hour of labor are also given for many of the crops in table 1. Average and good yields tend to differ more on crops of large acreages. For some purposes this series based on good commercial yields might be more useful in comparisons than the state-average figures; but it would not be correct to mix the two series. SOURCES OF PRODUCTION DATA Table 2 presents data on production and on certain materials needed; for the more important crops these are segregated by time of year or area. Important Counties of Production . --These counties were selected from the source listed at the bottom of table 2 or with assistance of Carl Schiller. Days Crop Occupies Land to First Harvest. — The data were obtained from type books of seed com- panies, with slight modifications corresponding to California conditions. No allowance is made for the usual time lost between crops or between planting dates. Shipping Season . — Data were obtained from the same publication described under "Important Coun- ties of Production," and from other sources. Maximum Storage in Weeks . — Most of the storage data were obtained from Rose, Wright, and White- man 8 and from Platenius, Jamison, and Thompson. 9 The period indicated is the maximum storage dura- tion under good conditions, although quality de- teriorates somewhat as the storage is prolonged. Often the length of storability will depend upon the variety; certain of the more important vege- tables have been noted in table 2. Crops may be grouped according to the number of weeks they may be stored or according to the necessity of har- vesting them (l) immediately upon maturity, (2) not for 2 weeks, and (3) not for a month or more. Commercially in this state, vegetables are not often stored for the maximum period given in table 2. Irrigation Water Depth in Inches . — The factors that affect the amount of water needed to grow crops have been discussed in a previous publica- tion. 10 Overirrigation is usually not serious, and this likewise tends to give variation in the amount of water applied per acre of vegetables. All figures given under depth of irrigation water consider as far as possible the season, the type of soil, and the climate in the main-producing areas. Though the winter rainfall of these areas 8 Rose, D. H., R. C. Wright, and T. M. White- man. The commercial storage of fruits, vege- tables, and florists' stocks. U.S. Dept. Agr. Cir. 447:1-10- 1937. 9 Platenius, H. F., F. S. Jamison, and H. C. Thompson. Studies on cold storage of vegetables. N. Y. (Cornell) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 602 :1-24- 1934. 10 MacGillivray, John H. and L. D. Doneen. Soil moisture conditions as related to the irrigation of truck crops on mineral soils. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 40:483-92. 1942. has been taken into consideration, it is undesir- able to add the amount of rainfall to these fig- ures for comparison. Rainfall gives the amount % that falls on the soil, not the amount that en- ters or is stored. In summarizing these data there has been available ten years' irrigation research in California. Seventeen crops have been worked with for various lengths of time. Fertilizer. — To obtain the data for table 2, the amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash used or recommended in the state were de- termined for each crop and divided by the total acres of the crop. Applications of fertilizer on individual ranches may be higher or lower than the figures given. SEED REQUIREMENTS Table 3 summarizes some important information about seed. This table gives the seed require- ment per acre , the land required to produce seed to plant 1 acre, and the shortest length of time that would permit production of the seed and a vegetable crop. The month listed is the most de- sirable in which to start raising a seed crop. The period in months assumes the crop is grown in an area in California where only the minimum time is needed. It is also practicable, however, to start seed in other months that require longer periods for producing the seed and the crop. PEST- AND DISEASE-CONTROL REQUIREMENTS Q Insecticides . — Table 4 lists the average in- secticide needs on an acre basis, as of 1937-1941. It was difficult to put these data in an accurate simple form because the same insects are not equally prevalent over all the areas and because more than one insecticide may be available for con- troling a given insect. Thus, two schedules are presented. One or the other may be preferable, ac- cording to the insects and the area in the state involved. There is some overlapping between the schedules; for some vegetables, one or more in- secticides are listed in both. The amounts given in table 4 are to be used only in comparing crops and not as insecticide recommendations. When such insecticides as calcium arsenate, Cryolite (sodium fluoaluminate) , rotenone, and sulfur are used, the figures given in table 4 in- dicate the amount of active ingredient in pounds, and not the pounds of diluted insecticide. Although certain materials used in 1937-1941 are now scarce, table 4 shows the present relative needs. It is difficult to predict the possible future substitutes for these materials. Copper for Disease Control . — These data, com- piled by the agricultural commissioners, represent a guide to the requirements for each county. To obtain the pounds required per acre, the amounts for each crop in the state were added up and di- ^ vided by the total acreage. The figure given is w not a fungicidal recommendation for the crop on any specific acre. According to these records, the crops requiring copper fungicides and the [2] pounds needed per acre, converted to metallic cop- per, are as follows: celery, 27.0; cucumbers (table), 8.5; lima beans, 2.5; tomatoes, 2.0; melons, 2.0; carrots, 1.0; spinach, 0.5; potatoes, 0.5; peas, onions, cauliflower, and cabbage, less than 0.3. In 1937-1941 practice, according to this report, the other crops had no appreciable copper re- quirement for spraying or dusting. Materials for Seed Treatment . — Semesan (hy- droxymercurichlorophenol) , Semesan Jr. (ethyl mercury phosphate), Spergon (tetrachloro-para- benzoquinone) , cuprous oxide, and mercuric chloride are used in treating the seeds of these crops to produce a better stand of plants. Nine- teen crops used 0.01 pound or less of seed-treat- ment material per acre; seven used 0.10 pound or less; and of those crops needing larger amounts, potatoes required 0.117 pound of mercuric chlor- ide; peas 0.136 pound Spergon; and spinach 0.225 pound of cuprous oxide. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Valuable contributions have been made by the following persons: Carl M. Schiller, United States Department of Agriculture; G. W. Scott, Associated Seed Growers, Inc.; L. D. Leach and M. W. Gardner, Division of Plant Pathology; G. F. MacLeod, Divi- sion of Entomology and Parasitology; L. L. Morris, Division of Truck Crops; and H. R. Wellman, Gian- nini Foundation of Agricultural Economics. [3] TABLE 1 , Man Labor Required for Producing and Packing Vegetables Arti- chokes, market Asparagus Green lima beans Mar- ket Pro- cess- ing State average, market 8 Bush, mar- ket Pole, mar- ket Pro- cess- ing State average yield, crates per acre State average yield, pounds per acre Average weight per crate, etc., pounds net Crates, etc. per car, 1941 Good commercial yield, pounds per acre 86 3,440 40 500 6,300 70 2,107 30 640 3,500 __c 2,040 3,500 139, 4,450 d ' 6 32 650 io,ooo e 2,600^ 7,200 d l,472 f 2,000 f Yield in pounds H ours pei • acre Man labor with average state yields: h Growing and preparing plants, seed 2 g 6 s 6 g Preparing land l 8 l g l g 5 5 5 4 Planting 2 s 1* 4 1 1 1 1 Thinning, weeding, hoeing 4 8 g 8 g 6 6 6 5 Staking, suckering, paper capping 3 1 1 60 g 130 Irrigation 20 4 4 9 8 9 6 g Cultivation 6 11 11 2 2 2 2 Pest and disease control 1 1 1 1 1 1 Fertilizing 1 1 1 2 1 2 Miscellaneous 3 42 2 2 36 2 88 2 26 7 1 Subtotal, cultural labor 36 163 20 Power lifting, cutting, etc. 2 Picking, topping, loading, etc. 35 62 51 150 87 225 15 Hauling to packing-house, etc. 6 41 6 68 6 57 4 154 3 90 7 6 Subtotal, harvesting labor 232 23 Packing and shed work 18 26 10 103 12 7 19 15 Total man labor 101 130 254 123 414 58 Total man labor with good commercial yield 149 190 151 470 60 Tractor work with average state yield 8 11 11 8 7 Truck work with average state yield 8 7 7 5 6 Pounds per hour of labor with average state yield 34 16 20 18 21 17 25 Pounds per hour of labor with good commercial yield 42 18 23 21 33 Pounds harvested per hour with average state -yield 84 31 36 29 64 Pounds packed per hour with average state yield 191 81 204 371 98 Forty per cent of lima beans and other fall peas poled, Seventy per cent pole. Dashes indicate data not available. Yield estimated. In pod. Shelled. [4] Snap beans Beets, bunch, mar- ket Broc- coli , mar- ket Brussels sprouts, mar- ket Cabbage Cantaloupe Casaba and Honey- dew, market State average, market^ Bush , mar- ket Pole, mar- ket Pro- cess- ing Mar- ket Pro- cess- ing State average, market Imperial paper caps , market Other, open, mar- ket 145 4,344 30 650 8,000 l,800 d 5,425 d 8,280 12,000 22,075 d 4 doz. 400 29,000 167, 7,000 42 400 10,000 200, 5,000 Q 25 600 8,000 182 14,900 82 288 16,000 16,000 d 20,000 155 9,303 340 14,000 8,088 60 340 12,450 80 275 9,990 40-45 500 14,000 Hours per acre s Operation is on a part of the acreage only, hence correspondingly reduced. No operation. Blanching. ** Sixty per cent bunched. Twenty-seven per cent of summer and fall tomatoes staked. Last of harvest usually sold for canning; would add 4 to 6 tons per acre to above yield. 6 6 6 4 s 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 4 5 1 1 1 2 3 10 12 14 10 8 1 1 1 1 10 10 10 13 45 14 6 10 12 25 30 20 20 80 8 118 65 12 s 25 10 8 18 10 20 20 16 12 20 12 12 8 15 10 12 9 8 10 16 8 6 14 5 4 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 — 2 1 8 5 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 2 3 4 2 3 128 39 173 128 83 60 67 65 54 60 87 43 57 180 75 226 280 3 200 75 120 24 20 27 40 34 20 5 3 78 7 233 5 285 8 8 8 7 31 8 5 32 4 44 6 40 5 185 211 83 128 28 25 10 5 122 12 418 413 20 314 50 193 86 281 16 112 — 24 116 23 154 29 112 25 323 82 107 480 530 385 250 400 115 90 140 — 130 8 8 10 7 8 11 11 10 10 8 8 7 7 5 4 8 6 6 8 10 7 5 4 4 5 4 Yield in pounds 13 15 13 20 70 36 18 133 195 80 53 111 93 17 23 75 40 20 139 222 100 108 23 29 105 84 39 481 571 290 184 311 400 434 1,104 140 58 932 — 388 351 429 400 [5] TABLE 1— Continued* Car- rots, bunch, mar- ket Cauli- flower, mar- ket Celery, mar- ket Sweet corn, mar- ket Cucumbers Mar- ket Pickle Gar- lic , mar- ket State average yield, crates per acre State average yield, pounds per acre Average weight per crate, etc., pounds net Crates, etc. per car, 1941 Good commercial yield, pounds per acre 232 22,640 85 350 28,000 313 11,552 37 510 14,000 346 22,468 65 340 32,000 175, 6,650 38 600 8,000 380 11,419 30 1,000 14,000 12,940 14,000 128 6,410 50 600 8,000 Hours per acre Man labor with average state yields: Growing and preparing plants, roots, etc. 6 60 35 Preparing land 5 5 5 4 5 4 6 Planting 2 12 40 1 4 3 55 Thinning, weeding, hoeing 50 8. 60. 14 22 14 50 Staking, suckering, paper-capping 10 1 10 1 10 g 6 8 Irrigation 20 12 15 6 6 5 10 Cultivation 5 5 8 5 10 6 6 Pest and disease control 2 2 2 5 4 4 Fertilizing 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 Miscellaneous 3 88 3 65 10 213 3 49 4 63 2 39 8 Subtotal , cultural labor 171 Power lifting, cutting, etc. 3 2 2 Picking, topping, loading, etc. 155 35 80 40 114 162 80 Hauling to packing-house, etc. 8 8 8 5 45 6 120 16 178 4 Subtotal, harvesting labor 166 43 90 86 Packing and shed work 39 25 70 60 Total man labor 293 133 373 94 183 217 317 Total man labor with good commercial yield 330 143 460 100 212 230 350 Tractor work with average state yield 9 10 8 6 8 7 9 Truck work with average state yield 6 8 7 3 5 6 4 Y ield in ] Dounds Pounds per hour of labor with average state yield 77 87 60 71 62 60 20 Pounds per hour of labor with good commercial yield 85 98 70 80 66 61 23 Pounds harvested per hour with average state yield 136 269 250 148 95 73 75 Pounds packed per hour with average state yield 580 462 321 — — — 107 For explanation of footnote symbols see pages 4 and 5. [6] Mustard greens, mar- ket Onions Peas Peppers, bell mar- ket Potatoes Let- tuce , mar- ket Early,, mar- ket Late , mar- ket State aver- age 8 , market Bush , mar- ket Pole, mar- ket Pro- cess- ing Early, mar- ket Late , mar- ket Sweet potato , mar- ket 140 9,837 70 320 12,000 15,000 d 15,000 383 19,159 50 600 24 , 000 • 413 20,640 50 600 25,000 885 2,477 e 28 650 4,000 2,400^ dp 5,250 a ' S l,640 f 2,000 135 6,765 50 480 8,000 175 17,466 100 300 20,000 176 17,622 100 360 22,500 131 6,529 50 550 8,000 Hours per acre 13 8 8 7 7 10 6 5 6 5 5 5 5 3 5 4 4 6 2 3 40 2 1 1 1 1 16 3 2 18 . 40 10 28 60 4 15 s 4 4 150 3 g 12 2 4 10 12 12 10 15 6 g 3 6 3 8 18 22 8 7 2 12 4 8 4 4 4 1 14 4 4 6 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Incl. in planting 3 2 3 3 2 1 14 2 3 2 2 3 67 45 105 2 94 39 20 189 13 2 77 44 5 31 5 60 6 28 130 90 40 108 105 230 8 57 48 40 61 5 8 12 104 14 54 4 112 4 109 9 239 3 13 10 67 8 61 8 5 33 138 53 72 - 47 5 28 12 163 12 141 26 454 6 32 15 20 25 10 147 188 209 176 159 125 109 142 159 188 240 200 250 — — 34 175 136 129 150 7 8 10 12 6 6 7 5 8 8 8 10 5 6 6 7 2 2 3 3 6 5 6 4 Yield in pounds 67 80 92 117 15 17 12 51 43 140 162 46 75 80 100 125 16 --- --- 59 46 147 174 53 298 109 184 382 22 — — 126 101 286 332 91 209 — — 737 206 --- - — 273 451 873 705 653 •[7] TABLE 1— Continued Pump- kin , mar- ket Radi sh , bunch, mar- ket Spinach State aver-r age , J market Loose , mar- ket Bunch , mar- ket Pro- cess- ing State average yield, crates per acre State average yield, pounds per acre Average weight per crate, etc., pounds net Crates, etc. per car, 1941 Good commercial yield, pounds per acre 20,000 d 36,000 12,000 d 12,000 260 10,301 40 400 12,000 10,301 d ' 10,301 d 5,220 12,000 Yield in pounds Hours per acre Man labor with average state yields: Growing and preparing plants, roots, etc. Preparing land 4 7 5 5 5 5 Planting 5 5 3 3 3 1 Thinning, weeding, hoeing 8 10 15 15 15 20 Staking, suckering, paper capping Irrigation 4 8 10 10 10 5 8 Cultivation 2 6 10 10 10 2 Pest and disease control Fertilizing 1 1 1 1 1 1 Miscellaneous 2 2 3 3 3 3 Subtotal, cultural labor 26 39 47 47 47 37 Power lifting, cutting, etc. Picking, topping, loading, etc. 20 333 130 67 176 34 Hauling to packing-house, etc. 6 10 7 7 7 5 Subtotal, harvesting labor 26 343 137 74 183 39 Packing and shed work 1 121 Total man labor 53 382 184 230 76 Total man labor with good commercial yield 74 382 200 150 Tractor work with average state yield 6 9 7 8 8 7 Truck work with average state yield 3 3 4 5 5 3 Pounds per hour of labor with average state yield 377 31 56 85 45 69 Pounds per hour of labor with good commercial yield 486 31 60 80 Pounds harvested per hour with average state yield 769 35 75 139 56 134 Pounds packed per hour with average state yield — — * For explanation of footnote symbols see pages 4 and 5. [8] Winter squash, mar- Tomato Turnip bunch, mar- Watermelon Summer squash, mar- State aver- age, 11 market Imperial brushed , Staked, Un- staked , Pro- State aver- Im- perial , Other, ket ket mar- ket mar- ket mar- ket cess- ing ket age, market mar- ket mar- ket 333, 10,000 15,000 d 265 8,484 7,718 12,500 d 7,150 d 13,580 15,000 d 11,869 9,769 13,184 30 32 3 doz. 900 630 400 20,000 20,000 26,000 12,000 — - — 20,000 18,000 18,000 12,000 18,000 Hours per acre Yield in pounds 5 16 25 12 8 10 12 10 2 5 97 100 5 105 33 4 5 8 8 2 4 1 2 34 20 5 25 5 64 72 7 3 8 5 10 14 35 g 12 5 6 2 6 103 60 4 64 56 223 550 10 3 5 2 20 60 s 10 3 2 2 5 109 77 4 81 60 250 370 9 2 20 5 20 12 160 18 6 5 2 11 259 94 6 100 83 4 5 8 8 10 4 6 2 2 49 54 4 58 48 155 9 3 8 5 8 6 8 4 4 1 2 46 54 4 58 104 124 9 2 5 3 35 12 8 1 4 68 2 167 8 177 10 255 290 7 4 5 6 22 9 g 16 4 1 1 3 67 32 5 37 5 1 30 12 g 20 3 1 1 5 78 25 4 29 107 115 8 2 4 10 20 8 g 16 4 1 1 3 67 35 5 40 235 360 12 4 442 12 6 104 125 8 2 107 125 8 3 43 234 38 31 28 46 131 59 114 91 123 56 278 47 32 --- — 161 62 144 104 144 95 600 133 95 --- 234 85 321 337 330 303 3,000 151 129 — — 1,500 — — — [9] TABLE 2 Acreage, Yield, Important Counties for Production, Shipping Season, and Maximum Storage Period of California Vegetables Crop Acres Yield in pounds per acre Important production counties Artichokes Asparagus Market Processing Beans, lima Fresh Processing Beans , snap Spring Fall Processing Beets, bunch Broccoli Brussels sprouts Cabbage Market Processing Cantaloupe Imperial Other Casabas and Honeydews Carrots , bunch Fall and winter Spring Cauliflower Fall and winter Spring Celery- Fall and winter Spring Summer Corn, sweet Cucumbers Pickles Table 10,120 28,176 45,982 750 1,660 7,050 4,480 804 1,500* 6,000* 3,000* 7,540 22,290 8,610 8,560 9,320 12,544 6,990 8,320 10,538 1,726 1,660 9,500* 2,300 2,140 3,440 107 4 1 4 4 8 22 7 5 14 16 12 9 22 22 11 11 18 43 53 12 11 040 450 b ' c 472 a 032 836 280 075* 000* 000* 900 000 088 450 992 831 499 800 344 246 316 684 650* 940 419 Monterey, San Mateo, Santa Cruz San Joaquin, Sacramento, Yolo, Contra Costa, Solano San Joaquin, Sacramento, Yolo, Contra Costa, Solano Los Angeles, Orange, Santa Barbara Los Angeles, Orange, Santa Clara Los Angeles, San Diego, Orange Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange, Santa Clara Santa Clara, Lake Los Angeles, San Mateo Santa Barbara, Monterey, Santa Clara Santa Cruz, San Mateo Los Angeles, Orange, Imperial, San Mateo Imperial Fresno, Stanislaus, Los Angeles Stanislaus, San Joaquin, Contra Costa Monterey, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara Imperial, Los Angeles, Monterey Los Angeles, Alameda, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, Alameda San Joaquin, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles San Diego, Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Angeles, Riverside, Alameda Alameda, Santa Clara, Los Angeles Los Angeles, San Diego, Orange Perennial . Acreage and yields estimated. Beans in pods. Shelled beans. Three weeks' roots with tops; 17 weeks for roots without tops. Storability depends upon variety. Immature . Plus 43 pounds of potash per acre (K^O). Ripe'. Green. [10] Days crop occupies Shipping season Maximum storage in weeks Irrigation water , depth in inches Fertilizer, pounds per acre land to first harvest Normal Peak months Nitrogen , N Phosphoric acid, Ps0 5 p a Sept . -May Dec. -Mar. 3 12 80 P P Feb. -May Apr. -June Mar. , Apr. May, June 2 18 18 3 3 90 90 June-Dec. 15 Aug. -Oct. Oct. Sept. , Oct. 15 3 6 6 36 36 70 57 62 Mar . -June Sept. -Dec. July-Oct. 15 May-June Oct. , Nov. Aug. , Sept. 2 2 12 15 15 50 50 50 68 Jan. -Dec. None 3 or 17 e 18 40 90-120 Sept. -Apr. Dec. -Feb. 2 12 50 70 Aug. -Mar. Nov. 15-Jan. 6 15 75 86 86 Oct. -June Feb. -Apr. 17 f 12 12 44 44 104 104 110 Apr . -Aug . June-Sept. Casabas : Sept. -Nov. Honeydews: July-Nov. May , June July, Aug. Oct. July, Oct. 3 f f 3 1 24 18 21 45 23 88 44 95 120 Aug. -Feb. Feb. -July Nov. -Dec. Mar. -May 3 e '{ or 17 3 8 ' 1 or 17 24 24 58 55 5 49 60-110 180 Oct. -Feb. Feb. -June Nov. -Jan. Feb . -Apr . 4 4 12 12 65 65 110 110 110 Oct. -Mar. Nov. -Apr. Apr. 15- July Nov. -Dec. Jan. -Mar. May , June 13 13 13 24 30 30 91 400 400 40 85 May-Nov. June-Aug. 1 18 54 5 56 67 July 15-0ct. Apr. -Nov. Aug. 15-Sept. May-June and Sept. 1 3 15 15 25 27 i Sources of data: Data on acres, yield, important production counties, and shipping season were obtained for the important vegetables from: Schiller, Carl M. Report on vegetables in California. California Coopera- tive Crop Reporting Service. Sacramento, Calif. 1942. United States Department of Agriculture. Crops and Markets. 18:269-328. 1941. Estimated after consultation with Mr. Schiller. [11] TABLE 2 (Continued) Yield in pounds Crop Acres per acre Important production counties Garlic 2,212 6,410 San Benito, Santa Clara, Monterey- Lettuce Imperial 19,980 11,102 Imperial Spring 29,180 7,825 Monterey, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara Summer 22,800 10,829 Monterey, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz Fall 27,540 10,563 Monterey, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara Mustard 250 b 15,000 b Los Angeles Onions Bermuda 1,206 17,830 Kern, Riverside Intermediate 1,720 20,090 San Joaquin, Yolo, Stanislaus Late 3,508 20,640 San Joaquin, Riverside, Monterey Peas Imperial, spring 6,360 2,646 Imperial Imperial, fall 3,640 1,248 Imperial Other, spring 27,310 2,235 San Mateo, San Luis Obispo, Fresno, Stanislaus Other, fall 9,340 3,546 Tulare, San Benito, Santa Clara Processing 2,594 1,640 Stanislaus, San Joaquin, Alameda Peppers, bell 2,360 6,765 Santa Clara, San Diego, Riverside Potatoes, white, late 34,600 17,622 San Joaquin, Siskiyou, Modoc, Santa Barbara Potatoes, white, early 34,600 17,466 Kern, Riverside, San Bernardino Potato, sweet 11,600 6,529 Merced, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, San Bernardino Radish, bunch l,500 b 12,000 b Los Angeles, San Mateo Spinach Market 2,840 10,301 Los Angeles, Fresno, San Joaquin Processing 10,206 5,220 Santa Clara, Alameda, Sacramento Squash 5,000? 2,500 10,000 b 15,000 Summer Los Angeles, San Diego, Orange, Riverside, Imperi Winter Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Cruz Tomato Market, Imperial 3,600 7,718 Imperial Market , summer 9,940 9,171 Los Angeles, Merced, Orange Market, fall, northern 6,410 7,616 Contra Costa, Santa Cruz, Alameda Market, fall, southern 7,240 8,691 Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, Orange Processing 69,724 13 , 580 San Joaquin, Sacramento, Alameda, Yolo Turnip, bunch l,500 b 19,773 b Los Angeles, San Mateo Watermelon Imperial 6,320 9,769 Imperial Other 10,090 13,184 Riverside, San Joaquin, Fresno, Stanislaus [12] Days crop occupies Shipping season Maximum storage in weeks Irrigation water , depth in inches Fertilizer, pounds per acre land to first harve st Normal Peak months Nitragen , N Phosphoric acid, P2O5 250 June -Dec. Sept. -Oct. f 30 24 50 100 120 75 110 Dec . -Mar . Mar. -May- June -Aug. Aug. -Dec. Jan., Feb. Apr. , May July, Aug. Oct., Nov. 3 3 3 3 24 6 18 18 40 45 47 51 88 4 4 50 Jan. -Mar. Sept. -Dec. None 2 12 120 150 150 Apr. -July- May- Aug. July-Nov. May-June June , July Aug. -Oct. f 26* 26* 26 24 18 24 80 60 43 44 100 60 90 75 90 Jan. -Mar. Nov. -Jan. Feb . -June Sept. -Dec. May, June Feb. -Mar. 15 Nov. 15-Dec. 15 Apr. , May Oct., Nov. May 2 2 2 2 18 24 • 6 18 6 8 16 3 44 40 75 June-Dec. Oct. 5 18 50 120 100 Sept . -May Apr. -Sept. Oct. -Dec. May-July 26, 5 f £ 18 30 55 65 58 170 Sept. -Dec. Oct., Nov. 21 18 40 h o h 30 Jan. -Dec. None 2 12 14 43 43 Dec. -Mar. Nov. -Dec. Mar. 15-Apr. Jan. -Mar. Dec. Mar. 2 12 6 60 49 58 105 Jan. -Dec. Aug. -Dec. None Oct. -Nov. 2 21 1 18 18 40 20 90-120 100-135 90 90 100 Dec . -June June -Aug. Sept. -Dec. Sept. -Dec. July-Nov. Apr. -May July, Aug. Oct. Oct., Nov. Sept. 15-0ct. 2 1 or 4^ 2* or 4^ 2 1 or 4^ 2 1 or 4 J 24 24 18 18 18 34 41 50 80 26 88 57 Jan. -Dec. None 3 or 17 e 15 22 80-120 80 May-July June-Oct. June June -Aug. 2 2 24 15 40 88 [13] TABLE 3 Seed Requirements and Time Needed in Vegetable Production, 1937-1941 c See d data Period required to produce seed and vegetable Pound a Per cent of an planted acre required to Crops per produce seed to Starting Period , acre plant 1 acre time months Artichokes 0.00 o.oo b May 12 Asparagus 1.00 0.50 March 36 Beans, lima 50.00 4.17 May 15 Beans , snap 40.00 2.67 May 14 Beets 6.00 0.75 September 14 Broccoli , sprouting 0.25 0.04 October 16 Brussels sprouts 0.25 C 0.05 August 18 Cabbage 0.25° 0.05 October 14 Cantaloupe 1.50 0.50 June 13 Carrot 3.00 0.75 July 20 Cauliflower 0.25° 0.25 August 17 Celery- 0.25° 0.10 July 22 Sweet corn 15.00 1.50 June 12 Cucumbers, pickles 2.00 0.40 June 15 Cucumbers, table 2.00 0.67 June 15 Garlic 900.00 14.06 December 20 Lettuce 3.00 0.75 March 10 Mustard 3.00 0.75 January 10 Onions 4.00 2.00 January 32 Peas 80.00 6.67 December 10 Peppers, bell 0.25 c 0.42 April 18 Potato, white 1,350.00 7.70, 0.00 July 16 K 8 b Potato, sweet 0.00 March Radish 10.00 1.43 March 11 Spinach 15.00 3.00 March 8 Squash , summer 3.00 0.86 June 12 Squash, winter 3.00 0.86 June 16 Tomato , market 0.06° 0.22 February 17 Tomato, processing 0.06 c 0.22 February 21 Turnip 2.00 0.27 November 12 Watermelon 1.50 0.60 June 13 Amounts refer to the average per acre and are not recommendations for any specific acre. Artichokes planted from suckers on old fields; sweet potatoes grown from slips taken from un- marketable potatoes. Started in beds, not field sown. [14] TABLE 4 Average Pounds of Insecti sides Normally Used per Acre for Truck Crop 3 in Cali fornia luring 1937-1941 a Ground Nico- Cryo- Ground Sche dule B Cal- pyre- tine lite pyre- cium thrum sulfate ( sodium fluoalu thrum Vegetable arsen- flow- ers^ solu- Other - flow- Roten- Sul- Other ate tion materials minate) ersb one fur materials Artichoke 0.49 c 0.16 0.30 d -__ 0.02 0.30 d ,0.49 e Asparagus, market 0.13 — 0.05 0.14 0.01 Asparagus , canning 0.08 f 1.99 0.03 1.51 g , 7.23 1 4.00° 0.09 "f 1.45 0.01 Beans, lima, processing 2.41 — 2.89 0.03 7.23 1.51 s Beans, lima, fresh 1.33 1.10 — 1.60 0.80 0.02 4.00 Beans, snap, spring 2.84 1.70 — 1.42 g 10.04° 7.46° 3.40 1.70 1.42 8 Beans, snap, fall 4.46 2.51 5.36 1.51 0.50 10.04 Beans, snap, processing 2.49 1.49 2.99 1.49 7.46 Beets 1.25 — — 1.33 _.._ Broccoli 2.50 1.60 1.17 2.67 1.27 0.10 ___ Brussels sprouts 2.50 0.10 1.17 0.10 1 2.67 3.35 _ — — Cabbage 2.45 0.08 1.40 0.08 1 2.49 2.17 0.08 ___ Cantaloupe, Imperial 25.00 7.00 — 0.01^ 23.26 11.11 3.5o} Cantaloupe, other 24.17 6.77 col, 3 1.61T 1.20 1 23.20 1.21 If 3.84 Carrots, fall and winter 1.S1 — — 3.15 Carrots , spring 2.39 — — 3.57 _-_ — — _ Cauliflower, fall and winter 8.58 0.17 2.29 0.13i,0.Q4 m 8.01 6.17 0.04° Celery, fall and winter 1.80 0.07 0.48 0.03 1 1.68 1.33 Celery, fall and winter 1.90 — 0.19 — 1.90 0.29 --— Celery, spring 1.16 — 0.23 — 1.16 0.35 Celery, summer 3.01 — 1.21 — 3.01 1.81 _.._ Corn, sweet 0.53 2.00 — 1.05° 0.53 ___ 0.02 p ,1.05° Cucumbers, pickles 13.04 2.28 — — 13.0.4 — 0.15 k Cucumbers , table 14.02 2.45 — T-- 14.02 1.64 k Garlic — — — 0.02J, 0.85 c 1.70 r — — — 2.71 1.09 k Lettuce, spring 2.57 — — 0.348,0.071 2.81 — 0.34 g Lettuce, Imperial 3.00 — — — 3.20 Lettuce, summer 3.29 — 0.18 0.44 g 3.51 0.18 k , f 44 g Lettuce, fall 1.91 — 0.02 2.03 ___ 0.02 k Mustard — — ___ Onions, Bermuda — — 0.33 0.'27 q ,0.52 r Onions, intermediate — — 1.40 0.02-! — — 1.16 1.09 q ,2.18 r Onions, late — ___ 0.11 0.01 J — ___ — 1.14 0.93 q ,1.78 r Peas, processing 2.89 — 0.08 3.08 — 0.01 — 0.71 k Peas, Imperial, spring 0.24 — 0.71 0.01 1 0.25 — 0.01 — Peas, Imperial, fall 1.03 — 0.82 1.10 — 0.04 Peas, other, spring 0.22 — 0.89 0.01 1 0.24 — 0.05 Peas, other, fall 1.61 — 0.96 16. 95 1 1.71 — 0.05 Peppers, bell 0.32 — 0.64 0.34 — 0.64 k ,14.40 e Potato, white, late 0.54 — 0.54 ___ Potato, white, early 0.25 — 0.26 Potato, sweet Radish Spinach, processing 0.3C — - — — 0.35 — — — — 0.74 0.29 0.78 0.44 _^_ Spinach, table 0.88 — 0.21 — 0.87 0.32 — — Squash, summer 4.50 1.20 0.06 — 4.80 0.09 — 2.00 g Squash, winter 3.00 0.48 0.12 — 3.20 0.66 Tomato, market, Imperial 20.00 — — fIS.OO 1 ? 137.50J; 15.00° (15.00° 137.50: 22.00° 22.50 — — Tomato, market, summer — — — — — 15.00 40.00 e Tomato, market, fall, north 40.00 — — 45.00 — — 15.00 Tomato, market, fall, south — — — — — — 15.00 40.00 e Tomato, processing 44.00 — — 54.75 — — 22.00 Turnips Watermelons, Imperial 3.72 0.24 — 3.96 0.36 — — Watermelons, other 3.72 — _ 0.45 ___ 3.96 0.67 _— _— — Caution: The amounts are to be used in comparing crops and not as insecticide recommendations. Schedule A may or may not be preferable to B, according to insect and area in state Involved. Tor some vegetables, one or more insecticides are listed in both. All pyrethrum calculated on the basis of ground flowers having 1 per cent pyrethrins. May not be available for all crops on which it was used in 1937-1941. Not commonly used. Metaldehyde. e Calcium arsenate. Difference in values due to control of more than one Insect, where only partial substitution may be made. ^Calcium cyanide. Sulfur. Rotenone (may not be available for all crops on which it was used in 1937-1941). •'Dinitro compounds. Nicotine sulfate solution. Cryolite ( sodium fluoaluminate ) . m Corrosive sublimate. n Calomel. °Oil in gallons. p Dichloroethyl ether. ^arta r emetic. Sugar. [15] 3m-9,'43(7859)