-H5
 
 THE 
 
 ' ' CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF. THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 WITH AN ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS; 
 
 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE ; 
 
 THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION; 
 
 THE PROMINENT POLITICAL ACTS OF 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON; 
 
 ELECTORAL VOTES FOR ALL THE 
 
 PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS; 
 
 THE HIGH AUTHORITIES AND CIVIL OFFICERS OF GOVERNMENT, 
 
 FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO MARCH 3, 1847; 
 
 Cljrcnclcgicd Narrntioe of tl)e Sajeral States; 
 
 AND OTHER INTERESTING MATTER; 
 
 WITH A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OP TUB 
 
 STATE PAPERS, PUBLIC DOCUMENTS, 
 
 AND OTHER SOURCES Of 
 
 POLITICAL AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION 
 
 AT THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 
 BT 
 
 W. HICKEY. 
 
 SEVENTH EDITION. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 1854.
 
 Entered according to act of CoiiRress, In the year i853, by 
 
 W. MICKEY, 
 
 hi the Clerk's Office or the District Court of the United Stated for tbe Eastern District of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 KTKUK01VPKD BY L. JOHNSON & CO. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 PRISTF.D BY T. . & P. 0. COtl.IN*.
 
 TO 
 
 THE PEOPLE, 
 
 THE CONGRESS, 
 THE PRESIDENT, 
 
 AND THE 
 
 inpwnw Court of fjrt ^ntftb |tatr, 
 
 THIS SIXTH EDITION OF THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 18 DEDICATED BT 
 
 W. HICKET. 
 
 "The Constitution in its words is plain and intelligible, and it is meant for tha 
 homebred, unsophisticated understandings of our fellow-citizens." 
 
 "The people alone are the absolute owners and uncontrollable movers of uch 
 sovereignty as human beings can claim to exercise ; subject to the eternal and 
 unchangeable rules of justice, of truth, and of good Faith. The moral law is out 
 of its reach; sovereignty cannot violate that, and be more justified than tha 
 humblest individual." 
 
 "Yield away the Constitution and the Union, and where are we? Frittered 
 into fragments, and not able to claim one portion of the past as peculiarly our 
 own! Our Union is not merely a blessing; it is a political necessity. We can- 
 not exist without it. I mean, that all of existence which is worth having must 
 depart with it. Our liberties could not endure the incessant conflicts of civil and 
 conterminous strife; our independence would be an unreal mockery, our very 
 memories would turn to bitterness." 
 
 (Mr. Dallas in defence of the Constitution.) 
 iii
 
 THE provision nnder which THIS BOOK MAT BE TRANSMITTED BY MAII, 
 FREE OF POSTAGE, by persons having the privilege of franking pub- 
 lic documents, is contained in "Jin act tp establish certain post-routes, 
 and for other purposes" approved 3d March, 1 847, in the following 
 words : 
 
 "Such publications or books as have been or may be pub- 
 lished, procured, or purchased by order of either House 
 of Congress, or a joint resolution of the two Houses, shall 
 be considered as public documents, and entitled to be 
 franked as such."
 
 Resolved, Ulva/t tile s^cVeta^ (>e ^U^ctec) to lvtou,l. Etrb 
 tlve ti*e op ttte Oett/ate two tkou/MMi/o oo|viei> op tlte a/u/tlvcutu:' o&jnp 
 op tlu:- Mooii^ititittMMv, uM/ln/ CMV atvaui^KXM' titoew, cwiO oonUnla/tuHu 
 M- o-tltet luwluj 0-ooiWTWiivti) , teoeatuv Iviuvteo ati/o |vlaed ni/ tke 
 
 II u I I 
 
 twMvo-b oj- ttve n^6nvl>e't/!) , |vtx>i>weo tlve ji/luee wvatt ivot e*oeeo tlt-& 
 *iwii/ frt oite o-olta/4/ cuvo tn>evti}'-tM>e cen^X> jvet/ eoliu/. 
 
 Hesotued) J iva^ tcti/ tlum.4>a*vd ewaitio-iwi/t co-liieb &p tfve em/- 
 tlwyvtic eolui' (ft tli/c. Hjoiv^ttticfciOiv, until/ an/ aitati|/twxi/E ni/iew, ete., 
 l>e li/lo-ctiAeo |-o'</ tlue u/6 oj- tti/c ocjva-te, jvicn^id-co blveu- lo-ttL t>e. 
 
 Hi/'taisl^eo at a/ ac-du<utixHV &t tuxzii/Ui/ |v&t< oeibfc. on tlve Ivtu^e a/o-frivo 
 i I J l I 
 
 tttted. 
 
 ed, fj ttat blue. iyecVeta/Vu/ &p ttv*. i? cttafce h/ti/ietwi/ie Lol/ 
 live- w-4e op ttvc/ tTen-a/le ti>o ttwHA/Muvo eo|vi!> &p toe Hcwi/iti/tatum/ &j 
 tli*. Itotnted <jta/fce:> op Q/brvveVixja/, uH-tk atv a-tlvtixweti/ca.1 aaalujib, 
 k/telvaAeo atvo |ntl>Ui>lveO (MI/ "Iv. tlTVBiok^-u/, h/Y^iM/d-ed ttve xuiic. 
 ecuv t>e jui/Vofva^eO at a/ |vii/oe IveV c&jvu/ iv&fc exeeeo-iu/tu ttlat jva/i.0 
 LoV te+v btwHMxi/ii/o eojvi^i o-Vo-fr't^-o to t>e Ivu/VetUKveo w.y a/ Vooutt'iotv 
 &p tn/c UeivaJ^e, cwVo-jvteo OK/ tfve ISbTi/ aau/ op t^cb-ttw^Vu-, 'IbJtf- 
 
 Q^jwlE 27, -f 
 
 Resolved, tJ fvat bw-e *ec.VetouVu- ap tfve O e 
 
 aivo diA-eeteo to [uvVclva^e otvc- tutitd-teo eo4vi/e& o-p *J\SWM*M, & edi/tlotb 
 op tHe m>wi*tlttiti/otv o-p tfve ^UCiiwtco Jy^tct., ati/o to oeu/i>eV fcfve
 
 VI RESOLUTIONS. 
 
 tome, wv live. rtame o-E tde Oetvate oE tit*. ^Utniteo Otates, to 
 \JBAfcv. QAi;Le*atv^e.t "Uattenrat*.,- oE YJaliA, to oe ckstUiniteo t>u< 
 (um/ MI/ tJ'vatvce-, aeeoVtfuva to fu<> 4u-s>tem/ oE rufcUotval/ excJvatuieo 
 
 , STUat tfve coietaA,ii. te Xtccte^ to EuAu:>fl eac-H 
 nvetrvbet o-p th/e h/te<vt c/ evate, uvlio {la& rto-t a^teada Veeen>eo tllem/, 
 otve c^if op wle. AOQivitttutioiv CMVO otfvet t>cow> o-'tdeleo to ue j-itV. 
 rtiwved to tfve oetvato^!) wj/ Mve Ve^ouU^on-!) oE cnimaiMbU* 'totlv, 
 j o^o to tde <J e+vatoVi Elo+n/ OJ (HKI/, an/d ^IxJi-wxnvMrt', tlvc. 
 oj- tfi^e Hoo-iv^tltiitlwv CM> fuM>e bectv atleaau- au>ei' to 
 i OP tlv 
 
 23, 
 
 * Resolved, STPvat tfve keeteta-Ui/ &e Xieotec) to It'tocitte. Evom 
 fcn^ h-iojvVteto^/, u>V tlic u/;>e &E tn. oetwtte, tc*v MixHi*a-tvo co[vi4 
 oE tTvJJi/etieii- b eaituoiv aE ttve Hbotvjvti/tution/j u>itfv a*v aijilvalietica't an-a- 
 liiM,i, ^1X7 awvMvatoiv ;> uvcuui-U'lal aivo l-a/teiooLl/ a&(>l.c>i>ebj atw) ottveV 
 *tatuti<xiL rtvattet iLLu/*tiatu>e, o-E th/e aervuw> oE tde. 
 oM>t>etnmeitfc atvo tlve dei>elo4vem6ivt &E U* h,VuM!.i|vte : 
 lded) <J [vat tfveU' t>e Eu/ltvi/wveo at tHe wvnve Ivliee. as> tfvo*e. 
 &E toe t? enate. 
 
 Vu, 22, 
 
 Resolved, U kat eacii/ o^E tfve veu> rrvenvbela o-E tk t7 civate & 
 4v|tlled uM,tfv tK* MMTve tuintt>.V atvo doclijitloiv oE t>oofe!> as> u>ete 
 a'tiuMi/ed to eaoh< o-E tn* menvt>et4 &E tfve. Oeivate &E tfve Uvt 
 
 ^oitq/'tew . 
 
 I 
 
 * N. B^A resolution similar to this was passed by the Senate the 5th January, 1853.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE Constitution, as the fireside companion of the American 
 citizen, preserves in full freshness and vigor the recollection of 
 the patriotic virtues and persevering courage of those gallant spirits 
 of the Revolution who achieved the national independence, and 
 the intelligence and fidelity of those fathers of the republic who 
 secured, by this noble charter, the fruits and the blessings of inde*, 
 pcndence. The judgment of the Senate of the United States has 
 declared the importance of familiarizing American citizens, more 
 extensively, with this fundamental law of their country, and has 
 approved its association with the examples of republican virtue and 
 the paternal advice of the "Father of his country," joined to other 
 kindred matter, constituting the body of this work. To this honor- 
 able body is due the credit of having provided for the first general 
 promulgation of the Constitution, the continued dissemination of 
 whose wise injunctions and conservative principles among the 
 people, can alone preserve their fraternal union and the precious 
 inheritance of freedom. 
 
 That branch of the government which is clothed by the Consti- 
 tution with legislative, executive and judicial powers, and thus 
 invested with three separate authorities to preserve, protect, and 
 defend this venerated instrument, has been pleased to take the initi- 
 ative in a measure calculated so powerfully to support the Consti- 
 tution, as that of giving it, in its simplicity and purity, to the peo- 
 ple, who possess, themselves, the sovereign power to judge of the 
 manner in which it may be executed, to rebuke its infraction, and 
 to defend its integrity, and who therefore require every legitimate 
 
 vii
 
 Viii PREFACE. 
 
 aid to enable them to perform this vitally important duty in justice, 
 truth, and good faith, for " The Constitution in its words is plain 
 and intelligible, and it is meant for the homebred, unsophisticated 
 understandings of our fellow-citizens." " It is addressed to the com- 
 mon sense of the people." 
 
 Several distinguished authorities and individuals having, in the 
 plenitude of their liberality, honored the author and compiler with 
 their sentiments on the subject-matter of the work, he claims the 
 indulgence of the friends of the Constitution in giving them place 
 in this edition, believing, that a salutary effect may be produced by 
 the sanction of their special approbation, and the expression of their 
 several views of the importance of an extended dissemination of that 
 instrument. These may impress, in terms more unexceptionable, 
 the obligation incumbent on every intelligent citizen to make him- 
 self acquainted with its provisions, restrictions, and limitations, 
 and of imparting, so far as the ability may extend, a knowledge 
 of this paramount law of our country to the minds of the rising 
 generation. 
 
 The length of time required in the ordinary course of business, 
 for obtaining a practical knowledge of the operations of govern- 
 ment, by persons entering into public life, and their embarrassments 
 for the want of a convenient mode of reference to the various 
 sources of information, have suggested the utility of preparing, as a 
 part of this work, and as germain to its design, a means of collect- 
 ing and rendering available to the public interest the experience 
 and information acquired in this respect, in the progress of time, 
 by attention to the business of legislation in the public service. 
 The five new chapters in this edition may therefore be considered 
 an essay, to be improved and extended hereafter, with a view, not 
 only to add to the intrinsic matter proper to be read and studied by 
 the great body of American citizens, but to render it peculiarly a 
 vade mecum to the statesman and legislator, the ministering to 
 whose individual convenience must, necessarily, result in facilitat- 
 ing the performance of arduous public duty, and in promoting, in 
 no inconsiderable degree, the public interests.
 
 COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 FROM THE VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES AND 
 PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE. 
 
 **, cu su, i**, . i**7. 
 
 J lie iHJ-Uutve on. " J fie (ootv&tttutuHi/ &p tile ^IvCii/lted Otaies, 
 
 uMM/cH u-oti. u>cie tluvd en/o-u/qn. to *evd m-e, Q) llcm* coA.uiU,u- e-xa/. 
 
 o pi o o if o 
 
 m/i/tteo, aivo niu^fc ii/aio- u-eg/ iiou/ to aoejvt nut/ uxi/ivi/ tlutit/lw w>V tae 
 
 e<vnt,|vume<i/b op ii-i> o-e^wx^ti/otv' atvo M>V tlve aam/i^au-le etui^cueteV o-C 
 i/t oo-ivtenti). CtJ t u>, iwitlout e^teejvti/CHi/, tde teifc dew^fveo^ uaLe*t, 
 rvcateit, tuvo rvo-t aociviato m/a+uuM/ an/o aitu*e wv Veia^uHV to tile 
 a-Vea/t uv>tliwivetvt at- lu-n/i/ctv ik e^couvMoeui- t'teati, tlvat QJ h<M>e it-et 
 v. cy t ae.Uvc/b, a/ii/d Cy liojve U> lo-ttt i/eoeto-e, iMi/u>et/<u/ ei/V- 
 
 tJ fve. Hfcvtviti^tiitioii/ u> cuv <H>|-ect to iwlvtoh/ no QACineVMXwt/ m-uvo 
 n/ o^e too attevtti>e, a/ivd >vo QADm^-Vi-efMV Ma/Vt too 
 
 cuvd a/Luxu|/ 
 
 w-W/e U>'</ uva*tu/itu/ to iat&e ooii^ttaotuve doufcti : tntt, o/ tfve 
 cub tile o-^'OXMUXv eltxi^t o-j- a/ CwruJ/eo cotvt-edetated ao-i>eiam'C4vtj a/ 
 IvVa/eti/ea-t tVwj/t/ at iveaAXiv M/9ctu> aa^b UKHt/td ^eem/ to h-Dcuoe bt iu-i/5. 
 d-otw cuvo e|!Lci/en/ou> l>eu-(Hi/d di^jvute o^ VuxuCfeu/. Q/VCivd, altlvoi(.an/ 
 it K> not iwui/ftu/a/t to Ivea^/ it >cu/d, ab m-o-nveivti o-j- Ivcat cui/o di^a/h/. 
 lvo-uvtnveit, tfla-t, wv tlve ovcwifciiveivfc 04. ad-nrwvutVatuHt/ o-p onA/ Eed-eiaC 
 oMiaatwHVi o-p tfi/e ^oo-ivititutwHV a4. di/4-Veaa^aed, av o&- 
 cwi-o eotlveVi-eivoe &p in/o-Ve ttltwv tlu-Vtu/ i^eaAA coivo-wwje nvo 
 tLe leveVe ; cuvd Cy am/ Miti^pLeo tlutt its tvoi/d w4vwv ttve ewv 
 CMI/O tlve O-JI/WUMHV o-p tlve oouivtUi/ at taAac u> coti/frtcuvtUt 
 
 * The first and second editions. 
 1*
 
 COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 atn-etvuva'. U tvvi v, wvd-eed, ttve tvatuA/al, teivufc o-j- tti> JvelCect 
 ,^ to IvVoau/ee tlve h/u/V|vo*ei poA, UHVMMV U> UXK> oewaived - IWI/MHV, 
 ivajiuilitii-, ^epeivee, uvelpn/i/e, atvu tu>ei.tu> . atvo li touc;> 
 fvoio- loeCC it* Ivtactuxvt/ ojveVatvov& {vatnvoivuse untlv tde lm;nivex>, 
 uiu ivts, VewitwHi*, atvo p/ica/lew oj- u\*. OAcnveVuHMv h-e&jvte. 
 i aivo uwMKHituva/ cu> uve- (Vie uv ntot timva^, uve. tiai>e itot 
 , (wvo Q/ oo nxvt tn/wi/fj/ u>e Mvatl/ wivaae p&V ovfc/U> tx 
 com*, tn iaoteo >tai>lutu- o-p t+ve HoMtitituiictv. 
 
 <J \MMI a> u.uvwMnento'l/ aivo lvalam.oi.uU; laitv, uv tne [vustu/t* oj> 
 U/4 oliq-uv luvd uv the |ui<tlfcu< op it* teoct, slvoiiio be lilaceo wvltluiv 
 tfve. leaolv ot et>etU' j-ieetrMMV. cy b Mw>uiO (>e woiuvo tu-tveleivei tli^-Ve. 
 i-i a/ oa^vcwMtii' to icu/o : ivot al/oive uv ten-iMa^uve tva/ll/b, utdicuw/ 
 ooaiteasi, uWati6, OMVO eoll&aes, t>at ato uv tlte eal>iii6 cuvd 
 itceUi/ae* o-p OiiA/ mxvutvets, at et^eVti- oewun*n*MOoC, Loa-fuit, |-a<j.- 
 to-Ui-, oV/ M/Ve^iAe. O/ 1 WWHU/O potnv tlve Uwurveivta/t/ t>a>i s ou 
 
 , >ii >eni^ rtvaae cv lvc\|tetualtii' Vecu/Vluva> ol 
 n^/ UOO 
 
 o-B rjvertvoVu-. ^llon^/ UOOK/ eiiteVt> lUuoiv tlve aitinuiv.rab oE tfve 
 
 J ' ' P t P P P t T 
 
 cvuivi rwoVe |vtom.i*ttvalU' tluvtv atui/ ot uMw/fce eociwetvee Q* cuiv aHiA.e. 
 
 Q/t " QADivalu*ift u> Mivau-Uo-iuv iivtete^tuwv cuvo w^eLtu/ ; ujtwKe it* 
 mvO lvu>tolic^vt teco-id* constitute nvo^t 
 
 mlif/eft oE comlvlew.M>M/ aivo ji'LeciMX>iv. J Ive cJeiuvte op tfve 
 
 li/ wj. lia rrvet-is, aat>e vct-t/ e&V&Lo 
 MMvctvwv to ttb exte*vu i e dti-icmuvatvoii- ; aivo, itvaceo, tt UMHUO b* 
 iMvVO, it tvot wiv[vo*MWe, to aeivi^e a IWteV rtvoae op etvualvtetvitva, 
 rwvd jvuAtpu-uva/ JviU>uo oji/ijuoiv at> to tlve ivcec*aAii. |voii>el<), dirties, 
 and Ve|vo)VMl>u/vtie<) op cul/ tlve paitctloivcuii-ei 01- tke Mieiveial/ ^S-o-- 
 i>cltvmevt, tlve tiiuit-s op tfvei-1 Ofvciveti-, a*vo tlve ooivei{.uvtoViv |u'<it 
 
 o-t tfve i>a<>t wiitenv to uvlu.clv Mveiv tictcxuv. 
 a o a 
 
 Q) anv, aeat t7vl, uViv ttuXu-, 
 
 ptiervd cvtvo cti>cuib, 
 
 v m-.
 
 COMMUNICATIONS. XI 
 
 FROM THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Ifi* C p. avuvobcHi, ttb 
 
 WAxiA/ <J lA/j a a 4 
 
 Q) IUM>e bo biva/IVK/ tpCH,!/ pOt/ O/ 1>C'U1/ JVCO/tUp |VU/I>U Ml CO CO-lUt- Op fclve 
 
 Vi>CHV4tvbu/twHi/ oi bfi/c. ^Kfiivi/beo L? tcute*. <Jo ta>\> at> Q/ ln/u-e. exa/nvi/ii/ct) 
 blve j/o-tm* wv uu/oti/ bh/e |vn.|>biocvti<o-n/ u> rvui/de, It w> a.'xM^.eiiAi/ bfve 
 m/ooJ/ Ivei-pect &p atu}/ cy t^a/t>* eu-eV iec+v. tJ tvo IKI/VKHW cui/o IHI/UI/- 
 al>le ui/po-trnxi^MHi/ owvttu^veo wv ti/otit/ u-o-frK- &btv&t/ tlvatv 
 tu/bi/o-iv - 14 oC a'cecut iKi/Lu/e. cJ ti/e iwvotc. UM*'M (/ Pa*t 
 
 V 
 
 ou/tJii tX) o-e unuvo uv tli^ ub-Uutti/ OP eoeVit' e^ti/z;64v MI/ ttve coiMi/ttii'. 
 
 f t P PP 'i ', 
 
 ^Uetii/ iettveetuiiUU', uo-at ob- b eVi> bj 
 
 FROM THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 0,. <wM, *o 3, 
 
 t7i/t/, << 
 
 Q' CMM/ Ol/lCotc-O Wl/ bll <T ll^tt&C6 0-p btl. yU/lvVCITVe VOO-UAj> to 
 
 biixMi/li/ iw>u/ po-l/ aouA/ eaitlotv o-p ttve ^oo-tttititbwHi/ &p bfve ^Itflivvbeo 
 c/ta/beb, lo-flven/ ipcm/ (VCMJ-& teetv CWM>O etwHW'fv bo *c*vd bfvem-, cwvo bo 
 fcocj-i/tew btveu^/ cUvji/to-^abuMV o-p blve (rvcuwveV wi/ lo-fi/uch/ btve iw-o^fi/ tww> 
 t>eei/ eoteottbeo. cJ ti/e oa/i/e tw-ublv w-tuon/ \k tvcu> tieei'i/ eom/lvat/eo uvi/bfi/ 
 bh/e o^/i/fvwva^, cuvd btve eo-taetvee aou/ hxu>e pu/VVK>^eO o-p Ibi fve'</pecb 
 aou^cuc,u/, lo-i-u/ n^aHe It irelij/ ixxUta/tte wv bfve o-b!>Ci*t<>tv o-p aacotuHvs 
 a/Vi-iwva' IV|VCHV blve eon^t'a/vcbum/ o-p blve ^wv^bibit^votv ; CMVO, wv aVaei. 
 tlvat, oil/ m/oti/ oocv>u&v!>, it nvcui- (vLurcviV!) l>e untlvnv btve lecvctv o-p 
 blve rtvenvu-eto o-p bh/e co-nAt, aivo &p tn/e Ua/V efvatvaed uv tlve a^-au/- 
 nvetvt, (y MI/CI/U. diAecb btve c-ii-'iu-'tcu-Vut/iv to h/u/tetva/4-6 
 cfrjvtes poA/ tfve =2Ocuo- iioLb-la/tu/. 
 
 ^lv tfclv q-tectt leMvecb, Q) cwiVj tTi/V/, ifOM/t &i>eo D b,
 
 Xll COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 FROM JUDGE WAYNE, ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME 
 COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 f~* cp . oPiUvteme ^(oo/Vt.'<XKHTt, >ja/{iWtofl 3, l&lfl. 
 
 ^JJca,\, uw/, 
 
 cy o/m/ ueiii' rrui/cli/ o-blvoeo to ii/ou/ w>t/ iioii/V ectttoiv ot live. Hooiv- 
 *titntlov, cwc) UM! n-ot, fveteatteV, u*e tuuj/ oth/eV. QMt op UA a/le 
 nuuJiv uvo-e&fceO to uxm/. 
 
 V/e-Un-lfc rtte to tuaJi/e a/ wvaa*tMKv. Cl/b u>, tfvat u^u/ uMHito 
 a<)-c) to toe e^ltwHi/, uvten^eO j-o^/ di^t^WHttiXHV t>u/ Hie O eitate, a/ 4-tate* 
 inovt ot tfve tuiveb u4vetv ttve Hij(Hi/tiittti.otv m-oW) ovdojite.0 w.b ttve. 
 ktatcs, cuv^ H>(lev n/eu> states flat>e t>eetv o^amltteo ; |va/ttiou,i.a/tl^' 
 S-e^iatvatuvO', wv tile ta/ot, ww>h/ o-t tfwyji/ aa tvao-e. l>eeti/ a^uttttcu 
 ic|voti/ eon^>tltatw)tiA PoVtveo b-eEo-le tfiete (va/0 teett/ ovtui- o4iO44VcU- oxv- 
 tlotv wi' %XHvaAeM fo^/ cvoniitt'Uva/ tknv. t^frV Vej-etenee U; UHHU-O 
 lye u^euw/ wi/ nuwvu/ a-i/^ou^iMMK), otto luw not b-ecti/ ntO'de-, W) pa/^ a* 
 Q) can pwvOj bit- a/ii/a- wve. 
 
 Q/ cun/, 3-ea/V tji-l/, untn/ q,^eat Vcaa/io, 
 
 ot>e.o b 4-eti)- fc, 
 
 une. 
 
 FROM THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME COURT OF PENN- 
 SYLVANIA. 
 
 0,. 
 
 Q/ hxwvfc atte*vtu>eUj/ |ve.Vu*ed a/ Veacivb edutvwv o-l- tlvo 
 
 (con*titatu>iv, iw-ltw/ a/ u>eU/-oi^e*teo tuui{<|MA a+vd o-ttveV nvattel/ o^ji/- 
 
 jteitdeo, " (HI/ .a/ eitlae+v ; f cui/0, vt a,n>4 nve jvl/ea*ii/Ve to XM}/, ttvc 
 
 corrUvaa/ti/otv n, not otvuj/ a/ com>eivtevb &OOK- op 
 
 In compliance with this friendly suggestion of Judge Wayne, the author haa 
 derived much satisfaction in devoting to it the entire 10th chapter of this edition. 
 t The first edition of this book.
 
 COMMUNICATIONS. Xlll 
 
 MviKi/lM/a/M/e. eom,|vetvowuiv op koti/ticcu/ *tatt*tW5* po-l/ cv^Au/ da/u/ 5 n*e. 
 
 C7TP PP <T \P 6\P " 
 
 <u he, aA/V<Mi-q^trvctvb w> an/ exoeU/ctvt otve. (y iv tlve LVftvi, c 
 
 It i/fc bfi/e <W-iu op eo-etu/ cwa+v to taJle a/ h.cvVt wv bk-e Ivoiltuc^U/ m/o-oc.. 
 ni/eiita op bLe wa/u/j aivo uix^ b-o-cm/ (Hwitvt U^eVeM>te bo t>& nv bli^- VKUVO-S 
 &p blve nva*ei> : uv ..J c^w^w^LlKu^^a/, it (Hi/aw/ to tie a/ beoet-wxi-lt' iti/ 
 tii/e cofjururtv iotvoo-t/!). <J tve ooiit/lviXe-i/ IA |ieVw>iva/tlij' IMI/K/IVOUMV bo 
 
 rvte. Uii^ Q/ a/in, ^uUl|vl^ bo q/w>e tvui- be&bun-CHU)/ uv UWKHtA/ o-t brt 
 .. ^ ".a * 4 4 
 
 tvui Ivtodiwibioti'. 
 
 ^IK/ lifv a/^ca^ Vei4veeb, O i/V, 
 
 FROM THE JUDGE OP THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED 
 STATES FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 SU, 
 
 (y tuu>e> lo&lieo bti/V/ouxili/ tae ttbbte uoUvme uni/iclv tvcu> teen/ h/Ve. 
 
 Q) iuvde.V*t<Mvu, iMVoe-t/ ii/oii/V c-luv\xve, aii/o Q/ twM>e VealLu/ 
 d a p d 
 
 bee+v wvt1vV/ieo bo pi/ivo, uv &o com/|vax>t a/ poinv, MI nva/tut/ un/[voVtcwvb 
 ttl>i-ccbb op MfMtani W*e*cn*4* 
 
 oTfi* cuKi/i'U'tuxM/ nude* o-p tojvu^ emoiaeea in/ bit*. tTeOeial/ 
 vjaii/itUHibwuv u> uvetl/ o-ewi/seo, avo, o pa/V/ (W> (i) tuu>e tested it* 
 pb op ea^e cwi/o ^ti/i/U/. J a*' ^eu&Vci/D d&c-n/ 
 a/ivo ta&Le*, u>tuxjlv poVnv bfve Ve:yt op blie b-ooll, a/te. MmttMitt> 
 frol<x;beo pVo-rv!/ tuuneioivi ixttiMlMkj uMu^ti/ ale tvot aetv&la/llii/ aooc*- 
 ^bl>Ce, cuvO bbeu/ IvVeieivb a/ ftVi/e4 op atuwt/Ci) op bfi/e 4oo-n/itt/bu.bu>n/, 
 pvona/ blv u/iftt mx>i>etvctvb boum/to-i) t^i> pctrfui/bMHV, uv ^786. 
 
 ol cuw ob-lwi/eo bo IH>U/ po'i/ ba cojvu- IU-M/UCIV tuv!> tcetv setvt to rrve, 
 aivo iti/atl/, ivo oou/tb, [vao-e. ptccuictvb ii^e Co't/ U;. 
 
 u/ouA-i, 
 '
 
 XIV COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 FROM THE HONORABLE SIDNEY BREKSE, SENATOR OF THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 ^ ro- OlVofrfi/iii/atoii, UMtSo/i cd 6, 
 
 . deoA, OiA, 3 
 
 (y ;vcu>& e*a/uiiec, uH/t(i> aVeot ooA/e, iioiiA/ eoi/tum/ i-t- ttie Hoon/. 
 fctltwtww op tlie ^Ifoii/tteo C/ totes } cui/o (y trui*t tie Ivetmu'teo to e*. 
 h.tew ITUJ cUi/jt-ViHHit o-p Hie jvto/iv cuvo op tne nietita &t tlie UM^IK-. 
 <y do wojie, it uvltt lUuve a/ oeVu/ eocteivM-i>e denuui/d - tflat tli >tate 
 teai/latu/t^s unCC Ivatioiuce It, aii/d tkat i/fcfc ci/tcu-f/a^MHV mcuv ue co- 
 eocteti*u>e nvn n/ ttte tlniit* &B oit^ "lAftvixxi/. Q/ 1 1/5 a/ lamcivtable j-ae.% 
 Uvat tHe Hoou ititi^tuHV op Uve ^Ubii iteo O t<i^e<> - ttui/b mot nxnvfrleo 
 ux)^tt< o-p ttie UiTtiUit* ato Miaes &p tlie cJVCeuCftutuMV - luw> ivot uet 
 Ivao a/ a^etai oi/Vcul/atlotv. (V Ivojie tt rrut'ii/ ue wi.blt>duo utto 
 owA/ *cfuvoi, a/co* 'eni^ei, aivo alt on/t/ *enntva-liei> op t/ea/Uvitvq^, aivo 
 tito-i-eO to- be- iata i^to-fro. ^'U'Ou/, w/t, aAe avtltled to aVeat c'lucoit 
 j-o-V tlve caAe cwvo ab-U-ildj/ iiotv (wn>e WVOUHV tit/ IvVejta/iuva, tke |vtctvb 
 
 eaiti-otv. (y liolve ucm/ aao tiie eoaivtlii/ unit IvVoui. Uii- it. 
 d ' ' 
 
 FROM THE CHIEF JUSTUS OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE 
 UNITED STATES FOK THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 (y Ovm- VetMi/efrteo t>U' mu- UtetfiAetv ov tfi* 
 
 op tfie ^Cuicuit %>ou/Vt of tfvc ^DiitUct ^ n0of!um(>ixi/ to- tKxwvfi/ 
 IMMI/ po-^x IUHI/V iveuv 0410 oo-l/iecteo wiiloti/ o-p ttve won*titutw>tv op 
 ttvc "Uftwteo iJtdte*, umtoh/ u-ow- k<uve K44vdui/ >evt to ttiem/, atio 
 jxyi tlve iMituxwHe >tati>tio uipo-tfnatuHV anafwed to itj an/o cijve. 
 outlui' urt/ Mve wiwytlotM) cuio oeVu/ hxi/ttlcuiaA/ -wuMWti umiew/ 
 fvai>e nwid o tfle ^otv*titatioiv cwvS oV tfve eo^lectloiv &E 

 
 COMMUNICATIONS. XV 
 
 wt/ luw/ctu/otuHi/, at> lo-eii, o-s wv bfle beat, u4ux>h/ IWHV fi/ove 
 <Weo-i>eied uv bfve po-tm/ei/ ed-i/bix>tv& . 
 
 J h/e J u/d-o-eb Ivo/u-e n/ot It-ao time to vxcunm*. blve teo&b oeiti. 
 (Xi/VeUi/tup ; tub, jA/o-m/ tti/e IvaA/bwi/i/ exo/m-MKi/twMv bli^u/ tunve tvo/o bi/m/o 
 bo rruwie, o/ivO bti/e o/teo^/ ooA/& iw-ubti/ w-lvbcn/ iixwA/ c-olvu/ tvoa teetv coin-- 
 Ivo/t/eo- iw-ibtv ba* o-Viq/MUul/ wv btve SJ/clvattm/etvb at t/fcabe, btt/eu/ l>ettei> < 
 
 It bo (>e bile mx>b eo-M/ecfc oah/ii/ ewba/ttt, atvd- bn.ett> Fva/i>e no ^o-u,W> It 
 
 ppp PPtPPP P'I. 
 
 lo-u/D te it^-epiM/ bo aM oku>ive!> op io-aujtu/. 
 
 ^Lv ifcn/ q/Veab Vcblvecbj (JJ (ww/, o ^/ t7 i/t/ } 
 
 -c-0 b ^&io- b, 
 
 FROM THE HONORABLE SILAS WRIGHT, LATE GOVERNOR OF 
 NEW YORK FORMERLY SENATOR IN CONGRESS. 
 
 it * CO- Hocwi/tc-ii/. 9 QADlvltL / f8-t7- 
 
 vJMmj/ <*eoA/ u lA/, 
 
 Cy blva/IVK/ IUH1/ tVl/ bike COJVll/ OP tVOUA/ eOl/bl/OU/ Op btl/e AOCMVitltl.l/tl/0-IV 
 /r n . d r A n On 
 
 op btve Ufti/ibeo c/bobeb, iin/tli/ ipo-it/i/ eojvMKt^> wvaoot. eJ li/e d-c^wi/n/, 
 
 Xp P't I.'' P'P VlPPl. \ 
 
 cwi/o tlve m/cwuveV o-p u>5 eoc-WMttto-ii/, oA/e ovun/e cVedi,bat>le bo ivtvu/ ; a/ivo 
 (y onvbixM^vovbe a/ u>-bo-e ei/loiu-a/bio-tv op tlve ri/ttte ivo-Lu/m/e, OMVO aieob 
 u/^euuivesb to onA/ ptee uvaitbutixnvi) p'ootn/ tt. 
 
 vJBAvDivtut/ ot bti/e eoi-bi/oivb ot wve Hoon/^ti/tiiti/oiv ot tlve Ifoiubeo 
 rn n 
 
 cfttvbeb, uv nvo*b oonvnvon/ eiA/eu,tatixMV, ovVe o-eVit' otv'ie[-e>^wt' Ivt/uvbe-o, 
 
 pp *P"P\P 
 
 i-iv pi/ccut/eivb eWciveoiv!) IviMvottuvtuoiv, opte>v uvetea/w+v^ bti-e o-ou/Uta 
 
 a* bo btve bViue eovvabtiixibufriv o-p ttve h^Vcva-'ta/ltlv!). Q/\Ctv eattuoit, 
 
 p P P P i.P PP'P^' P t- P 
 
 bii'C'^cPo-'< J e', K/IVOUHV bo u-e co-Wc-ctlii' |vit[>Li&'vcc), w> cP (v^'C-fvfc ixtiiiye. 
 ? ] 
 
 (Tip n n -\ p p n 
 
 ^U'OnA/ co-lvuiai ouvalubioa/l/ uvoeoc, Ivoio-euel', coiv^titiitei tlve Vea/L 
 
 ixu-u/e o-t iionA/ IJ.O-O-K/. cy t s-btio-iea Pa/vblvtu/l/uv. atva wt' tviv iuvl>wii-eo 
 I J I I Id o 
 
 W/L4VO, li UHtt te<VO ub bo Vcao UvC. MoCMVi-tlbu/blXHV IvtCWlbuXttut/, CUVO to 
 
 hAxHHM/oii/ (Mvo etij/u-^e bo iti Ivtaobtoal/ ovJvjvu&atuHv uv btve appai/ti o 1 
 Uve q^K>ettuivetvt, U> wwwvo-b pa/il to luuve a ivtvbu'VO't cuvo
 
 XF1 COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 tevdetvcu. tcuKiA,*) a/ ktUct ooivtUi/ctloiv oE tfve uvUumeiit iti/ tfle. 
 nvuvo op tii/e *cfw>Ea/V, tfve wvui/ eon*tlacti,o/ op tile ^ootv*titutw>n/ 
 MM-e to ouA/ pt-ee i4i/:>tituii/& twi/o to tfi/e Mcoiv&titaturtv it*efp. 
 
 ONo Wi/e, pamiluiA/ w-itlv tHe a jcu'o of ouA/ aouettimetit, can. 
 luu>e pa/tte-o to notice h/cuv la-Vq*. a/ Mojvo-ttlort/ c-t oti4. fttatcsnicti/ 
 n-et>eV to rww>e tea-o ttve vOwt/itLtutioiv o-t ttie Ifcaitea i? tate{> 
 
 ea^cUu/ Vete\/e4tce to it* |vVeci*e laivaiicwie atvo exaxit |vYo- 
 P c do . L . 
 
 uitt VatiioV, a& OCO,^KHV ji'tcsciitb, ccin to eceeleue tn-i/4/ 
 
 wt<vctuiitij-, iMi/po^UuvatciU' too ottciv Ivcu^eiUit cuvo jvoii>et UiUu- eoceiteo, 
 to tVetch/ l>otti/ to tfie Cuve oj- tfiuit tlteit, ovt tfi/e rwonieivt, ootiiO&t/ 
 e-ocjieo-iC4it. QAo VcU.Vetee to a> caAeUil, Jte^tcct, oMvd luU/ tMtalu-M* 
 ot tivat ui*lYum4i/t, and op tlue atatito o-j- Itcnuet/ Vca.lui' KHMW) nv 
 it, cannot UM.L to eocoit a/ tixm<a. 041/0 w.iui,t<i^u- wvluwnice tUioiv iiicli/ 
 niut^k. 
 
 w t u>, ivou>tvebj ujion/ ttve nvui/o ol- ttvc tudcivt o^ivo ttte Viiina/ 
 a-etielatioii/ frp o/t/ comvttij- tfvafc Cy atiticlliate tive, UH.ocui' extciiicti 
 uiK. Uil uvj-lU'Civoe OP uotiA/ &O&JL. Q) p U/ >fuili t>e, ao Q/ lu-h e it 
 mau-, utUocUteed aa a/ claw-booli/ wv ow/V cttooU, it cantvot j-ait 
 >c-oii/ to- [ttodiice a/ rttote X'liiiu ano co\.Vect anO muUrVm/ uuoc't. 
 Uttudinq. t-t live ^oaalitu'tuHV eu> it u>, tltatv h-a* lutfuetto li-'teoa/ilcd 
 
 u * I 
 
 Hi/ ou-V eoimt-lu-. 
 
 Qj t ta-4 UHva bceii/ a- l-auo-Vite itHbti/ ot mute, eu> to tfw4> ktate, I fiat 
 ouA/ liutiue law> o-p iwvu>eVai witeVe*t mau/ be, tu/ owA/ ^kcoiifa. 
 tuVc, d-t-^tiUniteO to ou/V/ eotn^voiv *C|MK>U> uv a- u>lm/ to (>e ntaie a/ 
 of a** -o-oc-h/ u>V tlte mo-le adixwieeo kclvot-a-li, th.at tlve cuA/leU> tcai{. 
 Uihwv op t*i/e *tate mail- tie ea/Vlu- a<i/d tfvoAxHiafvui- iMvdei*to*d (MU 
 tlvo>e iiMKi a/Ve to l>e tli* ixvteift op tlve >tate. 
 
 -*lj^>u/4/ boo-R/ wuMj-cifci tfve a^ditiotv op tlve Mooii*tttatioiv o-p tne 
 . <3 taie, uvitlv a/ putt wtae*, wtcli/ cw> tilat iw>u/ luiue jt^clta/Ved po-t tfve 
 t^edeUii HootvftttiatwMV, as a- |veVmoMi4tt cla*b-t>(K.-h/ to h/Veceue tfve 
 Uidii- oj. tn/e cuA-leivt taii>:> ; a/tvo, it- uou/V Moti*ti,tutuv*v an/0 t^e 
 uuix> op AOotta/Vcw op a/ actte'cal- cluttacteV aad iiiufc'istil |uiL4io 
 uttetot eoivto l>& ooiuuitco lui-tli/ tli/e ceaiic LT ^tll^l^J Cy o-c a&t
 
 COMMUNICATIONS. XVli 
 
 Htvouv oivij< tiviiuv tilofc lac-tito oo- w> to-t iouiidui- to- euuvulV ouA, 
 
 Pnvov to tecom/e pleem-eiv, cuvo to dielvoA<ve toe antics o-p 
 4V at tii/e |volu> op ouA- electwHvs tt> Miieiij/ to tlvet-V coiuittiv 
 
 cuvu otedi-Uvuui' to Hvemeli>ei. 
 
 Q) mvoet/eUj, li/c-Ke tfve |uu>Loatw)iv o-p aotvt IMKHS- nvoui/ lead tii*, 
 14XMI- to Mrrve Mi-oli/ txtuwib-le ao-aitiotv to tlve eoiuxifcitnv t-t tn 
 ij c-iui a- nvc*v o-p tile le4viu>Uo. 
 
 vJ&Awip teiMvie |UM> nx>t Ivein-utteo nte to eocamuve tuxuA/ utdoot uv 
 atC its IvaVU cu> ca/tcUiiui/ cu> tile Mtm-ect denuuvo-b, biit tfie. eoccurux 
 rvatloiK) Q/ fvac-e nvade, toacttveV untlv nui^ fe4WHu4/e^e op iu>u-t 
 aoou*tonteo axxm/taeii', CMVO Mwxi/UcU>te. Udetitib op uvtc4itioiv, tu^ue 
 rti^. to MVCCI/R/ untu/ tlve coivpweivce Q/ do at- tlve iwvoie ux^iti/. U tve 
 
 nvattel/ U-CHV Ivaoe co-rwveeteo u>ltfv tlve liab-ltcatioiv of tHe MDoivitltti/. 
 o i 
 
 tlotv is jveitltvetvt, ati/0 Mictv as ttve ij-ctuifl- ^tddctit o-p toe mat 'turn avfc 
 otvaW> to tie nvaoe tanviluiA' untlv, lo-lwle tlve leMvb op uvi^dotrv piom. 
 tile ej/'attveV o-p Ins A0otuvttu> to-ill coiv>ectate tii/e uHvove to lvu> 
 
 m,oi,tp a*vO fvU Iveatt. 
 
 "U/U-tv tfve teKetltvoiv op nufr tJuMWW poV ttve Hw|' ^V tlvw u>otK., 
 iiv ieijveot-uulii-, a*vo 
 
 FROM THE HONORABLE JOHN MACPHERSON BERRIEN, SENATOR 
 OF T^IE UNITED STATES. 
 
 ^r. n> 
 
 cy eoeamwveo ttve oojuv op " <J Ive ^Dotv!>tvtatuHV UMVUMV tioii/ 
 keivt to rve oiv Ito pli*t JMUHvcatioiv, a*vO tfve*v eocjvte^ieO to IWHV tdo 
 patvo-ttwH/e OJVMVKMV loivlelv Q) enteltttwved op [he, uwrtJi/, ptonv iti> tvcafc. 
 ivc*b, i/tx> O<X>U/V<I<HV, tvivo i^s> eont4vtlv6iv>w>etvew . vJj- tlve wrvjvo-ttcMvoe 
 op d;> di*tU-t>iutwrtv anvov(v att ct!aeb op oA/ ettlzetva, Cy ttitiifi/ ito 
 wte catv d(HM>t. 0* t w> Uve pu*vdanveivt(vt/ Uuo-, Wvav IWVMMV co-n/ttol* 
 alt ottveio - tlve cluvVtet/ o^ ou-V WieUici, uHvlcn/ eo-ettv cituzeiv iva* 
 cv i-el*oivaD uvtetel wv iMvdeVt<vivdMva< taoiXHtanlu'. Cy 
 
 I 
 2
 
 XV111 COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 fvtatipled, tlvetepo*^, to flvou>- tfvat eweliv clti/sea uxw> |vo*ie&*eu op a> 
 eo|ut< op it, a+vd li/a/o m/cvde {Mmivelp pam-iua/Y, u>,itlv ita content*, wv 
 pl{i*/i/eivb OMVO ea/teUw/ [vetiwxi/ts op tt. cJ tvl& UMHUO ma/lie turn 
 m/ote KeVpectup eomlvVclveivo tvi* ouv fvo*iti/otv a* a/ eitusen/ op tlvlb 
 q/tectt L/V9e4viM>i/ix!. 5 it UMHU/O e4iat>[e lutrv to Vea/uce rrtoVe ootai-auu/ 
 tfve uttwiiate tela-turn/ uv u4vlcn/ ae- 5ta-aa to eoeVti> oblvet citizen/; 
 o^ivo tfva* bti tevac*vcU' UHHU/O t>e to a'oau* clo*eV tlve j-tateViva/t uo-tvo 
 lolvMilt/ tunte& iw> ox> otve heo|vle. t/we uxnvto teooni/e *en/ 
 tnxwin/ til*. wvtetLw:peiee a*vo iM-itiie ot eoMjtv uiau>iaiui/i/ rrtcui 
 tde nxi|i4mve<> op fi/ui) petlfru>-5, atvo op tlie ftoVVcMvoitd-iiva/ cuvo 
 MvpUieivoe op uwvoUw/ee cuto mce ; cuvo ttuo coivowitloiv lo-ouio t/en-de^/ 
 tvun/ tlve a>ot>oca/te o[- a/tt Ivlolvet/ m/ea*u4e to etuaAae Mve nit-etti/. 
 q/e4vce, onvo mtjvioo* tlve nvo'talb, op ttvo>e loittv lo-lvom/ tve u> IvoLuti/. 
 oalui' ow.*ocuite^ . Qn9 (wvouHeo-a-e op tlve 4oi>n-i>Ututtoiv, uMu^n/ i* 
 po-4/ ttve mx>*t jva/Vt li/la/uv aivd ^wnlvte i*v vti> VvVoin<Motv!>, uxniio optetv 
 
 evaWe. Iwm/ to |ui.Vtv MvO-iq^vcwvtui/ tlve et-t-ott* ot defnxx<voq-tii to 
 i' J 1 1 I 99 
 
 n-vu>le<i'd (urn/, cuvo ouini/^eiv h^rvv to a/ aeejve-V/ Jeu& op a-tafcvtitd-e poV 
 tlve h/tio-i-leae!) uHvictv Ive w> [vcinvttteo to eivi-ou/. 
 
 Q/ t UMHM/O, itv miv ojvuwoiv, t>e oeii/ViWe Wvat >actv a/ cohii/ op tlve 
 Mfloa*tt,Uvtloiv cvs tlvafc lutwcfv ivou/ tt<ii>e |vV|t<vVeo, smxMiia t>e uv Ivoj. 
 icM.oiv op ea/elv wto-uMaX/ ttiWMVttt tnAxHtalvotvt tlve ttuvo, ao a/ tmvo- 
 04.0 to uHuetv Vcleleivoe m<uv tc. n/ad u>itlv luvdoao-tuva, cwvEi^e+vce, 
 uv caie* ivlviclv uvooiue a-e>tMHvs op ^ooivtttutix)ivaX lau>. 2/ivt Q/ 
 uxMvto e|teciat.Uv dcsi/te to bee It uvtt-odu-eed cvs> ov teat-too^/ wv ouA/ 
 *oIvooU) atvd eoiLe<vc-5, tlvat ouA, ipotwvtv m.etv m-cvu- b-e taun-Kt to fjiK-u> 
 tlvei-V Vvalvt&, cuvo to lieeofive acq ( iu/wvto iw-itlv tftciA/ dutie!), cv ettv. 
 cnt:>. b-ejx>V. tlveiv evauve in, tlve entjvtoitnvetvU op active ttpe. 
 
 QAD* a/ elti/zeiv cE t^e "tVCu-Ued utatei), Q/ tfvav&/ ivou, Eoi tile 
 
 eotvpeV-Ved iUvov ttve eonwiuwvltii/ (>iw tftM> 
 
 d ivoiv fvcvue nut/ te*fc uHMve* tlva-t ivotvl/ laf>oi:> niai 
 
 <T\- 'V ' 
 
 Q) cwv, dea^^ w/V, i>eliv tejv iv ( 0)e.
 
 ^. 
 
 COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 FROM THE HON. HENRY CLAY, SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 ^U/o-wvLtwi/tOTV, O e4vtemt>e^/j fcSO. 
 
 uta/ bh/at aou/ ui/bctvo to IUMHIMI/ a/ pouAifl edi/bi/OH/ op 
 bfve o-oumve, coirUvued atvd li-lejvated (HI- u-oti/, eo-n/ta-utwa- live ^co+v- 
 ^bi/bu/tuHV op blve "Iteiti/bed oba/bei, atvd otti/eV h/i/ah/lu/ n*ej-tM/ atvo 
 wvbeVeitMvq/ mxitteV, <y ba/lie |vteaw/Ve wt eo^vie^uva/ Wi/e 4<i/ttftUi'obi/oti/ 
 <y tva/i>e. o-eiuveo pVotvi/ twv eccam/wvabi/o-n/ at ttve m-oik/. "Lnm/ tva/i>& 
 o-usjtUuj'eo I'W/o-cwi/efvfc wv blve nra/beiuit/s lo-h/i/eiv i/b emt>odi/ei) , ttivo tn/ btv& 
 oA/o&V- to-lbtv u>h/uolt/ bfi/cu/ fixu>e teen/ a/Vtatwj-ed . ^Ij'Ou^/ tew-deivee at b^o 
 etbu/ o-p ^UUd^Jvi+vatovv, aivo uv otve ap tile Ivu-u-Lto o-pptce*, a<w> a/p- 
 po^d-ed ii/oti/ aiv o-jvlvottiwubil' op acce* bo bite oti^wui/t bcwb o-p ttve, 
 Mooii>biiutioiv, an-d bo bfi/e &bti,v d-ociwn-e*vbb a-ii/o Vecoid-i oo-vvba/uveo 
 uv u/cmA/ iH>uun/e., o-p twvi/clv IH>U- ajt/ji-ca/t/ bo tixi/o-e a^M/o-iMHt^ui- cwxn/ted 
 u-ottV^eLp. ^Iv&u/V UHi-vts-j bli/etepo-t/ej o-e-^elu-e* [vei-peeb co-ivptaeii/& wv 
 Ibo enti/te Oiitfleiiiuei/bu/. 
 
 ?J It/eVe a-ie w> m/cm.u/ aii/o Mtotv OI>IMU> Veaiotv!) MV paixyt/ o-P bti/u> 
 u-o-o-li/ u-euvq/ escbeivw-u-eUj/ ei/'touJa4:eo, a-n/o MI/ btve tvcwvoi o-p eo-etU' cpbixsen/ 
 iw-hx) can/ coiu>e*vteivbLu/ appo-^d bo tvu/'i.clva*e it, btva^> Q) eawiot ooii-lib 
 bfie ei^betvee. o-p a/ eoiv^tatvb cwvd t/a/Y^e d-ematvd EoV lb. Q/bvo 
 eibixreivi) uwi/o a/Ve ao-uva/ ab-Uva-Oj CMI/O urt/ewMtet/t> wivo aAe eo-m-uvq/ 
 cwn^ft-a/ LW>, MHna/d ait/ do ux-ll bo frbia/ut/ |v&^iye&M)-tv op a/ ww>h- u>alch/ 
 eort[i/Vi'i , u>ttti/MV a/ im-at/b oomjva^b, bfue Veco-td op w> m<wi'tt' un/tvo-Y/. 
 btwvb OnabioiwM/ eo-etvbs atvd Q/\ctbu>nxj/E t'ccwiacwt 1.0115. 
 
 Vt.t xxiAceui/ n/eoe^a^/u/ bo a-d-d aw/ eocli/<,e&--WHV op m/U' m-ti 
 
 blvab OOM/ m-aii/ otba/wi/ a/ ti/u-e-la/L Jva/btoivaae Ux>m/ Uve Iviujtto, 
 d _ d i) I i 
 
 m-eit^eo Po-V uxnvt/ tat>frt^>. 
 
 T p PP 
 
 Q/ ant/ Vei)|veobj-uiui-, 
 
 ^UxOtiA/ ol>cd- b.
 
 COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 FROM THE HON. LEWIS CASS, SENATOR OF TIIK UNITED STATES. 
 
 Q/VDb ooA/ temi/e*b (y Mxiwe. caA,eU/LCu/ exammcd, cuvo a-o aot flew/. 
 
 tale to au>e rrui/ oh/i+u/otv of tn/e ixM/u/e of, ivou/k eJitu>n/ ot bfve Moon,- 
 d d I Id ' 
 
 , tdouaFi/ tt is a UM>'CK. u>lvwih/ (b>es vot tveeo aau< te*tmi.o- 
 o-P mttve tc lfci> rtvettti), not u>t,Cf/ tfte. ecclvtemott' &p m-ii/ i-uoa/m&ivb 
 it Uve> nwte, to Jt4tWte j-cuxyt/. (y b to a/ nvotutntent CP ea/'^e, 
 ati/o 1/a/tWv, <MVO aoeu^aeij', cuvo nutu, wvteUJ' oc|ve4iO w4vfttv its ouvtv 
 i/>tttuv*to BMMN*] UH/tlvoiU; ealTwia/ to Its a-^ CMI/W' aatvetttitioiW) ci/t- 
 ciuM/itancei u>rt<U>ei>eV. t>Tke iwiee o-P tk coiwit'tU' twvo live Ve- 
 jveateo o-Vdetb o-j- tlve O enxi/te Eot/ Its [vu.Ww5atixMv CUM) aistttiHttu&n/, 
 n/ie ea/aa/ltu/ Ivo-ivoi/aWe to tfve cda/UuiteV O-P tde wowi, an-d to In*- 
 eUyu-ltu/ atvo u^eWXj/ op tn* outth^/. Q) ti> iiiUviu<nt.s accuA-axiti/, its 
 a-vaXiptuxu/ wvo-eAUq^fcwHvs, CMI/O tive eomlvte^MO+v op tile Mii|voVtaiU> 
 M-totio(vt/ pats iwvtcrt/ |vtee6^ed atvo atteivdeO live tvtoceeduva* op 
 tfi*' Hooiw>entiov, ewvo lolw/on/ nva/tHed ttve IvUKV^e^s op tfve a^-olvti-otv 
 oj- Uve HoMVtltiitlotv, tnAoti/an/ aU, tit*, itti ac.s o-B a(nU>t cuvo arvooi-etu/, 
 tlu/ tfve piiva/K twvo iuvli jnu eotvMurvntatum/, n<M>e aw-ecuW teceu>ed 
 tlvc cMijvloiK^tuHV op fceoeUiX em/wvwit nvcn/, w>ilo*e tettcVs ate. eotv- 
 taiiveo ui/ tlve potnvet/ cd-ltwm/. ^Xvt LE eo*t bft/eV' UXM> a/ keViod 
 m/ tlve li/ttoUj/ op ouA/ couut'tii-, umiclv catted ttjvoti/ IM> to DOOK/ iMi/cli. 
 ujvwv tHe l>le*4.Mi^i> to-fuclv tn-c Hoott-stltutwm/ wxi* btou^flt, aii/o itjvotv 
 ttve di,pploiuti Lfc etvootuateVeo tepo^e It Veoci/t>cd t^e wui-cti/oiv op 
 tlve Q/knveU<xMV t7taie> cwvo keolvte, tdat Ivetuod u> u-jvoti/ UA. Q/ p 
 ioe nvcte noii> ^ejvaAateo, eu> u>e ic-ete uv l*!!) IM) (Hoital/ Ivouvet/ 
 eou/lo b'tuta. tW) toattvet/. ^lA/lleWlet/, unWv all tbe codi/etuetvce ou 
 ow/V da*va*ts aivo oat b-Le^uva^, uve oatv u* klvb toaetaeV, mii^b 
 dejvetvO uji/wi/ btve kjviAtt w-itki u>kin/ uve- cctne lUv to toe uvotft/. 
 JlA/tvctti.t/ ttve peei/MvtL* op eotvoe^MHV CMVO eoiu[vtom/i/ u4i/u4v an/u- 
 nvateo ot/4/ pattve'<u> urn// eo+vtwvae to aivtrtvate tn^lt/ WMI:>, o-i e+voiMvlv
 
 COMMUNICATIONS. XXI 
 
 op bdem/, to |vlebeU>e <wvo IveVjiebu/cite blw/b IvVectoub HeUtaae, ae- 
 q/ui/te.0 kip betu-wjeb aivo biu-pe.Hna/b umw>ti> ate lo-Hbbeii/ uv ouA. [vabb 
 lubboUt/, an/0 rn.au/ pwvd ecutaD eamh,leb op tui/tixHUi-l/ ca/la/m-iiu/ wv 
 tac- putw,t/e', Mi/oulo ttlu- eont-cdc-'catuiii/ te t>Volieiv u,k/, IA tk/e a^eab 
 a^icivttotv o-t- tti/e aa/U', uni/ieti/ eoetib* a/Ve to/at lutifcen/uio- bo a- icUibKut*, 
 itud&V ci/Vcunt&bcwvee!) cw> wnlvotna/ a/b blvcti' ate |votbe*vbon!) . 
 
 ^IvouA/ VcleVeit/ee bo btve h>tacbi,ce> ct ^/foome atvo bo bk.b at btve 
 ni eo-icteu-a t a/q/eb in/ uttalan-o, uMi/eie bli/e diWuix)n/ at live- ktKHiHedae 
 op bti/ei/t/ Ve^liecbm-e ^MMMtwHitWHMj eilveciaili}' amcncp ttve ii/owln/i 
 uxib one op tti^ ca-teb op tn/e a/oDeliim-eivb) pu/liufctieb a>v ln^h/o'<baltt 
 tesMHV, u>ti/ielv catnvot t>& boo bfc'coitaiu< coiTUiiendeo bo bti/e |tttt>ti,o 
 attciilwm/. tJ [be Hootvti-babuMV iaou/ta l>& a/ ictu>&L-l>ccli, mx^ae pa/- 
 nmi/a4/ bo u/b p^/om/ ou/V eaAu/eit u-ea^b. Cy bb |vi-uvci4ileb, ibb Mo* 
 uubton-b, i-bb umi.bcU;i/on/b, Mvou/lo t>e btuoued atvo iwi/ae'tbtoco, ewvo tHe. 
 m/oie bfveti' ale btw-o-ueo bti/e b-ctbcV uvu/t ttvcii/ t>e aji [vleeia-beo cwvo tlve 
 eii' uj-ill u-ecoiTve. Cy bkou/lu U& q/la/o bo bee uou/V edition/ 
 uv eo-etu/ b(vool-[w>ube LH- bfve ^Hctnx>tv, cwvo tn\r 
 
 ee o 
 
 eolUcia.u^. aivO mubelp ale. bo ^n^jvle^beo u>ibh/ b^e im-kotba-ne 
 blvub Mtq-a/ebbi/on/, bLab u>e iivbefto bo dibtlLi>ttbe alt bit*- colti/eb u> Ve. 
 
 cen>e. am/on.q/ live bcn/oot utlati/eb ot vJSAfeieliuaa/v. 
 
 <T \ ' 
 
 QJ am/, dea-V bi-V, 
 
 ;yV!)eb|vecbpu.lli|-, ipou/V ou-ed b ivelu- b, 
 
 
 7V6bCR/eu-, bo/. 
 
 /. 
 2*
 
 COMMUNICATIONS. 
 
 FEOM THE HON. DAJfTBL WEBSTER, SECRETARY OF STATE OP THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 uia. Uvat uoa. ovVe a-oout to KuWiwl a louAtli/ (iditioiv 
 ot t&e oOoo^. c-E Me ^x>i*tttuUofv, Of tane jifea*ale uv cji V>*itia, 
 mu- bUt tttat tH. eoctn>uve. ditVilHiUofv of tnat oouune u> ot 
 ImUio cuid a^ncVal imjic-itonoc . 
 
 <J fie Mc-t>titiiti<MV c- t^e ^l&ttted Otate* u> cv u>Yittv <2> n>tvii-. 
 nteivt ; a/ tecoaoed Uuidameittal Hau> j tt 14 tue X>072a, ato tile 
 Bond, of tile Union of t&oe ftatej 'it ift off t&at aloe> 
 
 a National cLvuvctet. 
 
 Qrun*fc eoeiUr nvan, in, tne coiutttu- w cahaW-c op ieadtto> tt; 
 that uMucn. o iecjtiu- conoXw au , >uc-tiio be made ca^ilii- ac . 
 bte to ail. "-IvcuA, (utUucaUon/, Q) ttuufe, i> betted eaicutateo 
 to accomjiU*ll thi en-o, ttuMv CMUV u4iicv no* ttieoeoeo it. 
 "ltou,l loitn/ oeUi- ttue VeqaVd,
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 JAMES MADISOW, President of the United States, on entering 
 npon the duties of the office, declared, that "to support the Consti- 
 tution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations 
 as in its authorities, and to favor the advancement of science and the 
 diffusion of information, as the best aliment to true liberty," with 
 other salutary sentiments and intentions, would be a resource which 
 could not fail him ; and added, " but the source to which I look for 
 the aid which alone can supply my deficiencies, is the well-tried 
 intelligence and virtue of my fellow-citizens, and in the counsels of 
 those representing them in the other departments associated in the 
 care of the national interests." 
 
 " To support the Constitution" by his talents, by his best ser- 
 vices, and with his life, if required, is the firm and irrevocable de- 
 termination of every true patriot ; but the " support" presupposes 
 a knowledge of that valued instrument; and the knowledge can 
 alone be expected to follow a careful reading and study of its letter 
 and its spirit. To afford an opportunity to every American citizen 
 to do this, is the object in the publication of the present edition. 
 
 If, as Cicero informs ns, in ancient Rome the very boys were 
 obliged to learn the twelve tables by heart, as a carmen necessarium, 
 or indispensable lesson, to imprint on their tender minds an early 
 knowledge of the laws and constitution of their country, 
 
 " Nocturna versate manu, versate diurna/' 
 
 If it was deemed important to the preservation of British liberty, 
 in the earlier and better days of that country, that Magna Charta
 
 XXIV INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 should be authoritatively promulgated and read to the people it 
 is no less important to the preservation of American liberty, that 
 every intelligent citizen should, by his own will and authority, 
 aided by the liberality of the Government, possess a copy of this 
 great charier of American liberty. 
 
 There appears to have been no formal provision made by the 
 Government of the United States for the promulgation of the Con- 
 stitution, except by a concurrent resolution of the two Houses of 
 Congress, made during the first Congress, (6th July, 1789,) whereby 
 it was " Resolved, that there be prefixed to the publication of the 
 acts of the present session of Congress a correct copy of the Con- 
 stitution of Government for the United States." This, however, 
 was sufficient to show the intention and the judgment of the Patres 
 Patrise upon the subject. 
 
 Every good citizen, capable of reading and understanding its 
 meaning, is bound by duty to his country, if in his power, to pos- 
 sess a copy of the Constitution. The compiler of this publication 
 has added the Declaration of Independence, with invaluable matter 
 claiming paternity of the " Father of his country," a.nd other inte- 
 resting information, and has so limited the cost of this Consti- 
 tutional bouquet, as to enable the Government, should such be its 
 pleasure, by a judicious and liberal investment in this provident 
 stock to lay up, for a time of need, a vast fund of available trea- 
 sure in the minds and the hearts of the people, for the defence of 
 their liberties and the perpetuity of their institutions to sow the 
 good seed in virgin soil, which might otherwise be occupied by 
 noxious weeds. With diffidence it is submitted, that this national 
 object may be practically effected by the distribution of barely so 
 many copies as may place one in each village or neighborhood, 
 which would introduce it to the knowledge of the people, who 
 would then seek by their own means to possess it ; and thus as a 
 mustard seed would it multiply, and its salutary principles be ex- 
 tended. Nor could any means more convenient be proposed, than 
 to intrust to the hands of the guardians of the Constitution in Con- 
 gress the distribution, or the sowing of this good seed. It would 
 appear from the tables of the last census, that there are, in the
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XXV 
 
 United States, upwards of three and a half millions of men, over 
 twenty years of age, capable of reading; and should there be only 
 one copy furnished by the Government to every hundred men, a 
 large portion of the other ninety-nine would, probably, by their own 
 means, obtain it. 
 
 Viewing the immense diffusion of printed political matter through 
 all the villages and hamlets of the Republic, as the abundance of 
 material provided by the generosity of the Government and zeal of 
 private enterprise, as political food for the mind, this compilation 
 may be considered as salt for the preservation of such as may be 
 wholesome, or as lime to neutralize and destroy such as may be 
 carious. It would be a test by which to separate the wheat from 
 the tares and cockle a crucible by which to separate the gold 
 from the dross and base metal, or the cupel by which to try the 
 current coin of politics, and a text book by which to judge of the 
 orthodoxy of political disquisitions. 
 
 By the British statute, " confirmatio cartarum" the great charter 
 was directed " to be allowed as the common law ; all judgments 
 contrary to it are declared void : copies of it arc ordered to be sent to 
 all cathedral churches, and read twice a year to the people. ;" whereby 
 it was intended that the sanctity of the place should inspire a pecu- 
 liar veneration for that noble structure of fundamental law sacred 
 to human liberty, civil and religious. 
 
 According to Plato and Aristotle, "Lex est mens sine affectu, et 
 quasi Deus" the law is mind without passion, and therefore like 
 God. Or, according to Grotius, " God approved and ratified the 
 salutary constitutions of government made by men ;" while De- 
 mosthenes declares, that "the design and object of laws is to ascer- 
 tain what is just, honorable, and expedient ; and when that is dis- 
 covered, it is proclaimed as a general ordinance, equal and impartial 
 to all. This is the origin of law, which, for various reasons, all 
 are under an obligation to obey, but especially because all law is 
 the invention and gift of Heaven, the resolution of wise men, the 
 correction of every offence, and the general compact of the State , 
 to live in conformity with which is the duty of every individual in 
 society."
 
 XXVI INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 Bossuet remarks, that "If tha Roman laws have appeared so 
 sacred, that their majesty still subsists, notwithstanding the ruin 
 W the empire, it is because good sense, which controls human life, 
 reigns throughout the whole, and that there is nowhere to be found 
 a finer application of the principles of natural equity." 
 
 Algernon Sidney adds, that "The Israelites, Spartans, Romans, 
 and others, who framed their governments according to their own 
 will, did it not by any peculiar privilege, but by a universal right 
 conferred upon them by God and nature. They were made of no 
 better clay than others ; they had no right that does not as well 
 belong to other nations ; that is to say, the Constitution of every 
 government is referred to those who are concerned in it, and no 
 other has any thing to do with it." 
 
 " Salus populi est lex suprema." 
 
 Judge Blackstone remarks, that " every man, when he enters 
 into society, gives up a part of his natural liberty, as the price of 
 B<J valuable a purchase ; and, in consideration of receiving the ad- 
 vantages of mutual commerce, obliges himself to conform to those 
 laws which the community has thought proper to establish. And 
 this species of legal obedience and conformity is infinitely more 
 desirable than that wild and savage liberty which is sacrificed to 
 obtain it. For no man, that considers a moment, would wish to 
 retain the absolute and uncontrolled power of doing whatever he 
 pleases ; the consequence of which is, that every other man would 
 also have the same power, and then there would be no security to 
 individuals in any of the enjoyments of life. Political, therefore, 
 or civil liberty, which is that of a member of society, is no other 
 than natural liberty, so far restrained by human laws (and no far- 
 ther) as is necessary and expedient for the general advantage of tho 
 public. Hence, we may collect that the law, which restrains a 
 man from doing mischief to his fellow-citizens, though it dimi- 
 nishes the natural, increases the civil liberty of mankind. And 
 Locke has well observed, " where there is no law there is no free- 
 dom." 
 
 Socrates made a promise, with himself, to observe the laws of
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. f XXV11 
 
 his country ; but this is nothing more than what every good man 
 ought both to promise and to perform : and he ought to promise 
 still further, that he will exert all his power, when constitutionally 
 called upon, to compel others to obey them. 
 
 The compiler of this edition of our own venerated Constitution, 
 to which he has with anxious labor prefixed a copious, and, he trusts, 
 a faithful analytical index, believes that there are among his fellow- 
 citizens many thousands of intelligent men capable of reading and 
 understanding the great American charter of liberty, but who, with- 
 out seeing and judging for themselves of " its limitations and its 
 authorities," have, with a passive credulity, (which in other mat- 
 ters of comparative insignificance, would have been indignantly 
 Bpurned,) reposed their faith, their birthright, and their safety, on 
 the opinions of others, whose impassioned, and sometimes vitupe- 
 rative tones have appealed rather to the prejudices of the heart than 
 to the integrity of the understanding. 
 
 Mr. Dallas has well said, that " the Constitution in its words is 
 plain and intelligible, and it is meant for the homebred, unsophisti- 
 cated understandings of our fellow-citizens." To this sentiment, the 
 compiler is indebted for suggesting to his mind the idea of publish- 
 ing this edition of the Constitution, with its accompaniments ; and 
 he therefore believed that there would be propriety and justice in 
 the dedication of it to this distinguished statesman, and through 
 him to the American people.* 
 
 The compiler, diffident of his own ability to do adequate justice 
 to the subject, has called to his aid some of the most eminent 
 authorities to sustain the inviolable sanctity of the law, and to im- 
 press upon Americans a reverential attachment to the Constitution, 
 as in the highest sense the palladium of American liberty; so that 
 their judgment, as well as their affections, may be enlisted on the 
 side of the Constitution, as the truest security of the Union, and 
 the only solid basis on which to rest the private rights, the public 
 liberties, and the substantial prosperity of the people composing 
 the American Republic. 
 
 He will next have recourse to the authority of the universally 
 esteemed and lamented Justice Story, as to the high responsibilities 
 of the people, and the proper means of guarding the inestimable 
 
 * The 1st and 2d editions were dedicated to Mr. Dallas, and the 3d and subsequent editions, 
 with his permission, to the people, <tc.
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 rights they now enjoy. In reference to the Constitution of. govern- 
 ment he says : " It must perish, if there be not that vital spirit in 
 the people, which alone can nourish, sustain, and direct all its 
 movements. It is in vain that statesmen shall form plans of go- 
 vernment, in which the beauty and harmony of a republic shall be 
 embodied in visible order, shall be built up on solid substructions, 
 and adorned by every useful ornament, if the inhabitants suffer the 
 silent power of time to dilapidate its walls, or crumble its massy 
 supporters into dust ; if the assaults from without are never resisted, 
 and the rottenness and mining from within are never guarded 
 against. Who can preserve the rights and liberties of the people, 
 when they shall be abandoned by themselves ? Who shall keep 
 watch in the temple, when the watchmen sleep at their posts 1 
 Who shall call upon the people to redeem their possessions, and 
 revive the republic, when their own hands have deliberately and 
 corruptly surrendered them to the oppressor, and have built the 
 prisons or dug the graves of their own friends ? This dark picture, 
 it is to be hoped, will never be applicable to the Republic of Ame- 
 rica. And yet it affords a warning, which, like all the lessons of 
 past experience, we are not permitted to disregard. America, free, 
 happy, and enlightened as she is, must rest the preservation of her 
 rights and liberties upon the virtue, independence, justice, and 
 sagacity of the people. If either fail, the republic is gone. Its 
 shadow may remain with all the pomp, and circumstance, and 
 trickery of government, but its vital power will have departed. In 
 America, the demagogue may arise as well as elsewhere. He is 
 the natural, though spurious growth of republics ; and, like the 
 courtier, he may, by his blandishments, delude the ears and blind 
 the eyes of the people to their own destruction. If ever the day 
 shall arrive, in which the best talents and the best virtues shall be 
 driven from office by intrigue or corruption, by the ostracism of the 
 press, or the still more unrelenting persecution of party, legislation 
 will cease to be national. It will be wise by accident, and bad by 
 Hj'stem." 
 
 " In every human society," says the celebrated Beccaria, " there 
 is an effort continually tending to confer on one part the height of 
 power and happiness, and to reduce the other to the extreme of
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XXIX 
 
 weakness and misery. The intent of good laws is to oppose this 
 effort, and to diffuse their influence universally and equally ;" and 
 Montesquieu declares that, "In a free state, every man, who is sup- 
 posed a free agent, ought to be concerned in his own government ; 
 therefore the legislative power should reside in the whole body of 
 the people, or their representatives. The political liberty of the 
 citizen is a tranquillity of mind, arising from the opinion each per- 
 son has of his safety. In order to have this liberty, it is requisite 
 the government be so constituted, as that one man need not be 
 afraid of another. The enjoyment of liberty, and even its support 
 an.l preservation, consists in every mail's being a/lowed to speak his 
 t/wu^hfs, and lay open his sentiments.'' 1 
 
 The compiler will next propose to his fellow-citizens the advice 
 of a profound philosopher, as to the proper mode of preserving the 
 independence of the mind, which is alike applicable to every free- 
 born American citizen, and points out the means by which the na- 
 tive talent, the integrity of heart, and the indomitable spirit of the 
 people, guided by patriotism, will be rendered available in the pre- 
 servation of the purity of the government, and of their own liber- 
 ties It is submitted, that a copy of this edition of the Constitu- 
 tion be in the possession of every citizen capable of reading and 
 understanding the meaning of language, before whom the following 
 instructions of Locke would then be placed : 
 
 " Reading is for the improvement of the understanding." 
 
 " The improvement of the understanding is for two ends : first, 
 for our own increase of knowledge; secondly, to enable us to de- 
 liver and make out that knowledge to others." 
 
 " I hope it will not be thought arrogance to say, that perhaps we 
 should make greater progress in the discovery of rational and con- 
 templative knowledge, if we sought it in the fountain in the con- 
 sideration of things themselves and made use rather of our own 
 thoughts than other men's to find it; for I think we may as ration- 
 ally hope to see with other men's eyes, as to know by other men's 
 understandings. So much as we ourselves consider and compre- 
 hend of truth and reason, so much we possess of real and true 
 knowledge. The floating of other men's opinions in our brains 
 
 makes us not one jot the more knowing, though they happen to be 
 
 3
 
 XXX INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 true. What in them was science, is in us but opiniatrety ; whilst 
 we give up our assent only to reverend names, and do not, as they 
 did, employ our own reason to understand those truths which gave 
 them reputation. Aristotle was certainly a knowing man, but no- 
 body ever thought him so, because he blindly embraced, or confi- 
 dently vented, the opinions of another. And if the taking up ano- 
 ther's principles, without examining them, made not him a philoso- 
 pher, I suppose it will hardly make anybody else so. In the 
 sciences, every one has so much as he really knows and compre- 
 hends ; what he believes only, and takes upon trust, are but shreds, 
 which, however well in the whole piece, make no considerable 
 addition to his stock who gathers them. Such borrowed wealth, 
 like fairy money, though it were gold in the hand from which he 
 received it, will be but leaves and dust when it comes to use." 
 
 " How many men have no other ground for their tenets than the 
 supposed honesty, or learning, or number, of those of the same pro- 
 fession . As if honest or bookish men could not err, or truth were 
 to be established by the vote of the multitude ; yet this, with most 
 men, serves the turn." 
 
 " All men are liable to error, and most men are, in many points, 
 by passion or interest, under temptation to it. If we could but see 
 the secret motives that influenced the men of name and learning in 
 the world, and the leaders of parties, we should not always find 
 that it was the embracing of truth, for its own sake, that made 
 them espouse the doctrines they owned and maintained. This at 
 least is certain, there is not an opinion so absurd which a man may 
 not receive upon this ground. There is no error to be named, 
 which has not had its professors; and a man shall never want 
 crooked paths to walk in, if he thinks that he is in the right way 
 wherever he has the footsteps of others to follow." 
 
 It is not hence to be inferred, however, that the opinions and the 
 judgment of the wise and the good are to be disregarded, and more 
 especially are we not permitted to treat with irreverence the politi- 
 cal loctrines and maxims of the fathers of the republic, whose wis- 
 dom and counsel, and devoted patriotism, gave being to the Decla- 
 ration of our independence and the Constitution of our country. 
 In the fundamental principles of our Government, on what can the
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XXXI 
 
 American mind and faith repose with as much confidence and 
 safety as the expositions contained in the "Federalist, an incom- 
 parable commentary of three of the greatest statesmen of their age," 
 in the extraordinary judgments of the supreme judicial tribunal, 
 and the solid wisdom embodied in the constitutional commentaries 
 of those who have imparted dignity and purity to the moral ermine 
 which ornaments that august tribunal? 
 
 Nor can the American people look to any source more entitled 
 to their confidence, for an exposition of the essential principles of 
 our Government, and, consequently, those which ought to shape its 
 administration, than to the farewell address of the " Father of his 
 country," (contained in this compilation,) and to the principles 
 proclaimed by the "Fathers" of the memorable Declaration and of 
 the immortal Constitution, when respectively "called upon to un- 
 dertake the duties of the first executive office of our country." 
 
 Thomas Jefferson declared those principles to be " Equal and 
 exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious 
 or political ; for having banished from our land that religious intole- 
 rance under which mankind so long bled and suffered, we have yet 
 gained little, if we countenance a political intolerance, as despotic, 
 as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions ; peace, 
 commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alli- 
 ances with none ; the support of the State governments in all their 
 rights, as the most competent administrations for our domestic con- 
 cerns, and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies ; 
 the preservation of the General Government in its whole constitu- 
 tional vigor, as the sheet-anchor of our peace at home and safety 
 abroad ; a jealous care of the right of election by the people ; a 
 mild and safe corrective of abuses which are lopped by the sword 
 of revolution, where peaceful remedies are unprovided ; absolute 
 acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of 
 republics, from which is no appeal but to force, the vital principle 
 and immediate parent of despotism ; a well-disciplined militia, our 
 best reliance in peace and for the first moments of war, till regulars 
 may relieve them ; the supremacy of the civil over the military 
 authority; economy in the public expense, that labor may be 
 lightly burthened ; the honest payment of our debts, and sacred
 
 XXXll INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 preservation of the public faith; encouragement of agriculture, and 
 of commerce as its handmaid ; the diffusion of information, and 
 arraignment of all abuses at the bar of the public reason; freedom 
 of religion ; freedom of the press ; and freedom of person under the 
 protection of the habeas corpus ; and trial by juries impartially 
 selected. These principles form the bright constellation which 
 has gone before us, and guided our steps through an age of revolu- 
 tion and reformation. The wisdom of our sages, and blood of our 
 heroes, have been devoted to their attainment : they should be the 
 creed of our political faith ; the text of civic instruction ; the touch- 
 stone by which to try the services of those we trust ; and should 
 we wander from them in moments of error or of alarm, let us has- 
 ten to retrace our steps, and to regain the road which alone leads 
 to peace, liberty, and safety." 
 
 James Madison, equally pursuing the principles .of the Constitu- 
 tion, declared the purposes of Government to be: 
 
 " To cherish peace and friendly intercourse with all nations 
 having correspondent dispositions ; to maintain sincere neutrality 
 towards belligerent nations ; to prefer, in all cases, amicable discus- 
 sion and reasonable accommodation of differences, to a decision of 
 them by an appeal to arms ; to exclude foreign intrigues, and for- 
 eign partialities, so degrading to all countries, and so baneful to 
 free ones; to foster a spirit of independence, too just to invade the 
 rights of others, too proud to surrender our own, too liberal to in- 
 dulge unworthy prejudices ourselves, and too elevated not to look 
 down upon them in others ; to hold the union of the States as the 
 basis of their peace and happiness; to support the Constitution, 
 which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in 
 its authorities ; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the 
 States, and to the people, as equally incorporated with, and essen- 
 tial to the success of, the general system ; to avoid the slightest 
 interference with the rights of conscience, or the functions of reli- 
 gion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction ; to preserve, in 
 their full energy, the other salutary provisions in behalf of private 
 and personal rights, and of the freedom of the press ; to observe 
 economy in public expenditures; to liberate the public resources 
 :>y an honorable discharge of the public debts ; to keep within the
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XXX111 
 
 requisite limits a standing military force, always remembering that 
 an armed and trained militia is the firmest bulwark of republics- 
 that without standing armies their liberty can never be in danger, 
 nor with large ones safe; to promote, by authorized means, im- 
 provements friendly to agriculture, to manufactures, and to external 
 as well as internal commerce; to favor, in like manner, the advance- 
 ment of science and the diffusion of information, as the best ali- 
 ment to true liberty ; to carry on the benevolent plans which have 
 been so meritoriously applied to the conversion of our aboriginal 
 neighbors from the degradation and wretchedness of savage life, to 
 a participation of the improvements of which the human mind and 
 manners are susceptible in a civilized state. As far as sentiments 
 and intentions such as these can aid the fulfilment of my duty, they 
 will be a resource which cannot fail me. But the source to which 
 I look for the aids which alone can supply my deficiencies, is in 
 the well-tried intelligence and virtue of my fellow-citizens, and 
 in the counsels of those representing them in the other departments 
 associated _in the care of the national interests. In these, my confi- 
 dence will, under every difficulty, be best placed, next to that which 
 we have all been encouraged to feel in the guardianship and guid- 
 ance of that Almighty Being whose power regulates the destiny of 
 nations, whose blessings have been so conspicuously dispensed to 
 this rising republic, and to whom we are bound to address our de- 
 vout gratitude for the past, as well as our fervent supplications and 
 best hopes for the future." 
 
 The citizens of these United States were blessed with the virtue, 
 the fortitude, and the perseverance to achieve their independence 
 as a nation ; their patriotism and valor, both by sea and on land, 
 brought them, with increased honor, through the " second war of 
 independence," and through all the trials and difficulties by which 
 they have, from time to time, been environed, both as respects theii 
 foreign and domestic relations ; and it is only necessary for them 
 to have " light" as regards the fundamental' law, and the operations 
 of the Government, to enable them to judge of the fidelity of those 
 whom they periodically intrust with the power which alone belongs 
 to themselves as a nation of freemen, the proper use and application 
 of which powei is so vitally necessary to the preservation of their 
 
 3*
 
 XXXIV INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 own liberties and best interests, and the perpetuity of our insti- 
 tutions. 
 
 " Light, true light in the mind," says Locke, " is or can be no- 
 thing else but the evidence of the truth of any proposition ; and if 
 it be not a self-evident proposition, all the light it has, or can have, 
 is from the clearness and validity of those proofs upon which it is 
 received. To talk of any other light in the understanding, is to 
 put ourselves in the dark, or in the power of the Prince of Dark- 
 ness, and by our own consent, to give ourselves up to delusion ; for, 
 if strength of persuasion be the light which must guide us, I ask 
 how shall any one distinguish between the delusions of Satan and 
 the inspirations of the Holy Ghost V 
 
 Subtleties and authoritative corruscations have been repudiated 
 by pure and true-hearted sages and statesmen ; the advice of some 
 of the most profound of whom, has been characterized by the sim- 
 plicity of manner and of language in which they have borne wit- 
 ness to truth. Judge Story has remarked, that " upon subjects of 
 Government it has always appeared to me, that metaphysical refine- 
 ments are out of place. A constitution of government is addressed 
 to the common sense of the people, and never was designed for 
 trials of logical skill, or visionary speculation." 
 
 Of a constitution so wisely contrived, so strongly raised, and so 
 highly finished, it is hard to speak with that praise which is justly 
 and severely its due : the thorough and attentive contemplation of 
 it will furnish its best panegyric. To sustain, to repair, to beau- 
 tify this noble pile, is a charge intrusted principally to the people 
 and their constitutional representatives, in all the branches of the 
 Government. 
 
 If honor and confidence, in a pre-eminent degree, are, with i 
 portion of their power, conferred by the people upon the Chief 
 Executive Magistrate, the guardianship of the national honor is 
 in no less a degree conferred upon their representatives in the two 
 Houses of Congress, the intrinsic dignity of whose official cha- 
 racter, in every moral point of view, transcends that of every other 
 legislative assembly, in so much as our Constitution excels that 
 of every other human government ; and while the Constitution, 
 practically animated by the people, thus confers honor and dignity
 
 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XXXV 
 
 upon Congress, to them it is given to stand by the Constitution, 
 in spirit and in truth, inflexibly maintaining its principles the 
 principles of union, of liberty, of justice, of domestic tranquillity, 
 of common defence, and of the general welfare. The Constitution 
 and the Government, thus reciprocally animating and being ani- 
 mated, illustrates the beau ideal of good government one of the 
 choicest gifts of God to man. 
 
 The protection of the liberty of the United States of America is 
 a duty which they owe to themselves, who enjoy it; to their ances- 
 tors, who transmitted it down ; and to their posterity, who will 
 claim at their hands this, the best birthright, the noblest inherit- 
 ance of mankind. 
 
 To conclude, in the language of Judge Story 
 
 "If, upon a closer survey of all the powers given by the Consti- 
 tution, and all the guards upon their exercise, we shall perceive 
 still stronger inducements to fortify this conclusion, and to increase 
 our confidence in the Constitution, may we not justly hope, that 
 every honest American will concur in the dying expression of Fa- 
 ther Paul, 'may it be perpetual !' " 
 
 ESTO PERPETUAL'!
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 AN ANALYTICAL. INDEX OF THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS WILL BS 
 
 SEEN AT PAGE 38, AND AN INDEX TO THE RESIDUE OF THE MATTEK CONTAINED IK 
 T1I1S VOLUME WILL, BE FOUND AT THE CONCLUSION OF THE BOOK. 
 
 CHAPTER 1. 
 
 1. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 1 
 
 2. The dates of ratification of the Constitution by the Thirteen original States 24 
 
 3. THE ARTICLES OF AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION---. 25 
 
 4. The verification of the Constitution and amendments by the Secretary of 
 
 State 31 
 
 6. The Headings and dates of ratification of the amendments of the Constitu- 
 tion 4 33 
 
 . AN ANALYTICAL INDEX OF THE CONSTITUTION as amended 38 
 
 CHAPTER 2. 
 
 Introductory remarks to this Chapter 129 
 
 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS, AND THE CAUSES WHICH LED TO 
 THE ADOPTION AND RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITU- 
 TION OF THE UNITED STATES, viz: 130 
 
 1. REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF THE CONGRESS OF THE CON- 
 
 FEDERATION, on the objections of one of the States to confer certain 
 powers on Congress with regard to revenue and commerce. 16th De- 
 cember, 1782 131 
 
 2. ADDRESS OF CONGRESS TO THE STATES, calling upon their jus- 
 
 tice and plighted faith, and representing the consequences of a failure 
 on their part to sustain the Government and provide for its wants. 26th 
 April, 17S3 139 
 
 3. PREAMBLE AND RESOLUTIONS OF CONGRESS, presenting the 
 
 exposed condition of the trade and commerce with foreign countries, 
 and the destructive effect of foreign policy, and recommending that 
 power for their protection be vested in Congress. 30th April, 1784- 140 
 
 4. REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, with a statement of the 
 
 reasons why the States should confer upon Congress the powers therein 
 
 enumerated. !3th July, 17S5 142 
 
 6. REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, showing the failure 
 of the Slates to comply with the requisitions of Congress, and the neces- 
 sity for a complete accession of all the States to the Revenue System. 
 
 15th February, 1786 - 140 
 
 xxxvii
 
 XXXY111 CONTENTS. 
 
 6. REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, relating to the con- 
 
 tinued non-compliance of some of the States with the requisitions of Con- 
 gress, and recommending the subject again to their consideration. 
 3d March, 1788 150 
 
 7. REPORT OF A COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS again earnestly recom- 
 
 mending the subject to the consideration of the States. 23d October, 
 1786 151 
 
 8. BRIEF HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE ACTS OF THE STATES 
 
 which led to the formation and adoption of the Constitution of the L nited 
 States 153 
 
 9. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS appointing committees to repair to the 
 
 States, to make such representations as might induce them to carry the 
 requisitions of Congress into effect with the greatest despatch. 22d May, 
 1782 -r 155 
 
 10. RESOLUTIONS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF NEW YORK, on the 
 
 critical condition of affairs. that the existing system exposed the com- 
 mon cause to a precarious issue, that the defects of the Confederation 
 should be speedily repaired, and recommending a General Convention 
 of the States for that purpose. 21st July, 1782 155 
 
 11. RESOLUTIONS OF THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA, recom- 
 
 mending to the States to empower Congress tf> regulate the trade and 
 commerce of the country. 30th November, 1785 158 
 
 12. RESOLUTION OF THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA, appointing 
 
 commissioners to meet others to be appointed by the several States, to 
 take into consideration the trade and commerce, and to empower Con- 
 gress effectually to provide for the same. 21st January, 1780 160 
 
 13. PROCEEDINGS AND REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONERS FROM 
 
 SEVERAL OF THE STATES, AT ANNAPOLIS, recommending a 
 Convention to meet at Philadelphia, with ample powers to adopt a Con- 
 stitution adequate to the exigencies of the Union. ll-14th September, 
 17-S 181 
 
 14. PROCEEDINGS AND RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS OF THE 
 
 CONFEDERATION, calling a Convention at Philadelphia, to render 
 the Constitution adequate to the exigencies of the Government and the 
 preservation of the Union. 21st February, 1787 164 
 
 15. ACTS OF THE SEVERAL STATES FOR THE APPOINTMENT OF 
 
 DEPUTIES TO MEET IN CONVENTION WITH POWER TO 
 FORM A CONSTITUTION OF GOVERNMENT, viz. : 
 
 VIRGINIA. 16th October, 1786 167 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 23d November. 17S6 170 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 30th December, 1786 172 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 6th January, 17*7 174 
 
 DELAWARE. 3d February, 1787 177 
 
 GEORGIA. 10th February, 1787 179 
 
 NEW YORK. 2Sth February, 1787 181 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 8th March, 1787 182 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 10th March, 1787 183
 
 CONTENTS. XXXIX 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 10th May, 1787 184 
 
 MARYLAND. 20th May, 1787 1S5 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 27th June, 1787 186 
 
 16. LETTER OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, the President, with Resolu- 
 
 tions of the Convention, laying the Constitution before Congress, to he 
 transmitted to the several States to be submitted to Conventions thereof 
 for ratification. 17th September, 1787 187 
 
 17. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS, transmitting the same to the States ac- 
 
 cordingly. 23th September, 1787 189 
 
 18. PREAMBLE AND RESOLUTION OF THE CONGRESS OF THE 
 
 CONFEDERATION, in pursuance of the resolution of the Convention, 
 fixing a day for the appointment of electors, a day for them to vote for 
 President and Vice President, and the time and place for commencing 
 proceedings under the Constitution 190 
 
 19. BRIEF HISTORICAL VIEW OF THE MANNER IN WHICH THE 
 
 GOVERNMENT COMMENCED ITS PROCEEDINGS UNDER THE 
 CONSTITUTION 191 
 
 CHAPTER 3. 
 
 1. PROCEEDINGS IN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED COLONIES 
 
 respecting Independence 198 
 
 2. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS DECLARING THE UNITED COLO- 
 
 NIES FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES. 2d July, 1776 193 
 
 3. A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNI- 
 
 TED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 
 July 4. 1776 193 
 
 CHAPTER 4. 
 
 1. APPOINTMENT OF GEORGE WASHINGTON TO BE GENERAL 
 
 AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY, BY THE CON- 
 GRESS OF THE UNITED COLONIES, on the 15th June, 1775 201 
 
 2. ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, accepting .the appointment 
 
 16th June, 1775 201 
 
 3. COMMISSION OF GEORGE WASHINGTON for the same. 17th June, 
 
 1775 203 
 
 4. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS that they would maintain and assist 
 
 George Washington, and adhere to him in the maintenance and preser- 
 vation of American liberty, with their lives and fortunes. 17th June, 
 1775 203 
 
 5. ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS of the Confedera- 
 
 tion to George Washington, on the termination of the war. 26th August, 
 1783 203 
 
 6. REPLY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON to the same. 26th August, 17&3 204 
 
 7. INSCRIPTION AND REMARKS CONCERNING HOUDON'S STATUE 
 
 OF WASHINGTON 206
 
 XI CONTENTS. 
 
 8. RESIGNATION BY GEORGE WASHINGTON of the office cf Com- 
 
 mander-in-chief of the army to Congress. 23d December, 1733 308 
 
 9. ANSWER OF THOMAS MIFFLIN, President of Congress, to the same. 
 
 23d December, 17S3 209 
 
 10. ELECTION OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, as President of the United 
 
 States, and his inaugural address. 30th April, 17s9 210 
 
 11. FAREWELL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, President, to 
 
 the people of the United States. 17th September, 1796 215 
 
 12. APPOINTMENT OF GEORGE WASHINGTON TO BE LIEUTE- 
 
 NANT-GENERAL AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF ALL THE 
 ARMIES RAISED OR TO BE RAISED IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 3d July, 1793 ,- 231 
 
 13. TO THE MEMORY OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. Proceedings of 
 
 the national authorities on the death of George Washington. 14th De- 
 cember, 1799 240 
 
 CHAPTER 5. 
 
 1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS TO THIS CHAPTER 269 
 
 2 Inaugural address of GEORGE WASHINGTON. (Vide Chapter 4, Arti- 
 
 cle 9.) 30lh April, 1789 211 
 
 3 Inaugural address of JOHN ADAMS. 4th March, 1797 270 
 
 4 Inaugural address, first term of THOMAS JEFFERSON. 4th March, 
 
 1801 275 
 
 5 inaugural address, second term of THOMAS JEFFERSON. 4th March, 
 
 1805 279 
 
 Inaugural address, first term of JAMES MADISON. 4th March, 1809- 2S3 
 
 CHAPTER 6. 
 
 GENERAL LAW'S relating to the continued organization of the Government, 
 and providing the authorities and means of executing the Constitution 
 in certain contingencies, and for other purposes 287 
 
 1. AN ACT to regulate the lime and manner of administering certain oaths. 
 
 This act prescribes the form of the oath to support the Constitution, and 
 the officers and persons by whom it shall be taken. 1st June, 17o9 237 
 
 2. AN ACT for the punishment of certain crimes. Sections 25, 26, :J7, and 28, 
 
 provide for the protection of foreign Ambassadors and other public Min- 
 isters and domestics. 30th April, 1790 289 
 
 3. AN ACT to prescribe the mode in which the public acts, records, and 
 
 judicial proceedings, in each State, shall be authenticated so as to take 
 effect in every other State. 26th May. 1790 290 
 
 4. AN ACT supplemental to the act establishing the Treasury Department, 
 
 and for a larther compensation to certain officer*. Sec. 2 requires 
 every officer and clerk in the several Departments of the United Slate* 
 to take an oath to support the Constitution. 3d March, 1791 290
 
 CONTENTS. Xli 
 
 6. AN ACT relative to the election of a President and Vice President of the 
 United States, and declaring the officer who shall act as President in case 
 of vacancies in the offices both of President and Vice President. 1st March, 
 1792 291 
 
 6. AN ACT providing compensation to the President and Vice President of the 
 
 United States. 18th February, 1193. 
 
 7. AN ACT to authorize certain officers and other persons to administer oaths. 
 
 3d May, 1798 294 
 
 8. AN ACT supplementary to the act, entitled An act to prescribe the mode in 
 
 which the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings in each State shall 
 he authenticated so as to take effect in every other State. 27th March, 
 1804 , 294 
 
 9. AN ACT to extend the provisions of the act to authorize certain officers and 
 
 other persons to administer oaths, approved May 3, 1798. 8th February, 
 1817 295 
 
 10. AN ACT to provide for the publication of the laws of the United States, and 
 
 for other purposes. 20th April, 1818 295 
 
 11. AN ACT in addition to the " Act for the punishment of eertain crimes against 
 
 the United States," and to repeal the acts therein mentioned. 20th April, 
 1818 296 
 
 12. AN ACT making compensation to the persons appointed by the electors to 
 
 deliver the votes for President and Vice President, llth February, 1825' 300 
 
 13. AN ACT for the apportionment of Representatives among the several States 
 
 according to the sixth census. Sec. 2 provides for the election of Repre- 
 sentatives by Districts. 25th June, 1842 300 
 
 14. AN ACT to provide further remedial justice in the courts of the United 
 
 States. 29th August, 1842 301 
 
 15. AN ACT to establish a uniform time for holding elections for electors of 
 
 President and Vice President in all the States of the Union. 23d January, 
 1845 302 
 
 16. AN ACT to provide for the distribution of the edition of the Laws and Trea- 
 
 ties of the United States, published by Little & Brown, under the provisions 
 of the resolutions of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, and for other pur- 
 poses. 8th August, 1846 302 
 
 17. AN ACT for giving effect to certain treaty stipulations between this and fo- 
 
 reign governments, for the apprehension and delivering up of certain 
 offenders. 12 August, 1848. 305 
 
 18. AN ACT providing for the taking of the seventh and subsequent censuses of 
 
 the United States, and to fix the number of members of the House of Re- 
 presentatives, and to provide for their future apportionment among the 
 several States. 23d May, 1850 305 
 
 19. An act to authorize Notaries Public to take and certify oaths, affirmations, and 
 
 acknowledgments in certain cases. 16th September, 1850 306 
 
 20. A RESOLUTION relating to the publication of the Laws of the United States. 
 
 26th September, 1850 307 
 
 4
 
 X CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER 7. 
 EXPLANATORY NOTES OF THE FOLLOWING TABLES 309 
 
 1. TABLES OF ELECTORAL VOTES FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE 
 
 PRESIDENT of the United States, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 
 1849 315 
 
 2. TABLE OF TERMS OF OFFICE, AND LENGTH OF SERVICE, IN 
 
 THE SENATE, OF THE VICE PRESIDENTS AND PRESI- 
 DENTS PRO TEMPORE; and of the commencement, termination, 
 and number of days in each session of Congress, and special session of 
 the Senate, from March 4, 17&9, to March 3, 1851 336 
 
 3. TABLES OF THE NAMES OF THE SENATORS OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES, from March 4, 17^9, to March 3, 1851, with the commence- 
 ment and termination of their service, respectively, and the classes into 
 which they are divided under the Constitution 346 
 
 4. TABLE OF THE NAMES OF THE SECRETARIES OF THE SENATE 
 
 OF THE UNITED STATES, from Mttrch 4, 1789, with the length of 
 their service respectively 385 
 
 5. TABLE OF THE NAMES OF REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS 
 
 WHO HAVE BEEN ELECTED SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES, from March 4, 17S9, to March 3, 1851, with the 
 commencement and termination of their service as such, and the States 
 of which they were Representatives 386 
 
 6. TABLE OF THE NAMES OF THE CLERKS OF THE HOUSE 
 
 OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES, from March 
 4, 1789, with the length 01" their service, respectively 388 
 
 CHAPTER 8. 
 
 THE NAMES, APPOINTMENT, AND SERVICE OF THE JUDGES 
 AND OFFICERS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED 
 STATES, from March 4.1789, viz. 389 
 
 1. THE CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 389 
 
 2. THE ASSOCIATE JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 390 
 
 3. THE CLERKS, REPORTERS OF DECISIONS, AND MARSHALS OF 
 
 THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES 393 
 
 CHAPTER 9. 
 
 THE NAMES, APPOINTMENT, AND SERVICE OF THE SEVERAL 
 HIGH EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE GOVERNMENT, from 
 March 4, 1789, viz. 395 
 
 1. SECRETARIES OF STATE 395 
 
 2. SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY 396 
 
 3. S-ORETARIES OF WAR 398
 
 CONTENTS. Xliii 
 
 4. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY 399 
 
 6. POSTMASTER GENERALS 401 
 
 6. ATTORNEY GENERALS 402 
 
 CHAPTER 10. 
 
 BRIEF CHRONOLOGICAL STATEMENT OF THE FORMATION OF THE GO- 
 VERNMENTS OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES OF 
 THE UNITED STATES 405 
 
 1. NEW HAMPSHIRE 407 20. MISSISSIPPI 430 
 
 2. MASSACHUSETTS 407 21. ILLINOIS 431 
 
 3. RHODE ISLAND 407 22. ALABAMA 431 
 
 4. CONNECTICUT 407 23. MAINE 432 
 
 5. NEW YORK 407 24. MISSOURI 433 
 
 6. NEW JERSEY ~ 407 25. ARKANSAS - 434 
 
 7. PENNSYLVANIA 408 26. MICHIGAN 436 
 
 8. DELAWARE 408 27. FLORIDA 436 
 
 9. MARYLAND 408 28. TEXAS 439 
 
 10. VIRGINIA 408 29. WISCONSIN 441 
 
 11. NORTH CAROLINA 408 30. IOWA 443 
 
 12. SOUTH CAROLINA 408 31. CALIFORNIA 445 
 
 13. GEORGIA 408 32. OREGON TERRITORY 447 
 
 14. VERMONT 412 33. MINESOTA TERRITORY 447 
 
 15. KENTUCKY 412 34. NEW MEXICO TERRITORY . . 448 
 
 16. TENNESSEE 413 35. UTAH TERRITORY 448 
 
 17. OHIO 413 36. NEBRASKA TERRITORY 448 
 
 18. LOUISIANA 429 37. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 449 
 
 19. INDIANA 430 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 SOURCES OF HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, STATISTICAL, AND OTHER INFOR- 
 MATION REGARDING THE LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND JU- 
 DICIAL ACTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
 AMERICA, IN POSSESSION OF THE PUBLIC OFFICES AT THE SEAT 
 OF GOVERNMENT 451 
 
 CLASS No 1. THE COLONIAL HISTORY of the United States, and documen- 
 tary History of the Revolution 452 
 
 CLASS No. 2. LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS and acts of the Congress of the 
 Confederation from the commencement of the Revolution to the commence- 
 ment of the Government under the Constitution 453 
 
 CLASS No. 3. THE JOURNAL, Acts, and Proceedings of the Convention which 
 formed the Constitution of the United States, from May 14 to September 
 17,1787 453 
 
 CLASS No. 4. THE JOURNAL of the House of Representatives of the United 
 
 States, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851 454 
 
 CLASS No. 5. THE LEGISLATIVE JOURNAL of the Senate of the United States, 
 
 from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851 455
 
 Xliv CONTENTS. 
 
 CLASS No. 6. THE EXECUTIVE JOURNAL of the Senate of the United States, 
 from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851. (A part only of which, as explained, 
 has been made public.) 455 
 
 CLASS No. 7. THE JOURNAL or Record of the Senate on trials of impeachment, 
 
 from March 4, 1789, to March 5, 1851 456 
 
 DESCRIPTION of the Legislative Journals of the Senate and House of Represen- 
 tatives of the United States 456 
 
 CLASS No. 8. DOCUMENTS ordered to be printed by the two Houses of Congress 
 Bince March 4, 1789, embraced in 21 volumes folio State Papers, printed by 
 Gales and Seaton 457 
 
 CLASS No. 9. DOCUMENTS printed in octavo form by order of the Senate, dur- 
 ing each Session, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851 458 
 
 CLASS No. 10. DOCUMENTS printed in octavo form by order of the House 
 of Representatives, during each session, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 
 1851 458 
 
 CLASS No. 11. SPEECHES AND DEBATES in the two Houses of the Congress 
 
 of the United States, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851 459 
 
 CLASS No. 12. THE LAWS of the United States, including the Treaties, Ac., as 
 embraced in the several editions heretofore published, up to March 3, 
 1851 461 
 
 CLASS No. 13. ABRIDGMENTS and Digests of the Laws of the United States, 
 
 to March, 1851 465 
 
 CLASS No. 14, INDEXES prepared in conformity with orders or resolutions of 
 the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States, to March 3, 
 1851 ~ 465 
 
 CLASS No. 15. REPORTS of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United 
 
 States, to the January term, 1851 466 
 
 CLASS No. 16. PUBLICATIONS on the subject of the Public Lands and Private 
 
 Land Claims, under the authority of the United States, to March 3, 1851 466 
 
 CLASS No. 17. REVENUE LAWS, Commercial Regulations, Digests of Tariff 
 
 Laws, Ac., to March 3, 1851 467 
 
 CLASS No. 18. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS printed or published under the au- 
 thority or patronage of the United States and not noticed under particular 
 heads, to March 3, 1851 468 
 
 CLASS No. 19. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS containing useful political, 
 
 statistical, and other information, to March 3, 1851 471 
 
 CLASS No. 20. THE BOOKS contained in the Congress or National Library, to 
 
 March 3, 1851 472 
 
 CLASS No. 21. THE BOOKS contained in the Library of the Department of 
 
 State, to March 3, 1851 479 
 
 CHAPTER 12. 
 
 THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 483 
 
 THE MEMBERS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST CONGRESS 490
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION, 
 
 As here presented and authenticated by the certificate of the 
 Secretary of State, after a continued correction of proof copies 
 until every deviation from the original Constitution, however small, 
 was completely removed, may with confidence be used as a true copy, 
 The necessity for a close and continued attention to the execution 
 of a copy of this important instrument, became manifest by the use 
 of a printed copy (considered as correct) to print from, which, on 
 being compared with the original, was found to contain several 
 errors in the words, and sixty-five in the punctuation. This cir- 
 cumstance led to a further comparison of copies, in several editions 
 of the laws, printed by different individuals, and it was found, that 
 one edition contained 204 and another 176 errors in the punctuation 
 of the Constitution ! Many of these are material in the construc- 
 tion of the sentences in which they occur. 
 
 It was also discovered, that, in the original manuscript, capital 
 letters were used at the beginning of substantives, or nouns, as is 
 understood to have been the practice generally in writing and 
 printing at the time the Constitution was written. These appear 
 to have been altogether disregarded in the editions above referred 
 to, except in words at the beginning of sentences. 
 
 As the construction of important clauses may, sometimes, turn 
 unon the punctuation, or the nature of a word, it is important that 
 
 4* XlT
 
 THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 the former be of the right measure, and that the proper value of the 
 latter be manifest, before the mind can decide upon the true mean- 
 ing, as intended by the wise and learned framers of that master- 
 piece of composition, which bears the impress of the most minute 
 and laborious attention to the construction of every particle of mat- 
 ter constituting this noble fabric, the preservation of whose sim- 
 plicity is the only safeguard to its integrity. 
 
 These facts induced the determination to produce a true copy of 
 the Constitution in text, orthography, letter, and punctuation, and 
 the rigid examination, and subsequent verification of the Depart- 
 ment having the care and custody of the venerated original, attest 
 the success of the undertaking in the production of the following 
 authentic Constitution.
 
 is Vina & ci HA. msa ~~~-
 
 CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF TUB 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 WE the People of the United States, in order to form 
 a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domes- 
 tic Tranquillity, provide for the common defence, 
 promote the general Welfare, and secure the Bless- 
 ings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do 
 ordain and establish this CONSTITUTION for the United 
 States of America. 
 
 ARTICLE. I. 
 
 SECTION. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted 
 shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, 
 which shall consist of a Senate and House of Represen- 
 tatives. 
 
 SECTION. 2. 'The House of Representatives shall 
 be composed of Members chosen every second Year bv 
 the People of the several States, and the Electors in each 
 State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors 
 of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
 
 2 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 *No Person shall be a Representative who shall not 
 have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been 
 seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall 
 not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which 
 he shall be chosen. 
 
 'Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned 
 among the several States which may be included within 
 this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which 
 shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of 
 free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term 
 of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths 
 of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be 
 made within three Years after the first Meeting of the 
 Congress of the United States, and within every subse- 
 quent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall 
 by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall 
 not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each 
 State shall have at Least one Representative ; and 
 until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New 
 Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachu- 
 setts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations 
 one, Connecticut five, New- York six, New Jersey 
 four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six,
 
 CONSTITUTION. 3 
 
 Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, 
 and Georgia three. 
 
 4 When vacancies happen in the Representation from 
 any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue 
 Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. 
 
 'The House of Representatives shall chuse their 
 Speaker and other Officers ; and shall have the sole 
 Power of Impeachment. 
 
 SECTION. 3. 'The Senate of the United States shall 
 be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by 
 the Legislature thereof, for six Years ; and each Senator 
 shall have one Vote. 
 
 2 Immediately after they shall be assembled in Conse- 
 quence of the first Election, they shall be divided as 
 equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the 
 Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Ex- 
 piration of the second Year, of the second Class at the 
 Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the 
 Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one-third may be 
 chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen 
 by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the 
 Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may 
 make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting 
 of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
 
 4 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 *No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have at- 
 tained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a 
 Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
 elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall 
 be chosen. 
 
 4 The Vice President of the United States shall be Pre- 
 sident of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they 
 be equally divided. 
 
 *The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also 
 a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice Pre- 
 sident, or when he shall exercise the Office of President 
 of the United States. 
 
 6 The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Im- 
 peachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall 
 be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the 
 United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside : 
 And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence 
 of two thirds of the Members present. 
 
 7 Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend 
 further than to removal from Office, and Disqualification 
 to hold and enjoy any Office of honour, Trust or Profit 
 under the United States : but the Party convicted shall 
 nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, 
 Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
 
 CONSTITUTION. 5 
 
 SECTION. 4. ir The Times, Places and Manner of hold- 
 ing Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be 
 prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but 
 the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such 
 Regulations, except as to the places of chusing Senators. 
 
 2 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every 
 Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday 
 in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a differ- 
 ent Day. 
 
 SECTION. 5. 'Each House shall be the Judge of 
 the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own 
 Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a 
 Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller Number may 
 adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to 
 compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such 
 Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may 
 provide. 
 
 'Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceed- 
 ings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, 
 with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. 
 
 3 Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceed- 
 ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting 
 such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy ; 
 and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House
 
 6 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those 
 Present, be entered on the Journal. 
 
 'Neither House, during the Session of Congress, .shall, 
 without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than 
 three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the 
 two Houses shall be sitting. 
 
 SECTION. 6. 'The Senators and Representatives shall 
 receive a Compensation for their Services, to be as- 
 certained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of 
 the United States. They shall in all Cases, except 
 Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privi- 
 leged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Ses- 
 sion of their respective Houses, and in going to and 
 returning from the same ; and for any Speech or Debate 
 in either House, they shall not be questioned in any 
 other Place. 
 
 2 No Senator or Representative shall, durii.g the 
 Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any 
 civil Office under the Authority of the United States, 
 which shall have been created, or the Emoluments 
 whereof shall have been encreased during such time ; 
 and no Person holding any Office under the United States, 
 shall be a Member of either House during his Continu- 
 ance in Office.
 
 CONSTITUTION. 7 
 
 SECTION. 7. 'All Bills for raising Revenue shall ori- 
 ginate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate 
 may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. 
 
 2 Every Bill which shall have passed the House of 
 Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become 
 a Law, be presented to the President of the United 
 States ; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he 
 shall return it, with his Objections to that House in 
 which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Ob- 
 jections at large on their Journal, and proceed to recon- 
 sider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that 
 House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, to- 
 gether with the Objections, to the other House, by which 
 it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by 
 
 J ^^^^^^^^^**"""" 
 
 two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But 
 
 in all such Cases the Votes jof both Houses shall be de- 
 
 \ / v i/"""*^' 
 
 termined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Per- 
 sons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on 
 the Journal of eabh House respectively. If any Bill 
 shall not be returned J6y the President within ten Days 
 (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to 
 him, the Same shall be a law, in like Manner as if he 
 had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment 
 prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law
 
 8 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 'Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Con- 
 currence of the Senate and House of Representatives may 
 be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) 
 sh?ll be presented to the President of the United States ; 
 and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved 
 by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed 
 by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
 according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the 
 Case of a Bill. 
 
 SECTION. 8. The Congress shall have Power 
 
 >To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Ex- 
 cises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common De- 
 fence and general Welfare of the United States ; but all 
 Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout 
 the United States ; 
 
 "To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; 
 
 3 To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and 
 among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes ; 
 
 *To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and 
 uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout 
 the United States ; 
 
 6 To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of 
 foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and 
 Measures ;
 
 CONSTITUTION. 9 
 
 'To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the 
 Securities and current Coin of the United States ; 
 
 7 To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; 
 
 8 To promote the progress of Science and useful Arts, by 
 securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the ex- 
 clusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; 
 
 9 To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court ; 
 
 "To define and punish Piracies and Felonies com- 
 mitted on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law 
 of Nations ; 
 
 11 To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Re- 
 prisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land 
 and Water ; 
 
 12 To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation 
 of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than 
 two Years ; 
 
 13 To provide and maintain a Navy ; 
 
 "To make Rules for the Government and Regulation 
 of the land and naval Forces ; 
 
 15 To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute 
 the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel 
 Invasions ; 
 
 16 To provide for organizing, arming, and disci- 
 plining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of
 
 10 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 them as may be employed in the Service of the United 
 States, reserving to the States respectively, the Ap- 
 pointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training 
 the Militia according to the Discipline prescribed by 
 Congress ; 
 
 "To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases 
 whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles 
 square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and 
 the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the 
 Government of the United States, and to exercise 
 like Authority over all Places purchased by the Con- 
 sent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same 
 shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arse- 
 nals, Dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings ; And 
 
 "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and 
 proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, 
 and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the 
 Government of the United States, or in any Department 
 or Officer thereof. 
 
 SECTION. 9. ^he Migration or Importation of such 
 Persons as any of the States now existing shall think 
 proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Con- 
 gress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred 
 and eight, but a Tax or Duty may be imposed on
 
 CONSTITUTION. 11 
 
 such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each 
 Person. 
 
 2 The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall 
 not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion 
 or Invasion the public Safety may require it. 
 
 ' No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 
 No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, 
 unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration 
 herein before directed to be taken. 
 
 *No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported 
 from any State. 
 
 6 No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of 
 Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those 
 of another : nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, 
 be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. 
 
 7 No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but 
 in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law ; 
 and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts 
 and Expenditures of all public Money shall be pub- 
 lished from time to time. 
 
 8 No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United 
 States : And no Person holding any Office of Profit or 
 Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the 
 Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, 
 
 5*
 
 12 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, 
 or foreign State. 
 
 SECTION. 10. 'No State shall enter into any Treaty, 
 Alliance, or Confederation ; grant Letters of Marque 
 and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit Bills of Credit ; 
 make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender 
 in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex 
 post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of 
 Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. 
 
 2 No State shall, without the consent of the Con- 
 gress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, 
 except what may be absolutely necessary for execut- 
 ing it's inspection Laws : and the net Produce of all 
 Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or 
 Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury o*f the 
 United States ; and all such Laws shall be subject to 
 the Revision and Controul of the Congress. 
 
 5 No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, 
 lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of 
 War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or 
 Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, 
 or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such 
 imminent Danger as will not admit of Delay.
 
 CONSTITUTION. Id 
 
 ARTICLE. II. 
 
 SECTION. 1. 'The executive Power shall be vested 
 tn a President of the United States of America. He 
 shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, 
 and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the 
 same Term, be elected, as follows 
 
 "Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the 
 Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Elec- 
 tors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and 
 Representatives to which the State may be entitled 
 in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative, 
 or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under 
 the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 
 
 [* The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot 
 for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the 
 same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Per- 
 sons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each ; which List they 
 shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government 
 of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pre- 
 sident of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House 
 of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be 
 counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the 
 President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Elec- 
 tors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, 
 and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives 
 shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President ; and if no 
 
 * This clause within brackets has been superceded and annulled by the 12tn 
 amendment, on page 28.
 
 14 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said 
 House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in ch using the 
 President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from 
 each State having one Vote ; A Quorum for this Purpose shall consist 
 of a Member or Members from twothirds of the States, and a Majority 
 of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the 
 Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes 
 of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain 
 two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by 
 Ballot the Vice President] 
 
 'The Congress may determine the Time of chusing 
 the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give 
 their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the 
 United States. 
 
 4 No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen 
 of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this 
 Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President ; 
 neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who 
 shall not have attained to the Age of. thirty five Years, 
 and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United 
 States. 
 
 *In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, 
 or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to dis- 
 charge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the 
 same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Con- 
 gress may by Law provide for the Case of Re-
 
 CONSTITUTION. 15 
 
 moval, Death, Resignation, or Inability, both of the 
 President and Vice President, declaring what Officer 
 shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act 
 accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a Pre- 
 ident shall be elected. 
 
 6 The President shall, at stated Times, receive for 
 his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be 
 encreased nor diminished during the Period for which 
 he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive 
 within that Period any other Emolument from the United 
 States, or any of them. 
 
 7 Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall 
 take the following Oath or Affirmation : 
 
 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 
 execute the Office of President of the United States, and 
 will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and 
 " defend the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 SECTION. 2. 'The President shall be Commander 
 in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, 
 and of the Militia of the several States, when called 
 into the actual Service of the United States ; he may 
 require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Of 
 ficer in each of the executive Departments, upon any 
 Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offi-
 
 16 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ces, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Par- 
 dons for Offences against the United States, except in 
 Cases of Impeachment. 
 
 2 He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Con- 
 sent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds 
 of the Senators present concur ; and he shall nominate, and 
 by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall 
 appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Con- 
 suls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of 
 the United States, whose Appointments are not herein other- 
 wise provided for, and which shall be established by Law : 
 but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such 
 inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, 
 in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. 
 
 3 The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacan- 
 cies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, 
 by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End 
 of their next Session. 
 
 SECTION. 3. He shall from time to time give to the 
 Congress Information of the State of the Union, and 
 recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he 
 shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on ex- 
 traordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either 
 of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them,
 
 CONSTITUTION. 17 
 
 with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may ad- 
 journ them to such Time as he shall think proper ; he 
 shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers ; 
 he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, 
 and shall Commission all the officers of the United 
 States. 
 
 SECTION. 4. The President, Vice President and all 
 civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from 
 Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, 
 Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 SECTION. 1. The judicial Power of the United 
 States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in 
 such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to 
 time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the 
 supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices 
 during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, re- 
 ceive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not 
 be diminished during their Continuance in Office. 
 
 SECTION. 2. *The judicial Power shall extend to all 
 Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Consti- 
 tution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties 
 made, or which shall be made, under their Authori-
 
 18 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ty ; to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public 
 Ministers, and Consuls ; to all Cases of admiralty and 
 maritime Jurisdiction ; to Controversies to which the 
 United States shall be a Party ; to Controversies be- 
 tween two or more States ; between a State and Citizens 
 of another State ; between Citizens of different States, 
 between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under 
 Grants of different States, and between a State, or the 
 Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. 
 
 J In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public 
 Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State 
 shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original 
 Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, 
 the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction', 
 both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and 
 under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 'The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Im- 
 peachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall 
 be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have 
 been committed; but when not committed within any 
 State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the 
 Congress may by Law have directed. 
 
 SECTION. 3. 'Treason against the United States, 
 shall consist only in levying War against them, or in
 
 CONSTITUTION. 19 
 
 adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and 
 Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason 
 unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the 
 same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. 
 
 2 The Congress shall have Power to declare the 
 Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Trea- 
 son shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except 
 during the Life of the Person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE. IV. 
 
 SECTION. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given 
 in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judi- 
 cial Proceedings of every other State. And the Con- 
 gress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in 
 which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be 
 proved, and the Effect thereof. 
 
 SECTION. 2. 'The Citizens of each State shall be 
 entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in 
 the several States. 
 
 2 A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, 
 or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found 
 in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Au- 
 thority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to 
 
 be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. 
 
 6
 
 20 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 s No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, 
 under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, 
 in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be 
 discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be 
 delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service 
 or Labour may be due. 
 
 SECTION. 3. 'New States may be admitted by the Con- 
 gress into this Union ; but no new State shall be formed or 
 erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any 
 State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or 
 Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures 
 of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 
 
 2 The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and 
 make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the 
 Territory or other Property belonging to the United 
 States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so 
 construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United 
 States, or of any particular State. 
 
 SECTION. 4. The United States shall guarantee to 
 every State in this Union a Republican Form of Go- 
 vernment, and shall protect each of them against In- 
 vasion , and on Application of the Legislature, or of 
 the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be con- 
 vened) against domestic Violence.
 
 CONSTITUTION. 21 
 
 ARTICLE. V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall 
 deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Con- 
 stitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two 
 thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for 
 proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be 
 valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Con- 
 stitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths 
 of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths 
 thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be 
 proposed by the Congress ; Provided that no Amendment 
 which may be made prior to the Year one thousand eight 
 hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first 
 and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article ; 
 and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived 
 of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. 
 ARTICLE. VI. 
 
 'All Debts contracted and Engagements entered 
 into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall 
 be as valid against the United States under this Con- 
 stitution, as under the Confederation. 
 
 2 This Constitution, and the Laws of the United 
 States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and 
 all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the
 
 22 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 authority of the United States, shall be the supreme 
 Law of the Land ; and the Judges in every State shall 
 be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws 
 of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3 The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, 
 and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and 
 all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United 
 States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath 
 or Affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no re- 
 ligious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to 
 any Office or public Trust under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE. VII. 
 
 The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, 
 shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Consti- 
 tution between the States so ratifying the Same. 
 
 DONE in Convention by the Unanimous Consent 
 of the States present the Seventeenth Day of Sep- 
 tember in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven 
 hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance 
 of the United States of America the Twelfth In 
 "Witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed 
 
 our Names, 
 
 GEO WASHINGTON 
 
 Presidt and deputy from Virginia
 
 CONSTITUTION. 23 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 JOHN LANGDON, NICHOLAS OILMAN. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 NATHANIEL GORHAM, RUFUS KING. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 WM. SAML. JOHNSON, ROGER SHKRMAN. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 ALEXANDER HAMILTON. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 WIL : LIVINGSTON, DAVID BREARLEY, 
 
 WM. PATERSON, JONA. DAYTON. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 B. FRANKLIN, THOMAS MIFFLIN, 
 
 ROBT. MORRIS, GEO: CLYMER, 
 
 THO : FITZSIMONS, JARED INGERSOLL, 
 
 JAMES WILSON, Gouv : MORRIS. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 GEO: READ, GUNNING BEDFORD, Jun'r, 
 
 JOHN DICKINSON, RICHARD BASSETT, 
 
 JACO : BROOM. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 JAMES M'HENRY DAN : OF ST. THOS. JENIFER, 
 
 DANL. CARROLL. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 JOHN BLAIR, JAMES MADISON, Jr., 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 WM. BLOUNT, RICH'D DOBBS SPAIGHT, 
 
 Hu. WILLIAMSON. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 J. RUTLEDGE, CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNKY 
 
 CHARLES PINCKNEY, PIERCE BUTLER. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 WILLIAM FEW, ABR. BALDWIN. 
 
 Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 
 

 
 24 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 The Constitution was adopted on the 17th September, 1787, by 
 the Convention appointed in pursuance of the resolution of the Con- 
 gress of the Confederation, of the 21st February, 1787, and was 
 ratified by the Conventions of the several States, as follows, viz.: 
 
 By Convention of Delaware, 
 
 " " Pennsylvania, 
 
 " " New Jersey, 
 
 " " Georgia, 
 
 " " Connecticut, 
 
 " *' Massachusetts, 
 
 ' " Maryland, 
 
 " South Carolina, 
 
 * " New Hampshire, 
 
 " " Virginia, 
 
 " " New York, 
 
 " " North Carolina, 
 
 " " Rhode Island, 
 
 on the 7th December, 1787. 
 
 " 12th December, 1787. 
 
 " 18th December, 1787. 
 
 " 3d January, 1788. 
 
 " 9th January, 1788. 
 
 " 6th February, 1788. 
 
 " 28th April, 1788. 
 
 " 23d May, 1788. 
 
 " 21st June, 1788. 
 
 " 26th June, 1788. 
 
 " 26th July, 1788. 
 
 " 21st November, 1789. 
 
 " 29th May, 1790.
 
 
 ARTICLES 
 
 IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 Proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures 
 
 of the several Slates, pursuant to tJie fifth article of the 
 
 original Constitution. 
 
 -(ARTICLE 1.) 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- 
 ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there- 
 of; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the 
 press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assem- 
 ble, and to petition the Government for a redress of 
 grievances. 
 
 (ARTICLE 2.) 
 
 A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the se- 
 curity of a free State, the right of the people to keep and 
 bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
 
 26 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 (ARTICLE III.) 
 
 No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in 
 ny house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in 
 time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 (ARTICLE IV.) 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their per- 
 sons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable 
 searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no War- 
 rants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by 
 Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place 
 to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 (ARTICLE V.) 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or 
 otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or 
 indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in 
 the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in ac- 
 tual service in time of War or public danger ; nor 
 shall any person be subject for the same offence to be 
 twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be com- 
 pelled in any Criminal Case to be a witness against 
 himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, 
 without due process of law ; nor shall private proper- 
 ty be taken for public use, without just compensation.
 
 CONSTITUTION. 27 
 
 (ARTICLE VI.) 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy 
 the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impar- 
 tial jury of the State and district wherein the crime 
 shall have been committed, which district shall have 
 been previously ascertained by law, and to be in- 
 formed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; 
 to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; 
 to have Compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses 
 in his favour, and to have the Assistance of Counsel 
 for his defence. 
 
 (ARTICLE VII.) 
 
 In Suits at common law, where the value in con- 
 troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial 
 by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury 
 shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the 
 United States, than according to the rules of the com- 
 mon law. 
 
 (ARTICLE VIII.) 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 
 fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments in- 
 flicted. -
 
 28 
 
 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 (ARTICLE IX.) 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain 
 rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage 
 others retained by the people. 
 
 (ARTICLE X.) 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by 
 the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, 
 are reserved to the States respectively, or to the 
 people. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 The Judicial power of the United States shall not 
 be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, 
 commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 
 States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or 
 Subjects of any Foreign State. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. 
 
 The Electors shall meet in their respective states, 
 and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, 
 one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of 
 the same state with themselves ; they shall name in 
 their ballots the person voted for as President, and in 
 distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President,
 
 CONSTITUTION. 29 
 
 and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for 
 as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-Presi- 
 dent, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they 
 shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat 
 of the government of the JJnited States, directed to 
 the President of the Senate ; The President of the 
 Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House 
 of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes 
 shall then be counted; The person having the great- 
 est number of votes for President, shall be the Presi- 
 dent, if such number be a majority of the whole number 
 of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such 
 majority, then from the persons having the highest 
 numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted 
 for as President, the House of Representatives shall 
 choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in 
 choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, 
 the representation from each state having one vote ; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or 
 members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority 
 of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And 
 if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Pre- 
 sident whenever the right of choice shall devolve 
 upon them, before the fourth day of March next fol-
 
 30 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 lowing, then the Vice-President shall act as President, 
 as in the case of the death or other constitutional dis- 
 ability of the President. The person having the great- 
 est number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice- 
 President, if such number be a majority of the whole 
 number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a 
 majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, 
 the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum 
 for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole 
 number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number 
 shall be necessary to a choice. But no person consti- 
 tutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be 
 eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
 
 31
 
 CONSTITUTION. 33 
 
 The following is prefixed to the first ten* of the pre- 
 ceding amendments. 
 
 CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 Begun and held at the City of New York, on Wednesday, the fourth 
 of March, one thousand seven hundred 
 
 The Conventions of a number of the States, having 
 al the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed 
 a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of 
 its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses 
 should be added : And as extending the ground of public 
 confidence in the Government, will best insure toe bene- 
 ficent ends of its institution ; 
 
 Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives 
 
 * It may be proper here to state that 12 articles of amendment were 
 proposed by the first Congress, of which but 10 were ratified by the 
 States the first and second in order not having been ratified by the re- 
 quisite number of States. 
 
 These two were as fallows : 
 
 Article the first__ After the first enumeration required by the first Article 
 of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative far every thirty thou- 
 sand, until the number shall amount to <MM handled, after which, the pro- 
 portion shall be so regulated by &Mgma, that there shafl ant he fans than 
 one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative far every 
 forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount 
 to two hundred, after which the proportion shall be so f igela* I by Con- 
 gress, that there shall not be less than two bandied ffqm nlaliua, nor 
 more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons. 
 
 Article second No law, varying the coapensatioa 'T the uiu3 
 of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an tlccliasi 
 
 of Representatives shall have intervened, 
 
 7
 
 34 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 of the United States of Jlmerica, in Congress assembled, 
 two thirds of both Houses concurring, That the following 
 Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several 
 States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United 
 States, all, or any of which articles, when ratified by three- 
 fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents 
 and purposes, as part of the said Constitution ; viz. 
 
 Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Consti- 
 tution of the United States of America, proposed by Con- 
 gress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States 
 pursuant to the fifth article of the original Constitution. 
 
 The first ten amendments of the Constitution were 
 ratified by the States as follows, viz. : 
 
 By New Jersey, 20th November, 1789. 
 
 By Maryland, 19th December, 1789. 
 
 By North Carolina, 22d December, 1789. 
 
 By South Carolina, 19th January, 1790. 
 
 By New Hampshire, 25th January, 1790. 
 
 By Delaware, 28th January, 1790. 
 
 By Pennsylvania, 10th March, 1790. 
 
 By New York, 27th March, 1790. 
 
 By Rhode Island, 15th June, 1790. 
 
 By Vermont, 3 November, 1791. 
 
 By Virginia, 15 December, 1791.
 
 CONSTITUTION. 35 
 
 The following is prefixed to the eleventh of the preceding 
 amendments : 
 
 THIRD CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES: 
 
 Jit the first session, begun and Jield at the city of Phi- 
 ladelphia, in the, State of Pennsylvania, on Monday the 
 second of December, one thousand seven hundred and 
 ninety-three. 
 
 Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives 
 of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, 
 two thirds of both Houses concurring, That the following 
 Article be proposed to the Legislatures of the several 
 States, as an amendment to the Constitution of the United 
 States ; which when ratified by three-fourths of the said 
 Legislatures shall be valid as part of the said Consti- 
 tution, viz : 
 
 The following is prefixed to the twelfth of the preceding 
 amendments : 
 
 EIGHTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES: 
 Jit tJie first session, begun and held at the city of Wash- 
 ington, in the Territory of Columbia, on Monday the 
 seventeenth of October, one thousand eight hundred and 
 three. 
 
 Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives 
 of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, 
 Two thirds of both Houses concurring, that in lieu of the 
 third paragraph of the first section of the second article
 
 36 CONSTITUTION. 
 
 of the Constitution of the United States, the following be 
 proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the 
 United States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of 
 the legislatures of the several states, shall be valid to all 
 intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution, to 
 wit : 
 
 The ten first of the preceding amendments were pro- 
 posed at the first session of the first Congress, of the 
 United States, 25 September, 1789, and were finally 
 ratified by the constitutional number of States, on the 15th 
 day of December, 1791. The eleventh amendment was 
 proposed at the first session of the third Congress, 5 March, 
 1794, and was declared in a message from the Presi- 
 dent of the United States to both houses of Congress, 
 dated 8th January, 1798, to have been adopted by the 
 constitutional number of States. The twelfth amendment 
 was proposed at the first session of the eighth Congress, 
 12 December, 1803, and was adopted by the constitu- 
 tional number of States in 1804, according to a public 
 notice thereof by the Secretary of State, dated 25th Sep- 
 tember, of the same year.
 
 DESIGN OF THE ANALYSIS. 
 
 1. EVERY substantive matter, or point, contained in each article, 
 section, or clause, embracing every subject, name and definition 
 in the Constitution, has been arranged in alphabetical order. The 
 entire clause in which each word so arranged occurs, being given. 
 
 2. All similar words, names, or terms used in the Constitution 
 being thus brought together, saves the time and trouble of reading 
 over that instrument in search of supposed terms or provisions, 
 which, if they cannot be found in this Alphabetical Analysis, will 
 not be found in the Constitution. Under the head of each branch 
 of the Government, as Congress, Senate, House of Representatives, 
 Executive or President, Judiciary, &c., will be found every power, 
 duty, privilege, and restriction belonging to each, and joint or con- 
 current power with the other branches. In like manner, all provi- 
 sions, regarding States, legislatures, persons, people, citizens, 
 powers, offices, laws, elections, army, militia, navy, and every 
 other subject contained in the Constitution, will all respectively, 
 be found under one head. 
 
 3. By this arrangement the entire instrument is resolved into its 
 elements, while all clauses containing like terms or provisions are 
 drawn together in close contact, by the strictly alphabetical posi- 
 tion of the similar terms or words in each, which proximity brings 
 the whole into one view, to be seen at a glance, and being thus 
 presented to the mind at once, the connection is more easily im- 
 pressed upon and retained in the memory. 
 
 37
 
 33 
 
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 40 
 
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 HABETICAL ANALYS1 
 
 ate may propose, or concur 
 
 The Congress, whenever 
 ise amendments to this Con 
 s of the several States, shall 
 case, shall be valid, to all ii 
 d by the legislatures of thre< 
 irths thereof, as the one or 
 stress ; provided that no am 
 i any manner, affect the first 
 [ that no State, without its c 
 
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 ssentative shall, during the 
 under the authority ot the 1 
 its of which shall have been 
 reaentative, or person holdi 
 be appointed an Elector 
 is of States may make tempi 
 3 thereof to fill vacancies. . < 
 lilitia reserved to the States 
 esident and Vice President 
 
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 ^ nt thfi p.nH nt thpir npvf spswinn. . . 
 
 NED. Representatives and direct taxes to be : 
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 ATION of money to the use of armies shall 
 
 ATIONS. No money shall be drawn from 
 ipriations made by law, and a regular statemeni 
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 ipresentatives may be necessary, (except on a 
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 it use shall be for a longer term than two years 
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 ! right of the people to keep and bear arms shal 
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 'ZENS. The judicial power of the United States shall n 
 suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against < 
 zens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any fc 
 'L office. (See Office.) 
 L officers. All civil officers of the United States shall be rei 
 for, and conviction of. treason, bribery, or other high cri 
 IM. Fugitive slaves shall be delivered up on claim ot the p 
 IMS. Tne Congress shall have power to dispose of and n 
 tions respecting the territory or other property belonging i 
 in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice 
 
 nr nf nnv nartirulnr Stntfi. . . 
 
 MASSES. The Senators shall be divided as equally as may be i 
 jEAR. Vessels bound to or from one State shall not be obi 
 
 in nnothpr. . . 
 
 ,YMER, Deputy from Pennsylvania, signed this Constitutior 
 JIN money. Congress shall have power to coin money, re 
 
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 raise and support armies ; but no ap 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 Congress, lay any duty 
 to any agreement or con 
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 give to the Congress ii 
 ideration such measures 
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 from time to time ordaii 
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 any State, the trial shall 
 tpH . . 
 
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 52 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
 53 
 
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 Iding any office of profit or trust under the United 
 igress, accept of any present, emolument, office, 
 
 ouse, during the session of Congress, shall, with 
 nore than three days, nor to any other place than 
 
 1, without the consent of the Congress, lay any i 
 ixcept what may be absolutely necessary for ex 
 
 11, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty 
 r in time of peace ; enter into any agreement or c 
 ign power, or engage in war, unless actually invc 
 
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 ient, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
 or done in convention by the unanimous consent 
 
 peace, be quartered in any house without the cor 
 
 ished in order to form a more perfect Union ; es 
 ty ; provide for the common defence ; promote th 
 
 inrr rf IJKortv * 
 
 ^e power to make all laws which shall be necess 
 i the foregoing powers, and all other powers vei 
 ;nt of the United States, or in any department o 
 
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 54 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 B 
 
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 of his office, take an oath that he will, to the best of 
 TITUTION. The Judicial power shall extend to : 
 
 im/l,.i- the r.nnatitntinn. . 
 
 TITUTION. Nothing in this Constitution shall b< 
 claims of the United States, or of any particular Sti 
 
 ^ . .5^= - pCi c 
 
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 TITUTION. All debts contracted, and engagements 
 this Constitution, shall be as valid against the Unitei 
 
 nil/lor tKo f^rn^or1orn t ir\r> 
 
 TITUTION. This Constitution, and the laws of the 
 in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which 
 of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the 
 shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution 
 
 TITUTION oAaws of any State. The judges in evi 
 stitution, laws, and treaties of the United States, any 
 any State to the contrary notwithstanding 
 TITUTION. The Senators and Representatives bei 
 the several State Legislatures, and all executive and 
 Sta'.es and of the several States, shall be bound by oat 
 
 CQ 02 O2 O2 O2 O2 02 
 
 !5 5 5 5 !5 5 5 
 
 O O O O O O O 
 
 O O O O O O O
 
 C ANALYSIS. 55 
 
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 tion of the conventions of nine State 
 ititution between the States so ratifyi 
 on of the Constitution, done in con 
 sent, the 17th day of September, A. 
 
 In tVio *rnlftVi 
 
 ration in the Constitution of certair 
 ; others retained by the people 
 s not delegated to the United State 
 tes, are reserved to the States, respf 
 i this Constitution shall be so cons 
 
 f r\ *fi t!o* Qtoto 
 
 n in the Constitution of certain right 
 
 J 1 ,1 Al'Ttld 
 
 verof the United States shall not be 
 nenced or prosecuted against one of 
 y citizens or subjects of any foreign i 
 
 shall extend to all cases affecting 
 which the Supreme Court shall have 
 )ass any law impairing the obligation 
 tracted, and engagements entered i 
 as valid against the United States 
 
 :ial power shall extend to controve: 
 i controversies between two or mor 
 ate ; between citizens of different S 
 nds under grants of different States, i 
 
 common law, where the value in 
 f trial by jury shall be preserved 
 
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 inal prosecutions the a< 
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 this Constitution. Jonathan ....... 
 nt, the duties of that office shall devolve 
 both President and Vice President, Coi 
 act as President 
 
 eiad erf 
 
 u oS g g ggg 
 
 9
 
 58 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 U3ETICAL ANALYST 
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 shall have power to pay t 
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 provide for the common 
 to provide for the com mo 
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 nt of the United States sh 
 on of the United States., 
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 Congress shall have powei 
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 D 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 59 
 
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 60 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 E 
 
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 NALYSIS Continu 
 
 to ensure domestic tr 
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 reme and Inferior cou 
 
 
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 >n of commerce or re 
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 sent of the Congress, 
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 E 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 61 
 
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 Jl, without the consent of Congre 
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 bjects. The Judicial power shall 
 ens thereof, and foreign States, cii 
 sower of the United States shall i 
 commenced or prosecuted againsi 
 >r by citizens or subjects of any fo 
 rf treason shall work corruption 
 
 i Constitution established in order 
 -e power to exercise exclusive leg 
 flvania, signed this Constitution, 
 lilitia being necessary to the secu 
 )ear arms shall not be infringed . 
 ress. Congress shall make no lai 
 ;he free exercise thereof ; or abrid 
 
 rson charged in any State with tr 
 , and be found in another State, si 
 from which he fled, be delivered i 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS Continued, 
 i. Members of the House of Representatives chosen every sec 
 
 , members of the. (See Representatives.) 
 . Qualifications of electors of members of the House of Reps., 
 }f the most numerous branch of the State Legislature 
 . shall i hoose their Speaker and other officers. The 
 , shall have the sole power of impeachment. The 
 jsentatives. The 
 the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own 
 irity shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller num 
 day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of 
 ich manner and under such penalties as that House may provide . 
 ermine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disc 
 with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member 
 ep a Journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish tl 
 such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the y 
 members of either House, on any question, shall, at the desir< 
 
 , 1 1 T 1 
 
 t, during the session of Congress, without the consent of the Sei 
 e than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the t' 
 
 i. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of ] 
 Senate may propose, or concur with, amendments, as on other bi 
 i. and Senate. Every bill which shall have passed the House of 
 Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the Preside 
 if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, witl: 
 louse in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objec 
 rnal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, t 
 hall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the ol 
 mse, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved 
 ise, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of b<
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 mmes of the persons votinj 
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 (Sundays excepted) after it 
 like manner as if he had s 
 Is return ; in which case it 
 ution, or vote to which th< 
 be necessary, (except on a 
 of the United States, and, I 
 , being disapproved by hii 
 f Representatives, accordi 
 
 igress.) 
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 be entitled to all privilege 
 
 
 
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 citizens of eac 
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 72 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 ALPHABETICAL ANAL 
 
 [ouse of Reps, shall have the sole ; 
 Senate of the United States shall 1 
 
 sitting to try an impeachment, the 
 
 is tried, the Chief Justice shall pi 
 lonvicted without the concurrence 
 
 1' impeachment shall not extend fu 
 o hold and enjoy any office of honi 
 
 ed shall, nevertheless, be liable an 
 
 Vm*ant o r* A' t 1 txr 
 
 resident shall have power to granl 
 tales, except in cases of impeachm 
 'il officers of the United States sh 
 conviction of, treason, bribery, < 
 
 ial of all crimes, except in cases 01 
 s. (Slaves.) The migration or im 
 ing shall think proper to admit, s 
 hteen hundred and eight, but a taj 
 jeding ten dollars for each person, 
 endment made prior to 1808 shall 
 have power to lay imposts 
 )osts, and excises shall be uniform 
 , without the consent of Congress 
 
 /So* DiiHa 1 . . 
 
 ie inability oi the President to disc 
 1 devolve on the Vice President ; j 
 
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 (L, P^Qrf 0-iZUSUpH -<J
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 73 
 
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 w declare what o 
 
 
 
 commerce amon 
 
 shall nevertheles 
 ,o law 
 
 a capital or othei 
 
 i 
 
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 tales shall be v 
 from time to tim 
 ts, shall hold tht 
 
 
 stitution. Jarec 
 in inhabitant of 
 
 CO 
 
 s 
 
 T3 C 
 C CO 
 
 65 
 
 CO- 2 
 CJ go 
 
 ent of Congress 
 absolutely neces 
 
 e for calling fort! 
 epel invasions. . 
 on of the Legislf 
 rotect each State 
 
 ress, engage in \ 
 
 JS 
 
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 3sident, Congress sha 
 
 I from representative 
 lall have power to re 
 
 nvicted on an impeach 
 and punishment, accc 
 shall be held to answ 
 it or indictment of a g 
 
 icial power of the Ui 
 ;rior courts as Congre 
 le Supreme and Interi 
 
 t- 
 i 
 
 : 
 
 " 
 
 '"' 
 
 ennsylvania, signed tl 
 ntative in Congress si 
 
 1 
 
 CO 
 CO 
 
 CJ 
 
 bo 
 
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 iss shall have power tc 
 suppress insurrection 
 ited States shall, on a 
 iture cannot be conve 
 
 without the consent o 
 
 infint Hnnorfir nst will n 
 
 J. 
 
 n\ QQ Co ~ r o3 r '*" ~w 
 
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 74 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 J 
 
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 TICAL ANALYSIS Conti 
 
 to provide for calling forth the 
 ions, and repel invasions 
 abeas corpus shall not be BUS 
 mblic saiety may require it . . 
 ct each State against invasion 
 o their discoveries for a limited 
 
 is Constitution. Daniel of St. 
 ect, for the same offence, to be 
 
 d this Constitution. William ! 
 keep a Journal of its proceedi 
 :h parts as may, in their judgn 
 rs of either House, on any quei 
 intered on the Journal . . 
 urn a bill, with his objections, 
 e entered at large on their Jour 
 i of such bill, shall be entered < 
 
 dent shall nominate, and by ai 
 dges of the Supreme Court of 
 3 shall hold their offices durii 
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 ^SIONS. Congress 
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 ime ordain and e: 
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 compensation wl 
 
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 strued to extend 
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 ill crimes, except in cases of impt 
 the State where the said crimes i 
 in any Ste.e, the trial shall be at 
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 iicial proceedings of every other 
 th of the United States, and of t 
 3 support this Constitution 
 he judicial power of the United 
 or equity, commenced or proseci 
 ler State, or by citizens or subjec 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 tig5 M J v4 J
 
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 77 
 
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 F the State in which the same shall be, foi 
 
 Army Militia.) 
 lal power shall extend to controversies bet 
 s under grants of different States 
 from New Hampshire, signed this Consti 
 numeration of the people, or census, shall 
 ing of the Congress of the United States, 
 in such manner as they shall by law direct 
 ivicted on an impeachment, shall neverthc 
 d punishment, according to law 
 places, and manner, of holding elections 
 ;ribed in each State by the Legislature th 
 law, make or alter such regulations, except 
 
 s shall assemble at least once in every yeai 
 in December, unless they shall by law ap 
 s and Representatives shall receive a com 
 v law, and paid out of the Treasury of the 
 trich shall have passed the House of Repn 
 me a law, be presented to the President o 
 it, but if not, he shall return it with his ol 
 ginated, who shall enter the objections a 
 sider it. If, after such reconsideration, tw 
 jill, it shall be sent, together with the ol 
 likewise be reconsidered, and if approve 
 
 all not be returned by the President within 
 )een presented to him, the same shall be a 
 3ss the Congress, by their adjournment, pr 
 
 resolution, or vote, to which the concurrt 
 r us may be necessary, (except on a questi 

 
 78 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 00 d -* -* C? O* ^ 
 
 co o oo t** *H ^ o 
 
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 ALPHABETICAL . 
 
 ent of the United States ; a 
 , or being disapproved by h: 
 f Representatives, accordinj 
 
 shall have power to define i 
 d offences against the law o 
 or ex post facto law shall bi 
 drawn from the I'reasury, 1 
 
 any ex post facto law 
 any law impairing the oblij 
 val, death, resignation, or ii 
 1, by law, declare what offie 
 11 have power, by and with 
 provided for in the Constitu 
 >ngress may, by law, vest t 
 . the President alone, in the 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
 79 
 
 1 
 
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 in every State si 
 
 the contrary not 
 f religion, or pr< 
 >f the press ; or 
 nment for a redr 
 
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 without due pr 
 to a speedy and 
 shall have been 
 
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 e construed to e. 
 f the United Sti 
 
 State 
 ralization, and u 
 
 5 
 
 93 
 
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 I 51 
 
 nvasions 
 e necessary and 
 )owers vested b 
 
 aartment or offic 
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 80 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 If I J ! i i ! s*t 1 1 P K sii K iS-2 i ! i ns 
 ^?l . ii*lfl ii .ti!lh||iijy 4 - j >^J 
 
 t!!! ni^iir i^i!r.r & r.i =s^|? 
 
 ^* 5 -a I - M -a so fca t sMcjo;n!c3aiata& -[V3>,oa^ 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
 81 
 
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 82 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 President to bills. (See Bil 
 tracts. No State shall pass 
 President may, on extraordi 
 
 r . u., 
 
 ne law of nations may be del 
 resident shall have power to 
 
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 n cases of impeachment shal 
 ition to hold and enjoy an; 
 
 r or Representative shall, di 
 civil office under the authori 
 emoluments whereof shall 1 
 i holding any office under 1 
 ress during his continuance 
 iment. Congress shall have 
 r for carrying into executioi 
 Constitution in the Governn 
 f. . 
 
 holding any office of profit c 
 the Congress, accept of any 
 i any king, prince, or foreigr 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
 87 
 
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 the concurrence of the Se 
 ; on questions of adjournm 
 
 I 
 
 a, 
 
 o 
 8 
 
 
 
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 -C 
 "a 
 
 00 
 
 s affecting ambassadors, ot 
 e shall be a party, the Sup 
 
 ivenue shall originate in the 
 on, order, or vote, not appr 
 to that House in which it s 
 icted of treason, unless on 
 
 f peace, be quartered in ai 
 
 to service or labor in one 
 consequence of any law or r 
 shall be delivered up on cl; 
 
 be secure in their effects a 
 
 =-5 s 
 
 S 13 2 - 
 
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 .nybill of attainder, ex post 
 
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 88 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 (N rt r-l 
 
 '-H -H <N N 
 
 
 
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 :"3 c "c 
 
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 'HABETICAL ANALYSIS Continued, 
 o authors and inventors the exclusive right i 
 
 ey, signed this Constitution. William 
 ess shall have power to pay the debts of tin 
 all make any thing but gold and silver coin 
 
 Senator or Representative may be arrested. 
 ; consent of Congress, keep troops or ships 
 
 peace, be quartered in any house without th 
 
 authorized to compel the attendance of absi 
 
 jsentatives to be chosen every second year 1 
 
 c 
 
 
 p 
 
 'o 
 
 g 
 
 cd 
 
 h 
 
 13 
 
 C 
 
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 eople to be made within three years after : 
 thereafter, in such manner as they may by 
 aw abridging the rights of the people peacea 
 
 ' ft"r n r<ar1 o a r>4* ' 
 
 keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. . 
 to be secure in their persons, houses, pap 
 and seizures, shall not be violated; and n< 
 supported by oath or affirmation, and partici 
 he persons or things to be seized 
 'onstitution of certain rights, shall not be co 
 
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 PnPnPH PH PH ~ PH PH P-( 
 
 CUP. PH
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 89 
 
 
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 H 
 
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 ihment without the concui 
 
 ited States shall be a me 
 
 :st under the United State 
 'esent, emolument, office, 
 
 Untfi .. 
 
 it under the United State 
 t . . 
 
 i President of the United S 
 
 iss on the testimony of tw 
 
 r . . 
 
 n of blood or forfeiture exc 
 
 i, felony, or other crime, ' 
 on demand of the executi 1 
 be removed to the State h 
 
 Jte under the laws thereof 
 llation therein, be dischar 
 m of the party to whom s 
 
 ital or otherwise infamous 
 ccept in cases arising in ihi 
 time oi war or public dan 
 B twice put in jeopardy oi 
 e a witness against himse 
 
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 mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertain 
 the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted 
 to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in hi 
 
 nnpR nf fniinfipl fnr his rlpfnnrp. . . 
 
 >NS voted for as President and Vice President to be name 
 ION. Congress shall make no law abridging the right, of i 
 
 mpnt fnr n rpnVfiss nf crrip.vanrrp.fi . . 
 
 NEY, deputy from South Carolina, signed this Constitu 
 NEY, deputy from South Carolina, signed this Constitut 
 IES. Congress shall have power to define and punish pi 
 the high seas, and offences against the law of nations 
 5. No preference shall be given by any regulation of com 
 one State over those of another : nor shall vessels bound 
 
 ]RITY. The Constitution established in order to secure 
 
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 R of impeachment. The House of Representatives shall 
 
 mp.nt . . 
 
 R. Congress shall have power. (See Congress.) 
 R. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impe: 
 R. The Executive power shall be vested in a President i 
 R. The President shall have power to grant reprieves an< 
 United States, except in cases of impeachment 
 R. The power of the President in making treaties, appoil 
 
 fSp.p. Judicial nower.l. . . 
 
 R. The judicial power of the United States shall not be c 
 law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of 
 another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign St 
 RS herein granted vested in Congress. All legislative . . 
 RS. Congress shall have power to make all laws which 
 carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all oth 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
 93 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 the United States, and will, to the best 
 Constitution of the United States' ' 
 3 President shall be commander-in-chief o: 
 the militia of the several States ; when i 
 s ; he may require the opinion in writing c 
 departments, upon any subject relating t< 
 shall have power to grant reprieves at 
 3, except in cases of impeachment 
 shall have power, by and with the advii 
 >rovided two-thirds of the Senators presen 
 ith the advice and consent of the Senate 
 :ers, and consuls, judges of the Supreme 
 i, whose appointments are not herein othe 
 I by law : but the Congress may by law ve 
 they think proper, in the President alone 
 
 3 President shall have power to fill up all 
 the Senate, by granting commissions whic 
 
 shall, from time to time, give to the Con 
 1 recommend to their consideration such r 
 3nt ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, 
 case of disagreement between them, with 
 arn them to such time as he shall think pr 
 blic ministers ; he shall take care that the 
 ion all the officers of the United States. . . 
 e President, Vice President, and all civil 
 from office on impeachment for, and conv 
 
 ridging the freedom of speech and of the p 
 of profit or trust under the United States, 
 )t of any present, emolument, office, or tit 
 
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 manner in which such acls, re 
 
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 m Delaware, signed this Cons 
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 shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the Unitec 
 
 rules of thp common law?. . . 
 
 IGHTS. Exclusive rights to writings and discoveries may be 
 
 ventors for a limitpd timp. . . 
 
 IGHTS of domestic security. No soldier shall, in time of peace, 
 out the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a 
 IGHTS. The enumeration, in the Constitution, of certain rights 
 or disnarajre others retained hv thp nponlp. . . 
 
 OADS. Congress shall have power to establish post offices and 
 ULES of proceedings. Each House of Congress may determine 
 ULES concerning captures. Congress shall have power to maki 
 land and water. . . 
 
 ULES and articles of war. Congress shall have power to mak 
 
 regulation of thp land anH nnval forrps . . 
 
 ULES ofthe common law. No fact tried by a jury shall be otht 
 ofthe United States, than according to the rules ofthe coi 
 UNAWAY slaves, or persons held to service or labor, and fugit 
 livered nn. &,c. . 
 
 UTLEDGE, deputy from South Carolina, signed this Constitute 
 
 CIENCE and useful arts. Congress shall have power to promo 
 useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and i 
 their resnective writings and discoveries . . 
 
 E ARCHES and seizures. The right ofthe people to be secure ir 
 and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures shs 
 rant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by < 
 larly describing the place to be searched, and the persons < 
 EAT of Government. Neither House, during the session of C< 
 sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor t 
 which the two Houses shall he sittino 1 . . 
 
 EAT of Government. Congress shall have power to exercise t 
 whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles sqi 
 ticular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become tin 
 
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 mes McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomai 
 lin Blair, James Madison, jun'r, Vir 
 illiam Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaig 
 hn Rutledge, Charles C. Pinckney, 
 illiam Few, Abraham Baldwin, Gee 
 Attest: William Jackson, Se 
 No State shall make any thing but 
 Three-fifths of all slaves included i 
 The migration or importation of s 
 nk proper to admit, shall not be pro 
 ;ax or duty may be imposed on su< 
 
 No amendment of the Constituti 
 
 No person held to service or labor 
 other, shall, in consequence of any 
 vice or labor, but shall be delivered 
 
 No amendment made prior to 1808 
 . No soldier shall, in time of peac< 
 3 owner, nor in time of war, but in a 
 arolina entitled to five Representatn 
 ', deputy from North Carolina, signi 
 
 1 and other officers. The House t 
 
 u 
 
 Senators and Representatives, for 
 
 Congress shall make no law abridj 
 RD. Congress shall have power to 
 'the Union. ThePresidentshall.fi 
 
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 ALPHABETICAL 
 
 State of the Union, and recommend to t 
 lecessary and expedient 
 
 Representative in Congress shall be an 
 
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 ; of peace, enter into any agreement or compact w 
 ?r, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or 
 
 lit of rlp.lav . . 
 
 >point, in such manner as the Legislature therei 
 ind Vice President of the United States. (See El 
 shall extend to controversies to which the United 
 is between two or more States; between a State z 
 citizens of different States; between citizens c 
 grants of different States ; and between a Sta 
 tales, citi'/fins. or HiihmrtH . . 
 
 :h a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court 
 
 nes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be b 
 ic State where the said crimes shall have been con 
 any State, the trial shall be at such place or placi 
 ntpn. . . 
 
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 :h State shall be entitled to all privileges and imre 
 
 in^any State with treason, felony, or other crime, v 
 in another State, shall, on demand of the Executii 
 fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State 1 
 
 service or labor in one State, under the laws the 
 sequence of any law or regulation therein, be dis< 
 ihall be delivered up on claim of the party to who 
 
 1 have power to dispose of, and make all needful 
 ,erritory or other property belonging to the Unite 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 JVLPHABETICAL ANALYSIS Contin 
 this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any 
 
 Jnited States shall guaranty to every State in this Union i 
 ent, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and, o 
 ire or of the Executive, (when the Legislature cannot be coi 
 
 nlp.nr-R . . 
 
 ate, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffra 
 idges in every State shall be bound by the Constitution, lawi 
 tates, any thing in the constitution or laws of any State to tl 
 
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 1-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free Si 
 
 kfinn nnH lif>nr nrnis shnll not lu> infrimrnH . . 
 
 criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to 
 in impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime s 
 which district shall have been previously ascertained by law. 
 )osing the President, (by the House of Reps.,) the vote shall 
 esentatives from each State having one vote : a quorum foi 
 f a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and 
 
 all hfi nppp.ssnrv to n phnirp. . . 
 
 ilectors shall meet in their respective States and vote, by 1 
 President, one of whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of 
 
 resentatives in Congress to be chosen every two years by the 
 resentatives and direct taxes to be apportioned among the se 
 
 >ir rpsnrtivf> niimlipra. . . 
 
 d to representatives in the first Congress were. The 
 mpshire, 3; Massachusetts, 8; Rhode Island and Provide 
 :ticut, 5j New York, 6; New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania 
 
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 f the United States shall be 
 as the Congress may from 
 3 Supreme and Inferior courti 
 stated times, receive for their 
 g their continuance in office. 
 imbassadors, other public mir 
 f, the Supreme Court shall h; 
 ned, the Supreme Court shall 
 i such exceptions, and under 
 
 slaves) might have been impo 
 tall be laid, unless in proporti< 
 
 . tnltpn . . 
 
 shall in any manner affect the 
 les exported from any State. . 
 
 to be apportioned among the 
 
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 ; but gold and silver coin a ter 
 ngress to be chosen every tv 
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 include those persons bound 
 
 ) be chosen for six years 
 enator in Congress nine yeai 
 his office during the term of 
 
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 ALPHABETICA 
 
 if. Congress shall exercise exclusive 1< 
 blie purposes by cession of particular 
 f. The Congress shall have power 
 tions respecting the territory or other 
 eligious test shall ever be required a: 
 
 tho ['nit,..! Stutoa.. 
 
 if. No person shall be convicted of tre 
 same overt act, or on confession in op 
 o warrants shall issue but upon prob 
 articularly describing the place to b 
 
 of all other persons (slaves) included 
 hs. Amendments to the Constitution 
 ns of three-fourths of the States 
 sing electors may be determined by C 
 lility. No title of nobility shall be g 
 g any office of profit or trust under the 
 t of any present, emolument, office, o 
 
 )ility. No State shall grant any title < 
 No State shall, without the consent 
 the militia. The authority of training 
 LITY. Constitution established to ir 
 For treason a Senator or Represental 
 All civil officers shall be removed fn 
 
 gainst the United States shall consist 
 > their enemies, giving them aid anc 
 n unless on (he testimony of two witn 
 
 Congress shall have power to declare 
 
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 PE-E-iHHE- 

 
 T 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 119 
 
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 election ol 
 
 PHABETICAL ANALYS 
 
 United States is tried on an 
 
 the consent of Congress, lay 
 
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 sist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majorit; 
 
 lirds. A quorum (for the election of Vice President by the Senate) shall con 
 thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number i 
 
 RM. All duties, imports, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the Unite 
 RM. Congress shall have power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 
 laws on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States 
 . The Constitution established in order to form a more perfect Union 
 . Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several S 
 may be included within this Union according to their respective numbers, &c 
 . The President shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information < 
 of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shal 
 
 . New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union 
 . The United States shall guaranty to every State in the Union a republi 
 
 D States, or Government of the United States. We the people of the United 1 
 do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. . . , 
 D States. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Cong 
 
 oH StntPa . . 
 
 D States. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained t 
 25 years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States 
 D States. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senator 
 
 fitntfi . . 
 
 D States. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than 
 from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trus 
 
 iinHpr tho. TTnitAd StntP.s.. 
 
 D States. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation fc 
 vices, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United St 
 D States. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he \ 
 be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, whic] 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 ALPHABETICAL ANALY 
 
 the emoluments whereof shall have b< 
 olding any office under the United Sta 
 i continuance in office. . . 
 
 ess shall have power to provide for the c 
 1 States . . 
 
 ties, imposts, and excises shall be unifo 
 ress shall have power to establish an ui 
 the subject of bankruptcies throughout t 
 ress shall have power to provide tor the 
 rrent coin of the United! States 
 lishment of the seat of Government of t 
 ress shall have power to make all lav 
 ig into execution the foregoing powers, 
 in the Government of the United State 
 
 Fo title of nobility shall be granted by th 
 y. (See Treasury.) 
 tate shall, without the consent of Congi 
 ts, except what may be absolutely nece 
 : produce of all duties and imposts laid b 
 se of the Treasury of the United States 
 
 Executive power shall be vested in a '. 
 
 Senator or Representative, or person h< 
 States, shall be appointed an elector of 
 :ime of choosing electors shall be the sa 
 jrson except a natural born citizen, or o 
 tion of the Constitution, nor unless he 
 14 years a resident of the United States, 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
 123 
 
 
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 my and navy of the 
 into actual service of 
 
 pardons for orlences 
 
 3e and consent of the 
 not herein otherwise 
 
 States 
 
 if the United States, 
 , treason, bribery, or 
 
 ited in one Supreme 
 time ordain and esta- 
 
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 lity arising under this 
 which shall be made 
 
 levying war against 
 
 all needful rules and 
 e United States; and 
 claims of the United 
 
 s Union a republican 
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 annot be convened,) 
 
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 11 be Commander-in-Chief 
 ia of the several States, whi 
 
 have power to grant reprie 
 pt in cases of impeachment. . 
 nominate, and, by and with 
 Jnited States, whose appoint! 
 e established by law , 
 commission all officers of tl 
 Vice President, and all civil 
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 r of the United States sha 
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 ihall extend to all cases in \a\ 
 United States, and treaties 
 
 e United States shall consis 
 lemies, giving them aid and < 
 have power to dispose of a 
 fory or other property belong 
 ill be so construed as to preji 
 te. .. 
 
 shall guaranty to every Sta 
 protect each of them against 
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 a Senator who shall not hav 
 izen of the United States . . . 
 d, and engagements enterec 
 
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 ANALYSIS. 
 
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 this Constitution, shall be 
 nder the Confederation. 
 'e power to coin money, re 
 
 uits at common law, wher 
 ;ht of trial by jury shall be ] 
 iall be given by any regulat 
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 of the United States. Qualification required as Vii 
 
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 In case of the removal of the President from offic< 
 ty to discharge the powers and duties of the said ofl 
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 9n, or inability, both of the President and Vice Pn 
 n act as President, and such officer shall act accoi 
 
 . or n Prp.siHpnt shall h nlprlprl . . 
 
 shall be removed from office on impeachment ft 
 or other high crimes and misdemeanors. The 
 of the United States. Election of Vice President 
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 The lists of votes of electors of President and Vi 
 
 fisiHnnt of thn Spnntp... 
 
 The President of the Senate shall, in presence oft? 
 s, open all the certificates of the electors of .Preside 
 
 If the House of Representatives shall not choose a 
 s shall devolve upon them, before the 4th day of Mi 
 isident shall act as President, as in the case of the 
 
 r of the. Prpairlpnt . . 
 
 The person having the greatest number of votes i 
 isident, if such number be a majority of the whole i 
 ) person have a majority, then, from the two high 
 hall choose the Vice President : a quorum for the ] 
 the whole number of Senators, and a majority of t 
 o a choice. But no person, constitutionally ineligil 
 sligible to that of Vice President of the United Stat 
 Phe right of the people to be secure in their persons 
 nreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be viol 
 lied to ten Representatives in the first Coneress . . . 
 
 'S C T3 " ^" &K2 2^2 n" U-OJ3-O 2 S'O'S ' J %~ ? "P S=I 
 
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 The Vice President shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally div 
 Every vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Repr 
 be necessary, (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be presented t 
 
 rSno Rnonlntinn 1 . . 
 
 i in the two Houses of Congress, on passage of any bill, order, resolution c 
 with objections by the President, shall be taken by yeas and nays 
 1 of electors of President and Vice President. Place and manner of giving 
 of votes to be made, signed, certified, transmitted sealed to the seat 
 directed to the President of the Senate, to be opened and counted by th 
 presence of the Senate and House of Representatives; the number necess 
 the day on which electoral votes shall be given throughout the United Sta 
 
 i taken by States. In choosing the President by the House of Represent 
 shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one v 
 
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 No State shall, without the consent of Congress, engage in war unless a 
 
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 No soldier shall be quartered in any house in time of war, but in a manner 
 
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 forces, or in the militia when in actual service, in time of war or public da 
 ANTS. No warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by 
 tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons 
 
 ;N(iTON, President and deputy from Virginia, signed this Constitution. 
 
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 WE the people establish this Constitution 
 r EIGHTS and measures. Congress shall ha\ 
 surf .s . . 
 
 WELFARE. Constitution established to prom 
 WELFARE. Congress shall have power to pr 
 WILLIAMSON, deputy from North Carolina, 
 WILSON, deputy from Pennsylvania, signed tfr 
 WITNESSES. No person shall be convicted oi 
 to the same overt act, or on confession i 
 WITNESS against himself. Nor shall any pt 
 
 WITNESSES against him. In all criminal p 
 
 WITNESSES in his favor. In all criminal pros 
 for obtaining witnesses in his favor .... 
 WRITINGS. Exclusive right to writings may 
 WRIT of habeas corpus. The privilege of the w 
 when in cases of rebellion or invasion th 
 
 EAS and nays of the members of either House 
 of one-fifth of those present, be entered 
 EAS and nays. Votes in the two Houses of C 
 or vote, returned with objections by the
 
 CHAPTER 2. 
 
 THE Confederation having given place to the American Union, 
 under the Constitution of the United States, it was considered un- 
 necessary to insert, in the first and second editions of this book, the 
 Articles of Confederation, which were agreed to by the Delegates 
 of the thirteen Original States, in Congress assembled, on the 15th 
 November, 1777; ratified by eight States, on the 9th July, 1778; 
 and finally ratified by all the States, on the 1st March, 1781; 
 but on fur/her consideration, those articles have been inserted at pa^e 
 471, merely as matter of history, as it were out of place to mingle 
 that inefficient form ot government with the present approved 
 and successful system, which has stood the test of more than half 
 a century, and which is destined, under Divine Providence, not 
 only to perpetuate the happiness and safety of the people 
 of the United States, but to be the Great Exemplar of Nations, 
 when governments shall, by the natural and just power of man, be 
 brought to their legitimate purposes and uses to establish justice, 
 insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, pro- 
 mote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to the 
 people. 
 
 The matter contained in this chapter exhibits the deplorable con- 
 dition of the finances and credit of the government under the old 
 form, and the incompetency ot the Congress of the Confederation 
 to raise a revenue, support the public credit, regulate trade or com- 
 merce, or to provide for the wants and safety of the country ; and 
 it is intended thereby to show the immediate and prominent causes 
 that led to the abandonment of that inefficient form, and the adop- 
 tion of the present system of government ; and, also, to show the 
 official proceedings by which the change was effected and the pre- 
 sent Constitution established. 
 
 These facts and proceedings may prove a warning against the 
 treasonable suggestions of the evil spirit, whose insidious and 
 
 alluring temptations are, not unfrequently, directed towards the 
 
 15 129
 
 130 
 
 most ardent and honest citizens, whose zeal in the defence of the 
 supposed interests of a part of the Union might induce them even 
 to go so far as to calculate the value of the Union itself, and of the 
 Constitution. By exhibiting the impotency of the measures adopted 
 by the Old Confederation to provide for the wants and to secure 
 the independence and safety of the people, the perusal of these 
 proceedings will induce a due appreciation of the value of our 
 inestimable Union, so firmly bound together by the conservative 
 and protective principles of our noble Constitution, and will banish 
 from the mind the least idea of a disorganizing tendency, or of 
 relapsing into the enfeebled condition of the General Government 
 before the adoption of the Constitution. The danger of extracting 
 from the edifice one particle of the material which serves to sup- 
 port its magnificent superstructure, is here practically made mani- 
 fest, and every true-hearted American citizen will firmly resolve, 
 with heart and hand, and sleepless vigilance, to guard the Union, 
 fortified by the Constitution, as the citadel of our liberties the 
 object of our greatest care, and the consummation of our earthly 
 hope. 
 
 OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS, AND THE CAUSES WHICH 
 I.ED TO THE ADOPTION AND RATIFICATION OF THE 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 It was early discovered by the patriots and statesmen of the Revolt!- 
 tion, that a bond of union, to connect the powers and means of the colo- 
 nies for the common defence, was a measure of absolute necessity; and 
 hence the assemblage of a number of delegates, chosen and appointed 
 by the several colonies and provinces in North America, to meet and 
 hold a Congress in Philadelphia, at the Carpenter's Hall, on Monday, 
 tne 5th September, 1774. This Congress continued to act under the 
 powers separately conferred upon the delegates by the respective colo- 
 nies, until the time arrived when, from their patriotic ardor, the delicacy 
 of their position, and the force of circumstances, a total separation from 
 the mother country became necessary, and they were obliged to assume 
 a noble stand among the nations of the earth. Simultaneously with and 
 consequent upon the Declaration of Independence, a provision for an
 
 131 
 
 adequate national government became so manifestly indispensable, that, 
 on the llth June, 1776, it was resolved that a committee be appointed 
 to prepare and digest the form of a confederation to be entered into be- 
 tween the colonies. After due deliberation, the Articles of Confedera- 
 tion were agreed to, in Congress, on 15th November, 1777, subject to 
 the ratification of the several States. The ratification by eight States 
 was announced on the 9th July, 1778; but many objections were urged 
 to these articles, and so reluctantly did some of the States part with a 
 portion of their powers, that it was not until the 1st March, 1781, that 
 these articles were fully ratified; and no sooner were they ratified than 
 (indeed before their final ratification) it was found that the powers con- 
 ferred by them upon Congress were totally inadequate to the indispen- 
 sable purposes of a national government. The defects first became ap- 
 parent in the want of the necessary means of raising a revenue, and 
 next in the absence of power to regulate or control the foreign trade and 
 commerce of the country; and on the 3d February, 1781, a member 
 from New Jersey moved a recommendation to the States that Congress 
 be vested with additional powers to provide means for paying the public 
 debt, and prosecuting the existing war, by laying duties on imports and 
 prize goods. One of the States having refused to comply with this re- 
 commendation, the subject was referred to a committee, by whom the 
 following report was made : 
 
 1. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 MONDAY, DECEMBER 16, 1782. 
 
 The committee, consisting of Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Madison, and Mr. 
 Fitzsimmons, to whom was referred the letter of 30th November, from 
 the honorable William Bradford, speaker of the lower house of Assem- 
 bly of the State of Rhode Island, containing, under three heads, the 
 reasons of that State for refusing their compliance with the recommenda- 
 tion of Congress for a duty on imports and prize goods ; report, 
 
 That they flatter themselves the State, on a reconsideration of the 
 objections they have offered, with a candid attention to the arguments 
 which stand in opposition to them, will be induced to retract their dis- 
 sent, convinced that the measure is supported on the most solid grounds 
 of equal justice, policy, and general utility. The following observa- 
 tions, contrasted with each head of the objections, successively, will 
 furnish a satisfactory answer to the whole. 
 
 First objection. "That the proposed duty would be unequal in K 
 operation, bearing hardest upon the most commercial States, and so
 
 132 
 
 would press peculiarly hard upon that State which draws its chief sup- 
 port from commerce." 
 
 The most common experience, joined to the concurrent opinions of 
 the ablest commercial and political observers, have established beyond 
 controversy this general principle, " that every duty on imports is incor- 
 porated with the price of the commodity, and ultimately paid by the 
 consumer, with a profit on the duty itself, as a compensation to the mer- 
 chant for the advance of his money." 
 
 The merchant, considers the duty demanded by the State on the im- 
 ported article, in the same light with freight, or any similar charge, and, 
 adding it to the original cost, calculates his profit on the aggregate sum. 
 It may happen that at particular conjunctures, where the markets are 
 overstocked, and there is a competition among the sellers, this may not 
 be practicable ; but in the general course of trade the demand for con- 
 sumption preponderates, and the merchant can with ease indemnify him- 
 self, and even obtain a profit on the advance. As a consumer, he pays 
 his share of the duty ; but it is no further a burden upon him. The con- 
 sequence of the principle laid down is, that every class of the commu- 
 nity bears its share of the duty in proportion to its consumption, which 
 last is regulated by the comparative wealth of the respective classes, in 
 conjunction with their habits of expense or frugality. The rich and 
 luxurious pay in proportion to their riches and luxury ; the poor and par- 
 simonious, in proportion to their poverty and parsimony. A chief excel- 
 lence of this mode of revenue is, that it preserves a just measure to the 
 abilities of individuals, promotes frugality, and taxes extravagance. The 
 same reasoning in our situation applies to the intercourse between two 
 States; if one imports and the other does not, the latter must be sup- 
 plied by the former. The duty, being transferred to the price of the 
 commodity, is no more a charge on the importing State for what is con- 
 sumed in the other, than it is a charge on the merchant for what is con- 
 sumed by the farmer or artificer. Either State will only feel the burden 
 in a ratio to its consumption, and this will be in a ratio to its population 
 and wealth. What happens between the different classes of the same 
 community, internally, happens between the two States; and as the 
 merchant, in the first case, so far from losing the duty himself, has a 
 profit on the money he advances for that purpose, so the importing 
 State, which, in the second case, is the merchant with respect to the 
 oth^r, is not only reimbursed by the non-importing State, but has a like 
 benefit on the duty advanced. It is, therefore, the reverse of a just po- 
 sition, that the duty proposed will bear hardest on the most commercial 
 S<ates : it will, if any thing, have a contrary effect, though not in a suf-
 
 ficient degree to justify an objection on the part of the non-importing 
 States ; for it is as reasonable they should allow an advance on the duty 
 paid as on the first cost, freight, or any incidental charge. They have 
 also other advantages in the measure fully equivalent to this disadvan- 
 tage. Over-nice and minute calculations in matters of this nature are 
 inconsistent with national measures, and, in the imperfect state of hu- 
 man affairs, would stagnate all the operations of government. Absolute 
 equality is not to be obtained : to aim at it, is pursuing a shadow at the 
 expense of the substance, and, in the event, we should find ourselves 
 wider of the mark than if, in the first instance, we were content to ap- 
 proach it with moderation. 
 
 Second objection. "That the recommendation proposes to introduce 
 into that and the other States officers unknown and unaccountable to 
 them, and so is against the constitution of thelState." 
 
 It is not to be presumed that the constitution of any State could mean 
 to define and fix the precise numbers and descriptions of all officers to 
 be permitted in the State, excluding the creation of any new ones, what- 
 ever might be the necessity derived from that variety of circumstances 
 incident to all political institutions. The legislature must always have 
 a discretionary power of appointing officers not expressly known to the 
 constitution, and this power will include that of authorizing the federal 
 government to make the appointments, in cases where the general wel- 
 fare may require it. The denial of this would prove too much ; to wit, 
 that the power given by the Confederation to Congress to appoint all 
 officers in the post-office was illegal and unconstitutional. 
 
 The doctrine advanced by Rhode Island would perhnps prove, also, 
 that the Federal Government ought to have the appointment of no inter- 
 nal officers whatever a position that would defeat all the provisions of 
 the Confederation, and all the purposes of the Union. The truth is, 
 that no federal constitution can exist without powers that in their exer- 
 cise affect the internal police of the component members. It is equally 
 true, that no government can exist without a right to appoint officers for 
 those purposes which proceed from and concentre in itself; and there- 
 fore the Confederation has expressly declared that Congress shall have 
 authority to appoint all such "civil officers as may be necessary for 
 managing the general affairs of the United States under their direc- 
 tion." All that can be required is, that the Federal Government 
 confine its appointments to such as it is empowered to make by the 
 original act of union, or by the subsequent consent of the parties ; un- 
 less there should be express words of exclusion in the constitution of a 
 
 15"
 
 134 
 
 State, there can be no reason to doubt that it is within the compass of 
 legislative discretion to communicate that authority. 
 
 The propriety of doing it upon the present occasion is founded on sub- 
 stantial reasons. 
 
 The measure proposed is a measure of necessity. Repeated experi- 
 ments have shown that the revenues to be raised within these States is 
 altogether inadequate to the public wants. The deficiency can only be 
 supplied by loans. Our applications to the foreign powers on whose 
 friendship we depend have had a success far short of our necessities. 
 The next resource is, to borrow from individuals. These will neither be 
 actuated by generosity nor reasons of state. 'Tis to their interest alone 
 we must appeal. To conciliate this, we must not only stipulate a 
 proper compensation for what they lend, but we must give security for 
 the performance. We must pledge an ascertained fund, simple and pro- 
 ductive in its nature, general in its principle, and at the disposal of a 
 single will. There can be little confidence in a security under the con- 
 stant revisal of thirteen different deliberatives. It must, once for all, be 
 defined and established on the faith of the States, solemnly pledged to 
 each other, and not revocable by any without a breach of the general 
 compact. 
 
 'Tis by such expedients that nations whose resources are understood, 
 whose reputations and governments are erected on the foundation of 
 ages, are enabled to obtain a solid and extensive credit. Would it be 
 reasonable in us to hope for more eapy terms, who have so recently 
 assumed our rank among the nations? Is it not to be expected that in- 
 dividuals will be cautious in lendii g their money to a people in our cir- 
 cumstances, and that they will at least require the best security we can 
 give ? 
 
 We have an enemy vigilant, intriguing, well acquainted with our de- 
 fects and embarrassments. We may expect that he will make every 
 effort to instil diffidences into individuals; and, in the present posture 
 of our internal affairs, he will have too plausible ground on which to 
 tread. Our necessities have obliged us to embrace measures with re- 
 spect to our public credit calculated to inspire distrust. The preposses- 
 sions on this article must naturally be against us, and it is therefore in- 
 dispensable we should endeavor to remove them, by such means as will 
 be the most obvious and striking. 
 
 It was with these views Congress determined on a general fund ; and 
 the one they have recommended must, upon a thorough examination, 
 appear to have fewer inconveniences than any other. 
 
 It has been remarked, as an essential part of the plan, that the fund
 
 135 
 
 should depend on a single will. This will not be the case unless the 
 collection, as well as the appropriation, is under the control of the United 
 States; for it is evident that, after the duty is agreed upon, it may, in a 
 great measure, be defeated by an ineffectual mode of levying it. The 
 United States have a common interest in an uniform and equally ener- 
 getic collection; and not only policy, but justice to all the parts of the 
 Union, designates the utility of lodging the power of making it where 
 the interest is common. Without this it might in reality operate as a 
 very unequal tax. 
 
 Third objection. " That by granting to Congress a power to collect 
 moneys from the commerce of these States, indefinitely as to time and 
 quantity, and for the expenditure of which they would not be account- 
 able to the States, they would become independent of their constituents, 
 and so the proposed impost is repugnant to the liberty of the United 
 States." 
 
 Admitting the principle of this objection to be true, still it ought to 
 have no weight in the present case, because there is no analogy between 
 the principle and the fact. 
 
 First. The fund proposed is sufficiently definite as to time, because it 
 is only co-extensive with the existence of the debt contracted and to be 
 contracted in the course of the war. Congress are persuaded that it ia 
 as remote from the intention of their constituents to perpetuate that 
 debt, as to extinguish it at once by a faithless neglect of providing the 
 means to fulfil the public engagements. Their ability to discharge it in 
 a moderate time can as little be doubted as their inclination ; and the 
 moment that debt ceases, the duty, so far as respects the present pro- 
 vision, ceases with it. 
 
 The resolution recommending the duty specifies the object of it to be 
 the discharge of the principal and interest of the debts already contracted, 
 or which may be contracted, on the faith of the United States for sup- 
 porting the present war. 
 
 Secondly. The rate per cent, is fixed, and it is not at the option of the 
 United States to increase it. Though the product will vary according 
 to the variations in trade, yet, as there is this limitation of the rale, it 
 cannot be properly said to be indefinite as to quantity. 
 
 By the Confederation, Congress have an absolute discretion in deter- 
 mining the quantum of revenue requisite for the national expenditure. 
 When this is done, nothing remains for the States, separately, but the 
 mode of raising. No State can dispute the obligation to pay the sum 
 demanded, without a breach of the Confederation ; and when *he money 
 comes into the treasury, the appropriation is the exclusive province of
 
 136 
 
 the Federal Government. This provision of the Confederation (without 
 which it would be an empty form) comprehends in it the principle, in its 
 fullest latitude, which the objection under consideration treats as repug- 
 nant to the liberty of the United States to wit, an indefinite power of 
 prescribing the quantity of money to be raised, and of appropriating it 
 when raised. 
 
 If it be said that the States, individually, having the collection in their 
 own hands, may refuse a compliance with exorbitant demands, the Con- 
 federation will answer that this is a point of which they have no consti- 
 tutional liberty to judge. Such a refusal would be an exertion of power, 
 not of right ; and the same power which could disregard a requisition 
 made on the authority of the Confederation, might at any time arrest 
 the collection of the duty. 
 
 The same kind of responsibility which exists with respect to the ex- 
 penditure of the money furnished in the forms hitherto practised, would 
 be equally applicable to the revenue from the imports. 
 
 The truth is, the security intended to the general liberty in the Con- 
 federation consists in the frequent election and in the rotation of the 
 members of Congress, by which there is a constant and an effectual 
 check upon them. This is the security which the people in every State 
 enjoy against the usurpations of their internal governments, and it is the 
 true source of security in a representative republic. The Government, 
 so constituted, ought to have the means necessary to answer the end of 
 its institution. By weakening its hands too much, it may be rendered 
 incapable of providing for the interior harmony or the exterior defence 
 of the State. 
 
 The measure in question, if not within the letter, is within the spirit, 
 of the Confederation. Congress, by that, are empowered to borrow 
 money for the use of the United States, and, by implication, to concert 
 the means necessary to accomplish the end. But, without insisting upon 
 this argument, if the Confederation hits not made proper provision for 
 the exigencies of the States, it will be at all times the duty of Congress 
 to suggest further provisions ; and, when their proposals are submitted 
 to the unanimous consent of the States, they can never be charged with 
 exceeding the bounds of their trust. Such a consent is the basis and 
 sanction of the Confederation, which expressly, in the 13th article, em- 
 powers Congress to agree to and propose such additional provisions. 
 
 The remarks hitherto made have had reference principally to the fu- 
 ture prosecution of the war. There still remains an interesting light in 
 wWch the subject ought to be viewed. 
 
 Mhe United States have already contracted a debt in Europe, and in
 
 137 
 
 this country, for which their faith is pledged. The capital of this debt 
 can only be discharged by degrees ; but a fund for this purpose, and for 
 paying the interest annually, on every principle of policy and justice, 
 ought to be provided. The omission will be the deepest ingratitude and 
 cruelty to a large number of meritorious individuals, who, in the most 
 critical periods of the war, have adventured their fortunes in support of 
 our independence. It would stamp the national character with indelible 
 disgrace. 
 
 An annual provision for the purpose will be too precarious. If its con- 
 tinuance and application were certain, it would not afford complete re- 
 lief. With many, the regular payment of interest, by occasional grants, 
 would suffice ; but with many more it would not. These want the use 
 of the principal itself, and they have a right to it ; but, since it is not in 
 our power to pay off the principal, the next expedient is to fund the debt 
 and render the evidences of it negotiable. 
 
 Besides the advantage to individuals from this arrangement, the active 
 stock of the nation would be increased by the whole amount of the do- 
 mestic debt, and of course the abilities of the community to contribute 
 to the public wants ; the national credit would revive and stand hereafter 
 on a secure basis. 
 
 This was another object of the proposed duty. 
 
 If it be conceded that a similar fund is necessary, it can hardly be dis- 
 puted that the one recommended is the most eligible. It has boon 
 already shown that it affects all parts of the community in proportion to 
 their consumption, and has therefore the best pretensions to equality. It 
 is the most agreeable tax to the people that can be imposed, because it 
 is paid insensibly, and seems to be voluntary. 
 
 It may perhaps be imagined that it is unfavorable to commerce ; but 
 the contrary can easily be demonstrated. It has been seen that it does 
 not diminish the profit of the merchant, and, of course, can be no dimi- 
 nution of his inducements to trade. It is too moderate in its amount to 
 discourage the consumption of imported goods, and cannot on that ac- 
 count abridge the extent of importations. If it even had this effect, it 
 would be an advantage to commerce, by lessening the proportion of our 
 imports to our exports, and inclining the balance in favor of this 
 country. 
 
 The principal thing to be consulted for the advancement of commerce 
 is to promote exports. All impediments to these, eirher by way of pro- 
 hibition or by increasing the prices of native commodities, decreasing by 
 that means their sale and consumption at foreign markets, are injurious. 
 Duties on exports have this operation. For the same reason, taxes on
 
 138 
 
 possessions and the articles of our own growth or manufacture, '.vhether 
 in the form of a land tax, excise, or any other, are more hurtful to trade 
 than impost duties. The tendency of all such taxes is to increase the 
 prices of those articles which are the objects of exportation, and to ena- 
 ble others to undersell us abroad. The farmer, if he pays a heavy land 
 tax, must endeavor to get more for the products of his farm : the me- 
 chanic and laborer, if they find the necessaries of life grow dearer by an 
 excise, must endeavor to exact higher wages ; and these causes will pro- 
 duce an increase of prices within, and operate against foreign com- 
 merce. 
 
 It is not, however, to be inferred that the whole revenue ought to be 
 drawn from imports : all extremes are to be rejected. The chief thing 
 to be attended to is, that the weight of the taxes fall not too heavily, in 
 the first instance, upon particular parts of the community. A judicious 
 distribution to all kinds of taxable property is a first principle in taxa- 
 tion. The tendency of these observations is only to show that taxes on 
 possessions on articles of our own growth and manufacture are more 
 prejudicial to trade than duties on imports. 
 
 The observations which conclude the letter on which these remarks 
 are made, naturally lead to reflections that deserve the serious attention 
 of every member of the Union. There is a happy mean between too 
 much confidence and excessive jealousy, in which the health and pros- 
 perity of a State consist. Either extreme is a dangerous vice : the first 
 is a temptation to men in power to arrogate more than they have a right 
 to ; the latter enervates government, prevents system in the administra- 
 tion, defeats the most salutary measu.es, breeds confusion in the State, 
 disgusts and discontents among the people, and may eventually prove as 
 fatal to liberty as the opposite temper. 
 
 It is certainly pernicious to leave any government in a situation of re- 
 sponsibility disproportioned to its power. 
 
 The conduct of the war is intrusted to Congress, and the public ex- 
 pectation turned- upon them, without any competent means at their com- 
 mand to satisfy the important trim.. After the most full and solemn 
 deliberation, under a collective view of all the public difficulties, they 
 recommend a measure which appears to them the corner-stone of the 
 public safety : they see this measure suspended for near two years ; par- 
 tially complied with by some of the States ; rejected by one of them, 
 and in danger on that account to be frustrated ; the public embarrass- 
 ments every day increasing; the dissatisfaction of the army growing 
 more serious; the other creditors of the public clamoring for justice; 
 both irritated by the delay of measures for their present relief or future
 
 139 
 
 security ; the hopes of our enemies encouraged to protract the war ; the 
 zeal of our friends depressed by an appearance of remissness and want 
 of exertion on our part; Congress harassed; the national character suf- 
 fering, and the national safety at the mercy of events. 
 
 This state of things cannot but be extremely painful to Congress, and 
 appear to your committee to make it their duty to be urgent to obviate 
 the evils with which it is pregnant. 
 
 llesolved, That Congress agree to the said report. 
 
 2. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 
 FRIDAY, APRIL 18, 1783. 
 
 Resolutions were passed recommending to the several States to invest 
 the Congress with certain specified powers for raising revenue to restore 
 and maintain the public credit, &c. These resolutions were transmitted 
 to the several States, with an address, prepared by a committee consist- 
 ing of Mr. Madison, Mr. Ellsworth, and Mr. Hamilton, and adopted by 
 Congress on the 26th April, 1783. The resolutions, as well as the ad- 
 dress, consist, for the most part, of propositions and recommendations 
 concerning the fiscal measures necessary to be adopted ; from the latter, 
 however, it is considered proper to make the following extracts: 
 
 " The plan thus communicated and explained by Congress must now 
 receive its fate from their constituents. All the objects comprised in it are 
 conceived to be of great importance to the happiness of this confederated 
 republic, are necessary to render the fruits of the Revolution a full re- 
 ward for the blood, the toils, the cares, and the calamities which have 
 purchased it. But the object of which the necessity will be peculiarly 
 felt, and which it is peculiarly the duty of Congress to inculcate, is the 
 provision recommended for the national debt. Although this debt is 
 greater than could have been wished, it is still less on the whole than 
 could have been expected, and, when referred to the cause in which it 
 has been incurred, and compared with the burdens which wars of ambi- 
 tion and of vain-glory have entailed on other nations, ought to be borne, 
 not only with cheerfulness, but with pride. But the magnitude of the 
 debt makes no part of the question. It is sufficient that the debt has 
 been fairly contracted, and that justice and good faith demand that it 
 should be fully discharged. Congress had no option but between dif- 
 ferent modes of discharging it. The same option is the only one that 
 can exist with the States. The mode which has, after long and elabo- 
 rate discussion, been preferred, is, we are persuaded, the least objection- 
 able of any that would have been equal to the purpose. Under this per-
 
 140 
 
 suasion, we call upon the justice and plighted faith of the several States, 
 to give it its proper effect, to reflect on the consequences of rejecting it, 
 and to remember that Congress will not be answerable for them. 
 
 "Let it be remembered, finally, that it has ever been the pride and 
 boast of America that the rights for which she contended were the rights 
 of human nature. By the blessings of the Author of these rights on 
 the means exerted for their defence, they have prevailed against all op- 
 position, and form the basis of thirteen independent States. No instance 
 has heretofore occurred, nor can any instance be expected hereafter to 
 occur, in which the unadulterated forms of republican government can 
 pretend to so fair an opportunity of justifying themselves by their fruits. 
 In this view, the citizens of the United States are responsible for the 
 greatest trust ever confided to a political society. If justice, good faith, 
 honor, gratitude, and all the other qualities which ennoble the character 
 of a nation, and fulfil the ends of government, be the fruits of our esta- 
 blishments, the cause of liberty will acquire a dignity and lustre which it 
 has never yet enjoyed, and an example will be set which cannot bu' 
 have the most favorable influence on the rights of mankimf. 11, ou the 
 other side, our governments should be unfortunately blotted with the re 
 verse of these cardinal and essential virtues, the great cause which we 
 have engaged to vindicate will be dishonored and betrayed, the last and 
 fairest experiment in favor of the rights of human nature will be turned 
 against them, and their patrons and friends exposed to be insulted and 
 silenced by the votaries of tyranny and usurpation. 
 
 " By order of the United States in Congress assembled." 
 
 8. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 
 WEDNESDAY, APRIL 30, 1784 
 
 Congress assembled. Present : New Hampshire, Massachusettb 
 Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
 Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. 
 
 Congress took into consideration the report of B committee, consisting 
 of Mr. Gerry, Mr. Reed, Mr. Williamson, Mr. Chase, and Mr. Jeffer- 
 son, to whom were referred sundry letters and papers relative to com- 
 mercial matters ; and the same, being amended, was agreed to as 
 follows : 
 
 " The trust reposed in Congress renders it their duty to be attentive to 
 the conduct of foreign nations, and to prevent or restrain, as far as may 
 be, all such proceedings as might prove injurious to the United States. 
 The situation of commerce at this time claims the attention of the seve-
 
 141 
 
 ral States ; and few objects of greater importance can present them- 
 selves to their notice. The fortune of every citizen is interested in the 
 success thereof, for it is the constant source of wealth and incentive to 
 industry; and the value of our produce and our land must ever rise or 
 fall in proportion to the prosperous or adverse state of trade. 
 
 "Already has Great Britain adopted regulations destructive of our com- 
 merce with her West India Islands. There was reason to expect that 
 measures so unequal and so little calculated to promote mercantile inter- 
 course, would not be persevered in by an enlightened nation. But these 
 measures are growing into system. It would be the duty of Congress, 
 as it is their wish, to meet the attempts of Great Britain with similar 
 restrictions on her commerce: but their powers on this head are not ex- 
 plicit, and the propositions made by the legislatures of the several States 
 render it necessary to take the general sense of the Union on this 
 subject. 
 
 " Unless the United States in Congress assembled shall be vested with 
 powers competent to the protection of commerce, they can never com- 
 mand reciprocal advantages in trade ; and, without these, our foreign 
 commerce must decline, and eventually be annihilated. Hence it is ne- 
 cessary that the States should be explicit, and fix on some effectual 
 mode by which foreign commerce not founded on nrinciDle? o< equahtv 
 may be restrained. 
 
 "That the United States may be enabled to secure such ;erins tbe? 
 have 
 
 "Resolved, That it be, and it hereby is, recommended to trie legisla 
 tures of the several States to vest the United Stales in Congress assem 
 bled, for the term of fifteen years, with power to prohibit any goods 
 wares, or merchandise, from being imported into or exported from any 
 of the States, in vessels belonging to or navigated by the subjects ol any 
 power with whom these States shall not have formed treaties of com 
 nierce. 
 
 "Resolved, That it be, and it hereby is, recommended ro the legisla 
 tures of the several States to vest the United States in Congress assem 
 bled, for the term of fifteen years, with the power of prohibiting the sub 
 jects of any foreign state, kingdom, or empire, unless authorized by 
 treaty, from importing into the United States any goods, wares, or mer 
 chandise, which are not the produce or manufacture of the dominions ot 
 the sovereign whose subjects they are. 
 
 " Provided, That to all acts of the United States in Congress assem 
 bled, in pursuance of the above powers, the assent of nine States sha'! 
 ! e necessary." 
 
 16
 
 142 
 
 4. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 WEDNESDAY, JULY 13, 1785. 
 
 Congress took into consideration the report of a committee, consisting 
 of Mr. Monroe, Mr. Spaight, Mr. Houstoun, Mr. Johnson, and Mr. 
 King, on a motion of Mr. Monroe, for vesting the United States in Con- 
 gress assembled with the power of regulating trade ; and, the same 
 being read, 
 
 Ordered, That it be referred to a committee of the whole. 
 
 Congress was then resolved into a committee of the whole. 
 
 Mr. Holten was elected to the chair. 
 
 The P.esident resumed the chair ; and Mr. Holten reported that the 
 committee of the whole have had under consideration the subject re- 
 ferred to them, but, not having come to a conclusion, desire leave to sit 
 again to-morrow. 
 
 Eesolved, That leave be granted. , 
 
 [The following is the report referred to. It was afterwards farther considered ; 
 but Congress did not come to any final determination with respect to the consii- 
 tutional alteration which it proposed. It was deemed most advisable, at the 
 time, that any proposition for perfecting the act of confederation should originate 
 will the Slate legislatures.] 
 
 The committee, consisting of Mr. Monroe, Mr. Spaight, Mr. Hous- 
 toun, Mr. Johnson, and Mr. King, to whom was referred the motion of 
 Mr. Monroe, submit the following report : 
 
 That the first paragraph of the ninth of the Articles of Confederation 
 be altered, so as to read thus, viz : 
 
 " The United States in Congress assembled shall have the sole and 
 exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in 
 the cases mentioned in the sixth article of sending and receiving eni- 
 bassadors entering into treaties and alliances of regulating the trade 
 of the States, as well with foreign nations as with each other, and of 
 laying such impost and duties upon imports and exports as may be ne- 
 cessary for the purpose ; provided, that the citizens of the States shall 
 in no case be subjected to pay higher imposts and duties than those im- 
 posed on the subjects of foreign powers ; provided, also, that the legis- 
 lative power of the several States shall not be restrained from prohibit- 
 ing the importation or exportation of any species of goods or commodi- 
 ties whatsoever ; provided, also, that all such duties as may be imposed 
 shall be collected under the authority, and accrue to the use, of the 
 State in which the same shall be payable ; and provided, lastly, that 
 every act of Congress for the above purpose shall have the assent ol
 
 143 
 
 nine States in Congress assembled of establishing rules for deciding in 
 all cases what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what 
 manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United 
 States shall be divided or appropriated of granting letters of marque 
 and reprisal in time of peace appointing courts for the trial of piracies 
 and felonies committed on the high seas, and establishing courts for re- 
 ceiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures ; provided 
 that no member of Congress shall be appointed judge of any of the said 
 courts." ^ 
 
 That the following letter be addressed to the legislature of the several 
 States, showing the principles on which the above alteration is pro- 
 posed : 
 
 The United States having formed treaties of commerce with the most 
 Christian king the King of Sweden, and the states-general of the United 
 Netherlands ; and having appointed ministers with full authority to enter 
 into treaties with other powers, upon such principles of reciprocity as 
 may promote their peace, harmony, and respective interests, it he- 
 comes necessary that such internal arrangements should be made as may 
 strictly comport with the faith of those treaties, and insure success to 
 their future negotiations. But, in the pursuit of the means necessary 
 for the attainment of these ends, considerable difficulties arise. If tne 
 legislature of each State adopts its own measures, many and very emi- 
 nent disadvantages must, in their opinion, necessarily result therefrom. 
 They apprehend it will be difficult for thirteen different legislatures, act- 
 ing separately and distinctly, to agree in the same interpretation of a 
 treaty, to take the same measures for carrying it into effect, and to con- 
 duct their several operations upon such principles as to satisfy those 
 powers, and at the same time preserve the harmony and interests of the 
 Union, or to concur in those measures which may be necessary to coun- 
 teract the policy of those powers with whom they shall not be able to 
 form commercial treaties, and who avoid it merely from an opinion of 
 their imbecility and indecision. And if the several States levy different 
 duties upon their particular produce exported to the ports of those 
 powers, or upon the produce and manufactures of those powers imported 
 into each State, either in vessels navigated by and belonging to the citi- 
 zens of these States or the subjects of those powers, it will, they appre- 
 hend, induce on their part similar discriminations in the duties upon the 
 commercial intercourse with each State, and thereby defeat the object 
 of those treaties, and promote the designs of those who wish to profit 
 from their embarrassment. Unless the United States in Congress as<- 
 sembled are authorized to make those arrangements which become ne-
 
 144 
 
 cessary under their treaties, and arc enabled to carry them into effect, 
 they cannot complain of a violation of them on the part of other powers. 
 And unless they act in concert in the system of policy which may be 
 necessary to frustrate the designs of those powers who lay injurious re- 
 straints on their trade, they must necessarily become the victims of 
 their own indiscretion. 
 
 The common principle upon which a friendly commercial intercourse is 
 conducted between ^independent nations, is that of reciprocal advantages ; 
 and if this is not obtained, it becomes the duty of the losing party to 
 make such farther regulations, consistently with the faith of treaties, as 
 will remedy the evil, and secure its interests. If, then, the commercial 
 regulations of any foreign power contravene the interests of any particu- 
 lar State if they refuse admittance to its produce into its ports upon the 
 Bame terms that the State admits its manufactures here, what course 
 will it take to remedy the evil ? If it makes similar regulations to coun- 
 teract those of that power, by reciprocating the disadvantages which it 
 feels, by impost or otherwise, will it produce the desired effect? What 
 operation will it have upon the neighboring States ? Will they enter 
 into similar regulations, and make it a common cause? On the con- 
 trary, will they not, in pursuit of the same local policy, avail themselves 
 of this circumstance to turn it to their particular advantage ? Thus, 
 then, we behold the several States taking separate measures in pursuit 
 of their particular interests in opposition to the regulaiions of foreign 
 powers, and separately aiding those powers to defeat the regulations of 
 each other ; for, unless the States act together, there is no plan of policy 
 into which they can separately enter, which they will not be separately 
 interested to defeat, and of course all their measures must prove vain 
 and abortive. 
 
 The policy of each nation, in its commercial intercourse with other 
 powers, is to obtain, if possible, the principal share of the carriage of 
 the materials of either party ; and this can only be effected by laying 
 higher duties upon imports and exports in foreign vessels, navigated by 
 the subjects of foreign powers, than in those which belong to and are 
 navigated by those of its own dominions. This principle prevails, in a 
 greater or less degree, in the regulations of the oldest and wisest com- 
 mercial nations, with respect to each other, and will, of course, be ex- 
 tended to these States. Unless, therefore, they possess a reciprocal 
 power, its operation must produce the most mischievous effects. Unable 
 to counteract the restrictions of those powers by similar restrictions 
 4iere, or to support the interests of their citizens by discriminations in 
 their favor, their system will prevail. Possessing no advantages in the
 
 145 
 
 ports of his own country, and subjected to much higher duties and re- 
 strictions in those of other powers, it will necessarily become the interest 
 of the American merchant to ship his produce in foreign bottoms : of 
 course their prospects of national consequence must decline, their mer- 
 chants become only the agents and retailers of those foreign powers, 
 their extensive forests be hewn down and laid waste to add to their 
 strength and national resources, and the American flag be rarely seen 
 upon the face of the seas. 
 
 But if they act as a nation, the prospect is more favorable to them. 
 The particular interests of every State will then be brought forward, 
 and receive a federal support. Happily for them, no measures can be 
 taken to promote the interests of either which will not equally promote 
 that of the whole. If their commerce is laid under injurious restrictions 
 in foreign ports, by going hand in hand in confidence together, by wise 
 and equitable regulations, they will the more easily sustain the inconve- 
 nience or remedy the evil. If they wish to cement the Union by the 
 strongest ties of interest and affection; if they wish to promote its 
 strength and grandeur, founded upon that of each individual State, 
 every consideration of local as well as of federal policy urge them to 
 adopt the following recommendation.* 
 
 The situation of the commercial affairs of the Union requires that the 
 several legislatures should come to the earliest decision on the subject, 
 which they now submit to their consideration. They have weighed it 
 with that profound attention which is due to so important an object, and 
 are fully convinced of its expedience. A further delay must be produc- 
 tive of inconvenience. The interests which will vest in every part of 
 the Union must soon take root and have their influence. The produce 
 raised upon the banks of those great rivers and lakes which have their 
 sources high up in the interior parts of the continent will empty ilself 
 into the Atlantic in different directions ; and, of course, as the States 
 rearing to the westward attain maturity, and get admission into the Con- 
 federation, will their government become more complicated. Whether 
 this will be a source of strength and wealth to the Union, must, there- 
 fore, in a great degree, depend upon the measures which may be now 
 adopted. 
 
 A temporary power would not, in their opinion, enable the United 
 States to establish the interests, nor attain the salutary object, which 
 they propose : the expectation that it will revert to the States, and re- 
 main with them for the future, would lessen its weight with foreign 
 
 Alluding to the alteration proposed. See p. 142. 
 16*
 
 146 
 
 powers; and, while the interests of each Slate and of the Federal Gov- 
 ernment continue to be the same, the same evils will always require the 
 same correction, and of course the necessary powers should always be 
 lodged in the same hands. They have therefore thought proper to pro- 
 pose an efficient and perpetual remedy. 
 
 [The subject was afterwards brought forward in the House of Delegates of the 
 Commonwealth of Virginia, by Mr. Madison, whose proposed resolution and the 
 proceedings thereon follow these proceedings in Congress.] 
 
 5. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 1786. 
 
 Congress assembled. Present : New Hampshire, Massachusetts, 
 Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maryland, and South 
 Carolina. 
 
 The committee, consisting of Mr. King, Mr. Pinckney, Mr. Kean, 
 Mr. Monroe, and Mr. Pettit, to whom were referred several reports and 
 documents concerning the system of general revenue, recommended by 
 Congress on the 18th of April, 1783, report : 
 
 "That, in pursuance of the above reference, they have carefully ex- 
 amined the acts of the several States, relative to the general system of 
 revenue recommended by Congress on the 18th of April, 1783, and find 
 that the States of Delaware and North Carolina have passed acts in full 
 conformity with the several parts thereof; the former of which States 
 has inserted a proviso in their act, restraining the operation thereof until 
 each of the other States shall have made a like and equally extensive 
 grant ; that the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
 New Jersey, Virginia, and South Carolina, have each passed acts com- 
 plying with that part of the system which recommends a general im- 
 post, but have come to no decision on the other part, which proposes the 
 establishment of funds, supplementary to and in aid of the general im- 
 post ; that the State of Pennsylvania has passed an act complying with 
 the recommendation of the general impost, and in the same act has de- 
 clared that their proportion or quota of the supplementary funds shall be 
 raised and levied on the persons and estates of the inhabitants of that 
 State, in such manner as the legislature thereof shall from time to time 
 direct ; with this proviso, that if any of the annual proportion of the 
 supplementary funds shall be otherwise raised and paid to the United 
 States, then such annual levy or tax shall be discontinued. The com 
 miltee conceive that this clause is rather an engagement that Pennsyl- 
 vania will provide adequate supplementary funds, than an actual esta-
 
 blishment thereof; nevertheless, the act contains a proviso restraining 
 its operation until each of the other States shall have passed laws in full 
 conformity with the whole of the revenue system aforesaid. The com- 
 mittee further find, that the State of Rhode Island has passed an act on 
 this subject, but so different from the plan recommended, and so wholly 
 insufficient, that it cannot be considered as a compliance with any part 
 of the system submitted for their adoption ; that the State of Maryland 
 passed an act in 1782, and a supplement thereto in 1784, complying with 
 the recommendation of Congress of the 3d of February, 1781, which re- 
 commendation is not compatible with, and was relinquished by, the re- 
 solves of Congress of the 18th of April, 1783 ; but that neither the 
 State of Maryland, New York, nor Georgia, has passed any act in pur- 
 suance of the system of the 18th of April, 1783. 
 
 "From this statement it appears that seven States viz: New Hamp- 
 shire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Virginia, North Caro- 
 lina, and South Carolina have granted the impost in such manner that, 
 if the other six States had made similar grants, the plan of the general 
 impost might immediately begin to operate ; that two other States 
 viz : Pennsylvania and Delaware have also granted the impost, but 
 have connected their grants with provisoes, which will suspend their ope- 
 ration until all the other States shall have passed laws in full conformity 
 with the whole of the revenue system aforesaid ; that two only of these 
 nine States viz : Delaware and North Carolina have fully acceded to 
 that system in all its parts; and that the four other States viz: Rhode 
 Island, New York, Maryland, and Georgia have not decided in favor 
 of any part of the system of revenue aforesaid, so long since and so re- 
 peatedly presented by Congress for their adoption. 
 
 "The committee have thought it their duty candidly to examine the 
 principles of this system, and to discover, if possible, the reasons which 
 have prevented its adoption. They cannot learn that any member of tho 
 Confederacy has stated or brought forward any objections against it ; 
 and the result of their impartial inquiries into the nature and operation 
 of the plan, has been a clear and decided opinion that the system itself 
 is more free from well-founded exceptions, and is better calculated to 
 receive the approbation of the several States, than any other that the 
 wisdom of Congress can devise. 
 
 "In the course of this inquiry, it most clearly appeared that the re- 
 quisitions of Congress, for eight years past, have been so irregular in 
 their operation, so uncertain in their collection, and so evidently unpro- 
 ductive, that a reliance on them in future, as a source from whence moneys
 
 148 
 
 arc 'o be drawn to discharge the engagements of the Confederacy, defi- 
 nite as they are in time and amount, would be not less dishonorable to 
 the understandings of those who entertain such confidence, than it would 
 be dangerous to the welfare and peace of the Union. The committee 
 are therefore seriously impressed with the indispensable obligation that 
 Congress are under of representing to the immediate and impartial con- 
 sideration of the several States the utter impossibility of maintaining 
 nnd preserving the faith of the Federal Government by temporary requi- 
 sitions on the States, and the consequent necessity of an early and com- 
 plete accession of all the States to the revenue system of the 18th of 
 Aprfi, 1783. 
 
 "Although, in a business of this magnitude and importance to the re- 
 Bpttti^e States, it was natural to expect a due degree of caution, and a 
 thorough investigation of the system recommended, yet the committee 
 caniiot forbear to remark that this plan has been under reference for 
 neuly three years; that, during that period, numerous changes have 
 taken place in the delegations of every State, but that this system has 
 received the repeated approbation of each successive Congress, and that 
 the urgency of the public engagements at this time renders it the un- 
 qustionable duty of the several States to adopt, without further delay, 
 those measures which alone, in the judgment of the committee, can pre 
 seive the sacred faith of the Confederacy." 
 
 " Thus it is evident that the sum of 2,457,987 25-90ths dollars only 
 was received in the space of more than four years, when the requisitions, 
 in the most forcible manner, pressed on the States the payment of much 
 larger sums, and for purposes of the highest national importance. It 
 should be here observed, that the receipts of the last fourteen months of 
 the above period amount only to 432,897 81-90ths dollars, which is at 
 the rate of 371,002 dollars per annum a sum short of what is essentially 
 necessary for the bare maintenance of the Federal Government on the 
 most economical establishment, and in time of profound peace. 
 
 " The committee observe, with great concern, that the security of the 
 navigation and commerce of the citizens of these States from the Bar- 
 bary powers, the protection of the frontier inhabitants from the savages, 
 the immediate establishment of military magazines in different parts of 
 the Union, rendered indispensable by the principles of public safety, the 
 maintenance of the Federal Government at home, and the support of the 
 public servants abroad, each and all, depend upon the contributions of 
 the States under the annual requisitions of Congress. The moneys 
 essentially necessary for these important objects will so far exceed the 
 sums formerly collected from the States by taxes, that no hope can bo
 
 149 
 
 indulged of being able, from that source, to make any remittances for 
 the discharge of foreign engagements. 
 
 " Thus circumstanced, after the most solemn deliberation, and under 
 the fullest conviction that the public embarrassments are such as above 
 represented, and that they are daily increasing, the committee are of 
 the opinion that it has become the duty of Congress to declare, most ex- 
 plicitly, that the crisis has arrived when the people ol these United States, 
 by whose will and for whose benefit the Federal Government was insti- 
 tuted, must decide whether they will support their rank as a nation, by 
 maintaining the public faith at home and abroad, or whether, for want 
 of a timely exertion in establishing a general revenue, and thereby giv- 
 ing strength to the Confederacy, they will haxard not only the existence 
 of the Union, but of .those great and invaluable privileges for which they 
 have so arduously and so honorably contended." 
 
 Resolved, That Congress agree to the said report. 
 
 And, to the end that Congress may remain wholly acquitted from 
 every imputation of a want of attention to the interest and welfare of 
 those whom they represent, 
 
 Resolved, That the requisitions of Congress of the 27th of April, 
 1784, and the 27th of September, 1785, cannot be considered as the esta- 
 blishment of a system of general revenue, in opposition to that recom- 
 mended to the several States by the resolves of Congress of the 18th of 
 April, 1783. 
 
 Resolved, That the resolves of Congress of the 18th of April, 1783, 
 recommending a system of general revenue, be again presented to the 
 consideration of the legislatures of the several States which have not 
 fully complied with the same. That it be earnestly recommended to 
 the Legislatures of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and South Carolina, which have com- 
 plied only in part with the said system, completely to adopt the same , 
 and to the Legislatures of the States of Rhode Island, New York, Ma- 
 ryland, and Georgia, which have not adopted the said system, either in 
 whole or in part, to pass laws, without further delay, in full conformity 
 with the same. But, as it is highly necessary that every possible aid 
 should, in the most expeditious manner, be obtained to the revenue ot 
 the United States, it is therefore recommended to the several States, 
 that, in adopting the said system, they enable the United States in Con- 
 gress assembled, to carry into effect that part which relates to the im- 
 post, so soon as it shall be acceded to. 
 
 Resolved, That, whilst Congress are denied the means of satisfying 
 those engagements which they have constitutionally entered into for tho
 
 150 
 
 common benefit of the Union, they hold it the'.? duty to warn their con- 
 stituents that the most fatal evils will inevitably flow from a breach 
 of public faith, pledged by solemn contract, and a violation of those 
 principles of justice which are the only solid basis of the honor and 
 prosperity of nations. 
 
 6. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 FRIDAY, MARCH 3, 1786. 
 
 The committee, consisting of Mr. Kean, Mr. Gorham, Mr. Pinckney, 
 Mr. Smith, and Mr. Grayson, to whom were recommitted sundry papers 
 and documents relative to commerce, and the acts passed by the States 
 in consequence of the recommendations of Congress of the 30th April, 
 1784, report 
 
 That, in examining the laws passed by the States in consequence 
 of the act of 30th April, 1784, they find that four States namely, Mas- 
 sachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and Virginia have enacted laws 
 conformable to the recommendations contained in the act, but have re- 
 strained their operation until the other States shall have substantially 
 complied. 
 
 That three States namely, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Mary- 
 land have passed laws conforming to the same, but have determined 
 the time from which they are to commence the first from the time 
 of passing their act, in May, 1785 ; and the two latter from the 30ih 
 April, 1784. 
 
 That New Hampshire, by an act passed the 23d June, 1785, has 
 granted full powers to regulate their* trade, by restrictions or duties, for 
 fifteen years, with a proviso that the law shall be suspended until the 
 other States have substantially done the same. 
 
 That Rhode Island, by acts passed in February and October, 1785, 
 has granted power for the term of twenty-five years to regulate trade 
 between the respective States, and of prohibiting, restraining, or regu- 
 lating, the importation only of all foreign goods in any ships or vessels 
 other than those owned by citizens of the United States, and navigated 
 by a certain proportion of citizens ; and also with a proviso restrictive 
 of its operation until the other States shall have substantially complied. 
 
 That North Carolina, by an act passed the 2d June, 1784, has granted 
 powers similar to those granted by Rhode Island, relative to foreign 
 commerce, but unrestrained in duration, and clogged with a clause that 
 when all the States shall have substantially complied therewith, it shall 
 become an article of confederation and perpetual union.
 
 151 
 
 That they cannot find that the three other States namely, Delaware, 
 South Carolina, and Georgia have passed any laws in consequence of 
 the recommendations. 
 
 The result is, that four States have fully complied ; three others have 
 also complied, but have determined the time of commencement, so that 
 there will be a dissimilarity in the duration of the power granted ; that 
 three other States have passed laws in pursuance of the recommenda- 
 tions, but so inconsonant to them, both in letter and spirit, that they 
 cannot be deemed compliances ; and that three other States have passed 
 no acts whatever. 
 
 That, although the powers to be vested by the recommendations do 
 not embrace every object which may be necessary in a well-formed sys- 
 tem, yet, as many beneficial effects may be expected from them, the 
 committee think it the duty of Congress again to call the attention of 
 the States to this subject, the longer delay of which must be attended 
 with very great evils. Whereupon, 
 
 Resolved, That the recommendations of the 30th April, 1784, be again 
 presented to the view of the States of Delaware, South Carolina, and 
 Georgia, and that they be most earnestly called upon to grant powers 
 conformable thereto. 
 
 Resolved, That the States of New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and 
 North Carolina, be solicited to reconsider their acts, and to make them 
 agreeable to the recommendations of the 30th April, 1784. 
 
 Resolved, That the time for which the power under the recommenda- 
 tions of the 30th April, 1784, is to continue, ought to commence on the 
 day that Congress shall begin to exercise it ; and that it be recommended 
 to the States of Pennsylvania. Connecticut, and Maryland, to amend 
 their acts accordingly. 
 
 7. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 
 MONDAY, OCTOBER 23, 1786. 
 
 The committee, consisting of Mr. Pinckney, Mr. Smith, and Mr. 
 Henry, to whom was referred an act of the Legislature of the State of 
 Georgia, passed in consequence of the resolutions of the 30th April, 
 1784, respecting commerce, and the subject of the said recommendation, 
 having reported 
 
 " That it appears, by the said resolutions, the United Sta*es in Con- 
 gress assembled recommended to the legislatures of the several States 
 to vest them, for the term of fifteen years, with powers to prohibit any 
 goods, wares, or merchandise, from being imported into, or exported
 
 152 
 
 from, any of the States, in vessels belonging to, or navigated by. the 
 subjects of any power with whom these States shall not have formed 
 treaties of commerce; that they also recommended to the legislatures 
 of the said States to vest the United States in Congress assembled, for 
 the term of fifteen years, with the power of prohibiting the subjects of 
 any foreign state, kingdom, or empire, unless authorized by treaty, from 
 importing into the United States any goods, wares, or merchandise, 
 which are not the produce or manufacture of the dominions of the sove- 
 reign whose subjects they are : provided, that to all acts of the United 
 States in Congress assembled, in pursuance of the above powers, the 
 assent of nine States shall be necessary. The committee have carefully 
 examined the acts passed by the several States, in pursuance of the 
 above recommendation, and find that the State of Delaware has passed 
 an act in full compliance with the same ; that the acts of the States of 
 Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and 
 Georgia, are in conformity to the said recommendation, but restrained 
 in their operation until the other Stales should have granted powers 
 equally extensive ; that the States of Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and 
 Maryland, have passed laws agreeable to the said resolution, but have 
 fixed the time at which the powers thereby invested shall begin to ope- 
 rate, and not left the same to commence at the time at which Congress 
 shall begin to exercise it, which your committee conceive to have been 
 the intention of the same; that South Carolina, by an act passed the 
 lllh March, 1786, has invested the United States in Congress assem- 
 bled with the power of regulating the trade of the United States with 
 the West Indies, and all other external or foreign trade of the said 
 States, for the term of fifteen years from the passing of the said act; 
 that New Hampshire, by their act of the 23d of June, 1785, invested 
 the United States in Congress assembled with the full power of regu- 
 lating trade for fifteen years, by restrictions or duties, with a proviso 
 suspending its operation until all the other States shall have done the 
 same; that North Carolina, by their act of the 2d of June, 1784, has 
 authorized their delegates to agree to and ratify an article or articles by 
 which Congress shall be empowered to prohibit the importation of all 
 foreign goods, in any other than vessels owned by citizens of the United 
 States, or navigated by such a proportion of seamen, citizens of the 
 United States, as may be agreed to by Congress, which, when agreed 
 to by all the States, shall be considered as a part of the Articles of Con- 
 federation and perpetual Union. From the above review of the acts 
 passed by the several States in consequence of the said recommenda- 
 tion, it appears that, though, in order to make the duration of the 

 
 153 
 
 powers equal, it will be necessary for the States of Connecticut, Penn- 
 sylvania, Maryland, and South Carolina, so far to amend their acts as 
 to permit the authorities therein granted to commence their operation at 
 the time Congress shall begin to exercise them ; yet still the powers 
 granted by them and by the States of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
 New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia, and Georgia, are other- 
 wise in such compliance with the recommendation, that, if the States 
 of New Hampshire and North Carolina had conformed their acts to the 
 said resolution, agreeable to the urgent recommendation of Congress of 
 the 3d of March last, the powers therein requested might immediately 
 begin to operate. The committee, however, are of opinion that the acta 
 of the States of New Hampshire and North Carolina manifest so liberal 
 a disposition to grant the necessary powers upon this subject, that their 
 not having complied with the recommendation of March last must be at- 
 tributed to other reasons than a disinclination in them to adopt measures 
 similar to those of their sister States. The committee, therefore, con- 
 ceive it unnecessary to detail to them the situation of our commerce, 
 languishing under the most ruinous restrictions in foreign ports, or the 
 benefits which must arise from the due and equal use of powers compe- 
 tent to its protection and support, by that body which can alone bene- 
 ficially, safely, and effectually exercise the same." Whereupon, 
 
 Resolved, That it be again earnestly recommended to the Legislatures 
 of the States of New Hampshire and North Carolina, at their next ses- 
 sion, to reconsider their acts, and pass them in such conformity with the 
 resolutions of the 30th April, 1784, as to enable, on their part, the 
 United States in Congress assembled to exercise the powers thereby 
 invested, as soon as possible. 
 
 Resolved, That, as the extent and duration of the powers to be exer- 
 cised by the United States in Congress assembled, under the recom- 
 mendation above mentioned, ought to be equal, it be recommended to 
 the Legislatures of Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and South 
 Carolina, so far to amend their acts as to vest the powers therein con- 
 tained for the term of fifteen years from the day on which Congress shall 
 begin to exercise the same. 
 
 8. REMARKS ON PROCEEDINGS WHICH IMMEDIATELY 
 LED TO THE FORMATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 These extracts show the final efforts made by the Congress of the Con 
 federation to obtain from the States an increase of power for the purpose* 
 N 17
 
 154 
 
 apparent in these proceedings. These exertions of the friends of liberty 
 and the Union having proved unsuccessful, and having completely dis- 
 closed the incompetency of the Confederation to provide for the credit 
 and the wants of the country, or to fulfil the duties and obligations of a 
 general government, manifested the necessity for that radical change in the 
 system, under whose powerful and benign influence the United States have 
 arrived at their present condition of strength, prosperity, and happiness. 
 
 The active measures which immediately led to the accomplishment of 
 this momentous object, appear to have commenced under the lead of the 
 Commonwealth of Virginia, and through the patriotic zeal and sagacity 
 of her eminent statesmen : justice, however, to the great State of New 
 York, and to the distinguished individuals who, at that day, guided her 
 councils, demands the insertion of the proceedings, which, it will be per- 
 ceived, took place more than three years before those in Virginia, and 
 point more clearly and directly to the necessity for adopting the present 
 form of government than the resolutions of Virginia. The ostensible 
 object of the latter appearing to have been, to vest the Congress of the 
 Confederation with the power of regulating the general trade and com- 
 merce of the country. The act of Virginia, however, led to the meeting 
 of the commissioners of several States ak Annapolis, who, being thus as- 
 sembled, availed themselves of the idea adopted by the State of New Jersey, 
 and incorporated in the commissions to her deputies inserted in this chap- 
 ter, " extending the powers of their deputies to other objects than those 
 of commerce," being " an improvement on the original plan, and will 
 deserve to be incorporated into that of a future convention," &c. 
 
 These facts prove, that the credit of producing the vital change in the 
 government, which gave being to our glorious Constitution, does not 
 belong to any particular State or individual, but resulted from the wide- 
 spread conviction of the wise and honest men, and true patriots with 
 whom the country was blessed at that critical and eventful period in its 
 history, which will, no doubt, become more apparent on the completion 
 of the fifth and sixth series of Colonel Force's documentary history of the 
 Revolution. 
 
 The proceedings in New York, appearing to have been consequent 
 upon the condition of affairs as indicated in a previous resolution of Con- 
 gress, and responsive to it, the insertion of that resolution previous to 
 those proceedings, appears necessary to its proper understanding. 
 
 9. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 
 . . WEDNESDAY, MAY 22, 1782. 
 
 On the report of a committee, consisting of Mr. Madison, Mr. Root, 
 Mr. Lowell, Mr. Rutledge, and Mr. Clymer, to whom was referred a 
 letter of the 17th, from the superintendent of finance, and who were in- 
 structed to confer with the said superintendent :
 
 155 
 
 Resolved, That Mr. Rutledge and Mr. Clymerbe appointed to repair 
 forthwith to the several States southward of this, and Mr. Montgomery 
 and Mr. Root to the States eastward ; and that they be, and hereby are 
 instructed to make such representations to the several States, as are best 
 adapted to their respective circumstances and the present situation of 
 public affairs, and as may induce them to carry the requisitions of Con- 
 gress into effect with the greatest despatch : that they make the like 
 representations to the State of Pennsylvania, before they leave this city, 
 (Philadelphia:) that previous to their departure, they confer with the 
 superintendent of finance, the secretary of war, and the secretary for 
 foreign affairs, who are hereby directed to communicate to them such 
 information from their respective departments as may be most conducive 
 to the end proposed. 
 
 10. IN THE HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY OF THE STATE OF 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 SUNDAY, JULY 21, 1782. 
 George Clinton, esq., Governor. 
 
 A copy of certain resolutions of the honorable the Senate, delivered 
 by Mr. Paine, were read, and committed to a committee of the whole 
 house, to be taken into consideration with the message of the honorable 
 the Senate, of the 19th inst., on the state of the nation. 
 
 The house then resolved itself into a committee of the whole House, 
 on the said resolutions, and the subject of the said message ; and after 
 some time spent thereon, Mr. Speaker resumed the chair, and Mr. Clark, 
 from the said committee, reported, that the committee had gone through 
 the said resolutions without amendment, which he was directed to report 
 to the House ; and he delivered the said resolutions in at the table, where 
 the same were again read, and in the words following, to wit, viz : 
 
 Resolved, That it appears to this Legislature, after full and solemn 
 consideration of the several matters communicated by the hon. the com- 
 mittee of Congress, relating to the present posture of our affairs, foreign 
 and domestic, and contained in a letter from the secretary for foreign 
 affairs respecting the former, as well as of the representations from time 
 to time made by the superintendent of the finances of the United States, 
 relative to his particular department that the situation of these States 
 is in a peculiar manner critical, and affords the strongest reason to appre- 
 hend, from a continuance of the present Constitution of the Continental 
 Government, a subversion of public credit, and consequences highly 
 dangerous to the safety and independence of these States.
 
 156 
 
 Resolved, That while this Legislature are convinced by the before-men- 
 tioned communications, that notwithstanding the generous intentions of 
 an ally from whom we have experienced, and doubtless shall still ex- 
 perience, all possible support, exigencies may arise to prevent our receiv- 
 ing pecuniary succours hereafter, in any degree proportioned to our 
 necessities. They are also convinced, from facts within their own know- 
 ledge, that the provisions made by the respective States for carrying on 
 the war, are not only inadequate to the end, but must continue to be so, 
 while there is an adherence to the principles which now direct the opera- 
 tion of public measures. 
 
 Resolved, That it is also the opinion of this Legislature, that the present 
 plan instituted by Congress for the administration of their finances, is 
 founded in wisdom and sound policy. That the salutary effects of it 
 have already been felt in an extensive degree ; and that after so many 
 violent shocks sustained by the public credit, a failure in this system, for 
 want of the support which the States are able to give, would be produc- 
 tive of evils too pernicious to be hazarded. 
 
 Resolved, That it appears to this Legislature, that the present British 
 ministry, with a disposition not less hostile than that of their predeces- 
 sors, taught by experience to avoid their errors, and assuming the appear- 
 ance of moderation, are pursuing a scheme calculated to conciliate in 
 Europe, and seduce in America. That the economical arrangements 
 they appear to be adopting, are adopted to enlarging the credit of their 
 government, and multiplying its resources, at the same time that they 
 serve to confirm the prepossessions and confidence of the people ; and 
 that the plan of a defensive war on this continent, while they direct all 
 their attention and resources to the augmentation of their navy, is that 
 which may be productive of consequences ultimately dangerous to the 
 United States. 
 
 Resolved, That it is the opinion of this Legislature, that the present 
 system of these States exposes the common cause to a precarious issue ; 
 and leaves us at the mercy of events over which we have no influence : 
 a conduct extremely unwise in any nation, and at all times, and to a 
 change of which we are impelled at this juncture, by reasons of peculiar 
 and irresistible weight ; and that it is the natural tendency of the weak- 
 ness and disorders in our national measures, to spread diffidence and 
 .tfistrusi among ihe people, and prepare their minds to receive the im- 
 pressions the enemy wish to make. 
 
 Ktsoluf-.d, That the general state of European affairs, as far as they 
 have come to the knowledge of this Legislature, affords, in their opinion, 
 teasonable ground of confidence, and assures us, that with judicious and
 
 157 
 
 vigorous exertion on our part, we may rely on the final attainment of our 
 object ; but, far from justifying indifference and security, calls upon us by 
 every motive of honor, good faith, and patriotism, without delay, to unite 
 in some system more effectual, for producing energy, harmony, and con- 
 sistency of measures, than that which now exists, and more capable of 
 putting the common cause out of the reach of contingencies. 
 
 Resolved, That in the opinion of this Legislature, the radical source of 
 most of our embarrassments, is the want of sufficient power in Congress, 
 to effectuate that ready and perfect co-operation of the different States, on 
 which their immediate safety and future happiness depend. That ex- 
 perience has demonstrated the Confederation to be defective in several 
 essential points, particularly in not vesting the Federal Government either 
 with a power of providing revenue for itself, or with ascertained and pro- 
 ductive funds, secured by a sanction so solemn and general, as would 
 inspire the -fullest confidence in them, and make them a substantial basis 
 of credit. That these defects ought to be without loss of time repaired ; 
 the powers of Congress extended, a solid security established for the 
 payment of debts already incurred, and competent means provided for 
 future credit, and for supplying the future demands of the war. 
 
 Resolved, That it appears evidently to this Legislature, that the annual 
 income of these States, admitting the best means were adopted for draw- 
 ing out their resources, would fall far short of the annual expenditure ; 
 and that there would be a large deficiency to be supplied on the credit 
 of these States, which, if it should be inconvenient for those powers to 
 afford, on whose friendship we justly rely, must be sought for from indi- 
 viduals, to engage whom to lend, satisfactory securities must be pledged 
 for the punctual payment of interest, and the final redemption of the 
 principal. 
 
 Resolved, That it appears to this Legislature, that the aforegoing im- 
 portant ends can never be attained by partial deliberations of the States 
 separately ; but that it is essential to the common welfare, that there 
 should be, as soon as possible, a conference of the whole on the subject; 
 and that it would be advisable for this purpose, to propose to Congress 
 to recommend, and to each State to adopt the measure of assembling a 
 general convention of the States, specially authorized to revise and amend 
 the Confederation, reserving a right to the respective legislatures to ratify 
 their determinations. 
 
 Resolved unanimously, That this House do concur with the honorable 
 the Senate, in the said resolutions. 
 
 [Introduced and passed in Senate, on Saturday morning, July 20, 
 1782J 
 
 17*
 
 158 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK, ) 
 Secretary's Office. J 
 
 I certify the preceding to be true copies of certain concurrent resolu- 
 tions of the Senate and Assembly of this State, copied from the printed 
 journal of the assembly in this office. 
 
 ARCH'D. CAMPBELL, Dep. Sec. of State. 
 
 Albany, July 30, 1847. 
 
 11. IN THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES OF THE STATE OF 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 WEDNESDAY, SOTH NOVEMBER, 1785. 
 
 Mr. Alexander White reported, according to order, a resolution agreed 
 to by the committee of the whole house on Monday last, respecting com- 
 merce ; and he read the same in his place, and afterwards delivered it in 
 at the clerk's table, where the same was again read, and is as fol- 
 loweth : 
 
 Whereas the relative situation of the United States has been found on 
 trial to require uniformity in their commercial regulations, as the only 
 effectual policy for obtaining in the ports of foreign nations a stipulation 
 of privileges reciprocal to those enjoyed by the subjects of such nations 
 in the ports of the United States, for preventing animosities which can- 
 not fail to arise among the several States from the interference of pnrtial 
 and separate regulations ; and whereas such uniformity can be best con- 
 certed and carried into effect by the federal councils, which, having been 
 instituted for the purpose of managing die interests of the States in 
 cases which cannot so well be provided for by measures individually 
 pursued, ought to be invested with authority in this case, as being within 
 the reason and policy of their institution: 
 
 Resolved, That it is the opinion of this committee, that the delegates 
 representing this Commonwealth in Congress be instructed to propose 
 in Congress a recommendation to the States in union to authorize that 
 assembly to regulate their trade, on the following principles, and unde; 
 the following qualifications : 
 
 1ft. That the United States in Congress assembled be authorized to 
 prohibit vessels belonging to any foreign nation from entering any of the 
 ports thereof, or to impose any duties on such vessels and their cargoes 
 which may be judged necessary ; all such prohibitions and duties to be 
 uniform throughout the United States, and the proceeds of the latter to 
 ne carried into the treasury of the State within which they shall accrue. 
 
 2d. That no State be at liberty to impose dutien on any goods, wares,
 
 159 
 
 or merchandise, imported by land or by water from any other State, but 
 may altogether prohibit the importation from any State of any particular 
 species or description of goods, wares, or merchandise, of which the 
 importation is at the same time prohibited from all other places whatso- 
 ever. 
 
 3d. That no act of Congress that may be authorized, as hereby pro- 
 posed, shall be entered into by less than two-thirds of the confederated 
 States, nor be in force longer than thirteen years. 
 
 A motion was made, and, the question being put to amend the reso- 
 lution, by adding to the end thereof the following words, to wit : " un- 
 less continued by a like proportion of votes within one year immediately 
 preceding the expiration of the said period, or be revived in like manner 
 after the expiration thereof," it passed in the negative: ayes, 28; 
 noes, 79. 
 
 On a motion made by Mr. Turberville, and seconded by Mr. Wat- 
 kins, 
 
 Ordered, That the names of the ayes and noes, on the question to 
 agree to the said amendment, be inserted in the journal. 
 
 And then the said resolution, being again read, was, on the question 
 put thereupon, agreed to by the House. 
 
 Ordered, That Mr. Alexander White do carry the resolution to the 
 Senate, and desire their concurrence. 
 
 THURSDAY, IST DECEMBER, 1785. 
 
 On a motion made to the following effect : that the resolutions reported 
 from a committee of the whole house, and agreed to by the House on 
 yesterday, containing instructions to the delegates of this Common- 
 wealth in Congress, respecting commerce, does not, from a mistake, 
 contain the sense of the majority of this House that voted for the said 
 resolutions ; 
 
 Ordered, therefore, That the direction to send the said resolution to 
 the Senate for their concurrence be rescinded, and that this House do 
 immediately resolve itself into a committee of the whole house, to re- 
 consider the said resolution. 
 
 It was resolved in the affirmative : ayes, 60 ; noes, 33. 
 
 The House then accordingly resolved itself into a committee of the 
 whole house on the said resolution; and, after some time spent therein, 
 Mr. Speaker resumed the chair, and Mr. Matthews reported that the said 
 committee had, according to order, had the said resolution under their 
 consideration, and had made several amendments thereto, which they
 
 160 
 
 kad directed him to report when the House should think proper to re- 
 ceive the same. 
 
 Ordered, That the said report do lie on the table. 
 
 [With the same object in view, the General Assembly of Virginia eventually 
 fursued a different course to attain it, as will be seen by the subjoined resolution.] 
 
 >2. IN THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES OF THE STATE OF 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 % 
 
 21sT JANUARY, 1786. 
 
 Resolved, That Edmund Randolph, James Madison, junior, Walter 
 Jones, Saint George Tucker, Meriwether Smith, David Ross, William 
 Ronald, and George Mason, esquires, be appointed commissioners, who, 
 or any five of whom, shall meet such commissioners as may be appointed 
 oy the other States in the Union, at a time and place to be agreed on, to 
 take into consideration the trade of the United States ; to examine the 
 relative situations and trade of the said States ; to consider how far an 
 uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to 
 their common interest and their permanent harmony ; and to report to 
 the several States such an act relative to this great object, as, when 
 unanimously ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress 
 assembled effectually to provide for the same : that the said commis- 
 sioners shall immediately transmit to the several States copies of the 
 preceding resolution, with a circular letter requesting their concurrence 
 therein, and proposing a time and place for the meeting aforesaid. 
 , Test: JOHN BECKLEY, C. H. D. 
 
 1786, January 21st. 
 
 Agreed to by the Senate. 
 
 H. BROOKE, C. 5. 
 
 By his excellency, Patrick Henry, esquire, Governor of the Common- 
 wealth of Virginia, it is hereby certified that John Beckley, the 
 person subscribing the above resolve, is clerk of the House of 
 'r.. s.] Delegates, and that due faith and credit is, and ought to be, 
 paid to all things done by him by virtue of his office. Given 
 under my hand as Governor, and under the seal of the Com- 
 monwealth, at Richmond, the 6th day of July, 1786. 
 
 P. HENRY. 
 
 [Certain other of the States came readily into the measure proposed, and a 
 meeting of commissioners took place at Annapolis, whose proceedings are stated 
 in the following report.]
 
 161 
 13. ANNAPOLIS, IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 SEPTEMBER 11, 1786. 
 
 At a meeting of commissioners from the States of New York, New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia: 
 
 PRESENT : 
 
 NEW YORK. DELAWARE. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton, George Read, 
 
 Egbert Benson. John Dickinson, 
 
 NEW JERSEY. Richard Bassett. 
 
 Abraham Clarke, VIRGINIA. 
 
 William C. Houston, Edmund Randolph, 
 
 James Schureman. James Madison, jun., 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. St. George Tucker. 
 
 Tench Coxe. 
 
 Mr. Dickinson was unanimously elected chairman. 
 The commissioners produced their credentials from their respective 
 States, which were read. 
 
 After a full communication of sentiments, and deliberate consideration 
 of what would be proper to be done by the commissioners now assem- 
 bled, it was unanimously agreed that a committee be appointed to pre- 
 pare a draught of a report to be made to the States having commission- 
 ers attending at this meeting. 
 Adjourned till Wednesday morning. 
 
 WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 1786. 
 Met agreeable to adjournment. 
 
 The committee appointed for that purpose reported the draught of the 
 report ; which being read, the meeting proceeded to the consideration 
 thereof, and, after some time spent therein, adjourned till to-morrow 
 morning. 
 
 THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 1786. 
 Met agreeable to adjournment. 
 
 The meeting resumed the consideration of the draught of the report, 
 and, after some time spent therein, and amendments made, the same 
 was unanimously agreed to, and is as follows, to wit : 
 
 To the honorable the Legislatures of Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, 
 New Jersey, and New York, the commissioners from the said States, 
 respectively, assembled at Annapolis, humbly beg leave to report : 
 That, pursuant to their several appointments, they met at Annapolis, 
 
 in the State of Maryland, on the llth day of September instant, and
 
 162 
 
 having proceeded to a communication of their powers, they found that 
 the States of New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, had, in substance, 
 and nearly in the same terms, authorized their respective commissioners 
 "to meet such commissioners as were or might be appointed by the 
 other States in the Union, at such time and place as should be agreed 
 upon by the said commissioners, to take into consideration the trade and 
 commerce of the United States, to consider how far an uniform system 
 in their commercial intercourse and regulations might be necessary to 
 their common interest and permanent harmony, and to report to the 
 several States such an act relative to this great object, as, when unani- 
 mously ratified by them, would enable the United States in Congress 
 assembled effectually to provide for the same." 
 
 That the State of Delaware had given similar powers to their com- 
 missioners, with this difference only, that the act to be framed in virtue 
 of these powers is required to be reported "to the United States in Con- 
 gress assembled, to be agreed to by them, and confirmed by the legisla- 
 tures of every State." 
 
 That the State of New Jersey had enlarged the object of their ap- 
 pointment, empowering their commissioners "to consider how far an 
 uniform system in their commercial regulations and other important mat- 
 ters might be necessary to the common interest and permanent harmony 
 of the several States;" and to report such an act on the subject as, 
 when ratified by them, "would enable the United States in Congress 
 assembled effectually to provide for the exigencies of the Union." 
 
 That appointments of commissioners have also beeft made by the 
 States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and North 
 Carolina, none of whom, however, have attended; but that no informa- 
 tion has been received by your commissioners of any appointment having 
 been made by the States of Connecticut, Maryland, South Carolina, or 
 Georgia. 
 
 That, the express terms of the powers to your commissioners sup- 
 posing a deputation from all the States, and having for object the trade 
 and commerce of the United States, your commissioners did not con- 
 ceive it advisable to proceed on the business of their mission under the 
 circumstance of so partial and defective a representation. 
 
 Deeply impressed, however, with the magnitude and importance of the 
 object confided to them on this occasion, your commissioners cannot for- 
 oear to indulge an expression of their earnest and unanimous wish that 
 ppeedy measures may be taken to effect a general meeting of the States, 
 in a future convention for the same and such other purposes as the situa- 
 tion of public affairs may be found to require.
 
 163 
 
 If, in expressing this wish, or in intimating any otner sentiment, your 
 commissioners should seem to exceed the strict bounds of their appoint- 
 ment, they entertain a full confidence that a conduct dictated by an anx- 
 iety for the welfare of the United States will not fail to receive an in- 
 dulgent construction. 
 
 In this persuasion, your commissioners submit an opinion, that the 
 idea of extending the powers of their deputies to other objects than 
 
 ose of commerce, which has been adopted by the State of New Jersey, 
 was an improvement on the original plan, and will deserve to be incor- 
 porated into that of a future convention. They are the more naturally 
 led to this conclusion, as, in the course of their reflections on the sub- 
 ject, they have been induced to think that the power of regulating trade 
 is of such comprehensive extent, and will enter so far into the general 
 system of the Federal Government, that to give it efficacy, and to ob- 
 viate questions and doubts concerning its precise nature and limits, may 
 require a correspondent adjustment of other parts of the federal system. 
 
 That there are important defects in the system of the Federal Govern- 
 ment, is acknowledged by the acts of all those States which have con- 
 curred in the present meeting; that the defects, upon a closer examina- 
 tion, may be found greater and more numerous than even these acts im- 
 ply, is at least so far probable, from the embarrassments which charac- 
 *erize the present state of our national affairs, foreign and domestic, aa 
 may reasonably be supposed to merit a deliberate and candid discussion, 
 in some mode which will unite the sentiments and councils of all the 
 States. In the choice of the mode, your commissioners are of opinion 
 that a convention of deputies from the different States, for the special 
 and sole purpose of entering into this investigation, and digesting a plan 
 for supplying such defects as may be discovered to exist, will be entitled 
 to a preference, from considerations which will occur without being par- 
 ticularized. 
 
 Your commissioners decline an enumeration of those national circum- 
 stances on which their opinion respecting the propriety of a future con- 
 vention, with more enlarged powers, is founded, as it would be an use- 
 less intrusion of facts and observations, most of which have been fre- 
 quently the subject of public discussion, and none of which can have 
 escaped the penetration of those to whom they would in this instance be 
 addressed. They are, however, of a nature so serious, as, in the view 
 of your commissioners, to render the situation of the United States deli- 
 cate and critical, calling for an exertion of the united virtue and wisdom 
 of all the meYnbers of the Confederacy. 
 
 Under this impression, your commissioners, with the most respectful
 
 164 
 
 deference, beg leave to suggest their unanimous conviction, that it may 
 essentially tend to advance the interests of the Union, if the States, by 
 whom they have been respectively delegated, would themselves concur, 
 and use their endeavors to procure the concurrence of the other States in 
 the appointment of commissioners, to meet at Philadelphia on the second 
 Monday in May next, to take into consideration the situation of the 
 United States, to devise such further provisions as shall appear to them 
 necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate 
 to the exigencies of the Union ; and to report such an act for that purpose 
 to the United States in Congress assembled, as, when agreed to by them, 
 and afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State, will effectu- 
 ally provide for the same. 
 
 Though your commissioners could not with propriety address these 
 observations and sentiments to any but the States they have the honor 
 to represent, they have nevertheless concluded, from motives of respect, to 
 transmit copies of this report to the United States in Congress assembled, 
 and to the executives of the other States. 
 By order of the commissioners. 
 
 Dated at Annapolis, September 14, 1786. 
 
 Resolved, That the chairman sign the aforegoing report in behalf of 
 the commissioners. 
 
 Then adjourned without day. 
 
 NEW YORK. DELAWARE. 
 
 Egbert Benson, George Read, 
 
 Alexander Hamilton. John Dickinson, 
 
 NEW JERSEY. Richard Bassett. 
 Abra. Clark, VIRGINIA. 
 
 Wm. Ch. Houston, Edmund Randolph, 
 
 James Schureman. James Madison, jun. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. St. George Tucker. 
 Tench Coxe. 
 
 14. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 
 WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 1787. 
 
 Congress assembled: Present, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- 
 necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, 
 Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 
 
 The report of a Grand Committee, consisting of Mr. Dane, Mr. Var. 
 num. Mr. S. M. Mitchell, Mr. Smith, Mr. Cadwallader, Mr. Irvine, 
 Mr. N. Mitchell. Mr. Forrest, Mr. Grayson, Mr. Blount. Mr. Bull, and
 
 165 
 
 Mr. Few, to whom was referred a letter of 14th September, 1786, from 
 J. Dickinson, written at the request of commissioners from the States of 
 Virginia, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, as- 
 sembled at the city of Annapolis, together with a copy of the report of 
 the said commissioners to the legislatures of the States by whom they 
 were appointed, being an order of the day, was called up, and which is 
 contained in the following resolution, viz : 
 
 " Congress having had under consideration the letter of John Dickin- 
 son, esq., chairman of the commissioners who assembled at Annapolis 
 during the last year ; also the proceedings of the said commissioners ; 
 and entirely coinciding with them, as to the inefficiency of the Federal 
 Government, and the necessity of devising such farther provisions as 
 shall render the same adequate to the exigencies of the Union, do strongly 
 recommend to the different legislatures to send forward delegates, to meet 
 the proposed convention, on the second Monday in May next, at the city 
 of Philadelphia." 
 
 The delegates for the State of New York thereupon laid before Con- 
 gress instructions which they had received from their constituents, and, 
 in pursuance of the said instructions, moved to postpone the further con- 
 sideration of the report, in order to take up the following propositions, viz : 
 " That it be recommended to the States composing the Union that a 
 convention of representatives from the said States respectively, be held 
 at , on , for the purpose of revising the Articles of Con- 
 
 federation and perpetual union between the United States of America, 
 and reporting to the United States in Congress assembled, and to the 
 States respectively, such alterations and amendments of the said Articles 
 of Confederation, as the representatives met in such convention shall 
 judge proper and necessary to render them adequate to the preservation 
 and support of the Union." 
 
 On the question to postpone, for the purpose above mentioned, the yeas 
 and nays being required by the delegates for New York, 
 
 Massachusetts Mr. King, 
 
 Dane, 
 
 Connecticut Mr. Johnson, 
 
 S. Mitchell, 
 
 NewYork Mr. Smith, 
 
 Benson, 
 
 New Jersey Mr. Cadwalladeri 
 
 Clarke, 
 Schureman, 
 
 Pennsylvania Mr. Irvine, 
 
 Meredith, 
 Bingham, 
 18
 
 166 
 
 Delaware Mr. N. Mitchell, 
 
 Maryland Mr. Forrest, 
 
 Virginia Mr. Grayson, 
 
 Madison, 
 
 IV. Carolina Mr. Blount, 
 
 Hawkins, 
 
 S. Carolina Mr. Bull, 
 
 Kcan, 
 
 Huger, 
 
 Parker, 
 
 Georgia Mr. Few, 
 
 Pierce, 
 
 So the question was lost. 
 
 A motion was then made by the delegates for Massachusetts, to post- 
 pone the further consideration of the report, in order to take into con- 
 sideration a motion which they read in their place ; this being agreed to, 
 the motion of the delegates for Massachusetts was taken up, and, being 
 amended, was agreed to, as follows : 
 
 Whereas there is provision in the Articles of Confederation and per- 
 petual Union, for making alterations therein, by the assent of a Congress 
 of the United States, and of the legislatures of the several States ; and 
 whereas experience hath evinced that there are defects in the present 
 Confederation, as a mean to remedy which several of the States, and par- 
 ticularly the State of New York, by express instructions to their delegates 
 in Congress, have suggested a convention for the purposes expressed in 
 the following resolution ; and such convention appearing to be the most 
 probable mean of establishing in these States a firm National Govern- 
 ment : 
 
 Resolved, That, in the opinion of Congress, it is expedient, that, on 
 the second Monday in May next, a convention of delegates, who shall 
 have been appointed by the several States, be held at Philadelphia, for 
 the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, 
 and reporting to Congress, and the several legislatures, such alterations 
 and provisions therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress, and con- 
 firmed by the States, render the Federal Constitution adequate to the 
 exigencies of Government, and the preservation of the Union.
 
 167 
 
 15. Acts of the several States for the appointment of Deputies to meet 
 in Convention, for the purpose of forming a Constitution of Govern' 
 ment, viz t 
 
 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 General Assembly, begun and field at the public buildings in the city of 
 Richmond, on Monday, the 16th day of October, in the year of our 
 Lord 1786. 
 
 AN ACT for appointing Deputies from this Commonwealth to a Conven- 
 tion proposed to be held in the city of Philadelphia, in May next, for 
 the purpose of revising the Federal Constitution. 
 Whereas the commissioners who assembled at Annapolis, on the 14th 
 day of September last, for the purpose of devising and reporting the 
 means of enabling Congress to provide effectually for the commercial 
 interests of the United States, have represented the necessity of extending 
 the revision of the Federal system to all its defects, and have recom- 
 mended that deputies for that purpose be appointed by the several legis- 
 latures, to meet in convention, in the city of Philadelphia, on the second 
 day of May next, a provision which was preferable to a discussion of the 
 subject in Congress, where it might be too much interrupted by the ordi- 
 nary business before them, and where it would, besides, be deprived of 
 the valuable counsels of sundry individuals who are disqualified by the 
 Constitution, or laws of particular States, or restrained by peculiar cir- 
 cumstances, from a seat in that assembly : And whereas the General 
 Assembly of this Commonwealth, taking into view the actual situation 
 of the Confederacy, as well as reflecting on the alarming representations 
 made, from time to time, by the United States in Congress, particularly 
 in their act of the 15th day of February last, can no longer doubt that the 
 crisis is arrived at which the good people of America are to decide the 
 solemn question, whether they will, by wise and magnanimous efforts, 
 reap the just fruits of that independence which they have so gloriously 
 acquired, and of that Union which they have cemented with so much of 
 their common blood, or whether, by giving way to unmanly jealousies 
 and prejudices, or to partial and transitory interests, they Vill renounce 
 the auspicious blessings prepared for them by the Revolution, and furnish 
 to its enemies an eventual triumph overthose by whose virtue and valor 
 it has been accomplished : And whereas the same noble and extended 
 policy, mid the same fraternal and affectionate sentiments which origin- 
 ally determined the citizens of this Commonwealth to unite with their 
 brethren of the other States in establishing a Federal Government, can- 
 not but be felt with equal force now as motives to lay aside every inferior
 
 168 
 
 consideration, and to concur in such farther concessions and provisions 
 as may be necessary to secure the great objects for which that Govern- 
 ment was instituted, and to render the United States as happy in peace 
 as they have been glorious in war : 
 
 Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth 
 of Virginia, That seven commissioners be appointed by joint ballot of 
 both Houses of Assembly, who, or any three of them, are hereby au- 
 thorized, as deputies from this Commonwealth, to meet such deputies 
 as may be appointed and authorized by other States, to assemble in con- 
 vention at Philadelphia, as above recommended, and to join with them 
 in devising and discussing all such alterations and farther provisions as 
 may be necessary to render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exi- 
 gencies of the Union, and, in reporting such an act for that purpose to 
 the United States in Congress, as, when agreed to by them, and duly con- 
 firmed by the several States, will effectually provide for the same. 
 
 And be it further enacted, That, in case of the death of any of the 
 said deputies, or of their declining their appointments, the executive are 
 hereby authorized to supply such vacancies ; and the Governor is re- 
 quested to transmit forthwith a copy of this act to the United States in 
 Congress, and to the executives of each of the States in the Union. 
 (Signed) JOHN JONES, 
 
 Speaker of the Senate. 
 JOSEPH PRENTISS, 
 Speaker of the House of Delegates. 
 
 A true copy from the enrollment. 
 
 JOHN BECKLEY, Clerk II. D. 
 
 IN THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES. 
 
 MONDAY, THE 4xn OF DECEMBER, 1786. 
 
 The House, according to the order of the day, proceeded, by joint 
 ballot with the Senate, to the appointment of seven deputies from this 
 Commonwealth to a convention proposed to be held in the city of Phila- 
 delphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitu- 
 tion ; and, the members having prepared tickets with the names of the 
 persons to be appointed, and deposited the same in the ballot-boxes, Mr. 
 Corbin, Mr. Matthews, Mr. David Stewart, Mr. George Nicholas, Mr. 
 Richard Lee, Mr. Wills, Mr. Thomas Smith, Mr. Goodall, and Mr. 
 Turberville, were nominated a committee to meet a committee from the 
 Senate, hi the conference chamber, and jointly with them to examine 
 tne ballot-boxes and report to the House on whom the majority of the
 
 169 
 
 votes should fall. The committee then withdrew, and after some time 
 returned into the House, and reported that the committee had, according 
 to order, met a committee from the Senate in the conference chamber, 
 and jointly with them examined the ballot-boxes, and found a majority 
 of votes in favor of George Washington, Patrick Henry, Edmund Ran. 
 dolph, John Blair, James Madison, George Mason, and George Wythe, 
 esqrs. Extract from the journal. 
 
 JOHN BECKLEY, 
 
 Clerk House Delegates, 
 Attest: JOHN BECKLEY, Clerk II. D. 
 
 IN THE HOUSE OF SENATORS. 
 
 MONDAY, THE 4iH OF DECEMBER, 1786. 
 
 The Senate, according to the order of the day, proceeded, by joint 
 ballot with the House of Delegates, to the appointment of seven depu- 
 ties from this Commonwealth to a convention proposed to be held in the 
 city of Philadelphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal 
 Constitution ; and, the members having prepared tickets with the names 
 of the persons to be appointed, and deposited the same in the ballot- 
 boxes, Mr. Anderson, Mr. Nelson, and Mr. Lee, were nominated a 
 committee to meet a committee from the House of Delegates, in the 
 conference chamber, and jointly with them to examine the ballot-boxes, 
 and report to the House on whom the majority of votes should fall. The 
 committee then withdrew, and after some time returned into the House, 
 and reported that the committee had, according to order, met a commit- 
 tee from the House of Delegates, in the conference chamber, and jointly 
 with them examined the ballot-boxes, and found a majority of votes in 
 favor of George Washington, Patrick Henry, Edmund Randolph, John 
 Blair, James Madison, George Mason, and George Wythe, esqrs. Ex- 
 tract from the journal. 
 
 JOHN BECKLEY, Clerk H. D. 
 
 Attest : H. BROOK, Clerk. 
 
 [L. s.] VIRGINIA, to wit: 
 
 I do hereoy certify and make known, to all whom it may concern, 
 that John Beckley, esq., is clerk of the House of Delegates for this 
 Commonwealth, and the proper officer for attesting the proceedings of 
 the General Assembly of the said Commonwealth, and that full faith 
 and credit ought to be given to all things attested by the said John 
 Beckley. esq., by virtue of his office aforesaid. 
 O IS*
 
 170 
 
 Given under my hand, as Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia, 
 and under the seal thereof, at Richmond, this fourth day of May, 1787. 
 
 EDM. RANDOLPH. 
 
 It. s.] VIRGINIA, to wit: 
 
 I do hereby certify, that Patrick Henry, esq., one of the seven com- 
 missioners appointed by joint ballot of both Houses of Assembly of the 
 Commonwealth of Virginia, authorized as a deputy therefrom, to meet 
 such deputies as might be appointed and authorized by other States, to 
 assemble in Philadelphia, and to join with them in devising and discuss- 
 ing all such alterations and further provisions as might be necessary to 
 render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of the Union, 
 and in reporting such an act for that purpose to the United States in Con- 
 gress, as, when agreed to by them, and duly confirmed by the several 
 States, might effectually provide for the same, did decline his appoint- 
 ment aforesaid ; and thereupon, in pursuance of an act of the General 
 Assembly of the said Commonwealth, entitled "An act for appointing 
 deputies from this Commonwealth to a convention proposed to be held 
 in the city of Philadelphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the 
 Federal Constitution," I do hereby, with the advice of the Council of 
 State, supply the said vacancy by nominating James McClurg, esq., a 
 deputy for the purposes aforesaid. 
 
 Given under my hand, as Governor of the said Commonwealth, and 
 under the seal thereof, this second day of May, in the year of OUT 
 Lord 1787. 
 
 EDM. RANDOLPH. 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 To the honorable David Brearley, William Churchill Houston, William 
 Paterson, and John Neilson, esqrs., greeting: 
 
 The Council and Assembly, reposing especial trust and confidence in 
 your integrity, prudence, and ability, have, at a joint meeting, appointed 
 you, the said David Brearley, William Churchill Houston, William Pater- 
 son, and John Neilson, esqrs., or any three of you, commissioners, to 
 meet such commissioners as have been or may be appointed by the other 
 States of the Union, at the city of Philadelphia, in the Commonwealth 
 of Pennsylvania, on the second Monday in May next, for the purpose 
 of taking into consideration the state of the Union, as to trade and other 
 important objects, and of devising such other provisions as shall appear 
 to be necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government 
 adequate to the exigencies thereof.
 
 m 
 
 In testimony whereof, the great seal of the State is hereunto affixed. 
 Witness William Livingston, esq., Governor, captain general and 
 commander-in-chief in and over the State of New Jersey, and terri- 
 tories thereunto belonging, chancellor and ordinary in the same, at 
 Trenton, the 23d day of November, in the year of our Lord 1786, 
 and of our sovereignty and independence the eleventh. 
 
 WILLIAM LIVINGSTON. 
 By his excellency's command. 
 
 BOWES REED, Secretary. 
 
 THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 
 
 To his excellency William Livingston, and the honorable Abraham 
 [L. s.] Clark, esqrs., greeting: 
 
 The Council and Assembly, reposing especial trust and confidence in 
 your integrity, prudence, and ability, have, at a joint meeting, appointed 
 you, the said William Livingston and Abraham Clark, esqrs., in con- 
 junction with the honorable David Brearley, William Churchill Houston, 
 and William Paterson, esqrs., or any three of you, commissioners, to meet 
 such commissioners as have been appointed by the other States in the 
 Union, at the city of Philadelphia, in the Commonwealth of Pennsyl- 
 vania, on the second Monday of this present month, for the purpose of 
 taking into consideration the state of the Union, as to trade and other 
 important objects, and of devising such other provisions as shall appear 
 to be necessary, to render the Constitution of the Federal Government 
 adequate to the exigencies thereof. 
 
 In testimony whereof, the great seal of the State is hereunto affixed. 
 Witness William Livingston, esq., Governor, captain general and 
 commander-in-chief in and over the State of New Jersey, and terri- 
 tories thereunto belonging, chancellor and ordinary in the same, at 
 Burlington, the 8th day of May, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of 
 our sovereignty and independence the eleventh. 
 
 WILLIAM LIVINGSTON. 
 By his excellency's command. 
 
 BOWES REED, Secretary. 
 
 STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 
 To the honorable Jonathan Dayton, esq. 
 
 The Council and Assembly, reposing especial trust and confidence in 
 your integrity, prudence, and ability, have, at a joint meeting, appointed 
 you, the said Jonathan Dayton, esq., in conjunction with his excellency
 
 172 
 
 William Livingston, the honorable David Brearley, William Churchill 
 Houston, William Paterson, and Abraham Clark, esqrs., or any three of 
 you, commissioners, to meet euch commissioners as have been appointed 
 by the other States in the Union, at the city of Philadelphia, in the Com- 
 monwealth of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of taking into consideration 
 the state of the Union, as to trade and other important objects, and of 
 devising such other provision as shall appear to be necessary to render 
 the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies 
 thereof. 
 
 In testimony whereof, the great seal of the State rs hereunto affixed. 
 Witness Robert Lettice Hooper, esq., vice president, captain gene- 
 ral and commander-in-chief in and over the State of New Jersey, 
 and territories thereunto belonging, chancellor and ordinary in the 
 same, at Burlington, the fifth day of June, in the year of our Lord 
 1787, and of our sovereignty and independence the eleventh. 
 
 ROBERT L. HOOPER. 
 By his honor's command. 
 
 BOWES REED, Secretar.. 
 
 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 AN ACT appointing Deputies to the Convention intended to be held in 
 the city of Philadelphia, for the purpose of revising the Federal Con- 
 stitution. 
 
 SECTION 1. Whereas the General Assembly of this Commonwealth, 
 taking into their serious consideration the representations heretofore 
 made to the legislatures of the several States in the Union, by the United 
 States in Congress assembled, and also weighing the difficulties under 
 which the confederated States now labor, are fully convinced of the ne- 
 cessity of revising the Federal Constitution, for the purpose of making 
 such alterations and amendments as the exigencies of our public affairs 
 require. And whereas the Legislature of the State of Virginia have al- 
 ready passed an act of that Commonwealth, empowering certain com- 
 missioners to meet at the city of Philadelphia, in May next, a convention 
 of commissioners or deputies from the different States ; and the Legisla- 
 ture of this State are fully sensible of the important advantages which 
 may be derived to the United States, and every of them, from co-operat- 
 ing with the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the other States of the 
 Confederation, in the said design. 
 
 SEC. 2. Be it enacted, and it if hereby enacted b~y the representatives 
 of the freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General As-
 
 173 
 
 sembly met, and by the authority of the same, that Thomas Mifflin, 
 llobert Morris, George Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Thomas Fitzsimons, 
 James Wilson, and Gouverneur Morris, esqrs., are hereby appointed 
 deputies from this State, to meet in the convention of the deputies of the 
 respective States of North America, to be held at the city of Philadel- 
 phia on the second day of the month of May next ; and the said Thomaa 
 Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Jared Ingersoll, Thomas Fitz- 
 simons, James Wilson, and Gouverneur Morris, esqrs., or any four of 
 them, are hereby constituted and appointed deputies from this State, with 
 powers to meet such deputies as may be appointed and authorized by the 
 other States, to assemble in the said convention, at the city aforesaid, and 
 to join with them in devising, deliberating on, and discussing all such 
 alterations, and further provisions, aa may be necessary to render the 
 Federal Constitution fully adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and 
 in reporting such act or acts, for that purpose, to the United States in 
 Congress assembled, as, when agreed to by them, and duly confirmed by 
 the several States, will effectually provide for the same. 
 
 SEC. 3. And be it further enacted by tJie authority aforesaid, That in 
 case any of the said deputies hereby nominated shall happen to die, or 
 to resign his or their said appointment or appointments, the supreme ex- 
 ecutive council shall be, and hereby are, empowered and required to 
 nominate and appoint other person or persons in lieu of him or them so 
 deceased, or who has or have so resigned, which person or persons, from 
 and after such nomination and appointment, shall be, and hereby are de- 
 clared to be, vested with the same powers respectively, as any of the 
 deputies nominated and appointed by this act is vested with by the same : 
 Provided always, That the council are not hereby authorized, nor shall 
 they make any such nomination or appointment, except in vacawon, and 
 during the recess of the General Assembly of this State. 
 [L. s.] Signed by order of the House. 
 
 THOMAS MIFFLIN, Speaker. 
 
 Enacted into a law at Philadelphia, on Saturday, December the 30th 
 in the year of our Lord 1786. PETER ZACHARY LLOYD, 
 
 Clerk of the General Assembly. 
 
 I, Mathew Irwine, esq., master of the rolls for the State of Pennsyl- 
 vania, do certify the preceding writing to be a true copy (or exemplifica 
 tion) of a certain act of Assembly lodged in my office. 
 
 In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal of office, the 
 [i,. s.] 15th May, A. D. 1787. 
 
 MATHEW IRWINE M. R
 
 174 
 
 A supplement to the act entitled " An act appointing deputies to the con- 
 vention intended to be held in the city of Philadelphia, for the pur- 
 pose of revising the Federal Constitution." 
 
 SEC. 1st. Whereas by the act to which this act is a supplement, cer- 
 tain persons were appointed as deputies from this State to sit in the said 
 convention : And whereas it is the desire of the General Assembly, that 
 his excellency Benjamin Franklin, esq., president of this State, should 
 also sit in the said convention as a deputy from this state : Therefore, 
 
 SEC. 2d. Be it enacted, and it is hereby enacted by the representatives 
 of the freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General As- 
 sembly met, and by the authority of the same, that his excellency Ben- 
 jamin Franklin, esq., be, and he is hereby appointed and authorized to 
 sit in the said convention as a deputy from this State, in addition to the 
 persons heretofore appointed ; and that he be, and he hereby is invested 
 with like powers and authorities as are invested in the said deputies or 
 any of them. 
 
 Signed by order of the House. 
 
 THOMAS MIFFLIN, Speaker. 
 
 Enacted into a law at Philadelphia, on Wednesday, the 28th day ot 
 March, in the year of our Lord 1787. 
 
 PETER ZACHARY LLOYD, 
 
 Clerk of the General Assembly. 
 
 I, Mathew Irwine, esq., master of the rolls for the State of Pennsyl- 
 vania, do certify the above to be a true copy (or exemplification) of a 
 supplement to a certain act of Assembly, which supplement is lodged in 
 my office. 
 
 In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal of office, 
 [L. s.] the 15th May, A. D. 1787. 
 
 MATHEW IRWINE, M. R. 
 
 THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 To the honorable Alexander Martin, esq., greeting: 
 
 Whereas our General Assembly, in their late session, holden at Fay- 
 
 etteville, by adjournment, in the month of January last, did, by joint 
 
 ballot of the Senate and House of Commons, elect Richard Caswell, 
 
 Alexander Martin, William Richardson Davie, Richard Dobbs Spaight, 
 
 and Willie Jones, esqrs., deputies to attend a convention of delegates 
 
 from the several United States of America, proposed to be held at the 
 
 city of Philadelphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal 
 
 Constitution,
 
 175 
 
 We do, therefore, by these presents, nominate, commissionate, and 
 appoint you, the said Alexander Martin, one of the deputies for and in 
 our behalf, to meet with our other deputies at Philadelphia, on the first 
 day of May next, and with them, or any two of them, to confer with 
 such deputies as may have been, or shall be appointed by the other 
 States, for the purposes aforesaid: To hold, exercise, and enjoy the ap- 
 pointment aforesaid, with all powers, authorities, and emoluments to the 
 same belonging, or in any wise appertaining, you conforming, in every 
 instance, to the act of our said Assembly, under which you are ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 Witness Richard Caswell, esq., our Governor, captain general and 
 commander-in-chief, under his hand and our great seal, at Kingston, 
 the 24th day of February, in the eleventh year of our independence, 
 A. D. 1787. 
 [L. s.] RICH. CASWELL. 
 
 By his excellency's command. 
 
 WINSTON CASWELL, P. Secretary. 
 
 A commission, precisely similar to the above, was given " to the 
 honorable William Richardson Davie, esq.," on the 24th February, 
 1787. 
 
 And also another, " to the honorable Richard Dobbs Spaight, 
 esq., on the 14th of April, 1787. 
 
 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 His excellency Richard Caswell, esq., Governor, captain general and 
 commander-in-chief, in and over the State aforesaid. 
 To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting: 
 Whereas, by an act of the General Assembly of the said State, passed 
 the sixth day of January last, entitled "An act for appointing deputies 
 from this State to a convention proposed to be held in the city of Phila- 
 delphia, in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitu- 
 tion," among other things it is enacted, "That five commissioners be 
 appointed by joint ballot of both Houses of Assembly, who, or any three 
 of them, are hereby authorized as deputies from this State, to meet at 
 Philadelphia, on the first day of May next, then and there to meet and 
 confer with such deputies as may be appointed by the other States for 
 similar purposes, and with them to discuss and decide upon the most 
 effectual means to remove the defects of our Federal Union, and to pro- 
 cure the enlarged purposes which it was intended to effect ; and that
 
 176 
 
 they report such an act to the General Assembly of this State, as, when 
 agreed to by them, will effectually provide for the same." And it is by 
 the said act further enacted, " That in case of the death or resignation 
 oi any of the deputies, or of their declining their appointments, his ex- 
 cellency the Governor, for the time being, is hereby authorized to supply 
 such vacancies." And whereas, in consequence of the said act, Richard 
 Caswell, Alexander Martin, William Richardson Davie, Richard Dobbs 
 Spaight, and Willie Jones, esqrs., were, by joint ballot of the two 
 Houses of Assembly, elected deputies for the purposes aforesaid: And 
 whereas the said Richard Caswell has resigned his said appoictment as 
 one of the deputies aforesaid : 
 
 Now, know ye, that I have appointed, and by these presents do appoint, 
 the honorable William Blount, esq., one of the deputies to represent this 
 State in the convention aforesaid, in the room and stead of the aforesaid 
 Richard Caswell, hereby giving and granting to the said William Blount, 
 the same powers, privileges, and emoluments, which the said Richard 
 Caswell. would have been vested with, or entitled to, had he continued 
 in the appointment aforesaid. 
 
 Given under my hand, and the great seal of the State, at Kingston, 
 the 23d day of April, A. D. 1787, and in the eleventh year of 
 [L. s.] American independence. 
 
 RICH. CASWELL. 
 
 By his excellency's command. 
 
 WINSTON CASWELL, P. Secretary. 
 
 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 His excellency, Richard Caswell, esq., Governor, captain-general, and 
 commander-in-chief, in and over the State aforesaid. 
 To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting: 
 Whereas, by an act of the General Assembly of the said State, passed 
 the sixth day of January last, 'entitled "An act for appointing deputies 
 from this State to a convention proposed to be held in the city of Phila- 
 delphia, in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitu- 
 tion," among other things it is enacted, " That five commissioners be 
 appointed by joint ballot of both Houses of Assembly, who, or any three 
 of them, are hereby authorized, as deputies from this State, to meet at 
 Philadelphia on the first day of May next, then and there to meet and 
 confer with such deputies as may be appointed by the other States for 
 similar purposes, and with them to discuss and decide upon the most 
 effectual means to remove the defects of our Federal Union, and to pro- 
 cure the enlarged purposes which it was intended to effect, and that they
 
 177 
 
 report such an act to the General Assembly of this State, as, when 
 ogreed to by them, will effectually provide for the same." And it is by 
 the said act further enacted, " That in case of the death or resignation 
 af any of the deputies, or their declining their appointments, his excel- 
 lency the Governor, for the time being, is hereby authorized to supply 
 such vacancies." And whereas, m consequence of the said act, Richard 
 Caswell, Alexander Martin, William Richardson Davie, Richard Dobbs 
 Spaight, and Willie Jones, esqrs., were, by joint ballot of the two Houses 
 of Assembly, elected deputies for the purposes aforesaid. And whereas 
 the said Willie Jones hath declined his appointment as one of the depu- 
 ties aforesaid : 
 
 Now, know ye, that I have appointed, and by these presents do appoint, 
 the honorable Hugh Williamson, esq., one of the deputies to represent 
 this State in the convention aforesaid, in the room and stead of the afore- 
 said Willie Jones, hereby giving and granting to the said Hugh Wil- 
 liamson the same powers, privileges, and emoluments, which the said 
 Willie Jones would have been vested with, and entitled to, had he acted 
 under the appointment aforesaid. 
 
 Given under my hand, and the great seal of the State, at Kingston, the 
 third day of April, A. D. 1787, and in the eleventh year of 
 [L. s.] American Independence. 
 
 RICH. CASWELL. 
 
 By his excellency's command. 
 
 DALLAM CASWELL, Fro Secretary. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 His excellency Thomas Collins, esq., President, captain-general and 
 commander-in-chief of the Delaware State, to all to whom 
 these presents shall come, greeting: Know ye, that among the 
 
 [L. s.] laws of the said State, passed by the General Assembly of tho 
 same, on the 3d day of February, in the year of our Lord 1787, 
 it is thus enrolled : 
 
 In the eleventh year of the independence of the Delaware State : 
 
 AN ACT appointing deputies from this State to the convention proposed 
 to be held in the city of Philadelphia, for the purpose of revising the 
 Federal Constitution. 
 
 Whereas the General Assembly of this State are fully convinced ot 
 the necessity of revising the Federal Constitution, and adding thereto 
 such further provisions as may render the same more adequate to th 
 
 19
 
 178 
 
 exigencies of the Union : And whereas the Legislature of Virginia have 
 already passed an act of that Commonwealth, appointing and authorizing 
 certain commissioners to meet, at the city of Philadelphia, in May next, 
 a convention of commissioners or deputies from the different States ; 
 and, this State being willing and desirous of co-operating with the Com- 
 monwealth of Virginia and the other States in the Confederation in so 
 useful a design : 
 
 Be it therefore enacted by the General Assembly of Delaware, That 
 George Read, Gunning Bedford, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, and 
 Jacob Broom, esqrs., are hereby appointed deputies from this State to 
 meet in the convention of the deputies of other States, to be held at the 
 city of Philadelphia, on the 2d day of May next : And the said George 
 Read, Gunning Bedford, John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, and Jacob 
 Broom, esqrs., or any three of them, are hereby constituted and ap- 
 pointed deputies from this State, with powers to meet such deputies as 
 may be appointed and authorized by the other States to assemble in the 
 said convention at the city aforesaid, and to join with them in devising, 
 deliberating on, and discussing, such alterations and further provisions 
 as may be necessary to render the Federal Constitution adequate to the 
 exigencies of the Union, and in reporting such act or acts for that pur- 
 pose to the United States in Congress assembled, as, when agreed to by 
 them, and duly confirmed by the several States, may effectually provide 
 for the same. So, always, and provided, that such alterations or fur- 
 ther provisions, or any of them, do not extend- to that part of the fifth 
 article of the Confederation of the said States, finally ratified on the first 
 day of March, in the year 1781, which declares that, "In determining 
 questions in the United States in Congress assembled, each State shall 
 have one vote." 
 
 And be it enacted, That, in case any of the said deputies hereby nomi- 
 nated shall happen to die, or to resign his or their appointment, the Pre- 
 sident or commander-in-chief, with the advice of the privy council, in 
 the recess of the General Assembly, is hereby authorized to supply 
 such vacancies. 
 
 Signed by order of the House of Assembly. 
 
 JOHN COOK, Speaker. 
 
 Passed at Dover, February 3, 1787. 
 
 Signed by order of the Council. 
 
 GEO. CRAGHED, Speaker. 
 
 All and singular which promises, by the tenor of these presents, I 
 nave caused to be exemplified. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto
 
 179 
 
 subscribed my name, and caused the great seal of the said State to be 
 affixed to these presents, at New Castle, the second day of April, in 
 the year of our Lord 1787, and in the eleventh year of the independence 
 of the United States of America. 
 
 THOMAS COLLINS. 
 Attest: JAMES BOOTH, Secretary. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 By the honorable George Mathews, esq., cap'tain-general, Governor, 
 and commander-in-chief, in and over the State aforesaid. 
 
 To all to whom these presents shall come, greeting: 
 
 Know ye, that John Milton, esq., who hath certified the annexed copy 
 of an ordinance, entitled "An ordinance for the appointment of deputies 
 from this State, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitution," 
 is secretary of the said State, in whose office the archives of the same 
 are deposited; therefore, all due faith, credit, and authority, are, and 
 ought to -e, had and given the same. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and caused the 
 great seal of the State to be put and affixed, at Augusta, this 
 [L s.] 24th day of April,- in the year of our Lord 1787, and of our 
 sovereignty and independence the eleventh. 
 
 GEO. MATHEWS. 
 By his honor's command. 
 
 J. MILTON, 
 
 An ordinance for the appointment of deputies from this State, for the 
 purpose of revising the Federal Constitution. 
 
 Be it ordained, by the representatives of the freemen of the State of 
 Georgia, in General Assembly met, and by the authority of the same, 
 that William Few, Abraham Baldwin, William Pierce, George Walton, 
 William Houston, and Nathaniel Pendleton, esqrs., be, and they are 
 hereby, appointed commissioners, who, or any two or more of them, 
 are hereby authorized, as deputies from this State, to meet such deputies 
 as may be appointed and authorized by other States, to assemble in con- 
 vention at Philadelphia, and to join with them in devising and discussing 
 all such alterations and farther provisions as may be necessary to render 
 the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and 
 in reporting such an act for that purpose to the United States in Congress
 
 180 
 
 assembled, as, when agreed to by them, and duly confirmed by the 
 several States, will effectually provide for the same. In case of the 
 death of any of the said deputies, or of their declining their appoint 
 ments, the executive are hereby authorized to supply such vacancies. 
 
 By order of the House. 
 
 (Signed) WM. GIBBONS, Speaker 
 
 Augusta, the 10th February, 1787. 
 
 GEORGIA, Secretary's Office, 
 
 The above is a true copy from the original ordinance deposited in my 
 office. J. MILTON, Secretary. 
 
 Augusta, 24th April, 1787. 
 
 The State of Georgia, by the grace of God, free, sovereign, and inde- 
 pendent, 
 
 To the honorable William Few, esq. 
 
 Whereas you, the said William Few, are, in and by an ordinance of 
 the General Assembly of our said State, nominated and appointed a 
 deputy to represent the same in a convention of the United Stutes, to be 
 assembled at Philadelphia, for the purposes of devising and discussing 
 all such alterations and farther provisions as may be necessary to render 
 the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of the Union : 
 
 You are therefore hereby commissioned to proceed on the duties re- 
 quired of you in virtue of the said ordinance. 
 
 Witness our trusty and well-beloved George Mathews, esq., our 
 captain- general, Governor, and commandcr-in-chief, under his 
 [L. s.] hand, and our great seal, at Augusta, this 17th day of April, in 
 the year of our Lord 1787, and of our sovereignty and inde- 
 pendence the eleventh. 
 
 GEO. MATHEWS. 
 
 By his honor's command. 
 
 J. MILTON, Secretary. 
 
 Commissions precisely similar to the above were given, on the 
 said 17th April, 1787, to 
 The honorable William Pierce, esq. 
 The honorable William Houston, eaq.
 
 181 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK. 
 
 By his excellency George Clinton, esq., Governor of the State of New 
 ~ 1 York, general and commander-in-chief of all the militia, and 
 admiral of the navy of the same : 
 
 To all to whom these presents shall come. 
 
 It is by these presents certified, that John M'Kesson, who has sub- 
 scribed the annexed copies of resolutions, is clerk of the Assembly of 
 (his State. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I have caused the privy seal of the said State 
 to be hereunto affixed, this ninth day of May, in the eleventh 
 year of the independence of the said State. 
 
 GEO. CLINTON. 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK, IN ASSEMBLY, FEBRUARY 28, 1787. 
 
 A copy of a resolution of the honorable the Senate, delivered by Mr. 
 Williams, was read, and is in the words following, viz. : 
 
 Resolved, If the honorable the Assembly concur therein, that three 
 delegates be appointed, on the part of this State, to meet such delegates 
 as may be appointed on the part of the other States, respectively, on the 
 second Monday in May next, at Philadelphia, for the sole and express 
 purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, and reporting to Con- 
 gress, and to the several legislatures, such alterations and provisions 
 therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed by the 
 several States, render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigen- 
 cies of Government, and the preservation of the Union ; and that, in 
 case of such concurrence, the two Houses of the legislature will, on 
 Tuesday next, proceed to nominate and appoint the said delegates, in 
 like manner as is directed by the Constitution of this State for nomi- 
 nating and appointing delegates to Congress. 
 
 Resolved, That this House do concur with the honorable the Senate in 
 the said resolution. 
 
 IN ASSEMBLY, MARCH 6, 1787. 
 
 Resolved, That the honorable Robert Yates, esq., and Alexander 
 Hamilton and John Lansing, jun., esqrs., be, and they are hereby nomi- 
 nated by this House, delegates on the part of this State, to meet such 
 delegates as may be appointed on the part of the other States, respec- 
 tively, on the second Monday in May next, at Philadelphia, pursuant 
 to concurrent resolutions of both Houses of the legislature on the 28th 
 ultimo. 
 
 Resolved, That this House will meet the honorable the Senate imme- 
 19*
 
 182 
 
 diately, at such place as they shall appoint, to compare the lists of per- 
 sons nominated by the Senate and Assembly, respectively, as delegates 
 on the part of this State, to meet such delegates as may be appointed on 
 the part of the other States, respectively, on the second Monday in May 
 next, at Philadelphia, pursuant to concurrent resolutions of both Houses 
 of the legislature on the 28th ultimo. 
 
 Ordered, That Mr. N. Smith deliver a copy of the last preceding 
 resolution to the honorable the Senate. 
 
 A copy of a resolution of the honorable the Senate was delivered by 
 Mr. Vanderbelt, that the Senate will immediately meet this H^use in 
 the Assembly chamber, to compare the lists of persons nominated by 
 the Senate and Assembly, respectively, as delegates, pursuant to the 
 resolution before mentioned. 
 
 The honorable the Senate accordingly attended in the Assembly 
 chamber, to compare the lists of persons nominated for delegates, aa 
 above mentioned. 
 
 The list of persons nominated by the honorable the Senate, were the 
 honorable Robert Yates, esq., and John Lansing, jun., and Alexander 
 Hamilton, esqrs., and on comparing the lists of the persons nominated 
 by the Senate and Assembly, respectively, it appeared that the same 
 persons were nominated in both lists ; thereupon, 
 
 Resolved, That the honorable Robert Yates, John Lansing, jun., and 
 Alexander Hamilton, esqrs., be, and they are hereby declared duly 
 nominated and appointed delegates, on the part of this State, to meet 
 such delegates as may be appointed on the part of the other States, 
 respectively, on the second Monday in May next, at Philadelphia, for 
 the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, 
 and reporting to Congress, and to the several legislatures, such altera- 
 tions and provisions therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress, and 
 confirmed by the several States, render the Federal Constitution adequate 
 to the exigencies of Government, and the preservation of the Union. 
 
 True extracts from the journals of the Assembly. 
 
 JOHN M'KESSON, Clerk. 
 
 STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 By his excellency Thomas Pinckney, esq., Governor, and commander 
 
 in-chief, in and over the State aforesaid. 
 To the honorable John Rutledge, esq., greeting: 
 
 By virtue of the power and authority in me vested by the legislature 
 of this State, in their act passed the eighth day of March last, I do
 
 183 
 
 hereby commission you, the said John Rutledge, as one of the deputies 
 appointed from this State, to meet such deputies or commissioners as 
 may be appointed and authorized by other of the United States, to as- 
 semble in convention at the city of Philadelphia, in the month of May 
 next, or as soon thereafter as may be, and to join with such deputies or 
 commissioners (they being duly authorized and empowered) in devising 
 and discussing all such alterations, clauses, articles, and provisions, as 
 may be thought necessary to render the Federal Constitution entirely 
 adequate to the actual situation and future good government of the con- 
 federated States ; and that you, together with the said deputies or com- 
 missioners, or a majority of them who shall be present, (provided the 
 State be not represented by less than two,) do join in reporting such an 
 act to the United States in Congress assembled, as, when approved and 
 agreed to by them, and duly ratified and confirmed by the several States, 
 will effectually provide for the exigencies of the Union. 
 
 Given under my hand, and the great seal of the State, in the city of 
 Charleston, this 10th day of April, in the year of our Lord 1787, 
 [L. s.] _and of the sovereignty and independence of the United States 
 of America the eleventh. 
 
 THOMAS PINCKNEY. 
 
 By his excellency's command. 
 
 PETER FRENEAU, Secretary. 
 
 Commissions precisely similar to the above were given, on the 
 said 10th April, 1787, to 
 The honorable Charles Pinckney, esq. 
 The honorable Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, esq. 
 The honorable Pierce Butler, esq. 
 
 COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 By his excellency James Bowdoin, esq., Governor of the Common' 
 
 wealth of Massachusetts. 
 To the honorable Francis Dana, Elbridge Gerry, Nathaniel Gorham, 
 
 Rufus King, and Caleb Strong, esqrs., greeting: 
 Whereas Congress did, on the 21st day of February, A. D. 1787, 
 resolve, "That, in the opinion of Congress, it is expedient that, on the 
 second Monday in May next, a convention of delegates, who shall have 
 been appointed by the several States, to be held at Philadelphia, for the 
 sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, and
 
 184 
 
 reporting to Congress, and the several legislatures, such alterations and 
 provisions therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed 
 by the States, render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies 
 of Government and the preservation of the Union." And whereas the 
 general court have constituted and appointed you their delegates^ to at- 
 tend and represent this Commonwealth in the said proposed convention, 
 and have, by a resolution of theirs of the tenth of March last, requested 
 me to commission you for that purpose. 
 
 Now, therefore, know ye, that in pursuance of the resolutions afore- 
 said, I do, by these presents, commission you, the said Francis Dana, 
 Elbridge Gerry, Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus King, and Caleb Strong, 
 esqrs., or any three of you, to meet such delegates as may be appointed 
 by the other, or any of the other States in the Union, to meet in con- 
 vention at Philadelphia, at the time, and for the purposes aforesaid. 
 In testimony whereof, I have caused the public seal of the Common- 
 wealth aforesaid to be hereunto affixed. Given at the council 
 [L. s.] chamber, in Boston, the ninth day of April, A. D. 1787, and in 
 the eleventh year of the independence of the United States of 
 America. JAMES BOWDOIN. 
 
 By his excellency's command. 
 
 JOHN AVERT, JUK., Secretary. 
 
 STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 
 
 At a General Assembly of the State of Connecticut, in America, lioldtn 
 [L. s.] at Hartford, on the second Thursday of May, A. D. 1787. 
 AN ACT for appointing delegates to meet in a convention of the States, 
 
 to be held at the city of Philadelphia, on the second Monday of May 
 
 instant. 
 
 Whereas the Congress of the United States, by their a6t of the 21st 
 of February, 1787, have recommended that, on the second Monday of 
 May instant, a convention of delegates, who shall have been appointed 
 by the several States, be held at Philadelphia, for the sole and express 
 purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, 
 
 Be it enacted by the Governor, council, and representatives, in gene- 
 ral court assembled, and by the authority of the same, That the honor- 
 able William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman, and Oliver Ellsworth, 
 esqrs., be, and they hereby are, appointed delegates to attend the said 
 convention, and are requested to proceed to the city of Philadelphia for 
 that purpose, without delay ; and the said delegates, and, in case of sick- 
 ness or accident, such one or more of them as shall actually attend the
 
 185 
 
 said convention, is, and are hereby authorized and empowered to repre- 
 sent this State therein, and to confer with such delegates appointed by 
 the several States, for the purposes mentioned in the said act of Con- 
 gress, that may be present and duly empowered to act in said conven 
 tion, and to discuss upon such alterations and provisions, agreeable to 
 the general principles of republican government, as they shall think pro- 
 per to render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of 
 Government and the preservation of the Union ; and they are further 
 directed, pursuant to the said act of Congress, to report such alterations 
 and provisions as may be agreed to by a majority of the United States 
 represented in convention, to the Congress of the United States, and to 
 the General Assembly of this State. 
 
 A true copy of record, examined by 
 
 GEORGE WYLLYS, Sec'ry. 
 
 STATE OF MARYLAND. 
 
 AN ACT for the appointment of, and conferring powers in, deputies 
 from this State to the Federal Convention. 
 
 Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland, That the honor- 
 able James M'Henry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, John 
 Francis Mercer, and Luther Martin, esqrs., be appointed and authorized, 
 on behalf of this State, to meet such deputies as may be appointed and 
 authorized by any other of the United States, to assemble in convention 
 at Philadelphia, for the purpose of revising the Federal system, and to 
 join with them in considering such alterations and further provisions as 
 may be necessary to render the Federal Constitution adequate to the 
 exigencies of the Union ; and in reporting such an act for that purpose 
 to the United States in Congress assembled, as, when agreed to by them 
 and duly confirmed by the several States, will effectually provide for the 
 same ; and the said deputies, or such of them as shall attend the said 
 convention, shall have full power to represent this State for the purposes 
 aforesaid ; and the said deputies are hereby directed to report the pro 
 ceedings of the said convention, and any act agreed to therein, to the 
 next session of the General Assembly of this State. 
 
 By the House of Delegates, May 26, 1787, read and assented to. 
 By order: WM. HARWOOD, Clerk. 
 
 True copy from the original. WM. HARWOOD, Cleric H. D. 
 
 By the Senate, May 26, 1787, read and assented to. 
 
 By order: J. DORSEY, Clerk. 
 
 True copy from the original. J. DORSEY, Clerk Senate. 
 
 W. SMALLWOOD.
 
 186 
 
 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 In the year of our Lord 1787. 
 
 AN ACT for appointing deputies from this State to the convention, pro- 
 posed to be holden in the city of Philadelphia, in May, 1787, for the 
 purpose of revising the Federal Constitution. 
 
 Whereas, in the formation of the Federal compact, which frames the 
 bond of union of the American States, it was not possible in the infant 
 state of our republic to devise a system which, in the course of time and 
 experience, would not manifest imperfections that it would be necessary 
 to reform. 
 
 And whereas the limited powers, which by the Articles of Confedera- 
 tion are vested in the Congress of the United States, have been found 
 far inadequate to the enlarged purposes which they were intended to 
 produce. And whereas Congress hath, by repeated and most urgent 
 representations, endeavored to awaken this and other States of the Union 
 to a sense of the truly critical and alarming situation in which they may 
 inevitably be involved, unless timely measures be taken to enlarge the 
 powers of Congress, that they may be thereby enabled to avert the danger 
 which threaten our existence as a free and independent people. And 
 whereas this State hath been ever desirous to act upon the liberal system 
 of the general good of the United States, without circumscribing its views 
 to the narrow and selfish objects of partial convenience, and has been at 
 all times ready to make every concession to the safety and happiness of 
 the whole, which justice and sound policy could vindicate. 
 
 Be it therefore enacted, by the Senate and House of Representatives in 
 general court convened, that John Langdon, John Pickering, Nicholas 
 Oilman, and Benjamin West, esqrs., be, and hereby are appointed com- 
 missioners ; they, or any two of them, are hereby authorized and em- 
 powered, as deputies from this State, to meet at Philadelphia said 
 convention, or any other place to which the convention may be ad- 
 journed, for the purposes aforesaid, there to confer with such deputies as 
 are, or may be, appointed by the other States for similar purposes, and 
 with them to discuss and decide upon the most effectual means to remedy 
 the defects of our Federal Union, and to procure and secure the enlarged 
 purposes which it was intended to effect, and to report such an act to the 
 United States in Congress, as, when agreed to by them, and duly con- 
 firmed by the several States, will effectually provide for the same.
 
 187 
 
 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JUNE 27, 1787. 
 The foregoing bill having been read a third time voted, that it pass 
 to be enacted. Sent up for concurrence. 
 
 JOHN SPARHAWK, Speaker. 
 
 In Senate, the same day : The bill having been read a third time, 
 voted, that the same be enacted. 
 
 JOHN SULLIVAN, President. 
 
 Copy examined, per 
 
 JOSEPH PEARSON, Secretary. [L. s.] 
 
 16. In pursuance of the foregoing powers, the Delegates met in 
 Convention at Philadelphia on the 14th day, being the second Mon- 
 day in May, A. D. 1787, and on the 17th of September, 1787, 
 agreed to the Constitution as contained in the preceding part of 
 this compilation, [from page 1 to 23,] which they transmitted to 
 the United States in Congress assembled, together with the fol- 
 lowing resolutions and letter : 
 
 IN CONVENTION, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 1787. 
 Present : The States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, 
 
 Mr. Hamilton from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
 
 Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 
 
 Resolved, That the preceding Constitution be laid before the United 
 States in Congress assembled, and that it is the opinion of this conven- 
 tion that it should afterwards be submitted to a convention of delegates, 
 chosen in each State by the people thereof, under the recommendation 
 of its legislature, for their assent and ratification ; and that each conven- 
 tion, assenting to and ratifying the same, should give notice thereof, to 
 the United States in Congress assembled. 
 
 Resolved, That it is the opinion of this convention, that as soon as the 
 conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United 
 States in Congress assembled should fix a day on which electors should 
 be appointee! by the States which shall have ratified the same, and a day 
 on which the electors should assemble to vote for the President, and the 
 time and place for commencing proceedings under this Constitution, 
 That after such publication the electors should be appointed, and the 
 Senators and Representatives elected ; that the electors should meet on 
 the day fixed for the election of the President, and should transmit their 
 votes certified, signed, sealed, and directed, as the Constitution requires
 
 188 
 
 to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled ; that the 
 Senators and Representatives should convene at the time and place as- 
 signed ; that the Senators should appoint a president of the Senate, for 
 the sole purpose of receiving, opening, and counting the votes for Presi- 
 dent ; and that, after he shall be chosen, the Congress, together with the 
 President, should without delay, proceed to execute this Constitution. 
 
 By the unanimous order of the convention. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, President. 
 
 WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 
 
 IN CONVENTION, SEPTEMBER 17, 1787. 
 
 SIR : We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the 
 United States in Congress assembled, that Constitution which has ap- 
 peared to us the most advisable. 
 
 The friends of our country have long seen and desired that the power 
 of making war, peace, and treaties, that of levying money and regulating 
 commerce, and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities, 
 should be fully and effectually vested in the General Government of the 
 Union ; but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one 
 body of men is evident : hence results the necessity of a different 
 organization. 
 
 It 'is obviously impracticable, in the Federal Government of these 
 States, to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each, and yet 
 provide for the interest and safety of all. Individuals entering into so- 
 ciety must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest. The magni- 
 tude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance 
 as on the object to be obtained. It is at all times difficult to draw with 
 precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered and 
 those which may be reserved ; and on the present occasion this difficulty 
 was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situa- 
 tion, extent, habits, and particular interests. 
 
 In all our deliberations on this subject, we kept steadily in our view 
 that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American 
 the consolidation of our Union in which is involved our prosperity, 
 felicity, safety, perhaps our national existence. This important conside- 
 ration, seriously and deeply impressed on our minds, led each State in 
 the convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude than might 
 have been otherwise expected; and thus the Constitution which we 
 now present is the result of a spirit of amity, and of that mutual defer,- 
 ence and concession -which the peculiarity of our political situation ren- 
 dered indispensable.
 
 189 
 
 That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State, ia 
 not, perhaps, to be expected ; but each will doubtless consider that, had 
 her interest been alone consulted, the consequences might have been 
 particularly disagreeable or injurious to others ; that it is liable to as few 
 exceptions as could reasonably have been expected, we hope and be 
 lieve ; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that country so dear to 
 us all, and secure her freedom and happiness, is our most ardent wish. 
 
 With great respect, we have the honor to be, sir, your excellency's 
 most obedient humble servants. 
 
 By unanimous order of the convention. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, President. 
 
 His excellency the PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS. 
 
 17. Whereupon Congress passed the following resolution: 
 UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 
 
 FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 1787. 
 
 Present: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, 
 New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South 
 Carolina, and Georgia, and from Maryland Mr. Ross. 
 
 Congress having received the report of the convention lately assem- 
 bled in Philadelphia 
 
 Resolved, unanimously, That the said report, with the resolutions and 
 letter accompanying the same, be transmitted to the several legislatures, 
 in order to be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each 
 State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the conven- 
 tion made and provided in that case. 
 
 18. The States having accordingly passed acts for severally 
 calling conventions, and the Constitution having been submitted 
 to them, was ratified by the conventions of the several States, at 
 the dates respectively as stated on page 24 of this compilation. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 
 
 SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 13, 1788. 
 
 Congress assembled. Present: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Con 
 necticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Caro- 
 lina, South Carolina, and Georgia; and from Rhode Island Mr. Arnold, 
 and from Delaware Mr. Kearny. 
 
 20
 
 190 
 
 On the question to agree to the proposition which was yesterday post- 
 poned by the State of Delaware, the yeas and nays being required by 
 Mr. Oilman 
 
 New Hampshire Mr. Oilman, ay) 
 
 Wingate, ayj * 
 
 Massachusetts Mr. Dana, ay) 
 
 Thatcher, ay 5 ay 
 
 Connecticut Mr. Huntington, ay) 
 
 Wadsworth, ay 5 ' 
 
 New York Mr. Hamilton, ay) 
 
 Gansevoort, ay) ^ 
 
 New Jersey Mr. Clarke, ay) 
 
 Dayton, ayj ay 
 
 Pennsylvania Mr. Irwine, ay"^ 
 
 Meredith, ay I 
 
 Armstrong, ay r ay 
 
 Read, ayj 
 
 Virginia Mr. Griffin, ay^j 
 
 Madison, ay ( 
 
 Carrington, ay [ y 
 
 Lee, ayj 
 
 South Carolina Mr. Parker, ay) 
 
 Tucker, ayj ay 
 
 Georgia Mr. Few, ay ) 
 
 Baldwin, ay J ay 
 
 So it was resolved in the affirmative, as follows: 
 
 Whereas the convention assembled in Philadelphia, pursuant to the 
 resolution of Congress of the 21st of February, 1787, did, on the 17th 
 of September in the same year, report to the United States in Congress 
 assembled a Constitution for the people of the United States ; where- 
 upon Congress, on the 28th of the same September, did resolve, unani- 
 mously, "That the said report, with the resolutions and letter accom- 
 panying the same, be transmitted to the several legislatures, in order to 
 be submitted to a convention of delegates, chosen in each State by the 
 people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention made 
 nnd provided in that case :" And whereas the Constitution so reported 
 by the convention, and by Congress transmitted to the several legisla- 
 tures, has been ratified in the manner therein declared to be sufficient 
 for the establishment of the same, and such ratifications, duly authenti- 
 cated, have been received by Congress, and are filed in the office of the 
 Secretary ; therefore 
 
 Lesolved, That the first Wednesday in January next be the day for 
 appointing electors in the several States, which, before the said day, 
 shall have ratified the said Constitution; that the first Wednesday in
 
 191 
 
 February next be the day for the electors to assemble in their respective 
 States, and vote for a President ; and that the first Wednesday in March 
 next be the time, and the present seat of Congress (New York) the 
 place, for commencing the proceedings under the said Constitution. 
 
 19. The elections were held in the several states for Electors, in 
 conformity with the above resolution, and the Electors so appointed 
 met as therein required, and voted for President and Vice Presi- 
 dent, (the result of whose votes will be seen in the first table of 
 electoral votes contained in this volume,) and the several states 
 having, in conformity with the Constitution, elected the Senators 
 and Representatives to which they were respectively entitled, pro- 
 ceedings commenced under the Constitution on the first Wednes- 
 day, being the 4th day of March, 1789, by the meeting of the Sena- 
 tors and Representatives in Congress on that day, from the eleven 
 states which had then ratified the Constitution ; but a quorum not 
 appearing in either House, the House of Representatives adjourned 
 from day to day until Wednesday, the 1st of April, when a quo- 
 rum, consisting of a majority of the whole number, appearing, they 
 elected a speaker and clerk and proceeded to business ; the Senate 
 in like manner adjourned from day to day, until Monday, the 6th 
 of April, when a quorum, consisting of a majority of the whole 
 number of Senators, appearing, " the Senate proceeded, by ballot, 
 to the choice of a President, for the sole purpose of opening and 
 counting the votes for President of the United States." The Elec- 
 toral votes were accordingly opened and counted on the 6th of 
 April, 1789, in the presence of the Senate and House of Represen- 
 tatives, and it appeared that George Washington was unanimously 
 elected President, and that John Adams was duly elected Vice 
 President of the United States, agreeably to the Constitution. The 
 Senate then elected a President pro tempore, the Vice President 
 not being present, and also a secretary, and proceeded to business; 
 and having taken the proper measures to notify the individuals 
 elected, John Adams, Vice President, appeared and assumed the 
 chair as President of the Senate on Tuesday the 21st of April. 
 George Washington was introduced into the Senate Chamber, by 
 the committee appointed for the purpose, on Thursday, April 30,
 
 192 
 
 1789, and was attended to the gallery in front of the Senate Cham- 
 ber by the Vice President and Senators, the Speaker and Repre- 
 sentatives and other public characters present. The oath required 
 by the Constitution was then administered to him by the Chancel- 
 lor of the State of New York, who proclaimed, "Long live George 
 Washington, President of the United States," after which the Pre- 
 sident returned to the Senate Chamber and delivered his inaugural 
 address to the Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 Thus commenced the proceedings of the Constitutional Govern- 
 ment of the United States of America. The Executive and Legis- 
 lative branches so installed, possessed from that time, under the 
 Constitution, the power to make laws and appoint all the officers 
 necessary to constitute the Judiciary Branch, as well as all the Ex 
 ecutive Departments and subordinate offices, both civil and military , 
 all of which was effected in a convenient and proper time, and the 
 whole system, then for the first time put in motion, has continued 
 to operate, improve, and mature, until it has acquired a capacity, 
 stability, and power adequate to its own security and preservation, 
 and to the protection of the rights, the honor, and interest of its 
 citizens over the entire surface of the globe, as well as to the pre- 
 servation of the lives, the liberty, and happiness of its people at 
 home ; illustrating all the attributes of a good government, and 
 proving incontestably the value and excellence oi our own Consti- 
 tution.
 
 193 
 
 CHAPTER 3. 
 
 PROCEEDINGS IN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED COLONIES RE- 
 SPECTING "A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, BY THE RE- 
 PRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN 
 CONGRESS ASSEMBLED." 
 
 IN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED COLONIES. 
 SATURDAY, JUNE 8, 1776. 
 
 Resolved, That the resolutions respecting independency be referred to 
 a committee of the whole Congress. 
 
 The Congress then resolved itself into a committee of the whole; and, 
 after some time, the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison re- 
 ported, that the committee have taken into consideration the matter to 
 them referred, but not having come to any resolution thereon, directed 
 him to move for leave to sit again on Monday. 
 
 Resolved, That this Congress will, on Monday next, at 10 o'clock, re- 
 solve itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their farther con- 
 sideration the resolutions referred to them. 
 
 MONDAY, JUNE 10, 1776. 
 
 Agreeable to order, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of 
 the whole, to take into their further consideration the resolutions to them 
 referred ; and, after some time spent thereon, the President resumed the 
 chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee have had under 
 consideration the matters referred to them, and have come to a resolu- 
 tion thereon, which they directed him to report. 
 
 The resolution agreed to in committee of the whole being read, 
 Resolved, That the consideration of the first resolution be postponed 
 to Monday, the first day of July next ; and in the meanwhile, that no 
 time be lost, in case the Congress agree thereto, that a committee be 
 appointed to prepare a declaration to the effect of the said first resolution 
 which is in these words: " That these United Colonies are, and of right 
 ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from 
 all allegiance to the British crown: and that all political connexion be- 
 tween them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally 
 dissolved." 
 
 20
 
 194 
 I 
 
 TUESDAY, JUNE 11, 1776. 
 
 Resolved, That the committee, for preparing the Declaration, consist 
 of five: The members chosen, Mr. Jefferson, Mr. John Adams, Mr. 
 Franklin, Mr. Sherman, and Mr. R. R. Livingston. 
 
 TUESDAY,. JUNE 25, 1776. 
 
 A declaration of the deputies of Pennsylvania, met in Provincial Con- 
 ference, was laid before Congress, and read, expressing their willingness 
 to concur in a vote of Congress, declaring the United Colonies free and 
 independent States. _, 
 
 FRFDAY, JUNE 28, 1776. 
 
 " Francis Hopkinson, one of the delegates from New Jersey, attended, 
 and produced the credentials of their appointment," containing the fol- 
 lowing instructions: "If you shall judge it necessary or expedient for 
 this purpose, we empower you to join in declaring the United Colonies 
 independent of Great Britain, entering into a confederation for union and 
 common defence," &c. 
 
 MONDAY, JULY 1, 1776. 
 
 'A resolution of the convention of Maryland, passed the 28th of June, 
 was laid before Congress and read, .containing the following instruc- 
 tions to their deputies in Congress: " That the deputies of said colony, 
 or any three or more of them, be authorized and empowered to concur 
 with the other United Colonies, or a majority of them, in declaring the 
 United Colonies free and independent States ; in forming such further 
 compact and confederation between them," &c. 
 
 The order of the day being read, 
 
 Resolved, That this Congress will resolve itself into a committee of the 
 whole, to take into consideration the resolution respecting independency. 
 
 That the declaration be referred to said committee. 
 
 The Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole. After 
 some time the President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, 
 that the committee had come to a resolution, which they desired him to 
 report, and to move for leave to sit again. 
 
 The resolution agreed to by the committee of the whole being read, 
 the determination thereof was, at the request of a colony, postponed 
 until to-morrow. 
 
 Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, resolve itself into a 
 committee of the whole, to take into consideration the declaration re- 
 specting independence.
 
 195 
 
 * 
 
 TUESDAY, JULY 2, 1776. 
 
 The Congress resumed the consideration of the resolution reported 
 from the committee of the whole ; which was agreed to as follows : 
 
 Resolved, ?TflaJ> tL>*e 6U&tlted q&JIwiUft a^e, cwtd, of Vujifc, 
 otwi'tw' to t>e, t^tee a+vo i/rvaclvcivaetvt ytatcb j tfla/t tfveu- a/te afr. 
 4.&U>ed ptom/ a/U/ aU/ea/i/au<ee. to toe :/(5uti/:>M/ CV&UHI/, atvd tfutt aC 
 jwuti/ea/t couveoci/(w/ uetiu-ecn/ tlvem/, a/ti/o tk/e ijta/te (H> ^Svea-t _wi/ 
 uj/m/j u>, avo o-iwj/tit to tie, to-ta/twi/ Oi/>^&U>eo. 
 
 Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a 
 committee of the whole ; and, after some time, the President resumed 
 the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee have had under 
 consideration the declaration to them referred ; but, not having had time 
 to go through the same, desired him to move for leave to sit again. 
 
 Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve itself into 
 a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the 
 declaration respecting independence. 
 
 WEDNESDAY, JULY 3, 1776. 
 
 Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a 
 committee of the whole, to take into their farther consideration the de- 
 claration; and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and 
 Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee, not having yet gone through 
 it, desired leave to sit again. 
 
 Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve itself into 
 a committee of the whole, to take into their farther consideration the 
 Declaration of Independence. 
 
 THURSDAY, JULY 4, 1776. 
 
 Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a 
 committee of the whole, to take into their farther consideration the 
 Declaration ; and after some time the President resumed the chair, and 
 Mr. Harrison reported that the committee had agreed to a declaration, 
 which they desired him to report. 
 
 The Declaration being read, was agreed to as follows : 
 
 A Declaration by the Representatives of the United Slates of Jlmenca, 
 
 in Congress assembled. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for 
 one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected
 
 196 
 t 
 
 them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, 
 the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of 
 nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man- 
 kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel thern 
 to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
 equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalien- 
 able rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of 
 happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are insti- 
 tuted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of 
 the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes de- 
 structive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to 
 abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation 
 on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to 
 them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness- 
 Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, 
 should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord 
 ingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed 
 to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by 
 abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a 
 long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same 
 object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, 
 it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and 
 to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been 
 the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the neces- 
 sity which constrains them to alter their former systems of govern- 
 ment; The history of the present king of Great Britain is a his- 
 tory of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct 
 object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. 
 To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and 
 necessary for the public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and 
 pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his 
 assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly 
 neglected to attend to them.
 
 197 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
 large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the 
 right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to 
 them, and formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- 
 comfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, 
 for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his 
 measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, 
 with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
 others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
 annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; 
 the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger 
 of invasion from without, and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for 
 that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; 
 refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and 
 raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his 
 assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure 
 of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
 swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their sub- 
 stance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, with- 
 out the consent of our legislature. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, and supe- 
 rior to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction 
 foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; 
 giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any
 
 198 
 
 murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these 
 States : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended of 
 fences : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
 province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarg- 
 ing its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit in- 
 strument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
 laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
 invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his 
 protection, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, 
 and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mer- 
 cenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, 
 already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely 
 paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the 
 head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
 seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners 
 of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 
 deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless 
 Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished 
 destruction, of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for 
 redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have 
 been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character 
 is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to 
 be the ruler of a free people.
 
 199 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. 
 We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by 
 their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. 
 We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration 
 and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and 
 magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our com- 
 mon kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably 
 interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have 
 been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, 
 therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separa- 
 tion, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in 
 war, in peace, friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES 
 OF AMERICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appeal- 
 ing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our in- 
 tentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people 
 of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United 
 Colonies are, and of right ought to be, Jfne zntj JtuDepenoent 
 States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
 crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state 
 of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as 
 FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they have full power 
 to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, 
 and to do all other acts and things which INDEPENDENT 
 STATES may of right do. And, for the support of this declara- 
 tion, with a firm reliance on the protection of 3MJN'la ^irKJD* 
 173322;\ T <35, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our 
 fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, 
 and signed by the following members : 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
 New Hampshire. Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Josiah Bartlett, Samuel Adams, 
 
 William Whipple, John Adams, 
 
 Matthew Thornton. Robert Treat Paine, 
 
 Elbridge Gerry.
 
 200 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Stephen Hopkins, 
 William Ellery. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 Roger Sherman, 
 Samuel Huntington, 
 William Williams, 
 Oliver WolcotC 
 
 New York. 
 William Floyd, 
 Philip Livingston, 
 Francis Lewis, 
 Lewis Morris. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 Richard Stockton, 
 John Witherspoon, 
 Francis Hopkinson 
 John Hart, 
 Abraham Clark. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 Robert Morris, 
 Benjamin Rush, 
 Benjamin Franklin, 
 John Morton, 
 George Clymer, 
 James Smith, 
 George Taylor, 
 James Wilson, 
 George Ross. 
 
 Delaware. 
 Caesar Rodney, 
 George Read, 
 Thomas M'Kean. 
 
 Maryland. 
 Samuel Chase, 
 William Paca, 
 Thomas Stone, 
 Charles Carroll,of Carroll ton 
 
 Virginia. 
 George Wythe, 
 Richard Henry Lee, 
 Thomas Jefferson, 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 Thomas Nelson, jun. 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 Carter Braxton. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 William Hooper, 
 Joseph Hewes, 
 John Penn. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 Edward Rutledge, 
 Thomas Heyward, jun. 
 Thomas Lynch, jun. 
 Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Button Gwinnett, 
 Lyman Hall, 
 George Walton. 
 
 Resolved, That copies of the Declaration be sent to the several 
 assemblies, conventions, and committees, or councils of safely, and 
 to the several commanding officers of the continental troops ; that 
 it be proclaimed in each of the United States, and at the head 
 the army.
 
 201 
 
 CHAPTER 4. 
 
 PROMINENT POLITICAL ACTS OF 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 Appointment of George Washington to be commander-in-chief of 
 the army, by the Congress of the Confederation, on the 15th 
 
 June, 1775. 
 
 THURSDAY, JUNE 15, 1775. 
 
 Agreeable to order, the Congress resolved itself into a Committee of 
 the Whole, and, after some time, the President resumed the chair, and 
 Mr. Ward reported that the committee had come to some farther resolu- 
 tions, which he was ordered to report. 
 
 The report of the committee being read and considered, 
 
 Resolved, That a general be appointed to command all the Continental 
 forces raised, or to be raised, for the defence of American liberty. 
 
 That five hundred dollars per month be allowed for the pay and ex- 
 penses of the general. 
 
 The Congress then proceeded to the choice of a general, by ballot, and 
 George Washington, esq., was unanimously elected. 
 
 FRIDAY, JUNE 16, 1775. 
 
 Met according to adjournment. [The Delegates from the Colonies of 
 New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, New York, New 
 Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware counties, Maryland, Virginia, Noith 
 Carolina, and South Carolina, being present.] 
 
 The President informed Colonel Washington that the Congress had 
 yesterday unanimously made choice of him to be general and com- 
 mander-in-chief of the American forces, and requested he would accept 
 of that employment ; to which Colonel Washington, standing in hia 
 place, answered: 
 
 " MR. PRESIDENT : 
 
 " Though I am truly sensible of the high honor done me, in this ap- 
 pointment, yet I feel great distress, from consciousness that my abilities 
 and military experience may not be equal to the extensive and important 
 trust* However, as the Congress desire it, I will enter upon the mo- 
 
 21
 
 202 
 
 mentous duty, and exert every power I possess in tneir service, and for 
 support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my most cordial 
 thanks for this distinguished testimony of their approbation. 
 
 "But, lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to my 
 reputation, I beg it may be remembered, by every gentleman in the 
 room, that I, this day, declare with the utmost sincerity, I do not think 
 myself equal to the command I am honored with. 
 
 " As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no pe- 
 cuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this arduous 
 employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do 
 not wish to make any profit from it. I will keep an exact account of my 
 expenses. Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is all I 
 desire." 
 
 Resolved, That a committee be appointed to draught a commission and 
 instructions for the general. 
 
 The persons chosen to compose the committee, were Mr. Lee, Mr. E. 
 Rutledge, and Mr. J. Adams. 
 
 SATURDAY, JUNE 17, 1775. 
 Met according to adjournment. 
 
 The committee appointed to draught a commission to the general re- 
 ported the same, which, being read by paragraphs and debated, waa 
 agreed to as follows : 
 
 IN CONGRESS. 
 
 The delegates of the United Colonies of New Hampshire, Massachu- 
 setts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, 
 Pennsylvania, the counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex, on Dela- 
 ware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina: 
 
 To GEORGE WASHINGTON, ESQ. 
 
 We, reposing special trust and confidence in your patriotism, valor, 
 conduct, and fidelity, do, by these presents, constitute and appoint you 
 to be general and commander-in-chief of the army of the United Colo- 
 nies, and of all the forces now raised, or to be raised by them, and of all 
 others who shall voluntarily offer their service, and join the said army for 
 the defence of American liberty, and for repelling every hostile invasion 
 thereof: And you are hereby vested with full power and authority to 
 act as you shall think for the good arid welfare of the service. 
 
 And we do hereby strictly charge and require all officers and soldiers, 
 nnder your command, to be obedient to your orders, and diligent in the 
 exercise of their several duties.
 
 203 
 
 And we do also enjoin and require you, to be careful in executing the 
 great trust reposed in you, by causing strict discipline and order to be 
 observed in the army, and that the soldiers be duly exercised, and pro- 
 vided with all convenient necessaries. 
 
 And you are to regulate your conduct in every respect by the rules 
 and discipline of war, (as herewith given you,) and punctually to observe 
 and follow such orders and directions, from time to time, as you shall 
 receive from this, or a future Congress of these United Colonies, or 
 committee of Congress. 
 
 This commission to continue in force until revoked by this, or a future 
 Congress. 
 
 By order of the Congress, 
 
 Ordered, That the same be fairly transcribed, signed by the President, 
 attested by the secretary, and delivered to the general. 
 
 Resolved unanimously, Whereas, the delegates of all the Colonies, 
 from Nova Scotia to Georgia, in Congress assembled, have unanimously 
 chosen George Washington, esq., to be general and commander-in- chief 
 of such forces as are, or shall be, raised for the maintenance and pre- 
 servation of American liberty ; this Congress doth now declare, that they 
 will maintain and assist him, and adhere to him, the said George Wash- 
 ington, with their lives and fortunes in the same cause. 
 
 Address of the President of Congress to George Washington, 
 and his reply, 26th August, 1783 : 
 
 MONDAY, AUGUST 25, 1783. 
 
 Congress being informed of the arrival of the commander-in-chief in 
 the neighborhood of Princeton : 
 
 Ordered, That he have an audience in Congress to-morrow at twelve 
 o'clock. 
 
 TUESDAY, AUGUST 26, 1783. 
 
 According to order, General Washington attended, and being intro- 
 duced by two members, the President addressed him as follows : 
 
 SIR : Congress feel particular pleasure in seeing your excellency, and 
 in congratulating you on the success of a war, in which you tiave acted 
 so conspicuous a part. 
 
 It has been the singular happiness of the United States, that during a 
 war so long, so dangerous, and so important, Providence has been gra 
 ciously pleased to preserve the life of a general, who has merited and 
 possessed the uninterrupted confidence and affection of his fellow-citi- 
 zens. In other nations many have performed services, for which they
 
 204 
 
 have deserved and received the thanks of the public. But to you, sir, 
 peculiar praise is due. Your services have been essential in acquiring 
 and establishing the freedom and independence of your country. They 
 deserve the grateful acknowledgments of a free and independent nation. 
 Those acknowledgments Congress have the satisfaction of expressing to 
 your excellency. 
 
 Hostilities have now ceased, but your country still needs your ser- 
 vices. She wishes to avail herself of your talents in forming the arrange- 
 ments which will be necessary for her in the time of peace. For this 
 reason your attendance at Congress has been requested. A committee 
 is appointed to confer with your excellency, and to receive your assist- 
 ance in preparing and digesting plans relative to those important ob- 
 jects. 
 
 To which his excellency made the following reply : 
 
 MR. PRESIDENT : I am too sensible of the honorable reception I have 
 now experienced, not to be penetrated with the deepest feelings of gra- 
 titude. 
 
 Notwithstanding Congress appear to estimate the value of my life 
 beyond any services I have been able to render the United States, yet I 
 must be permitted to consider the wisdom and unanimity of our national 
 councils, the firmness of our citizens, and the patience and bravery of 
 our troops, which have produced so happy a termination of the war, as 
 the most conspicuous effect of the divine interposition and the surest 
 presage of our future happiness. 
 
 Highly gratified by the favorable sentiments which Congress are 
 pleased to express of my past conduct, and amply rewarded by the con- 
 fidence and affection of my fellow-citizens, I cannot hesitate to contribute 
 my best endeavors towards the establishment of the national security in 
 whatever manner the sovereign power may think proper to direct, until 
 the ratification of the definitive treaty of peace, or the final evacuation 
 of our country by the British forces ; after either of which events, 1 shall 
 ask permission to retire to the peaceful shade of private life. 
 
 Perhaps, sir, no occasion may ofler more suitable than the present to 
 express my humble thanks to God, and my grateful acknowledgments 
 to my country, for the great and uniform support I have received in 
 every vicissitude of fortune, and for the many distinguished honors 
 which Congress have been plrased to confer upon me in the course of 
 the war.
 
 205 
 
 Resignation, by George Washington, of the office of commander 
 in-chief, to Congress, and answer of the President of Con- 
 gress, 23d December, 1783. 
 
 SATURDAY, DECEMBER 20, 1783. 
 
 Congress assembled : Present, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode 
 Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, 
 and South Carolina. 
 
 A letter, of this day, from the commander-in-chief, was read, inform- 
 ing Congress of his arrival in this city, with the intention of asking 
 leave to resign the commission he has the honor of holding in their ser- 
 vice, and desiring to know their pleasure in what manner it will be most 
 proper to offer his resignation ; whether in writing or at an audience. 
 Whereupon, 
 
 Resolved, That his excellency, the commander-in-chief, be admitted 
 to a public audience, on Tuesday next, at twelve o'clock. 
 
 Resolved, That a public entertainment be given to the commander-in- 
 chief on Monday next. 
 
 TUESDAY, DECEMBER 23, 1783. 
 
 Congress assembled : Present as before. 
 
 According to order, his excellency the commander-in-chief was ad- 
 mitted to a public audience, and being seated, the President, after a 
 pause, informed him, that the United States in Congress assembled were 
 prepared to receive his communications : Whereupon he arose, and ad- 
 dressed as follows : 
 
 [To revive the recollection of this scene, and to renew, in the breasts of 
 the American people, the emotions of gratitude, affection, and veneration, 
 that swelled the hearts of Statesmen, Legislators, Warriors, and other 
 citizens, on that ever-memorable occasion, much care has been taken to 
 bring here to view the living Washington as he then appeared in the 
 Congress Hall. Fortunately, the affectionate providence of his native 
 state secured, in the best manner, the means of transmitting the sem- 
 blance of those venerated features and form to posterity. The marble 
 statue by Houdon, in the state-house at Richmond, is the most authentic 
 likeness of George Washington extant ; from this has been taken all that 
 could be obtained from marble, the rest has been derived Irom the best 
 paintings, and both combined by the artist who has produced this copy. 
 
 21*
 
 206 
 
 The sword is taken from the original, now in the Patent Office at Wash- 
 ington. Washington is here represented in the manner that he desired 
 lo be, as will be seen by the following memoranda and correspondence : 
 
 By THB LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA, on Tuesday, the 22d June, 1734, it was 
 Resolved, That the executive be requested to take measures for procuring a 
 statue of General Washington, to be of the finest marble and the best workman- 
 ship, with the following inscription on its pedestal : 
 
 THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OP TUB COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 
 
 HAVE CAUSED THIS STATUE TO BE ERECTED 
 AS A MONUMENT OF AFFECTION AND GRATITUDE TO 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON; 
 
 WHO, 
 
 UNITING TO THE ENDOWMENTS OF THE HERO TIIE VIRTUES OF THE PATRIOT, 
 
 AND EXERTIXG BOTH IN ESTABLISHING TIIE LIBERTIES OF HIS COUNTRY, 
 
 HAS RENDERED HIS NAME DEAR TO HIS FELLOW CITIZENS, 
 
 AND GIVEN THE WORLD AN IMMORTAL EXAMPLE 
 
 OF TRUE GLORT. 
 
 [Tradition says that this brief but noble tribute was penned by James Madison 
 on his knee, in the midst of the legislature of Virginia, of which he was then a 
 member.] 
 
 Accordingly Governor Harrison applied to Mr. Jefferson and Dr. Franklin, then 
 in 1'aris. to engage a statuary. Mr. Houdon was engaged, and came to America, 
 in 17H5, in the same vessel with Dr. Franklin. He took from Mr. Jeflerson a let- 
 ter lo Washington, from which the following is an extract: 
 
 FROM JEFFERSON TO WASHINGTON. 
 
 " Paris, 10 July, 1735 
 
 "Mr. Houdon would much sooner have had the honor of attending you, but for 
 a spell of sickness, which long induced us to despair of his recovery, and from 
 which he is but recently recovered. He comes now. for the purpose of lending 
 the aid of his art to transmit you to posterity. He is without rivalship in it, being 
 employed from all parts of Europe in whatever is capital. He has had a diffi- 
 culty to withdraw himself from an order of the Empress of Russia ; a difficulty, 
 however, that arose from a desire to show her respect, but which never gave him 
 a moment's hesitation about his present voyage, which he considers as promising 
 the brightest chapter of his history. I have spoken of him as an artist only ; but 
 I can assure you also, that, as a man, he is disinterested, generous, candid, and 
 panting for glory: in every circumstance meriting your good opinion. He will 
 have need to see you much while he shall have the honor of being with you; 
 which you can the more freely admit, as his eminence and merit give him admis- 
 ion into genteel- societies here." 
 
 FROM WASHINGTON TO HOVDON 
 
 " Mount Vernon, 26 September, 1785. 
 
 "Sm, By a letter, which I have lately had the honor to receive from Dr. Frank- 
 tin, at Philadelphia, I am informed of your arrival at that place. Many letters
 
 207 
 
 from very respectable characters in France, as well as llie Doctor's, inform me 
 of the occasion; for which, though the cause is not of my seeking, I feel the most 
 agreeable and grateful sensations. I wish the object of your mission had been 
 more worthy ot the masterly genius of the first statuary in Europe; for thus you 
 are represented to me. 
 
 " It will give me pleasure, sir, to welcome you to this seat of my retirement ; 
 and whatever I have, or can procure, that is necessary to your purposes, or con- 
 venient and agreeable to your wishes, you must freely command, as inclination 
 to oblige you will be among the last things in which I shall be found deficient, 
 either on your arrival or during your stay. 
 
 "With sentiments of esteem, I am, sir," &c. 
 
 The artist reached Mount Vernon on the 3d of October, where he spent a fort- 
 night, devoted to the purpose of his visit. 
 
 FROM JEFFERSON TO WASHINGTON. 
 
 " Paris, 4 January, 1786. 
 
 "I have been honored with your letter of September the 26th, which was d^- 
 Avered me by Mr. Houilon, who is safely returned. He has brought with him the 
 mould of the face only, having left the other parts of his work with his workmi-,, 
 to come by some other conveyance. Dr. Franklin, who was joined with me it. 
 the superintendence of this just monument, having left us before what is calle 
 the costume of the statue was decided on, I cannot so well satisfy myself, and I 
 am persuaded I should not so well satisfy the world, as by consulting your own 
 wish or inclination as to this article. Permit me. therefore, to ask you whether 
 there is any particular dress, or any particular attitude, which you would rather 
 wish to be adopted. 1 shall take a singular pleasure in having your own idea 
 executed, if you will be so good as to make it known to me." 
 
 FROM WASHINGTON TO JEFFERSON. 
 
 " Mount Vernon, I August, 1786. 
 
 " In answer to your obliging inquiries respecting the dress and attitude, which 
 I would wish to have given to the statue in question. I have only to observe, that, 
 not having sufficient knowledge in the art of sculpture to oppose my judgment to 
 the taste of connoisseurs, I do not desire to dictate in the matter. On the con- 
 trary, I shall be perfectly satisfied with whatever may be judged decent and 
 proper. I should even scarcely have ventured to suggest, that perhaps a servile 
 adherence to the garb of antiquity might not be altogether so expedient, as some 
 little deviation in favor of the modern costume, if 1 had not learnt from Colonel 
 Humphreys, that this was a circumstance hinted in conversation by Mr. West to 
 Mr. Hpudon. The taste, which has been introduced in painting by West, I under- 
 stand is received with applause, and prevails extensively." 
 
 FEOM JEFFERSON TO WASHINGTON. 
 
 " Parit. 14 August, 17S7. 
 
 "I was hnppy to find, by the letter of August 1st, 1766, which you did me the 
 honor to write to me, that the modern dress for your statue u-ould meet your approba- 
 tion. I found it strongly the sentiment of West, Copley, Trumbull, and Brown, in 
 London ; after \\ hich it would be ridiculous to add, that it was my own." 
 
 This work, therefore, purports to be nn exact portrait statue of Washington, 
 an authentic historical monument. the costume being that in which he was accus- 
 tomed to appear as Commander-in-chief. No other statue was ever made from his 
 person. This was modelled about two years after the close of his military career, 
 in the fifty-fourth year of his age, a circumstance to be borne in mind in compar- 
 ing it with later portraits. How well, in point of resemblance, it satisfied his 
 contemporaries and associates, may be judged from the strong declaration of 
 Judge Marshall to the person (jared Sparks) to whom the world is indebted for 
 the erection of Washington's literary monument. that, to a spectator standing on 
 the right hand of the statue, and taking a half-front view, " it represented the 
 original as perfectly as a living man could be represented in marble."]
 
 208 
 
 MR. PRESIDENT : The great events on which my re- 
 signation depended having at length taken place, I have 
 now the honor of offering my sincere congratulations to 
 Congress, and of presenting myself before them, to sur- 
 render into their hands the trust committed to me, and to 
 claim the indulgence of retiring from the service of my 
 country. 
 
 Happy in the confirmation of our independence and 
 sovereignty, and pleased with the opportunity afforded 
 the United States of becoming a respectable nation, I 
 resign with satisfaction the appointment I accepted with 
 diffidence ; a diffidence in my abilities to accomplish so 
 arduous a task ; which however was superseded by a con- 
 fidence in the rectitude of our cause, the support of the 
 supreme power of the Union, and the patronage of Heaven. 
 
 The successful termination of the war has verified the 
 most sanguine expectations ; and my gratitude for the 
 interposition of Providence, and the assistance I have re- 
 ceived from my countrymen, increases with every review 
 of the momentous contest. 
 
 While I repeat my obligations to the army in general, 
 I should do injustice to my ow T n feelings not to acknow- 
 ledge, in this place, the peculiar services and distinguished 
 merits of the gentlemen who have been attached to my 
 person during the war. It was impossible the choice 
 of confidential officers to compose my family should have 
 been more fortunate. Permit me, sir, to recommend, in 
 particular, those who have continued in the service to the 
 present moment, as worthy of the favorable notice and 
 patronage of Congress. 
 
 ] consider it an indispensable duty to close this last 
 act of my official life by commending the interests of our 
 dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and
 
 209 
 
 those who have the superintendence of them to his holy 
 keeping. 
 
 Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire 
 from the great theatre of action, and bidding an affec- 
 tionate farewell to this august body, under whose orders 
 I have so long acted, I here offer my commission, and 
 take my leave of all the employments of public life. 
 
 He then advanced and delivered to the President his commission, with 
 a copy of his address, and having resumed his place, the President 
 (THOMAS MIFFLIN) returned him the following answer : 
 
 SIR : The United States in Congress assembled receive, with emo- 
 tions too affecting for utterance, the solemn resignation of the authorities 
 under which you have led their troops with success through a perilous 
 and doubtful war. Called upon by your country to defend its invaded 
 rights, you accepted the sacred charge, before it had formed alliances, 
 and whilst it was without funds or a government to support you. You 
 have conducted the great military contest with wisdom and fortitude, 
 invariably regarding the rights of the civil power through all disasters 
 and changes. You have, by the love and confidence of your fellow- 
 citizens, enabled them to display their martial genius, and transmit their 
 fame to posterity. You have persevered till these United States, aided 
 by a magnanimous king and nation, have been enabled, under a just 
 Providence, to close the war in freedom, safety, and independence ; on 
 which happy event we sincerely join you in congratulations. 
 
 Having defended the standard of liberty in this new world ; having 
 taught a lesson useful to those who inflict and to those who feel oppres- 
 sion, you retire from the great theatre of action, with the blessings of 
 your fellow-citizens ; but the glory of your virtues will not terminate 
 with your military command ; it will continue to animate remotest ages. 
 
 We feel with you our obligations to the army in general, and will 
 particularly charge ourselves with the interests of those confidential 
 officers, who have attended your person to this affecting moment. 
 
 We join you in commending the interests of our dearest country to 
 the protection of Almighty God, beseeching him to dispose the hearts 
 and minds of its citizens to improve the opportunity afforded them of 
 becoming a happy and respectable nation. And for you we address to 
 him our earnest prayers, that a life so beloved may be fostered with all 
 his care ; that your days may be happy as they have been illustrious ; 
 and that he will finally give you that reward which this world cannot pjve
 
 210 
 
 ELECTION OF GEORGE WASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT 
 OF THE UNITED STATES, AND HIS INAUGURAL AD- 
 DRESS. 
 
 MONDAY, APRIL 6, 1789. 
 
 The President of the Senate, elected for the purpose of counting 
 the votes, declared to the Senate, that the Senate and House of 
 Representatives had met, and that he, in their presence, had opened 
 and counted the votes of the Electors for President and Vice Pre- 
 sident of the United States ; whereby it appears that 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON was unanimously elected President. 
 
 Whereupon the following certificate and letter, prepared by a 
 committee, consisting of Messrs. Paterson, Johnson, Lee, and 
 Ellsworth, were adopted by the Senate, and signed by their Pre- 
 sident. 
 
 Be it known, That the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
 United States of America, being convened in the city and State of New 
 York, the sixth day of April, in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven 
 hundred and eighty-nine, the underwritten, appointed President of the 
 Senate, for the sole purpose of receiving, opening, and counting the 
 votes of the Electors, did, in the presence of the said Senate and House 
 of Representatives, open all the certificates, and count all the votes of 
 the Electors for a President and for a Vice President ; by which it ap- 
 pears that GEORGE WASHINGTON, esq., was unanimously elected, 
 agreeably to the Constitution, to the office of President of the United 
 States of America. 
 
 In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and seal. 
 
 JOHN LANGDON. 
 
 NEW YORK, April 6, 1789. 
 
 SIR : I have the honor to transmit to your Excellency the information 
 of your unanimous election to the office of President of the United States 
 of America. Suffer me, sir, to indulge the hope, that so auspicious a 
 mark of public confidence will meet your approbation, and be considered 
 as a sure pledge of the affection and support you are to expect from a 
 tree and enlightened people. 
 
 I am, sir, with sentiments of respect, your obedient humble servant, 
 
 JOHN LANGDON. 
 To his Ex'cy GEORGE WASHINGTON, esq.
 
 211 
 
 THURSDAY, APIUL 30, 1789. 
 
 The oath of office having heen administered by the Chancellor 
 of the State of New York, in the presence of the Senate and 
 House of Representatives, to George Washington, President of the 
 United States, he then made the following Inaugural address : 
 
 Fellow-Citizens of the Senate, and 
 
 of the House of Representatives: 
 
 Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have filled 
 me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was 
 transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th day of the pre- 
 sent month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my country, 
 whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a 
 retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in 
 my flattering hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of 
 my declining years ; a retreat which was rendered every day more 
 necessary, as well as more dear to me, by the addition of habit to 
 inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my health, to the gra- 
 dual waste committed on it by time. On the other hand, the mag- 
 nitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my country 
 called me, being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most expe- 
 rienced of her citizens a distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications, 
 could not but overwhelm with despondence one, who, inheriting 
 inferior endowments from nature, and unpractised in the duties of 
 civil administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own 
 deficiencies. In this conflict of emotions, all I dare aver, is, that 
 it has been ray faithful study to collect my duty from a just appre- 
 ciation of every circumstance by which it might be affected. All 
 I dare hope, is, that if, in executing this task, I have been too 
 much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or 
 by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the con- 
 fidence of my fellow-citizens, and have thence too little consulted 
 my incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried 
 cares before me, my error will be palliated by the motives which 
 misled me, and its consequences be judged by my country, with 
 some share of the partiality in which they originated.
 
 212 
 
 Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to 
 the public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be 
 peculiarly improper to omit, in this first official act, my fervent sup- 
 plications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe 
 who presides in the councils of nations and whose providential 
 aids can supply every human defect, that his benediction may con- 
 secrate to the liberties and happiness of the people of the United 
 States, a government instituted by themselves, for these essential 
 purposes : and may enable every instrument employed in its admin- 
 istration to execute with success the functions allotted to his charge. 
 In tendering this homage to the Great Author of every public and 
 private good, I assure myself that it expresses your sentiments not 
 less than my own ; nor those of my fellow-citizens at large, less 
 than either. No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore 
 the invisible hand which conducts the affairs of men, more than 
 the people of the United States. Every step by which they have 
 advanced to the character of an independent nation, seems to have 
 been distinguished by some token of providential agency ; and in 
 the important revolution just accomplished in the system of their 
 united government, the tranquil deliberations, and voluntary con- 
 sent of so many distinct communities, from which the event has 
 resulted, cannot be compared with the means by which most go- 
 vernments have been established, without some return of pious 
 gratitude, along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings 
 which the past seem to presage. These reflections, arising out of 
 the present crisis, have forced themselves too strongly on my mind 
 to be suppressed. You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that 
 there are none, under the influence of which the proceedings of a 
 new and free government can more auspiciously commence. 
 
 By the article establishing the executive department, it is made 
 the duty of the President " to recommend to your -consideration 
 such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient." The 
 circumstances under which I now meet you will acquit me from 
 entering into that subject, farther than to refer to the great consti- 
 tutional charter under which you are assembled; and which, in de- 
 fining your powers, designates the objects to which your attention 
 is to be given. It will be more consistent with those circumstances,
 
 213 
 
 and far more congenial with the feelings which a;tuate me, to sub- 
 stitute, in place of a recommendation of particular measures, the 
 tribute that, is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the patriotism, 
 which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them. In 
 these honourable qualifications I behold the surest pledges that, as 
 on one side, no local prejudices or attachments, no separate views, 
 nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal 
 eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage of communi- 
 ties and interests ; so, on another, that the foundations of our na- 
 tional policy will he laid in the pure and immutable principles of 
 private morality ; and the pre-eminence of free government be ex- 
 emplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its 
 citizens, and command the respect of the world. I dwell on this 
 prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my coun- 
 try can inspire : since there is no truth more thoroughly established, 
 than that there exists in the economy and course of nature an indis- 
 soluble union between virtue and happiness between duty and 
 advantage between the genuine maxims of an honest and magna- 
 nimous policy, and the solid rewards of public prosperity and feli- 
 city ; since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious 
 smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards 
 the eternal rules of order and right, which Heaven itself has or- 
 dained ; and since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and 
 the destiny of the republican model of government, are justly con- 
 sidered as deeply, perhaps as finally, staked, on the experiment en- 
 trusted to the hands of the American people. 
 
 Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will re- 
 main with your judgment to decide, how far an exercise of the 
 occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution 
 is rendered expedient at the present juncture, by the nature of ob- 
 jections which have been urged against the system, or by the 
 degree of inquietude which has given birth to them. Instead of 
 undertaking particular recommendations on this subject, in which 
 I could be guided by no lights derived from official opportunities, 
 I shall again give way to my entire confidence in your discernment 
 and pursuit of the public good ; for, I assure myself, that whilst 
 you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the 
 
 22
 
 oenefits of an united and effective government, or which ought to 
 await the future lessons of experience, a reverence for the charac- 
 teristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the public harmony, 
 will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question, how 
 far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or the latter be 
 safely and advantageously promoted. 
 
 To the preceding observations I have one to add, Avhich will be 
 most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It con- 
 cerns myself, and will, therefore, be as brief as possible. When I 
 was first honored with a call into the service of my country, then 
 on the eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which 
 I contemplated my duty, required that I should renounce every 
 pecuniary compensation. From this resolution I have in no in- 
 stance departed ; and being still under the impressions which pro- 
 duced it, I must decline, as inapplicable to myself, any share in the 
 personal emoluments which may be indispensably included in a 
 permanent provision for the executive department; and must ac- 
 cordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which 
 I am placed, may, during my continuance in it, be limited to such 
 actual expenditures as the public good may be thought to require. 
 
 Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, as they have been 
 awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take 
 my present leave ; but not without resorting once more to the benign 
 Parent of the human race, in humble supplication, that, since he 
 has been pleased to favor the American people with opportunities 
 for deliberating in perfect tranquillity, and dispositions for decid- 
 ing, with unparalleled unanimity, on a form of government for the 
 security of their Union, and the advancement of their happiness, 
 so his Divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged 
 views, the temperate consultations, and the wise measures, on 
 which the succecs of this government must depend. 
 
 G. WASHINGTON. 
 
 APRIL 30, 1789.
 
 215 
 
 FAREWELL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRE 
 SIDENT, TO THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 SEPTEMBER 17, 1796. 
 
 Friends and Fellow-citizens . 
 
 The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the Ex- 
 ecutive Government of the United States being not far distant, and 
 the time actually arrived when your thoughts must he employed in 
 designating the person who is to be clothed with that important 
 trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a 
 more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now ap- 
 prize you of the resolution I have formed, to decline being con- 
 sidered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be 
 made. 
 
 I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured 
 that this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all 
 the considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful 
 citizen to his country ; and that, in withdrawing the tender of ser- 
 vice, which silence, in my situation, might imply, I am influenced 
 by no diminution of zeal for your future interest; no deficiency of 
 grateful respect for your past kindness ; but am supported by a full 
 conviction that the step is compatible with both. 
 
 The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to 
 which your suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform 
 sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of duty, and to a deference 
 for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly hoped that it 
 would have been much earlier in my power, consistently with mo- 
 tives which I was not at liberty to disregard, to return to that re- 
 tirement from which I had been reluctantly drawn. The strength 
 of my inclination to do this, previous to the last election, had even 
 led to the preparation of an address to declare it to you; but mature 
 reflection on the then perplexed and critical posture of our affairs 
 with foreign nations, and the unanimous advice of persons entitled 
 to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the idea. 
 
 1 rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as in-
 
 216 
 
 ternal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible 
 with the sentiment of duty or propriety ; and am persuaded, what- 
 ever partiality may be retained for my services, that, in the present 
 circumstances of our country, you will not disapprove my determi- 
 nation to retire. 
 
 The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust 
 were explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this 
 trust, I will only say, that I have with good intentions contributed 
 towards the organization and administration of the Government 
 the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment was capable. 
 Not unconscious in the outset of the inferiority of my qualifica- 
 tions, experience, in my own eyes perhaps still more in the eyes 
 of others has strengthened the motives to diffidence of myself; 
 and every day the increasing weight of years admonishes me, 
 more and more, that the shade of retirement is as necessary to me 
 as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any circumstances have 
 given peculiar value to my services, they were temporary, I have 
 the consolation to believe that, while choice and prudence invite 
 me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not forbid it. 
 
 In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate 
 the career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to sus- 
 pend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I 
 owe to my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred 
 upon me ; still more for the steadfast confidence with which it has 
 supported me; and for the opportunities I have thence enjoyed of 
 manifesting my inviolable attachment, by services faithful and per- 
 severing, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits 
 have resulted to our country from these services, let it always be 
 remembered to your praise, and as an instructive example in our 
 annals, that, under circumstances in which the passions, agitated 
 in every direction, were liable to mislead; amidst appearances 
 sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune often discouraging; in 
 situations in which, not unfrequently, want of success has counte- 
 nanced the spirit of criticism, the constancy of your support was 
 the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans, by 
 which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea,
 
 217 
 
 I shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to un- 
 ceasing vows, that Heaven may continue to you the choicest to- 
 kens of its beneficence; that your union and brotherly affection 
 may be perpetual; that the free Constitution, which is the work 
 of your hands, may be sacredly maintained; that its administra- 
 tion, in every department, may be stamped with wisdom and vir- 
 tue ; that, in fine, the happiness of the people of these States, un- 
 der the auspices of liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a 
 preservation and so prudent a use of this blessing as will acquire 
 to them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the affec- 
 tion, and the adoption of every nation which is yet a stranger 
 to it. 
 
 Here, perhaps, I ought to stop ; but a solicitude for your wel- 
 fare, which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension of 
 danger natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the 
 present, to offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend 
 to your frequent review, some sentiments, which are the result of 
 much reflection, of no inconsiderable observation, and which ap- 
 pear to me all-important to the permanency of your felicity as a 
 people. These will be afforded to you with the more freedom, as 
 you can only see in them the disinterested warnings of a parting 
 friend, who can possibly have no personal motive to bias his 
 counsel ; nor can I forget, as an encouragement to it, your indul- 
 gent reception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar 
 occasion. 
 
 Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your 
 hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or con- 
 firm the attachment. 
 
 The unity of government, which constitutes you one people, is 
 also now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is a main pillar in 
 the edifice of your real independence the support of your tran- 
 quillity at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your pros- 
 perity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it 
 is eac.y to foresee that, from different causes and from different 
 quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to 
 weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth : as this is '.ha 
 
 22*
 
 218 
 
 point in your political fortress against which the batteries of in- 
 ternal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively 
 (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite 
 moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of 
 your national union to your collective and individual happiness ; 
 that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attach- 
 ment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of 
 the palladium of your political safety and prosperity ; watching 
 for its preservation with jealous anxiety ; discountenancing what- 
 ever may suggest even a suspicion that it can, in any event, be 
 abandoned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of 
 every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, 
 or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various 
 parts. 
 
 For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. 
 Citizens by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has 
 a right to concentrate your affections. The name of American, 
 which belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt 
 the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from 
 local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you have 
 the same religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You 
 have, in a common cause, fought and triumphed together; the in- 
 dependence and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels 
 and joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. 
 
 But these considerations, however powerfully they address them- 
 selves to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which 
 apply more immediately to your interest ; here every portion of our 
 country finds the most commanding motives for carefully guarding 
 and preserving the union of the whole. 
 
 The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, pro- 
 tected by the equal laws of a common government, finds, in the 
 productions of the latter, great additional resources of maritime and 
 commercial enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing 
 industry. The South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the 
 agency of the North, sees its agriculture grow, and its commerce 
 expand. Turning partly into its own channels the seamen of the
 
 219 
 
 North, it finds its particular navigation invigorated ; and while it 
 contributes, in different ways, to nourish and increase the general 
 mass of the national navigation, it looks forward to the protection 
 of a maritime strength to which itself is unequally adapted. The 
 East, in like intercourse with the West, already finds, and in the 
 progressive improvement of interior communication, hy land and 
 water, will more and more find, a valuable vent for the commodi- 
 ties which it brings from abroad, or manufactures at home. The 
 West derives from the East supplies requisite to its growth and 
 comfort; and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must, 
 of necessity, owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for 
 its own productions, to the weight, influence, and the future mari- 
 time strength of the Atlantic side of the Union, directed by an indis- 
 soluble community of interest as one nation. Any other tenure by 
 which the West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived 
 from its own separate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural 
 connexion with any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious. 
 
 While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate 
 and particular interest in union, all the parts combined cannot fail 
 to find, in the united mass of means and efforts, greater strength, 
 greater resource, proportionably greater security from external dan- 
 ger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations ; 
 and what is of inestimable value, they must derive from union an 
 exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, which 
 so frequently afflict neighboring countries, not tied together by the 
 same government ; which their own rivalships alone would be suf- 
 ficient to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attach- 
 ments, and intrigues, would stimulate and imbitter. Hence, like- 
 wise, they will avoid the necessity of those over-grown military 
 establishments, which, under any form of government, are inaus 
 picious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hos- 
 tile to republican liberty ; in this sense it is that your union ought 
 to be considered as a main prop of your liberty, and that the love 
 of the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the other. 
 
 These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflect- 
 ing and virtuous mind, and exhibit the concinuance of the Union 
 as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt, whether
 
 220 
 
 a common government can embrace so large a sphere 1 Let expe- 
 rience solve it. To listen to mere speculation, in such a case, 
 were criminal. We are authorized to hope, that a proper organiza- 
 tion of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of governments for 
 the respective subdivisions, will afford a happy issue to the expe- 
 riment. It is well worth a fair and full experiment. With such 
 powerful and obvious motives to Union, affecting all parts of our 
 country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its imprac- 
 ticability, there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of 
 those, who, in any quarter, may endeavor to weaken its bands. 
 
 In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it 
 occurs, as a matter of serious concern, that any ground should have 
 been furnished for characterizing parties by geographical discrimi- 
 nations Northern and Southern Atlantic and Western: whence 
 designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real 
 difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of 
 party to acquire influence within particular districts, is to misre- 
 present the opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield 
 yourselves too much against the jealousies and heart-burnings 
 which spring from these misrepresentations ; they tend to render 
 alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by frater- 
 nal affection. The inhabitants of our western country have lately 
 had a useful lesson on this head ; they have seen in the negotiation 
 by the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate, 
 of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisfaction at that 
 event throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded 
 were the suspicions propagated among them, of a policy in the 
 General Government, and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their 
 interests in regard to the Mississippi : they have been witnesses to 
 the formation of two treaties that with Great Britain, and that 
 with Spain, which secure to them every thing they could desire in 
 respect to our foreign relations, towards confirming their prospe- 
 rity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of 
 these advantages on the Union by which they were procured 1 
 Will they not henceforth be deaf to these advisers, if such there 
 are, who would sever them from their brethren, and connect them 
 with aliens 1
 
 221 
 
 To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Government 
 for the whole is indispensable. No alliance, however strict be- 
 tween the parts, can be an adequate substitute ; they must inevi- 
 tably experience the infractions and interruptions which all alli- 
 ances, in all time, have experienced. Sensible of this momentous 
 truth, you have improved upon "your first essay, by the adoption 
 of a Constitution of Government better calculated than your former 
 for an intimate Union, and for the efficacious management of your 
 common concerns. This Government, the offspring' of our own 
 choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full investigation 
 and mature deliberation, completely free in its principles, in the 
 distribution of its powers, uniting security with energy, and con- 
 taining within itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just 
 claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its au- 
 thority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, 
 are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. 
 The bases of our political systems, is the right of the people to 
 make and to alter their constitutions of Government: but the Con- 
 stitution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit and 
 authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. 
 The very idea of the power, and the right of the people to establish 
 Government, pre-supposes the duty of every individual to obey the 
 established Government. 
 
 All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations 
 and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real 
 design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular delibera- 
 tion and action of the constituted authorities, are destructive to this 
 fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to or- 
 ganize faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force, to put 
 in the place of the delegated will of the nation, the will of a party, 
 often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the commu- 
 nity ; and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, 
 to make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted 
 and incongruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of con- 
 sistent and wholesome plans, digested by common counsels, and 
 modified by mutual interests.
 
 222 
 
 However combinations or associations of the above description 
 may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the 
 course of time and things, to become potent engines, by which 
 cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled men, will be enabled to sub- 
 vert the power of the people, and to usurp for themselves the reins 
 of Government; destroying, afterwards, the very engines which 
 had lifted them to unjust dominion. 
 
 Towards the preservation of your Government, and the perma- 
 nency of your present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you 
 steadily discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged 
 authoiity, but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation 
 upon its principles, however specious the pretexts. One method 
 of assault may be to effect, in the forms of the Constitution, altera- 
 tions which will impair the energy of the system, and thus to 
 undermine what cannot be directly overthrown. In all thehanges 
 to which you may be invited, remember that time and habit are at 
 least as necessary to fix the true character of governments as of 
 other human institutions ; that experience is the surest standard by 
 which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a 
 country; that facility in changes, upon the credit of mere hypo- 
 thesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual change, from the endless 
 variety of hypothesis and opinion ; and remember, especially, that 
 for the efficient management of your common interests, in a coun- 
 try so extensive as ours, a Government of as much vigor as is 
 consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indispensable. 
 Liberty itself will find in such a Government, with powers pro- 
 perly distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, 
 little else than a name, where the Government is too feeble to with- 
 stand the enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the society 
 within the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the 
 secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property. 
 
 I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the State, 
 with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical 
 discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, 
 and warn you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful 
 effects of the spirit of party generally.
 
 This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having 
 its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists 
 under different shapes, in all Governments, more or less stifled, 
 controlled, or repressed ; hut in those of the popular form it is seen 
 in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. 
 
 The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened 
 by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which, in dif- 
 ferent ages and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormi- 
 ties, is itself a frightful despotism. But this leads, at length, to a 
 more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries 
 which result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security 
 and repose in the absolute power of an individual ; and, sooner or 
 later, the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortu- 
 nate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of 
 his own elevation on the ruins of public liberty. 
 
 Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which, 
 nevertheless, ought not to be entirely out of sight,) the common and 
 continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the 
 interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. 
 
 It serves always to distract the public councils, and enfeeble the 
 public administration. It agitates the community with ill-founded 
 jealousies and false alarms ; kindles the animosity of one part 
 against another; foments, occasionally, riot and insurrection. It 
 opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a 
 facilitated access to the Government itself, through the channels 
 of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country 
 are subjected to the policy and will of another. 
 
 There is an opinion that parties, in free countries, are useful 
 checks upon the administration of the Government, and serve to 
 keep alive the spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is pro- 
 bably true; and in Governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism 
 may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of 
 party. But in those of the popular character, in Governments 
 purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their 
 natural tendency, it is certain there will always be enough of that 
 spirit for every salutary purpose. And there being constant danger
 
 224 
 
 of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to 
 mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands a 
 uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead 
 of warming, it should consume. 
 
 ; It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free 
 country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its adminis- 
 tration, to confine themselves within their respective constitutional 
 spheres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one department, 
 to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to 
 consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to 
 create, whatever the form of Government, a real despotism. A 
 just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it which 
 predominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the 
 truth of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the 
 exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into dif- 
 ferent depositories, and constituting each the guardian of the public 
 weal, against invasions by the others, has been evinced by experi- 
 ments, ancient and modern ; some of them in our own country, and 
 under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to 
 institute them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution 
 or modification of the constitutional powers be, in any particular, 
 wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the 
 Constitution designates. But let there be no change by usurpa- 
 tion ; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument of 
 good, it is the customary weapon by which free Governments are 
 destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in 
 permanent evil, any partial or transient benefit which the use can, 
 at any time, yield. 
 
 Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political pros- 
 perity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vain 
 would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor 
 to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest 
 props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, 
 equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. 
 A volume could not trace all their connexions with private and 
 public felicity. Let it simply be asked, where is the security for
 
 225 
 
 property, tor reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation 
 desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts 
 of justice 1 And let us with caution indulge the supposition, thai 
 morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be 
 conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar 
 structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that na- 
 tional morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principles. 
 
 It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary 
 spring of popular Government. The rule, indeed, extends with 
 more or less force to every species of free Government. Who, that 
 is a sincere friend to it, can look with indifference upon attempts 
 to shake the foundation of the fabric 1 ? 
 
 Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions 
 for the general diffusion of knowledge. In proportion as the struc- 
 ture of a Government gives force to public opinion, it is essential 
 that public opinion should be enlightened. 
 
 As a very important source of strength and security, cherish 
 public credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as spar- 
 ingly as possible ; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating 
 pea^ce, but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare 
 for danger, frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel 
 it; avoiding, likewise, the accumulation of debt, not only by shun- 
 ning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of 
 peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have 
 occasioned ; not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burden 
 which we ourselves ought to bear. The execution of these maxims 
 belongs to your representatives, but it is necessary that public 
 opinion should co-operate. To facilitate to them the performance 
 of their duty, it is essential that you should practically bear in 
 rnind, that towards the payment of debts there must be revenue; 
 that to have revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes can be de- 
 vised, which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant 
 that the intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection 
 of the proper objects, (which is always a choice of difficulties,) 
 ought to be a decisive motive for a candid construction of the con- 
 duct of 'ho Government in making it, and for a spirit of acquies- 
 
 23
 
 226 
 
 ceuce in the measures for obtaining revenue, which the public 
 exigencies may at any time dictate. 
 
 Observe good faith and justice towards all nations ; cultivate 
 peace and harmony with all ; religion and morality enjoin this con- 
 duct; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? 
 It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, 
 a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel 
 example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and be- 
 nevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course of time and things, 
 the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advan- 
 tages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it 1 Can it be 
 that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a na- 
 tion with its virtue ? The experiment, at least, is recommended by 
 every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas ! is it ren- 
 dered impossible by its vices'? 
 
 In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than 
 that permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations, 
 and passionate attachments for others, should be excluded; and 
 that, in place of them, just and amicable feelings towards all should 
 be cultivated. The nation which indulges towards another an 
 habitual hatred, or an habitual fondness, is, in some degree, a slave. 
 It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection ; either of which is 
 sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy 
 in one nation against another, disposes each more readily to offer 
 insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to 
 be haughty and intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions 
 of dispute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, 
 and bloody contests. The nation, prompted by ill will and re- 
 sentment, sometimes impels to war the Government, contrary to 
 the best calculations of policy. The Government sometimes par- 
 ticipates in the national propensity, and adopts, through passion, 
 what reason would reject; at other times it makes the animosity 
 of the nation subservient to projects of hostility, instigated by 
 pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The 
 peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations has been the 
 victim.
 
 227 
 
 So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation to anothei 
 produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, fa- 
 cilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases 
 where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the 
 enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the 
 quarrels and wars of the latter, without adequate inducement or 
 justification. It leads also to concessions to the favorite nation of 
 privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly to injure the na- 
 tion making the concessions ; by unnecessarily parting with what 
 ought to have been retained, and by exciting jealousy, ill will, and 
 a disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges 
 are "withheld ; and it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citi- 
 zens (who devote themselves to the favorite nation) facility to be- 
 tray, or sacrifice the interest of their own country, without odium ; 
 sometimes even with popularity ; gilding with the appearance of a 
 virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable deference for public 
 opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish 
 compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation. 
 
 As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such at- 
 tachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and 
 independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford to 
 tamper with domestic factions, to practise the art of seduction, to 
 mislead public opinion, to influence or awe the public councils ! 
 Such an attachment of a small or weak, towards a great and pow- 
 erful nation, dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. 
 
 Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you 
 to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought 
 to be constantly awake ; since history and experience prove that 
 foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican Go- 
 vernment. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial ; else 
 it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, in- 
 stead of a defence against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign 
 nation, and excessive dislike for another, cause those whom they 
 actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil, and even 
 second, the arts of influence on the other. Real patriots, >vho may 
 resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become suspected
 
 228 
 
 and odious ; while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and con- 
 fidence of the people, to surrender their interests. 
 
 The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, 
 in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little 
 political connexion as possible. So far as we have already formed 
 engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here 
 let us stop. 
 
 Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or 
 a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent 
 controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our 
 concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate 
 ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her poli- 
 tics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships 
 or enmities. 
 
 Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pur- 
 sue a different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient 
 Government, the period is not far off when we may defy material 
 injury from external annoyance ; when we may take such an atti- 
 tude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon, 
 to be scrupulously respected ; when belligerent nations, under the 
 impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly 
 hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may choose peace or 
 war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel. 
 
 Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation! Why 
 quit our own to stand upon foreign ground 1 Why, by interweav- 
 ing our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace 
 and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, 
 humor, or caprice ? 
 
 It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with 
 any portion of the foreign world ; so far, I mean, as we are now at 
 liberty to do it ; for let me not be understood as capable of patron- 
 ising infidelity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less 
 applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always 
 tne best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be 
 observed in their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unne- 
 cessary, and would be unwise to extend them.
 
 229 
 
 Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establish- 
 ments, on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to 
 temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies. 
 
 Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recom- 
 mended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our com- 
 mercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand ; neither 
 seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences; consulting 
 the natural course of things ; diffusing and diversifying, by gentle 
 moans, the streams of commerce, but forcing nothing; establish- 
 ing, with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable course, 
 to define the rights of our merchants, and to enable the Government 
 to support them, conventional rules of intercourse, the best that 
 present circumstances and mutual opinions will permit, but tempo- 
 rary, and liable to be, from time to time, abandoned or varied, as 
 experience and circumstances shall dictate; constantly keeping 
 in view, that it is folly in one nation to look for disinterested favors 
 from another; that it must pay, with a portion of its independence, 
 for whatever it may accept under that character; that by such ac- 
 ceptance it may place itself in the condition of having given equiva- 
 lents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude 
 for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to expect, 
 or calculate upon, real favors from nation to nation. It is an illu- 
 sion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to dis- 
 card. 
 
 In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and 
 affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and 
 lasting impression I could wish; that they will control the usual 
 current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the 
 course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations; but if I 
 may even flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial 
 benefit, some occasional good ; that they may now and then recur 
 to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs 
 of foreign intrigues, to guard against the impostures of pretended 
 patriotism ; this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude 
 for your welfare by which they have been dictated. 
 
 How far, in the discharge of my official duties, T have been 
 23*'
 
 230 
 
 guided by the principles which have been delineated, the public 
 records, and other evidences of my conduct, must witness to you 
 and the world. To myself, the assurance of my own conscience 
 is, that I have at least believed myself to be guided by them. 
 
 In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclama 
 tion of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned 
 by your approving voice, and by that of your Representatives in 
 both Houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually 
 governed me, uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me 
 from it. 
 
 After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I 
 could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the 
 circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in 
 duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it I 
 determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with 
 moderation, perseverance, and firmness. 
 
 The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct, 
 it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe, 
 that, according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so 
 far from being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been 
 virtually admitted by all. 
 
 The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without 
 any thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity 
 impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to main- 
 tain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other nations. 
 
 The inducements of interest, for observing that conduct, will 
 best be referred to your own reflections and experience. With me, 
 a predominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our 
 country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to pro- 
 gress, without interruption, to that degree of strength and con- 
 sistency which is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the 
 command of its own fortunes. 
 
 Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am 
 unconscious of intentional error ; I am, nevertheless, too sensible 
 of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed 
 many errors. Whatever they may be, J fervertly beseech the Al-
 
 231 
 
 mighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. 1 
 shall also carry with me the hope, that my country will nevei 
 cease to view them with indulgence ; and that, after forty-five 
 years of my life dedicated to its service with an upright zeal, the 
 faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as my- 
 self must soon be to the mansions of rest. 
 
 Relying on its kindness in this, as in other things, and actuated 
 by that fervent love towards it which is so natural* to a man who 
 views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for seve- 
 ral generations, I anticipate, with pleasing expectation, that retreat 
 in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet en- 
 joyment of partaking, in the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign 
 influence of good laws under a free Government the ever favorite 
 object of my heart and the happy reward, as I trust, of our mutual 
 cares, labors, and dangers. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 United States, 17lh September, 1796. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 
 APPOINTED LIEUTENANT-GENERAL AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF 
 OF ALL THE ARMIES RAISED OR TO BE RAISED IN THE UNITED 
 STATES, BY AND WITH THE ADVICE AND CONSENT OF THE 
 SENATE. July 3, 1798. 
 
 THE calm and peaceful retreat which the great Wash- 
 ington promised himself beneath his own vine and fig-tree, 
 in taking an affectionate leave of his fellow-citizens in nis 
 farewell address, was destined to be of short duration, for, 
 difficulties having arisen with the then existing government 
 of France, " the opinion was universally entertained, that 
 Washington must be called on to take the command of 
 the armies." The weight of his name and character was
 
 232 
 
 of the utmost importance to produce unanimity in the 
 leaders, and to secure the confidence and support of the 
 people. His extreme aversion to enter again into public 
 life was known ; but it was likewise well understood, tha. 
 it was a principle with him, from which he had never 
 deviated, that when his services were demanded by the 
 general voice* of his fellow-citizens, he never refused to 
 bestow them ;. under this impression, therefore, the Pre- 
 sident, John Adams, had made up his mind to nominate 
 him to the Senate in any event, both because he was the 
 best man, and because the nation would not be satisfied 
 with any other course, and he therefore declared to him 
 in a letter of the 22d June, 1798, that We must have 
 your name, if you will in any case permit us to use it. 
 There will be more efficacy in it than in many an army." 
 And the Secretary of War, James McHenry, on the 
 26th June, 1798, said to him You see how the storm 
 thickens, and that our vessel will soon require its ancient 
 pilot. Will you, may we flatter ourselves, that, in a 
 crisis so awful and important, you will accept the com- 
 mand of all our armies ? I hope you will, because you 
 alone can unite all hearts and all hands." To the Presi- 
 dent, Washington replied on the 4th July, 1798, that 
 " At the epoch of my retirement, an invasion of these 
 States by any European power, or even the probability 
 of such an event happening in my days, was so far from 
 being contemplated by me, that I had no conception that 
 that, or any other occurrence would arise in so short a 
 period, which could turn my eyes from the shades of 
 Mount Vernon. But this seems to be the age of wonders ; 
 and it is reserved for intoxicated and lawless France (for 
 nurposes of Providence far beyond the reach of human
 
 233 
 
 ken) to slaughter its own citizens, and to, disturb the re- 
 pose of all the world besides." 
 
 " From a view of the past and the present, and from 
 the prospect of that which seems to be expected, it is not 
 easy for me to decide, satisfactorily, on the part it might 
 best become me to act. In case of actual invasion by a 
 formidable force, I certainly should not intrench myself 
 under the cover of age (67) and retirement, if my ser- 
 vices should be required by my country to assist in re- 
 pelling it." 
 
 To the Secretary of War, Washington replied also on 
 the 4th July, 1798, " The sentiments, which I mean to 
 express to you in this letter on the subject of yours, shall 
 be frank, undisguised and explicit ; for I see, as you do, 
 that clouds are gathering, and that a storm may ensue ; 
 and I find, too, from a variety of hints, that my quiet 
 under these circumstances does not promise to be of long 
 continuance. 
 
 It cannot be necessary for me to premise to you, or 
 to others, who know my sentiments as well, that, to quit 
 the tranquil walks of retirement, and enter a boundless 
 field of responsibility and trouble, would be productive 
 of sensations, which a better pen than I possess would 
 find it difficult to describe. Nevertheless, the principles 
 by which my conduct has been actuated through life 
 would not suffer me, in any great emergency, to withhold 
 any services I could render, required by my country; 
 especially in a case where its dearest rights are assailed 
 by lawless ambition and intoxicated power, contrary to 
 every principle of justice, and in violation of solemn com- 
 pacts and laws, which govern all civilized nations ; and 
 this, too, with the obvious intent to sow A hick the seeds
 
 234 
 
 of disunion, for the purpose of subjugating the govern- 
 ment, and destroying our independence and happiness." 
 
 "In circumstances like these, accompanied by an 
 actual invasion of our territorial rights, it would be diffi- 
 cult at any time for me to remain an idle spectator under 
 the plea of age or retirement. With sorrow, it is true, I 
 should quit the shades of my peaceful abode, and the 
 ease and happiness I now enjoy, to encounter anew the 
 turmoils of war, to which, possibly, my strength and 
 powers might be found incompetent. These, however, 
 should not be stumbling-blocks in my own way." 
 
 " As my whole life has been dedicated to my country 
 in one shape or another, for the poor remains of it, it is 
 not an object to contend for ease and quiet, when all that 
 is valuable in it is at stake, further than to be satisfied 
 that the sacrifice I should make of these is acceptable 
 and desired by my country." 
 
 Before the reception of these communications from Washington, the 
 following proceedings took place : 
 
 IN EXECUTIVE SESSION, SENATE OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES. 
 
 MONDAY, JULY 2, 1798. 
 
 The following written message was received from the President of the 
 United States, by Mr. Malcom his secretary : 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate : 
 
 I nominate George Washington, of Mount Vernon, to 
 be Lieutenant-general and Commander-in-chief of all the 
 armies raised, or to be raised, in the United States. 
 
 United States, July 2, 1798. J HN ADAMS. 
 
 The message was road. 
 
 Ordered, That it lie for consideration.
 
 235 
 
 TUESDAY, JULY 3, 1798. 
 
 Ths Senate took into consideration the message of the President of 
 the United States, of the 2d instant, arid the nomination contained there- 
 in, of George Washington, to office. Whereupon, 
 
 On the question to advise and consent to the appointment, it was de- 
 termined in the affirmative : Yeas, 24. 
 
 The yeas and nays being required by one-fifth of the Senators present, 
 Those who voted in the affirmative, are Messrs. Anderson, Bingham, 
 Brown, Chipman, Clayton, Foster, Goodhue, Greene, Hillhouse, How- 
 ard, Langdon, Latimer, Laurance, Livermore, Martin, Mason, North, 
 Paine, Read, Rutherford, Sedgwick, Stockton, Tazewell and Tracy. 
 
 So it was, 
 
 Resolved, unanimously, That they do advise and con- 
 sent to the appointment, agreeably to the nomination. 
 
 The following correspondence then ensued : 
 
 Extract of a letter from John Adnms, President of the United States, 
 to James McHenry, Secretary of War : 
 
 "Philadelphia, July 6, 1798. 
 
 DEAR SIR, It is my desire, that you embrace the 
 first opportunity to set out on your journey to Mount 
 Vernon, and wait on General Washington with the com- 
 mission of lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of 
 the armies of the United States, which, by the advice 
 and consent of the Senate, has been signed by me. 
 . " The reasons and motives, which prevailed with me 
 to venture on such a step as the nomination of this great 
 and illustrious character, whose voluntary resignation 
 alone occasioned my introduction to the office I now 
 hold, were too numerous to be detailed in this letter, and 
 are too obvious and important to escape the observation 
 of any part of America or Europe. But, as it is a move- 
 ment of great delicacy, it will require all your address to 
 communicate the subject in a manner that shall be inof-
 
 236 
 
 fensive to his feelings, and consistent with all the respect 
 that is due from me to him. 
 
 " If the General should decline the appointment, all 
 the world will be silent and respectfully acquiesce. If 
 he should accept it, all the world, except the enemies of 
 this country, w r ill rejoice. If he should come to no deci- 
 sive determination, but take the subject into considera- 
 tion, I shall not appoint any other lieutenant-general till 
 his conclusion is known." 
 
 His advice in the formation of a list of officers would 
 be extremely desirable to me." Particularly I wish to 
 have his opinion of the men most suitable for inspector- 
 general, adjutant-general, and quartermaster-general." 
 
 " His opinion on all subjects w r ould have great weight ; 
 and I wish you to obtain from him as much of his reflec- 
 tions upon the times and the service as you can." 
 
 Philadelphia, July 7, 1798. 
 
 DEAR SIR, Mr. McHenry, the Secretary of War, will 
 have the honor to wait on you, in my behalf, to impart 
 to you a step I have ventured to take, and which I should 
 have been happy to have communicated in person, if 
 such a journey had been at this time in my power. As 
 I said in a former letter, if it had been in my power to 
 nominate you to be President of the United States, I 
 should have done it with less hesitation and more plea- 
 sure. My reasons for this measure will be too well 
 known to need any explanation to the public. Every 
 friend and every enemy of America w r ill comprehend 
 them at first blush. To you, sir, I owe all the apologies 
 I can make. The urgent necessity I am in of yo.ir
 
 237 
 
 advice and assistance, indeed of your conduct and direc- 
 tion of the war, is all I can urge, and that is a sufficient 
 justification to myself and the world. I hope it will be 
 so considered by yourself. Mr. McHenry will have the 
 honor to consult you upon the organization of the army, 
 and upon every thing relating to it. 
 
 With the highest respect, I have the honor to be, sir, 
 your most obedient and most humble servant, 
 
 JOHN ADAMS. 
 
 Mount Vernon, July 13, 1798. 
 
 DEAR SIR, I had the honor, on the evening of the 
 llth instant, to receive from the hands of the Secretary 
 of War your favor of the 7th, announcing that you had, 
 with the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed me 
 lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of all the 
 armies raised or to be raised for the service of the United 
 States. 
 
 I cannot express how greatly affected I am at this 
 new proof of public confidence, and the highly flattering 
 manner in which you have been pleased to make the 
 communication ; at the same time I must not conceal 
 from you my earnest wish, that the choice had fallen on 
 a man less declined in years, and better qualified to en- 
 counter the usual vicissitudes of war. 
 
 You know, sir, what calculations I had made relative 
 to the orobable course of events on my retiring from 
 office, ana the determination I had consoled myself with, 
 of closing the remnant of my days in my present peace- 
 ful abode. You will, therefore, be at no loss to conceive 
 and appreciate the sensations I must have experienced, 
 to bring my mind to any conclusion that would pledge 
 
 24
 
 238 
 
 me, at so late a period of life, to leave scenes I sincerel) 
 love, to enter upon the boundless field of public action, 
 incessant trouble, and high responsibility. 
 
 It was not possible for me to remain ignorant of, or 
 indifferent to, recent transactions. The conduct of the 
 Directory of France towards our country, their insidious 
 hostilities to its government, their various practices to 
 withdraw the affections of the people from it, the evident 
 tendency of their arts and those of their agents to coun- 
 tenance and invigorate opposition, their disregard of 
 solemn treaties and the laws of nations, their war upon 
 our defenceless commerce, their treatment of our minister 
 of peace, and their demands, amounting to tribute, could 
 not fail to excite in me corresponding sentiments with 
 those which my countrymen have so generally expressed 
 in their affectionate addresses to you. Believe me, sir, 
 no one can more cordially approve of the wise and pru- 
 dent measures of your administration. They ought to 
 inspire universal confidence, and will, no doubt, combined 
 with the state of things, call from Congress such laws 
 and means as will enable you to meet the full force and 
 extent of the crisis. 
 
 Satisfied, therefore, thai you have sincerely wished 
 and endeavoured to avert war, and exhausted to the last 
 drop the cup of reconciliation, we can with pure hearts 
 appeal to Heaven for the justice of our cause, and may 
 confidently trust the final result to that kind Providence, 
 which has heretofore and so often signally' favored the 
 people of these United States. 
 
 Thinking in this manner, and feeling how incumbent 
 it is upon every person of every description to contribute 
 at all times to his country's welfare, and especially in a
 
 239 
 
 moment like the present, when every thing we hold dear 
 is so seriously threatened, I have finally determined to 
 accept the commission of commander-iri-chief of the 
 armies of the United States ; with the reserve only, that 
 I shall not be called into the field until the army is in a 
 situation to require my presence, or it becomes indis- 
 pensable by the urgency 6f circumstances. 
 
 In making this reservation, I beg to be understood, 
 that I do not mean to withhold any assistance to arrange 
 and organize the army, which you may think I can 
 afford. I take the liberty also to mention, that I must 
 decline having my acceptance considered as drawing 
 after it any immediate charge upon the public, and that 
 I cannot receive any emoluments annexed to the appoint- 
 ment, before entering into a situation to incur expense. 
 
 The Secretary of War being anxious to return to the 
 seat of government, I have detained him no longer than 
 was necessary to a full communication upon the several 
 points he had in charge. 
 
 With very great respect and consideration, I have the 
 honor to be, &c. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON.
 
 240 
 
 TO THE MEMORY OF 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 
 BORN FEBRUARY 22, 1732. DIED AT MOUNT VERNON, DECEMBER 14, 1799. 
 
 THE illustrious Washington having filled the measure 
 of his country's glory and exalted his own political and 
 military fame and private character far above the standard 
 of excellence attained by the greatest man of modern or 
 ancient times ; and having, on every occasion, performed 
 his duty to his country, not only with that fidelity and 
 devotion which became a good citizen, but with that 
 wisdom, affection, and paternal solicitude which have 
 obtained for him, by the unanimous voice of mankind, 
 the title of " Father of his Country," was called, on 
 the 14th December, 1799, by the ALMIGHTY FATHER OF 
 HEAVEN, we hope, to the enjoyment of that rich reward 
 which is reserved for those who act well their part on 
 earth.
 
 241 
 
 The universal gloom which pervaded the hearts of his 
 countrymen on that solemn occasion, seems so far to 
 have commingled with the veneration for his character 
 which has been transmitted to posterity, as to inspire in 
 the patriot's heart an indescribable awe in approaching 
 the mementos of his glory, around which there is a halo 
 so brilliant and penetrating as to reach the inmost intel- 
 ligence of man, and to purify the moral and intellectual 
 being, by the contemplation of every attribute that was 
 excellent and noble in human nature. It is salutary to 
 remember the outpourings of affection and sorrow on the 
 departure of those whose virtues and goodness have en- 
 deared them to our hearts, it elevates the finer feelings 
 of our nature, as the presence of innocence promotes the 
 contemplation of that angelical virtue. 
 
 The sons and daughters of America mourned the loss 
 their country had sustained in the death of their Wash- 
 ington, with a cause of sorrow which no other people, in 
 any case, to the same extent could plead ; their govern- 
 ment, in unison with the feelings of the people, demon- 
 strated that grief in measures of respect and veneration 
 worthy of a nation's affection and a nation's gratitude, 
 and long long may the remembrance of those deep 
 and sincere effusions of affection and gratitude continue 
 to warm the hearts of the American people. There let 
 the memory of Washington be enshrined, and his private 
 virtues and patriotic ardor will continue to animate this 
 people to the remotest generation. It is proposed to 
 conclude this chapter by consecrating the proceedings and 
 measures of the Government on that memorable occasion 
 
 TO THE MEMORY OF 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 24*
 
 242 
 
 IN THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
 
 AMERICA. 
 
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 
 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 19, 1799. 
 
 The House of Representatives of the United States, having received 
 intelligence of the death of their highly valued fellow-citizen, George 
 Washington, General of the armies of the United States, and sharing 
 the universal grief this distressing event must produce, 
 
 Unanimously resolve: 
 
 1. That this House will wait on the President of the United 
 States, in condolence of this national calamity. 
 
 2. That the Speaker's chair be shrouded with black, and that 
 the members and officers of the House wear mourning, during the 
 session. 
 
 3. That a joint committee of both Houses be appointed to report 
 measures suitable to the occasion, and expressive of the profound 
 sorrow with which Congress is penetrated on the loss of a citizen 
 
 FIRST IN WAR, FIRST IN PEACE, AND FIRST IN THE HEARTS OF HIS 
 COUNTRYMEN.* 
 
 4. That when this House adjourns, it will adjourn until Mondaj 
 
 next. 
 
 Ordered, That Mr. Marshall and Mr. Smith be appointed a committee 
 to wait on the President of the United States, to know when arid where 
 he will receive this House for the purpose expressed in the first resolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Ordered, That Mr. Marshall, Mr. Craik, Mr. Henry Lee, Mr. Eggles- 
 ton, Mr. Smith, Mr. Stone, Mr. Rutledge, Mr. Abiel Foster, Mr. Muh- 
 lenberg, Mr. Van Cortlandt, Mr. Dwight Foster, Mr. Franklin Daven- 
 port, Mr. Claiborne, Mr. Morris, Mr. John Brown, and Mr. Taliaferro, 
 be a committee, jointly with such committee as may be appointed on 
 the part of the Senate, for the purpose expressed in the third resolution. 
 
 Ordered, That the clerk of this House do acquaint the Senate there- 
 with. 
 
 A written message was received from the President of the United 
 States, by Mr. Shaw, his secretary, which, together with the letter ac- 
 
 * The resolutions were drawn by Gen. Henry Lee and introduced t>y Job? Mar- 
 shall, Representative from Virginia.
 
 243 
 
 companying the same, was read, and referred to the committee last ap- 
 pointed, and is as follows : 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate, and 
 
 Gentlemen of the House of Representatives : 
 
 The letter herewith transmitted will inform you that it 
 has pleased Divine Providence to remove from this life 
 our excellent fellow-citizen GEORGE WASHINGTON, by the 
 purity of his character, and a long- series of services to 
 his country, rendered illustrious through the world. It 
 remains for an affectionate and grateful people, in whose 
 hearts he can never die, to pay suitable honors to his 
 memory. 
 
 JOHN ADAMS. 
 
 United Slates, December 19, 1799. 
 
 "Mount fernon, December 15, 1799. 
 
 "SiR: It is with inexpressible grief that I have to announce to 
 you the death of the great and good General Washington. He 
 died last evening, between ten and eleven o'clock, after a short ill- 
 ness of about twenty hours. His disorder was an inflammatory 
 sore throat, which proceeded from a cold, of which he made but 
 little complaint on Friday. On Saturday morning, about three 
 o'clock, he became ill : Doctor Craik attended him in the morning, 
 and Doctor Dick, of Alexandria, and Doctor Brown, of Port To- 
 bacco, were soon after called in. Every medical assistance was 
 offered, but without the desired effect. His last scene corresponded 
 with the whole tenor of his life: not a groan nor a complaint 
 escaped him in extreme distress. With perfect resignation, and in 
 full possession of his reason, he closed his well-spent life. 
 
 "I have the honor to be, with the highest respect, sir, your most 
 obedient and very humble servant, 
 
 "TOBIAS LEAR. 
 
 " The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES." 
 
 Mr. Marshall, from the committee appointed to wail on the President 
 of the United States, to know when and where it will be convenient for
 
 244 
 
 him to receive this House, in condolence of the national calamity, re- 
 ported that the committee had, according to order, performed that ser- 
 vice, and that the President signified to them it would be convenient for 
 him to receive this House at one o'clock this afternoon, at his own 
 house. 
 
 A message from the Senate, by Mr. Otis, their secretary: 
 Mr. Speaker : The Senate have agreed to the resolution passed by the 
 House of Representatives for the appointment of a joint committee of 
 both Houses to report measures suitable to the occasion, and expressive 
 of the profound sorrow with which Congress is penetrated on the loss 
 of a citizen first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his 
 countrymen ; and have appointed Mr. Dayton, Mr. Bingham, Mr. Dex- 
 ter, Mr. Gunn, Mr. Lawrence, and Mr. Tracey, a committee on their 
 part. 
 
 And then he withdrew. 
 
 - The Speaker, attended by the House, then withdrew to the house of 
 the President of the United States, when Mr. Speaker addressed the 
 President as follows : 
 
 SIR : The House of Representatives, penetrated with 
 a sense of the irreparable loss sustained by the nation in 
 the death of that great and good man, the illustrious and 
 beloved Washington, wait on you, sir, to express their 
 condolence on this melancholy and distressing event. 
 
 To which the President replied as follows : 
 
 Gentlemen of the House of Representatives: 
 
 I receive, with great respect and affection, the condo- 
 lence of the House of Representatives, on the melan- 
 choly and affecting event, in the death of the most illus- 
 trious and beloved personage which this country ever 
 produced. I sympathize with you, with the nation, and 
 with good men through the world, in this irreparable loss 
 sustained by us all. 
 
 JOHN ADAMS. 
 
 United Slates, December 19, 1799.
 
 245 
 
 MONDAY, DECEMBER 23, 1799. 
 
 Mr. Marshall, from the joint committee appointed to prepare and re- 
 port measures suitable to the occasion, and expressive of the profound 
 sorrow with which Congress is penetrated on the loss of their highly 
 valued fellow-citizen, George Washington, General of the armies of the 
 United States, made a report, in part; which he delivered in at the 
 clerk's table, where the same was twice read and considered: Where- 
 upon, 
 
 It was resolved, that the House do unanimously agree to the following 
 resolutions, to wit : 
 
 Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That a marble monument 
 be erected by the United States, in the Capitol, at the city of 
 Washington ; and that the family of General Washington be re- 
 quested to permit his body to be deposited under it ; and that the 
 monument be so designed as to commemorate the great events of 
 his military and political life. 
 
 And be it further resolved, That there be a funeral procession from 
 Congress Hall to the German Lutheran Church, in honor of the 
 memory of General George Washington, on Thursday, the twenty- 
 sixth instant, and that an oration be prepared at the request of Con- 
 gress, to be delivered before both Houses, on that day ; and that 
 the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives be desired to request one of the members of Congress 
 to prepare and deliver the same. 
 
 And be it further resolved, That it be recommended to the people 
 of the United States to wear crape on the left arm, as mourning, 
 for thirty days. 
 
 And be it further resolved, That the President of the United 
 States be requested to direct a copy of these resolutions to be trans- 
 mitted to Mrs. Washington, assuring her of the profound respect 
 Congress will ever bear to her person and character; of their con 
 dolence on the late afflicting dispensation of Providence; and en- 
 treating her assent to the interment of the remains of General 
 George Washington in the manner expressed in the first resi. 
 lution. 
 
 And be it further resolved, That the President of the United
 
 246 
 
 States be requested to issue a proclamation, notifying to the people 
 throughout the United States the recommendation contained in the 
 third resolution. 
 
 Ordered, That the clerk of this House do cany the said resolutions to 
 the Senate, and desire their concurrence. 
 A message from the Senate, by Mr.Otis, their secretary: 
 Mr. Speaker: The Senate have agreed to the resolutions passed by the 
 House of Representatives, directing certain measures to be taken suitable 
 to the occasion, and expressive of the profound sorrow with which Con- 
 gress is penetrated on the loss of their highly valued fellow-citizen, 
 George Washington, General of the armies of the United States. 
 
 TUESDAY, DECEMBER 24, 1799. 
 
 Mr. Gray, from the joint committee for enrolled bills, reported that 
 the committee had examined the enrolled resolutions directing certain 
 measures to be taken in honor of the memory of General George Wash- 
 ington, and had found the same to be truly enrolled : Whereupon, 
 
 Mr. Speaker signed the said enrolled resolutions. 
 
 Ordered, That the clerk of this House do acquaint the Senate there- 
 with. 
 
 Mr. Wadsworth, from the joint committee for enrolled bills, reported 
 that the committee did, this day, present to the President of the United 
 States, for his approbation, the enrolled resolutions directing certain 
 measures to be taken in honor of the memory of General George Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 A message was received from the President of the United States, by 
 Mr. Shaw, his secretary, notifying that the President did, this day, ap- 
 prove and sign the enrolled resolutions, which originated in this House, 
 in honor of the memory of General George Washington. 
 
 The Speaker informed the House, that, conformably to the resolution 
 of Congress, the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House 
 of Representatives had requested Major General Henry Lee, one of the 
 Representatives from the State of Virginia, to prepare and deliver a 
 funeral oration before both houses, on Thursday, the twenty-sixth instant, 
 in honor of the memory of George Washington, late General of the 
 armies of the United States ; and that Mr. Lee had been pleased to ac- 
 cept of the appointment. 
 
 On motion, the House adjourned until Thursday morning, half-past ten 
 3' clock.
 
 247 
 
 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 26, 1799. 
 
 This being the day appointed by the resolution of Congress for the 
 funeral procession in honor of the memory of George Washington, late 
 General of the armies of the United States, the House proceeded to the 
 German Lutheran Church, where they attended the funeral oration pre- 
 pared and delivered on the occasion by Major General Lee, one of the 
 members of this House for the State of Virginia : 
 
 FUZTZiRAX. ORATION. 
 
 IN obedience to your will, I rise your humble organ, 
 with the hope of executing a part of the system of public 
 mourning which you have been pleased to adopt, com- 
 memorative of the death of the most illustrious and most 
 beloved personage this country has ever produced ; and 
 which, while it transmits to posterity your sense of the 
 awful event, faintly represents your knowledge of the 
 consummate excellence you so cordially honor. 
 
 Desperate indeed is any attempt on earth to meet cor- 
 respondingly this dispensation of Heaven ; for, while with 
 pious resignation we submit to the will of an all-gracious 
 Providence, we can never cease lamenting, in our finite 
 view of Omnipotent Wisdom, the heart-rending privation 
 for which our nation weeps. When the civilized world 
 shakes to its centre ; when every moment gives birth to 
 strange and momentous changes ; when our peaceful 
 quarter of the globe, exempt as it happily has been from 
 any share in the slaughter of the human race, may yet be 
 compelled to abandon her pacific policy, and to risk the 
 doleful casualties of war : What limit is there to the 
 extent of our loss ? None within the reach of my words 
 to express; none which your feelings will not disavow.
 
 248 
 
 The founder of our federate republic our bulwark in 
 \\ar, our guide in peace, is no more ! Oh that this were 
 but questionable ! Hope, the comforter of the wretched, 
 would pour into our agonizing hearts its balmy dew. 
 But, alas ! there is no hope for us ; our Washington is 
 removed forever! Possessing the stoutest frame, and 
 purest mind, he had passed nearly to his sixty-eighth 
 year, in the enjoyment of high health, when, habituated 
 by his care of us to neglect himself, a slight cold, dis- 
 regarded, became inconvenient on Friday, oppressive on 
 Saturday, and, defying every medical interposition, before 
 the morning of Sunday, put an end to the best of men. 
 An end did I say ? his fame survives ! bounded only 
 by the limits of the earth, and by the extent of the human 
 mind. He survives in our hearts, in the growing know- 
 ledge of our children, in the affections of the good 
 throughout the world; and when our monuments shall 
 be done away ; when nations now existing shall be no 
 more ; when even our young and far-spreading empire 
 shall have perished, still will our Washington's glory un- 
 laded shine, and die not, until love of virtue cease on 
 earth, or earth itself sinks into r.haos. 
 
 How, my fellow'-citizens, shall I single to your grateful 
 hearts his pre-eminent worth! Where shall I begin in 
 opening to your view a character throughout sublime? 
 Shall I speak of his warlike achievements, all springing 
 from obedience to his country's will all directed to his 
 country's good ? 
 
 Will you go with me to the banks of the Monongahela, 
 to see your youthful Washington, supporting, in the dismal 
 hour of Indian victory, the ill-fated Braddock, and saving, 
 by his judgment and by his valor, the remains of a de-
 
 249 
 
 feated army, pressed by the conquering savage foe ? Or, 
 when oppressed America, nobly resolving to risk her all 
 in defence of her violated rights, he was elevated by the 
 unanimous voice of Congress to the command of her 
 armies : Will you follow him to the high grounds of 
 Boston, where to an undisciplined, courageous, and vir 
 tuous yeomanry, his presence gave the stability of system, 
 and infused the invincibility of love of country ; or shall 
 I carry you to the painful scenes of Long Island, York 
 Island and New Jersey, when, combating superior and 
 gallant armies, aided by powerful fleets, and led by chiefs 
 nigh in the roll of fame, he stood, the bulwark of our safety ; 
 undismayed by disaster ; unchanged by change of for 
 tune. Or will you view him in the precarious fields of 
 Trenton, where deep gloom unnerving every arm, reigned 
 triumphant through our thinned, worn down, unaided 
 ranks ; himself unmoved. Dreadful was the night. It 
 was about this time of winter the storm raged the 
 Delaware rolling furiously with floating ice, forbade the 
 approach of man. Washington, self-collected, viewed 
 the tremendous scene his country called ; unappalled 
 by surrounding dangers, he passed to the hostile shore ; 
 he fought ; he conquered. The morning sun cheered the 
 American world. Our country rose on the event; and 
 her dauntless chief, pursuing his blow, completed in the 
 lawns of Princeton, what his vast soul had conceived on 
 the shores of Delaware. 
 
 Thence to the strong grounds of Morristown he led his 
 small but gallant band ; and through an eventful winter, 
 by the high efforts of his genius, whose matchless force 
 was measurable only by the growth of difficulties, he 
 held in check formidable hostile legions, conducted by a 
 
 25
 
 250 
 
 chief experienced in the art of war, and famed for his 
 valor on the ever memorable heights of Abraham, where 
 fell Wolfe, Montcahn, and since, our much lamented 
 Montgomery all covered with glory. In this fortunate 
 interval, produced by his masterly conduct, our fathers, 
 ourselves, animated by his resistless example, rallied 
 around our country's standard, and continued to follow 
 her beloved chief through the various and trying scenes 
 to which the destinies of our Union led. 
 
 Who is there that has forgotten the vales of Brandy- 
 wine the fields of Germantown or the plains of Mon- 
 mouth ? Everywhere present, wants of every kind 
 obstructing, numerous and valiant armies encountering, 
 himself a host, he assuaged our sufferings, limited oui 
 privations, and upheld our tottering republic. Shall I 
 display to you the spread of the fire of his soul, by 
 rehearsing the praises of the Hero of Saratoga, and his 
 much loved compeer of the Carolinas ? No ; our Wash- 
 ington wears no borrowed glory : to Gates to Greene, 
 he gave without reserve the applause due to their emi- 
 nent merit ; and long may the chiefs of Saratoga, and 
 of Eutaws, receive the grateful respect of a grateful 
 people. 
 
 Moving in his own orbit, he imparted heat and light to 
 his most distant satellites ; and combining the physical 
 and moral force of all within his sphere, with irresistible 
 weight he took his course, commiserating folly, disdaining 
 vice, dismaying treason, and invigorating despondency; 
 until the auspicious hour arrived, when, united with the 
 intrepid forces of a potent and magnanimous ally, he 
 brought to submission the since conqueror of India ; thus 
 finishing his long career of military glory with a lustre
 
 251 
 
 corresponding to his great name, and in this his last "act 
 of war affixing the seal of fate to our nation's birth. 
 
 To the horrid din of battle sweet peace succeeded , 
 and our virtuous chief, mindful only of the common good, 
 in a moment tempting personal aggrandizement, hushed 
 the discontents of growing sedition ; and, surrendering his 
 power into the hands from which he had received it, con- 
 verted his sword into a ploughshare, teaching an admiring 
 world that to be truly great, you must be truly good. 
 
 Was I to stop here, the picture would be incomplete, 
 and the task imposed unfinished. Great as was our 
 Washington in war, and as much as did that greatness 
 contribute to produce the American Republic, it is not in 
 war alone his pre-eminence stands conspicuous. His 
 various talents combining all the capacities of a states- 
 man with those of a soldier, fitted him alike to guide the 
 councils and the armies of our nation. Scarcely had he 
 rested from his martial toils, while his invaluable parental 
 advice was still sounding in our ears, when he who had 
 been our shield and our sword, was called forth to act a 
 loss splendid but more important part. 
 
 Possessing a clear and penetrating mind, a strong and 
 sound judgment, calmness and temper for deliberation, 
 with invincible firmness, and perseverance in resolutions 
 maturely formed, drawing information from all, acting 
 from himself, with incorruptible integrity and unvarying 
 patriotism : his own superiority and the public confidence 
 alike marked him as the man designed by Heaven to lead 
 in the great political as well as military events which 
 have distinguished the era of his life. 
 
 The finger of an overruling providence, pointing at 
 Washington, was neither mistaken nor unobserved ;
 
 252 
 
 when, to realize the vast hopes to which our revolution 
 had given birth, a change of political system became 
 indispensable. 
 
 How novel, how grand the spectacle ! Independent 
 states stretched over an immense territory, and known 
 only by common difficulty, clinging to their union as the 
 rock of their safety, deciding by frank comparison of 
 their relative condition, to rear on that rock, under the 
 guidance of reason, a common government, through 
 whose commanding protection, liberty and order, with 
 their long train of blessings, should be safe to them- 
 selves, and the sure inheritance of their posterity. 
 
 This arduous task devolved on citizens selected by the 
 people, from knowledge of their wisdom and confidence 
 in their virtue. In this august assembly of sages and 
 patriots, Washington of course was found ; and, as if 
 acknowledged to be most wise, where all were wise, with 
 one voice he was declared their chief. How well he 
 merited this rare distinction, how faithful were the labours 
 of himself and his compatriots, the work of their hands 
 and our union, strength and prosperity, the fruits of that 
 work, best attest. 
 
 But to have essentially aided in presenting to his 
 country this consummation of her hopes, neither satisfied 
 the claims of his fellow-citizens on his talents, nor those 
 duties which the possession of those talents imposed. 
 Heaven had not infused into his mind such an uncommon 
 share of its ethereal spirit to remain unemployed, nor 
 bestowed on him his genius unaccompanied with the cor- 
 responding duty of devoting it to the common good. To 
 have framed a Constitution, was showing only, without 
 ealizing, the general happiness. This great work re-
 
 253 
 
 mained to be done ; and America, steadfast in her prefer- 
 ence, with one voice summoned her beloved Washington, 
 unpractised as he was in the duties of civil administra- 
 tion, to execute this last act in the completion of the 
 national felicity. Obedient to her call, he assumed the 
 high office with that self-distrust peculiar to his innate 
 modesty, the constant attendant of pre-eminent virtue. 
 What was the burst of joy through our anxious land on 
 this exhilarating event is known to us all. The aged, 
 the young, the brave, the fair, rivaled each other in 
 demonstrations of their gratitude ; and this high-wrought, 
 delightful scene was heightened in its effect, by the sin- 
 gular contest between the zeal of the bestowers and the 
 avoidance of the receiver of the honors bestowed. Com- 
 mencing his administration, what heart is not charmed 
 with the recollection of the pure and wise principles an- 
 nounced by himself, as the basis of his political life. He 
 best understood the indissoluble union between virtue and 
 happiness, between duty and advantage, between the 
 genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy, 
 and the solid rewards of public prosperity and individual 
 felicity ; watching with an equal and comprehensive eye 
 over this great assemblage of communities and interests, 
 he laid the foundations of our national policy in the un- 
 erring, immutable principles of morality, based on reli- 
 gion, exemplifying the pre-eminence of a free govern- 
 ment ; by all the attributes which win the affections of 
 its citzens, or command the respect of the world. 
 
 " fortunatos minium, sua si bona norint !" 
 
 Leading through the complicated difficulties produced 
 by previous obligations and conflicting interests, seconded 
 
 25*
 
 by succeeding houses of Congress, enlightened and pa- 
 triotic, he surmounted all original obstruction, and bright- 
 ened the path of our national felicity. 
 
 The presidential term expiring, his solicitude to ex- 
 change exaltation for humility returned with a force 
 increased with increase of age ; and he had prepared his 
 farew r ell address to his countrymen, proclaiming his inten- 
 tion, when the united interposition of all around him, 
 enforced by the eventful prospects of the epoch, produced 
 a further sacrifice of inclination to duty. The election 
 of President followed, and Washington, by the unani- 
 mous vote of the nation, was called to resume the Chief 
 Magistracy. What a wonderful fixture of confidence ! 
 Which attracts most our admiration, a people so correct, 
 or a citizen combining an assemblage of talents forbid- 
 ding rivalry, and stifling even envy itself? Such a nation 
 ought to be happy, such a chief must be for ever revered. 
 
 War, long menaced by the Indian tribes, now broke 
 out; and the terrible conflict, deluging Europe with 
 blood, began to shed its baneful influence over our 
 happy land. To the first, outstretching his invincible 
 arm, under the orders of the gallant Wayne, the Ameri- 
 can eagle soared triumphant through distant forests. 
 Peace followed victory ; and the melioration of the con- 
 dition of the enemy followed peace. Godlike virtue, 
 which uplifts even the subdued savage. 
 
 To the second he opposed himself. New and delicate 
 was the conjuncture, and great was the stake. Soon did 
 his penetrating mind discern and seize the only course, 
 continuing to us all the felicity enjoyed. He issued his 
 proclamation of neutrality. This index to his whole 
 subsequent conduct was sanctioned by the approbation
 
 255 
 
 of both houses of Congress, and by the approving voice 
 of the people. 
 
 To this sublime policy he inviolably adhered, unmoved 
 by foreign intrusion, unshaken by domestic turbulence. 
 
 " Justum et tenacem propositi virum, 
 Non civium ardor prava jubentium, 
 Non vultus instantis tyranni, 
 Mente quatit folida." 
 
 Maintaining his pacific system at the expense of no 
 duty, America, faithful to herself, and sustained in her 
 honor, continued to enjoy the delights of peace, while 
 afflicted Europe mourns in every quarter under the accu- 
 mulated miseries of an unexampled war ; miseries in 
 which our happy country must have shared, had not our 
 pre-eminent Washington been as firm in council as he 
 was brave in the field. 
 
 Pursuing steadfastly his course, he held safe the public 
 happiness, preventing foreign war, and quelling internal 
 discord, till the revolving period of a third election 
 approached, when he executed his interrupted but inex- 
 tinguishable desire of returning to the humble walks of 
 private life. 
 
 The promulgation of his fixed resolution stopped the 
 anxious wishes of an affectionate people,* from adding a 
 third unanimous testimonial of their unabated confidence 
 in the man so long enthroned in their hearts. When be 
 fore was affection like this exhibited on earth ? Turn 
 over the records of ancient Greece ! Review the annals 
 of mighty Rome ! Examine the volumes of modern 
 Europe ; you search in vain. America and her Wash- 
 ington only afford the dignified exemplification. The
 
 256 
 
 illustrious personage called by the national voice in suc- 
 cession to the arduous office of guiding a free people, 
 had new difficulties to encounter. The amicable effort 
 of settling our difficulties with France, begun by Wash- 
 ington, and pursued by his successor in virtue as in sta- 
 tion, proving abortive, America took measures of self- 
 defence. No sooner was the public mind roused by a 
 prospect of danger, than every eye was turned to the 
 friend of all, though secluded from public view, and gray 
 in public service. The virtuous veteran following his 
 plough, received the unexpected summons with mingled 
 emotions of indignation at the unmerited ill-treatment of 
 his country, and of a determination once more to risk 
 his all in her defence. 
 
 The annunciation of these feelings, in his affecting 
 letter to the President, accepting the command of the 
 army, concludes his official conduct. 
 
 First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his 
 countrymen, he was second to none in the humble and 
 endearing scenes of private life: pious, just, humane, 
 temperate, and sincere, uniform, dignified, and com- 
 manding, his example was as edifying to all around him 
 as were the effects of that example lasting. 
 
 To his equals he was condescending ; to his inferiors 
 kind ; and to th'e dear object of his affections exemplarily 
 tender. Correct throughout, vice shuddered in his pre- 
 sence, and virtue always felt his fostering hand ; the 
 purity of his private character gave effulgence to his 
 public virtues. 
 
 His last scene comported with the whole tenor of his 
 life ; although in extreme pain, not a sigh, not a groan 
 escaped him ; and with undisturbed serenity he closed
 
 257 
 
 his well-spent life. Such was the man America has lost . 
 such was the man for whom our nation mourns ! Methinks 
 I see his august image, and hear, falling from his vener- 
 able lips, these deep-sinking words : 
 
 " Cease, sons of America, lamenting our separation : 
 go on, and confirm by your wisdom the fruits of our joint 
 councils, joint efforts, and common dangers. Reverence 
 religion ; diffuse knowledge throughout your land ; patron- 
 ize the arts and sciences ; let liberty and order be in- 
 separable companions; control party-spirit, the bane of 
 free government ; observe good faith to, and cultivate 
 peace with all nations ; shut up every avenue to foreign 
 influence ; contract rather than extend national con- 
 nexion; rely on yourselves only; be American in thought 
 and deed. Thus will you give immortality to that union, 
 which was the constant object of my terrestrial labours. 
 Thus will you preserve undisturbed to the latest posterity 
 the felicity of a people to me most dear ; and thus v> ill 
 you supply (if my happiness is now aught to you) the 
 only vacancy in the round of pure bliss high Heaven 
 bestows." 
 
 FRIDAY, DECEMBER 27, 1799. 
 
 On a motion made and seconded that the House do come to the follow- 
 ing resolution, to wit : 
 
 The House of Representatives of the United States, highly 
 gratified with the manner in which Mr. Lee has performed the ser- 
 vice assigned to him, under the resolution desiring the President of 
 the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives to request 
 one of the members of Congress to prepare and deliver a funeral 
 oration on the death of George Washington ; and desirous of com- 
 municating to their fellow-citizens, through the medium of the
 
 258 
 
 press, those sentiments of respect for the character, of gratitude. 
 for the services, and of grief for the death, of that illustrious per- 
 sonage, which, felt by all, have, on this melancholy occasion, been 
 so well expressed : 
 
 Resolved, That the Speaker present the thanks of this House to 
 Mr. Lee, for the oration delivered by him to both Houses of Con- 
 gress on Thursday, the twenty -sixth instant ; and request that he 
 will permit a copy thereof to be taken for publication : 
 
 The question was taken that the House do agree to the same, 
 And unanimously resolved in the affirmative. 
 
 MONDAY, DECEMBER 30, 1799. 
 
 The Speaker informed the House that, in pursuance of the resolution 
 of Friday last, he had addressed to Major General Henry Lee, one of 
 the members for the State of Virginia, the following letter : 
 
 "Philadelphia, December 27, 1799. 
 
 "DEAR SIR: The enclosed resolutions, which unanimously passed 
 the House of Representatives this day, will make known to you 
 how highly they have been gratified with the manner in which you 
 have performed the service assigned to you, in preparing and de- 
 livering a funeral oration on the death of General Washington. 
 That our constituents may participate in the gratification we have 
 received from your having so well expressed those sentiments of 
 respect for the character, of gratitude for the services, and of grief 
 for the death, of that illustrious personage, I flatter myself you will 
 not hesitate to comply with the request of the House, by furnishing 
 a copy of your oration, to be taken for publication. 
 
 "Allow me, while performing this pleasing task of official duty 
 in communicating an act of the representatives of the people, so 
 just to you and so honorable to themselves, to embrace the oppor- 
 tunity to declare that 
 
 " I am, personally, with great esteem and sincere regard, deai 
 sir, your friend and obedient servant, 
 
 "THEODORE SEDGWICK. 
 
 "The honorable Maj. Gen. LEE." 
 
 To which Mr. Lee had replied as follows :
 
 259 
 
 "Franklin Court, December 28, 1799. 
 
 " DEAR SIR : I owe to the goodness of the House of Representa- 
 tives the honor which their resolutions confer on my humble efforts 
 to execute their wish. 
 
 " I can never disobey their will, and therefore will furnish a 
 copy* of the oration delivered on the late afflicting occasion, much 
 as 1 had flattered myself with a different disposition of it. 
 
 " Sincerely reciprocating the personal consideration with which 
 you honor me, I am, very respectfully, sir, your friend and obedient 
 servant, 
 
 * HENRY LEE. 
 
 "The SPEAKER of the House of Representatives." 
 
 Mr. Marshall, from the joint committee appointed to prepare and report 
 measures in honor of the memory of General George Washington, made 
 a further report, in part ; which was read and considered: Whereupon, 
 
 It was unanimously resolved that the House do agree to the following 
 resolutions : 
 
 Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That it be recommended 
 to the people of the United States to assemble, on the twenty- 
 second day of February next, in such numbers and manner as may 
 be convenient, publicly to testify their grief for the death of Gene- 
 ral George Washington, by suitable eulogies, orations, and dis- 
 courses, or by public prayers. f 
 
 And it is further resolved, That the President be requested to 
 issue a proclamation, for the purpose of carrying the foregoing reso- 
 lution into effect. 
 
 Ordered, That the clerk of this House do carry the said resolutions to 
 the Senate, and desire their concurrence. 
 
 * Vide the Oration, page 217. 
 
 t In conformity with this recommendation, the people of every city, town, vii- 
 Iagf;.and hamlet, whose numbers were swelled by the neighboring country-people, 
 assembled, and with deep devotion rendered tlteir heartfelt tribute of affection for 
 the memory of the Father of their Country. This outpouring of gratitude and 
 affection of a nation of free citizens has never been equalled more nearly than by 
 the spontaneous and universal demonstration of this NATIONAL VIRTUE on the oc- 
 casion of the visit of General Lafayette to the United States, in 124. 

 
 260 
 
 [These resolutions were agreed to by the Senate on the 31st December, 
 1799, and approved by the President of the United States on the 6th 
 January, 1800.] 
 
 MONDAY, JANUARY 6, 1800. 
 
 A message was received from the President of the United States, by 
 Mr. Adams, notifying that the President did, this day, approve and sign 
 certain enrolled resolutions, which originated in this House, directing 
 further measures in honor of the memory of General George Washington. 
 
 Ordered, That the clerk of this House do acquaint the Senate there- 
 with. 
 
 WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 8, 1800. 
 
 A message, in writing, was received from the President of the United 
 States, by Mr. Shaw, his secretary, as followeth: 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate, and 
 
 Gentlemen of the House of Representatives . 
 
 In compliance with the request in one of the resolutions of Con- 
 gress of the twenty-first of December last, I transmitted a copy of 
 those resolutions, by my secretary, Mr. Shaw, to Mrs. Washing- 
 ton, assuring her of the profound respect Congress will ever bear 
 to her person and character; of their condolence in the late afflict- 
 ing dispensation of Providence ; and entreating her assent to the 
 iritermentT)f the remains of General George Washington, in the 
 manner expressed in the first resolution. As the sentiments of 
 that virtuous lady, not less beloved by this nation than she is at 
 present greatly afflicted, can never be so well expressed as in her 
 own words, I transmit to Congress her original letter. 
 
 It would be an attempt of too much delicacy to make any com- 
 ments upon it ; but there can be no doubt that the nation at large, 
 as well as all the branches of the Government, will be highly 
 gratified by any arrangement which may diminish the sacrifice she 
 makes of her individual feelings. 
 
 JOHN ADAMS. 
 
 United States, January 6, 1800. 
 
 The letter referred to in the said message is as follows :
 
 261 
 
 ((Mount Vernon, December 31, 1799. 
 
 " SIR : While I feel, with keenest anguish, the late dis- 
 pensation of Divine Providence, I cannot be insensible to 
 the mournful tributes of respect and veneration which are 
 paid to the memory of my dear deceased husband ; and, 
 as his best services and most anxious wishes were always 
 devoted to the welfare and happiness of his country, to 
 know that they were truly appreciated and gratefully re- 
 membered affords no inconsiderable consolation. 
 
 " Taught, by that great example which I have so long 
 had before me, never to oppose my private wishes to the 
 public will, I must consent to the request made by Con- 
 gress, which you have had the goodness to transmit to 
 me ; and, in doing this, I need not, I cannot, say what a 
 sacrifice of individual feeling I make to a sense of public 
 duty. 
 
 With grateful acknowledgments and unfeigned thanks 
 for the personal respect and evidences of condolence ex- 
 pressed by Congress and yourself, I remain, very respect- 
 fully, sir, your most obedient humble servant, 
 
 "MARTHA WASHINGTON." 
 
 The said message, and letter accompanying the same, were read, and 
 ordered to be referred to the joint committee appointed the nineteenth 
 ultimo, on receipt of the intelligence of the death of General George 
 Washington, to prepare and report measures suitable to the occasion. 
 
 FKIDAT, MARCH 28, 1800. 
 On motion, 
 
 Resolved, That all letters and packets to Mrs. Martha Washington, 
 relict of the late General George Washington, shall be received and con- 
 veyed by post, free from postage, for and during her life. 
 
 Ordered, That a bill or bills be brought in pursuant to the said resolu- 
 tion ; and that Mr. Henry Lee, Mr. Kittera and Mr. Dennis, do prepare 
 and bring in the same. 
 
 26
 
 262 
 
 Mr. Henry Lee, from the committee appointed, presented, according 
 to order, a hill to extend the privilege of franking letters and packages 
 to Martha Washington ; which was received, and read the first time. 
 
 On motion, the said bill was read the second time, and ordered to be 
 engrossed, and read the third time on Monday next. 
 
 MONDAY, MARCH 31, 1800. 
 
 An engrossed bill to extend the privilege of franking letters and pack- 
 ages to Martha Washington, was read the third time. 
 
 Resolved, That the said bill do pass : 
 
 AN ACT to extend the privilege of franking letters and 
 packages to Martha Washington. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 
 tives of the United States of America in Congress as- 
 sembled, That all letters and packages to and from Martha 
 Washington, shall be received and conveyed by post free 
 of postage, for and during her life. 
 
 [This act was passed by the Senate on the 1st of April, and approved 
 by the President of the United States, on the 3d April, 1800.] 
 
 IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 19, 1799. 
 
 The following written message was received from the President of the 
 United States, by Mr. Shaw, his secretary : 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate, and 
 
 Gentlemen of the House of Representatives : 
 The letter herewith transmitted* will inform you that it 
 has pleased Divine Providence to remove from this life 
 
 * See letter from Tobias Lear on page 243.
 
 263 
 
 our excellent fellow- citizen George Washington ; by the 
 purity of his character, and a long series of services to 
 his country rendered illustrious through the world. It 
 remains for an affectionate and grateful people, in whose 
 hearts he can never die, to pay suitable honors to his 
 memory. JOHN ADAMS. 
 
 United States, December 19, 1799. 
 
 The message and letter were read. 
 Ordered, That they lie for consideration. 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Oswald, in the 
 absence of their clerk : 
 
 Mr. President: The House of Representatives having received intelli- 
 gence of the death of their highly- valued fellow-citizen, General George 
 Washington, and sharing the universal .grief this distressing event must 
 produce, have Resolved, That a joint committee be appointed, to report 
 measures suitable to the occasion, and expressive of the profound sorrow 
 with which Congress is penetrated on the loss of a citizen, first in war, 
 first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen ; and having ap- 
 pointed a committee on their part, desire the concurrence of the Senate. 
 And he withdrew. 
 
 The Senate proceeded to consider the foregoing resolution of the House 
 of Representatives. Whereupon, 
 
 Resolved, That they do concur therein, and that Messrs. Dayton, Bing- 
 ham, Dexter, Gunn, Laurance, Tracy, and Read, be the committee on 
 the part of the Senate. 
 
 Ordered, That the Secretary acquaint the House of Representatives 
 with the concurrence. 
 
 On motion, 
 
 Resolved, That the Senate will wait on the President of the United 
 States, to condole with him on the distressing event of the death of Gene- 
 ral George Washington ; and that a committee be appointed to prepare, 
 for that occasion, an address to the President of the United States, ex- 
 pressive of the deep regret of the Senate ; and that this committee con- 
 sist of Messrs. Dexter, floss, and Read. 
 
 On motion, 
 
 Resolved, That the chairs in the Senate chamber be covered, and the 
 room hung with black, and that each member, and the officers of the
 
 264 
 
 .Senate, go into mourning, by the usual mode of wearing a crape round 
 the left arm, during the session. 
 The Senate adjourned to 11 o'clock on Monday morning. 
 
 MONDAY, DECEMBER 23, 1799. 
 
 Mr. Dexter, from the committee, appointed for the purpose on the 18th 
 inst., reported the draught of an address to the President of the United 
 States, on the death of General George Washington; which being read 
 in paragraphs, was adopted, as follows : 
 
 To the President of the United States : 
 
 The Senate of the United States respectfully take leave, 
 sir, to express to you their deep regret for the loss their 
 country sustains in the death of General George Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 This event, so distressing to all our fellow-citizens, 
 must be peculiarly heavy to you, who have long been as- 
 sociated with him in deeds of patriotism. Permit us, sir, 
 to mingle our tears with yours ; on this occasion it is 
 manly to weep. To lose sugh a man, at such a crisis, is 
 no common calamity to the world : our country mourns 
 her Father. The Almighty Disposer of human events has 
 taken from us our greatest benefactor and ornament. It 
 becomes us to submit with reverence to him who ' maketh 
 darkness his pavilion." 
 
 With patriotic pride we review the life of our Wash- 
 ington, and compare him with those of other countries, 
 who have been pre-eminent in fame. Ancient and modern 
 names are diminished before him. Greatness and guilt 
 have too often been allied ; but his fame is whiter than it 
 is brilliant. The destroyers of nations stood abashed at 
 the majesty of his virtue. It reproved the intemperance 
 of their ambition, and darkened the splendor of victory. 
 The scene is closed, and we are no longer anxious lest
 
 265 
 
 misfortune should sully his glory ; he has travelled to the 
 end of his journey, and carried with him an increasing 
 weight of honor; he has deposited it safely, where mis- 
 fortune cannot tarnish it, where malice cannot blast it. 
 Favored of Heaven, he departed without exhibiting the 
 weakness of humanity. Magnanimous in death, the dark- 
 ness of the grave could not obscure his brightness. 
 
 Such was the man whom we deplore. Thanks to God! 
 his glory is consummated ; Washington yet lives on earth 
 in his spotless example his spirit is in heaven. 
 
 Let his countrymen consecrate the memory of the he- 
 roic general, the patriotic statesman, and the virtuous 
 sage ; let them teach their children never to forget that the 
 fruit of his labors and his example are their inheritance. 
 
 SAMUEL LIVERMORE, 
 President of the Senate, pro tempore. 
 
 Ordered, That the committee who prepared the address, wait on the 
 President of the United States, and desire him to acquaint the Senate at 
 what time and place it will be most convenient for him that it should be 
 presented. 
 
 Mr. Dexter reported, from the committee, that they had waited on the 
 President of the United States, and that he had acquainted them that he 
 would receive the address of the Senate immediately, at his own house. 
 
 Whereupon, the Senate waited on the President of the United States, 
 and the President of the Senate, in their name, presented the address 
 this day agreed to. 
 
 To which the President of the United States was pleased to make the 
 following reply : 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate ; 
 
 I receive, with the most respectful and affectionate 
 sentiments, in .this impressive address, the obliging ex- 
 pressions of your regard for the loss our country has sus* 
 
 26*
 
 266 
 
 tained in the death of her most esteemed, beloved, and 
 admired citizen. 
 
 In the multitude of my thoughts and recollections on 
 this melancholy event, you will permit me only to say, 
 that I have seen him in the days of adversity, in some of 
 the scenes of his deepest distress and most trying per- 
 plexities : I have also attended him in his highest eleva- 
 tion, and most prosperous felicity, with uniform admiration 
 of his wisdom, moderation, and constancy. 
 
 Among all our original associates in that memorable 
 league of the continent in 1774, which first expressed the 
 sovereign will of a free nation in America, he was the 
 only one remaining in the general government. 
 
 Although, with a constitution more enfeebled than his, 
 at an age when he thought it necessary to prepare for re- 
 tirement, I feel myself alone, bereaved of my last brother; 
 yet I derive a strong consolation from the unanimous dis- 
 position which appears, in all ages and classes, to mingle 
 their sorrows with mine, on this common calamity to the 
 world. 
 
 The life of our Washington cannot suffer by a com- 
 parison with those of other countries who have been most 
 celebrated and exalted by fame. The 'attributes and 
 decorations of royalty could have only served to eclipse 
 the majesty of those virtues which made him, from being 
 a modest citizen, a more resplendent luminary. Misfor- 
 tune, had he lived, could hereafter have sullied his glory 
 only with those superficial minds, who, believing that cha- 
 racters and actions are marked by success alone, rarely de- 
 serve to enjoy it. Malice could never blast his honor, and 
 envy made him a singular exception to hei> universal rule. 
 For himself, he had lived enough to life, and to glory.
 
 267 
 
 For his fellow-citizens, if their prayers could have been 
 answered, he would have been immortal. For me, his 
 departure is at a most unfortunate moment. Trusting, 
 however, in the wise and righteous dominion of Provi- 
 dence over the passions of men, and the results of their 
 councils and actions, as well as over their lives, nothing 
 remains for me but humble resignation. 
 
 His example is now complete, and it will teach wisdom 
 and virtue to magistrates, citizens, and men, not only in 
 the present age, but in future generations, as long as our 
 history shall be read. If a Trajan found a Pliny, a Mar- 
 cus Aurelius can never want biographers, eulogists, or 
 historians. JOHN ADAMS. 
 
 United Slates, December 23, 1799. 
 
 The Senate returned to their own chamber. 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Condy, their 
 Clerk: 
 
 Mr. President: The joint committee appointed on the part of the 
 House of Representatives, on the 19th instant, on the receipt of the in- 
 telligence of the death of General George Washington, having made 
 report to that House, they have agreed to sundry resolutions thereupon, 
 in which they desire the concurrence of the Senate. And he withdrew. 
 
 Mr. Dayton, from the joint committee, appointed the 19th instant, on 
 the part of the Senate, on the receipt of the intelligence of the death of 
 General George Washington, reported in past, and the report was agreed 
 to. Whereupon, 
 
 Resolved, unanimously, That the Senate do concur in the aforesaid 
 resolutions. 
 
 THURSDAY, DECEMBER 26, 1799. 
 
 In conformity to the resolve of the 23d instant, the Senate went in 
 procession to the German Lutheran Church, where was delivered an 
 oration* in honor of the memory of General George Washington. After 
 which, they returned to their own chamber ; and 
 
 Adjourned to 11 o'clock to-morrow morning. 
 
 * See oration of Henry Lee, p. 247
 
 268 
 
 FRIDAY, DECEMBER 27, 1799. 
 
 On motion, 
 
 Resolved, That the thanks of the Senate be communicated, through 
 k heir President, to General Henry Lee, for the eloquent and impressive 
 oration to the memory of General George Washington, which he pre- 
 pared and delivered at the request of Congress. 
 
 Resolved, That the Secretary be directed to apply to General Lee for 
 a copy of the same.
 
 269 
 
 CHAPTER 5. 
 
 INAUGURAL ADDRESSES OF THE PATRIOTS AND SAGES 
 OF THE REVOLUTION, WHO WERE ELEVATED BY THE 
 SUFFRAGES OF THEIR FELLOW-CITIZENS TO THE 
 OFFICE OF PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. In seeking, among the great mass of literary matter that has 
 emanated from the able and intelligent minds and honest hearts of 
 the statesmen of the Revolution, for compositions or productions 
 which imbody more completely than any others, and within the 
 smallest compass, the true principles, objects, 'and designs, duties 
 and responsibilities, of the American Government under the Con- 
 stitution, none can be found comparable to the inaugural addresses 
 of those wise and true patriots who brought with them to the pre- 
 sidential office, not only the experience they had acquired in those 
 times when the energies and resources of the stoutest hearts and 
 ablest minds were constantly in requisition, but the advantages of 
 the highest intelligence, resulting from that investigation of causes, 
 and deliberation upon effects, constituting the prominent character- 
 istics of truly great minds. These worthy spirits had witnessed 
 and felt the oppression of the colonial system of bondage ; the 
 want of a general government for the United Colonies in the com- 
 mencement and progress of the Revolution; the total inefficiency 
 of the old form of government under the Confederation ; and some 
 had taken part in, while all had been eye-witnesses of, the efficient 
 and paternal administration of government under the Constitution 
 by the great and good Washington. The sentiments and princi- 
 ples emanating from such sources, upon a subject so momentous, 
 cannot fail to be highly interesting and instructive to the young 
 statesmen and patriots of our country ; while, to every American 
 citizen capable of reading and understanding, they will be an in 
 valuable means of judging properly of the views and princip^s
 
 270 
 
 of the public men who may be candidates for their suffrage and 
 favor ; for, if their declarations and sentiments contradict those 
 contained in these inaugural addresses, doubts may well be enter- 
 tained of their soundness or sincerity, and every man will be jus- 
 tified, in the exercise of his birthright as an American citizen, in 
 supporting the Constitution as understood and executed by its 
 fratners and best friends. 
 
 2. THE INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHING- 
 
 TON, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 APRIL 30, 1789, 
 (Will be found with his political acts in Chapter 4, p. 211.) 
 
 3. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT 
 
 OP THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 MARCH 4, 1797. 
 
 When it was first perceived, in early times, that no middle 
 course for America remained between unlimited submission to a 
 foreign legislature and a total independence of its claims, men of 
 reflection were less apprehensive of danger from the formidable 
 power of fleets and armies they must determine to resist, than from 
 those contests and dissensions which would certainly arise con- 
 cerning the forms of government to be instituted over the whole 
 and over the parts of this extensive country. Relying, however, 
 on the purity of their intentions, the justice of their cause, and the 
 integrity and intelligence of the people, under an overruling Pro- 
 vidence, which had so signally protected this country from the 
 first, the representatives of this nation, then consisting of little 
 more than half its present number, not only broke to pieces the 
 chains which were forging, and the rod of iron that was lifted up, 
 but frankly cut asunder the ties which had bound them, and 
 launched into an ocean of uncertainty. 
 
 The zeal and ardor of the people, during the revolutionary war, 
 supplying the place of government, commanded a degree of order, 
 sufficient at least for the temporary preservation of society. The 
 Confederation, which was early felt to be necessary, was prepared 
 from the models of the Batavian and Helvetic confederacies the 
 only examples which remain, with any detail and precision, in 
 history, and certainly the only ones which the people at large had 
 f.ver considered. But, reflecting on the striking difference, in so 
 inany particulars, between this country and those where a courier
 
 271 
 
 may go from the seat of government to the frontier in a single day, 
 it was then certainly foreseen, by some who assisted in Congress 
 at the formation of it, that it could not be durable. 
 
 Negligence of its regulations, inattention to its recommenda- 
 tions, if not disobedience to its authority, not only in individuals, 
 but in States, soon appeared, with their melancholy consequences ; 
 universal languor; jealousies and rivalries of States; decline of 
 navigation and commerce; discouragement of necessary manufac- 
 tures; universal fall in the value of lands and their produce; con- 
 tempt of public and private faith ; loss of consideration and credit 
 with foreign nations; and, at length, in discontents, animosities, 
 combinations, partial conventions, and insurrection, threatening 
 some great national calamity,. 
 
 In this dangerous crisis, the people of America were not aban- 
 doned by their usual good sense, presence of mind, resolution, or 
 integrity. Measures were pursued to concert a plan to form a 
 more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquillity, 
 provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and 
 secure the blessings of liberty. The public disquisitions, discus- 
 sions, and deliberations, issued in the present happy constitution 
 of government. 
 
 Employed in the service of my country abroad during the whole 
 lourse of these transactions, 1 first saw the Constitution of the 
 United States in a foreign country. Irritated by no literary alter- 
 cation, animated by no public debate, heated by no party animo- 
 sity, I read it with great satisfaction, as the result of good heads, 
 prompted by good hearts as an experiment, better adapted to the 
 genius, character, situation, and relations, of this nation and coun- 
 try, than any which had ever been proposed or suggested. In its 
 general principles and great outlines, it was conformable to such a 
 system of government as 1 had ever most esteemed, and in some 
 States, my own native State in particular, had contributed to esta- 
 blish. Claiming a right of suffrage, in common with my fellow- 
 citizens, in the adoption or rejection of a Constitution which was 
 to rule me and my posterity, as well as them and theirs, I did not 
 hesitate to express my approbation of it, on all occasions, in public 
 and in private. It was not then, nor has been since, any objection 
 to it, in my mind, that the Executive and Senate were not more 
 permanent. Nor have I ever entertained a thought of promoting 
 any alteration in it, but such as the people themselves, in the 
 course of their experience, should see and feel to be necessary or 
 expedient, and, by their representatives in Congress and the State 
 legislatures, according to the Constitution itself, adopt and ordain. 
 
 Returning to the bosom of my country, after a painful separation 
 from it, for ten years, I had the honor to be elected to a station 
 under the new order of things, arid I have repeatedly laid myself
 
 272 
 
 under the most, serious obligations to support the Constitution. 
 The operation of it has equalled the most sanguine expectations 
 of its friends; and, from an habitual attention to it, satisfaction in 
 its administration, and delight in its effects upon the peace, order, 
 prosperity and happiness of the nation, I have acquired an habitual 
 attachment to it and veneration for it. 
 
 What other form of government, indeed, can so well deserve 
 our esteem and love? 
 
 There may be little solidity in an ancient idea, that congrega- 
 tions of men into cities and nations are the most pleasing objects 
 in the sight of superior intelligences ; but this is very certain, that, 
 to a benevolent human mind, there can be no spectacle presented 
 by any nation more pleasing, more noble, majestic, or august, than 
 an assembly like that which has so often been seen in this and the 
 other chamber of Congress, of a government in which the execu- 
 tive authority, as well as that of all the branches of the legisla- 
 ture, are exercised by citizens selected, at regular periods, by their 
 neighbors, to make and execute laws for the general good. Can 
 any thing essential, any thing more than mere ornament and deco- 
 ration, be added to this by robes and diamonds ? Can authority be 
 more amiable and respectable when it descends from accidents, or 
 institutions established in remote antiquity, than when it springs 
 fresh from the hearts and judgments of an honest and enlightened 
 people] For it is the people only that are represented : it is their 
 power and majesty that is reflected, and only for their good, in 
 every legitimate government, under whatever form it may appear. 
 The existence of such a government as ours, for any length of 
 time, is a full proof of a general dissemination of knowledge and 
 virtue throughout the whole body of the people. And what object 
 or consideration more pleasing than this can be presented to the 
 human mind] If national pride is ever justifiable, or excusable, 
 it is when it springs, not from power or riches, grandeur or glory, 
 bu f from conviction of national innocence, information, and be- 
 nevolence. 
 
 In the midst of these pleasing ideas, we should be unfaithful to 
 ourselves if we should ever lose sight of the danger to our liber- 
 ties if any tiling partial or extraneous should infect the purity of 
 our free, fair, virtuous, and independent elections. If an election 
 is to be determined by a majority of a single vote, and that can be 
 procured by a party, through artifice or corruption, the government 
 may be the choice of a party, for its own ends not of the nation, 
 for the national good. If that solitary suffrage can be obtained by 
 foreign nations by flattery or menaces, by fraud or violence, by 
 terror, intrigue, or venality, the government may not be the choice 
 of the American people, but of foreign nations. It may be foreign 
 nations who govern us, and not we the people who govern our-
 
 273 
 
 selves. And candid men will acknowledge, that, in such cases, 
 choice would have little advantage to boast of, over lot or chance. 
 
 Such is the amiable and interesting system of government (and 
 such are some of the abuses to which it may be exposed) which 
 the people of America have exhibited to the admiration and anxiety 
 of the wise and virtuous of all nations, for eight years, under the 
 administration of a citizen, who, by a long course of great actions, 
 regulated by prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude, conduct- 
 ing a people inspired with the same virtues, and animated with the 
 same ardent patriotism and love of liberty, to independence and 
 peace, to increasing wealth and unexampled prosperity, has merited 
 the gratitude of his fellow-citizens, commanded the highest praises 
 of foreign nations, and secured immortal glory with posterity. 
 
 In that retirement which is his voluntary choice, may he long 
 live to enjoy the delicious recollection of his services, the grati- 
 tude of mankind, the happy fruits of them to himself and the 
 world, whicli are daily increasing, and that splendid prospect of 
 the future fortunes of this country which is opening from year to 
 year. His name may be still a rampart, and the knowledge that 
 he lives a bulwark, against all open or secret enemies of his coun- 
 try's peace. This example has been recommended to the imitation 
 of his successors, by both houses of Congress, and by the voice 
 of the legislatures and the people throughout the nation. 
 
 On this subject it might become me better to be silent, or to 
 speak with diffidence; but, as something may be expected, the 
 occasion, I hope, will be admitted as an apology, if I venture to 
 say, That 
 
 If a preference, upon principle, of a free republican government, 
 formed upon long and serious reflection, after a diligent and im- 
 partial inquiry after truth ; if an attachment to the Constitution of 
 the United States, and a conscientious determination to support it, 
 until it shall be altered by the judgments and wishes of the people, 
 expressed in the mode prescribed in it ; if a respectful attention to 
 the constitutions of the individual States, and a constant caution 
 and delicacy towards the State governments ; if an equal and im- 
 partial regard to the rights, interest, honor, and happiness, of all 
 the States in the Union, without preference or regard to a northern 
 or southern, an eastern or western position, their various political 
 opinions on unessential points, or their personal attachments ; if a 
 love of virtuous men, of all parties and denominations ; if a love 
 of science and letters, and a wish to patronize every rational effort 
 to encourage schools, colleges, universities, academies, and every 
 institution for propagating knowledge, virtue, and religion, among 
 all classes of the people, not only for their benign influence on the 
 happiness of life in all its stages and classes, and of society in all 
 its forms, but as the only means of preserving our Constitution 
 
 27
 
 from its natural enemies, the spirit of sophistry, the spirit of party, 
 the spirit of intrigue, the profligacy of corruption, and the pesti 
 lence of foreign influence, which is the angel of destruction to 
 elective governments; if a love of equal laws, of justice, and hu 
 manity, in the interior administration; if arr inclination to improve 
 agriculture, commerce, and manufactures for necessity, conve- 
 nience, and defence; if a spirit of equity and humanity towards 
 the aboriginal nations of America, and a disposition to meliorate 
 their condition, by inclining them to be more friendly to us, and 
 our citizens to be more friendly to them ; if an inflexible determi- 
 nation to maintain peace and inviolable faith with all nations, and 
 that system of neutrality and impartiality among the belligerent 
 powers of Europe which has been adopted by this government, 
 and so solemnly sanctioned by both houses of Congress, and ap- 
 plauded by the legislatures of the States and the public opinion, 
 until it shall be otherwise ordained by Congress; if a personal 
 esteem for the French nation, formed in a residence of seven years 
 chiefly among them, and a sincere desire to preserve the friendship 
 which has been so much for the honor and interest of both nations; 
 if, while the conscious honor and integrity of the people of 
 America, and the internal sentiment of their own power and ener- 
 gies, must be preserved, an earnest endeavor to investigate every 
 just cause, and remove every colorable pretence of complaint; if 
 an intention to pursue, by amicable negotiation, a reparation for 
 the injuries that have been committed on the commerce of our fel- 
 low-citizens, by whatever nation, and, if success cannot be ob- 
 tained, to lay the facts before the legislature, that they may con- 
 sider what further measures the honor and interest of the Govern- 
 ment and its constituents demand ; if a resolution to do justice, as 
 far as may depend upon me, at all times and to all nations, and 
 maintain peace, friendship, and benevolence, with all the world ; 
 if an unshaken confidence in the honor, spirit, and resources of 
 the American people, on which I have so often hazarded my all, 
 and never been deceived; if elevated ideas of the high destinies 
 of this country, and of my own duties towards it, founded on a 
 knowledge of the moral principles and intellectual improvements 
 of the people, deeply engraven on my mind in early life, and not 
 obscured, but exalted, by experience and age ; and, with humble 
 reverence, I feel it to be my duty to add, if a veneration for the re- 
 ligion of a people who profess and call themselves Christians, and 
 a fixed resolution to consider a decent respect for Christianity 
 among the best recommendations for the public service, can en- 
 able me, in any degree, to comply with your wishes, it shall be 
 my strenuous endeavor that this sagacious injunction of the two 
 houses shall not be without effect. 
 
 With this great example before me with the sense and spirit,
 
 275 
 
 the faith and honor, the duty and interest, of the same American 
 people, pledged to support the Constitution of the United States, 
 I entertain no doubt of its continuance in all its energy, and my 
 mind is prepared, without hesitation, to lay myself under the most 
 solemn obligations to support it to the utmost of my power. 
 
 And may that Being who is supreme over all, the Patron of or- 
 der, the Fountain of justice, and the Protector, in all ages of the 
 world, of virtuous liberty, continue His blessing upon this nation 
 and its Government, and give it all possible success and duration, 
 consistent with the ends of his Providence ! 
 
 4. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, PRE- 
 SIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AT HIS FIRST TERM 
 OF OFFICE. 
 
 MARCH 4, 1801. 
 
 Friends and fetlow-citizens t 
 
 Called upon to undertake the duties of the first executive office 
 of our country, I avail myself of the presence of that portion of 
 my fellow-citizens which is here assembled, to express my grateful 
 thanks for the favor with which they have been pleased to look 
 towards me, to declare a sincere consciousness that the task is 
 above my talents, and that I approach it with those anxious and 
 awful presentiments which the greatness of the charge and the 
 weakness of my powers so justly inspire. A rising nation, spread 
 over a wide and fruitful land ; traversing all the seas with the rich 
 productions of their industry; engaged in commerce with nations 
 who feel power and forget right; advancing rapidly to destinies 
 beyond the reach of mortal eye, when I contemplate these trans- 
 cendant objects, and see the honor, the happiness, and the hopes 
 of this beloved country committed to the issue and the auspices of 
 this day, I shrink from the contemplation, and humble myself be- 
 fore the magnitude of the undertaking. Utterly, indeed, should I 
 despair, did not the presence of many whom I here see remind mo 
 that in the other high authorities provided by our Constitution I 
 shall find resources of wisdom, of virtue, and of zeal, on which to 
 rely under all difficulties. To you, then, gentlemen, who art* 
 charged with the sovereign functions of legislation, and to those 
 associated with you, I look with encouragement for that guidance 
 and support which may enable us to steer with safety the vessel in 
 which we are all embarked, amidst the conflicting elements of a 
 troubled world. 
 
 During the contest of opinion through which we have passed, 
 the animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimes worn 
 an aspect which might impose on strangers, unused to think
 
 276 
 
 freely, and to sprak and to write what they think ; but, this being 
 now decided by thr voice of the nation, announced, according to 
 the rules of the C nstitution. all will, of course, arrange them- 
 selves under the will of the law, and unite in common efforts for 
 the common good. All, too, will bear in mind this sacred prin- 
 ciple, that, though the vill of the majority is in all cases to pre- 
 vail, that will, to be right r ul, must be reasonable; that the minority 
 possess their equal rights, which equal laws must protect, and to vio- 
 late would be oppression. Iiet us, then, fellow-citizens, unite with 
 one heart and one mind ; let us restore to social intercourse that 
 harmony and affection without which liberty and even life itself are 
 but dreary things And let us /effect, that, having banished from 
 our land that religious intoleranre under which mankind so long 
 bled and suffered, we have yet gained little, if we countenance a 
 political intolerance as despotic, as wicked, and capable of as bitter 
 and bloody persecutions. During the throes and convulsions of 
 the ancient world ; during the agonizing spasms of infuriated man, 
 seeking, through blood and slaughter, his long-lost liberty, it was 
 Hot wonderful that the agitation of the billows should reach even 
 this distant and peaceful shore ; that this should be more felt and 
 feared by some, and less by others, and should divide opinions as 
 to measures of safety : but every difference of opinion is not a dif- 
 ference of principle. We have called by different names brethren 
 of the same principle. We are all republicans : we are all federalists. 
 If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, 
 or to change its republican form, let them stand, undisturbed, as 
 monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tole- 
 rated, where reason is left free to combat it. I know, indeed, that 
 some honest men fear that a republican government cannot be 
 strong that this Government is not strong enough. But would 
 the honest patriot, in the full tide of successful experiment, aban- 
 don a Government which has so far kept us free and firm, on the 
 theoretic and visionary fear that this Government, the world's best 
 hope, may, by possibility, want energy to preserve itself? I trust 
 not. I believe this, on the contrary, the strongest Government on 
 earth. I believe it the only one where every man, at the call of the 
 law, would fly to the standard of the law, and would meet inva- 
 sions of the public order as his own personal concern. Sometimes 
 it is said that man cannot be trusted with the government of him- 
 self. Can he then be trusted with the government of others ? Or 
 have we found angels, in the form of kings, to govern him ? Let 
 history answei this question. 
 
 Let us, then, with courage and confidence, pursue our own fede- 
 ral and republican principles our attachment to union and repre- 
 sentative government. Kindly separated by nature and a wide 
 ocean from the exterminating havoc of one quarter of the globe ;
 
 277 
 
 too high-minded to endure the degradations of the others ; possess- 
 ing a chosen country, with room enough for our descendants to the 
 thousandth and thousandth generation; entertaining a due sense 
 of our equal right to the use of our own faculties, to the acquisi- 
 tions of our own industry, to honor and confidence from our fellow- 
 citizens, resulting, not from birth, but from our actions, and their 
 sense of them ; enlightened by a benign religion, professed, in- 
 deed, and practised, in various forms, yet all of them inculcating 
 honesty, truth, temperance, gratitude, and the love of man ; ac- 
 knowledging and adoring an overruling Providence, which, by all 
 its dispensations, proves that it delights in the happiness of man 
 here, and his greater happiness hereafter, with all these blessings, 
 what more is necessary to make us a happy and prosperous people ? 
 Still one thing more, fellow-citizens: a wise and frugal Govern- 
 ment, which shall restrain men from injuring one another, shall 
 leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry 
 and improvement, and shall not take from the tnouth of labor the 
 bread it has earned. This is the sum of good government, and 
 this is necessary to close the circle of our felicities. 
 
 About to enter, fellow-citizens, on the exercise of duties which 
 comprehend every thing dear and valuable to you, it is proper you 
 should understand what I deem the essential principles of our Go- 
 vernment, and, consequently, those which ought to shape its ad- 
 ministration. I will compress them within the narrowest compass 
 they will bear stating the general principle, but not all its limita- 
 tions. Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or 
 persuasion, religious or political ; peace, commerce, and honest 
 friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; the 
 support of the State governments in all their rights, as the most 
 competent administrations for our domestic concerns, and the 
 surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies; the preserva 
 tion of the General Government in its whole constitutional vigor, 
 as the sheet-anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad ; a 
 (ealous care of the right of election by the people ; a mild and safe 
 corrective of abuses which are lopped by the sword of revolution, 
 where peaceable remedies are unprovided ; absolute acquiescence 
 in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of republics, 
 from which is no appeal but to force, the vital principle and imme- 
 diate parent of despotism ; a well-disciplined militia, our best re- 
 liance in peace, and for the first moments of war, till regulars may 
 relieve them ; the supremacy of the civil over the military authority ; 
 economy in the public expense, that labor may be lightly bur- 
 dened ; the honest payment of our debts, and sacred preservation 
 cf the public faith ; encouragement of agriculture, and of com- 
 merce as its handmaid ; the diffusion of information, and arraign- 
 ment of all abuses at the bar of the public reason; freedom of re- 
 
 27
 
 278 
 
 ligion, freedom of the press, and freedom of person, under the 
 protection of the habeas corpus ; and trial by juries impartially se- 
 lected. These principles form the bright constellation which has 
 gone before us, and guided our steps through an age of revolution 
 and reformation. The wisdom of our sages and blood of our he- 
 roes have been devoted to their attainment. They should be the 
 creed of our political faith, the text of civic instruction, the touch- 
 stone by which to try the services of those we trust; and should 
 we wander from them in moments of error or of alarm, let us 
 hasten to retrace our steps, and to regain the road which alone 
 leads to peace, liberty, and safety. 
 
 I repair, then, fellow-citizens, to the post you have assigned me. 
 With experience enough in subordinate offices to have seen the 
 difficulties of this, the greatest of all, I have learnt to expect that 
 it will rarely fall to the lot of imperfect man to retire from this sta- 
 tion with the reputation and the favor which brought him into it. 
 Without pretensions to that high confidence you reposed in our 
 first and greatest revolutionary character, whose pre-eminent ser- 
 vices had entitled him to the first place in his country's love, and 
 destined for him the fairest page in the volume of faithful history, 
 I ask so much confidence only as may give firmness and effect to 
 the legal administration of your affairs. I shall often go wrong, 
 through defect of judgment. When right, I shall often be thought 
 wrong by those whose positions will not command a view of the 
 whole ground. I ask your indulgence for my own errors, which 
 will never be intentional, and your support against the errors of 
 others, who may condemn what they would not if seen in all its 
 parts. The approbation implied by your suffrage is a great conso- 
 lation to me for the past ; and my future solicitude will be, to re- 
 tain the good opinion of those who have bestowed it in advance, 
 to conciliate that of others by doing them all the good in my 
 power, and to be instrumental to the happiness and freedom of all. 
 
 Relying, then, on the patronage of your good will, I advance 
 with obedience to the work, ready to retire from it whenever you 
 become sensible how much better choices it is in your power to 
 make. And may that Infinite power which rules the destinies of 
 the universe, lead our councils to what is best, and give them a 
 favorable issue for your peace and prosperity.
 
 279 
 
 5. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, PRE- 
 SIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AT HIS SECOND 
 TERM OF OFFICE. 
 
 MARCH 4, 1805. 
 
 Proceeding, fellow-citizens, to that qualification which the Con- 
 stitution requires before my entrance on the charge again conferred 
 on me, it is my duty to express the deep sense I entertain of this 
 new proof of confidence from my fellow-citizens at large, and the 
 zeal with which it inspires me so to conduct myself as may best 
 satisfy their just expectations. 
 
 On taking this station, on a former occasion, I declared the prin- 
 ciples on which I believed it my duty to administer the affairs of 
 our commonwealth. My conscience tells me I have, on every oc- 
 casion, acted up to that declaration, according to its obvious im- 
 port, and to the understanding of every candid mind. 
 
 In the transaction of your foreign affairs, we have endeavored 
 to cultivate the friendship of all nations, and especially of those 
 with which we have the most important relations. We have done 
 them justice on all occasions, favor where favor was lawful, and 
 cherished mutual interests and intercourse on fair and equal terms. 
 We are firmly convinced, and we act on that conviction, that with 
 nations, as with individuals, our interests, soundly calculated, will 
 ever be found inseparable from our moral duties ; and history bears 
 witness to the fact, that a just nation is trusted on its word, when 
 recourse is had to armaments and wars to bridle others. 
 
 At home, fellow-citizens, you best know whether we have done 
 well or ill. The suppression of unnecessary offices, of useless 
 establishments and expenses, enabled us to discontinue our inter- 
 nal taxes. These, covering our land with officers, and opening 
 our doors to their intrusions, had already begun that process of 
 domiciliary vexation, which, once entered, is scarcely to be re- 
 strained from reaching, successively, every article of property and 
 produce. If, among these taxes, some minor ones fell, which had 
 not been inconvenient, it was because their amount would not 
 have paid the officers who collected them, and because, if they 
 had any merit, the State authorities might adopt them instead of 
 others less approved. 
 
 The remaining revenue, on the consumption of foreign articles, is 
 paid chiefly by those who can afford to add foreign luxuries to domes- 
 lie comforts. Being collected on our seaboard and frontiers only, and 
 incorporated with the transactions of our mercantile citizens, it 
 may be the pleasure and the pride of an American to ask, what 
 fanner, what mechanic, what laborer, ever sees a tax-gatherer of 
 the United States 1 These contributions enable us to support tho 
 current expenses of the Government ; to fulfil contracts with fo-
 
 280 
 
 reign nations ; to extinguish the native right of soil within our 
 limits; to extend those limits; and to apply such a surplus to our 
 puhlic debts as places at a short day their final redemption: and, 
 that redemption once effected, the revenue thereby liberated may, 
 by a just repartition of it among the States, and a corresponding 
 amendment of the Constitution, be applied, in time of peace, to 
 rivers, canals, roads, arts, manufactures, education, and other great 
 objects, within each State. In time of war, if injustice by our- 
 selves or others must sometimes produce war, 'ncreased, as the 
 same revenue will be, by increased population and consumption, 
 and aided by other resources reserved for that crisis, it may meet, 
 within the year, all the expenses of the year, without encroaching 
 on the rights of future generations, by burdening them with the 
 debts of the past War will then be but a suspension of useful 
 works ; and a return to a state of peace, a return to the progress 
 of improvement. 
 
 I have said, fellow-citizens, that the income reserved had ena- 
 bled us to extend our limits ; but that extension may possibly pay 
 for itself before we are called on, and, in the mean time, may 
 keep down the accruing interest : in all events, it will replace the 
 advances we shall have made. I know that the acquisition of Lou- 
 isiana has been disapproved by some, from a candid apprehension 
 that the enlargement of our territory would endanger its union. 
 But who can limit the extent to which the federative principle may 
 operate effectively? The larger our association, the less will it be 
 shaken by local passions; and, in any view, is it not better that 
 the opposite bank of the Mississippi should be settled by our own 
 brethren and children, than by strangers of another family? With 
 which should we be most likely to live in harmony and friendly 
 intercourse 1 
 
 In matters of religion, I have considered that its free exercise is 
 placed by the Constitution independent of the powers of the Gene- 
 ral Government. I have therefore undertaken, on no occasion, to 
 prescribe the religious exercises suited to it, but have left them, as 
 the Constitution found them, under the direction and discipline of 
 the church or State authorities acknowledged by the several reli- 
 gious societies. 
 
 The aboriginal inhabitants of these countries I have regarded 
 with the commiseration their history inspires. Endowed with the 
 faculties and the rights of men, breathing an ardent love of liberty 
 and independence, and occupying a country which left them no 
 desire but to be undisturbed, the stream of overflowing population 
 from other regions directed itself on these shores. Without power 
 to divert, or habits to contend against it, they have been over- 
 whelmed by the current, or driven before it. Now reduced within 
 iirnits too narrow for the hunter state, humanity enjoins us to teach
 
 281 
 
 them agriculture and the domestic arts, to encourage them to that in- 
 dustry which alone can enable them to maintain their place in exist- 
 ence, and to prepare them, in time, for that state of society which 
 to bodily comforts adds the improvement of the mind and morals. 
 We have, therefore, liberally furnished them with tbe implements 
 of husbandry and household use: we have placed among them in- 
 structors in the arts of first necessity ; and they are covered with 
 the aegis of the law against aggressors from among ourselves. 
 
 But the endeavors to enlighten them on the fate which awaits 
 their present course of life, to induce them to exercise their reason, 
 follow its dictates, and change their pursuits with the change of 
 circumstances, have powerful obstacles to encounter. They are 
 combated by the habits of their bodies, prejudices of their minds, 
 ignorance, pride, and the influence of interested and crafty indi- 
 viduals among them, who feel themselves something in the present 
 order of things, and fear to become nothing in any other. Theso 
 persons inculcate a sanctimonious reverence for the customs of 
 their ancestors; that whatsoever they did must be done through all 
 time ; that reason is a false guide, and to advance under its counsel 
 in their physical, moral, or political condition, is perilous innova- 
 tion ; that their duty is to remain as the Creator made them igno- 
 rance being safety, and knowledge full of danger. In short, my 
 friends, among them, also, is seen the action and counteraction of 
 good sense and of bigotry. They, too, have their anti-philoso- 
 phists, who find an interest in keeping things in their present state, 
 who dread reformation, and exert all their faculties to maintain the 
 ascendency of habit over the duty of improving our reason and 
 obeying its mandates. 
 
 In giving these outlines, I do not mean, fellow-citizens, to arro- 
 gate to myself the merit of the measures : that is due, in the first 
 place, to the reflecting character of our citizens at large, who, by 
 the weight of public opinion, influence and strengthen the public 
 measures. It is due to the sound discretion with which they select 
 from among themselves those to whom they confide the legislative 
 duties. It is due to the zeal and wisdom of the characters thus 
 selected, who lay the foundations of public happiness in whole- 
 some laws, the execution of which alone remains for others. And 
 it is due to the able and faithful auxiliaries whose patriotism has 
 associated them with me in the executive functions. 
 
 During this course of administration, and in order to disturb it, 
 the artillery of the press has been levelled against us, charged with 
 whatsoever its licentiousness could devise or dare. These abuses 
 of an institution so important to freedom and science are deeply to 
 be regretted, inasmuch as they tend to lessen its usefulness and to 
 sap its safety. They might, indeed, have b^en corrected by the 
 wholesome punishments reserved to and provided by the laws ol
 
 282 
 
 the several States against falsehood and defamation ; but public 
 duties, more urgent, press on the time of public servants, and the 
 offenders have therefore been left to find their punishment in the 
 public indignation. 
 
 Nor was it uninteresting to the world, that an experiment should 
 be fairly and fully made, whether freedom of discussion, unaided 
 by power, is not sufficient for the propagation and protection of 
 truth ? Whether a government, conducting itself in the true spirit 
 of its constitution, with zeal and purity, and doing no act which 
 it would be unwilling the whole world should witness, can be 
 written down by falsehood and defamation I The experiment has 
 been tried. You have witnessed the scene. Our fellow--itizen3 
 looked on cool and collected. They saw the latent source from 
 which these outrages proceeded. They gathered around their pub- 
 lic functionaries; and, when the Constitution called them to the 
 decision by suffrage, they pronounced their verdict honorable to 
 those who had served them, and consolatory to the friend of man, 
 who believes that he may be trusted with the control of his own 
 affairs. 
 
 No inference is here intended that the laws provided by the 
 States against false and defamatory publications should not be en- 
 forced, lie who has time, renders a service to public morals and 
 public tranquillity in reforming these abuses by the salutary coer- 
 cions of the law. But the experiment is noted to prove that, since 
 truth and reason have maintained their ground against false opi- 
 nions, in league with false facts, the press, confined to truth, needs 
 no other legal restraint. The public judgment will correct false 
 reasonings and opinions, on a full hearing of all parties; and no 
 other definite line can be drawn between the inestimable liberty of 
 the press and its demoralizing licentiousness. If there be still 
 improprieties which this rule would not restrain, its supplement 
 must be sought in the censorship of public opinion. 
 
 Contemplating the union of sentiment now manifested so gen- 
 erally, as auguring harmony and happiness to our future course, I 
 offer to our country sincere congratulations. With those, too, not 
 yet rallied to the same point, the disposition to do so is gaining 
 strength. Facts are piercing through the veil drawn over them ; 
 and our doubting brethren will at length see that the mass of their 
 fellow-citizens, with whom they cannot yet resolve to act, as to 
 principles and measures, think as they think, and desire what they 
 desire ; that our wish, as well as theirs, is, that the public efforts 
 may be directed honestly to the public good, that peace be culti- 
 vated, civil and religious liberty unassailed, law and order pre- 
 served, equality of rights maintained, and that state of property, 
 equal or unequal, which results to every man from his own indus- 
 irv or that of his father's. When satisfied of these views, it is
 
 283 
 
 not in human nature that they should not approve and support 
 them. In the mean time, let us cherish them with patient affec- 
 tion ; let us do them justice, and more than justice, in all compe- 
 titions of interest, and we need not doubt that truth, reason, and 
 their own interests, will at length prevail will gather them into 
 the fold of their country, and will complete that entire union of 
 opinion which gives to a nation the blessing of harmony, and the 
 benefit of all its strength. 
 
 I shall now enter on the duties to which my fellow-citizens have 
 again called me, and shall proceed in the spirit of those principles 
 which they have approved. 1 fear not that any motives of interest 
 may lead me astray. I am sensible of no passion which could se- 
 duce me, knowingly, from the path of justice; but the weaknesses 
 of human nature, and the limits of my own understanding, will 
 produce errors of judgment sometimes injurious to your interests. 
 I shall need, therefore, all the indulgence which I have heretofore 
 experienced from my constituents. The want of it will certainly 
 not lessen with increasing years. I shall need, too, the favor of 
 that Being in whose hands we are ; who led our fathers, as Israel 
 of old, from their native land, and planted them in a country flow- 
 ing with all the necessaries and comforts of life; who has covered 
 our infancy with His providence, and our riper years with His 
 wisdom and power; and to whose goodness I ask you to join in 
 supplications with me, that He will so enlighten the minds of your 
 servants, guide their councils, and prosper their measures, that 
 whatsoever they do shall result in your good, and shall secure to 
 you the peace, friendship, and approbation of all nations. 
 
 6. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF JAMES MADISON, PRESI- 
 DENT OF THE UNITED STATES, AT HIS FIRST TERM 
 OF OFFICE. 
 
 MARCH 4, 1809. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives i 
 
 Unwilling to depart from examples of the most revered authority, 
 1 avail myself of the occasion now presented, to express the pro- 
 found impression made on me, by the call of my country, to the 
 station, to the duties of which I am about to pledge myself, by the 
 most solemn of sanctions. So distinguished a mark of confidence, 
 proceeding from the deliberate and tranquil suffrage of a free and 
 virtuous nation, would, under any circumstances, have commanded 
 my gratitude and devotion, as well as filled me with an awful sense 
 of the trust to be assumed. Under the various circumstances which 
 give peculiar solemnity to the existing period, I feel that both the
 
 284 
 
 honor and the responsibility allotted to me, are inexpressibly en- 
 hanced. 
 
 The present situation of the world is, indeed, without a parallel ; 
 and that of our country full of difficulties. The pressure of these 
 two is the more severely felt, because they have fallen upon us at 
 a moment when national prosperity, being at a height not before 
 attained, the contrast resulting from this change has been rendered 
 the more striking. Under the benign influence of our republican 
 institutions, and the maintenance of peace with all nations, whilst 
 so many of them were engaged in bloody and wasteful wars, the 
 fruits of a just policy were enjoyed in an unrivalled growth of our 
 faculties and resources. Proofs of this were seen in the improve- 
 ments of agriculture ; in the successful enterprises of commerce; 
 in the progress of manufactures and useful arts ; in the increase of 
 trie public revenue, and the use made of it in reducing the public 
 debt; and in the valuable works and establishments everywhere 
 multiplying over the face of our land. 
 
 It is a precious reflection, that the transition from this prosperous 
 condition of our country, to the scene which has for some time 
 been distressing us, is not chargeable on an}' unwarrantable views, 
 nor, as I trust, on any involuntary errors in the public councils. 
 Indulging no passions which trespass on the rights or the respose 
 of other nations, it has been the true glory of the United States to 
 cultivate peace, by observing justice, and to entitle themselves to 
 the respect of the nations at war, by fulfilling their neutral obliga- 
 tions with the most scrupulous impartiality. If there be candor 
 in the world, the truth of these assertions will not be questioned. 
 Posterity, at least, will do justice to them. 
 
 This unexceptionable course could not avail against the injustice 
 End violence of the belligerent powers. In their rage against each 
 other, or impelled by more direct motives, principles of retaliation 
 have been introduced, equally contrary to universal reason and ac- 
 knowledged law. How long their arbitrary edicts will be con- 
 tinued, in spite of the demonstrations that not even a pretext for 
 them has been given by the United States, and of the fair and 
 liberal attempts to induce a revocation of them, cannot be antici- 
 pated. Assuring myself that, under every vicissitude, the deter- 
 mined spirit and united councils of the nation will be safeguards 
 to its honor and its essential interests, I repair to the post assigned 
 me, with no other discouragement than what springs from my own 
 inadequacy to its high duties. If I do not sink under the weight 
 of this deep conviction, it is because I find some support in a con- 
 sciousness of the purposes, and a confidence in the principles 
 which I bring with me into this arduous service. 
 
 To cherish peace and friendly intercourse with all nations, having 
 oorrrspnndent dispositions ; to maintain sincere neutrality towards
 
 285 
 
 belligerent nations ; to prefer, in all cases, amicable discussion and 
 reasonable accommodation of differences, to a decision of them by 
 an appeal to arms ; to exclude foreign intrigues and foreign par- 
 tialities, so degrading to all countries, and so baneful to free ones ; 
 to foster a spirit of independence ; too just to invade the rights of 
 others; too proud to surrender our own; too liberal to indulge un- 
 worthy prejudices ourselves, and too elevated not to look down 
 upon them in others ; to hold the union of the States as the basis 
 of their peace and happiness ; to support the Constitution, which 
 is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its au- 
 thorities ; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the 
 States and to the people, as equally incorporated with, and essen- 
 tial to the success of the general system ; to avoid the slightest 
 interference with the rights of conscience, or the functions of reli- 
 gion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction ; to preserve, to 
 their full energy, the other salutary provisions in behalf of private 
 and personal rights, and of the freedom of the press; to observe 
 economy in public expenditures ; to liberate the public resources 
 by an honorable discharge of the public debts ; to keep within the 
 requisite limits a standing military force, always remembering, that 
 an armed and trained militia is the firmest bulwark of republics; 
 that without standing armies their liberty can never be in danger, 
 nor, with large ones, safe; to promote, by authorized means, im- 
 provements friendly to agriculture, to manufactures, and to external 
 as well as internal commerce; to favor, in like manner, the ad- 
 vancement of science and the diffusion of information, as the best 
 aliment to true liberty ; to carry on the benevolent plans which 
 have been so meritoriously applied to the conversion of our abori- 
 ginal neighbors, from the degradation and wretchedness of savage 
 life, to a participation of the improvements of which the human 
 mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state : As far as 
 sentiments and intentions such as these can aid the fulfilment of 
 my duty, they will be a resource which cannot fail me. 
 
 It is my good fortune, moreover, to have the path in which I am 
 to tread, lighted by examples of illustrious services, successfully 
 rendered in the most trying difficulties, by those who have marched 
 before me. Of those of my immediate predecessor, it might least 
 become me here to speak I may, however, be pardoned for not 
 suppressing the sympathy, with which my heart is full, in the rich 
 reward he enjoys in the benedictions of a beloved country, grate- 
 fully bestowed for exalted talents, zealously devoted, through a 
 kng career, to the advancement of its highest interest and happi 
 ness. But the source to which I look for the aids, which alone 
 can supply my deficiencies, is in the well-tried intelligence and 
 virtue of my fellow-citizens, and in the councils of those repre 
 senting them in the other departments associated in the care of the 
 
 28
 
 national interests. In these my confidence will, under every diffi- 
 culty, be best placed; next to that which we have all been en- 
 couraged to feel in the guardianship and guidance of that Almighty 
 Being, whose power regulates the destiny of nations, whose bless- 
 ings have been so conspicuously dispensed to this rising Republic, 
 and to whom we are bound to address our devout gratitude for the 
 past, as well as our fervent supplications and best hopes for the 
 future.
 
 287 
 
 CHAPTER 6. 
 
 GENERAL LAWS RELATING TO THE CONTINUED 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT, AND PRO- 
 VIDING THE AUTHORITIES AND MEANS OF EXE- 
 CUTING THE CONSTITUTION, IN CERTAIN CONTIN- 
 GENCIES, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. 
 
 These acts and parts of acts, forming a peculiar class of general 
 import, being spread through the mass of laws, a copy of which is 
 not always accessible, are inserted here for public convenience. 
 They prescribe the forms of oaths to support the Constitution, &c. ; 
 authorize oaths to be administered by the presiding officers of the 
 two Houses, and chairmen of the committees of Congress ; relate 
 to the election of President and Vice President ; declare the officer 
 who shall act as President in case of vacancies in offices, both of 
 President and Vice President ; provide compensation to the Presi- 
 dent and Vice President ; to messengers to deliver electoral votes ; 
 apportion the Representatives in Congress according to the last 
 census, and prescribe the district election of Representatives ; esta- 
 blish a uniform time for holding elections for Electors, and pre- 
 scribe the mode in which the public acts, records, and judicial pro- 
 ceedings, in each State, shall be authenticated so as to take effect 
 in every other State; provide for the protection of Ambassadors and 
 other public ministers; for the preservation of the neutrality of the 
 United States, and establish Little & Brown's edition of the laws 
 and treaties of the United States competent evidence in all the courts 
 and offices of the United States and of the several States, &c. 
 
 l. AN ACT to regulate the time and manner of administering ceuain 
 
 oaths. 
 
 SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
 United States oj America in Congress (assembled, That the oath or affir-
 
 288 
 
 mation required by the sixth article ol the Constitution of the United 
 States, shall be administered in the form following, to wit: "/, A. B., 
 do solemnly swear or affirm (as the case may be) that I will support the 
 Constitution of the United States." The said oath or affirmation shall 
 be administered within three days after the passing of this act, by any 
 one member of the Senate, to the President of the Senate, and by him 
 to all the members, and to the Secretary; and by the speaker of the 
 House of Representatives to all the members who have not taken a 
 similar oath, by virtue of a particular resolution of the said House, and 
 to the clerk : And in case of the absence of any member from the ser- 
 vice of either House at the time prescribed for taking the said oath or 
 affirmation, the same shall be administered to such member when he 
 shall appear to take his seat. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That at the first session of Congress 
 after every general election of representatives, the oath or affirmation 
 aforesaid shall be administered by any one member of the House of 
 Representatives to the speaker; and by him to all the members present, 
 and to the clerk, previous to entering on any other business ; and to the 
 members who shall afterwards appear, previous to taking their seats. 
 The President of the Senate for the time being, shall also administer the 
 said oath or affirmation to each Senator who shall hereafter be ejected, 
 previous to his taking his seat: And in any future case of a President of 
 the Senate, who shall not have taken the said oath or affirmation, the 
 same shall be administered to him by any one of the members of the 
 Senate. 
 
 SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That the members of the several 
 State legislatures, at the next sessions of the said legislatures respect- 
 ively, and all executive and judicial officers of the several States, who 
 have been heretofore chosen or appointed, or who shall be chosen or ap- 
 pointed before the first day of August next, and who shall then be in 
 office, shall, within one month thereafter, take the same oath or affirma- 
 tion, except where they shall have taken it before ; which may be ad- 
 ministered by any person authorized by the law of the State, in which 
 such office shall be holden, to administer oaths. And the members of 
 the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers of 
 the several States, who shall be chosen or appointed after the said first 
 day of August, shall, before they proceed to execute the duties of their 
 respective offices, take the foregoing oath or affirmation, which shall be 
 administered by the person or persons, who, by the law of the State, 
 shall be authorized to administer the oath of office ; and the person or 
 persons so administering the oath hereby required to be taken, shall 
 cause a record or certificate thereof to be made, in the same manner as,
 
 289 
 
 by the law of the State, he or they shall be directed to record or certify 
 the oath of office. 
 
 SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That all officers appointed, or here- 
 after to be appointed, under the authority of the United States, shall, 
 before they act in their respective offices, take the same oath or affirma- 
 tion, which shall be administered by the person or persons who shall be 
 authorized by law to administer to such officers their respective oaths of 
 office ; and such officers shall incur the same penalties in case of failure, 
 as shall be imposed by law in case of failure in taking their respective 
 oaths of office. 
 
 SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That the Secretary of the Senate, 
 and the Clerk of the House of Representatives, for the time being, shall, 
 at the time of taking the oath or affirmation aforesaid, each take an oath 
 or affirmation in the words following, to wit : " /, A. B., Secretary of the 
 Senate, or Clerk of the House of Representatives (as the case may be) of 
 the United States of America, do solemnly swear or affirm, that Iwilltn.ly 
 and faithfully discharge the duties of my said office, to the best of my know- 
 ledge and abilities." 
 
 Approved, June I, 1789 
 
 2. AN ACT for the punishment of certain crimes against the United 
 
 States. 
 
 SEC. 25. And be it further enacted, That if any writ or process shall at 
 any time hereafter be sued forth or prosecuted by any person or persons, 
 in any of the courts of the United States, or in any of the courts of a 
 particular State, or by any judge or justice therein respectively, whereby 
 the person of any ambassador or other public minister of any foreign 
 prince or State, authorized and received as such by the President of the 
 United States, or any domestic or domestic servant of any such ambas- 
 sador or other public minister, may be arrested or imprisoned, or his or 
 their goods or chattels be distrained, seized or attached, such writ or 
 process shall be deemed and adjudged to be utterly null and void to all 
 intents, construction and purposes whatsoever. 
 
 SEC. 26. And be it further enacted, That in case any person or persons 
 shall sue forth or prosecute any such writ or process, such person or per- 
 sons, and all attorneys or solicitors prosecuting or soliciting in such case, 
 and all officers executing any such writ or process, being thereof con- 
 victed, shall be deemed violators of the laws of nations, and disturbers 
 of the public repose, and imprisoned not exceeding three years, and fined 
 at the discretion of the court. 
 
 SEC. 27. Provided nevertheless, That no citizen or inhabitant of tho 
 United States, who shall have contracted debts prior to his entering inlo 
 * 28*
 
 290 
 
 the service of any ambassador or other public minister, which debts shall 
 be still due and unpaid, shall have, take, or receive any benefit of this act, 
 nor shall any person be proceeded against by virtue of this act, for having 
 arrested or sued any other domestic servant of any ambassador or otner 
 public minister, unless the name of such servant be first registered in the 
 office of the Secretary of State, and by such secretary transmitted to the 
 marshal of the district in which Congress shall reside, who shall, upon 
 receipt thereof, affix the same in some public place in his office, whereto 
 all persons may resort and take copies without fee or reward. 
 
 SEC. 28. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall violate any 
 safe-conduct or passport duly obtained and issued under the authority of 
 the United States, or shall assault, strike, wound, imprison, or in any 
 other manner infract the law of nations, by offering violence to the per- 
 son of an ambassador or other public minister, such person so offending, 
 on conviction, shall be imprisoned not exceeding three years, and fined at 
 the discretion of the court. 
 
 Approved, April 30, 1790. 
 
 3. AN ACT to prescribe the mode ia which the public acts, records, 
 and judicial proceedings, in each State, shall be authenticated so as to 
 take effect in every other State. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 ^States of America in Congress assembled, That the acts of the legislatures 
 of the several States shall be authenticated by having the seal of their 
 respective States affixed thereto : That the records and judicial pro- 
 ceedings of the courts of any State shall be proved or admitted in any 
 other court within the United States, by the attestation of the clerk, and 
 the seal of the court annexed, if there be a seal, together with a certifi- 
 cate of the judge, chief justice, or presiding magistrate, as the case may 
 be, that the said attestation is in due form. And the said records and 
 judicial proceedings, authenticated as aforesaid, shall have such faith 
 and credit given to them in every court within the United States, as they 
 have by law or usage in the courts of the State from whence the said 
 records are, or shall be taken. 
 
 Approved, May 26, 1790. 
 
 4. AN ACT supplemental to the act " establishing the Treasury De- 
 
 partment," and for a farther compensation to certain officers. 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That each and every clerk, and other 
 officer already appointed in any of the departments of the United States, 
 and who have not, since their appointment, taken the oath or affirma*
 
 291 
 
 tion hereafter mentioned,) shall, within fifteen days after the passing of 
 this act, and those who shall hereafter be appointed, shall, before they 
 enter upon the duties of such appointment, take an oath or affirmation, 
 before one of the justices of the Supreme Court, or one of the judges of 
 a district court of the United States, to support the Constitution of the 
 United States, and also an oath or affirmation, well and faithfully to exe- 
 cute the trust committed to him, which oaths or affirmations, subscribed 
 by such clerk, and certified by the person administering the same, shall 
 be filed in the office of the person employing such clerk. 
 
 Approved, 3 March, 1791. 
 
 5. AN ACT relative to the election of a President and Vice President 
 of the United States, and declaring the officer who shall act as Presi- 
 dent in cases of vacancies in the offices both of President and Vice 
 President. 
 
 SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
 United States of America in Congress assembled, That except Ln case of 
 an election of a President and Vice President of the United States, prior 
 to the ordinary period, as hereinafter specified, electors shall be appointed 
 in each State for the election of a President and Vice President of the 
 United States, within thirty-four days preceding the first Wednesday in 
 December, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two, and within 
 thirty-four days preceding the first Wednesday in December in every 
 fourth year succeeding the last election, which electors shall be equal to 
 the number of Senators and Representatives to which the several States 
 may, by law, be entitled at the time when the President and Vice Presi- 
 dent, thus to be chosen, should come into office. Provided always, That 
 where no apportionment of Representatives shall have been made after 
 any enumeration, at the time of choosing electors, then the number of 
 electors shall be according to the existing apportionment of Senators and 
 Representatives. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That the electors shall meet and give 
 their votes on the said first Wednesday in December, at such p'ace, in 
 each State, as shall be directed by the legislature thereof; and the elec 
 'ors in each State shall make and sign three certificates of all the votes 
 by them given, and shall seal up the same, certifying, on each, that a list 
 of the votes of such State, for President and Vice President, is contained 
 therein, and shall, by writing, under their hands, or under the hands of a 
 majority of them, appoint a person to take charge of, and deliver to the 
 President of the Senate, at the seat of Government, before the first 
 Wednesday in January then next ensuing, one of the said certificai.es
 
 292 
 
 and the said electors shall forthwith forward, by the post-office, to the 
 President of the Senate, at the seat of Government, one other of the said 
 certificates ; and shall, forthwith, cause the other of the said certificates 
 to be delivered to the judge of that district in which the said electora 
 shall assemble. 
 
 SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That the executive authority of each 
 State shall cause three lists of the names of the electors of such State to 
 be made, and certified, and to be delivered to the electors on or before 
 the said first Wednesday in December ; and the said electora shall annex 
 one of the said lists to each of the lists of their votes. 
 
 SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That if a list of votes from any 
 State shall not have been received at the seat of government, on the said 
 first Wednesday in January, that then the Secretary of State shall send 
 a special messenger to the district judge in whose custody such list shall 
 have been lodged, who snail forthwith transmit the same to the seat of 
 Government. 
 
 SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That Congress shall be in session 
 on the second Wednesday in February, one thousand seven hundred 
 and ninety-three, and on the second Wednesday in February succeeding 
 every meeting of the electors, and the said certificates, or so many of 
 them as shall have been received, shall then be opened, the votes 
 counted, and the persons who shall fill the offices of President and Vice 
 President ascertained and declared, agreeably to the Constitution. 
 
 SEC. 6. And be it further enacted. That, in case there shall be no 
 President of the Senate at the seat of Government on the arrival of the 
 persons intrusted with the lists of the votes of the electors, then such 
 persons shall deliver the lists of votes in their custody into the office of 
 the Secretary of State, to be safely kept and delivered over, as soon as 
 may be, to the President of the Senate. 
 
 SEC. 7. And be it further enacted, That the persons appointed by the 
 electors to deliver the lists of votes to the President of the Senate, shall 
 be allowed, on the delivery of the said lists, twenty-five cents for every 
 mile of the estimated distance, by the most usual road, from the place of 
 meeting of the electors to the seat of Government of the United States. 
 
 SEC. 8. And be it further enacted, That if any person, appointed to 
 deliver the votes of the electors to the President of the Senate, shall, 
 after accepting of his appointment, neglect to perform the services 
 required of him by this act, he shall forfeit the sum of one thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 SEC. 9. And be it further enacted, That in case of a removal, death, 
 resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President of the
 
 293 
 
 United States, the President of the Senate pro tcmpore, and, m case 
 there shall be no President of the Senate, then the Speaker of the 
 House of Representatives, for the time being, shall act as President of 
 the United States, until the disability be removed, or a President shall 
 be elected. 
 
 SEC. 10. And be it further enacted, That whenever the offices of Pre- 
 sident and Vice President shall both become vacant, the Secretary of 
 State shall forthwith cause a notification thereof to be made to the exe- 
 cutive of every State, and shall also cause the same. to be published in, 
 at least, one of the newspapers printed in each State, specifying that 
 electors of the President of the United States shall be appointed or 
 chosen, in the several States, within thirty-four days preceding the first 
 Wednesday in December, then next ensuing : Provided, There shall be 
 the space of two months between the date of such notification and the 
 said first Wednesday in December ; but if there shall not be the space 
 of two months between the date of such notification and the first Wed- 
 nesday in December, and if the term for which the President and Vice 
 President last in office were elected shall not expire on the third day of 
 March next ensuing, then the Secretary of State shall specify in the 
 notification, that the electors shall be appointed or chosen within thirty- 
 four days preceding the first Wednesday in December in the year next 
 ensuing, within which time the electors shall accordingly be appointed 
 or chosen, and the electors shall meet and give their votes on the said 
 first Wednesday in December, and the proceedings and duties of the 
 said electors, and others, shall be pursuant to the directions prescribed 
 in this act. 
 
 SEC. 11. And be it further enacted, That the only evidence of a refusal 
 to accept, or of a resignation of, the office of President or Vice Presi- 
 dent, shall be an instrument in writing, declaring the same, and sub- 
 scribed by the person refusing to accept, or resigning, as the case may 
 be, and delivered into the office of the Secretary of State. 
 
 SEC. 12. And be it further enacted, That the term of four years for 
 which a President and Vice President shall be elected, shall, in all 
 cases, commence on the fourth day of March next succeeding the day oil 
 which the votes of the electors shall have been given. 
 
 Approved, March 1, 1792. 
 
 6. AN ACT providing compensation to the President and Vice Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
 United Stales of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the
 
 294 
 
 third day of March, in the present year, the compensation of the Presi- 
 dent of the United States shall be at the rate of twenty-five thousand 
 dollars per annum, with the use of the furniture and other effects belong- 
 ing to the United States, and now in possession of the President : And 
 that of the Vice President, at the rate of five thousand dollars^per 
 annum ; in full for their respective services ; to be paid quarter yearly, 
 at the Treasury. 
 
 Approved, February 18, 1793. 
 
 7. AN ACT to authorize certain officers and other persons to admi- 
 
 nister oaths. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 Slates of America in Congress assembled, That the President of the 
 Senate, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, a chairman of a 
 committee of the whole, or a chairman of a select committee of either 
 House, shall be empowered to administer oaths or affirmations to wit- 
 nesses, in any case under their examination. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall wilfully, 
 absolutely, and falsely swear or affirm, touching any matter or thing 
 material to the point in question, whereto he or she shall be thus exa- 
 mined, every person so offending, and being thereof duly convicted, shall 
 be subjected to the pains, penalties, and disabilities, which by law are 
 prescribed for the punishment of the crime of wilful and corrupt per- 
 jury. Approved, May 3, 1798. 
 
 8. AN ACT supplementary to the act, entitled "An Act to prescribe 
 the mode in which the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings 
 in each State shall be authenticated so as to take effect in every other 
 State." 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 Stales of America in Congress assembled, That from and after the pas- 
 sage of this act, all records and exemplifications of office books, which 
 are or may be kept in any public office of any State, not appertaining to 
 a court, shall be approved or admitted in any other court or office in any 
 other State, by the attestation of the keeper of the said records or books, 
 and the seal of his office thereto annexed, if there be a seal, together 
 with a certificate of the presiding justice of the court of the county or 
 district, as the case may be, in which such office is or m&y be kept ; or 
 of the Governor, the Secretary of State, the Chancellor or the keeper 
 of the great seal of the State, that the said attestation is in due form and 
 ay the proper officer; and the said certificate, if given by the presiding
 
 295 
 
 justice of a court, shall be further authenticated by the clerk or protho- 
 notary of the said court, who shall certify under his hand and the seal of 
 his office, that the said presiding justice is duly commissioned and quali- 
 fied ; or if the said certificate be given by the Governor, the Secretary 
 of State, the Chancellor or keeper of the great seal, it shall be under the 
 great seal of the State in which the said certificate is made. And the 
 said r ecords and exemplifications, authenticated as aforesaid, shall have 
 such faith and credit given to them in every court and office within the 
 United States, as they have by law or usage in the courts or offices 01 
 the State from whence the same are or shall be taken. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That all the provisions of this act, 
 and the act to which this is a supplement, shall apply ab well to the 
 public acts, records, office books, judicial proceedings, courts and offices 
 of the respective territories of the United States, and countries subject 
 to the jurisdiction of the United States, as to the public acts, records, 
 offices' books, judicial proceedings, courts and offices of the several 
 States. 
 
 Approved, March 27, 1804. 
 
 9. AN ACT to extend the provisions of the act to authorize certain 
 officers and other persons to administer oaths, approved May the 3d, 
 1798. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That the chairman of any 
 standing committee, either of the House of Representatives, or of the 
 Senate of the United States, shall be empowered to administer oaths or 
 affirmations to witnesses in any case under their examination ; and any 
 person who shall be guilty of perjury before such committee shall be 
 liable to the pains, penalties, and disabilities, prescribed for the punish- 
 ment of the crime of wilful and corrupt perjury. 
 
 Approved, February 8, 1817. 
 
 10. AN ACT to provide for the Publication of the Laws of the United 
 
 States, and for other purposes. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That, whenever official notice shall 
 have been received, at the Department of State, that any amendment 
 which heretofore has been, or hereafter may be, proposed to the Con- 
 stitution of the United States, has been adopted, according to the provi- 
 sions of the Constitution, it shall be the duty of the said Secretary of 
 State, forthwith to cause the said amendment to be published in tne said 
 newspapers authorized to promulgate the laws, with his certifuate, spe
 
 296 
 
 cifying the States by which the same may have been adopted, and that 
 the same has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the 
 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 Approved, April 20, 1818. 
 
 11. AN ACT in addition to the "Act for the punishment of certain 
 crimes against the United States," and to repeal the acts therein men- 
 tioned. 
 
 SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
 United States of America in Congress assembled, That if any citizen of 
 the United States shall, within the territory or jurisdiction thereof, ac- 
 cept and exercise a commission to serve a foreign prince, State, colony, 
 district, or people, in war, by land or by sea, against any prince, State, 
 colony, district, or people, with whom the United States are at peace, 
 the person so offending shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, 
 and shall be fined not more than two thousand dollars, and shall be im- 
 prisoned not exceeding three years. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall, within the 
 territory or jurisdiction of the United States, enlist or enter himself, or 
 hire or retain another person to enlist or enter himself, or to go beyond 
 the limits or jurisdiction of the United States with intent to be enlisted 
 or entered in the service of any foreign prince, State, colony, district, or 
 people, as a soldier, or as a marine or seaman, on board of any vessel of 
 war, letter of marque, or privateer, every person, so offending, shall be 
 deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and shall be fined not exceeding 
 one thousand dollars, and be imprisoned not exceeding three years: 
 Provided, That this act shall not be construed to extend to any subject 
 or citizen of any foreign prince, State, colony, district, or people, who 
 shall transiently be within the United States, and shall, on board of any 
 vessel of war, letter of marque, or privateer, which, at the time of its 
 arrival within the United States, was fitted and equipped as such, enlist 
 or enter himself, or hire or retain another subject or citizen of the same 
 foreign prince, State, colony, district, or people, who is transiently 
 within the United States, to enlist or enter himself to serve such foreign 
 prince, State, colony, district, or people, on board such vessel of war, 
 letter of marque, or privateer, if the United States shall then be at peace 
 with such foreign prince, State, colony, district, or people. 
 
 SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall, within the 
 'imits of tne United States, fit out and arm, or attempt to fit out and arm, 
 or procure to be fitted out and armed, or shall knowingly be concerned 
 in the furnishing, fitting out, or arming, of any ship or vessel, with intent
 
 297 
 
 that such ship or vessel shall be employed in the service of any foreign 
 prince or State, or of any colony, district, or people, to cruise or commit 
 hostilities against the subjects, citizens, or property, of any foreign prince 
 or State, or of any colony, district, or people, with whom the United 
 States are at peace, or shall issue or deliver a commission within the ter- 
 ritory or jurisdiction of the United States, for any ship or vessel, to the 
 intent that she may be employed as aforesaid, every person so offending 
 shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and shall be fined not 
 more than ten thousand dollars, and imprisoned not more than three 
 years ; and every such ship or vessel, with her tackle, apparel, and fur- 
 niture, together with all materials, arms, ammunition and stores, which 
 may have been procured for the building and equipment thereof, shall be 
 forfeited, one half to the use of the informer, and the other half to the use 
 of the United States. 
 
 SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That if any citizen or citizens of the 
 United States shall, without the limits thereof, fit out and arm, or attempt 
 to fit out and arm, or procure to be fitted out and armed, or shall know- 
 ingly aid or be concerned in the furnishing, fitting out, or arming, any 
 private ship or vessel of war, or pri /ateer, with intent that such ship or 
 vessel shall be employed to cruise, or commit hostilities, upon the citi- 
 zens of the United States, or their property, or shall take the command 
 of, or enter on board of, any such ship or vessel, for the intent aforesaid, 
 or shall purchase any interest in any such ship or vessel, with a view to 
 share in the profits thereof, such person, so offending, shall be deemed 
 guilty of a high misdemeanor, and fined not more than ten thousand dol- 
 lars, and imprisoned not more than ten years ; and the trial for such 
 offence, if committed without the limits of the United States, shall be in 
 the district in which the offender shall be apprehended or first brought. 
 
 SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall, within the 
 territory or jurisdiction of the United States, increase or augment, or 
 procure to be increased or augmented, or shall knowingly be concerned 
 in increasing or augmenting, the force of any ship of war, cruiser, or other 
 armed vessel, which, at the time of her arrival within the United States, 
 was a ship of war, or cruiser, or armed vessel, in the service of any 
 foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or people, or belong- 
 ing to the subjects or citizens of any such prince or State, colony, dis- 
 trict, or people, the same being at war with any foreign prince or state, 
 or of any colony, district, or people, with whom the United States are at 
 peace, by adding to the number of the guns of such vessel, or by changing 
 those on board of her for guns of a larger calibre, or by the addition 
 thereto of any equipme.it solely applicable to war, every person, so of 
 
 29
 
 298 * 
 
 fending, shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, shall be fined 
 not more than one thousand dollars and be imprisoned not more tnan one 
 year. 
 
 SEC. 6. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall, within the 
 territory or jurisdiction of the United States, begin or set on foot, or pro- 
 vide or prepare the means for, any military expedition or enterprise, to 
 be carried on from thence against the territory or dominions of any foreign 
 prince or State, or of any colony, district, or people, with whom the 
 United States are [at] peace, every person, so offending, shall be deemed 
 guilty of a high misdemeanor, and shall be fined not exceeding three 
 thousand dollars, and imprisoned not more than three years. 
 
 SEC. 7. And be it further enacted, That the district court shall take 
 cognisance of complaints, by whomsoever instituted, in cases of captures 
 made within the waters of the United States, or within a marine league 
 of the coasts or shores thereof. 
 
 SEC. 8. And be it further enacted, That in every case in which a ves- 
 sel shall be fitted out and armed, or attempted to be fitted out and armed, 
 or in which the force of any vessel of war, cruiser, or other armed vessel, 
 shall be increased or augmented, or in which any military expedition or 
 enterprise shall be begun or set on foot, contrary to the provisions and 
 prohibitions of this act ; and in every case of the capture of a ship or ves- 
 sel within the jurisdiction or protection of the United States as before 
 defined, and in every case in which any 'process issuing out of any court 
 of the United States shall be disobeyed or resisted by any person or per- 
 sons having the custody of any vessel of war, cruiser, or other armed 
 vessel, of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or peo- 
 ple, or of any subjects or citizens of any foreign prince or State, or of any 
 colony, district, or people, in every such case it shall be lawful for the 
 President of the United States, or such other person as he shall have 
 empowered for that purpose, to employ such part of the land or naval 
 forces of the United States, or of the militia thereof, for the purpose of 
 taking possession of and detaining any such ship or vessel, with her 
 prize or prizes, if any, in order to the .execution of the prohibitions and 
 penalties of this act, and to the restoring the prize or prizes in the cases 
 in which restoration shall have been adjudged, and also for the purpose 
 of preventing the carrying on of any such expedition or enterprise from 
 the territories or jurisdiction of the United States against the territories 
 or dominions of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or 
 people, with whom the United States are at peace. 
 
 SEC. 9. And be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for the Presi- 
 dent of the United States, or such person as he shall empower for that
 
 299 
 
 purpose, to employ such part of the land or naval forces of the United 
 States, or of the militia thereof, as shall be necessary to compel any 
 foreign ship or vessel to depart the United States, in all cases in which, 
 by the laws of nations or the treaties of the United States, they ought 
 not to remain within the United States. 
 
 SEC. 10. And be it further enacted, That the owners or consignees of 
 every armed ship or vessel sailing out of the ports of the United States, 
 belonging wholly or in part to citizens thereof, shall enter into a bond to 
 the United States with sufficient sureties, prior to clearing out the same, 
 in double the amount of the value of the vessel and cargo on board, in- 
 cluding her armament, that the said ship or vessel shall not be employed 
 by such owners to cruise or commit hostilities against the subjects, citi- 
 zens, or property, of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, dis- 
 trict, or people, with whom the United States are at peace. 
 
 SEC. 11. And be it further enacted, That the collectors of the customs 
 be, and they are hereby, respectively authorized and required to detain 
 any vessel manifestly built for warlike purposes, and about to depart the 
 United States, of which the cargo shall principally consist of arms and 
 munitions of war, when the number of men shipped on board, or other 
 circumstances, shall render it probable that such vessel is intended to be 
 employed by the owner or owners to cruise or commit hostilities upon 
 the subjects, citizens, or property, of any foreign prince or State, or of 
 any colony, district, or people, with whom the United States are at 
 peace, until the decision of the President be had thereon, or until the 
 owner or owners shall give such bond and security as is required of the 
 owners of armed ships by the preceding section of this act. 
 
 SEC. 12. And be it further enacted, That the act passed on the fifth 
 4ay of June, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-four, entitled " An 
 act in addition to the act for the punishment of certain crimes against the 
 United States," continued in force, for a limited time, by the act of the 
 second of March, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven, and 
 perpetuated by the act passed on the 24th of April, one thousand eight 
 hundred, and the act, passed on the fourteenth day of June, one thou- 
 sand seven hundred and ninety-seven, entitled "An act to prevent citi- 
 zens of the United States from privateering against nations in amity 
 with, or against the citizens of the United States," and the act, passed 
 he third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and seventeen, enti- 
 tled "An act more effectually to preserve the neutral relations of the 
 United States," be, and the same are hereby, severally, repealed: Pro- 
 vided nevertheless, That persons having heretofore offended against any 
 of the acts aforesaid, may be prosecuted, convicted, and punished, as if
 
 300 
 
 the same were not repealed ; and no forfeiture heretofore incurred by a 
 violation of any of the acts aforesaid shall be affected by such repeal. 
 
 SEC. 13. And be it further enacted, That nothing in the foregoing act 
 shall be construed to prevent the prosecution or punishment of treason, 
 or any piracy defined by the laws of the United States. 
 
 Approved, April 20, 1818. 
 
 12. AN ACT making compensation to the persons appointed by the 
 
 Electors to deliver the votes for President and Vice President. 
 
 SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the person 
 appointed by the electors to deliver to the President of the Senate a list 
 of the votes for President and Vice President, shall be allowed, on deli- 
 very of said list, twenty-five cents for every mile of the estimated dis- 
 tance, by the most usual route, from the place of meeting of the electors 
 to the seat of Government of the United States, going and returning. 
 
 SEC. 2*. And be it further enacted, That this act shall take effect from 
 the first of November, eighteen hundred and twenty-four. 
 
 Approved, February 11, 1825. 
 
 13. AN ACT for the apportionment of Representatives among the 
 
 several States according to the Sixth Census. 
 
 SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of 
 the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after 
 the third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and forty-three, the 
 House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected agree- 
 ably to a ratio of one Representative for every seventy thousand six 
 hundred and eighty persons in each State, and of one additional Repre- 
 sentative for each State having a fraction greater than one moiety of the 
 said ratio, computed according to the rule prescribed by the Constitution 
 of the United States ; that is to say : Within the State of Maine, seven ; 
 within the State of New Hampshire, four ; within the State of Massa- 
 chusetts, ten; within the State of Rhode Island, two; within the State 
 of Connecticut, four; within the State of Vermont, four; within the 
 State of New York, thirty-four ; within the State of New Jersey, five ; 
 within the State of Pennsylvania, twenty-four ; within the State of Dela- 
 ware, one ; within the State of Maryland, six ; within the State of Vir- 
 ginia, fifteen; within the State of North Carolina, nine; within the 
 State of South Carolina, seven ; within the State of Georgia, eight ; 
 within the State of Alabama, seven; within the State of Louisiana, four; 
 within the State of Mississippi, four ; within the State of Tennessee,
 
 301 
 
 eleven ; within the State oi Kentucky, ten ; within the State of Ohio, 
 twenty-one; within the State of Indiana, ten; within the State of Illi- 
 nois, seven; within the State of Missouri, five; within the State of 
 Arkansas, one ; and within the State of Michigan, three. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That in every case where a State is 
 entitled to more than one Representative, the number to which each 
 State shall be entitled under this apportionment shall be elected by dis- 
 tricts composed of contiguous territory equal in number to the number 
 of Representatives to which said State may be entitled, no one district 
 electing more than one Representative. 
 
 Approved, June 25, 1842. 
 
 14. AN ACT to provide further remedial justice in the courts of the 
 
 United States. 
 SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
 
 United States of America in Congress assembled, That either of the jus- 
 tices of the Supreme Court of the United States, or a judge of any dis- 
 trict court of the United States, in which a prisoner is confined, in 
 addition to the authority already conferred by law, shall have power to 
 grant writs of habeas corpus in all cases of any prisoner or prisoners in 
 jail or confinement, where he, she, or they, being subjects or citizens of 
 a foreign State, and domiciled therein, shall be committed or confined, 
 or in custody, under or by any authority or law, or process founded 
 thereon, of the United States, or of any one of them, for or on account 
 of any act done or committed under any alleged right, title, authority, 
 privilege, protection, or exemption, set up or claimed under the commis- 
 sion, or order, or sanction, of any foreign State or Sovereignty the vali- 
 dity and effect whereof depend upon the law of nations, or under color 
 thereof. And upon the return of the said writ, and due proof of the 
 service of notice of the said proceedings to the Attorney- General or other 
 officer prosecuting the pleas of the State, under whose authority the pe 
 titioner has been arrested, committed, or is held in custody, to be pre- 
 scribed by the said justice or judge at the time of granting said writ, the 
 said justice or judge shall proceed to hear the said cause ; and if, upon 
 hearing the same, it shall appear that the prisoner or prisoners is or are 
 entitled to be discharged from such confinement, commitment, custody, 
 or arrest, for or by reason of such alleged right, title, authority, privi- 
 leges, protection or exemption, so set up and claimed, and the law of 
 nations applicable thereto, and that the same exists in fact, and has been 
 duly proved to the said justice or judge, then it shall be the duty of the 
 said justice or judge forthwith to discharge such prisoner or prisoners 
 
 29*
 
 302 
 
 accordingly. And if it shall appear to the said justice or judge that such 
 judgment of discharge ought not to be rendered, then the said prisoner 
 or prisoners shall be forthwith remanded : Provided always, That from 
 any decision of such justice or judge an appeal may be taken to the Cir- 
 cuit Court of the United States for the district in which the said cause is 
 heard ; and from the judgment of the said Circuit Court to the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, on such terms and under such regulations 
 and orders as well for the custody and appearance of the prisoner or pri- 
 soners as for sending up to the appellate tribunal a transcript of the peti- 
 tion, writ of habeas corpus returned thereto, and other proceedings, as 
 the judge hearing the said cause may prescribe ; and pending such pro- 
 ceedings or appeal, and until final judgment be rendered therein, and 
 after final judgment of discharge in the same, any proceeding against 
 said prisoner or prisoners, in any State court, or by or under the 
 authority of any State, for any matter or thing so heard and determined, 
 or in process of being heard and determined, under and by virtue of such 
 writ of habeas corpus, shall be deemed null and void. 
 
 Approved, August 29, 1842. 
 
 15. AN ACT to establish a uniform time for holding elections for elect- 
 ors of President and Vice President in all the States of the Union. 
 
 SEC. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the 
 United Stales of America in Congress assembled, That the electors of 
 President and Vice President shall be appointed in each State on the 
 Tuesday next after the first Monday in the month of November of the 
 year in which they are to be appointed. Provided, That each state may 
 by law provide for the filling of any vacancy or vacancies which may 
 occur in its college of electors when guch college meets to give its elec- 
 toral vote. And provided, also, when any State shall have held an elec- 
 tion for the purpose of choosing electors, and shall fail to make a choice 
 on the day aforesaid, then the electors may be appointed on a subsequent 
 day in such manner as the State shall by law provide. 
 
 Approved, January 23, 1845. 
 
 lf>. AN ACT to provide for the distribution of the edition of the laws 
 and treaties of the United States, published by Little and Brown, under 
 the provisions of the resolutions of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, 
 and for other purposes. 
 SEC. 2. And whereas, said edition of the said Laws and Treaties of the 
 
 tinned States has been carefully collated and compared with the original
 
 303 
 
 rolls in the archives of the government, under the inspection and super- 
 vision of the Attorney General of the United States, as duly certified by 
 that officer; Therefore, Be it further enacted, That said edition of the 
 Laws and Treaties of the United States, published by Little and Brown, 
 is hereby declared to be competent evidence of the several public and 
 private acts of Congress, and of the several treaties therein contained, in 
 all the courts of law and equity, and of maritime jurisdiction, and in all 
 the tribunals and public offices of the United States, and of the several 
 States, without any further proof or authentication thereof. 
 
 Approved, August 8, 1846. 
 
 17. AN ACT for giving effect to certain treaty stipulations between this 
 
 and foreign governments, for the apprehension and delivering up of 
 
 certain offenders. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That in all cases in which there 
 now exists, or hereafter may exist, any treaty or convention for extra- 
 dition between the government of the United States and any foreign go- 
 vernment, it shall and may be lawful for any of the justices of the supreme 
 court or judges of the several district courts of the United States and the 
 judges of the several State courts, and the commissioners authorized so to 
 do by any of the courts of the United States, are hereby severally vested 
 with power, jurisdiction, and authority, upon complaint made under oath 
 or affirmation, charging any person found within the limits of any state, 
 district, or territory, with having committed within the jurisdiction of any 
 such foreign government, any of the crimes enumerated or provided for by 
 any such treaty or convention to issue his warrant for the apprehension 
 of the person so charged, that he may be brought before such judge or 
 commissioner, to the end that the evidence of criminality may be heard 
 and considered; and if, on such hearing, the evidence be deemed sufficient 
 by him to sustain the charge under the provisions of the proper treaty or 
 convention, it shall be his duty to certify the same, together with a copy 
 of all the testimony taken before him, to the Secretary of State, that a 
 warrant may issue upon the requisition of the proper authorities of such 
 foreign government, for the surrender of such person, according to the 
 stipulations of said treaty or convention ; and it shall be the duty of the 
 said judge or commissioner to issue his warrant for the commitment of the 
 person so charged to the proper gaol, there to remain until such surrender 
 shall be made. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That in every case of complaint as 
 aforesaid, and of a hearing upon the return of the warrant of arrest, copies 

 
 304 
 
 of the depositions upon which an original warrant in any such foreign 
 country may have been granted, certified under the hand of the person or 
 persons issuing such warrant, and attested upon the oath of the party pro- 
 ducing them to be true copies of the original depositions, may be received 
 in evidence of the criminality of the person so apprehended. 
 
 SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for the Secretary 
 of State, under his hand and seal of office, to order the person so committed 
 to be delivered to such person or persons as shall be authorized, in the 
 name and on behalf of such foreign government, to be tried for the crime 
 of which such person shall be so accused, and such person shall be delivered 
 up accordingly; and it shall be lawful for the person or persons authorized, 
 as aforesaid, to hold such person in custody, and to take him or her to the 
 territories of such foreign government, pursuant to such treaty; and if the 
 person so accused shall escape out of any custody to which he or she shall 
 be committed, or to which he or she shall be delivered, as aforesaid, it shall 
 be lawful to retake such person, in the same manner as any person, accused 
 of any crime against the laws in force in that part of the United States 
 to which he or she shall so escape, may be retaken on an escape. 
 
 SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That when any person who shall have 
 been committed under this act or any such treaty as aforesaid, to remain 
 until delivered up in pursuance of a requisition as aforesaid, shall not be 
 delivered up pursuant hereto and conveyed out of the United States 
 within two calendar months after such commitment over and above the 
 time actually required to convey the prisoner from the gaol to which he or 
 she may have been committed by the readiest way out of the United States, 
 it shall in every such case be lawful for any judge of the United States or 
 of any State, upon application made to him by or on behalf of the person 
 so committed, and upon proof made to him, that reasonable notice of the 
 intention to make such application has been given to the Secretary of State, 
 to order the person so committed to be discharged out of custody, unless 
 sufficient cause shall be shown to such judge why such discharge ought not 
 to be ordered. 
 
 SEC. 5. And be it further enacted, That this act shall continue in force 
 during the existence of any treaty of extradition with any foreign govern- 
 ment, and no longer. 
 
 SEC. 6. And be it further enacted, That it Shall be lawful for the courts 
 of the United States, or any of them, to authorize any person or persons to 
 act as a commissioner or commissioners under the provisions of this act ; and 
 the doings of such person or persons so authorized, in pursuance of any of 
 the provisions aforesaid, shall be good and available to all intents and pur- 
 poses whatsoever. Approved, August 12, 1848.
 
 305 
 
 18. AN ACT providing for the taking of the seventh and subsequent cen- 
 suses of the United States, and to fix the number of members of the 
 House of Representatives, and to provide for their future apportionment 
 among the several States. 
 
 SEC. 23. And be it further enacted, That if no other law be passed provi- 
 ding for the taking of the eighth, or any subsequent census of the United 
 States, on or before the first day of January, of any year, when, by the 
 Constitution of the United States, any future enumeration of the inhabi- 
 tants thereof is required to be taken, such census shall, in all things, be 
 taken and completed according to the provisions of this act. 
 
 SEC. 24. And be it further enacted, That from and after the 3d day of 
 March, 1853, the House of Representatives shall be composed of two hundred 
 and thirty-three members, to be apportioned among the several States in 
 the manner directed in the next section of this act. 
 
 SEC. 25. And be it further enacted, That so soon as the next and each 
 subsequent enumeration of the inhabitants of the several States directed 
 by the Constitution of the United States to be taken, shall be completed 
 and returned to the office of the Department of the Interior, it shall be the 
 duty of the Secretary of the Interior to ascertain the aggregate representa- 
 tive population of the United States, by adding to the whole number of 
 free persons in all the States, including those bound to service for a term 
 of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other per- 
 sons; which aggregate population he shall divide by the number two 
 hundred and thirty-three, and the product of such division, rejecting any 
 fraction of an unit, if any such happen to remain, shall be the ratio, or rule 
 of apportionment of Representatives among the several States under such 
 enumeration: and the said Secretary of the Department of the Interior 
 shall then proceed, in the same manner, to ascertain the representative 
 population of each State, and to divide the whole number of the representa- 
 tive population of each State, by the ratio already determined by him, as 
 above directed; and the product of this last division shall be the number 
 of Representatives apportioned to such State under the then last enumera- 
 tion : Provided, That the loss in the number of members caused by the 
 fractions remaining in the several States, on the division of the population 
 thereof, shall be compensated for by assigning to so many States having 
 the largest fractions, one additional member for each for its fraction, as 
 may be necessary to make the*whole number of Representatives two hundred 
 and thirty-three. And provided, also, That if, after the apportionment of 
 the Representatives under the next, or any subsequent census, a new State 
 or States shall be admitted into the Union, the Representative or Repre- 
 sentatives assigned to such new State or States, shall be in addition to the 
 number of Representatives herein above limited; which excess of Repre- 
 sentatives over two hundred and thirty-three shall only continue until tk
 
 306 
 
 next succeeding apportionment of Representatives under the next succeed- 
 ing census. 
 
 SEC. 26. And be it further enacted, That when the Department of tho 
 Interior shall have apportioned the Representatives in the manner above 
 directed among the several States under tho next, or any subsequent 
 enumeration of the inhabitants of the United States, he shall, as soon as 
 practicable, make out and transmit, under the seal of his office, to the House 
 of Representatives, a certificate of the number of members apportioned to 
 each State under the then last enumeration ; and shall likewise make out 
 and transmit without delay to the Executive of each State, a certificate 
 under his seal of office, of the number of members apportioned to such State, 
 under such last enumeration. Approved, 23 May, 1850. 
 
 [The preceding sections fall under the class of general Laws intended 
 to be inserted in this compilation; the residue of this act, relating solely to 
 the manner of taking and returning the census, will be found in the statutes 
 of the United States.] 
 
 19. AN ACT to authorize Notaries Public to take and certify oaths, affirma- 
 tions, and acknowledgments in certain cases. 
 
 Be it enacted l>y the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That in all cases in which, under 
 the laws of the United States, oaths or affirmations, or acknowledgments, 
 may now be taken or made before any justice or justices of the peace of 
 any State or Territory, such oaths, affirmations, or acknowledgments may 
 be hereafter also taken or made by or before any Notary public duly ap- 
 pointed in any State or Territory, and, when certified under the hand and 
 official seal of such Notary, shall have the same force and effect as if taken 
 or made by or before such justice or justices of the peace. And all laws 
 and parts of laws for punishing perjury, or subornation of perjury, com- 
 mitted in any such oaths or affirmations when taken or made before any 
 such justice of the peace, shall apply to any such offence committed in any 
 oaths or affirmations which may be taken under this act before a Notary 
 public, or commissioner, as hereinafter named : Provided always, That on 
 trial for either of these offences, the seal and signature of the Notary 
 shall not be deemed sufficient in themselves to establish the official character 
 of such Notary, but the same shall be shown by other and proper evidence. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That All the powers and authority 
 conferred in and by the preceding section of this act upon Notaries public, 
 be, and the same are hereby vested in, and may be exercised by, any com- 
 missioner appointed, or hereafter to be appointed, by any Circuit Court of 
 the United States, under any act of Congress authorizing the appointment 
 of commissioners to take bail, affidavits, or depositions, in causes pending 
 in the courts of the United States. Approved, 16 September, 1850.
 
 307 
 
 20. A RESOLUTION relating to the publication of the Laws of the 
 United States. 
 
 Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of State be 
 authorized and directed to contract with Little and Brown to furnish their 
 annual statutes at large, printed in conformity with the plan adopted by 
 Congress in eighteen hundred and forty-five, instead of the edition usually 
 issued by his order, under the act of Congress of April 20, 1818, and which 
 conforms to an edition of the Laws now out of use. 
 
 Approved, 26 September, 1850.
 
 309 
 
 CHAPTER 7. 
 
 EXPLANATORY NOTES OF THE FOLLOWING TABLES. 
 
 1. The tables of Electoral votes for President and 
 Viie President of the United States, commencing with 
 page 315, present an historical synopsis of the lead- 
 ing political sentiments of the American people, from the 
 adoption of the Constitution to the present time, as in- 
 dicated by the votes given for the distinguished indi- 
 viduals whose opinions were supposed to imbody, from 
 time to time, those sentiments, and a biographical notice 
 of the individuals themselves ; the statement of whose 
 names alone will recall to memory their meritorious public 
 services and exalted characters. 
 
 2. The table commencing with page 336, of the terms 
 of office and length of service, in the Senate, of the Vice 
 Presidents and Presidents pro tempore, may be supposed, 
 generally, to show, from time to time, the leading poli- 
 tical sentiments of the majority of that honorable body, 
 as indicated by the choice of Senators to occupy the 
 station of President pro tempore, whose political senti- 
 ments were, at the time, well known. This table also 
 shows the commencement and termination of, as well as the 
 
 number of days in, each Session of Congress and special 
 
 30
 
 310 
 
 session of the Senate, from the 4th March, 1789, to the 
 termination of the second session of the thirty-first 
 Congress, being the 3d March, 1851. 
 
 3. The table commencing with page 346 shows the 
 names, and the commencement and termination of the 
 service, of every Senator of the United States, from the 
 4th March, 1789, to the 3d March, 1851, being the 
 termination of the second session, thirty-first Congress. 
 A geographical, rather than an alphabetical, arrange- 
 ment was preferred, for the reason that a regular succes- 
 sion may be traced in the service of the several classes 
 of Senators of each State, from the commencement of the 
 Government, or the admission of such State into the Union, 
 to the present time. 
 
 This table practically illustrates that provision of the 
 Constitution which directs the arrangement of the Senators 
 into three classes, whose terms of service expire alter- 
 nately every two years, exhibiting the progressive appli- 
 cation of the principle to the Senators from new States 
 as they become qualified, by which the three classes are 
 preserved equal in number, or as nearly so as practicable 
 one-third being elected biennially, and two-thirds being, 
 at all times, prepared to attend the call of their country 
 for the transaction of Legislative, Executive, or Judicial 
 business ; or, indeed, by a provident arrangement of the 
 State Legislatures (as is the prevailing practice) in re-- 
 electing the Senators whose terms of service are about
 
 311 
 
 to expire, or electing others in anticipation of vacancies, 
 the Senate may preserve a continued existence in full 
 force. 
 
 4. The fourth table, page 385, contains the names and 
 the commencement and termination of service of the 
 secretaries of the Senate of the United States, there 
 having been only four individuals in the occupancy of 
 that responsible office from the commencement of the 
 Government under the Constitution to the present time, 
 a circumstance which has preserved to this Honorable 
 Body the advantages of accumulated experience in the 
 Officers in their service. 
 
 5. The table commencing with page 386, exhibits the 
 names and terms of service of the Representatives in 
 Congress who have been elected to, and have occupied, 
 the distinguished station of Speaker of the House of Re- 
 presentatives of the United States, from the 4th March, 
 1789, to the 3d March, 1851, and the names of the States 
 of which they were Representatives. 
 
 6. The sixth table, page 388, contains the names, and 
 the commencement and termination of service of the Clerks 
 of the House of Representatives of the United States, from 
 which it appears that thirteen changes have taken place 
 in the occupancy of this office since the 4th March, 
 1789 ; making an average of less than five years' service 
 to each individual, a circumstance which has sometimes 
 deprived that Honorable House of much of the advan-
 
 312 
 
 tage of accumulated experience, which the business of 
 legislation and the public interest so constantly require 
 in the service of Legislative Bodies. 
 
 The second and fourth tables embrace the names of all 
 those individuals who have occupied the stations of Vice 
 President, President pro tempore, and Speaker of the 
 House of Representatives ; the occupants of which offices 
 have been constituted a reserve corps by the provisions 
 of the Constitution, and of the act of Congress of the 1st 
 March, 1792, in the order in which they are here men- 
 tioned, to fill the office of President of the United States, 
 in the event of its becoming vacant by any of the casu- 
 alties enumerated in the Constitution. Hence has arisen 
 the practice of the Vice President's retiring from the 
 Chair of the Senate a short time previous to the adjourn- 
 ment of each session, with the view of affording the 
 Senate an opportunity of choosing a President pro 
 tempore, who, according to the prevailing practice, would 
 hold that office until the reappearance of the Vice Presi- 
 dent in the Senate ; and, should any casualty deprive 
 the country of the services of the President and Vice Pre- 
 sident acting as President, during the recess of Congress, 
 the President pro tempore so chosen, according to the pre- 
 vailing understanding, would be prepared to occupy that 
 office until a President could be elected ; which office 
 would otherwise, however, devolve on the Speaker of the 
 House of Representatives, should the vacancy happen
 
 313 
 
 during the existence of a Congress ; but should there be 
 no President pro tempore, and the vacancy occur during 
 a recess, after the expiration of one Congress and pre- 
 vious to the assembling of another, while there was no 
 Speaker, there would then be no officer to fill that high 
 and responsible station. 
 
 These tables may afford a useful suggestion of the im- 
 portance of preserving the biography of distinguished 
 citizens who may have been, or may be called to im- 
 portant public stations, with a view of extending the 
 practical political history of the country, which, perhaps, 
 could not be more effectually developed than by a 
 faithful delineation of the characters, principles, and 
 acts of the American statesmen, whose wisdom and 
 patriotism have elevated the character of the Republic, 
 and will continue to guide its destinies, as it is fervently 
 hoped, through the long vista of ages to the consummation 
 of time. 
 
 30*
 
 315 
 
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 Ekctionfor the Second term, commencing 4f/t March, 1793, and terminating 
 3d March, 1797. 
 
 <u_caj 
 
 g/g 
 
 . O.BJ 
 O C8 <U 
 
 STATES. 
 
 G. Washington, 
 of Virginia. 
 
 John Adams, of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 George Clinton, 
 of New York. 
 
 Thos. Jefferson, 
 of Virginia. 
 
 o 
 
 V-. * 
 
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 O <D 
 
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 6 
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 4 
 9 
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 7 
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 4 
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 8 
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 6 
 16 
 4 
 9 
 3 
 12 
 7 
 15 
 3 
 8 
 21 
 4 
 12 
 8 
 4 
 
 6 
 16 
 4 
 9 
 3 
 
 *7 
 
 14 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 1 
 
 21 
 12 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 132 
 
 
 132 
 
 77 
 
 50 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 George Washington, elected President, took the oath of office for a 
 second term on 4th March, 1793. 
 
 John Adams, elected Vice President, took the oath of office and 
 attended in Senate on 2d December, 1793.
 
 317 
 
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 318 
 
 Election for the Fourth term, commencing bth March, 1801, and terminating 
 3d March, 1805. 
 
 S*. 
 
 OT3 
 
 J3 2 - 
 
 "o> CGQ 
 
 ~'5 J5 
 O D. 
 O.CS 
 
 6 
 
 
 STATES. 
 
 Thos. Jefferson, 
 of Virginia. 
 
 ~o 
 
 S-tS 
 
 =* >? 
 MtSH 
 
 c 
 
 o s> 
 
 S 
 
 <J 
 
 John Adams, of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 C. C. Pinckney, 
 of S. Carolina. 
 
 o . 
 Jt 
 
 M 
 
 1* 
 |l 
 
 t-5 
 
 6 
 16 
 4 
 9 
 4 
 12 
 7 
 15 
 3 
 10 
 21 
 4 
 12 
 3 
 8 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 16 
 4 
 9 
 4 
 
 7 
 7. 
 3 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 16 
 3 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 7 
 3 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 'i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 4 
 8 
 3 
 8 
 4 
 
 5 
 21 
 4 
 8 
 3 
 8 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 138 
 
 \Vhole No of Electors 
 
 73 
 
 73 
 
 65 
 
 64 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 The electoral vole for Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr being equal, no choice 
 was made by the people, and the House of Representatives proceeded on Wed- 
 nesday, February 11, 1801, in the manner prescribed by the Constitution to the 
 choice of a President of the United States. On the first ballot eight Stales voted for 
 Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, six States voted for Aaron Burr, of New York, 
 and the votes of two States were divided. The balloting continued until Tuesday, 
 17th February, 1801, when the thirty-fifth ballot, as had all the previous ballots, 
 resulted the same as the first. The House then proceeded to the thirty-sixth 
 ballot, and it having been concluded, the Speaker cleclared that the votes of ten 
 States had been given for Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, the votes of four States 
 for Aaron Burr, of New York, and the votes of two States in blank ; and that, 
 consequently, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, had been, agreeably to the Constitu- 
 tion, elected President of the United States, for the term of four years, commenc- 
 ing on the 4th day of March, 1801. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, thus elected, took the oath of office, and entered upon his 
 duties on 4th of March, 1801. 
 
 Aaron Burr, as Vice President, took the oath of office, and entered upon his 
 duties on 4th of March, 1801.
 
 319 
 
 Election for the Fifth term, commencing 4/7i March, 1805, and terminating 
 3d March, 1809. 
 
 No. of electors appointed 
 by each State. 
 
 
 
 , - -f -. , 
 STATES. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 V. PRESIDENT. 
 
 Thos. Jefferson, of 
 Virginia. 
 
 Charles Cotesworth 
 Pinckney, of South 
 Carolina. 
 
 8 
 
 fU 
 
 e o 
 
 s ^ 
 
 y 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 RufusKing,ofNew 
 York. 
 
 7 
 19 
 4 
 9 
 6 
 19 
 8 
 20 
 3 
 11 
 24 
 14 
 10 
 6 
 5 
 8 
 3 
 
 
 7 
 19 
 4 
 
 *9 
 
 *3 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 19 
 4 
 
 6 
 19 
 8 
 20 
 
 *9 
 24 
 14 
 10 
 6 
 5 
 8 
 3 
 
 *9 
 
 *3 
 
 2 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 19 
 8 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 9 
 24 
 14 
 10 
 6 
 5 
 8 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 176 
 
 
 162 
 
 14 
 
 162 
 
 Majority 89 
 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, elected President, took the oath of office for a 
 second term on 4th March, 1805. 
 
 George Clinton, elected Vice President, took the oath of office in 
 Senate Chamber on 4th March, 1805.
 
 320 
 
 Election for the Sixth term, commencing 4th March, 1809, and terminating 
 3d March, 1813. 
 
 s 
 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT. 
 
 g.es 
 
 
 a 
 
 ts . 
 
 >; 
 
 S? . 
 
 a 
 
 it, 
 o 
 
 'o o 
 
 o 
 
 1| 
 
 STATES. 
 
 II 
 
 2-* 
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 C .S 
 
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 ^ 
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 g 
 
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 J= ^ 
 
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 fe 
 
 
 7 
 
 o u 
 
 
 
 o u 
 
 -> 
 
 >- 
 
 ^^i 
 
 A 
 
 7 
 19 
 
 New Hampshire . 
 Massachusetts 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 7 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 .. 
 
 . . 
 
 4 
 
 
 . . 
 
 
 . 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 .. 
 
 ,1 
 
 9 
 
 
 .. 
 
 . 
 
 
 9 
 
 g 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 19 
 
 New York 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 8 
 20 
 
 
 8 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pennsylvania .... 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 
 9 
 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 24 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 North Carolina . . 
 
 11 
 
 a ^ 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 . , 
 
 ( 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 South Carolina . 
 
 10 
 
 . . 
 
 . . 
 
 10 
 
 .. 
 
 . 
 
 . 
 
 . . 
 
 6 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 175 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Whole No. of elec- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 122 
 
 5 
 
 47 
 
 113 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 47 
 
 
 Majority 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 James Madison, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered 
 upon its duties on 4th March, 1809. 
 
 George Clinton, elected Vice President, took the oath of office in 
 Sena'e Chamber on 4th March, 1809.
 
 321 
 
 Election for the Seventh term, commencing 4th March, 1813, and terminating 
 3d March, 1817. 
 
 No. of electors appointed 
 by each State. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 V. PRESIDENT. 
 
 . 
 
 1:1 
 s;| 
 
 K |> 
 1< 
 
 o 
 
 0) 
 
 >-> 
 
 oj* 
 BO 
 
 0^ 
 *> 
 
 .t: <u 
 
 ^2 
 a- 
 
 Elbridge Gerry, 
 of Massachusetts. 
 
 Jared Injrersoll, 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
 8 
 22 
 4 
 9 
 8 
 29 
 8 
 25 
 4 
 11 
 25 
 15 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 8 
 7 
 3 
 
 
 
 8 
 22 
 4 
 9 
 
 29 
 8 
 
 *4 
 5 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 *8 
 
 25 
 
 *6 
 25 
 15 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 8 
 7 
 3 
 
 7 
 20 
 4 
 9 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 *4 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 
 
 6 
 25 
 15 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 8 
 7 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 217 
 
 
 128 
 
 69 
 
 131 
 
 86 
 
 
 
 James Madison, elected President for a second term. (There is nt 
 notice on the Journals of Congress of his having taken the oath.) 
 
 Elbridge Gerry, elected Vice President, attended in the Senate 24th 
 May, 1813, and exhibited a certificate of his having taken the oath of 
 office prescribed by law, which was read. 
 
 31
 
 322 
 
 Election for the Eighth term, commencing Mi March, 1817, and terminating 
 3d March, 1821. 
 
 No. of electors appoint- j 
 ed by each State. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 PRESIDENT 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT. 
 
 James Monroe, of 
 Virginia. 
 
 s 
 
 *a 
 
 C 
 
 M* 
 * 
 
 00 
 
 1* 
 M 
 
 P~ 
 
 S3 
 
 * 
 
 ** 
 
 13 o 
 'a ^ 
 S 
 013 
 
 John E. Howard, 
 of Maryland. 
 
 James Ross, of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 John Marshall, of 
 Virginia. 
 
 Robert G. Har- 
 per, of Maryland. 
 
 8 
 22 
 4 
 9 
 8 
 29 
 8 
 25 
 3 
 8 
 25 
 15 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 8 
 8 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 22 
 *9 
 
 8 
 4 
 
 's 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 25 
 
 *8 
 25 
 15 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 8 
 8 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 8 
 29 
 8 
 25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 25 
 15 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 8 
 8 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 
 217 
 
 Whole No. of Electors. 
 Majority 109 
 
 183 
 
 34 
 
 183 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 James Monroe, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered 
 upon its duties on 4th March, 1817. 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins, elected Vice President, took the oath of office, 
 and attended in Senate on 4th March, 1817.
 
 323 
 
 Ekction for the Ninth term, commencing 4//i March, 1821, and terminating 
 3d March, 1825. 
 
 o 
 
 31 
 
 STATES. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT. 
 
 O s 
 ~ <u 
 
 tn & 
 o> 
 
 ** 0} 
 
 o 2 
 > S 
 
 v,O> 
 
 o ,_ 
 . o 
 O cs 
 
 ^ 
 
 8 
 15 
 4 
 9 
 8 
 29 
 8 
 25 
 4 
 11 
 25 
 15 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 8 
 8 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 9 
 3 
 
 James Monroe, of 
 Virginia. 
 
 JohnQ. Adams, of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 OjJ 
 SN 
 O 
 
 *. 
 5 
 
 ~s 
 a 
 
 C3 g 
 
 Q.3 
 
 Richard Stockton, 
 of New Jersey. 
 
 Robert G. Har- 
 per, of Maryland. 
 
 Richard Rush, of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 "S 
 
 *J 
 "3 
 
 ~c 
 
 I* 
 ft 
 
 
 7 
 15 
 4 
 9 
 8 
 29 
 8 
 24 
 4 
 11 
 25 
 15 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 7 
 8 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 9 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 7 
 4 
 9 
 8 
 29 
 8 
 24 
 
 10 
 25 
 15 
 11 
 8 
 12 
 7 
 8 
 3 
 3 
 2 
 3 
 3 
 9 
 3 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maine 
 
 
 
 235 
 
 Whole No. of Electors. 
 
 231 
 
 1 
 
 218 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 
 James Monroe, elected President for a second term. (There is no 
 notice on the Journals of Congress of his having taken the oath.) 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins, elected Vice President for a second term. 
 (There is no notice on the Journals of Congress of his having taken the 
 eath.)
 
 324 
 
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 jo 'AB[3 
 
 jo 'uaang 
 
 jo ' 
 
 jo 'UOOBJ\[ p 
 
 JO 'pJOJUBg UB 
 
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 325 
 
 : s 
 
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 =>J3'
 
 326 
 
 Election for the Eleventh term, commencing th March, 1829, and termi 
 nating 3d March, 1833. 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 9 
 8 
 15 
 4 
 8 
 7 
 36 
 8 
 28 
 3 
 11 
 24 
 15 
 11 
 9 
 14 
 11 
 16 
 5 
 3 
 5 
 3 
 5 
 3 
 
 STATES. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT. 
 
 Andrew Jackson, 
 of Tennessee. 
 
 John Q. Adams, of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 John C. Calhoun, 
 of S. Carolina. 
 
 Richard Rush, of 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 jl 
 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 8 
 15 
 4 
 8 
 7 
 16 
 8 
 
 *3 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 28 
 
 "5 
 
 24 
 15 
 11 
 2 
 14 
 11 
 16 
 5 
 3 
 5 
 3 
 5 
 3 
 
 8 
 8 
 15 
 4 
 8 
 7 
 16 
 8 
 
 3 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 
 
 5 
 24 
 15 
 11 
 9 
 14 
 11 
 16 
 5 
 3 
 5 
 3 
 5 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 261 
 
 \Vhole No of Electors. 
 
 178 
 
 83 
 
 171 
 
 83 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Andrew Jackson, elected President, took the oath of office, and en- 
 tered upon its duties the 4th of March, 1829. 
 
 John C. Calhoun, elected Vice President, took the oath of office, and 
 attended in Senate the 4th of March, 1829.
 
 327 
 
 Election for the Twelfth term, commencing 4th March, 1833, and termh 
 noting 3d March, 1837. 
 
 No. of electors appoint- 1 
 ed by each State. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT. 
 
 Andrew Jackson, 
 of Tennessee. 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 5| 
 b 
 
 cW 
 
 <U 
 
 M 
 
 
 
 ^i 
 
 o c 
 hj 
 
 _c> 
 
 o 
 
 >- 
 
 <*H 
 
 
 |1 
 ^t- 
 
 CB 
 
 5^ 
 
 
 
 c" . 
 
 .* 
 
 5S 
 >< 
 
 Si D 
 
 ^ 
 s 
 
 John Sergeant, 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
 William Wilkins, 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Henry Lee, of 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 . . . Amos Ellmaker, 
 * * * of Pennsylvania. 
 
 10 
 7 
 14 
 4 
 8 
 7 
 42 
 8 
 30 
 3 
 10 
 23 
 15 
 11 
 11 
 15 
 15 
 21 
 5 
 4 
 9 
 5 
 7 
 4 
 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 4 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 
 
 N.Hampshire. . 
 Massachusetts 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 '7 
 
 42 
 
 8 
 
 *3 
 23 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 21 
 5 
 4 
 9 
 5 
 7 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 *3 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 ii 
 
 *7 
 
 
 
 New York .... 
 
 New Jersey . . 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 
 42 
 8 
 30 
 
 *3 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 ii 
 
 
 3 
 
 23 
 15 
 
 ii 
 
 
 North Carolina 
 South Carolina. 
 
 
 
 15 
 21 
 5 
 4 
 9 
 5 
 7 
 4 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 288 
 
 No. of electors. 
 Majority . . 145 
 
 219 
 
 49 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 189 
 
 49 
 
 30 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 Andrew Jackson, elected President, took the oath of office, and con- 
 tinued the duties 4th March, 1833. 
 
 Martin Van Buren, elected Vice President, took the oath of office 
 and entered upon its duties 4th March, 1833.
 
 328 
 
 Election for the Thirteenth term, commencing 4th March, 1837, and termi- 
 nating 3d March, 1841. 
 
 No. of electors appoint- 
 ed by each State. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT. 
 
 il 
 
 >H 
 
 * 
 
 es QJ 
 
 > 
 ^ 
 
 s . 
 
 S3 .2 
 
 M 5 
 
 'o 
 
 e 
 &* 
 
 V 
 
 $z 
 
 . *> 
 
 JH 
 
 - ' 
 
 "1 
 
 H 
 
 Daniel Webster, 
 of Mass. 
 
 s" 
 
 N 
 j 
 
 So 
 
 ^'a 
 
 ^"o 
 
 R. M. Johnson, 
 of Kentucky. 
 
 Francis Granger, 
 of New York. 
 
 t i 
 o 
 
 sTs 
 >.s 
 
 E-i be 
 
 ^^ 
 o 
 
 H 
 
 William Smith, 
 of Alabama. 
 
 10 
 7 
 14 
 4 
 8 
 7 
 42 
 8 
 30 
 3 
 10 
 23 
 15 
 11 
 11 
 15 
 15 
 21 
 5 
 4 
 9 
 5 
 7 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 7 
 *8 
 
 3 
 10 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 42 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 *7 
 *8 
 *3 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 N.Hampshire. . 
 Massachusetts . 
 Rhode Island . . 
 Connecticut. . . . 
 
 New York .... 
 
 42 
 
 Pennsylvania . . 
 
 30 
 
 Maryland 
 
 23 
 15 
 
 North Carolina 
 South Carolina. 
 
 
 
 ii 
 
 15 
 
 ' 
 
 ii 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 4 
 
 5 
 7 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 *9 
 
 11 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 7 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 294 
 
 No. of electors. 
 Majority . . 148 
 
 170 
 
 73 
 
 26 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 147* 
 
 77 
 
 47 
 
 23 
 
 Martin Van Buren, elected President, took the oath of office, and 
 entered upon its duties 4th March, 1837. 
 
 Richard M. Johnson, elected Vice President, took the oath 
 nrd attended in Senate 4th March, 1837. * Elected by the Senate.
 
 329 
 
 Election for the Fourteenth term, commencing 4th March, 1841, and termi- 
 nating 3d March, 1845. 
 
 No. of electoral votes. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT. 
 
 . 
 
 8 
 
 W"o 
 
 s 
 
 " 
 
 Ii 
 
 M>H 
 
 J a, 
 
 >K 
 ^ 
 
 'o 
 fe'.S 
 
 >>.3 
 
 H M 
 
 c> 
 41 
 
 o 
 >- 
 
 R. M. Johnson, 
 of Kentucky. 
 
 "oS . 
 .S 
 
 <i> g 
 M.9 
 
 etf M 
 
 H.b 
 
 ^ 
 
 h4 
 
 James K. Polk, 
 of Tennessee. 
 
 10 
 7 
 14 
 4 
 8 
 7 
 42 
 8 
 30 
 3 
 10 
 23 
 15 
 11 
 11 
 15 
 15 
 21 
 5 
 4 
 9 
 5 
 7 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 
 
 10 
 
 *7 
 
 23 
 11 
 
 5 
 7 
 4 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 4 
 8 
 7 
 42 
 8 
 30 
 3 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 ii 
 
 15 
 15 
 21 
 5 
 4 
 9 
 
 *3 
 
 '7 
 2 
 
 5 
 7 
 4 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 4 
 8 
 7 
 42 
 8 
 30 
 3 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 11 
 15 
 15 
 21 
 5 
 4 
 9 
 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 294 
 
 
 234 
 
 60 
 
 234 
 
 48 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 Majority 148 
 
 
 William H. Harrison, elected President, took the oath of office, and 
 entered upon its duties on 4th March, 1841. 
 
 John Tyler, elected Vice President, took the oath of office, and enter- 
 ed upon its duties on 4th March, 1841.
 
 330 
 
 TUESDAY, April 6, 1841. 
 
 Immediate./ after the decease of the President, Mr. Webster, jr., 
 Chief Clerk in tne Department of State, accompanied by Mr. Beall, an 
 officer of the Senate, set out for the residence of the Vice President, in 
 Virginia, bearing to him the following letter : 
 
 WASHINGTON, April 4, 1841. 
 To JOHN TYLER, 
 
 Vice President of the United States. 
 
 SIR : It has become our most painful duty to inform you that William 
 Henry Harrison, late President of the United States, has departed thia 
 life. 
 
 This distressing event took place this day, at the President's Mansion 
 in this city, at thirty minutes before one in the morning. 
 
 We lose no time in despatching the Chief Clerk in the State Depart- 
 ment, as a special messenger, to bear you these melancholy tidings. 
 
 We have the honor to be, with the highest regard, your obedient 
 servants, 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER, 
 Secretary of State. 
 THOMAS EWING, 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury. 
 JOHN BELL, 
 
 Secretary of War. 
 
 JOHN J. CRITTENDEN, 
 Attorney General. 
 
 FRANCIS GRANGER, 
 Postmaster General.
 
 331 
 
 CITY OF WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 Wednesday April 7, 1841. 
 
 By the extraordinary despatch used in sending the official intelligence 
 to the Vice President, at Williamsburg, and similar despatch by him in 
 repairing to the seat of Government, John Tyler, now President of the 
 United States, arrived in this city yesterday morning,' at 5 o'clock, and 
 took lodgings at Brown's Hotel. 
 
 At 12 o'clock, all the Heads of Departments, except the Secretary of 
 the Navy, (who has not yet returned to the city from his visit to hia 
 family,) waited upon him, to pay him their official and personal respects 
 They were received with all the politeness and kindness which charac 
 terize the new President. He signified his deep feeling of the public 
 calamity sustained by the death of President Harrison, and expressed 
 his profound sensibility to the heavy responsibilities so suddenly de- 
 volved upon himself. He spoke of the present state of things with 
 great concern and seriousness, and made known his wishes that the 
 several Heads of Departments would continue to fill the places which 
 they now respectively occupy, and his confidence that they would afford 
 all the aid in their power to enable him to carry on the administration 
 of the Government successfully. 
 
 The President then took and subscribed the following oath of office : 
 
 I do solemnly swear, that I will faithfully execute the office of Presi- 
 dent of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
 protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 JOHN TYLER. 
 
 APRIL 6, 1841. 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 
 
 City and County of Washington, ss. 
 
 I, William Cranch, Chief Judge of the Circuit Court of the District 
 of Columbia, certify, that the above-named John Tyler personally ap- 
 peared before me this day, and, although he deems himself qualified to 
 perform the duties, and exercise the powers and office of President on 
 the death of William Henry Harrison, late President of the United 
 States, without any other oath than that which he has taken as Vice 
 President, yet, as doubts may arise, and for greater caution, took and 
 subscribed the foregoing oath before me. 
 
 W. CRANCH 
 
 APRIL 6, 1841.
 
 332 
 
 Election for the Fifteenth term, commencing 4th March, 1845, and termi- 
 nating 3d March, 1849. 
 
 No. of electors appointed. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 V. PRESIDENT. 
 
 James K. Polk, 
 of Tennessee. 
 
 e 
 
 $$ 
 
 S| 
 
 H 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 George M. Dallas, 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
 T. Frelinghuysen, 
 of New York. 
 
 9 
 6 
 12 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 36 
 7 
 26 
 3 
 8 
 17 
 11 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 13 
 23 
 6 
 6 
 12 
 9 
 9 
 7 
 3 
 5 
 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 12 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 23 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 6 
 6 
 12 
 9 
 9 
 7 
 3 
 5 
 
 12 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 13 
 23 
 
 
 
 Rhode Island and P. Plantations . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 
 
 9 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 12 
 9 
 9 
 7 
 3 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 275 
 
 
 170 
 
 105 
 
 170 
 
 105 
 
 Majority 138 
 
 
 James K. Polk, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered 
 upon its duties on 4th March, 1845. 
 
 George Mifflin Dallas, elected Vice President, attended in Senate, and 
 took the oath of office on 4th March, 1845.
 
 333 
 
 Election for the Sixteenth Term, commencing 4th March, 1849, and termi- 
 nating 3d March, 1853. 
 
 No. of electors ap- 
 pointed by each State. 
 
 STATES. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 V. PRESIDENT. 
 
 Z. Taylor, 
 of Louisiana. 
 
 Lewis Cass, 
 of Michigan. 
 
 M. Fillmore, 
 of New York. 
 
 
 
 73 -g 
 * 
 M H 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 9 
 6 
 12 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 86 
 7 
 26 
 3 
 8 
 17 
 11 
 9 
 10 
 12 
 13 
 23 
 6 
 6 
 12 
 9 
 9 
 7 
 3 
 6 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 12 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 36 
 7 
 26 
 3 
 8 
 
 ii 
 io 
 
 12 
 13 
 
 "e 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 6 
 
 17 
 "9 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 9 
 9 
 7 
 3 
 6 
 
 "i 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 4 
 6 
 6 
 
 Rhode Island 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 
 New York 
 
 36 
 7 
 26 
 3 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 *9 
 
 23 
 
 "(5 
 12 
 9 
 9 
 7 
 3 
 5 
 
 *4 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 
 Mn/ryland 
 
 
 North. Carolina 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 10 
 12 
 13 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Ohio 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Florida 
 
 3 
 
 Texas 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 290 
 
 Whole number of electors 
 
 163 
 
 127 
 
 163 
 
 127 
 
 Zachary Taylor, elected President, took the oath, of office, and 
 entered upon its duties, 4th March, 1849. 
 
 Millard Fillmore, elected Vice President, took the oath of office, 
 and entered upon its duties, 4th March, 1849.
 
 334 
 
 Zachary Taylor, President of the United States, having deceased on 
 Tuesday the 9th July, 1850; and Congress being then in session: 
 
 IN SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 WEDNESDAY, July 10, 1850. 
 
 The following communication, received by the Secretary of the Senate, 
 was read : 
 
 To the Senate of the United States : 
 
 In consequence of the lamented death of Zachary Taylor, late President 
 of the United States, I shall no longer occupy the chair of the Senate ; and 
 I have thought that a formal communication to the Senate, to that effect, 
 through your Secretary, might enable you the more promptly to proceed to 
 the choice of a presiding officer. MILLARD FILLMORE. 
 
 WASHINGTON, July 10, 1850. 
 
 The following message was received from the President of the United 
 States, by Mr. Fisher : 
 
 Fellow-citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives : 
 
 I have to perform the melancholy duty of announcing to you that it has 
 pleased Almighty God to remove from this life Zachary Taylor, late Presi- 
 dent of the United States. He deceased last evening, at the hour of half 
 past ten o'clock, in the midst of his family and surrounded by affectionate 
 friends, calmly and in the full possession of all his faculties. Among his 
 last words were these, which he uttered with emphatic distinctness: "I 
 have always done my duty I am ready to die my only regret is for the 
 friends I leave behind me." 
 
 Having announced to you, fellow-citizens, this most afflicting bereave- 
 ment, and assuring you that it has penetrated no heart with deeper grief 
 than mine, it remains for me to say, that I propose this day, at 12 o'clock, 
 in the Hall of the House of Representatives, in the presence of both Houses 
 of Congress, to take the oath prescribed by the Constitution, to enable me 
 to enter on the execution of the office which this event has devolved on me. 
 
 WASHINGTON, July 10, 1850. MILLARD FILLMORE. 
 
 A similar message having been communicated to the House of Repre- 
 sentatives and the necessary arrangements made between the two Houses: 
 
 At 12 o'clock meridian 
 
 The President of the United States, the Heads of Departments, the 
 Chief Judge of the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, and the Senate 
 of the United States, having entered the Hall of the House of Representatives 
 
 The oath of office was administered to the President by the Honourable 
 William Cranch, Chief Judge of the Circuit Court of the United States for 
 the District of Columbia.
 
 336 
 
 Synoptical table of terms of office, and length of service, in the Senate, 
 
 and of the Presidents pro 
 
 Congress. 
 
 Session. 
 
 Commencement 
 of Session. 
 
 Termination 
 of Session. 
 
 Number of days 
 in each Session. 
 
 Names of Vice Presi- 
 dents of the United 
 States. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 Mar. 1789 
 
 29 Sept. 1789 
 
 210 
 
 John Adams . 
 
 1 
 1 
 Special 
 2 
 
 2 
 3 
 Ses. Sen. 
 
 1 
 
 4 Jan. 1790 
 6 Dec. 1790 
 4 Mar. 1791 
 24 Oct. 1791 
 
 12 Aug. 17*90 
 3 Mar. 1791 
 4 Mar. 1791 
 8 May 1792 
 
 221 
 88 
 1 
 198 
 
 John Adams . . 
 John Adams . . 
 John Adams . . 
 John Adams . 
 John Adams . . 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 Nov. 1792 
 
 2 Mar. 1793 
 
 118 
 
 John Adams 
 
 
 Ses. Sen. 
 
 4 Mar. 1793 
 
 4 Mar. 1793 
 
 1 
 
 
 3 
 
 1, 
 
 2 Dec. 1793 
 
 9 June 1794 
 
 190 
 
 John Adams . 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 Nov. 1794 
 
 3 Mar. 1795 
 
 121 
 
 John Adams 
 
 Special 
 4 
 
 Ses. Sen. 
 1 
 
 8 June 1795 
 7 Dec. 1795 
 
 26 June 1795 
 1 June 1796 
 
 19 
 178 
 
 John Adams 
 John Adams . 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 6 Dec. 1796 
 
 3 Mar. 1797 
 
 89 
 
 John Adams . . 
 
 Special 
 5 
 
 Ses. Sen. 
 1 
 
 4 Mar. 1797 
 15 May 1797 
 
 4 Mar. 1797 
 10 July 1797 
 
 1 
 
 67 
 
 Thomas Jefferson . 
 Thomas Jefferson . 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 13 NOT. 1797 
 
 16 July 1798 
 
 246 
 
 Thomas Jefferson . 
 
 Special 
 
 Ses Sen. 
 
 17 July 1798 
 
 19 July 1798 
 
 R 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 Dec. 1798 
 2*Dec. 17*99 
 
 3 Mar. 1799 
 14 May 1800 
 
 91 
 
 165 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 
 Thomas Jefferson . 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 17 NOT. 1800 
 
 3 Mar. 1801 
 
 107 
 
 Thomas Jefferson 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 337 
 
 of the Vice Presidents of the United States and Presidents of the Senate, 
 tempore of the Senate, viz : 
 
 TERMS OP OFFICE. 
 
 Names of Presidents 
 pro tempore of the 
 Senate. 
 
 SERVICE IN SENATE U. 8. 
 
 Commenced. 
 
 Expired. 
 
 Attended. 
 
 Retired. 
 
 4 Mar. 1789 
 
 3 Mar. 1793 
 
 John Laogdon . . 
 John Langdon . . 
 
 6 April 1789 
 21 April 1789 
 7 Aug. 1789 
 20 Aug. 1789 
 4 Jan. 1790 
 6 Dec. 1790 
 4 Mar. 1791 
 24 Oct. 1791 
 18 April 1792 
 6 Nov. 1792 
 6 Dec. 1792 
 IMar. 1793 
 
 4 Mar. 1793 
 2 Dec. 1793 
 31 May 1794 
 3 Nov. 1794 
 10 Nov. 1794 
 20 Feb. 1795 
 8 June- 1795 
 7 Dec. 1795 
 9 Dec. 1795 
 6 May 1796 
 5 Dec. 1796 
 16 Feb. 1797 
 
 4 Mar. 1797 
 15 May 1797 
 6 July 1797 
 22 Nov. 1797 
 13 Dec. 1797 
 27 June 1798 
 17 July 1798 
 6 Dec. 1798 
 27 Dec. 1798 
 IMar. 1799 
 2 Dec. 1799 
 30 Dec. 1799 
 14 May 1800 
 21 Nov. 1800 
 28 Nov. 1800 
 28 Feb. 1801 
 
 21 April 1789 
 6 Aug. 1789 
 19 Aug. 1789 
 29 Sept. 1789 
 12 Aug. 1790 
 3 Mar. 1791 
 4 Mar. 1791 
 17 April 1792 
 8 May 1792 
 4 Dec. 1792 
 28 Feb. 1793 
 3 Mar. 1793 
 
 4 Mar. 1793 
 30 May 1794 
 9 June 1794 
 9 Nov. 1794 
 19 Feb. 1795 
 3 Mar. 1795 
 26 June 1795 
 8 Dec. 1795 
 5 May 1796 
 1 June 1796 
 15 Feb. 1797 
 3 Mar. 1797 
 
 4 Mar. 1797 
 5 July 1797 
 10 July 1797 
 12 Dec. 1797 
 26 June 1798 
 16 July 1798 
 17 July 1798 
 26 Dec. 1798 
 28 Feb. 1799 
 8 Mar. 1799 
 29 Dec. 1799 
 13 May 1800 
 14 May 1800 
 27 Nov. 1800 
 28 Feb. 1801 
 3 Mar. 1801 
 
 
 
 
 
 . . . . 
 
 4 Mar. 1793 
 
 * '. 
 3 Mar. 1797 
 
 Richard Henry Lee . 
 John Langdon 
 
 John Langdon 
 
 John Langdon . 
 
 Ralph Izard . . 
 Ralph Izard . . 
 
 Henry Tazewell . 
 
 . 
 
 Henry Tazewell . 
 
 Samuel Livermore. 
 
 4 Mar. 1797 
 
 3 Mar. 1801 
 
 f 
 f 
 
 William Bingham . 
 
 William Bradford . 
 Jacob Read . . 
 
 Theodore Sedgwick . 
 Theodore Sedgwick 
 John Lawrence . . 
 
 James Ross . . 
 Samuel Livermore. 
 
 Uriah Tracy . 
 John Eager Howard. 
 
 James llillhouse 
 39*
 
 338 
 
 SYNOPTICAL 
 
 Congresf. 
 
 Session. 
 
 Commencement 
 of Session. 
 
 Termination 
 of Session. 
 
 Number of dayg 
 in each Session. 
 
 Names of Vice Presi- 
 dents of the United 
 States. 
 
 Special 
 7 
 
 Ses. Sen. 
 1 
 
 4 Mar. 1801 
 7 Dec. 1801 
 
 5 Mar. 1801 
 3 May 1802 
 
 2 
 
 148 
 
 Aaron Burr . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aaron Burr ... 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 6 Dec. 1802 
 
 3 Mar. 1803 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aaron Burr . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aaron Burr . . 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 17 Oct. 1803 
 
 27 Mar. 1804 
 
 163 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aaron Burr . . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 5 Nov. 1804 
 
 3 Mar. 1805 
 
 119 
 
 Aaron Burr ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aaron Burr ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Aaron Burr . 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 2 Dec. 1805 
 
 21 April 1806 
 
 141 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 George Clinton 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 IDec. 1806 
 
 3 Mar. 1807 
 
 93 
 
 George Clinton f. 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 26 Oct. 1807 
 
 25 April 1808 
 
 183 
 
 George Clinton 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 7 Nov. 1808 
 
 3 Mar. 1809 
 
 117 
 
 George Clinton 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 George Clinton 
 
 Bpecial 
 
 Ses. Sen. 
 
 4 Mar. 1809 
 
 7 Mar. 1S09 
 
 4 
 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 22 May 1809 
 
 28 June 1809 
 
 38 
 
 George Clinton . . 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 27 Nov. 1809 
 
 1 May 1810 
 
 156 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 George Clinton 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 George Clinton 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 3 Dec. 1810 
 
 3 Mar. 1811 
 
 91 

 
 339 
 
 TAB LE Continued. 
 
 TERMS OF OFFICE. 
 
 Names of Presidents 
 pro teinpore of the 
 Senate. 
 
 SERVICE IN SENATE D. S. 
 
 Commenced. 
 
 Expired. 
 
 Attended. 
 
 Retired. 
 
 4 Mar. 1801 
 
 4 Mar. 1605 
 
 4 Mar. 1809 
 V 
 
 Mar. 1805 
 3 Mar. 1809 
 
 
 4 Mar. 1801 
 7 Dec. 1801 
 5 Jan. 1802 
 7 April 1802 
 4 Dec. 1802 
 9 Jan. 1803 
 25 Feb. 1803 
 26 Feb. 1803 
 2 Mar. 1803 
 7 Oct. 1803 
 7 Dec. 1803 
 23 Jan. 1804 
 Mar. 1804 
 5 Nov. 1804 
 15 Jan. 1805 
 
 5 Mar. 1801 
 14 Jan. 1802 
 16 April 1802 
 3 May 1802 
 18 Jan. 180- 
 24 Feb. 1803 
 25 Feb. 1803 
 1 Mar. 1803 
 3 Mar. 1803 
 6 Dec. 1803 
 22 Jan. 1804 
 9 Mar. 1804 
 27 Mar. 1804 
 14 Jan. 1805 
 
 27 Feb. 1805 
 2 Mar. 1805 
 
 3 Mar. 1805 
 
 15 Dec. 1805 
 17 Mar. 1808 
 21 April 1806 
 2 Mar. 1807 
 3 " 
 16 April 1803 
 25 " 
 27 Dec. 1808 
 
 30 Jan. 1809 
 3 Mar. 1809 
 
 7 
 SSJune 1809 
 28 " 
 18 Dec. 1809 
 27 Feb. 1810 
 
 16 April 181 
 IMay 1810 
 11 Dec. 1810 
 
 Abraham Baldwin . 
 
 Abraham Baldwin . 
 Stephen R. Bradley . 
 
 Stephen R. Bradley . 
 
 Stephen R. Bradley . 
 John Brown . 
 
 fohn Brown . 
 Fesse Franklin . 
 
 Joseph Anderson . 
 
 Joseph Anderson . 
 
 28 Feb. 1805 
 2 Mar. 1805 
 2 Mar. 1805 
 
 2 Dec. 1805 
 16 Dec. 1805 
 18 Mar. 1806 
 1 Dec. 1806 
 2 Mar. 1807 
 26 Oct. 1807 
 16 April 1808 
 7 Nov. 1808 
 28 Dec. 1808 
 
 30 Jan. 1809 
 
 4 Mar. 1809 
 22 May 1809 
 26 June 1809 
 27 Nov. 1809 
 19 Dec. 1809 
 28 Feb. 1810 
 
 17 April 1810 
 3 Dec. 1810 
 
 Joseph Anderson . 
 Samuel Smith *. 
 
 Samuel Smith . 
 
 
 
 Samuel Smith . 
 
 
 
 Samuel Smith . . 
 
 
 Stephen R. Bradley . 
 
 3 Mar. 1813 
 
 John Milledge . 
 
 John Milledge . 
 
 Andrew Gregg 
 Andrew Gregg . 
 
 
 
 John Gaillard . . 
 
 
 
 John Gaillard . 
 John Gaillard .
 
 340 
 
 SYNOPTICAL 
 
 1 
 
 Session. 
 
 Commencement 
 of Session. 
 
 Termination 
 of Session. 
 
 Number of days 
 in each Session. 
 
 Names of Vice Presi- 
 dents of the United 
 States. 
 
 
 
 : ; 1" 
 
 
 
 
 George Clinton . 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 4 Nov. 1811 
 
 6 July 1812 
 
 245 
 
 George Clinton . 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 2 Nov. 1812 
 
 3 Mar. 1813 
 
 122 
 
 
 13 
 13 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 24 May 1813 
 6 l>ec. 1813 
 
 2 Aug. 1813 
 18 April 1814 
 
 71 
 134 
 
 Elbridge Gerry 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Elbridge Gerry . 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 19 Sept. 1814 
 
 3 Mar. 1815 
 
 106 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 4 Dec. 1815 
 
 30 April 1816 
 
 149 
 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 2 Dec. 1816 
 
 3 Mar. 1817 
 
 92 
 
 
 Special 
 
 Ses. Sen. 
 
 4 Mar. 1817 
 
 6 Mar. 1817 
 
 3 
 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 1 Dec. 1817 
 
 20 April 1818 
 
 141 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkina 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 16 Nov. 1818 
 
 3 Mar. 1819 
 
 108 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 6 Dec. 1819 
 
 15 May 1820 
 
 162 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 13 Nov. 1820 
 
 3 Mar. 1821 
 
 111 
 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 3 Dec. 1821 
 
 8 May 1822 
 
 157 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkina 
 
 '17 
 
 2 
 
 2 Dec. 1822 
 
 3 Mar. 1823 
 
 92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 1 Dec. 1823 
 
 27 May 1824 
 
 179 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins . 
 
 18 
 
 t 
 
 6 Dec. 1824 
 
 3 Mar. 1825 
 
 88 
 
 
 Special 
 
 Ses. Sen. 
 
 4 Mar. 1825 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 John C. Calhoun .
 
 TABLE Continued. 
 
 341 
 
 TERMS OF OFFICE. 
 
 Names of Presidents 
 pro tempore of the 
 
 SERVICE IN SENATE 0. S. 
 
 Commenced. 
 
 Expired. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Attended. 
 
 Retired. 
 
 Died April, 
 
 1812. 
 
 
 12 Dec. 1810 
 23 Feb. 1811 
 4 Nov. 1811 
 24 Mar. 1812 
 2 Nov. 1812 
 
 24 May 1813 
 6 Dec. 1813 
 4 Feb. 1814 
 18 April 1814 
 19 Sept. 1814 
 *24 Nov. 1814 
 4 Dec. 1815 
 2 Dec 1816 
 
 4 Mar. 1817 
 1 Dec. 1817 
 19 Feb. 1818 
 31 Mar. 1818 
 16 Nov. 1818 
 6 Jan. 1819 
 15 Feb. 1819 
 6 Dec. 1819 
 27 Dec. 1819 
 25 Jan. 1820 
 13 Nov. 1820 
 
 3 Dec. 1821 
 28 " 
 1 Feb. 1822 
 2 Dec. 1822 
 3 " 
 19 Feb. 1823 
 1 Dec. 1823 
 21 Jan. 1824 
 21 May 1824 
 6 Dec. 1824 
 
 4 Mar. 1825 
 9 " 
 
 22 Feb. 1811 
 3 Mar. 1811 
 23 Mar. 1812 
 6 July 1812 
 3 Mar. 1813 
 
 2 Aug. 1813 
 3 Feb. 1814 
 17 April 1814 
 18 " 
 24 Nov. 1814 
 2 Mar. 1815 
 30 April 1815 
 3 Mar. 1817 
 
 6 " 
 
 18 Feb. 1818 
 30 Mar. 1818 
 20 April 1818 
 5 Jan. 1919 
 14 Feb. 1819 
 3 Mar. 1819 
 26 Dec. 1819 
 24 Jan. 1820 
 15 May 1820 
 3 Mar. 1821 
 
 27 Dec. 1821 
 31 Jan. 1822 
 8 May 1822 
 2 Dec. 1822 
 18 Feb. 1823 
 3 Mar. 1823 
 20 Jan. 1824 
 20 May 1824 
 27 " 
 3 Mar. 1825 
 
 9 " 
 9 *. 
 
 John Pope . 
 
 William II. Crawford 
 William H. Crawford 
 
 4 Mar. 1813 
 Died Nov. 
 
 4 Mar. 1817 
 
 4 Mar. 1821 
 
 t 
 
 . . 
 
 4 Mar. 1825 
 
 3 Mar. 1817 
 1814. 
 
 3 Mar. 1821 
 
 Joseph B. Varnum . 
 
 John Gaillard . 
 John Gaillard . . 
 John Gaillard . . 
 John Gaillard . .^ 
 John Gaillard . 
 
 John Gaillard . 
 John Gaillard . 
 
 John Gaillard . 
 John Gaillard . 
 
 James Barbour 
 James Barbour . 
 
 3 Mar. 1825 
 
 John Gaillard . 
 John Gaillard . 
 
 John Gaillard 
 
 John Gaillard . . 
 John Gaillard . . 
 
 John Gaillard . 
 John Gaillard . 
 
 3 Mar. 1829 
 
 John Gaillard . 
 John Gaillard . 
 
 John Gaillard . 
 
 * Re-election considered necessary on death of Vice President.
 
 342 
 
 SYNOPTICAL 
 
 00 
 
 Session. 
 
 Commencement 
 of Session. 
 
 Termination 
 of Session. 
 
 Number of daya 
 in each Session. 
 
 Names of Vice Presi- 
 dents of the United 
 States. 
 
 19 
 
 1 
 
 5 Dec. 1825 
 
 22 May 1826 
 
 169 
 
 John C. Calhoan . . 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 4 Dec. 1826 
 
 3 Mar. 1827 
 
 90 
 
 John C. Calhoun . 
 
 
 
 ? " : 
 
 
 
 
 John C. Calhonn . 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 3 Dec. 1827 
 
 26 May 1828 
 
 176 
 
 John C. Calhoun . . 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 1 Dec. 1828 
 
 3 Mar. 1829 
 
 93 
 
 
 Special 
 
 Ses. Sen. 
 
 4 Mar. 1829 
 
 17 " 
 
 14 
 
 John C. Calhoun . 
 
 John C. Calhoan . 
 i. 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 7 Dec. 1829 
 
 31 May 1830 
 
 176 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 John C. Calhoun . 
 
 21 
 
 2 
 
 6 Dec. 1830 
 
 3 Mar. 1831 
 
 88 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 John C. Calhoun . 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 5 Dec. 1831 
 
 16 July 1832 
 
 225 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 John C. Calhoun . 
 
 S3 
 
 2 
 
 3 Dec. 1832 
 
 2 Mar. 1833 
 
 90 
 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 2 Dec. 1833 
 
 30 June 1834 
 
 211 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Martin Van Buren . 
 
 23 
 24 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 1 Dec. 1834 
 7 Dec. 1835 
 
 3 Mar. 1835 
 4 July 1836 
 
 93 
 211 
 
 Martin Van Buren . 
 Martin Van Buren . 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 5 Dec. 1836 
 
 3 Mar. 1837 
 
 89 
 
 Martin Van Buren . 
 
 Special 
 25 
 
 Sen. Sen. 
 1 
 
 4 Mar. 1837 
 4 Sept. 1837 
 
 10 " 
 
 16 Oct. 1837 
 
 7 
 44 
 
 Richard M. Johnson . 
 Richard M. Johnson 
 Richard M. Johnson 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 4 Dec. 1837 
 
 9 July 1838 
 
 218 
 
 Richard M. Johnson . 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 3 Dec. 1838 
 
 3 Mar. 1839 
 
 91 

 
 343 
 
 TABLE Continued. 
 
 TERMS OF OFFICE. 
 
 Names of Presidents 
 pro tempore of the 
 
 SERVICE IN SENATE U. 5. 
 
 Commenced. 
 
 Expired. 
 
 Senate. 
 
 Attended. 
 
 Retired. 
 
 
 
 
 5 Dec. 1825 
 20 May 1826 
 4 Dec. 1826 
 2 Jan. 1827 
 14 Feb. 1827 
 2 Mar. 1827 
 3 Dec. 1827 
 15 May 1828 
 1 Dec. 1828 
 22 
 
 4 Mar. 1829 
 13 " 
 7 Dec. 1829 
 14 " 
 29 May 1830 
 6 Dec. 1830 
 3 Jan. 1831 
 1 Mar. 1831 
 5 Dec. 1831 
 12 " 
 9 July 1832 
 3 Dec. 1832 
 
 2 Dec. 1833 
 16 " 
 28 June 1834 
 1 Dec. 1834 
 3 Mar. 1835 
 7 Dec. 1835 
 Uuly 1836 
 5 Dec. 1836 
 28 Jan. 1837 
 
 4 Mar. 1837 
 7 " 
 4 Sept. 1837 
 13 " 
 4 Dec. 1837 
 2 July 1838 
 3 Dec. 1838 
 
 20 May 1826 
 20 " 
 29 Dec. 1826 
 13 Feb. 1827 
 2 Mar. 1827 
 3 " 
 14 May 1828 
 26 " 
 21 Dec. 1828 
 3 Mar. 1829 
 
 12 " 
 17 ' 
 13 Dec. 182 
 29 May 1830 
 31 " 
 2 Jan. 1831 
 1 Mar. 1831 
 3 " 
 11 Dec. 1831 
 8 July 1832 
 16 " 
 2 Mar. 1833 
 
 15 Dec. 1833 
 27 June 1834 
 30 " 
 3 Mar. 1835 
 3 " 
 30 June 1836 
 4 July 1836 
 28 Jan. 1837 
 3 Mar. 18r 
 
 6 
 10 " 
 12 Sept. 1837 
 16 Oct. 1831 
 Uuly 1838 
 9 " 
 18 Dec. 1838 
 
 
 
 
 Nathaniel Macon . 
 
 Nathaniel Macon . 
 
 4 Mar. 1829 
 
 Resigned 28 
 4 Mar. 1833 
 
 4 Mar. 1837 
 
 
 
 Nathaniel Macon . 
 
 Samuel Smith . 
 Samuel Smith . 
 
 3 Mar. 1833 
 
 
 Samuel Smith 
 Samuel Smith . ' . 
 
 Dec. 1832. 
 3 Mar. 1837 
 
 Samuel Smith . 
 Samuel Smith . 
 
 Samuel Smith . 
 Samuel Smith 
 
 Littleton W. Tazewell 
 Hugh Lawson White . 
 
 Hugh Lawson White . 
 George Poindezter 
 
 
 John Tyler . 
 
 3 Mar. 1841 
 
 William R. King 
 William R. King 
 
 William R. King 
 
 
 
 William R. King 
 
 
 
 William R. King 
 William H. King .
 
 SYNOPTICAL 
 
 Congress. 
 
 1 
 
 Commencement 
 of Session. 
 
 Termination 
 of Session. 
 
 Number of days 
 in each Session. 
 
 Names of Vice Presi- 
 dents of the United 
 States. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Rich M Johnson 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 2 Dec. 1839 
 
 21 July 1840 
 
 ?,-n 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Richard M Johnson 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 26 
 
 2 
 
 7 Dec. 1840 
 
 3 Mar. 1841 
 
 87 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Ses. Sen. 
 
 4 Mar. 1841 
 
 15 " 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 27 
 27 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 31 May 1841 
 6 Dec. 1841 
 
 13 Sept. 1841 
 31 Aug. 1842 
 
 106 
 2C9 
 
 . 
 
 27 
 
 3 
 
 5 Dec. 1842 
 
 3 Mar. 1843 
 
 89 
 
 
 28 
 28 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 4 Dec. 1843 
 2 Dec. 1844 
 
 17 June 1844 
 3 Mar. 1845 
 
 197 
 92 
 
 . . . . 
 
 Special 
 
 Ses. Sen. 
 
 4 Mar. 1845 
 
 20 " 
 
 17 
 
 . 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 IDec. 1845 
 
 10 Aug. '1846 
 
 253 
 
 George M. Dallas . 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 7 Dec. 1846 
 
 3 Mar. 1847 
 
 87 
 
 George M. Dallas . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 George M. Dallas . 
 
 30 
 
 1 
 
 6 Dec. 1847 
 
 14 Aug. 1848 
 
 253 
 
 George M. Dallas . 
 George M. Dallas . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 George M. Dallas . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 George M. Dallas . 
 
 SO 
 
 2 
 
 4 Dec. 1848 
 
 3 Mar. 1849 
 
 90 
 
 George M. Dallas 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gporcre M T) lias * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 Ses. Sen. 
 
 5 Mar. 1849 
 
 23 Mar. 1849 
 
 19 
 
 
 31 
 
 1 
 
 3 Dec. 1849 
 
 30 Sept. 1850 
 
 302 
 
 Millard Fillmore . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Millard Fillmore . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 2 
 
 2 Dec. 1850 
 
 3 Mar. 1851 
 
 Qfl 
 
 
 32 
 32 
 
 1 
 2 
 
 1 Dec. 1851 
 6 Dec. 1852 
 
 31 Aug. 1852 
 3 Mar. 1853 
 
 275 
 88 
 
 . 
 
 *The President having died on 9tli July, Slillard Fillmore succeeded to tlie Presidency.
 
 TABLE Continued. 
 
 345 
 
 TERMS OF OFFICE. 
 
 Names of Presidents 
 pro tempore of the 
 Senate. 
 
 SERVICE IN SENATE U. 8. 
 
 Commenced. 
 
 Expired. 
 
 Attended. 
 
 Retired. 
 
 
 
 
 19 Dec. 1838 
 25 Feb. 1839 
 2 Dec. 1839 
 27 " 
 3 July 1840 
 7 Dec. 1840 
 16 
 2 Mar. 1841 
 
 4 
 4 " 
 11 
 31 May 1841 
 6 Dec. 1841 
 31 May 1842 
 5 Dec. 1842 
 4 Dec. 1843 
 2 Dec. 1844 
 4 Mar. 1845 
 
 4 ' 
 IDec. 1845 
 8 Aug. 1846 
 7 Dec. 1846 
 HJan. 1847 
 14 Jan. 1847 
 3 Mar. 1847 
 6 Dec. 1847 
 2 Feb. 1848 
 9 Feb. 1848 
 1 June 1848 
 15 June 1848 
 26 June 1848 
 30 June 1848 
 29 July 1848 
 4 Dec. 1848 
 5 Dec. 1848 
 26 Dec. 1848 
 2 Jan. 1849 
 2 Mar. 1849 
 5 Mar. 1849 
 
 3 Dec. 1849 
 6 May 1850 
 20 May 1850 
 10 July 1850 
 11 July 1850 
 2 Dec. 1850 
 1 Dec. 1851 
 1 Dec. 1852 
 20 Dec. 1852 
 
 24 Feb. 1839 
 3 Mar. 1839 
 26 Dec. 1839 
 2 July 1840 
 21 
 15 Dec. 1840 
 2 Mar. 1841 
 3 " 
 
 4 
 11 
 15 
 13 Sept. 1841 
 30 May 1842 
 31 Aug. 1842 
 3 Mar. 1843 
 17 June 1844- 
 3 Mar. 1845 
 4 " 
 
 20 " 
 8 Aug. 1846 
 10 Aug. 1846 
 11 Jan. 1847 
 14 Jan. 1847 
 3 Mar. 1847 
 3 Mar. 1847 
 1 Feb. 1848 
 8 Feb. 1848 
 31 May 1848 
 14 June 1848 
 26 June 1848 
 29 June 1848 
 28 July 1848 
 14 Aug. 1848 
 4 Dec. 1848 
 25 Dec. 1848 
 IJnn. 1849 
 2 Mar. 1849 
 3 Mar. 1849 
 23 Mar. 1849 
 
 5 May 1850 
 19 May 1850 
 9 July 1850 
 10 July 1850 
 30 Sept. 1850 
 3 Mar. 1851 
 31 Aug. 1852 
 20 Dec. 1852 
 3 Mar. 185.3 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 William R. King . 
 William K. King 
 
 William R. King 
 William R. King . 
 
 4 Mar. 1841 
 4 Mar. 1845 
 
 *3 Mar. 1845 
 3 Mar. 1849 
 
 William R. King . 
 William R. King 
 
 Samuel L. Southard . 
 Samuel L. Southard 
 Samuel L. Southard. 
 Willie P. Mangum. 
 Willie P. Mangum . 
 Willie P. Mangum. 
 Willie P. Mangum 
 Willie P. Mangum. 
 
 David R. Atchison . 
 David R. Atchison . 
 David R. Atchison' . 
 David R. Atchison . 
 David R. Atchison . 
 David R. Atchison . 
 
 David R. Atchison . 
 David R. Atchison . 
 
 4 Mar. 1849 
 
 
 
 David R. Atchison. 
 
 3 Mar. 1853 
 
 David R. Atchison. 
 David R. Atchison . 
 
 William R. King . 
 
 William 'R. King ' . 
 William R. King . 
 William R. King. 
 William R. King. 
 David R. Atchison. 
 
 " The President having died on 1st April, Jehn Tyler succeeded to the Presidency, 
 t The Secretary culled the Snat to or.lor, and br consent put all quostions, 
 
 33
 
 346 
 
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 Successor appointed Aug. 19, 1831. 
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 Noble, deceased. 
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 Successor appointed Aug. 30, 1820. 
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 Leake, resigned. 
 Successor appointed Sept. 28, 1825. 
 By Governor, in room of David 
 Holmes, resigned. 
 By Legislature, in room of David 
 Holmes, resigned. 
 Vacated his seat, by acceptance of 
 office of judge of United States 
 court. 
 
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 By Legislature, in room of John 
 McLean, deceased. 
 
 Successor appointed April 16, 1843. 
 By Governor, in room of Samuel 
 McRoberts, deceased. 
 
 By Legislature, in room of Samuel 
 McRoberts, deceased. 
 
 Successor appointed Nov. 23, 1824. 
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 liidwarus, resigned. 
 
 Successor appointed December 30, 
 1835. 
 
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 Kane, deceased. 
 
 Successor appointed April 22, 1844. 
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 R. King, resigned. 
 
 
 
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 Walker, resigned. 
 Successor appointed Feb. 17, 1826. 
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 Chambers, deceased. 
 By Legislature, in room of Henry 
 Chambers, deceased. 
 
 Appointed an associate judge Su- 
 preme Court United States. 
 Successor appointed Nov. 24, 1841. 
 By Legislature, in room of C. C. 
 Clay, resigned. 
 Resigned; succ'r app'd 1 July, 1848. 
 
 Successor appointed Jan. 15, 1829. 
 
 Successor appointed December 7, 
 1836. 
 By Governor, in room of Ether 
 Shepley, resigned. 
 By Legislature, in room of Ether 
 Shepley, resigned. 
 Successor appointed March 3, 1843. 
 By Legislature, in room of Ruel 
 Williams, resigned. 
 Died; successor app'd 5 Jan., 1848. 
 
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 1 
 
 Successor appointed Jan. 20, 1835. 
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 By Legislature, in room of Alex- 
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 382 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 Charles G. Atherton, elected for 6 
 years from 3d March, 1853. 
 
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 July, 1850. 
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 n eoster. 
 
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 Termination 
 of service. 
 
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 Charles Sumner 
 John Davis 
 
 
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 Isaac Toucey 
 Trueman Smith 
 William Upham 
 
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 William H. Seward 
 Hamilton Fish 
 
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 Robert F. Stockton 
 
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 CHAPTER 8. 
 
 THIS CHAPTER IS DEDICATED TO 
 
 THE EMINENT JURISTS 
 
 WHO HAVE OCCUPIED AND CONTINUE TO OCCUPY THE 
 BENCH OF THAT AUGUST TRIBUNAL, 
 
 THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 From the 4iA March, 1766, to the 3d March, 1861. 
 
 CHIEF JUSTICES 
 
 OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 JOHN JAY, of New York, appointed by the President with the ad- 
 vice and consent of the Senate, 26th September, 1789. Nomi- 
 nated 16lh, and confirmed 19th April, 1794, Envoy Extraordinary to 
 England. Resigned as Chief Justice. Successor appointed 1st 
 July, 1795. 
 
 JOHN RUTLEDGE, of South Carolina, appointed 1st July, 1795, in 
 recess of Senate, in place of John Jay resigned, and presided on 
 the Bench at August term, 1795. Nominated 10th, and rejected 
 by the Senate 15th December, 1795. 
 
 WILLIAM CUSHING, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed, &c., 27th January, 1796, in place of John Jay, re- 
 signed. Declined the appointment. He was then an Associate 
 Justice. 
 
 OLIVER ELLSWORTH, of Connecticut. Nomination confirmed 
 and appointed, &c., 4th March, 1796, in place of W. Gushing, de- 
 clined. Appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipo- 
 tentiary to France, 27th February, 1799. He presided on the 
 Bench at the August term, 1799. Proceeded on his mission to 
 
 389
 
 390 
 
 France, 3d November, 1799. Resigned as Chief Justice. Suc- 
 cessor appointed 19th December, 1800. 
 
 JOHN JAY, Governor of New York. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed, &c., 19th December, 1800, in place of Oliver Ellsworth, 
 resigned. Declined the appointment. 
 
 JOHN MARSHALL, Secretary of State.* Nomination confirmed 27th, 
 and appointed, &c., 31st January, 1801, in place of John Jay, de- 
 clined. Died in 1835. 
 
 ROGER B. TANEY, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed, &c., 15th March, 1836, in the place of John Marshall, 
 deceased. 
 
 ASSOCIATE JUSTICES 
 
 OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 JOHN RUTLEDGE, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 26th September, 1789. Resigned, and Thomas John- 
 son appointed. 
 
 WILLIAM CUSHING, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed 
 26th, and appointed 27th September, 1789. Died, and Levi Lin- 
 coln appointed. 
 
 JAMES WILSON, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed 26th, and 
 appointed 29th September, 1789. Died, and Bushrod Washing- 
 ton appointed. 
 
 JOHN BLAIR, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed 26th, and ap- 
 pointed 30th September, 1789. Resigned, and Samuel Chase ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 ROBERT H. HARRISON, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed 26th 
 September, 1789. Resigned, and James Iredell appointed. 
 
 JAMES IREDELL, of North Carolina. Appointed in recess of Senate, 
 
 * John Marshall, Secretary of State, was nominated to the Senate as Chief Jus- 
 tice the 20th January,lS01, was confirmed on the 27th, commissioned 31st January, 
 and presided on the Bench of the Supreme Court from the 4th to the 9th February, 
 or during February term, 1801. From a message of the President to Congress, 
 accompanied by a report from John Marshall, Secretary of State, dated 27th 
 February, 1801, it appears that he also continued to act in the latter capacity until 
 that day, and from other circumstances that he continued to act as such un il tha 
 3d March, 1801, on which day the then administration terminated.
 
 391 
 
 in place of Robert H. Harrison, resigned. Nomination confirmed 
 and appointed 10th February, 1790. Died, and Alfred Moore ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 THOMAS JOHNSON, of Maryland. Appointed 5th August, 1791, in 
 recess of Senate, in place of John Rutledge, resigned. Nomina- 
 tion confirmed and appointed 7th November, 1791. Resigned, and 
 William Paterson appointed. 
 
 WILLIAM PATERSON, Governor of New Jersey. Nomination 
 confirmed and appointed 4th March, 1793, in place of Thomas 
 Johnson, resigned. Died, and Brockholst Livingston appointed. 
 
 SAMUEL CHASE, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 27th January, 1796, in place of John Blair, resigned. Died, and 
 Gabriel Duval appointed. 
 
 BUSHROD WASHINGTON, of Virginia. Appointed 29th Septem- 
 ber, 1798, in recess of Senate, in place of James Wilson, deceased. 
 Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th December, 1798. Died, 
 and Henry Baldwin appointed. 
 
 ALFRED MOORE, of North Carolina. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 10th December, 1799, in place of James Iredell, de- 
 ceased. Resigned, and William Johnson appointed. 
 
 WILLIAM JOHNSON, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed 
 and appointed 26th March, 1804, in place of Alfred Moore, re- 
 signed. (Confirmed and appointed Collector of the Customs 22d 
 Feb. 1819, and declined the appointment.) Died in 1834, and 
 James M. Wayne appointed. 
 
 THOMAS TODD, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed 2d, and ap- 
 pointed 3d March, 1807. 
 
 BROCKHOLST LIVINGSTON, of New York. Appointed 10th No- 
 vember, 1806, in recess of Senate, in place of William Paterson, 
 deceased. Nomination confirmed and appointed 17th December, 
 1806. Died, and Smith Thompson appointed. 
 
 LEVI LINCOLN, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap 
 pointed 3d January, 1811, in place of William Gushing, deceased. 
 Declined the appointment, and John Quincy Adams appointed. 
 
 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed 
 and appointed 22d February, 1811, in place of Levi Lincoln, de- 
 clined. Declined the appointment, and Joseph Story appointed. 
 
 GABRIEL DUVAL, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and ap 
 pointed 18th November, 1811, in the place of Samuel Chase, de 
 ceased. Resigned, and Philip P. Barbour appointed. 
 
 JOSEPH STORY, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and an 
 
 37
 
 392 
 
 pointed 18th November, 1811, in place of John Quincy Adama, 
 declined. Died and Levi Woodbury appointed. 
 
 SMITH THOMPSON, of New York. Appointed 1st September, 
 1823, in recess of the Senate, in place of Brockholst Livingston, 
 deceased. Nomination confirmed and appointed 9th December, 
 1823. Died, and Samuel Nelson appointed. 
 
 ROBERT TRIMBLE, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 9th May, 1826, in the place of Thomas Todd, deceased. 
 Died, and John McLean appointed. 
 
 JOHN McLEAN, of Ohio. Nomination confirmed and appointed 7th 
 March, 1829, in the place of Robert Trimble, deceased. 
 
 HENRY BALDWIN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 6th January. 1830, in place of Bushrod Washington, de- 
 ceased. Died, and R. C. Grier appointed. 
 
 JAMES M. WAYNE, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 9th January, 1835, in place of William Johnson, deceased. 
 
 PHILIP P. BARBOUR, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 15th March, 1835, in place of Gabriel Duval, resigned. 
 Died, and P. V. Daniel appointed. 
 
 JOHN CATRON, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 8th March, 1837. 
 
 WILLIAM SMITH, of Alabama. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 8th March, 1837. Declined the appointment, and John 
 McKinley appointed. 
 
 JOHN McKINLEY, of Alabama. Appointed 22d April, 1837, in re- 
 cess of the Senate, in place of William Smith, declined. Nomina- 
 tioned confirmed and appointed 25th September, 1837. 
 
 PETER V. DANIEL, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 3d March, 1841, in place of Philip P. Barbour, deceased. 
 
 SAMUEL NELSON, of New York. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed, 14th February, 1845, in place of Smith Thompson, de 
 ceased. 
 
 LEVI WOODBURY, of New Hampshire. Appointed 20th Septem 
 ber, 1845, in recess of the Senate, in place of Joseph Story, de 
 ceased. Nomination confirmed and appointed 3d January, 1846. 
 
 ROBERT C. GRIER, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed anc 
 appointed 4th August, 1846, in place of Henry Baldwin, deceased. 
 BENJAMIN ROBBINS CURTIS, of Massachusetts. Appointed during 
 the recess of the Senate, in place of Levi Woodbury, deceased- .No- 
 mination confirmed and appointed 20th December, 1851.
 
 393 
 
 CLERKS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 JOHN TUCKER, of Massachusetts, appointed Feb. 3, 1790. Resigned. 
 SAMUEL BAYARD, of Delaware, do. Aug. 1, 1791. Resigned. 
 
 ELIAS B. CALDWELL, of N. J. do. Aug. 15, 1800. Died. 
 
 WILLIAM GRIFFITH, of N. J. do. Feb. 9, 1826. Died. 
 
 WILLIAM T. CARROLL, of D. C. do. Jan. 20, 1827. Pres't inc't. 
 
 REPORTERS OF DECISIONS OF SUPREME COURT UNITED 
 STATES. 
 
 ALEXANDER J. DALLAS, reported from 1789 to 1800, inclusive. 
 
 WILLIAM CRANCH, do. " 1801 to 1815, " 
 
 HENRY WHEATON, do. " 1816 to 1827, " 
 
 RICHARD PETERS, jun'r, do. " 1828 to 1842, " 
 
 BENJAMIN C. HOWARD, do. " 1843. Present incumbent. 
 
 MARSHALS OF THE UNITED STATES ATTENDANT ON THE 
 SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Under the construction of the judiciary act of 1789, the Marshals of all 
 the Districts were required to attend the sessions of the Supreme Court, 
 until, by the act of 9th June, 1794, the Marshal of the district alone in 
 which the court shall sit was required to attend its sessions. 
 DAVID LENOX, Marshal Dist. of Pa., attended Jan. 28, 1794 to Feb. 1801. 
 DANIEL CARROLL BRENT, Mar. D. C., " Aug. 3, 1801, to Aug. 1808. 
 WASHINGTON BOYD, do. " Feb. 1, 1808, to Aug. 181P. 
 
 TENCH RINGBOLD, do. " Nov. 30, 1818, to Aug. 183'. 
 
 HENRY ASHTON, do. " Feb. 4, 1831, to Feb. 1834. 
 
 ALEXANDER HUNTER, do. " March 6, 1834, to Dec. 1848. 
 
 ROBERT WALLACE, do. " Dec. 5, 1848, to Deo. 1849. 
 
 RICIIAUD WALLACH, do. " Dec. 4, 1849. Present inou't
 
 CHAPTER 9. 
 
 THIS CHAPTER IS APPROPRIATED TO THE 
 
 DISTINGUISHED INDIVIDUALS 
 
 WHO HAVE FILLED AND CONTINUE TO OCCUPY THE 
 
 SEVERAL HIGH EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS OR OFFICES OF 
 THE GOVERNMENT, 
 
 From the 4th March, 17S9, to the 3d March, 1851. 
 
 SECRETARIES OF STATE. 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 26th September, 1789. Resigned. 
 
 EDMUND RANDOLPH, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 2d January, 1794. Resigned. 
 
 TIMOTHY PICKERING, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed 
 and appointed 10th December, 1795. Removed. 
 
 JOHN MARSHALL, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 13th May, 1800. Appointed Chief Justice Supreme Court 
 31st January, 1801. Presided as such at February term, 1801. 
 Continued to act as Secretary of State to 3d March, 1801. 
 
 JAMES MADISON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 5th March, 1801. Became President 4th March, 1809. 
 
 ROBERT SMITH, of Maryland. (Secretaryof the Navy.) Nomination 
 confirmed and appointed Gth March, 1809. Resigned, and James 
 Monroe appointed. 
 
 JAMES MONROE, of Virginia. Appointed 2d April, 1811, in recess 
 of Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 25th November, 
 1811. Appointed Secretary of War, 27th September, 1814. 
 
 JAMES MONROE, of Virginia. (Secretary of War.) Nomination con- 
 
 37 * 395
 
 390 
 
 firmed and appointed 28th February, 1815. Became President of 
 
 the United States 4th March, 1817. 
 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed 
 
 and appointed 5th March, 1817. Became President of the United 
 
 States 4th March, 1825. 
 HENRY CLAY, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 
 7th March, 1825. Resigned. 
 MARTIN VAN BUREN, of New York. Nomination confirmed and 
 
 appointed 6th March, 1829. Resigned, and Edward Livingston 
 
 appointed. 
 EDWARD LIVINGSTON, of Louisiana, appointed 24th May, 1831, 
 
 in recess of Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 12th 
 
 January, 1832. 
 LOUIS McLANE, of Delaware. Appointed 29th May, 1833, in recess 
 
 of Senate. Resigned. 
 JOHN FORSYTH, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 
 27th June, 1834, in place of Louis McLane, resigned. 
 DANIEL WEBSTER, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and 
 
 appointed 5th March, 1841. Resigned. 
 ABEL P. UPSHUR, of Virginia, appointed 24th July, 1843, in recess 
 
 of the Senate, in place of Daniel Webster, resigned. Nomination 
 
 confirmed and appointed 2d January, 1844. (Abel P. Upshur was 
 
 killed on 28th February, 1844, by the bursting of a large cannon 
 
 on board of the United States steam frigate the Princeton.) 
 JOHN C. CALHOUN.of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and 
 
 appointed 6th March, 1844, in room of Abel P. Upshur, deceased. 
 JAMES BUCHANAN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and 
 
 appointed 5th March, 1845. 
 
 [Continued on page 403] 
 
 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 
 
 ALEXANDER HAMILTON, of New York. Nomination confirmed 
 
 and appointed llth September, 1789. Resigned. 
 OLIVER WOLCOTT, jun'r, of Connecticut. Nomination confirmed 
 
 and appointed 3d February, 1795. Resigned, to take effect -31st 
 
 December, 1800. 
 SAMUEL DEXTER, of Massachusetts. (Secretary of War.) Nomu\a 
 
 tion confirmed and appointed 31st December 1800.
 
 397 
 
 ALBERT GALLATIN, of Pennsylvania. Appointed 14th May, 1501, 
 in recess of Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 26th 
 January, 1802. Superseded by appointment of George W. Camp- 
 bell, owing to his protracted absence in Europe as Public Minister 
 of the United States. 
 
 GEORGE W. CAMPBELL, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed 
 and appointed 9th February, 1814. Resigned, and Alexander 
 James Dallas appointed. 
 
 ALEXANDER JAMES DALLAS, of Pennsylvania. Nomination 
 confirmed *ind appointed 6th October, 1814. 
 
 WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD, of Georgia. Appointed 22d October, 
 1816, in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and ap 
 pointed 5th March, 1817. 
 
 RICHARD RUSH, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 7th March, 1825. 
 
 SAMUEL D. INGHAM, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed 
 and appointed 6th March, 1829. Resigned, and Louis McLane 
 appointed. 
 
 LOUIS McLANE, of Delaware. Appointed August 8th, 1831, in re- 
 cess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 13th 
 January, 1832. 
 
 WILLIAM J. DUANE, of Pennsylvania. Appointed 29th May, 1833, 
 in recess of the Senate. Superseded by appointment of Roger B. 
 Taney. 
 
 ROGER B. TANEY, of Maryland, appointed 23d September, 1833, in 
 recess of Senate, and continued until 24th June, 1834. 
 
 LEVI WO ODBURY, of New Hampshire. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 27th June, 1834. 
 
 THOMAS EWING, of Ohio. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 5th March, 1841. Resigned, and W. Forward appointed. 
 
 WALTER FORWARD, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 13th September^ 1841, in place of Thomas Ewing, re- 
 signed. 
 
 JOHN C. SPENCER, of New York. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 3d March, 1843, in place of Walter Forward, resigned. 
 
 GEORGE M. BIBB, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and ap 
 pointed 15th June, 1844, in place of John C. Spencer, resigned. 
 
 ROBERT J. WALKER, of Mississipp 5 Nomination confinneci and 
 appointed 5th March, 1845. 
 
 . .. , [Ootitinued on page 4031
 
 398 
 
 SECRETARIES OF WAR. 
 
 HENRY KNOX, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 12th September, 1789. Resigned. 
 
 TIMOTHY PICKERING, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed 
 and appointed, 2d January, 1795. Appointed Secretary of State 
 10th December, 1795. 
 
 JOHN McHENRY, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 27th January, 1796. Resigned, to take effect 1st June, 
 1800. 
 
 JOHN MARSHALL, of Virginia. Nominated 7th May, 1800. Post- 
 poned 9th May, 1800. Appointed 13th May, 1800, Secretary of 
 State. 
 
 SAMUEL DEXTER, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 13th May, 1800. Appointed Secretary of the Treasury 
 31st December, 1800. 
 
 ROGER GRISWOLD, Member of House of Representatives from 
 Connecticut. Nomination confirmed and appointed 3d February, 
 1801. Vacated. 
 
 HENRY DEARBORN, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 5th March, 1801. 
 
 WILLIAM EUSTIS, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 7th March, 1809. Resigned, and John Armstrong ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 JOHN ARMSTRONG, of New York. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 13th January, 1813. Resigned, and James Monroe ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 JAMES MONROE, of Virginia. (Secretary of State.) Nomination 
 confirmed and appointed 27th September, 1814. Appointed Secre- 
 tary of State 28th February, 1815. 
 
 WILLIAM H. CRAWFORD, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 3d March, 1815. Appointed Secretary of the Treasury 
 - 22d October, 1816. 
 
 GEORGE GRAHAM, of Virginia. Appointed 7th April, 1817, in re- 
 cess of the Senate. 
 
 ISAAC SHELBY, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 5(h March, 1817. Declined the appointment. 
 
 JOHN C. CALHOUN, of South Carolina. Appointed 8th October, 
 1817, in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 cointed 15th December, 1817.
 
 399 
 
 JAMES BARB OUR, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 7th March, 1825. 
 
 PETER B. PORTER, of New York. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 26th May, 1828. 
 
 JOHN H. EATON, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 9th March, 1829. Resigned, and Lewis Cass appointed. 
 
 LEWIS CASS, of Ohio. Appointed 1st August, 1831, in recess of the 
 Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 30th December, 
 1831. Appointed Minister to France. 
 
 BENJAMIN F. BUTLER, of New York. Nomination confirmed 
 and appointed 3d March, 1837. 
 
 JOEL R. POINSETT, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 7th March, 1837. 
 
 JOHN BELL, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 5th March, 1841. Resigned. 
 
 JOHN McLEAN, of Ohio. Nomination confirmed and appointed 13th 
 September, 1841, in place of John Bell, resigned. Declined the 
 appointment. 
 
 JOHN C. SPENCER, of New York. Appointed 12th October, 1841, 
 in the recess of the Senate, in place of John McLean, declined. 
 Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th December, 1841. 
 
 JAMES M. PORTER, of Pennsylvania. Appointed 8th March, 1843, 
 in recess of the Senate, in place of John C. Spencer, resigned, and 
 continued to serve until 30th January, 1844. 
 
 WILLIAM WILKINS, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 15th February, 1844. 
 
 WILLIAM L. MARCY, of New York. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 5th March, 1845. 
 
 [Continued on page 404] 
 
 SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. 
 
 GEORGE CABOT, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap 
 
 pointed 3d May, 1798. 
 BENJAMIN STODDERT, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and 
 
 appointed 21st May, 1798. Resigned. 
 ROBERT SMITH, of Maryland. Appointed 15th July, 1801, in re 
 
 cess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 26th 
 
 January, 1802. Appointed Attorney General 2d March, 1805.
 
 400 
 
 JACOB CROWNINSHIELD, of Massachusetts. Nomination con- 
 firmed and appointed 2d March, 1805. 
 
 PAUL HAMILTON, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 7th March, 1809. Resigned, and William Jones ap- 
 pointed. 
 
 WILLIAM JONES, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 12th January, 1813. Resigned, and Benjamin W. Crown- 
 inshield appointed. 
 
 BENJAMIN W. CROWNINSHIELD, of Massachusetts. Nomina- 
 tion confirmed and appointed 17th December, 1814. 
 
 SMITH THOMPSON, of New York. Appointed 9th November, 
 1818, in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 30th November, 1818. Resigned. 
 
 JOHN RODGERS. (President of the Board of Navy Commissioners.) 
 Appointed 1st September, 1823, in recess of the Senate. 
 
 SAMUEL L. SOUTHARD, of New Jersey. Appointed 16th Septem- 
 ber, 1823, in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 9th December, 1823. 
 
 JOHN BRANCH, of North Carolina. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 9th March, 1829. Resigned. 
 
 LEVI WOODBURY, of New Hampshire, appointed 23d May, 1831, 
 in recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 27th December, 1831. Resigned, to take effect after 30th June, 
 1834. 
 
 MAHLON DICKERSON, of New Jersey. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 30th June, 1834. Resigned. 
 
 JAMES K. PAULDING, of New York. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 20th June 1838, to take effect from 30th June, 1838, 
 when M. Dickerson's resignation took effect. 
 
 GEORGE E. BADGER, of North Carolina. Nomination confirmed 
 and appointed 5th March, 1841. Resigned. 
 
 ABEL P. UPSHUR, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 13th September, 1841. 
 
 DAVID HENSHAW, of Massachusetts. Appointed 24th July, 1843, 
 in recess of Senate, and served until 15th January, 1844. 
 
 THOMAS W. GILMER, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 15th February, 1844, in the place of David Henshaw, re- 
 jected by the Senate. (Thomas W. Gilmer, killed 28th February, 
 1844, by the bursting of a large cannon on board the United States 
 steam-frigate Princeton.) 
 
 JOHN Y. MASON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap-
 
 401 
 
 pointed 14th March, 1844, in place of T. W. Gilmer, deceased. 
 Appointed Attorney General 5th March, 1845. 
 GEORGE BANCROFT, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed 
 
 and appointed 10th March, 1845. Resigned. 
 
 OHN Y. MASON, of Virginia. Appointed 9th September, 1846, in 
 recess of the Senate, in the place of George Bancroft, resigned. 
 Nomination confirmed and appointed 17th December, 1846. 
 [Gmtinued on page 404] 
 
 POSTMASTER GENERALS. 
 
 SAMUEL OSGOOD, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 26th September, 1789. Resigned. 
 
 TIMOTHY PICKERING, of Pennsylvania. Appointed 12th August, 
 1791, in the recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 7th November, 1791. Appointed 1st June, 1794, in the 
 recess of the Senate, under the act of 8th May., 1794. Nomina- 
 tion confirmed and appointed llth December, 1794. [Appointed 
 (ex officio) Commissioner to settle affairs with the Indians, 1st 
 March, 1793.] Appointed Secretary of War 2d January, 1795. 
 
 J OSEPH HABERSHAM, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 25th February, 1795. Resigned. 
 
 GIDEON GRANGER, of Connecticut. Appointed 28th November, 
 1801, in recess of the Senate, in place of J. Habersham, resigned. 
 Nomination confirmed and appointed 26th January, 1802. 
 
 RETURN JONATHAN MEIGS.jun'r. (Governor of Ohio.) Nomi. 
 nation confirmed and appointed 17th March, 1814. Resigned. 
 
 JOHN McLEAN, of Ohio. Appointed 26th June, 1823, in recess of thf 
 Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 9th December, 
 1823. 
 
 WILLIAM T. BARRY, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 9th March, 1829. 
 
 AMOS KENDALL, of Kentucky. Appointed 1st May, 1835, in the 
 recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 15th 
 March, 1836. 
 
 JOHN M. NILES, of Connecticut. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed on 18th, to take effect from 25th May, 1840. 
 
 FRANCIS GRANGER, of New York. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 6th March, 1841. Resigned.
 
 402 
 
 CHARLES *.. WICKLIFFE, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed 
 and appointed 13th September, 1841. Resigned. 
 
 CAVE JOHNSON, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 5th March, 1845. 
 
 [Contimied on page 404.] 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERALS. 
 
 EDMUND RANDOLPH, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 26th September, 1789. Appointed Secretary of State 2d 
 January, 1794. 
 
 WILLIAM BRADFORD, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed 
 27th January, and appointed 28th January, 1794. Died. 
 
 CHARLES LEE, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 10th December, 1795. Appointed (ex officio) Commissioner to ad- 
 just claims of Georgia, 12th February, 1800. Appointed Chief 
 Judge of the Fourth Circuit, &c., 20th February, 1801. 
 
 THEOPHILUS PARSONS, of Massachusetts. Nomination con- 
 firmed and appointed 20th February, 1801. Declined the appoint 
 ment. 
 
 LEVI LINCOLN, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 5th March, 1801. Resigned in 1805. 
 
 ROBERT SMITH, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 2d March, 1805. 
 
 JOHN BRECKENRIDGE, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 23d December, 1805. 
 
 CAESAR A. RODNEY, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 20th January, 1807. Resigned. 
 
 WILLIAM PINKNEY, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed llth December, 1811. 
 
 RICHARD RUSH, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 10th February, 1814. 
 
 WILLIAM WIRT, of Virginia. Appointed 13th November, 1817, in 
 recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 15th 
 December, 1817. 
 
 JOHN MACPHERSON BERRIEN, of Georgia. Nomination con- 
 firmed and appointed 9th March, 1829. Resigned. 
 
 ROGER BROOKE TANEY, of Maryland. Appointed 20th July, 
 1831, in the recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 27th December, 1831.
 
 403 
 
 BENJAMIN F. BUTLER, of New York. Appointed 15th Novem- 
 ber, 1833, in the recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 24th June, 1834. Resigned. 
 
 FELIX GRUNDY, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 7th July, 1838, to take effect 1st September, 1838, when 
 resignation of B. F. Butler took effect. Resigned. 
 
 tIENRY D. GILPIN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 10th January, 1840. 
 
 JOHN J. CRITTENDEN, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 5th March, 1841. Resigned. 
 
 HUGH S. LEGARE, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and 
 appointed 13th September, 1841. Died. 
 
 JOHN NELSON, of Maryland. Appointed 1st July, 1843, in the re- 
 cess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 2d Janu- 
 ary, 1844. Resigned. 
 
 JOHN Y. MASON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 5th March, 1845. Resigned. Appointed Secretary of the Navy 
 9th September, 1846. 
 
 NATHAN CLIFFORD, of Maine. Appointed 17th October, 1846, in 
 the recess of the Senate. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 23d December, 1846. Resigned. 
 
 ISAAC TOUCEY, of Connecticut Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 21st June, 1848. 
 
 [Continued on page 404.] 
 
 SECRETARIES OF STATE. 
 
 JOHN M. CLAYTON, of Delaware. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 7th March, 1849. Resigned. 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 20th July, 1850. Died. 
 
 EDWARD EVERETT, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 9th December, 1852. 
 
 SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 
 
 WILLIAM MORRIS MEREDITH, of Pennsylvania. Nomination con- 
 firmed and appointed 7th March, 1849. Resigned. 
 THOMAS CORWIN, of Ohio. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th 
 
 June, 1850. 
 
 38
 
 404 
 SECRETARIES "OF THE INTERIOR. 
 
 THOMAS EWING, of Ohio. Nominated and confirmed 7th March, 1849. 
 
 Resigned. 
 JAMES A. PEARCE, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 
 20th July, 1850. Declined accepting. 
 THOMAS M. T. McKENNAN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed 
 
 and appointed 15th August, 1850. Resigned. 
 ALEXANDER H. H. STUART, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and 
 
 appointed 12th September, 1850. 
 
 SECRETARIES OF WAR. 
 
 GEORGE W. CRAWFORD, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 7th March, 1849. Resigned. 
 
 EDWARD BATES, of Missouri. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 20th July, 1850. Declined accepting. 
 
 CHARLES M. CONRAD, of Louisiana. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 15th August, 1850. 
 
 SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. 
 
 WILLIAM BALLARD PRESTON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed 
 
 7th March, 1849. ' Resigned. 
 WILLIAM A. GRAHAM, of North Carolina. Nomination confirmed and 
 
 appointed 20th July, 1850. Resigned. 
 JOHN P. KENNEDY, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 
 22d July, 1852. 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERALS. 
 
 REVERDY JOHNSON, of Maryland. Nominated and confirmed 7th 
 March, 1849. Resigned. 
 
 JOHN J. CRITTENDEN, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and ap- 
 pointed 20th July, 1850. 
 
 POSTMASTER GENERALS. 
 
 JACOB COLLAMER, of Vermont. Nominated and confirmed 7th March. 
 
 1849. Resigned. 
 NATHAN K. HALL, of New York. Nomination confirmed and appointed 
 
 20th July, 1850. Resigned. 
 SAMUEL D. HUBBARD, of Connecticut. Nomination confirmed and 
 
 appointed 31st August, 1852. 
 hicke'y constitutions.
 
 405 
 CHAPTER 10. 
 
 THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL statement of the formation of the govern- 
 ments of the several STATES; of their becoming members 
 of the Union by their adoption or ratification of the Con- 
 stitution of the United States, or by their admission as 
 States since the establishment of the Constitution ; with 
 a particular account of the progress of each of the lat- 
 ter, either from the condition of territorial dependencies,, 
 or independent governments, to the rank of STATES. 
 
 MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 5, 1774. 
 
 A number of Delegates, chosen and appointed by the several Colonies 
 and Provinces in North America, met to hold a Congress at Philadel- 
 phia, and assembled in Carpenter's Hall. 
 
 TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 6, 1774. 
 
 Resolved, That in determining questions in this Congress, each Co- 
 lony or Province shall have one vote The Congress not being pos- 
 sessed of, or at present able to procure proper materials for ascertaining 
 the importance of each Colony. 
 
 [This principle was confirmed by the Articles of Confederation which 
 declared that, "In determining questions in the United States, in Con- 
 gress assembled, each State shall have one vote." And they further 
 declared that certain enumerated powers should never be determined 
 by Congress, "unless nine States assent to the same: nor shall a ques 
 tion on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be deter- 
 mined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States in Congress 
 assembled." These extracts show the relative authority or importance 
 of the several States in the exercise of the sovereign power under the 
 Confederation.] 
 
 TUESDAY, JULY 2, 1776. 
 
 Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and, of 
 right, ought to be, Free and Independent States ; that
 
 40G 
 
 they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, 
 and that all political connexion between them, and the 
 State of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dis- 
 solved. 
 
 THURSDAY, JULY 4, 1776. 
 
 The Congress agreed to A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE BY THZ 
 REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS 
 ASSEMBLED, to be signed by the members from the several States, which 
 will be found in this volume. 
 
 MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 1776. 
 
 Resolved, That in all continental commissions, and other instruments, 
 where, heretofore, the words "United Colonies" have been used, the 
 style be altered, for the future, to the UNITED STATES. 
 
 SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 15, 1777. 
 
 The Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union of the United 
 States of America were agreed to by the Delegates cf the thirteen 
 original States in Congress assembled, subject to the ratification 
 of the Legislatures of the several States. 
 
 These articles were ratified by 8 States on the 9th July, 1778. 
 Ditto. . . . . 1 State . . 21st July, 1778. 
 
 Ditto 1 State . . . 24th July, 1778. 
 
 Ditto 1 State . . 26th Nov. 1778. 
 
 Ditto 1 State . . . 22d Feb., 1779. 
 
 Ditto 1 State . . 1st March, 1781. 
 
 The ratification was therefore completed on the 1st March, 1781," 
 the articles being dated the 9th July, 1778, and this completed the 
 bond of union of the thirteen original States, whose delegates as- 
 sembled in Congress continued to legislate and execute the powers 
 of the United States under the Articles of Confederation until the 
 4th March, 1789, when, by their resolution of the 13th September, 
 1788, the Constitution of the United States, also adopted and rati- 
 fied by the people of the said original States, went into operation, 
 
 * Vide the notes under "Ohio" for the cause of the delay on the part of Mary- 
 land to ratify the Articles of Confederation until March 1, 1731.
 
 407 
 
 forming thereby a more perfect UNION OF THE PEOPLE FOR THE 
 GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The thirteen original States that formed and confirmed 
 the Union by the adoption of the Constitution, are as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 Embraced under the charter? of Massachusetts, and continued under the same 
 jurisdiction until September 18, 1(579, when a separate charter and government 
 was granted. A Constitution was formed on January 5, 1776, which was altered 
 in 1784, and was further altered and amended on February 13, 1792. 
 This State ratified the Constitution of the United States, June 21, 1788. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Settled under compacts of the emigrants of November 3, 1620, and chartered on 
 March 4, 1629 ; also chartered January 13, 1630 j an explanatory charter granted 
 August 20, 1726, and more completely chartered on October 7, 1731 ; formed a 
 Constitution on March 2, 1780, which was altered and amended on November 
 3, 1820. 
 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, February 6, 178a 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 
 Embraced under the charters of Massachusetts, and continued under the same 
 jurisdiction until July 8, 1662, when a separate charter was granted, which con- 
 tinued in force until a Constitution was formed in September, 1842. 
 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, May 29, 1790. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Embraced under the charters of Massachusetts, and continued under the same 
 jurisdiction until April 23, 1602, when a separate charter was granted, which 
 continued in force until a Constitution was formed on September 15, 1818. 
 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, January 9, 1788. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Granted to Duke of York, March 20, 1664 ; April 26, 1664 ; June 24, 1664. Newly 
 patented on February 9, 1674; formed a Constitution on April 20, 1777, which 
 was amended on October 27, 1801, and further amended November 10, 1821. 
 A new Constitution was formed in 1846. 
 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, July 26, 1788. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Held under same grants as New York ; separated into East and West Jersey 
 on March 3. 1677. The government surrendered to the Crown in 1702, and so 
 continued until the formation of a Constitution on July 2, 1776. 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, December 18, 1787. 
 38*
 
 408 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Chartered on February 28, 1631 ; formed a Constitution on September 28, 1776; 
 amended, &c., on September 2, 1790. 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, December 12, 1787. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Embraced in the charter, and continued under the government of Pennsyl- 
 vania until the formation of a Constitution on September 20, 1776 ; a new Con- 
 stitution formed on June 12, 1792. 
 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, December 7, 1787. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Chartered on June 20, 1632; formed a Constitution August 14, 1776, which was 
 amended in 1795 and 1799, and further amended in November, 1812. 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, April 28, 1788. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 Chartered April 10, 1606, May 23, 1609, and March 12, 1612; formed a Consti- 
 tution on July 5, 1776 ; amended January 15, 1S30. 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, June 26, 1788. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Chartered in March 20, 1663, and June 30, 1665 ; formed a Constitution, Decem- 
 ber 19, 1776, which was amended in 1835. 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, November 21, 1789. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Embraced in the charters of Carolina or North Carolina, from which it was 
 separated in 1729 ; formed a Constitution March 26, 1776, which was amended 
 on March 19, 1778, and June 3, 1790. 
 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, May 23, 1788. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Chartered on June 9, 1732 ; formed a Constitution on February 5, 1777, a se- 
 cond in 1785, and a third on May 30. 1798. 
 Ratified the Constitution of the United States, January 2, 1788. 
 
 The privilege of becoming members of the American Union by 
 the mere ratification of the Constitution, was reserved to those 
 States alone that were parties to the previous confederation and 
 the compact or convention by which the Constitution was formed. 
 The ratification of nine States being sufficient for the establish- 
 ment of the Constitution; and, it having been ratified by eleven 
 States, it was determined by Congress, on the 13th September,
 
 409 
 
 1788, under the resolutions of the convention, that the Constitu- 
 tion had been established, and that it should go into operation on 
 the first Wednesday (4th day) of March, 1789. It therefore ap- 
 pears that two of the States did not ratify the Constitution until 
 after its establishment, yet they were not treated as new States, 
 requiring particular forms of admission, but their Senators and 
 Representatives, as provided for in the 2d sect. 1st art. of the 
 Constitution, were admitted in Congress upon the presentation of 
 their authenticated forms of ratification. It was considered neces- 
 sary, however, that the laws of the United States passed previous 
 to their accession should be extended to them by special acts. 
 
 The Union having been thus completed, and its Constitution 
 and government established, the United States under the 3d section 
 of the 4th article of the Constitution reserved to themselves, in 
 Congress assembled, the right and the power to admit new States, 
 by declaring that " New States may be admitted by the Congress 
 into this Union ;" and, as the 4th section of the same article re- 
 quires, that " The United States shall guarantee to every State in 
 this Union a Republican form of government," it has in practice 
 been deemed a pre-requisite that the people proposing to form a new 
 State be authorized by law to form a Constitution, to be submitted 
 to Congress, to enable that body to judge of its Republican cha- 
 racter, before proceeding to exercise that high and sovereign power 
 of admitting a distinct community of people to the inestimable 
 rights, privileges, and immunities, secured by the organization of a 
 State government, and upon an equal footing, in all respects 
 whatsoever, with those States that jointly achieved the -independ- 
 ence of the country, and which, together with those thav have be- 
 come members of the Union since that eventful period, have borne 
 the hardships, trials, and difficulties, both internal and external, 
 through which the nation has passed, and which have secured the 
 stability, power, and happiness of the country. 
 
 The Constitution of the United States declares, that " new States 
 may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new 
 State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other 
 State, nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more
 
 410 
 
 Stales, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of 
 the States concerned as well as of the Congress." 
 
 Upon this clause, James Madison, in the " Federalist," makes 
 the following remarks : 
 
 "In the articles of Confederation, no provision is found on this im- 
 portant subject. Canada was to be admitted of right, on her joining in 
 the measures of the United States ; and the other colonies, by which were 
 evidently meant, the other British Colonies, at the discretion of nine 
 States. The eventual establishment of new States seems to have been 
 overlooked by the compilers of that instrument. We have seen the in- 
 convenience of this omission, and the assumption of power into which 
 Congress have been led by it. With great propriety, therefore, has the 
 new system supplied the defect. The general precaution, that no new 
 State shall be formed without the concurrence of the Federal authority, 
 and that of the States concerned, is consonant to the principles which 
 ought to govern such transactions. The particular precaution against 
 the erection of new States, by the partition of a State without its con- 
 sent, quiets the jealousy of the larger States ; as that of the smaller is 
 quieted by a like precaution, against a junction of States without their 
 consent." 
 
 The Constitution also declares that " the Congress shall have 
 power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations re- 
 specting the territory or other property belonging to the United 
 States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as 
 to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular 
 State." 
 
 Under this clause, Congress exercises the power of creating 
 territorial governments, which in process of time, by the increase 
 of population and other concurrent causes, apply, on behalf of the 
 people, for authority to form constitutions and state governments, 
 with a view to admission into the Union, at a future period, and it 
 is for the Congress of the United States in the exercise of their high 
 constitutional powers, and under the solemn responsibilities imposed 
 upon them as guardians of the rights and the welfare of the w r hole 
 Union, to judge of the expediency and the time of admitting the peo- 
 ple who may have become inhabitants of such territories, to all the 
 peculiar and inestimable rights, privileges, and immunities of the
 
 citizens of one of the United Staks of America. Mr. Madison re- 
 marks upon this point that, 
 
 " This is a power of very great importance, and required by considera- 
 tions similar to those which show the propriety of the former. The 
 proviso annexed is very proper in itself, and was probably rendered 
 absolutely necessary by jealousies and questions concerning the western 
 territory sufficiently known to the public." 
 
 But the Constitution requires that "The United States shall 
 guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Go- 
 vernment, and shall protect each of them against Invasion ; and on 
 Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive, (when the 
 Legislature cannot be convened,) against domestic Violence." And, 
 upon this clause, Mr. Madison has expressed in the " Federalist" 
 the following wise and just sentiments : 
 
 " In a Confederacy founded on republican principles, and composed of 
 republican members, the superintending government ought clearly to 
 possess authority to defend the system against aristocratic or monarchical 
 innovations. The more intimate the nature of such a Union may be, 
 the greater interest have the members in the political institutions of each 
 other ; and the greater right to insist, that the forms of government under 
 which the compact was entered into, should be substantially maintained. 
 
 "But a right implies a remedy; and where else could the remedy 
 be deposited, than where it is deposited by the Constitution ? Govern- 
 ments of dissimilar principles and forms have been found less adapted to 
 a federal coalition of any sort than those of a kindred nature. ' As the 
 confederate republic of Germany,' says Montesquieu, ' consists of free 
 cities and petty States, subject to different princes, experience shows us, 
 that it is more imperfect than that of Holland and Switzerland.' ' Greece 
 was undone,' he adds, ' as soon as the king of Macedon obtained a seat 
 among the Amphictyons. 1 In the latter case, no doubt, the dispropor- 
 tionate force, as well as the monarchical form of the new confederate, 
 had its share of influence on the events. 
 
 " It may possibly be asked, what need there could be of such a pie- 
 caution, and whether it may not become a pretext for alterations in the 
 State governments, without the concurrence of the States themselves. 
 These questions admit of ready answers. If the interposition of the 
 General Government should not be needed, the provision for such an 
 event will be a harmless superfluity only in the Constitution. But whi> 
 can say what experiments may be produced by the caprice of particular
 
 412 
 
 States, by the ambition of enterprising leaders, or by the intrigues and 
 influence of foreign powers ? 
 
 " To the second question it may be answered, that if the General Go- 
 vernment should interpose by virtue of this Constitutional authority, it 
 will be of course bound to pursue the authority. But the authority ex- 
 tends no farther than to a guarantee of a republican form of government, 
 which supposes a pre-existing government of the form which is to be 
 guarantied. As long therefore as the existing republican forms are con- 
 tinued by the States, they are guarantied by the Federal Constitution. 
 Whenever the States may choose to substitute other republican forms, 
 they have a right to do so, and to claim the Federal guarantee for the 
 latter. The only restriction imposed on them is, that they shall not ex- 
 change republican for anti-republican constitutions ; a restriction which, 
 it is presumed, will hardly be considered as a grievance." 
 
 THE "NEW STATES," 
 
 ADMITTED INTO TIIK UNION SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THE CON- 
 STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, ARE AS FOLLOWS: 
 
 VERMONT, 
 
 Formed from part of the territory of New York, with the consent of its Legis- 
 lature, by act of March 6,1790. (Vide Journal Senate of the United States, Feb. 9. 
 JT91, and appendix to Journal House of Representatives, vol. I, p. 412.) Applica- 
 tion of the Commissioners of Vermont to Congress for admission into the Union 
 was received at Philadelphia, Feb. 9, 1791, a constitution having been formed 
 Dec. 25, 1777. Vermont admitted by act of Congress approved Feb. 18, 1791, to 
 take effect, i. e., "shall be received and admitted," on March. 4, 1791. 
 
 Entitled to two Representatives by act of Congress Feb. 25, 1791. 
 
 An act giving effect to laws of the United States in Vermont, after March 3, 
 1791, approved March 2, 1791. 
 
 A constitution adopted by Vermont, July 9, 1793. 
 
 KENTUCKY, 
 
 Formed from the territory of Virginia with the consent of its Legislature by act 
 of Dec. 18. 1789. (Vide Journal Senate of the United States. Dec. 9, 1790, and Bioren 
 & Duane's edition Laws of the United States, vol. 1, page 673; and message or 
 speech of President to Congress, Dec. 8, 1790.) Application of the convention of 
 Kentucky recci>ed, Dec. 9, 1790. (See Journal House of Representatives, vol. 1. 
 p. 411, appendix.) (Its constitution not then formed.) Act of Congress for its re- 
 ocption and admission on June 1, 1792, approved on Feb. 4, 1791. 
 
 Entitled to two Representatives, by act of Congress Feb. 25, 1791.
 
 413 
 
 (No act giving effect to laws of the United States in Kentucky.) 
 
 A copy of the constitution formed for the State of Kentucky Jaid before Congress 
 
 by the President of the United States, on November 7, 1792. A new constitution 
 
 was adopted on August 17, 1799. 
 
 TENNESSEE, 
 
 Formed of territory ceded to the United States by the State of North Carolina, 
 by act of December, 1789, conveyed to the United States by the Senators from North 
 Carolina, Feb. 25, 1790, and accepted by act of Congress of April 2, 1790. An act for 
 the government of the territory of the United States south of the river Ohio, was 
 approved 26 May ,-1790. See also act of 8 May, 1792. The people of that territory 
 formed a convention, adopted a constitution on Feb. 6, 1796, and applied for admis- 
 sion, (vide Journal House of Representatives, April 8, and Senate Journal, April 11, 
 1796, and folio State Papers, " Miscellaneous," vol. 1, pp. 146 7, 150.) upon which 
 " an act for the admission of the State of Tennessee into the Union was passed and 
 approved, June 1, 1 796, by which the laws of the United States were extended 
 to that State, and it was allowed one Representative in Congress. 
 
 The said laws were again extended to the State of Tennessee by an act approved 
 January 31, 1797, and by an act approved February 19, 1799. (This last act divided 
 tin; State into Eastern and Western Districts.) 
 
 OHIO, 
 
 Formed out of a part of the territory north-west of the river Ohio, which was 
 ci:.led to the United States by the General Assembly of Virginia, at their sessions 
 Ix'gun October 20, 1783, and accepted by the Congress of the United States, March 1, 
 1784. The act of Virginia was modified by act of Assembly of December 30, 1788, 
 consenting that the territory be divided into not more than five, nor less than three, 
 States. An act to provide for the government of the territory north-west of the 
 river Ohio, was approved on August 7, 1789. This territory was divided into two 
 separate governments by act of Congress of May 7, 1800. 
 
 The census of the territory, and petitions from the people thereof, referred to com- 
 mittee of the House of Representatives. (See Journal, January 29, 1802. See report 
 March 4, 1802, folio State Papers, "Miscellaneous," vol. 1, p. 325.) An act to enable 
 the people of the eastern division of said territory to form a constitution and State 
 government was passed and approved April 30, 1802, by which that State was 
 allowed one Representative in Congress. A constitution was accordingly formed on 
 November 1, 1802, and presented to Congress. (See Journal Senate, January 7, 1803.) 
 
 The said people having, on Noveniber S39j 1803, complied with me act of 
 Congress, of April 30, 1802, whereby the said State became one of the United States, 
 an act was passed and approved on February 19, 1803, for the due execution of the 
 laws of the United States, Ac., within that State. 
 
 An act in addition to, and in modification of, the propositions contained in the act 
 of April 30, 1802, was passed and approved on March 3d, 1803.
 
 414 
 
 aNORTII-WKSTERN AND WESTERN TERRITORY. 
 
 OHIO being the first State formed out of the territory 
 north-west of the river Ohio, and admitted into the Union, 
 it is deemed proper to insert here the circumstances and 
 facts which led to the cession of that territory, and the 
 principles agreed upon and established for the rule of its 
 future government, which will apply equally to the other 
 States formed out of this territory. 
 
 Preliminary to the " Ordinance for the government of the Terri- 
 tory of the United States north-west of the river Ohio, it may be 
 proper to refer to the acts and proceedings which led to the cession 
 of this and other territory to the United States by individual States; 
 to the acts of cession themselves, and to other acts having a direct 
 bearing upon this interesting subject. 
 
 The attention of the whole country appears to have been first 
 drawn to the subject, in a forcible manner, by the decided stand 
 taken by the State of Maryland, during the discussion in the Con- 
 gress upon the objections of certain States to the articles of Con- 
 federation, in June, 1778. That State proposed, on the 22d June, 
 1778, and afterwards insisted, that the boundaries of each of the 
 States, as claimed to extend to the river Mississippi, or South Sea, 
 should be ascertained and restricted, and that the property in the 
 soil of the western territories be held for the common benefit of all 
 the States. From that time until 2d February, 1781, the State of 
 Maryland refused to accede to the articles of Confederation, incon- 
 sequence of having failed to obtain an amendment upon that point, 
 against which course Virginia had remonstrated. 
 
 On the 25th November, 1778, the act of New Jersey for ratify- 
 ing the articles of Confederation was presented, in which this and 
 other difficulties were referred to ; but their delegates were directed 
 to sign those articles, " in the firm reliance that the candour and 
 justice of the several States will, in due time, remove as far as 
 possible the inequality which now subsists." 
 
 The delegate from Delaware having signed the articles of Con- 
 federation on the 22d February, 1779, presented on the 23d sundry
 
 415 
 
 resolutions passed by the Legislature of that State, among which 
 were the following : 
 
 " Resolved, That this State thinks it necessary, for the peace and 
 safety of the States to be included in the Union, that a moderate 
 extent of limits should be assigned for such of those States as 
 claim to the Mississippi or South Sea ; and that the United States 
 in Congress assembled, should, and ought to have the power of 
 fixing their western limits." 
 
 "Resolved, That this State consider themselves justly entitled to 
 a right, in common with the members of the Union, to that exten- 
 sive tract of country which lies westward of the frontiers of the 
 United States, the property of which was not vested in, or granted 
 to, individuals at the commencement of the present war: That the 
 same hath been, or may be, gained from the King of Great Britain, 
 or the native Indians, by the blood and treasure of all, and ought 
 therefore to be a common estate, to be granted out on terms bene- 
 ficial to the United States." 
 
 Upon which Congress passed the following resolution on the 
 said 23d February, 1779, eight States voting in favor, and three 
 against the same, viz. : 
 
 " Resolved, That the paper laid before Congress by the delegate 
 from Delaware, and read, be filed ; provided, that it shall never be 
 considered as admitting any claim by the same set up or intended 
 to be set up." 
 
 On the 21st May, 1779, the delegates from Maryland laid before 
 Congress the following instructions received by them : 
 
 Instructions of the General Assembly of Maryland, to George Plater, 
 William Paca, William Carmichael, John Henry, James Forbes, and 
 Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, esquires. 
 
 Gentlemen: 
 
 Having conferred upon you a trust of the highest nature, it is evident 
 we place great confidence in your integrity, abilities, and zeal to promote 
 the general welfare of the United States, and the particular interest ot 
 this State, where the latter is not incompatible with the former; but, to 
 add greater weight to your proceedings in Congress, and take away an 
 suspicion that the opinions you there deliver, and the votes you 
 give, may be the mere opinions of individuals, and not resulting
 
 416 
 
 from your knowledge of the sense and deliberate judgment of the 
 State you represent, we think it our duty to instruct as followeth 
 on the subject of the Confederation a subject in which, unfortu- 
 nately, a supposed difference of interest has produced an almost equal 
 division of sentiments among the several States composing the Union. 
 We say a supposed difference of interests ; for if local attachments and 
 prejudices, and the avarice and ambition of individuals, would give way 
 to the dictates of a sound policy, founded on the principles of justice, 
 (and no other policy but what is founded on those immutable principles 
 deserves to be called sound,) we flatter ourselves this apparent diversity 
 of interests would soon vanish, and all the States would confederate on 
 terms mutually advantageous to all ; for they would then perceive that 
 no other coni'ederation than one so formed can be lasting, Although the 
 pressure of immediate calamities, the dread of their continuance from 
 the appearance of disunioh, and some other peculiar circumstances, may 
 have induced some States to accede to the present Confederation, con- 
 trary to their own interests and judgments, it requires no great share of 
 foresight to predict, that, when those causes cease to operate, the States 
 which have thus acceded to the Confederation will consider it as no 
 longer binding, and will eagerly embrace the first occasion of asserting 
 their just rights, and securing their independence. Is it possible that 
 those States who are ambitiously grasping at territories to which, in our 
 judgment, they have not the least shadow of exclusive right, will use 
 with greater moderation the increase of wealth and power derived from 
 those territories, when acquired, than what they have displayed in their 
 endeavors to acquire them ? We think not. We are convinced the 
 same spirit which hath prompted them to insist on a claim so extrava- 
 gant, so repugnant to every principle of justice, so incompatible with the 
 general welfare of all the States, will urge them on to add oppression to 
 injustice. If they should not be incited by a superiority of wealth and 
 strength to oppress by open force their less wealthy and less powerful 
 neighbors, yet depopulation, and consequently the impoverishment of 
 those States, will necessarily follow, which, by an unfair construction of 
 the Confederation, may be stripped of a common, interest, and the com- 
 mon benefits derivable from the western country. Suppose, for instance, 
 Virginia indisputably possessed of the extensive and fertile country to 
 which she has set up a claim : what would be the probable consequences 
 to Maryland of such an undisturbed and undisputed possession ? They 
 cannot escape the least discerning. 
 
 Virginia, by selling on the most moderate terms a small proportion ol 
 the. lands in question, would draw into her treasury vast sums of money
 
 417 
 
 and, in proportion to the sums arising from such sales, would be enabled 
 to lessen her taxes. Lands comparatively cheap, and taxes compara- 
 tively low, with the lands and taxes of an adjacent State, would quickly 
 dram the State thus disadvantageously circumstanced of its most useful 
 inhabitants : its wealth, and its consequence in the scale of the confede- 
 rated States, would sink, of course. A claim so injurious to more than 
 one-half, if not to the whole of the United States, ought to be supported by 
 the clearest evidence of the right. Yet what evidences of that right have 
 been produced ? What arguments alleged in support either of the evidence 
 or the right ? None that we have heard of deserving a serious refutation. 
 It has been said, that some of the delegates of a neighboring State 
 have declared their opinion of the impracticability of governing the ex- 
 tensive dominion claimed by that State. Hence also the necessity was 
 admitted of dividing its territory, and erecting a new State, under the 
 auspices and direction of the elder, from whom, no doubt, it would re 
 ceive its form of government, to whom it would be bound by some alii 
 ance or confederacy, and by whose councils it would be influenced. Such 
 a measure, if ever attempted, woa'd certainly be opposed by the other 
 States as inconsistent with the letter and spirit of the proposed Confede- 
 ration. Should it take place by establishing a sub-confederacy, impe- 
 rium in imperio, the State possessed of this extensive dominion must 
 then either submit to all the inconveniences of an overgrown and un- 
 wieldy government, or suffer the authority of Congress to interpose, at a 
 future time, and to lop off a part of its territory, to be erected into a new 
 and free State, and admitted into a confederation on such conditions as 
 shall be settled by nine States. If it is necessary, for the happiness and 
 tranquillity of a State thus overgrown, that Congress should hereafter 
 interfere and divide its territory, why is the claim to that territory now 
 made, and so pertinaciously insisted on ? We can suggest to ourselves 
 but two motives: either the declaration of relinquishing, at some future 
 period, a proportion of the country now contended for, was made to lull 
 suspicion asleep, and to cover the designs of a secret ambition, or, if the 
 thought was seriously entertained? the lands are now claimed to reap au 
 immediate profit from the sale. We are convinced, policy and justice re- 
 quire that a country unsettled at the commencement of this war, 
 claimed by the British crown, and ceded to it by the treaty of Paris, if 
 wrested from the common enemy by the blood and treasure of the thir- 
 teen States, should be considered as a common property, subject to be 
 parcelled out by Congress into free, convenient, and independent govern- 
 ments, in such manner and at such times as the wisdom of that assembly 
 shall hereafter direct.
 
 418 
 
 Thus convinced, we should betray the trust reposed in us by our con- 
 stituents, were we to authorize you to ratify on their behalf the Confede- 
 ration, unless it be farther explained. We have coolly and dispassion- 
 ately considered the subject ; we have weighed probable inconveniences 
 and hardships, against the sacrifice of just and essential rights; and <io 
 instruct you not to agree to the Confederation, unless an article or articles 
 be added thereto in conformity with our declaration. Should we succeed 
 in obtaining such article or articles, then you are hereby fully empowered 
 to accede to the Confederation. 
 
 That these our sentiments respecting our Confederation may be more 
 publicly known, and more explicitly and concisely declared, we have 
 drawn up the annexed declaration, which we instruct you to lay before 
 Congress, to have it printed, and to deliver to each of the delegates of 
 the other States in Congress assembled, copies thereof, signed by your- 
 selves, or by such of you as may be present at the time of delivery ; to 
 the intent and purpose that the copies aforesaid may be communicated to 
 our brethren of the United States, and the contents of the said declara- 
 tion taken into their serious and candid consideration. 
 
 Also we desire and instruct you to move, at a proper time, that these 
 instructions be read to Congress by their secretary, and entered on the 
 journals of Congress. 
 
 We have spoken with freedom, as becomes freemen ; and we sin- 
 cerely wish that these our representations may make such an impression 
 on that assembly as to induce them to make such addition to the Articles 
 of Confederation as may bring about a permanent union. 
 
 A true copy from the proceeding of December 15, 1778. 
 
 Test : T. DUCKETT, C. H. D. 
 
 On the 30th October, 1779, Congress, by a vote of eight States 
 to three, and one being divided, passed the following : 
 
 Whereas the appropriation of vacant lands by the several States, 
 during the continuance of the war, will, in the opinion of Con- 
 gress, be attended with great mischiefs : therefore, 
 
 Resolved, That it be earnestly recommended to the State of Vir- 
 ginia to reconsider their late act of Assembly for opening their land 
 office ; and that it be recommended to the said State, and all other 
 States similarly circumstanced, to forbear settling or issuing war- 
 rants for unappropriated lands, or granting the same during the con 
 tinuance of the present war. 
 
 On the 7th March, 1780, the delegates from New York presented
 
 419 
 
 the following act, (which was fully carried into effect by said dele- 
 gates in Congress on 1st March, 1781 :) 
 
 AN ACT to facilitate the completion of the Articles of Confederation 
 and perpetual Union among the United States of America. 
 
 Whereas nothing under divine Providence can more effectually con- 
 tribute to the tranquillity and safety of the United States of America 
 than a federal alliance, on such liberal principles as will give satisfaction 
 to its respective members : And whereas the Articles of Confederation 
 and perpetual Union recommended by the honorable the Congress of the 
 United States of America have not proved acceptable to all the States, 
 it having been conceived that a portion of the waste and uncultivated 
 territory within the limits or claims of certain States ought to be appro- 
 priated as a common fund for the expenses of the war : And the people 
 of the State of New York being on all occasions disposed to manifest 
 their regard for their sister States, and their earnest desire to promote 
 the general interest and security, and more especially to accelerate the 
 federal alliance, by removing, as far as it depends upon them, the before- 
 mentioned impediment to its final accomplishment : 
 
 Be it therefore enacted, b> the people of the State of New York, re- 
 presented in Senate and Assembly, and it is hereby enacted, by the au- 
 thority of the same, That it shall and may be lawful to and for the dele- 
 gates of this State in the honorable Congress of the United States of 
 America, or the major part of such of them as shall be assembled in^ 
 Congress, and they, the said delegates, or a major part of them, so as- 
 sembled, ate hereby fully authorized and empowered, for and on behalf 
 of this State, and by propel and authentic acts or instruments, to limit 
 and restrict the boundaries of this State, in the western parts thereof, 
 by such line or lines, and in such manner and form, as they shall judge 
 to be expedient, either with respect to the jurisdiction, as well as the 
 right or pre-emption of soil, or reserving the jurisdiction in part, or in 
 the whole, over the lands which may be ceded, or relinquished, with re- 
 spect only to the right or pre-emption of the soil. 
 
 And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That the terri- 
 tory which may be ceded or relinquished by virtue of this act, either 
 with respect to the jurisdiction, as well as the right or pre-emption of 
 soil, or the right or pre-emption of soil only, shall be and enure for the 
 use and benefit of such of the United States as shall become members 
 of the federal alliance of the said States, and for no other use or purpose 
 whatever. 
 
 And be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, That all the
 
 420 
 
 lands to be ceded and relinquished by virtue of this act, for the benefit 
 of the United States, with respect to property, but which shall neverthe- 
 less remain under the jurisdiction of this State, shall be disposed of and 
 appropriated in such manner only as the Congress of the said States 
 shall direct ; and that a warrant under the authority of Congress for sur- 
 veying and laying out any part thereof, shall entitle the party in whose 
 favor it shall issue to cause the same to be surveyed and laid out and re- 
 turned, according to the directions of such warrant ; and thereupon let- 
 ters patent, under the great seal of this State, shall pass to the grantee 
 for the estate specified in the said warrant ; for which no other fee or re- 
 ward shall be demanded or received than such as shall be allowed by 
 Congress. 
 
 Provided always, and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, 
 That the trust reposed by virtue of this act shall not be executed by the 
 delegates of this State, unless at least three of the said delegates shall 
 be present in Congress. 
 
 STATE OF NEW YORK, ss. 
 
 I do hereby certify that the aforegoing is a true copy of the original 
 act passed the 19th of February, 1780, and lodged in the secretary's 
 office. 
 
 ROBERT HARPUR, Deputy Sec 'y of State. 
 
 In view of the premises, the following proceedings 
 look place : 
 
 IN CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 6, 1780. 
 
 Congress took into consideration the report of the committee to 
 whom were referred the instructions of the General Assembly of Mary- 
 land to their delegates in Congress, respecting the Articles of Confede- 
 ra'ion, and the declaration therein referred to ; the act of the Legislature 
 of New York on the same subject, and the remonstrance of the General 
 Assembly of Virginia ; which report was agreed to, and is in the words 
 following : 
 
 That having duly considered the several matters to them submitted, 
 they conceive it unnecessary to examine into the merits or policy of the 
 * instructions or declarations of the General Assembly of Maryland, or of 
 the remonstrance of the General Assembly of Virginia, as they involve 
 questions, a discussion of which was declined, on mature consideration, 
 when the Articles of Confederation wece debated ; nor in the opinion
 
 421 
 
 of the committee, can such questions be now revived with any prospect 
 of conciliation ; that it appears more advisable to press upon those states 
 which can remove the embarrassments respecting the western country, 
 a liberal surrender of a portion of their territorial claims, since they can- 
 not be preserved entire without endangering the stability of the general 
 confederacy ; to remind them how indispensably necessary it is to 
 establish the Federal Union on a fixed -and permanent basis, and on 
 principles acceptable to all its respective members ; how essential to 
 public credit and confidence, to the support of our army, to the vigor of 
 our councils, and success of our measures ; to our tranquillity at home, 
 our reputation abroad, to our very existence as a free, sovereign,- and 
 independent people ; that they are fully persuaded the wisdom of the 
 respective legislatures will lead them to a full and impartial considera- 
 tion of a subject so interesting to the United States, and so necessary to 
 the happy establishment of the Federal Union ; that they are confirmed 
 in these expectations by a review of the before-mentioned act of the 
 Legislature of New York, submitted to their consideration ; that this 
 act is expressly calculated to accelerate the Federal Alliance, by remov- 
 ing, as far as depends on that State, the impediment arising from the 
 western country, and for that purpose to yield up a portion of territorial 
 claim for the general benefit ; Whereupon, 
 
 Resolved, That copies of the several papers referred 
 to the committee be transmitted, with a copy of the 
 report, to the legislatures of the several States, and that 
 it be earnestly recommended to those States, who have 
 claims to the western country, to pass such laws-, and give 
 their delegates in Congress such powers as may effectually 
 remove the only obstacle to a final ratification of the arti- 
 cles of Confederation ; and that the Legislature of Mary- 
 land be earnestly requested to authorize the delegates in 
 Congress to subscribe the said articles. 
 
 O 
 
 IN CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION. 
 
 TUESDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1780. 
 
 Resolved, That the unappropriated lands that may be 
 ceded or relinquished to the United States, by any parti- 
 cular State, pursuant to the recommendation of Congress
 
 422 
 
 of the 6th day of September last, shall be disposed of for 
 the common benefit of the United States, and be settled 
 and formed into distinct republican States, which shall 
 become members of the Federal Union, and have the 
 same rights of sovereignty, freedom, and independence, 
 as the other States : that each State which shall be so 
 formed shall contain a suitable extent of territory, not 
 less than one hundred nor more than one hundred and 
 fifty miles square, or as near thereto as circumstances 
 will admit : that the necessary and reasonable expenses 
 which any particular State shall have incurred since the 
 commencement of the present war, in subduing any 
 British posts, or in maintaining forts or garrisons within 
 and for the defence, or in acquiring any part of the terri- 
 tory that may be ceded or relinquished to the United 
 States, shall be reimbursed. 
 
 That the said lands shall be granted or settled at such 
 times, and under such regulations, as shall hereafter be 
 agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled, 
 or any nine or more of them. 
 
 In pursuance of the recommendation contained in the resolution of 
 Congress of the 6th September, 1780, the following States made cessions 
 ot territory to the United States at the dates respectively stated: 
 The State of New York, on March 1, 1781. 
 Virginia March 1, 1784. 
 
 " do. " Dec. 30, 1788. By this act Virginia agreed to change 
 
 the conditions of the act of cession of 1784 only so far as to 
 ratify the 5th article of the compact or ordinance of 1787, on 
 page 420. 
 
 Massachusetts, on April 19, 1785. 
 
 " Connecticut " September 14, 1786, confirmed May 30, 1800. 
 
 South Carolina " August 9, 1787. 
 
 North Carolina " February 25, 1790. 
 
 Georgia u April 24, 1802.
 
 423 
 
 For these cessions, &c., and for the convention between South Caro- 
 lina and Georgia, ot 28th April, 1787, see Bioren and Duane's edition of 
 the Laws of the United States, Vol. 1. 
 
 In relation to the government of the territory thus acquired by the 
 United States, it may be sufficient to eay, that the territory ceded by 
 each state, except Virginia, was the subject of separate legislation by 
 Congress, (as mentioned under the head of each of said States;-) first as 
 a dependent territory, and afterwards by being admitted into the Union 
 as an independent member thereof. 
 
 The North-western Territory, ceded by the Commonwealth of Vir- 
 ginia, was the subject of special legislation by the Congress of the Con- 
 federation ; first, by the passage of a resolution for its government, on 
 the 23d April, 1784, and then by the adoption of an ordinance, whose 
 importance renders its insertion here necessary : 
 
 AN ORDINANCE for the Government of the Territory of the 
 
 United States, north-west of the river Ohio. 
 
 Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, That the 
 said territory, for the purposes of temporary government, be one dis- 
 trict ; subject, however, to be divided into two districts, as future cir- 
 cumstances may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient. 
 
 Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the estates both of 
 resident and non-resident proprietors in the said territory, dying intes- 
 tate, shall descend to and be distributed among their children and the 
 descendants of a deceased child in equal parts ; the descendants of a 
 deceased child or grandchild to take the share of their deceased parent 
 in equal parts among them ; and where there shall be no children or 
 descendants, then in equal parts to the next of kin, in equal degree ; and 
 among collaterals, the children of a deceased brother or sister of the 
 intestate shall have in equal parts among them their deceased parent's 
 share ; and there shall in no case be a distinction between kindred of 
 the whole and half blood; saving in all cases to the widow of the intes- 
 tate her third part of the real estate for life, and one-third part of the 
 personal estate ; and this law relative to descents and dower shall re- 
 main in full force until altered by the legislature of the district. And 
 until the governor and judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter mentioned, 
 estates in the said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in 
 writing, signed and sealed by him or her in whom the estate may be, 
 (being of full age,) and attested by three witnesses ; and real estates may 
 be conveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed, 
 and delivered by the person, being of full age, in whom the estate may
 
 424 
 
 be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, 
 and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly 
 proved, and be recorded within one year after proper magistrates, courts, 
 and registers shall be appointed for that purpose ; and personal property 
 may be transferred by delivery, saving, however, to the French and Ca- 
 nadian inhabitants, and other settlers of the Kaskaskies, Saint Vincent's, 
 and the neighboring villages, who have heretofore professed themselves 
 citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them 
 relative to the descent and conveyance of property. 
 
 Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That there shall be appointed 
 from time to time, by Congress, a governor, whose commission shall 
 continue in force for the term of three years, unless sooner revoked by 
 Congress ; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate 
 therein, in one thousand acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. 
 
 There shall be appointed from time to time, by Congress, a secretary, 
 whose commission shall continue in force for four years, unless sooner 
 revoked; he shall reside in the district, and have a freehold estate 
 therein, in five hundred acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. 
 It shall be his duty to keep and preserve the acts and laws passed by the 
 legislature, and the public records of the district, and the proceedings of 
 the governor in his executive department, and transmit authentic copies 
 of such acts and proceedings every six months to the secretary of Con- 
 gress. There shall also be appointed a court, to consist of three judges, 
 any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a common-law juris- 
 diction, and reside in the district, and have each therein a freehold 
 estate in five hundred acres of land, while in the exercise of their offices ; 
 and their commissions shall continue in force during good behavior. 
 
 The governor and judges, or a majority of them, shall adopt and pub- 
 lish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as 
 may be necessary and best suited to the circumstances of the district, 
 and report them to Congress from time to time, which laws shall be in 
 force in the district until the organization of the General Assembly 
 therein, unless disapproved of by Congress ; but afterwards, the legisla- 
 ture shall have authority to alter them as they shall think fit. 
 
 The governor, for the time being, shall be commander-in-chief of the 
 militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same below the rank 
 of general officers ; all general officers shall be appointed and commis- 
 sioned by Congress. 
 
 Previous to the organization of the General Assembly, the governor 
 #hall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers, in each county or 
 township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and
 
 425 
 
 good order in the same. After the General Assembly shall be organ- 
 ized, the powers and duties of magistrates and other civil officers shall 
 be regulated and denned by the said Assembly ; but all magistrates and 
 other civil officers, not herein otherwise directed, shall, during the con- 
 tinuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the governor. 
 
 For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or 
 made shall have force in all parts of the district, and for the execution 
 of process, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions 
 thereof; and he shall proceed from time to time, as circumstances may 
 require, to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titlea 
 shall have been extinguished into counties and townships, subject, how- 
 ever, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the legislature. 
 
 So soon as there shall be five thousand free male inhabitants, of full 
 age, in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the governor, they shall 
 receive authority, with time and place, to elect representatives from 
 their counties or townships, to represent them in the General Assembly; 
 provided that, for every five hundred free male inhabitants, there shall 
 be one representative, and so on progressively with the number of free 
 male inhabitants shall the right of representation increase, until the 
 number of representatives shall amount to twenty-five, after which the 
 number and proportion of representatives shall be regulated by the legis- 
 lature ; provided that no person be eligible or qualified to act as a repre- 
 sentative unless he shall have been a citizen of one of the United States 
 three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall have 
 resided in the district three years, and in either case shall likewise hold 
 in his own right, in fee-simple, two hundred acres of land within the 
 same: Provided also, that a freehold in fifty acres of land in the district, 
 having been a citizen of one of the States, and being resident in the dis- 
 trict, or the like freehold and two years' residence in the district, shall 
 be necessary to qualify a man as an elector of a representative. 
 
 The representatives thus elected shall serve for the term of two years, 
 and, in case of the death of a representative, or removal from office, 
 the governor shall issue a writ to the county or township for which he 
 was a member to elect another in his stead, to serve for the residue of 
 the term. 
 
 The General Assembly, or Legislature, shall consist of the governor, 
 legislative council, and a house of representatives. The legislative 
 council shall consist of five members, to continue in office five years, 
 unless sooner removed by Congress, any three of whom to be a quorum, 
 and the members of the council shall be nominated and appointed in the 
 following manner, to wit : As soon as representatives shall be elected,
 
 426 
 
 the governor shall appoint a time and place for them to meet together, 
 and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons, residents in the district, 
 and each possessed of a freehold in five hundred acres ofland, and return 
 their names to Congress ; five of whom Congress shall appoint and com- 
 mission to serve as aforesaid ; and whenever a vacancy shall happen in 
 the council, by death or removal from office, the house of representatives 
 shall nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and 
 return their names to Congress ; one of whom Congress shall appoint 
 and commission for the residue of the term ; and every five years, four 
 months at least before the expiration of the time of service of the mem- 
 bers of council, the said house shall nominate ten persons, qualified as 
 aforesaid, and return their names to Congress, five of whom Congress 
 shall appoint and commission to serve as members of the council five 
 years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, legislative council, 
 and house of representatives, shall have authority to make laws, in all 
 cases, for the good government of the district, not repugnant to the 
 principles and articles in this ordinance established and declared. And 
 all bills, having passed by a majority in the house, and by a majority in 
 the council, shall be referred to the governor for his assent : but no bill 
 or legislative act whatever, shall be of any force without his assent. 
 The governor shall have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve the 
 General Assembly, when in his opinion it shall be expedient. 
 
 The governor, judges, legislative council, secretary, and such other 
 officers as Congress shall appoint in the district, shall take an oath or 
 affirmation of fidelity, and of office ; the governor before the president 
 of Congress, and all other officers before the governor. As soon as a 
 legislature shall be formed in the district, the council and house assem- 
 bled, in one room, shall have authority, by joint ballot, to elect a dele- 
 gate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, with a right of de- 
 bating, but not of voting during this temporary government. 
 
 And for extending the fundamental principles of civil and religious 
 liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their laws, and 
 constitutions are erected ; to fix and establish those principles as the 
 basis of all laws, constitutions, and governments, which for ever here- 
 after shall be formed in the said territory ; to provide, also, for the esta- 
 blishment of States, and permanent government therein, and for their 
 admission to a share in the federal councils on an equal footing with 
 the original States, at as early periods as may be consistent with 
 the general interest : 
 
 It is hereby ordained and declared, by the authority aforesaid, That the 
 following articles shall be considered as articles of compact, between the
 
 427 
 
 original States and the people and States in the said territory, and for 
 ever remain unalterable, unless by common consent, to wit : 
 
 ART. 1. No person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly 
 manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or 
 religious sentiments, in the said territory. 
 
 ART. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled 
 to the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus, and of the trial by jury; 
 of a proportionate representation of the people in the legislature, and 
 of judicial proceedings according to the course of the common law. All 
 persons shall be bailable, unless for capital offences, where the proof shall 
 be evident, or the presumption great. All fines shall be moderate, and no 
 cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted. No man shall be de- 
 prived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or 
 the law of the land, and should the public exigencies make it necessary, 
 for the common preservation, to take any person's property, or to de- 
 mand his particular services, full compensation shall be made for the 
 same. And, in the just preservation of rights and property, it is under- 
 stood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in 
 the said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with, or 
 affect private contracts or engagements, bona fide, and without fraud 
 previously formed. 
 
 ART. 3. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good 
 government, and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of 
 education shall for ever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall 
 always be observed towards the Indians ; their lands and property shall 
 never be taken from them without their consent ; and in their property, 
 rights, and liberty, they never shall be invaded or disturbed, unless in 
 just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; but laws founded in jus- 
 tice and humanity shall, from time to time, be made, for preventing 
 wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with 
 them. 
 
 ART. 4. The said territory, and the States which may be formed 
 therein, shall for ever remain a part of this confederacy of the United 
 States of America, subject to the Articles of Confederation, and to such 
 alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made ; and to all the acts 
 and ordinances of the United States, in Congress assembled, conformable 
 thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said 'erritory shall be sub- 
 ject to pay a part of the federal debts, contracted or *o be contracted, and 
 a proportional part of the expenses of government, to be apportioned on 
 them by Congress, according to the same common rule and meosure by 
 which apportionments thereof shall be made on the other States ; and
 
 428 
 
 the taxes for pr.ying their proportion shall be laid and levied by the au- 
 thority and direction of the legislatures of the district or districts, or new 
 States, as in the original States, within the time agreed upon by the 
 United States, in Congress assembled. The legislatures of those dis- 
 tricts, or new States, shall never interfere with the primary disposal of 
 the soil by the United States, in Congress assembled, nor with any regu- 
 lations Congress may find necessary, for securing the title in such soil, 
 to the bona fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands, the pro- 
 perty of the United States; and in no case shall non-resident proprietors 
 be taxed higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into the 
 Mississippi and St. Lawrence, and the carrying places between the 
 same, shall be common highways, and for ever free, as well to the inha- 
 bitants of the said territory as to the citizens of the United States, and 
 those of any other States that may be admitted into the Confederacy, 
 without any tax, impost, or duty therefor. 
 
 ART. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than 
 three, nor more than five States ; and the boundaries of the States, as 
 soon as Virginia shall alter her act of cession, and consent to the same, 
 shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit : the western State 
 .n the said territory, shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and 
 Wabash rivers ; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post Vincents, 
 due north, to the territorial line between the United States and Canada; 
 ind by the said territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. 
 The middle States shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash, 
 Torn Post Vincents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn 
 due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said territorial line, 
 and by the said territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by 
 the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said 
 territorial line : provided, however, and it is further understood and de- 
 clared, that the boundaries of these three States shall be subject so far 
 to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they 
 shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said 
 territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the 
 southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of the 
 said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, such State 
 shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United 
 States, on an equal footing with the original States, in all respects what- 
 ever ; and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State 
 government ; provided the constitution and government, so to be form- 
 ed, shall be republican, and in conformity to the principles contained in 
 these articles and, so far as can be consistent with the general interest
 
 429 
 
 of the Confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, 
 and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants in the State 
 than sixty thousand. 
 
 ART. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in 
 the said territory, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof 
 the party shall have been duly convicted ; provided, always, that any 
 person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully 
 claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully 
 reclaimed, and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or ser 
 vice as aibresaid. 
 
 Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the resolutions of the 
 23d of April, 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance, be, and the 
 same are hereby, repealed, and declared null and void. 
 
 Done by the United .States, in Congress assembled, the 13th day of 
 July, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of their sovereignty and 
 independence the 12th. CHARLES THOMSON, Sec'y. 
 
 For a history of this ordinance by Peter Force, see Nat. Intelligencer, Aug. 26, 1817. 
 
 LOUISIANA, 
 
 Formed out of part of the territory ceded to the United States by France, by 
 treaty of April 30, 1S03. 
 
 On October 31, 1803, an act to enable the President of the United States to 
 take possession of the territories ceded by France to the United States, by the 
 treaty concluded at Paris on the 30th of April last, and for the temporary govern- 
 ment thereof, was passed and approved. 
 
 Louisiana was erected into two territories by act of Congress, approved March 
 26. 1804 ; one called the Territory of Orleans, and the other called the District 
 of Louisiana. 
 
 An act further providing for the government of the Orleans territory, was ap- 
 proved March 2, 1805, which authorized the people to form a constitution and 
 State government when their number should amount to 60,000. 
 
 A memorial of the Legislature of the territory of Orleans on behalf of the in- 
 habitants, (see folio State Papers, " Miscellaneous," vol. 2, p. 51,) was presented in 
 Senate United States. (See Journal, March 12, 1S10.) 
 
 An act to enable the people of the territory of Orleans to form a constitution 
 and State government, &c., by which that State was allowed one Representative 
 until the next census, was passed and approved February 20, 1811. The said peo- 
 ple having, on January 22, 1812, formed a constitution and State government, and 
 given the State the name of Louisiana, in puisuance of the said act, an act for 
 the admission of the" State of Louisiana into the U-on, and to extend the laws of 
 the United States to the said State, was passed and approved, April 8, 1813. 
 
 On May 22, 1812, an act supplemental to the act of April 8, 1S12, was ap 
 proved.
 
 430 
 
 INDIANA, 
 
 Formed out of a part of the North-western Territory which WM ceded to the 
 United Stales by Virginia. (See remarks under ''Ohio.") 
 
 The territory established by act of May 7, 1800. 
 
 The territory divided into two separate governments, and that of Michigan 
 created by act of January It, 1805. 
 
 The territory again divided into two separate governments, and that of Illinois 
 created by act of February 3, 1809. 
 
 The Legislature of the territory, on behalf of the people, applied to be enabled 
 to form a constitution. &c. (See Journal of House of Representatives, December 28, 
 1815. and January 5, 1816 ; also folio State Papers, " Miscellaneous," vol. 2, p. 277.) 
 
 An act to enable the people of the Indiana territory to form a constitution and 
 State government, &c., by which that State was allowed one Representative, wa 
 passed April 19, 1816. 
 
 The said people having, on June 29, 1816, formed a constitution, &c., a joint 
 resolution for admitting the State of Indiana into the Union was passed and ap- 
 proved, December 11, 1816. 
 
 The laws of the United Slates extended to the State of Indiana, by act of March 
 3, 1817. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI, 
 
 Formed out of a part of the territory ceded to the United States by the comm.s- 
 sioners of the State of South Carolina, on August 9, 1787, under the act of South 
 Carolina of March 8, 1787, and by those of the State of Georgia, April 24, 1802, 
 which was ratified by the Legislature of Georgia, on June 16, 1802. (For these 
 cessions, &c., and for the convention between South Carolina and Georgia of 
 April 28, 1787, see Bioren and Duane's edit. Laws, vol. 1. pp. 466, 4G7, 486 to 491.) 
 
 The government of the territory established by act of Congress of April 7, 1798. 
 
 Limits settled and government established by act of Congress of May 10, 1800. 
 
 Territory on the north added to the Mississippi territory, by act of Congress of 
 March 27, 1 S04. 
 
 The boundaries enlarged on the south, by act of Congress of May 14, 1812. 
 
 A joint resolution of Congress "requesting the State of Georgia to assent to the 
 formation of two States of the Mississippi territory," was passed and approved, 
 June 17. 1812. 
 
 A motion was made in House of Representatives of the United States to inquire 
 into the expediency of admitting Mississippi into the Union, December 28, 1810. 
 Reported on by committee, January 9, 1811. (Vide folio State Papers, " Miscella- 
 neous," vol. 2, p. 129.) 
 
 A petition from the inhabitants of Mississippi, that it be made a Slate, &c., pre- 
 sented in House of Representatives, November 13, 1811. Reported on by com- 
 mittee of House of Representatives, December 17, 1811. (Vide folio State Papers, 
 " Miscellaneous," vol. 2. p. 163.) 
 
 Bill passed House of Representatives. Report adverse in Senate, April 17, 
 1812, :uid bill postponed. (Vide same book, p. 182.) 
 
 A memorial presented in House of Representatives, January 21, 1815- Re- 
 ported on February 23, 1815. (Vide same book, p. 274.)
 
 431 
 
 A memorial presented in House of Representatives, December 6, 1815. Re- 
 ported on December 29, 1815. (Vide same book, p. 276.) 
 
 A memorial presented in House of Representatives, December 9, 1816. Re- 
 ported on December 23, 1816. (Vide same book, p. 407.) Reported on January 
 17, 1817. (Vide same book, p. 416.) 
 
 An act to enable the people of the western part of the Mississippi territory to 
 form a constitution and State government, &c., was passed and approved on 
 March 1, 1817, by which the State was to have one Representative until the next 
 census. 
 
 The said people having, on August 15, 1817, formed a constitution, &c., a joint 
 resolution for the admission of the State of Mississippi into the Union was passed 
 and approved, December 10, IS 17. 
 
 On April3, 1818, an act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the 
 United States within the State of Mississippi, was approved. 
 
 ILLINOIS, 
 
 Formed out of a part of the North-western Territory which was ceded to the 
 United States by the State of Virginia. (See remarks under "Ohio.") (For pro- 
 clamation of General Gage respecting the country of Illinois, made December 30, 
 1764, see Bioren and Duane's edit. Laws, vol. 1, p. 506.) 
 
 An act for dividing the Indiana territory into two separate governments, and 
 organizing the Illinoisjerritory, was passed and approved February 3, 1809. 
 
 An act to amend the act of April 16, 1814, extending the western boundary of 
 Illinois to the middle of the Mississippi, to include the islands between the middle 
 and eastern margin of that river, was passed and approved, February 27, 1815. 
 
 A memorial of the legislative council, to be allowed to form a State govern- 
 ment, &c., presented in House of Representatives, January 16, 1818. 
 
 An act to enable the people of the Illinois territory to form a constitution and 
 State government, and authorizing one Representative in Congress, &c., was 
 passed and approved April 18, 1818. (By this act a part of the territory of Illi- 
 nois was attached to the territory of Michigan.) 
 
 The said people having, on August 26, 1818, formed a constitution, &c., a joint 
 resolution declaring the admission of the State of Illinois into the Union was 
 passed and approved. December 3, 1818. 
 
 An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States within 
 the State of Illinois, was passed and approved March 3, 1819. 
 
 ALABAMA, 
 
 Formed out of a part of the territory ceded to the United States by the States 
 of South Carolina and Georgia. (See remarks under the head "Mississippi.") 
 
 The eastern part of Mississippi territory made a separate territory, and called 
 "Alabama," by act of Congress, approved March 3, 1817. 
 
 A petition of the legislative council of Alabama on behalf of the people, pray 
 ing to be allowed to form a constitution, &c., presented in the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, December 7, 1818. 
 
 An aot to enabje the people of the Alabama territory to form a constitution and 
 
 40
 
 432 
 
 State government, Ac., authorizing one Representative in Congress, was passed 
 and approved, March 2, 1819. 
 
 The said people having, on August 2, 1S19, formed a constitution, tec., a joint 
 resolution declaring the admission of the State of Alabama into the Union was 
 passed and approved, December 14, 1819. 
 
 The laws of the United States were extended to the State of Alabama by act 
 of April 21, 1820, to establish a District Court, &c. 
 
 MAINE, 
 
 Formed out of a part of the territory of Massachusetts. 
 
 A petition of a Convention on behalf of the people of the district of Maine, pray- 
 ing to be permitted to form a separate State, was presented in the House of Re- 
 presentatives of the United States, December 8, Isl9. 
 
 A constitution adopted in Convention, October 29, 1819. 
 
 An act for the admission of the State of Maine into the Union, was passed and 
 oved March 3, 1820, in the following words: 
 
 "Whereas, by an act of the State of Massachusetts, passed on the 19th day of 
 June, in the year 1819, entitled, 'An act relating to the separation of the district 
 of Maine from Massachusetts proper, and forming the same into a separate and 
 independent State,' the people of that part of Massachusetts heretofore known as 
 the district of Maine, did, with the consent of the Legislature of said State of 
 Massachusetts, form themselves into an independent State, and did establish a 
 constitution for the government of the same, agreeably to* the provisions of the 
 said act: Therefore, 
 
 " Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 
 America in Congress assembled, That, from and after the 15tli day of March, 
 in the year 1820, the State of Maine is hereby declared to be one of the 
 United Stales of America, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with 
 the original States, in all respects whatever." 
 
 On the 7th April, 1820, the following act was passed and approved: 
 " AN ACT for apportioning the Representatives in the seventeenth Congress, to 
 
 be elected in the Slate of Massachusetts and Maine, and for other purposes. 
 
 " Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United Statet 
 of America in Congress assembled, That, in the election of Representatives in the 
 seventeenth Congress, the State of Massachusetts shall be entitled to choose thir- 
 teen Representatives only ; and the State of Maine shall be entitled to choose 
 seven Representatives, according to the consent of the Legislature of said State 
 of Massachusetts, for this purpose given, by their resolve passed on the 25th day 
 of January last, and prior to the admission of the State of Maine into the Union. 
 
 " SKC. 2. And be it further enacted, That, if the seat of any of the Representatives 
 ji the present Congress, who were elected in and under the authority of the State 
 of Massachusetts, and who are now inhabitants of the State of Maine, shall be 
 vacated by death, resignation, or otherwise, such vacancy shall be supplied by a 
 successor who shall, at the time of his election, be an inhabitant -A the State of 
 Maine."
 
 433 
 
 MISSOURI, 
 
 Was formed out of part of the territory ceded by France by treaty of April 30 
 1803. It was created under the name of the district of Louisiana by the "Act 
 erecting Louisiana into two territories, and providing for the temporary govern 
 ment thereof," which was approved March 26, 1804. By this act the government 
 of this district was placed under the direction of the Governor and judges of th 
 Indiana territory. 
 
 On the 3d March, 1805, an act further providing for the government of the dis 
 trict of Louisiana was approved. By this act a separate government was formed, 
 under the title of the territory of Louisiana. 
 
 An act providing for the government of the territory of Missouri was passed 
 and approved June 4, 1812, by which it was provided "That the territory hereto- 
 fore called Louisiana shall hereafter be called Missouri," &c. 
 
 An act to alter certain parts of the act providing for the government of the ter- 
 T itory of Missouri was passed and approved April 29, 1816. 
 
 An act establishing a separate territorial government in the southern part of the 
 territory of Missouri, to be called Arkansas territory, was passed the 2d March, 
 1819. 
 
 A memorial of the legislative council and House of Representatives of the ter- 
 ritory of Missouri, in the name and on behalf of the people, for admission into the 
 Union as a State, was presented in the Senate on December 29, 1819. 
 
 An act to authorize the people of the Missouri territory to form a constitution 
 and State government, and for the admission of such State into the Union on an 
 equal footing with the original Slates, and to prohibit slavery in certain territories, 
 was passed March 6, 1820. 
 
 The people having, on July 19, 1820, formed a constitution in pursuance of aid 
 act, the same was laid before Congress on November 16, 1820. Mr. Lowndes, 
 from the committee to which it was referred, made a report to the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, November 23, 1820, accompanied by a " Resolution declaring tlie admis- 
 sion of the State of Missouri into the Union." (Vide folio State Papers, "Miscella- 
 neous," vol. 2, p. 625.) 
 
 The Senate passed a joint " Resolution declaring the admission of the State of 
 Missouri into the Union," on December 12, 1820, which was referred to a select 
 committee in the House of Representatives, and on February 10, 1821, Mr. Clay 
 made a report. (Vide folio State Papers as above, p. 655.) The House rejected the 
 resolution of the Senate, on February 14, 1821. On February 22, on motion of Mr. 
 Clay, a committee on the part of the House was appointed, to join a committee on 
 the part of the Senate, on the subject of the admission of Missouri. 
 
 On February 26, Mr. Clay, from the joint committee, reported a "Resolution 
 providing for the admission of the State of Missouri into the Union, on a certain 
 condition," which resolution was passed and approved March 2, 1821. The said 
 condition was accepted by the Legislature of Missouri by "A solemn public act, 
 declaring the assent of this State" to " the fundamental condition" contained in 
 resolution passed by the Congress of the United States, providing for the admis- 
 sion of the State of Missouri into the Union, on a certain condition, which wa 
 approved by the Governor on June 26, 1821.
 
 On August 10, 1821, the President of the United States issued his procla- 
 mation declaring the admission of Missouri complete according to law. (See Little 
 .V Brown's edit. Laws, vol. 3, appendix 2.) 
 
 On March 10, 1822, an act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the 
 United States within the State of Missouri, &c., was passed and approved. 
 
 ARKANSAS, 
 
 Formed out of part of the territory ceded to the United States by France, by 
 treaty of April 30, 1803. (See remarks under the head of Missouri.) 
 
 An act establishing a separate territorial government in the southern part of the 
 territory of Missouri, was passed March 2, 1819, by which it was named Arkansas 
 
 An act relative to the Arkansas territory, declaring that the act of June 4,1812, 
 for the government of Missouri, as modified by the act of April 29, 1816, should be 
 in force in Arkansas, was passed April 21, 1820. 
 
 An act to fix the western boundary line of the territory of Arkansas, and for 
 other purposes, was passed May 26, 1824. 
 
 An act to run and mark a line dividing Arkansas from Louisiana was passed 
 and approved May 19, 1828. 
 
 A memorial of the inhabitants, by a convention, praying that Arkansas may be 
 admitted into the Union, accompanied by a constitution formed by said conven- 
 tion, was presented in the House of Representatives on March 1, 1336. (See 
 printed documents, House of Representatives, 1st session, 24th Congress, vol. 4, 
 Nos. 133, 144-5.) The proceedings of said convention were also communicated to 
 the House of Representatives through the President of the United States on 
 March 10, 1836. (See said printed documents, vol. 4. No. 164.) 
 
 " An act for the admission of the State of Arkansas into the Union, and to pro- 
 vide for the due execution of the laws of the United States within the same, and 
 for other purposes," was passed June 15, 1836, containing the following pre- 
 amble, viz. : 
 
 " Whereas, the people of the territoryof Arkansas did, on the 30th day of Janu- 
 ary, in the present year, by a convention of delegates called and assembled for 
 that purpose, form for themselves a constitution and state government, which 
 constitution and state government, so formed, is republican : And whereas, the 
 number of inhabitants within the said territory exceeds forty-seven thousand 
 seven hundred persons, computed according to the rule prescribed by the Consti- 
 tution of the United States; and the said convention have, in their behalf, asked 
 the Congress of the United States to admit the said territory into the Union as a 
 State, on an equal footing with the original States." 
 
 Ey this act Arkansas was allowed one Representative until the next census, 
 and the laws of the United States were extended over the same. 
 
 On June 23, 1836, an act supplemental to the foregoing act was passed and ap- 
 proved. 
 
 MICHIGAN, 
 
 Formed out of part of the territory ceded to the United States by the State of 
 Virginia. (See remarks under "Ohio.") 
 
 An act to divide the Indiana territory into two separate governments, an<*
 
 435 
 
 establishing that of the territory of Michigan, was passed and approved January 
 11, 1SC5. 
 
 An act to authorize the President of the United States to ascertain and de- 
 signate certain boundaries, was passed and approved May 20, 1812, by which 
 the boundary between Ohio and Michigan was directed to be ascertained and 
 marked. 
 
 By the act of April 18, 1818, to enable the people of Illinois to form a constitu- 
 tion ami State government, &c., a part of that territory was attached to the terri- 
 tory of Michigan. 
 
 An act to amend the ordinance and acts of Congress for the government of the 
 territory of Michigan, and for other purposes, was passed and approved March 3, 
 1823. 
 
 An act in addition to the above act, passed and approved February 5, 1825. 
 
 An act to provide for the taking of certain observations preparatory to the ad- 
 justment of the northern boundary line of the State of Ohio, was passed and ap- 
 proved July 14, 1832. 
 
 A memorial of the legislative council, praying that Michigan be admitted into 
 the Union, was presented in Senate, January 25, 1833. (See Senate documents, 
 2d session, 22d Congress, vol. 1, No. 54.) A bill for that object was reported in the 
 House of Representatives, on February 26, 1833. 
 
 A memorial for admission was presented in House of Representatives, Decem- 
 ber 11, 1833, and in Senate, February 28, 1834. (See documents House of Repre- 
 sentatives, 1st session, 23d Congress, vol. 3, No. 168, vol. 4, Nos. 245, 302.) 
 
 A report was made by a select committee of the House of Representatives on 
 the subject of boundary, &c., on March 11, 1834. (See reports of committees of 
 House of Representatives, 1st session, 23d Congress, vol. 3, No. 334.) This report 
 was accompanied by a bill to provide for taking a census or enumeration of the 
 inhabitants of the eastern division of the territory of Michigan, and of the terri- 
 tory of Arkansas. 
 
 And on April 12, 1834, the same committee reported a bill establishing the terri- 
 torial government of Huron. 
 
 An act to attach the territory of the United States west of the Mississippi river, 
 and north of the Slate of Missouri, to the territory of Michigan, was passed and 
 approved June 28, 1834. 
 
 A memorial was presented in the Senate, December 23d, and House of Repre- 
 sentatives, December 29, 1834, for the erection of "Wisconsin" into a separate 
 government. (See documents House of Representatives, 2d session, 23d Congress, 
 vol. 2. Nos. 34, 47.) 
 
 Resolutions of the legislative council of Michigan, relative to boundary with 
 Ohio, presented in House of Representatives, January 3, 1835. (See said vol. 2, 
 No. 53.) 
 
 A memorial of legislative council of Michigan, relative to southern boundary 
 thereof, presented in House of Representatives, March 2, 1835. (See snia docu- 
 ments, vol. 5, No. 183.) 
 
 Two maps prepared under resolution House of Representatives of June 11, 
 1834. (See said documents, vol. 5, No. 199.) 
 
 Two messages to Congress by the President of the United States, with docu
 
 menls relating to the boundaries and the admission of Michigan into the Union, 
 were received on December 10, 1835. (See Senate documents, 1st session, 24th 
 Congress, vol. 1, Nos. 5 and 6.) 
 
 A message from the President to Congress with documents and map relating to 
 the boundary between Ohio and Michigan, was received January 12, 1830. (See 
 Senate documents us above, vol. 2, No. 51.) 
 
 A report was made by a committee of the Senate on the subject of the boundary 
 line, accompanied by a map, on March 1, 1836. (See Senate documents as above, 
 vol. 3, No. 211.) 
 
 A report was made by a committee of the House of Representatives, on March 
 2, 1836, on the subject of admission, boundary, &c., (communicating a large col- 
 lection of documents relating to the entire subject.) (See Reports of committee*, 
 House of Representatives, 1st session, 24th Congress, vol. 2, No. 330.) 
 
 " An act to establish the northern boundary line of the State of Ohio, and to pro- 
 vide for the admission of the State of Michigan into the Union, upon the conditions 
 therein expressed," was passed June 15, 1836. By this act Michigan was autho- 
 rized to send one Representative to Congress, until the next census. An act sup- 
 plementary to the said act was passed June 23, 1836. 
 
 An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States within 
 the State of Michigan, was passed July 1, 1836. 
 
 An act to admit the State of Michigan into the Union, upon an equal footing 
 with the original States, was passed January 36, 1837, containing the fol- 
 lowing preamble, viz. : 
 
 "Whereas, in pursrance of the act of Congress of June 15, 1836, entitled, 'An 
 act to establish the northern boundary of the State of Ohio, and to provide for the 
 admission of the State of Michigan into the Union upon the conditions therein ex- 
 pressed,' a convention of Delegates, elected by the people of the said State of 
 Michigan, for the sole purpose of giving their assent to the boundaries of the said 
 Slate of Michigan as described, declared, and established, in and by the said act, 
 did, on December 15, 1836, assent to the provisions of said act, Therefore, 
 
 " Ee it enacted, &c., That the State of Michigan shall be one, and is hereby de- 
 clared to be one, of the United States of America, and admitted into the Union on 
 an equal footing with the original States, in all respects whatever." 
 
 An act to ascertain and designate the boundary line between the State of Michi- 
 gan and the territory of Wisconsin, was passed and approved June 12, 1833. 
 
 FLORIDA, 
 
 Formed out of the territory ceded by Spain to the United States, by treaty of 
 February 22, 1819. 
 
 The boundaries of East and West Florida in the hands of the British government, 
 October 7, 1763. (See vol. 1, Laws United States, Bioren and Duane's edit., p. 444.) 
 
 The boundaries of West Florida, as changed by the British government, June 
 , 1764. (See said volume, p. 450.) 
 
 A resolution and several acts of Congress were passed to enable the President 
 f the United States to take possession of the Floridas under certain contingen 
 cies, at the following dates, vi/. :
 
 437 
 
 A resolution, January 15, 1811, Laws United States, vol. 6, p. 592. 
 An act, do. do. do. 592. 
 
 An act, March 3, 1811. do. do. 593. 
 
 An act, February 12, 1813, do. do. 593. 
 
 An act to authorize the President of the United States to take possession of East 
 and West Florida, and establish a temporary government therein, was passed 
 March 3, 1S19. 
 
 An act for carrying into execution the treaty between the United States and 
 Spain, concluded at Washington, on February 22, 1819, was passed March 3, 1821. 
 
 Ratification of the treaty and exchange of ratifications, February 22, 1821. 
 (haws United States, vol. 6, p. 631.) 
 
 Copies of grants of lands annulled by said treaty. (Same vol. p. 63237.) 
 
 Articles of surrender of East Florida to the United States on July 10, 1821. 
 (Same vol. p. 638.) 
 
 Article of surrender of West Florida to the United States on July 17, 1821. 
 (Same vol. p. 639.) 
 
 Proclamation of General Jackson as governor, assuming authority over the said 
 territories in the name of the United States, July 17, 1821. (Same vol. p. 641.) 
 
 An act for the establishment of a territorial government in Florida was passed 
 March 30, 1822. 
 
 An act to amend "An act for the establishment of a territorial government in 
 Florida," and for other purposes, was passed March 3, 1823. By this act East and 
 West Florida were constituted one territory. 
 
 An act to amend the act of March 3, 1823, was passed and approved May 26, 
 1824. 
 
 An act to authorize the President of the United States to run and mark a line 
 dividing the territory of Florida from the State of Georgia, was passed and ap- 
 proved May 4, 1826. 
 
 An act to amend the several acts for the establishment of the territorial govern- 
 ment in Florida, was passed and approved May 15, 1826. 
 
 An act relating to the territorial government of Florida, passed and approved 
 April 28, 1828. 
 
 An act to ascertain and mark the line between the State of Alabama and the 
 territory of Florida, and the northern boundary of the State of Illinois, and for 
 other purposes, was passed March 2, 1831. 
 
 A memorial of the people of Florida, proceedings of a convention, constitution, 
 &c., presented to House of Representatives, February 20, 1839. (See documents 
 House of Representatives, 3d session, 25th Congress, vol. 4, No. 208.) 
 
 A memorial of the inhabitants of St. Augustine, in Florida, that a law be passed 
 to organize a separate territorial government for that part of Florida east of the 
 Suvvanee river, was presented in Senate, January 10, 1840. (See Senate docu- 
 ments, 1st session, 26th Congress, vol. 3, No. 67.) 
 
 A memorial of the people of Florida praying admission into the Union, wag 
 presented in Senate, February 12, 1840. 
 
 A bill to authorize the people of Middle and West Florida to form a constitution 
 and State government, and to provide for the admission of said State into the 
 Union, was reported in House of Representatives, March 5. 1840.
 
 438 
 
 Resolutions by the Senate of Florida adverse to the division of that territory, 
 were presented in the Senate of the United States, on March 6, 1840. 
 
 Resolutions of the Legislature of Florida for admission and against division, 
 were presented in Senate of United States, March 11, and in House of Repre- 
 sentatives, March 16, 1840. 
 
 A bill for the admission of Florida into the Union on certain conditions, and 
 a bill for the division of Florida, and the future admission of the States of East 
 and West Florida, on certain conditions, were reported in Senate, July 2, 1840. 
 
 The memorial for admission and the constitution again presented in House of 
 Representatives, May 9, 1842. (See documents House of Representatives, 2d 
 session, 27th Congress, vol. 4, No. 206.) 
 
 Memorials of citizens of Florida for the admission of that territory into the 
 Union, presented in the Senate, July 15 and 21, August 10, 13, 15, 17, and 30, 1842. 
 
 Resolutions of the legislative council of Florida for a division of that Territory 
 and the formation of two territorial governments, were presented to Congress 
 March 26, 1844. 
 
 On June 17, 1844, the following resolution was reported in the Senate : Re- 
 solved, That the prayer of the memorialists ought not to be granted. 
 
 On same day, a report adverse to a division of the Territory was made. (See 
 reports of committee, House of Representatives, 1st session, 28th Congress, vol. 
 3, p. 577.) 
 
 Resolutions of the legislative council for dividing the Territory again presented 
 in House of Representatives, December 30, 1844. 
 
 A bill for the admission of the Stales of Iowa and Florida into the Union was 
 reported January 7, 1S45. 
 
 Resolutions of the legislative council of Florida, for the admission of Florida at 
 the same time with Iowa, were presented in House of Representatives, February 
 11, 1845. (See documents House of Representatives, 2d session, 28th Congress, 
 vol. 3, No. 111.) 
 
 An act for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union was 
 passed on March 3, 1 845, containing the following preamble, viz. : 
 
 Whereas the people of the Territory of Iowa did, on the seventh day of Octo- 
 ber, 1844, by a convention of delegates called and assembled for that purpose, 
 form for themselves a constitution and State government; and whereas the people 
 of the Territory of Florida did, in like manner, by their delegates on the llth 
 day of January, 1839, form for themselves a constitution and State government, 
 both of which said constitutions are republican ; and said conventions having 
 asked the admission of their respective Territories into the Union as States, on 
 equal footing with the original States: 
 
 Be it enacted, ift., That the States of Iowa and Florida be, and the same are 
 hereby, declared to be States of the United States of America, and are hereby 
 admitted into the Union on equal footing with the original States, in all respects 
 whatsoever, tec. 
 
 " Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That the said State of Florida shall embrace 
 the territories of East and West Florida which, by the treaty of amity, settle- 
 ment, and limits, between the United States and Spain, on the 22d day of Febru- 
 ary, 1819, were ceded to the United States."
 
 439 
 
 One Representative in Congress allowed to Florida until the next census. 
 
 An act supplemental to the act for the admission of Florida and Iowa into the 
 Union, and for other purposes, was passed March 3, 1845. 
 
 By this act grants of land were made to Florida, and the laws of the United 
 States were extended to that State 
 
 Resolutions of the Legislature of Florida, in relation to the disputed boundaries 
 between that State and Georgia and Alabama, were presented in the Senate, Feb- 
 ruary 2, 1846. (See Senate documents, 1st session, 29th Congress, vol. 4, Nos. 
 96 and 133.) 
 
 On March 4, 1846, a bill respecting the settlement of the boundary line between 
 the State of Florida and the State of Georgia, was reported from the committee. 
 
 ' TEXAS, 
 
 An independent republic, admitted into the Union by the following joint resolu- 
 tions and act of Congress : 
 
 A joint resolution for annexing Texas to the United States, approved March 
 1, 1845. 
 
 JOINT RESOLUTION for annexing Texas to the United States. 
 
 Resolved by the Senate and House of Representative!! of the. United States of America 
 in Congress assembled, That Congress doth consent that the territory properly in- 
 cluded within and rightfully belonging to the Republic of Texas may be erected 
 into a new State, to be called the State of Texas, with a republican form of go- 
 vernment, to be adopted by the people of said republic, by deputies in convention 
 assembled, with the consent of the existing government, in order that the same 
 may be admitted as one of the States of this Union. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further resolved, That the foregoing consent of Congress is 
 given upon the following conditions, and with the following guarantees, to wit: 
 
 FIRST. Said State to be formed, subject to the adjustment by this Government 
 of all questions of boundary that may arise with other governments ; and the 
 constitution thereof, with the proper evidence of its adoption by the people of 
 said Republic of Texas, shall be transmitted to the President of the United Stales, 
 to be laid before Congress for its final action, on or before the first day of January, 
 one thousand eight hundred and forty-six. 
 
 SECOND. Said State,, when admitted into the Union, after ceding to the United 
 States all public edifices, fortifications, barracks, ports, and harbor*, navy and 
 navy-yards, docks, magazines, arms, armaments, and all other property aud 
 means pertaining to the public defence belonging to said Republic of Texas, 
 shall retain all the public funds, debts, taxes, and dues of every kind, which may- 
 belong to or be due and owing said republic; and shall also retain all the vacant 
 and unappropriated lands lying within its limits, to be applied to the payment of 
 the debts and liabilities of said Republic of Texas; and the residue of said lands, 
 after discharging said debts and liabilities, to be disposed of as said State may 
 direct, but in no event are said debts and liabilities to become a charge upon tha 
 Government of the United States. 
 
 THIRD. New States, of convenient size, not exceeding four in number, in add.- 
 Uon to said State of Texas, and having sufficient population, may herearter, 
 
 41
 
 440 
 
 3ie consent of said State, be formed out of the territory thereof, which shall be 
 entitled to admission under the provisions of the Federal Constitution. And such 
 States as may be formed out of that portion of said territory lying south of thirty- 
 six degrees thirty minutes north latitude, commonly known as the Missouri com- 
 promise line, shall be admitted into the Union with or without slavery, as the 
 people of each State asking admission may desire. And in such State or States 
 as shall be formed out of said territory north of said Missouri compromise line, 
 slavery, or involuntary servitude, (except for crimes,) shall be prohibited. 
 
 SEC. 3. And be it further resolved, That if the President of the United States 
 shall, in his judgment and discretion, deem it most advisable, instead of proceed- 
 ing to submit the foregoing resolution to the Republic of Texas, as an overture on 
 the part of the United States, for admission, to negotiate with that republic ; then, 
 
 Be it resolved, That a State, to be formed out of the present Republic of Texas, 
 with suitable extent and boundaries, and with two Representatives in Congress, 
 until the next apportionment of representation, shall be admitted into the Union, 
 by virtue of this act, on an equal footing with the existing States, as soon as the 
 terms and conditions of such admission, and the cession of the remaining Texan 
 territory to the United States, shall be agreed upon by the Governments of Texas 
 and the United States: Taa* the sum of one hundred thousand dollars be, and the 
 same is hereby, appropriated to defray the expenses of missions and negotia- 
 tions, to agree upon the terms of said admission and cession, either by treaty to 
 be submitted to the Senate, or by articles to be submitted to the two Houses of 
 
 Congress, as the President may direct. 
 
 Approved March 1, 1S45. 
 
 A joint resolution for the admission of the State of Texas into the Union, ap- 
 proved December 29, 1845. 
 
 JOINT RESOLUTION for the admission of the State of Texas into the Union. 
 
 Whereas the Congress of the United States, by a joint resolution approved 
 March the first, eighteen hundred and forty-five, did consent that the territory 
 properly included within and rightfully belonging to the Republic of Texas might 
 be erected into a new State, to be called the State of Texas, with a republican 
 form of government, to be adopted by the people of said republic, by deputies in 
 convention assembled, with the consent of the existing government, in order that 
 the same might be admitted as one of the States of the Union ; which consent of 
 Congress was given upon certain conditions specified in the first and second sec- 
 tions of said joint resolution : and whereas the people of the said Republic of 
 Texas, by deputies in convention assembled, with the consent of the existing go- 
 vernment, did adopt a constitution, and erect a new State, with a republican form 
 of government, and, in the name of the people of Texas, and by their authority, 
 did ordain and declare that they assented to and accepted the proposals, condi- 
 tions, and guarantees contained in said first and second sections of said resolu- 
 tion : and whereas the said constitution, and the proper evidence of its adoption 
 by the people of the Republic of Texas, have been transmitted to the President 
 of the United States, and laid before Congress, in conformity to the provisions of 
 aid joint resolution : Therefore, 
 
 Resolvid by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America
 
 441 
 
 in Congress assembled, That the State of Texas shall be one, and is hereby declared 
 to be one, of the United States of America, and admitted into the Union on an 
 equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever. 
 
 SEC. 2. And be it further resolved. That until the Representatives in Congress 
 shall be apportioned according to an actual enumeration of the inhabitants of the 
 United States, the State of Texas shall be entitled to choose two Representatives. 
 
 Approved December 29, 18-15. 
 
 An act to extend the laws of the United States over the State of Texas, and for 
 other purposes, approved December 29, 1845, viz. : 
 
 AN ACT to extend the laws of the United States over the State of Texas, and 
 for other purposes. 
 
 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 
 America in Congress assembled, That all the laws of the United States are hereby 
 declared to extend to and over, and to have full force and effect within, the Sute 
 of Texas, admitted at the present session of Congress into the Confederacy and 
 Union of the United States. Approved December 29, 1845. 
 
 WISCONSIN. 
 
 [By act 29tli May, 1 848, the state of Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. 
 Entitled to three Representatives in Congress after 3d March, 1849.] 
 
 On December 12, 1832, a resolution passed in House of Representatives direct- 
 ing a committee to inquire into the expediency of creating a territorial govern- 
 ment for Wisconsin out of part of Michigan. 
 
 On December 6, 1832, the committee made a report accompanied by a bill. 
 (See reports of committees House of Representatives, 1st session, 22d Congress, 
 vol. 1. No. 145.) 
 
 A memorial of the legislative council of Michigan for the division of that ter- 
 ritory, and that the territory of Wisconsin be established, was presented in Se- 
 nate of the United States, December 23, 1834. (See Senate documents 2d session, 
 23d Congress, vol. 2, No. 24.) 
 
 On February 11, 1836, a bill establishing the territorial government of Wiscon- 
 sin, reported in House of Representatives. 
 
 On March 1, 1836, a memorial of legislative council of Michigan for same, pre- 
 sented in House of Representatives. (See documents House of Representatives, 
 1st session 24th Congress, vol. 4, No. 153.) 
 
 On April 20, 1836, an act establishing the territorial government of Wisconsin 
 was passed and approved. 
 
 On March 5, 1838, a resolution directing a committee to inquire into the expe- 
 diency of authorizing the territory of Wisconsin to take a census and adopt a 
 constitution, preparatory to being admitted into the Union, was passed. 
 
 On May 11, 1838, the said committee reported a bill to enable the people of East 
 Wisconsin to form a constitution and State government, and for the admission of 
 such State into the Union. 
 
 On June 12, 1838, an act to divide the territory of Wisconsin, and to estabh** 
 the territorial government of Iowa, was passed and approved.
 
 442 
 
 On June 12, 1838, an act to ascertain and designate the boundary line between 
 the State of Michigan and the territory of Wisconsin, was passed and approved. 
 
 On January 28, 1839, a memorial of the Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin, 
 praying an alteration in the southern boundary of that territory, was presented in 
 the Senate. (See Senate documents, 3d session, 25th Congress, vol. 3, No. 149.) 
 
 On March 3, 1839, an act to alter and amend the organic law of the territories 
 of Wisconsin and Iowa, was passed and approved. 
 
 On May 25, 1840, the proceedings of a public meeting at Galena in relation to 
 the southern boundary of Wisconsin territory, was presented in the House of 
 Representatives. (See documents House of Representatives, 1st session. 2Cth 
 Congress, vol. 6, No. 226.) (For, "An Ordinance for the government of the Ter- 
 ritory of the United States, north-west of the river Ohio," passed by the Congress 
 of the Confederation, July 13, 1787. (See the same, under the head "Ohio.") 
 
 On February 3, 1841, a message was received in Senate from the President, 
 communicating the reports, maps, &c., relating to boundary line between Michigan 
 and Wisconsin. (See Senate documents, 2d session, 26th Congress, vol. 4, No. 151.) 
 
 On February 8, 1841, a memorial of the Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin, 
 that a law defining the western boundary line of said territory be passed, was 
 presented in Senate. (See Senate documents as above, vol. 4, No. 171.) 
 
 On February 15, 1841, resolutions of the General Assembly of Michigan in re- 
 lation to the boundary line between that State and the territory of Wisconsin, 
 were presented in the Senate. (Sec Senate documents, 2d session, 26th Congress, 
 vol. 4, No. 186.) 
 
 On March 19, 1841, resolutions of the Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin ter- 
 ritory in relation to the boundary between Michigan and Wisconsin, were pre- 
 sented in House of Representatives. (See documents House of Representatives, 
 2d session, 27th Congress, vol. 3, No. 147.) 
 
 On March 20, 1815, a resolution of the legislative council of Wisconsin asking 
 that provision be made for taking a census and holding a convention to form a 
 State constitution, was presented in the Senate. 
 
 On January 13, 1846, a bill to enable the people of Wisconsin to form a con- 
 stitution and State government, was introduced on leave in House of Repre- 
 sentatives. 
 
 On August 6, 1846, an act to enable the people of Wisconsin territory to form a 
 constitution and State government, and for the admission of such State into the 
 Union, was passed and approved. To be entitled to two Representatives until 
 the next census, and the laws of the United States extended to the same when 
 admitted. 
 
 On January 21, 1847, the constitution adopted by the people of Wisconsin, the 
 census and other documents, were presented in House of Representatives. (See 
 documents House of Representatives, 2d session, 29th Congress, vol. 3, No. 49.) 
 
 On March 3, 1847, an act for the admission of the State of Wisconsin into the 
 Union, was passed and approved. To be admitted on condition that the constitu- 
 tion adopted on December 16, 1846, shall be assented to by the qualified electors 
 of the State, and as soon as such assent shall be given, the President of the United 
 States shall announce the same by proclamation, and therefrom the admission of 
 Wisconsin shall be considered as complete.
 
 IOWA. 
 
 On December 19, 1836, a resolution directing the committee on territories to 
 inquire into the expediency of establishing the Iowa territory out of part of Wis- 
 consin, passed the House of Representatives. 
 
 On December 14, 1837, a resolution of same tenor passed House of Representa 
 lives. 
 
 On December 13 and 20, 1837, memorials of the people of Iowa for a division or 
 separation from Wisconsin, was presented in the Senate. 
 
 On December 14, 1837, same presented in House of Representatives. 
 
 On December 13, 1837, a memorial of the people of Iowa for settlement of 
 boundary with Missouri, was presented hi the Senate. 
 
 On January 2, 1838, proceedings of Legislature of Wisconsin relative to 
 boundary line between Iowa and Missouri, were presented in the Senate. (See 
 Senate documents, 2d session, 25th Congress, vol. 1, No. 63.) 
 
 On February 6, 1838, a report was made by committee of House of Representa- 
 tives on expediency of establishing a separate territorial government for Iowa, 
 accompanied by a bill. 
 
 On June 12, 1838, an act to divide the territory of Wisconsin, and to establish 
 the territorial government of Iowa, was passed and approved. 
 
 On June 18, 1838, an act to authorize the President of the United States to cause 
 the southern boundary line of the territory of Iowa to be ascertained and marked, 
 was passed and approved. 
 
 On January 30, 1839, a report of the Secretary of State with maps, made in 
 compliance with resolutions of the Senate and House of Representatives, in rela- 
 tion to the southern boundary of the territory of Iowa, were received. (See docu- 
 ments House of Representatives, 3d session, 25th Congress, vol. 4, No. 128.) 
 
 On March 3, 1839, an appropriation was made for the survey of the southern 
 boundary of the territory of Iowa, of $969 05. 
 
 On March 3, 1839, an act to define and establish the eastern boundary line of 
 the territory of Iowa, was passed and approved. 
 
 On March 3, 1839, an act to alter and amend the organic law of the territories 
 of Wisconsin and Iowa, was passed and approved. 
 
 On December 24. 1839, a message from the President, with documents relating 
 to the disputed boundary between Missouri and Iowa, was received in Senate, 
 and in the House of Representatives on December 27. (See Senate documents, 
 1st session, 26th Congress, vol. 1, No. 4. House of Representatives, vol. 1, No. 5.) 
 
 On December 30, 1839, additional documents on same subject communicated to 
 House of Representatives, and to the Senate on January 3, 1840. (See Senate 
 documents, 1st session, 26th Congress, vol. 2, No. 35. House of Representatives, 
 vol. 2, No. 36.) 
 
 On January 9, 1840, additional documents on same subject, communicated to 
 the Senate. 
 
 On January 31, 1840, additional documents on same subject were communicated 
 to the Senate, in compliance with two resolutions of the Senate of December 30, 
 1839. (See Senate documents, 1st session, 26th Congress, vol. 4, No. 133.) 
 
 On January 8, 1840, a memorial of the legislative council of Iowa, praying ih
 
 444 
 
 ettlement of the disputed boundary with Missouri, was presented in Senate. (Sea 
 Sen. docs., 1st seg., 26lh Cong., vol. 2. No. 53.) 
 
 On January 9, 1840, a doc. relating to same subject, presented in Senate by 
 Mr. Benton. 
 
 On January 10, 1840, a representation by delegate from Iowa on same subject 
 presented in Senate. 
 
 On February 4, 1840, report made in Ho. of Reps., by a committee on boundary 
 between Missouri and Iowa, -with a bill to establish and define the northern 
 boundary line of the State of Missouri. (See reps, of corams. of Ho. of Reps., 1st 
 ses., 26th Cong., vol. 1, No. 2.) 
 
 On February 12, 1840, a message from the President, with additional documents 
 relating to disputed boundary between Missouri and Iowa. (See docs. Ho. of 
 Reps., 1st ses., 26th Cong., vol. 3, No. 97.) 
 
 On March 5, 1840, a bill reported by the committee on territories of the Ho. 
 of Reps., "to enable the people of Iowa to form a constitution and State govern- 
 ment, and for the admission of such State into the Union." 
 
 On February 11, 1841, a bill for ascertaining and settling the southern boundary 
 line of the territory of Iowa, reported in Senate. 
 
 On March 9, 1841, a resolution of legislative council of Iowa relative to southern 
 boundary line of said territory, was presented in Ho. of Reps. 
 
 On March 19, 1841, a message from the President, relative to boundary line be- 
 tween Missouri and Iowa, received in Ho. of Reps. (See docs. Ho. of Reps., 2d 
 ges., 27th Cong., vol. 3, No. 141.) 
 
 On May 26,1841, the committee on territories of the Ho. of Reps, made a report, 
 with a bill, fixing the boundary line between Missouri and Iowa, which passed 
 the Ho. of Reps. only. (For report, see reports Ho. of Reps., 2d ses., 27th Cong., 
 vol. 4, No. 791.) 
 
 On January 21, 1843, a report made in Ho. of Reps, from committed on territo- 
 ries, accompanied by a bill fixing the boundary between Missouri and Iowa. (For 
 report, see Reps. Committees, Ho. of Reps., 3d ses., 27th Cong., vol. 1, No. 86.) 
 
 On December 31, 18-12, a resolution, that report of Albert M. Lea, in reference to 
 the northern boundary of Missouri; the report of Capt. Guion and Lieut. Fremont, 
 in reference to the Des Moines river, and the evidence in reference to the north- 
 ern boundary of Missouri, be referred and printed, was passed. (See docs. Ho. 
 of Reps., 3d ses., 27lh Cong., vol. 3, No. 38.) 
 
 On December 22, 1843, an act of the Legislature of Missouri respecting the 
 boundary line with Iowa territory, was presented in Ho. of Reps. (See docs. 
 HoT of Reps., 1st ses., 28th Cong., vol. 1, No. 26.) 
 
 On February 12, 1844, a message from the President, with a memorial from the 
 Legislative Assembly of Iowa for admission into the Union, was received in Senate. 
 
 On April 2, 1844, the committee on territories of Ho. of Reps, reported a bill to 
 enable the people of Iowa to form a constitution and State government, and for the 
 admission of such State into the Union. 
 
 On December 9, 1844, a memorial of a convention, with copy of a constitution 
 adopted for the people of Iowa, asking admission into the Union, was received in 
 Senate, and on 12th December in Ho. of Reps. (See Senate docs., 2d ses., 28th 
 Cong., vol. 1, No. 3, and docs. Ho. of Reps., vol. 1, No. 5, and vol. 3, No. 77.)
 
 445 
 
 On January 7, 1845, a bill for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida 
 into the Union, was reported in Ho. of Reps. 
 
 On February 19, 1845, a memorial of the General Assembly of Missouri, pray- 
 ing that the southern boundary line of Iowa be made to conform to the northern 
 boundary line of Missouri, &c., was presented in Senate. (See Senate docs., 2d 
 ses., 2Sth Cong., vol. 7, No. 110.) 
 
 On June 17, 1844, an act respecting the northern boundary of the State of Mis- 
 souri, was passed and approved. 
 
 On March 3, 1845, an act for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida 
 into the Union, was passed and approved. To this act the assent of the people of 
 Iowa is to be given, to be announced by proclamation by the President, and the 
 State then admitted without further proceedings on the part of Congress. The 
 State to be entitled to one Representative until the next census. 
 
 On March 3, 1845, an act supplemental to the act for the admission of the States 
 of Iowa and Florida into the Union, was passed and approved. This act extends 
 the laws of the U. S. to the State of Iowa. 
 
 On December 19, 1845, a bill to define the boundaries of the State of Iowa, and 
 to repeal so much of the act of March 3d, 1845, as relates to the boundaries of said 
 State, was introduced on leave in Ho. of Reps., and referred to a com. on territories. 
 
 On March 27, 1846, an amendatory bill reported by said committee. 
 
 On January 9, 1846, a joint resolution of the legislative council of the territory 
 of Iowa, relative to boundaries of the future State of Iowa, was presented in Ho. 
 of Reps. 
 
 On February 5, 184G, a memorial of a Convention of the people of Missouri on 
 subject of the northern boundary of that State, and the admission of Iowa into tha 
 Union, was presented in Ho. of Reps. (See docs. Ho. of Reps., 1st ses., 29th Cong., 
 vol. 4, No. 104.) 
 
 On February 17, 1846, a memorial of the Legislature of the territory of Iowa 
 relative to boundary between Iowa and Missouri, was presented in Ho. of Reps. 
 (See same docs., vol. 4, No. 126.) 
 
 On June 10, in Senate, and July 6, 1846, in Ho. of Reps., copies of the constitu- 
 tion of Iowa were presented. (See docs. Ho. of Reps., 1st ses., 29th Cong., vol. 7, 
 No. 217, and docs, of Senate, vol. 8, No. 384.) 
 
 On August 4, 1846, an act to define the boundaries of the State of Iowa, and to 
 repeal so much of the act of March 3, 18-15, as relates to boundaries of Iowa, was 
 passed and approved. 
 
 Ou December 15, 1846, a copy of the constitution adopted by the people of Iowa, 
 with a proclamation of the governor, &c., were presented in Ho. of Reps. (See 
 docs. Ho. of Reps., 2d ses., 29th Cong., vol. 2, No. 16.) 
 
 On December 28, 184G, an act for the admission of the State of Iowa into 
 the Union, was passed and approved. 
 
 CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Formed out of part of the territory ceded to the United States by the Mexican Re- 
 public by Treaty, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, the 2d February, 1848. 
 
 Bill (S. 324) reported In Senate by Hon. John M. Clayton from select committe' * to 
 establish the territorial governments of Oregon, California, and New Mexico," 1\, July,
 
 446 
 
 1848 ; vide Senate Journal, 1 Sess. 30 Congress, pages 477, 490, 492, 495, 498 passed 
 Senate 503 26 July. Laid on the table House of Representatives, 28 July, 1848. 
 
 Bill (S. 360) introduced by Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, "for the admission of Califor- 
 nia into the Union as a state," 11 Dec., 1848, and referred. Reported from committee 
 and not again taken up. 
 
 Bill (U. R. 685) reported in House of Representatives by Hon. Caleb B. Smith, "to 
 establish the territorial government of Upper California," 20 Dec. 1848, passed 27 Feb. 
 1849. In Senate referred 28 Feb. : committee discharged 3 March, 1849, and Senate 
 refused to consider the bill. 
 
 The "Bill (H. R. 692) making appropriations for the civil and diplomatic expenses 
 of the government for the year ending the 30 June, 1850, and for other purposes," 
 being under consideration in the Senate, the Hon. Isaac P. Walker of Wisconsin, on 
 21 Feb. 1849, submitted an amendment for the regulation and government of all the 
 territory acquired from the Mexican Republic by the treaty of 2d Feb. 1848 ; for pro- 
 ceedings on which, vide Senate Journal, 2 Sess. 30 Congress, pages 241, 255, 257, 262, 
 264, 277 ; agreed to in Senate 28 Feb., 1849. The House of Representatives agreed to 
 said amendment with an amendment. The Senate disagreed to said amendment of 
 the House of Representatives, and receded from said amendment submitted by Mr. 
 Walker, 3 March, 1849, page 331. For proceedings of House of Representatives on 
 this amendment, vide Journal House of Representatives, 2d Sess. 30 Congress, pages 
 600, 601, 637647, and 670. 
 
 The " Bill (S. 55) to provide for the organization of the territorial governments of 
 California, Deseret, and New Mexico, and to enable the people of Jacinto, with the 
 consent of the State of Texas, to form a constitution and state government, and for 
 the admission of such state into the Union upon an equal footing with the original 
 States in all respects whatever," was introduced on leave, by Hon. Henry S. Foote, 
 16 Jan, and on 22 Jan., 1850, referred to the Committee on Territories. Not reported. 
 
 Resolutions submitted by Hon. Henry Clay, relative to California, &c., 29 Jan., 1850, 
 Tide Senate Journal, pages 118, 299. 
 
 Resolutions submitted by Hon. John Bell, relative to California, Ac, 28 Feb. 1850, 
 vide Senate Journal, pages 184, 299. 
 
 Resolutions submitted by Hon. Thomas H. Benton, relative to California, Ac., 18 
 April, 1850, vide Senate Journal, pages 293, 299. 
 
 " A Bill (S. 225) to admit California as a state into the Union, to establish territo- 
 rial governments for Utah and New Mexico, and making proposals to Texas for the 
 establishment of her western and northern boundaries," together with a special 
 report from the select committee, was submitted by Hon. Henry Clay, 8th May, 1850, 
 ride Senate Journal, 1 Sess. 31 Congress, pages 327, 374, 379, 382, 392, 396, 405, 408, 410, 
 414, 428, 449, 455, 460, 462, 468, 471, 474, 479, 485, 491, 494, (Amendment of Mr. 
 Pearce, 495,) 518 ; passed Senate as amended, 1 August, 1 850, being reduced to 
 " An act to establish a territorial government for Utah." (See Utah.) 
 
 "A Bill (S. 169) for the admission of the State of California into the Union," was 
 reported by Hon. Stephen A. Douglass from Committee on Territories, 25 March, 1850, 
 vide Senate Journal, 1 Sess. 31 Congress, pages 234, 292, 301, 517, 520, 522, 530, 533, 
 640. 553, 557, which bill passed Senate 14 August, 1850 ; considered in House of Rep- 
 rofe. tatives, vide Journal, 1 Sess. 31 Congress, pages 1415 to 1424; passed House 
 of Representatives 7 Sept., and became a law, 9 September, 1850.
 
 447 
 
 OREGON TERRITORY. 
 
 The boundaries of this territory have been determined by the following treaties 
 with foreign powers, viz. : 
 
 1. Treaty with France, ceding Louisiana to the United States, of April 30, 1803. 
 
 2. Treaty of amity, settlement and limits with Spain, of February 22, 1819. 
 
 3. Treaty of limits westward of the Rocky Mountains, with Great Britain, of June 
 15, 1846. 
 
 A Bill (II. R. 533) " to establish a territorial government in Oregon," was reported 
 by lion. Stephen A. Douglass, House of Representatives, 6 Aug., 1846 ; passed that 
 House same day. In Senate referred 7 Aug., reported 8 Aug., 1846, with special re- 
 port, but not further acted on. 
 
 A Bill (S. 41) " to organize a territorial government in the Oregon Territory, and for 
 other purposes," was introduced on leave in Senate by Hon. Sidney Breese, 23 Dec, 
 1846, and referred to Committee on the Judiciary, but not reported therefrom. 
 
 A Bill (II. R. 571) " to establish the territorial government of Oregon," was reported 
 by Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, House of Representatives, 23 Dec., 1846, passed that 
 House the 16th Jan., 1847. In Senate referred to Committee of Judiciary, 18 Jan. ; re- 
 ported with amendments 25 Jan. ; re-committed 29 Jan.; reported with amendments 
 10 Feb. ; ordered, That it lie on the table, 3d March, 1847. 
 
 A Bill (S. 59) " to establish the territorial government of Oregon," was introduced 
 on leave in Senate by Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, on 10 Jan., 1848, and after considera- 
 tion by the Senate until 13 July, 1848, was, on motion of Hon. John M. Clayton, referred 
 to a select committee. On 18 July, Mr. Clayton from said committee reported it with- 
 out amendment, and reported Bill (S. 324) " to establish the territorial governments 
 of Oregon, California and New Mexico," which bill passed the Senate 26 July, 1848, 
 and was laid on the table in the House of Representatives 28 July, 1848. Not further 
 acted upon. 
 
 A Bill (H. R. 201) "to establish the territorial government of Oregon," was reported 
 from Committee on Territories, House of Representatives, 8 Feb., 1848, by Hon. Caleb 
 B. Smith, passed the House of Representatives 2d Aug.; passed the Senate with 
 amendments 10 Aug., 1848, and became a law on the 14-th August, 1848. 
 
 TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. 
 
 Formed out of part of territory ceded to the United States by France by Treaty of 
 April 30, 1803. 
 
 A Bill (H. R. 568) " establishing the territorial government of Minesota," was passed 
 by the House of Representatives 17 Feb., and laid upon the table in the Senate 3d 
 March, 1847. 
 
 A Bill (S. 152) " to establish the territorial governmentof Minesota," was introduced 
 on leave by Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, 23 Feb., 1848. Reported and recommitted, and, 
 on 8 Aug., 1848, reported with amendments. Not further actod on at 1 Sess. 30 Con- 
 gress. 
 
 Resumed 20 Dec., 1848, 2 Sess. 30 Congress ; passed the Senate 19 Jan., 1849 ; passed 
 ITmise of Representatives with amendments, 28 Feb., and became a law, 3d March, 
 1849.
 
 448 
 
 TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 
 
 Formed out of part of the territory ceded to the United States by the Mexican Re- 
 public by Treaty, concluded at Quadalupe Hidalgo, the 2d February, 1848. 
 
 [For statement Qf propositions for forming a territorial government for New Mexico, 
 see under head of "California."] 
 
 A Bill (S. 170) " to establish the governments of Utah and New Mexico, and for 
 other purposes," was reported by Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, 25 March, and passed 
 the Senate 15 Aug., 1850, amended to " An act to establish a territorial government 
 for New Mexico." [This bill, with the addition of a new section, was engrafted on 
 Bill (S. 307) in House of Representatives. See following statement.] 
 
 In House of Representatives, 28 Aug., 1850, the Bill (S. 307) entitled "An act pro- 
 posing to the State of Texas the establishment of her northern and western bounda- 
 ries, the relinquishment by the said state of all territory claimed by her exterior to 
 said boundaries, and of all her claims upon the United States," having been under 
 consideration until 5th Sept., 1850, was then amended by providing a territorial go- 
 Tern ment for New Mexico, and on the 6 Sept. was passed, and the title amended by 
 adding And to establish a territorial government for New Mexico. The Senate con- 
 curred in the amendments, and the bill became a law on the 9th September, 
 1850. 
 
 TERRITORY OF UTAH. 
 
 Formed out of part of the territory ceded to the United States by the Mexican Re- 
 public by Treaty, concluded at Quadalupe Hidalgo, the 2d Feb., 1848. 
 
 [For statement of propositions for forming a territorial government for Utah, see 
 under head of California and New Mexico.] 
 
 The Bill (S. 225) "to admit California as a state into the Union, to establish territo- 
 rial governments for Utah and New Mexico, and making proposals to Texas for the 
 establishment of her western and northern boundaries," was reported by Hon. Henry 
 Clay, 8 May, and was amended and passed the Senate 1 August ; being reduced to a 
 provision for, and the title having been amended to, " An act to establish a territorial 
 government for Utah," which bill passed the House of Representatives 7 Sept., and 
 became a law on the 9th September, 185O. 
 
 TERRITORY OF NEBRASKA. 
 
 Formed out of part of the territory ceded to United States by France by Treaty of 
 30 April, 1803. 
 
 A Bill (H. R. 444) " to establish the territory of Nebraska," was introduced on leave 
 by Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, 17 Dec., 1844, and referred. An amendatory bill reported 
 7 Jan., 1845, but no further action thereon, 
 
 A Bill (S. 170) " to establish the territory of Nebraska," was introduced on leave by 
 Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, 15 March, and referred. Reported without amendment 
 20 April, 1818. Recommitted 20 Dec., 1818. Not reported.
 
 449 
 
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 
 
 Established under the 17th clause, 8th section, 1st article of the Constitution of the 
 United States: "Congress shall have power to exercise exclusive legislation in all 
 cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by ces- 
 sion of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Go- 
 vernment of the United States," &c. In pursuance of which provision the State of 
 Maryland, on December 23, 1788, passed " An act to cede to Congress a district of ten 
 miles square in this state, for the seat of the Government of the United States." 
 
 And the State of Virginia, on December 3, 1789, passed " An act for the cession of 
 ten miles square, or any lesser quantity of territory within this state, to the United 
 States in Congress assembled, for the permanent seat of the General Government." 
 
 These cessions were accepted by Congress as required by the Constitution, and the 
 permanent seat of government established by the "Act for establishing the temporary 
 and permanent seat of the government of the United States," approved July 16, 1790 ; 
 and the act to amend the same, approved March 3, 1791. 
 
 The district of ten miles square was accordingly located, and its lines and bounda- 
 ries particularly established by a proclamation of George Washington, President of 
 the United States, on March 30, 1791, and by the " Act concerning the District of Co- 
 lumbia," approved February 27, 1801, Congress assumed complete jurisdiction over 
 the said district, as contemplated by the framers of the Constitution.
 
 451 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 SOURCES OF HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, STATISTI- 
 CAL, AND OTHER INFORMATION, REGARDING 
 THE LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND JUDICIAL 
 ACTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED 
 STATES OF AMERICA, IN POSSESSION OF THE 
 PUBLIC OFFICES AT THE SEAT >OF GOVERN- 
 MENT. 
 
 IN the course of experience in public business, it has been 
 found that great embarrassment arises to persons entering into 
 public life in obtaining a practical knowledge of the operations of 
 the Government from its foundation to the period of their entering 
 upon the arena which knowledge cannot well be dispensed with 
 by unbelievers in the doctrine that statesmanship comes by intuition 
 or inspiration. They modestly approach the highly important and 
 responsible stations in the legislative or executive branches of the 
 Government to which the partiality of their fellow-citizens has 
 called them, and prepare with diligence, however well acquainted 
 with the general history of the country, to qualify themselves for 
 a consistent, intelligent, and faithful discharge of duty, by a revi- 
 sion of the acts and proceedings of their predecessors tending to 
 or terminating in measures of state policy, which have either been 
 confirmed by repeated legislation, or remain open questions for in- 
 vestigation and discussion, and by an examination of the foreign 
 and domestic relations, the matter and form of legislative business 
 generally, and the facts and minutiae of cases requiring, by ap- 
 pointment and a proper discharge of duty, particular attention. 
 
 It may, therefore, not be unacceptable to citizens entering into 
 public life, or to those who may expect at some future period to 
 tike part in public affairs, or to those who may desire to extend 
 
 their information concerning the measures, policy, and business 
 
 42
 
 452 
 
 concerns of the government, to be. furnished with references to lome 
 of the sources and means of acquiring such information. 
 
 To the uninitiated, the accumulated mass of books, records, and 
 documents, contained in the public archives, is calculated to dampen 
 the ardor, if not to repulse the ordinary scholar or man of business 
 from the attempt to fathom the depths of the arcana ; and the pre- 
 sent effort of the author and compiler to aid in this undertaking is 
 more with the view of essaying a treatise which by extension and 
 improvement may hereafter become a vade mecum to the statesman 
 and legislator, and subserving the public interest and convenience, 
 than with the hope of effecting such object in the present edition. 
 
 The design of this undertaking is simply to refer to and briefly 
 describe the books, records, and documents of a public character, 
 to be found in the public archives at the Seat of Government, con- 
 stituting the principal sources of political and statistical informa- 
 tion. With a view of preserving perspicuity in the system, the 
 whole will be arranged into classes and sections, as follows, viz.: 
 
 CLASS No. 1. 
 
 THE COLONIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, AND DOCU- 
 MENTARY AND OTHER HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 Sec. I. COLONEL PETER FORCE'S AMERICAN ARCHIVES: Consisting of a 
 collection of authentic records, slate papers, debates, and letters and other no- 
 tices of public affairs: the whole forming A DOCUMENTARY HISTORY of 
 the origin and progress of the North American Colonies; of the causes and ac- 
 complishment of the American Revolution; and of the Constitution of Govern- 
 ment for the United Slates, to the final ratification thereof 
 
 IN SIX SERIES. 
 
 First Series. From the discovery and settlement of the North American Colo- 
 nies to the revolution in England, in 1688. 
 
 Sfcond Series. From the revolution in England, in 1688, to the cession of Canada 
 to Great Britain, by treaty at Paris, in 1763. 
 
 Third Series. From the cession of Canada, in 1763, to the king's message to 
 Parliament, of March 7. 1774, on the proceedings in North America. 
 
 Fourth Series. From the king's message of March 7, 1774, to the Declaration 
 of Independence by the United States, in 1776. 
 
 Fifth Series. From the Declaration of Independence, in 1776, to the definitive 
 treaty of peace with Great Britain, in 1783. 
 
 Sixth. Series. From the treaty of peace, in 1783, to the final ratification of the
 
 453 
 
 Constitution of Government for the United States, proposed by the convention held 
 at Philadelphia in 1787. 
 
 [Of this work, the fourth series only, in six volumes, has been completed, the 
 other parts being in progress of execution.] 
 
 This work was authorized by the "Act making provision for the publication of 
 the Documentary History of the American Revolution," approved March 2, 1833, 
 which directs that it be distributed in the same manner as the American State 
 Papers, under the resolution of July 10, 1832. It was further distributed by the 
 general appropriation act of March 3, 1839. 
 
 ...... ... CLASS No. 2. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS AND ACTS OF THE CONGRESS OP 
 
 THE CONFEDERATION, FROM THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE 
 
 REVOLUTION TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE GOVERNMENT 
 
 UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 Sec. 1. THE PUBLIC JOURNAL OF CONGRESS, contained in 4 volumes 
 octavo : 
 
 Vol. 1. From September 5, 1774, to December 31, 1776. 
 
 Vol. 2. From January 1, 1777, to July 31, 1778. 
 
 Vol. 3. From August 1, 1778, to March 31, 1782. 
 
 Vol. 4. From April 1, 1782, to March 3, 1789. 
 
 This edition was published by Way & Gideon, in 1823 ; each volume having a 
 separate index. The addresses to the king, Parliament, and people of Great 
 Britain, and other documents preceding and succeeding the commencement of 
 hostilities and the Declaration of Independence, are contained in vol. 1. The Ar- 
 ticles of Confederation are contained in vol. 2. And the Journal of the Committee 
 of the States empowered to act for Congress" in the recess from June 4 to August 
 19, 1784 ; the powers to the Board of Treasury to contract for the sale of the 
 western territory; contracts for moneys borrowed in Europe; credentials of de- 
 puties from the States to the convention that formed the Constitution ; the Consti- 
 tution; the ratifications of the Constitution by the conventions of the several 
 States, are contained in vol. 4. 
 
 Sec. 2. THE SECRET JOURNALS OF THE CONGRESS OF THE CON- 
 FEDERATION, in four volumes : 
 
 Vol. 1. On Domestic Affairs, from 1774 to 1788; History of the Confederation. 
 
 Vol. 2. On Foreign Affairs, from 1774 to August 16, 1781. 
 
 Vol. 3. On Foreign Affairs, from July, 1781, to May 15, 1786. 
 
 Vol. 4. On Foreign Affairs, from May 17, 1786, to September 16, 1788. 
 
 CLASS No. 3. 
 
 Sec. 1. THE JOURNAL, ACTS, AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE CON- 
 VENTION WHICH FORMED THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED 
 STATES, FROM MAY 14 TO SEPTEMBER 17, 1787: In one volume, pub 
 lished under a resolution of Congress of March 27, 1818. 
 
 This volume contains the credentials of the deputies to the Convention, the Con 
 titution, the ratifications by the State conventions. Vn.
 
 454 
 
 Sec. 2. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES : a critically 
 correct copy of which, together with an analytical index, are the prominent ob- 
 jects of this book. The former will be found at page 1, and the latter at page 37, 
 of this volume. 
 
 Sec. 3. THE DEBATES IN THE CONVENTION WHICH FORMED THE 
 CONSTITUTION, AND IN THE STATE CONVENTIONS FOR THF- 
 RATIFICATION OF THE SAME : In four volumes, published by Jonathan 
 Elliott: 
 
 Vol. 1 contains the Debates in Massachusetts and New York 
 
 Vol. 2 contains the Debates in Virginia. 
 
 Vol. 3 contains the Debates in North Carolina and Pennsylvania. 
 
 Vol. 4 contains 
 
 1. Index to Journal of Federal Convention. 
 
 2. Index to Secret Debates of. Ditto. 
 
 3. Index to Congressional Opinions on Constitutional questions, from 1789 to 
 1830. 
 
 4. Articles of Confederation. 
 
 5. Memoranda relative to drafts and plans in convention that formed the Con- 
 stitution names of the Members their Credentials Journal of the Convention, 
 &c. &c. Edmund Randolph's proposition Charles Pinckney's draft William 
 Patterson's proposition David Brereley's draft Alexander Hamilton's plan 
 James Madison's minutes of the proceedings. 
 
 6. Ratifications of the Constitution by the States, &c. 
 
 7. Digest of decisions in the courts of the Union involving Constitutional prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 8. Secret proceedings of the Federal Convention; Luther Martin's information 
 to Legislature of Maryland ; Robert Yates' minutes and notes of debates, &c. 
 
 9. Reasons of Robert Yates, John Lansing, jun., and Edmund Randolph for not 
 signing the Constitution. 
 
 10. Opinions selected from debates in Congress involving Constitutional prin 
 ciples from 1789 to 1830. 
 
 11. James Madison's letters on the Constitutionality of the Tariff, in September 
 and October, 1828. 
 
 12. Opinions of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison on the subject. 
 
 13. Chart of State constitutions in 1830. 
 
 Sec 4. THE FEDERALIST. Being a collection of able essays in explanation 
 of the prominent articles of the Constitution, and in vindication of its principles, 
 by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, all over the signature of 
 " Publius," and considered of high authority in explanation and in elucidation 
 of that paramount law. 
 
 CLASS No. 4. 
 THE JOURNAL OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO MARCH 3, 1851. 
 This Journal as re-printed by order of the House of Representatives, from the 
 commencement to March 3, 1815, ia contained in 9 volumes octavo; each having 
 one index.
 
 455 
 
 Ste. 1. Vol. 1. From March 4, 1789, to March 2, 1793. 
 
 Vol. 2. From December 2, 1793. to March 3, 1797. 
 
 Vol. 3. From May 15, 1797, to March 3, 1801. 
 
 Vol. 4. From December 7, 1801, to March 27, 1804. 
 
 Vol. 5. From November 5, 1804, to March 3, 1807. 
 
 Vol. 6. From October 26, 1807, to March 3, 1809. 
 
 Vol. 7. From May 22, 1809, to March 3, 1811. 
 
 Vol. 8. From November 4, 1811, to March 3, 1813. 
 
 Vol. 9. From May 24, 1813, to March 2, 1815. 
 
 Sec. 2. This Journal from March 3, 1815, to March 3, 1851, is contained in 38 
 volumes, octavo, being one for each session. Each volume having an index. 
 
 CLASS No. 5. 
 
 THE LEGISLATIVE JOURNAL OF THE SENATE OF THE UNITED 
 
 STATES, FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO MARCH 3, 1851. 
 
 This Journal as re-printed by order of the Senate, from the commencement to 
 March 3, 1815, is contained in 5 volumes octavo : 
 
 Sec. 1. Vol. 1. From March 4, 1789, to March 2, 1793, containing 5 separate in- 
 dexes to its contents. 
 
 Vol. 2. From March 4, 1793, to March 3, 1799. do. 7 do. 
 Vol. 3. From March 4, 1799, to March 3, 1S05. do. 6 do. 
 Vol. 4. From March 4, 1805, to March 3, 1811. do. 7 do. 
 Vol. 5. From March 4, 1811, to March 3, 1815. do. 5 do. 
 Sec. 2. This Journal, from March 4, 181 5, to March 3, 1851, is contained in 38 
 volumes octavo, being one for each Legislative session. Each volume having an 
 index 
 
 CLASS No. 6. 
 
 THE EXECUTIVE JOURNAL OF THE SENATE, FROM MARCH 4, 1789, 
 
 TO MARCH 3, 1851. 
 
 This Journal, from the commencement to March 3, 1829, from all of which the 
 injunction of secrecy has been removed, has been printed in 3 volumes octavo, 
 by order of the Senate. Each volume having an index. 
 Sec. 1. Vol. 1. From March 4, 1769, to March 3, 1805. 
 Vol. 2. From March 4, 1805, to March 3, 1815. 
 Vol. 3. From March 4, 1815, to March 3, 1829. 
 
 Sec. 2. Those parts of the Executive Journal from which the injunction of se- 
 crecy has been removed, from March 4, 1829, to March 3, 1851, will be found 
 printed as an appendix to the Legislative Journal of the session when the injunc- 
 tion was removed. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Executive Journal of the Senate from March 4, 1829, to March 3, 
 1?51, from which the injunction of secrecy has not been removed, is contained 
 alone in manuscript record-books, and is accessible only lo the President, to tho 
 Members, the Secretary and certain officers of the Senate. No extract from lam 
 record can be furnished, except by special order of the Senate. 
 
 42 *
 
 456 
 
 CLASS No. 7. 
 
 THE JOURNAL OR RECORD OF THE SENATE ON TRIALS OF IM- 
 PEACHMENT, FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO MARCH 3, 1851. 
 
 See. 1. On the trial of William Blount, a Senator of the United States, from De- 
 cember 17, 1798, to January 14. 1799. 
 
 Sec. 2. On the trial of John Pickering, Judge of the New Hampshire District, 
 from March 3, 1803, to March 12, 1803. 
 
 Sec. 3. On the trial of Samuel Chase, one of the Associate Justices of the Su- 
 preme Court of the United States, from November 30, 1804, to March 1, 1805. 
 
 The preceding cases will be found as an appendix to the third volume of the 
 Legislative Journal of the Senate. 
 
 Sec. 4. On the trial of James H. Peck, Judge of the Missouri District, from May 
 11, 1830, to May 25, 1830; and from December, 13, 1830, to January 31, 1831. 
 
 The proceedings in this case will be found as an appendix to the Legislative 
 Journal of the Senate of 1830, 1831. 
 
 THE LEGISLATIVE JOURNALS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRE- 
 SENTATIVES, exhibit the action of Congress from the establishment of the 
 Government under the Constitution, in the introduction, progress and 
 enactment of the Laws of the United States ; they contain a record of 
 the introduction by individual members of petitions, motions or resolu- 
 tions, and bills ; notices of the reports of all committees, the names of 
 the members voting on all subjects where the yeas and nays are de- 
 manded ; all the messages from the President of the United States to 
 either House of Congress, and the inaugural addresses, from the com- 
 mencement of the Government, will be found at length upon the jour- 
 nals ; a brief statement of the subject of every report or communication 
 from the several Executive Departments and Bureaus is entered upon 
 the Journal of the House to which it may be directed ; acts and resolu- 
 tions of the State Legislatures are entered upon the Journals ; schedules 
 of the electoral votes for President and Vice President are placed upon 
 the Journals of both Houses, and the names of the members with those 
 of the States which they represent are entered on the Journals of the 
 respective Houses on the days of their first attendance at each session. 
 
 The volumes of Journals have indexes referring to the names of peti 
 tioners, members, States, Executive Departments, Presidents' messages, 
 committees, motions, resolutions and bills with references to all the pro- 
 ceedings thereon, and generally to all the subjects treated of in the body 
 of the Journal. 
 
 But with the exception of the cases above stated, the reasons for or 
 grounds of Legislation, from their voluminous nature and their number, 
 could not be embodied within the narrow compass of the Journals. 
 
 These are contained in the manuscript files and records, the printed
 
 457 
 
 documents, and the reported speeches of the members of the two Houses 
 to be sought for from various sources. 
 
 The manuscript files and records are preserved in the office of the 
 House in which they may have been presented, or to which they may 
 have been communicated. The printed documents and speeches, how- 
 ever, require a more particular description and reference, which will be 
 given as concisely as practicable. 
 
 CLASS No. 8. 
 
 EMBRACING THE DOCUMENTS ORDERED TO BE PRINTED BY THE 
 TWO HOUSES OF CONGRESS SINCE MARCH 4, 1789. 
 
 These consist of messages from the President, reports from the seve 
 ral Executive Departments and Bureaus, reports of committees of the 
 two Houses, with documents and tables communicated therewith, as 
 well as memorials, petitions, resolutions of State Legislatures, and all 
 other papers printed under the order of either House. These will be 
 arranged into sections : 
 
 See. 1. THE FOLIO EDITION OF STATE PAPERS PUBLISHED UNDER JOINT RESOLUTIONS 
 OP CONGRESS, AND PRINTED BY MESSRS. GALES & SEATON, CONSISTS OF 21 VOLUMES. 
 
 These documents were selected with much care from the mass of manuscript 
 and printed documents, papers and books in the offices of the two Houses, from 
 all sources, and upon all subjects, having deficiencies supplied from the archives 
 and records of the Executive Departments. These were divided into ten different 
 classes, according lo their nature or subject, viz. : 
 
 4 vois. Foreign Relations. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789, to Feb. 28, 1797. 
 Vol. 2, from Feb. 28, 1797, to Feb. 19, 1807. 
 Vol. 3, from Feb. 19, 1S07, to March 3, 1815. 
 Vol. 4, from March 3, 1815, to May 3, 1822 
 
 2 vols. Indian Affairs. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789, to Nov. 18, 1814. 
 
 Vol. 2, from Nov. 18, 1814, to March 1, 1827. 
 
 3 vols. Finances. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1769, to April 29, 1802. 
 
 Vol. 2, from April 29, 1S02, to March 2. 1815. 
 Vol. 3, from March 2, 1815, to March 12, 1S22. 
 
 2 vols. Commerce and Navigation. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789. to Feb. 9, 1815 
 Vol. 2, from Feb. 9, 1815, to Feb. 25, 1823. 
 
 2 vols. Military Affairs. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789, to Feb. 25, 1819. 
 
 Vol. 2, from Feb. 25, 1819, to Feb. 28, 1825. 
 
 1 vol. Naval Affairs. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789, to March 5, 1825. 
 1 vol. Post-Office. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789, to March 2, 1833. 
 
 3 vols. Public Lands. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789, to Feb. 27, 1809. 
 
 Vol. 2, from Feb. 27, 1809. to Feb. 14, 1815. 
 Vol. 3, from Feb. 14, 1815. to May 26, 1824. 
 
 1 vol. Claims. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1823. 
 
 2 vols. Miscellaneous. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789, to Feb. 16 1809 
 
 Vol. 2, from Feb 16, 1809, to March 3, 1823.
 
 458 
 
 There will also be included in this section the two additional volumes on Public 
 Lands that were printed by DufTGreen, by order of the Senate, viz. : 
 
 2 vols. on Public Lands. Vol. 4, from May 26, 1824, to Jan. 2, 1828. 
 Vol. 5, from Jan. 2, 1828, to Jan. 21, 1834. 
 
 In the compilation of these state papers, care was taken to render each class 
 as complete as practicable. The authority for the publication, and the manner 
 of proceeding in the execution of the work, will be found stated at the beginning 
 of the first volume on Foreign Relations. As it purports to be a selection of those 
 documents and papers, it will not, of course, be expected to embrace every docu- 
 ment and paper presented in or communicated to either House of Congress, as 
 these can alone be found in the archives of Congress; but it was intended that 
 they should embrace every important document of the classes to which they re- 
 spectively belong, considered valuable as precedents for the future action of the 
 Government, or material in its political and statistical history, or as establishing 
 principles in the allowance or rejection of private pecuniary claims against the 
 Government, or in the settlement of private land claims. 
 
 These state papers were printed under the authority of the act of Congress 
 "making provision for a subscription to a compilation of congressional docu- 
 ments," approved March 2, 1831, and continued under th joint resolution of 
 March 2, 1833, which limited the continuation to eight volumes, and which, with 
 those previously authorized, made twenty-one volumes. These were disposed 
 of by a joint "resolution directing the distribution of a compilation of congres- 
 sional documents, and for other purposes," approved July 10, 1832. 
 
 CLASS No. 9. 
 
 Sec. 1 WILL EMBRACE THE DOCUMENTS PRINTED IN OCTAVO 
 FORM BY ORDER OF THE SENATE, during each session, from March 4, 
 1789, to March 3, 1851. These are numbered as they are sent to the printer; 
 loose copies are furnished to the members of both Houses of Congress and other 
 public functionaries, and sometimes extra copies for distribution, as they are 
 printed ; and other copies are retained and bound, in as many volumes as neces- 
 sary, with copious indexes, for preservation, when the printing of each session is 
 completed. The more important of these printed dpcuments will be found re- 
 printed, under their appropriate heads, in the folio state papers, where they will 
 be found more conveniently, in connection with kindred subjects which had ac- 
 cumulated from March 4, 1769, to the time to which the class they belong to was 
 reprinted, as stated in the preceding section ; from which time, recoursj} must be 
 had to these bound documents of each session every session having a separate 
 index. 
 
 In addition to these documents, the bills and resolutions of the Senate are 
 printed in folio form, and distributed nearly as the octavo documents. Several 
 copies of these have been bound into volumes, with indexes, since 1824-5. 
 
 CLASS No. 10. 
 
 Sec. 1 WILL EMBRACE THE DOCUMENTS PRINTED IN OCTAVO 
 FORM BY ORDER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, from Marc*
 
 459 
 
 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851. Those are divided into several series, each being 
 numbered as sent to the printer. One series consists of the re,>oits ot commit 
 tees of the House of Representatives, with their accompanying documents ; and 
 the other series consists of messages, reports, and documents, from the Executive 
 Departments, and all other documents ordered to be printed by that House. Loose 
 copies are furnished to members of both Houses of Congress, and other public 
 functionaries, and sometimes extra copies for distribution, as they are printed ; 
 and other copies are retained and bound, each series separately, (in as many vo- 
 lumes as necessary, with separate indexes,) for preservation, when the printing 
 of each session is completed. The more important of these documents, of both 
 series, will be found reprinted, under their appropriate heads, in the folio state 
 papers, as mentioned in the preceding section, as far as they extend ; from which 
 time, recourse must be had to these bound documents of each session every sea- 
 sion having a separate index for each series of these documents. 
 
 In addition to these documents, the bills and joint resolutions of the House of 
 Representatives have been printed in folio form, and distributed as the octavo 
 documents. Several copies of these have been bound, with indexes, since 1825. 
 
 CLASS No. 11. 
 DEBATES IN CONGRESS: 
 
 Embracing the speeches made in the two Houses of Congress, from March 4, 
 1789, to March 3, 1851. 
 
 When it is desired to find the discussion in either House upon any par- 
 ticular subject, it is necessary first to ascertain from the journal of the 
 House in which the discussion has taken place, when, or on what days, 
 such subject was under consideration in the House, and then seek for the 
 publication of the proceedings of those days in the public newspapers 
 that published such debates, or in the various compilations of debates, as 
 either may be found to embrace the time at which the discussion may 
 have taken place. 
 
 Sec. 1. The compilation of Joseph Gales, senior, in 2 volumes, contains the de- 
 bates in the first Congress, 17S9 to 1791.* 
 
 Sec. 2. The Congressional Register, or History of the Proceedings and Debates 
 of the first House of Representatives, by Thomas Lloyd, 1789-91. 
 
 Sec. 3. History of Congress, exhibiting a classification of the proceedings of 
 the Senate and House of Representatives, from March 4, 17S9, to March 3, 1793. 
 
 Sec. 4. Debates in the Congress of the United States on the bill for repealing the 
 law " for the more convenient organization of the courts of the United States :" 
 Albany, 1802. (State Department.) 
 
 Sec. 5. Debates in the House of Representatives of the United States on ques- 
 tions involved in the British treaty of 1794, (Jay's treaty :) Philadelphia, 1808. 
 (State Department.) 
 
 * This compilation has been continued by Gales & Seaton, under the patronage of 
 Congress.
 
 460 
 
 Sec. 6. Debates in the House of Representatives of the United States on the 
 8* minole war, in January and February, 1819. (State Department.) 
 
 Sec. 7. Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser, from 1791 to 1793. (Congress 
 library.) 
 
 Sec. 8. Dunlap & Claypole's Advertiser, from 1794 to 1795. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Bee. 9. Brown's Philadelphia Gazette, from 1794 to 1SOO. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 10. Bache's General Advertiser, from 1795 to 1797. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 11. Bache & Duane's Aurora, from 1798 to 1814. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 12. Carey's United States Recorder, from 1793 to 1800. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 13. Delaware Gazette, Political Mirror, from 1798 to 1800. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 14. Dennison's Republican Watch Tower, from 1800 to 1809. (Cong.Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 15. Duane's Weekly Aurora, from 1810 to 1821. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 16. Fenno's Gazette of the United States, from 1789 to 1798. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 17. National Intelligencer, (tri-weekly,) from 1800 to 1813. (Cong. Lib.) 
 National Intelligencer, (daily,) from 1814 to 1851. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 18. Universal Gazette, (by Samuel Harrison Smith,) from 1798 to 1808. 
 
 Sec. 19. Philadelphia Gazette, from 1795 to 1797. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 See. 20. Virginia Argus, from 1797 to 1803. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 21. Virginia Argus and Enquirer, (bound together,) from 1804 to 1808 
 (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 22. Richmond Enquirer, from 1809 to 1814. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 23. Washington City Gazette, from 1815 to 1826. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 24. National Journal, from 1826 to 1831. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 25. United States Telegraph, from 1828 to 1837. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 26. Globe, from 1832 to 1845. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 27. Madisonian, from 1837 to 1838. (Cong. Lib.) 
 
 Sec. 28. Register of Debates in Congress, comprising the leading debates and 
 incidents of each session, with an appendix containing important state papers and 
 public documents, and the laws of a public nature enacted during each session, 
 with an index to the subject of debate and to the names of the speakers in each 
 House of Congress for each session, viz.: 
 
 2d Session, 18th Congress, 1824-5, in 1st volume. 
 
 1st " 19th " 1825-6, in 2d volume, in 2 parts. 
 
 2d 19th u 1826-7, in 3d volume. 
 
 1st " 20th " 1827-8, in 4th volume, in 2 parts 
 
 2d 20th 1828-9, in 5th volume. 
 
 1st " 21st " 1829-30, in 6th volume, in 2 parts. 
 
 2d 2lst " 1830-31, in 7th volume. 
 
 1st " 22d " 1 831-2, in 8th volume, in 3 parts. 
 
 2d " 22d " 1832-3, in 9th volume, in 2 parts. 
 
 1st 23d 1833-4, in 10th volume, in 4 parts. 
 
 2d " 23d " 1834-5, in llth volume in 2 parts. 
 
 1st " 24th " 1S35-6, in 12th volume in 4 parts. 
 
 2d " 24th 1836-7, in 13th volume, in 2 parts. 
 
 1st 25th " 1837, 14th volume, in 2 parts. 
 
 Sec. 29. The Congressional Globe and Appendix, containing sketches of the 
 proceedings and incidental debates, and also the debates at large in the two
 
 461 
 
 Houses of Congress, with an index of the subject of debate, 
 speakers in each House for each session, viz : ' 
 1st and 2d Sessions, 23d Congress, 1833- 3d Sess. 27th Cong 
 
 and names of the 
 . 1842-3, 12th vol. 
 
 4-5, 1st and 2d volumes in 1. 
 
 1st " 
 
 28th 
 
 " 1843-4, 13th vol. 
 
 1st Sess, 
 
 . 24th 
 
 Cong. 
 
 1835-6, 3d vol. 
 
 2d " 
 
 28th 
 
 " 
 
 1844-5, 
 
 14th vol. 
 
 2d 
 
 24th 
 
 " 
 
 1386-7, 4th vol. 
 
 1st 
 
 29th 
 
 
 
 1845-6, New Series, 
 
 1st " 
 
 25th 
 
 it 
 
 1837, 5th vol. 
 
 1vol. 
 
 in 2 parts. 
 
 2d " 
 
 25th 
 
 " 
 
 1837-8, 6th vol. 
 
 2d " 
 
 29th 
 
 " '' 
 
 1846-7, 
 
 
 
 3d 
 
 25th 
 
 (i 
 
 1838-9, 7th vol. 
 
 1st 
 
 30th 
 
 
 
 1847-8, 
 
 
 
 1st 
 
 26th 
 
 u 
 
 1839-40, 8th vol. 
 
 2d 
 
 30th 
 
 u 
 
 1848-9, 
 
 
 
 2d " 
 
 26th 
 
 u 
 
 1840-1, 9th vol. 
 
 1st " 
 
 31st 
 
 u 
 
 1849-50, 
 
 
 
 1st 
 
 27th 
 
 It 
 
 1841, 10th vol. 
 
 2d 
 
 31st 
 
 u 
 
 1850-51, 
 
 M 
 
 2d " 
 
 27th 
 
 " 
 
 1841-2, llth vol. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 CLASS No. 12. 
 LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 THIS CLASS WILL EMBRACE THE SEVERAL EDITIONS OR SERIES OF THE LAWS 
 OF THE UNITED STATES AND INDEXES TO THE LAWS. 
 
 Sec. 1. The series containing in separate volumes the laws usually published 
 in pamphlet form at the termination of each session of Congress. In this seriei 
 the laws are published in extenso, none being omitted. 
 
 The first of this series was published in 1797, in 3 volumes, by Richard Folwell, 
 embracing the laws, resolutions, and treaties, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 
 1797. These were continued by Matthew Carey, to include the 4th volume, to 
 March 3, 1799 ; by William Duane to include the 5th and 6th volumes, to March 3, 
 1S03; by Roger C. Weightman, to include the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th volumes, to 
 March 3, 1811 ; and were continued by various individuals, " By authority," in 
 pamphlet form at the termination of every session of Congress, down to March 3, 
 1851. 
 
 Sec. 2. An edition of the laws was published in 1815 by Bioren & Duane and 
 R. C. Weightman. This edition was compiled by J. B. Colvin, upon the basis of 
 a plan prepared by Richard Rush, then Attorney-General of the United States, 
 and adopted by James Monroe, Secretary of State, in conformity with the act of 
 Congress of the 18th April, 1814. It consists of five volumes, and embraces the 
 laws of the United States from March 4, 1769, to March 3, 1815, with the 
 exception of "the local judiciary acts, and all acts confiding power to corpo- 
 rate bodies in the District of Columbia, or which have been otherwise passed by 
 Congress in their character of Legislature for the District," which were ex- 
 cluded. 
 
 Vol. 1 contains The Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation. 
 The Constitution, and proceedings which led to its adoption. 
 Treaties with foreign nations and Indian tribes, from 1778 to 1314. 
 Grants, treaties, and cessions, by which lands have been acquired by the United 
 
 Stales, from 1783 to 1814.
 
 462 
 
 Old proclamations and grants oflands, and treaties between foreign government* 
 relating to titles to lands, and boundaries of territories now included within the 
 United Slates, 
 
 (/rant to the Hudson's Bay Company. 
 
 Cessions of land by several States to the United States. 
 
 Title of the United States to Louisiana. Grant to Crozat. 
 
 Evidence respecting Yazoo and other land claims. 
 
 Treaty of Paris, of 10th February, 1763, between Great Britain, France, and 
 Spain. 
 
 Titles to, and boundaries of the Floridas. 
 
 Explanatory notes of the acquisition, surveys, sales, donations, and other dispo- 
 sition of, and regulation? concerning, the public lands in the early periods of th 
 Government. 
 
 Important claims to land, either rejected or requiring a critical examination. 
 
 Extracts from early English charters conveying territory. 
 
 Ordinance for the government of the territory north-west of the river Ohio. 
 
 Boundaries of South Carolina and Georgia established. 
 
 Ohio company's claims to land. 
 
 Illinois company's claims to land. 
 
 Wabash company's claims to land. 
 
 Wilkins' grant and Governor St. Glair's confirmation. 
 
 Spanish regulations for the allotment oflands. 
 
 Grand Maison's claim on Washita. 
 
 Houma's claim on New Orleans Island. 
 
 Bastrop's, St. Vrain, now John Smith, T. 
 
 Renaut's, Dubuque's. and Chouteau's claims to lands and lead mines. 
 
 An ordinance for ascertaining the mode of disposing oflands in the western terri- 
 tory. 
 
 Boundary lines between Virginia and Kentucky ascertained. 
 
 Location of Virginia military bounty land. 
 
 Powers of the board of Treasury to contract for the sale of western territory. 
 
 Relinquishment of a tract of land to Pennsylvania, 
 
 Bounties to foreign deserters. 
 
 Provision for refugees from Canada and Nova Scotia. 
 
 Resolutions of old Congress relative to military bounty laud. 
 
 Donation to Arnold Henry Dohrman. 
 
 Donation to the Society of the United Brethren. 
 
 Claims and donations in territories of Indiana. Illinois, and Michigan. 
 
 OKIGIN, &c., OF THE DEI-ARTMENT OF STATE for the United States. 
 
 ORIGIN, &c., OF THE DEPARTMENT OF WAK. 
 
 Commencement and progress of Indian affairs. 
 
 ORIGIN, &c., OF THE NAVAL ESTABLISHMENT of the United States. 
 
 ORIGIN, &c., OF THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
 
 ORIGIN, &c., OF THE MINT of the United States. 
 
 ORIGIN, &c., OF THE GENERAL POST-OFFICE of the United States. 
 
 An ordinance for settling the accounts between the United States and the indi 
 vidual States.
 
 403 
 
 Light-houses, beacons, buoys, and public piers, and cessions of land for same from 
 
 the States to the United States. 
 Military establishment of the United States in 1787, and lands held for military 
 
 purposes. 
 Concerning the seat of the general Government. FLAQ of the United States. 
 
 Device for a GREAT SEAL. Device for copper coinage. 
 Half pay. Commutation. Invalids. Pensions. Acts of limitation. 
 
 Vol. 2 contains the Laws of the United States, from March 4, 1789 to March 3, 
 1797. 
 
 Vol. 3 contains do. from March 3, 1797, to March 3, 1805. 
 
 Vol. 4 contains do. from March 3, 1805, to March 3, 1815. 
 
 Vol. 5 contains, 1. A list of all acts and resolutions from 1789 to 1815. 
 
 2. A General Index to private acts from 1789 to 1815. 
 
 3. Statement of Receipts and Expenditures from 1789 to 1815. 
 
 4. A General Index Laws United States from 1789 to 1815. 
 
 The series of Laws contained in the preceding volumes of the edition 
 of Bioren and Duane, have been continued to March 3, 1845, by a 6th, 
 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th volumes : 
 
 Vol. 6, Printed by Davis & Force in 1822, contains Laws of the United States 
 including Treaties, from March 3, 1815, to March 3, 1821, with an Index thereto. 
 
 Vol. 7. Printed by P. Force in 1827. Ditto March 3, 1821, to March 3, 1827, do. 
 With this volume there was printed a general index of all the Acts, Resolutions, 
 Treaties, and other matter contained in the seven preceding volumes. It was 
 prepared by Samuel Burch, under a resolution of the House of Representatives, 
 and is one of the best, most full and systematic Indexes of the Laws of the United 
 States extant, for the time it embraces, viz., March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1827. It 
 has been separately bound. 
 
 Vol. 8. Printed by W. A. Davis in 1835, and contains the Acts, Resolutions and 
 Treaties from March 3, 1827, to March 3, 1833. 
 
 Vol. 9. Printed by order of Congress in 1839, and contains the Acts, Resolu- 
 tions and Treaties from March 3, 1833, to March 3, 1839. 
 
 Vol. 10. Printed by J. and G. S. Gideon in 1845, and contains the Acts, Resolu- 
 tions and Treaties, from March 3, 1839, to March 3, 1845. From March 3, 1845, 
 to March 3, 1851, the Laws and Treaties will be found in pamphlet form. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Public and General Statutes of the United States, from 
 1789 to 1827 inclusive, whether expired, repealed, or in force : arranged 
 in chronological order, with marginal references, and a copious index : to 
 which is added the Constitution and an Appendix : published under tho 
 inspection of Judge Story. Boston, 1827. 
 
 Sec. 4. An edition of the Statutes at large was edited by Richard 
 Peters, and published by Little & Brown, in 1845.* 
 
 * This edition of the Statutes has been continued in pamphlet form for each 
 session of Congress.
 
 464 
 
 Vol. 1 contains, 1. The Declaration of Independence. 
 
 2. The Articles of Confederation. 
 
 3. The Constitution of the United States. 
 
 4. The Public acts of Congress from March 4, 1789, to March 
 
 3, 1799. 
 
 Vol. 2 contains the Public Acts of Congress from March 3, 1799, to March 3 V 
 1813. 
 
 Vol. 3 contains do. do. from March 3, 1813, to March 3. 1823. 
 Vol. 4 contains do. do. from March 3, 1823, to March 3, 1835. 
 
 Also Acts of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maryland. 
 Proceedings and Charter of Potomac Company relating to 
 
 Chesapeake and Ohio canal. 
 
 Act of Alabama to incorporate the Cahawba Navigation Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Proclamations by the President of the United States on Com- 
 mercial Affairs with Foreign Nations. 
 Vol. 5 contains the Public Acts of Congress from March 3, 1835, to March 3, 
 
 1S45. 
 
 Also a Proclamation of the President on extinguishment of In- 
 dian title to land in Missouri. 
 
 An act of Virginia relating to Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Com- 
 pany, February 27, 1829. 
 
 Vol. 6 contains Private Statutes at large, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1845. 
 Vol. 7 contains Treaties with Indian tribes, from September 17, 1778, to March 
 3, 1845. 
 
 Vol. 8 contains the Treaties with Foreign Nations, from February 6, 1778, to 
 March 3, 1845. 
 
 Each of the preceding volumes contains an index to the matter therein ; this 
 8th volume also contains : 
 
 1. Table showing relative chapters of this and other editions of the Laws. 
 
 2. Tables of Acts of Congress, from 1789, to 1S45 inclusive, relating to the Ju- 
 diciary. 
 
 3. Table of Acts of do. relating to Imports and Tonnage. 
 
 4. Table of Acts of do. relating to Public Lands. 
 
 5. Table of Acts of do. relating to the Post-Office. 
 S. Index to the five volumes of Public Statutes. 
 
 7. A General Index to the matter contained in the 8 volumes above mentioned. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Acts of Congress in relation to the District of Columbia from July 
 16, 1790, to March 4, 1831 inclusive, and of the Legislatures of Virginia and Mary- 
 land, passed especially in regard to that District, or to persons or property within 
 the same, with preliminary notes of the proceedings of the Congress, under the 
 Confederation, as well as under the present Constitution, in regard to the per- 
 manent seat of the Government of the United States. Printed by William A. 
 Davis, 1831.
 
 465- 
 
 CLASS No. 13. 
 
 ABRIDGMENTS AND DIGESTS OF THE LAWS OF THE UNITED 
 STATES. 
 
 Sec. 1. DIGEST of all such Acts of Congress as concern the United States at 
 large ; all existing Treaties, &c., by AVilliam Graydon, in 1813. 
 
 Sec. 2. DIGEST of the Laws of the United States, including an abstract of the 
 Judicial Decisions relating to the Constitutional and Statutory Law, witli Notes 
 explanatory and historical, by Thomas F. Gordon. Printed in 1827. 
 
 See. 3. AN ABRIDGMENT of the Acts of Congress now in force, excepting 
 those of a private and local application, with notes of Decisions, giving construc- 
 tion to the same, in the Supreme Court of the United States, by Edward Iii- 
 gersoll. Printed in 1825. 
 
 Sec. 4. DIGEST of the Laws of the United States including the Treaties with 
 Foreign Powers, and an abstract of the Judicial Decisions relating to the Con- 
 stitutional and Statutory Law. By Thomas F. Gordon, printed in 1844. 
 
 CLASS No. 14. 
 
 INDEXES PREPARED IN CONFORMITY WITH ORDERS OR RESOLU- 
 TIONS OF THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF 
 THE UNITED STATES, RESPECTIVELY. 
 
 Sec. 1. GENERAL INDEX to the Laws of the United States of America, from 
 March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1S27, including all Treaties entered into between those 
 periods; in which the principles involved in acts for the relief of individuals, or 
 of a private or local nature, are arranged under general heads, to which such prin- 
 ciples appropriately belong: arranged to the edition commenced by Bioren, Du- 
 ane & Weightman, in 1815, and subsequently continued by Davis & Force, and 
 William A. Davis. [This is the most complete and useful index of the laws, up 
 to March 3, 1827, extant; and it would add to the public convenience if a similar 
 one were made of the laws from that period up to the present time.] 
 
 Sec. 2. INDEX to the Executive Communications made to the House of Re- 
 presentatives, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1817 : first, by a reference, in al- 
 phabetical order, to the printed and also to the manuscript reports, according to 
 the subject-matter ; second, by a reference to the same matter, arranged under the 
 head of the department whence it came. Also, an 
 
 Sec. 3. INDEX to all the printed Reports of Committees, alphabetically ar- 
 ranged, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1817 : printed in 1824. 
 
 Sec. 4. INDEX to the Executive Communications and Reports of Committees 
 made to the House of Representatives, from December 3, 1817, to March 3, 1823 : 
 printed in 1823. 
 
 "See. 5. A DIGESTED INDEX to the Executive Documents (that is, all docu- 
 ments ordered to be printed) and Reports of Committees of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, from March 3,1823, to March 3, 1831, inclusive: printed in 1832. 
 
 Sec. 6. A DIGESTED INDEX to the Executive Documents and Reports of 
 Committees of the House of Representatives, from March 4, 1831, to March 3 
 1839, inclusive.
 
 466 
 
 See. 7. INDEX, or alphabetical list of Private Claims which have been before 
 the SENATE, from December 4, 1815, to March 3, 1849, with the proceedings of 
 the Senate thereon : showing the names of the claimants; the nature or object 
 of each claim; at what session, and in what manner, it was brought before the 
 Senate ; to what committee it was referred ; the nature of the report, and (where 
 special reports were made) the number of the report, if printed, and, if not, the 
 date of the report; the number of the bill, distinguishing between Senate and 
 House bills ; the manner in which the claim was disposed of by the Senate ; and, 
 in cases where it passed both Houses, the date of the act of Congress : the whole 
 compiled from the journals of the Senate, and by reference, when necessary, to 
 the journals of the House of Representatives, the reports of committees, the bills 
 of the two Houses, and the laws of the United States. Prepared by orders of the 
 Senate of April 9, 1840, February 27, 1841, and February 8, 1849. 
 
 CLASS No. 15. 
 
 REPORTS OF THE DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 1. By ALEXANDER JAMES DALLAS, from February term, 1790, to Au- 
 gust term, 1SOO, inclusive. 
 
 2. By WILLIAM CRANC1I, from August term, 1801, to February term, 1815, 
 inclusive. 
 
 3. By HENRY WHEATON, from February term, 1816, to January terra, 
 1627, inclusive. 
 
 4. By RICHARD PETERS, jun., from January term, 1828, to January term, 
 1842, inclusive. 
 
 5. By BENJAMIN C. HOWARD, from January term, 1843, to January term, 
 1851, inclusive. 
 
 6. Condensed Reports of cases in the Supreme Court of the United States, con- 
 taining the whole series of the decisions of the court from its organization lo the 
 commencement of Peters' Reports, at January term, 1 827. with copious notes and 
 parallel cases in the Supreme and Circuit Courts of the United States. 
 
 CLASS No. 16. 
 
 PUBLICATIONS ON THE SUBJECT OF THE PUBLIC LANDS AND PRI- 
 VATE LAND CLAIMS UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE UNITED 
 STATES. 
 
 1. LAWS OF THK UNITED STATES. Resolutions of Congress under th 
 Confederation, Treaties, Proclamations, and other documents, having operation 
 and rrspeot to the Public Lands : collected, digested, and arranged, pursuant to 
 the net o( Congress, approved April 27, 1810, by Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the 
 Treasury: revised, completed, ami printed, under the act of January 20, 1817r 
 
 (This is a valuable treatise and compilation of charters, treaties, grants, ces- 
 sions, compacts, resolutions, acts relating to the early history, acquisition, regu- 
 lation, and disposition of the public lauds, and evidence of the nature and extcn. 
 of private land claims.]
 
 467 
 
 2. LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, Resolutions of Congress under the 
 Confederation, Treaties, Proclamations, Spanish Regulations, and other docu- 
 ments, respecting the Public Lands: compiled, in obedience to a resolution of 
 the House of Representatives of the United States of March 1, 1826, by M. St. C. 
 Clarke, and printed by order of the House of Representatives of February 19, 
 1827 : in one volume. 
 
 3. LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, Treaties, Regulations, and other docu- 
 ments, respecting the Public Lands; with the Opinions of the Courts of the United 
 States in relation thereto, from 1826 to 1S33: by M. St. C. Clarke, under a resolu- 
 tion of the House of Representatives of March 1, 1833. 
 
 4. DOCUMENTS, LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE, of the Congress of 
 the United States, in relation to the Public Lands, from March 4, 1789, to June 
 15, 1824, in five volumes : compiled under the resolutions of the Senate of Febru- 
 ary 26, 1833, and January 3, 1834. Printed by Duff Green. 
 
 5. GENERAL PUBLIC ACTS OF CONGRESS respecting the sale and dis- 
 position of the Public Lands ; with Instructions issued from time to lime by the 
 Secretary of the Treasury and Commissioner of the General Land Office, and 
 Official Opinions of the Attorney-General <,n questions arising under the land 
 laws ; in two parts, or volumes : 
 
 Part 1 contains the laws from March 4; 1789, to July 9, 1838. 
 Part 2 contains the instructions and ( pinions, from March 4, 1789, to August 
 17, 1838. 
 Prepared and printed under the reso' ition of the Senate of February 23, 1837. 
 
 CLAF? No. 17. 
 
 REVENUE LAWS, COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS, DIGESTS OP TARIFF 
 LAWS, &c. 
 
 1. A SELECTION OF ALL THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES 
 In force, relative to commercial subjects, with marginal notes and references, 
 classed under separate heads, viz. : Acts for collection of duties on imports and 
 tonnage; Table of tonnage duty and fees of office ; Registering, recording, en- 
 rolling, and licensing of ships or vessels; Mediterranean passports; Quarantine 
 and health; Remission of fines, penalties, and forfeitures; Fisheries; Naturali- 
 zation; Restriction of trade with an enemy; Letters of marque and reprisal; 
 Salvage; Slave trade ; Consuls and vice-consuls; Seamen in the merchants' ser- 
 vice; Sea letters; British licenses; and for regulating foreign coins, &c. : by 
 John Brice: 1814. 
 
 2. COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS OF THE FOREIGN COUNTRIES 
 with which the United States have commercial intercourse : collected, digested, 
 and printed, under the direction of the President of the United States, conforma- 
 bly to a resolution of the Senate of March 3, 1817. 
 
 3. A DIGEST OF THE COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS OF THE DIF- 
 FERENT FOREIGN NATIONS with which the United States have intercourse : 
 in compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives of January 21, 
 1823. 
 
 4. JONES'S DIGEST: being K particular and detailed account of the dutiet 
 
 43
 
 468 
 
 performed by the various officers belonging to the custom-house departments at 
 the United States; together with a description of some of the principal books 
 and documents in general use in the several offices of the custom-house, with the 
 usual routine through which merchants and captains must pass on entering ves- 
 sels and merchandise, ic.: by Andrew A. Jones, in 1S35. 
 
 5. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE OX THE COMMERCIAL 
 RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES WITH FOREIGN NATIONS: 
 comparative tariffs of the United States and other nations; tabular statements 
 of the domestic exports of the United States; duties on importation of the staple 
 or principal productions of the United Slates into foreign countries ; navigation; 
 and British tariff, corn-laws, &c.: prepared in compliance with the resolutions 
 of the House of Representatives of Sept. 3, 1841, and January 31, 1842. 
 
 6. TARIFFS, from 1769 to 1833, with the votes in each House of Congress 
 thereon, arranged according to States. 
 
 7. A COLLECTION OF THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES relating 
 to revenue, navigation, and commerce and light-houses, including treaties with 
 foreign powers, up to March 4. 1843 : compiled for the Treasury Depar'inent of 
 the United States, by Thomas F. Gordon : 1844. 
 
 8. A DIGEST of the existing commercial regulations of foreign countries with 
 which the United Slates have intercourse : prepared under the direction of the 
 Secretary of the Treasury, in compliance with a resolution of the House of Re- 
 presentatives of March 3, 1831. Printed in 1833, in 3 volumes octavo. 
 
 9. A STATISTICAL VIEW OF Tt'E COMMERCE OF THE UNITED 
 STATES : its connection with agriculture and manufactures ; and an account 
 of the public debt, revenues, and expendituies of the United States; with a brief 
 review of the trade, agriculture, and manutactures of the Colonies, previous to 
 their independence; and a table illustrative of the principles and objects of the 
 work : by Timothy Pilkin ; 1817. 
 
 10. A DICTIONARY, practical, theoretical, and historical, of commerce and 
 commercial navigation ; in 2 volumes : by J. R. McCulloch : 1840. 
 
 CLASS No. 18. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS PRINTED OR FURNISHED UNDER THE 
 AUTHORITY OR PATRONAGE OF THE UNITED STATES, AND NOT 
 NOTICED UNDER PARTICULAR HEADS. 
 
 1. THE "BLUE BOOK," or Biennial Register of all officers and agents, civil, 
 military and naval, in the service of the United States. Compiled by the Secre- 
 tary of State, as required by the resolution of Congress, approved April 27, 1816. 
 
 The printers of the Laws, printers to Congress, the allowances to each, allow- 
 ances to contractors for carrying the mail, were directed to be included in the 
 Biennial Register by the resolution of July 14, 1832. 
 
 " 2. WAIT'S STATE PAPERS and public documents of the United States, from 
 March 4, 17&9, to August 1, 1818. [These are believed to have been included in 
 folio State Papers in the series on Foreign Relations.] 
 
 3. CONTESTED ELECTIONS in Congress of Senators and Representatives,
 
 from 1789 to 1S34, Inclusive, compiled by M. St. Clalr Clarke and David A. Hall, 
 and printed by order of the House of Representatives. 
 
 4. REPORT OF THE TRIAL OF JAMES H. PECK, Judge of the United 
 States Court for the District of Missouri, on an impeachment. 1833. 
 
 5. LEGISLATIVE AND DOCUMENTARY HISTORY OF THE BANK OF 
 THE UNITED STATES, including the original Bank of North America. By M. 
 St. Clair Clarke and David A. Hall. 
 
 6. REPORT OF COMMITTEE of the House of Representatives, with 
 documents relative to the conduct of GENERAL JAMES WILKINSON, February 
 26, 1811. 
 
 7. TREATIES AVITH THE SEVERAL INDIAN TRIBES, from 1778 to 183V, 
 compiled under the direction of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. 1837. 
 
 8. REPORTS ON THE FINANCES of the United States from 1790 to 1830; 
 with the reports of Alexander Hamilton on Public Credit, a National Bank, 
 Manufactures and the Mint. In 3 volumes octavo. 
 
 9. THE PENSION LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, including sundry 
 resolutions of Congress, from 1776 to 1833, executed at the War Department, with 
 the opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States, and the rules and 
 regulations adopted by the Secretary of War, relative to the execution of those 
 Laws: 1833. 
 
 10. LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES RELATIVE TO THE NAVY AND 
 MARINE CORPS to March 3, 1841; with acts and resolutions, granting medals, 
 swords, and votes of thanks, &c., private acts, a table of appropriations and ex- 
 penditures for the Naval Service from 1791 to 1840 inclusive; also a synopsis of 
 Legislation of Congress on Naval Affairs during the Revolutionary war : 1841. 
 
 11. RESOLUTIONS, LAWS AND ORDINANCES RELATING TO THE 
 PAY, HALF-PAY, COMMUTATION OF HALF-PAY, BOUNTY LANDS 
 AND OTHER PROMISES made by Congress to the officers and soldiers of the 
 Revolution ; to the settlement of accounts between the United States and the seve- 
 ral States, and to the funding of the revolutionary Debt: 1838. Compiled by W. 
 S. Franklin, Clerk, under resolution of the House of Representatives of April 11, 
 1836. 
 
 12. STATEMENT OF THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES OF THE 
 UNITED STATES for 1810, by Tench Coxe, under direction of Albert Gallatin, 
 Secretary of the Treasury, in obedience to a resolution of Congress of March 19, 
 1812. 
 
 13. TABLES OF THE CENSUS of the United States for 1790, 1800, 1810, 1820, 
 1830, 1840. 
 
 14. COMPENDIUM OF THE 6th CENSUS for 1840, exhibiting the population, 
 wealth, and resources of the country, the aggregate value and produce, and num- 
 ber of persons employed in Mines, Agriculture, Commerce, Manufactures, &c., 
 with an abstract of each preceding census, and the apportionment of Representa- 
 tives under the same : 1S41. 
 
 15. STATISTICAL VIEW OF THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED 
 STATES, FROM 1790 TO 1830, inclusive, published in accordance with the 
 resolutions of the Senate of the United States of February 26, 1S33, and March 
 31, 1834.
 
 470 
 
 16. A CENSUS OF PENSIONERS for Revolutionary or Military service* J 
 with their names, ages, and places of residence as returned by the Marshals : 1841. 
 
 17. MILITARY LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, including those relating 
 to the Marine Corps, by Trueman Cross. 1838. 
 
 18. A SYSTEM OF PENAL LAWS FOR THE UNITED STATES of 
 America, consisting of a code of Crimes and Punishments; a code of Proceed- 
 ings in criminal cases; a code of Prison Discipline; and a book of Definitions. 
 Prepared and presented to the House of Representatives of the United States, by 
 Edward Livingston: 1828. 
 
 19. THE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE OF THE AMERICAN RE- 
 VOLUTION, being letters of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Dean, John Adams, John 
 Jay, Arthur Lee, William Lee. Ralph Izard, Francis Dana, William Carmicbael, 
 Henry Laurens, John Laurens, M. Dumas and others, concerning the Foreign 
 Relations of the United States during the whole Revolution ; with replies from 
 the Secret Committee of Congress, and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs ; also cor- 
 respondence with the French Ministers Gerard and Luzerne. By Jared Sparks, 
 under resolution of Congress of March 27, 1818, in 12 volumes, from March 3 
 1776 to 1784. 
 
 20. THE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE of the United States, from the 
 Treaty of Peace of 1783 to March 4, 1789; being letters of the Presidents of Con- 
 gress, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, American Ministers of foreign courts, foreign 
 Ministers near Congress, Reports of Committees of Congress, Reports of Secretary 
 for Foreign Affairs, and from individuals on Public Affairs. By Jared Sparks, 
 under direction of the Secretary of State, conformably to act of Congress of May 
 5, 1632, in 7 volumes. 
 
 21. STATE PAPERS AND PUBLIC DOCUMENTS OF THE UNITED 
 STATES, FROM MARCH 4, 1789, TO 1819; including Confidential Documents 
 first published, Inaugural Speeches, Messages from the President, and Docu- 
 ments on Foreign Relations, &c. &c. By Thomas B. Wait & Sons, in 12 volumes, 
 under the patronage of Congress. 
 
 22. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 published annually by the Treasury Department in obedience to the 7th clause, 
 9th section, 1st article of the Constitution of the United States, and conformably 
 to a standing order of the House of Representatives of December 30, 1791. 
 
 23. THE MADISON PAPERS ; being James Madison's correspondence and 
 reports of debates during the Congress of the Confederation, and his reports of 
 debates in the Federal Convention, from the original manuscripts purchased by 
 order of Congress. Published in 3 volumes by direction of the Joint Library 
 Committee of Congress, under the superintendence of Henry D. Gilpiu : 1841. 
 
 24. TABLE OF POST-OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES, arranged in 
 alphabetical order. Exhibiting the States, Territories and Counties; Names of 
 Postmasters; the Distances from Washington city to the Capitals of the several 
 States and Territories ; and the post-offices arranged by Slates and counties. 
 Published under authority of the Postmaster-General from time to time. 
 
 25. OFFICIAL ARMY REGISTER OF THE UNITED STATES. Published 
 initially by order of the Secretary of War, in compliance with a resolution of
 
 471 
 
 the Senate, of December 13, 1 815, and of the House of Representatives of February 
 1, 1830. 
 
 26. OFFICIAL REGISTER OF THE OFFICERS AND CADETS OF THE 
 UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY, WEST POINT. Published annu- 
 ally by order. 
 
 27. OFFICIAL NAVY REGISTER OF THE UNITED STATES. Printed 
 by order of the Secretary of the Navy, in compliance with a resolution of the 
 Senate of the United Slates of December 13, 1815. 
 
 CLASS No. 19. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS, CONTAINING USEFUL POLITICAL, 
 STATISTICAL, AND OTHER INFORMATION. 
 
 1. NILES' WEEKLY REGISTER: containing political, historical, geogra- 
 phical, scientifical, astronomical, statistical, biographical documents, essays, and 
 facts, together with notices of the arts and manufactures, and a record of the 
 events of the times, from September, 1811, to March, 1847. 
 
 2. HAZARD'S "Register of Pennsylvania: devoted to the preservation of 
 tacts and documents, and every other kind of useful information, respecting the 
 State of Pennsylvania," from January, 1823, to January, 1836, in 16 volumes. 
 
 3. HAZARD'S UNITED STATES COMMERCIAL AND STATISTICAL 
 REGISTER: containing documents, facts, and other useful information, illustra- 
 tive of the history and resources of the American Union, and of each State; em- 
 bracing commerce, manufactures, agriculture, internal improvements, banks, 
 currency, finances, education, &e., &c. ; from July, 1839, to July, 1842; in 
 volumes. 
 
 4. A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE WHOLE INTERNAL NAVIGA- 
 TION OF THE UNITED STATES, natural and artificial, present and prospect- 
 ive, with maps : Carey & Lea : 1826. 
 
 5. THE TRIAL OF COL. AARON BURR, on an indictment for treason, be- 
 fore the Circuit Court of the United States, at Richmond, Virginia, 1807, including 
 tlie arguments and decisions; in three volumes : by T. Carpenter. 
 
 6. REPORT OF THE TRIAL BY IMPEACHMENT OF JAMES PREST- 
 COTT, Judge of the Probate of Wills, before the Senate of Massachusetts, in 
 1821; with an account of former impeachments in that State: 1821. 
 
 7. HISTORICAL REGISTER OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM THE DF, 
 CLARATION OF AVAR, in 1812, to January 1, 1814; in 4 volumes: 1816. Re- 
 view of the political institutions of the United States; official documents of tha 
 war, &c., &c. 
 
 8. THE NATIONAL REGISTER: containing a series of public documents, 
 proceedings in Congress, statistical tables, reports, and essays, upon agriculture, 
 manufactures, commerce, finance, science, literature, and the arts; with biogra- 
 phical sketches and political events: by Joel K. Mead : 1816. 
 
 9. STATISTICAL ANNALS: embracing views of the population, commerce 
 navigation, fisheries, public lands, post-office establishment, revenues, mint, mili- 
 tary and naval establishments, expenditures, public debt, and sinking fund of tha
 
 472 
 
 United States of America , founded on official documents, commencing March 4, 
 1789, and ending April 20, 1818 : by Adam Seybert. 
 
 CLASS No. 20. 
 THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 The library provided for Congress, after the removal of the Govern- 
 ment to Washington, having been destroyed in the burning of the Caoi- 
 tol by the enemy, in 1814, the valuable library of Thomas Jefferson, 
 which, with the best opportunities and his well-known ability, it had 
 taken that eminent statesman a long series of years to accumulate, was 
 purchased for Congress, under a joint resolution of October 21, 1814, 
 and an act of January 30, 1815, and now constitutes the basis of the 
 Congressional or National Library. Upon this foundation Congress 
 have, by a moderate but regular process, been adding to the volume of 
 literature, science, and the fine arts, which, in the acquisition of the 
 library of that republican patriarch, had already adorned the Capitol of 
 the republic ; and by the operation of this regular annual provision, 
 managed, as it has been, and will continue to be, by the united judgment 
 of the joint committee of the two Houses of Congress, aided in their 
 active measures by their literary agents, and by the zeal and experience 
 of the worthy librarian and his assistants, is destined to become an ample 
 source of useful knowledge, which, through the able minds and eloquent 
 voices of the distinguished representatives of the States and of the peo- 
 ple, as well as of those of other citizens who have free access to this pe- 
 rennial source, will be diffused through the country for the public benefit, 
 elevating its literary taste and character, purifying its moral sentiment, 
 and increasing its power; for true knowledge, communicated through 
 pure channels, is the solid source of these and other national blessings. 
 
 The limited space to which we are here necessarily confined will only 
 admit of a reference to the general heads or chapters embraced in 
 this collection, and to a few particulars which the political history and 
 public transactions of our own country may render more immediately in- 
 teresting. 
 
 TABLE OF CHAPTERS. 
 
 I. Ancient History. 3. Modern History : 
 
 2 Modern History: England. 
 
 Southern Kit rope. Scotland. 
 
 Northern Europe. Ireland. 
 
 Turkey. 4. Modern History: 
 
 Asia. America. 
 
 Africa, &c., A.C. American Newspaper*.
 
 473 
 
 5. Ecclesiastical History. 
 
 6. Natural Philosophy. 
 
 7. Agriculture. 
 
 8. Chemistry. 
 
 9. Surgery. 
 
 10. Medicine. 
 
 11. Anatomy. 
 
 12. Zoology. 
 
 13. Botany. 
 
 14. Mineralogy and Conchology. 
 
 15. Occupations of Man Technical 
 
 Arts. 
 
 16. Ethics: 
 
 1. Moral Philosophy. 
 
 2. Law of Nature and Nations. 
 
 17. Religion. 
 
 18. Common Law : 
 
 1. Commentaries, Treatises. En- 
 
 tries, Conveyancing, &c. 
 
 2. Criminal Law and Trials. 
 
 3. Military Law, Courts-Mar- 
 
 tial. &c. 
 
 19. Common Law : 
 
 British Reports 
 American Reports, viz.: 
 Supreme Court United States. 
 Circuit Courts United States. 
 General Digests of Reports. 
 Courts of Maine. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 New York. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 19. Common Law: 
 
 American Reports, viz. : 
 Courts of Illinois. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 Mississippi. 
 
 20. Equity Treatises and Reports. 
 
 21. Law, Ecclesiastical Treatises and 
 
 Reports. 
 
 22. Law, Merchant and Maritime- 
 
 Treatises and Reports. 
 
 23. Law: 
 
 1. Civil Law, Codes, &c. 
 
 2. British Statutes. 
 
 3. Laws of the U. S. and of the 
 
 several States, &c., viz. 
 The United Stales. 
 State of Maine. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 New York. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 MississippL 
 
 Florida. 
 District of Columbia. 
 
 24. Politics. 
 
 25. Mathematics, Pure Arithmetic 
 
 26. Mathematics, Pure Geometry.
 
 474 
 
 27. Physico-Mathemntics : 32. Fine Arts Music. 
 
 Mechanics, Statics, Dynamics, 33. Poetry, Epic. 
 
 Pneumatics, Phonics, Optics. 34. Romance Tales, Fables, kc. 
 
 28. Astronomy. 35. Poetry Pastorals, Odes, Elegies, 
 29 Geography: &.C. 
 
 Section 1. General. 36. Poetry, Didactic. 
 
 2. Europe. 37. Tragedy. 
 
 3. Asia. 38. Comedy. 
 
 4. Africa. 39. Dialogue, Epistolary. 
 
 5. America. 40. Logic; Rhetoric; Orations. 
 Maps. 41. Criticism Theory. 
 
 30. Fine Arts Architecture. 42. Criticism Bibliography 
 
 31. Fine Arts Gardening, Painting, 43. Criticism Languages. 
 
 Sculpture, &c. 44. Polygraphical. 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 Allen, Paul. History of the American Revolution. Printed in 1822. 
 
 Bancroft, Aaron. Life of George Washington: 1826. 
 
 Bancroft, George. History of the United States from discovery of the American 
 Continent to 1837. 
 
 Blount, Joseph. Historical Sketch of the formation of the Confederacy, Provin- 
 cial Limits, and the Jurisdiction of the General Government over Indian 
 Tribes and Public Territory: 1825. 
 
 Carpenter, T. C. Memoirs of Thomas Jefferson: 1309. 
 
 Davis, Paris M. Authentic History of the late War between the United States 
 and Great Britain; with a full Account of every Battle by Sea and by Land. 
 1836. 
 
 Hamilton, John C. Life of Alexander Hamilton: 1834. 
 
 Jefferson. Memoir, Correspondence, and Miscellanies, from the Papers of Thomas 
 Jefferson, in 4 volumes. By Thomas Jefferson Randolph: 1830. 
 
 Madison. The Madison Papers; being James Madison's Correspondence and 
 Reports of Debates during the Congress of the Confederation, and his Re- 
 ports of Debates in the Federal Convention from the Original Manuscript 
 purchased by order of Congress. Published by direction of the Joint Li- 
 brary Committee, under the superintendence of Henry D. Gilpin, in three 
 volumes: 1841. 
 
 Marshal. John. Life of George Washington; with an Atlas: 1832. 
 
 Tucker, George. Life of Thomas Jefferson ; with parts of his Correspondence 
 never before published, and Notices of his Opinions on Questions of Civil 
 Government, National Policy, and Constitutional Law : 1837. 
 
 Washington. Writings of George Washington; being his Correspondence, Ad- 
 dresses, Messages, and Papers, Official and Private, selected and published 
 from the Original Manuscripts ; with a Life of the Author, by Jared Sparks : 
 1837. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 Bache'e General Advertiser, 1795-6-7. 
 
 Bache &. Duane's Aurora, from 1798 to 1814
 
 475 
 
 Brown's Philadelphia Gazette, from 1794 to 1800. 
 Carey's United States Recorder, from 179bto 1800. 
 Delaware Gazette. Political Mirror, &c., from 1798 to 1800. 
 Denniston's Republican Watch Tower, from 1800 to 1809. 
 Duane's Weekly Aurora, from 1810 to 1821. 
 Dunlap's American Daily Advertiser, from 1791 to 1793. 
 Dunlap &. Claypole's American Daily Advertiser, 1794-5. 
 Dunlap & Claypole's Pennsylvania Packet, &c., from 1785 to 1789. 
 Fenno's Gazette of the United States, from 1789 to 1798. 
 Globe, Daily, City of Washington, from 1832 to 1845. 
 Mudisonian, do. 1837-8. 
 
 National Intelligencer, do. from 1800 to 1813. 
 
 Do. Daily, from 1814 to 1847. 
 
 National Journal, Daily, from 1826 to 1831. 
 Philadelphia Gazette, &.C., 1795 to 1797. 
 Richmond Enquirer, 1809 to 1814. 
 United States Telegraph, Daily, 182S to 1837. 
 Universal Ga/.ettc, by Samuel Harrison Smith, Philadelphia and Washington 
 
 City, 1798 to 1808. 
 Virginia Argus and Enquirer, (bound together,) 1S04 to 1808 
 
 Do. do. do. 1797 to 1803, and 1809 to 18ia 
 
 Washington City Gazette, from 1815 to 1826. 
 
 POLITICS. 
 
 AD AIMS, JOHN. Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United State* : 
 1787. 
 
 ADAMS, JOHN. History of the Dispute with America, from its Origin in 1754, 
 to!7S4. 
 
 ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY. Duplicate Letters; The Fisheries and the Missis- 
 sippi ; Documents relating to the transactions at the Negotiations of Ghent: 
 1822. 
 
 ADAMS & SEW ALL. Novanglus and Massachusettensis, or Political Essays: 
 1774-5. 
 
 AMERICAN REMEMBRANCER; or. an Impartial Collection of Essays, Re- 
 solves, Speeches, &c., relative to "Jay's Treaty" with Great Britain: 1795. 
 
 AMERICAN GUIDE. Constitutions of the several States : 1833. 
 
 AMES, FISHER. Works; with his Life and Character: 1809. 
 
 ARISTOTLE. Treatise on Government. Translated from the Greek. Lond. 1778. 
 
 BECCARIA, B. C., Marquis. Meditazioni sulla Economia Politica. Genoa, 1771. 
 
 CARPENTER, THOMAS. American Senator; or, Report of the Debates in the 
 Congress of the United States in 1796-7. 
 
 DEBATES in first House of Representatives of the United States from 1789 to 
 1791 ; by Thomas Lloyd. 
 
 DEBATES and Proceedings in Congress of the United States, from March 4, 
 1789, to March 3, 1791 : by Joseph Gales, sen. 
 
 DEBATES in the House of Representatives of the United States, on "Jay'i 
 Treaty" with Great Britain : 1796 
 
 44
 
 476 
 
 DEBATES in Congress of the United States on the bill for repealing the law "for 
 
 the more convenient organization of the Courts of the United States:" 1802. 
 DEBATE in House of Representatives on the Seminole War, in 1819. 
 DEBATES in Congress on passage of Bill for removal of the Indians In 1830. 
 DICKINSON, JOHN. Political Writings: 1801. 
 DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE of the United States from September 10, 
 
 1783, to March 4,1789; by Jared Sparks: 1834. 
 DUER, WILLIAM A. Outlines of the ConstituticnalJurisprudence of the United 
 
 States: 1833. 
 DU PONCEAU, PETER S. Brief View of the Constitution of the United Stales: 
 
 1834. 
 FEDERALIST, on the New Constitution, written in the year 1783, by Hamilton, 
 
 Madison, and Jay; with the Letters of Pacificus and Helvidius, on the Pro 
 
 clamation of Neutrality of 1793: 1818. 
 FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN. Political, Miscellaneous, and Philosophical Pieces'. 
 
 1779. 
 
 GALES & SEAT^N. Register of Debates in Congress from 1824 to 1837. 
 GALLATIN, ALBERT. Considerations on the Currency and Banking System 
 
 of the United States: 1831. 
 
 GALLATIN, ALBERT. Sketch of the Finances of the United States: 1796. 
 HAMILTON, ALEXANDER. Works; comprising his most important Official 
 
 Reports; The Federalist; Pacificus, &c. : 1810. 
 HATSELL, JOHN. Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons; with 
 
 observations. New edition ; with additions: 1818. 
 JACKSON, ANDREW. Annual Messages, Veto Messages, Proclamations, &o., 
 
 from 1829 to 1834, 
 JEFFERSON, THOMAS. Manual of Parliamentary Practice, for the use of the 
 
 Senate of the United States, with the Rules of the Senate and of the House 
 
 of Representatives; Constitution of the United States, &c. : 1828. 
 JOURNAL of Convention that formed the Constitution of the United States : 1767. 
 JOURNAL of Convention of Virginia for ratifying same : 1763. 
 JOURNAL of the House of Burgesses of Virginia from 1740 to 1774. 
 JOURNAL of the House of Delegates of Virginia from 1774 to 1790. 
 JOURNAL of the Convention of Massachusetts for framing a Constitution, in 
 
 1779-1780. 
 
 JOURNAL of the Convention of the people of South Carolina in 1832-3. 
 JOURNAL of the Convention of New York in 1821. 
 
 JOURNAL of the House of Representatives of Pennsylvania from 1806 to 1816. 
 JOURNAL of the Senate and Assembly of New York from 1820 to 183a 
 JOURNALS of the American Congress from 1774 to 1788. 
 JOURNALS of the House of Representatives of the United States, from 1789 to 
 
 1847. 
 
 JOURNALS of the Senate of the United States, from 1789 to 1847. 
 KEY to both Houses of Parliament; consisting of Alphabetical Notices of the 
 
 Lords and Commons; the Regulations and Standing Orders of both Houses; 
 
 with every other species of Information respecting the Constitution, History, 
 
 and Usages of Parliament. London: 1832.
 
 477 
 
 LOCKE, JOHN. Two Treatises on Government. London: 1S21. 
 
 LOUISIANA. Debates in the Senate of the United States on the Muaissippi 
 Question. February, 180-3. Remarks on the Violation of the Treaty relative 
 to the Mississippi River, by Coriolanus and Camillus. Addresses on the 
 late cession of Louisiana to the United States. 
 
 LOUISIANA. Message from the President communicating Discoveries in Ex- 
 ploring the Missouri, Red River, andWashita, by Lewis, Clark, Sibley.and 
 Dunbar; with a Statistical Account of the Countries adjacent : 1806. 
 
 McCULLOCH, J. R. Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and Historical, of Com- 
 merce and Commercial Navigation; illustrated with Maps, with Supple- 
 ment thereto to 1835. 
 
 MADISON, JAMES. Letters to Mr. Monroe on Impressment, Colonial trade, 
 
 &c., extracts from and enclosures in the letters of Mr. Monroe. 1808. 
 f MADISON, JAMES. Letters to Messrs. Monroe and Pinckney, with their com- 
 munications to the Secretary of State, relative to the treaty of 1806. 180& 
 
 MAGNA CHARTA. MS. copy. 
 
 MALTHUS, T. R. Definitions in Political Economy. London, 1828. 
 
 Essay on the Principles of Population. Lond. 1806. 
 Additions thereto. Lond. 1831. 
 
 Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent. Lond. 1815. 
 Principles of Political Economy considered, with a riew to 
 their practical application. Lond. 1836. 
 
 MANUAL of the Practice of Parliament, in passing Public and Private Bills, 
 with Standing Orders of both Houses, from 1685 to 1829. Lond. 1829. 
 
 MARYLAND. Proceedings of the Conventions of the Province of Maryland, 
 held at Annapolis in 1774. 1775, 1776. 
 
 MONROE. JAMES. View of the conduct of the Executive in the Foreign Af- 
 fairs of the United States, as connected with the mission to the French 
 Republic in 1794. 
 
 MONROE, JAMES. Correspondence relative to the British Treaty of 1806. 
 
 MONTESQUIEU, C. de Secondat, Baron de. ffiuvres; 1767. 
 
 Spirit of Laws, translated by Thomas Nugent: 1823. 
 
 MOSES, MYER. Commercial Directory and a Digest of the Laws of the United 
 States relating to Commerce ; including a Tariff, or Rates of Duties and 
 Tables of Calculation, applicable to all manufactures of wool or cotton im- 
 ported into the United States: 1830. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. Journal of Provincial Congress ; of the Convention ; Committee 
 of Safety ; Ordinance for regulating the Militia, in 1775. 
 
 NEW YORK. Journals and Documents of the Senate and Assembly of the State 
 of New York,, from 1820 to 1838. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. Declaration of Independence by the citizens of Mecklen- 
 burg county, on May 20, 1775, with accompanying documents and proceed- 
 ings of the Cumberland Association, and proceedings of the Provincial 
 Congress of North Carolina at Halifax, April 4, 1776. 
 
 NORTH CA ROLIN A. Proceedings and Debates of the Convention to amenl 
 the Constitution in 1835.
 
 478 
 
 OUDERS. Essential and fundamental Rules. &c., of the House of Commons, r- 
 lating to their Forms of Proceedings, Privileges, &.c. : 1756. 
 
 ORDERS on Controverted Elections and Returns: 1741. 
 
 PAMPHLETS, POLITICAL, in relation to the Revolutionary war of the United 
 States of America, from 1765 to 1781. 
 
 PAMPHLETS, POLITICAL. The same by A. Hamilton, J. Madison and others; 
 also, Plea for the poor soldiers who really and actually supported the burden 
 of the war. [With a large collection made by Mr. Jefferson of Political 
 Pamphlets on various exciting and interesting subjects, which in turn 
 agitated the public mind, from 1798 to 1812, several of which were written 
 by himself, J. Madison, A. Hamilton, E. Randolph, A. Gallatin. R. G. Har- 
 per, De Witt Clinton, W. C. Nichols, C. Pinckney, R. H. Lee. Oliver Wnl- 
 cott, John Adams, Samuel Adams, T. Pickering. S. Smith, \V. Giles, Earl 
 of Buchan, Mr. Leigh, of Dinwiddie, James Monroe, and many other dis- 
 tinguished statesmen, as well as other political writers and Editors of 
 public Journals.] 
 
 PITKIN, TIMOTHY. Statistical view of the Commerce of the United States; 
 Banks, Manufactures, and Internal Trade and Improvements ; also Revenue 
 and Expenditures of the General Government: 1835. 
 
 POLITICAL CLASSICS, viz.: Algernon Sidney's Discourses on Government, 
 with his letters and memoirs of his life, &c.: 1795. 
 
 PRESIDENTS' ADDRESSES and Messages, from 17S9 to 1837. 
 
 RAWLE, WILLIAM. View of the Constitution of the United Stages : 1S20. 
 
 REGISTER OF OFFICERS and Agents, Civil, Military and Naval, in the ser 
 vice of the United States in 1802, the same from 1816 to 1845. 
 
 REPO RTS of the Secretary of the Treasury on the Finances, from 1790 to 
 1836. 
 
 SAY, J. B. Catechism of Political Economy, letters to Malthus, Traite" d'Economie 
 Politique, Treatise on Political Economy ; translated from the French, with 
 notes : 1821. 
 
 SECRET JOURNALS of the Acts and Proceedings of Congress, from the first 
 meeting in 1774, to the dissolution of the Confederation, in 1789. 
 
 SEYBERT, ADAM. Statistical Annals ; embracing views of the Population, 
 Commerce, Fisheries, Public Lands. Revenues, Mint, &c.: 1818. 
 
 STORY, JOSEPH. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, with 
 a Preliminary Review of the Constitutional History of the Colonies and 
 States, before the adoption of the Constitution: 1833. 
 
 STORY. JOSEPH. Constitutional Class Book, being a brief exposition of tho 
 Constitution: 1834. 
 
 TEXAS. Constitution of the Republic of Mexico and of the State of Coahtiila 
 and Texas : 1832. 
 
 TENNESSEE. Description of this State and its constitution : 1796. 
 
 TRACTS. Considerations on the Society or Order of Cincinnati: 17S3. 
 
 VINDICATION of Edmund Randolph's Resignation: 1795. 
 
 VIRGINIA and Kentucky resolutions of 1798 and 1799, with T. Jefferson's ori- 
 ginal draught thereof : also Madison's report; C'ulhouu's addrass: 1832.
 
 479 
 
 VIRGINIA. Proceedings of the Convention of Delegates for the Counties and 
 Corporations in the Colony of Virginia, held in Richmond. March 20, 1775: 
 1816. 
 
 WAIT'S State Papers and Public Documents of the United States, from 1789 to 
 
 isia 
 
 WATTERSTON AND VAN ZANDT. Tabular Statistical Views of the Com- 
 merce, &c., of the United States : 1SJ9. Continuation of the same: 1S33. 
 
 YATES, ROBERT. Secret Proceedings and Debates of the Convention which 
 formed the Constitution of the United States : 1S21. 
 
 CLASS No. 21. 
 DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 
 
 The eminent statesmen who have from time to time occupied the 
 highly important and responsible station of Secretary of State, have not 
 been unmindful of the utility of providing for themselves and their suc- 
 cessors in office, a choice and valuable collection of books, maps, charts, 
 and atlases appropriate to the peculiar business of the Department, and 
 indispensable in the performance of their extensive and varied duties, as 
 well as others in various branches of the liberal arts, literature and 
 science. The limited design of this volume will not admit of the inser- 
 tion of more than the general heads, and a reference to a few volumes 
 of general public utility of this collection: 
 
 GENERAL HEADS. 
 
 Ancient history Modern history, Foreign, British and American Biography 
 and Memoirs Natural history Botany Mineralogy and Geology Natural 
 philosophy Agriculture and Horticulture Chemistry Anatomy and Surgery- 
 Medicine Occupations of Man, Technical Arts, Education, Roads and Canals, 
 Military Tactics Mental Philosophy and Ethics Religion Law of Nature and 
 Nations Laws of the United States Laws of the several States and Territories 
 JURISPRUDENCE; comprehending, Law in general, the Civil Law, the Law of 
 Equity, the Common Law, Constitutional Law, the Law Merchant and Maritime, 
 the Law Military and the Law Ecclesiastical JURISPRUDENCE ; comprehending, 
 English and American Reports of Cases Foreign Law POLITICS; comprehend- 
 ing, Diplomacy, Treaties, Negotiations, Constitutions or forms of Government, 
 Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Political Economy, Journals and histories of 
 Legislative Bodies, Foreign State Papers, Political Pamphlets and General 
 Treatises POLITICS ; comprehending American State Papers and Political 
 Pamphlets Mathematics Arts and Sciences GEOGRAPHY ; comprehending, 
 General Geography, Voyages and Travels^GsoGRAPHY ; comprehending, At- 
 lases, Maps and Charts PHILOLOGY; comprehending, Dictionaries, Lexicons, 
 Grammars and Elementary works Oratory and Rhetoric Magazines, Reviewt 
 and Political Journals Miscellaneous. 
 
 Of these, partieular reference will be made only to the following: 
 44*
 
 480 
 
 LAW OF NATURE AND OF NATIONS. 
 
 ARNOULD. Systfime Maritime et Politique des Europeans, pendent le dix- 
 huhifime sificle, fonde sur leurs Traites de Paix, de Commerce, et Naviga- 
 tion : 1797. 
 
 BOUCHER. Consulat de la Mer, ou Pandecles du Droit Commercial et Maritime : 
 1494. Printed, 180a 
 
 BOUCHER, Institution an Droit Maritime : 1803. 
 
 BURLAMAQUI. Principes du Droit de la Nature et des Gens. The same trans- 
 lated into English, by Nugent : 1823. 
 
 BURLAMAQUI. Elemens du Droit Nature!, par Burlamaqui; et Devoirs de 
 L'Homme et du Citoyen, tels qu'ils lui sont prescrits par la Loi Naturelle, 
 traduits du Latin de Pufendorf par Barbeyrac, avec les Notes du Traduc- 
 teur et le judgement de Leibnitz : 1820. 
 
 CORNELII Van Bynkershoek, Opera : 1752. 
 
 CODIGO de las Costumbres Maritimas de Barcelona, hasta aqui .vulgarmente 
 Llamado Libro del Consulado: por D. Antonio de Capmany, y de Mon- 
 palan. Madrid : 1791. 
 
 OROTIUS'S rights of War and Peace, including the Law of Nature and Nations, 
 translated from the original Latin, with Notes and illustrations from the 
 best political and legal writers. [In French, 1724, and English, 1614.] 
 
 HEINECCIUS, Scriptores de Jure Maritime : 1740. 
 
 JACOBSEN'S Laws of the Sea, with reference to Maritime Commerce during 
 peace and war : 1818. [In German and English.] 
 
 LE BRUN. Libertad de los Mares: 1820. 
 
 LENOUVEAU VALIN, ou Code Commercial Maritime par Sanfourche-La- 
 porle: 1S09. 
 
 M ABLY. Le Droit public de L'Europe fonde' stir les Traites : 1764. 
 
 MAHTENS'S Summary of the Law of Nations, with a list of the principal Treaties 
 concluded since 1748 down to the present time, indicating the works in 
 which they are to be found ; translated from the French by William Cob- 
 belt : 1795. 
 
 MARTENS. Guide Diplomatique ou trait^ des droits, des immunite's et des 
 devoirs, des Ministres publics, des agens diplomatiques et consulaires, 
 dans toute 1'etendue de leurs fonctions, pre'ce'de' de considerations g^nerales 
 sur I'e'tude de la diplomatic; suivi d'un traitfi du style des compositions 
 diplomatique, d'une bibliographic diplomatique choisie, etc. etc. Paris : 
 1837. 
 
 PEUCHET, Du Commerce des Neutres en temps de Guerre, traduit de L'ltalieu 
 de Lampredi : 1802. 
 
 PUFENDORFII de Jure Nature et Gentium. Libri octo: 169a 
 
 RUTHERFORD'S Institutes of Natural Law: 1799. 
 
 SYSTEMS Universel des principes de Droit Maritime de L'Europe, par D. A. 
 Azuni, traduit d'ltalien par M. Digeon: 1798. 
 
 TR ATADO JURIDICO- POLITICO, sobre Pressas de Mar, y calidades que deben 
 concurrir para hacerse legitimamente el Corso : eu Autor Don Felix 
 Joseph de Abreu, y BerUxlano. Cadiz : 1746.
 
 481 
 
 VALIN- Nouveau Commentaire sur L'Ordonnance de la Marine: 1881. 
 
 VATTEL'S Law of Nations ; or principles of the Law of Nature, applied to th 
 conduct and affairs of Nations and Sovereigns. [In French, 1775, and 
 English, 1820.] 
 
 WARD'S Inquiry into the foundations and history of the Law of Nations in Eu- 
 rope, from the time of the Greeks and Romans, to the age of Grotius : 1795. 
 
 WENCKII Codex Jurisgentium. 
 
 WHEATON'S Digest of the Law of Maritime Captures and Prizes : 3815. 
 Elements of International Law: 1846. 
 
 VVICQUEFORT'S Ambassador and his functions : to which is added an his- 
 torical Discourse concerning the election of the Emperor, and the Electors . 
 translated into English by Mr. Digby. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS. 
 
 ELLIOT'S Diplomatic Code of the United States of America: embracing a col- 
 lection of Treaties and Conventions between the United States and Foreign 
 Powers, from 1778 to 1827. 
 
 HALL'S Observations on the Warehousing System and Navigation Laws, &c. : 
 1821. 
 
 HAMILTON'S (Alexander) Works, printed in 1810. 
 
 HATSELL'S Precedents of Proceedings in the House of Commons; with obser- 
 vations: 1786. 
 
 LORD'S Principles of Currency and Banking. New York : 1829. 
 
 McARTHUR'S Financial and Political Facts of the 18th Century : 1801. 
 
 MALTHUS'S Principles of Political Economy : 1821. 
 
 Essay on the Principle of Population: 1809. 
 
 PHILLIPS'S Manual of Political Economy : 1828. 
 
 RAYMOND'S Elements of Political Economy : 1823. 
 
 SAY'S Treatise on Political Economy, translated from the French: 1827. 
 Catechism of Political Economy, do.: 1816. 
 
 SKIDMORE'S Rights of Man to Property: 1829. 
 
 SMITH'S Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, with 
 Notes and Supplementary Chapters, by William Playfair: 1818. 
 
 TAYLOR'S Construction Construed, and Constitutions Vindicated : 1820. 
 
 THE DIPLOMACY of the United States: being an account of the Foreign Rela- 
 tions of the country, from 1778 to 1814. Printed in 1826. 
 
 A DIGEST of the Commercial Regulations of the different Foreign Nations with 
 which the United States have intercourse : 1824. 
 
 A GENERAL Outline of the United States of North America, her Resources and 
 Prospects, with a Statistical Comparison, showing the advances made in 
 National Opulence in thirty years : 1823. 
 
 NOVANGLUS AND MASSACHUSETTENSIS, or Political Essays, published 
 in 1774 and 1775, on the principal points of controversy between Great Bri- 
 tain und her colonies : the former by John Adams, the latter by Jonathan 
 Sewall : 1819. 
 
 PITKIN'S Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States cf America, 
 its connection with Agriculture and Manufactures : 1817.
 
 482 
 
 POLITICAL MISCELLANIES, compiled by W. B. Giles: 1829. 
 
 SELECT PAMPHLETS, consisting of an exposition of the causes and character 
 of the war; and an examination of the British Doctrine which subjects to 
 capture a Neutral Trade not open in time of peace: 1815. 
 
 SEYBERT'S Statistical Annals of the United States of America: 1818. 
 
 THE AMERICAN REMEMBRANCER, or an Impartial collection of Essays. Re- 
 solves, Speeches, &c., relative to the Treaty (Jay's) with Great Britain : 1795. 
 
 THE DIPLOMATIC Correspondence of the American Revolution. By Jared 
 Sparks: 1829. 
 
 THE DUPLICATE LETTERS; the Fisheries, and the Mississippi: documents 
 relating to transactions at the negotiations of Ghent, collected and published 
 by John Quincy Adams : 1822. 
 
 WAFTS State Papers, and public documents of the United States : 1819. 
 
 WATTERSTON AND VAN ZANDTS Tabular Statistical Views of the United 
 States: 1829. 
 
 BLOUNT'S Historical Sketch of the formation of the Confederation, particularly 
 with reference to the Provincial Limits and the Jurisdiction of the General 
 Government over Indian tribes and the public territory : 1325. 
 
 DEBATES and other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia, convenpd in 
 June, 1788, for the purpose of deliberating on the Constitution of the United 
 Slates: 1805.
 
 483 
 
 CHAPTER 12. 
 
 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION 
 BETWEEN THE STATES. 
 
 (See remarks, Chapter 2, pages 129 to 131, and residue of that Chapter. 
 " Chapter 10, pages 397, 398, and 406 to 421.) 
 
 J ha toi/touHnq, n/cwve t>ec*v etiti/ea/lui- oonUvo/teO until/ fclve O^KWIUM! 
 0/loi.twM/e* ot HocHvpeo-eVo/ti/on, wv ttve. ^Deiva/tbiTuetvt oj- Ota/be, aivo 
 j-ciuvo to oo-tvpo-'tm/ m/wui/teut' to Uvem/ uv teat, LetteV, cuvo IviuvotivatiXfiv. 
 '.y fc m<ui/ tlve'^ctoVe t>e Veu/eo tUvwv a-s a/ tUte co-tut-. 
 
 TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, 
 WE THE UNDERSIGNED DELEGATES OF THE STATES 
 AFFIXED TO OUR NAMES, SEND GREETING. Whereas the 
 Delegates of the United States of America in Congress assembled did on 
 the 15th day of November in the Year of our Lord 1777, and in the 
 Second Year of the Independence of America agree to certain articles 
 of Confederation and perpetual Union between the States of New Hamp- 
 shire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhode-island and Providence Plantations, 
 Connecticut, New- York, New- Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary- 
 land, Virginia, North-Carolina, South- Carolina, and Georgia, in the 
 words following, viz. 
 
 "ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION 
 BETWEEN THE STATES OF NEW-HAMPSHIRE, MASSA- 
 CHUSETTS-BAY, RHODE-ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLAN- 
 TATIONS, CONNECTICUT, NEW-YORK, NEW-JERSEY, PENN- 
 SYLVANIA, DELAWARE, MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTH- 
 CAROLINA, SOUTH-CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA. 
 
 ARTICLE I. The Stile of this confederacy shall be "The United 
 States of America." 
 
 ARTICLE II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom and inde- 
 pendence, and every Power, Jurisdiction and right, which is not by this 
 confederation expressly delegated to the united states, in "engross 
 assembled.
 
 4S4 
 
 ARTICLE III. The said states hereby severally enter into !i firm 
 league of friendship with each other, for their common defence, the 
 security of their Liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, bind- 
 ing themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to. or attacks 
 made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, 
 trade, or any other pretence whatever. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friend- 
 ship and intercourse among the people of the different states in this 
 union, the free inhabitants of each of these states, paupers, vagabonds, 
 and fugitives from Justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges 
 and immunities of free citizens in the several states ; and the people of 
 each state shall have free ingress and regress to and from any other 
 state, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, 
 subject to the same duties, impositions and restrictions as the inhabitants 
 thereof respectively, provided that such restriction shall not extend so 
 far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any state, to any 
 other state of which the Owner is an inhabitant ; provided also that no 
 imposition, duties or restriction shall be laid by any state, on the pro- 
 perty of the united states, or either of them. 
 
 If any person guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, or other hign 
 misdemeanor in any state, shall flee from Justice, and be found in any 
 of the united states, he shall upon demand of the Governor or executive 
 power, of the state from which he fled, be delivered up and removed 
 to the state having jurisdiction of his offence. 
 
 Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these states to the re- 
 cords, acts and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of 
 every other state. 
 
 ARTICLE V. For the more convenient management of the general 
 interest of the united states, delegates shall be annually appointed in 
 such manner as the legislature of each state shall direct, to meet in con 
 gress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power 
 reserved to each state, to recal its delegates, or any of them, at any time 
 within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the remainder of 
 the Year. 
 
 No state shall be represented in congress by less than two, nor by 
 more than seven members ; and no person shall be capable of being a 
 delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall 
 any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the 
 united states, for which he, or another for his benefit receives any salary, 
 fees or emolument of any kind. 
 
 Each state shall maintain its own delegates in any meeting of the 
 states, and while they act as members of the committee of the states. 
 
 In determining questions in the united states, in congress assembled, 
 each state shall have one vote. 
 
 Freedom of speech and debate in congress shall not be impeached or 
 questioned in any Court, or place out of congress, and the members of 
 congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests and imprison-
 
 485 
 
 meuts, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on 
 congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. No state without the Consent of the united states in 
 congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy 
 from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance or treaty with 
 any King prince or state; nor shall any person holding any office of 
 profit or trust under the united states, or any of them, accept of any pre- 
 sent, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever from any king, 
 prince or foreign state; nor shall the united states in congress assemhled, 
 or any of them, grant any title of nobility. 
 
 No two or more states shall enter into any treaty, confederation or 
 alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the united states 
 in congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the 
 same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue. 
 
 No state shall lay any imposts or duties, which may interfere with 
 any stipulations in treaties, entered into by the united states in congress 
 assembled, with any king, prince or state, in pursuance of any treaties 
 already proposed by congress, to the courts of France and Spain. 
 
 No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any state, ex- 
 cept such number only, as shall be deemed necessary by the united 
 states in congress assembled, for the defence of such state, or its trade ; 
 nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any state, in time of peace, 
 except such number only, as in the judgment of the united states, in 
 congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts ne- 
 cessary for the defence of such state ; but every state shall always keep 
 up a well regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and ac- 
 coutred, and shall provide and have constantly ready for use, in public 
 stores, a due number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of 
 arms, ammunition and camp equipage. 
 
 No state shall engage in any war without the consent of the united 
 states in congress assembled, unless such state be actually invaded by 
 enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being 
 formed by some nation of Indians to invade such state, and the danger 
 is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, till the united states in con- 
 gress assembled can be consulted : nor shall any state grant commissions 
 to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except 
 it be after a declaration of war by the united states in congress assembled, 
 and then only against the kingdom or state and the subjects thereof 
 against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as 
 shall be established by the united states in congress assembled, unless 
 such state be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be 
 fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall con- 
 tinue, or until the united states in congress assembled shall determine 
 otherwise. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. When land-forces are raised by any state for thfl 
 common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall bt 
 appointed by the legislature of each state respectively by whom such
 
 486 
 
 forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such state shall direct, and 
 all vacancies shall be filled up by the state which first made the ap- 
 pointment. 
 
 ARTICLE VIII. All charges of war, and all other expenses that 
 bhall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed, 
 by the united states in cor.gress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a 
 common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states, in pro- 
 portion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or surveyed 
 for any Person, as such land and the buildings and improvements 
 thereon shall be estimated according to such mode as the united states 
 in congress assembled, shall from time to time, direct and appoint. The 
 taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority 
 and direction of the legislatures of the several states within the time 
 agreed upon by the united states in congress assembled. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. The united states in congress assembled, shall have 
 the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and 
 war, except in the cases mentioned in the 6th article of sending and 
 receiving ambassadors entering into treaties and alliances, provided 
 that no treaty of commerce shall be made whereby the legislative power 
 of the respective states shall be restrained from imposing such imposts 
 and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from 
 prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or 
 commodities whatsoever of establishing rules for deciding in all cases, 
 what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what manner 
 prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the united states 
 shall be divided or appropriated^-of granting letters of marque and 
 reprisal in times of peace appointing courts for the trial of piracies and 
 felonies committed on the high seas and establishing courts for receiving 
 and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provided that 
 no member of congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said 
 courts. 
 
 The united states in congress assembled shall also be the last resort 
 on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting or that here- 
 after may arise between two or more states concerning boundary, juris- 
 diction or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always be 
 exercised in the manner following. Whenever the legislative or execu- 
 tive authority or lawful agent of any state in controversy with another 
 shall present a petition to congress, stating the matter in question and 
 praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of congress 
 to the legislative or executive authority of the other state in controversy, 
 and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful 
 agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint consent, commis- 
 sioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the 
 matter in question: but if they cannot agree, congress shall name three 
 persons out of each of the united states, and from the list of such per- 
 sons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, 
 until the number shall be reduced to thirteen ; and from that number
 
 487 
 
 not less than seven, nor more than nine names as congress shall direct, 
 shall in the presence of congress be drawn out by lot, and the persons 
 whose names shall be so drawn or any five of them, shall be commis- 
 sioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so 
 always as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall 
 agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attend 
 at the day appointed, without showing reasons, which congress shall 
 judge sufficient, or "being present shall refuse to strike, the congress shall 
 proceed to nominate three persons out of each state, and the secretary 
 of congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing ; and 
 the judgment and sentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner 
 before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the par- 
 ties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or 
 defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pro- 
 nounce sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and 
 decisive, the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either 
 case transmitted to congress, a d lodged among the acts of congress for 
 the security of the parties concerned : provided that every commissioner, 
 before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath to be administered by one 
 of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the state, where the 
 cause shall be tried, " well and truly to hear and determine the matter 
 in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favour, affec- 
 tion or hope of reward :" provided also that no state shall be deprived 
 of territory for the benefit of the united states. 
 
 All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under 
 different grants of two or more states, whose jurisdictions as they may 
 respect such lands, and the states which passed such grants are ad- 
 justed, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed 
 to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall on 
 the petition, of either party to the congress of the united states, be finally 
 determined as near as may be in the same manner as is before pre- 
 scribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between 
 different states. 
 
 The united states in congress assembled shall also have the sole and 
 exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin 
 struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states fixing 
 the standard of weights and measures throughout the United States 
 regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not mem- 
 bers of any of the states, provided that the legislative right of any state 
 within its own limits be not infringed or violated establishing or regu 
 lating post-offices from one state to another, throughout all the united 
 states, and exacting such postage on the papers passing thro' the same 
 as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office appointing 
 all officers of the land forces, in the service of the united stages, except- 
 ing regimental officers appointing all the officers of the naval forces, 
 and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the united 
 states making rules for the government and regulation of the saul mnil 
 and naval forces, and directing their operations. 
 
 45
 
 488 
 
 The united states in congress assembled shall have authority to ap- 
 point a committee, to sit in the recess of congress, to be denominated 
 " A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate from eacli 
 state ; and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may 
 be necessary for managing the general affairs of the united states under 
 their direction to appoint one of their number to preside, provided that 
 no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one 
 year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of 
 Money to be raised for the service of the united states, and to appropri- 
 ate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses to borrow 
 money, or emit bills on the credit of the united states, transmitting every 
 half year to the respective states an account of the sums of money so 
 borrowed or emitted, to build and equip a navy to agree upon the 
 number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each state for its 
 quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such state ; 
 which requisition shall be binding, and thereupon the legislature of ea<.-h 
 state shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men and cloath, arm 
 and equip mem in a soldier like manner, at the expense of the united 
 states ; and the officers and men so cloathed, armed and equipped shall 
 march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the 
 united states in congress assembled: But if the united states in congress 
 assembled shall, on consideration of circumstances judge proper that 
 any state should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than 
 its quota, and that any other state should raise a greater number of men 
 than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, 
 cloathed, armed and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such 
 state, unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra num- 
 ber cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall 
 raise officer, cloath, arm and equip as many of such extra number as 
 they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men so cloathed, 
 armed and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within 
 the time agreed on by the united states in congress assembled. 
 
 The united states in congress assembled shall never engage in a war, 
 nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into 
 any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, 
 nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defence and 
 welfare of the united states, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow 
 money on the credit of the united states, nor approrpiate money, nor 
 agree upon the number of vessels of war, to be built or purchased, or 
 the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander 
 in chief of the army or navy, unless nine states assent to the same : nor 
 shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to 
 day be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the united states 
 in congress assembled. 
 
 The Congress of the united states shall have power to adjourn to any 
 time within the year, and to any place within the united states, so that 
 no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six 
 months, and shall publish the Journal of their proceedings monthly, ex-
 
 489 
 
 cept such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances or military opera- 
 tions, as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of 
 the delegates of each state on any question shall be entered on the Jour- 
 nal, when it is desired by any delegate ; and the delegates of a state, or 
 any of them, at his or their request shall be furnished with a transcript 
 of the said Journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay be- 
 fure the legislatures of the several states. 
 
 ARTICLE X. The committee of the states, or any nine of them, shall 
 be authorized to execute, in the recess of congress, such of the powers 
 of congress as the united states in congress assembled, by the consent 
 of nine states, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them 
 with ; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee, for 
 the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine 
 stales in the congress of the united states assembled is requisite. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in 
 the measures of the united states, shall be admitted into, and entitled to 
 all the advantages of this union : but no other colony shall be admitted 
 into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states. 
 
 ARTICLE XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed and 
 debts contracted by, or under the authority of congress, before the assem- 
 bling of the united states, in pursuance of the present confederation, 
 shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the united states, 
 for payment and satisfaction whereof the said united states, and the 
 public faith are hereby solemnly pledged. 
 
 ARTICLE XIII. Every state shall abide by the determinations of 
 the united states in congress assembled, on all questions which by this 
 confederation is submitted to them. And the Articles of this confedera- 
 tion shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be 
 perpetual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in 
 any of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the 
 united states, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every 
 state. 
 
 jind Whereas it hath pleased the Great Governor of the World to in- 
 cline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in congress, 
 to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said articles of confedera- 
 tion and perpetual union. Know Ye that we the undersigned delegates, 
 by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do by 
 these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, 
 fully ana entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said articles 
 of confederation and perpetual union, and all and singular the matters 
 and things therein contained: And we do further solemnly plight and 
 engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by 
 the determinations of the united states in congress assembled, on all 
 questions, which by the said confederation are submitted to them. And 
 that the articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the states we 
 respectively represent, and that the union shall be perpetual. In wit 
 ness whereof we have hereunto set our hands in Cong/ess, uone at
 
 490 
 
 Philadelphia in the state of Pennsylvania the 9th Day of July in the 
 Year of our Lord, 1778, and in the 3d year of the Independence of 
 America. 
 
 Josiah Bartlett, 
 
 John Hancock, 
 Samuel Adams, 
 Klbridge Gerry, 
 AVilliam Ellery, 
 Henry Marchant, 
 
 Roger Sherman, 
 Samuel Huntington, 
 Oliver Wolcott, 
 .Tas Duane, 
 Fras Lewis, 
 
 Jno Witherspoon, 
 
 Robt Morris, 
 
 Daniel Roberdeau, 
 
 Jon Bayard Smith, 
 
 Tho. M'Kean, Feb. 12, 1779. 
 
 John Dickinson, May 5, 1779, 
 
 John Hanson, 
 
 March 1st, 1781, 
 Richard Henry Lee, 
 John Banister, 
 Thomas Adams, 
 John Penn, 
 
 July 21st, 1778, 
 Henry Laurens, 
 William Henry Drayton, 
 Jno Matthews, 
 Jno Walton, 
 
 24th July, 1778, 
 
 John Wentworth, 
 August 8th, 177 
 Francis Dana, 
 James Lovell, 
 Samuel Holten, 
 
 John Collins, 
 
 Titus Hogmer, 
 Andrew Adam, 
 
 William Duer, 
 Gouv Morris, 
 
 Nathl Seudder, 
 
 jun. ) On the part and behalf of th 
 8, ) state of New Hampshire. 
 
 (_0n the part and behalf of the 
 f state of Massachusetts-Bay. 
 
 On the part and behalf of tlin 
 state of Rhode-Island and 
 Providence Plantations. 
 
 On the part and behalf of the 
 state of Connecticut. 
 
 SOn the part and behalf of the 
 state of New-York. 
 
 ") On the part and behalf of the 
 >- state of New-Jersey, Novem- 
 ) ber 26th, 1778. 
 
 William Clingan, 
 Joseph Reed, 
 
 2dd July, 1778, 
 Nicholas Van Dyke, 
 
 Daniel Carroll. 
 
 March 1st, 1781, 
 Jno Harvie, 
 Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 
 Corns Harnett, 
 Jno Williams, 
 Richd Hutson, 
 Thos. Heyward, jun. 
 
 Edwd Telfair, 
 Edwd Langworthy, 
 
 On the part and behalf of the 
 state of Pennsylvania. 
 
 _ On the part and behalf of the 
 state of Delaware. 
 
 ; On the part and behalf of the 
 state of Maryland. 
 
 On the part and behalf of the 
 state of Virginia. 
 
 ) On the part and behalf of the 
 5 state of North-Carolina. 
 
 On the part and behalf of the 
 state of South-Carolina. 
 
 ' On the part and behalf of the 
 slate of Georgia. 
 
 THE THIRTY-THIRD CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 THE SENATE. 
 
 DAVID R. ATCHISOS, President pro tempore. 
 Asbury Dickens, Secretary of the Senate. 
 
 EN'ATORS FROM THB SEVERAL STATES, WITH THEIR PLACES OF RESIDENCE OR POST OFFICER 
 RESPECTIVELY. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 Moses Norris, Manchester. Jared W. Williams. Lancaster. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 Charles Sumner, Boston. Julius Rockwell, Pittsfield. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 Charles T. James, Providence. Philip Allen, Providence. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 Isaac Tcucey, Hartford. Francis G illctte. Hartford.
 
 491 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 New York. 
 
 William H. Seward, Auburn, Cayuga CO. 
 New Jersey. 
 
 William Wright, Newark. 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Richard Brodhead, Easton. 
 Delaware. 
 
 John M. Clayton, Chippewa. 
 Maryland. 
 
 Thomas G. Pratt, Annapolis. 
 Virginia. 
 
 Kobert M. T. Hunter, Lloyd's, Essex co. 
 North Carolina. 
 
 Solomon Foot, Ruttland. 
 Hamilton Fish, New York 
 John R, Thomson, Princeton. 
 James Cooper, Pottsville. 
 James A. Bayard, Wilmington. 
 James A. Peavce, Chestertown. 
 James M. Mason, Winchester. 
 
 George E. Badger, Raleigh. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 Andrew P. Butler, Edgefield C. H. J. I. Evans, Society Hill. 
 
 Georgia. 
 William C. Dawson, Greensborough. Robert Toombs, Washington. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 John B. Thompson, Harrodsburg. A. Dixon, Henderson. 
 
 John Bell, Nashville. 
 Salmon P. Chase, Cincinnati. 
 J. P. Benjamin, New Orleans. 
 Jesse D. Bright, Madison. 
 Stephen Adams, Aberdeen. 
 Stephen A. Douglas, Chicago. 
 Benjamin Fitzpatrick, Wetumpka. 
 Hannibal Hamlin, Hampden. 
 David R. Atchison, Platt City. 
 William K. Sebastian, Helena. 
 Lewis Cass, Detroit. 
 Jackson Morton, Pensacola. 
 Sam. Houston, Huntsville. 
 Henry Dodge, Dodgeville. 
 Augustus C. Dodge, Burlington. 
 William M. Gwin, San Francisco. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 3. C. Jones, Memphis. 
 Ohio. 
 
 Benjamin Wade, Jefferson. 
 Louisiana. 
 
 John Slidell, New Orleans. 
 Indiana. 
 
 John Pettit, Lafayette. 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Albert G. Brown, Newtown. Hinds co. 
 Illinois. 
 
 James Shields, Belleville. 
 Alabama. 
 
 C. C. Clay, Jr., Huntsville. 
 Maine. 
 
 William Pitt Fessenden, Portland. ' 
 Missouri. 
 
 H. S. Geyer, St. Louis. 
 Arkansas. 
 
 Robert W. Johnson, Little Rock. 
 Michigan. 
 
 Charles E. Stuart, Kalamazoo. 
 Florida,. 
 
 S. R. Mallory, Jacksonville. 
 Texas. 
 
 Thomas J. Rusk, Nacogdoches. 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Isaac P. Walker, Milwaukie. 
 Iowa. 
 
 George W. Jones, Dubuque. 
 California. 
 
 John B. Weller, San Francisco. 
 45*
 
 492 
 
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 
 Lnra BOTB, of Kentucky, Speaker. 
 John W. Forney, of Pennsylvania, Clerk. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES from the several States for the Districts as numbered, and Delegates 
 from the several Territories, with their places of residence, or Post Offices, respec- 
 tively. 
 
 New Hampshire. 
 
 1. George W. Kittredge, New Market 3. Ilarry Hibbard, Bath. 
 
 2. George W. Morrison, Manchester. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 1. Jonathan D. Eliot, New Bedford. 7. Nathaniel P. Banks, Jr., Waltham. 
 
 2. Samuel L. Crocker, Taunton. 8. Tappan Wentworth, Lowell. 
 
 3. J. Wiley Edinands, Newton Corner. 9. Alexander De Witt, Oxford. 
 
 4. Samuel H. Walley, Roxbury. 10. Edward Dickinson, Amherst. 
 
 5. William Appleton, Boston. 11. John Z. Goodrich, Stockbridge. 
 
 6. Charles W. Upham, Salem. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 1. Thomas Davis, Providence. 2. Benjamin B. Thurston, Hopkinton. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 1. James T. Pratt, Rocky mil. 3. Nathan Belcher, New London. 
 
 2. Colin M. Ingersoll, New Haven. 4. Origen S. Seymour, Litchfield. 
 
 Vermont. 
 
 1. James Meacham, Middlebury. 3. Alvah Sabin, Georgia. 
 
 2. Andrew Tracy, Woodstock. 
 
 New York. 
 
 1. James Maurice, Maspeth. 18. Peter Rowe, Schenectady. 
 
 2. Thomas W. Cumming, Brooklyn. 19. George W. Chase, Sehenevers. 
 
 3. Hiram Walbridge, New York. 20. Orsamus B. Matteson, Utica. 
 
 4. Mike Walsh, New York. 21. Henry Bennett, New Berlin. 
 
 5. William M. Tweed, New York. 22. Gerrit Smith, Peterborough. 
 
 6. John Wheeler, New York. 23. Caleb Lyon, of Lyonsdale. 
 
 7. William A. Walker, New York. 24. Daniel T. Jones, Baldwinsville. 
 
 8. Francis B. Cutting, New York. 25. Edwin B. Morgan, Aurora, Ca3*uga co. 
 
 9. Jared V. Peck, Portchester. 26. Andrew Oliver, Pen Yan. 
 
 10. William Murray, Goshen. 27. John J. Taylor, Owego. 
 
 11. Theodk. R. Wes'tbrook, Kingston. 28. George Hastings, Mount Morris. 
 
 12. Gilbert Dean, Poughkeepsie. 29. Davis Carpenter, Brockport. 
 
 13. Russell Sage, Troy. 30. Benjamin Pringle, Batavia.Geneseooo. 
 
 14. Rufus W. Peckham, Albany. 31. Thomas T. Flagler, Lockport. 
 
 15. Charles Hughes, Sandy Hill. 32. Solomon G. Haven, Buffalo. 
 
 16. George A. Simmons, Keeseville. 33. Reuben E. Fentou, Frewsburg. 
 
 17. Bishop Perkins, Ogdensburg. 
 
 New Jersey. 
 
 1. Nathan T. Stratton, Mullica Hill. 4. George Vail. Morristown. 
 
 2. Charles Skelton, Trenton. 6. Alexander C. M. Pennington, Newark 
 
 3. Samuel Lilly, Lambertville. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 1. Thomas B. Florence, Philadelphia. 14. Galusha A. Grow, Glenwood. 
 
 2. Joseph R. Chandler, Philadelphia. 15. James Gamble, Jersey Shore. 
 
 3. John Robbins, Jr., Kensington. 16. William H. Kurtz, York. 
 
 4. William II. Witte, Richmond. 17. Samuel L. Russell, Bedford. 
 
 5. John McNair, Norristown. 18. John McCulloch, Shaver's Creek. 
 
 6. William Everhart, West Chester. 19. Augustus Drum, Indiana. 
 
 7. Samuel A. Bridges, Allentown. 20. John L. Dawson, Brownsville. 
 
 8. J. Glancy Jones, Reading. 2J. David Ritchie, Pittsburg. 
 
 5t. Isaac E. Hiester, Lancaster. 22. Thomas M. Howe, Alleghany City. 
 
 10. Ner Middleswarth, Beavertown. 23. Michael C. Trout, Sharon. 
 
 11. Christian M. Straub, Pottsville. 24. Carlton B. Curtis, Warren. 
 
 12. Ilendrick B. Wripht, Wilkefcbarre. 25. John Dick, Meadville. 
 
 13. A? a Packer, Mauch Chunk.
 
 Delaware. 
 1. George Read Riddle, Wilmington. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 1. John R. Franklin, Snow Hill. 4. Henry May, Baltimore. 
 
 2. Jacob Shover, Manchester. 5. William T. Hamilton, Hagerstown. 
 
 3. Joshua Vansunt, Baltimore. 6. Augustus K. Sellers, Prince Fredericks- 
 
 [town, Calvert co. 
 Virginia. 
 
 1. Thomas H. Bayly, Accomac C. H. 8. Charles J. Faulkner, Martinsburg. 
 
 2. John S. Millson, Norfork. 9. John Letcher, Lexington. 
 
 3. John S. Caskie, Richmond. 10. Zedekiah Kidwell, Fairmont. 
 
 4. William 0. Goode, Boydton. 11. John F. Snodgrass, Parkersburg, (de- 
 
 5. Thomas S. Bocock, Appomattox C. II. [ceased.) 
 
 6. Paulus Powell, Amherst C. H. 12. Henry A. Edmundson, Salem, Roanoke 
 
 7. William Smith, Warrenton. 13. Fayette McMullen, Rye Cove. |co. 
 
 North Carolina. 
 
 1. Henry M. Shaw, Indiantown. 5. John Kerr, Yanceyville. 
 
 2. Thomas Ruffin, Goldsborough 6. Richard C. Puryear, Huntsville. 
 
 3. William S. Ashe, Wilmington. 7. Burton Craige, Salisbury. 
 
 4. Siou H. Rogers, Raleigh. 8. Thomas L. Clingman, Asheville. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 1. John McQueen, Marlborough C. H. 4. Preston S. Brooks, Ninety-six. 
 
 2. William Aiken, Charleston. 6. James L. Orr, Anderson. 
 
 3. Lawrence M. Keitt, Orangeburgh C. H. 6. William W. Boyce, Winnsborough. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 1. James L. Seward, Thomasville. 5. Elijah W. Chastain, Tacoah. 
 
 2. Alfred II. Colquitt, Newton. 6. Junius Hillyer, Monroe, Walton co. 
 
 3. David J. Bailey, Jackson. 7. David A. Reese, Monticello. 
 
 4. William B. W. Dent, Newnan. 8. Alexander H. Stephens, Crawfordsville. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 1. Linn Boyd, Paducah. 6. John M. Elliott, Prestonshurg. 
 
 2. Ben. Edwards Grey, Hopkinsville. 7. William Preston, Louisville. 
 
 3. Presley Ewing, Russellville. 8. John C. Breckenbridge, Lexington. 
 
 4. James S. Chrisman, Monticello. 9. Leander M. Cox, Flemingsburg. 
 
 5. Clement S. Hill, Lebanon. 10. Richard II. Stanton, Maysville. 
 
 Tennessee. 
 
 1. Nathaniel G. Taylor, Happy Valley. 6. George W. Jones, Fayetteville. 
 
 2. Wm. M. Churchwell, Knoxwell. 7. Robert M. liugg, Lynnville. 
 
 3. Samuel A. Smith, Charleston. 8. Felix K. Tillicoffer, Nashville, 
 
 4. William Cullom, Carthage. 9. Emerson Etheridge, Dresden. 
 
 5. Charles Ready, Murfreesborough. 10. Frederick P. Stanton, Memphis. 
 
 Ohio. 
 
 1. David T. Disney, Cincinnati. 12. Edson B. Olds, Circleville. 
 
 2. John Scott Harrison, Cleves, Hamilton 13. William D. Lindsley. Sandusky City. 
 
 3. Lewis D. Campbell, Hamilton. [co. 14. Harvey H. Johnson, Ashland. 
 
 4. Matthias H. Nichols, Lima. 15. William H. Sapp, Mount Vernon. 
 
 5. Alfred P. Edgerton, Hicksville. 16. Edward Ball, Zanesville. 
 
 6. Andrew Ellison, Georgetown. 17. Wilson Shannon, St. ClairsyUle. 
 
 7. Aarou Harlan, Yellow Springs. 18. George Bliss, Akron. 
 
 8. Moses B. Corwin, Urbana. 19. Edward Wade, Cleveland. 
 
 9. Frederick W. Green, Tiffin. 20. Joshua R. Giddings, Jefferson. 
 
 10. John L. Taylor, Chillicothe. 21. Andrew Stuart, Steubenville. 
 
 11. Thomas Ritchie, Somerset. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 1. William Dnnbar, New Orleans. 3. John Perkins, Jr., Ashwood, Ten,as 
 
 2. Theodore G. Hunt, New Orleans. 4. Roland Jones, Shreveport. [Parish. 
 
 Indiana. 
 
 1. Smith Miller, Patoka. 4. James II. Lane. Lawrenceburg. 
 
 2. William H. Engl ! sh, Lexington. 5. Samuel W. Parker, Connersville. 
 
 3. Cyrvis L. Dunham, Valley Farm. 6. Thomas A. Hendricks, Shelbyville.
 
 494 
 
 7. John G. Davis, Rot-kville. 10. Ebr. M. Chamberland, Goshen. 
 
 8. Daniel Mace, Lafayette. 11. Andrew J. Harlan, Marion. 
 
 9. Norman Eddy, Soulh Bend. 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 1. Daniel B. Wright, Salem. 4. Wiley P. Harris, Monticello, Lawrence 
 
 2. William S. Barry, Greenwood. [co. 
 
 3. 0. R. Singleton, Canton. 6. William Barksdale, Columbus. 
 
 I.linois. 
 
 1. Elihu B. Wnshburn, Galena. 6. Richard Yates, Jacksonville. 
 
 2. John Wentworth, Chicago. 7. James C. Allen, Palestine. 
 
 3. Jesse 0. Norton, Joliet, Will co. 8. William H. Bissell, Belleville. 
 
 4. James Knox, Knoxville. 9. Willis Allen, Marion. 
 6. Wm. A. Richardson, Quincy. 
 
 Alabama. 
 
 1. Philip Philips, Mobile. 6. George S. Houston, Athens. 
 
 2. James Abercrombie, Girard. 6. Williamson R. W. Cobb, Bellefonte. 
 
 3. Sampson W. Harris, Wetumpka. 7. James F. Dowdell, Chambers C H, 
 
 4. William R. Smith, Fayette C. H. 
 
 Maine. 
 
 1. Moses McDonald, Portland. 4. Samuel P. Benson, Winthrop. 
 
 2. Samuel Mayall, Gray. 5. Israel Washburn, Jr., Orons. 
 
 3. E. Wilder Farley, Newcastle. 6. Thomas J. D. Fuller, Calais. 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 1. Thomas H. Benton, St. Louis. 5. John G. Miller, Boonville. 
 
 2. Alfred W. Lamb, Hannibal. 6. John S. Phelps, Springfield. 
 
 3. James J. Lindley, Monticello, Lewis co. 7. Samuel Caruthers, Fredericktown. 
 
 4. Mordecai Oliver, Richmond. 
 
 Arkansas. 
 
 1. Alfred B. Greenwood, Bentonville. 2. Edward A. Warren, Camden. 
 
 Michigan. 
 
 1. David Stuart, Detroit. 3. Samuel Clark, Kalamazoo. 
 
 2. David A. Noble, Monroe. 4. Hestor L. Stevens, Pontiao. 
 
 Florida. 
 1. Augustus E. Maxwell, Tallahassee. 
 
 Texas. 
 1. George W. Smythe, Jasper. 2. P. H. Bell, Austin. 
 
 Iowa. 
 
 1. Bernhart Henn, Fairfield. 2. John P. Cook, Davenport 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 1. Daniel Wells, Jr., Milwaukee. 3. John B. Macey, Fond du Lac. 
 
 2. Ben- C. Eastman, Platteville. 
 
 California. 
 1. James A. McDougal, San Francisco. 2. Milton S. Latham, Sacramento City. 
 
 Minnesota Territory. 
 1. Henry M. Rice, Delegate, St. Paul. 
 
 Oregon Territory. 
 1. Joseph Lane, Delegate, Winchester. 
 
 Territory of New Mexico. 
 
 1. Jos Manuel Gallegoa, Delegate, Albuquerque. 
 Utah Territory. 
 1. John M. Bernhisel, Delegate, Salt Lake City. 
 
 Washington Territory. 
 1. Columbus Lancaster, Delegate, St. Helen's, Oregon Territory.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 THE ANALYTICAL INDEX OF THE CONSTITUTION op THE UNITED STATES WILL 
 
 BE FOUND AT PAGE 38. THE FOLLOWING INDEX REFERS TO THE RESIDUE OF THE 
 MATTER CONTAINED IN TIIIS VOLUME. 
 
 ABRIDGMENTS and Digests of the Laws of the U. S. Description of 
 
 books of 465 
 
 ACTS, Records, and Judicial Proceedings of one State in every other State, 
 
 Territory, &c. An act for the authentication of- 290-294 
 
 ACTS of the several States for appointment of Deputies to Convention to 
 
 form the Constitution of the U. S. 167 
 
 ADAMS, President of the U. S., March 4, 1797. Inaugural Address of John 270 
 
 ADAMS, Vice President of the U.S. First election of John 31 5 
 
 ADAMS, Vice President of the U. S. Second election of John 31 6 
 
 ADAMS, as President of the U. S. Election of John 317 
 
 ADAMS, as President of the U. S. Election of John Quincy 324, 325 
 
 ADAMS, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of John 336 
 
 ADDRESS of George Washington, accepting commission as communder-in- 
 
 chiefof the army, June 16, 1775 201 
 
 ADDRESS of the President of Congress to George Washington, August 26, 
 
 1783, on termination of the war 203 
 
 ADDRESS of George Washington in reply to the same 204 
 
 ADDRESS of George Washington to Congress, on resigning his commission 
 
 as commander-in-chief of the army, December 23, 17S3 208 
 
 ADDRESS of Thomas Mifflin, President of Congress, in answer to the same 209 
 ADDRESS of George Washington, as President of the U. S., April 30, 1789. 
 
 Inaugural 211 
 
 ADDRESS of George Washington to the people of the U. S., September 17, 
 
 1796. Farewell 215 
 
 ALA B AMA. Chronological statement of the formation of the government of 431 
 AMBASSADORS and their domestics. An act for the protection of foreign 239 
 
 AMENDMENTS of the Constitution of the U. S. 25 
 
 AMENDMENTS of the Constitution of the U. S. by the States. Dates of rati- 
 fication of first ten 34 
 
 AMENDMENTS of the Constitution of the U. S. Same of the eleventh and 
 
 twelfth 36 
 
 AMENDMENTS of the Constitution, when ratified by the States, to be pub- 
 lished by the Secretary of State 295 
 
 ANALYTICAL Index of the Constitution and amendments. A.n 39 
 
 ANNAPOLIS, in 1790, recommending the Convention to form ihe Constitu- 
 tion. Proceedings of the commissioners at 'Cl 
 
 195
 
 496 INDEX. 
 
 APPOINTMENT of George Washington to be commander-in-chief of the 
 army, June 15, 1775 201 
 
 APPOINTMENT of George Washington to be lieutenant-general and com- 
 mander-in-chief of all the armies of the U. S., July 3, 1798 231-239 
 
 APPORTIONMENT of Representatives among the several States according 
 to the Sixth Census 300 
 
 ARKANSAS. Chronological statement of the formation of the government of 434 
 
 ARMAMENTS being prepared in the U. S. against foreign powers with 
 whom the U. S. are at peace. An act to prevent 29(5 
 
 ARMIES of the U. S. Appointment of George Washington to be lieutenant- 
 general and eommander-in-chicf of the v 231-239 
 
 ARMY of the United Colonies, June 15, 1775. George Washington elected 
 commander-in-chief of the 201 
 
 ARMY of the United Colonies fixed at $500 per month. Pay and expenses 
 of the General to command the 201 
 
 ARMY of the U. S., December 23, 17S3. Resignation by George Washington 
 of his commission as commander-in-chief of the 208 
 
 ATTORNEY GENERALS of the U. S., from 1769 to 1851. Names, States, 
 service, &c., of the 402 
 
 AUDIENCE in Congress granted to George Washington, commander-in-chief, 
 August 25, 17S3 203 
 
 AUDIENCE in Congress, December 20, 17S3. George Washinglon, com- 
 mander-in-chief, admitted to a public 205 
 
 AUTHENTICATION of Acts, Records, and Judicial Proceedings of one 
 State in every other State, Territory, &c. 290-294 
 
 BKRRIEN, Senator of the U. S. Letter of approbation from John Macp-.. xvii 
 BOOKS and other sources of historical, political, statistical, and other infor- 
 mation relative to the action of the Government, in possession of the pub- 
 lic offices at the Seat of Government. Description of 4.11 
 
 BOOKS, published under the patronage of Congress and otherwise, contain- 
 ing useful political, statistical, and other information. Description of mis- 
 cellaneous 468-471 
 
 BOOKS in Congress Library. Description of selection of certain 475 
 
 BOOKS in the State Department. Description of selection of certain 479 
 
 CREESE, Senator of the U. S. Letter of approbation from Sidney xii 
 
 BURR, as Vice President of the U. S. Election of Aaron 318 
 
 BURR, Vice President, in the Senate of the U. S. Attendance of Aaron SE8 
 
 BURR, as Senator of the U. S. Term of service of Aaron 3f>4 
 
 CALIIOUN. Vice President of the U.S. First election of Jnhn C 324 
 
 CALHOUN, Vice President of the U. S. Second election of J. C 32 
 
 CALHOUN, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of J. C- -340-342 
 
 CALHOUN resigned as Vice President, December 28,1832. John C 342. 343 
 
 CALHOUN, as Senator of the U. S. Terms of service of John C 367 
 
 OASS, Senator of the U. S. Letter of approbation from Lewis xx 
 
 CLAY, Senator of the U. S. Letter of approbation from Henry xix
 
 INDEX. 497 
 
 CALIFORNIA. Chronological statement of the formation of the government of 437 
 CEDE their Weatern lands to the U. S. Resolution of Congress recommend- 
 ing to the several States to 421 
 
 CEDED by the States, should be disposed of for the common benefit of the U. S., 
 
 and formed into Republican States. Resolution of Congress that the lands- 422 
 CEDED to the U. S., and dates of cession. Names of States by which Western 
 
 lands were 422 
 
 CENSUS. Apportionment of Representatives among the several States ac- 
 cording to the Sixth 300 
 
 CENSUSES U. S., and fix number of Representatives. Act for taking Seventh, 
 
 and subsequent 305 
 
 CESSION of the North-Western and Western Territory to the U. S. by certain 
 
 States. Proceedings which led to the 414 
 
 CESSION of its Western or Vacant Lands to the U. S. Act of New York for the 419 
 CHAIRMAN of Committees of Congress authorized to administer Oaths- 294, 295 
 
 CHAPTERS. General contents of. See Table of Contents xxxviii 
 
 CHARTERS of the original States. Chronological statement of the 407, 408 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL statement of the Charters and formation of the Governments 
 
 of the several States and Territories of the U. S. 405-446 
 
 CITIZEN to understand the Constitution. Introductory remarks on duty of 
 
 every xxiii 
 
 CLERK of the House of Representatives of the U. S. Oaths to be taken by 
 
 the 22, 288, 239 
 
 CLERKS in all the Departments of Government. Oaths to be taken by the 290, 291 
 CLERKS of the House of Representatives of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851. Names, 
 
 States, services, Ac. of the 388 
 
 CLERKS of the Supreme Court of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851. Names, Ac. 
 
 of the 393 
 
 CLINTON, Vice President of the U. S. Election of George 319, 320 
 
 CLINTON, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of George 338-340 
 
 COLLECTORS of the Customs authorized to detain vessels built for warlike 
 
 purposes 299 
 
 COLONIAL and Revolutionary Documentary History. Books relating to the-. 452 
 COLUMBIA established the permanent seat of Government The District of- -449 
 COMMERCE. Resolution of Virginia for a uniform system of trade, commerce, 
 
 Ac, January 21, 1786 160 
 
 COMMERCE. Proceedings of Convention at Annapolis appointed for said pur- 
 pose, September 14, 1786 161 
 
 COMMERCE. Resolution of Congress, of February 21, 1787, calling the Conven- 
 tion which formed the Constitution 160 
 
 COMMERCE. Acts of the several States for the appointment of deputies to said 
 Convention, to revise and report the means of enabling Congress to provide 
 more effectually for the commercial interests of the U. S., and to remedy all 
 
 the defects of fhe Federal system, &c. 167 
 
 COMMERCE. The Constitution declares that "The Congress shall have power 
 to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, 
 and with the Indian tribes" 1*
 
 498 INDEX. 
 
 COMMERCIAL, Regulations. Description of books containing Tariff and 
 Revenue Laws, &c. 467 
 
 COMMITTEES of Congress to administer Oaths. Authority for the Chair- 
 man of- 294, 205 
 
 COMMUNICATIONS to the author and compiler in relation to this work jx-xxi 
 
 COMPENSATION to the President and Vice President of the U. S. An act 
 making 293 
 
 COMPENSATION to persons appointed to deliver the Electoral votes of Pre- 
 sident, &c., 1792 292 
 
 COMPENSATION to do. do. do., 1825 300 
 
 CONFEDERATION, showing the inefficiency of that government, and lead- 
 ing to the adoption of the Constitution. Proceedings of the Congress of the 129 
 
 CONFEDERATION. The formation of a Convention to frame the Constitu- 
 tion, recommended in 17SO, as a means to remedy the defects in the Ar- 
 ticles of- 100 
 
 CONFEDERATION. The Articles of- 483 
 
 CONFEDERATION, until March 1, 1781. Dates of ratification by the States, 
 and cause of the delay of Maryland to ratify the Articles of 406-415 
 
 CONGRESS of the Confederation, which led to the adoption of the Constitu- 
 tion. Proceedings of the 120 
 
 CONGRESS of the Confederation, and resolutions of that body, showing the 
 impotency of the Government to provide a revenue for its wants and ne- 
 cessities, &c. Reports of committees of 131-139, 140-142-146-150.151 
 
 CONGRESS of the Confederation appointing a Committee to represent the 
 Financial and Commercial difficulties to the several States, May 22, 1782. 
 Resolution of- 154 
 
 CONGRESS of the Confederation in 1787, recommending the Convention 
 which formed the Constitution. Proceedings of 164 
 
 CONGRESS of the Confederation, of September 28, 1787, transmitting the Con- 
 stitution to the States, to be submitted to Conventions thereof. Resolu- 
 tion of 189 
 
 CONGRESS of the Confederation of September 13, 1788, providing for com- 
 mencing proceedings under the Constitution of the U.S. Resolution of the ISO 
 
 CONGRESS of July 2, 1770, that THE UNITED COLONIES ARE, AND OF RIGHT 
 
 OUGHT TO BE FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES. Resolution of 195 
 
 CONGRESS assembled, July 4, 1776. Declaration of Independence by the 
 Representatives of the U. S. in 195 
 
 CONGRESS, for promulgating the Declaration of Independence. Resolu- 
 tion of 200 
 
 CONGRESS of the Confederation, of June 17, 1775, declaring that they would 
 maintain and assist George Washington, and adhere to him for the main- 
 tenance and preservation of American liberty, with their lives and for- 
 tunes. Resolutions of the 203 
 
 CONGRESS, on August 26, 1763, to George Washington, on the termination 
 of the war, and his reply. Address of the President of 203, 204 
 
 CONGRESS, of December 20, 1783, admitting George Washington, com- 
 mander-in-ch,ef, to a public audience. Resolution of- 205
 
 INDEX. 499 
 
 CONGRESS, of December 20, 1783, thai a public entertainment be given to 
 the conimander-in-chief, on December 22. Resolution of 205 
 
 CONGRESS, December 23, 17S3, and answer of Thomas Mifflin, President. 
 Resignation, by George 'Washington, of his commission to 209 
 
 CONGRESS on the death of George Washington in 17D9. Proceedings of 240-268 
 
 CONGRESS shall be in session on the second Wednesday in February, suc- 
 ceeding every meeting of Electors of President and Vice President of 
 the U.S. 292 
 
 CONGRESS. Provision for dividing States into districts for the election of 
 Representatives in 159-301 
 
 CONGRESS, from March 4, 1769, to March 3, 1851. Commencement and ter- 
 mination of, and number of days in each session of 336-345 
 
 CONGRESS, from 1789 to 1851. Names of Senators in 346-384 
 
 CONGRESS, elected Speaker of House of Representatives, from 1789 to 1851. 
 Names of Representatives in 380 
 
 CONGRESS to admit "New States" into the Union. Remarks on the right 
 and discretionary power of 408 
 
 CONGRESS of the Confederation. Books relating to the proceedings of the- 453 
 
 CONGRESS from 1789 to 1851. Description of the Books, Newspapers, &c., 
 containing the Debates in 459 
 
 CONGRESS Library. Description of selection of certain books in 472 
 
 CONNECTICUT, in 1787, appointing deputies to Convention to form the Con- 
 stitution. Act of- 184 
 
 CONNECTICUT. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitutions 
 of 407 
 
 CONNECTICUT ceded western lands to U. S., September 14. 1786, and May 
 30,1800 422 
 
 CONSTITUTION. Introductory remarks, on duty of every citizen to under- 
 stand the xxiii 
 
 CONSTITUTION of the United States of America, The 1 
 
 CONSTITUTION by the States. Dates of ratification of the 24 
 
 CONSTITUTION of the U. S. Articles in addition to, and amendments of, 
 the * - 25 
 
 CONSTITUTION by the States. Dates of ratification of the first ten amend- 
 ments of the 34 
 
 CONSTITUTION by the States. Dates of ratification of eleventh and twelfth 
 amendments of the 30 
 
 CONSTITUTION and amendments. An analytical index of the 38 
 
 CONSTITUTION of the U. S. Official proceedings and proximate causes 
 which led to the adoption and ratification of the 129 
 
 CONSTITUTION of the U S. Remarks relative to the States that were pro- 
 minent in the proceedings which immediately led to the adoption of the- 15 j 
 
 CONSTITUTION for the U. S. Resolutions of the General Assembly of New 
 York, passed July 21, 1782, recommending a Convention to form a 155 
 
 CONSTITUTION of the U. S. was formed. Proceedings of Commissioners at 
 Annapolis, in 1786, recommending the appointment of deputies to meet at 
 
 Philadelphia, by whom the 1M 
 
 46
 
 INDEX. 
 
 CONSTITUTION. Recommendation of Congress of the Confederation, in 
 
 1787, for appointment of deputies to the Convention which formed the 165 
 CONSTITUTION of the U. S. Acts of the several States for the appoint- 
 ment of deputies to the Convention for forming a, viz. 167 
 
 Of Virginia, on October 16,1786 167 
 
 Of New Jersey, on November 23, 1786 170 
 
 Of Pennsylvania, on December 30, 1786 172 
 
 Of North Carolina, on January 6, 1787 174 
 
 Of Delaware, on Februarys, 1787 - 177 
 
 Of Georgia, on February 10, 1787 179 
 
 Of New York, on February 28, 1787 181 
 
 Of South Carolina, on March 8, 1787 182 
 
 Of Massachusetts, on March 10, 1787 183 
 
 Of Connecticut, May, 1787 184 
 
 OfMaryland, on May 26,1787 185 
 
 Of New Hampshire, on 27th June, 1787 186 
 
 CONSTITUTION of the U. S. to Congress of the Confederation. Letter of 
 George Washington, and resolutions of the Convention of September 17, 
 
 1787, transmitting the 187, 188 
 
 CONSTITUTION of the U. S. to the several States, to be submitted to Con- 
 ventions thereof. Resolution of Congress of Confederation, September 28, 
 
 1 7S7, transmitting the 189 
 
 CONSTITUTIO N of the U. S. Resolution of Congress of the Confederation, of 
 
 September 13, 1768, for commencing proceedings under the 190 
 
 CONSTITUTION in certain contingencies, and for other purposes. General 
 
 Laws providing the means of executing the 287 
 
 CONSTITUTION of the U. S. is to be taken. (See Oath.) By whom the oath 
 
 to support the 15,22, 288, 289 
 
 CONSTITUTION, when ratified by the States, to be published by the Secre- 
 tary of State. Amendments to the 295 
 
 CONVENTION at Annapolis, September, 1786. Proceedings of the 161 
 
 CONVENTION at Philadelphia to form a Constitution, recommended by Con- 
 vention at Annapolis, September 14, 1786 161 
 
 CONVENTION which formed the Constitution recommended by Congress, in 
 
 1787, as a means to remedy the defects in the Articles of Confederation- 165 
 CONVENTION to form the Constitution. Acts of the several States for ap- 
 pointing deputies to the 167 
 
 CONVENTION, in 17S7, transmitting the Constitution to Congress of the 
 Confederation, and suggesting measures for commencing proceedings 
 under the Constitution. Letter of George Washington, and resolutions of 
 
 the 187 
 
 CONVENTIONS of the States. Resolution of Congress, of September 88, 
 
 1787, submitting the Constitution to ' 189 
 
 CONVENTION that formed the Constitution. Boooks relating to the proceed- 
 ings of the 453 
 
 COURT. (See Supreme Court of the U. S.) 
 
 COURTS of the U. S., or State courts against a foreign Ambassador or his 
 domestic* to be utterly null and void, &c. All process or writs from the 289
 
 INDEX. 501 
 
 COURTS of the U. S. An act to provide further remedial justice in the. 
 [This act empowers the U. S. judges to grant the writ of habeas coipus, 
 and to discharge foreigners confined in the prison of a State, in certain 
 cases.] 301 
 
 COURTS of the U. S. and of the several States. Little &. Brown's edition of 
 the Laws of the U. S. declared to be evidence in all the tribunals, offices, 
 and 302, 303 
 
 COURT of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851. Description of books of Reports of 
 decisions of the Supreme 468 
 
 CRANCH, Chief Justice of the Circuit Court of the U. S. for the District of 
 Columbia. Letter of approbation from William xiv 
 
 CRIMES against the U. S., providing for the protection of foreign Ambassa- 
 dors and their domestics. An act for the punishment of certain 289 
 
 CRIMES against the U. S., &c., for preserving their neutrality. An act in 
 addition to an act for the punishment of certain 290 
 
 DALLAS, Vice President of the U. S., and President of the Senate. Dedica- 
 tion to, and letter of approbation from George M. ix 
 
 DALLAS, as Vice President of the U. S. Election of George M. 830 
 
 DALLAS, Vice President, in the Senate of the U. S. Attendance of George M. 332 
 
 DALLAS, as Senator of the U. S. Term of service of George M. 358 
 
 DAVIS, Speaker of the House of Representatives of the U. S. Letter of ap- 
 probation from John W. xi 
 
 DEATH of George Washington. Proceedings of the Government and fune- 
 ral oration of Henry Lee on the 240-247 
 
 DEBATES in the two Houses of Congress from 1789 to 1851. Description of 
 the books, newspapers, &c., containing the 459 
 
 DECLARATION of Independence, from June 8 to July 4, 1776. Proceedings 
 in Congress of the United Colonies respecting the 193 
 
 DECLARATION of Independence, by the Representatives of the U. S. in 
 Congress assembled, July 4, 1776 195 
 
 DECLARATION of Independence. Resolution of Congress for promulgat- 
 ing the 200 
 
 DECLARATION by the Congress, June 17, 1775, that, for the maintenance 
 and preservation of American liberty, they would maintain, assist, and 
 adhere to, George Washington, as commander-in-chief, with their lives 
 and fortunes 203 
 
 DELAWARE, in 1787, appointing deputies to Convention to form the Consti- 
 tution. Act of 177 
 
 DELAWARE. Chronological statement of the charters and constitutions of 408 
 
 DELAWARE, declaring the common right of all the States to the western 
 territory, &c. Resolutions of the State of- 415 
 
 DEPUTIES to the Convention who signed the Constitution. Names of- 23 
 
 DEPUTIES to Convention to form the Constitution. Acts of the States for 
 appointment of- 167 
 
 DIGESTS of the Laws of the U. S. Description of the books of 465
 
 502 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 DISTRICT of Columbia, established the permanent seat of the Government 
 of the U. S. 449 
 
 DISTRICTS for election of Representatives in Congress. Provision for di- 
 viding the States into 301 
 
 DOCUMENTS, Journals, and other sources of historical, political, statisti- 
 cal, and other information regarding the legislative, executive, and judi- 
 cial action of the Government, in the public offices at the Seat of Govern- 
 ment. Description of- 451 
 
 DOCUMENTS ordered to be printed by the Senate and House of Represent- 
 atives of the U. S. from 1769 to 1851. Remarks descriptive of the re- 
 gular 457-459 
 
 ELECTIONS under and by virtue of the Constitution, (analytical index)- -61, 69 
 ELECTION of a President and Vice President of the U. S., &c., approved 
 
 March 1, 1792. An act relative to the 291 
 
 ELECTION of Electors of a President and Vice President, in case of vacan- 
 cies in those offices by casualty, &c. Provision for the 293 
 
 ELECTIONS for Electors of President and Vice President in all the States. 
 
 An act to establish a uniform time for holding 302 
 
 ELECTORAL votes for President and Vice President of the U. S. Provi- 
 sions of the Constitution regarding the 28 
 
 ELECTORAL votes for President and Vice President of the U. S. Regula- 
 tions, by law, for the giving, making lists of, transmitting to the Seat of 
 
 Government, opening, and counting the 291 
 
 ELECTORAL voles. Compensation to, and penalties of, persons appointed 
 
 to deliver the 292 
 
 ELECTORAL votes. Compensation of persons appointed to deliver the 300 
 ELECTORAL votes for President and Vice President of the U. S., viz. : 
 First term, George Washington and John Adams, commencing March 4, 
 
 17S9 315 
 
 Second term, George Washington and John Adams, commencing March 4, 
 
 1793 316 
 
 Third term, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, commencing March 4, 1797 317 
 Fourth term, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, elected by the House of 
 
 Representatives, commencing March 4, 1801 318 
 
 Fifth term, Thomas Jefferson and George Clinton, commencing March 4, 1805 319 
 Sixth term, James Madison and George Clinton, commencing March 4, 1809 320 
 Seventh term, James Madison and Elbridge Gerry, commencing March 4, 
 
 1813 321 
 
 Eighth term, James Monroe and Daniel D.Tompkins, commencing March 4, 
 
 1817 322 
 
 Ninth term, James Monroe and Daniel D. ToTnpkins, commencing March 4, 
 
 1821 323 
 
 Tenth term, John Quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun, commencing March 
 4,1825 325
 
 INDEX. 503 
 
 ELECTORAL votes for President and Vice President of the U. S. continued 
 Eleventh term, Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun, commencing March 
 
 4, 1829 326 
 
 Twelfth term, Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, commencing March 
 
 4,1833 32T 
 
 Thirteenth term, Martin Van Buren and R. M. Johnson, commencing March 
 
 4,1837 328 
 
 Fourteenth term, Wm. H. Harrison and John Tyler, commencing March 
 
 4,1841 329-331 
 
 Fifteenth term, James K. Polk and George M. Dallas, commencing March 4, 
 
 1845 332 
 
 Sixteenth term, Zachary Taylor and M. Fillmore, commencing March 4, 1849 333 
 
 ELECTORS of President and Vice President, equal to the number of Senators 
 and Representatives in Congress from each State. Each State shall appoint 
 a number of 13 
 
 ELECTORS shall be equal to the number of Senators and Representatives to 
 which the States may bo entitled at the time when the President and Vice 
 President should come into office. The 291 
 
 ELECTORS of President and Vice President of the U. S. Enactments of the law 
 for the government of the 291 
 
 ELECTORS of the President and Vice President in all the States. An act to es- 
 tablish a uniform time for holding elections of 302 
 
 ELECTORS. Each State may, by law, provide for filling vacancies in the 
 college of 302 
 
 EVIDENCE in all tribunals and offices of the United States, and of the individual 
 States. Little & Brown's edition of the Laws of the U. S. declared to be 
 competent 302, 303 
 
 EXECUTIVE officers of the Government, from 1789 to 1851. Names, States, 
 service, Ac., of all the high 395 
 
 EXTRADITION Treaties. Act giving effect to 303 
 
 FAREWELL Address of George Washington, President of the U. S., September 
 
 17,1796 215 
 
 " FIRST in War, First in Peace, and First in the hearts of his Countrymen," as 
 
 applicable to George Washington. Origin of the words 242 
 
 FLORIDA. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 436 
 
 FOREIGN Ambassadors and their Domestics. An act for the protection of 289 
 
 FOREIGN Powers. An act to preserve the neutrality of the U. S., with 296 
 
 FOREIGN Nation with whom the U. S. are at peace. An act to prevent any 
 
 armament by land or water being fitted out in the U. S. against any 298 
 
 FOPvEIGN State confined in any state prison in certain cases. The Judges of the 
 TT. S. Courts empowered to grant the writ of Habeas Corpus, and to discharge 
 
 the citizens of any 301 
 
 FUNERAL Procession and Oration of Henry Lee, in honor of Gen. George Wash- 
 ington 245-247 
 
 4*
 
 504 INDEX. 
 
 GEORGIA, in 1787, appointing deputies to Convention to form the Constitu- 
 tion. Act of 179 
 
 GEORGIA. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitutions of-" 408 
 
 GEORGIA ceded western lands to the U. S. April 24, 1802 422 
 
 GERRY, Vice President of the U.S. Election of Elbridge 321 
 
 GERRY, Vice President, in the Senate of the U. S. Attendance of Elbridge 340 
 GIBSON, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Letter of ap- 
 probation from John B. xiii 
 
 GOVERNMENT of the Confederation to provide for its support, defence, &c. 
 Reports of committees and Resolutions of Congress exhibiting the ineffi- 
 ciency of the 131-139,140-142-146-150,151 
 
 GOVERNMENT under the Constitution of the U. S. Resolutions of Con- 
 gress of the Confederation of September 13, 17S8, providing for the com- 
 mencement of the 190 
 
 GOVERNMENT under the Constitution. Brief statement of the manner of 
 
 commencing proceedings of the 191 
 
 GOVERNMENT. George Washington's opinions of the principles and po- 
 licy of our 211-215 
 
 GOVERNMENT. John Adams'. do. do. 270 
 
 GOVERNMENT. Thomas Jefferson's. do. do. xxxi. 275-279 
 
 GOVERNMENT. James Madison's. do. do. xxxii.283 
 
 GOVERNMENT and providing the means of executing the Constitution, Ice. 
 
 General Laws relating to the continued organization of the 287 
 
 GOVERNMENTS of the several States and territories. Chronological state- 
 ment of the Charters and formation of the 405-449 
 
 GOVERNMENT of the territory of the U. S. north-west of the river Ohio. 
 
 An ordinance for the 423 
 
 GOVERNMENT of the U. S. in possession of the public offices. Description 
 of the sources of information regarding the Legislative, Executive and 
 Judicial action of the 451 
 
 HABEAS Corpus in all cases of foreigners confined in the U. S., tec. The 
 
 judges of the U. S. Courts authorized to grant writs of- 301 
 
 HARRISON, as President of the U. S Election of William Henry 329-331 
 
 HISTORICAL and other information in the public offices at the seat of Go- 
 vernment. Description of the sources of 451 
 
 HOUDON'S statue of Washington at Richmond, Virginia. Remarks and cor- 
 respondence relative to 205-204 
 
 HOUSE of Representatives of the U. S. Oaths of office to be taken by the 
 
 Members and Clerk of the 22,288-281 
 
 HOUSE of Representatives, from 1789 to 1851. Names of Speakers of the 386-387 
 HOUSE of Representatives of the U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Names, service, 
 
 Ac., of the Clerks of the 386 
 
 HOUSE of Representatives of the U.S. Description of the Journals of the 452-456 
 HOUSE of Representatives of the U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Remarks descrip- 
 tive of the documents printed by order of the 457, 458, 459
 
 INDEX. 505 
 
 ILLINOIS. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 431 
 IMPEACHMENTS from 1789 to 1851. Description of the Journal or record 
 
 of the Senate on - 456 
 
 IMPOST duties of April 18, 1783, was the cause of proceedings which ulti- 
 mately led to the adoption of the Constitution. Report of Committee of the 
 Congress of Confederation, showing that the failure of the States to carry 
 
 the general system of 131-139, 140-142-146, 150, 151 
 
 IMPOST, &.c., as provided by resolution of Congress, April 18, 1783. See 
 Commerce.) Resolutions of Congress of February 15, 1786, recommend- 
 ing to the States to empower Congress to carry into effect a general sys- 
 tem of 139,141-149,151-153 
 
 INAUGURAL address of George Washington. President of the U. S. April 
 
 30, 1789 211 
 
 INAUGURAL address of John Adams, President of the U. S. 270 
 
 INAUGURAL address of Thomas Jefferson, President of the U. S. 275 
 
 INAUGURAL address ofThomas Jefferson, President of the U. S. 279 
 
 INAUGURAL address of James Madison, President of the U. S. 283 
 
 INDEPENDENCE of mind. Importance to every citizen of preserving- XXT 
 INDEPENDENCE. Proceedings in Congress of the United Colonies, from 
 
 June 8, to July 4, 1776, respecting a declaration of- 193 
 
 INDEPENDENCE by the Representatives of the United States in Congress 
 
 assembled, July 4, 1776. The Declaration of- 195 
 
 INDEPENDENCE. Resolution of Congress for promulgating the Declara- 
 tion of 200 
 
 INDEPENDENT STATES. Resolution of Congress of July 2, 1776, that 
 
 THE UNITED COLONIES ARE, AND OF RIGHT OUGHT TO BE, FREE AND 195 
 
 INDEX to the Constitution and amendments. An Analytical 38 
 
 INDEXES prepared by order of tlie two Houses of Congress. Description of 465 
 INDIANA. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of- 480 
 INTRODUCTORY remarks to the work and to the several chapters. (See 
 
 Remarks.) 
 IOWA. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of- 443 
 
 JACKSON, as President of the U. S. First election of Andrew 326 
 
 JACKSON, as President of the U. S. Second election of Andrew 327 
 
 JEFFERSON'S declaration of the principles of our Government. Thomas 
 
 xxxi, 275-279 
 JEFFERSON, President of the U. S., on March 4, 1801. First inaugural 
 
 address ofThomas 275 
 
 JEFFERSON, President of the U. S., on March 4, 1805. Second inaugural 
 
 address ofThomas 279 
 
 JEFFERSON, as Vice President of the U. S. Election of Thomas 317 
 
 JEFFERSON, as President of the U. S. First election by House of Repre- 
 sentatives of Thomas 318 
 
 JEFFERSON, us President of the U. S. Second election by electors of Thomas 319
 
 506 INDEX. 
 
 JEFFERSON, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of Thomas 338 
 
 JOHNSON, as Vice President of the U. S. Election by the Senate of Rich- 
 ard M. 328 
 
 (The number of electoral votes required for an election being 148, and 
 R, M. Johnson having received only 147, the election then devolved 
 upon the Senate, and R. M. Johnson was elected.) 
 
 JOHNSON, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of Rich- 
 ard M. 342-344 
 
 JOHNSON, as Senator of the U. S. Terms of service of Richard M. 370 
 
 JOURNALS of the Congress of the Confederation, 1774 to 1769. Description 
 of the 453 
 
 JOURNAL of the Convention that formed the Constitution in 1787. Descrip- 
 tion of the 453 
 
 JOURNAL of the House of Representatives of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851. 
 Description of 454-456 
 
 JOURNAL of the Senate of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851. Description of Le- 
 gislative 455, 456 
 
 JOURNAL of the Senate of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851 (in part). Descrip- 
 tion of the Executive t 455 
 
 JOURNAL or record of the Senate on impeachments, from 1789 to 1851. De- 
 scription of 456 
 
 JOURNALS of the Senate and House of Representatives of the U. S. Re- 
 marks descriptive of the contents of the Legislative 466 
 
 JUDGES of Courts of the U. S. authorized to grant writs of Habeas Corpus 
 in all cases of foreigners confined in the United States, and to discharge 
 them. The 301 
 
 JUDGES of the Supreme Court of the U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Names, states, 
 length of service, &c., of the 389 
 
 JUDICIAL proceedings of one State in every other State, territory, &c. Au- 
 thentication of 290-294 
 
 JUSTICE in the Courts of the U. S. An act to provide further remedial 301 
 
 KANE, Judge of the District Court of the U. S. for the Eastern District of 
 
 Pennsylvania. Letter of approbation from J. K. xil| 
 
 KENTUCKY. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 412 
 KNOWLEDGE. Remarks on the proper mode of acquiring and imparting- xix 
 
 LAND in the north-western and western territory of the U. S. Proceedings 
 which led to the cession by the States, of the 414 
 
 LANDS to the U. S. Act of New York for the cession of its western or 
 vacant .......- 419 
 
 LANDS to the U. S. Resolution of Congress recommending to the Stntes to 
 cede their western 421
 
 INDEX. 507 
 
 LANDS ceded by the States should be disposed of for the common benefit of 
 the U. S., and formed into Republican States. Resolution of Congress of 
 October 10, 1780, that the 422 
 
 LANDS were ceded to the U. S., and dates of cession. Names of States by 
 which the western 422 
 
 LANDS of the U. S., and private land claims to March 3, 1851. Description 
 of the publications under the authority of the U. S. relating to the public- 46? 
 
 LAW. Definition and sanctity of the civil xxv 
 
 LAWS, relating to the continued organization of the Government, and pro- 
 viding the authorities and means of executing the Constitution, in certain 
 contingencies, and for other purposes, &c. 287 
 
 LAWS of the U. S. declared competent evidence in all tribunals and offices 
 of the U. S., and of the several States. Little and Brown's edition of the 
 
 302,303 
 
 LAWS of the U. S., including the Treaties. Description of the books con- 
 taining the 461 
 
 LAWS of the U. S. Description of Books of Abridgments and Digests of-'' 
 the 465-467 
 
 LEGISLATIVE Journals. (Vide Journals.) 
 
 LEE, on the death of George Washington. Funeral oration of Henry 247 
 
 LETTERS-OF-MARQUE being fitted out in the U. S. against foreign powers. 
 An act to prevent Privateers or 296 
 
 LIBERTY. Definition of rational or civil xxii 
 
 LIBERTY and independence on July 4, 1776. Declaration of- 195 
 
 LIBERTY, &c., on June 17, 1775. Declaration of Congress for the mainte- 
 nance of American 203 
 
 LIBERTY consists. In what the enjoyment and even the support and pre- 
 servation of xxix 
 
 LIBRA RY of Congress. Description of selection of certain books in the 472 
 
 LIBRARY of the State Department. Description of selection of certain books 
 in the 479 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GENERAL and commander-in-chief of the Armies of the 
 U. S., July 3, 1798. Appointment of George Washington to be 231-239 
 
 LIGHT as regards the fundamental law. Remarks on necessity of the peo- 
 ple's having xxxiii 
 
 LITTLE and Brown's editions of the Laws of the U. S., declared to be com- 
 petent evidence in all tribunals and offices of the U. S., and of the several 
 States 302,303 
 
 LOUISIANA. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 429 
 
 MADISON'S declaration of the principles of our Government. James xxxii. 283 
 MADISON, President of the U. S. on March 4, 1809. Inaugural Address of 
 
 James - 283 
 
 MADISON, President of the U. S. First election of James 420 
 
 MADISON, President of the U. S. Second election of James .- 421 
 
 MAINE. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of- 432
 
 508 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 MARSHALS attendant on the Supreme Court of the U. S., from 1789 to 1861. 
 Names, &c. of the 393 
 
 MARYLAND, in 17S7, appointing deputies to convention to form the Consti- 
 tution. Act of 183 
 
 MARYLAND to ratify the Articles of Confederation, until March 1, 1781. 
 Dates of ratification by the States and cause of the delay of 406-414 
 
 MARYLAND. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitutions of 408 
 
 MARYLAND to ratify the Articles of Confederation until the States possess- 
 ing the North- Western and Western Territory should cede the same to 
 the U. S. for the common benefit of all the States. Statement of the causes 
 of delay by 414 
 
 MARYLAND on said subject. Instructions to the Delegates in Congress 
 from 415 
 
 MARYLAND to ratify the Articles of Confederation. Resolution of Congress 
 earnestly requesting 421 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS, in 1787, appointing deputies to Convention to form the 
 
 Constitution. Act of 183 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitu- 
 tions of- 407 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS ceded Western lands to the U. S. April 19,. 1785 422 
 
 MEMBERS of the Senate and House of Representatives to take an Oath to 
 support the Constitution, and the manner and form thereof. An act pre- 
 scribing the time for 22,288 
 
 MESSENGERS or persons to deliver electoral votes. Compensation to, and 
 
 penalties of 292 
 
 MESSENGERS or persons to deliver electoral votes. Compensation to 300 
 
 MICHIGAN. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 434 
 MIFFLIN, President of Congress, to George Washington, in answer to resig- 
 nation of his commission. Address of Thomas 209 
 
 MINESOT A Territory. Proceedings in Congress relative to the 447 
 
 MINISTERS and their domestics. An act for the protection of Foreign 289 
 
 MISSISSIPPI. Chronological statement of the formation of ihe Government of 430 
 MISSOURI. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 433 
 
 MONROE, President of the U. S. First election of James 322 
 
 MONROE, President of the U. S. Second election of James 323 
 
 MONUMENT be erected to General Washington in the Capitol at Washing- 
 ton. Resolution of Congress that a marble 245 
 
 MOURNING of the Government on the Death of George Washington. Pro- 
 ceedings and 240-263 
 
 NAVY from 1789 to 1851. Names, States, services, kc., of Secretaries of the 399 
 
 NEBRASKA Territory. Proceedings in Congress relative to the 448 
 
 NEUTRALITY of the U. S. by prohibiting its citizens, within its limits, from 
 preparing any offensive means against a foreign nation. An act to pre- 
 serve the 286
 
 
 INDEX. 509 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE, la 1787, appointing deputies to Convention to form the 
 
 Constitution. Act of 186 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitu- 
 tions of ~- 407 
 
 NEW JERSEY, at the meeting at Annapolis, in 1786, having more enlarged 
 powers than the Commissioners from other States, was stated as the ground 
 for calling the Convention which formed the Constitution. The Commis- 
 sioners of 162 
 
 NEW JERSEY, in 1786, appointing deputies to Convention to form the Constitu- 
 tion. Actsof 170 
 
 NEW JERSEY. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitutions of 407 
 NEW JERSEY ratified the Articles of Confederation "in the firm reliance that 
 the" Western Territory would be ceded by the States in possession to the 
 
 U.S., Ac. 414 
 
 NEW MEXICO TERRITORY. Proceedings in Congress relative to the 448 
 
 NEW YORK, July 21, 1782, on the critical state of the Confederation, and recom- 
 mending a Convention to form a Constitution. Resolutions of the General 
 
 Assembly of 156 
 
 NEW YORK, in 1787, appointing deputies to the Convention to form the Consti- 
 tution. Act of- 181 
 
 NEW YORK. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitutions of 407 
 NEW YORK for the cession of its Western or vacant lands to the U. S., in order 
 
 to conciliate the Union under the Confederation. Act of 419-422 
 
 NEW YORK. Special approbation of Congress for this act of 421 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA, in 1787, appointing deputies to Convention to form the 
 
 Constitution. Act of 174 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitu- 
 tions of 408 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA ceded Western lands to the U. S, February 25, 1790 422 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN and Western Territory to the U. S. Proceedings which led 
 
 to the cession by the States of the 414 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN Territory ceded to the U. S. by Virginia, March 1, 1784 422 
 
 NORTH-WESTERN Territory. An ordinance for the Government of the 423 
 
 OATH of office, as President, administered to George Washington, by the Chan- 
 cellor of the State of New York, April 30, 1789 211 
 
 OATH of John Tyler, Vice President, to qualify him as President of the U. S 331 
 OATHS to support the Constitution of the United States, and for performance of 
 official duty, to be taken by the following officers and persons, viz. : 
 
 1. The President of the U. S. 16 
 
 2. The President of the Senate 288 
 
 3. The Senators of the U. S. 22,288 
 
 4. The Secretary of the Senate 22, 288, 289 
 
 6. The Senators of the U. S. on trial of impeachment 4 
 
 6. The Speaker of the House of Representatives 288 
 
 7. The members of the House of Representatives of the U. S. 22, 288
 
 510 INDEX. 
 
 OATHS to support the Constitution, &c. continued. 
 
 8. The Clerk of the House of Representatives 22, 288, 289 
 
 9. The members of the several State Legislatures 22, 238 
 
 10. The executive and judicial officers both of the U. S; and of the several 
 
 States 22, 288 
 
 11. All officers appointed under the authority of the U. S. 288 
 
 12. Each and every clerk and other officer in any of the departments of the 
 
 U.S. 288 
 
 OATHS of office " are to be taken. By whom 22, 288, 289, 290, 291 
 
 OATHS. The presiding officers of the two Houses, and chairmen of com- 
 mittees of Congress, authorized to administer 294, 295 
 
 OATHS, prescribing the forms, &c. An act to regulate the time and manner 
 
 of administering certain 287 
 
 OFFICERS required to take an oath to support the Constitution of the United 
 
 Slates 22,233,289,290, 291 
 
 OFFICE of President and Vice President to commence March 4, &,c. The 
 
 term of- 293 
 
 OFFICES of the U. S. and of the States. Little & Brown's edition of the 
 Laws of the U. S. declared to be competent evidence in all courts, tribu- 
 nals, and - 303 
 
 OHIO. Chronological statement of the formation of the government of- 413 
 
 ORATION by Henry Lee on the death of George Washington. Funeral 247 
 
 ORDINANCE for the government of the territory of the U. S. north-west of 
 
 the river Ohio. An 423 
 
 OREGON Territory. Reference to treaties fixing the boundaries, and to pro- 
 ceedings in Congress relative to the 447 
 
 PASSPORT issued under authority of the U. S. Penalty for violating a 290 
 
 PAY and expenses of the General to command all the continental forces fixed 
 
 at $500 per month, by resolution of Congress 201 
 
 PENALTY for neglect to deliver the electoral votes by the messengers, &c. 292 
 PENALTY for violating the laws of neutrality in the U. S. against a foreign 
 
 power at peace 296 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA, in 1786, appointing deputies to Convention to form the 
 
 Constitution. Act of- 172 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. Chronological statement of the charters and constitu- 
 tions of 408 
 
 PEOPLE to support the Constitution. Responsibilities of the xxiii 
 
 POLITICAL and other information in the public offices at the Seat of Govern- 
 ment. Description of the sources of 451 
 
 POLK as President of the U. S. Election of James K. 332 
 
 POSTMASTER GENERALS, from 1789 to 1851. Names, States, service, 
 
 Ac., of the 401 
 
 PREFACE to this edition, and to the chapters. (See Remarks.) 
 
 PRESIDENT of the U. S. Certificate of the election of George Washington as 2)0
 
 INDEX. 511 
 
 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S., and declaring the officer to act 
 as President in case of vacancies in offices of President and Vice Presi- 
 dent, approved March 1, 1792. An act relative to election of 291 
 
 PRESIDENT and Vice President, in case of vacancies in those offices by 
 casualty. Provision for the election of a 293 
 
 PRESIDENT or Vice President of the U. &. to be delivered into the office of 
 Secretary of State. A resignation or refusal to accept office of 293 
 
 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S. to commence March 4, &c. 
 Term of office of the 293 
 
 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S. An act providing compensa- 
 tion to the 293 
 
 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S. Compensation to, and penalty 
 of, persons appointed to deliver electoral votes for 292 
 
 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S. Compensation to persons, &c., 
 to deliver electoral votes for 300 
 
 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S. An act to establish a uniform 
 time for holding elections for electors of 302 
 
 PRESIDENT and Vice President of the U. S., from 1789 to 1849. (See Elec- 
 toral Votes.) Electoral votes, &c., for 315-334 
 
 PRESIDENT of the U. S., on the death of Wm. H. Harrison, President. Pro- 
 ceedings introducing John Tyler to office as acting 330, 331 
 
 PRESIDENT of the Senate authorized to administer oaths. The 283, 294 
 
 PRESIDENT pro tempore of the Senate to act as President of the U. S. in 
 case of vacancies in office of President and Vice President. The 293 
 
 PRESIDENTS pro tempore, from March 4, 17S9, to March 3, 1851. Names 
 and attendance in Senate of the Vice Presidents and 336-345 
 
 PRINTED by order of the two Houses of Congress, from 1789 to 1851. Re- 
 marks descriptive of the documents 457, 458, 459 
 
 PRIVATEERS being fitted out in the U. S. against foreign powers at peace 
 with the U. S. An act to prevent 298 
 
 PUBLICATION of amendments to the Constitution of the U. S. Provision 
 for the 295 
 
 RATIFICATION of the Constitution by the States. Dates of the 24 
 
 RATIFICATION of first ten amendments of the Constitution by the States. 
 
 Dates of the 34 
 
 RATIFICATION of the eleventh and twelfth amendments of the Constitution, 
 
 &c. 30 
 
 RECORDS of one State in every other State, territory, &c. Authentication of 
 
 the 290-294 
 
 REMARKS or preface to the second edition of this book vii 
 
 REMARKS on the propriety of reading and understanding the Constitution xxiii 
 
 REMARKS on the authenticity of this edition of the Constitution xlv 
 
 REMARKS on the design of the Alphabetical Analysis of the Constitution- 37 
 REMARKS on the official proceedings, and the causes which led to the adop- 
 tion and ratification of the Constitution of the U.S. '29 
 
 47
 
 512 INDEX. 
 
 REMARKS on the causes which immediately led to the formation of the Con- 
 stitution, and on the States having a leading agency in that important 
 event - 153 
 
 REMARKS on the manner of commencing proceedings of the Government 
 under the Constitution of the U. S. 191 
 
 REMARKS on the picture of George Washington, as taken from Houdon's 
 statue at Richmond, Virginia 205 
 
 REMARKS relative to the appointment of George Washington to be Lieu- 
 tenant-General and Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the U. S. July 3, 
 1798 231 
 
 REMARKS in relation to the national mourning and solemnities on the death 
 of George Washington 240 
 
 REMARKS relative to the inaugural addresses of the first four Presidents of 
 the U.S. 269 
 
 REMARKS introductory to the General Laws, forming a peculiar class of 
 general import inserted herein - 287 
 
 REMARKS explanatory of the several tables contained in this volume 309 
 
 REMARKS on ihe ratification of the Constitution by the original States, and 
 on the discretionary right and power of Congress to admit " New States" 
 into the Union 408 
 
 REMARKS relative to the sources of historical, political, statistical, and other 
 information regarding the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial action of 
 the Government in possession of the public offices at the seat of Govern- 
 ment 451 
 
 REMARKS descriptive of the contents of the Legislative Journals of the 
 Senate and House of Representatives of the U.S. 45G 
 
 REMARKS descriptive of the regular documents ordered to be printed by the 
 Senate and House of Representatives, from 1769 to 1851 457, 458, 459 
 
 REMARKS in relation to the books procured for the Congress or National 
 Library, and the means employed for a regular increase of their number 472 
 
 REMARKS relative to the books in the Department of State 479 
 
 REMEDIAL justice in the Courts of the U. S. An act to provide further- 301 
 
 REPORTERS of decisions of the Supreme Court of the U. S. from 1789 to 
 1851. Names, &c., of the 893 
 
 REPORTS of decisions of the Supreme Court of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851. 
 Description of the books of - 457 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES in Congress elected Speakers, from March 4, 1789, to 
 March 3, 1851, showing the commencement and termination of their ser- 
 vice, and the States represented by them ~ 386, 387 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES in Congress among the several States, according to 
 the sixth census. An act for the apportionment of. (See Spates.) 300 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES in Congress. Provision for dividing States into dis- 
 tricts for election of -* 301 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES of the U. S. in Congress assembled, on July 4, 1776. 
 Declaration of Independence by the * 195 
 
 RESIGNATION or refusal to accept the office of President or Vice President 
 of the U. S. to be delivered into the office of the Secretary of State 293
 
 INDEX. 513 
 
 RESIGNATION to Congress, by George Washington, of his commission as Com- 
 
 mander-in-Chief of the American army, on December 23, 1783 208 
 
 REVENUE from impost duties as recommended by Congress in 1783, was the 
 cause of proceedings which led to the adoption of the Constitution. Report 
 of Committee of Congress of Confederation, showing that the failure of the 
 
 States to carry out the general system of- 131-139, 140-142-146-150, 151 
 
 REVENUE from impost, as provided by resolution of Congress of April 18, 
 1783. (See Oommerce.) Resolutions of Congress of February 15, 1786, re- 
 commending to the States to empower Congress to carry into effect a 
 
 general system of 139-141-149-151-153 
 
 REVENUE and Tariff laws, &c. Description of books relating to 467 
 
 REVOLUTION. Books relating to the history of the American Colonies and the 452 
 RHODE ISLAND. Chronological statement of the charters and constitutions of 407 
 
 SAFE-CONDUCT issued under the authority of the TT. S. Penalty for vio- 
 lating a 290 
 
 SEAT of Government of the U. S. The District of Columbia established the 
 permanent 449 
 
 SECRETARIES of the Senate of the U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Table of the 
 name*, service, &c., of the 385 
 
 SECRETARY of the Senate of the U. S. Oaths to be taken by the 22, 288, 289 
 
 SENATE of the U. S. directing the purchase of copies of this Book. Resolu- 
 tions of the v 
 
 SENATE of the U. S. Oaths of office to be taken by the members and Secretary 
 
 of the 22, 288, 289 
 
 SENATE, of the Vice Presidents and Presidents pro tempore, from March 4, 
 1789 to March 3, 1851. Names of and attendance in the 336-345 
 
 SENATE of the U. S. Table of the names, service, Ac., of the Secretaries of the 385 
 
 SENATE of the U. S. Description of the Legislative and Executive Journals 
 and Records of Impeachments of the 455, 458 
 
 SENATE of the U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Remarks descriptive of the Docu- 
 ments printed by order of the 457, 458, 459 
 
 SENATORS of the U. S. in office, from March 4, 1789 to March 3, 1851, show- 
 ing their names, commencement and termination of their service, States 
 represented by them, &c., viz. : 
 
 CLASSES: 2 3 From New Hampshire -- 346 
 
 1 2 - From Massachusetts 347 
 
 1 2 From Rhode Island 349 
 
 1-3 From Connecticut 351 
 
 1-3 From Vermont 353 
 
 1-3 FromNewYork 354 
 
 1 2 - From New Jersey 356 
 
 1-3 From Pennsylvania- 357 
 
 1 2 From Delaware 359 
 
 1-3 FromMaryland 361
 
 514 INDEX. 
 
 CLASSES : 1 2 - From Virginia 362 
 
 2 3 From North Carolina 365 
 
 2 3 From South Carolina 366 
 
 2 3 FromGeorgia 368 
 
 - 2 3 From Kentucky 370 
 
 1 2 - From Tennessee 371 
 
 1-3 FromOhio ~ 373 
 
 - 2 3 From Louisiana 374 
 
 1-3 From Indiana 375 
 
 1 2 From Mississippi 376 
 
 2 3 Fromlllinois 377 
 
 - 2 3 FromAlabama 378 
 
 1 2 - From Maine 379 
 
 1-3 From Missouri 380 
 
 2 3 From Arkansas 381 
 
 1 2 - FromMichigan 381 
 
 1-3 FromFlorida 381 
 
 1 2 From Texas 381 
 
 1-3 From Wisconsin 384 
 
 2 3 From Iowa 384 
 
 1-3 From California 384 
 
 20 20 21 
 
 [When Senators shall take their seats from States that have not yet ap- 
 pointed Senators, they shall be placed by lot in the foregoing classes, 
 but in such a manner as shall keep the classes as nearly equal as may be 
 in numbers. Vide resolution of the Senate, May 14, 1789. The first class 
 expire in 1851 ; the second in 1847, and the third in 1849. Vide the Con- 
 stitution, page 3.] 
 
 SESSION of Congress from March 4, 1789 to March 3, 1851. Commencement 
 and termination of, and number of days in, each 336-345 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA, in 1787, appointing deputies to Convention to form the 
 Constitution. Act of- 182 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitu- 
 tions of 408 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA ceded Western lands to the U. S. August 9, 1787 422 
 
 SPEAKER of the House of Representatives shall act as President of the U. S. 
 in case of vacancy, Ac. Provisions that the 293 
 
 SPEAKER of the House of Representatives authorized to administer oaths. 
 The 288-294 
 
 SPEAKERS of the House of Representatives of the U. S., from March 4, 1789 
 to March 3, 1851, showing the commencement and termination of their ser- 
 vice, and States represented by them 386, 387 
 
 SPEECHES in the two Houses of Congress from 1789 to 1851. Description of the 
 Books, Newspapers, Ac., containing the 46S> 
 
 STATE to receive electoral votes in absence of the President of the Senate,
 
 INDEX. 515 
 
 and to send a special messenger to district judge for electoral votes in 
 
 case of failure to be received otherwise. The Secretary of- 293 
 
 STATE, in case of vacancies in the office of President and Vice President of 
 
 the U. S. Duties of the Secretary of 293 
 
 STATE. A resignation or refusal to accept of the office of President or Vice 
 
 President to be delivered into the office of the Secretary of 293 
 
 STATE, regarding the publication of amendments to the Constitution of the 
 
 U. S. Duties of th-; Secretary of- 295 
 
 STATE from 1789 to 1851. Names, States, service, &c., of all the Secreta- 
 ries of 395 
 
 STATE Department. Description of selection of certain books in the Library 
 
 of the 479 
 
 STATE or Territory, &c. An act for the authentication of Acts, Records, and 
 
 Judicial proceedings of one State or Territory in every other 290-294 
 
 STATE in certain cases the proceedings in State Courts in such cases to be 
 null and void The U. S. Judges empowered to grant the writ of Habeas 
 Corpus, and to discharge the citizens of any foreign State confined in the 
 
 prison of any 301 
 
 STATES. Dates of ratification of the Constitution by the 24 
 
 STATES. Dates of ratification of first ten amendments of the Constitution 
 
 by the 34 
 
 STATES. Ratification of the eleventh and twelfth amendments by the 36 
 
 STATES in providing revenue for the support of the Federal Government, 
 as recommended by Congress on April 18, 1783. Reports of committees 
 
 showing the failure of the several 131-139,140-142-146-150,151 
 
 STATES that were prominent in the proceedings which immediately led to 
 
 the adoption of the Constitution of the U. S. Remarks in relation to the- 153 
 STATES. Resolution of Congress of the Confederation of May 22, 1782, ap- 
 pointing a committee to represent the financial and commercial difficul- 
 ties to the several 154 
 
 STATES to form a Constitution of the U. S. Resolutions of the General As- 
 sembly of New York, July 21, 1782, recommending a Convention of the- 155 
 STATES to remedy the difficulties. Resolution of the Confederation of Vir- 
 ginia, of January 21, 1786, for a Convention of the 160 
 
 STATES, at Annapolis, in 1786, recommending the appointment of deputies 
 to form the Constitution. Proceedings of commissioners from several 
 
 of the 11 
 
 STATES, for the appointment of deputies to Convention to form the Constitu- 
 tion of the U. S. Acts of the several viz.: 167 
 
 OfVirginia, passed October 16, 1786 167 
 
 Of New Jersey, passed November 23,1786 170 
 
 Of Pennsylvania, passed December 30, 1786 172 
 
 Of North Carolina, passed January 6, 1787 174 
 
 Of Delaware, passed February 3, 17S7 177 
 
 Of Georgia, passed February 10, 1787 17f 
 
 Of New York, passed February 28, 1787 181 
 
 Of South Carolina, passed March 8, 1787 198 
 
 47*
 
 51G 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Of Massachusetts, passed March 10, 1787- 
 
 Of Connecticut, passed May, 17b7 
 
 Of Maryland, passed May 26, 1787 
 
 Of New Hampshire, passed June 27, 1787 
 
 183! 
 
 184 
 185 
 186 
 STATES by which it was ratified. Resolution of Congress of September 28, 
 
 1787, submitting the Constitution to Conventions of the 189 
 
 STATES. Oaths to support the Constitution of the U. S. to be taken by the 
 members of the Legislatures and by all Executive and Judicial officers 
 
 of the several 22,288 
 
 STATES, according to the sixth census. Appointment of Representatives 
 
 300 
 
 N. Hamp. 
 
 4 
 10 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 South Carolina .... 7 
 Georgia 8 
 Kentucky 10 
 Tennessee 11 
 
 Arkansas 
 Michigan 
 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 
 2 
 3 
 2 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 K. Island 
 Connecticut 
 
 
 
 New York 
 New Jersey 
 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 1 
 6 
 
 u 
 
 a 
 
 Louisiana 
 Indiana 
 
 4 
 10 
 
 W 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 Whole num.- 
 Oregon T.del.- 
 Minesota T. del. 
 New Mexico T. del.- 
 
 Delaware 
 Maryland 
 
 Illinois 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 . B 
 
 STATES into districts for election of Representatives. Provision, by act of 
 1842, for dividing the 301 
 
 STATES of the Union. An act to establish a uniform time for holding elec- 
 tions for electors of President and Vice President in all of the 302 
 
 STATES may by law provide for filling vacancies in the College of Electors. 
 Each of the - 303 
 
 STATES and Territories of the U. S. Chronological statement of the Charters 
 and formation of the Governments of the several 405-449 
 
 STATES. The time of ratification of the Articles of Confederation by the- 406 
 
 STATES" into the Union. Remarks on the ratification of the Constitution by 
 the original States, and the right and discretionary power of Congress to 
 admit "New - 408 
 
 STATES in possession thereof. Proceedings which led to the cession of the 
 North- Western and Western Territory to the U. S. by the 414 
 
 STATES to cede their western lands to the U. S Resolution of Congress of 
 September 6, 1780, recommending to the 421 
 
 STATES should be disposed of for the common benefit of the U. S., and form- 
 ed into Republican States. Resolution of Congress of October 10, 1760, 
 that the Lands ceded by the 422 
 
 STATES by which the western lands were ceded to the U. S., and dates of 
 cession. Names of the 422 
 
 STATES out of the North-Western Territory. Provision in the Ordinance 
 of July 13,1787, for forming- ~.~ 428 
 
 STATISTICAL and other information in the public offices at the seat of Go- 
 vernment. Description of the sources of- 451
 
 INDEX. 517 
 
 STATUE of George Washington by Hourion. Description of the 205-207 
 
 SUPREME and other Courts of the U. S. empowered to grant writs of Habeas 
 Corpus, and to discharge foreigners confined in the state prisons in cer- 
 tain cases. The Judges of the 301 
 
 SUPREME COURT of the U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Names, States, com- 
 mencement and termination of service of the Chief and Associate Justices 
 of the 389-392 
 
 SUPREME COURT of the U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Names, service, &c. of 
 the Clerks, Reporters of decisions and Marshals of the 393 
 
 SUPREME COURT of the U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Description of Books of 
 Reports of decisions of the 466 
 
 TABLES contained in this volume. Explanatory remarks on the several 309 
 
 TABLES of electoral votes for President and Vice President of the U. S., 
 - from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1853 315-332 
 
 TABLE of terms of office and length of service in the Senate, of the Vice 
 Presidents and Presidents pro tempore ; and of the commencement, and 
 termination, and number of days in each session of Congress, and special 
 session of the Senate, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851 336-345 
 
 TABLE ofth names, classes, length of service of, and States represented by 
 all the Senators of the U. S., from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851- - 346-384 
 
 TABLE of the names, places of nativity or residence, time of appointment, 
 and expiration of service of the Secretaries of the Senate of the U. S.---- 385 
 
 TABLE of the names, time of service of, and States represented by, the Speak- 
 ers of the House of Representatives of the U. S. 386, 387 
 
 TABLE of the names, residence, when appointed, and time of service of, the 
 Clerks of the House of Representatives of the U. S. 388 
 
 TANEY, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the U. S. Letter of approba- 
 tion from Roger B. '...... xi 
 
 TARIFF Laws, Revenue Laws, &c., description of books relating to 467 
 
 TENNESSEE. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government 
 of 3 
 
 TERM of office of four years, of President and Vice President, to commence 
 on March 4, &c. The 293 
 
 TERRITORIES. An act for the authentication of acts, records, and judicial 
 proceedings of States and * 290-294 
 
 TERRITORY to the U.S. Proceedings which led to the cession of the North- 
 Western and Western 414 
 
 TERRITORY of the U. S. north-west of the river Ohio. An ordinance for 
 the Government of the ^23 
 
 TEXAS was admitted into the Union. Joint resolution and act of Congress 
 by which 439 
 
 TOMPKINS, Viee President of the U. S. First election of Daniel D. 322 
 
 TOMPKINS, Vice President of the U. S. Second election ofDaniel D. 323 
 
 TOMPKINS, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of Daniel D. 340
 
 518 INDEX. 
 
 TRADE and commerce for the U. S. Resolution of Virginia, in 1786, to pro- 
 vide a general system of 160 
 
 TREASURY, from 1789 to 1851. Names, States, service, &c., of the Secreta- 
 ries of the 396 
 
 TREATIES of the U. S. Description of the books containing the Laws and 461 
 
 TYLER, as Vice President of the U. S. Election of John 329-331 
 
 TYLER to office as acting President of the U. S., on the death of W. H. Har- 
 rison, President. Proceedings introducing John 330, 331 
 
 TYLER, as Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of John .... 344 
 
 UNION of the people for the government of the U. S. of America. The Con- 
 stitution adopted for the purpose of forming a more perfect - 1 
 
 UNION supported by the Constitution. Brief remarks on the importance of 
 the 129 
 
 UNION hazarded by tke inefficiency of the Government under the old Con- 
 federation. The existence of the 149-155 
 
 UNION. Declaration in resolution of February 15, 1786, that the Congress 
 of the Confederation were denied the means of satisfying engagements for 
 the common benefit of the , 149 
 
 UNION. Declaration by the convention at Annapolis, September 14, 1786, 
 that further provisions were necessary to make the Government adequate 
 to the exigencies of the 164 
 
 UNION. Declaration, by resolution of Congress, February 21, 17S7, that 
 such alterations were necessary in the articles of Confederation as to 
 render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of the Govern- 
 ment and preservation of the 166 
 
 UNION is involved our prosperity, felicity, safety, and perhaps our national 
 existence. Opinion of George Washington, that in the consolidation of 
 our 188 
 
 UNION. Remarks on the ratification of the Constitution by the original 
 States, and on the right and discretionary power of Congress to admit 
 "New States" into the - 408 
 
 UTAH Territory. Proceedings in Congress relative to the ..... ~ . 448 
 
 VACANCIES in representation of Congress how filled ~> . 3 
 
 VACANCIES in seats of Senators in Congress how filled 3 
 
 VACANCIES in offices of the U. S. that may happen during recess of the Sen- 
 ate how filled 16 
 
 VACANCIES in the offices both of President and Vice President. An act decla- 
 ring the officer who shall act as President in case of 291 
 
 VACANCIES in the college of electors, Ac. Each State may provide by law for 
 
 filling * 302 
 
 VAN BUREN, as Vice President of the U. S. Election of Martin 327 
 
 VAN BUREN, as President of the U. S. Election of Martin 328 
 
 VAN BUREN, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of Martin 342 
 
 VAN BUREN, as Senator of the U. S. Terms of service of Martin - 355
 
 INDEX. 519 
 
 VESSELS being fitted out or armed, in whole or in part, in the U. S., against 
 any foreign power with which the U. S. is at peace. An act to prevent- 296 
 
 VERMONT. Chronological statement oi'the formation of the Government of 412 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT of the U. S. from 1789 to 1853. (See Electoral Votes.) Elec- 
 toral votes for 315-332 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT of the U. S. by the Senate, he not having a majority of 
 electoral votes. Richard M. Johnson elected 328 
 
 VICE PRESIDENTS and Presidents pro tempore from March 4, 1789, to 
 March 3, 1851. Attendance in the Senate of the - 336-345 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT. Act relative to election of President and Vice Presi- 
 dent, and declaring what officer shall act as President in case of vacan- 
 cies in offices of President and 291 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT in case of vacancies in those offices. Provision for the 
 election of a President and ~ -~ 293 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT to be delivered into the office of Secretary of State. A 
 resignation or refusal to accept the office of- - 293 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT to commence on March 4, &c. Term of office of the- 293 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT of the U.S. An aet providing compensation to the Presi- 
 dent and - 293 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT in all the Stales. An act to establish a uniform time for 
 elections of electors of President and 302 
 
 VICE PRESIDENT, to qualify him as President of the U. S. Oath of John 
 Tyler 331 
 
 VIRGINIA, in 1786, appointing Commissioners to meet those of other States at 
 Annapolis, to consider a general and uniform system of trade, &c., and 
 commerce. Resolution of the commonwealth of 160 
 
 VIRGINIA, in 1786, for appointing deputies to Convention to revise Federal 
 Constitution. Act of the Commonwealth of 167 
 
 VIRGINIA. Chronological statement of the charters and constitutions of 408 
 
 VIRGINIA, In relation to the North- Western Territory. Recommendation by 
 Congress to 418 
 
 VIRGINIA, on March 1, 1784. North- Western Territory ceded to the U. S. by 422 
 
 VOTES for President and Vice President of the U. S. Provision of the Con- 
 stitution relative to electoral 29 
 
 VOTES for President and Vice President of the U. S. from 1789 to 1853. 
 Electoral 315-334 
 
 VOTES for President and Vice President of the U. S. Enactments of law 
 regarding the electoral 291 
 
 VOTES. Compensation to,, and penalties of, persons to deliver the electoral 292 
 
 VOTES. Compensation to the persons to deliver the electoral 300 
 
 WAR, from 1789 to 1847. Names, States, services, &c., of the Secretaries of 398 
 WASHINGTON to be General and commander-in-chief of the army of the 
 United Colonies, June 17, 1775. Appointment by Congress of the Confede- 
 ration of George 2M
 
 520 INDEX. 
 
 WASHINGTON to Congress, accepting the appointment. Address of 
 George 201 
 
 WASHINGTON as General and commander in-chief. Commission to 
 George 202 
 
 WASHINGTON, with their lives and fortunes, for the maintenance and pre- 
 servation of American liberty. Resolution of Congress of June 17, 1775, 
 that they will maintain, assist, and adhere to George 203 
 
 WASHINGTON, August 26, 17S3, on the termination of the war. Address of 
 the President of Congress to George 203 
 
 WASHINGTON to the same. Reply of George 204 
 
 WASHINGTON, commander-in-chief. Resolution of Congress of December 
 20, 1783, that a public audience be given to George - 205 
 
 WASHINGTON, comrnander-in-chief. Resolution of Congress of December 
 20, 1783, that a public entertainment be given to George 205 
 
 WASHINGTON of his commission as commander-in-chief of the American 
 army, December 23, 1783. Resignation by George 208 
 
 WASHINGTON, in answer to the same. Address of Thomas Mifflin, Presi- 
 dent of Congress, to George 209 
 
 WASHINGTON by Houdon. Remarks and correspondence relating to, and 
 John Marshall's opinion of the accuracy of, the statuary likeness of 
 George - 205-207 
 
 WASHINGTON appointed a deputy from Virginia to the Convention which 
 formed the Constitution. George + 169 
 
 WASHINGTON, President of the Convention, in 1787, transmitting the Con- 
 stitution to the Congress of the Confederation. Letter from- George 183 
 
 WASHINGTON, President of the U. S. First election of George 315 
 
 WASHINGTON, as President of the U. S., dated April 6, 1789. Certificate 
 of the election of George 210 
 
 WASHINGTON, as President of the U. S., by the Chancellor of the State of 
 New York, April 30, 1789. The oath of office administered to George 211 
 
 WASHINGTON, as President of the U. S. April 30, 1789. Inaugural address 
 of George 21 1 
 
 WASHINGTON, President of the U. S. Second election of George 316 
 
 WASHINGTON, President of the U. S., September 17, 1796. Farewell ad- 
 dress of George 215 
 
 WASHINGTON, as Lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of the ar- 
 mies of the U. S., July 3, 1798. Appointment of George 231-239 
 
 WASHINGTON. Proceedings of the Government and funeral oration of 
 Henry Lee on the death of George 240-247 
 
 WASHINGTON. Origin of the words " First in war, first in peace, and first 
 in the hearts of his countrymen," as applicable to George 242 
 
 WASHINGTON. Addresses of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
 respectively, to the President of the U. S., and his replies thereto, on the 
 death of George 244,264 
 
 WASHINGTON in the Capitol at the city of Washington, and that his body 
 be deposited under it. Resolution of Congress directing that a marble 
 monument be erected by the U. S. to General 245
 
 INDEX. 521 
 
 WASHINGTON, consenting that the body of her deceased husband, George 
 Washington, be interred under a monument in the city of Washington. 
 Letter from Martha 261 
 
 WASHINGTON. Act of Congress extending the privilege of franking let- 
 ters and packages to Martha aG2 
 
 WAYNE, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the U. S. Letter of 
 approbation from James M. xil 
 
 \VEB.STER, Secretary of State of the United States, Letter of approbation from 
 
 Daniel xxii 
 
 WISCONSIN. Chronological ' statement of the formation of the govern- 
 ment of- 441 
 
 WRIGHT, late Governor of New York, Senator of the U. S., &c. Letter of 
 approbation from Silas XT 
 
 THE KND.
 
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