BANCROFT LIBRARY THE TERRITORY ARIZONA; A BRIEF HISTORY AND SUMMARY TERRITORY'S ACQUISITION, ORGANIZATION, AND MINERAL, AGRICULTURAL AND GRAZING RE- SOURCES; EMBRACING A REVIEW OF ITS INDIAN TRIBES THEIR DEPREDATIONS AND SUBJUGATION; AND SHOWING IN BRIEF THE PRESENT CONDI- TION AND PROSPECTS OF THE TERRITORY. By Authority of the Legislature. TUCSON: Printed at The Citizen Office, 1874. CONTENTS: Act Authorizing Publication 1 Preface 2 Acquisition and Organization of the Territory 3 Counties 4 Principal Towns . 6 Rivers of Arizona 10 Mountains 12 Agriculture, Mining, etc 14 Grazing 18 Mines and Mining 18 Plants and Trees 21 Climate 23 Wagon Roads and Mail Routes 26 Railroads and Telegraphs 27 Ancient Ruins 28 Manufactories 29 The Indian Tribes 30 Schools 36 Military 36 Federal Officers of the Territory 37 Taxation and Finance 38 Crimes ... 38 r- AN ACT TO AUTHORIZE THE PUBLICATION OF INFORMATION OF THE RESOURCES OF THE TERRITORY OF ARIZONA. Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Arizona : SECTION 1. That A. P. K. Safford is hereby coastituted and appointed a Commis- .sioner to prepare and cause to be published reliable information upon the pastoral, mineral, agricultural, and other resources of the Territory ; also the cost and facil- ities of coming to the Territory by the different railroads, stage routes and emigrant roads; and such other information as he may consider of value to persons desiring to emigrate to this Territory. SEC. 2. It shall be the duty of said Commissioner to preppre the information .aforesaid by January 1, 1874 ; and he is hereby authorized to contract for the publi- cation of three thousand copies in pamphlet form upon such reasonable terms as he may deem just and right ; provided, that the total expense for publishing and -distributing them shall not exceed three hundred dollars. SEC. 3. Upon the completion of said publication to the satisfaction of the Com- missioner, he shall certify to the Territorial Auditor the amount due for said work, and to whom ; and the Territorial Auditor shall draw his warrant for the amount in favor of the person to whom the same is due, as shall appear by the certificate of said Commissioner ; and the Territorial Treasurer is hereby authorized and di- rected to pay said warrant out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appro- priate i. SEC. 4. It shall be the duty of the Commissioner to distribute said pamphlets in such a manner as will give them the widest and most useful circulation, and that twenty copies shall be furnished to each member of the Legislative Assem- bly. SEC. 5. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. APPROVED February 13, 1873. PREFACE. In preparing this pamphlet description of Arizona and its- E/esources, the writer has endeavored to give as briefly as pos- sible such information as persons desiring to come here would most want to know. The limited appropriation of $300 for printing and distributing, rendered it impossible to describe in a satisfactory manner all that would be desired by those seek- ing for information, but it is believed enough has been said to convince any candid man that there is here room for a large number of honest, sober, industrious people, where they can obtain homes in a mild climate and in a few years become independent. To others who will not move, but waste their time in complaining of their ill luck, and of the country that does not make them rich without an effort, I would say that there is no room or opportunities for them here. We want a live, energetic people, with strong arms and willing hearts to cover our plains with herds, to cultivate our fields and open our mines of gold and silver; we want families who will favor education and help to build school houses and establish schools, so that every child may be given an education. With such a people we can soon make Arizona the fairest star in the con- stellation of States. A. P. K SAFFOBD, Commissioner- Acquisition and Organization of the Territory. The portion of Arizona lying north of the Gila river, was obtained from the Government of Mexico, under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2d, 1848, and the portion lying south of the Gila, was obtained by purchase from the Govern- ment of Mexico, under the treaty made by James Gaddsen, on the part of the United States, at Mexico, December 30, 1853; and extends west from the 109 deg. meridian of longitude to the 115th deg., and north from 31 deg. 20 sec. of north latitude to the 37th deg. parallel; and is bounded on the north by Ne- vada and Utah; on the east by New Mexico; on the south by Sonora, and on the west by California and Nevada, and con- tains 77,383,680 acres of land. The act of Congress providing for the organization of Ari- zona became a law February 24, 1863, and the Territory was formally organized by the Territorial officers at Navajo Springs, forty miles west of Zuni, December 29th, 1863. The officers there took the oath of office. Governor Goodwin issued a proc- lamation, and Hon. K. C. McCormick, then Secretary of the Territory, made the following address : GENTLEMEN: As the properly qualified officer, it becomes my duty to inaugurate the proceedings of the day. After a long and trying journey we have arrived within the limits of the Territory of Arizona. These broad plains and hills form a part of the district over which, as the representatives of the United States, we are to establish a civil government. , Happily, although claimed by those now in hostility to the Federal arms, we take possession of the Territory without resort to military force. The flag, which I hoist in token of my authority, is no new and untried banner. For nearly a century it has been the recognized, the honored, the loved emblem of law and liberty. From Canada to Mexico, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, millions of strong arms are raised in its defence, and above the efforts of all foreign or domestic foes, it is destined to live untarnished and transcendent. COUNTIES. Counties. The Territory is divided into five counties, viz: Pima, Yuma, Mohave, Yavapai, and Maricopa. PIMA COUNTY. This county is bounded on the north by the Gila river; on the east by New Mexico; on the south by Sonora, and on the west by Yuma county. It is the oldest inhabited county in the Territory, and contains the most population. The western end of the county, to a line drawn north and south from the Gila river to the Sonora line, and passing a few miles west of Tucson, is uninhabited after leaving the Gila river, except by the Pap- ago Indians, whose habitation will hereafter be described. This belt of country is composed of plains, covered with grass, and considerable portions of it with mesquite wood, and broken or detached chains of mountains. Wherever water can be found, grazing is excellent, and experience in sinking wells demon- strates that water may be procured almost anywhere in Arizona but without thus increasing the supply of water, much of this section must remain valueless. The county south of the Gila and east of the line heretofore mentioned, is watered by the San Pedro aiul Santa Cruz rivers and several smaller streams, and is composed of plains, valleys and broken chains of mountains. Nearly every portion of it is covered with nutritious grasses ; live oak and mesquite grow in abundance for fuel, on the plains and in the valleys, and many of tlie mountains are covered with excellent forests of timber. No better grazing country can be found, and it is nearly all yet unoccupied. The valleys possess excellent agricultural advan- tages ; with irrigation two crops are annually produced on the same land . Many of these valleys were settled by the Catho- lic fathers over one hundred years ago, and a history of the changes that have since ensued would fill a large volume. It is sufficient to say that over a century ago, these fathers, at- tracted by the salubrity of the climate and the fertility of the soil, established several missions, improved farms, introduced herds, and built churches, one of which is still well preserved, COUNTIES. 5 (the San Xavier, nine miles south of Tucson), and for style of architecture and solidity of construction, is admired by all who see it. YUMA COUNTY. This county is formed out of the southwestern portion of the Territory, and is bounded on the west by the Colorado river. The Gila river runs about 150 miles in a westerly course through its valley. The balance of the country is mostly high table land, with frequent broken mountains, and is generally desti- tute of water; portions of the year these lands are covered with excellent grass, but until water is increased by sinking- wells, the larger portion of this belt of country will be of little value. MOHAVE COUNTY. This county is formed out of the northwestern part of the Territory, and is bounded on the west by the Colorado river. The portion lying east of the Colorado river is generally rolling and hilly, covered with nutritious grasses and an abundance of wood and timber. Stock thrives the }'ear through without prepared food. There is a free pasturage in this county alone, yet unoccupied, for immense herds, and many valleys of excel- lent agricultural lands. YAVAPAI COUNTY. This county is bounded on the north and west by Mohave county; on the east by New Mexico, and the south by Maricopa county. Nearly the entire county has an elevation of from five thousand to six thousand feet above the level of the sea, and several mountains rise to the highth of 12,000 to 14,000 feet. It contains large forests of excellent timber, and many valleys superior for agriculture. Grass is abundant everywhere, and the advantages for stock raising cannot be excelled. Consider- able attention has been paid to farming, and with the excep- tion of three dry seasons, the yield has been equal to that of other favored grain growing States. The farmers of this county have depended entirely upon the rainfall to grow their crops. Experience seems to prove that irrigation will have to be re- is orted to in order to insure a certain yield. 6 PRINCIPAL TOWNS. MARICOPA COUNTY. This county is bounded on the north by Yavapai county; on the east by New Mexico; on the south by the Gila river, or Pima county, and on the west by Yuma. The people are nearly all engaged in agriculture, and are mostly located in Salt River Yalley. This valley is one of the largest and most productive in the Territory; has been settled less than six years, and now contains sufficient population to sustain a county government. The lands are cultivated by irrigation, and there is an abun- dance of water in Salt River for the use of a vast extent of coun- try. The people who settled here commenced with little or no means, and by industry and economy have constructed irri- gating canals and made improved farms, and are now in a pros- perous and comparatively independent position. Principal Towns. TUCSON is located in the Santa Cruz Yalley, three hundred miles east of Arizona City, on the overland road from San Diego, California, to Santa Fe, New Mexico; is the capital of the Territory, and the county seat of Pima county, and has a population of about thirty-five hundred. It has been a town of some importance for about a century. The Mexican Gov- ernment had a military post here before the country was ceded to the United States, and it is now the principal place for the exchange of commodities between Arizona and Sonora. The people of that country bring here wheat, barley, corn, fruits, salt, coarse sugar, tobacco, cigars, and other products of their country, and exchange them for goods and money. Tucson contains a number of heavy mercantile houses, a drug store, news depot, one saw mill, various hotels and restaurants, sev- eral shoemaker and tailor shops, two breweries, a number of meat markets, and several bakeries. The Arizona Citizen, owned and edited by John Wasson, is published here. It is issued weekly, and is an able exponent of the sentiment of the people and the true interests of the country. The professions are represented by three practicing physicians, and three law- yers. The Supreme Court holds annual sessions here. There are two public free schools in successful operation, in charge PRINCIPAL TOWNS. 7 of able and experienced teachers. The daily average attend- ance is about seventy-five, and the number is constantly in- creasing. The Sisters of St. Joseph have a Seminary for young ladies, which is quite well attended. The Catholics have a church, (the only one here), that is well attended and supported. The town is built almost entirely of adobes, and its plan gives it the appearance of a Mexican town. Seven-eighths of the population are Mexican, and the Spanish language is more spoken than the English. PRESCOTT is located 155 miles east of the Colorado Biver by the wagon road, and 403 miles west of Albuquerque, New Mexico. It is the county seat of the county, and the head- quarters for the Military Department of Arizona; coutaining a population of about 1,200; is pleasantly situated in a valley, surrounded by a forest of pines. The buildings are generally constructed of wood, and have the appearance of taste and comfort. Its green hills, tall pines and productive gardens, give it an appearance of beauty and comfort rarely excelled. The people are energetic and enterprising, and have used every possible exertion to overcome the obstacles of Indian hostilities, high transportation, and to develop the resources of the coun- try . They are justly proud of their mountain home, and gen- erally desire to remain there for life. It contains several large mercantile houses, two of which are fire-proof, and would do credit to any old settled town. Several carpenter, wagon and blacksmith shops, a drug store and news depot, and saloons. Tailor and shoemaker shops, two breweries, a match factory, and near town a good saw mill that affords lumber at reasona- ble rates to the country around. The Arizona Daily and Weekly Miner, edited by John H. Marion, is published here. It is ably conducted and is justly appreciated for the fidelity with which it has sustained the interests of the Territory and given publicity to its vast undeveloped resources. A good public free school is now in operation, in charge of a most excellent teacher; the daily average attendance is about forty, and a good school house has been erected at a cost of $2,000. A Methodist missionary holds service Sundays, but no church has yet been erected. The professions are represented by two practicing physicians and four lawyers. ARIZONA CITY is located at the junction of the Gila and Colo- 8 PBINCIPAL TOWNS. rado rivers ; is the county seat of Yuma county, and contains &, population of about 1,200 one-third American and two-thirds Mexican. It is the principal military depot of supplies for the troops of Southern Arizona, and the goods shipped to mer- chants in Southern Arizona are landed at this point. It con- tains several large mercantile houses, a drug store, carpenter: wagon and blacksmith shops, news depot, tailor and shoe shops, and one brewery. The Arizona Sentinel is published here, and is owned and edited by Judge William J. Berry. The present proprietor has but recently taken possession of the paper, but is an old and esteemed resident of the Territory, and under his charge the Sentinel has been molded into an excellent local paper. A good school house has been erected and a free public school, in charge of an experienced teacher, is now being taught. The number of children requires another teacher, and one has already been engaged. One church (Catholic) has been erected. The professions have one lawyer and two physi- cians. EHEENBUKG is located by the river 140 miles above Arizona, City, on the Colorado; contains a population of about 400, and is the principal shipping point for Central Arizona. It has been built within the past two years, and was the rival of La Paz, located five miles above, but the superior advantages for delivering goods at this landing, caused the rapid decline of La Paz, which is now nearly depopulated. It contains several large forwarding and commission houses, blacksmith and wagon shops, and in addition to the trade with Central Arizona, large amounts of goods are sold to supply the mines up the Colorado river. A free school has been open in this place three months during the present year, and it is anticipated that it will be kept open at least six months during the year to come. PHCENIX is located in Salt Eiver valley, twenty-five miles above the confluence of the Gila and Salt rivers. It is the county seat of Maricopa county, and has been selected as the site for the Territorial Penitentiary, though no buildings have yet been erected. It contains a number of stores, saloons, hotels and livery stables; also carpenter, blacksmith and wagon shops. The largest flouring mill in the Territory is located at Mill City, four miles distant, and is owned by W. B. Hellings- PRINCIPAL TOWNS. 9' & Co . A good school house has been erected here, and a most excellent free school is now being taught, and is attended by about forty pupils. Six miles below another school dis- trict has been organized and a school house erected. A free school has been open in this district four months during the year. Keligious services are held, usually on Sundays, by a Methodist clergyman. There are two physicians and four lawyers in this place. FLORENCE is pleasantly located at the head of the farming set- tlement on the Gila river, about eighty miles north of Tucson. It contains several mercantile houses, blacksmith shops, and has a Catholic Church. Kows of trees have been planted along the streets, and it is destined to be one of the most pleasant towns in the Territory. The inhabitants have just completed a good school house, and a free school is now open, which is attended by about forty. pupils. SANFORD is located on the Gila, about four miles below Flor- ence. Bichard & Co. have a flour mill and store at this place.. HARDYVILLE is located on the Colorado river, and is practi- cally at the head of navigation, though steamers sometimes go as high up the river as El Dorado Canyon, and one several years ago went as high as Colviile. It is the depot for supplies for the Wallapai and other mining districts in Mohave county. It was formerly the county seat, but the last Legislature re- moved it. The principal part of the town was burned about two years ago, and but a small portion of it has since been re-built. CERBAT is located thirty miles east of Hardy ville, in the Wallapai mining district, and is the county seat of Mohave county. It contains several mercantile houses, saloons, black- smith shops, and one furnace for the smelting of gold and sil- ver ore. It is in the center of a rich mining district, and is destined to be a town of considerable importance. A free school has been open in this place during six months of the year. Two physicians and two lawyers reside here . MINERAL PARK is located six miles north from Cerbat. A small quartz mill has been erected here, but on account of 10 RIVERS OF ARIZONA. imperfect machinery it lias not been made a success. This town is centrally located, and with the development of the rich mines that surround it, will undoubtedly become a town of -considerable importance. CHLORIDE is located three miles north of Mineral Park, in the center of a very rich mining section, but as yet the mines have been but little developed, and the town has not assumed much importance . WICKENBURG is located on Hassayampa creek, in Yavapai county, about ninety miles south of Prescott. It contains two stores, a hotel and blacksmith shop, and is centrally located in .a very rich mining section. Rivers of Arizona. Green and Grand rivers form the head of the Colorado . The former rises in Idaho and runs a southerly course and unites with Grand river in Utah; the latter rising in Colorado Terri- tory and running a southwesterly course to its junction with Green river. After these two rivers unite, the stream takes the name Colorado, and runs in a southerly course and empties into the north end of the Gulf of California. It forms the boun- dary line between the State of California and Arizona, from the 35th parallel of north latitude, thence down said river. It is navigable a distance of about five hundred miles. Owing to the constant drifting and washing away of the sandy alluvial soil through which it passes, the water is of a reddish color, .and thus the name Colorado, meaning red river. The water is soft and very healthful. The river passes through an immense gorge for a considerable distance after entering the northern part of the Territory. The perpendicular walls that rise on either side many hundreds of feet, and the seething, foaming torrent that forces its way through these rock-bound passages, form a sight wonderful to behold. From Hardyville down to the mouth of the river there are several hundred thousand acres of bottom land, capable of producing almost any thing that springs from the earth ; but the river is constantly chang- ing its channel, and unless some means can be devised to RIVERS OF ARIZONA. 11 control its waters, a large portion of these lands will be value- less for agriculture. There is no question that they will pro- duce most excellent cotton and rice, and the time may come when engineering skill will redeem them from the devastation of the waters of the Colorado; and when that time comes, a rich field for an immense population will be opened. The principal tributaries emptying into the Colorado, in Arizona, are the Gila, Little Colorado, Virgin and Bill "Williams' Fork. The Gila river rises in the Mogollon mountains in New Mexico and runs a westerly course across Arizona, and empties into the Colorado at Arizona City. The valley of the Gila is in many places from two to ten miles in width, and the soil is most excellent for agricultural purposes, and the advantages for a free pasture on either side, as far away as animals can feed, where they will thrive the year through without prepared food, can hardly be over-estimated. The agricultural resources of this valley will be referred to hereafter. The Little Colorado rises in New Mexico, and runs in a northwesterly direction and empties into the Colorado about fifty miles south of the Utah line. There is some excellent farming land on this river, and superior grazing advantages. Considerable stock has been brought there during the present year from New Mexico and Texas. The Virgin river rises in Utah and runs south into the Col- orado. Bill Williams' Fork rises in Arizona and runs westerly to the Colorado It has very good grazing advantages, and some agriculture. Salt river heads in the White mountains and runs a south- westerly direction and empties into the Gila. The upper por- tion runs through a mountainous country, well supplied with wood, timber and grass. The lower portion opens into a broad valley, which extends to the Gila river. This valley contains the largest amount of agricultural land to be found in one body in the Territory, and Salt river has the largest volume of water except the Colorado. A more definite description of the agri- cultural resources of this section will be given hereafter. The San Pedra river rises in Sonora and runs in a northwest- 12 MOUNTAINS. erly direction and empties into the Gila. Its valley is of a rich alluvial soil and is very productive ; the table lands on either side are well supplied with nutritious grasses, and afford one of the best stock ranges in the Territory. The Santa Cruz rises in Sonora, near the line, and runs in a northwesterly direction towards the Gila, but sinks a few miles below Tucson. The valley of this river contains rich agricul- tural lands, and grazing on either side is excellent. The Yerde rises in the San Francisco mountains and runs in a southerly direction and empties into Salt river; the valley contains some excellent agricultural lands, with excellent graz- ing advantages. Many of the mountains through which it runs are covered with pine forests. There are many smaller streams, such as the Francisco, Bo- nito, Negro. Barbecornera, Cipacui, Tonto, Cherry, etc . Mountains. That portion of the Territory north of a line drawn east and west from Prescott, is called by Lieutenant Wheeler, in his excellent report to the War Department, in 1871, the Colorado Plateau . He says : ' ' This vast plateau extends over the whole of Northern Arizona, from near Hualapai valley to the east. Throughout its whole extent, at least that portion which I trav- eled over, the rolling hills are, as a general thing, covered with grass." In this belt of country there are several prominent elevated mountain peaks. The San Francisco has the greatest altitude of any in the Territory, rising about 13,000 feet above the level of the sea. There is very little regularity to the moun- tains of Arizona. The plateau above referred to, has an eleva- tion of 6,000 to 7,000 feet, and the most prominent mountain peaks or ranges are the San Francisco, Bill Williams, Mount Floyd, Mt. Kendrick, Humphrey's Peak, Cerbat Range, Juniper Range and Black Forest. East of the Verde and south of a line drawn east from Prescott and north of the Gila, are the Pinal, Apache, Mazatzal, Sierra Ancha, Mogollon and White Mountains. These mountains are mostly covered with excellent timber, and the mountains and high table lands are covered with grass. It may be truly said that these mountains MOUNTAINS. 13 have been not only a home, but the stronghold of the Apaches. The country is difficult of access and contains caverns and per- pendicular gorges with which the Apaches were familiar, and from which for centuries they have sallied forth to murder and rob the people of Arizona, Sonora and Chihuahua; and until Gen. Crook, about a year ago, penetrated these mountain fastnesses with his troops and Indian allies, they had been masters of the situation, and had successfully resisted all attempts to dislodge them. There are still a few roving Apaches in these moun- tains, but the number is too small for them to undertake raid- ing upon the surrounding country, and scouting parties are constantly pursuing them, and they will soon be exterminated if they do not surrender and consent to live at peace on the Reservations. A large portion of the country above described is known to contain gold, silver, copper, lead and iron ores, in greater or less abundance ; good coal, and large deposits of pure salt have also been found; but until recently there has been no opportu- nity to prospect the region, except with a large party, and by such very few discoveries have ever been made. A line drawn west from Prescott to the Colorado and east to the Verde, and including that country west of the Yerde and east of the Colorado and north of the Gila, may be described as follows: The northeastern part is a high plateau, well timr bered and covered with grass, and contains many productive valleys; the most prominent mountain ranges or peaks are the Bradshaw, Granite and Antelope. The country gradually de- scends on the west over rolling hills, then broad plains, with here and there isolated ragged mountains to the Colorado river, the country being mostly covered with grass and well adapted to stock-raising; and south with a gradual descent over about the same kind of country into the valleys of Salt and Gila rivers. The country south of the Gila to the Sonora line, and east of the Colorado to New Mexico, may be described as composed of vast plains with numerous broken mountains, in every shape, and running in all directions. The largest and most prominent mountains in this section are the Chiricahua, Huachuca, Santa Rita, Patagonia, Dragoon, Graham, Turnbull and San Catariua. 14 AGRICULTURE, MINING, ETC. The Santa Eita is the highest of these mountains, and is sup- posed to be about 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. Many of the above mountains are covered with forests of excellent timber, while the plains are well wooded with mesquite and live oaks. Nearly the whole country is covered with excellent grass, and gold, silver, copper and lead abound in all of them . Many old abandoned mines are found that were worked centu- ries ago, the work probably having been stopped by the hostile Apaches. The agricultural valleys of this region will be de- scribed hereafter. Agriculture, Mining, Etc. The Legislature passed an act requiring the Assessors to take the statistics of the counties at the time of making their annual assessments, but in Yavapai county the statistics were not taken, and in others but partially. The following is a synopsis, and the information will be of considerable value; and it is hoped that during next year the work will be more carefully attended to, so that a complete exhibit may be made of the amount and class of grain produced, the cost of producing, and the price received. PIMA COUNTY. Number of acres planted with the various kinds of grain and ^egetables, 5,869; average yield of wheat and barley per acre, 1,500 pounds; average yield of corn per acre, 2,000; average yield of potatoes per acre, 4,000 pounds. Average price of cultivation: Wheat and barley per acre, $15; corn and potatoes, $20. Average price received : Wheat, barley and corn, 2 J cents per pound; potatoes five cents per pound. P. E. Brady planted seven acres of sugar cane on the Gila river r.nd reports the cost of cultivation per acre at $25, making a total cost of $175, from which he made sugar and molasses worth $350. A large number of fruit trees and vines have been planted recently, but are yet too young to bear. Number of horses, 291; cattle, 3,862; hogs, 585; mules, 174. P. E . Brady & Co. have one flouring mill on the Gila river, and the amount of flour made during the year is reported at 360,000 pounds. Bichard & Co. have a flouring mill on the Gila, but AGRICULTURE, MINING, ETC. 15< : the amount of flour made is not reported. Jesus Estrada has- a flouring mill on the Gila, and reports having made 100,000 pounds of flour. James Lee has a steam flouring mill in Tuc- son, and reports having made during the year 600,000 pounds of flour; he also has a water flouring mill near Tucson, with which he made during the year 364,400 pounds. Victorano Mestis has a water flouring mill on the San Pedro, with which he reports having made 1,000 pounds per day. Mr. James Lee also has a sawmill in Tucson, in connec- tion with his flouring mill. A number of patents for mines have been applied for during the year, and some ore has been shipped and smelted, but no report has been made upon this branch of industry. * YUMA COUNTY. But a meager report was made on the pro- ducts of this county. The Assessor reports the yield of corn, beans, barley and wheat to be twenty-five bushels per acre,' the cost of raising corn, barley and wheat to be $5 per acre ? and the cost of raising beans to be $10 per acre; and the aver- age price received to be, for corn and barley, $1 70; beans, $2 75; wheat, $160 per bushel. The number of horses is re- ported to be 143; cattle, 1,507; hogs, 114; mules, 356; asses, 66; goats, 90. Considerable ore was shipped from the Castle Dome district during the year, but no report of the amount or yield has been made. MARICOPA COUNTY. Total number of acres planted, 9,447.. Number of acres with barley, 6,298 7,557,600 pounds; wheat, 2,8842,884,000 pounds; alfalfa, 651,300,000 pounds; corn, 300 300,000 pounds. Average yield per acre of wheat, 1,000 pounds; barley, 1,200; corn, 1,000; alfalfa, 20,000. Expense of cultivating per acre, $15 ; price received per pound, 1 J cents , Number of fruit trees planted: Peach, 1802; apple, 483; apri- cots, 54; oranges, 37. Number of grapevines, 22,282. Most of the fruit trees are too young to bear. The grapes yield well, and the climate and soil seem well adapted to their growth. Number of horses reported to be 197; mules, 120; cattle, 698;; hogs, 1,500; sheep, 340. One flouring mill, producing two- million pounds. MOHAVE COUNTY. The yield of produce is reported to be as, 16 AGRICULTUKE, MINING, ETC. follows: Potatoes, 125 bushels per acre; corn, 30; cabbage, five tons per acre; onions, two; melons, 400; pumpkins, three tons; sorghum, 12. The expense of cultivation is reported, for potatoes, $40 per acre; corn, $35; cabbage, $150; onions, $100; sorghum, $50 . Average price received : For potatoes, nine cents per pound; corn, eight; cabbage 15; onions, 15; pumpkins, one; sorghum, $30 per ton. Number of cattle, 412; horses and mules, 335; jacks, 13; hogs, 32. Yield of mines reported as follows: Arnold mine, 2,440 tons average per ton, $488; Sun- day School, 3,000 $508; Silver Hill, 15,000 $60; Chas. Gross, -5,000 $100; Sixty-Three, 25,000 $400; Little Chief, 1,600 $800; Cupel Tiger, 3000 $350; Jackson, 2,000 $300; New Era, 5,000 $400; Lone Star, 6,000 $300; Diana, 2,000 $350. There are four arastras, three furnaces, one five-stamp quartz-mill, one saw-mill, and one steam hoisting works, in the Bounty . The principal agricultural settlements are located in Chino, Agua Fria, Williamson, Walnut Grove, Peoples, Kirkland, and Skull valleys. The land in these valleys is rich and very pro- ductive. There is very little water for irrigation, and the three past years have been so dry that crops have been poor . With artesian wells there is but little doubt that water may be devel- oped sufficiently to make crops sure every year. Salt River settlement in Maricopa county, is the largest farming settle- ment in the Territory. The number of acres planted, yield, etc., are given in the statistics of Maricopa county. In this valley there is a large amount of excellent land yet unoccupied, which is open for pre-emption and purchase to actual settlers .at $2 50 per acre, and all lands outside of railroad reserves, $1 25 per acre; and there is plenty of water unappropriated in Salt river. Good improved farms with water rights can be purchased at reasonable rates. The highest settlement on the Gila is at Pueblo Viejo, about fifty miles west of the New Mexican line and about three hun- dred and fifty above the junction 'of the Gila and Colorado. This valley contains about 70,000 acres of most excellent land, and nearly all of it is unoccupied and open for settlement. The yield of products in this valley the past season was extraordi- nary, and it is centrally located for a market at military posts AGRICULTUKE, MINING, ETC. 17 and Indian Eeservations. The grazing advantages of this set- tlement are very superior. Those located there are quite anxious for families to come and settle with them, and will give to such every assistance in their power. Twenty-five miles below this settlement a few families have located, and cut a large ditch for irrigating purposes. There are 25,000 acres in one body at this point of most excellent land, most of which is still unoc- cupied. The settlers at this point are very desirous for the immigration of families, and will render them every possible assistance. Twenty-five miles further down, the San Carlos Apaches are located on a Reserve. The next settlement on the Gila is at Florence. The valley at this point is cultivated for a distance of fifteen miles, and includes within it the town of Sanford. The land is rich and productive. Nearly all the land is under cultivation that can be supplied with water for irrigating purposes, but farms can be purchased on reasonable terms. The next farming settle- ment below is at Gila Bend. This settlement is new, and there is plenty of unoccupied land and water for a large number of immigrants. From Gila Bend to the mouth of the Gila, the land is principally unoccupied. The vallej of the Santa Cruz is quite extensively cultivated at and near Tucson. Some of this land has been under con- tinuous cultivation for over a century, generally producing two crops each year. It has never been enriched, and still produ- ces excellent crops. There are farms on the Santa Cruz at in- tervals for a distance of seventy-live miles. The grazing in the valley and on the table lands adjacent, is superb. The Senoita valley unites with the Santa Cruz about sixty miles above Tuc- son. It is a very rich small valley, and contains several good farms. The San Pedro contains a settlement located a short dis- tance below the Overland road. About eight hundred acres were cultivated at that point this year. There is no better land in the Territory. The valley of the Colorado is but very little cul- tivated except by Indian?. 18 GRAZING. Grazing. It is unnecessary to enter into a description of the grazing lands of Arizona. Enough has already been said to show that the grazing advantages are superior. There are hundreds of excellent locations unoccupied and room for millions of stock, and by reference to the statistics it will be seen that we have but a few thousand. Though the attention of stock-raisers is being turned to the superior advantages of this Territory, and at this time large herds of cattle and sheep are being driven here. No disease has yet appeared among sheep or cattle. Mines and Mining. It is impossible, in the limited space afforded in this pamphlet, to give an adequate idea of the mines of this Territory. There is scarcely a mountain or hill within the Territory that does not contain veins of gold, silver, copper and lead. Owing to various causes, principally Indian hostilities, this vast wealth has been but little developed, and is yet but imperfectly understood. I shall only attempt to refer to a few of the most prominent min- ing districts, and, in order to make the reference as brief as pos- sible, I shall class them by counties. YUMA COUNTY. Gold, silver, copper and lead are found in lodes near the Colorado river, the entire length of the county ; also placer gold in considerable sums has been extracted. No effort has been made to conduct water to these mines ; the gold has generally been obtained by what is called the dry washing process. To pay by this process, the mines must necessarily be very rich, but if water could be obtained, they would undoubt- edly pay well, even when once worked by the other process. Many lodes of gold, silver, copper and lead have been located, and quite a profitable business engaged in by shipping the ores via the Colorado river to San Francisco. The success of these enterprises would warrant the belief that by the erection of ma- chinery and properly opening the mines, they could be made very profitable to the owners. Along the southern border of the county, extensive and rich mines of copper ara found, but owing GRAZING. 19 to the high rate of transportation have not yet been made to pay- MOHAVE COUNTY. It has been known since the organization of the Territory, that nearly all the mountains in this county contained lodes of gold, silver, copper and lead, and, in 1863, an attempt was made to develop and work some of these lodes ; some machinery was erected and considerable money expended, but, as has been the case in nearly all new mining counties, hos- tility of Indians, extravagance, want of experience, etc., the in- vestments proved disastrous, and the mining interest has been paralyzed. About two years ago, operations were again commenced and quite a mining settlement has sprung up at Wallapai about 30 miles East of the Colorado river. A vast number of new mines have been discovered, and new districts have been formed for many miles around. It will be seen by reference to the sta- tistics of Mohave county that the ores that have been shipped and worked are remarkably rich, and from frequent personal ex- amination, I am convinced that with capital prudently invested this will prove to be one of the richest and most extensive min- ing sections on the Pacific Coast. YAVAPAI COUNTY. Owing to the hostility of the Apache In- dians, prospecting and mining has been much retarded over a large portion of the county, but sufficient explorations have been made to demonstrate the fact that it contains extensively rich mines of gold and silver scarcely a mountain has been exam- ined that does not show rich deposits of these metals. Placer gold is found over a large extent of country, and during wet seasons these surface mines are worked with great profit. For three years water has been scarce, and but little work has been done on the immense gravel beds found near Prescott, 'but from present appearances a bountiful supply will be had the coming Spring ; and with a plentiful supply of water, thousands of men could obtain employment near Prescott in placer mining. The discovery of gold and silver quartz lodes are so numerous that it is out of the question to give room in this pamphlet to mention but one or two of the leading ones : The Yulture mine at Wickenburg is principally of gold ore; the lode is large and well defined. A forty.stamp mill erected at Wickenburg was ZO i GRAZING. kept constantly employed crushing ore from tliis mine for sev- eral years, but owing to the great cost of bringing the ore from* the mine to the mill, a distance of 15 miles, and mismanagement of those who controlled it, work was some time ago suspended ; but there is in sight at the mine thousands of tons of free gold ore, worth $15 to $25 per ton, and the time is not far distant when it will again be worked with profit. Messrs. Smith and Taylor, two practical mining and mill men have for the past six months been running a ten-stamp mill on an extension of this lode with great profit, probably not making less than $200 per day, after paying all expenses. In the Bradshaw district the- Tiger lode gives promise of taking an important position beside the great silver bearing mines of Mexico and the United States.. The lode is wide and regular in its formation ; a careful assay of about TOO tons on the dump shows the ore to be worth $100 per ton, and from this, 35 tons were selected and shipped to San> Francisco, and was disposed of for $17,000. There are also- many other valuable mines in this distri-ct. Considerable gold is being taken out by arastras in this district, at Prescott, Wal- nut Grove and Antelope, and without the aid of capital. Our hardy miners, now that the Apaches have been made quiet, wilt eoon demonstrate with gold and silver bars the mineral wealth of the Territory. MARICOPA COUNTY. But very little prospecting has been done in this county, but sufficient to demonstrate the existence of veins of gold, silver, copper and lead in nearly all the mountains- The most important discovery yet made is the Silver Queen., twenty miles north of Florence ; and most excellent prospects have been found in the Final mountains. An excellent vein of coal has been found near Camp Apache, and also a mountain oi pure salt on Salt river. Many legends have been told by cap- tives who have escaped from the Indians, and by Indians who> have been taken as prisoners, of the existence somewhere in this- section of rich placer mines, but all efforts to find them have so> far proved futile. PIMA COUNTY. Xearly all the mountains contain veins of gold, silver, copper and lead, and long before the country was purchased from Mexico, gold and silver mining was earned ou to a considerable extent. After the purchase, the attention of capitalists was attracted here, and considerable money was in- PLANTS AND TKEES. 21 vested with fair prospects of success. About this time, the Great Rebellion broke out, and the Confederate forces took possession ^and confiscated or destroyed all property known to belong to Union men ; then the Union forces re-took the country and con- fiscated or destroyed all property known to belong to those in ; sympathy with the Rebellion, and the Indians and marauding bands took what was left irrespective of creed or parties. This effectually destroyed all mining enterprises, and it is only until within the past year that any effort has been made to revive the mining interest During this time, considerable prospecting lias been done, and a number of patents have been applied for. 'Sufficient developments have been made to warrant the belief that with capital well directed, a very extensive mining field would soon be opened. Certainly there is an abundance of ore, and assays and working tests show that it can be worked to great profit. Plants and Trees, Nearly every variety of wood and plant that grows in other portions of the United States is found in Arizona, and some that -cannot be found except along this southern belt of country. Many varieties of the cactus species are found. The most noted Is the suwarrow, which grows to the hight of thirty to fifty feet, :and from ten to twelve inches in thickness ; the main trunk is straight and has numerous branches or prongs which grow from the main trunk in all manner of curious shapes. Blossoms spring from the top of the main trunk in Spring, and when in full bloom the top looks as though it were decorated with a large, beautiful bouquet. These blossoms ripen by July into sweet fruit the size of figs, which is much prized by the natives. The out- side of the suwarrow is green, and covered with regular rows of thorns running from top to bottom from two to three inches long. The inside is supported with ribs of wood one-half inch in thickness. This wood is used for covering houses and for fuel. The Amole, when once known and appreciated, will be con- sidered among the most valuable natural productions of our country. It grows three or four feet high, and has long, sharp, 22 PLANTS AND TEEES. pointed leaves in the shape of a bayonet. The root is exten- sively used in place of soap, and in many respects is far superior to any soap that is made. The hair washed with it remains soft and glossy for days without the use of oil, and flannel clothes are perfectly cleansed by its use without shrinking. There is an abundance in the Territory to supply the markets of the world, and the time may come when it will be much sought after. The Maguey or Mescal is the most useful of all the natural products of the Territory. The Apache Indians derive the most of their subsistence from it. It grows in nearly every part of Mex- ico, and is made a source of great profit in many portions of that country. In the United States it is only found in Arizona and a portion of ISTew Mexico. It has a large head, something like a cabbage, that grows a few inches from the ground, and is sur- rounded by numerous detached leaves, each one stiff and sharp as a needle, and from the center a stock grows eight to ten ieet in hight, and from two to three inches in diameter. The stock is juicy, sweet and very palatable, but the head is the valuable part of the plant. The Indians cut this head out and roast it ; after this, it is ready for use. It is sweet and nutritious. They pound it and make it in the shape of mats, and in this way pre- serve it a long time. Its juice is often extracted, and when boil- ed down, makes a sirup as delicious as honey ; and by fermen- tation, an intoxicating liquor is made that is called tizwin. The Mexicans distill it and make 'mescal.' This liquor looks like gin and tastes like Scotch whisky, and is as intoxicating as either, and is preferred to almost any other liquor by the Mexicans. Be- fore the tax was levied on the distillation of liquors, large quan- tities were made in the Territory; but since that time the man- ufacture of it has been transferred to Sonora, and the makers- take the chances of smuggling it in without the payment of du- ties. The fiber of the mescal makes excellent ropes, and cloth .and paper have been made from it. The Mesquite or Gum Arabic tree grows over nearly every part of Central and Southern Arizona. The tree is low and bushy, and seldom grows more than a foot in diameter ; the leaf resembles the locust : the \vood is solid and makes excellent fuel,. CLIMATE. 23 and is extensively used in making wagons. Guin Arabic of an excellent quality oozes from it in considerable quantities. It is most plentitul in the months of May and October. It also bears large quantities of beans which in shape resemble the ordinary bean. They are nutritious, and all kinds of stock thrive upon them. The Indians gather them in large quantities and grind them into flour, which affords the larger share of their subsist- ence, when not fed on Reservations. Climate. For the purpose of giving a correct understanding of the cli- mate of the Territory, a letter was addressed to each of the mili- tary posts of the Territory, for a record of the temperature at said posts, for a year past ; and for the following tables I am in- debted to Assistant Surgeon Henry Lippincott, Camp Lowell ; Assistant Surgeon Geo. McC. Miller, Camp Grant ; Acting As- sistant Surgeon Win. A. Tompkins, Camp Mohave ; Acting As- sistant Surgeon J. Reagles, Camp Beale Springs ; Acting Assist- ant Surgeon L. Sanderson, Camp Yerde; Assistant Surgeon Geo. S. Rose, Fort Yuma; Acting Assistant Surgeon L. N. Clark, Camp McDowell ; and Acting Assistant Surgeon I. A. Freeman, Camp Bowie. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT OAMP MOHAVE, MOHAVE COUNTY. November 1872 ........ Max. 69.13 Min. 41.76 Mean. 55.45 December, u 66.61 36.48 51.54 January, 1873 65.01 44.58 54.83 February " . .... 64.46 33.96 49.21 March, " 82.06 24.25 52.11 April " 83.04 31.05 56.15 ^r 111 ? May " 91.07 37.00 64.11 j ? June " 105.19 47.00 76.31 Julv " 108.51 61.48 78.54 August u 102.48 58.35 81.69 September, u , 100.03 55.21 77.90 October. " . 86.09 44.13 65.35 24 CLIMATE. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT CAMP BEAL SPRINGS, MOHAVE Co. April 7A.M. 62 2 P. M 77 . 9 P. M 55 . Mean. 65.19 May .... 64 78 fn 78.05 June 77 96 74 82.13 July 89! 109, 80 88.33 August . . . . .... 74 99 75 80.06 September ... 70 93 71 78.55 October 57 79 58 62.99 November. . 50 78 52 58.55 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT CAMP GRANT, PIMA COUNTY. Daily November, 1872 40.69 62.56 50.45 52.13 December, " 44.83 60.64 51.22 52.23 January, 1873 40.67 61.38 48.59 49.72 .February " .... 43 85 61 64 50 37 51 74 Average mean for four months .... April . . 42.85 54' 83 62.56 74.63 50.45 5600 52.13 61 92 Mav 6435 82.51 6438 7041 June 75 06 94.00 75.63 81 59 July.. 84.80 98.58 82.80 88.02 **v AuTUSt . . 69.64 89.12 76.09 78.50 September 67.63 91.16 67.76 75.51 October 52 22 81 16 55.32 62 90 November. . 41.86 69.30 42.66 51.27 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT CAMP LOWELL, PIMA COUNTY NEAR TUCSON. Monthly January, 1873 .... .... 7 A. M. 36.29 2 P. M. 69.61 9P.M. 49.83 Mean. 51.69 February , , 39.67 69.07 52.25 52.64 March 48 06 8296 64.38 65 12 April * . . 5236 86 03 66.00 68.13 May . . 66.32 91.61 74.25 77.39 June 76.26 103.20 83.60 87.54 July 80.41 103.86 84.51 89.59 August 7393 92.12 79.61 81.89 September 68 96 94.63 76.83 80.23 October .... 57.54 87.38 67.41 70.78 November 48 23 7496 56.53 59.83 December . . 43.03 69.08 52.54 54.90 CLIMATE. 25 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT CAMP YERDE, YAYAPAI COUNTY. Greatest Heat. Lowest Heat. Monthly Mean. December, u . 69 16 54 January, 1873 . 69 10 49 February . 63 20 43 March 80 34 3S April 90 31 61 Mav . .' . . 95 45 67 t J J une . . . 112 52 80 July 113 61 84 Ausrust . . 102 68 81 September 97 50 75 October. . 95 25 61 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT FORT YUMAJ OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE RIVER FROM ARIZONA CITY, YUMA COUNTY. ISovember, 1872 .... Mo. Mean 60.36 Highest. 80.00 Lowest, 42.00 December u 5733 7900 38 00 January, 1873. 57.77 80.00 49.50 February .... 55.41 76.00 41.33 March .... ... 69.29 92.00 42.00 April 70.47 98.00 42,00 Mav . 7747 98.00 54.00 June 87.97 112.00 62.00 Julv . . 93.38 112.00 69.00 "V August .... 85.31 106.00 71.00 September 8481 105.00 5900 October . . 72.84 100.00 48.00 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT CAMP McDowELL, MARICOPA Co. November, 1872. ... Mo. Mean. 53.43 Highest. 60.66 Lowest. 44.33 December, " 53 01 61.00 41.00 January, 1873 .... 50.57 60.00 40.33 Eebruary 50.07 69.33 41.33 March 61.78 71.33 52.33 April .... 6936 81.00 46.00 May... 7643 85.66 65.00 T J J une 88.69 94.66 76.66 July. . 93 01 101.00 86.33 August. . 86.09 96.00 81.00 September 78.77 89.33 79.33 October . . 70.86 88.33 61.00 26 WAGON ROADS AND MAIL ROUTES. AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AT CAMP BOWIE, PIMA COUNTY. Mo. Mean. Highest. Lowest. November, 1872 65.56 75 22 December, " .... . . .... 62.09 79 30 January, 18 73 .... 54.34 68 Zero February ..... 56.00 65 26 March 7274 85 32 April . .... 78.33 82 32 May .... 83.69 90 59 June .... 93.03 104 69 July 96.87 101 72 August 8625 96 64 September ... . . 9040 97 60 October. . 80.32 94 42 The general health of the Territory is good, and for persons afflicted with bronchial or lung complaints, the climate is very beneficial. Many who were on the decline with consumption have been restored to health in this salubrious climate. In some localities, and generally near swamp land, some chills and fever prevail during the months of August and September. These levers are of a mild type, and are easily broken. But the larger part of the Territory is free from malarial diseases. Wagon Roads and Mail Routes. A tri- weekly mail is carried from Messilla, New Mexico, to Los Angeles in California, passing through Arizona via Camp Bowie, Tucson, Florence, Sanford; thence following the Gila down to Arizona City ; thence to San Diego, California. It is two hundred miles from Sari Diego to Arizona City, and three hundred from Arizona City to Tucson. A very good stage line makes regular trips in five days between these points ; fare from San Diego to Tucson, $90. A semi-weekly mail is carried from San Bernardino, California, to Prescott, via Ehrenberg and Wickenberg. Passengers are carried through on this line in six days ; fare, $75. A semi- weekly mail is carried from Tucson via Sanford, Florence, Camp McDowell, Phoenix and Wicken- berg to Prescott ; distance, two hundred and eighty miles. Passengers are carried through in five days ; fare, $50. A semi- BAILED ADS AND TELEGRAPHS. 27 weekly mail is carried from Arizona City up the Colorado via Ehrenberg, Camp Mohave, Hardy ville ; thence to St. George in> Utah Territory. A weekly mail is carried from Prescott via: Camp Beal Springs. Cerbat, Mineral Park and Chloride to Hardyville. A weekly mail is carried from Tucson to the So- nora line, connecting with the Sonora mail at Sasabi Flat ; also a weekly mail from Tucson to Tubac, Kitchen's Ranch and Camp Crittenden. Immigrants desiring to come here from the East will find two- excellent roads with plenty of grass and wood ; water in a few places is scarce, but with a little care no trouble need be en- countered. If immigrants desire to come to the northern or central portion of the Territory, they will find the road via Al- buquerque, thence to Prescott, preferable ; but if to the south- ern part of the Territory, the old Overland Road via Messilla i& the better route. Immigrants from the Pacific Coast, if they de- sire to come to northern or central Arizona, will find the short- est and best road to be from Los Angeles and San Bernardino via Ehrenberg or Hardyville ; and those desiring to come to south- ern Arizona, from San Diego via Arizona City. Goods are freighted over the routes before mentioned at a cost of about twelve cents per pound laid down at Prescott or Tuc- son. The Colorado Steam Navigation Company run a steamer monthly between San Francisco and the mouth of the Colorado river. Most of the military supplies and a large amount of citi- zen freight are brought in this way, and many passengers go and come by this line. The time between the mouth of the river and San Francisco is ten days. Railroads and Telegraphs. The Texas and Pacific Railroad has commenced work at both ends of the route. The road will run across Arizona near the thirty-second parallel, and it is expected that it will be completed within four years. A Telegraph line is now completed to the- principal towns of Arizona, connecting with the Western Union lines at San Diego, California. "28 ANCIENT RUINS. Ancient Ruins. Many portions of the Territory are covered with ruins, which prove conclusively it was once densely populated by a people far in advance, in point of civilization, of most of the Indian tribes. There is no written record of them, and it is only a mat- ter of conjecture who and what they were. Occasionally a de- serted house is found sufficiently well preserved to ascertain the character of the architecture. The walls of the Casa Grande, situated on the Gila, near Sanford, are still two stories above the ground. In size the structure is about 30x60 feet; the walls save thick and made of mud, which was evidently confined and dried as it was built. It is divided into many small rooms, and the partitions are also made of mud. The floors were made by placing sticks close together and covering them with cement. Around and near the Casa Grande, are the ruins of many other buildings, but by the lapse of time the decay ot vegetation lias formed earth and nearly covered them, and all that now marks the place where once a stately mansion stood, is the elevation of the ground. Xear the Ancha mountains are ruins not so exten- sive, but in far better preservation than the Casa Grande, and near these ruins are old arastras, for the reduction of silver ores, which indicate that this old people were not unmindful of the root of all evil. On the Verde river are immense rooms dug in from the sides of high, perpendicular sandstone banks, that can only be reached with ladders. Very little information is obtained by excavating these ruins. Pottery of an excellent quality, and ornamented with paint, is found everywhere, and occasionally a stone ax is unearthedj but nothing to indicate that they were a warlike people ; on the -contrary, scarcely an implement of defense can be found, though there are reasons to believe from the numerous look-outs or places for observation to be seen on the tops of hills and mountains, and the construction of their houses, that they had enemies, and that they were constantly on the alert to avoid surprise ; and also, that by the hands of these enemies they perished. It is not im- probable that the Apaches were the enemies who caused their ^destruction. Indeed, the Apaches have a legend that such is MANUFACTURES. 2$ the case. During the past year I opened an old ruin at Pueblo Viejo, on the upper Gila, and found the bones of several humais beings within ; also the bones of a number of domestic animals. On the fire, an olla (crockery ware \ 7 essel) was found with the bones of a fowl in it, and it appeared as though the people within had resisted an attack from an enemy, and had finally been murdered. Shortly after, I visited a ruin in Chino valley y twenty miles north of Prescott, and over three hundred miles from Pueblo Yiejo, and there found that Mr. Banghart had opened a ruin on his farm. In it he found the bones of several human beings, five adults and some children, and the evidences- were unmistakable that the inmates had died by violence, as the door and window had been walled up with stone, evidently to resist a hostile foe. The subject is an interesting one, and it is to be hoped that further excavations may throw more light upon the subject. The ruins of towns, farms and irrigating canals that are to be seen on every hand over this vast Territory*, give abundant proof that this country was once densely inhabited, and that the people who lived here maintained themselves by cultivating the soil. Probably that is about all we shall ever know of them. Many hieroglyphics are to be seen on rocks in differ- ent portions of the Territory, but by whom made, or what they mean, no one knows. In excavating a well between Tucson and the Gila, at the depth of one hundred and fifty feet, pottery and other articles, the same as are found in the vicinity of ruins, were iaken out. Manufactures. The opportunity for advantageously engaging in the manu- facture of many articles used and consumed in the Territory, is inviting. It is estimated that fourteen thousand boxes of soap is consumed annually by the citizens, exclusive of what is used by the army. Nearly all the material necessary to make this article can be obtained here cheap, and a saving made of twelve- to fifteen cents per pound, with good profits to the producer. Hides are sold at seventy-five cents to one dollar each. All ma- terials necessary for the manufacture of leather can be had cheap: 30 THE INDIAN TRIBES. and the quantity of leather used by the army and citizens, and paid for at an extravagant price, is very great. But a small portion of the bacon and pork used in the Territory is produced here; and in consequence bacon commands thirty-five cents per pound. The best we have is made here, and corn is selling from two and a-half to three cents per pound, and but a limited mar- ket at that. It is needless to say that with the best of ranges for hogs, and corn at this price, the business of making pork and bacon can be made very profitable. Many other kinds of business might be enumerated that can be engaged in profitably which seem to have been overlooked. All our brooms are man- ufactured elsewhere and brought here. Large numbers are used and a good profit could be made; and at the same time they