WRINKLES: 
 
 OR, 
 
 HINTS TO SPORTSMEN AND TRA FELLERS 
 
 , (Equipment, an& Camp Htft. 
 
 BY 
 
 THE OLD SHEKARRY, 
 
 AUTHOR OF " THE KOREST AND THE FIELD," ETC. 
 
 A NEW EDITION, FULLY ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 CHATTO AND WINDUS, PUBLISHERS. 
 1874.
 
 LONDON : 
 
 SAVILL, EDWARDS AND CO., PRINTERS, CHANDOS STHEKT, 
 COVEMT GARDEN.
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 HAVING been often applied to for information 
 concerning the most suitable Dress, the most 
 efficient Arms, and the best equipment for a 
 Sportsman, I have endeavoured, in the follow- 
 ing pages, to concentrate my ideas on these 
 points for the benefit of the uninitiated. I 
 have also added a description of the different 
 modes of hunting the fiercer denizens of the 
 Forest, and sundry practical hints upon travel- 
 ling and campaigning, that may be useful to 
 those who have not yet acquired that expe- 
 rience of camp-life, without which, in a wild and 
 almost unknown country, peopled by treacherous 
 tribes, the Traveller will have much difficulty in 
 keeping bis health sound and his skin whole.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. PAGE 
 
 I. Upon Dress 1 
 
 II. The Equipment of a Traveller and Sports- 
 man 21 
 
 HI. Armament Sporting Arms 57 
 
 TV. Armament Military Arms 90 
 
 V. Armament On the Selection of Arms . .125 
 VI. - Practical Hints on the Use of the Rifle . . 136 
 
 VII. Tents and Encampments 164 
 
 VIII. Hints to Travellers 191 
 
 IX. Hints to Sportsmen 219 
 
 X. Hints to Naturalists Directions for Collect- 
 ing and Preserving Specimens of Natural 
 History 237 
 
 XL The Forest and the Mountain . .263
 
 "WRINKLES" 
 
 OR 
 
 HINTS TO SPORTSMEN AND TRAYELLEES. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 DRESS. 
 
 A Traveller's Comfort Dress: Underclothes, Socks, Coat, Waist- 
 coat, Trousers, and Breeches On the Most Suitable Colour 
 for a Sportsman's Dress Table of the Effect of Colour 
 Braces Boots " The Old Shekarry's Campaigning Boot " 
 WaterproofClothes The Old Shekarry's Poncho, or" Multnm 
 in Parvo " Cloak : a Ground Sheet, a Cloak, a Tent, a Bed, 
 and a Raft Waterproof Hunting Gear Sou'wester, Jacket, 
 and Overalls Head Gear Leech-gaiters and Tree-leeches 
 Outfit of a Sportsman for a Cruise of Six Months. 
 
 MUCH of a traveller's comfort depends upon his 
 dress being suitable to the climate he is in, and I 
 shall commence with a few hints as to the selection 
 of an outfit. 
 
 All experienced travellers seem to 
 
 Shirts. 
 
 agree in one point, viz., the import- 
 ance of wearing flannel next the skin; and no one 
 who has any regard for his health will neglect 
 
 B
 
 Z SHIRTS SOCKS. 
 
 the precaution of providing himself with shirts 
 or under- clothing of this material, if he is at all 
 likely to be exposed to sudden changes of climate, 
 as it absorbs perspiration and prevents sudden 
 chills. 
 
 In tropical climates, calico shirts may be worn, 
 but, without flannel under-clothing, linen should 
 never be placed next the skin. 
 
 Flannel ought to be thoroughly shrunk before 
 making up. 
 
 The most comfortable hose to wear 
 Socks. 
 
 are thick, but not coarse, woollen 
 
 socks ; but care must be taken that the tops are 
 sufficiently elastic to prevent their slipping 
 down, as when walking it is a great nuisance 
 to have to stop every few minutes, to pull up 
 your socks. They ought to fit well, particu- 
 larly about the heel, so as to prevent galling 
 or blisters. 
 
 Messrs. Thresher and Glenny, in the Strand, 
 have been long celebrated for their socks, shirts, 
 and under-clothing.
 
 COAT, WAISTCOAT, AND TROUSERS. 
 
 The material for a traveller's dress 
 
 Coat, Waist- . , 
 
 coat, and entirely depends upon the climate he 
 
 Trousers. 
 
 is going to. 
 
 For a temperate climate, woollen tweed, or 
 angolas are, perhaps, the best general wear ; but 
 for the tropics, I prefer coloured flannel, as being 
 more comfortable and easier to wash. 
 
 For a sportsman, well dressed deer-skin is the 
 best material ; when that is not procurable, mole- 
 skin, velveteen, corderoy, fustian, canvas, duck, 
 or karkee (coloured cotton), may be used. 
 
 A traveller ought to study comfort more than 
 elegance, in the cut of his clothes, and little 
 attention should be paid to change of fashion. 
 
 Sanguinetti, of Regent Street, in former days, 
 used to be a famous tailor of "clothes for the 
 bush," but I think he has gone the way of all 
 flesh, as his establishment has vanished, and his 
 mantle appears to have descended upon Bird, of 
 13, Waterloo Place, a practical man, who knows 
 how to cut out " hunting togs," so as to be com- 
 fortable in any position, without being baggy, 
 B 2
 
 4 SLEEVE WAISTCOATS. 
 
 which is a great desideratum when forcing one's 
 way through dense forest. 
 
 My own experience leads me to believe that a 
 short blouse- shaped tunic, with sleeves and wrist- 
 bands, like a shirt, straight collar, and plenty of 
 well-cut pockets, is most comfortable for general 
 wear. Mr. Bird has built me a shooting-coat, with 
 waterproof arrangements for carrying two dozen 
 cartridges, just below the waist, which appears to 
 me to be everything that can be desired. 
 
 Waistcoats ought to be cut long, with four 
 pockets, and the substance behind ought to be as 
 thick and warm as the material of which the 
 waistcoat is made. 
 
 Some sportsmen prefer having a waistcoat 
 made with sleeves like a jacket, and in that case 
 there are no sleeves to the coat, simply armholes. 
 In shooting upon the moors, sometimes this is a 
 useful dodge, as during the heat of the day the 
 outer garment can be dispensed with, and carried 
 by a beater. When worn, this rather peculiar 
 arrangement cannot be distinguished.
 
 COLOUR. 5 
 
 Mr. Cooper, a sportsman of Yorkshire celebrity, 
 was the first to show me this arrangement. 
 
 For shooting, I prefer breeches, cut so as to 
 come well below the calf, and tying with flat tape 
 over the sock, an arrangement that does away 
 with the necessity of long stockings and garters 
 [which are only suitable to women] when wearing 
 boots or gaiters. There should be no hem at the 
 bottom of the legs of the breeches, or it may form 
 a ridge, and gall the legs. 
 
 For riding, nothing is so comfortable as leather 
 breeches, but thick moleskin, doubled inside the 
 legs, is not bad wear. 
 
 In Equatorial Africa, during the intense heat 
 of the day, I generally wore a kilt and flannel 
 shirt, boots and gaiters, which dress I found 
 cooler and less liable to gall than trousers. Many 
 good sportsmen prefer the kilt to any other dress, 
 on account of the freedom and play it allows the 
 limbs. 
 
 The sportsman should have all his 
 Colour. 
 
 dress as nearly as possible of the
 
 O COLOUR. 
 
 same colour as the general aspect of the country 
 he is going to shoot over. 
 
 Thus, when he is deer-stalking, or tracking 
 large game in woods before the leaf has fallen, 
 green is the best colour ; when the trees are 
 bare, dark brown the colour of the trunk and 
 branches. Is he after antelope on the plain, or 
 ibex amongst the rocks, drab is the best colour. 
 Should he be waging war against the grisly bear, 
 or hunting chamois bouquetin in the snow, he 
 would be able to get much nearer to his game if 
 all his clothes were white. 
 
 Even in ordinary small game shooting, the 
 sportsman will stand a much better chance of 
 making, if he attends to this plan of dressing. 
 
 The following tables were constructed with 
 great care from a series of experiments I made 
 with targets of different coloured cloth, under 
 various circumstances and at different dis- 
 tances, in order to assist volunteer corps in 
 the selection of the most suitable colour for their 
 uniform.
 
 
 ^/ N ^ COLOUR. < 
 
 The figure 1 denotes the most visible ; 7 the 
 least so ; invisible. 
 
 Colours. 
 
 At Three Hundred Y'ards" 
 
 At Six Hundred Yards. 
 
 
 Open Country. 
 
 "Wooded Country. 
 
 Rocky Ground. 
 
 i 
 I 
 
 a 
 if. 
 
 c 
 
 5 
 
 Against Earthworks. 
 
 Against Stone Fortiflcns. 
 
 Open Country. 
 
 "Wooded Country. 
 
 Rocky Ground. 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 z 
 
 | 
 
 M 
 
 t Stone Fortirlcns. 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 m 
 
 = 
 
 Scarlet . . . 
 Green (Rifle) . 
 Blue (Royal) . 
 White . . . 
 Gray .... 
 Brown(dead leaf) 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 1 
 
 7 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 4 
 1 
 
 6 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 4 
 1 
 7 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 7 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 5 
 1 
 7 
 6 
 
 4 
 2 
 3 
 4 
 6 
 5 
 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 
 6 
 7 
 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 7 
 6 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 7 
 6 
 
 5 
 4 
 3 
 
 3 
 5 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 5 
 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 5 
 7 
 6 
 
 5 
 4 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 8 
 
 2 
 2 
 7 
 G 
 
 6 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 8 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 Colours. 
 
 At Three Hundred Yards distant. 
 
 On a Clear Day. 
 
 On a Cloudy Day. 
 
 Bright Moonlight. 
 
 1 
 1 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 X 
 
 ;i> 
 
 g 
 
 3 
 
 00 
 
 d 
 E 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 c 
 a 
 
 4 
 
 Rain and Fog. 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 
 1 
 7 
 6 
 
 4 
 5 
 1 
 
 6 
 7 
 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 1 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 4 
 3 
 2 
 1 
 5 
 6 
 
 4 
 7 
 6 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 7 
 6 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 5 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 6 
 6 
 
 3 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 3 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 4 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 Green (Rifle) .... 
 Blue (Royal) .... 
 
 Gray 
 
 Brown (dead leaf) . . . 
 
 
 1 
 
 t. 
 
 By these Tables it will be seen, that gray or 
 brown are colours that are less distinguishable
 
 8 BRACES BOOTS. 
 
 than any other; they -are, consequently, the most 
 suitable for the dress of sportsmen. 
 
 I think braces are a convenience, 
 Braces. 
 
 and always use them when wearing 
 
 thick clothing ; but as many sportsmen dispense 
 with them altogether, perhaps use is second na- 
 ture. However, having the waist compressed by 
 tight trouser-bands is not my idea of comfort. 
 A woman's hips are made to hang petticoats on, 
 but a man is differently formed in that respect, and 
 his garments will only keep up by compression. 
 
 A traveller's comfort and a sports- 
 Boots. 
 
 man's efficiency depends more on his 
 
 boots than upon any other portion of his dress, 
 and great attention ought to be paid to their 
 fitting the foot well, and having a sufficiently broad 
 tread. 
 
 For many years I wore ankle-boots and 
 gaiters, and provided the former fit, and the 
 latter are well cut, so as to prevent extraneous 
 matter from getting in, they are comfortable 
 wear.
 
 BOOTS. 9 
 
 After a time, however, I began to think that 
 lacing-up boots and buttoning gaiters was un- 
 necessary trouble (besides, not one man in a dozen 
 can cut a gaiter to fit properly), so I devised a 
 campaigning boot upon a plan of my own, which 
 experience has proved to be a more comfortable 
 and serviceable article. I herewith give a sketch 
 of my invention, which Stokes, a ci-devant 
 trooper, of Coventry Street and Aldershot, has 
 carried out very efficiently. 
 
 The best material for making 
 this boot is of deer-skin, doubled 
 over the foot when it is pro- 
 curable, but brown or drab 
 waterproof canvas is not a bad 
 substitute, being footed with 
 The old She- leather. It ought to fit the 
 
 karry's Campaign- 
 ing Boot. leg well, and the leather uppers 
 
 should be cut so as to compress the foot as 
 little as possible. 
 
 A shooting-boot ought to be waterproof to be 
 thoroughly comfortable, and the real article is as
 
 10 WATERPROOF CLOTHES. 
 
 unlike as possible those ponderous pieces of 
 machinery one sees in shop-windows ticketed 
 "for the moors." They must be of first-class 
 material to be serviceable, but light, so as not 
 to fatigue the wearer ; and they should also fit 
 well, so as not to gall, cause blisters, and 
 make the feet sore. A well-Jitting boot is as 
 necessary to a sportsman as a true shooting 
 rifle. 
 
 For stalking large game, boots should be made 
 with single leather flexible soles, so as to prevent 
 the footstep being heard. 
 
 It is a great mistake to think that a heavy sole 
 is necessary for a shooting-boot. 
 
 A very excellent waterpoof shooting boot, 
 called " The IdstoneBoot" is made by Mr. T. E. 
 Cording, 231, Strand, of a material that requires 
 no dressing, and still always keeps soft and 
 plialle. 
 
 Waterproof ^ke trave ^ er an< l sportsman should 
 
 ever be prepared for any sudden 
 
 change of climate, and always have warm clothing
 
 HOUGHING IT. 11 
 
 at hand, as very often whilst the days are in- 
 tensely hot the nights are chilly, and the tempe- 
 rature varies according to the elevation attained. 
 It is of the greatest importance that his outer 
 covering should be of a texture sufficiently close 
 to prevent the wind blowing through it, or thick- 
 ness is of little avail in keeping out intense cold ; 
 hence the great advantage of buffalo robes and 
 mackintosh garments. 
 
 For general use, Cording's waterproof material 
 far surpasses all other, as it is guaranteed to 
 stand any climate, and rolls up in a small 
 compass. 
 
 Every traveller ought to provide himself with 
 a cloak or coat and sou'wester of this material, 
 which should be always kept handy and ready 
 for use, more especially in night travelling, for 
 nothing tries a man's constitution more than 
 exposure to night-dews after the exhaustion 
 and lassitude caused by an intensely hot day. 
 Rheumatism and fever are anything but agree- 
 able companions, as I have often found to my
 
 12 
 
 THE GROUND SHEET. 
 
 cost; and a little timely precaution may avert 
 serious consequences. 
 
 Having had much. " roughing it " in my time, 
 often with very small means and few con- 
 veniences, I have been compelled to study how 
 to make one article serve in a variety of ways. 
 When baggage is obliged to be limited and car- 
 riage is difficult to obtain, it is very desirable to 
 have multum in parto. 
 
 I shall now describe " a poncho " of my own 
 invention, carried out by Mr. Cording, of 231, 
 Strand, which serves as a ground-sheet, a tent, a 
 bed covering, or even, if required, a boat or raft 
 for crossing rivers. 
 
 It consists of waterproof 
 canvas, 8 feet by 7 feet 6 
 inches in size, with a longi- 
 tudinal slit in the centre, 
 and eylet-holes worked all 
 round, as in the cut, when 
 it serves as a ground- 
 sheet and coverlet. 
 
 The Ground-Sheet.
 
 THE CLOAK. 
 
 13 
 
 It forms a comfort- 
 able cloak for riding 
 or walking, by putting 
 it on and slipping the 
 head through the hole 
 in the centre, the cor- 
 ners buttoning up in 
 the inside if in the way. 
 In travelling through 
 mangrove swamps on 
 the West Coast of 
 Equatorial Africa, 
 where there was no 
 The Cloak. solid ground on which 
 
 to pitch a tent, I used to sleep in a hammock slung 
 between trees, and whilst following up the spoor 
 of a herd of elephant, or when surrounded by 
 hostile tribes, and I dare not clear a few yards 
 of bush in the forest lest the sounds of the axe 
 should be heard and give the alarm, my poncho, 
 rigged up like a pent roof, in this fashion, afforded 
 me a shelter impervious to the weather.
 
 14 
 
 THE BIYOUAC. 
 
 The Bivouac. 
 
 For a boat or raft, the poncho should be con- 
 structed with an oval ring, two feet wide all 
 round, which can be inflated with air. A wooden 
 or basket-work bottom (anywhere easily con- 
 structed) is then fixed underneath, by cords 
 passing through the eyelet-holes, and a commo- 
 dious raft, capable of containing two people, is at 
 once constructed, and easily worked by paddles. 
 By having the basket-work or wooden bottom 
 some inches larger than the inflated poncho, all 
 danger of the cylinder being pierced by snags of 
 rocks, or branches, is avoided. 
 
 Mr. Cording has my pattern poncho, and fully 
 understands its manufacture.
 
 PONCHO RAFT. 
 
 15
 
 16 
 
 THE STYLE OF RIG. 
 
 For shooting in the 
 wet season, I have a 
 complete waterproof 
 suit, which I find 
 much more handy 
 when making my way 
 after large game, 
 through thick bush. 
 
 The cuts will ex- 
 plain my style of rig, 
 which is comfortable, 
 if not elegant. Care 
 must, however, be 
 taken that they are 
 made of a material that 
 will stand a tropical 
 climate; as a very nice- 
 looking suit I bought 
 from Box, of Charing 
 Cross, proved utterly 
 useless on the West 
 Coast of Africa, as, 
 
 The Overalls.
 
 HEAD GEAR. 17 
 
 the first time I had occasion to use it, I found 
 it so stuck together, that it was torn into shreds 
 before I could open it out. 
 
 The best covering for the head in 
 Head-Gear. 
 
 tropical climates is pith " solar topee" 
 
 or helmet, such as old Sir Charles Napier and 
 Sir Colin Campbell used to wear ; or when that 
 is not obtainable, an Elwood's ventilating air- 
 chamber hat, covered with white calico, is a good 
 substitute. Christy, of Gracechurch Street, also 
 manufactures a capital hat for withstanding the 
 rays of the sun, which my experience leads me to 
 believe is almost perfect. 
 
 A leather hunting-cap, 
 with peaks before and 
 behind, is the best protec- 
 tion to the head for large 
 game-shooting in dense 
 forests. The front peak preserves the eyes from 
 glare and the face from thorns, and the one be- 
 hind prevents anything from falling down the 
 back of the neck. I had a movable white linen 
 I
 
 18 GAITERS. 
 
 cover fitted to mine, as a protection from the rays 
 of the sun during the heat of the day. 
 
 In forests where the tree-leech 
 
 abounds, leech-gaiters must be worn, 
 for these animals insinuate themselves into every 
 aperture of your dress, generally making for 
 your ankles or the back of your neck, as if by 
 instinct. 
 
 When in such jungles it is absolutely neces- 
 sary to wear leech gaiters, or long, closely-woven 
 cotton stockings, over your socks, under your 
 boots and gaiters, and over your breeches, as far 
 as they will go. Even with this safeguard I 
 have sometimes found my boots and stockings 
 drenched with blood in the evening, though I 
 could not ascertain how they got in. 
 
 These pests of the jungle are very insignificant 
 in size, not being above an inch in length, or 
 thicker than a knitting-needle; but when dis- 
 tended with blood they attain double that length, 
 and are about as thick as a good-sized quill. 
 They have the power of planting one extremity
 
 THE TREE-LEECH. 19 
 
 on the ground, and poising themselves erect to 
 watch for prey, towards which they advance 
 rapidly by doubling up the body and holding on 
 with their head and tail. They are of a yellowish- 
 brown colour, streaked with black, with one 
 greenish line along the whole length of the back, 
 and a yellow one on each side. Their bites 
 scarcely give any pain at the time, the punctures 
 being so small as hardly to be perceptible, but 
 they cause an uncomfortable irritation; and with 
 persons in a bad state of body often occasion 
 nasty ulcers, which are slow to heal. The natives 
 were accustomed to smear their naked legs with 
 some peculiar kind of grease mixed with ashes, 
 the scent of which prevented the leeches from 
 biting, otherwise they would have been seriously 
 inconvenienced by their attacks. 
 
 Every traveller and sportsman has his own 
 idea and style of dress. " As many men, so many 
 fashions" but, for the benefit of the uninitiated, 
 I will give a list of such clothes, as I consider
 
 20 A HljNTER'S OUTFIT. 
 
 necessary for myself for a cruise of six months in 
 the bush : 
 
 8 flannel shirts (made large). 
 
 12 pairs of woollen socks. 
 
 6 pairs of brown holland or China silk pajamas. 
 
 12 pocket handkerchiefs (linen). 
 
 1 leather suit, complete (coat, breeches and waistcoat). 
 
 1 moleskin suit, complete (coat, breeches and waistcoat). 
 
 2 pairs of trousers (either moleskin, fustian or velveteen). 
 2 pairs of braces. 
 
 2 pairs of long cotton stockings, for leech-gaiters. 
 
 1 leather hu iting cap and linen cover. 
 
 1 pith " solar topee," or air-chamber hat (for tropics). 
 
 1 soft felt wide-awake. 
 
 2 pairs of ankle boots. 
 
 2 pairs of gaiter boots. 
 
 1 Cording's waterproof suit, complete, or poncho. 
 1 canvas hold-all : containing comb, tooth-brush, soap, needles, 
 thread, buttons, scissors, thimble, &c. 
 
 3 towels (good size). 
 3 napkins.
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE EQUIPMENT OF A TRAVELLER 
 AND A SPORTSMAN. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell's Letter upon a Soldier's Equipment The Saddle 
 and its Appurtenances, Bridle, Horse-gear The Old She- 
 karry's " Pack Saddle" Spurs The Hunting Belt and its 
 Appurtenances The Bill-hook and Tomahawk The Nugger 
 Hunt Spear The Deccan Hunt Spear Bear Spears The 
 Indian Hunting Cart and its Appurtenances The Medicine 
 Chest and its Contents Pocket Filters' The Old Shekarry's 
 Pump and Filter -combined Cording's Inflatable India- 
 Rubber Boat. 
 
 "Wisbeach, this day llth Nov r - 1642. 
 "Dear Friend, 
 
 " Let the saddler see to the horse-gear. I 
 learn from one, many are ill served, and if a man 
 has not got good weapons, horse and harness, he 
 is naught. 
 
 " From your friend, 
 
 " OLIVER CROMWEJ f 
 " To Auditor Squire."
 
 22 
 
 THE SADDLE. 
 
 Oliver Cromwell, the most practical soldier 
 and statesman of his day, thus wrote upwards of 
 two centuries ago ; and I quote his characteristic 
 letter, as I never read so much good advice in as 
 few words. The first point for consideration is 
 the horse gear. 
 
 I shall commence with " the sad- 
 
 The Saddle. 
 
 die," which, to be thoroughly strong 
 
 The Saddle.
 
 THE SADDLE. . 23 
 
 and serviceable, with, its appurtenances, will not 
 weigh less than fifteen pounds. I prefer a 
 broad, roomy, and low seat, so that I sit close 
 to the horse, and I like it cut almost flush. 
 
 On the near side of the pommel, fastened by 
 strong D's, I carry a waterproof wallet for my 
 pistol and ammunition, which should set close and 
 stand well forward, so as not to be in the way 
 of the leg. 
 
 On the off-side I have a strong painted canvas 
 bag, which is prevented from shifting forward by 
 a leather strap that passes round the saddle-girth. 
 Into this my gun-stock fits, the barrel passing 
 between the right arm and the side, so that it is 
 always handy, never in the way, and my hands are 
 free. This method, which I learned from the 
 Boers of Southern Africa, is perfectly safe, and 
 by far the most convenient and the least fatiguing 
 mode of carrying a gun I have yet seen. 
 
 On the near side of the saddle, fastened by 
 strong D's, is slung my water-skin, which will
 
 24 THE SADDLE. 
 
 hold two gallons of water; and on the off-side a 
 haversack, with corn for my nag, and comestibles 
 for myself. 
 
 Small Valise. 
 
 Behind the crupper I carry a pad, on which 
 rests a very small valise (containing two pairs of 
 socks, flannel shirt and trousers, soap, towel, and 
 tooth brush vide Plate, above), a ground-sheet, 
 macintosh cloak, and horse-cloth, which are con- 
 fined in a network bag (vide Plate, page 25) to 
 prevent any article being lost en route. This bag
 
 THE SADDLE. 
 
 also serves for collecting forage, or carrying game, 
 etc., on occasions. 
 
 A couple of thin strips of felt or " numna" is 
 useful to place under the saddle when it does not 
 fit the horse's back, but for hard riding nothing is
 
 2*5 
 
 HORSE S HEAD-GEAR. 
 
 like a piece of oil silk laid directly under a -well- 
 stuffed saddle. 
 
 Horse s Head-Gear. 
 
 I always travel with a plain head-stall bridle 
 (tide Plate, above) which has only four buckles,
 
 HORSE'S HEAD-GEAR. 27 
 
 two on the head-collar, one on the bit head 
 stall, and one on the bridoon head-stall. The 
 head-stall fastens to the collar by strap and 
 button. 
 
 The bit, bridoon and head-stall are provided 
 with hooks and links, by which the bits can be 
 slipped out of the horse's mouth for the purpose 
 of feeding, without taking the bridle off the 
 horse's head. I generally ride with a single 
 "Chifneybit." 
 
 Shipley, of 181, Regent Street, the most prac- 
 tical saddler I know, is well up in all the ar- 
 rangements concerning horse-gear, and he has 
 been put up to all kinds of " useful dodges " 
 and expedients by different well-known sports- 
 men whom he has fitted up. 
 
 A traveller should take hobbles and knee- 
 halters with him to tether his horses, so that they 
 can graze during the night. 
 
 As a protection against thieves, steel hobbles, 
 made somewhat like hand-cuffs, connected by a 
 chain, are useful.
 
 28 THE PACK-SADDLE. 
 
 A comfortable English saddle, and well-fit- 
 ting horse-gear, is absolutely necessary to a 
 traveller and sportsman ; and the utmost 
 care should be taken that the former is well 
 stuffed, so as not to gall the horse's back, as 
 a quarter of an hour's hard riding on a badly 
 fitting saddle may break the skin, and give a 
 horse a sore back that will take several days to 
 heal. 
 
 , p , There are no articles in a traveller's 
 
 equipment to which more attention 
 ought to be paid than to the pack-saddles for 
 baggage-animals. If they do not fit the horse, 
 mule, or bullock properly, a single day's march 
 will, in all probability, render the animal unser- 
 viceable. 
 
 As no pack-saddle I have seen in any army 
 seemed thoroughly to answer its purpose under 
 all situations, I set to work and devised one after 
 my own fashion, which I consider has many
 
 IM.fK,OY.L:u 
 
 SADDLE. 
 
 "The Old Shekarry's Pack-Saddle." 
 
 great advantages over all other systems yet 
 adopted. 
 
 First. The chief improvement in " The Old 
 Shekarry's Pack-Saddle" consists in the tree,
 
 30 IMPROVED PACK SADDLE. 
 
 which widens or contracts by working on a pivot 
 like a pair of scissors, being kept open at any 
 angle by a rack at the opposite and corresponding 
 angle, so that in a moment the saddle can be 
 made to fit any sized animal, and is equally 
 available for a horse, a mule, a bullock, or a 
 camel. 
 
 Secondly. My system possesses a great ad- 
 vantage over the Government pack-saddle, inas- 
 much as its peculiar formation does away with 
 all possibility of galling an animal's back, as 
 no weight rests upon any part of the spine 
 itself, the centre of the back being left en- 
 tirely open to the air even when the baggage is 
 loaded. 
 
 Thirdly. The tree, which is either entirely 
 made of wrought iron, or of wood well 
 strengthened with iron, closes up, and the 
 saddle can be packed into half the space re- 
 quired by the system at present adopted by 
 Government. 
 
 Fourthly. Any tree or part of a tree will fit
 
 COST OF IMPROVED PACK SADDLE. 31 
 
 any saddle, and should any part of a tree get 
 broken, it can be replaced in two minutes, and 
 the saddle is again serviceable, whereas in other 
 systems, when a tree is broken, the saddle is 
 useless. 
 
 Fifthly. A cannon can be carried by this sys- 
 tem of pack-saddle over the centre of the mule's 
 back, along which the weight is thus equally 
 divided. 
 
 In the pack-saddles adopted by Government 
 for carrying the mountain train in Abyssinia, the 
 gun is carried transversely at right angles with 
 the mule's back, or across instead of along it. 
 The consequence of this arrangement is, that the 
 whole weight of the gun rests upon only a small 
 portion of the spine, instead of being evenly 
 divided, as in the approved system, along the 
 whole length of the animal's back, and should 
 a stumble occur, a sprain of the spine is very 
 likely to be the result. 
 
 Sixthly. When baggage animals are driven
 
 32 SPURS. 
 
 together in any number, it is almost impossible to 
 prevent them from knocking against each other, 
 and displacing their loads; it is therefore highly 
 advantageous that the baggage should be carried 
 as compactly as it can be stowed, and take up 
 as little lateral room as possible. 
 
 In mountainous districts, where the paths are 
 narrow, and run by the edge of precipices, this 
 is an absolute necessity. 
 
 This saddle is amply supplied with rengs and 
 7)'s, fixed securely on to the iron trees, so that 
 the baggage is easily loaded, and kept securely in 
 its place. 
 
 Seventhly. The cost of my system of pack- 
 saddle is about half of the price that Government 
 lately paid for cumbrous and much less service- 
 able articles. 
 
 The best-shaped spurs for a tra- 
 Spurs. 
 
 veller or sportsman are strong steel 
 
 or brass swan-necked hunting spurs, with the
 
 THE HUNTING BELT. 33 
 
 rowels sufficiently raised to prevent their grat- 
 ing against stones or uneven ground when dis- 
 mounted. 
 
 A man with long legs requires spurs with long 
 necks, so that he may readily reach his horse's 
 flank with the rowel ; but a man with short legs, 
 on the contrary, should have spurs with short 
 necks, as his heels, when mounted, are close to 
 the body of the horse. 
 
 The Hunting The Pkte > P a S e 34 > is a sketch 
 of the BELT and APPURTENANCES 
 
 I usually wore when in the pursuit of large 
 game, manufactured by Thornhill of 144, 
 New Bond Street, the most practical man in 
 the trade. 
 
 "THE BELT" A A is about two inches in 
 width, and made of strong brown leather. 
 Great attention should be paid to the sewing 
 on of the buckles, which ought to be of forged 
 iron.
 
 34 
 
 HUNTING BELT. 
 
 The Hunting Belt and its Appurtenances.
 
 HUNTING KNIVES. 35 
 
 Fig. 1. A stout leather case containing my 
 field-glass. 
 
 Fig. 2. My " HUNTING KNIFE." I prefer this 
 shape to any other, as it is well suited for all 
 purposes. In selecting a knife, great care should 
 be taken that the point and axis of both blade 
 and handle should be in a straight line, or a fair 
 blowcannotbe struck with effect, the weapon being 
 liable to glance off. 
 
 With one of Thornhill's knives I can cut 
 through a dollar ; and it is absolutely necessary 
 that the blade should be made of the best steel, 
 for, besides its use as a weapon, it must often 
 serve to cut branches, and even in digging for 
 water. 
 
 Fig. 3. The " SKINNING KNIFE," made after 
 the pattern of A. Graham, Esq., which I do not 
 think can be improved upon. 
 
 Fig. 4. "A LINE" of strong silk, substantially 
 fastened to a forged iron bar. This is of great 
 use as a safeguard, in case of having to descend 
 any steep slope or narrow ledge of rock when in
 
 36 POUCHES BILL-HOOK. 
 
 the pursuit of game. It is also very useful for 
 drawing -water from wells or chasms in the rocks, 
 tying up the arms of a prisoner, or tethering 
 animals. 
 
 Fig. 5. "A LEATHER POUCH," containing 
 either a double-barrel pistol or revolver [else- 
 where described]. 
 
 Fig. 6. " A SMALL CASE," containing matches, 
 flint, steel, and amadou, for obtaining fire, and 
 in a similar one the pocket filter ought to be 
 carried. 
 
 Fig. 7. "A LEATHER POUCH," containing 
 eight cartridges for gun or rifle, and six for the 
 pistol. 
 
 The Bill Hook
 
 TOMAHAWK. 
 
 37 
 
 The Bill- 
 Hook. 
 
 Besides these articles, in some 
 cases, when in thick jungle, it is 
 advisable to carry a bill-hook for cutting a path 
 or making a clearing. This fits in a leather 
 case, which is easily fastened on the belt when 
 required. 
 
 The Tomahawk. 
 
 " THE TOMAHAWK," or small axe, herewith 
 represented, is useful in making tent-pegs, cutting 
 up animals, and for a variety of purposes in camp 
 life.
 
 38 THORNHILL'S INDIAN KNIFE. 
 
 Last, but by no means least in importance, 
 comes the knife, of which an engraving is given 
 on the opposite page, and which, in addition to 
 the ordinary blades, contains a powerful screw- 
 driver, a saw about eight inches in length, 
 pricker, corkscrew, hoof-picker, tweezers and 
 lancet in one, a pair of scissors of the full length 
 of the knife, and a couple of stout steel screws, 
 with nuts, for mending a broken stirrup leather 
 or any similar fracture. 
 
 All implements have rings attached, so as to 
 enable them to be fastened with small cords to 
 the belts. 
 
 Every sportsman ought to provide 
 Spears. 
 
 himself with a few spear-heads, which 
 
 can at any time be affixed to a bamboo with 
 "shellac cement" The best shapes for boar- 
 spears are those called after the celebrated Indian 
 Pig-sticking Clubs, "The Nugger" and "The 
 Deccan" Hunts.
 
 THORNHILL'S INDIAN KNIFE. 39 
 
 Thornhill's Indian Knife.
 
 40 
 
 SPEAES. 
 
 C \ 
 
 The "Nugger Hunt" The " Deccan Hunt" The Bear Spear. 
 Pattern. Pattern.
 
 SPEARS. 41 
 
 In the foregoing Plate Fig. A shows the Nugger 
 Hunt pattern, which I consider the neplus ultra of 
 boar-spears, the curves being gradual from point 
 to shank, so that it penetrates easily, and is with- 
 drawn without difficulty. Another great advan- 
 tage of this shape is, that the edge can be easily 
 ground, and afterwards sharpened on a hone. 
 (Fig D shows the section at a b.) 
 
 Fig. B is the Deccan Hunt spear pattern, also 
 a good spear, and preferred by some sportsmen 
 to that of the Nugger Hunt, because the orifice 
 of the wound it makes is somewhat larger, and 
 allows the blood to flow more freely. It is, how- 
 ever, more difficult to sharpen. (Fig. E shows 
 the section at c d.) 
 
 Fig. C is a bear-spear, somewhat similar in 
 shape to the Nugger Hunt spear, but broader in 
 the blade, and with a stouter shaft. (Fig. F shows 
 the section.) 
 
 I need not add that all spears ought to be 
 made of the best tempered steel. With one
 
 42 SPEARS. 
 
 made by Thornhill, of Bond Street, I can drive 
 a hole through a dollar without turning the edge, 
 a sure proof that the best of " stuff" is used in 
 his factory. 
 
 A stout male bamboo, sufficiently tapering, 
 and with knots pretty close together, makes the 
 best spear-shaft ; but a close-grained, well- 
 seasoned ash -pole is not a bad substitute. 
 
 The spear ought to be well balanced, and it is 
 usual to have the butt weighted with lead for 
 that purpose. The spears of the Deccan and 
 Nugger Hunts were exactly 9 feet from the 
 extreme point to the butt, and this is, I consider, 
 the best length for general purposes. 
 
 In Bengal many sportsmen use a spear only 6 
 feet in length, heavily weighted at the butt. 
 They are accustomed to throw this like a javelin, 
 or to job down when the horse gets alongside of 
 the boar ; whereas, in Madras and Bombay, hog- 
 hunters use the spear like a lance, but carried 
 loosely in the hand, so as to allow the free
 
 HUNTING CART. 43 
 
 play to the wrist in directing the point of the 
 spear. 
 
 In India. I had constructed. accord- 
 Hunting 
 
 ing to my own plan and fancy, what 
 I should advise every sportsman in that country 
 to possess that is, a very comfortable teak-wood- 
 bullock-cart, on springs, and fitted up for travel- 
 ling or living in. Mine was 7 feet long by 4 feet 
 broad; and contained three large water-tight 
 boxes or compartments, to hold my kit and 
 comestibles en route, with a fourth, copper-lined 
 and fitted with a screw-top, which fastened with a 
 lock, for my ammunition, besides a rack for eight 
 guns. The wooden sides were about %\ feet in 
 height, and from them sprang six bamboo hoops, 
 on which the white painted canvas top was ex- 
 tended ; the whole of which gear was movable, 
 and could be cleared away at a moment's notice. 
 The bottom of the cart was slightly bevelled off 
 round, caulked and sheathed with copper; so 
 that, by taking out the linch-pins, and putting the 
 wheels into the cart, my trap served me as a boat
 
 44 APPURTENANCES. 
 
 to transfer myself and goods across rivers other- 
 wise impassable. When in cantonment I took 
 out the pole and bullock-yoke, and fitted in a 
 pair of shafts ; and although it was not a very 
 light article, an Australian mare I had used 
 to trot along with it with great ease. The whole 
 length of the bottom of the cart was fitted with a 
 hair mattress, and the sides were well padded, so 
 that I managed, when travelling, to get along 
 pretty comfortably. 
 
 Thomhill's Saw. 
 
 Appnrte- ^ ^ ar S e Yankee backwoodsman's 
 
 axe, a couple of bill-hooks, an adze, 
 and other tools, were fitted against the side 
 of my cart, so as to be ready at hand in case 
 of a break-down, which is an event of frequent 
 occurrence in Indian travelling. An obstrepe-
 
 MEDICINE CHEST. 45 
 
 rous bullock or a careless driver is very liable to 
 smash a pole or a yoke en route; and, in many 
 parts of the country where game abounds, village 
 smiths are difficult to be met with, and I have often 
 been saved hours and even days' delay, by having 
 the means of repairing them at hand. 
 Medi in ^ we ^' su ppli e( i medicine-chest, in 
 
 which the quinine-bottle loomed very 
 large, was carefully stowed away in one of the 
 compartments a very necessary precaution in a 
 country where disease makes such rapid progress. 
 Besides having often found this chest extremely 
 useful, the mere fact of having it with me inspired 
 my people with confidence, and overcame their 
 fear of the malaria of the dense jungle. 
 
 Messrs. Savory and Moore, of 143, New Bond 
 Street, have always filled up my medicine -chest; 
 and their practical experience has been of the 
 greatest use to me in my travels, for, in case of 
 sickness, the proper remedy was ever at hand when 
 wanted. In order to meet different requirements, 
 large and small chests have been designed, from
 
 46 MEDICINE CHEST. 
 
 the size of a pocket-book to the medical panniers, 
 containing all appliances, both medical and sur- 
 gical, that may be required by a regiment in the 
 field. 
 
 The following Plates illustrate those best 
 adapted for a traveller or sportsman : 
 
 The above Plate represents a strong leather case, 
 6 inches by 9 inches, and only 2 5 inches in thick- 
 ness (in fact, of the form and size of an ordinary 
 octavo volume, and opening in much the same 
 manner), contains a pair of scales, with the 
 necessary weights, a small glass measure, 8 small 
 bottles adapted to receive either powders or pills, 
 8 of larger size stoppered for liquids, and 2 still
 
 MEDICINE CHEST. 
 
 47 
 
 larger for holding any medicines required in 
 greater bulk. This little case, which would 
 scarcely take up any appreciable room in the 
 travelling bag, will contain all the medicines 
 required in any case of emergency. Its value 
 to a party of tourists, or to a single traveller, 
 removed from medical aid, can hardly be over- 
 rated. The " Special Correspondents" of our 
 daily papers have used these cases in nearly 
 every quarter of the globe, and have spoken 
 most highly of their utility. 
 
 This Plate represents a larger case of the 
 same character, containing a greater number of
 
 48 LIST OF MEDICINES 
 
 remedies, and, in addition, a few surgical appli- 
 ances that may be required in an emergency. 
 
 List of Medicines suitable for a Medicine Chest 
 for India or Abyssinia. 
 
 Quinine. 
 Calomel. 
 Jalap. 
 Rhubarb. 
 Magnesia. 
 
 Essence of camphor (rubini). 
 Tincture of iodine. 
 arnica. 
 
 Mindererus spirit. 
 Sweet spirit of nitre. 
 Powdered ipecacuanha. 
 Tartar emetic. 
 James's powder. 
 Jeremie's opiate. 
 Essence of ginger. 
 
 peppermint. 
 Dover's powder. 
 Friars' balsam. 
 Essence of senna. 
 Warburg's tincture. 
 Sulphate of copper. 
 Sulphate of zinc. 
 Nitrate of silver. 
 Opiate confection, tablets. 
 Aromatic confection, 
 Calomel and opium pills. 
 Etherodine (instead of chlorodyne).
 
 FILTERS. 
 
 49 
 
 Full information and directions respecting the 
 administration of the various remedies will be 
 found in the " Compendium of Domestic Medi- 
 cine, and Companion to the Medicine Chest," 
 by Savory and Moore, 143, New Bond Street. 
 
 A filter is a most important requi- 
 
 The Filter. 
 
 site, which ought always to be found 
 
 in a traveller's equipment, as good water is as 
 essential to health as pure air. 
 
 The Danchell Pocket Filter. 
 
 A very efficient portable filter is manufactured 
 by the London and General "Water Purifying
 
 50 FILTERS. 
 
 Company, at 157, Strand, being the invention of 
 Mr. Danchell. 
 
 This filter, which is only 3 inches in diameter, 
 is constructed upon the syphon principle, and by 
 means of a system of ascending currents the sus- 
 pended impurities are separately precipitated 
 outside the filter, whilst those only which are 
 held in solution actually pass into the filtering 
 material, the water being purified from these in 
 the act of ascension. A case of galvanised iron 
 contains the filtering material animal charcoal 
 which is the best medium for purifying, as it is 
 incapable of communicating any taint to the water 
 passing through it, retains its purifying properties 
 for a long period, and is everywhere easily pro- 
 curable. 
 
 The action of this system is so simple that no 
 attention or trouble is required in its manage- 
 ment; it never clogs up, and is so arranged 
 that the animal charcoal is easily got at for 
 cleansing or renewal.
 
 GENERAL DIRECTIONS. 51 
 
 Directions. 
 
 When the filter ceases to act satisfactorily, it may be detached 
 from the pipe by unscrewing the union which is immediately above 
 the cap of the filter, the filter taken out of the cistern, and the char- 
 coal removed and cleansed, or replaced by new. To effect this the 
 cap of the filter must be removed by knocking the claws of the 
 iron holding the cap down, round on the graduated edge to the 
 thinnest part of it, when the openings in the edge will allow the 
 iron being taken off and the cap then removed from the filter. 
 The strainer must then be removed, after which the charcoal 
 must be shaken out. 
 
 It should be left to soak in lukewarm water for 
 To Cleanse the a ghort ti which m free - t surface of or . 
 Charcoal. 
 
 ganic matter, and afterwards well washed in 
 
 clean water. The water in which the charcoal is washed will 
 always be black, and affords no guide to the charcoal being clean. 
 After washing, the charcoal must be dried and sifted into two 
 portions No. 1, the very coarse ; No. 2, the remainder. 
 
 First put in No. 1 (the very coarse charcoal) to 
 
 Filter m the the depth f 1 r l * inches ; then the b dy f the 
 charcoal, No. 2, may be put in, the filter being 
 
 kept in constant motion by raising it a little on one side, and 
 allowing it to receive a slight downward jerk on whatever it 
 may be standing, the filter being turned occasionally to ensure 
 the motion being equally distributed. By this means a much 
 larger body of charcoal may be got in, for after being apparently 
 full many times it will be found still capable of holding more. 
 The last 1 or 2 inches should be the remainder of No. 1 char- 
 coal. The strainer must be then replaced by agitating the filter 
 as before described, and pressing it upon the charcoal, which will 
 cause the charcoal to gather well round the strainer. The cap 
 and rubber-washer must be fixed as before, the iron claw knocked 
 round carefully with a mallet to its original position, and it is 
 ready for use. 
 
 E 2
 
 52 
 
 FILTERS. 
 
 Atkins' 
 
 Filter. 
 
 A very excellent pocket syphon- 
 filter weighing only 8 ounces, some- 
 what on the same 
 principle, is also 
 made by Messieurs 
 Atkins and Sons, 62, 
 Fleet Street, when 
 the water is purified 
 by passing through 
 a block of moulded 
 carbon, which is 
 made perfectly po- 
 rous but not hollow. 
 
 Syphon Filter. 
 
 Atkins' Pocket Filter.
 
 FILTERS. 53 
 
 These blocks will get clogged sooner or later 
 )ns ' and the frequency of cleaning them depends upon 
 the nature of the water filtered, some waters clogging the carbon 
 sooner than others. They are, however, easily cleaned by simply 
 washing them in hot water, brushing them with a soft brush, 
 and, finally, blowing through them two or three times, to open 
 the pores. When cleaned, they are equal to new, as only the 
 surface gets clogged. When the operation of filtering is over, 
 the ball should be blown through, to clear the pores from the 
 impurities, and put away in the case as dry as possible. 
 
 When cattle have to be watered from a well, 
 or from holes dug in the sandy bed of a river, 
 which is often the case in African travelling, 
 having to bale out the water is an intolerable 
 nuisance. I therefore devised the following 
 arrangement, which Mr. Atkins, of 62, Fleet 
 Street, has carried out most effectually. 
 
 Into the well or pool I drop a filter, which is 
 kept a foot or more below the surface by a float ; 
 to this is connected a tube or suction hose at- 
 tached to a small portable force pump, by 
 which I draw the pure water from the well, 
 and force it into a trough from which the cattle 
 drink. 
 
 By this system the water in the pool remains
 
 54 
 
 PUMP AND FILTER.
 
 INDIA-RUBBER BOAT. 
 
 55 
 
 undisturbed and clear, whilst if cattle were 
 allowed to rush into it to drink, the mud would 
 be stirred up, and the water rendered unfit for 
 drinking until after it had settled. 
 
 Were Government to adopt some such system 
 in watering cavalry horses, etc., much trouble 
 and inconvenience would be avoided, whilst the 
 animals would thrive all the better for having 
 filtered and pure water to drink. 
 
 Cording's Inflatable India-Bubber Boat. 
 
 This invention has proved invalu- 
 
 India-Rubber , , in 
 
 Boat able to sportsmen and travellers, as 
 
 a boat of this description is very portable,
 
 56 INDIA-RUBBER BOAT. 
 
 and stands a great deal of wear and tear in any 
 climate. 
 
 For crossing or going down a river, they are 
 all that can be desired ; but it is almost impos- 
 sible to paddle them up stream or against a 
 head-wind, as they float so high out of the water.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 AEMAMENT. 
 
 PART I. SPORTING ARMS. 
 
 A Sportsman's Battery Westley Richards' Breech-Loading Sys- 
 tem, as applied to Sporting Arms The Pin and Central- 
 Fire Cartridges compared The Introduction of the Breech- 
 Loading System into England Thirty Reasons for preferring 
 Breech-Loading Guns and Rifles The Disadvantages of the 
 Muzzle-Loading System The Gun Case and its Appurte- 
 nances Machines for Loading Cartridges Cartridge Belts 
 Cartridge Magazines Cartridge Carriers Game Carriers. 
 
 SUCCESS in "the field," whether in battle or at 
 the covert side, in a great measure depends upon 
 the armament. 
 
 A sportsman, explorer, or officer, proceeding on 
 service to the Colonies, to be properly equipped, 
 ought to have the following arms : 
 
 1. A Double-Barrel Breech-Loading Gun, 12 bore. 
 
 2. A Double-Barrel Breech-Loading Rifle, 12 bore, 
 
 3. A Double-Barrel Breech-Loading Holster Pistol. 
 
 4. A Revolver for his Belt.
 
 58 
 
 BREECH-LOADERS. 
 
 Breech-loading Double Gun, on "Westley Bichards' System.
 
 BREECH-LOADERS. 59 
 
 For sporting purposes, I consider the best 
 breech-loading system, both for guns and rifles, 
 to be that of Mr. Westley Richards ; as its con- 
 struction is a wonderful combination of strength 
 and simplicity, and it is in every way preferable 
 to any other system I have yet seen, " and their 
 name is legion." 
 
 A gun or rifle, on this system, is very similar in 
 outward appearance, to an ordinary muzzle-loader, 
 having bar or front-action locks, and the grip or 
 fore-part being of wood. ( Vide Plate, page 58, 
 Figs. 1 and 2.) 
 
 The mechanical arrangement (vide Plate) is 
 of a most safe and simple character. A self- 
 acting spring latch (b, c, Fig. 2) secures the 
 breech-end of the barrels, fitting into the solid 
 iron after loading. The barrels are released by a 
 simple action of the thumb, and the loading is 
 effected with the greatest ease. 
 
 The barrels are secured to the body of the gun 
 by fastenings, both at the top and bottom, thus 
 disposing of the strength to the greatest possible
 
 60 BREECH-LOADERS. 
 
 advantage ; whereas other systems of breech- 
 loaders have only one fastening, and that con- 
 siderably below the centre or point of resistance. 
 
 The connecting-piece between the barrels is a 
 solid lump of steel (a), which, when the barrels 
 are closed, dovetails on to the break-cff (z, Fig. 3), 
 and holds the two firmly together like a solid 
 piece. Besides this improvement, that arm has 
 a solid joint (as shown at g, Fig. 3, and k, Fig. 4), 
 which is infinitely stronger than the ordinary 
 fastening, made with a loose pin screwed through 
 the ends of the body ; and it has also a keel, or 
 wedge (h, in Fig. 3), fitting between the under 
 part of the action, which adds strength to the 
 stock. 
 
 The shooting of Mr. Westley Richards' guns 
 and rifles is all that can be desired, as the in- 
 variable success he has met with at Wimble- 
 don and in the Gun Club contests proves. In 
 finish and durability they are not to be surpassed. 
 
 For sporting purposes I much prefer the pin 
 cartridge system (vide Plate, page 61, Fig. a,} to
 
 PIN CARTRIDGE. 
 
 61 
 
 what is called the central fire* (vide Plate below, 
 Fig. ), for the following reasons : 
 
 First. Without an indicator, which is con- 
 stantly getting out of order, it is impossible to 
 
 SECTION OF PIN 
 CAETRIDGE CASE. 
 
 SECTION OF CENTRAL-FIRE CASE. 
 
 know whether a gun is loaded or not, and acci- 
 dents might happen from this cause. 
 
 * The ignition in the so-called central-fire cartridges is not 
 more central or instantaneous than in the pin cartridge.
 
 62 CENTRAL-FIRE SYSTEM. 
 
 Secondly. A cartridge extractor, which weakens 
 the breech, and is a complication liable to get out 
 of order, is absolutely required in this system, 
 and even then the exploded cartridges are some- 
 times difficult to get out. 
 
 Thirdly. I have known a gun on the central- 
 fire system to explode in the act of closing the 
 breech, from the percussion cap protruding above 
 the brass plane of the cartridge, and striking 
 against the needle, which in some guns, even at 
 half-cock, projects slightly. 
 
 Fourthly. Cartridges on the central-fire system 
 are certainly more dangerous to load than pin 
 cartridges, for should a grain of sand get under 
 the cap, or if the cap should project above the 
 brass plane of the cartridge, the act of ramming 
 down the wads smartly might cause the percus- 
 sion-powder to ignite and the cartridge to explode. 
 
 Fifthly. Pin cartridges are in more general 
 use, and can be bought all over the Continent, 
 whilst those on the central-fire system are difficult 
 to be got except in London.
 
 BREECH-LOADERS. 63 
 
 Thelntroduc- M 7 experience in breech-loading 
 
 tion of the ,, , . j , , -t 
 
 Breech-load- arms for sporting purposes dates back 
 ing System. 
 
 since the year 1855, when my attention 
 
 was attracted to the La Faucheux system,* which 
 is almost as great an era in gun-making as the 
 > invention of the copper cap. After two years' 
 experience and repeated trials, in which, to my 
 disgust, I found my favourite Manton, and 
 others of my hardest-hitting muzzle-loading guns, 
 equalled or beaten by breech-loaders, my scep- 
 ticism vanished ; I felt convinced the system 
 was sound, and that sooner or later a complete 
 revolution must take place in the manufacture of 
 fire-arms. 
 
 Under these impressions I endeavoured to 
 concentrate my ideas on paper, for the benefit 
 of my brother sportsmen, and my letter appeared 
 
 * Although this system was invented and extensively adopted 
 in France several years previous to its introduction in this 
 country, the French workmanship of that day was, generally 
 speaking, so inferior, that no sportsman liked to shoot with a 
 French gun. Even French sportsmen preferred English fire- 
 arms.
 
 64 BREECH-LOADERS. 
 
 in The Field, the Country Gentleman's News- 
 paper, of the 31st October, 1857, in which I 
 enumerated thirty advantages that breech-loaders 
 possess over ordinary muzzle-loading guns. 
 Little did I dream of " the hornets' nest " in 
 which this innovation placed me. I was attacked 
 on all sides, by gun-makers, book-makers, and 
 contumacious, pedantic old sportsmen, who all 
 declared forsooth, " that the Old Shekarry must 
 be demented to think of adopting French fads 
 and foreign gimcracks." However, that party 
 (whose motto is Frangas nonflectes) being some- 
 what remarkable for pertinacity in his opinions, 
 and inflexibility of purpose,* continued to dis- 
 seminate his doctrine in spite of the sarcastic 
 
 * The Old Shekarry, when a very small boy, went with his 
 Maternal to have his bumps felt. The phrenologist, a quaint 
 old card, went on with his work in a very matter-of-fact style 
 until he came to a protuberance which seemed to puzzle him ; 
 he grunted, felt again, and then speaking to the boy who wrote 
 to his dictation, said : " No. 16. Firmness immoderately large," 
 (sotto voce to the Maternal), " amounting, I am afraid, madam, 
 to obstinacy." The old lady, who, up to that time, had enter- 
 tained doubts as to the truthfulness of phrenology, went home 
 quite a convert.
 
 BREECH-LOADERS. 65 
 
 insinuations of tribes of gun-sellers, who, doubt- 
 less, had large stocks of muzzle-loaders on hand, 
 and did not like to see the value of their stock 
 go down in the market. " The system is not 
 safe ; the breech is not sound ; the guns will not 
 shoot ; " was the cry, and at times the controversy 
 became so warm, that the " interested oppo- 
 nents " became even unparliamentary in their 
 language. 
 
 Bets of all descriptions, to any amount, were 
 offered, which, had the Old Shekarry been " an 
 army contractor" instead of a soldier, he would 
 have had to borrow capital to cover. At this 
 crisis, General Charitee, a celebrated old sports- 
 man and a crack shot, came to the rescue, chal- 
 lenged all comers in The Field, and offered to 
 back his breech-loader, made by Lang, for a 
 thousand pounds, against any muzzle-loader be- 
 longing to the boisterous crew. This plucky 
 offer, although never taken up, hushed the storm, 
 the agitation was calmed, temperate discussion 
 followed, trials were organised, the subject was 
 p
 
 66 BREECH-LOADERS. 
 
 ventilated, and, as a matter of course, the breech- 
 loading system became a recognised institution in 
 the sporting world. 
 
 I have now used the breech-loader for twelve 
 years, during which time I have shot a great deal 
 in the worst climate for arms of any description 
 (the West Coast of Equatorial Africa), and, after 
 giving the system every trial that experience can 
 devise, I have found no reason to alter my opinion 
 as to its excellence and efficiency. 
 
 The ^ reaSOI1S W T 
 
 Thirty Reasons 
 
 tKrlSoad- tne breech-loader to the ordinary 
 ing System. , 
 
 muzzle-loader, which i gave in Ine 
 Field newspaper in 1857, are 
 o . , f 1. The extreme facility and quick- 
 ness in the loading, whereby any 
 person with a breech-loader may load and fire 
 at least six shots in the same time that another 
 with a common gun takes to load and fire 
 two. 
 
 . Whilst shooting with a party in line, what 
 a decided advantage the breech-loader has over
 
 BREECH-LOADERS. 67 
 
 the common gun ! No halting the line to reload ; 
 you fire, and continue moving on, loading with 
 the greatest ease and celerity as you go. By this 
 means the line is kept unbroken, and in cover 
 the sportsmen are not exposed to the danger of a 
 stray shot from any one lagging behind. What 
 is more calculated to try the patience of a man 
 than this continual stopping? No one likes to 
 keep his friends waiting, and consequently reloads 
 with the greatest expedition. In the hurry of 
 the moment how often does a shot drop in the 
 nipple, or some mistake take place in the loading ? 
 to rectify which the line is delayed, and the 
 game, perhaps already afoot, makes off. All this 
 is avoided by the breech-loader. 
 g f , . 3. The great comparative safety in 
 
 using a breech-loader is undeniable. 
 Never by any chance need you have the direction 
 of your gun's muzzle pointed either towards 
 yourself or your friends in loading. It should be 
 kept in the direction you are going. 
 
 4. You cannot make any mistake in the loading,
 
 68 BREECH-LOADERS. 
 
 such, as leaving out or putting in two charges of 
 powder or shot into one barrel. 
 
 5. How many accidents have taken place from 
 a sportsman, in the haste or excitement of the 
 moment, loading one barrel with the other on full 
 cock, which the shock of ramming tight wads, or 
 catching in the trousers or a twig, has caused to 
 go off! There is no chance of this with a breech- 
 loader. 
 
 6. How many accidents does one hear of taking 
 place with the common gun, from the pouring 
 powder from a full flask down to the muzzle of a 
 gun recently discharged, in which perhaps a bit of 
 lighted tow, or, what is oftener the case, a bit of 
 cork (got in the powder in taking the cork out of 
 the canister) may remain. There is no chance of 
 losing a hand in this manner with a breech-loader. 
 
 Accidents ^' ^ ou are a ^ wa 7 s en abled whilst 
 
 loading to see clearly through your 
 barrels, and are certain, each shot, that there is 
 no obstruction or dirt got in, which is a great 
 advantage, as many people have been injured by
 
 BREECH-LOADERS. 69 
 
 guns bursting from the muzzle being accidentally 
 plugged up with clay, which may have got in 
 whilst jumping a ditch, climbing over a fence, or 
 stumbling on an uneven turnip-field. 
 
 8. From the formation of the cartridge, your 
 shot cannot loosen or fall out whilst walking with 
 the muzzle downwards. 
 
 9. You have no chance of the nipple breaking, 
 or being bothered with its stopping up. 
 
 Advantages 10 ' H W ften in a da y' S shootin g 
 
 whilst Shoot- T r. .1 -i T j r jj 
 
 ing. when both barrels are discharged, do 
 
 you mark a bird down: what an advantage the 
 sportsman armed with a breech-loader has, in 
 being enabled to walk up at once, loading as he 
 goes, without ever taking his eyes from off the 
 spot where the game settled ! 
 
 Absence of 11> Amon S otlier advantages is the 
 total absence of any flash or escape 
 from the breech. Thus, in firing the second 
 barrel on a damp day, the sight is not obstructed, 
 from smoke hanging before the eyes. 
 
 12. There is much less report from a breech-
 
 70 BREECH-LOADERS. 
 
 loader than from an ordinary gun, from the whole 
 discharge taking place internally. 
 
 13. There is no chance of some unlucky cap 
 flying, and endangering your eyesight. 
 
 14. There is very much less recoil 
 Less Recoil. 
 
 than from an ordinary gun a great 
 
 advantage in a long day's shooting ; no blackened 
 shoulders, no stiffness the day after. The reason 
 of there being less recoil in a breech-loader than 
 in a muzzle-loader of the same size and weight, is 
 that its construction renders it necessary to have 
 more weight of metal at the breech ; and also 
 because at the hollow of the cartridge of the 
 breech-loader there is a light roll of paper, 
 about one-eighth of an inch in thickness, which 
 (like the buffer of a railway carriage) gives 
 with the action of the powder, and lessens the 
 recoil. 
 
 Not affected ^* -^ a ^ n or damp, whilst out shoot- 
 
 ing, cannot affect or injure the charge 
 
 or caps ; neither being exposed to the weather, in 
 
 the same way the nipple of the ordinary gun is.
 
 BREECH-LOADERS. 71 
 
 No chance of miss-fires on that account with a 
 breech-loader. 
 
 16. The breech-loader takes very 
 Cleaning. 
 
 little time to clean; a piece of tow and 
 an oiled rag run through the barrel is sufficient ; 
 and by looking through them, it is very easy to 
 be seen whether they are clean a great advan- 
 tage. Whereas, with an ordinary gun, by the 
 act of reloading, the dirt and debris of the last 
 discharge is forced into the breech or the nip- 
 ple, and frequent washing out of the barrels is 
 required. 
 No Second 17< The carrying out of a second gun 
 
 Gun required. -\ . j /> 
 
 is obviated; tor a sportsman can re- 
 load his gun in most cases more quickly than his 
 keeper can hand him another. I have always 
 had an objection to having a keeper walking 
 behind me with a loaded gun. Perhaps it may 
 be a weakness I have ; but I always feel afraid 
 of his stumbling, and " making game " of me. 
 Less to Carry. 18. The bother of carrying powder- 
 flask, shot-bag, caps, wads, loading-rod, and nipple-
 
 72 BREECH-LOADERS. 
 
 screw is avoided ; none being required with a 
 breech-loader, the cartridges being carried either 
 in the pocket or in a waist-belt, 
 o ' kn ' ^* Breech-loaders shoot quicker 
 
 than muzzle-loaders, because there is 
 no long communication (the nipple) between the 
 point of ignition and the charge, the explosion of 
 the cap taking place in the centre of the powder, 
 which is inflamed almost simultaneously ; for it 
 is an error to suppose even that gunpowder ex- 
 plodes instantaneously, as, however rapid its pro- 
 gress, it takes a certain time in travelling from 
 the first grain to the last. 
 Foul very ^' Breech-loaders foul very little, 
 
 as the thick elastic mercurial waddings 
 which enter the breech are fully a size larger 
 than the bore of the muzzle; consequently, being 
 driven through the barrel by the action of the 
 powder, each discharge carries away any refuse 
 or accumulation that may have been left by the 
 previous one, and at the end of a long day's 
 shooting the barrel is almost as free from foul-
 
 BREECH-LOADERS. 73 
 
 ness as at the beginning; also, the explosion 
 of the charge does not take place in the breech, 
 but in the paper cartridge, which comes out 
 uninjured, containing the debris of the burnt 
 powder, which in the ordinary gun is drawn into 
 the chamber and nipple every time it is reloaded, 
 until the latter becomes clogged up, and miss- 
 fires are the consequence. 
 Advantages 21. What an advantage it is, when 
 
 whenLoad- 
 
 ing- shooting in fens, swamps, or rice fields, 
 
 to be able to load without being obliged to put 
 the butt of your gun in the mud or water, 
 whereby you wet and soil your clothes when 
 you put it up to the shoulder, making yourself 
 uncomfortable for the day. 
 
 22. When shooting in dense covers, or perhaps 
 when perched in the fork of a tree, or in a pit 
 waiting by water, or a salt-lick for deer, bison, or 
 other large game, what an advantage it is being 
 able to reload with so very little change of 
 position in a small space 1 
 
 23. What an advantage to the Indian sports-
 
 74 BREECH-LOADERS. 
 
 man who fires and reloads in a howdah, moving 
 and shaking from the motion of the elephant ! 
 
 24. What an advantage to the elephant-hunter 
 in South Africa, who is obliged to load and fire 
 from his horse's back ; having to keep his eye 
 perhaps on an infuriated wounded animal, to look 
 out for obstructions in his path, and to reload his 
 discharged piece. 
 
 25. How often in the field does the noise of 
 ramming down a tight wad, whilst reloading the 
 ordinary gun, put up birds on all sides, who thus 
 get away, to the sportsman's disgust ! Not so 
 with the breech-loader. What an advantage being 
 able to load without noise is to the snipe- shooter, 
 who often, after a hard day's blank fag, arrives 
 on small insulated patches of grass alive with 
 snipe, where he may perhaps fire a dozen shots 
 without moving a single pace, and when every 
 slightest movement and noise, caused by reloading, 
 puts up dozens of birds all round, whom he has 
 the mortification of hearing call " Scape, scape ! " 
 as they collect in clouds and soar away. When
 
 BREECH-LOADERS. 75 
 
 birds are thick, I fairly believe, all things consi- 
 dered, that a sportsman armed with a breech- 
 loader may easily kill twice as many birds as an 
 equal shot with a common gun. 
 
 26. What sportsman, after a heavy day's 
 snipe-shooting under a hot sun, has not found 
 his hands all sore and blistered, from constantly 
 ramming down the charge ? Never this with 
 a breech-loader. "What an advantage this is 
 to the engineer officer, who has often in India 
 to give up the amusement of snipe- shooting, 
 because it makes his hands unfit to use the 
 pen. 
 
 27. Who does not feel that he can shoot better 
 and with greater satisfaction, having his hands 
 clean ? whereas with a common gun they will in 
 a few times loading get blackened with exploded 
 powder, and sticky. Now, with a breech-loader, 
 a man may put on a pair of white kid gloves, 
 kill a good bag of game, and return with them 
 scarcely soiled. 
 
 28. In cold weather, who has not found the
 
 76 BREECH-LOADERS. 
 
 loading of a common gun and putting on caps 
 distress him beyond measure, especially if he has 
 been obliged to pull off his warm gloves before 
 he is able to effect it at last? No such bother 
 with a breech-loader. 
 
 E e in chan ^' ^^at an advantage it is being 
 large. ^^ ^ ( j raw y Our charge in a moment, 
 
 and change the number of your shot. How 
 often whilst after snipe do you come across duck; 
 or, whilst after hares and partridges, do you start 
 a herd of deer, a sounder of pig, or perhaps a 
 royal tiger ? 
 
 30. How pleasant it is being able to substitute 
 ball for shot in a few seconds, instead of the old 
 tedious manner of drawing your charge with 
 the screw of your ramrod, which takes ten times 
 as long, and makes noise enough to scare away 
 the game. 
 
 The sportsman can easily make up his own 
 cartridges at the rate of about half-a-gross in an 
 hour ; or, if he prefers it, he can purchase them 
 all ready from any gunmaker.
 
 BREECH-LOADERS. 77 
 
 OldPr ' When all the advantages of the 
 
 breech-loader are contrasted with the 
 known disadvantages of the muzzle-loader, it is 
 difficult to account for the prejudice that has 
 existed against them for so many years ; for, not- 
 withstanding that the present system was intro- 
 duced by La Faucheux a quarter of a century 
 ago, it is only lately that it has come into general 
 use amongst sportsmen. Numerous objections 
 have been urged against the system, but none 
 appear to have had any substantial foundation ; 
 and I shall not enter into them, although I am 
 aware that there are many sportsmen of the old 
 school who, from prejudice, will not even deign to 
 give it a trial: with them, arguments and facts 
 are both equally lost. 
 
 In the pursuit of large game, breech- 
 
 The Disadvan- 
 
 Muzzie-ioad- la din g arms ar e infinitely preferable ; 
 for until the last few years the hunter 
 was always obliged, when waging war with the 
 denizens of the forest, to keep up a battery of 
 several guns and rifles, which, to say nothing of
 
 78 BREECH-LOADERS. 
 
 the expense of the first outlay and the continual 
 wear and tear, etc., was attended by several serious 
 disadvantages, some half-dozen of which I shall 
 enumerate. 
 
 In the first place, two or three gun -bearers 
 are required to each sportsman, whose duty it is 
 to pass up the spare guns as fast as those in hand 
 are discharged ; now, it is a great disadvantage 
 for a hunter, when on trail or stalking, to have 
 a number of persons at his heels, on account of 
 the extra noise they must necessarily make in 
 forcing their way through cover, which often 
 gives alarm to the game, and prevents him from 
 getting a shot. 
 
 Secondly, it is a great drawback, whilst in the 
 pursuit of some dangerous animal, when a faux 
 pas might be attended with fatal consequences, to 
 have any other than yourself to look after. 
 
 Thirdly, it is not pleasant to have loaded fire- 
 arms carried in the rear by inexperienced hands, 
 with whom an accident from carelessness is as 
 likely to occur as not.
 
 BREECH-LOADERS. 79 
 
 Fourthly, it is not a comfortable feeling to 
 have to depend upon the coolness and courage 
 of your followers ; and many a sportsman has 
 found himself in an awkward position by his 
 gun-bearers having been seized with a panic, 
 and bolting, leaving him, with both barrels dis- 
 charged, in the presence of a wounded and 
 infuriated animal, when nothing but some lucky 
 chance can prevent a catastrophe. 
 
 Fifthly, it frequently happens, in hunting in 
 different countries, that the sportsman (if he does 
 not keep in his pay a shekar-gang of his own, 
 which is expensive work) has to entrust his spare 
 guns to men of whom he knows nothing, who 
 may be tempted to decamp with them not a 
 very unfrequent occurrence.* 
 
 Sixthly, it is a great annoyance to a tired 
 sportsman, after a hard day's fag, to have to clean 
 four or five double guns and rifles, which task he 
 
 * Lieut. Rice, of the Bombay Army, lost all his guns in this 
 manner.
 
 80 BREECH-LOADERS. 
 
 dare not entrust his followers to perform, as there 
 are times when a miss-fire might be attended with 
 the most serious consequences. 
 
 Happily for the sportsmen of the present day, 
 all these disagreeable contingencies may now be 
 avoided by making use of rifles on the breech- 
 loading system. Now, independent of gun- 
 bearers, he can roam through the forest alone, 
 careless as to what animal he may meet, for he 
 knows that, should his first shots not take deadly 
 effect, he can reload in the twinkling of an eye, 
 and keep up a running fire, against which no- 
 thing can stand, instead of having to bolt under 
 cover to reload (in case a spare gun is not at 
 hand), returning breathless, and often with un- 
 steady hand, from having to use sheer force in 
 jamming an obstinate ball down a foul barrel. 
 When mounted, a rifle on the breech-loading 
 system has immense advantages, as it can be 
 easily reloaded, without in any way interfering 
 with the management of the horse; whereas 
 with the old muzzle-loader the sportsman was
 
 PERCUSSION SHELLS. 
 
 81 
 
 entirely powerless whilst drawing his ramrod 
 and ramming home the bullet. He who has 
 once used a breech-loading gun or rifle will no 
 more think of going back to a muzzle-loader 
 than the crack marksman at Hythe would return 
 to old " Brown Bess." 
 
 Percussion shells in vented by Captain 
 Norton and improved by General 
 Jacobs, are often used by sportsmen when shooting 
 large game. They consist of copper cases, full 
 of gunpowder, encased in a leaden cylindro-coni- 
 cal projectile, at the apex of which is the point 
 of the shell containing percussion powder, that 
 explodes on striking any object. (Vide Plate.) 
 
 Jacobs' 
 Shells. 
 
 Section of Jacobs' Shell. 
 
 Jacobs' Shell.
 
 82 
 
 GUN-CASE 
 
 These shells are very useful for riflemen when 
 engaged with field artillery, as ammunition 
 caissons may be blown up by them. 
 
 cases ^ or g uns or rifles are 
 
 Case and A 
 
 purtenances. 
 
 made as compact as possible. Messrs. Bussey and 
 Co., of New Oxford Street, make most excellent 
 cases, as well as all necessary accessories. 
 
 The Gun-Case (Plate, page 83, Fig. 1) usually 
 contains : 
 
 The Barrel Cleaner, Fig. 2. 
 
 The Cartridge Loading Machine, Fig. 3. 
 
 Measures for Powder and Shot, Fig. 2, page 82 ; Fig 4, page 83. 
 
 A Cartridge Extractor, Fig. 1, page 82. 
 
 A Felt Breech-Cleaner. 
 
 A Cartridge-Carrier, Plate, page 86. 
 
 An Oil-Bottle, Lock-Brush, Scratch-Brush, and Turnscrew.
 
 AND APPURTENANCES. 
 
 83 
 
 1 4 
 
 Gun-Case and Appurtenances. 
 G 2
 
 CARTRIDGE LOADER. 
 
 Machine for Loading Cartridges. "Eussey's Patent." 
 
 Sportsmen who load their own cartridges re- 
 quire a machine for the purpose. That invented 
 by Mr. George Bussey is one of the best, as its 
 construction is so simple that it can scarcely get 
 out of order ; the cartridges can be rapidly 
 leaded, and it is so compact that it will fit into 
 any ordinary gun-case.
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR LOADING. 85 
 
 Directions for Loading Cartridges. 
 
 1st. Screw the frame of the machine to a table very firmly. 
 
 2nd. Insert a case in each chamber of the holder, and close the 
 lid. 
 
 3rd. Charge each case successively with powder, and then 
 insert the six wads. 
 
 4th. Bring the holder parallel with the frame, taking care that 
 the first cartridge is exactly under the plunger, drive down the 
 wad by a blow on the plunger with the palm of the right hand, 
 using the left to slide the holder along, and so bring each car- 
 tridge exactly under the plunger, till the six have been rammed 
 home. 
 
 5th. Repeat the processes Nos. 3 and 4 for the shot. 
 
 6th. Now take the holder horizontally in the left hand, and sub- 
 mit each cartridge to the screw successively, after which they 
 drop out of the chambers by turning the hinged lid of the holder. 
 
 To load quickly without spilling, the "vessels containing the 
 powder and shot should be just the height of the cartridge case 
 (i. e., about 2f inches.) 
 
 Any sportsman, with a little practice, may load 150 cartridges 
 within the hour.
 
 86 
 
 CARTRIDGE BELT. 
 
 Spring Cartridge Belt. "Bussey's Patent." 
 
 The spring cartridge-belt, invented by 
 Mr. George Bussey, is one of the best and 
 most convenient yet introduced. It is worn 
 under the coat and carries from 30 to 36 
 cartridges. 
 
 Cartridge Carrier.
 
 CARTRIDGE MAGAZINE. 87 
 
 Keeper's Car- TllG fore g oin S shows the 
 
 kind of cartridge case for a keeper 
 
 to carry reserve ammunition. 
 
 Magazine. 
 
 Cartrid Loaded cartridges are best carried 
 
 in a compact magazine, holding from 
 
 200 to 500, similar to the foregoing Plate, as it
 
 88 KEEPER'S CARTRIDGE CASE. 
 
 is fitted with regulating straps, which prevent 
 the cartridges from being damaged by shaking 
 about, as is too often the case with other methods 
 of stowage. 
 
 The following cuts show the best 
 kinds of game carriers, which, al- 
 though very simple, I much prefer to nets and 
 bags, as the air being allowed to circulate about 
 
 Game Carrier. 
 
 the game, it is kept cooler, and does not turn 
 putrid so soon as it would do, if all huddled 
 together in a bag. I like to have my game 
 kept long enough to become tender, but, not
 
 GAME CARRIERS. 
 
 89 
 
 being of the vulture tribe, do not fancy de- 
 composed meat.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 ARMAMENT. 
 
 PART II. MILITARY ASMS. 
 
 The Importance of " Keeping Pace with the Times" Brown Bess 
 The Percussion Musket-The Enfield Eifle The Westley 
 Richards' Breech-loading Rifle and Cartridge The Westley 
 Richards' Central Fire Military Rifle and Cartridge The Snider 
 Rifle and the Boxer Cartridge Different Systems of Rifling 
 compared Holster Pistols Colt's Repeating Arms Dean's 
 Revolver Tranter's Breech-loading Revolver " The Whis- 
 perer" Breech-loading Mountain Guns Jacobs' Shells. 
 
 AT last, in spite of the trammels of red tape 
 and old-fashioned official routine, " the powers 
 that be " have become aware of the fact, that in 
 order to maintain our national prestige they must 
 keep pace with the times ; and although Govern- 
 ment are still very slow in recognising real merit 
 in new inventions, and look upon every contem-
 
 BROWN BESS PERCUSSION MUSKET. 91 
 
 plated change as an officious innovation, still 
 much has been done to benefit the service, more 
 especially as regards the armament of our land 
 and sea forces, and one of the most efficient 
 reforms has been the adoption of the Snider 
 breech-loader. 
 
 One of the greatest generals of the 
 Brown Bess. 
 
 past, oir Charles J. JNapier, the con- 
 queror of Scinde, believed in the efficiency of 
 the old Brown Bess of his day with its flint-lock 
 and bright barrel ; for he had seen, many a glo- 
 rious field won by men armed only with that 
 weapon, and knew no other. 
 
 The first great change for the better 
 te ' was the introduction of the percussion 
 musket, which was regarded with such suspicion 
 by the authorities, that, in the first instance, I 
 remember only one company per regiment was 
 entrusted with it. Time passed, and the new 
 arms did good execution in their day, for with 
 them the decisive battles of the Sutlej and the 
 Punjab were won.
 
 92 ENFIELD RIFLE. 
 
 , Thanks, however, to the late Duke 
 1 e> of Newcastle, then Secretary of State 
 
 for "War, and the right man in the right place, in 
 spite of the tenaciousness of ancient prejudices, 
 the grooved bore was issued to the line, first the 
 Minie, and subsequently the Enfield; and this 
 country is indebted to that wise minister for the 
 most brilliant victory of modern times, as it was 
 solely by the deadly efficiency of their volleys that 
 a handful of British troops were enabled to hold 
 their own, and repulse overpowering numbers of 
 a brave and determined enemy on the heights of 
 Inkerman. 
 Breech-load- Ten years have rolled on since that 
 
 ing Rifles 
 
 adopted. murky morning when the soldiers' 
 
 battle was won, and another era in our national 
 armament is at hand, for the weapon that did us 
 such good service at Inkerman has been dis- 
 carded, and Government are arming the whole of 
 our army and navy with breech-loaders. 
 
 The repeated warnings of the press, to whom 
 be all honour for its wise foresight and unceasing
 
 BREECH-LOADING RIFLE. 93 
 
 watchfulness over the safety and honour of the 
 country, together with the sad results of the late 
 Danish and Austrian campaigns, have done much 
 to open the eyes of the authorities, and make 
 them aware, that even the bravest of troops, 
 equipped with antiquated weapons, cannot hold 
 the most defensible positions against the attack 
 of an enemy whose arms combine every improve- 
 ment of the age. 
 
 It is to be hoped that these unfortunate 
 campaigns will serve as a warning to future 
 ministers, and prevent any false economy, old 
 prejudices, red-tape, or procrastinating official 
 routine interfering with the effective maintenance 
 of our national defences, and the efficient equip- 
 ment of our land and sea forces, according to 
 the march of the age, and the improvements that 
 science is continually making. If Great Britain 
 is to be maintained as a first-class power, she 
 must, as in days of yore, ever be prepared 
 against an emergency. Her supremacy was won 
 by force of arms, and by force of arms it must be
 
 94 CAVALRY CARBINE. 
 
 kept. The time has not come for the sword to 
 be turned into a ploughshare ; and as we wish for 
 peace, we should be prepared for war. 
 
 Diplomacy, although useful in its way, should 
 not be our sole dependence when the honour, 
 safety, and liberty of action of the country are 
 concerned. As a nation, we are not famous in 
 that line it never was our forte. We have 
 often lost by treaties the advantages gained by 
 the sacrifice of our best blood ; for, whenever a 
 question has arisen, our diplomatists have found 
 their match ; and the nation has had to fall back 
 upon that which has never failed her the 
 staunch hearts and bull-dog courage of her stal- 
 wart sons. 
 Westley This excellent arm [which has been 
 
 Richards' i i r ,1 i 
 
 Breech-load- adopted lor some years in the cavalry, 
 
 ing Cavalry 
 
 Carbine. and of which Government have over 
 20,000 in store] is extremely simple and uncom- 
 plicated in construction, does not easily get out 
 of order, and, in case of accident, can easily be 
 repaired by a regimental armourer.
 
 CAVALRY CARBINE. 95 
 
 It can be loaded with great rapidity with the 
 impossibility of any accident occurring, does not 
 foul after heavy firing, is of great penetration, 
 and, at long ranges, great accuracy of shooting 
 can be obtained. 
 
 The total absence of foulness was satisfactorily 
 proved by the experiments made by Government, 
 when several hundred rounds were fired from 
 this system without cleaning, and there was no 
 more foulness in the barrel or greater recoil ex- 
 perienced in the last shot than the second. 
 
 This is easily accounted for, as the greased 
 wad that lubricates the barrel at every discharge 
 is of two sizes larger than the diameter of the 
 barrel at the muzzle ; consequently, whatever 
 remains of the exploded powder or paper from 
 the cartridge of the last shot is driven out of the 
 barrel by the succeeding one. 
 
 For seven years in succession the chief prizes 
 for breech-loading arms have been carried off 
 by Mr. "Westley Richards' rifles, which proves 
 their extreme accuracy of shooting.
 
 96 
 
 CAYALRY CARBINE. 
 
 The Begulation Breech-loading Cavalry Carbine, on 
 Westley Kichards' System.
 
 CAVALRY CARBINE. 97 
 
 The Plate on page 96, Fig. 1, represents the 
 rifle closed. The small lump marked a is the 
 only projecting part; in all other respects, the 
 arm has the appearance of an ordinary rifle. 
 
 Fig. 2 represents a section of the breech- 
 loading parts. 
 
 A is a gun-metal plunger which enters the 
 breech-end of the gun. 
 
 B is a solid iron block, with an inclined plane 
 at the back c. 
 
 There is a second inclined plane at the point 
 E; this throws the block B back Into its 
 place, and makes it fit close against the end of 
 the box F, which is also undercut, to fit the 
 inclined part of the block B, at the point c. The 
 block has a sliding motion to allow this action to 
 take place. 
 
 By this it will be seen that the greater the 
 pressure on the block and plunger, the safer the 
 part becomes; the inclined plane holding the lever 
 firmly down in its place. 
 
 D represents the cartridge. 
 
 H
 
 98 CENTRAL FIRE RIFLE. 
 
 Westle ^ r ' Westley Richards has also in- 
 
 Central Fire vented a most excellent central-fire 
 
 Military 
 
 Rifle. military breech-loading rifle, containing 
 
 the ignition in the cartridge, which promises to su- 
 persede all other systems. But notwithstanding 
 that the Duke of Cambridge's prize for breech- 
 loading arms had been won for seven years in 
 succession with rifles of his manufacture, he with- 
 drew it from competition at the late Wimbledon 
 meeting this year, because Mr. Henry's rifle, 
 which is not a military arm, was put in compe- 
 tition with it. 
 
 Compared with the Snider Enfield, it has the 
 advantage of being considerably lighter. The 
 Snider Enfield and sixty rounds of ammunition 
 weighing 2^ Ibs. heavier than "Westley Richards' 
 rifle and its sixty rounds. 
 
 For rapidity of fire it cannot be surpassed, as 
 twenty shots per minute can easily be fired with 
 it; and its accuracy of shooting is the same as 
 that of his well-known breech-loader, which super- 
 seded the Terry rifle in the Services, and has
 
 CENTRAL FIRE RIFLE. 99 
 
 Westley Bicliards' Central Fire Military Kifle. 
 
 carried off the first breech-loading prize every 
 year in succession since the Wimbledon meeting 
 H 2
 
 100 CENTRAL FIRE RIFLE. 
 
 was established in 1860, and which up to this 
 time has never been beaten. 
 
 The Plate on page 99 illustrates the system ; 
 and by comparing it with the Plate on page 96, 
 it will be seen that the action is in many respects 
 similar 'to Mr. Westley Richards' former rifle, 
 the chief difference being that the sliding plunger 
 (Plate, ad) is perforated, and contains a needle, 
 or rather striker, bb, that receives the blow of 
 the hammer, d, upon a projecting head, c, and 
 which, sliding forward, explodes the cap con- 
 tained in the felt wad (vide Plate, page 102), 
 attached to the cartridge. 
 
 These felt wads are, after the insertion of the 
 caps, dipped in tallow, and, by a very simple 
 arrangement, a portion of this valuable lubri- 
 cating agent is driven back by the side of the 
 striker after each discharge, coming out through 
 a hole in the side of the plunger, in regular ro- 
 tation, and keeping every part in good working 
 order.
 
 CENTRAL FIRE RIFLE. 101 
 
 A very ingenious lever, e, drives back the 
 striker when the action is opened, by lifting up 
 the arm,y, and thus all danger of an explosion is 
 removed -when the plunger is depressed. 
 
 There is no spring in the whole action, which is 
 simple, uncomplicated, and in no way liable to 
 get out of order. 
 
 Upwards of 10,000 rounds have been fired out 
 of one of these rifles without cleaning, scarcely 
 ever missing fire, and the arm is still serviceable 
 and fit for work. 
 
 Its accuracy of shooting is 7*10 inches at 600 
 yards, which is all that can be desired. 
 
 These cartridges are so simple in their con- 
 struction that, in case of need, soldiers can easily 
 make them. 
 
 The Plate on page 102, Fig. 1, shows the cart- 
 ridge as ready for insertion into the rifle, whilst 
 Fig. 2 is a section of the same. 
 
 Fig. 3, showing the action of the ignition, is 
 twice the size of the Government bore. 
 
 G, the striker or needle, strikes the head of an
 
 102 
 
 Westley Bichards' Cartridge.
 
 CARTRIDGES. 103 
 
 ordinary percussion cap, b, against the point of an 
 iron anvil, a, which is confined in its position by 
 a copper broad-flanged cap, c c c c, at the ex- 
 tremity of which there is an aperture, h h, through 
 which the flame is driven which ignites the charge, 
 
 D d is a soft thick wad, e e a thin hard one, 
 which are sown together, and keep the flanged 
 cap, c c, and its contents in position. 
 
 The whole arrangement is very simple, and 
 there is scarcely any possibility of a miss-fire. 
 
 Brothers are now manufactur- 
 
 The " Boxer" 
 
 ing these cartridges under the Patent 
 
 of Colonel Boxer, R.A., of Woolwich Arsenal, 
 for Snider and other systems of breech-loading 
 rifles taking central fire cartridges of '577 and 
 451 bore, they having been adopted by Govern- 
 ment for use with the converted Snider Breech- 
 loading Rifle. 
 
 The inventor states that they possess the fol- 
 lowing advantages :
 
 104 
 
 CARTRIDGES. 
 
 " BOXER" 
 CARTRIDGE, 
 577 BOEB. 
 
 SECTION OP 
 
 "BOXER" 
 
 CARTRIDGE, 
 
 577 Boms. 
 
 1. The principle of construction admits of such 
 a difference between the size of the chamber and 
 that of the cartridge, that no rough usage, to 
 which the ammunition is liable, can interfere with 
 facility of loading. 
 
 2. The withdrawal of the empty case is effected 
 with perfect ease, even under adverse circum- 
 stances.
 
 CARTRIDGES. 105 
 
 3. It cannot possibly swell by damp. 
 
 4. It may be crushed or disfigured to almost 
 any extent, without danger of breakage or escape 
 of gas. 
 
 5. It is practically waterproof, that is to say, 
 it will withstand exposure to damp for almost any 
 period, and it may be completely immersed in 
 water for some time without injury. 
 
 6. It is not liable to deterioration from the 
 effects of climate in any part of the world. 
 
 7. It is sure of ignition. 
 
 8. It is not liable to explosion in bulk; that is 
 to say, the ignition of one or more cartridges 
 will not extend to the remainder, indeed, a 
 quantity of loose powder may be exploded in 
 the centre of a barrel of ammunition without 
 igniting any of the cartridges. 
 
 9. It excels in accuracy of shooting. 
 
 10. It is not liable to foul the rifle even under 
 the most adverse circumstances. 
 
 The superior qualities of the Boxer cartridge 
 have been fully established by the results of a
 
 106 CARTRIDGES. 
 
 series of experiments made by the Government. 
 In these trials, the accuracy of shooting was 
 better than that with the muzzle-loading ammu- 
 nition, and only three miss-fires occurred out of 
 the 10,000 rounds fired. 
 
 The fouling from 1000 consecutive rounds did 
 not appreciably affect the accuracy of shooting 
 or facility of loading. 
 
 After the cartridges had been immersed for 
 six days in very wet sawdust no miss-fires 
 occurred, and the loading was performed with 
 the greatest ease in every case. The cartridges 
 were bent, indented, and injured in various ways, 
 without affecting the ease of loading or accuracy 
 of shooting ; they were shaken loose in a soldier's 
 pouch for a month, and came out perfectly ser- 
 viceable, and they were subjected to different 
 atmospheric conditions artificially created with- 
 out sustaining any injury. 
 
 As regards the safety of the Boxer cartridge, 
 Captain Majendie, in his lecture at the R. U. S. 
 Institution, stated as follows :
 
 RIFLING. 107 
 
 " I have several times exploded one cartridge 
 in a barrel without igniting the remainder. I 
 have fired ten at once, and no more exploded. I 
 have gone further, and placed a barrel of 700 
 cartridges inside an iron cylinder tightly screwed 
 down, and have exploded a quarter of a pound 
 of powder in the midst, and although the screws 
 were broken and the lid blown off with violence, 
 and some of the cartridges strangely distorted, 
 not a single cartridge was ignited." 
 
 To obviate any danger of these cartridges 
 exploding accidentally by rough usage in transit, 
 the anvil and chamber are purposely arranged 
 so that they can scarcely be ignited except by a 
 properly constructed rifle. Cartridges made to 
 ignite very easily are extremely dangerous, being 
 liable to explode when closing the rifle, in addi- 
 tion to the chance of ignition in transit. 
 
 Arms are still in a transition state, 
 
 Eifling. 
 
 and it is yet a matter of doubt as to 
 which system of rifling is the best.
 
 108 THE WHITWORTH RIFLE. 
 
 Whitw riv From the numerous experiments I 
 have made and witnessed, I consider 
 that, for accuracy of fire , nothing equals that 
 of Mr Joseph "VVhitworth, of Manchester ; 
 his rifle with the hexagonal bore and elon- 
 gated projectile having " distanced " every 
 other at long ranges in the course of expe- 
 rimental trials lately made at the School of 
 Musketry at Hythe ; besides which the trajectory 
 is lower than any other system. He uses a short 
 barrel, having an hexagonal bore and a very 
 quick turn ; for whereas the Enfield rifle has 
 only one turn in 6 ft. 6in., and therefore only half 
 a turn in the barrel of the Enfield, which is 3 ft. 
 3 in., he has a 45-inch bore, with one turn in 
 20 inches, which rotation is sufficient with a 
 bullet of the requisite specific gravity. Mr. 
 Whitworth has reached such a pitch of accuracy, 
 that in a shed excluded from the influence of 
 wind, and firing from a beautifully-contrived 
 rest, at 500 yards he can put any number of con-
 
 THE WHITWORTH RIFLE. 109 
 
 secutive balls within a space less than that 
 occupied by a five-shilling piece ; and it is said 
 that he will not be contented until he can throw 
 a bullet from the barrel of one rifle into the 
 barrel of another placed at 500 yards' distance. 
 His ordinary rifles are guaranteed, in the hands 
 of a good marksman, to be true at the same 
 distance within eight inches. When his rifle 
 was tested at Hythe with a Regulation Enfield, the 
 efficiency of the one as compared with the other 
 was as twenty to one: Colonel "Wilford saying 
 that the Whit worth was better at 800 yards than 
 the Enfield at 500. Beyond 1100 yards the 
 Enfield must cease firing even at large masses, 
 while Whitworth's can do business at 2000. In- 
 deed, rifling seems in its infancy, and range must 
 only cease with the power of the human eye to 
 take an aim. If Mr. Whitworth applies his 
 peculiar principle of rifling to a breech-loader, he 
 will produce the most finished weapon of the 
 day.
 
 110 ELLIPTICAL FIRING. 
 
 Em tical ^ r * L ancas ter's elliptical rifling 
 
 gives excellent practice, and the bore 
 being smooth, is not liable to harbour rust or 
 wear away, and is easily cleaned. 
 
 Mr. Henry, of Edinburgh, has lately turned 
 out most excellent arms of octagonal bore, the 
 shooting of which can scarcely be surpassed, and 
 the success they have won at the Wimbledon 
 meeting has gained him a great name for careful 
 workmanship. 
 
 For active service in the field, as 
 
 Holster Pistols 
 
 evo vers. ^^ ^ QJ . g p ortm g purposes, I much 
 
 prefer double-barrel breech-loading pistols for 
 the holster to any revolver yet brought out, 
 as it carries a very much larger bullet, which 
 will disable even when it may not strike a vital 
 part. 
 
 The sketch on the opposite page shows a holster 
 pistol made by Westley Richards, which is all 
 that can be desired. 
 
 For campaigning purposes abroad, when with
 
 HOLSTER PISTOL. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Westiey Bichards' Holster Pistol.
 
 112 
 
 HOLSTER PISTOL. 
 
 the regular troops, I should prefer to have my 
 holster pistols, as well as my service rifle, on the 
 central-fire system, and of the same gauge as 
 the breech-loading rifle issued to the troops, 
 as I could then make use of the regulation 
 cartridges. 
 
 For the holster pistols, however, some of the 
 powder should be extracted, or the recoil will be 
 too great. 
 
 Mr. Holland, of Bond Street, has turned his 
 attention to holster pistols on this system, and the 
 following sketch shows his last improvements. 
 
 Holland's Holster Pistol.
 
 REVOLVING PISTOLS. 
 
 113 
 
 Colt's Revolving Pistol. 
 1 
 
 For many years 
 Colt's revolving 
 arms have been 
 considered to be 
 the most efficient 
 weapons of their 
 kind for service 
 in the field, having 
 stood every test 
 that practical ex- 
 perience can de- 
 vise. In the Cri- 
 mean, the late 
 Continental, and 
 the American 
 wars, they have 
 been very general- 
 ly used, and have 
 always proved to 
 be most reliable 
 and certain wea- 
 pons. 
 
 For superiority
 
 114 REVOLVING PISTOLS. 
 
 of material and workmanship, safety, simplicity, 
 durability, accuracy, and celerity of fire, great 
 length of range, force of penetration, they possess 
 important advantages both for public and private 
 service. The barrel is rifle-bored. The lever 
 ramrod renders wadding or patch unnecessary, 
 and secures the charge against moisture, or be- 
 coming loose by rough handling or hard riding. 
 The hammer, when at full cock, forms the sight 
 by which to take aim, and is readily raised to 
 full cock by the thumb, with one hand. 
 
 A very effectual provision is made to prevent 
 the accidental discharge of Colt's fire-arms whilst 
 being carried in the hand, holster, pocket, or 
 belt. Between each pair of nipples (the position 
 of which secures the caps in their places) is a 
 small pin or notch, and the point of the hammer 
 is let down upon it ; so that if the hammer be 
 lowered on the pin, or into the notch, the 
 cylinder is prevented from revolving, and the 
 hammer is not in contact with the percussion 
 cap, so that, even if the hammer be struck vio-< 
 lently by accident, it cannot explode the cap.
 
 REVOLVER WITH CARBINE BREECH. 115 
 
 Colt's Revolver, 
 with attachable 
 Carbine Breech. 
 
 The Carbine Breech 
 attached to the 8-inch 
 Barrel Army and Navy 
 Revolver, Colt's latest 
 improvement (vide 
 
 Plate) is one by which 
 the pistol may be 
 made an efficient substi- 
 tute for the carbines 
 now in general use, 
 without detracting from 
 the special and peculiar 
 qualities of the revolver. 
 The weapon may be 
 used with great facility 
 and convenience as a 
 carbine; and when not 
 required for such use, 
 the pistol may be re- 
 moved and placed in 
 the holster on the body, 
 the butt or stock being 
 allowed to swing from
 
 116 COLT'S PISTOLS 
 
 a strap or sling over the back, or at the side. 
 An obvious advantage of this fitting is that, 
 when in action, if all the charges of a repeating 
 arm have been fired, the discharged pistol may 
 be instantly exchanged for the other of the pair 
 in the holster. 
 
 Directions. 
 
 Before loading blow the oil and dust out of the 
 
 Directions nipples, 
 for using 
 
 Colt's Great care should be taken, when Colt's car- 
 
 Pistols, tridges are not used, that all the balls are per- 
 
 fect, and fit the chambers snugly, otherwise the 
 charges may jar out, and more than one chamber be discharged 
 at once. 
 
 1st. Draw back the hammer to half-cock, which 
 
 For Loading allows the cylinder to turn in one direction freely, 
 and Firing. 
 
 2nd. Holding the muzzle erect, place a charge 
 
 of powder in, and a ball upon the mouth of the chamber. 
 
 3rd. Turn the cylinder until the loaded chamber is under the 
 rammer, and force the ball with the lever below the mouth of 
 the chamber ; if the ball fits, the chamber is then hermetically 
 closed and the powder protected from water, damp, and sparks 
 of fire. 
 
 4th. Eeverse the arm and place the percussion caps on the 
 nipples. 
 
 5th. Draw the hammer to full cock, and the arm is ready for 
 firing.
 
 COLT'S PISTOLS. 117 
 
 Set the hammer at half-cock, and drive out the 
 leaning. k ey ag f ar ag ^ e screw will allow, remove the 
 barrel, which may be done by the aid of the lever pressing down 
 the rammer upon the partitions between the chambers of the 
 cylinder. Wash the cylinder and barrel in warm water, dry and 
 oil them thoroughly, oil freely the base-pin on which the cylinder 
 revolves, then replace the parts. 
 
 1st. Set the hammer at half-cock, and drive 
 Lock to ou ^ *^ e k- e y or wedge which holds the barrel and 
 
 'Pieces, Clean cylinder to the lock frame, and remove the 
 aud OU - parts. 
 
 2nd. Turn out the bottom and two rear screws which fasten it 
 to the trigger guard and lock frame, and remove the stock. 
 
 3rd. Loosen the screw that fastens the main spring to the 
 guard, and turn the spring from under the hammer. 
 
 4th. Turn out the three screws which fasten the guard to the 
 lock frame, and remove it. 
 
 5th. Turn out the screw, and remove the double spring which 
 bears upon the trigger and bolt. 
 
 6th. Turn out the side screws, and remove the trigger and 
 bolt. 
 
 7th. Turn out the hammer screw, and remove the hammer 
 with the hand attached, by drawing it downward out of the lock 
 frame. Clean and oil all the parts thoroughly, and restore them 
 to their places in the reverse order of separation. 
 
 Besides revolving pistols both for the belt 
 and holster, which have been adopted by the 
 British and the United States War Depart-
 
 118 
 
 COLT S FIRE-ARMS. 
 
 Bevolver Kifle. 
 
 ments, carbines and rifles 
 are also manufactured 
 upon the same principle ; 
 which, in time of need, I 
 have found to be most 
 efficient weapons in every 
 respect. 
 
 The Colt's Fire Arms 
 Company, of 14, Pall Mall, 
 are making experiments 
 with a new breech-loading 
 revolver, which, from all 
 accounts, is a most efficient 
 military weapon, likely to 
 supersede all other systems, 
 in which certain defects are 
 known to exist, that have 
 hitherto prevented Euro- 
 pean or American Go- 
 vernments from adopting 
 any breech-loading revolver 
 yet introduced.
 
 ADAMS' REVOLVER. 119 
 
 Adams' ^is rev l ver has of late years been 
 
 Revolver 
 
 very generally adopted by officers in 
 
 the Army and Navy, and in comparison with the 
 old muzzle-loading pistol, it is a tolerably efficient 
 arm, although far from being as good as is 
 required for a service pistol. 
 
 It is unnecessarily heavy, carries too small a 
 bullet, and cannot be depended upon for accuracy 
 of shooting. This latter drawback is, however, 
 chiefly occasioned by extreme carelessness in the 
 manufacture, the barrels being irregularly bored, 
 and the locks not properly regulated. 
 
 The patent having expired, these pistols are 
 got up as cheaply as possible by small Birming- 
 ham houses, who make fire-arms wholesale, not 
 to shoot, but to sell.
 
 120 - CARTRIDGES. 
 
 Eevolver Skin Cartridge and Section. 
 
 This cartridge (vide Plate, above) 
 the invention of Captain Montague 
 Hayes, is the best for both Colt's and Dean's 
 revolver, as the arm may be exposed to any 
 weather without danger of the powder of the 
 charge getting wet. 
 
 I prefer a breech-loading revolver 
 Bevolver. 
 
 on Tranter's system to any other yet 
 
 brought out, as it is less complicated and handier 
 to load, although by no means perfect, as it might 
 be made much more serviceable if the barrel 
 were shorter and the gauge very much larger. 
 
 The bullet carried by the present arm is much 
 too small to be effective.
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FOR LOADING. 
 
 121 
 
 Section of "Waterproof Copper Cartridge 
 for Tranter's Revolver. 
 
 Raise the hammer till the trigger falls into the 
 
 for Loading** first bent ' P en the shield on the side ' and pnt a 
 cartridge in each hole of the chamber ; close the 
 
 shield, and the loading is complete. The cartridges can be with- 
 drawn readily with the fingers, if not desired to be kept loaded. 
 After the cartridges have been fired, the empty cases can be re- 
 moved with the cleaning-rod. The pistol can be carried, when 
 loaded, at "half-cock" for safety. The cartridges should be well 
 covered with lubricating composition, before placing them in the 
 chambers. The pistol should be well oiled after use. 
 
 Directions for Remove the stock by taking out the two screws 
 Taking to which fasten it to the frame aH ow i ng the top 
 Pieces and 
 Putting strap to remain in the stock. Take off the main 
 
 Together. spring by placing the left thumb on the bent part, 
 at the same time placing a turnscrew under the extremity of the 
 short side, and gently lift it off the hook. Take out the two 
 screws which hold the guard, and lift out the trigger-spring, 
 which will then be loose. Take out the hammer-pin and the 
 hammer, observing to press the lifting catch from the hammer 
 with a small turnscrew. Take out the trigger pin, which will 
 release the trigger and works attached to it. Take out the 
 detent catch. Press down the lever catch, which will release the 
 rod, and also the chamber ; or the chamber may be removed first
 
 122 
 
 THE WHISPERER. 
 
 by pressing down the lever catch, and at the same time drawing 
 the centre rod. 
 
 To put the revolver together again, clean and well oil every 
 part. Put in the centre rod, then pnt in the chamber. Replace 
 the detent catch, then the hammer, observing that the swivel is 
 properly placed in it. Attach the claws of the main spring to 
 the swivel; press down the main spring into its place on the 
 hook with the fingers; affix the works to the trigger ; replace it, 
 taking care that the lifting catch is in front of the hammer. 
 Replace the trigger-spring, screw on the guard and the stock. 
 
 ' The "Whisperer ; " a rib-tickler. 
 
 "The 
 
 Whisperer." 
 
 This arm > wn i c h was built for me 
 Mf H Hollandj of Bond Street> 
 
 after my own design, is a rifle mounted on 
 wheels, so as to be easily drawn by one man
 
 BREECH-LOADING GUNS. 123 
 
 over any kind of country with my wigwam 
 and ammunition. Taken to pieces, it all 
 packs on one mule. This " rib- tickler," as 
 a Yankee sportsman called it, was built for 
 me about three years ago for service in Central 
 Africa, and it is a most formidable arm either 
 against rnan or beast. It burns twelve drachms 
 of powder, and throws a cylindro-conical bullet 
 weighing half-a-pound, or a shell. 
 
 Breech-loading one- or two-pounder guns, 
 mounted on such carriages, would be very ser- 
 viceable on service in the field, as those con- 
 structed by Mr. Whitworth, of Manchester, make 
 excellent practice with shot and shell at 2000 
 yards ; and with a dozen of such pieces, I would 
 undertake to silence all the artillery of King 
 Theodore. They are superior to rockets, which 
 I class in the same category with t( dollar" trade 
 guns made for the African market as dan- 
 gerous to the man who fires them as to the party 
 who is shot at. Their course is so erratic, and
 
 124 BREECH-LOADING GUNS. 
 
 their practice so uncertain, that, although they 
 may frighten savages, they rarely leave many 
 skins on the grass ; in fact, their bark is much 
 worse than their bite.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 ARMAMENT. 
 
 PART III. ON THE SELECTION OP ARMS. 
 
 Arms made to Sell and not to Shoot Inferior Arms False Policy 
 On the Selection of Arms First-class Arms the Cheapest 
 in the End Locks The Testing of Guns and Eifles The 
 Proper Bend and Length of Stock Confidence inspired by 
 Good Arms. 
 
 For the present day, the market 
 " CAUTION." 
 
 Arms made to is delu g e <l with arms that are made 
 to sell, and not to shoot ; and the 
 public should be on their guard, so as not to 
 allow themselves to be taken in by spurious 
 imitations ; for there are unscrupulous vendors 
 who do not hesitate to engrave the names of first- 
 class gunmakers upon guns of inferior workman- 
 ship, and sell them to the uninitiated as " bar-
 
 126 INFERIOR GUNS. 
 
 gains." Young sportsmen, in selecting a gun, 
 should always go to a maker of note, who, for the 
 sake of his own credit and reputation, would not 
 allow an arm that is unsound, or of inferior work- 
 manship, to leave his establishment bearing his 
 name, which, in Jirst-class v^ork, is always en- 
 graved m full, with address. He may have to 
 pay a long figure in comparison with the cost of 
 the inferior article, and, perhaps, something for 
 " the name ; " but he is sure of a good weapon, 
 which will prove far better worth the money in 
 the long run, and need not be apprehensive of 
 accidents from defective workmanship or unsound 
 material. 
 
 Inferior Inferior guns, " made to sell," are 
 
 now-a-days got up so well, that at first 
 sight they resemble A 1 guns of best material and 
 first-class workmanship ; but the practical sports- 
 man, on taking them in hand, soon discovers the 
 counterfeit. There is no music in the locks ; the 
 strength of the mainsprings, as well as the pull of 
 the triggers, is unequal ; the barrels are imperfectly
 
 CHEAP GUNS. 127 
 
 bored, or rough and unpolished in the interior, 
 and perhaps the gauge shows that they are not of 
 exactly the same calibre. Again, the lock-plate 
 and mountings are not fitted and let in with 
 that peculiar nicety that distinguishes first class 
 London work ; and the stock, in spite of a thick 
 coat of French polish and varnish, betrays green- 
 ness, being made of unseasoned wood. I have 
 seen some of these inferior guns throw shot 
 pretty fairly to begin with, but, after a short time, 
 they invariably fall off both in strength and regu- 
 larity of shooting, become shaky, and even dan- 
 gerous ; for the locks (being made of soft metal, 
 instead of the best tempered steel) begin to wear, 
 and are no longer to be depended upon. 
 
 It is mistaken policy and false 
 False Policy. 
 
 economy to purchase any other than 
 
 a first-class gun, which, with ordinary care, will 
 last longer than half-a-dozen cheap ones of in- 
 ferior workmanship, and give infinitely more 
 satisfaction, to say nothing of the great additional 
 security against accidents.
 
 128 CHOICE OF A GUN. 
 
 The following precautionary suggestions re- 
 lative to the choice and purchase of a gun, and 
 the best mode of trying its powers, may be of 
 service to the tyro. 
 
 If price be no object, the novice 
 
 On the , 
 
 Selection of cannot do wrong by going to any 
 
 Fire-arms. 
 
 one of the half-dozen crack gun- 
 makers, Purday, Westley Richards, Lancaster, 
 Lang, or Boss, who will not compromise their 
 world-wide reputations by letting a bad gun 
 bearing their name leave their shops. By 
 naming these firms as first-rate artists in gun- 
 making, I by no means mean to infer that other 
 manufacturers are not practically as good, or as 
 much to be depended upon, as I know country 
 makers who turn out as highly finished work as 
 can be purchased in London. My object is to 
 disprove a doctrine often promulgated by the 
 ignorant, or interested parties attempting to im- 
 pose upon the credulity of the public, by the 
 unsound doctrine, " that cheaply made guns are 
 intrinsically as good, shoot as well, and last as
 
 CHOICE OF A GUN. 129 
 
 long as the highly-finished arms that command a 
 high price." It is an egregious mistake. Cheaply 
 got-up and roughly finished guns will invariably 
 disappoint the purchaser, even if no worse result 
 arises; and well-made, highly -finished guns always 
 prove the cheapest in the end. 
 
 If money is an object, and the purchaser does 
 not care to go to a long price, rather than allow 
 himself to be deluded into buying an inferior 
 article, let him go to one of the large London 
 gun repositories such as Whistler's, in the Strand, 
 where he can have the choice of several hundred 
 second-hand guns and rifles by the best makers. 
 Here anyone who is a judge of fire-arms can 
 pick out as good and serviceable a gun as can 
 be turned out, at about one-half its original cost. 
 
 Although sportsmen rarely care to part with 
 really good arms, some people are whimsical, and 
 like to change their guns as they do their coats ; 
 the consequence of which fancy is, that highly- 
 finished guns that have hardly seen service are 
 often in the market. 
 
 K
 
 130 FIRST-CLASS GUNS CHEAPEST. 
 
 A first-rate gun, made of the best 
 
 First-class 
 
 Ci^pesTin materials, with all its component parts 
 well fitted and finished, will last an 
 ordinarily careful sportsman his lifetime. As a 
 proof of this fact I may mention that I bought a 
 14-bore double gun, made by Westley Richards, 
 from his agent, the Bishop of Bond Street, in 
 1843, with which I have shot so much that two 
 pair of barrels were completely worn out, yet 
 the locks and stock are as good as when first 
 turned out of hand: I have also a Man ton 
 and a pair of Moore's that are known to be 
 over thirty years old, yet are as serviceable as 
 ever. 
 
 Old and well-seasoned walnut (the best wood 
 for gun-stocks), never shrinks or gives way, the 
 locks and barrels fitting as closely and well 
 after twenty years' wear as they did in the first 
 instance. 
 
 Brazier's locks (which have been 
 Locks. 
 
 celebrated since the days of Manton) 
 
 are so admirably made, the springs so carefully
 
 HOW TO SELECT A GUN. 131 
 
 adjusted, and the steel so thoroughly tempered, 
 that the friction after many years' use is scarcely 
 productive of any appreciable or perceptible 
 wear; so that they will generally survive two 
 pairs of barrels, for barrels even of the best 
 quality will give way and wear thin after much 
 continuous shooting. 
 
 Let us suppose the purchaser, hav- 
 
 Selectionof ing selected half-a-dozen guns that 
 a Gun. 
 
 appear to suit him as regards price, 
 
 finish, length and bend of stock, bore, weight, 
 etc., proceeds to the shooting ground, to test 
 their capabilities of shooting, a proceeding I 
 should always recommend (and which no re- 
 spectable gunmaker will object to), before the 
 purchase is concluded. 
 
 When ordering a new gun or rifle, I generally 
 try the shooting whilst the gun is in the gray, 
 before it is engraved and finished or the barrels 
 browned, as when in this state the shooting can 
 be altered with much less expense than when 
 finished.
 
 132 TESTING. 
 
 TheTestin Nothing can be easier than to test 
 the powers of a gun, which is the 
 affair of a few minutes. Three things have to 
 be considered, viz.: the correctness of shooting ; 
 the penetration; and the regular distribution of 
 the charge. 
 
 The correctness of shooting is easily ascer- 
 tained by firing at a small mark on the bull's 
 eye of a target, and observing whether the bar- 
 rels are so put together as to deliver the body 
 of the charge fairly upon the point aimed at. 
 If barrels are carelessly bored they often throw 
 to the right or the left, high or low. 
 
 Guns also vary in throwing the charge, as more 
 or less elevation is given to the muzzle of the 
 barrels. In my opinion the elevated rib ought 
 to be so regulated as to make the point-blank 
 range forty or forty-five yards, as the generality 
 of sportsmen often er shoot under than over their 
 game. 
 
 The best mode of testing the penetration of a 
 gun is by firing at fifty sheets of brown paper,
 
 TESTING. 133 
 
 folded closely together, and fastened tiglitly on 
 an iron target. A hard-hitting gun will drive 
 No. 5 shot through forty sheets of ordinary 
 brown cartridge paper at forty yards, thirty 
 sheets at fifty yards, and twenty sheets at sixty 
 yards. I have broken ordinary beer bottles at 
 the latter distance with a favourite Joe Manton, 
 but it was a gun among a thousand. 
 
 Having tested the penetration, the next thing 
 is to ascertain if the gun distributes the charge 
 regularly, and this a few shots at a large white- 
 washed iron target will soon determine. The 
 shots ought to strike very close and regular in 
 the middle, gradually spreading as they diverge 
 from the centre. 
 
 When no paper is at hand, some idea may be 
 formed as to the penetrating powers of the gun 
 by observing the state of the shot that has re- 
 coiled from the target. It is flattened in pro- 
 portion to the force with which the gun shoots. 
 
 The elevation and regularity of the distri- 
 bution of the charge is also shown by firing at
 
 134 POINTS OF A GOOD GUN. 
 
 water on a still day, when the surface is smooth 
 and unruffled. 
 
 It is not sufficient that a gun is well 
 The Bend and 
 
 Length of finished and hard hitting . it must suit 
 Stock. 
 
 the sportsman in the length and bend 
 of the stock, so that it comes up at once well to 
 the shoulder, and strikes the object aimed at with 
 the first motion. This enables the hand and eye 
 to act simultaneously, the great desideratum ne- 
 cessary for good and quick shooting. No one 
 can shoot brilliantly with a gun that does not 
 come up well. A gun should be built according 
 to the length of arm and neck of the sportsman ; 
 for, in many cases men can no more use the same 
 gun than they can wear each other's coats. 
 
 A well-finished good gun gives con- 
 Good Arms 
 
 STinfSfor fidence to the sportsman, whereas an 
 Ones Disgust. /. . , .,.,,. 
 
 interior one destroys it, besides being 
 
 productive of bad shooting. There is no reason 
 why anyone should not shoot well who has tole- 
 rable eyesight, and begins early in life, but there 
 are certain requisites a gun must have, or the best
 
 CHOICE OF A GUN. 135 
 
 performer will make but a sorry bag. Let trie 
 sportsman exercise his best judgment in choosing 
 his gun, and remember that the purchase of an 
 inferior article is not only false economy, but 
 great imprudence, if he sets any value on his 
 personal safety.
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE USE 
 OF THE RIFLE. 
 
 The Theory of Eifle Practice The Eifle, the Bullet, the Line of 
 Fire, the Trajectory, Point Blank Eange The Line of Sight 
 Sights Aiming Drill Position Drill Two Steady Posi- 
 tions for Long Eange Practice Blank Cartridge Firing 
 Judging Distance Drill Target Practice Hints upon Load- 
 ing : Allowances to be made for the Wind, the State of the 
 Atmosphere, and the Position of the Sun Eules to be 
 observed when Firing at Moving Objects. 
 
 THE following hints on rifle-shooting may prove 
 useful to those who have not had the benefit of 
 an efficient instructor. 
 
 Riflemen are not made in a day, but it is an 
 established fact that anyone gifted with perfect 
 vision can, with instruction and practice, become
 
 RIFLING. 137 
 
 an efficient marksman ; therefore, none should be 
 discouraged or despair, as perseverance must lead 
 to ultimate success. 
 
 Commencing with the theory of rifle practice, 
 which must be fully understood before the rifle- 
 man can hope to be an expert shot at all ranges, 
 I shall afterwards enter upon the practical part 
 of his initiation. 
 
 The first point for consideration is 
 
 The Eifling. 
 
 the barrel of the rifle, which (in the 
 
 Enfield pattern), it may be observed, has three 
 spiral grooves cut in the interior, or bore, at an 
 equal distance from each other, of even depth, 
 and making half a turn in the length of the 
 barrel, which is 3 feet 3 inches. These grooves, 
 otherwise termed the rifling, give the bullet (an 
 elongated cylindro-conical projectile) a spiral 
 motion, sometimes called the spin or twist, as 
 it flies through the air point foremost, rotatory 
 on its own axis. This very much increases the 
 accuracy of the flight of the bullet, as it serves
 
 138 WINDAGE. 
 
 to keep it in its true course, and prevents any 
 inclination it may have to deviate from it, owing 
 to irregularity in shape or weight. 
 
 The diameter of the bore of an 
 
 Windage. 
 
 Enfield rifle is *577, but that of the 
 
 bullet is rather less, in order to facilitate the 
 loading. This difference in size i.e., the differ- 
 ence between the circumference of the bullet and 
 the bore leaves a space between the bullet and 
 the bore, termed the windage, which was the 
 principal cause of the inefficiency of the old 
 " Brown Bess," for two reasons the first, because 
 a great part of the explosive force, or gas gene- 
 rated by the ignition of the powder, was lost, as 
 it escaped by the space between the bullet and 
 the side of the bore ; and, secondly, because this 
 irregular escape caused the ball to rebound from 
 side to side in the barrel, instead of passing 
 evenly through the bore, and the consequence of 
 this was that it took an erratic impetus through- 
 out its flight.
 
 ENFIELD CARTRIDGE. 
 
 139 
 
 The Enfield bullet is, 
 The Bullet. 
 
 however, so constructed as 
 
 to do away with these objections. 
 Although the circumference is much 
 less than that of the bore, so as to 
 enter the barrel easily in loading, all 
 windage is effectually prevented, as in 
 the base of the projectile is a hollow, 
 into which is fitted a small wooden 
 cup, or plug (vide Plate), which, 
 by the force of the explosion of the 
 charge, acts like a wedge,* and ex- 
 pands and enlarges the lower part 
 of the bullet, making it fit the barrel 
 
 SECTION OF tisrhtly, and take the rifling, so that 
 THE ENFIELD v J ' * 
 
 CARTEIDGE. j n j tg passa g e through the barrel it is 
 
 constrained to turn with the grooves, and thus 
 receives the - spinning movement on its longer 
 axis, which not only insures accuracy of flight, 
 
 * This theory, although adopted by the School of Musketry 
 at Hythe, is contradicted by several competent authorities ; and 
 I believe there is reason to doubt its accuracy.
 
 140 BARREL AXIS. 
 
 but also always keeps its point forward. By the 
 bullet being thus expanded, and so much en- 
 larged as to fit the barrel and grooves tightly, 
 none of the explosive power of the gas engen- 
 dered by the ignition of the charge is allowed to 
 escape, but the whole propelling force acts 
 upon the projectile. There is also a much 
 better chance of the whole of the powder being 
 burnt. 
 
 The barrel is a tube of iron, of 
 The Barrel. 
 
 which the sides of the interior, or 
 
 bore, are parallel, but those of the exterior con- 
 verge, it being necessary that the metal of the 
 breech-end should be very much thicker than at 
 the muzzle, towards which it gradually tapers, 
 as it has to stand the force of the explosion of 
 the charge. In consequence of this contraction, 
 every barrel has in itself a certain degree of 
 elevation but of this more anon. 
 
 The axis of the barrel is an imagi- 
 The Axis. 
 
 nary line drawn through the centre of 
 
 the bore, and parallel to the interior sides.
 
 LINE OF FIRE. 141 
 
 The line of fire is the continuation 
 The Line of J J 
 
 of the axis in a straight line, and 
 marks the direction the bullet would take on 
 leaving the barrel, propelled by the explosion of 
 the charge, were it not that it is also acted upon 
 by the power of gravity, which attracts it towards 
 the earth, and the resistance the air offers to its 
 passage, which is always in direct opposition to 
 its flight. 
 
 TheTra'ec *^ ne ^ ra j ecfor y i tne actual course 
 of the bullet, which dalways escribes 
 a curve a fact easily accounted for, as, from the 
 moment it leaves the muzzle, the force of the 
 gunpowder drives it forward, and gravity draws 
 it downward, so that by yielding to both forces 
 i.e., by moving onwards and downwards at the 
 same time it must travel in a curve diverging 
 more and more below the line of fire, until at 
 last, the propelling power being expended, it 
 falls to the earth. Hence it follows, that if the 
 axis of a barrel is directed upon the bull's-eye of 
 a target, at 100 yards distance, the bullet will
 
 142 POINT-BLANK RANGE. 
 
 strike about 1 foot 5 inches below; the power 
 of gravity having made it deviate from the 
 line of fire, and drawn it towards the earth, 1 foot 
 and 5 inches, in a flight of 100 yards. Therefore, 
 if the barrel were as thick at the muzzle as it is at 
 the breech, it would be necessary to aim 1 foot 
 5 inches above the mark in order to hit it ; but 
 this is not the case, for, as I have before observed, 
 every barrel has in itself a certain degree of 
 elevation, on account of the increased thick- 
 ness of metal at the breech end. The Enfield 
 rifle-barrel has elevation in itself for about 75 
 yards. 
 
 p ' blank ^ ne Pi nt -blank range is the extreme 
 point at which the trajectory intersects 
 the line of fire, or the greatest distance to which 
 a rifle will throw a ball in a direct course parallel 
 to the line of sight. 
 
 If an Enficld rifle be held with the axis of the 
 barrel parallel to the ground at the height of 
 4 feet 6 inches above it, the first graze when the 
 bullet strikes will be about 200 paces distant,
 
 LINE OF SIGHT. 143 
 
 the ball having dropped 4% feet in that distance. 
 The point-blank range of an Enfield is about 
 80 paces ; but they vary, as more or less elevation 
 is given to the muzzle of the rifle, or according 
 to the strength of the propelling power. 
 
 The line of sight, or aim, is an 
 
 Line of Sight. 
 
 imaginary straight line taken from the 
 
 pupil of the eye through the centre of the back- 
 sight, along the top of the fore-sight, to the 
 object intended to be hit. The back-sight is so 
 arranged as to give the proper elevation for 
 different distances. The further the object is to 
 be aimed at, the greater the elevation required ; 
 and this is given by raising the sliding bar of 
 the back-sight, which is marked with lines up to 
 900 yards. 
 
 Accuracy of shooting is greatly de- 
 Sights. 
 
 pendent upon the sights being care- 
 fully adjusted, and fitted exactly parallel to the 
 axis of the barrel. If the back-sight is too much 
 inclined to the right, or the front-sight too much 
 to the left, the rifle will shoot to the right of the
 
 144 DRILL. 
 
 mark aimed at ; in the same manner, if the back- 
 sight is placed too much to the left, or the fore- 
 sight too much to the right, the gun will carry to 
 the left ; and the greater the distance the greater 
 in proportion will he the deviation. Every rifle, 
 therefore, ought to be carefully sighted and shot 
 before it is placed in a novice's hands, as non- 
 success in practice on account of an ill-sighted 
 weapon would not be his fault, and might serve 
 to discourage him. 
 
 TheEoutine ^ e mec hanical routine necessary 
 to be gone through before the tyro 
 can become an efficient marksman, consists of 
 aiming drill, position drill, judging distance drill, 
 and. practice injlring. 
 
 AIMING DRILL is necessary to 
 
 Aiming Drill. 
 
 familiarise the uninitiated with the 
 
 use of the sights, teaching him how to align his 
 rifle, or aim correctly at a mark. The practice 
 of this drill exercises the eye, strengthening and 
 developing the sight in the same manner that 
 continued exertion increases the power of the
 
 DRILL. 145 
 
 limbs. The following standard rules should be 
 carefully observed : 
 
 I. The rifle should always be held with the 
 sights perfectly upright, as it is only in this posi- 
 tion that the line of sight, the line of Jire, and 
 trajectory, are in the same vertical plane. If the 
 butt of the rifle is not held vertically, but is 
 "canted" either to the right or the left, so that 
 the perpendicular of the back-sight with the axis 
 of the barrel is not preserved, the ball will strike 
 to the right if the sight inclines to the left, and 
 vice versd ; and, in firing at long ranges, a very 
 slight deviation in this respect will cause a wide 
 deflection. 
 
 II. The aim or line of sight should be 
 taken along the centre of the notch of the back- 
 sight and the top of the fore-sight, which should 
 cover the centre of the object aimed at. 
 
 III. The eye should be fixed steadfastly on 
 the mark aimed at, and not on the barrel or fore- 
 sight, which latter will be easily brought into the 
 alignment, if the eye is fixed as directed.
 
 146 DRILL. 
 
 IV. In aiming, the left eye should be closed. 
 Aiming drill is generally taught with a " traver- 
 sing rest," or, if that is not at hand, a tripod 
 with a sand-bag on the top, standing about 
 4 feet 8 inches from the ground (or the average 
 height of a man's shoulder) will answer every 
 purpose ; and the novice is required to align his 
 rifle with the proper elevation upon objects at 
 distances varying from 50 to 900 yards. Each 
 time he has aligned his rifle he steps aside, 
 in order that the instructor may take his 
 place and see if the aim be correct. This prac- 
 tice should be continued until the novice has no 
 difficulty in aligning his rifle on the bull's eye at 
 all distances. Up to 300 yards, the bull's eye is 
 8 inches in diameter, and above that distance 
 2 feet. 
 
 POSITION DRILL is absolutely ne- 
 
 Position Drill. 
 
 cessary to insure good practice at 
 long ranges. It habituates the novice to cor- 
 rect positions, and enables him to fire steadily in 
 all situations. It gives him a perfect command
 
 DRILL. 147 
 
 over his weapon, and enables the eye and hand 
 to act together, so that the left hand raises the 
 rifle at once to bear upon the object, for the eye 
 to take aim ; and at the same moment the fore- 
 finger of the right hand acts upon the trigger. 
 
 To establish the natural connection between 
 the eye and the hand, constant practice is re- 
 quired ; and the novice should be accustomed to 
 handle his rifle both with and without the bayonet, 
 being put through all the motions of firing stand- 
 ing and kneeling, with the same precision as if 
 actually practising with ball cartridge. 
 
 At the School of Musketry at Hythe, recruits 
 are taught to fire standing at all distances up to 
 300 yards, and kneeling at every longer range. 
 
 There are two positions for taking a steady aim 
 without artificial appliance : 
 
 Kn ,. The first is by kneeling on the right 
 
 knee and sitting on the right heel, the 
 rifle being firmly grasped and steadied by the 
 left hand, the left elbow resting on the left knee 
 so as to form a support.
 
 148 DRILL. 
 
 The second is by sitting on the 
 
 Sitting 
 
 ground with both feet fairly planted 
 flat, and the knees raised so as almost to form a 
 right- angle. The left elbow rests on the left 
 knee, which is pointed in the direction of the 
 object aimed at, and the right elbow rests on the 
 right knee, which is extended to the right. 
 
 The latter, in my opinion, is the firmest posi- 
 tion the marksman can adopt in shooting at long 
 ranges, and after a little practice it becomes a 
 very comfortable one. 
 
 In practising at long ranges, or 
 
 Lying down. , 
 
 when exposed to heavy nre, the 
 
 marksman can make very good shooting by lying 
 down his full length upon his belly, and firing 
 with his head slightly raised, and with his two 
 elbows resting steadily on the ground. 
 
 Should the novice meet with any 
 ^napping 
 
 difficulty in aiming correctly, the in- 
 spector should cause him to snap caps at a lighted 
 candle placed about a yard distant, when, if the 
 aim is properly directed, the candle will be
 
 DRILL. 149 
 
 extinguished. The novice should be attentively 
 watched during this practice, until all tendency 
 to wink or flinch is overcome, and his countenance 
 shows that he has become indifferent to the report. 
 This practice is most excellent for forming 
 " Marksmen" for, besides saving ammunition, it 
 may be continually resorted to, even in a room, 
 the bulls'-eye being a small black wafer on the 
 wall at one end, and the stand taken at the other. 
 By snapping caps only, the young beginner is 
 enabled to see whether the muzzle of the barrel 
 wavers when he presses the trigger, which he 
 cannot properly ascertain when firing ball, on 
 account of the smoke of the discharge. The 
 constant handling of the rifle in a proper manner, 
 by aiming at various objects at different distances, 
 enables the " finger to work in unison with the 
 eye," and gives great steadiness of position 
 before, during, and after pressing the trigger, 
 which is all that is required in making good ball- 
 practice at a target of which the distance is 
 known.
 
 150 BLANK CARTRIDGE. 
 
 Before the novice is allowed to fire 
 
 Blank 
 
 Cartridge. ^^ ^^^ ^e gh^d practise a certain 
 
 routine of blank-cartridge firing, in order to 
 further the same object for which he was exer- 
 cised in snapping caps, as well as to accustom him 
 to the " recoil " or " kick," which is a backward 
 motion caused by the force of the explosion of 
 the powder acting against the breech of the barrel 
 at the same time as against the bullet. 
 
 The force of the recoil depends 
 upon the charge of powder, the 
 weight of the bullet, the weight of the rifle, the 
 windage, the rifling of the barrel, the boring of 
 the barrel (whether purely cylindrical or other- 
 wise), the amount of friction, and the foulness, 
 which much increases the resistance offered by 
 the air to the bullet passing up the barrel. The 
 instructor should impress upon the novice the 
 necessity of pressing the heel of the butt well 
 and firmly into the hollow of the shoulder, as the 
 more confidently a man " stands up" to his rifle, 
 the less likelihood there is of random shooting.
 
 JUDGING DISTANCE. 151 
 
 The position of the body, arms, and hands, 
 and the manner of pressing the trigger, as also 
 the position of the head when taking aim, are to 
 be duly watched both in this and the former 
 exercise, in order to discover and correct those 
 errors which are fatal to good shooting, and 
 which cannot be so successfully corrected when 
 firing ball. 
 
 One of the greatest essentials in a 
 
 Judging Dis- 
 
 well-trained mai'ksman is the capability 
 
 to estimate distances correctly, as good shooting 
 cannot be made unless the distance is previously 
 ascertained and the proper elevation given to the 
 back-sight. At long ranges it requires great 
 practice to judge distance accurately ; but there 
 is always a ready method of ascertaining it prac- 
 tically, by firing, and watching whether the 
 bullet strikes the ground over or under the 
 object aimed at. If over, he will lower the 
 sliding bar of the back-sight ; if under, he will 
 raise it. Practice over all kinds of ground is 
 the best means of teaching a novice how to
 
 152 RULE. 
 
 judge distance correctly by the eye, and anyone 
 possessing good vision may train himself most 
 effectually in this art for all practical purposes. 
 This, however, can only be accomplished by con- 
 tinual practice and careful observation. When 
 engaged in ball-practice at a target placed at 
 known distances, the tyro should carefully notice 
 the apparent height of the markers at each range, 
 remembering that in fine clear weather objects 
 standing in a strong light will appear much nearer 
 than they really are, and vice versa in cloudy and 
 damp weather. 
 
 At 50 yards, the features of a man 
 Eule. 
 
 may be clearly identified, and his 
 
 complexion, arms, accoutrements, and dress dis- 
 tinctly perceived, the buttons and the badge on 
 his forage-cap being distinguishable. At 100 
 yards, the features become indistinct, the buttons 
 appear in a line, and the badge can be only 
 faintly discerned. At 200 yards, the face ap- 
 pears like a whitish ball under the line of the 
 cap, and the buttons and badge become invisible.
 
 TARGET PRACTICE. 153 
 
 These distances should constitute the first prac- 
 tice ; the second would embrace distances from 
 200 to 400 yards; and the third, from 400 to 
 1000 yards or more. At 500 yards no features 
 are visible, and the head looks like a ball upon 
 the shoulders, the neck being hardly visible. 
 
 The instructor will desire the novice to mark 
 the size of the men at each distance, and point out 
 any difference he may discern in their appear- 
 ance. He will also desire him to take notice of 
 the position of the sun, the character of the 
 background, and state of the atmosphere at the 
 time, in order that he may be accustomed to 
 their altered appearance under different circum- 
 stances. 
 
 After some days' exercise in Judging Distance 
 Drill, the proficiency of the novice may be tested 
 by his being practised to judge the distance of 
 objects placed at unknown ranges. 
 
 Tar t The novice having been thoroughly 
 
 Practice. . i , , ' 5 , c . 
 
 instructed in " aiming, "position, 
 
 and "judging distance" drill, can commence
 
 154 TAKING AIM. 
 
 "target practice" when his efficiency will be 
 tested. 
 
 The following hints may prove useful to the 
 novice : 
 
 At the moment of pressing the trigger, the act 
 of respiration should be suspended, to ensure 
 greater steadiness of aim. 
 
 When once the aim is clearly taken, all delay 
 in pressing the trigger is prejudicial to good 
 shooting ; as, if the rifle is held at the " present " 
 too long, a " wavering " of the muzzle takes place, 
 and an uncertain shot is the consequence. 
 
 In taking aim at a target, fix the eye 
 Taking Aim. 
 
 steadfastly on the bull's eye, grasping 
 he ii&e firmly with the left hand " well forward " 
 (according to its balance), the butt being pressed 
 home into the hollow of the shoulder ; the right 
 hand, with the exception of the forefinger, lightly 
 clasping the small of the stock behind the trigger- 
 guard, so as to steady and preserve the butt in a 
 vertical position ; then, holding the breath, place 
 the fore finger well round the trigger, feeling it
 
 HAND AND EYE. 155 
 
 lightly, and raise the muzzle gradually and 
 steadily until the fore-sight is seen through the 
 centre of the notch of the back-sight covering the 
 centre of the bull's-eye, when the motion should 
 be arrested, and the trigger simultaneously pressed 
 without the slightest jerk, the eye being rigidly 
 fixed on the object aimed at, and the whole of the 
 body immobile. 
 
 The great " knack " in rifle-practice 
 On the Hand 
 and Eye work- i s to accustom the hand and eye to 
 
 ing together. 
 
 work together,, so that the trigger be 
 pressed simultaneously with the object being 
 " covered," as it is almost an impossibility to 
 retain an aim. 
 
 Care should be taken that the aim is not lost in 
 pressing the trigger, which, if the lock is well 
 made, should not " pull too strongly." 
 
 After the trigger is pressed keeping the rifle 
 to the shoulder a perfect immobility of body 
 should be retained, and the eye kept steadfastly 
 upon the object aimed at, and the deflection 
 noted.
 
 156 POSITION OF THE HEAD. 
 
 In aligning a rifle at a mark, the position of the 
 head with reference to the butt will vary according 
 to the range and the elevation required. At short 
 distances, the shoulder is a little raised and the 
 head bent forward (not sideways), the cheek 
 resting against the small part of the butt, so that 
 the object aimed at is seen through the notch in 
 the back-sight. At longer ranges, the head must 
 be raised, and the shoulder lowered; and at the 
 furthest distances, if the stock of the rifle is too 
 much bent, the heel of the butt may rest against 
 the breast or side instead of the shoulder. As 
 heavy firing in this position is inconvenient, it is 
 perhaps better in this case to allow for the neces- 
 sary elevation \>y firing high, or aiming above the 
 object intended to be hit, as the recoil is often felt 
 severely when the heel of the butt only rests 
 against the shoulder. 
 
 Careless loading is conducive to ir- 
 
 Carelesa 
 
 regular firing. The exact charge of 
 powder that the rifle will burn should be cor- 
 rectly ascertained and strictly adhered to, for a
 
 CARELESS LOADING. 157 
 
 little more or a little less will cause a great vertical 
 deviation in the flight of the bullet. Care should 
 be taken to keep the barrel upright when pouring 
 in the charge, so that the grains of powder may 
 not adhere to the sides of the barrel, which would 
 foul and impede the passage of the bullet. 
 
 The bullet should not fit too loosely nor yet be 
 so large as to require hammering, in order to force 
 it down, as in the former case it is liable " to 
 strip " for pass out of the barrel without taking 
 the rifling, and gaining the spiral motion), and in 
 the latter it will have ragged edges, which will 
 cause it to diverge from its true direction in its 
 flight through the air. 
 
 In pressing down the bullet, although great 
 care should be taken to drive it properly home, 
 much force should not be employed, as, by ram- 
 ming and jamming with the ramrod, the shape of 
 the bullet is 'altered and spoiled, which much 
 affects its true flight, and the powder is " mealed" 
 and "caked," by which the strength of the 
 charge in much diminished, as a certain amount
 
 158 ALLOWANCE FOR WIND. 
 
 of air is necessary to ensure thorough com- 
 bustion. 
 
 The base of the bullet should rest evenly upon 
 the powder, and its axis be in line with that of 
 the barrel. 
 
 For fine shooting, care should be taken that 
 there is no hidden defect in the bullet, for if any 
 part be hollow or imperfect, the centre of gravity 
 will not be in the line of the axis, and conse- 
 quently there will be a deviation in its flight. 
 
 I shall now notice the causes of irregular firing 
 over which the rifleman can have no control, but 
 which may, to a certain extent, be rendered less 
 injurious to " the score " if the following obser- 
 vations are carefully attended to : 
 
 Allowance for First > the wind affects the % ht of 
 the bullet to a considerable extent in 
 
 firing at long distances, diverting it from its true 
 course, and accelerating or retarding its progress 
 according as it blows with or against it. When 
 the wind blows from a quarter exactly opposite 
 to the direction of the bullet, it experiences a
 
 ALLOWANCE FOR WIND. 159 
 
 greater resistance in its flight, a.ud accordingly 
 more elevation should be given. Should the wind 
 blow exactly from the shooter to the target the 
 resistance will be less than ordinary, and conse- 
 quently less elevation than ordinary is required. 
 Allowances should be made according to the 
 strength of the current of air. If the wind 
 blows from the right, aim to the right, as the 
 deflection will be to the left, and vice vers if 
 from the left. 
 
 If the course of the wind forms an angle to 
 the direction of the bullet, aim must be taken, 
 and allowances made accordingly. Thus, if the 
 wind blows from the right and contrary, the 
 deviation will be to the left and low : therefore, 
 in order to strike the bull's-eye, aim should be 
 taken to the right and high; and to the left and 
 high if the current of air is contrary, and from 
 
 the left. 
 
 
 
 If the wind blows from the right and rear, 
 on aiming direct at the bull's-eye, the deflection 
 of the bullet will be to the left and high : there-
 
 160 STATE OF THE ATMOSPHERE. 
 
 fore, in such, a case, aim should be taken to the 
 right and low ; or to the left and low, if the cur- 
 rent of air comes from the left and rear. 
 
 Correct judgment in making the proper allow- 
 ances for the effect of various winds upon the 
 flight of the projectile can only be gained by 
 practice in all kinds of weather, but the above 
 hints may assist the novice. 
 State of the ^ ne sta ^ e f f ^ e atmosphere consi- 
 
 Atmosphere. 
 
 In damp weather, when the atmosphere is dense, 
 its resistance to the flight of the bullet is 
 increased, and consequently greater elevation 
 should be given. In fine clear weather, on the 
 contrary, the resistance is less, and the bullet 
 rises, therefore less elevation is required. Hu- 
 midity in the atmosphere also affects the range 
 of the bullet in a different manner, as it has a 
 certain influence on ignition of gunpowder, 
 which in damp weather is not so rapid as in fine ; 
 therefore, on such days larger charges should be 
 used than on hot summer days.
 
 POSITION OF THE SUN. 161 
 
 p . . , The position of the sun is some, 
 times liable to influence the correct 
 aim, as if it shines from the right it lightens up 
 the right side of the front-sight, and the left side 
 of the notch of the back-sight, throwing the left 
 of the front-sight and the right of the back-sight 
 into the shade ; therefore, if the firer is not care- 
 ful in aiming properly, the " line of sight " is 
 liable to pass from the left of the centre of the 
 notch of the back-sight and the right of the front- 
 sight, the effect of which would be that the bullet 
 would strike to the left, and vice versa if the sun 
 shines from the left. Sun-shades are sometimes 
 used to obviate this difficulty. 
 Allowance ^ must be obvious to all, that the 
 ObjectJ. m8 flight of the bullet occupies a certain 
 time, and in firing at moving objects a certain 
 allowance should be made accordingly, and great 
 judgment is required in this point when firing 
 at long ranges. For instance, in deer-stalking, 
 if a deer is running transversely either to the 
 right or left, a sportsman aiming directly at the 
 
 M
 
 162 ALLOWANCE FOR MOVING OBJECTS. 
 
 shoulder would most likely either strike the 
 hind- quarter or miss by shooting behind, as, in 
 the time between the discharge of his rifle and 
 the impact or striking of the bullet, the quarry 
 would have moved forward a certain distance. 
 
 The following hints on this point may aid the 
 no A ce: 
 
 In firing at anything moving, it is advisable to 
 cover the object and allow the muzzle to follow it 
 for some distance before pulling the trigger, in 
 order to ascertain the velocity of the motion, and 
 the allowance required to be made. 
 
 If the object is approaching the person firing, 
 the muzzle of the barrel should be gradually 
 lowered, the finger feeling the trigger all the 
 time, and aim should be taken low. 
 
 If the object be retiring, the muzzle of the rifle 
 should be raised (more or less according to the 
 distance and the velocity of motion of the object), 
 and aim taken high. 
 
 If the object is moving across, either to the
 
 ALLOWANCE FOR MOVING OBJECTS. 163 
 
 right or left, aim should be taken well forward, 
 after having followed the motion with the object 
 well covered for some time. 
 
 Should the object be ascending a \n&, fire high , 
 if descending , fire low; if diagonally, in front.
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 TENTS AND ENCAMPMENTS. 
 
 The Danger of being exposed to the Night Air without Shelter 
 The Regulation Bell Tent Officers' Bell Tent The Eound 
 Wall Tent The Marquee or Mess Tent The Tent of the 
 French Army Shooting Tent Edgington's Improved Mili- 
 tary Tent " The Old Shekarry's Wigwam " Tent Pegs 
 How to pitch a Tent Tent Furniture The Encampment 
 The Camp Guard. 
 
 I SHALL now enter upon the subject of tents, for 
 much of a traveller's comfort depends upon his 
 having a commodious shelter impervious to wind 
 or weather, sufficiently portable to be always car- 
 ried with him, which, unfortunately for our poor 
 soldiers, Government tents are not. Many a 
 thousand brave fellows have been laid under the
 
 TENTS AND ENCAMPMENTS. 
 
 165 
 
 Tents and Encampments. 
 
 sod, wasted away from disease contracted on ser- 
 vice, because, when weary at the end of a long 
 march, their tents not having come up, they have 
 thrown themselves upon the damp ground, or 
 slept exposed to the deadly night-dews. After 
 the intense heat of the day, a night passed in this 
 manner will undermine the strongest constitution,
 
 166 
 
 REGULATION BELL TENT. 
 
 and lay in the seeds of rheumatism, fever, and 
 dysentery. 
 
 The following sketches show the different kinds 
 of tents in general use, all of which are to be 
 obtained at B. Edgington's establishment, in Duke 
 Street, near London Bridge, which firm for many 
 years has borne the palm for all kinds of camp 
 equipment 
 
 Begulation Bell Tent. 
 
 The above Plate shows the Regulation Bell
 
 OFFICERS BELL TENT. 
 
 167 
 
 Tent, which has a circumference of 40 feet, and 
 is supposed to hold a dozen men. 
 
 ^^^fe^Ttr^r ;i r --;*sE 
 * ^r^5?*R*ss^;^*^ s ^"^' as * > 
 
 Officers' Bell Tent. 
 
 The above Plate shows an Officers' Tent, which 
 is a modification of the soldiers', having low 
 side walls, and standing on the same area.
 
 Round "Wall Tent. 
 
 The above Plate shows a Round "Wall Tent, 
 much used in India and other hot climates, being 
 more convenient, but at the same time consider- 
 ably heavier, than the regulation tents. It is also 
 much more liable to be blown down. 
 
 The Plate on page 169 shows the Marquee of an 
 officer commanding a regiment, or an Indian Mess 
 Tent. It makes a great show in a camp, and is 
 very spacious and comfortable dining in, but 
 sometimes comes to grief in a storm.
 
 INDIAN MESS TENT. 
 
 169
 
 SHOOTING TENT. 
 
 171 
 
 The Plate on page 170 shows the tent much used 
 by the French army during the campaign in the 
 Crimea. In fine weather it is far more commo- 
 dious than the English Regulation Bell Tent, but 
 it is not so comfortable in wet weather, and is 
 considerably heavier, weighing 160 Ibs. It makes 
 a very nice tent for a pic-nic, or for a lawn. 
 
 Shooting Tent.
 
 172 MILITARY TENTS. 
 
 The Plate on page 171 shows a very convenient 
 little tent for shooting on the moors, but it will 
 not stand heavy weather. It holds two persons 
 very comfortably. 
 
 The two Plates, pages 173 and 174, show 
 
 B. Edgington's Military Tent, which is superior 
 
 in every respect to that now in use 
 
 B. Edgington's .... T 
 
 Improved Mill- in the .British army, it is 14 leet 
 tary Tent. 
 
 6 inches square, with porches at 
 
 each end projecting 6 feet, and sustained by light 
 6- feet poles, protecting the entrance from rain. 
 The figure is a pyramid, and the angles are 
 strengthened from the head of the tent by an inch 
 rope, to which the canvas is bolted, and which, 
 being secured by strong iron pegs to the ground, 
 constitutes the principal support of the tent. 
 "The ventilation" is at the top, the aperture 
 being secured against the entrance of rain. The 
 centre pole is divided into three parts the small 
 poles into two, and the whole (including poles, 
 pegs, and every requisite) is packed in two
 
 IMPROVED MILITARY TENT. 173
 
 b
 
 THE OLD SHEKARRY'S WIGWAM. 175 
 
 valises ; weight of tent, 93 Ibs. and 79 Ibs. poles v 
 etc. Area of tent with porches, 394 square feet. 
 This tent is also made 9 and 11 feet square. 
 
 For cold weather a stove and chimney can be 
 substituted for a centre-pole, and by means of a 
 rack, the top of the tent can be raised or lowered, 
 according to the action of the weather on the 
 canvas, the pipe being free from the stove. The 
 Plate on page 174 shows the arrangement of the 
 stove. 
 
 I herewith give a sketch of a very 
 
 "The Old 
 
 Shekarry's comfortable tent of my own invention, 
 
 Wigwam." 
 
 which I have found very serviceable 
 when a small amount of baggage only can be 
 taken. It is water-tight, weather-proof, well 
 ventilated, and very portable. 
 
 The dimensions are : 
 
 Length of top ridge, a to b, 10 feet. 
 
 Slope, 7 feet. 
 
 Height of poles, 5 feet, to lengthen to 7 feet.
 
 176 
 
 EXTERIOR OF WIGWAM.
 
 INTERIOR OF WIGWAM. 
 
 177
 
 "The "Wigwam." 
 
 This tent or wigwam, as I term it, is very com- 
 fortable for two persons, with their baggage, and, 
 if required, four can find ample room in it to 
 sleep. Although a man cannot stand upright in 
 my tent (the height being only 5 feet in the cen- 
 tre), without digging out the inside area as in my 
 expeditions I rarely travel with table, chair, or 
 even bedstead I suffer very little inconvenience 
 from the low pitch ; and, on the other hand, I go 
 to sleep with the comfortable assurance in my 
 mind that, although the winds may blow and the 
 rains descend, my home is impervious to both. 
 Mr. Benjamin Edgington, of Duke Street, South- 
 wark, has built me a famous wigwam for Abyssinia, 
 which has all the edges strongly roped, so that it 
 will stand the brunt of any storm.
 
 THE WIGWAM. 179 
 
 When only one tent is taken, and the journey 
 is likely to be a long one, perhaps it would be 
 advisable to have a somewhat larger wigwam. 
 Mr. Edgington is building some 8 feet in height, 
 and 8 feet broad, in which there is plenty of 
 room for a stove, the chimney forming a substi- 
 tute for the centre-pole. 
 
 The Plate on page 177 shows the interior of 
 the larger " wigwam," with the interior dug 
 out, which, including the porches, has an area 
 of about 18 feet by 8, and is a very comfortable 
 habitation for four officers in any weather. 
 
 " The wigwam," having two entrances opposite 
 each other (which are protected from the weather 
 by the porches), the ventilation can be regulated 
 at will ; a thorough current of air always passing 
 through the tent, which is a great desideratum in 
 a hot climate. 
 
 With every " wigwam," Mr. Edgington sends 
 out an extra piece, with an iron socket attached, 
 to lengthen the centre-pole, when the inside area 
 is dug out, also storm ropes in case of hurricanes,
 
 180 
 
 TENT PEGS. 
 
 and a canvas saddle-bag, which contains the whole 
 tent. 
 
 The wigwam, having no outlying ropes, 
 stands on a smaller area of ground than most 
 other descriptions of tent, and can therefore be 
 pitched close to another, with only a centre drain 
 between them. This is a great advantage when 
 a large force is encamped, and the ground is 
 circumscribed. 
 
 I prefer gal- 
 ent Pegs. 
 
 vanised iron 
 
 tent-pegs to wooden 
 ones. They should 
 have a notch to hold 
 the rope, and rings 
 passing through the 
 ends to sling them to- 
 gether, and prevent 
 their being lost when on the march. 
 
 How to Pitch Great art is shown in P itcnin g a 
 tent properly, so as to stand firmly 
 
 with the canvas tightly stretched. Care must
 
 HOW TO PITCH A TENT. 181 
 
 be taken to dig a trench, outside, to carry away 
 the rain-water (vide Plate, page 177, 5) ; and to 
 raise a bank of earth in the inside (vide Plate, 
 page 177, a), to prevent wind, dust, or draught 
 from coming in under the canvas sides. When 
 it is intended to remain for any length of time 
 in a place, the interior area of the tent may be 
 excavated, leaving a shelf of about 18 inches in 
 width all round; and the centre pole being 
 lengthened or the stove set up, it then becomes 
 a most commodious habitation. 
 
 In case of bad weather, storm-ropes should be 
 fastened to the spokes of the tent-poles and 
 pegged securely, taking care that the tent- 
 pegs are driven in a sloping direction, in- 
 clining inwards, so that they are less easily 
 drawn out. 
 
 Should the soil be sandy, the ropes ought to 
 be bushed, which is done by burying branches 
 deeply, and only leaving a hook above the sur- 
 face, to which the rope is attached (vide Plate, 
 page 180;. Two tent-pegs may be buried in a
 
 182 CAMP STOVE. 
 
 similar manner but the former arrangement holds 
 best in a light soil. 
 
 Edgington's S arran g ement ( Plate > P a g e 183 ) 
 which is particularly well adapted for 
 
 Apparatus. 
 
 tents, is remarkable alike for its utility 
 
 and compactness. The whole packs into an oval 
 case (12), 22 inches high, 16 inches long, and 
 13 inches wide. Weight, 80 Ibs. 
 
 The following articles are contained : Camp 
 stove (1) ; two-gallon boiling pot (2), the cover of 
 which forms a frying pan (3) ; one-gallon tea 
 kettle with swing handle and screw spout (4) ; 
 two one-quart hooked coffee boilers (5) ; four 
 oval bottles for essence of coffee, etc. (6) ; one 
 meat dish (7) ; one soup ditto (8) ; one toasting 
 oven (9) ; oval box and pepper box (10) ; one 
 pint porringer (11). 
 
 Directions Place the stove in the oval pan, 
 which forms the cover of the iron box ; 
 fix the circular rim on the top of the stove, on 
 which place the boiler, frying pan, or tea kettle, 
 as required.
 
 COOKING APPARATUS. 183 
 
 Camp Stove and Cooking Apparatus.
 
 184 COOKING APPARATUS. 
 
 The hooked pots will hang on the sides or 
 front of the stove. When not required for cook- 
 ing, put on the round cast top ; the large oval 
 box will hold the fuel. 
 
 Directions ^ e articles to be put into the stove 
 
 in the following order: 1st Deep 
 dish and toasting oven. 2nd Meat dish. 3rd 
 Frying pan. 4th Boiling pot, in which place 
 the two hooked pots, oval boxes, and pepper box. 
 (The oval bottles will go into the hooked pots.) 
 5th The tea kettle, in which place the porringer. 
 6th The stove, funnel pipes, and elbows to be 
 placed within the case. The oval pan forms the 
 cover. 
 
 On the opposite page is an engraving of a very 
 compact and useful little dinner apparatus ; knife, 
 fork, and spoon, each closing up like a pocket- 
 knife, and fitting, with salt, pepper, and mustard- 
 pots, into a leather case, which, when rolled up, 
 is contained in the drinking-cup. The whole 
 fits into a compact leather case, which can be 
 strapped to the saddle.
 
 DINNER APPARATUS. 
 
 185 
 
 Dinner Apparatus. 
 
 Tent A portable bedstead, as made by 
 
 Furniture. -r -n i # A-' %."*- T 
 
 B. Edgmgton, of 2, Duke Street, Lon- 
 don Bridge (vide Plate, page 1863. is not a bad
 
 186 
 
 TENT FURNITURE. 
 
 B. Edgington's Camp-Bed. 
 
 investment, but as I always carry a pair of 
 bullock trunks when I intend to indulge in 
 luxuries, I prefer to fix a canvas stretcher with 
 an iron frame-work between them, which forms 
 a very comfortable bed (vide Plate below). 
 
 By this latter arrangement my goods and gear 
 in the boxes are tolerably safe from pilferers, and 
 no one can meddle with them whilst I sleep 
 without first trying conclusions with their 
 owner. 
 
 Bengough's Trunk-Bed.
 
 INFLATABLE BATH. 187 
 
 Cording's Inflatable Bath. 
 
 A portable bath is a great luxury, and those 
 of india-rubber, inflated with air, made by 
 Cording, 231, Strand, are by far the best I 
 have seen. 
 
 When the inside area of the tent 
 
 The Hammock. . , . 
 
 is excavated, it is an easy matter to 
 
 sling a hammock to ropes fixed to tent-pegs or 
 posts firmly driven into the ground, and in my 
 opinion this makes the most comfortable bed. 
 I always carry one of Cording's waterproof 
 hammocks with me, which, even if I cannot 
 sling it, serves me as a ground-sheet. 
 
 Slung from a bamboo or pole, it makes a capital 
 stretcher for a sick or wounded man ; on the West 
 Coast of Equatorial Africa, where horses will not
 
 188 ENCAMPMENTS. 
 
 live, it is the only mode of conveyance for Euro- 
 peans, in getting about from place to place. 
 
 In Madeira, South America, and throughout 
 India, it is also generally used. 
 ENCAMPMENTS. An old soldier, and an experi- 
 Camp Eules. enced traveller, will always choose 
 the encamping ground himself; as not only his 
 comfort, but very often his safety, will depend 
 upon his selection. 
 
 If he is in a hostile country, " where might is 
 right" and he considers his party strong enough 
 to hold their own, in case of an attack from pre- 
 datory tribes, he will pitch his camp upon an 
 eminence, sufficiently near to water to command 
 its easy approach, and far enough from any cover 
 that might conceal an enemy. 
 
 He will take care that his tents are placed so 
 that the excavations form rifle-pits, arranged to 
 defend each other by cross-fires in case of a sud- 
 den rush of the enemy from any quarter. This 
 is a most necessary precaution, and if a strict 
 watch is kept day and night, a camp so con-
 
 CAMP RULES. 189 
 
 structed, and defended by a few resolute men, 
 armed with breech-loading rifles and revolvers, 
 is a formidable place to assault even with greatly 
 superior numbers. 
 
 Should the party be too small to offer much 
 resistance, and its object be to pass through a 
 hostile country without attracting observation, the 
 greatest care must be observed, and if a tent is 
 ever pitched, a hollow in a plain, or a patch of 
 dense wood, must be selected for the camp. 
 
 Dry wood, which makes very little smoke, 
 should be burnt, and the horses should always be 
 saddled and ready for a move. 
 
 Watchers and sentries should be 
 The Camp 
 
 posted on elevations in the daytime, 
 and on low ground at night. They should patrol 
 a short distance from the camp, and, if they hear 
 the slightest noise, ought to lie down with the 
 ear close to the ground, by which means they 
 may often detect an approaching footstep at a 
 considerable distance. Sentries ought to be re- 
 lieved every two hours, if possible ; and even if
 
 190 CAMP GUARD. 
 
 the number of the party is small, and the duty 
 comes round very quickly, still a strict watch 
 should be always kept. Two men, if properly 
 posted, can command a large extent of ground; 
 and it is better to have two watchers who keep 
 wide awake and on the qui vive, than a chain of 
 sleepy sentries. When a man knows that the 
 safety of his skin depends upon his keeping his 
 eyes open, he is generally pretty well on the 
 alert.
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 HINTS TO TRAVELLERS. 
 
 The Advantages of Travel An Even Temper required The Cus- 
 toms of a Country generally the Beat to Adopt On the Ad- 
 vantages of Knowing the Language of the Country Early 
 Eising The Stirrup Cup Tiger's Milk Claret Cup Beef 
 Tea Striking Camp Malarious Districts Water Boiling 
 and Filtration To Find Water Well-sinking Signs of 
 Water Watering Cattle Hard and Soft Water Summer 
 Beverages Servants and Followers The Watchfire Hints 
 in Cases of Illness Fever Dysentery. 
 
 MUCH of a traveller's comfort depends upon 
 himself, and the best way of getting on is, by 
 never anticipating difficulties, and making the 
 best of them when they come. Many of the 
 inconveniences and privations of " camp life " 
 may be avoided or, at any rate, mitigated by 
 forethought and timely precaution, which is only 
 inculcated by experience; but the charms of a
 
 192 ADVANTAGES OF TRAVELLING. 
 
 wanderer's life are so many and varied, that they 
 amply compensate for any little discomforts that 
 he may meet with en route. 
 
 "We English are a nation of travellers ; and, as 
 Sam Rogers says, " None want an excuse. If 
 rich, they go to enjoy; if poor, to retrench; if 
 sick, to recover ; if studious, to learn ; if learned, 
 to relax from their studies. But whatever they 
 may say, whatever they may believe, they go for 
 the most part on the same errand ; nor will those 
 who reflect, think that errand an idle one. 
 
 " In travelling we improve imperceptibly, not in 
 the head only, but in the heart. Our prejudices 
 leave us ; seas and mountains are no longer our 
 boundaries; we learn to love, to esteem, and 
 admire beyond them. Our benevolence extends 
 itself with our knowledge, and must we not return 
 better than we went. The more highly we be- 
 come acquainted with the institutions of other 
 countries, the more must we value our own. Yet 
 the enjoyment of travelling, like other pleasures, 
 must be purchased at some little expense ; and he
 
 HINTS TO TRAVELLERS. 193 
 
 whose good humour can be ruffled by every 
 petty inconvenience he may chance to encounter 
 had unquestionably better remain at home." 
 
 The traveller should adapt himself to the cus- 
 toms and ideas of the people" in whose country 
 he sojourns. He should always be a gentleman 
 in his actions, never in his pretensions, and his 
 real worth will become apparent, even amongst 
 savages. Mental superiority will always com- 
 mand respect, and in the desert a man will not 
 be appreciated the more because his ancestor 
 happened to be a great man, or that he is 
 descended from a king's mistress. They judge 
 him by his actions and his line of conduct. 
 
 In travelling through a land where " might is 
 right," although it is as well always to be pre- 
 pared against treachery, suspicion ought never 
 to be shown by any outward sign. 
 
 It is always well to treat the inhabitants of the 
 
 country through which you travel with familiar 
 
 courtesy, and much information may be gained 
 
 by mixing with them and entering into their 
 
 o
 
 TRAVELLERS QUALIFICATIONS. 
 
 amusements. It is also advisable to fall into the 
 peculiar customs of the country, as they are 
 generally the best adapted to it, and although 
 sometimes they may be a little inconvenient, it is 
 generally much more so to run counter to them. 
 
 A good knowledge of the language is an im- 
 mense help. The Emperor Charles V. used to 
 say that in proportion to the number of languages 
 a man knew, he was so many more times a man. 
 " A knowledge of the language of the country 
 you travel in is as good as a filled purse ; as two 
 pair of eyes, and one pair of ears ; for without it 
 the one ^pair he possesses is likely to be of little 
 use." Addison says, " When a traveller returneth 
 home, let his travel appear rather in his discourse 
 than his apparel or gesture ; and in his discourse 
 let him be rather advised in his answers than for- 
 ward to tell stories ; and let it appear that he doth 
 not change his country manners for those of 
 foreign parts, but only prick in some flowers of 
 that he hath learned abroad into the customs of 
 his own country."
 
 EARLY RISING. 195 
 
 He who sleeps with a forest tree for 
 Early Eising. 
 
 his canopy, a stone for his pillow, and 
 
 the ground for his bed, is not likely to play the 
 sluggard ; and the sportsman who means work 
 will be afoot as soon as the soft blue light of the 
 morning becomes perceptible along the eastern 
 horizon ; for he knows that his best chance of 
 falling in with large game is before the sun 
 gets up. 
 
 The traveller should never start 
 
 " The Stirrup 
 
 early in the morning upon an empty 
 stomach. On the march, before leaving the 
 bivouac, he should always take a cup of coffee, 
 tea, or "something" with a biscuit or crust of 
 bread, to fortify the inner man, as the malarious 
 vapours that rise from the ground have an inju- 
 rious effect on an empty stomach. 
 
 When milk and eggs are procurable, " Tiger's 
 milk" is not a bad concoction for resuscitating 
 nature. Recipe Beat up the yokes of six 
 eggs well, with " a modicum" or half-pint of 
 spirit (rum or brandy), three lumps of sugar, a 
 o 2
 
 196 THE STIRRUP CUP. 
 
 bit of lemon peel cut thin, and a little spice, such 
 as cloves or cardamums. Add a quart of new 
 milk, mix well, grating in the third of a nutmeg, 
 and you will have a stirrup cup for three persons. 
 
 In hot weather, "claret cup" is not a bad substi- 
 tute. The following is the recipe of Arab Mac 
 (a celebrated old Indian general, of great racing 
 and sporting notoriety), who gloried in having 
 the finest stud and the best kitchen in India : 
 " To a bottle of claret add three wine-glasses of 
 cognac, a couple of large table-spoons of sugar, 
 the rind of a lime cut thin, a dozen cloves, the 
 seeds of three cardamum-pods, a quarter of a 
 nutmeg, one green chili, a small sprig of borage, 
 a dozen leaves of mint, and a threatening of lime- 
 juice, or, what is perhaps better, a lime cut into 
 thin slices. Let it stand for twenty minutes, and 
 then add three bottles of cooled soda-water, stir- 
 ring it up well, and serving it out with a ladle 
 whilst in a state of effervescence." This brew 
 makes a good drink for three people. 
 
 Beef tea is also very good for a traveller to
 
 BEEF TEA. 197 
 
 take in the early morning; and when ladies are of 
 the party, it always ought to be ready, as they can 
 often swallow that when they can take nothing 
 solid. 
 
 Beef tea is made with lean fresh meat, cut into 
 small pieces the size of dice, put into a " digester" 
 or covered jar, which is again placed in a sauce- 
 pan of water, and allowed to simmer until all the 
 goodness is boiled out of the meat, when the juice 
 extracted should be strained and flavoured with 
 salt and pepper. When fresh meat is not ob- 
 tainable, Liebig's Extract of Meat may be used. 
 This extract contains the nutritious constituents 
 of animal food, one ounce containing the soluble 
 matter of about two pounds of fresh meat. Very 
 good beef tea is made by dissolving a dessert- 
 spoonful of the extract in a pint of boiling 
 water, to which salt and pepper should be 
 added. 
 
 When on the march, unless the head 
 
 striking 
 
 servant can thoroughly be depended 
 upon, it is advisable for one of the party to re-
 
 198 MALARIOUS DISTRICTS. 
 
 main behind, to see the tents struck, the baggage 
 packed, and the mules loaded. 
 
 He should also see that no imposition has been 
 attempted by any of the servants, and that there 
 are no complaints " that supplies furnished have 
 not been paid for." 
 
 Ifc is hiW advisable not to cross 
 
 Malarious 
 
 Districts. i i i 
 
 low swampy ground, or malarious 
 
 districts, until at least two hours after sunrise, 
 as by that time much of the noxious vapour so 
 deleterious to health, that rises from the ground 
 during the night and early morning, has been 
 dispelled. I would, at any time, rather risk the 
 chance of a coup-de-soleil by travelling during 
 the day, than expose myself to malaria during 
 the night. 
 
 One of the great causes of sickness 
 Water. 
 
 in tropical climates is. bad water, and 
 
 the traveller ought to make a rule, not to drink 
 any that has not been previously boiled and filtered, 
 if he can possibly avoid it. 
 
 In malarious districts, the water, being exposed
 
 WATER. 199 
 
 to an impure and foetid atmosphere, absorbs the 
 noxious gases, and becomes impregnated with 
 poison. 
 
 Again, in hot climates, water becomes tainted 
 and unwholesome, by filtering through a porous 
 soil full of organic impurities, caused by decom- 
 posed animal and vegetable matter; and very often 
 the poisonous ingredients absorbed cannot be de- 
 tected by the senses, as neither the eye nor the 
 palate of a tired and thirsty traveller are likely 
 to discover the dangerous impregnation. 
 
 Water taken from springs and streams is gene- 
 rally better than that of pools, as still water soon 
 becomes putrid, and full of a variety of living 
 animals and vegetables. 
 
 The best means of rendering such kinds of 
 water wholesome, is by boiling and. filtration : the 
 former process destroys the animalculae, and the 
 latter clears it from impurities. 
 
 Were proper precautions taken by Government, 
 cholera, typhus-fever and dysentery, the scourges 
 of camp-life, would be comparatively unknown :
 
 200 WHERE TO FIND WATER. 
 
 whereas, under the present regime, when our 
 army takes " the field." ten soldiers die of these 
 diseases to one killed in action ; and this state of 
 things is likely to continue, until " the Press " 
 takes up the matter, and forces our inert officials 
 to look a little better after the welfare of our 
 gallant defenders. 
 
 T Fi a Travellers are sometimes put to great 
 
 straits for want of water, whilst ex- 
 ploring the arid wastes of Africa, and other thinly 
 inhabited flat countries, where rain seldom falls, 
 and every explorer should accustom himself to 
 read the signs that indicate the presence of water. 
 
 In a flat country, water may generally be found 
 by digging wells in the beds of rivers, taking care 
 to select the spot just below the junction of a tri- 
 butary, and also paying attention to the formation 
 and appearance of the sand, as it often indicates 
 the line along which the stream last flowed by a 
 winding undulation. 
 
 In the bends of a river, deep holes are often 
 formed by the force of the current, where water
 
 WELL SINKING. 201 
 
 sometimes remains in pools long after the stream 
 has ceased to run; and such places may often be dis- 
 covered by following up the fresh tracks of animals. 
 Should these be dry, wells must be sunk in the 
 places where the ground appears to be the lowest. 
 In mountainous districts small springs are 
 generally found amongst primary rocks; but 
 after a long drought, search should be made in 
 the water-courses that wind through the bottom of 
 the deepest ravines, where pools of water often 
 remain all the year round. Should these prove 
 dry, there is no alternative but to dig in the 
 places where water appears to have been last; 
 and the most likely places are often indicated bv 
 the greenest vegetation, or by plants that in that 
 country are usually found near water. 
 
 In sinking wells, the presence of 
 
 "Well-sinking. 
 
 water is indicated by moist sand or 
 earth, before it makes its appearance, as unless 
 a spring is struck by chance the water takes 
 some time to filter through the sides of the well, 
 and at first it generally collects very slowly.
 
 202 SIGNS OF WATER. 
 
 In sinking wells in the beds of rivers in Africa, 
 I Lave had to construct basket-work gabions to 
 prevent the sand from falling in as fast as I dug 
 it out, and sometimes I have had to work very 
 cautiously on account of falling in with " quick- 
 sands." 
 g . f In searching for water, a line should 
 
 be formed, and the most insignificant 
 sign must not be overlooked. The fresh track of 
 animals may be followed when they appear to 
 converge, more especially if different species 
 have passed over the ground in the same direc- 
 tion. Flights of birds should be watched, as the 
 feathered race generally drink morning and even- 
 ing ; whenever they are numerous, water cannot 
 be far off. 
 
 All animals in a wild state make for water by 
 instinct, but when domesticated they generally 
 appear to lose the 5 faculty; although, sometimes, 
 I have seen horses, oxen, and dogs start off in a 
 bee-line to a pool of water in a country where 
 they had never been before.
 
 ABSTINENCE FROM LIQUIDS. 203 
 
 In following up the trail of a wounded animal, 
 I have often come unexpectedly across a stream, 
 or pool ; as the loss of blood causes intense thirst, 
 and, if not disabled or too closely followed up, 
 most animals will seek for water, and even drink 
 until they fall dead. I have seen both antelope 
 and elephant do this. 
 
 In some of the most arid parts of Africa, there 
 are certain plants full of sap, which antelope are 
 very fond of, and sometimes, in case of emergency, 
 1 have kept my mouth moistened, and my lips 
 from sticking together, by chewing the pulp. At 
 other times, when very hardly pressed, I have 
 drank the liquid contained in the paunch of 
 different animals I have killed. 
 
 " Habit is second nature," and the more a man 
 drinks, the more he wants : a hunter should ac- 
 custom himself to drink at his morning and even- 
 ing meals only ; and he ought to be able to go 
 through a hard day's work, even under a tropical 
 sun, by only moistening his mouth from time to 
 time with a couple of spoonfuls of boiled water,
 
 204 
 
 WATERING CATTLE. 
 
 Watering 
 Cattle. 
 
 or, what is better still for quenching thirst, cold 
 weak tea, without milk or sugar. 
 
 Horses and cattle should be accus- 
 tomed to drink out of a trough, if pos- 
 sible, otherwise when the only water obtainable 
 has to be drawn from shallow wells in the beds of 
 rivers, they will fill them up and cause much 
 extra labour. When travelling with waggons or 
 baggage animals, a small force-pump and hose, as 
 previously described, ought always to be carried, 
 
 Pump, Hose, and Trough.
 
 HARD AND SOFT WATER. 205 
 
 as with it the animals are watered with far less 
 labour, and the water in the wells remains undis- 
 turbed. 
 , Soft water is preferable to hard 
 
 Hard and 
 
 fcer ' water for all culinary purposes. Mon- 
 sieur Soyer, the celebrated artist in cooking, 
 declared that where, with soft water, five cups of 
 tea might be made, only three cups could be got 
 with hard water, from equal quantities of the 
 leaf. Soft or distilled water, he says, has an 
 extraordinary power in obtaining a full extract. 
 Vegetables cooked in soft water are quickly done, 
 and the flavour of the vegetables is in the water ; 
 whilst those cooked in the hard water never 
 become tender, nor does the flavour go into the 
 water. In extracting the juice or gravy from, 
 meat, soft water does it quickly and well ; but 
 hard water, instead of opening the meat, seems 
 to draw it closer together, and to solidify the al- 
 bumen, whilst it fails to extract the true flavour 
 of the meat. For bread-making, soft water is of 
 great importance.
 
 206 SUMMER BEVERAGE. 
 
 The effect of hard water on animals is veiy 
 apparent. Horses have an instinctive love for 
 soft water, and they refuse hard water if they can 
 possibly get soft. Hard water produces a rough 
 and staring coat on horses, and renders them 
 liable to gripes. 
 
 g Pure fruit syrups, such as manu- 
 
 factured by Sainsbury, 176, Strand, 
 when mixed with cold water, or soda water, 
 when you have it, form a very delicious and 
 refreshing beverage in hot weather. 
 
 The best way of cooling the water, when ice 
 is not to be procured, is to wrap the bottle or 
 vessel containing it in a wet cloth, and expose it 
 to a current of air, allowing the rays of the sun 
 to shine on it, when practicable. The cloth must 
 be kept wet, and thoroughly cover the vessel. 
 
 The principle fruit syrups which will keep in 
 tropical climates are lemon, orange, raspberry, 
 strawberry, apple, and red and black currant. 
 
 , Much of a traveller s comtort de- 
 Servants and 
 
 Followers. p en( j s U p n the capabilities of his
 
 SERVANTS AND FOLLOWERS. 207 
 
 servants, and my experience leads me to believe 
 that it is much better to gain their confidence by 
 kind treatment, and showing that you have an in- 
 terest in their welfare, than by harsh measures and 
 " badgering." If you look after their comfort 
 they will look after yours, and a kind and con- 
 siderate master makes a devoted follower. Always 
 listen to your followers' complaints, whether real 
 or imaginary : if they are real, remedy them ; if 
 imaginary, reason with them patiently, and point 
 out the fallacy of their arguments. Make yourself 
 thoroughly acquainted with their character and 
 manners, then it is not difficult to remove their 
 prejudices. 
 
 Should insubordination show itself amongst 
 your people, investigate the cause thoroughly 
 before you act, then be very firm ; in such cases 
 half-measures will not do. 
 
 Should punishment be absolutely required, 
 let it be severe and summary, as the example 
 will be greater, and it will be more seldom 
 required. Never strike or flog a man yourself,
 
 208 WOMEN FOLLOWERS. 
 
 if you can help it, but let him be punished by 
 one of his fellows, in your presence. It has a 
 better effect. 
 
 Reward your followers liberally for extra ser- 
 vices. Tobacco, grog in moderation, should be 
 served out in the evening, when they behave 
 properly. 
 
 Do what you can to keep them cheerful, by 
 promoting merriment amongst them. I like to 
 hear my fellows sing and chaff good-humouredly 
 amongst themselves as they work ; and I believe 
 in an old Indian saying, " A light heart can 
 carry an elephant ; a long face stumbles under 
 the weight of his turban." 
 
 In India and Africa I never make any objec- 
 tion to my followers being accompanied by their 
 women, as I rarely found them cause any delay 
 whilst on the march, and they were often very 
 useful. Besides, they keep the camp lively and 
 the men contented; and even if they occasion 
 " a row" now and again, it does not much matter, 
 for it serves to -break the monotony.
 
 THE WATCHFIRE. 209 
 
 The Watch- When upon a hunting excursion, 
 and very often whilst campaigning, it 
 has been an established custom for my people to 
 assemble round the watchfire in front of my tent 
 at sunset, and, if possible, I always attend myself, 
 and see that my head-servant goes round and 
 distributes to each man his rations for the next 
 day, an allowance of tobacco, and, if I have it, a 
 glass of grog. 
 
 After the distribution I always make a point 
 of asking if all my people are satisfied 
 and if anyone has a grievance or complaint 
 to make, I endeavour to settle it then and 
 there. 
 
 Then those who have charge of my animals, 
 such as horses, mules, bullocks, sheep, goats, 
 dogs, and poultry, inform me as to their con- 
 dition ; whilst my head- servant arranges matters 
 concerning the commissariat an important ar- 
 rangement when there are many mouths to fill, 
 and rather a responsible one when all the party 
 depend upon their master's gun for food. 
 p
 
 210 FOLLOWERS' CONFIDENCE. 
 
 The orders for the morrow are then given, the 
 line of route settled, and each man is made to 
 understand what he has to do. 
 
 Business settled, the events of the day and the 
 prospects of the morrow are talked over; the 
 habits of wild animals and hunting exploits are 
 discussed; tales are told, songs chanted, and 
 anyone of the party may join in the conversa- 
 tion. 
 
 During my wanderings in differents parts of 
 the world my followers have presented a great 
 diversity of appearance, and I have had to do 
 with all kinds of characters; but I found the 
 same line of conduct answer for all, no matter 
 what nation, tribe, or caste they belonged to, and 
 the result of my experience is contained in the 
 following advice : Treat them kindly, pay them 
 fairly, listen to them patiently, humour their 
 prejudices, respect their feelings, do not interfere 
 with their religion ; and after a short time you 
 will find that you have gained their confidence, 
 and in your hour of need they will not desert
 
 HINTS ON ILLNESS. 211 
 
 you. When master and servants understand 
 each other, and pull together, " camp life" is the 
 happiest existence I know of. 
 
 My "gatherings" have often been a motley 
 crew a rough and reckless lot of desperate men, 
 of different colours, race, and creed, bound by no 
 tie, and heeding no law yet perfect unanimity 
 always existed amongst them, and many a jovial 
 night have we passed reclining round the watch- 
 fire after a hard day's work, a sharp skirmish, or 
 a great hunt, when wild songs were sung, strange 
 tales were told, and many a hoarse peal of merri- 
 ment rang through the night-air, as the jest went 
 round. Loudly we laughed, and little we recked 
 for the morrow. 
 
 Hints in Case The two S reat maladies that a 
 of Illness. . ,. , , . , . 
 
 sportsman is liable to in malarious 
 
 regions are fever and dysentery, both of which, 
 if not checked, are apt to end fatally. 
 
 Fever in its mildest form is gene- 
 Fever. 
 
 rally intermittent that is, there are 
 
 intervals of health between the attacks ; but as
 
 212 SYMPTOMS OF FEVER. 
 
 the disease becomes more aggravated, it as- 
 sumes the remittent form, and the symptoms 
 only remit, change their aspect, and do not 
 disappear. 
 
 Fever rarely lays its victim pro- 
 Symptoms. , , 
 
 strate at once. The malarious poison 
 
 that engenders it has a period of incubation, and 
 breaks out some days after the primary symptoms 
 are evinced which are, a sense of lassitude and 
 languor, accompanied by yawning and stretch- 
 ing, restlessness, want of sleep, loss of appetite, 
 dull eyes, dizziness, and an incapacity to con- 
 centrate the ideas ; chills come over the body, and 
 a dull heavy pain racks the loins and kidneys, 
 which often cease to act. Then comes intense 
 headache, cramps which seem to draw up the 
 body, and the hot stage, which often brings 
 on delirium and a state of coma; from which 
 condition the patient either awakes in the next 
 world, or finds himself bathed in profuse per- 
 spiration, greatly prostrated, but relieved from 
 pain.
 
 ITS TREATMENT. 213 
 
 Then is the time to take quinine in 
 Treatment. 
 
 as large doses as the system will bear. 
 
 Should no medical advice be at hand, and the 
 patient be alone in the bush, he cannot do wrong, 
 when in that stage, by taking quinine until his 
 head feels so dizzy that everything appears to 
 turn round, keeping himself covered up, and 
 only drinking hot weak lemonade, so as make him 
 perspire as much as possible. 
 
 Sometimes the fever is killed at once by this 
 sharp bat severe treatment ; but at others, attack 
 comes after attack, and paroxysm follows pa- 
 roxysm, each one leaving the patient weaker than 
 the last, until the crisis is passed and the disease 
 wears itself out, and gradually becomes weaker 
 in its shocks, or, on the other hand, its victim 
 sinks under it, and passes away in a state of in- 
 sensibility. 
 
 In tropical climates, delays are dan- 
 Precautions. 
 
 gerous, and the slightest symptom 
 
 should be immediately met with decided and 
 energetic treatment. Constant doses of quinine
 
 214 DYSENTERY. 
 
 should be taken daily, more especially when ex- 
 posed to the dew, rain, night-air, or the malaria 
 engendered by winds blowing over swampy 
 ground or decomposed vegetation. 
 
 My experience leads me to believe 
 Dysentery. 
 
 that the only cure for dysentery is im- 
 mediate removal out of tropical climates ; other- 
 wise, it almost always ends fatally. 
 
 Upon the first symptoms, take an 
 Treatment. 
 
 emetic of ipecacuanha, and in the 
 
 morning a mild aperient (as 15 grains of rhubarb 
 and 2 grains of calomel) ; on the following day 
 2 grains of ipecacuanha, with a quarter of a grain 
 of opium, three or four times within the twenty- 
 four hours, eating nothing but plain boiled rice 
 sweetened with sugar. 
 
 If this does not stop the complaint, and the 
 tenesmus gives the well-known sign of decided dy- 
 sentery, a dose of 20 grains of calomel with a quar- 
 ter-grain of opium should be taken, which must 
 be followed next morning with a dose of castor 
 oil. This generally cuts the matter short ; but it
 
 OPHTHALMIA. 215 
 
 is as well to follow it up with 2 grains of ipecacu- 
 anha, and | -grain of opium, four times within the 
 twenty -four hours, for two or three days after : 
 chlorodyne is also of great service. 
 
 This disease is often brought on 
 ua " by sudden transition from excessive 
 dryness to damp ; glare from the snow or desert ; 
 or from dust and sand being blown into the eyes. 
 In cases of inflammation of the eyes, first remove 
 the irritation with warm-water fomentations ; then 
 bathe with a lotion composed of grains of sul- 
 phate of copper dissolved in an ounce of distilled 
 or rose water ; and for the first stage of ophthal- 
 mia, drop into the eye one or two drops of the 
 following lotion : 10 grains of sulphate of zinc in 
 one ounce of distilled or rose water. 
 
 Of course I need not observe, that in case of 
 any disease of the eye making its appearance, 
 the first thing to be done is to obtain the best 
 medical advice. 
 
 My hints are only intended for adoption when 
 no surgeon is at hand.
 
 216 USEFUL RECIPES. 
 
 USEFUL RECIPES. Mix a P int of &&*% oil > two 
 
 To render Shooting ounces of yellow wax, two ounces 
 
 Boots Waterproof. 
 
 of turpentine, and half an ounce 
 of Burgundy pitch, carefully over a slow fire. Lay 
 the mixture whilst hot on the boots with a sponge 
 or soft brush, and when they are dry lay it on again 
 and again, until the leather becomes quite satu- 
 rated that is to say, will hold no more ; let them 
 then be put away, and not be worn until they 
 are perfectly dry and elastic ; they will after- 
 wards be found not only impenetrable to wet, but 
 soft and pliable, and of much longer duration. 
 Or, take of equal quantities of beeswax and 
 mutton suet, and melt them together in an earthen 
 pipkin over a slow fire ; lay the mixture while 
 hot on the boots, which ought to be made warm 
 also ; let them stand before the fire a short time, 
 for them to soak the preparation in, and then put 
 them away until quite cold ; when they are so, 
 rub them dry with a piece of flannel, in order 
 not to grease your blacking-brushes. If you 
 black them well before you put the mixture on,
 
 TRAP FOR ANIMALS. 217 
 
 you will find them take the blacking much better 
 afterwards. 
 
 _, The natives of India preserve meat. 
 
 To Preserve 
 
 which they call " Ding-ding," by cut- 
 ting it into long strips, into which they rub salt, 
 ground spices, and then dry in the sun until it 
 becomes as dry as a board. 
 
 When required for use, it is allowed to soak in 
 water for a couple of hours to soften, and is then 
 broiled over embers, when it is not at all unpalat- 
 able, and often constituted the principal part of 
 a Shekarry's fare whilst on trail. 
 
 The Hasp Tip Trap. 
 
 The Rasp Tip Trap, invented by Mr. Pringle, 
 of Alnwick, is one of the best for catching small 
 animals alive. The animals are caught between 
 two convex surfaces, as between the fore and
 
 218 HOW TO DESTROY FLIES. 
 
 middle fingers of the hand when half-closed, and 
 so securely held that escape is almost impossible. 
 No bones are fractured, nor muscles lacerated by 
 the action of the trap. 
 
 _ _. Put a handful of quassia into a white 
 
 To Destroy 
 
 basin, and pour a pint of boiling- 
 water over it ; let it cool, and sprinkle a little 
 sugar over it as a greater inducement. It will 
 draw away and kill all flies.
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 "HINTS TO SPORTSMEN." 
 
 Deer-Stalking Chamois and Ibex Hunting Feline Animals 
 Elephant-Hunting Pig-Sticking Dumb Companions. 
 
 D THERE is no animal more shy or 
 
 solitary by nature than the stag. He 
 takes alarm from every living thing in the forest ; 
 the slightest sound, be it only the fall of a leaf or 
 the scratching of a jungle fowl, will scare and set 
 him off in a moment. Except in certain embar- 
 rassed situations, they always run up wind, their 
 great security lying in their extreme keenness of 
 scent, for they can smell a taint in the air at an 
 almost incredible distance. 
 
 When a hart is disabled and run down by dogs, 
 and he feels that he cannot escape by speed, he
 
 220 DEER-STALKING. 
 
 will choose the best position he can, and defend 
 himself to the last extremity with his antlers. 
 Powerful dogs may pull down a full-grown stag 
 when running and breathless, but not a cold hart 
 (one that has not been wounded) when he stands 
 at bay, for he takes such a sweep with his antlers 
 that he could exterminate a whole pack, should 
 they attack in front only. 
 
 Deer, like many other animals, seem to foresee 
 every change of weather, for they leave the hills 
 and descend into the plains whenever any rough 
 weather is about to take place. 
 
 The deer-stalker should not only be able to run 
 like an antelope, but he should possess the bottom 
 of an Arab horse, to enable him to keep the game 
 in view ; he should be able to creep like a leo- 
 pard, and to run with his back bent almost 
 double, and at a pinch to wriggle himself along 
 the ground, ventre a terre, like an eel. He should 
 be able to wade or swim torrents, to keep his 
 footing on slippery water-worn stones, remem- 
 bering, if he does fall, to keep his rifle dry,
 
 HINTS ON DEER-STALKING. 221 
 
 whatever becomes of himself. He should never 
 go rashly to work, keeping always cool, wary, 
 and steady, never allowing any untoward circum- 
 stances to interfere with his equanimity and self- 
 possession. 
 
 Before commencing operations, he should care- 
 fully survey his line of route, marking any cover 
 that inequalities in the ground, or bushes, rocks, 
 etc., might give. I need not add, that tempe- 
 rance and moderation go a long way to keep the 
 hand in and the nerves steady. When I first 
 began deer-stalking, my mentor endeavoured to 
 instil the following general rules in my mind, 
 and several years' subsequent experience has 
 proved to me that his theory is correct. Be on 
 your ground betimes in the morning; consult the 
 clouds, and keep well to the leeward, even if you 
 have to make a circuit of miles; be silent as the 
 grave; when you step on stones or dry leaves, etc., 
 tread as lightly as a ghost; keep under cover; 
 exercise extreme judgment in approaching your 
 game, which is a happy mixture of wary caution
 
 222 CHAMOIS HUNTING. 
 
 combined with prompt decision and boldness of 
 execution. Memo. All this is useless, if you do 
 not use straight powder. 
 
 Hunting the chamois, ibex, and 
 
 Se^SmS? creatures of that class > although in- 
 tensely exciting sport, is the most 
 difficult of all deer -stalking, and proves the 
 severest test of the qualifications of a hunter ; for 
 not only are these animals exceedingly shy and 
 watchful, but they are also gifted with remark- 
 ably keen sight, and their senses of smelling and 
 hearing are developed to an extraordinary degree. 
 From the almost inaccessible nature of the ground 
 on which they are found, he who would take 
 their spoils should be endued with great strength, 
 perseverance, and endurance, besides which he 
 must have the agility of a mountaineer and a 
 steady head, or he can never follow up his game 
 to their haunts, along narrow ledges of scarped 
 rocks and beetling heights, where a false step or 
 a moment's giddiness would entail certain de- 
 struction. There can be no doubt but that
 
 HABITAT OF THE CHAMOIS. 223 
 
 intense excitement takes away all dread of dan- 
 ger, for I have seen it exemplified many times, 
 not only on the hunting-ground but also on the 
 field of battle. An ardent hunter, like a daring 
 soldier, possesses a mental energy superior to all 
 thought of peril; for, seeking only the attain- 
 ment of his purpose, he pursues his course with 
 that dogged stubbornness, inflexibility of pur- 
 pose, and recklessness of self-preservation that 
 make him invincible, and ensure success in the 
 end. 
 
 Chamois, ibex, mouflon, burrul, gooral, surrow, 
 thaar, markore, oves-ammon, and other grega- 
 rious animals of the wild goat or sheep species, 
 are generally found amongst the rugged crags 
 of the loftiest ranges, their food chiefly consisting 
 of the different mosses and short crisp delicate 
 herbage indigenous to high altitudes. 
 
 They seem little affected by cold, for in the 
 daytime they remain in the most secluded and 
 inaccessible spots, far above the limits of vegeta- 
 tion, and in the evening move downwards towards
 
 224 SCENT OF THE CHAMOIS. 
 
 their feeding grounds. In summer the males 
 separate from the females, and in a body resort 
 to the higher regions. Generally speaking the 
 females are very inferior in size to the males, and 
 have much smaller horns. 
 
 A wary old buck, who has often quite a pa- 
 triarchal appearance, is generally chosen as the 
 leader of the herd; and if he sees anything 
 suspicious, or catches a taint in the air, a peculiar 
 whistle alarms the rest, causing them to collect 
 together and remain on the alert, and on a re- 
 petition of the signal away they scamper, always 
 ascending or descending a slope in an oblique 
 direction. Sometimes I have seen an old female 
 lead the herd, and on such occasions I have 
 always found it extremely difficult to get within 
 range, as they are doubly cunning. 
 
 Lions, tigers, panthers, leopards, 
 and animals of this genus, are ge- 
 nerally hunted either by stalking, beating, sitting 
 up by water, or near the carcass of some animal 
 they have killed.
 
 FELINE ANIMALS. 225 
 
 The great secret necessary to ensure success 
 in this kind of shooting is never to pull trig- 
 ger unless certain of striking the game in a 
 vital spot, and again, always to keep a shot 
 in reserve, in case of a wounded animal 
 charging. 
 
 I need not say that extreme coolness is as 
 much required as accuracy of marksmanship, 
 and anyone who feels " that he even has nerves " 
 had better confine his attentions to game that will 
 not retaliate when wounded. 
 
 None of the feline race, with the exception 
 of man-eaters, which are few and far between, 
 will attack men, unless provoked. They always 
 avoid his presence, and the taint even of his 
 footstep in the forest will often make them turn 
 aside and leave the neighbourhood. 
 
 These animals are all very tenacious of life, 
 and the hunter should always endeavour to shoot 
 them either through the brain or the heart. I 
 have often dropped them stone-dead with a 
 bullet right between the eyes, or by aiming just 
 Q
 
 226 ELEPHANT-HUNTING. 
 
 behind the shoulder-blade, as the fore-arm moves 
 forward in walking. 
 
 p, , . Any sportsman who is a fair shot, 
 
 cool, steady, persevering, and active, 
 may count upon killing heavy bags of most kinds 
 of game with tolerable certainty; but he who 
 would slay the elephant in his trackless jungle- 
 home must have other qualities combined, or he 
 will fail in his attempt. 
 
 The elephant-hunter must have a thorough 
 knowledge of the nature and habits of that 
 sagacious animal, whose keenly-developed senses 
 far exceed that of any other denizen of the forest; 
 he must be well acquainted with its peculiar 
 structure and anatomy, or his bullet, however 
 true, will never reach the vital part with any 
 certainty ; he must be an adept at " tracking," or 
 following spoor, and in the understanding of 
 jungle signs, which, although a natural gift to the 
 red men of the Far West and Indian jungle-tribes, 
 is only acquired by intense study and long 
 practice; he must be patient and enduring,
 
 ELEPHANT- HUNTING. 227 
 
 satisfied with, hard fare and short commons, as he 
 will often have to subsist wholly upon his gun, 
 with the ground for his bed, and a forest tree for 
 his canopy. He should feel with, the great poet, 
 that "there is society where none intrudes;" 
 for he must often be content with nature and his 
 own thoughts as companions, and he must not let 
 his spirits be depressed by the solitude and 
 intense stillness of the deep jungle. 
 
 The hunter must sleep like a hare, always on 
 the alert, ever prepared and watchful; for he 
 never knows what he may meet, or the danger a 
 moment may bring forth. Inured to peril, he 
 must never be cast-down or faint of heart ; or he 
 had better not attempt to follow up the spoor of 
 the elephant to his haunts in the dense, deep 
 jungle, where the rays of the sun seldom 
 penetrate, and the woodman's axe was never 
 heard where the deadliest of fevers lurk in 
 places the most beautiful to the eye ; and where, 
 with the exception of certain times in the year, 
 the air and the water are poisoned by malaria, 
 
 Q2
 
 228 HOG-HUNTING. 
 
 and impregnated by the exhalations of decayed 
 leaves and decomposed vegetable matter, en- 
 tailing certain death to the hunter, were he 
 tempted to follow up his perilous calling out of 
 season. 
 
 Hog-hunting, or pig-sticking, as 
 Hog-Hunting. 
 
 carried out in India, is a truly regal 
 
 sport, being the incarnation of all that is exciting. 
 It combines all the attractions of fox-hunting 
 with the excitement of steeple-chasing, height- 
 ened by that intense fascination which the pre- 
 sence of danger only can inspire. It is con- 
 siderably over twenty years since I took my 
 maiden spear, yet there are times when every 
 incident of that memorable day comes vividly 
 before me, and in my mind's eye I see the well- 
 remembered forms of my old associates in the 
 forest and the field, and think I hear their joyous 
 voices resounding in my ears. In both the 
 Deccan and the Nugger Hunts, after Her Ma- 
 jesty's health had been drunk, Bob Morris's chant 
 was ever " the opening lay," so I give the words.
 
 SONG OF THE BOAR. 229 
 
 THE BOAE. 
 
 The boar, the mighty boar's my theme, 
 
 Whate'er the wise may say 
 My morning thought, my midnight dream, 
 
 My hope throughout the day ; 
 Youth's daring spirit, manhood's fire, 
 
 Firm hand and eagle eye, 
 Must they acquire who dare aspire 
 
 To see the wild boar die ! 
 
 CHORUS. 
 Then pledge the boar, the mighty boar, 
 
 Fill high the cup for me, 
 Here's luck to all who fear no fall, 
 
 And the next gray boar we see. 
 
 We envy not the rich their wealth, 
 
 Nor kings their crowned career ; 
 The saddle is our throne of health, 
 
 Our sceptre is the spear. 
 We rival, too, the warrior's pride, 
 
 Deep stained with crimson gore ; 
 For our field of fame's the jungle side, 
 
 And our foe the jungle boar. 
 
 Chorus Then pledge the boar, &c. 
 
 When age hath weakened manhood's powers, 
 
 And every nerve unbraced, 
 These scenes of joy will still be onrs, 
 
 On memory's tablet traced; 
 And with the friends whom death hath spared, 
 
 When youth's wild course is run, 
 We'll tell of the dangers we have shared, 
 
 And the tushes that we have won. 
 
 Chorus Then pledge the boar, &o.
 
 230 DUMB COMPANIONS. 
 
 If I have endeavoured to impress 
 
 Companions. uon the mind of the traveller the 
 
 absolute necessity of treating his followers of the 
 human species with consideration, if he has any 
 regard for his own personal comfort, how much 
 more strongly would I urge him to look after the 
 welfare of those servants who cannot complain 
 when they are neglected or ill-treated, or leave 
 his service if they are dissatisfied with it. I refer 
 to his horses and dogs. 
 
 Animals appreciate kindness as well, if not 
 better than men; and patience and gentle treat- 
 ment will do much more in the breaking in of a 
 horse or a dog, than harsh measures and beating. 
 
 During the wild life I have been leading for many 
 years, my faithful companions of the brute crea- 
 tion have borne a conspicuous part; and it has 
 ever been my maxim to endeavour to make them 
 look upon man as their friend, and I teach them 
 to obey me from love rather than fear. Vice is 
 engendered by ill-treatment kindness is never 
 thrown away.
 
 CARE FOR YOUR HORSE. 231 
 
 " Feed your horse well, groom him properly, 
 work him with moderation, and he will do you 
 good service," was General Sir Walter Raleigh 
 Gilbert's advice to every youngster on joining 
 his regiment ; which precept the veteran carried 
 out in practice, and the consequence was, that in 
 the pursuit of the Seikh army, his nags were in 
 the best condition of any in the force. 
 
 I am of opinion that the manner of living of a 
 dog has as much to do in bringing out his 
 qualities as the mere education or breaking in; 
 for instance, Ponto, a favourite hound who was 
 my companion for several years in the woods, by 
 living constantly with his master instead of in the 
 kennel, sleeping near him either in the bungalow 
 or by the watch-fire, and seeing and hearing 
 everything that went on, had not only learnt the 
 meaning of what he saw, but also, in a most 
 wonderful manner, could understand almost 
 everything that was said, either relating to 
 himself, the ordinary routine of camp life, or his 
 duty in the field. He knew that it was my
 
 232 " PONTO." 
 
 custom before I got up in the morning to have 
 cooled soda-water in cantonment, or black coffee 
 in camp ; and if the servant whose business it was 
 to prepare it happened to oversleep himself, I 
 had only to tell Ponto, and he would rouse him 
 at once, distinguishing him from the rest of the 
 servants without the slightest hesitation, although 
 a dozen of them might be lying on mats in the 
 verandah, all entirely enveloped in the same kind 
 of white chedder or sheet. He also knew most 
 of my people by name, and would bring them to 
 me whenever I ordered him. After all kinds of 
 game, small as well as large, I never saw his 
 equal; for whenever anything was afoot, by 
 watching his master's looks, he seemed to un- 
 derstand his meaning. He would retrieve a 
 snipe, or track a wounded tiger, with equal 
 certainty; in the latter case, leading his master 
 fearlessly and quietly a pace in advance along 
 the trail with the greatest precision and address. 
 When out deer-stalking, he would creep along by 
 my side with the greatest caution, never showing
 
 PONTO'S COURAGE. 233 
 
 himself, or making the slightest noise. "When I 
 halted he lay down, and after I had fired, if the 
 quarry was only wounded, he would follow up 
 the shots with the most untiring perseverance, 
 singling out the wounded animal from the rest 
 of the herd, and never leaving the trail, what- 
 ever obstacles he might encounter en route, until 
 he brought him to bay, when, showing the 
 greatest address in avoiding the horns, he would 
 pin him by the throat and strangle him ; or 
 when the deer was too powerful for him alone 
 which was rarely the case, except when only 
 slightly wounded he would show great cunning 
 and generalship in attracting its attention, so as 
 to prevent its escape, giving tongue until I came 
 up. When he had killed the game, or if he 
 found it dead, he would trot back, look up in my 
 face with a peculiar expression, whine with de- 
 light, and then lead me up to the spot where he 
 had left it. His great delight was large game 
 hunting ; and, although he always preferred 
 accompanying me on such occasions, yet he would
 
 234 PONTO A JUDGE. 
 
 go with anyone else if I ordered him, looking to 
 him only for orders whilst with him. I think he 
 sometimes looked upon snipe-shooting in the hot 
 weather as rather a bore; for although he never 
 seemed to get fatigued in the forest after some 
 hours' tramping through the paddy fields and 
 mud, I have seen him quite done up, and heard 
 him growl and grumble as he went along, as if 
 he thought lejeu ne vaut pas la chandette. He 
 looked upon an indifferent shot with the most 
 supreme contempt, and the manner in which he 
 showed his indignation at bad shooting was some- 
 times highly amusing. In cantonment he lived 
 on terms of friendship with numerous kinds of 
 tame animals, against which in their wild state he 
 was accustomed to wage war ; and young bears, 
 hunting leopards, deer, antelope, monkeys, mon- 
 geese, pea-fowl, and partridge, that I kept about 
 the house, were allowed to wander unmolested, 
 although he seemed to wish to keep aloof from 
 them, and never encouraged any undue famili- 
 arity. With Gooty, my favourite Mahratta pony,
 
 " GOOTY." 235 
 
 however, the case was very different, for the 
 reciprocal affection between these two faithful 
 servants was something extraordinary. 
 
 Ponto used to visit the pony in his stall many 
 times during the day, often carrying to him 
 biscuits or scraps of bread from his own food, 
 and Gooty would neigh and whinny in recog- 
 nition of the dog's whine. With the rest of my 
 canine followers he was ever the acknowledged 
 leader, although he used to assume quite an 
 aristocratic bearing with them, seeming at all 
 times to prefer his master's society to their diver- 
 sions. Even my huge Poligar hounds, who were 
 almost as big as donkeys, used to pay him the 
 most deferential respect ; and I have often been 
 much struck with the extraordinary power he 
 had in communicating to them his ideas and 
 wishes. 
 
 I may very fairly attribute much of the success 
 I have had in large game shooting to the un- 
 erring instinct of my dogs in tracking. My dogs 
 never left my heel in the forest, except when set
 
 236 GOOD DOGS. 
 
 on trail. On scent, no jungle, however thick, or 
 rocks, however steep, could check their course ; 
 no stream, however rapid, could discourage 
 them ; they would enter without splashing, cross 
 and double about from bank to bank, until they 
 recovered the scent, and when they came up 
 with their quarry, would keep him at bay until 
 I had time to get up. With a good horse, a 
 good dog, and a good gun, there are lands where 
 a man who knows how to use them may live in 
 luxury, without ever feeling the depressing effects 
 of that baneful disease, " impecuniosity."
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 HINTS TO NATURALISTS.* 
 
 Mammalia On Skinning and Preserving Animals of this Class 
 On Preserving the Skeletons Birds On Skinning, Pre- 
 serving, and Packing, so as not to Injure the Plumage 
 Birds' Eggs Nests Eeptiles and Fish, How to Preserve 
 them Insects, Where to Find them, How to Catch them , 
 and the Best Manner of Preserving them Butterflies 
 and Moths Beetles Spiders, Scorpions, etc. Crustacea 
 Sponges and Corallines Star-fish and Echini Land and 
 Fresh-water Shells Marine Shells, and Where to Find them 
 Dredging The Collector's Note Book Instruments re- 
 quired Eecipe for Arsenical Soap, and How to Use it . 
 
 SMALL animals of this class may 
 Mammalia. 
 
 either be skinned or inclosed entire 
 
 (an incision being previously made in the under 
 side of the animal) in jars or barrels, which are 
 
 * The author is indebted to Mr. S. Stevens, the naturalist, for 
 this valuable compilation of practical information.
 
 238 
 
 MAMMALIA. 
 
 to be filled up with some spirituous liquor, as gin, 
 or, what is preferable when it can be procured, 
 proof-spirit diluted with half its bulk of water. 
 If no spirit can be had, strong brine must be 
 adopted. In respect to their retaining their na- 
 tural colour, brine is even preferable to spirituous 
 liquors for preserving the specimens. To skin 
 the larger mammalia, make an incision in a straight 
 line along the belly, from the vent to the throat, 
 and detach the skin carefully with the knife. 
 The skull and the bones of the legs and feet are 
 to be left ; the brain, eyes and tongue must be 
 extracted, and as little fat as possible be suffered 
 to remain adhering to the inside of the skin, 
 which is then to be dressed with arsenical soap, 
 for the mode of making and applying which see 
 note at end. If, however, some fat remain which 
 cannot well be got rid of, strew it over with 
 powdered tan, or the bark of oak, willow, &c., 
 previously to applying the soap. The ears, lips 
 and feet of large mammalia should, when practi- 
 cable, be well anointed with spirits of turpentine,
 
 MAMMALIA. 239 
 
 which will assist their drying and tend to destroy 
 insects : when dry, roll up the skin with the hair 
 innermost, beginning with the head, and put a 
 layer of dried grass or moss between the folds, to 
 prevent its being injured by rubbing. The skin 
 must be occasionally unrolled and examined, and, 
 if practicable, exposed to a hot sun, and fresh 
 spirits of turpentine added. If any symptoms 
 of insects should appear, tobacco (the stronger 
 the better) strewed in the package will be ser- 
 viceable ; and in countries where spices and 
 aromatic drugs can be procured at a reasonable 
 rate, these may be used to great advantage, and 
 even supersede the necessity of applying the 
 arsenical soap. When a very large animal has 
 been killed, under circumstances which prevent 
 the application of the arsenical soap, the skin should 
 be stretched out on the branches of a tree, to give 
 the air free access to every part of it, and, as soon 
 as it is cold, well dressed on the inside with wood 
 ashes. Entire skeletons (especially of the rarer 
 animals) should be procured when possible. It
 
 240 BIRDS. 
 
 is not necessary that they should be jointed or set 
 up, but, having removed all the soft parts, boil 
 the bones, and when well dried pack them with 
 moss or grass, or the best packing-stuff at hand, 
 so that they may travel securely. Take especial 
 care that not a bone, tooth, or claw, be lost. 
 
 With respect to birds, the collector 
 Birds. 
 
 should proportion his shot to their 
 
 size, so as to injure the skin and feathers as 
 little as possible. As soon as the bird falls, the 
 blood should be carefully wiped up, and cotton 
 placed within the beak to absorb any that might 
 flow from the mouth, and thus prevent its staining 
 the plumage. Birds should be skinned as soon 
 as may be after they are killed, for, if suffered 
 to remain till putrefaction has begun, the feathers 
 fall off. The mode of skinning birds is very 
 similar to that of skinning mammalia, and equal 
 care must be taken both to make the incisions as 
 small as possible and in the least visible parts, 
 and the feathers must be separated so as not be 
 injured by the knife in dividing the skin : the
 
 PRESERVING BIRDS. 241 
 
 incision may be made from the vent to the breast: 
 the head and legs must in all cases be carefully 
 preserved, and the os coccygis left in the skin, 
 otherwise the tail-feathers will be liable to drop 
 out. In packing the skins care must be taken 
 that the plumage be not injured by contact with 
 the harder parts, which for that purpose should 
 be surrounded with cotton, tow, or the best soft 
 packing material at hand, as dried leaves or grass. 
 When more than one individual of the same 
 species can be procured, it is desirable that a 
 second specimen should be preserved in spirits, 
 and the same remark applies to the smaller mam- 
 malia, and indeed to all the orders. The bird- 
 skins must be dressed with the same materials as 
 those of the mammalia, but the arsenical soap if 
 used at all must not be too liberally applied. 
 As the plumage of birds varies extremely at dif- 
 ferent periods of their life, and even at different 
 seasons of the year, it is of great importance to 
 obtain both sexes, if possible, of all ages, from 
 the chick just hatched to the adult in its maturest 
 8
 
 242 BIRDS' NESTS. 
 
 plumage, and also in their summer and winter 
 liveries. Birds' eggs should also be anxiously 
 sought for, and the species carefully identified: 
 the best method of emptying them is to make a 
 single hole near the middle of the shell, of about 
 an eighth of an inch in diameter, into which a 
 small tube is to be inserted, so as nearly to touch 
 the opposite side of the shell, which, being held 
 with the hole downwards, is easily emptied of its 
 contents, by blowing pretty strongly through the 
 tube : if no more convenient instrument is at 
 hand, a straw will make a very serviceable blow- 
 pipe. Birds' nests should not be neglected ; they 
 possess a high degree of interest: the collector 
 should, therefore, take accurate descriptions of 
 the materials, form, and size, of every kind of 
 nest he finds, always being extremely cautious to 
 ascertain the species to which each respectively 
 belongs : he should also make careful drawings 
 of every variety, and even collect such of the 
 smaller nests as possess any peculiarity in point 
 of material, structure, or mode of suspension.
 
 REPTILES AND FISH. 243 
 
 Burnt alum will be found very useful in cleaning 
 the fingers whilst skinning birds and animals, 
 and also applied to those which have a good deal 
 of fatty matter adhering to them. 
 Re tiles and These are best preserved in spirits, 
 each specimen being previously wrap- 
 ped in a linen cloth; but when too large to 
 be so treated, serpents and fish may be care- 
 fully skinned, with the least possible injury to 
 the scales or any of the external organs, and 
 with especial caution not to destroy the form of 
 the skin, which may be preserved by stuffing it 
 tightly with cotton or tow, or by filling it with 
 sawdust, and the skins dried, with the head, feet, 
 and fins on. Instead of being skinned whole, 
 fish may be divided into two nearly equal por- 
 tions, by an incision passing longitudinally 
 through the vertex of the head, the back and 
 belly, but on one side of the dorsal, caudal, anal, 
 and ventral fins, so as to leave one-half of the 
 animal with the gills and all the organs of motion 
 perfect. Their flesh may then be easily removed
 
 244 TORTOISES, ETC. 
 
 from this portion, and replaced by tow, which 
 will preserve the form of the body. "When well 
 dried, this portion is to be carefully packed. 
 On the whole, this method is preferable to all 
 others ; and fish thus preserved, when provided 
 with proper artificial eyes, and mounted on flat 
 boards, afford excellent specimens. The upper 
 and lower shells of the tortoise tribe should be 
 separated by dividing the ligamentous or bony 
 portion which unites them on each side, between 
 the fore and hind legs; after which the fleshy 
 parts may easily be removed, the head, legs, and 
 integuments of the body being carefully pre- 
 served. As to the lizards and crocodiles, they 
 may be skinned in the usual manner, care being 
 taken not to injure the tails of the former, which 
 are very brittle, or, when not too large, they may 
 be preserved in spirits, which is still better. 
 
 The form and colour of the eyes in all the 
 vertebrata, of whatever class, should be carefully 
 observed and noted down the moment they are 
 taken.
 
 INSECTS. 245 
 
 Insects may be found almost every- 
 Insects. 
 
 where; look especially for all beetles 
 
 under stones, under bark of decayed trees, on the 
 inside of ditto, on felled ditto, on trunks of ditto 
 (especially those that have the sap running from 
 them), by beating the boughs into a net or sheet, 
 smoking under and burning inside hollow trees, on 
 long grass or herbage, on flowers, under rubbish 
 (especially on the slopes of mountains, and in 
 marshy places), under sea-weed at the sea-side, and 
 indeed they are to be found almost everywhere in 
 warm climates, especially in open places in woods, 
 and on the slopes of hills, and are generally most 
 abundant in a light sandy soil, and in and after 
 the rainy seasons : they may be collected either 
 by picking with the hands, or by sweeping and 
 brushing with a net, according to the situation : 
 the larger ones may either be put separately into 
 pill or other boxes, or else immersed at once into 
 a bottle of clear spirit, when they almost immedi- 
 ately die ; and may either remain in the spirit, 
 and be sent in this way to England (if possible
 
 246 INSECTS; 
 
 changing the spirit just before sending), or else 
 the same or following day taken out and soaked 
 for about a quarter of an hour in warm water, 
 and then laid on blotting-paper a few hours to 
 dry : after that, either pin and stick in tight in a 
 well-made box, lined with cork or some soft 
 wood, or else (if in a dry country) lay carefully 
 in rows, in a box, on cotton wool: numbers may 
 be packed this way in layers, between soft paper, 
 and generally reach England in beautiful condi- 
 tion. The small beetles may also be collected 
 and sent in the same way, and, if immersed in 
 spirit, put in a separate bottle from the large 
 ones ; or else when captured put into a phial with 
 some blotting-paper, and killed on reaching home, 
 by immersing it in hot or boiling water for a 
 minute or two, or placing it in the heat of the 
 sun for a short time : they can then either be 
 pinned or else packed in soft paper in rows and 
 layers, as the others, and should not be despised 
 on account of their small size, as they are fre- 
 quently more valuable than the larger ones.
 
 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 247 
 
 Look especially in and near ants' nests in sultry 
 weather, and under bark of trees where ants 
 occur, or under stones, and at the roots of grass, 
 for small beetles. 
 
 Butterflies and Moths (Lepidoptera) must be col- 
 lected with great care, so that the beautiful scales 
 on the wings are not rubbed ofFor injured, as they 
 then become generally worthless : they may be 
 bred from caterpillars found on various trees and 
 plants (which is an excellent plan, as they are 
 then very perfect), or else caught by the aid of a 
 gauze net : a ring net about 1 J foot in diameter 
 and 2 feet deep, will do very well, attached to a 
 stick 3 to 6 feet long. Woods and wild places 
 are generally the best to find them in ; it is 
 necessary to pin them as you take them, which 
 must be done with great care, so that the 
 upper parts of the wings are not rubbed ; there- 
 fore the collector must be provided with a good 
 large box to stick them in. Some of the 
 large and big-bodied moths will probably not 
 die unless a little oxalic or nitric acid is applied
 
 248 BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS. 
 
 to them, which may be done by dipping a long 
 pin or needle into it, and running it down the 
 body of the insect two or three times, commenc- 
 ing under the mouth; they can then either be 
 pinned tight in boxes, or else laid between dry 
 cotton and paper, the same as the beetles ; or 
 when collected, instead of being pinned, put 
 into three-cornered pieces of paper with the 
 wings folded up, which is a very good plan when 
 there is no convenience for carrying boxes. Other 
 sorts of insects may be caught and killed the 
 same way, and sent over as before directed, be- 
 tween layers of cotton and paper. No other 
 insects but beetles should be put into spirits ; 
 and not these when the colours are beautiful, 
 delicate, and of a chalky texture : the bottle be- 
 fore sending should be full of insects, or else 
 filled up with cotton, so that they cannot shake 
 about. 
 
 Great care must be taken with all insects that 
 they do not get broken, especially the horns 
 (antenna) and legs of beetles, and the antennae
 
 ARACHNIDA. 249 
 
 and wings of the butterflies and moths, for then 
 their value is greatly diminished. 
 
 Beetles should always be pinned through the 
 right elytrum, or wing case, so that the pin may 
 come out between the first and second pair of 
 legs ; but all other insects may be pierced ver- 
 tically through the thorax. Great care must 
 also be taken that the boxes containing the in- 
 sects be left in a dry situation, and the sooner 
 they are transmitted to England the better, pre- 
 viously applying to the inside of the boxes a 
 small quantity of powdered arsenic or camphor, 
 to prevent the attacks of small insects. 
 
 Arachnida. Spiders, Scorpions, and Acari are 
 best preserved in spirits, as well as the Myria- 
 poda, including the Juli, Scolopendrse, and other 
 individuals of the order ; but they may be pierced 
 through the thorax (the intestines being carefully 
 removed and replaced by cotton), and pinned 
 tight in boxes, as the insects. 
 
 Crustacea. The marine species may be killed
 
 250 SPONGES AND CORALLINES. 
 
 by being immersed in cold fresh water, and they 
 should be left in it for several hours, to free 
 them from the adhering salt, which, if not well 
 washed out, renders them liable to attract mois- 
 ture from the atmosphere and injures the speci- 
 mens. When well washed, separate the upper 
 shells, and remove as much of the fleshy parts as 
 possible ; then carefully dry and pack them. The 
 smaller species may be pierced with pins, like 
 insects, if the consequent bulk of the packages 
 be not an objection. Entire Crustacea may be 
 preserved in strong spirits or brine. 
 
 Sponges and Corallines. Search the line of 
 sea-weed at high-water mark, and the more the 
 latter are covered with small corals and other 
 parasites the better. Never wash them in fresh 
 water, but dry them as they are found. Never 
 wash or squeeze sponges ; the fuller they are of 
 gelatinous or fleshy matter the better. Use un- 
 washed small Fuci as packing, dried, but not to 
 crispness : the boxes should be divided into two
 
 STAR FISH. 251 
 
 or three compartments. Corals should never be 
 washed or bleached, but sent as they come from 
 the sea. 
 
 Star-Fish and Echini. These may be either 
 dried or bottled in the saline fluid. If large, 
 plunge them for two or three minutes into boiling 
 water before drying ; if small, one minute will 
 be enough. Annelides, Actinia, and other fleshy 
 things, may be bottled with a saturated solution 
 of bay salt, with two grains corrosive sublimate 
 to each quart. Always keep up the strength of 
 the saline solution by the addition of salt as 
 needed. 
 
 Land and Fresh-water Shells. Land shells are 
 found in many places, such as under stones, in 
 clefts of rocks, on the sides of hills and moun- 
 tains, under decayed wood and trees, on the trunks, 
 roots and leaves of trees and bushes, in decayed 
 vegetable matter, dried leaves and moist, on small 
 plants ; in fact, almost every situation produces 
 them except open and cultivated places : where 
 dead specimens are found, living ones cannot be
 
 252 SHELLS. 
 
 far off. "WTien collected, bring them home and 
 put them in a pail, or some other large vessel, 
 and pour a quantity of cold water over them; 
 then cover up the vessel for two or three hours, 
 which will cause the animals to come out a little 
 (it is necessary to cover them up, or else they 
 will crawl away) : when they are a little out, 
 draw off the water, and pour a quantity of 
 boiling water on them, so as to cover them well : 
 let them remain a few minutes to cool a little ; 
 then take out the animals with a large pin or 
 needle, as you would a periwinkle : when they 
 are all done, take a soft brush and wash off 
 gently all the dirt and filth from them, and place 
 them in anothrr vessel of fresh water until all 
 are clean ; then shake out well the water that 
 is in them, and place them out to dry, with 
 their mouths downwards, but not in the sun : 
 when dry, if they are small, pack them away in 
 small boxes, writing on the cover the locality 
 and situation in which found. Should the shells 
 be rather large, then wrap each shell in a paper
 
 SHELLS. 253 
 
 by itself, and pack them away in a larger box, 
 with their localities, etc., with care ; but never 
 put by a box that is not quite full without 
 adding sufficient cotton or other soft substance 
 to fill it, for such tender subjects should not have 
 play during their transit. In rivers, lakes, 
 ponds, and small streams, will be found many 
 species of shells which although not hand- 
 some are very interesting ; none, therefore, 
 should be left behind, as it may be a cause of 
 regret hereafter. Some of the shells which will 
 be found in the above-mentioned places are of 
 the same form as the land shells ; others are like 
 our fresh- water mussel or cockle : they are 
 mostly found in the mud, sometimes in deep 
 water : dead ones are sure to be found on the 
 banks of lakes and rivers ; and if you cannot 
 procure living ones, show the natives the dead 
 specimens, and offer them money to get a 
 quantity of living ones. The rivers and pieces 
 of water abound with shells : be diligent in 
 seeking them, and your labours will be most
 
 254 FRESHWATER SHELLS. 
 
 amply repaid. Having collected the fresh-water 
 shells, place them in a vessel, and pour a large 
 quantity of boiling water on them; they do not 
 require to be first put into cold water, as the land 
 shells do : as soon as the water is a little cool, 
 pour it off. take out the animals as before men- 
 tioned, wash the shells, etc., etc. ; but as the 
 bivalve or fresh-water mussel will open wide as 
 soon as the animal is out, it must be tied close 
 before being put out to dry ; if not the hinge 
 will break, and make the shell valueless. Some 
 of the fresh-water shells that are like the snails 
 have a mouth-piece, or operculum, which must be 
 taken care of: the mouth-pieces should be kept 
 in separate packages, and packed with the species 
 of shell to which they belong, as they are of 
 great service in determining the species. Some 
 of the land shells have also a mouth-piece, which 
 should be packed in the same manner. When 
 the bivalve shells are tied up and dry, wrap each 
 of them in a piece of soft paper, pack them in small 
 boxes, and remember localities, habitats, etc., etc.
 
 MARINE SHELLS. 255 
 
 Marine Shells. The best time to collect shells 
 on the sea-shore is at the new and full moon, 
 for then the tides make greatest ebb : the col- 
 lector should be on the spot two hours before 
 low water, with an assistant to help in turning 
 ' over the large stones, should there be any, under 
 which will be found many species of cowries, buc- 
 cinums, tritons, mitres, cones, and several species 
 of bivalve shells, also many kinds adhering to the 
 stones, which must be taken off with a knife 
 in a careful manner : several species bore into the 
 stone itself, which must be broken with hammers 
 to get out the shells, or, if the stone be soft, cut 
 it carefully with a hatchet, on doing which many 
 more species will be found : care must be taken 
 to avoid breaking the shells : be always provided 
 with a light basket and a small box in it, in 
 which to put the smaller and more delicate speci- 
 mens. The stones when turned over must be 
 well inspected, as many will be found covered 
 with marine matter, which makes them appear 
 like the stone itself : collect all, and do not despise
 
 256 CHITONS. 
 
 them on account of their unmeaning appearance, 
 for amongst them may be new genera and other 
 very rare shells. Many stones at the very lowest 
 ebb will have most shells on them, therefore the 
 collector must not mind getting a little wet. 
 Amongst other sorts will be found chitons, which 
 must be taken off in the same manner as the 
 limpet and other adhering univalves : care must 
 be taken, when at home, to separate them from 
 the other shells ; put them into a pail of fresh 
 water, and let them remain there from twelve to 
 twenty-four hours, by which time the salt on the 
 fleshy substance that surrounds them will be well 
 soaked out ; then cut out the animal, and wash 
 the shells well, inside and out, from all filth, and 
 throw them into another vessel of fresh water, 
 where let them remain till the whole are cleaned ; 
 then place them on a narrow strip of board 
 and bind them down tightly, put them in a shady 
 place to dry, and in three or four days they will 
 be fit to pack. 
 
 Among the rocks on the sea-shore, in the ere-
 
 PATE LL AS, ETC. 257 
 
 vices and on them, will be found many species of 
 patellas, chitons, murices, etc. Make a careful 
 survey of every rock and stone ; they will amply 
 repay the trouble. All sheltered coves or little 
 bays are the best places in which to find shells : 
 examine these places in preference to others, 
 particularly those in more exposed situations. 
 The first thing to observe when in a new locality 
 is to go along the sands at high- water mark, for 
 many good shells are thrown up by the sea, par- 
 ticularly light bivalves ; any time of the tide will 
 do. Never miss going after a gale of wind, for 
 then many valuable deep-water shells will be 
 found which are not seen at other times. In 
 sheltered bays and places just at the very lowest 
 water-mark will be found, in the sand and mud, 
 various species of bivalve shells, just beneath the 
 surface, and generally in great abundance: do 
 not neglect to collect all and every species, and 
 in plenty. 
 
 In collecting shells, whether terrestrial or aqua- 
 tic, the collector must always give the preference 
 s
 
 258 DREDGING. 
 
 to live shells that is, such as are still inhabited 
 by the living animal but if they cannot be ob- 
 tained, dead shells are better than none, though, 
 for the most part, they are worn and faded. The 
 more delicate species must be packed in cotton 
 or other soft substance, or, in a default of such, a 
 fine sawdust. Shells containing their animals, as 
 well as the naked mollusca, must be preserved in 
 spirits or brine. 
 
 It is necessary to have a rope for 
 
 Predging. 
 
 the dredge from 2^ to 3 inches (60 
 fathoms long); a fine sieve, a bucket and a 
 ladle ; a boat with a small anchor and cable (not 
 less than 30 fathoms), to moor her in the situation 
 where you are going to dredge ; a good stout 
 canoe to convey the dredge away from the boat 
 as far as the rope will allow. The dredge to lie 
 in the bow of the canoe, mouth upwards, handle 
 inwards : when it is conveyed as far as the rope 
 will allow, those in the canoe are to heave that 
 is, turn the dredge over gently into the water, 
 and let it be from five to six minutes, until it is
 
 DREDGING. 259 
 
 fairly at the bottom ; then haul it on board 
 the boat : should any obstruction such as a 
 rock, etc., prevent its being brought home, place 
 the canoe under the rope and pull her along until 
 the place of obstruction is arrived at ; then bring 
 up the dredge, either straight or by taking it a little 
 way back, and let those in the boat haul dredge 
 and canoe towards them until clear of the ob- 
 stacle : the dredge is to be let down again, and 
 hauled in as before. When the dredge is brought 
 alongside the boat, lift it in, and take out all the 
 mud and sand ; half fill the sieve with this, and 
 pour a bucket of water gently on it, the party 
 holding the sieve to shake it gently until all the 
 mud and fine sand has passed through : take out 
 all the larger shells as soon as possible, to pre- 
 vent their breaking the more delicate ones, and 
 put them into your basket, and the smaller ones 
 into boxes. Should there be many small shells 
 in the sieve, which would take much time picking 
 out, it would be best to throw the sand from the 
 sieve into a basket, and take it home, where it 
 82
 
 260 SIZE OF DREDGE. 
 
 can be inspected more minutely, after having 
 dried it in the sun on paper. The nearer the 
 collector gets to a reef of rocks in sheltered 
 places, the better for shells, as they will lie there 
 for protection ; but be careful to throw the dredge 
 clear of the rocks, as it will save a deal of trouble. 
 The dredge can be made 3 feet 6 inches long 
 and 1 foot wide : the outer edge to be turned 
 outwards about the angle of 30, and beaten 
 down rather fine : the lower part of the bar 
 should not be less than half-an-inch thick, with 
 holes punched in it from one end to the other, an 
 inch and a-half apart, to lash the bag to : the bag 
 can be fashioned according to the dredge, and 
 made of double bread-bags. 
 
 General Evei T s P ecimen * dr 7 or in s P irit > 
 
 should have a number attached to it, 
 
 corresponding to one in the collector's note-book, 
 in which he must enter his memoranda con- 
 cerning it ; as for instance : 
 
 The country where found, Habits, 
 
 The season when, Habitat, 
 
 Local name.
 
 GENERAL REMARKS. 261 
 
 The collector should be furnished with knives, 
 scissors, scalpels, pliers, nets, a large assortment 
 of pins of various sizes, needles, a hammer, small 
 hatchet, packing-cases (large and small, including 
 cork boxes for lepidoptera and other insects, and 
 a great number of pill-boxes in nests), cotton and 
 paper, and also with a folding-net, hoop-net, 
 water-net, forceps, digger, glass phials, etc., for 
 collecting insects; he must also have a good 
 supply of prussic acid and arsenical soap. The 
 composition and mode of making the latter is as 
 follows : 
 
 Camphor . . . 5 oz. 
 
 Arsenic, in powder 2 Ibs. 
 
 White soap .... 2 Ibs. 
 
 Salts of tartar, or subcarbonate 
 
 of potash .... 12 oz. 
 
 Lime, in powder . . . 4 oz. 
 
 Melt the soap completely with heat in a small 
 
 quantity of water, and add the potash and lime ; 
 
 then remove it from the fire and stir in the 
 
 arsenic; next add the camphor, previously
 
 262 ARSENICAL SOAP. 
 
 rubbed to powder, with, a little spirit of wine, 
 and mix the whole thoroughly : it should now 
 have the consistence of paste. Preserve it in care- 
 fully-closed glazed vessels, labelled " POISON." 
 
 To use it, mix the quantity required with cold 
 water to the consistence of tolerably clear soup 3 
 and apply it with a brush to the inside of the 
 skins.
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE FOREST AND THE MOUNTAIN. 
 
 Pleasing Eecollections The Primeval Forest The Fascinations 
 of a Hunter's Life A Forest Ranger's Qualifications Forest 
 Scenery Woodland Streams Forest Creatures The Forest 
 during the Different Periods of the Day and Night 
 The Voices of the Woods The Ever-changing Face of 
 Nature Instinct of Animals Variety of Character The 
 Language of Animals "Breathings of Nature" Weird 
 Music A Hunter's Lullaby Mountain Scenery Mountain 
 Life The Mountaineer The Highest Altitudes. 
 
 THE forest ! How many pleasing recollections 
 of heart-stirring events are associated with, that 
 name ; how many a glorious day's sport does it 
 recall to mind ; how many a dear friend does it 
 bring before me with whom I have bearded the 
 tiger in his lair, tracked the mighty elephant to his 
 haunt in its inmost recesses, and there despoiled 
 him of his trophies. Many a hand I then
 
 264 THE PRIMEVAL FOREST. 
 
 clasped has become cold, many a voice I loved 
 to listen to is hushed for ever, but the forest, the 
 home we rangers all loved so well, is still un- 
 changed, and my heart yearns to return to those 
 well-remembered scenes which I shall now attempt 
 to portray. 
 
 Those who have never explored a 
 The Primeval 
 
 Forest. primeval forest can have but a very 
 faint conception of the mysterious effect that 
 absence of light and intense depth of gloom 
 have upon the human mind. The unbroken 
 silence and utter stillness that everywhere per- 
 vades its leafy arches, creates a strang* feeling of 
 awe and loneliness that depresses the spirits and 
 appals the heart of those who are unaccustomed 
 to wander in its solitudes ; and even the stoutest 
 
 , heart feels overpowered with a strange sensation 
 he can neither account for nor explain the first 
 
 * time he enters, for the voice of the man resounds 
 with a strange and startling echo, and even the 
 very hound whines with fear, and couches close 
 to his master's side, afraid of being left alone.
 
 CHARMS OF A HUNTER'S LIFE. 265 
 Solitude is too insufficient a term 
 
 The Fascina- , i /> ,1 . i 
 
 tions of a to convey an idea 01 the intensely 
 
 Hunter'slafe. . . . 
 
 overpowering sensation of desolation 
 
 and loneliness that pervades these regions ; yet, 
 to the hunter, who is accustomed to sojourn in 
 their deepest recesses, the wilderness is a home 
 which he would not exchange for any other ; and 
 as he roams through its boundless expanse of 
 vendure, with no other companions but the silent 
 trackers and his dogs, and no guide but a 
 pocket-compass and certain jungle signs not to 
 be understood by the dwellers in cities, he 
 imbibes certain feelings that cannot be entered 
 into save by those who have themselves ex- 
 perienced the charms and fascinations of "forest 
 life," and enjoyed its pure and heartfelt plea- 
 sures. To him it possesses a peculiar spell, not 
 to be found elsewhere ; and, far away from the 
 haunts of man, he gives no care to the turmoil 
 and bustle of the busy world, but loves to study 
 nature in her grandest form, and silent unsullied
 
 266 NECESSARY QUALIFICATIONS 
 
 beauty, whilst his heart glows with thoughts that 
 bear him untiring company. 
 
 There is a peculiarly exhilarating delight, pass- 
 ing all description, in the wild excitement of this 
 life, which dispels all anxiety, and strengthens 
 the mental and physical energies for the ever- 
 changing scene, delights the eye, and gives plea- 
 sure to the intellect , whilst, at the same time, 
 the constant excitement arising from the varied 
 incidents of such a state of existence invigorates 
 the mind and stimulates the powers of thought 
 and observation. 
 
 The body, sustained in continued ex- 
 A Forest Ban- 
 ger's Quali- er tion by constant exercise, enables the 
 ncations. ' 
 
 hunter to maintain his course for days 
 together through the pathless woods, with that 
 dogged stubbornness and inflexibility which is 
 necessary to ensure success in the pursuit of the 
 game he seeks. He moves noiselessly along, 
 without a care as to what he may encounter, for 
 he has implicit confidence in the power of his
 
 FOR A FOREST RANGER. 267 
 
 trusty rifle ; and his vigilant eye, piercing the 
 shadowy depths of the jungle, leaves no hollow 
 unsearched, for he and his followers are depen- 
 dent for their subsistence on their exertions in 
 the chase. 
 
 Nothing is so conducive to the keen develop- 
 ment of the senses as the constant exertion of 
 the different faculties during a sojourn in the 
 jungle , quickness of eye (an indispensable qua- 
 lity in a hunter) and unceasing watchfulness are 
 there attained ; habits of observation are engen- 
 dered, for anything out of the common imme- 
 diately attracts attention, and the ear is habituated 
 to catch the slightest sound. 
 
 The hunter should have a thorough knowledge 
 of the habits of the wild animals he seeks, bear- 
 ing in mind how suspicious they are, and how 
 quickly their attention is attracted by unusual 
 noises, strange traces in the jungle, or even the 
 taint in the air which the presence of man al- 
 ways leaves behind. The ranger of the forest 
 a thorough feeling of independence
 
 263 FOREST SCENERY. 
 
 and a freedom from restraint in these wilds, that 
 contrasts most favourably with the desagrements 
 of artificial existence ; and few of those who are 
 fitted to enjoy it, ever quit these scenes to return 
 to civilised life without deep feelings of regret 
 that their unalloyed pleasures are at an end ; and 
 in after life, the murmuring of waters, and the 
 sighings of the wind through the trees, will re- 
 call to mind moments of intense interest, and they 
 will ever feel at heart that there is no music so 
 sweet as the wild voices of the woods. 
 F All forests are gloomy, but they 
 
 cenery. h av e, their comparative degrees of 
 shade, and present a great diversity of appear- 
 ance. The tall feathery bamboo contrasts most 
 delightfully with the stately teak, ebony black- 
 r wood, and other gigantic trees of the primeval 
 forest, where the air, being confined, is generally 
 close and suffocating. The surface of the ground 
 is everywhere thickly strewn with decayed leaves 
 or dead branches, and underneath the trees may 
 be seen the green of young seedlings which
 
 FLOWERS AND GRASSES. 269 
 
 spring up by thousands during the rains, but for 
 the most part pine and die, being deprived of 
 light and heat. 
 
 In some places the forest becomes more open, 
 dense woods alternating with beautiful verdant 
 glades, and their limits are so well defined, that 
 the scene much resembles the ornamental planta- 
 tions of an English park; indeed, so much does 
 this similitude strike the Anglo-Saxon stranger, 
 the first time it meets his eye, that he looks 
 around the verdant lawns, shrubberies of ever- 
 green, stately avenues, and embowering groves, 
 fully expecting to see some ancestral manorial 
 mansion, or gray embattled pile, to diversify the 
 landscape, so strongly does it remind him of the 
 home he has left perhaps for ever. 
 
 Every turn in the forest reveals some change. 
 In some places fern flowers and grasses creep fan- 
 tastically tangled on the sides of darkly frowning 
 crags, and lichen-covered precipices raise their 
 heads above the wave-like looking sea of forest, 
 and present a scene with that depth of colouring
 
 270 WOODLAND STREAMS. 
 
 and exquisitely rich tints that Salvator Rosa 
 loved to paint. 
 
 Woodland Clear pellucid streams and rivulets 
 are often met. with in the densest 
 forests; and during the dry season, the hunter 
 cannot do better than follow their course, as all 
 kinds of game abound in their immediate neigh- 
 bourhood. 
 
 Their banks are often carpeted with mosses 
 and lichens of endless variety of tints, whilst 
 patches of gorgeous flowers are seen amongst 
 the luxuriant herbage, adding their rich colours, 
 as if to diversify the sombre appearance the 
 forest usually wears. In some places they run 
 through open glades ; in others they are com- 
 pletely arched over with dense foliage, forming 
 an impervious shade over head, the trees on both 
 sides being laced and bound together with an 
 infinity of wild vines and gigantic creepers, which 
 hang in festoons, or lie twisted in snake-like coils 
 upon the ground. 
 
 Gushing through the arches of the forest, the
 
 WOODLAND STREAMS. 271 
 
 woodland stream dashes along through scenes of 
 ever-varying loveliness and beauty, with a voice 
 of impetuous freedom and gladness : now, with a 
 pleasant murmur, it rattles over a bed of pebbles ; 
 now, lost to the eye, it glides stealthily through a 
 shady hollow; now it sweeps past the base of 
 huge masses of syenite cliff; dashes over boulders 
 of rock, or creeps silently among moss-covered 
 stones; now, divided by dark, boldly jutting 
 rocks, it is scattered into a score of bubbling 
 rills i now, again united in one broad expanse, a 
 rolling mass of foam, it goes tumbling headlong 
 over a rocky precipice into a boiling abyss below, 
 mingling all its waters in a foaming pool. Joined 
 in its course by a thousand springs and tribu- 
 tary streams, at last it becomes a broad and 
 rapid river, gliding smoothly along, hushed 
 in peace, reflecting the passing cloud, and 
 scarcely ruffled by the freshening breeze ; then 
 man builds his habitation by its banks, and 
 forest creatures drink of its waters in fear and 
 trembling.
 
 272 FOREST CREATURES. 
 
 Forest 
 
 Each period of the day has its ac- 
 customed visitants, every hour has its 
 " certain signs," that can be read and understood 
 by those only to whom jungle voices are familiar, 
 and who, from long habit and experience, have 
 been enabled to observe and mark the systematic 
 order of Nature's handiwork. 
 Early Morn- ^ n tropical climates the interval be- 
 Forest. * tween the first glimmering of dawn and 
 daylight, is very short, and on entering the forest 
 at this hour, jungle-cocks (whose plumage gleams 
 like gold as they run by followed by their dusky 
 seraglio) may be heard crowing merrily on every 
 side, whilst great hooded-owls, like drowsy re- 
 vellers after their night's carouse, sail hooting, 
 leisurely flapping their wings as they return to 
 their haunts in some hollow tree. As the light 
 increases, the notes of the earliest of the feathered 
 songsters are heard, and troops of monkeys are 
 seen making their way to some pool or stream for 
 their morning draught, but who fly skipping from 
 branch to branch, chattering and showing their
 
 DAYBREAK IN THE FOREST. 273 
 
 teeth as soon as they discover our presence. Now 
 and again, the dun sides of deer flash for an in- 
 stant before us, as they bound across the open vistas 
 of the forest, and disappear in the densest cover. 
 
 Birds of gaudy plumage dart amid the branches, 
 gay butterflies hover about, insects of metallic 
 hue glitter on the leaves, and all Nature seems 
 glad in this highly-favoured spot. 
 
 Toucans and gigantic horn-bills, with their 
 awkward flight, pass from tree to tree in search 
 of the reptiles and small animals on which they 
 feed j and long lines of flamingoes, with their mag- 
 nificent rose-coloured plumage, pelicans, herons, 
 storks, and ibis, may be seen in long lines wend- 
 ing their way towards their feeding grounds. 
 
 In certain seasons, long before sunrise, elk are 
 heard bellowing, and their loud cries of defiance 
 resounding from every side of the forest, might, 
 by unaccustomed ears, be mistaken for the roaring 
 of much more dangerous animals, so hoarse and 
 hollow do they sound. 
 
 All nocturnal animals return to their haunts in 
 
 T
 
 274 BEAUTIES OF MORN. 
 
 the deep jungle on the first appearance of dawn, 
 when the jungle-cock sounds the "r6veille." 
 Bison and deer retire slowly from the open glades 
 where they have pastured during the night, and 
 seek the shade of the thick cover. 
 
 At this early hour there is generally a cool 
 breeze, and the morning air is fresh and bracing; 
 but very shortly the whole of the eastern horizon 
 glows with ruddy lustre, and the sun bursts forth 
 in a blaze of living light, and seems to travel on 
 his way in the heavens with much more rapidity 
 than in northern climes. This is the moment for 
 the lover of the beautiful to see the forest, for 
 the dewdrops on the leaves and ground sparkle 
 like brilliants, and at no other time are the varied 
 colours of the verdure so vivid. The lights and 
 shades show to the best advantage, and a pecu- 
 liarly harmonious charm reigns over the whole 
 face of Nature, which must strike upon the heart 
 even of the most apathetic spirit, and make him 
 feel, with the great poet, that 
 
 " There is a pleasure in the pathless woods."
 
 NOON IN THE FOREST. 275 
 
 Noon in the During the intense heat of the day, 
 whilst the sun is still high above the 
 meridian, all animated nature seems to yield to 
 his overpowering influence. A strange stillness, a 
 profound silence, reigns throughout the forest, 
 which in early morning seemed to teem with life 
 and motion. Every living creature disappears 
 into the deepest shade of the woods, in order to 
 escape from the exhausting heat and oppressive 
 glare; except, perhaps, the eagle, hawk, and 
 falcon, who are seen hovering overhead in circles, 
 like specks in the cloudless sky, or skimming, 
 with strange wild cries, over the tops of the 
 jungle in search of their prey, and the green 
 enamelled dragon-flies that still flit over the 
 water from leaf to leaf. Then the sturdy hunter, 
 overcome with lassitude, suspends his toil, and 
 seeks the grateful shade of some gigantic forest- 
 tree or overhanging rock, where he reposes until 
 the mid-day heat is passed, whilst his dog, also 
 sharing in the universal languor which seems at 
 that hour to oppress the whole face of nature, 
 T 2
 
 276 REVIVAL OF LIFE. 
 
 lies panting upon the ground, with his legs ex- 
 tended to the utmost, and his tongue hanging far 
 out of his mouth. 
 
 The weary hours roll on, and Nature revives : 
 the woods again resound with the melody of the 
 voice of birds ; butterflies, of varied hue, nutter 
 across the open glades ; bees flit from flower to 
 flower; and lustrous beetles, exhibiting metallic 
 hues of green and blue, that rival the deepest 
 shades of the emerald and the sapphire, hover 
 round in circles, making a peculiar booming 
 noise from the flutter of their wings. Myriads of 
 insects keep up a perpetual hum in the solitudes 
 of the jungle, and other gentle sounds murmur 
 softly from every side, like spirits in the air, and 
 produce an effect singularly strange, soothing, 
 and dreamy. At times, above this jungle melody, 
 may be distinguished the distant cry of the pea- 
 cock, the shrill wild note of jungle-fowl, the call 
 of the coppersmith, the tapping of the wood- 
 pecker against some hollow tree, the chattering 
 of a troop of monkeys as they pass in the dis-
 
 EVENING IN THE FOREST. 
 
 tance, bounding from bough to bough ; the pecu- 
 liarly soft and melancholy note of the turtle-doves, 
 as they flutter in pairs from tree to tree ; or the 
 shrill screams of flights of paroquets, whose bril- 
 liant plumage shines with exquisite lustre in the 
 light of the sun, as they dash close past, uncon- 
 scious of danger in their forest home. 
 
 Evening in As the ^ declines, birds of all 
 
 the Forest. -, j i j 
 
 kinds are seen returning homeward 
 
 from their distant feeding-grounds ; pelicans rise 
 heavily on their unwieldy wings from the 
 marshes, and wend their way to their nests on 
 the highest trees in some secluded spot. Flying- 
 foxes leave the shady grove where they have hung 
 suspended during the heat of the day, and are 
 seen in numbers darkening the sky as they roam 
 through the twilight ; whilst multitudes of bats 
 flit about in all directions in search of the insects 
 on which they feed. 
 
 As the sun sets, insects of all kinds issue from 
 their retreats, and mosquitoes are constantly heard 
 buzzing about, increasing in the audacity of their
 
 278 THE SILENT FOREST. 
 
 attacks as the night wears on. The shrill voices 
 of innumerable crickets, the croaking of frogs, and 
 the continual hum of other insects, keep up a 
 perpetual serenade long after darkness has co- 
 rered the earth. 
 
 The tuneful songsters ceased their warbling, 
 /nd the woods no longer resounded with the 
 sharp strokes of the woodpecker ; but the night- 
 hawk was on the wing, and darted swiftly to and 
 fro after the moths, which at that hour flit about 
 in great numbers. The air becomes redolent 
 with the fragrance of numberless flowering shrubs, 
 which seem to emit a double perfume towards- 
 the close of day. The evening deepens into 
 twilight, the twilight darkens into night, and the 
 stars with their mild radiance seem as if they 
 strove to eclipse the lingering rays of sunset. 
 At length the mighty forest becomes silent, and 
 no sound reaches our ears save the occasional 
 chirping of a cricket, the dismal hooting of the 
 horned howl, the howling of troops of jackals, or 
 the melancholy booming of the great hill-monkey.
 
 NIGHT IN THE FOREST. 279 
 
 As the night wears on, the tall trees can hardly 
 be distinguished one behind another, as they 
 loom darker and darker against an indefinable 
 background. 
 
 Hundreds of flying-foxes glide silently through 
 the night air, like evil spirits of darkness ; and 
 the harsh cry of alarm of the plover, " Did he do 
 it, did he do it?" is heard long after the rest of 
 the feathered race are at rest. 
 
 Then the voices of night come upon 
 
 our ears. Elephants are heard trum- 
 petting as they crash through the underwood, 
 and at intervals sundry smothered roars and 
 deep hoarse grumblings re-echo amongst the 
 hollow arches of the forest, and tell us that its 
 fiercest denizens have risen from their lairs in. 
 its innermost recesses, and are prowling about 
 in search of prey. 
 
 It is not the mere killing which 
 Forest Lore. 
 
 affords the hunter pleasure, as he 
 
 ranges the forest in the pursuit of game, for the 
 ever -changing sylvan realm is beautiful under
 
 280 FOREST LORE. 
 
 every aspect. The varied hues and forms of the 
 different trees, each possessing its own distinctive 
 character, are so beautifully blended by Nature 
 as to set at naught all the imitations of Art. 
 Here a crowd of interesting objects may be 
 embraced at a glance, on every side forming 
 vignettes such as Turner loved to delineate. 
 Yes, my gentle reader, the forest has indescribable 
 charms which grow round the heart, but he must 
 live long with Nature who would understand her 
 mysterious signs, hidden ways, and ever-changing 
 face, or interpret the wild voices of the woods 
 a language which none save the long-initiated 
 can read. 
 The Ever- The hunter, after a long sojourn in 
 
 changing Face 
 
 of Nature. these solitudes, gets accustomed to 
 observe the minutest change; nothing escapes 
 his keen observation, and by degrees, with close 
 attention, he begins to trace the cause by the 
 effect, and to study the regular, harmonious, and 
 systematic laws of Nature. Then he never suffers 
 from lassitude, gets disheartened, or is cast down
 
 NATURE'S CHANGES. 281 
 
 when alone in the forest, for he has within 
 himself an exhaustible source of occupation which 
 keeps his mind active, his thoughts engaged, and 
 his faculties in constant exercise. To him every 
 object has its attraction and importance, either 
 elucidating some principle or affording instruction; 
 and the more he learns the more his curiosity is 
 stimulated, rather than wearied, until after a time 
 he becomes almost independent of external cir- 
 cumstances, and loses all craving after the 
 artificial excitement of the outer world. He 
 finds "that there is society where none intrudes," 
 or, as the great master-mind Shakspere says : 
 
 " Tongues in trees books in the running brooks 
 Sermons in stones and good in everything." 
 
 I t' ct f Besides the beauties of Nature that 
 meet the hunter at every step, the 
 observation of the instincts, character, and habits 
 of different animals is one of the most entertaining 
 occupations. In the place of improvable reason 
 given to man, all animals are endowed with 
 faculties which impel them to perform certain
 
 INSTINCT OF ANIMALS. 
 
 actions and guide them in certain operations 
 which cannot be ascribed to their own mental 
 consciousness, for some of their works show an 
 acquaintance with scientific principles which 
 man has only discovered by long reflection. 
 By watching closely the inhabitants of the forest, 
 the hunter will be struck with the different 
 sagacious expedients by which they provide 
 themselves with food, construct their habitations, 
 or defend themselves against their natural 
 enemies : and he will find that the capabilities 
 of all animals are proportionate to their wants ; 
 thus some have different senses more strongly 
 developed than others. Sometimes the different 
 ingenious means and artifices animals resort 
 to will almost induce the observer to suspect 
 that they are endowed with a certain amount 
 of reason ; yet, on reflection, he must be convinced 
 that this cannot be, as the ant and the bee, which 
 are of a very inferior class in the scale of animals, 
 possess an instinct more highly developed than 
 any other. The various means animals will resort
 
 INSTINCT OF ANIMALS. 
 
 to for self-preservation are very extraordinary: 
 one class will endeavour to crush their antagonist 
 with their ponderous bodies ; a second charge, 
 making use of their horns ; a third employ their 
 paws and teeth, being gifted with immense mus- 
 cular strength ; a fourth being protected by their 
 hides, roll themselves up in a ball ; a fifth inject 
 subtle poison from hollow fangs ; a sixth sting ; 
 a seventh eject from their bodies a volatile foetid 
 liquor offensive in the highest degree, or exhale 
 disagreeable and penetrating odours ; an eighth 
 outstrip their pursuers by superior swiftness, fly, 
 climb out of the way, or creep into the earth ; a 
 ninth counterfeit death on the presence of danger ; 
 whilst others, again, have such extraordinary 
 vitality that dislocated portions grow and become 
 new animals. 
 ,,. . , The characters of different animals 
 
 Variety of 
 
 Characters. i n / 
 
 vary extremely : some are naturally 01 
 
 a savage and vindictive disposition ; for instance, 
 the tiger's thirst for blood is insatiable, whereas 
 the lion does not attack his prey except from the
 
 284 
 
 VARIETY OF CHARACTER. 
 
 cravings of hunger ; some are constitutionally 
 brave, as the boar, buffalo, and bear ; whilst 
 others, such as the hyena and most of the feline 
 class, are cowardly. Some are pugnacious, as 
 the rhinoceros, jungle-cock, and spider ; and 
 
 '* others harmless by nature, and peacefully inclined, 
 as the elephant and deer, except when excited by 
 jealousy. Some are naturally solitary, only seek- 
 ing each other during " the season of love," 
 which comprises all the rapacious order of beasts or 
 birds ; others live in families, as the elephant ; or 
 in herds, as bison, deer, and antelope. Some 
 associate only for the purposes of hunting, as 
 wolves, jackals, wild dogs, and vultures ; or pre- 
 vious to migrating, as swallows, snipe, and wood- 
 cock ; whilst others live permanently together, as 
 
 ( monkeys, parrots, rabbits, crows, pigeons, prairie 
 dogs, and the society bird.* In some animals 
 
 * In Central Africa, I have come across the habitations of 
 the society birds, which at first sight I imagined to have 
 been constructed by man ; for they live in hundreds together 
 in a kind of mud and thatch-house, impervious to wet, having
 
 LANGUAGE OF ANIMALS. 285 
 
 memory and attachment to mankind are more 
 strongly implanted by Nature than in others, 
 more particularly in the dog, horse, and ele- 
 phant. 
 
 The Language The tunter ma 7 g ain fres k insight 
 into the nature and character of ani- 
 mals, by their cries under different circumstances 
 which express their various desires and emotions, 
 as all have certain calls and utter peculiar sounds 
 denoting pleasure, sorrow, maternal affection, 
 connubial attachment, anger, rage, alarm, and 
 fear. In former days there were men who pro- 
 fessed to understand the songs of birds; and 
 often as I have listened to the merry songsters of 
 the wood, or to the exquisitely plaintive melody 
 of the turtle-dove as he wooed his bride, I have 
 thought that it was quite possible to learn much 
 of their language by watching their actions, and 
 paying attention to the manifold accents of their 
 
 long streets, with lines of nests on each side at regular dis- 
 tances, from each other. The tree selected is generally the smooth- 
 barked acacia.
 
 BREATHINGS OF NATURE. 
 
 notes now low, soft, and long drawn out, now 
 shrill, disjointed, and harsh. 
 
 These studies of Nature are the hunter's re- 
 creations, and he feels pleasure proportionate as 
 he understands them. Her laws are ever the 
 same, ever changeless, ever perfect. Truth is 
 ever before him, and there are no imperfections 
 in the models of his study for Nature is ever 
 young. 
 Th B th ^ e ^ * nere are mysterious natural 
 
 ings of Nature, -i vi ,1 j 
 
 phenomena met with in the dense 
 
 forest, for which even the long-initiated hunter 
 cannot account. I allude to those indescribable 
 but peculiarly soothing and melodious sounds 
 that issue from every side, and seem to make the 
 very stillness palpable. My mentor, Walter 
 
 M , who, besides being the keenest sportsman 
 
 was also the most skilled in woodcraft, and all 
 knowledge appertaining to the forest that India 
 ever produced, used to term these nameless 
 sounds the "breathings of Nature;" and often, 
 when watching for game in places far away from
 
 WEIRD MUSIC. 287 
 
 the haunts of man, have we listened, hour after 
 hour, endeavouring to account for each of the 
 various noises as they caught the ear. 
 
 The faint, soothing tones and hum- 
 Weird Music. 
 
 ming sounds with which the forest is 
 
 resonant at certain times are doubtlessly occa- 
 sioned by the countless variety of insects that 
 inhabit it; but sometimes when alone, even in 
 broad daylight, the hunter will find strange 
 emotions arise, and feel startled for the moment 
 at the almost supernatural tone of the voices of 
 the wild woods for the unknown is always fear- 
 ful, until habit has familiarised us with its pre- 
 sence ; and when alone in those solitudes, man is 
 deprived of that false courage that is engendered 
 by the presence of his fellow-man. 
 
 Sometimes the hunter will hear resounding 
 through these wilds, strange sounds like bursts of 
 fiendish laughter, or long, protracted moanings, 
 as if some human being was suffering in extreme 
 agony; and by instinct he will cock his rifle and 
 peer through the subdued light, and quickly
 
 288 A HUNTER'S LULLABY. 
 
 flitting shadows, fully expecting to meet more 
 than an earthly antagonist ; but after a moment's 
 reflection, he will lay down his trusty weapon 
 with a smile at his own excitability, knowing 
 that the strange sounds he has heard either 
 proceeded from some prowling hyena, or were 
 caused by the wind sweeping through the giant 
 trees and rocky gorges. Again, sometimes, when 
 on trail, he will fancy that he hears "floating 
 sounds," like passing wings, and a hum like mur- 
 muring of voices in the air, and will stop and 
 listen intently, fearing to move lest he should 
 break the spell, when in reality it was only the 
 creaking of boughs, bamboos rubbing against 
 each other, or the foliage overhead being stirred 
 by a gentle breeze. 
 
 A Hunt r* Many a time in the still night, as he 
 lays down to rest after the fatigues of 
 the day, under some mighty patriarch of the 
 forest, he will hear the wind sighing his lullaby 
 among the distant hills, slow, sad, and melan- 
 choly. I remember in 1855, when crossing a
 
 DEVIL'S MUSIC. 289 
 
 lofty range of mountains in Circassia, that I was 
 very much surprised, and my people frightened, 
 at hearing low musical breathings, like the tones 
 of an JEolian harp, evidently issuing from the 
 side of the mountain. My followers called it 
 " devil's music," and said that it prognosticated 
 evil ; but I believe that it was caused by strong 
 currents of air passing swiftly over the numerous 
 caverns and crevasses, although Humboldt attri- 
 butes this natural phenomenon, which he also 
 experienced, to parts of the ground being un- 
 equally heated. 
 
 Such is the forest-ranger's home, and he who 
 has passed any length of time amid similar scenes 
 will ever in his heart long to return to them, for 
 no music is so sweet in his ears as " the voices of 
 the wild woods." 
 
 Rousseau, the eloquent French author, in his 
 " Confessions," says : " Never did a level country, 
 however beautiful it might be, seem beautiful in 
 my eyes. I must have cataracts, rocks, pines,
 
 290 MOUNTAIN SCENERY. 
 
 dark forests, and rugged pathways, with steep 
 precipices that make one shudder to behold." I 
 cannot say that I entirely agree with him, for 
 notwithstanding that I have wandered through all 
 the wildest scenes of the Himalaya, my heart 
 clings to the remembrance of the varied beauties 
 of our English landscapes, where fields of waving 
 golden corn, green meadows, woods, and gentle 
 meandering rivers, alternate. There is a certain 
 charm in such scenes that has an indescribable 
 attraction to every traveller of the Anglo-Saxon 
 race. He feels that it pertains of home of the 
 land of his fathers, with which no other spot on 
 earth can compare. Yet there cannot be a doubt 
 of the influence of mountain scenery upon the 
 mind, and there is a spell in its contemplation 
 that never palls. Here the wanderer's feet are 
 rarely weary, his knapsack never heavy. 
 Mountain There is something invigorating in 
 
 the pure bracing air of the higher al- 
 titudes that appears to revive the spirits after a
 
 MOUNTAIN LIFE. 291 
 
 lengthened sojourn amongst the dwellers of cities, 
 and the change has a beneficial effect upon the 
 body as well as upon the mind. Here one ap- 
 pears to inhale health at every respiration ; the 
 appetite improves, digestion becomes easy, physi- 
 cal force and elasticity of limb increases, and 
 fallen degeneration changes to firm muscle, whilst 
 a sense of exultation thrills through the whole 
 frame ; melancholy gives place to cheerfulness, 
 and the mind feels relieved from all depressing 
 influence of care and anxiety for the future. A 
 life amid civilised society may seem to run 
 smoothly, but "there's a skeleton in every house," 
 and beneath are ever hidden strange things that 
 occasion heart-aches, although they may never 
 rise to the surface. 
 
 The wildness of a comparatively savage life is 
 free from many of these troubles and disquietudes : 
 and perfect freedom of action, even if it loses 
 somewhat of refinement, gains much in liberty 
 and the comforts of self-independence.
 
 292 LIVING WITH NATURE. 
 
 Mountain life has delights peculiarly its own, 
 there is a mysterious charm in these elevated 
 regions that is never felt on the plains, and the 
 further the wanderer goes from the haunts of 
 man, the stronger become those exhilarating sen- 
 sations which fill the heart with gladness, and 
 nerve the body with energy to put forth its 
 strength. He who lives constantly with Nature, 
 watching and studying all her changing moods, 
 feels that he has a world within himself, that no 
 adverse fortune can sweep away. 
 
 It has ever seemed to me that, amidst the moun- 
 tains, the pulse of Nature beats stronger and 
 more palpably than upon the plains ; here, every- 
 thing discovers more life and energy, and speaks 
 more emphatically of the infinite power of the 
 Ruler of the Universe. The stream that mean- 
 ders slowly through the plains, dashes impetu- 
 ously down its mountain course ; and even man 
 (unless education and society changes him) much 
 resembles the soil from which he springs.
 
 THE MOUNTAINEER. 293 
 
 To a certain extent, the moun- 
 The Moun- 
 
 taineeer bears the stamp of Nature 
 upon him ; for, like the mountain torrent, his 
 movements are quick ; like the sudden changes 
 in the atmosphere in which he dwells, his passions 
 are easily roused ; like the oak which shades him, 
 he has a sturdy, bold and characteristic manner ; 
 like the rock on which he stands, he is true and 
 faithful, and makes a firm friend ; and the con- 
 stant presence of danger and peril inures him to 
 the contemplation of death, and renders him 
 fearless and intrepid. 
 
 Mountaineers are conspicuous for their inde- 
 pendent manner, manly bearing, and the absence 
 of all conventional manner. 
 
 Th IT h t Imagination cannot portray to the 
 mind the stupendous grandeur of the 
 highest .altitudes here the whole face of nature 
 bears the stamp of immortality seasons never 
 change unbroken winter ever reigns. Such 
 scenery no mortal can contemplate, and still
 
 294 THE HIGHEST ALTITUDES. 
 
 disbelieve in the existence of God, for the voice 
 of Nature is irresistibly powerful, and the mys- 
 terious influence that reigns in these regions 
 will inculcate a natural religion even in the mind 
 of a savage, and impress upon him the conscious- 
 ness of the infinite supremacy of an all-ruling 
 Power. 
 
 THE END.
 
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 NEW AND IMPORTANT WORK. 
 
 The Cyclopaedia of Costume ; or, A 
 
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 plenitude of my ignorance, I rushed upon almost un- 
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 unsifted evidence and unhesitating assertion which met 
 my eyes at every turn. 
 
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 of light has been poured upon us, by which we are 
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 to doubt, if we cannot find J'acts to authenticate. 
 
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 a figure in an illumination, the attitude of the personages represented, or the dispo- 
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 1846), the last two hundred pages of which contain a glossary, the most valuable 
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 ballads, containing allusions to various articles of attire in fashion at the time of 
 their composition. Twenty-eight years have expired since that book appeared, and 
 
 progress and critical inquiry, a welcome addition to the library of an English 
 gentleman. J. R. PL AN CHE. 
 
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 such a char-in to the stories written by Defoe half a century later. The interest 
 
 never flags for a moment, from the first chapter to the last. 
 
 As a picture of the manners of the period, two hundred years ago, in England, 
 among the various grades of society through which the hero passes in the course of 
 his extraordinary adventures, and among gipsies, beggars, thieves, (yc., the book is 
 invaluable to students. 
 
 The earlier portion of the book was considerably altered in later editions by 
 Francis Kirkman. While preserving all the additions made by that writer, most of 
 the omitted passages (sometimes among the most characteristic in the book) have been. 
 restored from the earliest edition, which is of the very greatest rarity, most of the 
 copies having been destroyed, the year after its pitblication, in the Great Fire of 
 London. 
 
 The later edition and the Second Part are of almost equal rarity. Owing to its 
 wonderful run of popularity, the book has been so well read and well thumbed, that 
 perfect copies are very seldom to be met with, and are then only to be obtained at an 
 extravagantly high price. The present reprint may therefore be useful and accept- 
 able to students of Early English Literature. 
 
 74 &> 75, PICCADILLY, LONDON, W.
 
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 THE MOST COMPLETE HOGARTH EVER PUBLISHED. 
 
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 MARK TWAIN'S WORKS. 
 
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 other Poems. 
 
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 THE RUMP PARLIAMENT. 
 
 The Rump; or. An Exact Collection of 
 
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 [Nearly ready. 
 
 ** A very ran and extraordinary collection of some t"ux> hundred Popular 
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 The Secret 
 
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 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHATTO & WINDUS. 39 
 
 Shelley's Early Life. From Original 
 
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 Cheaper Edition, crown 8vo, with Illustrations, 440 pages, Is. 6d. 
 *,* The poet's political pamphlets, advocating Home Rule and other rights, 
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 THE POCKET SHELLEY. 
 
 SHELLEY, FROM THE GODWIN SKETCH. 
 
 Shelley's Poetical Works. Now First 
 
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 THE WATERFORD ROLL. 
 
 Illuminated Charter-Roll of Water- 
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 and offac-similes of all the Illuminations. The production of such a 'work would 
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 of them, highly important from an historic point of view, 
 
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 Wonderful Characters : Memoirs and 
 
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 THE LIBRARY 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 Santa Barbara 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE 
 STAMPED BELOW. 
 
 07510 
 
 
 
 JAN 2*1986 
 
 Series 9482