---' .1" - - _ FLORA OF MARLBOROUGH ; WITH NOTICES OF THE BIRDS, AND A SKETCH OF THE GEOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD. WITH A MAP. LONDON: JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLXIII. PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COUET, FLBET STREET. P73 PREFACE. IT is with considerable hesitation that I venture to print the following List of Plants found in the neighbourhood of Maiiborough. To obtain even a fairly correct list, a much longer time than I have been able to devote to the subject, and much assistance from the careful observation of others are needed. I have, however, been induced to print the results of my own observations during the past five years, not from a belief that they will be of any great service else- where, but with a hope that, by placing before the members 1 of this College a proof of the Botanical riches of our neigh- bourhood, I may induce some of them to take an interest in the study of Botany, and perhaps, indirectly through this, of some other branch of Natural History. I am at the same time anxious to make this List as perfect as possible, and trust that, by publishing it at once, I may be enabled the sooner to obtain assistance from those who have paid any attention to the subject. I beg, therefore, to impress upon any one who may take the trouble to examine this List, a2 S528 IV PREFACE. that it was undertaken mainly for the purpose of assisting those members of the College who may be fond of Botany, and that any value which it may have beyond this is only what any ordinary list of the kind would possess. The list of localities will, I fear, be found somewhat de- fective ; but I have preferred leaving the book thus imper- fect, to giving any statements which I could not fully con- firm. It is quite possible, and in many instances probable, that plants which are mentioned as occurring in only one or two places may prove to be very generally distributed : on this account I have not given, as I had originally intended, a Table showing the distribution of the plants in each district. Much, undoubtedly, still remains to be done ; but I hope that this first approximation to a complete List of the Flora of our neighbourhood may not be without its use to those who seek information on the subject. The limit I have chosen is a circle with a radius of six miles from Marlborough, the ground within which I have divided into four Districts. So large a portion of the locality lies on the Chalk, that I have found it impracticable to divide it into districts with reference to its geological characteristics. There are, however, well-marked features about the Valley of the Kennet and Savernake Forest ; and as definite boundary-lines are advisable, I have taken four roads diverging from Marlborough, as being the most con- venient for my purpose. These are the Bath Eoad, bound- ing the water-meadows by the Kennet ; the Salisbury Koad, PREFACE. V just on the edge of Savernake Forest ; the Hungerford Road, similarly situated on the other side of the Forest ; and the New Swindon Road, bounding, sufficiently for the purpose, the Down Country in that direction. District I., between the Bath and Salisbury Roads, con- tains more especially a part of the water-meadows beside the Kennet, the West Woods, and Martirisell Hill. This latter is properly Down Country ; but there are numerous copses and woods around it, which considerably alter its botanical features. The village of Pewsey is also included in this district, and consequently a portion of the Kennet and Avon Canal. Here the greensand crops out, and a variation of the Flora may therefore be expected. District II., between the Salisbury and Hungerford Roads, includes Savernake Forest and Bedwin. The Forest is situated principally on the clay and gravel : there are a few small ponds in one or two spots ; but as they are nearly dry in summer, a few Ranunculi and other hardy aquatic plants are alone found in them. Great Bedwin appears to be peculiarly rich in flowers ; but, from its distance, I have not been able to examine it so much as I could wish, and have been obliged to trust mainly to the observations of others. District III., between the Hungerford and New Swindon Roads, includes Folly Farm (really a small portion of Saver- nake Forest), the remaining portion of the water-meadows VI PREFACE. beside the Kennet, Ramsbury, Mildenhall, Rabley Copse, and the River Og. A small portion of the Down Country is included in this district. District IV., between the New Swindon and Bath Roads, is peculiarly a Down Country, and, like District III., is situated principally on the chalk and gravel. As a rule, therefore, all water plants must be looked for in I. and III., wood plants in II., and Down plants in IV. The Map which accompanies this book is taken, by permission, from the Ordnance Survey, and has been pho- tographed by Messrs. Hills and Saunders of Oxford. The arrangement I have followed is that of Babington, in the fourth edition of his ' Manual.' I had introduced into the College, at the suggestion of the late Professor Henslow, Bentham's Handbook ; but though that work is extremely useful for those beginning the study of Botany, and has many excellent points about it, yet the whole- sale manner in which Bentham has united what have generally been regarded as distinct species, and at the same time occasionally described them, imperfectly, under the head of varieties, have induced me to adopt Babington's Manual. I have, nevertheless, given references to Ben- tham's book, as well as to that of Hooker and Arnott, ed. 7, 1855, and, by so doing, I trust that any inconve- nience resulting from the adoption of a new Text-book will be avoided. PREFACE. Vll The English names and accentuation have been taken, as far as possible, from Babington's Flora of Cambridge- shire. Since this book went to press, I learnt that a fifth edition of the * Manual' had been published, and I have therefore introduced any corrections which have been ob- served. As it was considered advisable to give, as far as possible, an English name to every species, I have sup- plied the deficiency from Hooker and Arnott's Flora, or from Sowerby's British Wild Flowers. I cannot conclude without returning my thanks to those who have kindly assisted me. To C. C.Babington, Esq., Pro- fessor of Botany in the University of Cambridge, my thanks are especially due, not only for his permission to model my present ' Flora ' on the one he published of Cambridge- shire, but also for his kind assistance and advice from the time I first thought of printing my List, and for the trouble he has taken in naming all specimens sent him for the purpose. To the Rev. T. F. Ravenshaw, Rector of Pewsey, I am indebted for a list of the plants found in that neighbourhood ; and to T. B. Flower, Esq., author of the 'Flora of Wiltshire/ now publishing in the ' Wilts Archaeological Magazine/ for a list of the Rubi observed by him about Marlborough. I have also taken advantage of the Flora of Wilts/ referred to above, as far as it has appeared in print, and can only regret that so small a por- tion has yet been published, as many plants are mentioned in it which I have not yet been able to detect here. Among former or present Members of the College, I am especially Vlll PREFACE. indebted to J. J. Pulleine, now of Trinity College, Cam- bridge, and J. W. Mills, whose initials will be found on almost every page of the ' Flora.' Any further assistance which I have received I trust I have acknowledged in the proper place. The initials given are those of the person who first brought me a specimen from the locality men- tioned. In most cases I alone am responsible for the name ; and, as far as possible, I have myself examined the locality. The portion devoted to the Birds of Marlborough has been kindly furnished by R. B. SMITH, Esq., of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, late Senior Prefect of the College. Its completeness is not such as he himself could wish, as he was only three years at the College, and had no acquaint- ance with gamekeepers, who would naturally have been the persons to have supplied him with notices of rare birds ; but it nevertheless gives a very good idea of our Orni- thological Fauna. The pages devoted to the description of the Geological features of our neighbourhood have been kindly contri- buted by "W. G. ADAMS, Esq., who, notwithstanding the many calls upon his time, at once gladly consented to aid in a work which he hoped would be of service to the College. T. A. PRESTON. Marlborough College, April 1863. GEOLOGICAL .FEATURES OF MARLBOROUGH. IN the study of the surface or crust of the earth, there is abundant evidence to prove that it has always been subject to the same denuding and restoring agencies as those which are at present at work on it. These agencies are of two kinds, internal and external. The internal or igneous agencies, such as earthquakes and volcanoes, elevate or depress the earth's crust, either at intervals or by slow degrees, and throw out matter from its interior ; while the external or aqueous agencies, such as rain, rivers, currents, icebergs, &c., are incessantly stripping off the soil from one part of the earth's surface and depositing it in another. In considering the geology of the neighbourhood of Marl- borough we are only indirectly concerned with the internal agencies, as the surface for many miles round, and to a great depth, has been entirely formed by external agencies. Before entering into detail, it will be well to consider the different forms of external agency. Every stream or river is constantly rolling and carrying along with it portions of the clay or sand forming its bed, flowing faster and carrying away more soil as its course is steeper, or as other streams unite with it. The loose material swept down by rivers, which is much increased by heavy rains and floods, a 5 X GEOLOGICAL FEATURES goes to form banks or shoals in the beds of rivers, or deltas at their mouths, which turn aside the course of the stream, and make it flow at a slower rate and, often, through several channels. The Kennet at Lockeridge, only four miles from its source, has partially filled up one of its former courses with the mud which it has brought down, and has made a new track for itself through the marshy ground. The willow-banks and water-meadows along the valley of the Kennet consist of mud deposited by the river. At its mouth the speed of a river is checked by the resistance of the sea ; and the load of sand and mud which it deposits forms a delta, in which marine or estuary shells and other animal and vegetable remains are imbedded. Some rivers, such as the Amazon, have a great velocity at their mouths, and flow for many miles out to sea, carry- ing with them the gravel, sand, and clay which they have collected, and depositing the heavier gravel nearer the shore, then the sand, and lastly the fine clay. Tides and currents also gradually wear away cliffs or the bed of the sea, and carry away the material to some other locality, perhaps to be again thrown up on the shore as sand or pebbles. When a country is being gradually raised out of the sea, these agencies are very powerful in hollowing out valleys on the surface, which, as the land rises higher, are widened and deepened by the rivers running through them. That the valley of the Kennet and the general surface of the country have been formed in this way may be seen in various cuttings and in chalk-pits along both sides of the valley, where the strata or beds have not the same slope as the hills, but crop out at the surface, and often slope or dip in the opposite direction, as if they formed part of an arch which once spanned the valley. The numerous hollows down the sides of the Forest Hill, near the Salisbury and OF MARLBOROUGH. Xl Hungerford Boads, show the power of currents of water to abrade or wear away the surface. Boulders and fragments of rock become firmly fixed in river-ice or icebergs during winter, and when the ice breaks up, are carried off to be deposited in the sea. Glaciers also carry with them blocks of stone and the debris which they grind away as they slowly glide down from the summits of snow-capped mountains. Every year immense icebergs are brought down from the shores of Greenland and Iceland, where they have been partially formed by glaciers running out into the sea and tearing up the bottom as they slide, until parts of them become detached and are borne along southwards by the cold current from the north which flows along the eastern coast of North America. As these ice- bergs approach the warmer waters of the Gulf-stream* they melt away and deposit their load of boulders and clay. The boulder- clay of the east of England, and of which we have some remains in this neighbourhood, was deposited in this way at a time when the greater part of what is now Great Britain was under water, and when there was no Gulf-stream to prevent the sea and the land in this part of the earth from being covered by icebergs and glaciers. In some of the valleys of North Wales and of Scotland, glaciers and icebergs have left their traces behind them in the parallel striaa or grooves which they have hewn out in the solid rock. There is another external agency, but one of quite a different character from these, which is very important, as by means of it beds of limestone and silica or flint are formed. * The Gulf-stream is a current of the ocean which takes its rise in the Grulf of Mexico, where its waters have been warmed by a tropical sun, and flows towards the north-east at the rate of five miles an hour, reaching across the Atlantic to the shores of England and the north- west of Europe, and by its warmth preventing our climate from being severe and our shores ice-bound. Xll GEOLOGICAL FEATURES All rivers and streams contain a certain quantity of car- bonic acid gas which they derive from the atmosphere ; and so, wherever they come in contact with carbonate of lime, which is one of the most common substances in the crust of the earth, they dissolve some portion of it, which is carried into the sea in a state of solution. The sea contains five times as much carbonic acid gas as is sufficient to keep the lime which is brought into it in solution, so that it cannot be deposited at the bottom, but is secreted from the ocean for food and building-material by coral insects, or by other more minute microscopic animalcules which live near the surface, and whose shells are found in countless numbers at the bottom of the ocean*. Microscopic research within the last ten years has made great additions to this, as well as to other branches of science. From soundings taken by Brooke's Deep- Sea Sounding Apparatus at the depth of more than two miles, on the telegraphic plateau in the middle of the Atlantic, the bottom was found to be almost entirely made up of little calcareous shells (Foraminifera) which can only be detected by the microscope. The remainder of the bottom was found to consist of siliceous or flinty skeletons of minute animal (Infusoria) and vegetable bodies (Diato- maceae). In other parts of the sea the bottom has been found to be formed almost entirely of siliceous or flinty microscopic bodies, and they abound in all seas. So small are these creatures and so abundant, that although it takes a hundred millions of them to weigh a grain, Professor Ehrenberg states that in the harbour of Wismar, in the Baltic, nearly 18,000 cubic feet of them are deposited in a year ; and they are so prolific that " a single one of them can increase to * These animals are provided with a ciliary or hairy apparatus, by the vibration of which they cause currents of water to flow into their mouths ; they then secrete or separate the lime which is held in solu- tion, and reject the water. OF MARLBOROUGH. Xlll such an extent during one month, that its entire descendants can form a bed of silica 25 square miles in extent and 1| feet thick " (Jukes's Manual of Geology). According to the universal law of nature, these minute creatures are the prey of most of the shell-fish, and so are not allowed to increase at such an enormous rate ; but if we suppose for a moment 1000 of these siliceous or calcareous creatures and their descendants unchecked to be scattered over 40 square miles, and to be supplied with sufficient silica or lime from the ocean, we see that at the end of one month we should have a bed of silica or limestone more than 1000 feet thick : i. e. a bed similar to, and as thick as the Upper and Lower White Chalk would be formed over 40 square miles in a single month. The formation of limestones by these minute animals is intimately connected with the geology of Marlborough ; for it has been found on examination that the White Chalk, which is a carbonate of lime, was formed just in the same way as the bed of Poraminifera or calcareous shells which is now in course of formation in the Atlantic Ocean. When pulverized in water and examined through a microscope, it is found to consist of fragments of minute corallines and perfect calcareous shells, the chambers of which are fre- quently filled with thousands of other still more minute shells which abound in every grain of chalk. In the same way the flint has probably been obtained from the waters of the ocean and turned into a solid form by the siliceous animalcules, and then spread out into layers, or, as is more usually the case, collected into nodules, often around a coral or a sponge, by chemical agency. Chalk flints have a white coating, which is often of considerable thickness, and in which layers may be distinctly seen, showing the forms of the successive films. It does not appear to be sufficiently made out why the flint-nodules are collected in layers in the chalk. It almost seems as if the shells of each set XIV GEOLOGICAL FEATURES of minute animalcules had in turn been deposited in the same locality at the bottom of the ocean, and the siliceous shells had been converted into layers or nodules of flint before the next deposit of calcareous shells. There are two Chalk deposits, the Upper and the Lower. T^ e ^wer Chalk contains scarcely any flints, but very fcftt^' often has radiated nodules of iron-pyrites scattered through it, and is generally hard. It is exposed in cuttings for the railway and in chalk-pits at Lye Hill, and in other pits on the borders of Pewsey Yale. Fossil Terebratulce have been found at Lye Hill ; but they are much crushed and broken, showing that the Chalk has been subjected to very great pressure. The Lower Chalk is also exposed in excavations for the foundations of a house close to the College, on the right of the Bath Koad, where it is almost as hard as ordinary limestone. There has been a chalk-pit here, from which chalk was dug to form the Bath Road when its course was altered, which has been filled in with the sand and broken flint-rubble from the road ; but this is interrupted about 6 feet below the surface by a band of dark vegetable mould, 3 or 4 inches thick, containing minute shells of Helicidce or snails, many of which are almost too small to be clearly made out by the naked eye. The Upper Chalk, containing continuous sheets or bands of flint, and also layers of flint-nodules showing the strata or planes of stratification, is chiefly met with in the neigh- bourhood of Marlborough. This is generally much softer than the Lower Chalk. The Chalk hills of North Wilts lie at the western extremity of the range of hills running through Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, and Buckinghamshire, and forming the northern boundary of the Tertiary deposits of the London basin. These hills throw out their rounded headlands very irregularly on the western side, as at Oldburj" and Morgan's Hill, and on the southern side, as at St. Anne's Hill or Tan- OF MARLBOROUGH. XV hill, Walker's Hill, and Martinsell, with here and there a deep narrow bay with steep slopes leading down to it, and which looks as if it had only just been left by the sea. The Chalk hills of this outer range and also those in the interior of this district generally have much steeper slopes on their western or north-western than on their eastern sides. This may be especially noticed in Granham Hill, which is very steep where it overlooks Clatford Bottom, but has a gentle slope for two miles towards the east. Where the valleys run nearly north and south, the steep slopes on their eastern sides are sometimes broken by ter- races, one above another, as in the valleys of East Kennet and Clatford Bottom, and in that which runs from the west end of Marlborough through Barton Farm. On the northern side of the River Kennet the surface of the country consists almost entirely of the Upper Chalk, there being only a few outlying patches of red clay on the tops of the hills. In a chalk-pit just to the east of Milden- hall, the dip of the strata is towards the north-east. In this pit there are sheets of flint about half an inch thick, running in all directions between two parallel layers of flint-nodules, and apparently connected with them. In the wood to the north of this, below the surface-soil there occurs a red stratified clay more than 12 feet thick, which also dips towards the north-east. In sections on the opposite side of the valley of the Kennet, of which there are several, the strata are almost, if not quite, horizontal. About four miles to the east of Marlborough, on the ridge on the south of the Kennet, there is a vertical fault* running nearly north and south. The western side is occupied by horizontal layers of the Upper Chalk with flints, and the eastern by a red- * Faults are fissures in beds which were once continuous ; they are generally accompanied by dislocations or slidings of one set of beds over the other, so that what were continuous beds are left at different levels. XVI GEOLOGICAL FEATURES dish-brown sand containing some lighter- coloured sand and rolled flint-pebbles up to a pound in weight. The depth or throw of the fault is not known, as it occurs just at the top of the slanting side of the pit. Red clay with large broken flints covers the top of the chalk and sand, and fills up hollows in them. Other sections in the Chalk, where some of the ordinary chalk fossils (especially Echinoderms and Corals surrounded by flint) and a few scales of Pishes have been obtained, may be met with near Rabley Copse, at Poltoii Farm, on the Pewsey Road beyond Granham Farm, on the Porest Hill (where spines of Echini have been found), at Pyfield on the Bath Road (where a few Pish-scales have been found), and about two miles beyond Lockeridge on the road to Alton Barnes. Fragments of the fossil shell, Inoceramus, occur in abundance in the railway- cutting on Granham Hill : also, a hinge and pieces of the shell surrounded by flint have been found in the section through the Roman Road to Old Sarum where it ascends the hill opposite to Mildenhall. These fragments sometimes bear traces of having been perforated by the Cliona or by boring- annelids. On the Forest Hill, a hinge and adjacent parts of a very large shell (probably Inoceramus Cuvieri) have been found. The hinge is nearly straight, and is five inches long and an inch thick ; the parts of the shell at the ends of the hinge branch off at right angles to it, and are two-thirds of an inch in thickness. Chalk flints are often found to contain quartz-crystals, and beautiful specimens of sponges which have been trans- formed into chalcedony, and sometimes small nodules of iron-pyrites. Between Granham Hill and Martinsell the Chalk is covered by a deposit of the boulder-clay, which extends westwards as far as Clatford Bottom and probably forms OF MARLBOROUGH. XV11 the subsoil of the greater part of the West Woods, and extends eastwards into Savernake Forest. In the valley to the south of Granham Hill, near Granham Farm, there is a narrow strip of light-coloured sandy clay overlying the Chalk. To the south of this the Chalk is covered by a deposit of mottled red boulder-clay, containing large masses of flint-nodules, broken flints, sand- stone-boulders, and well-rounded flint-pebbles of various sizes. These beds are often stained black by the soak- ing of surface-water through cracks in them, and some- times are interrupted by patches of a browner clay also containing large flint-nodules. Above these beds, which rest very unevenly on the Chalk, there is a red clay 3 or 4 feet thick, but becoming thicker towards the south-east, which contains but few broken pieces of flint. Wherever the Chalk is seen underneath the clay, as in pits, or in the cuttings for the railway to Marlborough which is now being made, it has a very jagged appearance, showing that the surface of the Chalk was greatly eroded when the boulder-clay was deposited. In the railway- cutting north of the Wansdyke there are several chalk peaks, at various distances from one another ; and the Chalk is overlaid by the flint-drift, con- sisting of a red clay, sometimes stained black, with large angular fragments of flint and some partially rounded and broken sandstone -boulders. The chalk peaks are very soft ; sometimes they are partially or entirely cut off from the main body of the Chalk by thin layers of red clay, running in horizontally from the bottom" or side of an eroded hollow. Some of the irregular layers of clay contain flint-pebbles, and occasionally a patch of sand or sandy clay without flints. The general direction of denudation seems to be from north-west to south-east ; but it is difficult to make it out, as the peaks and hollows on opposite sides of ""he cutting are not nearly of the same height and do not XV111 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES always correspond. Nearer the Wansdyke this flint- drift is covered by a lighter-coloured clay containing few flints. In a pit about 14 feet deep, immediately to the north of Ivy's Farm, there is a peak of chalk whose top is about 12 feet below the surface, and which is surrounded by a dark- stained clay with flints, which is again covered by a mottled red clay with few pieces of flint. Following the course of the railway towards the south- east, in a slight depression of the surface the beds are Flint-gravel (broken fragments) ...... 3 feet. Mottled red clay with few pieces of flint 4 Dark-stained clay with flints, and also containing boulders of sandstone at least 12 feet from the surface 10 The top of a chalk peak with large flint-nodules occurs in one corner at the bottom of the pit. Further towards the south-east the gravel disappears, and the clay without flints becomes thicker ; so that at a distance of 300 yards further, in a pit 12 feet deep, the beds are Bed clay without flints 3 feet. A greyer clay, also without flints 9 In a cutting half a mile further towards the south-east, the same red clay with few broken pieces of flint and small flint-pebbles is met with ; and about a mile further, a sandy clay with few flints passing into a greenish-yellow sand. The drift-clay extends towards the south-east probably as far as Savernake Forest : at present there are few sec- tions, but it wilf soon be exposed by the railway-cuttings through it. In a chalk-pit near Manton Coppice, on the brow of the hill overlooking Clatford Bottom, under a covering of about 2 feet of clay there occurs a dome of chalk, whose top is about 12 feet above the bottom of the pit. The dome, which has been hollowed out for the purpose of lightening OF MARLBOROUGH. XIX the soil above, shows horizontal layers of flints, and is flanked by layers of red clay running parallel to its surface, as in the case of the pinnacle of chalk described and illus- trated by Sir C. Lyell in his * Elementary Geology' (p. 135) ; only in this case the dome of chalk is fixed, and the sur- rounding portion has been eroded and its place supplied by a red clay. The upper surface of this dome, which is about 10 feet across, is hollowed out: some of the hollows are more than a foot deep, and are filled up with clay. On the north side of the same pit there is another similar mass of chalk, the intermediate space having been occupied by clay. To the south-west of Ivy's Farm, on both sides of the road from Marlborough to Pewsey, a clay of a bright-red colour, but not so hard as the mottled clays, is exposed to the depth of from 12 to 16 feet, in brick-pits. The general mass of the clay is quite free from flints, and is much used for making bricks ; but frequent patches of flint-nodules occur in it, and also smoothed boulders of sandstone to the depth of 8 or 1 feet. In one of these pits there is a large, but comparatively thin, smooth boulder, lying obliquely on its side, with one end exposed, which has been split longitudinally, and with the corresponding edges of the fissure, nearly parallel to one another, about 8 inches apart. This boulder must have been broken into two parts at the time it was depo- sited in the clay, otherwise the two parts would not have been so near together. The upper half rests against a patch of flints, which may have prevented it from sinking so much as the lower half. The same kind of clay extends very nearly, if not quite up to Martinsell Hill ; but as there are few sections further in this direction, its extent has not been accurately determined. The north-west corner of Savernake Forest is occupied by a bright-red clay of the same character as the last, which is, like that, very much used for making bricks, although XX GEOLOGICAL FEATURES patches of mottled clay, often stained black and containing flints in abundance, occur more frequently. Boulders of sandstone also occur imbedded in the clay to the depth of 12 feet below the surface. At a depth of about 20 feet, in some of the clay-pits, a bed of gravel, formed of broken flints, has been reached. A similar gravel comes to the surface in the valley further to the south near Cadley, and again further to the east in the same valley on the right of the road to Hungerford. Within a few yards of the top of the chalk slope at the north-west corner of the Forest there is a trough-like hollow in the Chalk, running from W.S.W. to E.N.E., 25 feet wide, and 8 feet deep on one side and 6 on the other, the soil above having been eroded. This hollow is filled up by layers of red clay with large broken flints and chalk- rubble with small pieces of flint, the layers being curved in the same way as those illustrated in Jukes's Manual of Geology, p. 194. These beds are thickly studded with two kinds of fossil shells of the genus Helix, which very much resemble H. occlusa, and a smaller species, H. d'Urbani, some of which are beautifully marked. This hollow may have been the course of a river during the time of the deposition of some of the later Tertiary beds ; and a flood probably swept into it the layers of broken fragments of chalk and clay, together with the numerous land shells with which they are studded. About 300 or 400 yards from this spot, towards the E.S.E., in a narrow pit, there is, or more properly there was (the greater part of the sand having now been dug out), a deposit of light-yellow or buff-coloured sand, and also some green and ash-coloured sand. The light-yellow sand is coloured brown, in streaks, by water from the surface. On one side is a brown sandy clay which contains some green- coated flints and small well-rolled flint-pebbles. The pit is about 18 feet deep ; and in the middle and on the south side OF MARLBOROUGH. XXI of it hardened blocks of sandstone were found, some of which have been removed and others left undisturbed. The pit runs down by the side of a heavy, dark-red clay, containing large flint-nodules, which bulges out beyond the perpendicular on the north side of the pit and then recedes again, the sand running in under the clay at the bottom. This sand probably formed part of the Plastic Clay series, which at one time covered this district, and of which there are still some remains in the south-eastern part of the Forest. After the greater part of the sand had been eroded, there seems to have been a peak of sandstone left here, which resisted denudation, and round which the boulder- clay was deposited. The hardened blocks of sandstone, which are similar to the boulders met with in almost every valley or depression of the surface t>f the clay or chalk, as well as in the clay, bear out Mr. Prestwich's theory as to the for- mation of the boulders that they are hardened portions of the sands of the Plastic Clay or Woolwich and Reading series ; but their position on and in the Drift-clay, even to the depth of 10 and 12 feet below the surface, shows that they must have been removed from their original positions by the same causes which deposited the Drift-clay. These boulders occur on the tops of the Chalk hills, but in great abundance in the valleys, especially at Lockeridge, and in Clatford Bottom to the north of the Bath Road, where they are heaped upon one another in a most promiscuous manner, as if they had been dropped by icebergs. Many of these \ boulders are of large size, weighing as much as 90 or 100 ) tons ; and some of the largest were chosen by the Ancient' Britons to form their temple at Avebury. An outlier of the Lower Bagshot Clays and Sands is met with at the Obelisk, in Savernake Forest. The clays are used for making bricks. The beds consist of undulating layers of (i) Olive-green sandy clay (partly denuded), XX11 GEOLOGICAL FEATURES (ii) Orange-coloured sand with thin layers of blue clay, (iii) Greyish -blue clay ; and the general dip of the strata is towards the south-east. Hollows or potholes are very common in the neighbour- hood of Maryborough, and are frequently of large size. They are formed in the chalk by the soaking of water, con- taining carbonic acid gas, through it, which dissolves the chalk: the clay or gravel above fills up the hole in the chalk, and leaves a corresponding hollow on the surface. In some cases it is evident that these hollows have been formed quite recently. One very large and deep one, about 50 yards in diameter, near Ivy's Farm, has been formed since the Wansdyke was built (for the course of the Wansdyke is quite through the middle of it) ; and as the Wansdyke was evidently built for the protection of the people who lived on the south of it (there being a deep ditch everywhere on the north side, and none on the south), nothing could have been easier for the Ancient Britons or Saxons who built it than to take advantage of this hollow, if it already existed, and form their rampart to the south of it. Boulders occur in this hollow, and also in a similar hollow in the midst of the bright-red clay by the side of the Pewsey Road about three miles from Marlborough. In the neighbourhood of Marlborough, then, there are many sections of the Upper and Lower White Chalk, some of which contain a plentiful supply of fossils : in the Forest we have some remains of the Plastic Clay series and the Bagshot Sands of the later Tertiary deposits : while capping the tops of the hills, and in some cases covering their eastern slopes, to the north of Marlborough, and extending over a wide area to the south, we have flint-drift or boulder-clay derived from the Plastic Clay series, which at one time covered the district. The clay towards the south-west is of a bright-red colour, with patches of flint and boulders of sandstone, such as are everywhere scattered over the country. OF MARLBOROUGH. XX111 The flint-drift exposed in the railway-cutting is similar in character to, and is covered by clay without flints in the same way as, the flint-drift of Hampshire and Sussex, in which bones of the Mammoth, Rhinoceros, &c., have been found. There the upper clay has acted as a protection to the mammalian remains below ; and it is not improbable that some such remains may also be found in the flint-drift of this neighbourhood where it is laid open at some depth below the surface. ERRATA. Page 24, line 14, a full stop, not a comma, after Down. [White Horse Down is near Marlborough.] Page 82, line 14, for Hook. 429 (Neottia) read Hook. 429 (Listera). XXIV EXPLANATIONS. The following initial letters are used in place of the full names of those friends who have kindly assisted me : A. A. ... A Armstrong, Esq., Marlborough College. W. B. ... Mr. William Bartlett, quoted from the Wilts Archaeo- logical Magazine. A. B. ... A. Bonney. J. F. D. ... J. F. Duthie. C. W. E. ... C. W. Everard. T. B. F. ... T. B. Flower, Esq., author of the ' Flora of Wiltshire.' T. W. J. ...T. W. Jones. T. B. L. ...T. B. Lediard. A. J. M. ... A. J. Main waring. J. W. M. ... J. W. Mills. E. V. P. ... E. V. Pigott, Esq., Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. J. J. P. ... J. J. Pulleine, Esq., Trinity College, Cambridge. T. F. E. ... Eev. T. F. Eavenshaw, Sector of Pewsey. CK F. E. ...G. F. Eooper. F. E. S. ... F. E. Saunders. W. A. M. ... Wilts Archaeological Magazine. The names of any other friends who have assisted me are put in full in the proper places. The following marks are used in this book, and require expla- nation : * Certainly introduced, but naturalized. t Possibly introduced^ but now having the appearance of being a true native. \ Probably introduced, but admitting of some doubt on the sub- ject. When the whole account of a plant is included within [ ], that species is considered as having the very slenderest or, even, no claim to a place in our Flora. The duration of plants is marked by the letters A., B., P., and Sh. ; being abbreviations of the terms Annual, Biennial, Perennial, and Shrub, respectively. Tree ' is given in full. FLORA OP MARLBOROUGH, DICOTYLEDONES OR EXOGEN^E. RANUNCULACE& CLEMATIS Linn. 1. C. Vitalba Linn. Traveller's Joy. Bab. 3. Hook. 4. Benth. 55. Hedges on a gravelly or chalky soil. Sh. June. I. Foot of Martinsell Hill. Along the Bath Road (pro- bably planted), about half a mile beyond Manton ; J. W. M. III. Folly Farm; MildenhaU; Axford. THALICTEUM Linn. 1. T. flavnm Linn. Meadow Rue. Bab. 4. Hook. 5. Benth. 56. Very wet places. P. June, July. III. Water-meadows, MildenhaU ; F. R. S. Water-mea- dows on the right of the Ogbourn Road. 2 RANUNCULACE^E. ANEMONE Linn. 1. A. nemorosa Linn. Wind-flower. Bab. 4. Hook. 6. Benth. 57. Woods and thickets. P. March to May. Abundant in all the divisions. ADONIS Linn. 1. iA. autumnalis Linn. Pheasant's Eye: Bab. 5. Hook. 6. Benth. 57. Corn-fields. A. May, June. Corn-fields near Amesbury ; Mr. Alexander. T. F. R. This locality is beyond the 6 miles from Maryborough ; but as the plant has occasionally occurred in gardens near the town, I have been induced to include it in my list. MYOSURUS Linn. 1. M. minimus Linn. Mouse-tail. Bab. 5. Hook. 7. Benth. 58. Fields on a moist gravelly soil ; rare. A. June, July. I. Field on the top of Martinsell Hill ; J. J. P. RANUNCULUS Linn. 1. R. heterophyllus Sibth. Water Crowfoot. Bab. 6. Hook. 7. Benth. 59. Ponds and streams. P. May, June. Abundant in the Kennet and Og. The Avon ; T. F. E. I. Pond on Clench Common. Pond near Cadley. II. Pond in Savernake Forest. In reference to some specimens of this plant found grow- ing in the Og, Professor Babington remarks, " Exceedingly fine, and rather abnormal. Number of veins in petals singularly numerous. One of the supposed links leading to E.fluitans" RANUNCULACE^. I 2. R. peltatus Fr. Bab. 7. Ponds. P. May to September. I. Ponds near Cadley on the top of Martinsell Hill on Clench Common and near Firs on the way to Martin- sell. II. Pond in Savernake Forest. 3. R. circinatus Sibth. Rigid-leaved Water Crowfoot. Bab. 7. Hook. 7. Benth. 6Q (Capillary Water Ranunculus}. Streams and ponds. P. June to August. I. Canal near New Mill ; J. J. P. 4. R. hederaceus Linn. Ivy-leaved Water Crowfoot. Bab. 8. Hook. 8. Benth. 60. Shallow ponds and mud ; rare. P. June to August. Maryborough ; W. A. M. II. Great Bedwin ; W. B. 5. R. sceleratus Linn. Celery -leaved Crowfoot, Bab. 8. Hook. 10. Benth. 61. By ditches and ponds. A. June to September. II. Great Bedwin; W. B. 6. R. Flammula Linn. Lesser Spearwort. Bab. 9. Hook. 9. Benth. 60. Wet places. P. June to August. I. Pond on the top of Martinsell Hill ; J. J. P. Pond near Firs by footpath to Martinsell ; J. W. M. Manning- ford Bruce ; T. F. R. 7. R. Picaria Linn. Pilewort. Lesser Celandine. Bab. 10. Hook. 10. Benth. 61. Common in damp shady places. P. April, May. Abundant in all the divisions. B2 RANUNCULACE^E. 8. R. auricomus Linn. Goldilocks. Bab. 10. Hook. 10. Benth. 61. Open woods. P. April, May. Not unfrequent in the copses and hedges. 9. R. acris Linn. Upright Crowfoot. Bab. 10. Hook. 10. Benth. 62. Meadows and pastures. P. June, July. Abundant in all the divisions. 10. R. repens Linn. Creeping Crowfoot. Bab. 10. Hook. 10. Benth. 62. Damp waste places and pastures. P. May to August. Abundant in all the divisions. 11. R. bulbosns Linn. Bulbous Crowfoot. Buttercups. Bab. 10. Hook. 10. Benth. 62. Meadows and pastures. P. May. Abundant in all the divisions. 12. R. MrsTitus Curt. Pale Hairy Crowfoot. Bab. 10. Hook. 11. Benth. 63. Damp waste ground. A. June to October. II. Great Bedwin; W. B. 13. tR. arvensis Linn. Corn Crowfoot. Bab. 11. Hook. 11. Benth. 63. Corn-fields ; possibly introduced. A. May, June. I. Corn-fields; frequent. Pewsey; T.F.R. Il.Cadley, -III. Mildenhall. IV. Corn-fields; frequent. 14. R. parviflorus Linn. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Bab. 11. Hook. 11. Benth. 63. Hedge-banks in dry places. A. May, June. I. Top of Martinsell Hill. II. Great Bedwin ; W. B. PAPAVERACEjE. 5 CALTHA Linn. 1. C. pahistris Linn. Marsh Marigold. Bab. 11. Hook. 11. Benth. 63. Marshy places. P. March, April. Abundant in the water-meadows and other marshy HELLEBORUS Linn. 1. iH. viridis Linn. Green Hellebore. Bab. 12. Hook. 12. Benth. 64. Hedges and thickets ; probably introduced. P. March, April. I. Preshute meadows ; A. B. II. Great Bedwin ; W. B. 2. JH. fdetidus Linn. Stinlciny Hellebore. Bab. 12. Hook. 12. Benth. 65. Near houses ; probably introduced. P. March, April. I. The Mount, Marlborough. AdUILEGIA Linn. 1. JA. vulgaris Linn. Columbine. Bab. 12. Hook. 12. Benth. 65. Fields and hedges ; a doubtful native. P. May, June. II. In the neighbourhood of Great Bedwin ; W. B. Marl- borough Forest ; W. A. M. PAPAVERACE^. PAPAVER linn. 1. tP. Argemone Linn. Long Prickly -headed Poppy. Bab. 15. Hook. 17. Benth. 72. Corn-fields. A. June, July. Marlborough; W.A.M. O FUMARIACE^:. 2. fP. Rhceas Linn. Red Poppy. Bab. 15. Hook. 17. Benth. 71. Corn-fields. A. June, July. Commonly distributed. 3. fP. dubium Linn. Smooth Long-headed Poppy. Bab. 15. Hook. 17. Benth. 71. Corn-fields and hedge-banks. A. June, July. I. Pewsey; T.F.E.II. Folly Farm. " Distributed throughout all the districts" in the county of Wilts; W.A.M. CHELIDONIUM Linn. 1. JC. majus Linn. Celandine. Bab. 16. Hook. 18. Benth. 73. Hedge-banks. Never seen except near houses. Pro- bably not a native, although tolerably common. P. May to August. Not uncommon. FUMAEIACE^E. CORYDALIS Cand. [1. C. solida Hook. Solid-rooted Corydal. Bab. 16. Hook. 20. Benth. 75. Groves and thickets. P. April, May. II. Great Bedwin; W. 5.] FUMARIA Linn. 1. F. officinalis Linn. Common Fumitory. Bab. 17. Hook. 19. Benth. 74. Fields and waste places. A. May to September. Commonly distributed. CRUCIFEKJE. 7 CRUCIFER^. CHEIEANTHUS Linn. 1. *C. Cheiri Linn. Wallflower. Bab. 21. Hook. 24. Benth. 80. Old walls ; introduced. P. April, May. Marlborough ; W. A. M. I know of no locality near here where this is likely to occur wild. NASTURTIUM E. Br. 1. N. officinale E. Br. Water Cress. Bab. 22. Hook. 28. Benth. 81. In running water. P. June, July. I. In the Kennet. Preshute water-meadows ; Manton. Pewsey ; T. F. R. III. Mildenhall water-meadows ; Ax- ford. " General throughout all the districts " W. A. M. BARBAREA E. Br. 1. B. vulgaris E. Br. Yellow Rocket. Bab. 22. Hook. 24. Benth. 80. By ditches and streams. B. ? May to August. Not unfrequent. Common along the Pewsey Eoad. Pew- sey; T. F. R. ARABIS Linn. 1. A. hirsuta E. Br. Hairy Rock Cress. Bab. 23. Hook. 26. Benth. 83. Walls and dry banks. B. June to August. IV. Silbury Hill ; Mr. Coward in W. A. M. Eow Down ; E. V. P. O CRUCTFER^. CAEDAMINE Linn. 1. C. sylvatica Link. Bab. 24. Hook. 27 (0. hirsute). Benth. 86. Woody places. A. April to September. " Not uncommon in all the districts ;" W. A. M. 2. C. hirsuta Linn. Hairy Bitter Cress. Bab. 24. ' Hook. 27. Benth. 86. In rather damp places. A. May to August. I. West Woods. Pewsey ; T. F. E. II. Waste ground near Savernake ; J. J. P. " General in all the districts ; " W. A. M. 3. C. pratensis Linn. Cuckoo-flower. Bab. 24. Hook. 27. Benth. 85. Damp meadows. P. May. Abundant in all the water-meadows and other damp spots. Double var. : At Clench ; J. J. P. fy J. W. M. At foot of MartinseU Hill, Pewsey side ; T. F. E. Cadley ; J. J. P. SISYMBRIUM Linn. 1. S. officinale Scop. Hedge Mustard. Bab. 25. Hook. 34. Benth. 87. Banks and waste ground. A. June, July. Common in all the divisions. 2. S. Thalianum Gaud. Common Thale Cress. Bab. 25. Hook. 35. Benth. 84 (Arabis Thaliana). Gravelly places, walls, and banks. A. April and May, September and October. I. Foot of Martinsell Hill ; J. J. P. Wooton Rivers ; J. J. P. Clatford. CRUCIFEJLE. 9 ALLIAEIA Adans. 1. A. officinalis Andrzj. Sauce-alone. Bab. 26. Hook. 35. Benth. 88. Hedge-banks. B. May and June. Abundant in all the hedges. BRASSICA Linn. 1. B. campestris Linn. Bab. 26. Hook. 40. Benth. 91. a. B. campestris Linn. Wild Navew. /3. B. Rdpa Linn. Turnip. Fields ; occasionally found. A very doubtful native ; probably always, certainly the var. /3, accidentally intro- duced. A. or B. July, August. a. I. Preshute; J. W. M.III. Mildenhall ; J. J. P. IV. Fields near Barton Farm. a. " In all the districts throughout the county ;" W.A.M. 0. " In all the districts;" W. A. M. 2. JB. Napus Linn. Rape. Bab. 26. Hook. 40. Benth. 91. Fields ; probably not a native. A. or B. May, June. " In all the districts ; " W. A. M. SINAPIS Linn. 1. S. nigra Linn. Black Mustard. Bab. 27. Hook. 41. Benth. 92. Willowy river-banks ; rarely in fields, where it is acci- dental. A. June to August. Marlborough ; W. A. M. Pewsey ; T. F. R. 10 CRUCIFEILE. 2. S. arvensis Linn. Charlock. Bab. 27. Hook. 41. Benth. 92 (Brassica Sinapistrum). Corn-fields. A. June to October. Abundant in all the divisions. 3. S. alba Linn. White Mustard. Bab. 27. Hook. 42. Benth. 92. Chalky corn-fields. A. July. Not uncommon. DRABA Linn. 1. D. verna Linn. Whitlow-grass. Bab. 29. Hook. 30. Benth. 96. Walls and dry banks. A. March to May. Abundant. ARMORACIA Rupp. [1. A. rusticana Rupp. Horse Radish. Bab. 30. Hook. 29. Benth. 93 ( Cochlearia Armoracid). Waste ground near houses. P. May. " Common in all the districts. The outcast of gardens." W. A. M.-] LEPIDIUM Linn. 1. L. campestre R. Br. Common Mithridate Pepper-wort. Bab. 32. Hook. 38. Benth. 101. Dry gravelly soil. B. June to August. I. Near Wooton Rivers ; J. J. P. Near Firs on way to Martinsell ; J. J. P. Preshute ; J. W. M. Clench. Bur- bage ; W. B. IV. Maiiborough Downs ; W. A. M. CAPSELLA Vent. 1. C. Bursa-pastoris Cand. Shepherd's Purse. Bab. 33. Hook. 37. Benth. 100. Waste and cultivated ground. A. March to October. Common in all the districts. RESEDACE.E. CISTACE.E. 11 SENEBIERA Pers. 1. S. Coronopus Poiret. Swine's Cress. Bab. 33. Hook. 39. Benth. 102. Waste ground, especially on roadsides. A. June to Sept. I. Farm-yard near Manton Copse. Cart-road beyond Hatfield, on the border of the Forest. Pewsey ; T. F. R. III. Farm-yard, Polton ; Folly Farm. Mildenhall. IV. Barton Farm. Sun Lane, Marlborough ; J. J. P. RAPHANUS Linn. 1. R. Raphanistrum Linn. Jointed Charlock. Bab. 34. Hook. 43. Benth. 104. Cultivated land. A. June, July. I. Pewsey ; T. F. R. " General in all the districts ;" W. A. M. RESEDACEJ3. RESEDA Linn. 1. R. liitea Linn. Wild Mignonette. Bab. 34. Hook. 44. Benth. 106. Waste chalky land. B. June to August. I. West Woods ; F. R. S.II. Great Bedwin ; W. B. 2. R. Luteola Linn. Weld. Bab. 35. Hook. 44. Benth. 105. Waste chalky ground. B. July, August. 11 General throughout all the districts ;" W. A. M. CISTACE^E. HELIANTHEMUM Gaert. 1. H. vulgar e Gaert. Rock Rose. Bab. 36. Hook. 45. Benth. 107. Banks on a chalky soil. P. July to September. Commonly distributed. 12 VIOLACE^. VIOLACEJS. VIOLA linn. 1. V. odorata Linn. Sweet Violet. Bab. 37. Hook. 47. Benth. 109. Groves and hedge-banks. P. March, April. Not unfrequent. White and Blue : abundant near Pewsey ; T. F. R. 2. V. Mrta Linn. Hairy Violet. Bab. 37. Hook. 47. Benth. 109. Thickets and hedge-banks in chalky places. P. April, May. Common. 3. V. sylvatica Fries. Wood Violet. Bab. 37. Hook. 47 (V. canina). Benth. 110. Hedge-banks and in thickets. P. April, May. Common on Clench Common, in the Forest, and in the various copses. " Very general in all the districts ;" W. A. M. 4. V. canina Linn. Dog Violet. Bab. 37. Hook. 47. Benth. 110. Heaths and peaty places. P. April, May. " In all the districts, but sparingly distributed; " W.A.M. 5. V. tricolor Linn. Heartsease. Pansy. Bab. 38. Hook. 49. Benth. 110. Cultivated and waste ground. A. May to October. Abundant in the corn-fields. POLYGALACE.E. CARYOPHYLLACE2E. 13 -. ' POLYGALACE^. POLYGALA Linn. 1. P. vulgaris Linn. MilJcwort. Bab. 40. Hook. 52. Benth. 151. Dry pastures and peaty meadows. P. June to Sept. Abundant on the Downs and in tbe Forest. CARYOPHYLLACEJE. SAPONARIA Linn. 1. JS. officinalis Linn. Soapwort. Bab. 45. Hook. 57. Benth. 115. Near houses. Probably planted formerly. P. August. II. Great Bedwin ; W. B. III. Near Polton Farm. SILENE Linn. 1. S. infiata Sm. Bladder Campion. Bab. 46. Hook. 58. Benth. 116. Borders of fields and gravel-pits. P. June to August. I. Notunfrequent. II. Folly Farm. III. EableyCopse. LYCHNIS Linn. 1. L. Plos-CTiculi Linn. Ragged Robin. Bab. 48. Hook. 61. Benth. 119. Wet meadows and bogs. P. May, June. I. About Pewsey ; T. F. R. II. Canal beyond Totten- ham ; J. J. P. III. Near Froxfield ; J. J. P. Mildenhall water-meadows ; F. R. S. 14 CARYOPHYLLACEvE. 2. L. vespertina Sibth. White Campion. Bab. 48. Hook. 61. Benth. 118. Hedges and arable fields. B. ? June to September. Generally distributed. 3. L. diurna Sibth. Red Campion. Bab. 48. Hook. 62. Benth. 118. Damp hedge-banks. P. May, June. Common in all the divisions. 4. L. Githago Lam. Corn Cockle. Bab. 48. Hook. 62. Benth. 119. Corn-fields. A. June to August. I. Not unfrequent. SAGINA Linn. 1. S. prociimbens Linn. Pearlwort. Bab. 49. Hook. 63. Benth. 120. Waste spots which are rather damp. P. May to Sept. I. Forest Hill. West Woods. Pewsey; T. F. R. III. Rabley Copse. " A common weed in all parts of the county ; " W. A. M. 2. S. apetala Linn. Annual Small- flowered Pearlwort. Bab. 49. Hook. 62. Benth. 120. Dry gravelly and sandy places, and on walls. A. May to September. I. Pewsey ; T. F. E. " In all the districts (of Wilts) with S. procumbens ; " W.A.M. 3. S. nodosa E. Meyer. Knotted Spurrey. Bab. 50. Hook. 64. Benth. 121. Wet sandy and peaty places. P. July, August. II. Savernake Forest. IV. Along the Old Swindon Road ; J. J. P. CARYOPHYLLACE^. 15 MOEHRINGIA Linn. 1. M. trinervis Clairv. Three-nerved Sand wort. Bab. 51. Hook. 68. Benth. 123. Damp shady places and ditch-sides. A. May, June. I. Not unfrequent. II. Folly Farm. III. Mildenhall Borders ; " Love Lane " near Marlborough; Rabley Copse. IV. Folly Farm ; Polton. " In all the districts ; " W. A. M. ARENARIA Linn. 1. A. serpyllifolia Linn. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Bab. 52. Hook. 67. Benth. 123. Dry places and walls. A. June to August. Not unfrequent. " Common in all the districts ;" W. A. M. STELLARIA Linn. 1. S. media Wither. Chickweed. Bab. 53. Hook. 69. Benth. 128. Rich land both waste and cultivated. A. March to Sept. Abundant. 2. S. Holostea Linn. Stitchwort. Bab. 53. Hook. 69. Benth. 129. Woods and hedges. P. April to June. Common in all the districts. 3. S. graminea Linn. Lesser Stitchwort. Bab. 53. Hook. 69. Benth. 128. Heathy and bushy places. P. May to August. I. West Woods. Pewsey Road, and in road by Brick- kilns. Commonly between the Forest and Martinsell. Road 16 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. from Manton to Pewsey Road. Clench. II. Cadley. III. Mildenhall Borders. "Distributed throughout all the districts;" W. A. M. 4. S. uligin6sa Murr. Water Chiclcweed. Bab. 54. Hook. 70. Benth. 128. Wet places. A. May, June. IV. Damp copse behind Barton Farm. " Generally distributed ;" W. A. M. MOENCHIA Ehrh. 1. M. erecta Sm. Upright Moenchia. Bab. 54. Hook. 71. Benth. 124. Dry gravelly and sandy places. A. May, June. II. Great Bedwin ; W. B. MALACHIUM Fries. 1. M. aquaticum Fries. Great Chickweed. Bab. 54. Hook. 68. Benth. 127 (Stellaria aquatica). Ditches, river-banks, and wet places. P. July, August. Near Marlborough ; W. A. M. I know of no locality for this nearer Marlborough than Swindon, where it was observed by E. V. P. CERASTITTM Linn. 1. C. glomeratum Thuil. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed. Bab. 54. Hook. 71 (C. vulgatum). Benth. 125. Fields and banks. A. April to September. I. Martinsell Hill ; near Manton Copse ; near Cadley. III. Axford; Polton. IV. Fields at back of Barton Farm. " In all the districts ;" W. A. M. MALVACEAE. 17 2. C. triviale Link. Narrow-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed. Bab. 55. Hook. 71 (0. viscosum). Benth. 125 (C. vulgatum). Waste places, old walls, and banks. B. or P. April to September. Abundant. 3. C. semidecandmm Linn. Little Mouse-ear duckweed. Bab. 55. Hook. 71. Benth. 125. Tops of walls and dry banks. A. April, May. " In all the districts, more or less distributed ; " W. A. M. MALVACE^. MALVA Linn. 1. M. moscMta Linn. Musk Mallow. Bab. 57. Hook. 76. Benth. 140. Gravelly hedge-banks and borders of fields. P. July, August. I. West Woods ; Pewsey Koad; Granham Farm. Pewsey; T.F.R. II. Hungerford Road. III. Mildenhall Borders. IV. Bath Road. " In all the districts on a gravelly soil ; rare on the clay and chalk." W. A. M. White var. : Great Bedwin ; W. B. 2. M. sylvestris Linn. Common Mallow. Bab. 57. Hook. 76. Benth. 140. Roadsides and waste places. P. June to September. Frequent. 3. M. rotundifolia Linn. Dwarf Mallow. Bab. 57. Hook. 76. Benth. 139. Waste ground. P. or B. June to September. I. Manton. III. Waste ground near town. 18 TILIACE.E. HYPERICACE^E. TILIACE^. TILIA Linn. [1. T. europsea Linn. Lime-tree. Bab. 58. Hook. 78. Benth; 141. Planted. Tree. July. " Naturalized. Distributed throughout all the districts ; " W.A.M.~\ HTPEEICACE^E. HYPERICUM Linn. 1. H. Androsammm Linn. Tutsan. Bab. 59. Hook. 79. 'Benth. 133. Thickets and hedges. P. July to September. II. Great Bedwin ; W. B. 2. H. quadrangulum Linn. St. Peter' s-wort. Bab. 60. Hook. 80. Benth. 134. Wet places by ditches and streams. P. July. I. West Woods; Pewsey Road; Preshute water-mea- dows. Pewsey; T.F.E. .1 believe this is not uncommon, though I have localities recorded only in Division I. " General throughout the county ;" W. A. M. 3. H. perforatum Linn. St. John's-wort. Bab. 60. Hook. 80. Benth. 134. Groves and hedges. P. July, August. Common. 4. H. diibium Leers. Imperforate St. John's-wort. Bab. 60. Hook. 80. Benth. 134. Moist places by ditches,