Stories from, ROMAN HISTORY G. E.JEANS M. A. AN D A.V. JONES M. A. OF THE UNIVERSITY STOEIES OF EOMAN HISTOEY PROM CICERO 73 rru s UNIVERSITY) 1 * " C c CONTENTS. THE SEVEN KINGS. PAGE I. ROMULUS . . . . . .1 753-716 B.C. De Rep. II. 2, 4. II. NUMA POMPILIUS . . . . .3 715-673 B.C. De Rep. II, 13, 25. III. TULLUS HOSTILIUS . . . . .4 673-640 B.C. De Rep. II. 17, 31. IV. ANGUS MARCIUS . . . . .4 640-616 B.C. De Rep. II. 18, 33. V. TARQUINIUS PEISCUS . . . .5 615-578 B.C. (a) De Rep. II. 19, 34. (6) Livy I. 34. (c) De Rep. II. 20, 35. (d) De Div. I. 17, 32. VI. SERVIUS TULLIUS . . . . .7 577-534 B.C. De Rep. II. 21, 37. VII. TARQUINIUS SUPEEBUS . . . .7 534-509 B.C. (a) De Rep. II. 24, 45. (6) De Rep. XXX. 53. THE REPUBLIC. VIII. THE FIRST CONSUL . . . . .9 Publius Valerius Publicola. 509 B.C. De Rep. II. 31, 54. vi CONTENTS. PAGE IX. A HAUGHTY PATRICIAN . . . .10 Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus, 490 B.C. Brutus X. 41. X. A GENEROUS PATRICIAN . . . .10 Spurius Cassius, 486 B.C. De Kep. II. 85, 60. XL REPUBLICAN SIMPLICITY . . . .11 Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus and Manius Curius Den- tatus, 458 and 274 B.C. De Sen. XVI. 55. XII. A DUTIFUL SON, BUT A CRUEL FATHER . . 12 Titus Manlius Torquatus, 362 B.C. De Off. III. 31, 112. XIII. A FAMILY OF PATRIOTS . . . .13 The Decii, 340, 295, and 279 B.C. De Div. I. 24, 51. XIV. A VIGOROUS OLD AGE . . . .14 Marcus Valerius Corvus, 371-271 B.C. De Sen. XVII. 60. XV. PATRIOTISM . . . . .15 Spurius Postumius, 321 B.C.; and Gams Mancinus, 137 B.C. De Oft 1 . III. 30, 109. XVI. A GRAND OLD MAN . . . .16 Appius Claudius the Blind, 280 B.C. De Sen. VI. 15. XVII. HONOUR BETWEEN ENEMIES . . .18 Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, 278 B.C. De Off. III. 22, 86. XVIII. AN IRREVERENT CONSUL . . . .19 Publius Claudius Pulcher, 249 B.C. De Nat. Deor. II. 3,7. XIX. A MARTYR FOR HIS COUNTRY . . .20 Marcus Attilius Regulus, 250 B.C. De Off. III. 26, 99, XX. A CONTRAST . . . . .21 The too cunning Ambassador, 216 B.C. De Off. III. 32, 113. XXI. WARNINGS NEGLECTED . . . .22 Gaius Flaminius, 217 B.C. De Div. I. 35, 77. XXII. A PATIENT GENERAL . . . .23 Quintus Fabius Maxiraus Cuuctator, 216 B.C. De Sen. IV. 10. CONTENTS. vii PAGE XXIII. THE LAST OF THE OLD ROMANS . . .25 Marcus Porcius Cato, the Censor, 184 B.C. De Off. I. 11, 36. XXIV. A SUMMARY . . . . .26 De Rep. II. 1, 2. ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . .27 NOTES . . . . . . .28 EXERCISES . . . . . .47 INDEX OF PROPER NAMES . . . .65 VOCABULARY .... .70 INDEX TO VOCABULARY . . . . .89 MAPS ITALY ..... Front. ROME .... viii OF TH! ' TTNIVERSITY STOEIES OF EOMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. THE SEVEN KINGS OF ROME. I. ROMULUS, THE FOUNDER OF ROME 753-716 B.C. (De Rep. II. 2, 4.) (a) Legend of his birth, and rise to be King. Quod habemus tarn clarum ac tarn omnibus notum exordium quam huius urbis condendae principium pro- fectum a Romulo? qui patre Marte natus dicitur cum Remo fratre ab Amulio, rege Albano, ob labefactandi regni timorem ad Tiberim exponi iussus esse : quo in loco cum esset silvestris beluae sustentatus uberibus, pastoresque eum sustulissent et in agresti cultu laboreque aluissent, perhibetur, ut adoleverit, et corporis viribus et animi ferocitate tantum ceteris praestitisse, ut omnes, qui turn eos agros ubi hodie est haec urbs incolebant, aequo animo illi libenterque parerent. Quorum copiis cum se ducem praebuisset ut iam a fabulis ad facta veniamus oppressisse Longam Albam, validam urbem et potentem temporibus illis, Amuliumque regem interemisse fertur. en B 2 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. (b) Why he chose the site of Rome for his city. 15 Qua gloria parta Eomulus urbi locum incredibili oppor- tunitate delegit. Neque enim ad mare admovit, sed hoc vir excellent! providentia sensit ac vidit, non esse opportu- nissimos situs maritimos urbibus eis quae ad spem diutur- nitatis conderentur atque imperi; quod essent urbes 20 maritimae non solum multis periculis oppositae sed etiam caecis. Qui potuit igitur divinitus et utilitates maritimas complecti Eomulus, et vitia vitare 1 ? Urbem perennis amnis et aequabilis et in mare late influentis posuit in ripa, quo posset urbs et accipere ex mari quo egeret, et 25 reddere quo redundaret ; eodemque ut flumine res ad cultum victumque maxime necessarias non solum mari absorberet, sed etiam invectas acciperet ex terra. Hanc rerum tantam potentiam non ferme facilius alia in parte Italiae posita urbs tenere potuisset. Urbis autem ipsius 3 o definitus est ductus muri ex omni parte arduis praerup- tisque montibus, ut ita munita arx quasi circumciso saxo niteretur; ut etiam in ilia tempestate horribili Gallici adventus incolumis atque intacta permanserit. Locumque delegit et fontibus abundantem et in regione pestilenti 35 salubrem ; colles enim sunt, qui, cum perflantur ipsi, turn afferunt umbram vallibus. (c) Romulus is taken up to heaven, and afterwards worshipped as the God Quirinus. Komulus, cum septem et triginta regnavisset annos, et haec egregia duo firmamenta rei publicae peperisset, auspi- cia et senatum, tantum est consecutus ut, cum subito sole THE SEVEN KINGS OF ROME. 3 obscurato non comparuisset, deorum in numero collocatus 40 putaretur : quamopinionem nemo umquam mortalis adsequi potuit sine eximia virtutis gloria. II. THE SECOND KING, NUMA POMPILIUS, THE SABINE 715-673 B.C. (De Eep. II. 13, 25.) Cum aliis esse praestantem Numam Pompilium fama ferret, praetermissis suis civibus regem alienigenam patri- bus auctoribus sibi ipse populus adscivit ; eumque ad reg- nandum, Sabinum hominem, Romam Curibus accivit. Qui ut hue venit, homines Romanos institute Romuli 5 bellicis studiis quod vidit incensos existimavit eos paulum ab ilia consuetudine esse revocandos. Ac primum agros quos bello Romulus ceperat divisit viritim civibus, docuit- que sine depopulatione atque praeda eos colendis agris abundare commodis omnibus, amoremque eis oti et pacis 10 iniecit, quibus facillime iustitia et fides convalescit, et quorum patrocinio maxime cultus agrorum perceptioque frugum defenditur. Adiunxit praeterea flamines, Salios, virginesque Yestales, omnesque partes religionis statuit sanctissime. Quibus rebus institutis ad humanitatem 15 atque mansuetudinem revocavit animos hominum studiis bellandi iam immanes ac feros. Sic ille, cum unde- quadraginta annos summa in pace concordiaque regna- visset, excessit e vita; duabus praeclarissimis ad diu- turnitatem rei publicae rebus confirmatis, religione atque 20 dementia. 4 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. III. THE THIRD KING, TULLUS HOSTILIUS 673-640 B.C. (DeEep. 11.17,31.) Mortuo rege Pompilio Tullum Hostilium populus regem, interrege rogante, comitiis curiatis creavit, cuius excellens in re militari gloria, magnaeque exstiterunt res bellicae. Constituitque ius quo bella indicerentur ; ut omne bellum s quod denuntiatum indictumque non esset, id iniustum esse atque impium iudicaretur. Et ut advertatis animum, quam sapienter iam reges hoc nostri viderint tribuenda quaedam esse populo multa enim nobis de eo genere dicenda sunt ne insignibus quidem regiis Tullus, nisi 10 iussu populi, est ausus uti. TV. THE FOURTH KING, ANGUS MARCIUS 640-616 B.C. (De Eep. II. 18, 33.) Post eum Numae Pompili nepos ex filia rex a populo est Ancus Marcius constitutus ; itemque de imperio suo legem curiatam tulit. Qui cum Latinos bello devicisset adscivit eos in civitatem. Atque idem Aventinum et s Caelium montem adiunxit urbi ; quosque agros ceperat divisit ; et ad ostium Tiberis urbem condidit colonisque firmavit. Atque ita cum tres et viginti regnavisset annos est mortuus. THE SEVEN KINGS OF ROME. 5 V. THE FIFTH KING, TAKQUINIUS PKISCUS 615-578 B.C. (De Kep. II. 19, 34.) (a) His origin. Fuisse quendam ferunt Demaratum Corinthium, et honore et auctoritate et fortunis facile civitatis suae principem, qui, ciim Corinthiorum tyrannum Cypselum ferre non potuisset, fugisse cum magna pecunia dicitur, ac se contulisse Tarquinios, in urbem Etruriae florentis- simam. Cumque audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam vir liber ac fortis, et adscitus est civis a Tarquiniensibus, atque in ea civitate domicilium ac sedes collocavit. (b) He removes from Tarquinii to Rome. [The part which in Cicero here followed is lost. Its place is therefore supplied by a passage from Livy, I. 34.] Uxore ibi ducta duos filios Demaratus genuit. Nomura his Lucumo atque Arruns fuerunt. Lucumo superfuit patri bonorum omnium heres ; Arruns prior quam pater moritur. Spernentibus Etruscis Lucumonem exsule advena ortum, ferre indignitatem Tanaquil, uxor eius, non potuit; oblitaque ingenitae erga patriam caritatis, i dum modo virum honoratum videret, consilium migrandi ab Tarquiniis cepit. Koma est ad id potissimum visa. In novo populo futurum esse locum forti ac strenuo viro; arcessitum in regnum Numam a Curibus, et Ancum Sabina 6 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. 20 matre ortum esse. Sublatis itaque rebus commigrant Romam, ubi facile in civitatem receptus est. (c) He is elected King. (De. Rep. II. 20, 35.) Erat in eo summa comitas, summa in omnes cives opis, auxili, defensionis, largiendi etiam benignitas. Itaque, mortuo Marcio, cunctis populi suffragiis rex est creatus L. 2 5 Tarquinius. Isque principio duplicavit ilium pristinum patrum numerum, et antiques patres maiorum gentium appellavit, quos priores sententiam rogabat ; a se adscitos, minorum. Atque eundem primum ludos maximos, qui Romani dicti sunt, fecisse accepimus ; aedemque in 3 Capitolio lovi Optimo Maximo bello Sabino vovisse facienclam; mortuumque esse cum duodequadraginta regnavisset annos. (d) The story of Tarquinius and the Augur. (De Div. I. 17, 32.) Frisco regnante Tarquinio augur erat Attus Navius in magno nomine ac gloria. Cuius cum tentaret scientiam 35 auguratus, rex dixit ei cogitare se quiddam ; id possetne fieri consuluit. Ille augurio acto posse respondit. Tar- quinius autem dixit, se cogitasse cotem novacula posse praecidi. Turn Attium iussisse experiri. Ita cotem in comitium adlatam, inspectante et rege et populo, nova- 40 cula esse discisam. Ex eo evenit ut et Tarquinius augure Atto Navio uteretur, et populus de suis rebus ad eum referret. Cotem autem illam et novaculam defossam in comitio, supraque impositum puteal accepimus. THE SEVEN KINGS OF ROME. 7 VI. THE SIXTH KING, SERVIUS TULLIUS 577-534 B.C. (De Kep. II. 21, 37.) Post eum Servius Tullius primus non iussu sed con- cessu et voluntate populi regnavisse traditur ; quern ferunt ex serva Tarquiniensi natum. Qui cum famulorum numero educatus ad epulas regis adsisteret, non latuit scintilla ingeni quae iam turn elucebat in puero ; sic erat s in omni vel officio vel sermone sollers. Itaque Tarquinius, qui admodum parvos turn haberet liberos, sic Servium diligebat ut is eius vulgo haberetur filius ; atque eum summo studio omnibus eis artibus quas ipse didicerat erudiit. Sed cum Tarquinius insidiis Anci filiorum IQ interiisset, et ex vulnere aeger fuisse et vivere falso diceretur, ille regio ornatu ius dixit, obaeratosque sua pecunia liberavit, multaque comitate usus a populo tandem iussus est regnare. VII. THE SEVENTH AND LAST KING, TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS 534-509 B.C. (De Kep. II. 24, 45.) (a) His bad reign. Tarquinio, quamvis iniusto domino atque acerbo, aliquamdiu in rebus gerendis prospere fortuna comitata est. Nam et omne Latium bello devicit, et Suessam 8 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. Pometiam, urbem opulentam refertamque cepit ; et 5 maxima aim argentique praeda locupletatus votum patris Capitoli aedificatione persolvit, et colonias deduxit, et dona magnifica quasi libamenta praedarum Delphos ad Apollinem misit. Sed primum optimi regis caede maculatus integra mente non erat, et, cum metueret ipse 10 poenam sceleris sui summam, metui se volebat. Deinde victoria divitiisque subnixus exsultabat insolentia, neque suos mores regere poterat, neque suorum libidines. Itaque cum maior eius filius Lucretiae, Collatini uxori, vim attulisset, mulierque pudens et nobilis ob illam is iniuriam sese ipsa morte multavisset, turn vir ingenio et virtute praestans, L. Brutus, depulit a civibus suis iniustum illud durae servitutis iugum. Quo auctore et principe concitata civitas, et hac recenti querella Lucretiae patris et propinquorum, et recordatione superbiae 20 Tarquini, multarumque iniuriarum et ipsius et filiorum, exsulem et regem ipsum et liberos eius et gentem Tarquiniorum esse iussit. (b) End of the Kingdom. (De Kep. XXX. 53.) His autem regiis quadraginta annis et ducentis paulo cum interregnis fere amplius praeteritis, expulsoque Tar- 35 quinio, tantum odium populum Romanum regalis nominis tenuit, quantum tenuerat post obitum vel potius excessum Romuli desiderium. Itaque ut turn carere rege, sic pulso Tarquinio nomen regis audire non poterat. THE REPUBLIC. THE REPUBLIC. VIII. PUBLIUS VALERIUS PUBLICOLA, FIRST CONSUL OF ROME 509 B.C. (De Rep. II. 31, 54.) On the expulsion of the Tarquins, the Senate elected Lucius lunius Brutus, who had taken the chief part in it, and Tarquin- ius Collatinus, to be joint rulers, with the name of Consul. But the people would not accept Collatinus, because he was related to the kingly family ; so Valerius was elected in his stead, and ruled so prudently that he was called Publicola (populus-colo), i.e. the Friend of the People. Hac mente turn nostri maiores et Collatinum innocen- tem suspicione cognationis expulerunt, et reliquos Tar- quinios ofFensione nominis. Eademque mente P.. Valerius et fasces primus demitti iussit, cum dicere in contione coepisset, et aedes suas detulit sub Veliam, postea quam, 5 quod in excelsiore loco Veliae coepisset aedificare, eo ipso ubi rex Tullus habitaverat, suspicionem populi sensit moveri. Idemque, in quo fuit Publicola maxime, legem ad populum tulit earn quae centuriatis comitiis prim a lata est, ne quis magistratus civem Romanum adversus provo- 10 cationem necaret neve verberaret. Itaque Publicola lege ilia de provocatione perlata, statim secures de fascibus demi iussit, postridieque sibi collegam Sp. Lucretium subrogavit, suosque ad eum, quod erat maior natu, lictores transire iussit ; instituitque primus ut singulis consulibus 15 alternis mensibus lictores praeirent, ne plura insignia 10 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. essent imperi in libero populo quam in regno fuissent. Hand mediocris hie vir fuit, qui modica libertate populo data facilius tenuit auctoritatem principum. IX. GNAEUS MAECIUS CORIOLANUS 490 B.C. A HAUGHTY PATRICIAN. (Brutus X. 41.) Shakespeare has written a tragedy on the subject of Coriolanus. The legend is that he had won a great many battles for the Romans, but made himself so hated by the plebeians that he was banished and became the general of the Volscians, the enemies of the Romans. He then advanced against Rome, but at the entreaty of his mother withdrew his army, and died in exile at Corioli, the capital of the Volscians. Nostra civitate non ita pridem dominatu regio liberata, bellum Volscorum gravissimum erat, cui Coriolanus exsul interfuit, eodem fere tempore quo Persarum bellum fuit ; similisque fortuna clarorum virorum Coriolani et Them- 5 istoclis ; si quidem uterque, cum civis egregius fuisset, populi ingrati pulsus iniuria se ad hostes contulit, cona- tumque iracundiae suae morte sedavit. X. SPUKIUS CASSIUS 486 B.C. A GENEROUS PATRICIAN. (De Kep. II. 35, 60.) Spurius Cassius was a champion of the rights of the plebeians, and was therefore, like Spurius Maelius (see No. XL), put to death by the patricians on the charge of trying to make himself king. The legend that his own father condemned him occurs in many of the Roman stories, especially that of Manlius, No. XII. THE REPUBLIC. 11 Quo in statu rei publicae Sp. Cassiumde occupando regno molientem, summa apud populum gratia florentem, quaestor accusavit ; eumque cum pater in ea culpa com- perisse se dixit, cedente populo, rnorte mactavit. XL ClNCINNATUS AND CuRIUS 458 AND 274 B.C. KEPUBLICAN SIMPLICITY. (De Sen. XVI. 55.) Lucius Quiuctius Cincinnatus, one of the most famous heroes of old Rome, was twice made Dictator. The first time was 458 B.C., when the messengers of the Senate, who came to tell him that he was made Dictator, found him driving the plough. The second time, 439 B.C., he was elected in order to put down Spurius Maelius, who, like Spurius Cassius (No. X.), was the champion of the plebeians. Cincinnatus sent for Maelius to put him' to death; and when he refused to come, Gaius Servilius Ahala, the Master of the Horse, slew him. Manius Curius Dentatus conquered the Sabines and Samnites, and drove Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, out of Italy. It was in his third consulship, 274 B.C., that the ambassadors of the Samnites, bringing him a large present of gold, found him roasting his dinner of turnips, and were rebuffed, as Cicero here describes. In rustica vita M'. Curius, cum de Samnitibus, de Sabi- nis, de Pyrrho triumphasset, consumpsit extremum tempus aetatis. Curio autem ad focum sedenti magnum auri pondus Samnites cum attulissent repudiati sunt. Non enim aurum habere praeclarum sibi videri dixit, sed eis qui haberent aurum imperare. Poteratne tantus animus non efficere iucundam senectutem 1 In agris turn erant senatores, id est senes ; si quidem aranti L. Quinctio Cin 12 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. cinnato nuntiatum est eum dictatorem esse factum; cuius 10 dictatoris iussu magister equitum C. Servilius Ahala Sp. Maelium regnum appetentem occupatum interemit. A villa in senatum arcessebantur et Curius et ceteri senes; ex quo qui eos arcessebant viatores nominati sunt. Num igitiir horum senectus miserabilis fuit qui se agri cultione 15 oblectabant 1 Mea quidem sententia haud scio an nulla beatior possit esse. XII. TITUS MANLIUS TORQUATUS 362 B.C. A DUTIFUL SON, BUT A CKUEL FATHER. (De Oft. III. 31, 112.) L. Manlio, A. F., cum dictator fuisset, M. Pomponius, tr. pi., diem dixit quod is paucos sibi dies ad dictaturam gerendam addidisset ; criminabatur etiam quod T. filium, qui postea est Torquatus appellatus, ab hominibus rele- 5 gasset, et ruri habitare iussisset. Quod cum audivisset adulescens filius negotium exhiberi patri, accurrisse Eo- mam, et cum prima luce Pomponi domum venisse dicitur. Cui cum esset nuntiatum, qui ilium iratum adlaturum ad se aliquid contra patrem arbitraretur, surrexit e 10 lectulo, remotisque arbitris ad se adulescentem iussit venire. At ille ut ingressus est confestim gladium de- strinxit, iuravitque ilium statim interfecturum nisi ius iur- andum sibi dedisset se patrem missum esse factumm. luravit hoc terrore coactus Pomponius ; rem ad populum *s detulit ; docuit cur sibi causa desistere necesse esset ; Manlium missum fecit. Tantum temporibus illis ius iur- andum valebat. THE REPUBLIC. 13 Hie T. Manlius is est qui ad Anienem Galli, quern ab eo provocatus occiderat, torque detracto cognomen invenit ; cuius tertio consulatu Latini ad Veserim fusi ac fugati : 20 magnus vir in primis, et qui perindulgens in patrem idem acerbe severus in filium erat ; quern securi percussit quod, ad versus edictum, in Geminum Mettium, equitem Tus- culanum, pugnavisset. XIII. THE DECII 340, 295, and 279 B.C. A FAMILY OF PATRIOTS. (De Div. I. 24, 51.) The Decii, though plebeians, were among the most famous of Roman families, because three of them in succession, all called P. Decius Mus, devoted themselves to death for the sake of their country. The first of them was consul with Manlius (No. XL) in 340 B.C. When the Romans were encamped against the Latins, before the battle of Veseris, the- consuls saw a vision that the general on one side and the army on the other must fall. Hereupon Decius covered his head, and rushed into the battle to his death, while the Latins were utterly routed. His son did the same at the battle of Sentinum, in Etruria, 295 B.C. ; and his grandson (according to one tradition), likewise, in the war against King Pyrrhus of Epirus, at the battle of Asculum in Apulia, 279 B.C. (a) P. Decius ille, Q. F., qui primus e Deciis consul fuit, cum esset tr. mil., M. Valerio, A. Cornelio coss., a Samnitibusque premeretur noster exercitus, cum pericula proeliorum iniret audacius, monereturque ut cautior esset, dixit (quod exstat in annalibus) : sibi in somnis visum esse, 5 cum in mediis hostibus versaretur, occidere cum maxima 14 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. gloria. Et turn quidem incolumis exercitum obsidione liberavit. Post triennium autem, cum consul esset, devovit se, et in aciem Latinorum inrupit armatus. Quo 10 eius facto superati sunt et deleti Latini. Cuius mors ita gloriosa fuit ut eandem concupisceret films. (b) Effect of their example. (Tusc. Disp. I. 37, 89.) Quotiens non modo ductores nostri sed universi etiam exercitus ad non dubiam mortem concurrerunt ! Quae quidem si timeretur, non L. Brutus arcens eum reditu *s tyrannum quern ipse expulerat in proelio concidisset ; non cum Latinis decertans pater Decius, cum Etruscis films, cum Pyrrho nepos, se hostium telis obiecissent. XIV. MARCUS VALERIUS CORVUS 371-271 B.C. A VIGOROUS OLD AGE. (De Sen. XVII. 60.) Marcus Valerius was called Corvus (i.e. the Raven), because, in the war against the Gauls, while he was fighting their champion in single combat, a raven settled on the head of the Gaul and blinded him, so that he was slain. Corvus lived to be nearly 100 years old ; he was six times consul, and twice dictator, and was one of the greatest of Roman generals. Non aetas impedit quominus et ceterarum rerum, et in primis agri colendi studia teneamus usque ad ultimum tempus aetatis. M. quidem Valerium Corvum accepimus ad centesimum annum perduxisse, cum esset acta iam THE REPUBLIC. 15 aetate in agris, eosque coleret. Cuius inter primum et 5 sextum consulatum sex et quadraginta anni interfuerunt. Itaque quantum spatium aetatis maiores nostri ad senec- tutis initium esse voluerunt, tantus illi cursus honorum fuit; atque eius extrema aetas hoc beatior quam media, quod auctoritatis plus habebat, laboris vero 10 minus. XY. SPUKIUS POSTUMIUS 321 B.C. ; AND GAIUS MANCINUS 137 B.C. PATRIOTISM. (De Off. III. 30, 109.) In the year 321 the Samnite general, Gams Pontius, entrapped the Roman army under the consuls Postumius and Veturius in the narrow pass of Caudium, and took them all prisoners. The consuls then signed a treaty very favourable to the Sam- nites, and the prisoners were dismissed, except 600 hostages. Postumius himself then moved that the treaty should be refused, and the hostages given back ; which was done, but the noble Pontius refused to receive them. Thirty years later Pontius himself was taken prisoner, and the Romans actually beheaded him. Gains Hostilius Mancinus was consul in 137 B.C., when, being defeated by the people of Numantia in Spain, he acted just as Postumius had done, and was given up to the Numantines, who refused to receive him. Quintus Pompeius was consul four years before Mancinus, and made a deceitful treaty with the people of Numantia, but, when the Numantines had performed their part, urged the senate not to accept it. T. Veturius et Sp. Postumius cum iterum consules essent, quia, cum male pugnatum apud Caudium esset, 16 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. legionibus nostris sub iugum missis, pacem cum Samniti- bus fecerant, dediti sunt eis, iniussu enim populi senat- 5 usque fecerant : eodemque tempore Ti. Numicius, Q. Maelius, qui turn tr. pi. erant, quod eorum auctoritate pax erat facta, dediti sunt, ut pax Samnitium repudiaretur. Atque huius deditionis ipse Postumius qui dedebatur suasor et auctor fuit. Quod idem multis annis post C. 10 Mancinus ; qui ut Numantinis, quibuscum sine senatus auctoritate foedus fecerat, dederetur, rogationem suasit earn quam P. Furius, S. Attilius ex S.C. ferebant : qua accepta est hostibus deditus. Honestius hie quam Q. Pompeius; quo, cum in eadem causa esset, deprecante *s accepta lex non est. Hie ea quae videbatur utilitas plus valuit quam honestas ; apud superiores utilitatis species falsa ab honestatis auctoritate superata est. XVI. APPIUS CLAUDIUS THE BLIND 280 B.C. A GRAND OLD MAN. (De Sen. VI. 15.) Appius Claudius, who was censor, consul, and dictator, began the great Appian road from Rome to Capua and Brundisiuin. In the year 280 B.C. King Pyrrhus sent ambassadors to propose a peace, but the blind old statesman was led in, and spoke so vehemently against it that it was rejected. This scene is often compared to one in our own House of Lords, when the great Lord Chatham was led in to make his last protest against yielding to our American colonies. Num. a rebus gerendis senectus abstrahit 1 Quibus 1 An eis quae geruntur iuventute et viribus? JSTullaene THE REPUBLIC. igitur res sunt seniles quae vel infirmis corporibus animo tamen administrentur. Ad Appi Claudi senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset : tamen is, cum sententia 5 senatus inclinaret ad pacem cum Pyrrho foedusque facien- dum, non dubitavit dicere ilia quae versibus prosecutus est Ennius ' Quo vobis mentes, rectae quae stare solebant Antehac, dementes sese flexere viai ? " 10 ceteraque gravissime ; notum enim carmen est et tamen ipsius Appi exstat oratio. Atque haec ille egit septimo decimo anno post alterum consulatum, cum inter duos consulatus anni decem interfuissent, censorque ante superi- orem consulatum fuisset, ex quo intellegitur Pyrrhi bello 15 grandem sane fuisse ; et tamen sic a patribus accepimus. Nihil igitur afierunt qui in re gerenda versari senectutem negant, similesque sunt ut si qui gubernatorem in navi- gando nihil agere dicant, cum alii malos scandant, alii per foros cursent, alii sentinam exhauriant, ille autem clavum 20 tenens quietus sedeat in puppi. Non facit ea quae iuvenes ; at vero multo maiora et meliora facit. Non viribus aut velocitatibus aut celeritate corporum res magnae geruntur, sed consilio, auctoritate, sententia: quibus non modo non orbari sed etiam augeri senectus 25 solet. 18 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. XVII. GAIUS FABEICIUS LUSCINUS 278 B.C. HONOUR BETWEEN ENEMIES. (De Off. III. 22, 86.) Fabricius was one of the greatest Roman generals in the war against King Pyrrhus (see Nos. XL, XIII. , and XVI.) He was consul in this year 278, when Pyrrhus' physician offered to poison his master. Pyrrhus, it is said, was so gratified by the generosity of the Roman consuls that he released their prisoners without ransom. Cum rex Pyrrhus populo Eomano bellum ultro intu- lisset, cumque de imperio certamen esset cum rege gene- roso ac potenti, perfuga ab eo venit in castra Fabric!, consulis iterum, eique est pollicitus si praemium sibi 5 posuissetj se, ut clam venisset, sic clam in castra Pyrrhi rediturum, et eum veneno necaturum. Hunc Fabricius reducendum curavit ad Pyrrhum, idque eius factum lauda- tum a senatu est. Atqui si speciem utilitatis opinionem- que quaerimus, magnum illud bellum perfuga unus et 10 gravem adversarium imperi sustulisset : sed magnum dedecus et flagitium, quicum laudis certamen fuisset, eum non virtute sed scelere superatum. Utrum igitur utilius vel Fabricio, qui talis in hac urbe qualis Athenis Aris tides fuit, vel senatui nostro, qui numquam utilitatem is a dignitate seiunxit, armis cum hoste certare, an venenis 1 Si gloriae causa imperium expetendum est, scelus absit, in quo non potest esse gloria ; sin ipsae opes expetuntur quoquo modo, non poterunt utiles esse cum infamia. THE REPUBLIC. 19 XVIII. PUBLIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER 249 B.C. AN IRREVERENT CONSUL. (De Nat. Deor. II. 3, 7.) Publius Claudius was son of Appius Claudius the Blind (XVI. ) He was consul, 249 B.C., in the First Punic "War. He attacked the Carthaginian fleet at Drepanum, in Sicily, and was utterly defeated ; owing (as the Romans believed) to his contempt for the omens, which were always taken before a battle. The fleet of his colleague, L. lunius, the plebeian consul, was wrecked about the same time. Gaius Flaininius was consul 217 B.C. He was utterly defeated by Hannibal at the great battle of Lake Trasimenus, in Etruria, where he was killed. This defeat also was believed to have been caused by neglecting the omens. The story is told more fully in No. XXI. Nihilne nos P. Claudi bello Punico prime- temeritas movebit, qui etiam per iocum deos irridens, cum cavea liberati pulli non pascerentur, mergi eos in aquam iussit, ut biberent quo-mam esse nollent ? Qui risus classe devicta multas ipsi lacrimas, magnam populo Romano cladein 5 attulit. Quid 1 collega eius lunius eodem bello non tempestate classem amisit, cum auspiciis non paruisset? Itaque Claudius a populo condemnatus est, lunius necem sibi ipse conscivit. C. Flaminium Caelius religione neglecta cecidisse apud Trasimenum scribit, cum magno xo rei publicae vulnere. Quorum exitio intellegi potest, eorum imperils rem publicam amplificatam qui religionibus paruis- sent : et si conferre volumus nostra cum externis, ceteris rebus aut pares aut etiam inferiores reperiemur, religione, id est cultu deorum, multo superiores. 15 20 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. XIX. MARCUS ATTILIUS KEGULTJS 250 B.C. A MARTYR FOR HIS COUNTRY. (De Off. III. 26, 99.) In the First Punic War, 255 B.C., Regulus, the Roman con- sul, was defeated near Carthage . by the Carthaginians, under a Spartan general named Xanthippus. Five years afterwards he was allowed to go to Rome, under an oath that he would return to Carthage if he did not persuade the Senate to make peace and exchange prisoners. But, like Spurius Postumius and Gaius Mancinus (No. XV.), he urged the Senate to refuse to make peace, and calmly returned to Carthage to be put to death in frightful tortures. The story is one of the most famous in the Roman annals, but happily the tortures at least are very doubt- ful. Horace has written a celebrated Ode (III. 5) on Regulus. M. Attilius Regulus, cum consul iterum in Africa ex insidiis captus esset, duce Xanthippo Lacedaemonio, imperatore autem patre Hannibalis Hamilcare, iuratus missus est ad senatum, ut, nisi redditi essent Poenis 5 captivi nobiles quidam, rediret ipse Karthaginem. Is cum Romam venisset utilitatis speciem videbat ; sed earn, ut res declarat, falsam iudicavit. Quae erat talis : manere in patria ; esse domi suae cum uxore, cum liberis ; quam calamitatem accepisset in bello communem fortunae 10 bellicae iudicantem, tenere consularis dignitatis gra- dum. Quis haec negat esse utilia? Magnitude animi et fortitude negat. Num locupletiores quaeris auc- tores? Harum enim est virtutum proprium nihil ex- timescere, omnia humana despicere, nihil quod homini 15 accidere possit intolerandum putare. Itaque quid fecit 1 THE REPUBLIC. 21 In senatum venit ; mandata exposuit ; sententiam ne diceret recusavit ; quam diu iure iurando hostium teneretur non esse se senator em. Atque illud etiam o stultum hominem, dixerit quispiam, et repugnantem utilitati suae! reddi captives negavit esse utile : illos enim adulescentes 20 esse et bonos duces, se iam confectum senectute. Cuius cum valuisset auctoritas captivi retenti sunt, ipse Karthaginem rediit ; neque eum caritas patriae retinuit nee suorum. Neque vero turn ignorabat se ad crudelissimum hostem et ad exquisita supplicia proficisci ; sed ius iurandum con- 25 servandum putabat. Itaque turn, cum resectis palpebris, illigatus in machina, vigilando et fame necabatur, erat in meliore causa quam si domi senex captivus, periurus consularis, remansisset. XX. THE TOO CUNNING AMBASSADOR 216 B.C. A CONTRAST TO KEGULUS. (De Off. III. 32, 113.) At the great battle of Cannae, in Apulia, 216 B.C., Hannibal utterly routed the Romans under the consuls Aemilius Paullus and Yarro, and killed about 50,000 men, including Aemilius. Yet even after this terrible disaster the Senate refused to make any concessions, and at last Hannibal was driven out of Italy. Ut laudandus Eegulus in conservando iure iurando, sic decem illi quos post Cannensem pugnam iuratos ad sena- tum misit Hannibal, se in castra redituros ea quorum potiti erant Poem, nisi de redimendis captivis impetravis- sent, si non redierunt, vituperandi. De quibus non 5 omnes uno modo ; nam Polybius, bonus auctor in primis, 22 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. scribit ex decem nobilissimis qui turn erant missi novem revertisse, a senatu re non impetrata ; unum, qui paulo post quam erat egressus e castris redissetj quasi aliquid 10 esset oblituSj Romae remansisse. Reditu enim in castra liberatum se esse hire iurando interpretabatur : non recte ; fraus enim distringit, non dissolvit periurium. Fuit igitur stulta calliditas perverse imitata prudentiam. Itaque decrevit senatus ut ille veterator et callidus vinctus ad 15 Hannibalem duceretur. The Senate refuses to redeem the captives. Sed illud maximum. Octo hominum milia tenebat Hannibal, non quos in acie cepisset, aut qui periculo mortis aufugissent, sed qui relicti in castris fuissent a Paullo et Varrone coss. Eos senatus non censuit redi- 20 mendos, cum id parva pecunia fieri posset, ut esset insi- tum militibus nostris aut vincere aut emori. Qua quidem re audita fractum animum Hannibalis scribit idem, quod senatus populusque Romanus rebus afflictis tarn excelso ammo fuisset. Sic honestatis comparatione ea quae 25 videntur utilia vincuntur. XXI. GAIUS FLAMINIUS, 217 B.C. WARNINGS NEGLECTED. (De Div. I. 35, 77.) For an account of Flaminius see the Introduction to No. XVIII. Bello Punico secundo 0. Flaminius, cos. iterum, neglexit signa rerum futurarum, magna cum clade rei publicae. Nam, exercitu lustrato, cum Arretium versus castra THE REPUBLIC. 23 movisset, et contra Hannibalem legiones duceret, et ipse et equus eius ante signum lovis Statoris sine causa repente 5 concidit ; nee earn rem habuit religion!, obiecto signo, ut peritis videbatur, ne committeret proelium. Idem cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem proeli committendi differebat. Turn Flaminius ex eo quaesivit, si ne postea quidem pulli pascerentur, quid faciendum censeret. Cum 10 ille quiescendum respondisset, Flaminius : Praeclara vero ampicia, si esurientibus pullis res geri poterit, saturis nihil geretur ! Itaque signa convelli et se sequi iussit. Quo tempore cum signifer primi hastati signum non posset movere loco, nee quidquam proficeretur plures cum acce- 15 derent, Flaminius, re nuntiata, suo more neglexit. Itaque tribus horis concisus exercitus, atque ipse interfectus est. Magnum illud etiam, quod addidit Caelius, eo tempore ipso cum hoc calamitosum fieret proelium tantos terrae motus in Liguribus, Gallia, compluribusque insulis, totaque 2o in Italia factos esse, ut multa oppida corruerint, multis locis labes factae sint, terraeque desederint, fluminaque in contrarias partes fluxerint, atque in amnes mare influxerit. XXII. QUINTFS FABIUS MAXIMUS, 216 B.C. A PATIENT GENEKAL. (De Sen. IV. 10.) After the terrible battle of Cannae (No. XX. ), Fabius Maxi- mus was chosen general. He was called Cunctator, the Lingerer, because his policy was never to fight a battle with Hannibal, but to exhaust his army by continually moving about and cutting off the supplies. This made it possible for the Roman 24 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. army in time to recover from the great disaster, and at last to drive Hannibal out of Italy. Fabius was consul five times. Cicero has made a mistake in this piece. It was not Marcus Livius JSalinator (one of the consuls who defeated Hasdrubal at the battle of the Metaurus, 207 B. c. ), but Marcus Livius Macatus who lost Tarentum. Q. Maximus et bella gerebat ut adulescens cum plane grandis esset, et Hannibalem iuveniliter exsultantem patientia sua molliebat ; de quo praeclare noster Ennius : Unus homo nobis cundando restituit rem ; 5 Non ponebat enim rumores ante salutem. Ergo postque magisque mri nunc gloria claret. Tarentum vero, qua vigilantia, quo consilio recepit ! cum quidem Salinatori, qui amisso oppido fugerat in arcem, glorianti atque ita dicenti : Mea opera, Q. Fdbi, Taren- 10 turn recepisti; Certe, inquit ridens ; nam nisi tu amisisses numquam recepissem. Nee vero in armis praestantior quam in toga ; qui cos. iterum, Sp. Carvilio collega quies- cente, C. Flaminio, tr. pi., quoad potuit restitit, agrum Picentem et Gallicum viritim contra senatus auctoritatem 15 dividenti : augurque cum esset dicere ausus est optimis auspiciis ea geri quae pro rei publicae salute gererentur ; quae contra rem publicam ferrentur contra auspicia ferri. Multa in eo viro praeclara; sed nihil est admirabilius quam quo modo ille mortem fili tulit, clari viri et consul- 20 aris. Est in manibus laudatio ; quam cum legimus quern philosophum non contemnimus 1 Nee vero ille in luce modo atque in oculis civium magnus, sed intus domique praestantior. Qui sermo ! quae praecepta ! quanta notitia antiquitatis ! quae scientia iuris auguri ! Multae etiam, THE REPUBLIC. 25 ut in homine Komano, litterae. Omnia memoria tenebat, 25 non domestica solum, sed etiam externa bella. XXIII. MAKCUS PORCIUS CATO, 184 B.C. THE LAST OF THE OLD ROMANS. (De Off. I. 11, 36.) Cato is generally known as Cato the Censor, because, in his famous censorship, 184 B.C., he tried to bring things back to the times of Cincinnatus and Curius. He was great-grandfather of Cato of Utica, the opponent of Caesar. He is best known by the sentence with which he ended every speech in the Senate : Delenda est Karthago, Carthage must be destroyed. Cato may be called the last of the old Romans, such as we have been read- ing about, because he only died forty years before Cicero was born. Belli aequitas sanctissime fetiali populi Romani iure perscripta est. Ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse iustum nisi quod aut repetitis geratur, aut denuntia- tum ante sit et indie turn. Popilius imperator tenebat provinciam, in cuius exercitu Catonis films tiro militabat. Cum autem Popilio videretur unam dimittere legionem, Catonis quoque filium, qui in eadem legione militabat, dimisit. Sed cum amore pugnandi in exercitu remansisset, Cato ad Popilium scripsit, ut, si eum pateretur in exercitu remanere, secundo eum obligaret militiae sacramento, quia, * priore amisso, iure cum hostibus pugnare non poterat. Adeo summa erat observatio in bello movendo. M. quidem Catonis senis epistula est ad M. filium, in qua scripsit se audisse eum missum factum esse a consule, cum 26 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY FROM CICERO. 15 in Macedonia Persico bello miles esset. Monet igitur ut caveat ne proelium ineat ; negat enim ius esse qui miles non sit cum hoste pugnare. XXIV. SUMMAKY. (De Rep. II. 1, 2.) The reason for the greatness of the Roman Republic that it never depended on one great man, but always had many heroes amongst the citizens. Hanc ob causam praestat nostrae civitatis status ceteris civitatibus, quod in illis singuli fuerunt fere qui suam quisque rem publicam constituerunt legibus atque institutis suis : nostra autem res publica non unius est ingenio, sed 5 multorum; nee una hominis vita, sed aliquot constituta saeculis et aetatibus. ABBREVIATIONS. (Compare Pr. p. 132.) A.U.C., anno urbis conditae, the year since the city was built, i.e. deduct the figure from 753 B.C., and you get the date before Christ. Cos., coss., consul, consules (consulibus, if abl.) In abbrevia- tions the Romans express a plural by doubling the last letter. Thus MS. = manuscript, but MSS. manuscripts. P.C., patres (et) conscript!, the original fathers (senators), and those enrolled afterwards : = the Senate. S. C. , senatus consultum, a decree of the Senate. Tr. pi., tribune of the plebs (commons); tr. mil., military tribune. S.P.Q.R., Senatus populusque Bomanus, the Senate and People of Rome. Praenomina, or individual names. These corresponded to our Christian names, and were gener- ally only written in initials. A. Aulus. P. Publius. C. 1 Gaius. Q. Quintus. Cn. 1 Gnaeus. S. (or Sex.) Sextus. D. Decimus (not Decius). Ser. Servius. L. Lucius. Sp. Spurius. M. Marcus. T. Titus. M'. Manius. The other abbreviations, such as pf. (perfect), impf. (imper- fect), subj. (subjunctive), noin. (nominative), etc., hardly need explanation. The references preceded by Pr. (as Pr. 151) are to the sections of the Public School Latin Primer (ed. 1882), unless p. also precedes (as Pr. p. 149), when the reference is to the page. i The Romans wrote the initials, but not the full name of Gaius (a tri- syllable, Ga-i-us), and Gnaeus, with a C, though the name was pronounced soft, like G. NOTES. I. ROMULUS. Line 2. Condendae, ' the building. ' The gerundive does not always mean what must be done, but is only a longer form of the present participle. See Primer, Index, under the word Gerundium. 3. patre, abl. of origin ; Pr. 123. Sometimes the prep, is added, as in VI. 3. Dicitur . . . iussus esse. Copulative verbs like dicor, videor, etc., are used personally with the inf., rather than impersonally with the ace. and inf. Thus dicitur iussus esse is better than dicitur eum iussum esse would have been. Pr. p. 140. 5. ad Tiberim, 'by the Tiber.' According to Livy the river had overflowed, and they were put in the shallow water. 6. cum esset ; cum with the subj. should not generally be translated by ' when, ' but by the participle : = ' having been. ' silvestris beluae. This, in the legend, was a she-wolf. Two wolves are still kept on the Capitol at Rome. 8. ut adoleverit. Ut y here = when, and therefore would take the indie. , but for being subordinate to the oratio obliqua following perhibetur. Pr. 152, ii. 9. ferocitate. Notice ih&tferox = bold; ferns fierce. 10. hodie = hoc die ; dies masc. = day ; dies fern. = time ; Tonga dies = a long time ; therefore it is only masc. in the pi., because ' time ' needs no plural. 11. copiis ; notice the different meaning of sing, and pi. The dative may be considered as one of gratification (Pr. 106, 3), or as with a trajective word, praebuisset, that being a com- pound of prae. Pr. 106, a. 15. qua. Remember that a relative pronoun must often be translated by a demonstrative pronoun with a conjunction, i.e. not 'which glory,' but 'now this glory.' Pr. p. 156 (3). 16. neque is not followed by neque here as usual, but lay sed. NOTES. 29 When neque is followed by sed or et, do not translate it by ' neither, ' but simply by ' not. ' 17. providentia. This maybe the abl. of quality (Pr. 115), or it may be taken as the abl. of the instrument, with sensit. 18. ad spem, ' in the hope/ 19. conderentur . . . essent. Why are these subordinate to oratio obliqua, and therefore in the subj. ? (Pr. 151 ; 152, ii.) Because sensit ac videt is the same as if Cicero had written, ' he said to himself.' imperi. The genitive of proper names in ius, and neuter nouns in ium is i, not ii ; thus Pompili, imperi. 20. periculis, dat., with trajective word. Pr. 106, a. 21. qui, not nom., but the old form of the abl., 'in what way.' 24. quo ; lit. ' by which way ; ' translate * that thus ; ' see note on 1. 15. 25. quo. Pr. 119, b. eodemque . . . terra, i.e. Romulus expected not only to import (absorbere) both food and luxuries (res ad victum cultum- que) from the sea (mari abl. ), but also to have them brought to the city (invectas) by means of the river Tiber. 29. potuisset. The conjunctive (not subjunctive) mood of a contingent statement ( = would have). It is contingent, because it really means ' if the city had been in any other part it could not have had such advantages.' Pr. p. 152, B. 30. ex omni parte. We say { on every side ;' the Romans said, ' (looked at) from every side. ' 31. arx; by this Cicero means the Capitoline Hill (see map of Rome), which was never taken, though the Gauls, under King Brennus, sacked and burnt all the rest of the city in 390 B.C. 34. fontibus, abl. Pr. 119, b. 35. cum . . . turn, translate 'while,' 'also.' perflantur, ' are exposed to the winds. ' 37. septem et triginta. We could also say triginta septem without et t but not septem triginta. Pr. p. 129, e. 2. annos, ace. of duration. Pr. 102. 38. auspicia properly means the interpreting of the future by watching the flight of birds, but here is used for all the rites of religion. Religion and the government of the Senate, 30 NOTES. i.e. the assembly of the oldest (sen-ex) and wisest men, are said to be the 'bulwarks of the state.' 40. deorum in numero. He was worshipped under the name of Quirinus, which contains the same root as Quirites, the name of the Romans. collocatus putaretur, not collocatum esse. See note on iussus, 1. 3. II. NUMA. Line 1. cum = since, and therefore takes subj. Pr. 153. 2. patribus auctoribus, abl. abs., Pr. 125, a. 4. Romam. Pr. 101. Curibus. From Cures, according to Livy (i. 13), is derived the names Quirites ; see note on I. 40. The fact of a Sabine King being elected shows that the Sabines were at this time at least as powerful as the Romans. See note on the map of Rome. 5. ut, 'when,' therefore it takes the indie. Pr. 152, ii. 2. 10. commodis, abl. Pr. 119, b. eis, dat., with trajective word. Pr. 106, a. 13. flamines, etc. A flamen was a priest, not of the gods in general, but of one god only, either Jupiter, Mars, or Qui- rinus (note on i. 40). The Salii were twelve priests of Mars, so called from their dancing (salio = to dance). They kept the sacred shield which fell from heaven. The Vestal Virgins were six nuns whose duty it was always to keep alight the sacred fire of Vesta. 14. partes implies 'the various duties.' 17. bellandi. Pr. 141, 2. cum . . . regnavisset. Pr. 153. III. TULLUS HOSTILIUS. Line 2. Interrex was an officer appointed to preside in the Senate till a King was elected. Comitiis (from cum eo, to go) = an assembly. The sing. (v. 43) is used of the place of meeting, the pi. of the people. There were three great comitia, the cm-iata, cen- turiata, and tributa. The curiata was the oldest, and consisted of the original citizens, who were mostly patricians, divided into 30 curiae or clans, according to their family. The cen- turiata was attributed to Servius Tullius (No. vi. ), and consisted of both patricians and plebeians, divided into centuriae, ' hun- NOTES. 31 dreds,' according to their property. The tributa was the latest, and consisted of plebeians only, divided into 35 tribes, according to their place of residence. Com. curiatis, the prep, is omitted. Pr. 121, b. 3. re militari ; res is one of the commonest words in Latin, and must always be carefully translated to suit the context. ( It is, so to speak, a blank cheque, to be filled up from the context to the requisite amount of meaning.' Potts, Hints toward Latin Prose. Often it should only be rendered by turning its adj. into a subst. ; thus here militaris = warlike, res m. = warfare. 4. constituitque, etc. The Romans were always very strict about this. Compare the story of Gato, No. xxm. ut. Take this with iudicaretur, not with esset, which is subj. as being subordinate to constituit. Pr. 151. 9. insignibus ; such as the crown and sceptre. For the abl. see Pr. 119, a. IV. ANGUS MARCIUS. Line 1. Pompili, see note on i. 19. nepos ex fllia, ' grandson of Numa on his mother's side.' 3. legem curiatam. See note 011 comitia, in. 1. 2. 5. urbi, dat. with trajective word. Pr. 106, a. quos que, not from quisque. 6. urbem. This city, which is about 16 miles from Rome, is called Ostia, because it is at the mouth (ostium) of the Tiber. colonis. We should expect the preposition ab here, because colonists are persons (Pr. 122, b) ; but coloni here = colonia, a 'colony,' and so is treated as an abl. of the instrument. V. TARQTJINITJS PRISCUS. Line 1. ferunt, 'they say,' i.e. people say used without a definite nominative. 3. qui, . . . fugisse dicitur. Compare note on primus tra- ditur, VT. 1. ^ 5. Tarquinios, in urbem. Notice the position of the prep. Similarly, we should say vixit Athenis, celeberrima in urbe Pr. 101. 32 NOTES. 12. patri, dat., with trajective word. Pr. 106, a. 15. oblita . . . caritatis. Pr. 133, a. 16. dum modo . . . videret. Pr. 152, i. 4. 17. ab Tarquiniis. Pr. p. 137, G. 3. The prep, might equally well have been omitted. potissimum, adv. Supply an adj., such as 'best-suited.' 18. futurum esse. Supply ' she argued. ' 22. opis, auxili, defensionis ; notice the omission of et. This is the figure called Asyndeton (see Glossary in the Primer, p. 173), which means 'want of connection. ' 24. cunctis ; translate 'the unanimous.' 25. pristinum . . . numerum. According to tradition this was 100. When the Sabine tribe (Titienses) was united with the Eoman (Ramnes) it was made 200. Tarquinius now added a third 100 of Luceres, who were Etruscans, living on the Caelian Hill. Hence duplicavit does not here mean doubled, but ' made it as many again as the original number. ' 26. maiorum gentium. Repeat patres with this genitive. 27. quos sententiam rogabat, double ace. Pr. 98. 28. The ludi Roman! or Magni were celebrated in April, in honour of the ' Great Goddess ' Cybele. 29. aedem. Notice the sing. (seeVocab.), and compare the pi. in vin. 5 ; faciendam, we say, 'vowed to make.' 34. in magno nomine, so we say, 'in great reputation.' If the prep, had been omitted nomine would have been the abl. of quality. Pr. 115. Compare Pr. p. 136, B. 35. possetne. Pr. 149. 36. consuluit. Distinguish between consulere aliquem, ' to consult some one ' ; and consulere alicui, ' to take thought for some one.' posse, impersonal, ' that it was possible. ' 38. turn Attium, etc., supply ferunt, 'they say.' 40. ut, after words like cvenit, accedit, though it is consecu- tive, must be translated 'that,' not 'so that.' 43. comitium ; see note on m. 2. NOTES. 33 VI. SERVIUS TULLIUS. Line 1. primus. Distinguish between primus traditur, 'he is the first who is said ; ' and primum traditur, ' he is said first. ' Tullius traditur regnavisse is better than traditur Tullium regnavisse ; Pr. p. I. 40. Compare I. 3, and aeger fuisse below. 3. natum ex, 'born of = son of. Serva would also have been good Latin without a prep. Compare exsule ortum, v. 13 ; Pr. 123. 4. numero here = loco, in the place of a servant ; in numero would have meant ' among the number of,' as in I. 40. ad = ' at ' ; epulis, without a preposition, might have been used. 5. iam turn = 'even then.' latuit is pf., because it states a definite fact ; elucebat impf., because it means ' began to shine out. ' 6. sic . . sellers a rather hard sentence to translate. ' So careful was he always (omni implies " always ") alike (vel) in his duties and his conversation ; ' or 'in all he said, and all the duties he had to do. ' 7. qui, with subj., because it gives the cause of his loving Servius. Pr. 150. 12. regio ornatu, abl. of manner or circumstance. 13. comitate usus. See in. 9, note. VII. TAIIQUINIUS SUPERBUS. Line 2. comitor governs both dat. and ace. 5. praeda. Pr. 119, b. 7. Delphos ad Apollinem, say, ' sent to Apollo at Delphi ;' ad Apollinem Delphis would be wrong, because the gifts are sent to Delphi as well as to Apollo. 8. optimi regis. Servius Tullius was murdered by Tar- quinius Superbus, who had married his cruel daughter Tullia. According to the story she drove over her father's bleeding body. 9. Integra mente, ' a good conscience, ' abl. of quality. Pr. 115. 11. subnixus is constructed with abl., likefretus. Pr. 119, a. D 34 NOTES. 12. suorum, 'his children.' 15. ipsa, nom. not abl. ; sese morte multare = ' to commit suicide.' 23. his . . . praeteritis, a rather perplexing sentence. The order is his autem annis regiis praeteritis (abl. abs.) (qui) cum interregnis (erant] fere amplius (supply 'than') quadraginta annis et ducentis ; regiis does not mean ' royal ' here, but ' under the rule of kings. ' An interregnum was the space be- tween the death of one king and the election of another, during which time there was an interrex appointed by the Senate. 26. obitum vel potius excessum. He corrects the phrase * death,' because he was taken up to heaven. See I. 40. 27. carere rege. Pr. 119, b. 28. nomen . . poterat. Hence Spurius Cassius (x.) and Spurius Maelius (xi.) were murdered on the charge of trying to become king. The Emperors never took the title of rex, VIII. VALERIUS PUBLICOLA. Line 1. hac mente, ' from this feeling. ' Ablative of circum- stances. 4. The fasces were a bundle of rods containing an axe, which were carried before the consul by his lictors or attendants, as the sign of his power to scourge or behead. primus. See note on vi. 1. 5. sub Veliam, ' to the lower part of the Velia.' 6. coepisset, subj., because it means that Valerius said to himself that this was the reason for the suspicions of the people being excited : quod coeperat, being a direct statement, would be Cicero's own explanation of it. This difference is most im- portant. Pr. 151. 8. idemque, etc., 'he moreover and this was the chief reason why he was called P.' Notice the use of idem. 9. centuriatis com. See note on in. 2. 10. ne quis always instead of ut non quis. Pr. p. 141 (bottom of page). adversus, literally 'against'; here it means 'refusing.' With civem Romanum, etc., compare Acts xxii. 25, 'And Paul said unto the centurion that stood by, Is it lawful for you to scourge a man that is a Roman, and uncondemned ?' 14. erat, indie., because Cicero now gives this explanation ; NOTES. 35 esset would have given Publicola's argument. Compare this with coepisset above. ' 15. consulibus. dative, with trajective verb. 17. fuissent ; relative, dependent on oratio obliqiia. Pr. 151. 18. qui tenuit, c a man who upheld,' indie, as stating a historical fact. Qui tenuerit, would have meant that he was Tiaud mediocris vir } since he upheld, &c. Pr. 150. IX. CORIOLANUS. Line 2. cui. Pr. 106, a. 3. eodem fere terapore. Coriolanus was banished about 490 B.C., which was the year of the great battle of Marathon, where the Athenians routed the Persians ; the battle of Salarnis, where the Athenians again defeated them, chiefly owing to the advice of Themistocles, was in 480. 7. conatumque, etc., 'and quietly ended by death the furious attempt he had made in his passion,' i.e. to invade his own country. X. SPURIUS CASSITJS. Line 3. in culpa, ' involved in the crime. ' 4. morte mactavit, ' put him to death.' Compare sese morte multare, 'to commit suicide/ vu. 15. XI. ClNCINNATUS AND CURIUS. Line 2. triumphare de, ' to gain a victory over,' Pr. p. 143 (top of page). 5. praeclarum, 'it did not seem to him a fine thing,' i.e. it was not his ambition. See Pr. p. 75. Predicate. Copula. Complement. aurum habere. videri sibi. non praeclarum. [sed] imperare, etc. (videri sibi.) praeclarum. 6. haberent, subordinate to oratio obliqita. Pr. 151. poteratne non efficere. In translating omit the interrog. particle ne, and take non efficere closely together. ' Could such a spirit fail to make ? ' 36 NOTES. 9. eum dictatorem, etc. Note carefully the construction of factive verbs ; Pr. p. 134, iii. d. So also viatores nominati, below. A dictator was a magistrate appointed for six months in any special danger to the State. He had absolute powers, without any appeal whatever. His second in command was called magister equitum. 11. occupatum interemit, 'slew him unawares.' Occupo = ' to seize upon,' hence, to attack a man before he is ready. 13. viatores, ' messengers,' because they were always on the road. The attendants of consuls and dictators were called 'lictors,' vin. 4, note. 15. baud scio an nulla, translate ' I doubt whether any.' XII. MANLIUS TORQUATUS. Line 2. tribunus plebis. They were five representatives of the plebeians to protect their interests against the patricians. diem dixit, * prosecuted,' a legal term ; quod addidisset, not 'because he had added,' but 'for adding.' These subjunctives give the ground for the prosecution (Pr. 151). Ad dictaturam gerendam, ' to the time for holding his dictatorship,' which was limited to six months. 5. ruri, Pr. 121, b. 6. Romam . . . domum, without a prep. Pr. 101. 7. cum prima luce, as we say ' with the dawn.' Without cum, luce would be abl. of time. Compare Pr. p. 137, f. 8. ilium = Manlius, se = Pomponius, because he is the sub- ject of the principal verb, arbitraretur is subj., because qui = cum ille, 'since he.' Pr. 150. 11. ut, 'when,' therefore with the indie. ; Pr. 152, ii. 2. 13. se missum esse facturum, a rather clumsy phrase, used because it was the legal term = ' that he would discharge.' 15. causa, abl. ; Pr. 122, a. esset, subj. of indirect question; Pr. 149. 18. ad Anienem, by the Anio. Compare ad Tiberim, i. 4. 19. eo, the Gaul : if Manlius had been meant, se would have been necessary, because it would refer to the subject of occiderat. cognomen, 'the family name.' Titus is the praenomen ; Manlius the nomen or name of his clan, the gens Manlia; Tor- quatus the name of the particular family in that clan to which he belonged. Torquatus at first would be only a title (agnomen, NOTES. 37 i.e. ad-nomen), like sur-name, but afterwards became the family name. Pr. p. 132. 21. in primis, adverbial phrase, ' in the highest degree. ' et qui, translate ' who,' not ' and who,' which is bad English unless another relative has preceded. Thus you can say, ' who was a great man, and who was indulgent,' but not ' a great man, and who was indulgent.' idem, masc., 'was at the same time,' or 'was nevertheless.' It implies that the same man had two different characters. Compare vm. 8. XIII. THE DECII. Line 1. ille implies 'the famous.' 2. tribunus militum must not be confused with tribunus plebis (xn. 1). They were the six officers (something like colonels) to every legion or regiment. 3. a Samnitibusque. Que is the third, not second, word here, as usual, because the prep, and its subst. are virtually one word. 4. moneretur ut. ' "With ask, command, advise, and strive, By ut translate infinitive. ' 5. somnis. Somnus = sleep ; but somni is used like somnia = dreams. 6. occidere, supply se. cum. Pr. p. 136, B. 7. obsidione ; it was not exactly a siege, but they were sur- rounded by the enemy. For the abl., see Pr. 123 ; as also for reditu, 1. 14. 8. post triennium : we say ' three years afterwards. ' 9. devovit, ' offered himself as a sacrifice ' to the gods below, on behalf of his army. 11. eandem, supply mortem. 14. L. Brutus. The story is told in vn. 15. si timeretur non concidisset, a conditional clause, or the conjunctive mood of contingent statement. Pr. p. 152, ii. A ; p. 164, v. 3. 16. pater, filius, nepos, are all used as adj. to Decius. 38 NOTES. XIV. VALERIUS CORVTJS. Line 1. quominus, with subj. , translate by ' from ' and a participle. 4. perduxisse, ' lived. ' Properly this is a transitive verb, but aetatem or vitam is understood. Agere is similarly used. 6. sex et quadraginta. See note on I. 37. Corvus's first consulship was in 348, his sixth in 299, B.C., so that there was really an interval of 47 years. Strictly speaking, a man was iuvenis (i.e. of the full military age) till he was 45 ; till he was 60, senior ; after that, senex. 8. honorum. Avoid translating honos by 'honour;' it means 'a high position or office.' 9. hoc, 'in this respect.' 10. media, 'the prime' of life, between youth and old age. XV. POSTTJMIUS AND MANCINUS. Line 1. iterum. See xvn. 4. 2. quia, to be taken with fecerant. Pr. 152, ii. cum male . . . missis, translate, ' after the disastrous battle of Caudium, when the soldiers of our legions had been,' etc. 4. populi senatusque. These two words together imply the whole people. Ordinarily, of course, senatus is put first, as in the well-known abbreviation S.P. Q.E. (See at beginning of notes. ) 6. quod, like quia. Pr. 152, ii. 7. Samnitium, we say ' with the Samnites. ' 9. suasor et auctor fuit ; translate by verbs. Suadeo is only ' to recommend ' ; auctor esse, ' to advise with authority, ' ' to urge. ' idem, neut. annis. Pr. 120. 10. quibuscum. Pr. 83, note to cum. 12. Supply 'and' before Attilius. ferebant, impf. ; there- fore it does not mean 'carried,' but 'were for carrying,' i.e. 'proposed.' A rogatio, literally, 'putting the question,' was a proposed law, like our ' bill ' in Parliament ; when passed it became lex, as a bill, when passed, becomes an 'act.' ex, ' according to, ' i. e. the Senate directed Furius and Attilius to propose the bill to the people. NOTES. 39 ] 3. hie, * he, ' supply fecit, but hie below adv. = * in this case. ' 15. ea quae videbatur, translate ' the apparent. ' 16. superiores, i.e. Postumius and Mancinus. 17. ab is very rarely used except with persons : it is used here because honestatis auctoritas is not the instrument of any- thing else, but the agent which itself conquers utilitatis species. XVI. APPIUS CLAUDIUS. Line 1. num expects the answer 'no,' nonne 'yes'; an and ne (interrog.) may expect either. Pr. p. 142. 3. vel, 'even,' not 'or.' 4. quae administrentur. Pr. 150. 5. accedebat, lit. ' went to, ' i. e. ' was added to. ' ut esset, translate 'that he was,' but the subj. is right, because it is con- secutive on accedebat. Compare v. 40. sententia is nom. , senatus gen. pacem, supply faciendam, from faciendum, which only agrees wiihfoedus. It is not the gerund but the gerundive which is the usual construction with transitive verbs. Pr. 143. 7. versibus prosecutus est, 'has treated of in his poem.' Ennius, the first great Roman poet (239-169 B.C.), wrote an epic poem called Annals of Rome, in 18 books. Of course the language of it is more ancient than the Latin we usually read. Notice (1) antehac, two syllables, as if it were antac ; (2) the old gen. of the 1st declension in ai instead of ae (Pr. p. 120, A a) ; (3) the large number of spondees (i.e. feet of two long syllables), to express the solemnity of the words. 10. viai. This genitive is hard to explain. Most probably it is not really a genitive but a locative case, like humi, Romae, etc. (Pr. p. 137, G 2). Then it will mean 'on their road,' i.e. they ' have turned aside in their course. ' 11. tamen, 'after all,' i.e. even if you do not know it, it is still to be had. 12. septimo decizno. Pr. p. 129, e 1. 14. anni decem, etc. Appius was censor in 312 B.C. ; con- sul for the first time in 307 ; for the second time in 296. 15. intellegitur, impersonal 'we see.' Supply eum with 40 NOTES. grandem. The personal construction is more usual. Pr. p. 140. Pyrrhi bello, 'the war against Pyrrhus,' 280-275 B.C. See xv. 7. 16. tamen = and yet (it is true for), etc. patribus here means ' our fathers ' ; it means the Senate in v. 26. 17. nihil . . . afferunt, 'they are contributing nothing to the question,' i.e. they are talking idly, in re gerenda, 'in the active management of affairs.' negant = aiunt non. Pr. p. 141 (bottom of page). 18. similesque sunt ut si qui . . . dicant, translate by adverbial clause ' as though one should say. ' Qui, not relative, but the pi. of quis = aliquis. Navigando, abl. of gerund. Pr. 141, 4. Scandant, &c., are subj., because dependent on the oratio oUiqua after dicant. Pr. 152, n. 2. 21. facit, supply senedus, = senes faciunt. 24. consilio, auctoritate, sententia. Compare note on v. 22. 25. quibus, abl. of deprivation ; Pr. 119, b : non modo non, ' so far from being. ' XVII. FABRICIUS. Line 1. ultro, another form of ultra, ( beyond ' ; hence, 'going out of one's way,' ' unprovoked.' 3. potenti. Participles ordinarily form the abl. in i, when used as adj. ; in e when used as participles. Thus it would be currente (not i] equo, ' while the horse was running. ' 4. consulis iterum, translate, ' in his second consulship. ' sibi. Pr. 145. 5. ut, 'as,' not 'so that'; for the subj. is not dependent on ut t but subordinate to the oratio obliqua after pollicitus. Pr. 151. 7. reducendum curavit = iussit reducere. The gerundive, not the infinitive, is used after euro. 8. speciem utilitatis, 'the apparent (not the real) ad- vantage.' Compare quae videbatur, xv. 15. opinio means what would have been the general opinion of people. 9. perfuga unus. Pr. 27. NOTES. 41 10. magnum, etc. Supply putavissent, ' they would have thought it. ' 11. quicum = cum quo, see note on I. 21. The antecedent to qui is eum. With superatum supply fore, ' that he should be. ' 12. utrum, followed by an below ; a double interrogative. Pr. p. 142. 13. Athenis, generally called ablative, but really the plural locative case, as humi, Romae, etc., are the sing. Pr. p. 137, G. 2. 15. dignitate, 'the sentiment of honour.' 16. absit, the conjunctive mood, jussive or commanding use. Pr. p. 153, H. 18. quoquo modo, ' by any means whatever. ' XVIII. PUBLIUS CLAUDIUS. Line 2. per iocum, 'by way of a joke,' or 'jokingly.' irrideo governs both dat. and ace. 4. esse ; remember to look in Vocab. 6. quid ? translate, ' then again. ' 7. auspiciis, dative. Pr. 106, 4. 8. necem, etc., 'committed suicide.' Another phrase is sese morte multare, vn. 15. 10. cum. See xm. 6. 12. ampliflcatam, supply esse. paruissent, subj., intellegi potest. Pr. 151, subordinate to. religionibus. The pi. means ' the duties of religion ; ' the sing. , which occurs just below, ' religion. ' XIX. REGULUS. Line 1. ex insidiis, ' fo/an ambuscade.' Properly, this is an adverbial phrase, like ex improviso, 'suddenly.' Pr. p. 143. 2. dux is the general in active command ; imperator the commander-in-chief of the whole war. 42 NOTES. 3. iuratus. Pr. 73. 4. ut, ' on the condition that. ' 5. Karthaginem, n. 4. 6. utilitatis speciem. Compare xvn. 8. 7. quae. Note on i. 15. 8. esse, 'to live.' domi, locative case, Pr. p. 146, G. b. The Romans themselves mistook it for a genitive case ; hence suae is meant to agree with domi. 9. accepisset. Pr. 151. Supply earn as antecedent to quam. 13. harum, i.e. magnitude animi et fortitude. 14. humana, not ' all human things,' but 'the ills of human life.' 16. recusavit ne diceret = recusavit dicer e. 17. quam diu, etc., oratio obliqua, giving what Regulus said. Hence the principal verb becomes infinitive, and the dependent one subjunctive. Pr. 151. 18. o stultmn ; o may go with nom. voc. or ace. Pr. 86. 19. dixerit, fut. pf., not pf. subj. ; literally, some one will be found to have said, i. e. ' one might say. ' utilitati. Pr. 106, 3. 20. illos, etc. Again oratio obliqim. 25. exquisita supplicia, * the utmost refinement of torture. ' 27. machina. This is said to have been a barrel studded with sharp nails. After his eyelids had been cut off he was put into a dark dungeon, and then brought suddenly into the burn- XX. THE CUNNING AMBASSADOR. Line 2. iuratos, xix. 3, note. 3. se, etc. Oratio obliqua, dependent on iuratos. quorum. Pr. 133. 5. si non redierunt. The indie, is used because this is a pure hypothesis, i.e. Cicero simply states the case without implying whether he believed it or not. 9. post quam erat. Pr. 152, iii. redisset. Pr. 151. quasi. Pr. 152, i. 6. NOTES. 43 11. liberatum iure iurando. Pr. 123. interpretabatur, strictly impf., 'tried to prove. Compare f&rebant, xv. 12. 13. stulta calliditas. A good example of the figure called Oxymoron, from 6&s = clever, yuwpos = foolish, i.e. an apparent contradiction in words. 14. veterator, 'an old hand,' generally in a bad sense. Take veterator et callidus together, * the crafty knave. ' 16. sed illud maximum, 'but the following story is most important/ because the lives of 8000 men were concerned. hominum milia. Notice the different use of mille and milia. Pr. p. 129, 4. In other words, mille is generally an adj., milia a subst. Milia is spelt with only one I, because the Romans disliked the writing of Hi, which looked like m. 17. quos = tales ut, hence with subj. Pr. 150. 20. cum, 'though.' Pr. p. 165, vi. 3. pecunia. Pr. 117. 24. fuisset. Pr. 151. comparatione, 'by being matched with,' i.e. when there is a struggle between quae videntur utilia and honestas, the latter always wins. Compare xix. 6. XXI. FLAMINIUS. Line 2. cum. See xvin. 10, note. 3. versus always follows its case, and ought to be used with another preposition, as in terrain versus, 'towards the land.' But Arretium, being a town (Pr. 101), takes no preposition. 5. signum, 'statue,' but in the next line 'a warning.' Statoris, 'the Stayer.' Jupiter was worshipped under this title, because Romulus vowed a temple to him if he would stay the flight of the Romans before the Sabines. Livy, i. 12. 6. habuit religion!, ' regarded as providential ; ' dat. of com- plement. Pr. 108. 7. ne = ut non, 'not to.' idem cum, translate ' again when he. ' 8. tripudium was a method of taking the auguries by watch- ing how fowls fed. If they took the corn eagerly it was a 44 NOTES. favourable sign. The word is perhaps connected with trepidus, ' trembling/ meaning ' eager haste.' The pullarius had charge of the sacred fowls. proeli ; proelium would have been more usual. Pr. 143. 9. differebat, strictly impf. = 'was for putting off.' Com- pare xv. 12 ; xx. 14. ne . . . quidem always have the emphatic word between them. Pr. p. 141, ix. A. 10. quid . . . censeret. Pr. 149. 11. quiescendum, supply esse ; dixit is omitted, as is com- mon, before the speech of Flaminius. 12. poterit ; translate by the present tense. 13. signa convellere is the regular term for breaking up a camp or beginning a march. The subject of sequi, which is used impersonally here, is of course ' the soldiers. ' 14. primi hastati, supply ordinis. The regular line of the Roman army was- in three ranks hastati, principes, and triarii. A legion was divided into 10 'cohorts,' and a cohort into 10 'maniples,' or 'companies.' This probably means then 'the standard-bearer of the front maniple, ' who would be the first to move. 15. loco ; Pr. 123. nee quidquam always to be used for et nihil ; Pr. p. 141. quidquam is used adverbially, 'without any success. ' 17. concisus. 15,000 Romans are said to have been killed in this battle of Lake Trasimenus, against only 1500 Carthaginians. 21. corruerint ; the subj. of the pf. in its aoristic sense, i.e. 'fell,' not 'have fallen.' The impf. would have been more usual. 23. in contrarias partes, 'backwards,' i.e. to their source. XXII. FABITJS. Line 1. Q. Fabius. The Romans generally spoke of a man by his praenomen (see note on xn. 19) and either his nomen or cognomen; thus Q. Fabius, or Q. Maximus, but not Fabius Maximus. adulescens, lit. growing, i.e. a youth ; iuvenis takes in all the prime of life. NOTES. 45 3. Ennius, supply dixit, and see note on xvi. 7. 4. homo. In later Latin o is always short in four words homti, egti, modo, citti. This line is used by Virgil (^En. vi. 847), with the alteration of homo into qui. rem, ' fortunes ' ; see note on in. 3. 6. postque magisque, ' ever after, and ever increasingly.' 7. qua ; a sentence of exclamation. 8. Salinatori, governed by inquit ; Pr. 106, 2. Inquam is never used by itself like dico, but is inserted in the sentence, as here. 10. nisi, etc. See note on xin. 14. 12. toga, the ordinary dress of a Roman citizen, whence Virgil calls the Romans gentem togatam. As this would be exchanged for a soldier's dress in time of war, toga came to mean 'peace.' 13. tribune, dat. after restitit ; Pr. 106, a, quoad; Pr. 152, ii. 2. 14. Gallicum, not of Gaul proper, i.e. France, but of Cisalpine Gaul, which is now Northern Italy. The northern boundary of Italy then was not the Alps but the Rubicon, a small stream near Ravenna. 15. dividenti, not 'dividing,' but 'wanting to divide;' impf. participle, which is the same as the present. Compare the impf. in xv. 12 ; xx. 14. optimis, etc. This is derived from a famous speech of Hector in Homer (II. xii. 243). els oiuvbs dpto-ros d{j.tva. n. t 1, to war. inrmanis, -e, adj., savage. ferus, -a, -um, adj. t wild, fierce. sic, adv., so, accordingly. undequadraginta, indecl. num. adj. ( = 40 - 1), thirty-nine. sumxnus, -a, -um, superl. adj., highest, perfect. concordia, -ae. , /. , harmony. ex'cedo, -cessi, v. n., 3, to depart, go out. vita, -ae, / , life. prae'clarus, -a, -um, adj. t illus- trious. con'firmo, v. a., 1, to establish. dementia, -ae, /. , forbearance. VOCABULARY. 75 III. -TULLUS. morior, mortuus, v. dep. y 3, to die. inter Tex, -regis, viceroy (see note on HI. 2). rogo, v. a., 1, ask, put the question. com itium, -i, place of meeting ; pi. assembly, curiatus, -a, -urn, adj. (note on m. 2). creo, v. a., 1, to elect, militaris, e-, adj., military, magnus, -a, -urn, adj., great, ex'sto, -iti, -itum, v. n., 1, to be known, to be in existence, con'stituo, v. a., 3, to appoint, ordain, ius, -iuris, n., law, rule ; ius iurandum, oath, in'dlco, -dixi, -dictum, v. a., 3, to proclaim. denuntio, v. a., 1, to announce, in lust us, -a, -um, adj., illegal, im *pius, -a, -um, adj., irreligious, iudico, v. a., 1, to judge, decide, ad'verto, v. a., 3, to turn, sapiens, -tis, adj. (adv. sapi- enter), wise. noster, -ra, -rum, adj., our. tribuo, v. a., 3, to assign, quidam, quaedam, quiddam (see qui), a certain one. nos, gen. nostri, nostrum, dat. nobis, we. genus, -eris, n., kind. ne-quidem (always with a word between), not even, in'signis, -e, adj. (insignia = re- galia), illustrious. regius, -a, -um, adj., kingly, nisi, conj., unless, except, iussus, -us, m., command, audeo, ausus, v. n., 2, to dare, utor, usus, v. dep^ 3, to use. IV. ANGUS. post, prep, with ace. or adv., alter. nepos, -otis, m., grandson. filia, -ae, /., daughter. item, conj., also. lex, -legis, /. , law. de'vinco, -vici, -victum, v. a., 3, to conquer completely. civitas, -atis, /., state, citizen- ship. ostium, -i, n., mouth. colonus, -i, m., colonist, farmer. flrmo, v. a., 1, establish. tres, tria, num., three. viginti, num., twenty. TARQUINIUS PRISCUS. V. (a). honor or honos, -oris, m., high position. auctoritas, -atis, /. , authority. fortuna, -ae, /., fortune, wealth. princeps, -ipis, m., chief, noble. tyrannus, -i, m. , tyrant. fugio, fugi, v. a. or n., 3, to flee. pecunia, -ae, /. , money. con'fero, -tuli, -latum, ferre, v. a., to betake, bestow. floreo, v. n., 2 (superl. of part. florentissimus), to flourish. audio, v. a., 4, to hear. dominatio, -onis, /., sovereignty. deiugio, -fugi, v. a., 3, to flee from. patria, -ae, /. , country. liber, -a, -um, adj., free. fortis, -e, adj., brave. domicili'um, -i, n., dwelling- place. sedes, -is, /. , abode. 76 VOCABULARY. V. (b). uxor, -oris, /., wife. duco, duxi, ductum, v. #., 3, to lead, to marry, filius, -i, m., son. gigno, genui, genitum, v. a., 3, to beget, produce, nomen, -mis, n., name, reputa- tion, super 'sum, -fui, -esse, v. n., gov. dat., to survive, bonus, -a, -urn, adj., comp. melior, superl. optimus (neut. pi. used as subst. goods), good, heres, -edis, m., heir, prior, -us, comp. adj., before, earlier, sperno, sprevi, spretum, v. a., 3, to despise. exsul, -is, m., alien, exile, ad 'vena, -ae, m. or /. (ad- venio), stranger, orior, ortus, v. dep., 4, to rise, be born. iirdignitas, -atis, /., insult, obliviscor, oblitus, v. dep., 3, to forget, hvgigno, -genui, -genitus, to implant in. erga, prep, with ace., towards, caritas, -atis, f., affection, dura, adv., whilst; with subj. provided that. modo, adv., only, honoro, v. a., 1, to do honour to consilium, -i, n., plan, design, migro, v. n., 1, to move to. potis, -e, -ior, -issimus (neut, used as adv.], adj., able, comp preferable, superl. best-suited novus, -a -um, adj., new. strenuus, -a, -um, adj., active, arcssso, -ivi, -itum, v. a., 3, tc summon. com'migro, v. n., 1, to move together to. re'cipio, -cepi, -ceptum, v. a., 3, to receive, welcome. V. (c). jomitas, -atis,/., courtesy. opis (gen. ) opem (no nom. ), / , help. auxilium, -i, n., aid, support. de-fensio, -onis, /., protection, .argior, v. dep., 4, to bestow freely, benignitas, -atis, /., kindness, generosity. cunctus, -a, -um, adj., all, the whole. suffragium, -i, n., vote. duplico, v. a., 1, to double, pristlnus, -a, -um, adj., former, original. antiquus, -a, -um, adj., ancient, maior, -us, and maximus, -a, -um, comp. and superl. of magnus, greater, greatest ; elder, eldest, gens, -tis, /. , clan, family, race ; as subst. , ancestors, ap'pello, v. a., 1, to call, sententia, -ae, /., opinion, minor, comp. adj. (super, mini- mus), less. Indus, -i, m., game, show, facio, feci, factum, v. a., 3, to make, aedes, -is,/., sing, temple, pi. house. duo - de - quadraginta ( = 40 - 2), num., thirty-eight. V. (d). augur, -uris, m. , augur, prophet. VOCABULARY. 77 tento, v. a., 1, to try. scientia, -ae, /. , knowledge, auguratus, -us, m., science of augury. cogito, v. a., 1, to think, ne, particle always joined to a word to mark a question, fio, factus, fieri, v. n. (used as passive of facio), to become, be made. consulo, -ui -ultum, with ace., to ask ; with dat., to provide for. augurium, -i, n., rites of augury, ago, egi, actum, v. a., 3, to do, perform, finish, spend, re-spondeo, -spondi, -spon- sum, v. n., 2, to answer. cos, cotis, /., whetstone. novacula, -ae, /., razor, prae'cldo(caedo), -cidi, -cisum, v. a., 3, to cut a piece off. ex-perior, expertus, v. dep., 4, to try. hvspecto, v. a., 1, to look on. dis'ddo (caedo), -cidi, -cisum, v. a., 3, to cut in two. e'venio, -veni, -ventum,^. n. t 4, to turn out, happen, re'fero, rettuli, relatum, re- ferre, v. irreg., to bring back, tell, refer to. de'fodio, -fodi, -fossum, v. a., 3, to bury, supra, adv. or prep, with ace., above, over. inrpono, -posui, -positum, v. a., 3, to put over, puteal, -alis, n., the cover of a well. VI. SERVIUS TULLIUS. con*cessus, -us, m. (con-cedo, to yield), favour. voluntas, -atis,/., goodwill. tra'do, -didi, -ditum, v. a., 3 (trans -do), to hand over, re- cord, to betray. serva, -ae, /. , female slave. famulus, -i, m., servant. e'duco, v. a., 1, to bring up. epulae, -arum,/, pi., banquet. ad'sisto, -stiti, -stltum, v. n., 3, to stand by, assist at. lateo, v. n., 2, to be hid. scintilla, -ae, /., spark, ingenium, -i, n., talent, e'luceo, -luxi, v. n., 2, to shine out. puer, -i, m., boy. officium, -i, n., duty. sermo, -onis, m., talk, speech, sellers, -tis, adj., active, in- dustrious. ad'modum, adv., very, greatly, parvus, -a, -urn, adj., little, liberi, -orum, m. pi., children, di'ligo, -lexi, -lectum, v. a., 3, to love, like, vulgus, -i, m. and n. (vulgo used as adv. = commonly), the common people. ars, -tis,/, art, accomplishment, disco, didici, v. a., 3, to learn. e'rudio, v. a., 4, to instruct, insidiae, -arum, f. }}L, snares, treachery. inter 'eo, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. ?*., 4, to die. vulnus, -eris, n., wound, aeger, -ra, -rum, adj., sick, vivo, vixi, victum, v. n., 3, to live, be alive, falsus, -a, -um, adj. (adv. falso), false. ornatus, -us, m., dress, ob'aeratus, -a, -um, part ( = loaded with debt), debtor. 78 VOCABULARY. libero, v. a., 1, to set free, tandem, adv., at length. VII. (a). TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS. dominus, -i, m., master, acerbus, -a, -um, adj. (adv. e), harsh, stern, aliquam'diu, adv., for some time, gero, gessi, gestum, v. a., 3, to carry on, to wage (war). prospers, adv., luckily, comitor, v. dep. t 1, to attend on, accompany, nam, conj., for. opulentus, -a, -um, adj., wealthy, re'fercio, -fersi, -fertus, v. a., 4, to fill, cram, aurum, -i, n., gold, argentum, -i, n., silver. locupleto, v. a., 1, to enrich, votum, -i, n., vow. aedi -ficatio, -onis,/., building. per 'sol vo, -i, -solutum, v. a., 3, to pay in full, colonia, -ae, /. , colony, de'duco, -duxi, -ductum, v. a., 3, to lead out. donum, -i, n., gift, magnificus, -a, -um, adj., splendid. libamentum, -i, n., firstfruits. mitto, misi, missum, v. a., 3, to send ; missum facere, to dismiss, optimus, - a, - um, superl. of "bonus, melior, best, caedes, -is,/., murder, slaughter. maculo, v. a., 1, to stain, integer, -ra, -rum, adj., pure, clear. mens, -tis, /., mind, consci- ence. metuo, -i, v. a., 3, to fear. poena, -ae, /., punishment, penalty. scelus, -eris, n., guilt, crime. volo, vis, vult, volui, velle, v. irreg., to wish, to will. de'inde, adv., from thence, then. victoria, -ae, /., victory. divitiae, -arum, /. pi., riches. sub'nitor, nisus or nixus, v. dep., 3, to lean on, rely on. exsulto, v. n., 1, to triumph. insolentia, -ae, /., pride. mos, moris, m., habit ; in pi., character. rego, v. a., 3, to rule, con- trol. libido, -mis, /., lust, passion. mulier, -is,/., woman. pudens, gen. -tis, adj. part., modest. nobilis, -e, adj., noble, illus- trious. inluria, -ae, /., outrage, law- lessness. mors, -tis, /., death. multo, v. a., 1, to punish (note on vn. 15). de'pello, -puli, -pulsum, v. a., 3, to drive away. durus, -a, -um, adj., hard. servitus, -utis, /., slavery. iugum, -i, n. , yoke. con'cito, v. a., 1, to excite. recens, gen. -tis, adj. (neut. as adv.], fresh. querella, -ae, /., complaint. propinquus, -a, -um, adj., near; as subst. = relations. re-cordatio, -onis, /., recollec- tion. superbia, -ae, /., pride, inso- lence. VOCABULARY. 79 VII. (b). quadraginta, num. adj., forty, ducenti, -orum, num. adj., two hundred. interregnum, -i, n. , interreg- num = the time before a new king is elected. fere, adv. , about, generally, amplius (comp. adv. of amplus), more, more than. praeter 'eo, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. a., 4, to pass, ex'pello, -puli, -pulsum, v. a., 3, to drive out. odium, -i, n., hatred, regalis, -e, adj., royal, quantus, -a, -um, adj., as much, how much. obitus, -us, m., decease, death. ve or vel, conj., or. ex'cessus, -us, m., departure, desiderium, -i, n., liking, regret, careo, v. n. t 2., gov. abl. t to be without, pello, pepuli, pulsum, v. a., 3, to drive away. VIII. PUBLICOLA. in'nocens, -tis, adj., innocent. sus'picio, -onis,/., suspicion. cog'natio, -onis, /., relation- ship. reliquus, -a, -um, adj., the rest of. of'fensio, -onis,/., offence, scan- dal. fascis, -is, m. (see note on vin. 4), bundle. de'mitto, -misi, -missum, v. a., 3, to lower. contio -onis, /., meeting, assem- bly. coepi, coeptus, v. dep,, 3, to begin. de'fero, -tuli, -latum, ferre, v. a., to move down, carry down, sub, prep., with ace. or abl., under. post'ea (with quam), adv., after that. ex'celsus, -a, -um, adj., high, aedi'fico, v. a., 1, to build, habito, v. n., 1, to dwell, moveo, v. a., 2, to move, excite, centuriatus, -a, -um, adj. (see note on nr. 2), belonging to the centuries. ne, conj. , lest, that not. quis, quid, gen. cuius, dat. cui, pron., when in an in- terrogative sentence = who ? ; otherwise = any. magistratus, -us, m., magistrate. ad versus, prep., gov. ace., against, in spite of. pro'vocatio, -onis,/., appeal, neco, v. a., 1, to kill, put to death. neu or neve, conj. , and lest, and that not. verbero, v. a., 1, to whip, scourge. de, prep., gov. abl., about, from. per'fero, -tuli, -latum, ferre, v. a. , to carry through, statim, adv., immediately, securis, -is, abl. -i, /. , axe. demo, dempsi, demptum, v. a., 3, to take away. postrrdie, adv. (posteri [loc. case] die), the day following. col'lega, -ae, m., colleague, sub Togo, v. a., 1, to co-opt, natus, -us, m., birth, lictor, -oris, m. 9 lictor (see note on xi. 13). trans -eo, -ivi, -itum, v. n., 4, to cross over. 80 VOCABULARY. in'stituo, v. a., 3, to appoint, ordain, singuli, -orum, pi. adj., each, so many apiece, consul, -ulis, m., consul, alternus, -a, -urn, adj., alter- nate. mensis, -is, m., month. prae'eo, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. n., 4, to precede, go before, plus, pluris, comp. adj. (plus also used as subst.), more, haud, adv. , not. mediocris, -e, adj., middling, ordinary. modicus, -a, -um, adj., moderate libertas, -atis, /. , liberty. do, dedi, datum, v. a., 1, to give. IX. CORIOLANUS. pridem, adv. , long ago. dominatus, -us, m., tyranny. gravis, -e, comp. gravior, adj., heavy. inter 'sum, -fui, -esse, to be (engaged) in, to be between. similis, -e, adj., like, similar. si, conj., if. uterque, utraque, utrumque, gen. utriusque, adj., both, each. irrgratns, -a, -um, adj., un- grateful. hostis, -is, m. , enemy. conatns, -us, w., attempt. iracundia, -ae, /., anger, passion. sedo, v. a., 1, to allay, make calm. X. SPURIUS CASSIUS. status, -us, m., state, condition. occupo, v. a., 1, to seize on. molior, v. dep., 4, to plot, apud, prep., gov. ace., with, among. gratia, -ae, /., influence, quaestor, -oris, m., quaestor, ac'cuso, v. a., 1, to accuse, culpa, -ae, /. , fault, crime, convperio, -i, -turn, v. a., 4, to find out. cedo, cessi, -urn, v. a. or n., 3, to yield, macto, v. a., 1, to sacrifice (see note on x. 4). XI. ClNCINNATUS AND CURIUS. rusticus, -a, -um, adj., (of the) country, triumpho, v. n., 1, to triumph over (de). con -sumo, -psi, -ptum, v. a., 3, to spend. extremus, -a, -um, adj., last, latest. aetas, -atis,/., age, time, focus, -i, m., fireside, sedeo, sedi, sessum, v. n., 3, to sit. pondus, -eris, n., weight, re-pudio, v. a., 1, to repulse, impero, v. n., 1 (gov. dat.), to rule over, command, ef -ficio, -feci, -fectum, v. a. , 3, to make. iucundus, -a, -um, adj., plea- sant. senectus, -utis, /. , old age. senator, -oris, m. , senator, senex, -is, m., old man. aro, v. a., 1, to plough, nuntio, v. a., 1, to announce, dictator, -oris, m., dictator (see note on xr. 9). magister, -ri, m., master. VOCABULARY. 81 eques, -itis, horseman ; pi. the horse, cavalry. ap'peto, -ivi or -ii, -ituin, v. a., 3, to aim at. villa, -ae, /., country -house, viator, -oris, see note on xi. 13. nomino, v. a., 1, to call, name. num, adv., shows the sentence is interrogative. miserabilis, -e, adj., pitiable, cultio, -onis, /., cultivation, ob'lecto, v. a., 1, to delight. meus, -a, -urn, adj., my. scio, v. a., 4, to know. an, adv. or conj. , or, whether ; shows an interrogative sentence. nullus, -a, -urn, gen. ius, dat. i, none, no. beatus, -a, -urn, comp. beatior, happy, fortunate. XII. MANLIUS TOEQUATUS. tribunus, -i, m., tribune. plebs or plebes, -is, /., the commons, common people, dies, -ei, m. or /., pi. only m. clay, time. paucus, -a -urn, adj., few. dlctatura, -ae, /., dictatorship. ad "do, -idi, -itum, v. a., 3, to add. criminor, v. dep., 1, to accuse, re 'lego, v. a., 1, to banish, rus, -ris, loc. run, n., country, adulescens, .-tis, m., young man. negotium, -i, n., business, trouble, ex'hibeo, v. a., 2, to show, inflict upon, ac'curro, -curri or -cucurri, -cursum, v. a. , 3, to run to. lux, lucis, / , light, dawn. domus, -us, loc. domi, /., house, home, irascor, iratus, v. dep., 3, to be angry, aliquis, -quid, (aliqui, -qua, -quod), pron., some one or thing. contra, prep. gov. ace., against, arbitror, -atus, v. dep., 1, to think, surgo, surrexi, v. n., 3, to rise. lectulus, -i, M., bed. re'moveo, -movi, -motum, v. a., 2, to remove, arbiter, -ri, m., witness, at, conj., but, while, in'gredior, -gressus, v. dep., 3, to enter. confestim, adv., immediately, gladius, -i, m., sword. de'stringo, -strinxi, -strictum, v. a., 3, to draw, iuro, iuratus sum, v. t 1, to swear, inter 'ficio, -feci, -fectum, v. a., 3, to kill. terror, -oris, w., terror, fright. cogo, coegi, coactum, v. a., 3, to compel, drive, cur (qua-re), adv., why causa, -ae, /. , case, cause, de'sisto, -stiti, -um, v. n., 3, with all., to leave off. necesse, neut. adj., indecl., necessary, valeo, v. n., 2, to be strong, avail. pro'voco, v. a., 1, to challenge. oc 'cldo, -cidi, -cisum, v. a. , 3, to kill. torques, -is, m., collar, de-traho, -traxi, -tractum, v. a. , 3, to take or tear off. hvvenio, -veni, -ventum, v. a. 4, to find. 82 VOCABULARY. tertius, -a, -nm, adj., third, consulates, -us, m., consulship, fundo, -fudi, -fusum, v. a., 3, to scatter. fugo, v. a., 1, to rout. per'indulgens, -tis, adj., very forgiving. severus, -a, -urn, adj., severe, per'cutio, -cussi, -cussura, v. a. , 3, to strike (with securi, behead), e "dictum, -i (part, of edico), n. 9 order, pugno, v. n., 1, to fight. XIII. (a). THE DECII. premo, pressi, pressum, v. a., 3, to press. exercitus, -us, m., army, proelium, -i, n., battle. in'eo, -ivi or -ii, -itum, to enter, audax, -acis (adv. audacter, comp. audacius), adj., bold, moneo, v. a., 2, to advise, warn, cautus, -a, -nm (comp. cautior), adj., cautious, annales, -ium, m. pi., annals, records. somnus, -i, in. sleep, xnedius, -i, -um, adj., middle, versor, v. dep., 1, to engage in. oc'cido, -cidi, -cisum, v. n., 3, to fall. ob'sidio, -onis, /., blockade, triennium, -i, n. (tri-annus), three years, de'voveo, -vovi, -votum, v. a., 2, to devote, dedicate, acies, -ei,/., line (of battle). ir'rumpo, -rupi, -ruptum, v. n., 3, to break into, armo, v. a. , 1, to arm. supero, v. a., 1, to overcome. deleo, v. a., 2, to destroy, gloriosus, -a, -um, adj., famous, coircupisco, -ivi, -itum, v. a., 3, to desire. XIII. (b). quotiens, adv., how often, as often as. ductor, -oris, m., leader. universus, -a, -um, adj., whole. dubius, -a, -um, adj., doubtful. con'curro, -curri and -cu- curri, -cursum, v. n., 3, to charge together. timeo, v. a. , 2, to fear. arceo, v. a., 2, to keep off, pre- vent. red'itus, -us, m., return. con'cido, -cidi, -cisum, v. n., 3, to fall. de'certo, v. n. 9 1, to contend. telum, -i, n., weapon. ob'icio, -ieci, -iectum, v. a., 3, to expose. XIV. VALERIUS CORVUS. im'pedio, v. a., 4, to hinder. quo "minus, conj. , that not. usque, adv., even to. ultimus, -a, -um, adj., last, centesimus, -a, -um, adj., hundredth. per'duco, -duxi, -ductum, v. a. , 3, to lead (see note on xiv. 4). sextus, -a, -um, adj., sixth. sex, num. adj., six. spatium, -i, n., space, interval, initium, -i, n., beginning, cursus, -us, m., course, medius, -a, -um, adj., middle. VOCABULARY. 83 labor, -oris, m., work. vero, adv., but, on the other hand, truly. XV. POSTUMIUS AND MANCINUS. iterum, adv. , again (see note on xvn. 4). quia, adv., because, male, adv., badly, legio, -onis, /., legion, de'do, -idi, -itum, v. a., 3, to give up. hviussu with gen., used as adv., without the command of. deditio, -onis, /., a giving up. suasor, -oris, m., adviser, sine, prep., with abl., without, foedus, -eris, n., treaty. rogatio, -onis, /. , bill, proposed law. suadeo, suasi, suasum, v. a., 2, to recommend, speak for. consultum (neut. part, of con- sulo), a decree, honestus, -a, -urn (comp. adv. honestius), adj., honourable, deprecor, v. dep., 1, to speak or plead against, utilitas, -atis, /., advantage, expediency. honestas, -atis, /., honour, superior, -us, comp. adj., former, species, -ei, /., show, appear- ance. XVI. APPIUS CLAUDIUS. ab'straho, -traxi, -tractum, v. a., 3, to withdraw from, iuventus, -utis,/., youth, senilis, -e, adj., belonging to old age. in'firmus, -a, -um, adj., weak, tamen, adv., nevertheless. ad'ministro, v. a., 1, to manage. ac-cedo, -cessi, -cessum, v. n., 3, to go to, be added to. iirclino, v. n. t 1, to lean, be inclined, dubito, v. n., 1, to hesitate, doubt. versus, -us, m., verse, poetry. pro'sequor, secutus, v. dep., 3, to pursue, treat *of quo, adv., whither. vos, gen. vestrum, dat. vobis, pron. f you. rectus, -a, -um (part, of rego), straight, sto, steti, statum, v. n., 1, to stand, soleo, solitus sum, v. n., 2, to be used, accustomed, ante 'hac, adv. , before now. de'mens, -tis, adj., mad. flecto, flexi, flexum, v. a., 3, to bend. via, -ae, /., way. carmen, -mis, n., poem, song, oratio, -onis, /. , speech. Septimus, -a, -um, \ num. adj., seventh decimus, -a, -um, num. adj., tenth alter, -era, -erum, gen. alter- ius, dat. alteri, adj., second, the other. inter, prep, with ace. , between. decem, num., ten. censor, -oris, m., censor, ante, prep, with ace. , before, intel'lego, lexi, lectum, v. a., 3, to perceive, understand, grandis, -e, adj., advanced in years. sane, adv. , assuredly, of course, nihil, indecl., 84 VOCABULARY. nego, v. a., 1, to deny, say that not. gubernator,-oris, m., steersman. navigo, v. a. or n., 1, to sail (over). malus, -i, m., mast. scando, -i, -scansum, v. a., 3, to climb. per, prep, with ace. , through. fori, -orum, m., pi., decks, gang- ways. curso, 0. ft., 1, to run about. sentlna, -aej /. , the hold. ex'haurio, -hausi, -haustum, v. a. 9 4, to pump out. clavus, -i, m., the tiller. quietus, -a, -um, adj., quiet. puppis, -is, abl. -i, /., stern, quarter-deck. iuvenis, -is, m., young man. melior, -us (used as comp. of bonus, superl. optimus), better. aut, conj., or. celeritas, -atis, activity. orbo, v. a., 1, with abl., to de- prive of. augeo, -xi, -ctum, v. a. , 2, to in- crease. XVII. FABRICIUS. ultro, adv., willingly, wilfully, hrfero, -tuli, -latum, -ferre,u a., to bring (wage war) against. certamen, -inis, n., contest. generosus, -a, -um, adj., noble. perfuga, -ae, m., deserter, castra, -orum, n. pi., camp, polliceor, -itus, v. dep,, 2, to promise. praemium, -i, n., reward. clam, adv., secretly. red'eo, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. n., 4, to return, venenum, -i, n., poison. re'duco, -duxi, -ductum, v. a., 3, to lead (take) back. euro, v. a. or n., 1, to take care, look after. laudo, v. a., 1, to praise. atqui, adv. } yet. quaero, quaesivi, quaesitum, v. a., 3, to seek, inquire into. unus, -a, -um, gen. unius, dat. uni, num., one. adversarius, -a, -um, adj. (iised as subsL), adversary. de'decus, -8ris, n., disgrace. flagitium, -i, n., scandal. laus, -dis, /. , praise, glory. utrum, adv. , shows that a ques- tion is asked. utilis, -e, adj., useful, advan- tageous. talis, -e, adj., and qualis, adj., such, as. numquam, adv., never. dignitas, -atis, /., honourable feeling, honour. se 'iungo, - iunxi, - iunctuni , v. a. , 3, to separate. arma, -orum, n. pi. , arms. certo, v. ft., to contend. ex'peto, -ivi or -ii, -itum, v. a., 3, to aim at. ab'sum, -fui, -esse, v. n., to be away. sin, conj. , but if. quisquis or quiqui,^nw., who- ever, any, whatever. modus, -i, m., way, means. iirfamia, -ae, /., disgrace. XVIII. PUBLIUS CLAUDIUS PULCHER. temeritas, -atis, /., rashness. iocus, -i, m., jest. ir-rideo, v. a., 2, to laugh at. cavea, -ae, /., coop. VOCABULARY. 85 pullus, -i, m., fowl. pasco, pavi, pastum, v. a., 3, to feed, mergo, mersum, v. a., 3, to plunge. aqua, -ae, /. , water, bibo, -i, v. a., 3, to drink, quoniam (cum, iam), adv., since, edo, edi, inf. esse, v. a. irreg., to eat. nolo, nolui, inf. nolle, to refuse, be unwilling. risus, -us, m. , laughter, jest, classis, -is,/., fleet. lacrima, -ae, /. , tear, clades, -is,/., disaster, a'mitto, -misi, -missum, v. a., 3, to loose. con'demno, v. a., 1, to condemn. nex, necis, /. (violent) death, con'scisco, -scivi, -scitum, v. a., 3, to agree to (see note on XVIIL 8). neglego, neglexi, neglectum, v. a., 3, to neglect, disregard, cado, cecidi, casum, v. n., 3, to fall, scribo, scripsi, scriptum, v. a., 3, to write. exitium, -i, n., destruction, ampliflco, v. a., I, to make great, externus, -a, -um, adj., foreign. par, paris, adj., equal, inferior, -us, comp. adj., lower, inferior, reperio, repperi, repertum, v. a. , 4, to find, superior, -us, comp. adj., higher, superior. XIX. EEGULUS. imperator, -oris, w., com- mander-in-chief. captivus, -i, m., prisoner, de-claro, v. a., 1, to show, maneo, mansi, v. n., 2, to remain. calamitas, -atis, /. , misfortune, communis, - ferus, ii. discido, v. (d). eques, xi. fetialis, xxiii. disco, vi. equus, xxi. fides, ii. dissolve, xx. erga, v. (b). filia, iv. distringo, xx. ergo, xxii. filius, v. (b). diu, xix. erudio, vi. no, v. (d). diuturnitas, i. (b). esurio, xxi. firmamentum, i. (c). divide, ii. et, i. (a). firmo, iv. divinitus, i. (b). etiam, i. (b). flagitium, xvii. divitiae, vii. (a). evenio, v. (d). flamen, ii. do, viii. excedo, ii. flecto, xvi. doceo, ii. excellens, i. (b). floreo, v. (a). domesticum, xxii. excelsus, viii. flumen, i. (b). domicilium, v. (a). excessus, vii. (b). fluo, xxi. 92 INDEX TO VOCABULARY. focus, xi. hue, ii. insero, xx. foedus (subst.), xv. hurnanitas, ii. insidiae, xi. fons, i. (b). humanus, xix. insignis, iii. fori, xvi. insolentia, vii. (a). fortis, v. (a). IAM, i. (a). inspecto, v. (d). fortitude, xix. idem, i. (b). instituo, viii. fortuna, v. (a). igitur, i. (b). institutum, ii. frango, xx. ignore, xix. insula, xxi. frater, i. (a). ille, i. (a). intactus, i. (b). fraus, xx. illigo, xix. integer, vii. (a). frux, ii. imitor, xx. intellego, xvi. fugio, v. (a). immanis, ii. inter, xvi. fugo, xii. impedio, xiv. intereo, vi. fundo, xii. imperator, xix. interflcio, xii. imperium, i. (b). interimo, i. (a). GENEROSUS, xvii. gens, v. (c). impero, xi. impetro, xx. impius, iii. interpreter, xx. interregnum, vii. (b). interrex, iii. genus, ill. gero, vii. (a). impono, v. (d). in, i. (a). intersum, ix. intolerandus, xix. gigno, v. (b). gloria, i. (b). glorior, xxii. gloriosus, xiii. (a), gradus, xix. grandis, xvi. gratia, x. incendo, ii. inclino, xvi. incolo, i. (a), incolumis, i. (b). incredibilis,' i. (b). indico, iii. indignitas, v. (b). intus, xxii. inveho, i. (b). invenio, xii. iocus, xviii. ipse, i. (b). iracundia, ix. irascor, xii. gravis, ix. gubernator, xvi. ineo, xiii. (a), infamia, xvii. irrideo, xviii. is, i. (a). inferior, xviii. ita, itaque, i. (b). HABEO, i. (a). infero, xvii. item, iv. habito, viii. infirnms, xvi. iterum, xv. hastatus, xxi. influo, i. (b). iubeo, i. (a). hand, viii. ingenium, vi. iucundus, xi. heres, v. (b). ingratus, ix. iugum, vii. hie, i. (a). ingigno, v. (b). iuro, xii. hodie, i. (a). ingredior, xii. ius, iii. homo, ii. inicio, ii. iussus, iii. honestas, xv. initium, xiv. iustitia, ii. honestus, xv. iniuria, vii. (a). iustus, xviii. honor, v. (a). iniussu, xv. iuveniliter, xxii. honoro, v. (b). iniustus, iii. iuvenis, xvi. hora, xxi. innocens, viii. iuventus, xvi. horribilis, i. (b). inquam, xxii. hostis, ix. inrumpo, xiii. (a). LABEFACTO, i. (a). INDEX TO VOCABULARY. 93 labes, xxi. mediocris, viii. nosco, i. (a). labor, i. (a). medius, xiv. noster, iii. lacrimae, xviii. melior, xvi. notitia, xxii. largior, v. (c). memoria, xxii. novacula, v. (d). late, i. (b). mens, vii. (a). no vein, xx. lateo, vi. mensis, viii. novus, v. (b). landatio, xxii. mergo, xviii. nullus, xi. laudo, xvii. metuo, vii. (a). num, xi. laus, xvii. meus, xi. numerus, i. (c). lectulus, xii. migro, v. (b). numquam, xvii. legio, xv. miles, xx. nuntio, xi. lego, xxii. militaris, iii. nuntius, xxi. lex, iv. militia, xxiii. libamentum, vii. (a). milito, xxiii. 0, xix. libenter, i. (a). mille, milia, xx. ob, i. (a). liber, v. (b). minor, v. (c). obaeratus, vi. liberi, vi. miserabilis, xi. obicio, xiii. (b). libero, vi. missum facio, xii. obitus, vii. (b). libertas, viii. mitto, vii. (a). oblecto, xi. libido, vii. (a). oblige, xxiii. lictor, viii. NAM, vii. (a). obliviscor, v. (b). litterae, xxii. nascor, i. (a). obscuro, i. (c). locuples, xviii. natus, viii. observatio, xxiii. locupleto, vii. (a). navigo, xvi. obsidio, xiii. (a). locus, i. (a). ne, v. (d). occido, xii. Indus, v. (c). ne, viii. occido, xiii. (a). lustro, xxi. nee, neque, i. (b). occupo, x. lux, xii. necesse, xii. octo, xx. neco, viii. oculus, xxii. MACHINA, xix. neglego, xviii. odium, vii. (b). macto, x. nego, xvi. offensio, viii. maculo, vii. (a). negotium, xii. officium, vi. magister, xi. nemo, i. (c). omnis, i. (a). magnificus, vii. (a). nepos, iv. opera, xxii. magnitude, xix. neu, neve, viii. opinio, i. (c). magnus, iii. nex, xviii. opis, v. (c). maior, v. (c). nihil, xvi. oppidum, xxi. male, xv. nisi, iii. oppono, i. (b). mains, xvi. nitor, i. (b). opportunitas, i. (b). maneo, xix. nobilis, vii. (a) opportunus, i. (b). mansuetudo, ii. nolo, xviii. opprimo, i. (a). manus, xxii. nomen, v. (b). optimus, vii. (a). mare, i. (b). nomino, xi. opulentus, vii. (a). maritimus, i. (b). non, i. (b). oratio, xvi. maxime, i. (b). nos, iii. orbo, xvi. INDEX TO VOCABULARY. orior, v. (b). plus, viii. publicus, i. (c). ornatus, vi. poena, vii. (a). pudens, vii. (a). ostium, iv. polliceor, xvii. puer, vi. otium, ii. pondus, xi. pugna, xx. pono, i. (b). pugno, xii. PALPEBRAE, xix. populus, ii. pullarius, xxi. par, xviii. possum, i. (b). pullus, viii. pareo, i. (a). post, iv. puppis, xvi. pario, i. (b). postea, viii. puteal, v. (d). pars, i. (b). postridie, viii. puto, i. (c). parvus, vi. potens, i. (a). pasco, xviii. pastor, i. (a). potentia, i. (b). potior, xx. QUADRAGINTA, vii. (b). pater, i. (a), patientia, xxii. patior, xxiii. potis, v. (b). praebeo, i. (a). praeceptum, xxii. quaero, xvii. quaestor, x. qualis, xvii. patria, v. (b). patrocinium, ii. praecido, v. (d). praeclarus, ii. quam, i. (a). quantus, vii. (b). paucus, xii. praeda, ii. quasi, i. (b). *paulus, ii. pax, ii. praeeo, viii. praemitim, xvii. que, i. (b). querella, vii. (a). - pecunia, v. (a). praeruptus, i. (b). qui, i. (a). pello, vii. (b). per, xvi. perceptio, ii. praesto, i. (a), praeterea, ii. praetereo, vii. (b). quia, xv. quidam, iii. ne quidem, iii, percutio, xii. perduco, xiv. praetermitto, i. (c). premo, xiii. (a). quiesco, xxi. quietus, xvi. perennis, i. (b). pridem, ix. quis, viii. perfero, viii. primus, ii. quispiam, xix. perflo, i. (b). perfuga, xvii. princeps, v. (a). principium, i. (a). quisquam, xxi. quisque, xxiv. perhibeo, i. (a). prior, v. (b). quo, xvi. periculum, i. (b). perindulgens, xii. pristinus, v. (c). proelium, xiii. (a). quoad, xxii. quominus, xiv. peritus, xxi. proficio, xxi. quoniam, xviii. periurium, xx. periurus, xix. proficiscor, i. (a), propinquus, vii. (a). quoque, xvii. quotiens, xiii. (b). permaneo, i. (b). proprius, xix. perscribo, xxiii. prosequor, xvi. RECENS, vii. (a). persolvo, vii. (a). prospere, vii. (a). recipio, v. (b). perversus, xx. providentia, i. (b). recordatio, vii. (a). pestilens, i. (b). provincia, xxiii. rectus, xvi. philosophus, xxii. provocatio, viii. recuso, xix. planus, xxii. provoco, xii. reddo, i. (b). plebs or -es, xii. prudentia, xx. redeo, xvi. INDEX TO VOCABULARY. 95 reclimo, xx. sanctus, ii. soleo, xvi. reditus, xiii. (b). sane, xvi. solum, i. (b). reduce, xvii. sapiens, iii. somnus, xiii. (a). redundo, i. (b). satur, xxi. spatium, xiv. refercio, vii. (a). saxum, i. (b). species, xv. refero, v. (d). scando, xvi. sperno, v. (b). regalis, vii. (b). scelus, vii. (a). spes, i. (b). regio, i. (b). scientia, v. (d). statim, viii. regius, iii. scintilla, vi. statuo, ii. regno, i. (c). scio, xi. status, iii. regnum, i. (a). scribo, xviii. sto, xvi. rego, vii. (a). se, sese, i. (a). strenuus, v. (b). relego, xii. secundus, xxi. studium, ii. religio, ii. securis, viii. stultus, xix. relinquo, xx. sed, i. (b). suasor, xv. reliquus, viii. sedeo, v. (c). sub, viii. remaneo, xix. sedo, ix. subito, i. (c). reraoveo, xii. seiungo, xvi. subnitor, vii. (a). repente, xxi. senator, xi. subrogo, viii. reperio, xviii. senatus, i. (c). suffragium, v. (c). repeto, xxiii. senectus, xi. sum, i. (a). repudio, xi. senex, xi. summus, ii. repugno, xix. senilis, xvi. superbia, vii. (a). res, res publica, i. (b). sententia, v. (c). supero, xiii. (a). reseco, xix. sentina, xvi. supersum, v. (b). resisto, xxii. sentio, i. (b). supplicium, xix. respondeo, v. (d). septem, i. (c). supra, v. (d). restituo, xxii. septimus, xvi. surgo, xi. retineo, xix. sequor, xxi. suspicio, viii. reverto, xx. sermo, vi. sustento, i. (a). revoco, ii. serva, vi. suus, ii. rex, i. (a). servitus, vii. (a). rideo, xxii. severus, xi. TALLS, xvii. ripa, i. (b). sex, xiv. tarn, i. (a). risus, xviii. sextus, xiv. tamen, xvi. rogatio, xv. si, ix. tandem, vi. rogo, iii. sic, ii. tantus, i. (a). rumor, xxii. signifer, xxi. telum, xiii. (b). rus, xix. signum, xxi. temeritas, xviii. rusticus, xi. Silvester, i. (a). tempestas, i. (b). similis, ix. tempus, i. (a). SACRAMENTUM, xxiii. sin, xvii. teneo, i. (b). saeculurn, xxiv. singuli, viii. tento, v. (a). sal uber, i. (b). situs, i. (b). terra, i. (a). salus, xxii. sol, i. (c). terror, xii. INDEX TO VOCABULARY. tertius, xii. universus, xiii. (b). viator, xi. timeo, xiii. (b). unus, xvii. victoria, vii. (a) timor, i. (a). urbs, i. (a). victus, i. (b). tiro, xxiii. usque, xiv. video, i. (b). toga, xxii. ut, i. (a). vigilantia, xxii. tollo, i. (a). uterque, ix. vigilo, xiv. torqueo, xii. utilis, xvii. viginti, iv. totus, xxi. utilitas, i. (b). villa, ii. trad or, vi. utor, iii. vincio, xx. tran seo, viii. utrum, xvii. vinco, xx. tribus, iii. uxor, v. (b). vir, i. (b). triennium, xiii. (a). virgo, ii. triginta, i. (c). viritim, ii. tripudium, xxi. VALEO, xii. virtus, i. (c). triumphi, xi. validus, i. (a). vis, viris, i. (a). turn, i. (a). vallis, i. (b). vita, ii. tyramms, v. (a). ve, vel, (b). vitium, i. (b). venenum, xvii. vito, i. (b). venio, i. (a). vitupero, xx. UBEK, i. (a). verbero, viii. vivo, vi. ubi, i. (a). vero, xiv. volo, vii. (a). ultimus, xiv. versor, xiii. (a). voluntas, vi. ultro, xvii. versus (subst.), xvi. vos, xvi. umbra, i. (b). versus (prep.), xxi. votum, vii. (a). umquam, i. (c). veterator, xx. vulgus, vi. undequadraginta, ii. via, xvi. vulnus, vi. 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