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 THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 From the £state 
 
 of 
 Urie McClearv 
 
 BOOKS 
 
 J<>«n Freneh
 
 (^^^Lm^ c^>^
 
 STYLES OF ORNAMENT 
 
 EXHIBITED IN DESIGNS AND ARRANGED IN 
 HISTORICAL ORDER WITH DESCRIPTIVE TEXT. 
 
 A HANDBOOK FOR ARCHITECTS, DESIGNERS, PAINTERS, SCULPTORS, 
 WOOD -CARVERS, CHASERS, MODELLERS, CABINET-MAKERS AND 
 ARTISTIC LOCKSMITHS AS WELL AS ALSO FOR TECHNICAL SCHOOLS, 
 
 LIBRARIES AND PRIVATE STUDY 
 
 BY 
 
 ALEXANDER SPELTZ 
 
 ARCHITECT 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE SECOND GERMAN EDITION BY DAVID O'CONOR 
 
 400 FULL -PAGES ILLUSTRATIONS 
 WITH ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIVE 
 
 TEXT 
 
 E. WEYHE . 710 LEXINGTON AVENUE • NEW YORK 
 
 <r l]a 
 
 1^
 
 I' r i ti t e .1 b y I". A. B P O C K H A M S , F, p i p z i k
 
 ARTS 
 
 SRLF 
 AFTTS 
 
 
 EDITOR'S PREFACE 
 
 The first German edition of this worit was published in 1904 and met with 
 such signal success that its author Herr Alexander Speltz was called upon to 
 bring out a second edition two years later. In this edition the number of plates 
 was increased from three to four hundred which enabled the author to give a 
 more complete representation of ornament as developed in England and America 
 than had been at first contemplated. 
 
 The original work was undertaken with the object of representing the entire 
 range of ornament in all its different styles from pre-historic times till the middle 
 of the 19*^ century and to illustrate the different uses to which it had been 
 applied. The whole of the illustrations which were taken from the best autho- 
 rities on each subject and period were drawn specially for the work and evince 
 the remarkable industry and knowledge of the author and his artistic power in 
 representing ornament. In fact it is only necessary to glance through the several 
 plates to see how closely the author has caught the style and character of each 
 period. Acknowledgments of the sources are made throughout the work and in 
 addition a special list of books of reference, including those which have been 
 drawn upon for illustrations, has been inserted at the end of the volume. 
 
 An English edition was published in America in 1906 for sale in that country 
 only, but the historical accounts were not in accordance with the latest research 
 and many of the descriptions to the plates had suffered so much in translation 
 that very considerable revision was necessary in preparing the present issue. 
 Three new plates of English Ornament have been added to this edition taking 
 the place of others which it was found necessary to delete, various changes 
 have also been made in the headings to some of the chapters and in the terms 
 employed, more particularly in the section devoted to the Renaissance period; 
 for instance the term "Barocco", which although well-known and recognised 
 throughout Germany is but seldom used here, has been replaced by "Later 
 Renaissance" which is more familiar to the English student and includes that 
 which used to be known as the pure Italian style introduced by Inigo Jones.
 
 IV EDITOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 The term Rococo has been retained as it would have been difficult to find any 
 other to suggest the vagaries of the Louis XV. style which spread through Italy, 
 France, Spain, Germany and Flanders and here in England led to Chippendale's 
 work; the terms adopted to distinguish the later periods are adhered to as 
 in the original edition. 
 
 The plates and their accompanying descriptions being arranged throughout 
 in chronological sequence renders an index a very important adjunct and special 
 care has been taken in preparing that given in the work. The examples are 
 entered according to both subject and material and the periods to which they 
 relate are indicated, thus enabling any particular object in any style to be imme- 
 diately referred-to. 
 
 The 400 plates in which the several styles of ornament are illustrated contain 
 a larger and much more varied series than in any work hitherto published, 
 indeed the volume forms a veritable encyclopaedia of the evolution development 
 and application of ornament in architecture and the decorative arts throughout 
 the ages, and it should prove of great value to the architect, craftsman, designer 
 and student. 
 
 LONDON, January 1910. 
 
 R. PHENE SPIERS.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 Plates Page 
 
 Introduction — 1 
 
 Prehistoric and Primitive Ornament 1 — 3 3 
 
 ANTIQUITY 4-56 1 1 
 
 Egyptian Ornament 4 — 7 12 
 
 Babylonian-Assyrian Ornament 8 — 10 22 
 
 Persian Ornament 11—12 29 
 
 Phoenician-Hebraic Ornament . . 13 34 
 
 Indian Ornament 14 — 16 37 
 
 Greek Ornament . • • . 17—30 43 
 
 Etruscan Ornament 31—32 67 
 
 Roman Ornament 33—44 71 
 
 Pompeian Ornament 45—49 91 
 
 Celtic Ornament 50—56 90 
 
 THE MIDDLE AGES 57-200 113 
 
 Early-Christian Ornament 57—62 114 
 
 Lombardo-Byzantine Ornament in Italy 57 — 58 118 
 
 Visigothic Ornament in Spain 59 122 
 
 Italo-Byzantine Ornament in Italy 60, 62 122 
 
 Prankish Ornament 61 122 
 
 Byzantine Ornament 63—70 125 
 
 Byzantine Ornament in Spain 69 — 70 132 
 
 R@manesque Ornament 71 — 107 137 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in Germany 71 — 77 139 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in France 78 — 85 149 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in Upper and Middle Italy . . 86 — 88 161 
 
 Saracen-Norman Ornament in Sicily and Lower Italy . 89 — 91 161 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in Spain . 92 — 94 169 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in England 95 — 101 173 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in Scandinavia 102 — 107 183
 
 VI SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Plates Page 
 
 Russian Ornament 108—111 193 
 
 Mahometan Ornament 112 — 134 198 
 
 Arabian Ornament 112 — 115 203 
 
 Moorish Ornament 116—120 207 
 
 Saracenic Ornament 121 214 
 
 Ottoman Ornament 122—126 214 
 
 Persian Ornament 127—130 225 
 
 Indo-Saracenic Ornament 131 — 134 231 
 
 Gothic Ornament 135—188 235 
 
 Gothic Ornament in France 135 — 143 238 
 
 Gothic Ornament in the Netherlands 144 — 145 252 
 
 Gothic Ornament in England 146—160 254 
 
 Gothic Ornament in Germany and Austria 161 — 176 274 
 
 Gothic Ornament in Italy 177—183 298 
 
 Gothic Ornament in Spain 184—188 310 
 
 Chinese Ornament 189—193 316 
 
 Cambodian Ornament 194—195 324 
 
 Japanese Ornament 196—200 327 
 
 RENAISSANCE and MODERN TIMES 201 -400 337 
 
 Renaissance Ornament 201—270 339 
 
 Renaissance in Italy 201—215 341 
 
 Florence 201—202 343 
 
 Rome 203—204 343 
 
 Venice 205—206 349 
 
 Various 207—215 349 
 
 Renaissance in France 216 — 226 362 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in Spain and Portugal .... 227 — 234 377 
 
 Renaissance in Germany, Austria and Switzerland . . . 235 — 248 388 
 
 Swiss Renaissance Wood Buildings 249 — 250 408 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in Hungary 251 412 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in the Netherlands 252 — 255 414 
 
 Ornament of the Northern Renaissance 256 — 257 419 
 
 Slavonic Renaissance Ornament 258 — 260 422 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in Poland 258 422 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in Russia 259 — 260 427 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in England 261 — 270 428 
 
 Later Renaissance Ornament 271 — 311 443 
 
 Later Renaissance Ornament in Italy 271 — 275 445 
 
 Later Renaissance Ornament in France (Louis XIV. Style) 276 — 286 453 
 
 Later Renaissance Ornament in Germany, Austria and 
 
 Switzerland 287—295 468 
 
 Later Renaissance Ornament in the Netherlands . . . 296 — 298 481 
 
 Later Renaissance Ornament in England 299 — 311 487
 
 SUMMARY OF CONTENTS. VI! 
 
 Plates Page 
 
 Rococo Ornament 312—333 503 
 
 Rococo Ornament in Italy 313 507 
 
 Rococo Ornament in France (Louis XV. Style) 314—322 509 
 
 Rococo Ornament in Germany and Austria 323—330 519 
 
 Rococo Ornament in England (Chippendale Style). . . . 331 — 333 531 
 
 Colonial Style Ornament in the United States .... 334—339 534 
 
 Ornament of the Classical Revival of the 18*" Century 340—376 543 
 
 18'^ century Ornament in Italy 340—342 545 
 
 18*^ century Ornament in France (Louis XVL Style) . . . 343—350 549 
 
 18'^ century Ornament in the Netherlands 351 559 
 
 18*'' century Ornament in Germany 352—354 559 
 
 18''' century Ornament in England 355—376 565 
 
 Examples of the work of R. and J. Adam 355 — 369 565 
 
 Furniture made from designs by Sheraton 370 — 372 579 
 
 Furniture made from designs by Hepplewhite .... 373 585 
 
 Work prepared from various designs 374 — 376 585 
 
 Empire Ornament 377—393 592 
 
 Empire Ornament in France 377 — 385 592 
 
 Examples of the work of Percier and Fontaine . . . 377 — 383 592 
 
 Various designs 384, 385 597 
 
 Later Empire 386 605 
 
 Empire Ornament in Italy . 387—389 606 
 
 Examples of the work of Guiseppe Borsato .... 388 606 
 
 Empire Ornament in Germany 390—393 611 
 
 Biedermeier or old fashioned Style in Germany . . . 394, 395 617 
 
 Neogrec Ornament in Germany 396—400 621 
 
 List of Reference books . 627 
 
 Index of illustrations according to subject and material 630
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ighlly understood, the conformation of an ornament should 
 be in keeping with the form and structure of the object 
 which it adorns, should be in complete subordination to 
 it, and should never stifle or conceal it. As varied and 
 as many-sided as it may be, still, the Art of ornamen- 
 tation is never an arbitrary one; besides depending on 
 the form of the object, it is influenced also by the nature 
 of the material of which the same is made, as well 
 as by the style or manner in which natural objects 
 are reproduced in ornamentation by different peoples 
 at different times. The art of ornamentation, there- 
 fore, stands in intimate relationship with material, 
 purpose, form, and style. The oldest forms 
 
 ^ of ornamentation consisted of geometric figures, 
 
 Initial from a German manu- „ . . , , , . , , , 
 
 script. 12th century (Dolmetsch). small circles, bands, straight and curved lines, 
 
 &c, all of which were drawn with categorical 
 regularity and according to a certain rhythm. With the advance in the intellectual 
 development of mankind, artists acquired more technical skill, and ventured even 
 to make use of animals, plants, and, finally, of the human figure itself, for orna- 
 mental purposes. A plant or a living being can be employed in ornamentation 
 in two ways, firstly, just as it is formed by nature — which is naturalistic Orna- 
 ment, and secondly, in a form which reflects the spirit of the times, the political 
 or religious ideas of the peoples, or the effects of foreign influence — where by 
 
 SPELT Z, Styles of Ornament. 1
 
 2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 was formed the stylistic Ornament. Each style exhibits one and the same plant 
 and one and the same animal in a different fashion. Each country sought the 
 models for its own ornamentation in its own Fauna and Flora, and each style 
 had certain plants and animals which it preferred to all others. Style is really 
 more the product of one epoch of time rather than of a single people, and it is 
 according to this chronological standpoint that the present work has been ar- 
 ranged. In keeping with the tendency of the work, it may be remarked that 
 the illustrations, are all reproductions of such objects only as were really produced 
 at the period for which the style is characteristic. 
 
 Stonehenge near Salisbury.
 
 PREHISTORIC AND PRIMITIVE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Stonerelief from Yucatan 
 
 (Globus 1884). 
 
 ivided according to the periods of development 
 during which it existed, Prehistoric Ornament 
 extends over two great epochs: the Stone Age 
 and the Metal Age. It is, however, charac- 
 teristic not alone of all peoples who lived 
 on the earth in Prehistoric times, peoples se- 
 parated by thousands of years from each 
 other, but even of people who exist at the 
 present day. We find the Prehistoric Orna- 
 ment not only amongst the remains of those 
 races of people who lived along the Medi- 
 terranean over 6000 years ago, but also the 
 primitive ornament amongst different people 
 who inhabit certain parts of the earth at present but who have not yet advanced 
 beyond that stage civilisation to which this style of Ornament is peculiar. 
 Prehistoric ornament embraces two periods: the Stone Age and the Metal Age. 
 The Stone Age is generally supposed to have begun at the end of the last 
 period of the Tertiary Age, distinct proofs place it at the last epoch of the 
 Diluvian Era. During the Paleolithic or Ancient Stone Age, stone was habitu- 
 ally used as the material from which tools were made; in the Neolithic or later 
 Stone Age the tools were polished and given an artistic form, and vessels made 
 of clay decorated with simple ornamentations were manufactured. Lake dwellings, 
 the burying of the dead in caves, middens, barrows, cromlechs, and other nu- 
 merous Megalithic monuments, the use and purpose of which are still matter 
 of speculation, are all characteristic of this era. In the course of time these 
 early inhabitants arrived at a stage of development which enabled them to make 
 
 1*
 
 4 PREHISTORIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 use of metals, bronze being first employed and later on iron, the different periods 
 being designated as the Earlier and Later Bronze Age and the Earlier and Later 
 Iron Age. The use of bronze was introduced from the East throughout the 
 entire of Europe at about the year 1 500 B. C. The Later Bronze Age extended 
 only over the middle and north of Europe and dates from about 1000 to 600 B.C. 
 Iron was however already worked during this period in the countries bordering 
 on the Mediterranean, and was besides extensively known to the Assyrians in 
 the ninth century before Christ. In all probability the use of iron was intro- 
 duced from Assyria into Europe, where, in consequence of its introduction, 
 new forms were given to arms, tools, and implements of all kinds. Iron was 
 now used almost entirely for arms and tools, bronze being employed for artistic 
 work. The Earlier or Ancient Iron Age is called also the Hallstadt Period, 
 Hallstadt being a locality in the Salzkammergut where all the greatest and most 
 important discoveries dealing with this period were made. The Later Iron Age, 
 designated also as the La Tene Period in consequence of the discovery of remains 
 found in the castle in the island La Tene in the Lake of Neuchatel, dates from 
 400 to 100 B. C, and is confined generally speaking to the Gallic races. 
 
 Even in those prehistoric times a very lively commercial intercourse existed 
 between the different peoples. The locality, therefore, where a certain article 
 has been discovered cannot by any means be accepted as the country of its origin. 
 It could just as well have been manufactured by another people more advanced 
 in civilisation, and have been brought by itinerant traders to the locality where 
 it was eventually found. 
 
 The Stone and Metal periods, however, are not confined alone to those pre- 
 historic peoples who have long since passed away, and of whose names or 
 descent we have never been able to acquire the slightest knowledge. There are 
 people in Asia, Africa, America, and Australia, at the present day, who have not 
 even yet arrived so far as the Metal period. The inhabitants of America at the 
 time of its discovery had not yet advanced beyond the Stone or Metal Age. 
 Examples of their work are therefore included in the two plates dealing with 
 these periods. 
 
 Prehistoric and the Primitive Ornaments may be said to be purely geometric 
 ones, the artists of the time rising very seldom to such heights as to try and 
 imitate in their work the figures of men, animals, or plants. Altough there cannot 
 be any mention of "style" in connection with it as it was so disconnected, and 
 so widely separated by time and space — still. Prehistoric ornament as such formed 
 the foundation upon which genuine styles were constructed later on.
 
 Plate 1, 
 
 PREHISTORIC ORNAMENT.
 
 PREHISTORIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 2. 
 
 

 
 PREHISTORIC ORNAMENT. 7 
 
 Plate 1. 
 
 Prehistoric Ornament. 
 
 Fig. 1. Ivory carving found in a cave in Lourdes (Hoerner, Urgeschichte). 
 
 „ 2. Ivory carving found in Arudy (Basses Pyrenees), France (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 3. Ivory carving found in Brassempoy, France (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 4. Clay statuette found in Budmir, Bosnia (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 5, and 6. Eartlienware vessels found in Budmir, Bosnia (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 7. Vessel found in the pile-dwellings on Laibach Moor, later Stone Age (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 8. Bronze object from the first Iron Age found in Hungary (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 9. Bronze jewel found in Hungary (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 10. Bronze needle (Brockhaus, Konversationslexicon). 
 
 „ 11, Earthenware vessel found in Odenburg, first Stone Age (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 12. Urn found in West Prussia (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 13. Urn found in Borgstedfeld, Holstein (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 14. Bronze plate found in Glarinoc, Bosnia (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 15. Bronze greave found in Herzegovina (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 16. Weapon found in Hungary (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 17. Iron dagger found in the Lake of Garda (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 18. Fragment of an engraved bronze girdle found in Chodschali in Transcaucasia 
 
 (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 19. Jewel from the gold-discoveries in Vettersfelde (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 20. Lance-head, Germany (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 21, 22, and 28. Wicker-work found in the Swiss pile-dwellings (Liibke, Die Kunst 
 
 des Altertums). 
 
 „ 23. Border ornamentation of a bronze basin found in the Wies, Styria (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 24. Clay figure found in a Boeotian grave (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 25. Stone axe of Montezuma (Sir John Evans). 
 
 „ 26. Sword of the Bronze Age (Lubke). 
 
 ,, 27. Needle of the Bronze Age (Lubke). 
 
 „ 29, and 32. Bronze Clasps (Brockhaus). 
 
 „ 30. Scabbard (Brockhaus). 
 
 „ 31. Figure of Charon on a bronze relief plate found in North Syria (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 33. Bronze fibula (Brockhaus). 
 
 „ 34. Double earthenware vessel found at Langenlebron in a grave of the Hall- 
 
 stadt period (Hoerner). 
 
 „ 35. Scissors (Brockhaus). 
 
 „ 36. Bronze wedge (Brockhaus). 
 
 „ 37. Neck ornament (Liibke). 
 
 „ 38. Needle (Liibke). 
 
 „ 39. Bronze sword (Liibke). 
 
 „ 40. Stone spear-head (Brockhaus). 
 
 „ 41. Bronze fibula (Brockhaus). 
 
 „■■ 42. Stone knife (Brockhaus). 
 
 „ 43. Stone sickle (Liibke). 
 
 „ 44. Iron spear-head (Brockhaus). 
 
 „ 45. Iron vestment pin (Brockhaus).
 
 8 
 
 PRIMITIVE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 3. 
 
 ">on7 '^v *? r^ kj3J'.^
 
 PREHISTORIC ORNAMENT. 9 
 
 Plate 2. 
 
 Prehistoric Ornament. 
 
 Fig 1. Ancient Peruvian Vase (Brockhaus Konversationslexikon). 
 
 2. Granite Vase found in Honduras (Brockhaus). 
 
 3, 4, 26, 27, 41, 42, and 44. Bronze weapons (Liibke, Kunst des Altertums). 
 
 5, Urn found in the district of the Elbe (Reichhold, Flachornament des Altertums). 
 
 6, 23, and 30. Knives found in the Swiss pile-dwellings (Reichhold). 
 
 7, Relief on the Monolith Gate of Tiahuanaco (Lubke). 
 
 8, and 11. Wedges of the Inkas period (Brockhaus). 
 
 9, 10, 12, and 14. Earthenware vessels found in America (Reichhold). 
 13. Relief from a Mexican temple (Brockhaus). 
 
 15. Earthenware vessel found in the island of Cyprus (Reichhold). 
 
 16. Sepulchral urn found in England (Reichhold). 
 
 17. Sepulchral urn found in Sweden (Reichhold). 
 
 18. Ornament from a building in Prinxillo (Liibke). 
 
 19. 20, 43, and 45. Earthenware vessels from the Middle Rhine (Reichhold). 
 
 21. Old Italian sepulchral urn with engraved ornamentations (Reichhold). 
 
 22. Relief cut in the rocks in Izamal, Yucatan (Brockhaus). 
 24, 25, 28, 29, 31—34, and 36. Bronze jewels (Lubke). 
 35. Fragment of a column (American), found in Tula (Brockhaus). 
 37 to 39. Metal-vessel ornamentations of the Bronze Age (Lubke). 
 40. Idol. 
 
 Plate 3. 
 
 Primitive Ornament, 
 
 Fig. 1. Mat from the Southsea (Finsch, Erfahrungen und Belegstiicke aus der Siidsee). 
 
 „ 2. Fan screen of painted feathers from Australia (Racinet, rornement polychrome). 
 
 „ 3, and 5. Painting from an Australian canoe (Racinet). 
 
 „ 4. Painted Woodcarving from Central Africa (Racinet). 
 
 „ 6. Model of a house of the Haida, Queen Charlotte's Islands. In the Anthro- 
 pological Museum of Berlin. 
 
 „ 7. Ebony spatula with incrusted work from New Guinea (Reichhold, Kunst und 
 Zeichnen). 
 
 „ 8. Specimen of woven work from Australia (Racinet). 
 
 „ 9. Club from New Zealand (Racinet). 
 
 „ 10. Native chair, Camerun. In the anthropological Museum of Berlin. 
 
 „ 11. Woodcarving from a canoe in New Zealand. In the Louvre (Racinet). 
 
 „ 12, and 13. Terminal heads of paddles from Polynesia (Glazier, A manual of Historic 
 Ornament).
 
 Door of the grand Theocalli of Uxmal, Yucatan (Gailhabaud, Denkmaler). 
 Frame: Mexican Ceramic Ornaments in the British Museum (Owen Jones, 
 
 Grammar of Ornaments).
 
 
 I ^ 1 ^ ^ P ^y - V^^ - J ^.^^^ M V V^ ' '^^ ' -', 
 
 m 
 
 ANTIQUITY. 
 
 Egyptian wood columns (Prisse d'Avennes, hist. d. I'art egyptien).
 
 EGYPTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 &^ 
 
 Egyptian Dress (LUbkc). 
 
 ong before civilisation was known in Egypt there 
 existed at one time in Ancient Syria and Ba- 
 bylonia, countries once so rich and flourishing, 
 a civilisation much older than that of Egypt. 
 Proofs of this civilisation have been brought 
 to light in the excavations carried out in recent 
 years in these two countries. It is, however, 
 Egypt that has supplied us with those series 
 of monuments by means of which the most 
 ancient historical facts now in our possession 
 have been put together and verified. Even 
 so far back as 4000 B. C. an extensive artistic spirid reigned throughout Egypt. 
 The historic period of the country, which dates from about the year 3200 B. C. 
 when Mena was king, comprise thirty dynasties, and is divided in accordance 
 with the records of the priest Manetho into four principal periods, namely: 
 
 1. The Ancient Kingdom dating from about 4180 B. C. to about 3000 B. C. 
 This period, reached jts highest glory under Khyan, the last king of the tenth 
 dynasty. The city of Memphis in Lower Egypt flourished during this period. 
 
 2. The Middle Kingdom dates from 3000 to 1587 B. C. The principal 
 centres were in Middle and Upper Egypt with the capital Thebes. The highest 
 period of development characteristic of this epoch was reached about 2660 B. C. 
 during the 12**^ dynasty, the decline and decay of this development being brought 
 about by the conquest of the country by the Hyksos who had their centre of 
 government in the city of Tanis.
 
 EGYPTIAN ORNAMENT. 13 
 
 3. The Modern Kingdom dates from the year 1587 to 702 B.C. The 
 
 principal city was Thebes in Upper Egypt. The highest period of development 
 was reached in the years 1516 to 1234 B. C. under Hat-Shepsut, Rameses, 
 Seti, and Rameses II., of the 18**^ and 19*^ dynasties. The decline began about 
 the year 950 B. C. 
 
 4. The Later Period dates from the year 664 B. C, the period of the 
 restoration by Psammeticus with the capital Sais. The final development took 
 place under the 26**^ dynasty between the years 663 to 525 B. C. when the 
 country was conquered by the Persians, during whose occupation few buildings 
 were erected. In 332 B. C. a revival took place under the rule of Alexander 
 the Great which was continued by the Ptolemies from the year 323 B. C. and 
 by the Romans from 31 B. C. 
 
 The life led by the ancient Egyptians was characterised by distinctly marked 
 order and regularity, and to this is due the clearness, exactness and dignity, 
 which distinguish Egyptian works cf art. They are deficient however in that 
 warm spirit which animates Grecian art, and are in consequence cold and stiff. 
 Owing to the scarcity of timber, all the great enclusures of temples, palaces, 
 and domestic structures generally were built in unbumt brick, a material which 
 necessitated a much greater thickness for the lower part of the wall at the base, 
 and this type of construction would appear to have been the model on which 
 all the great monuments in stone were based, thus accounting for the raking 
 walls given to the pylcns and temples 
 
 Apart from a pure geometrical setting-out, Egyptian ornament consists of a 
 rigidly systematic arrangement of plants native to the country. The well-known 
 Egyptologist, Louis Borchardt, has arranged a clear classification of Egyptian 
 plant-ornamentation, and the complete plants used as models being arranged by 
 him as follows: 
 
 1. The Lotus-flower, Nymphaea Lotus L, Nymphaea Cerula L., and Nym- 
 phaea Nelumbo L. 
 
 2. The Lily, the botanical name of which has not yet been fixed. 
 
 3. The Papyrus flower, Cyperus papyrus L. 
 
 4. The Date-palm, Phoenix dactylifera L 
 
 5. Reeds and a kind of Withe* were also cften employed as can be 
 seen from certain fragments discovered in the excavations. 
 
 The lotus and papyrus flowers were, however, used the most often by the 
 Ancient Egyptians in the ornamentation of all kinds of work, from the most 
 colossal Egyptian columns down to the smallest objects. Borchardt denies that 
 there is any constructive importance to be attached to the Egyptian plant-column. 
 To the ancient Egyptians, the temple meant the world, the ceiling was the heavens, 
 under which the columns, made to represent plants, rose up from a mound of 
 
 * Probably the leaf of the maize or Indian corn.
 
 14 EGYPTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 earth. That the imitation of a plant was used as a support for the ceiling is 
 an idea which cannot be accepted. As, however, supports for carrying the ceiling 
 were necessary, there was placed, as connecting link between the supports and 
 the burden, an abacus, which on account of the strong swell of the capital, 
 was invisible from below. In this way, the idea of having again flowers under 
 the open skies was realised. It is therefore, according to this, evident that the 
 ornament was used as a support and not that the support was ornamented. 
 
 The principal featuies characterising the manner in which Egyptian artists 
 wished to represent the lotus flower were, first, the elliptical form of the buds 
 with stalks, then the calyx of the flowers rounded off above, and the intermediate 
 petals rounded off in a similar manner. The lotus-flowers have no foot-leaves, 
 these being peculiar to the papyrus-shaped columns only. There are closed and 
 opened lotus and papyrus columns, as well as simple and compound ones. 
 
 Although stone is the material which predominates, columns and vessels in 
 wood have also been discovered. Casting in metal, clay and even glass-blowing, 
 were known to the ancient Egyptians, and they were adepts in the textile industry. 
 In the ornamentation of Egyptian buildings, more especially in temples and tombs, 
 painting was the predominant characteristic. 
 
 Plate 4. 
 
 Border: Column with closed lotus capital from a mural painting found in the tomb 
 of the Kej of Bersche. It dates from the Middle Egyptian Kingdom (Borchardt). 
 
 Fig. 1. Column with closed lotus capital from the Middle Kingdom, found in Beni- 
 hasan. Horizontal section is also given. (Lepsius, Tagebuch.) Like all lotus 
 columns, this one has neither foliage nor entasis. From the stone base, on which 
 the column is raised, rise 4 main stalks. These, and the 4 intermediate stalks, are 
 held together by means of 5 chaplets. The capital is made up of 4 lotus-buds with 
 longitudinal convex bands. The abacus is small and square. 
 
 „ 2. Closed lotus capital dating from the Ancient Egyptian Kingdom, found by 
 de Morgan in the tomb of the Ptah-schep-ses near Aboukir. Horizontal 
 section of the column is also given. (Revue arch. 1894.) The column consists 
 of 6 principal and 6 intermediate stalks, held together by 5 neck-bands. The ca- 
 pital consists of very sharp-pointed buds. The intermediate stalks end above in open 
 lotus-flowers. The whole colutnn is painted over in a naturalistic manner. 
 
 „ 3. Closed lotus capital from the Ptolemaic epoch, taken from the temple of 
 Isis-us-ret in Philae (Borchardt). Columns with closed lotus capitals did not exist 
 in the Modern Kingdom. This kind of capital, like all capitals from the time of 
 the Ptolemies, was peculiar in the fact that the stalks were allowed to appear below 
 the bands of the necking. In this example, furthermore, the triple intermediate stalks 
 do not rest between the main stalks. The shaft is smooth and completely covered 
 with hieroglyphics.
 
 Plate 4. 
 
 EGYPTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 15
 
 16 
 
 EGYPTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 5.
 
 EGYPTIAN ORNAMENT. I7 
 
 Fig. 4. Open lotus capital in Edfu, dating from the time of the Ptolemies (Prisse, 
 Histoire de I'art egyptien). This capital consists of 4 large lotus-flowers standing 
 close to each other. Between each pair of these flowers are 3 others— one large 
 and 2 small ones — which rise from small intermediate posts, and between these 
 16 flowers are 16 other extremely small ones. Open lotus capitals of columns 
 dating from the Ancient Kingdom have not yet been discovered in a perfect condition. 
 
 „ 5, and 6. Open lotus capitals decorating piers from the Ancient Kingdom, found 
 in the tombs 1 and 2 of the Hepi in Sawijet el Meitni (Borchardt). 
 
 „ 7. Symbol of the union of Upper and Lower Egypt from the throne of a Cephren 
 statue in Gizeh (Borchardt). The symbol of Upper Egypt was the lily, the botanical 
 name of which cannot, however, be even yet fixed, and the Symbol of Lower Egypt 
 the papyrus. 
 
 „ 8. Thothmes pillar of granite dating from the New Kingdom, found in the sanc- 
 tuary in Karnak (Lepsius, Tagebuch). 
 
 „ 9. Open papyrus capital in Philae dating from the time of the Ptolemies (Prisse). 
 
 „ 10. Papyrus ornament from a mural fresco found in a tomb in Beni-Hasan 
 (Prisse). 
 
 „ 11. Osiride pillar from Medinet Hab0 (Perrot and Chipiez, History of Art). 
 
 Plate 5. 
 
 Border: Papyrus column with closed capital from a mural fresco found in the tomb 
 of Kha'-em-het at Gurna. This example dates from the Later Egyptian King- 
 dom (Borchardt). 
 Fig. 1. Papyrus column with closed capital in front of the pyramid of Amenemhet 
 near Hawara. This column dates from the Middle Kingdom (Prisse). From 
 the stone base on which the column rests, spring 8 stalks arranged in regular 
 order. The horizontal section of the column given in the same figure will make 
 this clear. As is the case with all papyrus columns, there are, at the foot of the 
 stalk, sheathing leaves which enclose the lower portion of the column. Under the 
 capital, the stalks narrow off, and are bound together by 5 fillets. Over these fillets, 
 8 closed buds, each with a head-foil, develop themselves. The section of the buds 
 and stalks is triangular. Under the neck-band are 8 clusters each having 3 stalks. 
 These capitals, however, gradually lost their characteristic form, until finally, they 
 became completely changed as in fig. 8. 
 
 „ 2. Palm-leaf capital of a column at Philae dating from the later Egyptian 
 Kingdom (Prisse). Here, also a space exists between the capital and the neck-band. 
 
 „ 3. Capital in the Palace of Thothmes, 1541—1516 B.C. in Karnac (Lepsius). 
 
 „ 4. Palm-leaf capital of a column in Bersche dating from the Middle Kingdom 
 (Borchardt). 
 
 „ 5. Papyrus column with open Flower capital from the granite pilasters in front 
 of the Sanctuary in Karnac (Lepsius). 
 
 „ 6. Open papyrus flower capital at Karnac, dating from the Middle Kingdom 
 (Prisse). Pictures and inscriptions are worked in between the painted flower stalks. 
 
 „ 7. Clay mould with lily from Tell-el-Amarna dating from the Middle Kingdom 
 (Petrie, Tell-el-Amarna). 
 
 SPELTZ, styles of Ornament. 2
 
 18 
 
 EGYPTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 6.
 
 EGYPTIAN ORNAMENT. 19 
 
 Fig. 8. Turned papyrus-capital of a column with closed flower, at Karnac, dating 
 
 from the later Egyptian Kingdom (Prisse). 
 „ 9. Decoration of a figured dish in the British Museum (Borchardt). 
 „ 10. Figured frieze — flowers and buds from the same plant — from the palace of 
 
 Amenophis' IV. in Tell-el-Amarna (Borchardt). 
 „ 11. Papyrus ornament on a figured dish in the British Museum (Borchardt). 
 „ 12. Papyrus thicket from the mural fresco of a tomb in Benihasan, dating from 
 
 the Middle Kingdom (Borchardt). 
 „ 13. Withe from a painted wreath of a coffin, dating from the Middle Kingdom. 
 „ 14. Palm-shaped column in process of manufacture from a mural fresco at Gurna; 
 
 dating from the Middle Kingdom. 
 
 Plate 6. 
 
 Border: Closed lotus capital from a mural fresco (Borchardt). 
 Fig. 1 to 7. Egyptian mural fresco (Uhde). 
 
 8. Woven work sandals (Prisse, Hist, de I'art egypt.). 
 
 9, and 11. Sphinx in red granite in the museum of the Vatican (Talham, Anc. 
 Ornam. Arch, in Rome). 
 
 10. Scent-spoon from collection in the Louvre (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 
 12. Egyptian dagger (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 
 13. Leather sandals (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 
 14. Egyptian bronze knife (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 
 15. and 18. Egyptian lions in green basalt before the Capitol in Rome (Tatham 
 Anc. Ornam. Arch, in Rome). 
 
 16. and 17. Egyptian heads in relief dating from the Later Kingdom (LUbke). 
 
 19. Egyptian sewing-needles (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 
 20, and 21. Old-Egyptian wooden chairs (Koeppen und Breuer, Geschichte d. Mobels). 
 22, 23, and 24. Egyptian furniture (Canina, arch. ant.). 
 
 Plate 7. 
 
 Border: Columns with open lotus-capital from a painted canopy in a tomb at Gurna, 
 
 dating from the Middle Kingdom (Borchardt). 
 Fig. 1. Painted bouquet-column in the tomb of Sennundem. Dates from the Egyptian 
 Middle Kingdom (Berhn Museum, Ph. 664). 
 „ 2. Breast-plate of gold with incrusted enamel bearing the name of Rameses II. 
 
 (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 „ 3. Head of Nofret (Lubke). 
 „ 4. Egyptian clay jar (Libonis, Les styles). 
 „ 5. Egyptian amphora (Libonis). 
 
 2*
 
 20 
 
 EGYPTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 7.
 
 EGYPTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 21 
 
 Fig. 6. Rhyton, an Egyptian musical instrument (Libonis). 
 
 7. Ceiling ornamentation from Memphis and Thebes (Prisse). 
 
 8. Winged sun, the symbol of royal dignity dating from the Ancient Kingdom 
 of the Egyptians. 
 
 9. Gold necklace (Libonis). 
 
 10. Girl with guitar from a mural painting in Thebes (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 
 11. Ornament (Libonis). 
 
 12. Ring of Rameses II. (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 
 13. Transporting a mummy, from a mural painting. 
 
 14. Harness (Prisse). 
 
 15. Engraved ring in the Louvre, Paris (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 
 16. Egyptian doors of wood (Prisse). 
 
 17. Bracelet of Prince Psat, dating from the New Egyptian Kingdom. 
 
 Building a temple, from a mural painting found in a grave 
 at Abd-el-Gurna (Liibke).
 
 BABYLONIAN -ASSYRIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 long the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris, 
 in the sacred land of Mesopotamia, and 
 under the special influence of these two 
 streams, a characteristic civilisation deve- 
 loped itself more than 5000 years ago — 
 much the same as the civilisation which was 
 developed in Egypt under the influence of 
 the Nile. The results of the latest exca- 
 vations in Tello, Niniveh, Nimroud, Koyunjik, 
 Khorsabad, and other places, have afforded 
 proofs of the existence, even as far back as 
 4000 B. C. of the Sumerians, a non-Semitic 
 people who became afterwards united with 
 the Assyrians. It may therefore be accepted 
 as certain, that in this river valley a civili- 
 sation existed which was older than that of 
 Egypt- The language cf the Sumerians long after it ceased to exist as a living 
 tongue was spoken as a dead language by scholars. The Bible itself mentions 
 the colossal buildings erected by the Babylonian and Assyrian kings at that 
 remote period. In this particular country, there was such a mixture of peoples, 
 one alternately subjugated by another, that the art of the epoch must be regarded 
 as one common to the people as a whole. The people themselves appear to 
 have been more of a sensible and practical, rather than of a peotic turn of mind- 
 They were at once commercial as well as warlike, keeping material gain and 
 their own supremacy above all other matters. 
 
 Stone imbossed work, representing 
 the surrender of Lachis to Sen- 
 nacherib (Roger-Miles).
 
 BABYLONIAN-ASSYRIAN ORNAMENT. 23 
 
 In the third thousand before Christ a number of small principalities . . . 
 such as Shirpula, Ur of the Chaldees, Isin, Larsa, etc. . . . existed in South 
 Babylonia, but were finally conquered by Khammunrabi, king of North Babylonia 
 in the year 2232 B. C. After this conquest the city of Babylonia was made the 
 capital. The kingdom of the Semitic Assyrians was founded and began about 
 the year 2000 B. C, developing into a powerful state about 1300 B. C, the 
 principal cities being Ashur and Nineveh. This kingdom reached its highest glory 
 in the reigns of Assurnasipal (884—860 B. C), Shalmaneser II. (860—824 B. C), 
 Sargonll. (722—705 B.C.), Sennachirib (705—681 B.C.), Esarhaddon (681—668), 
 and Ashur-bani-pal (Sardanapalus) (668 — 626). Under this latter monarch Assyria 
 became the principal world-power, being however deprived of this supremacy by 
 Nabcpolassar of Babylonia and Cyaxaras of Media in the year 603 B. C. The 
 new kingdom now established flourished for a short time, 605 to 561 B. C. 
 under Nebuchadnezzar, being itself finally conquered by Cyrus King of Persia 
 in this year 538 B. C. 
 
 While structures built of stone predominated in Egypt, in these districts on 
 the Tigris and Euphrates the buildings were almost always constructed of air- 
 dried bricks, which accounts for the fact that so few of them have remained 
 intact. Walls made of these unburnt bricks were first coated with stone slabs, 
 plaster, or asphalt, and then covered with mosaic-work formed of glazed pieces 
 of terra-cotta. Most of the discoveries, therefore, made in this region, consist of 
 these fragments of glazed terra-cotta, in which work these people excelled. 
 
 The specimens of sculpture which have come down to us are mostly all in 
 relief, few of them being in cavo-relievo. 
 
 Many of the art objects discovered in recent excavations show Egyptian 
 influence, but there is no proof of any kind at hand pointing to the supposition 
 that such objects were brought into Assyria by Egyptian traders. As in Egypt, so 
 here also the lotus-flower played a very important role in ornamentation. 
 
 There must be a distinction made between a specific Babylonian period and 
 a specific Assyrian period, the ruins of which were discovered at different levels 
 in the excavations in Nimroud, Khorsabad, Nmeveh, and Koyunjik. 
 
 It must be regarded as certain, that, next to the Egyptian, Babylonian-Assyrian 
 art exercised a very great influence, on the one side, towards the East and 
 North, that is, India, China and Persia, and on the other side, towards the West, 
 especially in the Mediterranean islands.
 
 24 
 
 BABYLONIAN-ASSYRIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 8. 
 
 
 Ifftgw^ggtsaw g BiMJu ii iw iaf^ n 
 
 lJ.;J^..*^^«-5ii*-3>^^^ 
 
 s,;v^v,.je» -=- ass5£:i.*«-^   
 
 .irf3 
 
 • • • tei^ 
 
 i(- 
 
 ^Ui 
 
 
 " — ' '- ''■' — ^-U.   - .It;
 
 BABYLONIAN-ASSYRIAN ORNAMENT. 25 
 
 Plate 8. 
 
 Fig. 1. Assyrian relief in alabaster from Nineveh, taken from the palace of King 
 Ashurbanipal (668—626 B. C), after a photograph from the English excavations. 
 What is very remarkable in this example is the extremely soft outlines of the lioness 
 as she lies stretched at the feet of the lion; the lithe grace and lissomness of her 
 body are in fine contrast with the strongly- marked, swelling, and powerful muscles. 
 
 ,, 2. Bas-relief showing a wounded lion (Libonis). In the British Museum. 
 
 „ 3, 4, and 7. Capital in ivory from the ruins of Nineveh. In the British Museum. 
 (Dieulafoy, I'Art antique). 
 
 „ 5. Window with balustrade under cill, from the ruins of Nineveh (Dieulafoy). 
 
 ,, 6, and 8. Relief in ivory from the ruins of Nineveh (Dieulafoy). In the British 
 Museum. 
 
 „ 9. Capital of Baluster. 
 
 „ 10. Assyrian bowl (Semper, Der Stil). 
 
 „ 11. The Assyrian winged-globe (Perrot). 
 
 „ 12. The Assyrian mysterious tree (Perrot). 
 
 „ 13. Siren (Babelon, Archeologie). 
 
 „ 14. Assyrian pedestal (Dieulafoy). 
 
 ,, 15. Vessel resembling a basket in the hand of a sacrificer (Semper). 
 
 „ 16. The Babylonian lion. Bas-relief made of glazed bricks from the temple of 
 Ninmach (Gurlitt). The Babylonian lion was white with a yellow mane, or yellow 
 with a green mane, the background being light blue. 
 
 Plate 9. 
 
 Fig. 1. Floor ornament from Koyunjik (Liibke, Kunst des Altertums). The motif in this 
 ornament appears to have been copied from a very ancient piece of textil-work, 
 which, notwithstanding its antiquity, shows highly-developed artistic workmanship. 
 
 „ 2. Capital or base of column at Khorsabad (Uhde, Architekturiormen des klas- 
 sischen Altertums). 
 
 „ 3. Mural decoration made of burned, glazed stone, from Nimroud (Uhde). 
 
 „ 4. Assyrian relief in alabaster, showing King Ashurbanipal (688—626 B. C.) 
 hunting. Taken from a photograph at the English excavations in Nineveh. 
 
 „ 5. Assyrian wall decoration made of enamelled slabs (Liibke). 
 
 „ 6. From an Assyrian embroidery (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 
 „ 7. Bronze fragments of chairs found in Nimroud (Uhde). 
 
 „ 8. Ornamentation on glazed, coloured bricks from the wall of a court in the 
 palace of King Nebuchadnezar at Babylon. From a photograph taken in the 
 recent German excavations in Babylon. 
 
 „ 9. Assyrian standards (Libonis). 
 
 „ 10. Arched portal from Koyunjik (Lubke). 
 
 „ 11. Horse bridle (Brockhaus). 
 
 „ 12. Bronze lion from the palace of Sardanapalus (Libonis). 
 
 „ 13. Winged steer with human head, in the Louvre, Paris (Libonis).
 
 26 
 
 BABYLONIAN-ASSYRIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 9. 
 
 ^.,-,';:n:j,. .i^.._^ i^ti; .i;^_^ ;l Mii\.. i^-^t:in 
 
 P|g|Pll)f^»|^|^,, 
 
 
 10. 
 
 ^wm;^mi~^^ 
 
 (^-V; ,£;..;: .V-; ;v ,-; '■; 
 
 ^ 

 
 Plate 10. 
 
 BABYLONIAN-ASSYRIAN-ORNAMENT. 
 
 27
 
 28 
 
 BABYL0N1AN-ASS\T?1AN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Border 
 
 Fig 
 
 1. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 3. 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 
 6. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 
 8. 
 
 
 9, 
 
 
 12. 
 
 
 13. 
 
 
 16, 
 
 
 17. 
 
 
 19. 
 
 
 20. 
 
 
 21. 
 
 
 22. 
 
 
 24. 
 
 
 25. 
 
 
 26. 
 
 
 27. 
 
 
 28. 
 
 Plate 10. 
 
 : Flag-post on palaces (Uhde). 
 
 Ancient Babylonian female head in Diorite. A genuine original is preserved 
 
 in the Berlin A\useum. A similar head was discovered in the excavations carried 
 
 out by the French in Tello (South-Babylonia). 
 
 Assyrian Chair (Perrot). 
 
 Bronze tripod in the Louvre (Perrot). 
 
 Carriage-pole (Perrot). 
 
 Bronze sword (Perrot). 
 
 Footstool (Perrot). 
 
 Beaker (Perrot). 
 
 Bracelet (Perrot). 
 10, and 11. Ear-rings (Perrot). 
 
 Metal bucket (Perrot). 
 14. and 15. Amphorae of clay (Perrot). 
 and 18. Goblets (Semper). 
 
 Bronze fragment from a chair of state (Babelon). 
 
 Washhand stand (Semper). 
 
 Dish (SemperV 
 
 Metal bucket (Semper), 
 and 23. Fork and spoon (Smith, Assyrian Discoveris). 
 
 Gold buttons, in the British Museum (Perrot). 
 
 Harness (Perrot). 
 
 Gold ear-ring (Perrot). 
 
 Embroidered breast-piece (Layard, Monuments). 
 
 Royal necklet of gold (Perrot). 
 
 
 Assyrian fighting car (L'Art pour tous).
 
 PERSIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 lisunion and a continual state of unrest were 
 the conditions permanent in the south- 
 western part of Asia in ancient times. The 
 supremacy was ever changing and never 
 fixed, and, as a consequence, the peoples 
 who inhabited it were not in a position to 
 develop any independent art distinct from 
 each other. The conquerors or the con- 
 quered were always naturally influenced 
 by the more advanced section of those with 
 whom they were brought into contact. For 
 these reasons, it is clear that Persian orna- 
 ment can show but very little characteristic 
 peculiarities, Egyptian, Assyrian and Helle- 
 nic influences being all plainly discernable. 
 The beautiful buildings of the Persian kings were erected by artists who 
 
 were made prisoners in the wars in Babylonia, Egypt, and in the Grecian colonies 
 
 in Asia Minor. 
 
 The first beginnings in Persian art were very probably made by the Medes, 
 
 a people who conquered the kingdom of the Elamites with its capital city Susa 
 
 Imbossed work, representing the king 
 Xerxes upon the throne (Roger-Miles).
 
 30 
 
 PERSIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 11. 
 
 njTijiriiTUT\iTijTL j) 
 
 •) €> (&' @ © ® ® Q ©""^^ 

 
 PERSIAN ORNAMENT. 31 
 
 in the 7*** century B. C. an then founded a powerful state making Egbatana the 
 capital, but who were, later on themselves subjugated in the year 550 B. C. by 
 the Persians under Cyrus. No remains, however, of a special Median art have 
 ever been discovered. Persia developed into the most powerful empire in the 
 world under the reigns of Cyrus (559 — 529), Cambyses (529 — 522), Darius 
 521 — 485), and Xerxes (485 — 465 B. C), but was in its turn conquered by 
 Alexander the Great in the year 330 B. C. From the years 312 to 284 B. C. 
 it was under the sway of the Seleucidae, from 284 B. C. to 284 A. D. it was 
 subject to the Parthians, and from 284 A. D. to 641 A. D. to the Sassanians. 
 Under the sway of the latter a new Persian Empire was established which 
 flourished until it finally became subject to Islamite supremacy. The Islamites 
 when in decided power changed entirelv the character of Art then flourishing, 
 giving it an entirely new direction an turning it on to entirely different lines 
 from those along which it had hitherto moved. Persian art, which continued to 
 develop for about two centuries, is the last echo of the art of the Mesopotamian 
 lands. With the destruction of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great, 
 Hellenic art, already flourishing at that period, won the upper hand throughout 
 the East 
 
 Plate 11. 
 
 Fig. 1. Lion frieze in the Louvre (Dieulafoy). 
 „ 2. Lion and griffin frieze (Dieulafoy). 
 „ 3, 4, and 11. Columns from Persepolis (Uhde). 
 „ 5, and 7. Column in the hall of Xerxes in Persepolis (Uhde). 
 „ 6. Detail from the tomb of King Achemenides in the necropolis of Takhte- 
 
 Djemschid (Dieulafoy). 
 „ 8. Floor of stairs in the palace of Artaxerxes (Libonis). 
 „ 9. Frieze, a winged steer (Libonis). 
 „ 10. Relief at Persepolis (LUbke). 
 „ 11, and 12. Persian bases (Dieulafoy). 
 
 Plate 12. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Persian Wall decoration of glazed terra-cotta (Libonis). 
 „ 3. Head of a steer in the Louvre (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 „ 4, 5, and 6. Persian pottery (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 „ 7. From a bas-relief in the hall of the 100 columns, Persepolis (Flandin et Coste, 
 
 Perse ancienne). 
 „ 8. Persian silver coin (Perrot and Chipiez). 
 „ 9. Bas-relief at Persepolis. 
 „ 10. Head-dress of Cyrus (Dieulafoy).
 
 32 
 
 PERSIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 12. 
 
 
 V'i^V^i MM;'^'"^J V^^'^^ 
 
 
 
 _Mi_. 
 
 \^^^ ':::.'
 
 PERSIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 33 
 
 Fig. 11, and 12. Fragment of an enamel bas-relief from Susa (Dieulafoy). 
 „ 13, and 14. Bas-reliefs from the graves of Naksche Roustem (Dieulafoy). 
 „ 15. Mosaic from the floor of stairs in the palace of Artaxerxes (Libonis). 
 „ 16, and 17. Utensils in chased silver. Dating from the Sassanian period. In the 
 Paris Medaillon-Cabinet (Havard, Histoire de I'orfevrerie Fran^aise). 
 
 
 mm 
 
 mmmKfm 
 
 Curtain over the throne of Achemenides (Dieulafoy). 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament.
 
 PHOENICIAN-HEBRAIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 n Phoenicia lived a distinctly commercial people, full of 
 the spirit of trade, thinking of nothing but gain and 
 commerce and keeping their commercial interests always 
 above other interests of any kind whatever. In the 
 second thousand before Christ they were already settled 
 on the coast of Syria, had trading-stations and colonies 
 in Greece, Italy, Gaul, Hispania, and Africa, and in 
 their intercourse with the various peoples with whom 
 they traded paid attention only to such matters as were 
 best likely to forward their own commercial interests. 
 To this commercial spirit is due the fact that there is 
 no strictly Phoenician art. In the Phoenician Ornament 
 evidences of all kinds of decoration can be recognised, 
 Egyptian-Assyrian influence being specially predominant 
 The most characteristic examples of Phoenician art 
 which have come down to us are their jewels. These 
 imply that the Phoenicians lived in a high state of 
 luxury, and prove also that they had reached a high state of development in the 
 art of working in gold. The Hebrews in Palestine were entirely dependent on 
 the Phoenicians for their technics and their art. The Mosaic law forbidding 
 pictures and images prevented the free development of art amongst the Jews. 
 In the reigns of David and Solomon, that is, about the year 1000 B. C, Hebrew 
 Art was in its highest glory, and remained so until the destruction of Jerusalem 
 by Nebuchadnezar in the year 586 B. C. The principal buildings of King Solo- 
 mon's palace, and of the Temple, were however the work of Phoenician artists 
 and artisans. Numerous tombs cut into rocks at this time and characteristic 
 of this period are still preserved. In North Syria along the Upper Euphrates 
 
 A Phoenician in the time 
 of King Thoutmes III 
 
 (Roger-Miles).
 
 Plate 13. 
 
 PHOENICIAN-HEBRAIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 35
 
 36 
 
 PHOENICIAN-HEBRAIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 and in Cappadocia lived a people called the Hittites who were neither of Aryan 
 or Hebrew stock. They were settled here since the year 1500 B. C, and, from 
 1 1 30 B. C. were continuously attacked by the Assyrians, being finally conquered 
 and destroyed by Sargon in the 8*^ century B. C. These people had a special, 
 characteristic style of their own, a style, however, which shows traces of Egyptian 
 and Assyrian influence. The Art of the Hittites, however, on the other hand played 
 an important part in and powerfully influenced the development of Persian art. 
 Only very few remains of this civilisation are now in existence. 
 
 With regard to the other races who also lived in Asia Minor, it may be 
 remarked that, the remains which have come down to us from these peoples are 
 so few that it is no possible to deduce from them any distinct, characteristic style. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 
 8. 
 
 
 10. 
 
 
 14. 
 
 
 15, 
 
 
 19. 
 
 
 20. 
 
 
 21. 
 
 
 22. 
 
 Plate 13. 
 
 1. Frieze hewn in stone (Renan Mission, Libonis). 
 
 2. Capital found in Cyprus (Vogue Mission). 
 
 3. and 4. Phoenician capitals (Libonis). 
 
 5, 13, and 18. Phoenician jewels (Libonis). 
 
 6, 9, 11, and 12. Phoenician vases from Dali (Labke). 
 Vase from Larnaka (Liibke). 
 Glass vase from Jerusalem (Libonis). 
 Pigmy in burnt clay, in the Louvre (Libonis). 
 Head of a sarcophagus in clay from Carthage (Libonis). 
 
 16, and 17. Phoenician vases from Alhambra (Labke). 
 Phoenician glass vases (Libonis). 
 Phoenician altar (Cippe), (Libonis). 
 Silver dish from Curium in Cyprus (Graul, Bilderatlas). 
 Coffin plate (Libonis). 
 
 Painting from an old Cyprian clay vessel representing 
 tree adoration (Seesselberg, Fruhmittelalterliche Kunst).
 
 INDIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Bas-relief from Ellora. 
 
 t is generally believed that Indian civilisation dates 
 back to a very remote period, it was not, 
 however, till about the year 2000 B.C. that 
 the Aryans who had emigrated from Central 
 Asia settled in the South of India and reached 
 the plenitude of their power. The archaeo- 
 logical discoveries made in India reach no further 
 back than a few centuries before Christ. A 
 close observation of Old-Indian ornaments shows 
 us that Indian art was by no means free of 
 foreign influences, more especially Persian, and 
 later on, Greek. India is but a purely geographical expression, and has no 
 ethnographical signification whatever. It is inhabited by races of people so dif- 
 ferent and distinct from each other that to class them together as the Indian 
 race would be incorrect. To speak of a homogeneous Indian art is therefore 
 impossible, the more so, as each race which inhabited the country had its own 
 art history. 
 
 The general history of Indian art may be divided into the following periods: 
 
 1. The Vedi-Brahman era extending up to the middle of the 3'"'' century 
 B. C. There is perhaps no monument from this period in existence. 
 
 2. The Buddhist era which extends to the 7*'' century A. D., and began when 
 Buddhism was raised to be the established state religion by King Asoka in the 
 year 256 B. C. 
 
 3. The New-Brahman Period which began on the restoration of the Brahma 
 religion in the 8*^ century and continued up into the 12*'* century A. D. This 
 period reached its highest glory between the 8^^ and 12*^* centuries A. D.
 
 38 
 
 INDIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 14- 

 
 INDIAN ORNAMENT. 39 
 
 4. The period of the dominion of Islam to the present time. 
 
 The spread of Buddhism helped most materially in giving a great impulse 
 to the development of art. Indeed the progress made in art in other countries 
 besides India has [always been greatly influenced by religious fanaticism. The 
 style of decoration used at this period, although worthy of admiration, was so 
 fantastic and bizarre, that the form was completely overspread and hidden by 
 the ornamentation. The oldest monuments from this period at present in existence 
 date from the reign of King Asoka 272—236 B. C. 
 
 With the spread of Islam, Indian art took a new direction based on Arabian 
 art. This part of the subject will be treated of later on when dealing with the 
 art of the Mahommedans. 
 
 Plate 14. 
 
 Fig. 1. Corner-pillar of the temple in Nijamizzur (Uhde, Die Konstruktionen und die 
 
 Kunstformen der Architektur). 
 „ 2, and 3. Details from temple in Ahmedabad (Uhde). Appears to havt been 
 
 made after textile samples. 
 „ 4. Capital from the temple in Kumurpal, Palitana (Uhde). This capital shows 
 
 clearly defined traces of Grecian influence. 
 „ 5. Isolated monolith column near the temple at Peroor (Uhde). The use of 
 
 metal in this example strengthens the impression that the ornamentation was copied 
 
 from a textile sample. 
 „ 6. Capital from Bharhut (Lilbke). 
 „ 7. Isolated stone-column from the cave at Karli (Uhde). Hewn out of the solid 
 
 rock. The lion signifies the victoy of Bhuddism. 
 „ 8. Pillars from the Chaitya cave in Karli (Uhde). 
 
 ,, 9. Pilaster, with crest, from the temple in Bhagovati (Rajendralala Mitra). 
 „ 10. West portal at Sanchi, Tope (Uhde). This is one of the oldest stone monuments 
 
 in India. It is however an imitation of wooden architecture. 
 „ 11. Iron memorial column commemorating the victory of Buddhism (Uhde). 
 
 This column dates from the reign of King Asoka in the third century B. C. 
 „ 12. Detail from the temple in Mukteswara (Rajendralala Mitra). 
 „ 13. Column from the rock-temple in Lauka, Ellora (Uhde). 
 „ 14. Capital from the Kutub near Delhi (Uhde). Dates from the later period 1191—93. 
 „ 15. Column from the rock-temple of Indra in Ellora (Canina, architectura antica). 
 „ 16. Column from the Vihara in Ajunta (Uhde). 
 „ 17, and 18. Details from the temple at Bailur. Appears to be copied from a 
 
 carpet pattern. 
 
 Plate 15. 
 
 Fig. 1. Window from the temple of Muktes'wara (Rajendralala Mitra. The other 
 illustrations in this plate are all from the same authority). 
 „ 2. Moulding from the temple of Bhagovati. 
 „ 3. Detail from the tower of Bhuvanes'war. 
 „ 4. Medaillion from the temple of Sdri Deul. 
 „ 5. Moulding from the temple of Muktes'wara.
 
 40 
 
 INDIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 15. 
 
 
 
 L !:lCl,-lll,:^!^'^'^V5r■'•^ -F' .,-', •"";■' i^ Kill 

 
 INDIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 41 
 
 Fig. 6. Statue of the province from a niche in the temple of Bhuvanes'war. 
 
 „ 7. Relief from the same temple. 
 
 „ 8. Pillars from the rock-temple of Uday-agiri. 
 
 „ 9. Lotus ornament from the temple of Rdjerani. 
 
 „ 10. Relief from the temple of Bhuvanes'war. 
 
 „ 11. Base of a pilaster from the great tower of Bhuvanes'war. 
 
 „ 12. Cornice from the temple in Pardsurames'vara. 
 
 ^ig 
 
 . 1, 
 
 IP 
 
 2. 
 
 ty 
 
 3. 
 
 ff 
 
 5. 
 
 »» 
 
 6. 
 
 i» 
 
 9. 
 
 >) 
 
 10. 
 
 i> 
 
 11. 
 
 t> 
 
 12. 
 
 i» 
 
 13. 
 
 t» 
 
 14. 
 
 11 
 
 15, 
 
 ti 
 
 17. 
 
 ft 
 
 18. 
 
 It 
 
 20. 
 
 ft 
 
 21. 
 
 If 
 
 22. 
 
 f* 
 
 24, 
 
 9> 
 
 25. 
 
 n 
 
 26. 
 
 ft 
 
 28, 
 
 ft 
 
 29, 
 
 f » 
 
 32, 
 
 Plate 16. 
 
 4, 7, and 8. Old Indian furniture (Rajendralala Mitra). 
 
 Ornament worn by females of the middle class (Raj.). 
 
 Club found in Bhuvanes'war (Raj.). 
 
 Bas-relief from Bharhut representing an Indian of the 2n«' century B. C, 
 
 (Lebon). 
 
 Club found in Puri (Raj.). 
 
 Flag found in Sanchi (Raj.). 
 
 Javelin from Cunningham's Bhilsa Topes (Raj.). 
 19, and 23. Tridents found in the same place (Raj.). 
 
 Wooden jewel-case found in Amravati (Raj.). 
 
 Wooden box found in Bhuvanes'war (Raj.). 
 
 Antique fan (Raj.), 
 and 16. Ear ornaments (Raj.). 
 
 Four sided clay vessel (Raj.). 
 
 Urn for holy water (Raj.). 
 
 Guitar from Amravati (Raj.). 
 
 Metal shield found in Kondrak (Raj.). 
 
 Short club (Raj.), 
 and 27. Battle axes (Raj.). 
 
 Crown for a goddess (Raj.). 
 
 Gold bracelet (Raj.). 
 30, and 31. Clay vases (Raj.), 
 and 34. Samples of antique textiles (Raj.), 
 and 33. Bow and arrow (Raj.). 
 
 Painting in a grotto at Adochantd (after Griinwedel).
 
 42 
 
 INDIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 16.
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 Grecian Women at home 
 
 (Gerhardt, auserlesene Vasenbilder). 
 
 t has been clearly and defini- 
 tely proved, both from disco- 
 veries made in excavations, 
 as well as from certain signi- 
 ficant statements made by 
 Homer himself, that even in 
 prehistoric times several cen- 
 tres of art existed in Greece 
 and in the islands lying in its 
 neighbourhood. These centres 
 were chiefly found in the Pelo- 
 ponnessus, in Attica, in Miletus, 
 Ephesus, Chios, Samos, and many other islands, as well as also in Southern 
 Italy. The prehistoric Greek Ornament, which was brought to light by Schliemann 
 in the excavations undertaken by him in Troy, Mycenae and Tiryns, contains 
 so many Egyptian and Assyrian motifs that no doubt can be entertained, that 
 Egypt and Asia Minor exercised a most powerful influence on its early be- 
 ginnings. That an intercourse existed between these countries is beyond doubt, 
 for, even in prehistoric times, the waters of the Mediterranean were alive with 
 craft trading in all directions. 
 
 In its primary stages of development, Greek art in the islands of the Aegean 
 Sea was subject to Oriental influences. The Greek style was developed from 
 wooden structures, the constructive forms, in many cases, changed into ornament 
 in the stone masonry.
 
 44 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 The national character of the Greeks was very different from that of the 
 Egyptians, the cold severity peculiar to Egyptian art was antagonistic to the 
 sense of beauty characteristic of the Greeks, and the latter, consequently, soon 
 changed the Egyptian form into one more genial, pleasing, and agreeable. Style 
 is after all but the truthful expression of the character and perceptions of a 
 people or of an historical epoch. 
 
 Greek art can be divided into four epochs: 
 
 I. The Mythical Period or the Heroic Epoch which continued up to the 
 migration of the Dorians to the year 1104 B. C. The Aryans, a tribe 
 of people of the same stock as the Hellenes and designated by the 
 latter under the general title of Pelasgians, were without doubt the 
 original inhabitants of Greece. This period is con- 
 fined to that prehistoric era when stone and copper 
 predominated, and to the Bronze Age of the Mycae- 
 nean epoch. The principal centres of the artstyle 
 of this period were found on the coasts and islands 
 of the Aegean Sea but especially in Argos and 
 Crete. 
 
 II. The Dcric, or Archaic Period, from 1104—470 
 B. C. The national Hellenic period began about 
 the year 1000 B.C., when the Hellenes had taken 
 up permanent residence in the country, at which 
 time the monarchy was changed into a republican 
 form of government. The mythology which arose at this period kindled 
 the spirit of art and gave it that predominating ideal character which 
 afterwards distinguished it. The Hellenes themselves on the other hand 
 brought with them into the country their own peculiar style which they 
 further developed by allying it with the ancient Mythic art existing at 
 the time of their settlement, and by making new use of Egyptian, 
 Assyrian, and Hettite influences. From the 7"^ century B. C. downwards, 
 when Oriental art began to decline, Hellas took up the leadership in 
 art and civilisation, developed its own style in a characteristic manner 
 and made it the ruling one throughout all the civilised countries existing 
 at that time. Three orders of columns were etablished, the Doric, the 
 Ionic, and a later one, the Corinthian. 
 
 III. The Period when Greek art reached its principal development from 
 470 to 338 B. C, during which time the Doric and Ionic Orders exer- 
 cised their influence mutually one on the other. The centre of this 
 flourishing period was that reached at Athens under Pericles in the years 
 469 — 429 B. C, when the Doric and ionic styles, which developed 
 together, evolved the Attic-Doric and, Attic-Ionic styles. The latter ex- 
 celled in elegance, the former in manly strength. The Erechtheion which
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 45 
 
 was begun in the year 425 B. C. but not completed till 408 B. C, is 
 one of the most beautiful monuments of Greek art in existence. 
 IV. The Alexandrian Period from 338 to 146 B. C; this included the deve- 
 lopment of the Corinthian style down to the destruction of Corinth, which 
 was followed by the downfall of Greek independence and the union of 
 Grecian with Roman art. 
 Although the two great styles of Greek construction were developed simul- 
 taneously still the general employment of each separate style enables a chrono- 
 logical division to be made. The Doric must be described as the oldest style, 
 but its strongly marked, earnest character, unsuitable for rich ornamentation, 
 failed to give pleasure to the gay spirit of the luxurious Athenians who lived 
 at the time of Pericles when Greek art was in its glory. The Doric was, there- 
 fore, partly superseded by the Ionic, and, later on, by the Corinthian style. The 
 ornamentation in these two styles allowed more play to the artist's fancy, and 
 was not so binding in its rules as the Doric. The quiet harmony peculiar to 
 the Doric was, however, lost, ornamentation became predominant and, later on, 
 tended to mask the masonic form in Roman art. 
 
 Late Doric Frieze found in the wall of a church at Athens.
 
 46 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 17. 
 
 ""^5^i^^Q:'= 
 
 "Sri, 
 
 a □ D D a 
 
 
 ¥-^ / 
 
 ■^■..: ;c^<? 
 
 
 m^" 
 
 
 V "- .« nnnnnnn 
 
 Imiiiu 
 
 n^-^jjjjjjjujjl 
 
 iGaaaDDDnDD
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 47 
 
 Plate 17. 
 
 Greek Pre-historic Ornament. 
 
 Fig. 1. Mural frescoes in the palace of Tiryns (Schliemann). 
 „ 2, 4—12, 16, and 17. Gold jewels found in graves in Mycenae (Schliemann). 
 ,, 3. Bronze plate from Olympla (Lubke). 
 
 „ 13. Dipylon vase (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 14. Cyprian coin. 
 
 „ 15. Capital of Column from the Tomb of Agamemnon (Canina). 
 
 „ 18. Kyanos frieze from Tiryns (Schliemann). 
 
 „ 19. Ceiling in relief from Orchomenos (Schliemann). 
 
 Plate 18. 
 
 , Doric Ornament. 
 
 Fig. 1. Angle of Pediment of the temple in the island of Aegina. (Mauch, Archi- 
 tektonische Ordnungen). This temple is an example of the Doric Order architecture 
 at the period of its highest splendour, that is, after the defeat of the Persians, and 
 when Pericles stood at the head of the government of Athens. Pericles fully under- 
 stood, at this period, the great importance of Art and its influence on the state. 
 All the works of art designed by him were carried out by Phidias the renowned 
 sculptor, with the assistance of Ictinus and Callicrates, the best architects of the time. 
 These men succeeded in bringing Greek architecture in all its parts to the highest 
 perfection. 
 
 The temple was erected, probably in the 75th Olympiad, and was dedicated 
 to Aphaea. The columns have an entasis of Vso of the lower diameter, and present 
 much more pleasing proportions than those from Paestum. This is especially so in 
 the capital; here, the strong, sharp-angled projection produced by a swelled cushion 
 is avoided, and the capital formed of cornicelines which rise delicately and gracefully 
 from the flutings. In this way, an echinus is formed, which, while being strong, is 
 not bent and swollen out under its burden, and in which the effects of light and shade 
 are most attractive. The fillet under the echinus displays that delicate formation 
 peculiar to the time of Pericles, the ehannels in the neck alone being the only parts 
 which remind one of the ancient columns from Paestum. The profile of the cyma 
 over the sloping gable-cornice is very beautiful, and was painted with an ornament 
 which the Greeks called anthemion. The griffin on the roof of the gable has been 
 reconstructed after discovered fragments. The whole structure was built of polished 
 and painted sandstone. Traces of yellow and green foil have been found on the architrave. 
 
 The taenia was painted in vermilion, the regula, triglyphs, and mutule, in blue. 
 The plain bands were red, with traces of scrolls having been painted on. The cymatium 
 above these was decorated with red and blue foil, the same colours being given to 
 the flowers on the cyma. The back ground of the pediment was blue. 
 „ 2. Angle of Pediment from the temple of the Apollo Epicurius near Phigaleia 
 in Arcadia. (Mauch, Architektonische Ordnungen.) This temple, which was built 
 by Ictinus, the Architect of the Parthenon in Athens, was with the exception of the 
 temple of Tegea, one of the most beautiful throughout the entire Peloponnesus. 
 It was constructed of bluish-white hmestone, the sculptured frieze inside being of 
 white marble. The entire proportions resemble those from the time of Pericles in 
 Attica. The cyma over the gable-cornice is, however, entirely different. It is 
 ornamented with the acanthus-flower in relief.
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 ^BPiPiPiPiPipPiPipipifljpiilJil^
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 49 
 
 Fig. 3. Capital from the temple of Ceres in Paestum (Mauch, Architektonische Ordnung). 
 
 This temple was in all probability built under the rule of the Sybarites, about the 
 
 year 530 B. C. Certain peculiarities point to Etruscan influence. 
 „ 4. Ante-fix from temple of the Apollo Epicurius near Phigaleia in Arcadia 
 
 (Mauch, Archit. Ordn.). This ornament is beautifully sculptured in marble. (See 
 
 Fig. 2.) 
 „ 5. Acroterium of the pediment of the temple on the island of Aegina (Mauch, 
 
 Archit. Ordn.). See Fig. 1. 
 „ 6. Profile of the capital from the same temple (Mauch, Archit. Ordn.). See Fig. 1. 
 „ 7. Under surface of the corona from the Parthenon in Athens (Mauch, Archit. 
 
 Ordn.). 
 „ 8. Ante-fix from the Parthenon in Athens (Mauch, Archit. Ordn.). 
 „ 9. Capital found in Paestum (Mauch, Archit. Ordn.). Tiiis capital shows undoubted 
 
 evidences of Etruscan influence. 
 „ 10. Anta-capital in Athens (Mauch, Archit. Ordn.). The cymatium of this capital is 
 
 painted with the foil peculiar to the ancient Doric Anta capitals. 
 „ 11. Anta-capital from the temple of Nemesis in Rhamnus (Mauch, Archit. Ordn.). 
 „ 12. Doric cymatium (Lubke, Kunst des Altertums). 
 
 Plate 19. 
 
 Ornamental Mouldings. 
 (From Uhde, Architekturformen des klassischen Altertums.) 
 Fig. 1 — 5. Ancient Bead and reel. 
 „ 6—8. Ogees from the Ptolemeion. 
 „ 9, and 10. Ogees from the Erechtheion. 
 „ 11. Painted Ogees from the Theseum Athens. 
 „ 12, and 13. Painted Ogees from the Propylaea. 
 „ 14. Ogee from Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. 
 
 Plate 20. 
 
 Ionic Ornament. 
 
 (From Mauch, Architektonische Ordnungen.) 
 
 Fig. 1, 2, 4, and 5. Pilaster-capitals from the cella of the temple of Apollo Didymaeus 
 near Miletus. Fig. 1 shows the front view of half such an Ionian capital, and 
 fig. 5, the side view. Figs. 2 and 4 are ornaments of the space between other 
 capitals with the same cella. 
 „ 3, 8, 9, and 12. Angle columns from the temple of Minerva Polias at Priene. 
 This temple is one of the most beautiful examples of Ionian architecture. Fig. 8 
 is the section of the column at the neck, with the capital, seen from below. Fig. 9 
 is the pedestal with four-cornered plinth. This description of base is rare, being 
 found only in the Ionic column. Fig. 12 shows the ornament on the under side 
 of the cornice. Details as to the helicoid of the Ionic capital will be found in 
 "Speltz, Saulenform der Schneckenlinie des jonischen Kapitals". 
 „ 6. Capital and plan from the temple of Apollo Didymaeus near Miletus. 
 „ 7. Capital of the central column of the temple of Minerva Polias in Priene, 
 with plan. 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament 4
 
 50 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 19.
 
 Plate 20. 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 51 
 
 <^lJiJ8L^JCift 4^,^^^#J^'.MM
 
 GREEK.ORNAMENT.
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 53 
 
 Fig. 10. Capital from the aqueduct of Hadrian at Athens, with plan. 
 „ 11. Ornament between the Capitals in the cella of the temple of Apollo Dldy- 
 
 maeus near Miletus. 
 „ 13. Side-view of a capital in the Propylaeum of the temple of Minerva Polias 
 
 at Priene. 
 „ 14, and 15. Side and front-views of a pilaster-capital at Priene. 
 
 Plate 21. 
 
 Ionic Ornament. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 4. Capitals and pedestals of columns in the Temple of Minerva Polias 
 at Athens (Mauch). 
 
 In the Acropolis at Athens were erected numerous buildings of which the 
 Parthenon and the Erechtheion were the most important. The columns in the latter, 
 with their energetic, double-fluted volutes, the braided torus over the echinus, the 
 latter being visible in its entire round, the finely moulded cushion, and the delicately 
 ornamented neck, display structure of the purest and most refined style. 
 
 Instead of the Sanctuary which formerly stood here, and was destroyed 
 during the Persian war, the Erechtheion was erected, but was not completed until 
 after the year 409 B. C. In the back wall of the North Portico, was the celebrated 
 beautiful door, details of which are given in Figs. 3, 6, and 7. At the west end o 
 the south side is the Caryatide Portico. This Portico, which is covered with marble 
 tiles, is carried on 6 supports, called Caryatides (Fig. 10). They probably represent 
 Pan-Athenaic virgins. The entablature over these figures has no frieze. 
 
 „ 2. Pilaster-capital from the hexastyle or Eastern portico of the Erechtheion, 
 Athens (Mauch). 
 
 „ 3, 6, and 7. Details from the door of the Erechtheion In Athens (Mauch). 
 
 „ 5. Capital from the interior of the Temple of Apollo at Bassae, near Phiga- 
 leia (Mauch). 
 
 „ 8. Capital from the temple of Neandria (Liibke). 
 
 „ 9, 11, and 12. Grecian antefix of the time of Pericles (Libonis). 
 
 „ 10. Caryatid of the Erechtheion at Athens (Mauch). 
 
 „ 13, and 14. Capital and anta from the temple of Minerva Polias at Athens (Mauch). 
 
 „ 15, and 16. Grecian coins (Liibke). 
 
 Plate 22. 
 
 Corinthian Ornament. 
 
 Fig. 1. Capital of temple at Patara (Semper). 
 „ 2. Capital from the Tower of the Winds In Athens (Mauch). 
 
 This Corinthian capital, which is of the simplest kind, has been found with but 
 very slight changes all over Greece. It was even employed in Byzanthine architecture. 
 „ 3. Capital and entablatures from the monument of Lysicrates at Athens (Mauch). 
 This tower-like structure, which dates from the year 334 B. C, is built 
 of Pentelic marble, and is still in existence although in a very damaged condition. 
 A six-columned circular pseudo-peripteral, rests on a substructure built in the form of 
 a podium. On the roof are three caulicoloe (Plate 23, Fig. 11) with central finial
 
 54 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 22. 
 
 iM^MlliligllliilM^ilillJjli^^ 
 
 o 
 
 m 
 m
 
 Plate 23. 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 55
 
 56 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 24.
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 57 
 
 or crest (Plate 22, Fig. 9 and 10). This crest, which is of one piece, is one of the 
 most wonderful examples of Greek sculpture. The three wide projecting scrolls of 
 the same were at one time supported by consoles, but these have now entirely 
 disappeared. The capital approaches more to the real Corinthian capital than that 
 of the Tower of the Winds. 
 Fig. 4. Capital of a column from the ruins of the temple of Apollo near Miletus 
 
 (Mauch). 
 „ 5. Upper part of the Tower of the Winds in Athens (Mauch). 
 
 This is an octagonal tower of Pentelic marble, on the sides of which, under 
 the cornice, the figures of the eight winds are shown in relief. On the pyramidal 
 top of the roof was a brazen Triton which served as a weather-cock. The tower 
 itself contained a clepsydra or water clock. 
 
 6. Base of a column of the Lysicrates monument at Athens (Mauch) (Fig. 3). 
 
 7. Capital of portico of the Temple of Jupiter Olympius at Athens (Mauch). 
 
 8. Pilaster capital from Paestum (Mauch). 
 
 9. Upper part of the Lysicrates monument in Athens (Mauch) (Fig. 3). 
 
 10. Crest of the same monument (Mauch) (Fig. 3). 
 
 11. Plan of the capital in Fig. 3. 
 
 12. Capital at Eleusis (Mauch). 
 
 Plate 23. 
 
 Fig. 1. Terra-cottas from Olympia (Bottlcher, Olympia). 
 „ 2. Frieze from a portico on the island of Delos, built at the time of Philip 
 of Macedon 346-337 B. C. (Uhde). 
 
 3. Mosaic flooring in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia (Graul). 
 
 4. Lion from the tomb of Mausolus, in the British Museum (Roger-Miles). 
 
 5. Bronze plate, representing the dispute on the tripod (Roger-Miles). 
 
 6. and 7. Fragments of a Grecian frieze in the Villa Albani in Rome (Tatham). 
 8, and 9. Columns from portico on the island of Delos, front and side views (Uhde). 
 
 10. Head of Zeus in bronze from Olympia (LUbke). 
 
 11. Roof of the monument of Lysicrates in Athens (Mauch). See Plate 21, Figs. 3, 
 6, 9, and 10. 
 
 12. Painted clay antefix (Reichhold). 
 
 Plate 24. 
 
 (From C. Thierry, Classische Ornamente.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 3. Bas-reliefs from the Kircher's Museum, Karlsruhe. 
 „ 2. Bas-reliefs from the National Museum, Karlsruhe. 
 
 Plate 25. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bas-reliefs suggesting oriental influence (Thierry). 
 
 „ 2. Marble ornament from Branchidae (Thierry). 
 
 „ 3. Marble bas-relief in the Villa Poniatowsky in Roma (Thierry). 
 
 „ 4. Painted terra cotta dish (Dolmetsch). 
 
 „ 5. Marble seat or throne (Thierry).
 
 58 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 25.
 
 Plate 26. 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 59
 
 60 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 27.
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 61 
 
 Plate 26. 
 
 Principal examples of the Grecian Vase from Baumeister. 
 The principal centres of pre-historic ceramics was in Troy and in the islands of Cyprus 
 and Mytilene. 
 
 The real Grecian ceramics are distinguished as follows: 
 
 1. Vessels of the geometric style (about 1000—700 B. C.j, which have been discovered 
 principally near the Dipylon Gate in Athens, hence the title Dipylon Style. The colouring 
 is dark-brown on yellow clay. 
 
 2. Vessels showing Oriental influences, dating from the 8'h to the 6tii century B. C., 
 the principal centre being in Corinth. 
 
 3. Attic black-coloured vessels which were developed in Athens from the 6th century 
 B. C. downwards, the clay is red. 
 
 4. Red-coloured vessels which were developed from the fore-going style in the fifth century 
 B. C, the entire vessel being painted over with black varnish, thus enabling red figures to 
 be made on a black ground. The ceramic art entirely disappeared from Greece about the 
 year 300 B. C, being afterwards revived in Lucania, Campania, and Apulia. 
 
 Fig. 1. Vase from the island of Mytilene, dating from the beginning of the last millenium, 
 
 B. C. The surface is gray, painted of a dull brown. 
 
 „ 2. Vase, lacquered, from the Greek Islands, of Mycaenean origin. 
 
 „ 3. Athenian vase from the 7'^ century B. C. 
 
 „ 4. Phaleronian jug from Attica, found in grave near Phaleron. 
 
 „ 5. Attic amphora from the 7th century B. C. 
 
 „ 6. Vase of later date from the island of Rhodes. 
 
 „ 7. Corinthian vase. 
 
 „ 8. Chaldaean vase. 
 
 „ 9. Vase of Gamedes from Boeotia. 
 
 „ 10. Vase on three feet, Boeotizu 
 
 „ 11. Attic Amphora. 
 
 „ 12. Black figured Amphora, Athens. 
 
 „ 13. Attic Oinochoe. 
 
 „ 14. Attic Kylix. 
 
 „ 15. Amphora by Nicosthenes. 
 
 „ 16. Krater or mixing bowl for wine. 
 
 „ 17. Pyxis or toilet box. 
 
 Plate 27. 
 
 Frescoes and Vase-painting. 
 Fig. 1, 3. 5—7, 9—12, 20, 26-28, 33, 35, 36, 39, 41—43. Greek vase paintings (Libonis, 
 
 Reichhold, Meyer). 
 „ 2, 4, 13—16, 21—25, 34, 38. Fret-work fillets, principally from Greek vases 
 
 (Meyer. Reichhold). 
 „ 8. Team of carriage horses from the older Grecian period, from a black figured 
 
 vase (Gerhard, Ausserliche Vasenbildungj. 
 „ 17. Grecian war-ship from a vase-painting (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 18, 30—32, 39. Coffer-work from the ceiling of the Propylaea in Athens (Meyer). 
 „ 19. Vase-painting, Ceramic work from the Grecian islands (Reichhold). 
 „ 29. Ornamental work on the ears of a Greek vase (Reichholdj. 
 „ 37. Ornamental work on the neck of a Greek hydria (L'art pour Tous). 
 „ 40. Ornamentation of a coffered work ceiling from the Parthenon, Athens (Meyer).
 
 62 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 28.
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 53 
 
 Plate 28. 
 
 Fig. 1. Grecian mirror (Reichhold). This is given as an Etruscan mirror, bout it would 
 perhaps be more correct to consider it as having been produced in Greece. 
 
 „ 2. Female apparel dating from the time when Greece stood at its hi^^hest 
 splendour (Reichhold) 
 
 „ 3, and 17. Furniture inlay from the Greek colonies in the Crimea (Semper), 
 
 „ 4. Marble chair of state (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 5. Bronze leg of an arm chair (Reichhold). 
 6, 10, 16, 18. Chairs (Racinet and Baumeister). 
 
 „ 7. Bronze tripod from he geometrical ornament period (Reichhold). 
 
 „ 8. Fans (Racinet). 
 
 „ 9. Kylix or dish found near Kertsch with engravings showing the furniture of Greek 
 lady's boudoir (Antiq. d. Bosph., Cymm.). 
 
 „ 11—13. Lyres (Racinet). 
 
 „ 14. Drinking-horn (Racinet). 
 
 „ 15. Small table (Racinet). 
 
 „ 19. Marble arm-chair (DSrpfeld and Reich, Theater). 
 
 „ 20. Couch with table after copy from the Industrial Art Museum in Dresden. 
 
 Plate 29. 
 
 Fig. 1. Helmet from Samnium (Baumeister). 
 
 2, and 6. Helmets of gladiators (Baumeister). 
 
 3, and 4. Relief, arms and armour (Baumeister). 
 5. Dagger (Baumeister). 
 
 7. Iron helmet (Baumeister). 
 
 8. Bronze figure from a carriage-pole, in the Museum Dutuit, Paris. 
 
 9. Relief, weapons, from Pergamon (Baumeister). 
 
 10. Iron helmet with silver ear-laps (Baumeister). 
 
 11. Bronze greaves (Baumeister). 
 
 12. Bronze shield (Libonis). 
 
 13. Helmet from the time of Homer (Racinet). 
 
 14. Bronze tripod from Metapontum (Reichhold). 
 
 15. Bronze handle of a looking-glass, from the Dutuit Museum, Paris. 
 
 16. Spear-head (Baumeister). 
 
 17. Coins stamped with the Olympian Zeus, from Elis (Liibke). 
 
 18. Fragment of statue of a woman, from the Acropolis in Athens (Lflbke). 
 
 19. Stele of Aristion by Aristocles, Athens (Ltlbke). 
 
 20. and 21. Arrow heads (Baumeister). 
 
 22, and 23. Theatre masks for men and women (Baumeister). 
 24. Box, from a vase-painting (Gerhard, etruskische Spiegel).
 
 64 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 29.
 
 Plate 30. 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 65 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament.
 
 66 
 
 GREEK ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 30. 
 
 Fig. 1 — 5, and 8. Ornaments (Libonis). 
 6, and 7. Foot-gear (Renard). 
 9. Cymbals (Renard). 
 
 10. Gold belt-clasps (Libonis). 
 
 11. Tambourine (Renard). 
 
 12. and 13. Sacrificial knives (Renard). 
 
 14. Sunshade (Baumeister). 
 
 15. Girl with embroidery-frame (Baumeister). 
 
 16. 17, 21, and 22. Coiffures with ornamentation (Racinet). 
 
 18. Torch (Renard). 
 
 19. Horse-bridle (Racinet). 
 
 20. and 23. Necklaces (Havard). The first is considered by some to be Etruscan work, 
 it is, however, in all probability Grecian. 
 
 24. Silver vase with relief in gUt (Havard). 
 
 Greco-Phoenician Bust, 
 
 (L'Art pour tous.)
 
 ETRUSCAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 ^y@/e/a/g/"B/a/^a/"S/§75/s^^/^/s/g/i/t^;^ 
 
 Scene of a banquet 
 
 (Martha, I'Art EtrusqueX 
 
 truscan was the name given to a people who 
 lived in what is now called Tuscany at the 
 time when Rome was founded. It is impossible 
 to trace the origin of their descent, but it 
 appears as if they had wandered down from 
 the north east and took forcible possession of 
 the country about the twelfth century, B. C. 
 in which they afterwards settled and which 
 was inhabited by Samnites, Umbrians, Pelas- 
 gian and other races. The period of the 
 highest development of the Etruscans dates 
 from 800 to 400 B. C. They were subjugated 
 by the Romans, after which they gradually disappear from history, the only 
 traces of their once having existed being some few architectural monuments, 
 chiefly tombs, which have come down to us. Although the monuments left 
 behind by the Etruscans show most decided traces of Grecian influence, still, 
 the hypothesis that the Etruscans were of Grecian origin cannot be accepted on 
 that account. The racial differences between them and the Grecians were so marked, 
 they were so totally different in their physical constitution from the latter, that it is 
 impossible to regard the Etruscans as of Hellenic origin. It is possible that in their 
 wanderings towards Italy they came into intimate contact with the Grecians, and 
 thus brought with them the elements of Grecian art into their adopted country. 
 Their art was in all probability subject to influences proceeding from Phoenicia 
 and Carthage, but more especially to ancient Ionic influence. They understood, 
 however, how to change all these influences in such a way as to give them 
 the stamp of their own national art. 
 
 At the period of their subjugation by the Romans, the Etruscans had brought 
 their own art to such a high state of development that it was able to exercise 
 an influence by no means small on the development of Roman art which was 
 at that time in its infancy. Roman art came afterwards, of course, entirely under 
 the influence of Grecian art. 
 
 6*
 
 68 
 
 ETRUSCAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 31,
 
 ETRUSCAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 69 
 
 Plate 31. 
 
 Fig. 1, Relief, travelling-carriage (Baumeister). 
 
 2. Antefix of a tomb (Martha). 
 
 3. and 8. Etruscan bigas with bronze casing. These were found in Norchia and 
 purchased by the Metropolitan Museum in New York. 
 
 4. Etruscan frescoes (Martha). 
 
 5. Bronze candelabrum (Martha). 
 
 6. From the facade of a tomb in Norchia (Liibke). 
 
 7. Clay sarcophagus from Cervetri, in the Louvre (Ltibke). 
 9, and 11. Marble altar from the collection in the Villa Borghese near Rome (Tatham). 
 
 10. Terra-cotta altar (Tatham). 
 
 -if 
 
 ^ 1, 
 
 f> 
 
 2, 
 
 II 
 
 3. 
 
 «l 
 
 4, 
 
 •1 
 
 7, 
 
 91 
 
 8. 
 
 II 
 
 9. 
 
 II 
 
 10. 
 
 If 
 
 11. 
 
 tl 
 
 13. 
 
 >> 
 
 15. 
 
 »» 
 
 18. 
 
 »l 
 
 21. 
 
 »l 
 
 23. 
 
 11 
 
 24. 
 
 
 26. 
 
 Plate 32. 
 
 and 6. Swords (Baumeister). 
 and 5. Helmets (Libonis). 
 
 Link for the handle of a bucket. 6th century B. C. (Reichhold). 
 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, and 25. Ornaments (Libonis). 
 12, and 14. Greaves (Libonis). 
 
 Fibula (Libonis). 
 
 Fighting warriors (Racinet). 
 
 Etruscan peasant (Racinet). 
 
 Razor (Libonis). 
 
 Etruscan mirror in the numismatic collection in Paris (Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel). 
 
 This is considered by some to be Grecian work. 
 
 Tripod (Reichhold). 
 
 Tripod (Martha, I'Art Etrusque). 
 
 Dagger (Baumeister). 
 
 Heating-stove (Martha). 
 
 Antique bronze cist (Gerhard). 
 
 Spear-head (Baumeister). 
 
 Etruscan tomb in Cervetri (Renard).
 
 70 
 
 ETRUSCAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 32.
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 ith their art the Greeks conquered 
 the world, the Romans with their 
 politics and their legions. The 
 whole civilized world at the pre- 
 sent day is striving to emulate 
 the works of art of the former, 
 the laws of the latter are consi- 
 dered throughout the world as 
 the foundation upon which all laws 
 must be established. In these 
 facts lie the difference in character between the two peoples. Those Romans 
 who lived at the beginning of Roman history were unable to develop an in- 
 dependent art of their own, for all their endeavours were directed to amassing 
 wealth, and increasing their lands. They were obliged therefore to take the 
 motifs for their art from Etruria and continued to do so until Grecian art became 
 predominant. Becoming more accustomed to luxury from the conquests which 
 they made, the Roman began gradually to form a national art of their own 
 under the guidance of Greek teachers. The practical spirit of the Romans and 
 their taste for monumental work are naturally to be seen best exemplified in 
 their architecture, a science in which they have performed most magnificent 
 work especially in connection with the monumental development of temples, 
 basilicas, thermae, theatres, etc. The Romans furthermore took up and accom- 
 plished the task of combining numerous elements in a homogeneous whole, and 
 of developing them further. In this latter art they became the teachers of future 
 generations. The Romans adopted the three columnar Orders of the Greeks 
 retaining however at the same time the Etruscan column. To these four orders 
 they added the Composite Order. 
 
 Besides bringing architecture to a high state of development, the Romans 
 also succeeded in bringing the art of sculpture to a great degree of perfection.
 
 72 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 In this latter, however, they had the assistance of Greek artists. The manner, 
 however, in which the Romans enriched their ornament was detrimental to the 
 characteristic Greek outlines, and the insatiable luxury predominating during the 
 time of the Caesars finally destroyed completely the exquisite harmony of Greek 
 art — the form was entirely overgrown by the ornament. The art of mosaic 
 work, which had its origin in the Orient, was brought to its highest perfection 
 by the Romans, all the old Roman mosaics now in our possession prove this 
 beyond any question. 
 
 The fall of the Roman Empire, and the victory of Christianity, marked also 
 the decline and fall of classic art, for this art could no longer appeal to those 
 Christian barbarians who now poured into the country from all sides. The 
 eastern Roman Christian Empire exercised a very great influence on the deve- 
 lopment of a new art amongst the Christian States which rose from the ruins 
 of the Western Roman Empire. 
 
 From the so-called Early Christian and Byzantine Style shortly afterwards 
 developed, the Romanesque Style which from the 9**" to the 12'^ centuries spread 
 through all the newly constituted States. 
 
 Roman Labrum (Tatham).
 
 Plate 33. 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 73
 
 74 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 34. 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 '-^aiiJAum 
 
 A>ilA.^^kVjK^->>-\Uikl^\U\^ 
 
 / mM^^iU^jiiUl^mWfA^ ' ^ 
 
 WIHHHHH
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 75 
 
 Plate 33. 
 
 Fig. 1, 4, 9, 19. Capitals and entablatures of the Doric Order, found in Albano, 
 near Rome (Mauch). It appears as if Vignola organised his Doric Order according 
 to this fragment. The entablature produces a specially fine effect by means of the 
 under aspect of the corona soffit, Fig. 19. There are two fascias to the architrave, 
 the upper one projecting infront of the lower. Figure 4 gives a view of the capital 
 seen from below, and Fig. 9, the base of the column. 
 
 „ 2, 5, 17. Doric Capitals and entablatures from the Thermae of Diocletian 
 (Mauch) which were erected about 300 B. C. The delicate profile of the cornice, 
 the decorated members, and the fretwork denticulations in meander form, belong 
 really more to the Ionic order. Figure 5 shows the capital seen from below, and 
 Fig. 17, the soffit of the corona. 
 
 „ 3. From a white marble altar in the Vatican Museum (Tatham). 
 
 „ 6, 18. From a white marble altar in the Museum of the Capitol in Rome (Tatham). 
 
 „ 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14. Foil for cyma (Mauch). 
 
 „ 12. Bead-moulding (Mauch). 
 
 „ 15. Arch with rustication from the Amphitheatre in Pola. Completed 150 A. D. 
 (Uhde). 
 
 „ 16. Frieze ornament (Tatham). 
 
 Plate 34. 
 
 Fig. 1, 2, 5. Square angle pier with principal cornice from the Thermae of Diocletian 
 
 in Rome (Mauch). This pier, which is of the Ionic order, and was placed on an 
 angle, is an example of the questionable inconsistency of employing the capital of 
 a column on a square pier. This is seen in the fact that the echinus, which is 
 rounded above, is forced, below, together with the astragal, to sink into the straight 
 lines of the body of the column. The Frieze is pulvinated, a form often used by 
 the Romans. Figure 2 shows the base of the pilaster, and Fig. 5 a view of the 
 capital seen from below. 
 
 „ 3, 4, 6. Columns and entablatures from the temple of Fortuna Virilis in Rome 
 (Mauch). This temple was Tetrastyle Pseudo-peripteral with a portico two inter- 
 columniations deep. Its erection took place towards the close of the Republic. 
 The entablature is by no means free from objections, for, besides other errors, the 
 bed moulding is heavy, the frieze and the architrave poor. Figure 3 shows the 
 base of the column, and Fig. 6, the capital seen from below. 
 
 „ 7. Column in the court of saint Hieronymus in Rome (Piranesi). 
 
 „ 8. Capital of a house on the Bridge of Gratianus in Rome (Piranesi). 
 
 „ 9. Capital from the temple of Procedis (Piranesi). 
 
 „ 10. Capital from the basilica of San Clemente (Piranesi). 
 
 „ 11. Capital from a house in Rome (Piranesi). 
 
 „ 12. Capital from the Palace Pionetti in Rome (Piranesi). 
 
 „ 13. Capital from the temple of Priscae in Rome (Piranesi). 
 
 „ 14. Capital of a colunm in the Villa Negronia in Rome (Piranesi).
 
 76 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 35.
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 77 
 
 Plate 35. 
 
 Fig. 1. Soffit of the corona from the temple of Castor in the Forum Romanum 
 
 (Mauch). 
 „ 2, 10, 11, 12. Capitals and entablatures from the interior of the Pantheon in Rome 
 
 (Mauch). 
 
 This building is still well preserved it was built by Hadrian 124 A. D. on the 
 
 north side of the Thermae of Agrippa. Figure 10 gives a view of the capital from 
 
 below, Figure 11, the base of the column, and Fig. 12 an under view of the corona. 
 „ 3. Fragment from the Villa Borghese in Rome (Piranesi). 
 „ 4, 5, 7. Fragments found near S. Gregorius (Mauch). 
 „ 6. Fragment from the Villa Albani (Piranesi). 
 „ 8. Fragment from the Villa Borghese (Piranesi). 
 „ 9. Capital from the temple of Castor in the Forum Romanum (Mauch). 
 
 Plate 36. 
 
 Fig. 1, 6. Capitals and entablatures from the arch of Septimius Severus in Rome 
 
 (Mauch). 
 
 This is an example of the composite order. Figure 6 is a view of the Capital 
 from below. 
 „ 2. From a Roman sacrificial altar (Piranesi). 
 
 Marble Fragment from Rome (Tatham).
 
 78 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 36. 
 
 -I. t 
 
 % 
 
 ^'J^r^ 
 
 iKMM.MV-tMv'J
 
 Plate 37. ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 79 
 
 mmwmrrrmvm
 
 80 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 38.
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 81 
 
 Fig. 3, 4, 7, 8. Base, capital, and entablature from the Temple of Vesta in 
 Tivoll (Mauch). 
 
 This temple was circular and peripteral with 18 columns, 10 of which are still 
 in good condition. The columns are not perpendicular but inclined to the axis in 
 such a manner that the inner lines on the tapering shaft receive almost a vertical 
 direction, thus increasing not only the apparent but the real stability of the whole. 
 In order to produce this effect, the fillets under the base and above the capital are 
 somewhat wedge-shaped. The capital, which differs in form from the usual normal 
 capital of the Corinthian order, has a very pleasing shape with a large central-flower 
 between the volutes. The leaves also bear more resemblance to the curled cabbage 
 • rather than to the acanthus. Figure 4 shows a section through the corners of the 
 capital and one at the roots of the leaves. Figure 7 gives an oblique view of the 
 capital. The base on podium in Fig. 8 has no plinth, possibly on account of the 
 circular form in which it is constructed. The frieze is most effective being decorated 
 in a natura-listic manner with ox head, rosettes, festoons, and patera, instead of the 
 usual ox-skull. 
 „ 5. Roman tgg and dart moulding (Mauch). 
 
 Plate 37. 
 
 Fig. 1 and 8. Pedestals from the Villa of Cardinal Alexander Albani before the 
 Solarian Gate in Rome (Piranesi. The remaining examples are all from the 
 same authority.) 
 
 „ 2. Base from the Villa Barberini. 
 
 „ 3. Base from the Temple of Nero. 
 
 „ 4. Base from the Mausoleum of Augustus. 
 
 „ 5r Capital from the Villa Farnese. 
 
 „ 6. Base from the Church of S. S. Quattro Coronati. 
 
 „ 7. Base from the Basilica of S. Bartolomeo all' Isola. 
 
 „ 9. Pedestal from the Church of S. Prassede. 
 
 Plate 38. 
 
 Fig. 1, 5. Pilasters of veined marble in the cloister of the Convent of Ara coeli 
 near Rome (Tatham). 
 „ 2. Fasces from a bas-relief in the Massimi Palace in Rome (Tatham). 
 
 3. Ancient marble altar from the collection in the Villa Borghese in Rome 
 (Tatham). 
 „ 4. Fasces from a bas-relief in the Capitol (Tatham). 
 „ 6. Fragment of an antique frieze found in Tivoli (Tatham). 
 
 7. Fragment of a frieze in high-relief from the Villa AldobrandinI in Rome 
 (Tatham). 
 
 SPELTZ, styles of Ornament.
 
 82 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 39.
 
 Plate 40. 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 83 
 
 ^aii'ar^d6«r«>:^4i«K«n»3SiCMEa««MeKnimw 
 
 6*
 
 84 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 41.
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 85 
 
 Plate 39. 
 
 Roman Chairs and Seats after Tatham. 
 
 Fig. 1. White marble arm-chair from Rome. 
 „ 2, 4. Foot olf a white marble sarcophagus in the Vatican Collection. Front 
 
 and profile. 
 „ 3. Half of a green marble tripod from the Vatican Collection. 
 „ 5, 8. Ancient bronze arm-chairs from the Museum in Portici. The covering is 
 
 modern. Front and profile. 
 
 6. Ancient marble stool from Rome. 
 
 7, 9. Ancient bronze stools from Rome. Front and profile. 
 
 „ 10, 11. Chairs of state in white marble from the Vatican Collection. Front and 
 profile. 
 
 Plate 40. 
 
 Roman Sculptures after PiranesL 
 
 Fig. 1. Marble tripod in the Capitol Museum at Rome. 
 
 2. Marble vase in the Farnese Palace. 
 „ 3. Terra-cotta vase in the Vatican Library. The chimerical figure has reference 
 
 to human life. 
 „ 4. Marble candelabrum in the Piranesi Museum. 
 „ 5, 6. Marble vases from the Villa of Hadrian. 
 
 Plate 41. 
 
 Fig. 1. Skull Ornament (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 2. Copper axe (Racinet). 
 
 „ 3. Sheath for the sacrificial knife (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 4. Incense box (Racinet). 
 
 „ 5. Handkerchief of the sacrificer (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 6. Marble table from Rome (Tatham). 
 
 „ 7, 18, 27, 28. Ancient foot-gear. (Racinet). 
 
 „ 8, 9, 10. Female coiffures (Racinet). 
 
 ,, 11. Silver spoons (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 12. Sacrificial axe (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 13. Memorial wreath of gold plate, from Lower Italy (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 14. Key (Racinet). 
 
 „ 15. Priest's ladle (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 16. Wine-jug of clay used In religious rites (Racinet). 
 
 „ 17. Ivory figure of an actor (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 19. Weight in form of skull (Dutuit). 
 
 „ 20. Fumigating altar (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 21. Sacrificial knife (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 22. Sprinkler (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 23. Priests of Cybele in full canonicals with sacrificial implements (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 24. Wine-jug for use in sacrifice (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 25. Priest's mask (Baumeister). 
 
 „ 26. Incense-box for use in sacrifice (Baumeister).
 
 86 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 42.
 
 Plate 43. 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 87
 
 88 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 44. 
 
 rJviNrCOM DOMESTIC EQ^V IT*^
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT. 89 
 
 Plate 42. 
 
 Fig. 1. Marble candelabrum (Canina). 
 
 2. 6. Marble table (Canina). 
 
 3. Fragment of a bronze candelabrum from Naples (Libonis). 
 
 4. Silver dish found in the silver discoveries in Hildesheim (Havard). 
 
 5. Marble candelabra (Canina). 
 
 7. Roman scales (Dutuit). 
 
 8. Roman satyr (Baumeister). 
 
 9. Amulet with head of Mercury (Dutuit). 
 
 10. Roman sedan chair (Baumeister). 
 
 11. Portrait of Julia, daughter of Titus 1 
 
 12. Portrait of Augustus / °" Cameos, found in Florence (Libonis). 
 
 13. Clay oil-lamps (Libonis). 
 
 14. Bronze toilet-vase (Dutuit). 
 
 15. Roman coins 1 As (Baumeister). 
 
 16. 19, 21. Silver forks (Baumeister). 
 
 17. Vase in chased silver (Martha, Manuel d'archeologie Etrusque et Romaine). 
 
 18. Bronze from Naples showing Hercules fighting with the snakes (Baumeister). 
 20. Bronze wine-jug (Baumeister). 
 
 Plate 43. 
 
 Fig. 1, 7, 15. Hair pins (Libonis). 
 
 2. Medallion with picture of Hercules (Libonis). 
 
 3. Massive gold necklace (Libonis). 
 4—6, 10, 11. Ear-rings (Libonis). 
 
 8. Bronze candelabrum from Naples (Libonis). 
 
 9. Bronze lamp in the Louvre (Libonis). 
 „ 12. Terra-cotta lamp (Libonis). 
 
 „ 13, 14. Rings (Renard). 
 
 „ 16-18, 22. Pins (Renard). 
 
 „ 20. Needle (Renard). 
 
 „ 23. Quiver with bow (Renard). 
 
 „ 24. Bronze comb in the Mayence Museum (Renard). 
 
 „ 25, Head of Medusa (Libonis). 
 
 „ 26, 27, 28. Silver vessels discovered in Hildesheim (Havard). 
 
 Plate 44. 
 
 Fig. 1. Costume of a Consul from the later period (Baumeister). 
 
 2, 6 A Roman helmet found in Germany (Baumeister). 
 
 3, Relief from the Mayence Museum showing a rider leading his horse (Baumeister). 
 
 4, Bronze ribbon brooch or clasp (Lindenschmitt).
 
 90 
 
 ROMAN ORNAMENT 
 
 Fig. 5. Iron dagger-sheath in the Mayence Museum (Baumeister). 
 
 7. Shield (Renard(. 
 
 8. Bronze tripod from Naples (Libonis). 
 
 9. 11, 12. Roman military badges (Raciner). 
 10. Ivovy sword-pommel (Baumeister). 
 
 13. Bas-relief from Puteoli, showing a Trireme (Baumeister). 
 
 14. Helmet of a Centurion (Libonis). 
 
 15. Marble statue of Titus In State armour, In the Louvre (Baumeister). 
 
 Ancient Chimaera in white Marble, Rome 
 
 (Tatham).
 
 POMPEIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 n the neighbourhood of Mount Vesuvius on the 
 Bay of Naples stood the cities of Pompeii, 
 Herculaneum and Stabia. These three cities 
 were destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius in 
 the year 79 A. D., and were so thoroughly and 
 completely buried that for centuries no trace of 
 where they stood could be found. Their po- 
 sition was, however, accidentally discovered 
 in the year 1748. The city of Pompeii 
 became subject to the Romans in the 4*'^ cen- 
 tury B. C, and, having been thoroughly 
 Romanised, grew to be the favourite summer residence of the wealthier classes. 
 The characteristic tendency of the Romans towards luxury soon made Pompeii 
 a special centre, Greek artists were introduced, style was given to classic art, 
 and, finally, a special Pompeian Style grew into existence. The small arts and 
 work in metal were brought to a very high state of perfection. The remains 
 of objects of this class at present preserved in the museum at Naples, more 
 especially those vessels found in the silver discoveries in Boscoreale, are extre- 
 mely beautiful and worthy of the highest admiration. 
 
 Peculiarly characteristic of Pompeian art are the mural paintings and the 
 coloured stucco ornamentation. Similar work might of course have also existed 
 in other Roman cities, all traces having disappeared in the course of time. Four 
 distinct and regularly consecutive periods can be distinguished in these mural 
 paintings, the incrustation style, already used in Hellenic-Oriental art, consisting 
 of imitations of many-coloured marble ashlar-work combined with ornament 
 worked in stucco. After this came the pictorial architectural style which con- 
 sisted in exhibiting, in perspective, on smooth surfaces, paintings of fantastic
 
 92 POMPEIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 architectural pictures. The wall was divided into panels in free ornamental 
 style and decorated with small figurative centre pictures. The type which 
 appears to have been in most general use was the prospect style, here, the 
 straight wall, was so changed by a rich play of delicate stone architecture that 
 the chamber had the appearance of being larger than it really was. These types, 
 as far as their collective arrangement goes, show decided leaning towards Hellenic 
 proto-types from Alexandria, at the same time, however, very many single Or- 
 naments show, in their pure naturalistic style, very great artistic independence. 
 Ahhough the al fresco mural paintings, which were coloured by simple hand- 
 workers, are of a most dazzling brillancy of colour, still, the gradations are 
 toned off so regularly and legitimately that the effect of the whole is soothing 
 and pleasing to the eye. This style of art was, in all probability, well known 
 to a large circle. 
 
 It is impossible to form an exact picture of Roman life in any Roman city, 
 but this is more especially the case with Pompeii which was completely over- 
 whelmed in one night. It is impossible also to differentiate exactly Pompeian 
 from Rom art, for it is highly probable that many objects discovered in Pompeii 
 were manufactured in other parts of the Empire, and that other articles disco- 
 vered in various other cities had their origin in Pompeii. 
 
 Plate 45. 
 
 Fig. 1. Column from the house of the Tragic poet in Pompeii (Uhde). 
 
 „ 2. Mural ornamentation from the house of M. Lucretius in Pompeii (Uhde). 
 
 „ 3. Mural ornamentation from the house of Modestus in Pompeii (Uhde). 
 
 „ 4, 6. Capitals from the basilica in Pompeii (Uhde). 
 
 „ 5, 7. Pilastercapital, and column from the house of the Colours in Pompeii 
 
 (Uhdi-)- 
 „ 8. Capital from the house of the Faun in Pompeii (Uhde). 
 „ 9. Capital of column Jrom the house of Actaeon in Pompeii (Uhde). 
 „ 10. Podium from the tomb of Naevoleia Tyche in Pompeii (Uhde). 
 
 Plate 46. 
 
 Fig. 1. Mosaic from Pompeii, showing a theatrical scene (Libonis). 
 
 2. Mural frescoes from Pompeii (Reichhold). 
 
 3. 6, 8. Alosaic floors (d'Espouy). 
 
 4. Mural fresco, the holy marriage of Zeus and Hera (Baumcister; 
 
 5. From a mural fresco, illustrating Mediation (Roux nine). 
 7. Mural fresco with theatrical mask (Baumeister).
 
 Plate 45. 
 
 POMPEIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 93 
 
 ■. 4l .^[ . I , ^ ' ■^■ w w* !l   I ij j ii 1 1* 1 1   I f,-<m*l i- |j«ifl'tll>ii.'a ;.■>.>«■< iilh
 
 94 
 
 POMPEIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 46. 
 
 yj^^^yrrr^^^r^^f* 

 
 Plate 47. 
 
 POMPEIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 95
 
 96 
 
 POMPEIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 48.
 
 POMPEIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 97 
 
 Plate 47. 
 
 Fig. 1. Marble table from the house of Cornelius Rufus in Pompeii (BOhlmann, die 
 
 Bauformenlehre). 
 2, 3, 4, 7. Vessels in embossed silver from the discoveries of Boscorcale (Libonis). 
 
 5. Bronze table in the Museum at Naples (Buhlmann). 
 
 6. Bronze candelabrum (Libonis). 
 8, 9, 10, IG Ornaments (Liibke). 
 
 11. Bronze figure of a Triton (Collection Dutuit). 
 
 12. Lamp (Collection Dutuit). 
 
 13. Pompeian glass vase (Libonis). 
 
 14. 15, 17. Bronze tripods (Lubke). 
 
 Plate 48. 
 
 Fig. 1—5, 9, 16, 20, 21. From Pompeian mural frescoes (Roux aind). 
 ., 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 18, 19. Bronze candelabra (Mauch). 
 „ 12, 13, 15, 17. From Pompeian mural frescoes (Reichhold). 
 „ 14. Later Sphinx of bronze (Baumeistcr). 
 
 Plate 49. 
 
 Fig. 1—10. Various mural frescoes in Pompeii (Roux ain6, Herculanum et Pompeii). 
 
 iJ|li.|1lflf|iJl|lJ|(llfllll||||l|ll!llilli'illll>1l|ii|||i|illl|||.'l^^ 
 
 Figure of bronze (Roux ain6). 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament.
 
 98 
 
 POMPEIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 49.
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT 
 (FRANCE AND GERMANY) 
 
 Prankish Warrior 
 
 (Hottenroth). 
 
 oubts no longer exist as to the fact that before they 
 came into contact with the Romans, the Celts and 
 Germans had their own characteristic national art, 
 even, although the same had not advanced beyond 
 the bronze and iron periods. It is difficult to 
 strictly separate Celtic from Germanic ornament, 
 the connections between the two races were so 
 varied and so intimate, that what was characteristic 
 of the one was transplanted to the other. The 
 Celts, who had occupied the whole of Europe, were 
 after a time driven out from Germany and Austria 
 by the Germans, there must have been the'fefore 
 ample opportunity, before the Romans came into contact with the Germans, for 
 Celtic and Germanic art to exercise mutual and abiding influence on each other. 
 The Romans became, afterwards, the instructors of both in ornamentation, and 
 under the influence of Roman art, Celtic and Germanic art came closer to each 
 other, the relationship developing into a most intimate connection at that period 
 when the Germans held possession of the Western Empire of the Romans. 
 
 After the fall of the Roman Empire, Byzantine influence predominated, and 
 as the Roman style became developed, a new art period made itself manifest. 
 Pure Celtic ornament, far purer than in France, existed in the British Islands 
 up into the 12*'' century. This part of the subject, however, is dealt with in 
 the next chapter, although it would be perhaps more correct chronologically 
 to refer to it in treating of the art of the Middle Ages.
 
 100 
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 50.
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 101 
 
 Germanic Ornament was entirely confined to the decoration of weapons 
 and useful articles. Nothing was known of architecture, not even of archi- 
 tecture in wood, even rites and ceremonies 
 were never held within doors, but in the 
 open air under a tree. 
 
 n their first attempts at architecture, which were 
 made soon after the introduction of Christia- 
 nity, the Celtic artists confined themselves 
 almost entirely to the building of wooden 
 churches and oratories. All their splendid 
 triumphs as seen in the development of the 
 Celtic Church Architecture were achieved 
 Gallic Warrior (Racinet). a few centuries later. 
 
 Plate 50. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 3. Breton embroidery from Pont I'Abbfi, Finisterre (Racinet). 
 „ 2. Bronze ornament, found in Castel near Agen, in the Cluny Museum (Racinet). 
 „ 4. Bronze buckle, Cluny Museum (Racinet). 
 „ 5. Belt-buckle, Cluny Museum (Racinet). 
 „ 6. Bronze brooch, Cluny Museum (Racinet). 
 „ 7. Neck ornament of bronze (Racinet). 
 
 „ 8, 9, and 10. Belt buckles from the Merovingian Period (Racinet). 
 „ 11. Bronze fibula, in the Louvre (Racinet). 
 
 „ 12. Bronze fibula from the Merovingian Period, Cluny Museum (Racinet). 
 „ 13. Bronze belt-buckles, Cluny Museum (Racinet). 
 „ 14, and 15. Heads of Gallic chieftains from the time of the Romans, after bronze 
 
 medals (Racinet). 
 „ 16. Silver brooch from GoldboroUgh in Yorkshire (Racinet). 
 „ 17. Remnant of a reliquary of iron with bronze and silver ornament from 
 
 Cashel, Co. Tipperary, Ireland (Racinet). 
 „ 18. Brooch with granate and gold filigree-work, found near Abingdon (Racinet). 
 „ 19, and 20. Bronze fibulae (Racinet). 
 
 21. Bronze brooch with silver ornamentation, found near Lincoln (Racinet). 
 „ 22. Bracelet from Pont-Audemer (Havard). 
 „ 23. Bronze brooch found in the churchyard at Blasion (Havard). 
 
 24. Buckle found in the churchyard at Chisell-Down, in the Isle of Wight (Racinet). 
 „ 25. Bracelet, found in Reallon, Hautes Alpes (Havard). 
 „ 26, and 27. Bracelets from Caranda (Havard).
 
 102 
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 51.
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT. 103 
 
 Plate 51. 
 
 Fig. 1. Prankish weapons, from the Museum at St. Germain (Barriere-Flany, Les Arts 
 industrials peubles barbares de la Gaule. All the following Figures in this plate 
 are from the same author). 
 
 „ 2. Burgundian ornament from Elisried (Canton Bern). 
 
 „ 3. Necklet, same origin. 
 
 „ 4. Neck ornament in the Museum at St. Germain. 
 
 „ 5. Burgundian ornament from Delle near Belfort. 
 
 „ 6. West Gothic buckle from Jean-Ie-Pouget, in the Museum at Quny. 
 
 „ 7. Burgundian buckle from Fierier near Tonniges (Haute Savoie). 
 
 „ 8. Prankish glass bottle from Achery-Magot (Aisne). 
 9. Burgundian clay vessel from Tournus (Saone et Loire). 
 
 „ 10. Prankish glass dish from Anguilcourt-le-Sort (Aisne). 
 
 „ 11. West Gothic clay vase from Herpes (Charente). 
 
 „ 12. Prankish comb. 
 
 13. Burgundian clay vase from Charnay (Saone et Loire) in the Museum at 
 St. Germain. 
 
 „ 14. Anglo-Saxon knife. 
 
 „ 15. West-Gothic buckle from Pigoret-Guzarques (H^rault). 
 
 Plate 52. 
 
 The Merovingian Period. 
 
 Fig. 1—5, 8—13, 15, and 16. Ornaments (Havard). 
 „ 6. Sword of the Childerich (Roger-Miles). 
 
 7. Cross from St. Martin, Limoges, made by Saint Eloi (Havard). 
 14. Chair of Dagobert, made of gilt bronze (Havard). 
 
 Plate 53. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. German sword in the Mayence Museum (Lindenschmitt, Aus der heid- 
 nischen Vorzeit. The following are all according to the same authority). 
 3. Silver needle from the Prankish graves near Neuhofen. 
 „ 4. Prankish fibula. 
 
 5. Half-drawn dagger from the graves at Hallstadt. 
 „ 6. Prankish bracelet. Museum in Mayence. 
 
 7. Bucket with bronze mounts and iron handles from the Prankish graves 
 near Monsheim, in the Mayence Museum. 
 
 8. Bucket with bronze mounts found in the graves on the Schiersteiner Wege. 
 Wiesbaden Museum. 
 
 „ 9. Ear-ring from the graves near Worrstedt. 
 
 „ 10. Dagger from Sprendlingen, Rheinhessen. 
 
 „ 11. German ribbon clasp, Mayence Museum. 
 
 „ 12. Fibula from the graves near Nordendorf. 
 
 „ 13. Necklet from a grave in Wurmlingen, Wurttemberg.
 
 104 
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 52.
 
 Plate 53. 
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 105
 
 106 
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 14. Ear-ring in the Wiesbaden Museum. 
 
 15. Shoe found in the turf moor Friedeburg, West Friesland. 
 
 16. Prankish belt-buckle, Mayence Museum. 
 
 17. Glass vase found in grave near Kreuznach. 
 
 18. Clay vase found in grave near Ulm. 
 
 19. Clay vase found in graves at Osthofen, Mayence Museum. 
 
 20. and 22. Coffins of Gypsum. 
 
 21. Clay urn found in graves near Remingen. 
 23. Ring from the Mayence Museum. 
 
 Hannover Museum. 
 
 Anglo-Saxon Baptismal Font 
 
 (Muller and Mothes).
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT 
 (GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND). 
 
 "::••■ rnamental art, such as was developed in the British 
 ,;;;:; Isles, but more especially in Ireland, even during 
 :v:;: the sway of heathenism, was, without any doubt, 
 a pure Celtic art of its own, without any traces 
 of Byzantine or South European influences. The 
 very same ornamental work which we find in the 
 old heathen stone coffins are also to be seen in 
 the manuscript paintings of the Celtic monks of 
 the sixth century. Celtic artists show a most 
 astonishing and extraordinary skill and variety in 
 the delineation of ornamental tracery, in which the 
 bodies of birds, dogs, snakes and fantastic animals 
 are most skillfully interwoven. Vegetable ornaments 
 were entirely absent in the earlier specimens of 
 this work, appearing first in the 9**^ century, very 
 probably as the result of Roman influence. The 
 very great similarity existing between Scandinavian and Celtic ornament points 
 to a very close connection between the two styles of art, a fact which is 
 all the more evident when we remember that Christianity was introduced into 
 Norway and Sweden by Irish missionaries. 
 
 Initial from the 7th century 
 
 (Owen Jones).
 
 108 
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 54.
 
 Plate 55. 
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 109
 
 no 
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 54. 
 
 Fig. 1. Manuscript painting from the lO^h century (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 2. Initial from a Psalter, ll^h century, at present in Trinity College, Dublin 
 (Owen Jones). 
 3, and 4. Manuscript paintings from the 10*^ century (Owen Jones). 
 
 5. The Aberlemno cross (Owen Jones). 
 
 6. Initial from the 7th century (Dolmetsch). 
 7—11. Manuscript paintings of Celtic-Anglo-Saxon origin (Owen Jones). 
 
 12. Ornament from base of cross in the church of Eassie, Angusshire (Owen Jones). 
 
 13. Ornament from base of cross in the church at St. Vigean, Angusshire (Owen 
 Jones). 
 
 14. Ornament from base of cross in the church at Meigle, Angusshire (Owen Jones). 
 
 Plate 55. 
 
 Fig. 1, 3, 4, and 8. Specimes of manuscript paintings from the 10*^ century (Dolmetsch 
 
 and Owen Jones). 
 „ 2. Manuscript paintings from the 11*^ century (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 5, 6, and 10. Manuscript paintings from the 8*h century (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 7. Manuscript painting from the 9th century (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 9. Initial from the Franco-Saxon bible at St. Denis, from the 9th century 
 
 (Owen Jones). 
 „ 11 — 21. Specimens from manuscript paintings of Celtic -Anglo -Saxon origin 
 
 (Owen Jones). 
 
 Plate 56. 
 
 Fig. 1—3. Specimens of manuscript paintings from the 7th century (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 4. Manuscript painting from an Irish Gospel of the IQth century. The border 
 is copied from the Gospel of St. Cuthbert now in the British Museum, and known 
 as the Book of Durham, a book which was written between the years 698 and 720. 
 (Henry Shaw, Mediaeval Alphabets and Devices.) 
 
 From an Irish Spelling-Book fMothes and Miiller).
 
 Plate 56 
 
 CELTIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Ill 
 
 '.\^^y/^^^yA\\ 
 
 I 
 
 
 ODMNNO 
 
 I 
 
 MUy K Y 
 
 i 
 
 
 !;•>? 
 
 inrrt
 
 112 
 
 Roman Marble Vase (Piranesi).
 
 Window from Monastery St. Juan de los Reyes, Toledo (Monumentos de Espafia). 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. - 8
 
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 From a 
 Carolinglan Gospel 
 in the British 
 Museum 
 
 (MUller and Mothes). 
 
 radually, as the political supremacy of a country begins to 
 decline, Art in that country begins also to decay. The 
 decline of classic art was the natural consequence of the 
 political weakness and final decay of the Western Roman 
 Empire, as well as of the decisive victory which Christianity 
 finally obtained over Heathenism, In all the old historic 
 styles there exists an intimate connection between religion 
 and art. Art developed under the aegis of religion and was 
 so strongly influenced by it that a style of art produced 
 under the influence of a certain religion could never har- 
 monise with any other religion except that from which it sprung. When, there- 
 fore, Christianity received into its hands the remains of classic art, it was obliged 
 to change and harmonise them into a style in unison with Christian ideas, tastes, 
 and necessities, without a the same time entirely freeing itself from classic in- 
 fluences. On the ruins, therefore, of the Western Roman empire, the Christian 
 States erected a new civilisation changing everything they found to fit the new 
 condition of affairs, and making use of the peculiar elements of Byzantine art, 
 then in its full glory to form a new style of art of its own. The Byzantine 
 influence was so powerful at that time, that it is often a matter of real diffi- 
 culty for the art historian to say whether certain works of art belong to the 
 Early Christian or to the Byzantine style. The antiquities discovered in the 
 ancient city of Ravenna show most remarkable traces of Byzantine influences. 
 Early Christian art may be regarded as a period of transition the tendency 
 of which was to free itself alike from Classic and Byzantine influence. It was 
 only when this latter influence had been entirely overcome, when, about the 
 year 900 A. D., the Romanesque style of architecture began to develop itself, 
 that art began again to move along secure lines.
 
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 115 
 
 The attempts to change classic art into forms more suitable to Christianity 
 were, however, not confined to the Western Roman empire. Attempts in this 
 direction were also made in Asia Minor, but were finally rendered unavailing 
 by the spread of Islamism. 
 
 Before their contact with the Romans, the art of the Celts, if we exclude 
 Architecture and Sculpture, even though primitive, was still a thoroughly charac- 
 teristic, peculiar one. The Eastern Goths, who ruled Italy from 493 to 555, 
 but who soon lost their peculiar individuality, did not cherish this style of art 
 as the Lombards did. These latter, who settled in Northern Italy under Alboin 
 in the year 568, preserved it carefully, and to such an extent that it actually 
 exercised a very remarkable influence on the development of Italo-Romanesque art. 
 
 Mural painting from the Coemeterium Majus, Rome 
 
 (Wilpert, Malereien der Katakomben Roms). 
 
 3»
 
 116 
 
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 57. 
 
 , — '"'^ ■.:x::.:rrt' ^»^„7;:;;TiTr," — -^zt^ — - •■'-•"'li'vr;^"'-™
 
 Plate 58. 
 
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 117
 
 118 
 
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 57. 
 
 Lombardo-Byzantine Ornament in Italy. 
 (E. A. Stiickelberg, Longobardische Plastik.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Circular pattern braided work from Ventimiglia. 
 „ 2. Diamond pattern braided work from Ravenna. 
 „ 3. Bottom of a basked from Rome. 
 „ 4. Relief from Ventimiglia. 
 „ 5, and 13. Interlaced work from Milan. 
 „ 6. Relief from Spalato. 
 „ 7. Interlaced work from Como. 
 „ 8. Processional Crucifix from Milan. 
 „ 9. Interlaced work from Valeria. 
 
 ,, 10. Lattice work from Milan. 
 
 „ 11. Church altarscreen from Aquileja. 
 
 „ 12. Relief from altar in Orvieto. 
 
 Plate 58. 
 
 Lombardo-Byzantine Ornament in Italy. 
 (After Professor Karl Mohrmann and Dr. Eugen Ferd. Eichwede, Germanische Friihkunst.) 
 
 Fig. 1, 2, and 5. Capitals from the church of S. Ambrogio, Milan. 
 
 „ 3. Fountain, in the Museum at Venice. 
 
 „ 4. From a balustrade in the cathedral at Aquileja. 
 
 „ 6—8. Portals from the church of S. Ambrogio, Milan. 
 
 „ 9. Capital of column from the church of S. Ambrogio, Milan. 
 
 V_ 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 Crucifix in the Museum at Ravenna (Dehli).
 
 Plate 59. 
 
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 119
 
 120 
 
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 60. 
 
 ^J(n\ MM M M // 
 
 ll'— ..-"-V 'V'-' :-'i^''*~-^^-^M^..
 
 Plate 61. 
 
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 121 
 
 ^5# 
 
 W0^ 
 
 ^^^'i^^-' 
 
 '^^W
 
 122 EARLY CHRISTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 59. 
 
 Visigothic Ornament in Spain. 
 
 (After Monumentos de Espana.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Cross from the crown of Receswint. 
 
 „ 2. Crown of Suinthila. 
 
 „ 3. Votive crown. 
 
 „ 4. Votive cross. 
 
 „ 5. Arm of a processional crucifix. 
 
 Plate 60. 
 
 Italo-Byzantine Ornament in Italy. 
 
 Fig. 1. Frieze from the church at Dana in Syria (VogUe, La Syrie Centrale). 
 „ 2. Capital from the church of St. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna (Dehli). 
 „ 3, 4, and 5. Capitals from the church of St. Vitale in Ravenna. The church 
 
 of St. Vitale in Ravenna was founded by the treasurer Julianus Argentarius being 
 moved thereto be the exhortations of Bishop Ecclesius (524 — 534 after Christ). The 
 strongly marked Byzantine character of this church is easily explained when it is 
 remembered that very intimate relations existed at that time between Ravenna and 
 Byzantium (Dehli). 
 
 „ 6. Marble panel from Ravenna (Bilderatlas). 
 
 „ 7. Monogram of Christ in a sarcophagus in the church of St. Apollinare-in- 
 Classe, Ravenna (Dehli, Selections of Byzantine Ornament). 
 
 Plate 61. 
 
 Frankish Ornament. 
 
 Fig. 1. Gospel of Charles the Bald in the National Library in Paris (Havard). 
 „ 2. Sword of Charlemagne in the Imperial Treasury in Vienna (Havard). 
 „ 3. Chair of the statue of St. Foy in tfie treasury at Conques (Havard). 
 „ 4. Gold crucifix, presented to the monastery of St. Denis by Charles the 
 
 Bald (Havard). 
 „ 5. Crown of Charlemagne in the Imperial Treasury in Vienna (Havard). 
 „ 6, Crown of the statue of St. Foy in the treasury at Conques (Havard). 
 „ 7. Reliquary medallion of Charlemagne in the monastery at Aix-la-Chapelle 
 
 (Havard). 
 „ 8. Throned Christ from a gospel of Charlemagne (Miilier and Mothes). 
 „ 9. Hunting horn of Charlemagne in Aix-la-Chapelle (Miilier and Mothes). 
 „ 10. Madonna from the catacomb of St. Calixtus in Rome (Muller and Mothes). 
 
 Plate 62. 
 
 Fig. 1. Diptych from the 6*^ century, supposed to be the Cathedral of Maxentius 
 (Libonisj. 
 „ 2. Sarcophagus of the Exarch Isaac, representing the adoration of the Three 
 Magi (Libonis).
 
 Plate 62. 
 
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 123 
 
 
 M\^^\ l^Q:^IWl£AsJWW^£iW^
 
 124 
 
 EARLY CHRISTIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 3. Ambo in Salonica (Gagarin, Russische Ornamente). 
 „ 4. Bookcase in church in Ravenna (Havard). 
 „ 5. Chalice, presented to the monastery of Kremsmiinster in 780 by Duke Tassilo 
 
 (Miilier and Mothes). 
 „ 6. Reading desk of St. Adelgundi (Libonis). 
 „ 7, and 8. Sarcophagi in Ravenna (D'Espouy). 
 
 „ 9. Mosaic flooring from the church of St. Vitale in Ravenna (D'Espouy). 
 „ 10. The Empress Theodora and her suite. Mosaic from the church of St. Vitale, 
 
 Ravenna (Libonis). 
 
 Altar in the Museum at Ravenna (Dehli).
 
 BYZANTINE ORNAMENT. 
 
 yzantine is the title given to that conglomerate style 
 of art which was developed in the Eastern 
 Roman Empire from all the different styles 
 which were in existence at that early period. 
 The first impulse to the development of a 
 Byzantine style was given in the year 330 A. D., 
 when Byzantium or Constantinople became 
 the seat of the royal residence of the emperor 
 Constantine, and when Christianity was made 
 the established state religion. Byzantine Art 
 may be said to have reached its highest 
 standard in the 6**^ century when it spread 
 throughout the whole Empire and extended to 
 North Africa. 
 
 Its influence however was not confined to 
 those regions for already in the same century 
 it had reached as far north and west as Scot- 
 land and Ireland, in which countries it is found intermingled with Celtic Art. 
 It also penetraded through the Balkan States and Italy, and, from the 9'^ century 
 when under the influence of the Macedonian Empire, it took fresh life, down 
 to the middle of the 1 2**^ century, it permeated the ornament of all the Romanesque 
 Styles of Europe, whilst even in Constantinople when taken by the Turks, in 
 1453, the Church of Sancta Sophia became the model on which all the Turkish 
 Mosques were based, so far as their main features are concerned. 
 
 Initial from a breviary 
 in the Mazarin Library 
 
 (Libonis).
 
 126 
 
 BYZANTINE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 63. 

 
 Plate 64
 
 128 BYZANTINE ORNAMENT. 
 
 It was in fact the political influence which the Byzantine Empire enjoyed 
 during the period of its supremacy, together with the low standard of civilization 
 existing at that period in the Christian States of the West, which caused the 
 new Christian Art, whose development had already commenced, to be strongly 
 influenced by the Byzantine Style, more especially in its ornament. 
 
 Plate 63. 
 
 Fig. 1. Arch and column of the lowergallery in the church of St. Sophia, Constantinople. 
 
 (Salzenberg, Altchristliche Baudenkmale von Konstantinopel.) This church, erected 
 in place of a basilica destroyed by fire, was built under Justinian in the years 532 — 537, 
 after plans designed by Anthemios of Tralles assisted by Isidorus of Miletus. The 
 church has been used as a mosque since 1453. 
 
 „ 2—4. Details from the fatade of the church of St. Marks in Venice (Gagarin). 
 The church of St. Marks, although a prototype of Romanesque architecture, contains 
 many features peculiar to Byzantine art. Though founded about 830 A. D. the five 
 domes were not commenced till 1063 A. D. and the sumptuous marble decoration 
 not completed till two centuries later. 
 5. Bronze door in the church of St. Marks, Venice (Gagarin). 
 
 „ 6. Arch and capital in the baptistery of the church of St. Marks, Venice (Gagarin). 
 7, 8. Capitals in the church of St. Marks, Venice (Gagarin). 
 
 Plate 64. 
 
 Fig. 1. Arch from a gallery in the church of St. Sophia, Constantinople, from the 
 
 6th century (Gagarin). 
 „ 2, 3. Bronze knockers from the door of St. Marks, Venice (Dehli, Byzantine 
 
 Ornament). 
 „ 4. Capital from the church of St. Marks in Venice (Dehli). 
 ,, 5—10. Capitals from the church of St. Marks in Venice (Gagarin). 
 
 Plate 65. 
 
 After Dehli, Selections of Byzantine Ornnmcnt. 
 
 Fig. 1. Stone panel from the Atrium of St. Marks in Venice. 
 
 2. Baptismal Font in the Vendramin palace, Venice. 
 
 3. Sarcophagus from the church of St. Antonio, Padua. 
 
 4. Relief from the church of St. Pietro in Verona. 
 
 5. From transept of St. Marks, Venice. 
 
 6. Frieze over door of the Zeno Chapel in St. Marks, Venice.
 
 Plate 65. 
 
 BYZANTINE ORNAMENT. 
 
 129 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament.
 
 130 
 
 BYZANTINE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 66. 
 
 f • -^   r,;* P ' ♦, .1--*
 
 Plate 67. 
 
 BYZANTINE ORNAMENT. 
 
 131 
 
 3. 
 
 m^ff^^^^ 
 
 1 ^^ y »i>fe-J ^T3^ ^^^I^2a^^^^^^3aa28^iaaMi^^
 
 132 BYZANTINE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 66. 
 
 Fig. 1. Gold ring from the collection of RoUin and Bourdent (Libonis). 
 „ 2. Border of a manuscript of the 10"! century (Libonis). 
 „ 3. Stone panel in the gallery of the church of St. Marks, Venice (Dehli). 
 „ 4, Ivory Bookcover in the South Kensington Museum (Libonis). 
 
 5. Marble mosaic (Libonis). 
 „ 6. Mosaic panelling in the triforium of the church of St. Sophia, Constantinople 
 
 (Bilderatlas zur Geschichte der Baukunst). 
 „ 7—9. Marble mosaics from the church of St. Marks in Venice (Dehli). 
 „ 10. Letters from a manuscript (Libonis). 
 „ 11. Stone relief from the church of St. Sergius in Constantinople (Krauth und 
 
 Meyer, Steinhauerbuch). 
 
 Plate 67. 
 
 Fig. 1. Well head from Venice, now in the South Kensington Museum (Dehli) 
 „ 2, Cover of an ivory reliquary in the South Kensington Museum showing John 
 
 the Baptist between Saints Philip, Stephen, Thomas, and Andrew (Libonis). 
 „ 3. Byzantine ivory coffer. 
 „ 4. Cover of book of the four gospels owned by St. John of Besan^on, showing 
 
 the crowning of Romanus IV and Eudoxia. Dates from the llth century, at present 
 
 in the National Library, Paris (Libonis). 
 „ 5. Byzantine miniature-painting (Libonis). 
 „ 6. Leaf of a diptych in the British Museum showing Michael the Archangel 
 
 (Libonis). 
 
 Plate 68. 
 
 Fig. 1—6, 8—10. Miniature paintings from manuscripts in the National Library, Paris 
 
 (Gagarin). 
 ,, 7. Lectern, from a manuscript in the National Library, Paris (Gagarin). 
 „ 11. Byzantine crown (Hottenroth, Trachten). 
 „ 12—15. Byzantine coiffures (Hottenroth). 
 „ 16. Reliquary (Hottenroth). 
 „ 17. Chalice (Hottenroth). 
 „ 18, 19, 20. Arm chairs (Hottenroth). 
 „ 21. Consular chair of state. 
 
 Plate 69. 
 
 Byzantine Ornament in Spain. 
 (After Monumentos de Espana.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Ruins of the ancient cloister of San Roman in Hornija. 
 „ 2. Capital from the same cloister. 
 „ 3. Fragment of parapet, preserved in the cathedral of Cordova.
 
 Plate 68. 
 
 BYZANTINE ORNAMENT. 
 
 133
 
 134 
 
 BYZANTINE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 69. 
 
 
 S-'^"'o-WEBBB".V,is;ig'RrB- 
 
 H^^^^^^e 
 
 }lD?P.'^>i':'l fflC!g5.;,Q';-B^'s 
 
 \Sim}^m^^^-jJd 
 
 mmmmM^^m 
 
 
 mi '
 
 Plate 70. 
 
 BYZANTINE ORNAMENT. 
 
 135 
 
 f^ v. 
 
 1^;! 
 
 5^ 
 
 (M/ 
 
 \ 
 
 \^ 
 
 
 i 
 
 4. 
 
 L^^^i^l^M 
 
 ^^r^fv^^ 
 
 'i:
 
 136 
 
 BYZANTINE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 4. Outer cornice of the Camara Santa In the Cathedral of Oviedo. 
 „ 5—7, and 13. Window from the church of San Salvator in Valdedios. Concejo 
 
 de Villa Viciosa. 
 „ 8, and 12. Capitals from the hermitage of Santa Christina in Lena, Oviedo. 
 „ 9. Medallion from the same church. 
 „ 10. Pulpit parapet from the same church. 
 „ 11, 14 — 16. Capitals from the church of San Salvator in Valvedios. 
 
 Plate 70. 
 
 Byzantine Ornament in Spain. 
 (After Monumentos de Espafla.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 3. Fragments from a building — called the Cisterna — in M6rida. 
 
 „ 2. Fragment from the Basilica in Cordova. 
 
 „ 4. Enamelled work from a reliquary in the cloister of San Domingos de Silos. 
 
 „ 5, and 6. Pillar from the transept of the Church of St. Miguel de Lino, Oviedo. 
 
 .ff . V . V . V .. *^ . 'a' 
 
 
 i_* S S =^ A A 
 
 •»I*X*I*I»I*I»I»I*^ 
 
 Decorative Frieze (Libonis).
 
 ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 soon as Charlemagne had succeeded to a certain 
 extent in consolidating his empire, he selected Aix- 
 la-Chapelle as his place of residence, and called 
 around him in that city artists of all kinds both 
 from the former Western as well as from the 
 Eastern Roman empires. These artists were en- 
 gaged in decorating and adorning his palaces, and 
 it was here that a new style, the Romanesque 
 style, based upon classic architecture, and very 
 strongly influenced by Byzantine art, which stood 
 then at its highest glory slowly developed itself. 
 At first, after the death of Charlemagne, art could 
 not make much progress in the empire, a circum- 
 stance due to the fact that Charlemagne's successor 
 was an incapable ruler under whose dominion the 
 and lay diseased and dormant, awaiting with dulled apathy the end of all things. 
 It was not until the year 1000 had come that new life began to be again 
 manifest, and later on when the religious zeal was stirred up by the Crusades 
 that some really great and genuine works of art were produced. The Romanes- 
 que style of architecture, whose earliest architects were priests and monks, the 
 lay element being introduced later on, is a genuine Orthodox style. In the be- 
 ginning this style was heavy, but it soon developed, and reached its highest 
 standard in the 12*^ and 13**^ centuries. The aftergrowths of the Romanesque 
 style in Germany were produced by a combination of the same with the Gothic, 
 a style which came in from France, resulting in the pointedarch style which 
 sprung into existence. The Romanesque style itself spread rapidly into all 
 those countries which were included in the former Western Roman empire, its 
 character becoming changed in accordance with the character of the inhabitants 
 
 }^'&!' Initial from a 
 German Xll^h century 
 manuscript (Dolmetsch).
 
 138 
 
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 71.
 
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. I39 
 
 of each particular country. In France Spain and England the Romanesque style 
 developed into the Gothic, and some time afterwards, towards the middle of 
 the IS*'' century, Germany, following the example of France and using the 
 French Gothic as a standard, began also gradually to develop, the Gothic style 
 of architecture. 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in Germany. 
 Plate 71. 
 
 (Heideloff, Ornamentik des Mittel alters.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Keystone of a vault in the church of St. Sebald, Nuremberg. 
 „ 2, and 3. Arch frieze with consol from the same church. 
 „ 4, and 7. Bases of columns, from the convent church in Heilbrunn, Bavaria. 
 „ 5. Capital from the church of St. Sebald, Nuremberg. 
 „ 6. View and ground plan of large column in the vestibule of the cathedral in 
 
 Schwabisch-Hall. 
 „ 8. Shaft of column from the portal of the Burggraf Chapel in the Augustinian 
 
 Cloister, Esslingen. 
 „ 9. Capital from the same church. 
 „ 10. Capital from the Benedictine Abbey in Murrhard. 
 „ 11. Capital from the convent church in Faurudan near GOppingen. 
 „ 12. Cornice on the tower of St. John's church in Schwabisch-Gmiind. 
 
 Plate 72. 
 
 Fig. 1. Abacus from ihe church of St. Michel in Hildesheim, 12th century (Raguenet, 
 Materiaux et documents). This church, which was begun by Bishop Bernward of 
 Hildesheim in the year 1001, and completed in the year 1033, marks the transition 
 from the Early to the Late Romanesque Style. 
 
 2. Abacus from the church of Marmoutiers in Alsace (Raguenet). 
 
 3. Capital from Rosheim near Strassburg, dating from the 11th century (Raguenet). 
 
 4. Stone cross in the market-place at Treves (Raguenet). 
 
 5. Capital and base from Eger (Gruber, Kaiserburg in Eger). 
 
 6. Capital from the cathedral in Limburg (Opderbecke, Bauformen). This church 
 was built by Konrad II in the years 1030 — 1042, and dedicated in 1046 in the reign of 
 Henry III. The building operations were conducted by the Cluniac Abbot Poppo 
 von Stoblo. 
 
 7. Signature tablet from the !!*•> century (Muller and Mothes). 
 
 8. Door-knocker in the cathedral at Aix-la-Chapelle from the S^h century 
 (Raguenet). 
 
 9—12. Mural paintings from the cathedral in Brunswick (Gailhabaud I'architecture). 
 13. Frieze from Mary's Chapel in the cathedral in Gandersheim (Raguenet).
 
 140 
 
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 72.
 
 Plate 73. 
 
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 141
 
 142 
 
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 74.
 
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 143 
 
 Plate 73. 
 
 Fig. 1. Frieze from the Burg at Munzenberg in Hesien (Opderbecke, Bauformen des 
 Mittelalters). 
 
 2. Frieze from the church in Denkendorf, 12th century (Lubke). 
 
 3. From a stall in the cathedral at Ratzeburg (Joseph). 
 
 4. Ornamentation on shaft of a column from Buchenberg near Goslar, 12th century 
 (Opderbecke). 
 
 5. Capital from the church in Brenz, Wurttemberg, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 
 6. Base from the abbey church in Laach, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 
 7. Archivolte from the doorway of Worms cathedral, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 
 8. Capital from the Scottish church of St. Jacob in Ratisbon, 12th century 
 (Opderbecke). 
 
 9. Window from the church at Laach (Opderbecke). 
 
 10. Window-column from the cathedral at Worms, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 
 11. and 14. Doorway from the church at Gelnhausen, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 
 12. Tympanum from St. Michael's Church in Schwabisch-Hall, 12th century (Opder- 
 becke). 
 
 13. Base from the church at Arnsberg, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 
 Plate 74. 
 
 Fig. 1. Throne of Emperor Henry II, after a miniature in the monarch's own Book of 
 
 Gospels which is at present in the Court Library in Munich (Miiller and Mothes). 
 „ 2. Flagon in the Royal Imperial Numismatic Cabinet in Vienna (Miiller and 
 
 Mothes). 
 „ 3. Comb of Henry I (Hefener-Alteneck, Trachten). 
 „ 4. Wrought-iron candlestick (Hottenroth). 
 
 „ 5. Seven-branched candlestick in Brunswick cathedral (Muller and Mothes). 
 „ 6. Bronze candlestick (Hottenroth). 
 
 „ 7. Bishop's crozier from the Church Treasuries in Deutz (Miiller and Mothes). 
 „ 8. Two-handled chalice from the Marienstern Cloister in Saxony (Muller and 
 
 Mothes). 
 „ 9. Candelabrum from the cathedral in Aix-la-Chapelle (Hottenroth). 
 „ 10. Reliquary of oak with gilt reliefs in lead, dates from the year 1300, at present 
 
 in the Nuremberg Museum. 
 „ 11. Glass painting from 12th century in Neuweiler, Alsace (MUller and Mothes). 
 
 Plate 75. 
 
 Fig. 1. Wooden coffer, 10th century (Hottenroth). 
 
 2. Initials from the time of Joseph XIII (Muller and Mothes). 
 
 3. Candlestick, 12th century (Hottenroth), 
 
 4. Bishop's crozier, 11th century (Hottenroth). 
 
 5. Chalice, 11th century (Hottenroth). 
 
 6. Fragment of a small crystal bottle, IQth century (Hottenroth). 
 
 7. Initials from the Bremer Gospel, from the year 1050 (Mailer and Mothes). 
 
 8. Thurible of gilt copper, 12th century (Miiller and Mothes).
 
 144 
 
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 75.
 
 Plate 76. 
 
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 145 
 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 10
 
 146 
 
 GERMAN ROAIANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 77.
 
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 147 
 
 Fig. 9. Writing-desk, after a manuscript in tlie National Library at Paris (Gagarin). 
 
 10. Bronze church lamp, 11^^ century (MflUer and Mothes). 
 
 11. Stool (Hottenroth). 
 
 12. and 13. Beds, 12th century (Hottenroth). 
 
 14. Fighting warrior, 13th century (Hottenroth). 
 
 15. Cup (Hottenroth). 
 
 16. Bishop's chair (Hottenroth). 
 
 17. Imperial shoe (Hottenroth). 
 
 18. Clasp of Imperial mantle (Hottenroth). 
 
 19. Sprinkler (Hottenroth). 
 
 20. Cover of the prayer-book of St. Elizabeth (Muller and Mothes). 
 
 21. Bed, 12th century (Muller and Mothes). 
 
 Plate 76. 
 
 North-German Brickwork. 
 (After Stiehl, Backsteinbau romanischer Zeit.) 
 
 The Romanesque style of brick architecture was introduced into the Altmark, at Jerichow, 
 and into ^parts of Mecklenburg, Holstein, and Pomerania, during that period of time when 
 these Wendic lands were being germanised. These districts being poor in stone and very 
 rich in clay, necessitated the employment of burnt bricks. The origin of brick architecture 
 has been traced to Lombardy by Herr O. Stiehl, Government architect, who carried out a 
 series of careful and searching inquiries into this question (O. Stiehl, Der Backsteinbau romanischer 
 Zeit, besonders in Oberitalien und Norddeutschland). From Lombardy it was introduced into the 
 Wendic districts by missionaries. As the Romanesque style of architecture was the prevalent 
 one at that period, the brickwork was constructed in accordance with it. 
 Fig. 1—3. Capitals from the convent church at Arendsee. 
 
 „ 4. Capital from the church at Jerichow. 
 
 „ 5. Capital from the church of St. Maria auf deni Damme at JQterbog. 
 
 „ 6—8. Arched doorway and capitals from the church of St. Nicolas In Treuen- 
 brietzen. 
 
 „ 9. Capital from the cathedral at Brandenburg. 
 
 „ 10. Capital from the church at Gadebusch. 
 
 „ 11. Arched Corbel Table from the church at Mdlln. 
 
 „ 12. Rib mouldings from the convent church at Dobrilugk. 
 
 „ 13, and 14. Bases of piers from the cathedral at Ratzeburg. 
 
 „ 15, and 16. Compound piers from the church at Altenkrempe. 
 
 „ 17. Window from the village church at Grofimangelsdorf. 
 
 „ 18. Capital from the convent church at Dobrilugk. 
 
 Plate 77. 
 
 German Enamel Work in the Middle Ages. 
 (After V. Falke and Frauberger, Deutsche Schmelzarbeiten des Mittelalters.) 
 
 The Historic Art Exhibition held in Dusseldorf in the year 1902 contained a most beau- 
 tiful and unequalled collection of German Enamel-Work from the Romanesque Art-epoch. The 
 different works of art contained in this collection have since been reproduced by Otto von 
 
 10*
 
 148 
 
 GERMAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Falke and Heinrich Frauberger in their beautifully illustrated work ..Deutsche Schmelzarbeiten 
 des Mittelalters". There can be hardly any doubt but that the German artistic enamel-work 
 has its origin in the Byzantine empire. In Germany itself certain centres for this art were 
 established in a few cities, the masters giving instruction each according to his own particular 
 school. One of the most celebrated centres was at Cologne, where the great and celebrated 
 master Frederick taught. Celebrated schools were also established in Treves, Coblenz, and 
 a few other places. 
 
 Fig. 1. Plate from angle column of the Mauricius Shrine in Cologne by Frederick; 
 dates from the year 1180. 
 
 „ 2, 3, 4, and 8. Enamel plates from the Ursula Shrine in Cologne, done by 
 Frederick in the year 1170. 
 
 „ 5. The Benignus Shrine in Siegburg. Made in Cologne, in the year 1190. 
 
 ., 6. Bronze pillars from the Anna Shrine in Cologne, 1183. 
 
 „ 7. Reliquary plate in Fritzlar, from the second half of the 12th century. 
 
 „ 9. Crest of the Albinus Shrine in Cologne, from the year 1186. 
 
 „ 10. Crest of the Anna Shrine in Siegburg. Made in Cologne in the year 1183. 
 
 „ 11, and 12. Crest of the Mauricius Shrine in Cologne, by Frederick in the year 1180. 
 
 Painting from Bamberg Cathedral (Heideloff).
 
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 149 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in France. 
 
 In the provinces of France, the Romanesque style of architecture developed itself in 
 a somewhat peculiarly characteristic fashion, while the Roman classic predominated in the 
 south, more especially in Provence, but the Byzantine style held sway in the south-west 
 In the north of France, and in Normandy, the two styles were blended together. 
 
 Plate 78. 
 
 Fig. 1. Doorway of the church of St. Ursin, Bourges, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 2. Column from the church of Saint Pierre, Chauvigny (Havard, Histoire et 
 
 philosophie des Styles). 
 „ 3. Doorway of the church at Surgeres, 11th century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 4. Column from the church of St. Lazare, Avallon, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 5. Base from the church at Cusset, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 6. Ornament on Doorway of the church at Suger, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 7. Base from the church at Poissy, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 8. Shaft of column from the cathedral at Chartres, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 9. and 10. Base and carved string from church at Vezelay, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 11. Corbel table from a chapel in LSon, 11th century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 12. Corbel table from apse of the church et Leognon, 11th century (Opderbecke). 
 
 Plate 79. 
 
 Fig. 1. Frieze in relief from cloister at Moissac (Havard). 
 „ 2. Frieze from the cathedral at Bourges (Raguenet). 
 „ 3. Frieze from the museum at Toulouse, 12th century (Raguenet). 
 „ 4. Corbel table from the church at Aulnay, Charente inf^rieure (Raguenet). 
 
 5. Cross from Notre Dame du Port, Clermont-Ferrand, 11th century (Raguenet) 
 „ 6. Abacus from the museum at Toulouse (Raguenet). 
 „ 7. Abacus from the cloister of St. Trophime, Aries (Raguenet). 
 „ 8. Capital from the cathedral at Senlis, 12th century (v. Pannewitz, Formenlehre 
 
 der romanischen Baukunst). s 
 
 „ 9, and 12. Capitals from Toulouse (Heideloff). 
 
 „ 10. Base from the church of Semur in Brionnais, Burgundy (Raguenet). 
 „ 11. Capital from the church of St. Severin, Toulouse (Joseph). 
 
 Plate 80. 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in Provence. 
 (After M. Henry Revoil, Architecture Romane du midi de la France.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 6. Column and arch from the cloister of St. Sauveur, d'Aix, Bouche du 
 
 Rhone. 
 „ 2. Capital and principal cornice from the chapel of St. Gabriel, Bouche du 
 
 Rhone. Transition from the classic to the Romanesque style. 
 „ 3, 5, and 10. Principal cornices.
 
 150 
 
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 78. 
 
 ^;^;«* "v 
 
 
 ly - 
 
 ■j 
 
 ~7 
 
 ^^^^^8 
 
 ^J'' 
 
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 ^^^^^ 
 
 %-jJ'- 
 
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 'jl 
 
 ^"""^^^ 
 
 ^!^- 
 
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 !'■ 
 
 3. 
 
 
 Ii 
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 ii.,~^^l.zi 
 
 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Plate 79. 
 
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 151
 
 152 
 
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 80. 
 
 I : M ;^i''^i :^'^''i1 MM 
 
 

 
 Plate 81. 
 
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 153
 
 154 
 
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 82. 
 
 H0P2RXdV/Vyi
 
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. I55 
 
 Fig. 4. Compound pier from the abbey of Montmajour. 
 „ 7, 9, and 11. Compound piers from the castle of Simiane, Basses-Alpes. 
 „ 8, 12. Pilaster from the church at Thor, Vaucluse. 
 
 Plate 81. 
 
 Norman-Romanesque Ornament. 
 
 (After V. Ruprich-Robert, I'architecture Normande.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Pillar capital from the church of Montevilliers, Seine inferieure. 
 
 „ 3. Doorway of the church of Anisy, Calvados. 
 
 „ 4. Capital from the church of Montevilliers. 
 
 „ 5. Tympanum from a door of the church at Marigny, Calvados. Dates from 
 
 the year 1150, and represents the old custom of Tree-worship. 
 
 „ 6. Doorway of the church at Beaumais, Calvados. 
 
 „ 7. Window of the church at Saint-Contest. 
 
 Plate 82. 
 
 Nor man- Romanesque Ornament. 
 
 (After V. Ruprich-Robert, I'architecture Normande.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Painted capital from the church of St. Georges de Bocherville, 13*h century. 
 
 „ 2. Capital from the church at Mont Saint Michel (Manche). 
 
 „ 3. Capital from the church at Breteuil (Oise). 
 
 „ 4, 6, 9, and 11. Columns from the church of St. Gervais, Rouen, llth century. 
 
 „ 5. Norman alphabet, llth century, after M. de Caumont. 
 
 „ 7. Column from the Chapter hall of the Abbey of Hambe (Manche). 
 
 „ 8. Capital from the crypt of the cathedral of Bayeux. 
 
 .. 10. Cross from the church Sainte Trinity in Caen. 
 
 Plate 83. 
 
 Fig. 1. Iron Grille from the church of St. John of Malta in Aix, Provence (Havard). 
 
 „ 2. Wrought iron hinge on the sacristy door of the cathedral at Noyon (Havard). 
 
 „ 3. Glass painting from the cathedral of Chartres (Havard). 
 
 „ 4. Baptismal font in the church at Besme, Champagne (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 5. Bishop's crozier (L. Roger-Miles, Comment discerner les styles). 
 
 „ 6. Grisaille In the church at Bonlieu, Creuse (Havard). 
 
 „ 7. Cloth fabric from the Abbey Saint Germain -des-Pres, Paris, llth century 
 
 (Roger-Miles). 
 
 „ 8. Crozier of Archbishop Abaldos, who died in the year 933, in the cathedral 
 
 at Sens (Roger-Miles). 
 
 „ 9. Gold embroidered silk (Roger-Miles). 
 
 „ 10. Iron grille in the museum at Rouen, 13th century (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 11. Iron grille from the cathedral at Puy, 9th century (Raguenet).
 
 156 
 
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 83.
 
 Plate 84. 
 
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 157
 
 158 
 
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 85. 
 
 is^MmtsmM
 
 FRENCH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 159 
 
 Plate 84. 
 
 Fig. 1. Wood coffer from the sacristy of the cathedral of Noyon (Havard). 
 
 „ 2. Chafing-dish from the Archbishop's palace in Narbonne, 13th century (Muller 
 
 and Mothes). 
 
 „ 3. Chalice and cover from the cathedral of Saint-Omer (Havard). 
 
 „ 4. Initial letter from the prayer-book of Charles the Bald (Roger-Miles). 
 
 „ 5. Holy mass flagon from the church treasury of St. Denis (Muller and Mothes). 
 
 „ 6. Wooden arm-chair (Roger-Miles). 
 
 „ 7. Seal of the Capitol of Toul, 1127—1218 (Ary Renan, le costume en France). 
 
 „ 8. Stool (Roger-Miles). 
 
 „ 9. Jewel of the Holy Tear of Vendome (Havard). 
 
 „ 10. Eagle from hilt of a sword, IQth century (Roger-Miles). 
 
 „ 11. Small-writig-desk for writing on the knees (Roger-Miles). 
 
 „ 12. Paten of open- worked silver, chased and gilt, 13th century (Havard). 
 
 Plate 85. 
 
 French Enamel-work in the Middle Ages. 
 
 In the Middle Ages, certain centres of art were formed in France as well as in Germany, 
 one of the most celebrated art-schools in the 12th century being established at Verdun. The 
 Verdun Altar is the most renowned work of art during this epoch. It was prepared by 
 Nicholas of Verdun in the year 1191, and is at present in the religious establishment at 
 Klosterneuburg near Vienna (Karl Dreschler, Der Verduner Altar). 
 
 Fig. 1. Enamelled plate from the Verdun Altar. 
 „ 2—16. Details of borner, etc., from the same. 
 
 '0m 
 
 
 iTl^::,id^iihi!^i'j!J''"''L'''^'Jj!''^"lH^ '4' '1 '■" '.'^'^^■''illlllilJ^' 'I'; ^\[V\\ 7.'"^li''"'''^:" 
 
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 m 
 
 ^FJQilNGD.g^dLXX yin ►H i^^iu.c-=i|lk-t(f^MA PLQRA : .S V^ldOPgECATVR-LACRj^iviJ 
 
 Frieze from the church of St. Pierre de Maguelonne (H^court). 
 (Revoil, Architecture Romane dans le midi de la France.)
 
 160 
 
 ITALIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 86.
 
 ITALIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 161 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in Upper and Middle Italy. 
 
 The Lombard-Romanesque style shows evidences of Germanic influence but does not 
 evince such a high degree of development as the German-Romanesque style. In Tuscany 
 and Venice, this style had to give way before the Florentine and Byzantine style. 
 
 Plate 86. 
 
 Fig. 1. Pulpit In the cathedral at Bitonto ll'h century (Raguenet) 
 
 „ 2. Portion of arcade in museum at Brescia (Mohrmann). 
 
 „ 3. Carved string in museum at Brescia (Mohrmann). 
 
 „ 4. Rose-window from the church at Pomposa (Mohrmann). 
 
 „ 5. Fragment of column in museum at Brescia (Mohrmann). 
 
 Plate 87. 
 
 Fig. 1. Blind Arcade from Verona (Mohrmann). '' 
 
 „ 2. Relief from the cathedral In Matera (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 3. Capital from the cathedral of Torcello near Venice, ll'h century (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 4. Italian rose-window after Rosenkranz (Bilderatlas der Baukunst). 
 
 „ 5. Window from the church of St. Abondio, Como (Joseph). 
 
 „ 6, and 8. Capital and archivolt from the church of St. Zeno, Verona (Mohrmann). 
 
 „ 7. Doorway from the church of the Fathers in Padua (Raguenet). 
 
 Plate 88. 
 
 (After Prof. Karl Mohrmann and Dr. Eugen Ferd. Eichwede, Germanische Fruhkunst.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Doorway from the church of St. Stefano in Bologna. 
 „ 3. Lion plinth from the principal doorway of the cathedral at Verona. 
 „ 4, and 5. Lion plinths on the doorway of the church in Modena. 
 
 Saracen-Norman Ornament in Sicily and Lower Italy. 
 
 The Normans where originally a northern tribe which had settled in Norway, and who 
 afterwards, being forced through over-population to leave their Scandinavian home, founded 
 a colony in Normandy. They conquered Sicily and Lower Italy and established also colonies 
 in these countries. In the ll'h century a characteristic Romanesque style had developed 
 in Normandy. In the Norman colonies in Lower Italy, this style, being very strongly in- 
 fluenced by the Islamite style of the Saracens, developed further into another most charac- 
 teristic style, which reached its highest standard in the 12th century. From this combination 
 of Oriental and Christian art, the only exemple perhaps of the kind in history, from this 
 union of quick Oriental fancy with the courage, strength, and power of the Northman, have 
 sprung works of art whose delightful, and entrancing beauty charm the beholder and excite 
 his wonder and admiration. 
 
 S PEITZ, Styles of Ornament. 11
 
 162 
 
 ITALIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 87.
 
 Plate 88. 
 
 ITALIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 163 
 
 11*
 
 164 
 
 ITALIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 89.
 
 ITALIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 165 
 
 Plate 89. 
 
 Fig. 1, 4, 6, and 7. Nave arches and superstructure of the Cathedral at Monreale 
 
 (J. J. Hittorff et L. Zanth Architecture moderne de la Sicile). 
 „ 2, and 3. Ceilings from the same cathedral (Hittorff). 
 „ 5. Arcade from the cathedral at Monreale (Camillo Boito, Architettura del medio 
 
 evo in Italia). This church was built between the years 1173 and 1182, and restored 
 
 between the years 1816—1859. 
 „ 8. Arch from the cathedral at Monreale (Hittorff). 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 3- 
 
 
 6. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 
 8. 
 
 
 9. 
 
 Plate 90. 
 
 (After Kutschmann, Meisterwerke der sarazenisch-normannischen Kunst in Sicilien 
 
 und Urtteritalien.) 
 
 Relief on the front side of the altar of St. Cataldo. 
 
 Baptismal font in St. Calaldo. 
 
 5. Window archivolts from the palace of St. Antonio, Palermo. 
 
 Ear-ring from the coronation hood of Queen Constance II. 
 
 Mosaic from the Capeila Palatina, Palermo. 
 
 Inlaid frieze from the same church. 
 
 Mosaic from a window reveal, same church. 
 10, and 11. Mosaic friezes from the cathedral at Monreale. 
 12. Mosaic from the church of the Martorana, Palermo. 
 
 Plate 91. 
 
 Fig 1, and 3. Mosaics from the church of the Martorana, Palermo (Kutschmann). 
 
 „ 2. From the ceiling of the cathedral at Monreale (Hittorff and Zanth). 
 
 „ 4, and 5. Fragments from archivolt in the side aisle of the Capella Palatina 
 
 at Palermo (Kutschmann). 
 
 », 6. Mosaic from arch soffit in the same church (Kutschmann). 
 
 «, 7, and 9. Mosaics from the cathedral at Monreale (Kutschmann). 
 
 ,, 8. Painting from the cathedral of Messina (D'Espouy). 
 
 Mosaic from Monreale Cathedral 
 
 (Hittorff and Zanth).
 
 166 
 
 ITALIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 90. 
 
 10. 
 
 t1. 
 
 I'i
 
 Plate 91. 
 
 ITALIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 167
 
 168 
 
 SPANISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 92.
 
 SPANISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 169 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in Spain. 
 
 Romanesque church architecture in Spain was influenced by Moorish architecture of 
 which there are many remains. 
 
 Plate 92. 
 
 (From Monumentos de Espana.) 
 Fig. 1. Window from the church of San Isidoro, Leon. 
 2, and 3. Strings from the same church. 
 , 4. Capital from the same church. 
 
 5, and 6. Capital and base from the church of St. Lorenzo, Segovia. 
 , 7. Soffit from the same church. 
 
 , 8, and 9. Capital and base from the Gate of Mercy in the same church. 
 , 10. Fragment from the old cathedral of Salamanca. 
 , 1] Capital, corbel and base from the church of St. Peter and Paul, Barcelona. 
 
 Plate 93. 
 
 (From Monumentos de Espana.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Doorway from the church of San Millan in Segovia. 
 
 2. Arch mouldings of doorway of church of San Martin, Segovia. 
 
 3. and 8. Plan and elevation of window from the ancient cathedral of Salamanca. 
 
 4. Capital from the Pantheon San Isidoro, Leon. 
 5 — 7. Panels from frieze In the church of San Lorenzo, Segovia. 
 9. Stone Sarcophagus in the Pantheon San Isidoro, Leon. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Plate 94. 
 
 (From Monumentos de Espafia.) 
 
 1, Arcade in the interior of the apse of the church Santa Maria de Villa 
 Mayor, Concejo del Infiesto. 
 
 2, and 6. Capital and base from the tower on the C^mara Santa of the 
 
 cathedral at Oviedo. 
 
 3, and 4. Corbel table from the church of Santa Maria de Villa Mayor. 
 5. Capital from tower in no. 2. 
 
 7. Sarcophagus probably of King Alphonzo the Wise, in the cloister of Santa 
 Maria la Real de las Huelgas, Burgos. 
 
 Corbel table of doorway of San Lorenzo in Segovia (Monumentos de Espana).
 
 170 
 
 SPANISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 93. 
 
 ^^
 
 Plate 94. 
 
 SPANISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 171 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 k 
 
 ) -? <'* '■< <r^ 
 
 V -^V ^* ^i r*
 
 172 
 
 ENGLISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 95. 

 
 ENGLISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 173 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in England. 
 
 The art of the early Middle Ages in England can be divided into two periods: 
 
 1. The Anglo-Saxon period from 449 to 1066. The art of this period consisted in an 
 attempt to reproduce the remains of Roman architecture in the country, or in Italy. 
 
 2. The Norman-period from 1066 to 1189. The art of this period was an imitation of the 
 Norman French, developing gradually into a characteristic national style. 
 
 Plate 95. 
 
 Fig. 1. Norman mural paintings on the altar of Our Lady of Pity, Durham cathedral. 
 
 Dates from the year 1154 (Antiquarian Gleanings in the North of England by 
 
 WilUam B. Scott). 
 „ 2. Door in Peterborough cathedral, 12th century (Raguenet). 
 „ 3. Column from Canterbury cathedral, from the year 1070 (Pannewitz). 
 „ 4. Arcade from the schools at Canterbury, from the year 1115. 
 „ 5. Capitals in the church of St. Peter at Northampton (Graul, Bilderatlas). 
 „ 6. Door-knocker from Durham cathedral (Scott). 
 „ 7. Tomb of an English knight, 12th century (Hefener-Alteneck). 
 
 Plate 96. 
 
 Fig. 1. Capital and base from the church at Lastingham, Yorkshire, 12th century 
 
 (Pannewitz). 
 „ 2. Capital from the same church (Pannewitz). 
 „ 3. Capital from the church at Dunfermline, Scotland (Pannewitz). 
 „ 4. Capital from the church of St. Peter-at-Gowts, Lincoln, Anglo saxon (Baldwin 
 
 Brown, The arts in the early England). 
 „ 5. Capital from Canterbury cathedral (Pannewitz). 
 „ 6. Capital from Waltham Abbey (Pannewitz). 
 „ 7. Capital from the white tower of the Tower of London. 
 „ 8. Double window of the east fa9ade of the tower at Deerhurst (Baldwin Brown). 
 „ 9, and 10. Pyxes (Hottenroth). 
 
 „ 11. From the chasuble of St. Thomas A'Beckett (Hottenroth). 
 „ 12. Coffer from the Church at Brampton, Northamptonshire, 12th century. 
 „ 13. Norman ornaments from St. Saviour church, Southwark (Pugin, Gothic Ornament). 
 „ 14. Late-Romanesque tiles, yellow and red, from the church at Bloxham, 
 
 13th century (Dolmetsch). 
 
 Plate 97. 
 
 (After V. Ruprich-Robert, Architecture Normande du XI et XII siecle en Normandie 
 
 et en Angleterre.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Triforium Arches of Rochester cathedral, Kent. 
 
 „ 2. Archivolt of doorway, Peterborough cathedral, Northamptonshire. 
 
 „ 3, and 5. Window shafts in the Abbey church of St. Albans, Herefordshire. 
 
 „ 4. Baptismal font in Sculthorpe church, Norfolk.
 
 174 
 
 ENGLISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 96.
 
 Plate 97. 
 
 ENGLISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 175
 
 176 
 
 ENGLISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 98.
 
 ENGLISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 177 
 
 Fig. 6, and 9. Baptismal font in Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire. 
 
 „ 7, and 8. Mural paintings from same cathedral. 
 
 ,, 10. Archivolt of doorway of St. Peter's Church, Northampton. 
 
 „ 11. Column from the crypt of Canterbury Cathedral, Kent. 
 
 Plate 98. 
 
 (After James K. Colling, Details of Gothic Architecture.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Capital and base from the crypt of vestry in Canterbury Cathedral. 
 „ 2, and 3. Rose window from Patrixbourne Church, Kent. 
 „ 4. Capital from the church at Walsoken, Norfolk. 
 „ 5. South doorway of the small church at Gt. Tolham, Essex. 
 „ 6, and 7. West-Doorway in the tower of the church at Etton, Yorkshire. 
 
 Plate 99. 
 
 Fig. 1-12. From Norman cornices (Parker's Glossary of Architecture). 
 Fig. 1. Lincolnshire, c. 1120, Deeping St. James. 
 „ 2. St. Contest, Caen, Normandy. 
 „ 3. Corbel table, St. Peter at Gowts, Lincoln. 
 
 4. Transept of Winchester Cathedral, 1090. 
 
 5. Billet, Canterbury Cathedral. 
 
 „ 6. Beak Head, St. Ebbe's Oxford. 
 
 „ 7. Double square Westmmster Hall, c. 1097. 
 
 8. Chevron, North Hinksey, Berks. 
 
 9. Rose, Iffley, Church Oxon. 
 
 „ 10. Segmental Billet, Abbaye aux Dames, Caen. 
 „ 11. Double Cone, Stoneleigh Church, Warwickshire. 
 „ 12. Embattled, Lincoln Cathedral, c. 1140. 
 „ 13. Grille in Winchester Cathedral (Bailey Scott Murphy, English and Scottish 
 
 Wrought Ironwork). 
 „ 14—16. Capitals and base in the western tower of the church at Great Hale» 
 near Sleaford, Lincolnshire (Baldv/in Brown, The Arts in Early England). 
 
 Plate 100. 
 
 Fig. 1. Canon's staff (Hottenroth). 
 
 „ 2. Ship in which Duke William came over to England (Hottenroth). 
 „ 3. Anglo-Saxon pyx (Hottenroth). 
 „ 4. Anglo-Saxon sword-hilt (Hottenroth). 
 „ 5, and 8. Pyxes (Hottenroth). 
 „ 6. Norman shield (Hottenroth). 
 „ 7. Mitre of Thomas A'Beckett (Hottenroth). 
 „ 9. Norman sedan chair (Hottenroth). 
 ,, 10. Anglo-Norman woman with water-jug (Hottenroth). 
 
 „ 11. Cross from Monasterboice Abbey, Ireland, dates from the year 924 (Margaret 
 Stokes, Early Christian Art in Ireland). 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 12
 
 178 
 
 ENGLISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 99. 
 
 '^11'^-: "*'^li;i>*^ ^"MjijgllJ'^l^Hl
 
 Plate 100. 
 
 ENGLISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 179 
 
 I I I I II 11 ILUi 
 
 12*
 
 180 
 
 ENGLISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 101, 
 
 w 
 
 avxj:
 
 ENGLISH ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 181 
 
 Fi 
 
 12. Anglo-Saxon dagger, from the lO'h century (Hottenroth). 
 
 13. and 15. Candlesticks (Hottenroth). 
 
 14. Coronation spoon (Hottenroth). 
 
 16. Dragon ship, 11th century (Hottenroth). 
 
 17. Lantern (Hottenroth). 
 
 18. Norman knight in chain armour (Hottenroth). 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1, 3, 5, 6. 
 
 2, 4, 7—13. 
 
 Plate 101. 
 
 (H. Shaw, Mediaeval Alphabets and Devices.) 
 
 Letters from the works of Josephus and other Mss. 12th century. 
 Letters from the same period taken from manuscripts in the British Museum. 
 
 Arched doorway from the church at Framlingham, Norfolk. 
 From the middle of the 12th century (V. Ruprich-Robert).
 
 182 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 102.
 
 SCANDINAVIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT, 
 
 n Norway, the Scandinavian Ornament stands in the most intimate 
 relationship with the Celtic, a circumstance which is due to the 
 fact that Christianity was first introduced into Norway by the 
 Irish. In South Norway, where English influence had to give way 
 before the German, stone architecture is predominant, one of the 
 most beautiful examples of this style being the cathedral at Lund, 
 a basilica founded in 1072, but not completed till 1145. Arch- 
 bishop Eskill who consecrated it and presided over its completion 
 came from Hildesheim and it is to his influence that the pronounced 
 German character of the design may be attributed. The same is 
 found in the large conventual church at Dalby, south of Lund, 
 which was consecrated in 1163, the crypt however being of earlier 
 date. Besides being found in South Norway, stone architecture 
 of a most decidedly early Germanic style is also predominant in 
 Sweden and Denmark. 
 
 In the north of Norway, however, and during the same period, 
 a typical style of wooden architecture was developed. This style 
 in all probability had its origin in England, although at the present 
 time, there is but one example of a wooden church throughout 
 the whole country, namely, the wooden church at Greenstead, near London. The 
 greatest and most powerful influence, however, to which the Romanesque-Scan- 
 dinavian v^ooden style of architecture was subjected during its development was 
 the influence exercised by Irish-Celtic Art. It must not be forgotten, at the 
 same time, that the peculiar Norwegian parish churches appear to have had an 
 independent development of their own, the richly decorated, ornamental doorway 
 of these churches being very characteristic. Three periods are noted in the 
 construction of these churches. 
 
 From side 
 
 doorway of 
 
 the church 
 
 at Urnes 
 
 (Dolmetsch).
 
 184 SCANDINAVIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 1 . The archaic form, or the period ot Irish influence up to the year 1 1 50 A. D. 
 
 2. The period distinguished by the Romanesque form, a style, which, in 
 all probability was taken from the Anglo Saxons and Anglo Normans up to 
 the year 1250 A. D. 
 
 3. The period of Gothic influence up to the decline of art. The Gothic 
 could never entirely supersede the influence of the Romanesque, a style which 
 had already taken such deep root in the country. 
 
 There are three styles of doorways: 
 
 1. The Sognin Type. This takes its name from a country district, and, 
 is distinguished from the other styles of doorways by the delicacy and elegance 
 of the tracery work, no different or distinct periods of development being 
 apparent. 
 
 2. The Thelmark Type. This type of doorway may be seen in the church 
 of Christianasand. The traceries are broad, very often rough and coarse, and 
 in strong contrast to the foregoing style. The development and decadence of 
 the Thelmark type of doorway can be much better observed an followed the 
 Sognin type. 
 
 3. The Figurative Portals. This style of doorway which belongs either 
 to bible history or to mythology, is found only in South Norway. The artistic 
 treatment of the figures is inferior that of the Ornament. 
 
 Plate 102. 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in Norway. 
 
 (After Sesselberg, Skandinavische Baukunst). 
 
 Fig. 1. Capital from the cathedral at Nidaros, Dronthelm. This church was built in 
 the year 1161. 
 
 2. Shaft of column from the church at Wal. 
 
 3. and 5. Window from the cathedral at Lund. 
 
 4. Door from the church at TorlOsa. 
 
 6. Capital from the cathedral at Lund. 
 
 7. Interlaced work from the church at WaL 
 
 Plate 103. 
 
 (After Dietrichson and Munthe, Die Holzbaukunst Norwegens.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Doorway of the church at Aardal, at present in the museum at Bergen. This 
 church was built in the year 1200, and is the most elegant example of the Sogn- 
 Valdr^s type of Ornament.
 
 Plate 103. 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 185
 
 186 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 104.
 
 Plate 105. 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 187
 
 188 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 106. 
 
 mmM 
 
 s. 
 
 CuJ '^^.^aiiSi
 
 SCANDINAVIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 189 
 
 Fig. 2, and 4. Column and capital from the church at Urnes, one of the most interesting 
 
 of Irish wooden churches. It is very ancient. 
 „ 3. Doorway of the Andreas Church in Bourgund. This church lies on the road 
 
 leading from Christiania to Bergen, and dates apparently from the year 1150 after 
 
 Christ. 
 „ 5. West gable of the church at Urnes. 
 „ 6. Remains of a ruined Irish church in Hopperstad. 
 
 „ 7. Doorway from the church at Hitterdal, dates probably from 14tii century. 
 „ 8. Mask from a wall pillar in the church at Hegge. This church was first mad? 
 
 mention of in the year 1327. 
 „ 9. Column from the aisle of the church at Hitterdal. 
 ,, 10. Unrolled cylindrical capital from the church at Hegge. 
 „ 11. Part of a chair from the church at Hitterdal. 
 
 Plate 104. 
 
 (After Dietrichson and Munthe.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Half of the outer west-doorway of the church at Hegge In Valdres, bishopric 
 
 of Hamor. 
 „ 2. Half of the doorway of the church at Hemsedal in Hollingdal, bishopric of 
 
 Christiania. 
 „ 3. Half of the doorway of the church at Hitterdal in Thelemarken, bishopric of 
 
 Christianiasand. 
 „ 4. North doorway of the same church. 
 
 5. Doorway of the church at Rennebo, Orkedal, bishopric of Drontheim, in the 
 
 museum at Drontheim. 
 „ 6. Doorway of the church of Tonjem, Sogn, bishopric of Bergen, in the museum 
 
 at Bergen. 
 
 Plate 105. 
 
 Fig. 1 , and 2. Arm chair in the museum at Christiania. 
 „ 3. Hanging bracket in the same museum (V. Ruprich-Robert). 
 „ 4. Prow of ship in the same museum V. Ruprich-Robert). 
 „ 5. Door Lock in the museum at Bergen (Mohrmann). 
 „ 6. Door Handle in the Hedal church (Mohrmann). 
 
 Plate 106. 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in Sweden. 
 
 (After Mohrmann.) 
 
 Pig. 1, and 4. Baptismal fonds in the museum at Stockholm. 
 „ 2. Ornament from a baptismal font in the same museum. 
 „ 3. Capital from the crypt of church in Dalby, Sweden. 
 ., 5. Inscription on a baptismal font in the museum at Stockholm. 
 „ 6—8. Columns from the crypt of the church in Dalby, Sweden.
 
 190 
 
 SCANDINAVIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 107.
 
 SCANDINAVIAN ROMANESQUE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 107. 
 
 Romanesque Ornament in Denmark. 
 (After Mohrmann.) 
 
 Fig. 1—5, and 7. Incised border from altarplate in the ctiurcti at Sal, Jutland. 
 „ 6. Doorway of the church at Ripe, Jutland, 
 o, 8. Altar of the church at Sal. 
 
 191 
 
 Stone Ornament from the Cathedral at Lund 
 
 (Sesselberg).
 
 192 
 
 RUSSIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 108.
 
 RUSSIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 artaric influence — which dates chiefly from 1237 to 1480, 
 when the Tartars were in power — may be regarded beyond 
 any doubt as the chief cause why the pure Byzantine style 
 originally established in Russia came to be changed later 
 on into the Ornament special to that country. There, as 
 into every other country where they appeared, the Christians 
 brought with them a new style of art, which developed 
 itself afterwards in accordance with the national character 
 of the people. The commencement of Russian Art may be 
 said to date from the end of the lO**" century under the 
 reign of Vladimir the Great. In the latter part of the Middle 
 Ages and towards the beginning of the Modem period, Italian 
 artists were invited in great numbers into the country and were engaged in 
 the construction of numerous monumental buildings. The influence of Oriental 
 Art, however, was already so very great, that even Italian Art was not powerful 
 enough to entirely eliminate it from the country. Wooden architecture plays a 
 great part in Russian ornament. There exist at present in Russia some Old- 
 Slavonian manuscripts dating from the lO**' century. 
 
 Initial from a 
 
 Gospel in the Rum- 
 
 jantzow-Museum in 
 
 Moscow 
 
 (Dolmetsch). 
 
 Plate 108. 
 
 (After E. Viollet le Due, I'Art Russe.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Arcii of a doorway in the cathedral of St. Dimitri, Vladimir. 
 
 „ 2. Russian capital. 
 
 „ 3. Cupola of the cathedral of St. Basil. 
 
 „ 4. Russian column. 
 
 „ 5. Stucco ornament. 
 
 Plate 109. 
 
 (After Gagarin, Russische Ornamente.) 
 
 Fig. 1. From St. George's church in Jurjeff-Polsicy, Government of Vladimir; dates 
 
 from l-Sth century. 
 „ 2. Wood carving on an Ikon, 16'h century. 
 „ 3. Relief decoration of a stone wall in the church of St. George, Jurjeff-Polslcy, 
 
 Government of Vladimir. 
 „ 4. From a silver mounting of a picture of Christ in Antschishat, Tiflis, 
 
 14th century. 
 „ 5, and 6. Entrance porch of St. George's Church in Jurjeff-Polsky, 13tii century. 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 13
 
 194 
 
 RUSSIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 109.
 
 Plate 110. 
 
 RUSSIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 195 
 
 13*
 
 196 
 
 RUSSIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 111.
 
 RUSSIAN ORNAMENT. igy 
 
 Plate 110. 
 
 Fig. I,and4. Painted ornamentations from an Old Russian Psalter, in the Imperial 
 
 Public Library at Moscow (Dolmetsch, Ornamentenschatz). 
 „ 2. From a Psalter, in the library of the Holy Trinity, Moscow (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 3. From a prayer-book, in the Miracle-Cloister at Moscow (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 5. From a prayer-book, 15th century, in the Bjaloserski Cloister in Moscow (Dolmetsch), 
 „ 6. Club in chased iron (Libonis). 
 „ 7. Old Russian helmet (Libonis). 
 „ 8. Chalice of St. Anthony of Rome in the Cathedral of the Assumption, Moscow. 
 
 Dates from 12th century (Libonis). 
 „ 9 Krubok (beaker) belonging to Prince John III. (Libonis). 
 „ 10. Spoon beJonging to Bishop Antonius, in Moscow, 12th century (Libonis). 
 „ 11. Eagle with victim in claws, made of Siberian gold, at present in the Museum 
 
 of the Hermitage (Moscow). 
 „ 12. Altar in Antschishat in Tiflis, 14th century (Gagarin). 
 „ 13. Pew of the Czar in the Cathedral of the Assumption, Moscow. This church 
 
 was re-built in the years 1475—1479. by an Italian architect named Aristotle Fior- 
 
 avanti, which accounts for the Italian Renaissance influence observable in the 
 
 Ornament. 
 „ 14. Details from the Figs. 12. 
 
 Plate 111. 
 
 (After E. Viollet le Due, I'Art Russe.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Embroidery from a Russian shirt. 
 „ 2, 4, and 5. Ornaments from throne of the Czar Alexis Mikailowitch. 
 „ 3. Diadem in enamel- work, 16th century. 
 
 „ 6. Mural painting. The custom of Tree-worship, transmitted from very remote periods, 
 is here plainly discernible. 
 
 From a Gospel in the Cloister at Novgorod (Dolmetsch).
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Decorative fragment fromb tomb of 
 the Sultan El-Ghoury (Prisse). 
 
 In ancient times, art was the expression of the 
 religious feelings of a people. When, therefore, 
 a new religious faith was proclaimed, the deve- 
 lopment of a new art commenced. The procla- 
 mation of the peace of the church by Constantine 
 in 323 A. D., led not only to new requirements 
 to meet the demands of the new religion, 
 but to great changes in design, and 
 eventually to a style which differed 
 materially from that which had gone 
 before. The early Christian style in 
 Rome and the West, and the Byzantine 
 style in the East gradually transformed 
 the ancient classic art. A similar change took place shortly after Mahomet 
 carried the Islamic faith through Egypt, Syria and Persia. At first the conquerors 
 and their new convents contented themselves with the structures then existing 
 in the various countries subdued and converted, or, having no preconceived 
 styles of their own, employed the native workmen to build for them, making 
 use of the materials at hand, such as existed in profusion in the Pagan temples 
 and the Coptic and Byzantine churches. In course of time these resources were 
 no longer available, and then commenced the gradual development of the Maho- 
 metan style. This style varied in the several countries according as it was in- 
 fluenced by local traditions, and also in the periods when it commenced and 
 when it reached its fullest developments. Thus in Syria, North Africa and Persia, 
 the chief elements of the style are found towards the close of the 8*'' century. 
 In Egypt it was nearly a century later, as also in Spain, where it was in- 
 troduced from Kerouan in Tunis, in Asia Minor under the rule of the Seljuk
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 199 
 
 Turks of Rum it began to flourish toward the close of the 11*'' century, in India, 
 at about the same time, but only in a small portion of the country, and in Con- 
 stantinople toward the close of the 15*^ century. In all these countries there 
 was one universal rule which was rarely departed from, viz, the absolute pro- 
 hibition of naturalistic representations of men, animals or plants. This led from 
 the first to a purely conventional type of leaf design, which often served as 
 backgrounds for the magnificent inscription in Arabic characters, and to geome- 
 trical designs of immense variety, the followers of Mahomet being the greatest 
 geometricians of the world; and at a later period to the decorative treatment 
 of constructional features, such as are shewn in the elaboration of the voussoirs 
 of an arch and more especially in the so-called stalactitic vaulting, which, except 
 in India, prevails throughout the Mahometan style. Originally evolved from con- 
 structive features of small materials, such as brick, it was imitated in stone 
 throughout Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor and Constantinople, in plaster in Spain 
 and in all countries in wood. 
 
 The titles of the several developments of the Mahometan style vary in the 
 different countries: thus in Persia, it is recognised as Persian, in Syria and 
 Egypt as Saracenic, or Arabian; in Tunis, Morocco and Spain as Moorish, in 
 Turkey as Ottoman, and in India as Indo-Saracenic, In Persia, Syria, Egypt, 
 and Asia Minor, and to a certain extent in India, the pointed arch, first in- 
 troduced as an important constructional feature in the Mosque of Ibu Tulun in 
 Cairo 870 A. D., became eventually an emblem of the faith. In Syria and Egypt 
 the pointed arches were also horse-shoe, that is to say, the arched from was 
 continued below the level of the springing or centres. In Persia and Asia Minor 
 the arches were generally four centred and not horseshoe and the same is found 
 in India. In Tunis, Morocco and Spain the horseshoe arch with semicircular 
 head would seem to have prevailed, this would appear to have originated at 
 Kerouan in Tunis and was carried into Spain by the Moorish followers of 
 Mahomet. To the Moors, however, is due another development of the greatest 
 importance from the ornamental point of view, they were the first to cusp the 
 arch, in 970 A. D., in the sanctuary of the mosque of Cordova, and this, so far 
 as decorative form goes, constitutes the leading characteristic of the Moorish 
 style in Spain.
 
 200 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 112. 

 
 Plate 113. 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 201 
 
 u 
 
 J 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ij 
 
 ft 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 I 
 
 l£i 
 
 ^ft 
 
 
 
 "P 
 
 tP 
 
 T P 
 
 
 QL 
 
 
 Jr*^ f 
 
 f Tf (^ 
 
 ^ fPi 
 
 
 t-ft=j 
 
 ffi 
 
 I^Tl i 
 
 i 1 
 
 i 
 
 U 
 
 y 
 
 aj 
 
 J 
 

 
 202 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 114.
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 203 
 
 Arabian Ornament. 
 
 Towards the middle of the 9th century the Islamites developed in Egypt a characteristic 
 style of art of which the pointed arch was the distinguishing feature. 
 
 Plate 112. 
 
 Fig. 1 — 5. Columns and capitals from Cairo, 17th century (Prisse d'Avennes, la decoration 
 
 Arabe). 
 „ 6, and 13. Windows from the mosque Theiay-Abou-Rezyq, 12th century fPrisse 
 
 d'Avennes). 
 „ 7. Parapet of the mosque of the Sultan Ibn Kalaom (Owen Jones, Grammar of 
 
 Ornament). 
 „ 8. Archivolt ornament from the same mosque (Owen Jones). 
 „ 9, and 10. Wrought-iron door knocker from Cairo (Owen Jones). 
 ,, 11. Soffit from the mosque El Nasw (Owen Jones). 
 „ 12. Stalactite ornaments from Cairo (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 14. Frieze from the mosque Thelay-Aboy-Rezyq (Prisse d'Avennes). 
 
 Plate 113. 
 
 Fig. 1—4, 8—10, and 13. Decorative details from the interior of the mosque of Ahmed- 
 ibn-Tulun, 9th century (Prisse). 
 „ 5, 12, and 16. Wooden trellis work, 12th and 13th centuries (Prisse). 
 
 6. From a wooden ceiling in the mosque at Qous (Prisse). 
 „ 7, and 11. Wooden trellis work from the mosque Thelay-Abou-Rezyq, 12th century 
 
 (Prisse). 
 „ 14. From the mosque Tekieh Cheikh Hacen Sadaka, 14th century (Prisse). 
 „ 15. Interior window decoration from the mosque Queygoum, 14th century (Prisse). 
 
 Plate 114. 
 
 Fig. 1. Window of open-worked plaster in the Mosque of El-Ashraf, 15th century 
 (Prisse). 
 „ 2. Sample of stuff in the museum at Utrecht, 14th century (Prisse). 
 
 3. Wall decoration in the mosque Shekhun, 14th century (Prisse). 
 „ 4. Wall decoration in the palace of Ismail Bey, 16th century (Prisse). 
 
 Plate 115. 
 
 Fig. 1 — 3. Samples of mosaic work, 16th century (Prisse). 
 
 „ 4, 9, and 12. Helmet and arms from Toman-Bey (Libonis). 
 
 „ 5. Lamp from the mosque of Kalaom. In the Cairo museum (Libonis). 
 
 „ 6. Lamp from the mosque El-Ghuri. In the Cairo museum (Libonis).
 
 204 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 115. 
 
 g^:^i.<g»;^i:j^,^^^S^^ A ^^
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 205 
 
 7. Mosaic frieze from the tomb of Bursbey, 15th century (Prisse). 
 
 8, and 13. Decorative fragment from tfie tomb of the Sultan El-Ghflri (Prisse) 
 
 10, and 16. Wood carving from the mosque at Quos, 17^^ century (Prisse). 
 
 11, and 14. Border of wall-tiles, 16th century (Prisse). 
 
 15. Carved joist from the hospital of the Muristan, 13th century (Prisse). 
 
 Enamelled glass lamp from the mosque of Sultan BarkOk 
 
 14th century (Prisse).
 
 206 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 116.
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 207 
 
 Moorish Ornament. 
 
 In the wonderful buildings of the Moorish kings in Spain from the 9th to the 14th cen- 
 turies, more especially in the Cathedral at Cordova, the Alhambra in Granada, and in the 
 Alcazar in Seville, Mahometan Ornamental work may by seen in its highest splendour. In 
 the artistic interlacing and interwaeving of geometric and arabesque Ornament, Moorish artists 
 show extraordinary talent, and give free rein to the wonderful powers of fancy and imagi- 
 nation which they possessed in such a high degree. Despite the exuberance of the orna- 
 mentation and the rich and vived coloured of the painting, Moorish Ornament never wearies 
 or confuses the eye, the technical drawing and the colouring of each single system of Orna- 
 ment beeing so clearly defined and so distinct, that each can be distinguished from the other 
 easily and clearly. The fine arable lettering was often used by the Moors as Ornament. 
 
 Plate 116. 
 
 Ornament from the Caliphate in Toledo. 
 In the old Synagogue, new the Church of St. Maria de la Bianca, Toledo. 
 
 Fig. 1. Capital from the central aisle. 
 
 2. Capital of the lower story. 
 
 3. Stucco ornament from the arch of the central courtyard. 
 4—6. Console under the tie beams of the aisle. 
 
 7. Capital and springing of the arch. 
 
 8. Console of the gallery at the entrance. 
 
 9. Capital from the upper story. 
 
 Plate 117. 
 
 Ornnment from the Caliphate in Granada. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Arch panellings in the Alhambra (JunghMndel). 
 
 3. Capital from the Alhambra (Junghandel}. 
 
 4, and 5. Decorative details from the Alhambra (Junghandel). 
 
 6. Capital from the Alhambra iDolmetscln. 
 
 7. Wall panelling from the Alhambra 'Dolmetschi. 
 
 8. Taken from portal of the mosque in Tangiers (Uhde). 
 
 9. Beginning of arch in the Alberca Court, Alhambra (Uhde). 
 
 10. Beginning of arch in the Myrtle Court of the Alhambra (Uhde). 
 
 11. Corbels from Toledo. In the Archaeological Museum, Madrid (Uhde). 
 
 12. Cresting from the Alhambra (Uhde). 
 
 Plate 118. 
 
 Ornament from the Caliphate in Granada. 
 
 Fig. 1. Wall panelling from the Alhambra (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 2, and 3. Decorative details from the Alhambra (Junghandel). 
 „ 4 — 6. Wall panellings from the Alhambra (Owen Jones).
 
 208 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 117. 
 
 
 
 :S^l||l 
 
 . ^^4> X •'''i" ^-'' ^'-'^^iS 
 
 - ^^' .»-'^<-. ,:• .   i V.'-,. i-W! 
 
 —- ^v VM^\ V\T^'"A^ ^^^^^X e»^^;^'^^cieiLi'^j(JBe/t^
 
 Plate 118. 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 209 
 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 14
 
 210 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 119. 
 
 kAAAiAAi 

 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 211 
 
 Plate 119 
 
 (After Monumentos de Espana.) 
 
 Fig. 1 — 3. Tile facings in the Hall of the Ambassadors, Granada. 
 „ 4. Taken »rom the lower part of the Mirador de LindarSja in the royal Alkazar 
 
 of the Alhambra, Granada. 
 „ 5—7. Tile facings from the royal chamber of Santo Domingo in Granada. 
 
 Plate 120. 
 
 Fig. 1. Door from the Alhambra (Uhde). 
 
 2, Boabdil's sword (Libonis). 
 
 3, 10, and 11. Mosaic borders (Owen Jones). 
 
 4, and 5. Plastic wall-border decorations (Owen Jones), 
 
 6, and 8. Enamelled glass bottles (Libonis). 
 
 7. Glass lamp from a mosque (Libonis). 
 „ 9. Corner ornaments (Owen Jones). 
 
 m m&^'^i^^^^i x^:^';^':^^ ^ m 
 
 .T.*.T.*■t.^.T.*^TAt.^^^1.*.^.^t.*.tAt.^t.^t.^!^1A^.^t.*•t.M.^■^.M■^t.^^M•^t.i>^*.t.^< l Eiil 
 
 7 
 
 c 
 
 J 
 
 Cornice Impost from the Central Arch of the Court of Lions 
 in the Alhambra, Granada (Monumentos de Espana). 
 
 14*
 
 212 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 120„
 
 Plate 121. 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 213
 
 214 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Saracenic Ornament. 
 
 The Saracens, who originally came from Northern Arabia, like the Moors of Hamitic 
 origin, were both for a long time the chief standard bearers of Islam art. When Sicily was 
 conquered by the Normans, the Saracens placed their art at the disposal of the conquerors, 
 in many cases Christian churches were ornamented and decorated by Mahometan artists. 
 In this manner a peculiar Saracen-Norman style of art developed itself in Italy (see page 161). 
 Unfortunately, there are so very few remains of Saracenic art in Sicily now existing that 
 we cannot form any general view of what it really was. 
 
 Plate 121. 
 
 (After Kutschmann, Meisterwerke der sarazenisch-normannischen Kunst 
 in Sizilien und Unteritalien.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Fragment of a wooden ceiling in the National Museum at Palermo. 
 „ 2, and 3. Panellings of a wooden door in the Martorana at Palermo. 
 „ 4. Door soffit in the National Museum at Palermo. 
 
 Ottoman Ornament. 
 
 The term Ottoman is given to the Mahometan style as practised by the Turks in Con- 
 stantinople. It has, however, a much earlier origin, having been fully developed by the 
 Seljuk Turks, who towards the close of the 12'h century had conquered a considerable 
 portion of Mesopotamia, Syria and Asia Minor. One of their earlier buildings is the 
 Medresseh, or Collegiate Mosque at Erzeroum, dating from the middle of the 12"' century. 
 Ail the arches are pointed and the capitals of the columns carrying them are decorated 
 with stalactites. 
 
 In this mosque and generally in those found at Konia, Nigdeh, Kaisariyeh and other 
 towns, the principal feature is the entrance porch, which is surrounded by numerous 
 borders, either elaborately carved with conventional designs and inscriptions, or covered 
 with Persian tiles of brilliant colours in some cases probably exported from Persia, so that 
 the influence of their design is noticeable in most of their work. Sometimes their mosques 
 are preceded by an open arcade, with pointed arches, the voussoirs of which are alternately 
 of black and withe marble At Kaisariyeh in the mosque erected by Houen in 1238 A. D., 
 slightly horseshoe and ogee arches are found, but here, as also at Nigdeh, the most 
 beautiful features are the octagonal tombs, in the former of the founder Houen and at 
 Nigdeh of Havandah, the wife of Ala-ed-din of the 13<h century. These tombs are enriched 
 in profusion with elaborate carving; with stalactite cornices and conical terminations. Other 
 Seljukian monuments are the four mosques at Sivas, built between 1211 and 1212. Amasia 
 with 13'h and H'h century examples, and Divrik, where the entrance doorway with its 
 boldly relieved ornamentation is of great beauty. The power of the Seljuks lasted till their 
 conquest by Timur in 1400 A. D., who devastated the country, which eventually in 1453 A. D. 
 passed into the possession of Mohamet 11 the conqueror of Constantinople.
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 215 
 
 The Turks followed the example of all Mohametan rulers and adopted the architectural 
 forms of Constantinople, the Church of Sta. Sophia, built by Jus'.inian becoming the model 
 on which all their mosques in future were based. Pre\ious to the conquest of Constantinople, 
 the Osmanli Turks had already taken possession of 
 Nicaea in 1330 A. D., where tere were many Scljuk 
 mosques, to which they added and enlarged. It was, 
 however, at Brusa, which they took in 1326, that they 
 erected their finest mosques, such as the Great Mosque 
 1360-1413, the Green Mosque 1420 A. D., a title 
 given to it on account of the green glazed tiles with 
 which its minarets and porch are covered, the tomb 
 of Mohamet I, 1421 A. D. and other structures, in 
 some of which there is certain evidence of Byzantine 
 influence, possibly due to the fact that Greek architects 
 were employed. The employment of tiles encasing 
 the porches and minarets gives a Persian character to 
 all these mosques. 
 
 The first great mosque built in Constantinople 
 was the mosque of Mohamet II, built in 1663—69 A. D. 
 on the site of the church of the Holy Apostles, 
 this was designed by Christodoulos, a Greek archi- 
 tect. This was followed by the Bayezidiyeh, built 
 1497—1505; the Selimiyeh 1520—26; the Suleimanie 
 (1550—56) designed by Sinan, who is said to have 
 been an Armenian architect, and the Ahmediyeh 
 erected by Sultan Ahmed 1608—14 A. D. 
 
 In all these mosques a central dome with great 
 apses forms the chief feature, as in Sta. Sophia. 
 The pointed arch, however, was adopted throughout 
 and the details were all based on the Seljukian style 
 with stalactilic capitals, conventional foliage decoration, 
 and inscriptions in fine cufic characters. In the 
 IStii century western Rococo architecture commenced 
 to influence the design, and although, as in the 
 Tulip Mosque 1760—67, the central dome is fine in 
 its contour, its details are of the most debased cha- 
 racter. — The Seljukian style was followed in the 
 palace and public monuments, amongst which the 
 numerous drinking fountains, with their rich orna- 
 mental decorations in inlaid marble are the most 
 remarkable. In the cemeteries adjoining Constantinople the tombs, consisting of vertica 
 slabs of stone richly carved with ornament, are interesting examples of the Ottoman style. 
 
 Tomb Stone at 
 Constantinople (Normand).
 
 216 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 122. 
 
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 Plate 123. 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 217 
 
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 218 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 124.
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 219 
 
 Plate 122. 
 
 Elements of Ottoman Architecture. 
 (After Sebah, Die ottomanische Baukunst.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 8. Stalactite capitals, after Sinan. 
 
 „ 2, and 4. Pedestal of column, after Sinan. 
 
 „ 3. Stalactite capital and principal cornice. 
 
 „ 5, 6, and 7. Various capitals of piers. 
 
 Plate 123. 
 
 (After Sebah, Die ottomanische Baukunst.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Frontal with ornamental Cufic characters from the Yeshil-Jami mosqe in 
 Brusa. This mosque was completed by the architect Ilias Aali in the year 827 
 Mahometan time, which in our time correspondends to the year 1424 A. D. 
 
 „ 2. Border of a niche in the Yeshil-Jaml mosque in Brusa. 
 
 „ 3, and 4. Portal borders from the same mosque. 
 
 „ 5. Bronze trellis work in the Taouk Bazaar. 
 
 Plate 124. 
 
 (After Sebah, Die ottomanische Baukunst.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Finials of Ottoman cupolas. 
 
 »* 
 
 3. Stalactite mouldings on the large window of the Yeshil-Jami mosque in Brusa. 
 
 4. Glass window from the same mosque. 
 
 5. Decoration on bars of window in the same mosque. 
 
 6. Door panel from the same mosque. 
 
 Plate 125. 
 
 (After Sebah, Die ottomanische Baukunst.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Frieze with glazed brick from the Yeshil-Jaml mosque in BrOsa. 
 
 „ 2, 4, and 5. Iron mountings. 
 
 „ 3. Shaft of column from the tomb of Sultan Suleiman. 
 
 „ 6. Bronzo lattice work. 
 
 „ 7. Window with pierced work dating from the time of Sultan Selim. 
 
 „ 8. Ceiling from the Yeshil-Jami mosque in Brusa. 
 
 „ 9. Paving-tile ornament.
 
 220 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 125.
 
 Plate 126. 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 221
 
 222 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 126. 
 
 Fig. 1, 2, and 4. Taken from a fountain in Pera, Constantinople (Owen Jones). 
 
 3. From a tomb in Constantinople (Owen Jones). 
 „ 5, and 6. From the Yeni Jami mosque in Constantinople (Owen Jones). 
 „ 7, and 8. Glazed clay ornaments from the tomb in Mouradieh (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 9, 10, and 18. Glazed clay ornaments from the tomb of Mahomet I. (Dolmetsch). 
 11 — 13, 16, and 19. Glazed clay ornaments from the mosque of Yeshil-Jami at 
 Briisa (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 14, and 15. From tomb of the Sultan Suleiman I., Constantinople (Owen Jones). 
 17. Decoration of the dome Sultan Suleiman I. in Constantinople (Owen Jones). 
 
 Ornamental Pea-tendril. 
 
 Transition from naturalistic to Ottoman Ornament 
 (Sebah, Die ottomanische Baukunst).
 
 Plate 127. 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 223 
 
 «J .f * 'i _f' '1^" .|J" .!> ".."I "I i' J' ».''
 
 224 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 128. 
 
 T^^ t 1 - T-— r I ( - T
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 225 
 
 Persian Ornament. 
 
 Although in its system of ornamentation Persian-Islamite art followed the fundamental 
 principles of Mahometan art, still, its most marked characteristic feature consisted in the 
 employment of richly coloured glazed tiles. The extreme loveliness and beauty of the archi- 
 tectural structures of the ancient Kaliphate under Haroun-al-Raschid in Bagdad and Ispahan 
 are due to this method of ornamentation. Although the geometric Ornament in this style 
 does not show such prolific combinations as that of the Saracens or the Moors, its vegetable 
 Ornament, on the other hand, with its greater variety while keeping close to nature, more 
 than makes up for it. Persian art reached its highest glory towards the end of the 19th century. 
 
 Plate 127. 
 
 From Ispahan. 
 (After Dolmetsch, Ornamentenschatz.j 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Spandrels from the college or Medress6 of Madsri-Chah-Sultan-Hussein. 
 
 3. Openworked window-arch of stone. The dotted background is stained glass. 
 
 4. and 6. Finials. 
 
 5. Faience tile, 16th century. 
 „ 7. Border of faience. 
 
 8. Openworked window-case of stone (belongs to Fig. 3). 
 
 9, and 11. Columns. 
 
 „ 10. Minaret of the mosque Mesdjid-i-Chah. 
 ., 12. Wall border. 
 
 Plate 128. 
 
 (After Friedrich Sarre, DenkmSler der persischen Baukunst.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Tile paintings from a palace of Shah Abbas the Great. In possession of 
 F. Sarre. 
 
 2. Wainscot in the dome of the Medresse of the Kora Tai in Konia. 
 
 3, and 4. Wainscot in the Liwan of the Court of Medresse Sirtscheh in Konia. 
 „ 5. Brickwork mosaic from the mausoleum of Mumine Chatun in Nakhichewan. 
 „ 6. Inscription from the same mausoleum. 
 
 Plate 129. 
 
 (After Friedrich Sarre, Denkmaier der persischen Baukunst.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Faience mosaic from the dome-chamber in the Blue Mosque at Tabriz. 
 „ 2. Brickwork mosaic in the mausoleum of Mumine Chatun at Nakhichewan. 
 ,, 3—5. Mural decorations in the dome chamber of the Medress6 of Kari Tai. 
 in Konia. 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. IS
 
 226 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 129.
 
 Plate 130. 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 227 
 
 15^
 
 228 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 130. 
 
 Fig. 1. Copper vessel from Kaschan (Dolmetsch). 
 
 2, and 3. Ornaments from tlie British Museum (Owen Jones). 
 
 4. Wall decoration of faience tiles (Dolmetsch). 
 
 5, 11, and 12. Ornamental work on metal vessels (Dolmetsch). 
 
 6. Glazed ball (Dolmetsch). 
 
 7, and 8. Old-Persian faience plate in the Cluny Museum, Paris (Dolmetsch). 
 9, and 10. Fragments of knives and forks (Dolmetsch). 
 
 13. Persian carpet, 16'^ century (Dolmetsch). 
 
 14. Manuscript painting from the Koran (Dolmetsch). 
 
 Faience decoration from the mosque of Sheik Safi in Ardebil 
 
 (F. Sarre).
 
 Plate 131. 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 229 
 
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 230 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 132.
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 231 
 
 Indo-Saracenic Ornament. 
 
 When Islamism made is appearance in India in the 12'h century, it found already there 
 an ancient style of art which was characterised by great elaboration, a distinction which very 
 naturally became also associated later on with Indo-Saracenic ornamentation. The buildings 
 erected at this period display, however, a peculiar splendour entirely their own, a splendour 
 which very often rises into the most luxurious beauty. This style of ornamentation, made 
 up of ancient Indian elements and of Saracenic art, reached its highest glory in the 
 16th century, plants in natural style being preferred to the geometric ornament of the Moors. 
 The Saracenic restriction laid down by the Koran that living animals should not be repre- 
 sented artistically was not regarded either in the Indo-saracenic or Persian art. 
 
 Plate 131. 
 
 Fig. 1. From the temple at Vijayananagar, Dravidian style, 1434 (Uhde). 
 „ 2, and 3. From a minaret in Ahmedabad, built in the years 1430—1450 (Uhde). 
 
 Figure 2 is to be placed above fig. 3. 
 „ 4. Principal entrance to the mosque at Jaunpur, 1438—1448 (Uhde). 
 „ 5. Wood Carving from Burma (Dolmetsch). 
 
 Plate 132. 
 
 Fig. 1. Pierced-panelling in sandstone, from Futtipore-Sikri (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 2. Window from a house in Amritza (Indian Architecture and Ornament). 
 „ 3. Piers from the mosque Ranee Sipre in Ahmedabad (Indian Architecture and 
 
 Ornament). 
 „ 4. Column from the palace of the Shah Jehan in Agra (Indian Architecture and 
 
 Ornament). 
 „ 5. Arch from the palace of Amber (Indian Architecture and Ornament). 
 
 'ig 
 
 . 1. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 3. 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 
 G. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 
 8. 
 
 
 9. 
 
 
 10. 
 
 Plate 133. 
 
 Copper flagon in the Munich museum (Libonis). 
 
 Dancer's costume from Ceylon (Libonis). 
 
 Mahout's lance (Libonis). 
 
 Embroidered quiver (Libonis). 
 
 Powder-horn (Libonis). 
 
 Faience plate (Libonis). 
 
 Battle-axe with etched ornament (Dolmetsch). 
 
 Vase of incrusted silver (Libonis). 
 
 Faience jug (Libonis). 
 
 Damascened vase (Libonis).
 
 232 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 133.
 
 Plate 134. 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 233 
 
 ^axM^M^^^^M^^^»^<j^
 
 234 
 
 MAHOMETAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 134. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 9. Ornament from damascened metal-work (Dolmetsch). 
 
 2. Mahout's lance, enamelled (Dolmetsch). 
 
 3. Gold embroidered State sunshade (Dolmetsch). 
 
 4. and 5. Embroidered fans (Dolmetsch). 
 
 6. Frieze from an iron, silver damascened, vase (Libonis). 
 
 7. Marble inlaid-work from the monuments of Shah Jehan and the Begum 
 Muntaz-i-Mahal (Dolmetsch). 
 
 8. Ornamental work from metal vessels (Dolmetsch). 
 
 Decorative work on a damascened shield, gold on steel, 
 in the Ethnographical Museum of the Louvre (I'Art pour tous).
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 ^^^V^ orthern France began to evolve the Gothic from the 
 ^ Romanesque style when this latter had arrived at 
 
 its fullest development. The new style, which 
 spread rapidly over England, Germany, Italy, Spain 
 and other countries, owed its origin to that desire 
 for a freer, more intellectual development which 
 animated the peoples of Europe about the year 1 200, 
 and to a thorough change in the entire civilised 
 life of the period. On one side were abstract 
 intellectual ideas, on the other, intensive, impulsive 
 emotionalism, and religious mysticism. These 
 various feelings found their expression in the deve- 
 lopment of the Gothic style, which, although it 
 originally proceeded from Northern France, was 
 ultimately regarded as the expression af a pure 
 German style. With the exception of a few de- 
 generate examples in later work, the Ornament in 
 the Gothic style is always kept in strictest sub- 
 ordination to the Form. It never overgrows or 
 conceals the masonic substructure, but, on the contrary, is specially employed 
 to supplement and complete the expression of the Form in a harmonious manner. 
 The principal Ornament of Gothic is the leaf-moulding, the plants being always 
 selected from native Flora, the manner in which they are worked being in nearly 
 every case a pretty sure guide to the period in which they were produced. In 
 Early Gothic, in the 13*'' century, the leaves were nearly always more or less 
 conventionalized with a slight naturalistic leaning. Later on, the leaves were 
 produced with more force and energy, becoming finally, in Late Gothic, much 
 more naturalistic in their form. During this epoch they were thick set in appe- 
 arance, and were also sometimes very much under cut, two circumstances which 
 resulted, first in imparting stiffness and rigidity, and secondly, from the sharp 
 contrasts of light and shade which the hollow leaves produced, in giving them 
 constantly varying movement. In the selection of plants, symbolic allusions were 
 also often taken into account. The figures of men and animals made use of in 
 
 From an English 
 14th century manuscript 
 
 (Owen Jones).
 
 236 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 the Gothic were employed in very many cases in a humorous and exaggerated 
 manner. The name Gothic has no connection whatever with the Goths. 
 
 Already in the Romanesque style will be found nearly all the essential 
 principles of the Gothic style, so much so that it was at one time suggested 
 to give the term of round arched Gothic to its complete development at the 
 commencement of the 12*^ century; the title Romanesque is, however, that by 
 which it is best known and therefore has been adhered to here. 
 
 The term, however, is generally applied to all its phases, which vary in 
 different countries; thus in North Italy the term Lombard is generally followed. 
 In central and south Italy it is known as Central and Southern Romanesque, in 
 Sicily as Siculo- Norman. In North Germany it is called Rhenish; in North 
 France, Norman, in the South, ProvenQal or Perigordian, and in England as Saxon 
 and Norman. These various developments were all based on constructional 
 requirements and the materials employed, but these elements form no part of 
 the province of this work, dealing as it does with ornament only. At the same 
 time it is impossible to dismiss some of the early Evolutions which took place, 
 as they form the ground work both in the Romanesque and Gothic styles for 
 the ornament applied to them. The variety of the ornament which is found on 
 the doorways and windows of the Norman style, such as are illustrated on 
 Plates 81, 88, 93, 95 and 99, and which eventually led to that of the great 
 portals of the French, Spanish and English cathedrals, and of which an example 
 at Beverley is shewn on plate 158, cannot be correctly understood without some 
 reference to their construction. In order to emphasize and give importance to 
 the entrance doorway, a series of concentric arches were thrown one above the 
 other, some times called "orders", each one projecting further than the one 
 beneath, to this characteristic Sir Gilbert Scott gave the title of "subordination 
 of the arches". The Roman, Byzantine, and many of the Italian Romanesque 
 arches were all in one plane. In France, Germany and England, and especially 
 in .the latter country, there are many planes formed by the concentric rings of 
 masonry one on the other, and these are all moulded and sometimes carved 
 with the designs shewn on plate 99, but the subordination of arches led to a 
 subdivision of the piers carrying them and to the employment sometimes of 
 shafts or columns as a means of decoration and accentuation. On Plate 81, 
 Fig. 3 for instance, are two angle shafts, each of which has a differently orna- 
 mented capital, and the same on Plate 93, Fig. 3. In the Gothic style Fig. 1, 
 3, 11, Plate 136 are examples of the variety of design of the capitals on 
 compound piers and in Fig. 1, Plate 158, are illustrated many slender shafts, 
 each with its respective capital, which gives variety and change to the main 
 design. There is in fact in the evolution of the Romanesque and Gothic styles 
 that characteristic to which reference has already been made, viz, that the orna- 
 ment is specially employed to supplement and complete the impression of the 
 Form in a harmonious manner.
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 237 
 
 In the earlier Gothic style, the foliage has a certain conventional character, 
 which will be seen in plates 135 and 146. About the middle of the 13**^ cen- 
 tury it became more naturalistic, as shewn on plates 136 and 137, and this 
 tendency increased in the 14*^ century, so that, as in Fig. 3, 4, and 9, Plate 162, 
 the sculptor would seem to have imitated the natural leaves so far as the 
 material would allow, this is specially the case in the porch of the Chapter 
 House of Southwell Cathedral. At a later period, and especially in Germany, 
 the ornament became very debased, and what were originally constructive fea- 
 tures, such as the shafts of compound piers, were looked upon as decorative 
 features, as, for instance, the columns of St. Blasius Cathedral in Brunswick, of 
 the \5^^ century. Fig. 5, Plate 162, where they are carried spirally round the 
 columns. The ribs of the tracery in panels were cut short, forming stumps as 
 in Fig. 8, Plate 161, having no sense of fitness or beauty. 
 
 On the other hand, in her wrought metal work Germany takes the lead in 
 the 15^^ century and it would be difficult to find more magnificent specimes 
 than those which are illustrated on plate 1 73, where the decorative forms follow 
 closely the nature of the material in wrought iron or bronze. The Gothic let- 
 tering engraved on the bronze plates of tombs, as illustrated on plate 175 shews 
 how beautiful a surface or flat ornament inscription can become, having the 
 additional value of being an historical record. In the German initial letters also 
 represented on plate 174 there is a plethora of design of the most beautiful 
 character. 
 
 
 From a German 15th century manuscript (Dolmetsch).
 
 238 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Gothic Ornament in France. 
 
 ery gradually from Northern France, where its origin is to be 
 found, Gothic architecture spread over the whole of Christian 
 Europe. After many constructive attempts made both at 
 Autun and Vezelay, Abbot Suger finally erected in the years 
 1141_1144 the ADbey Church of St. Denis. Although 
 this church shows very many traces of Romanesque in- 
 fluence, as do all Early Gothic buildings, and is a combi- 
 nation of old architectural habits with new ideas, it is still 
 the first and most important example of Gothic architecture. 
 That great master-piece of Early Gothic, the cathedral of 
 Notre Dame in Paris, was erected in the years 1163—1182. 
 Towards the beginning of the 13th century the complete, 
 fully-developed and fully-ripened form of the Gothic was 
 finally arrived at, from which time it began to flourish until it developed at last 
 into the period of its highest glory. The after-growths of the Gothic in the 
 14th and 15'h century were called, in Germany Late-Gotic, but were designated 
 in France as the Flamboyant Style. The desire for greater lightness becoming 
 now apparent, and the purity of design being neglected at the same time, it 
 finally happened that the Ornament grew apace and masked the form, a fate 
 v/hich in the end overtook almost all styles of architecture. 
 
 From a 
 14th century 
 Manuscript 
 
 (Racinet). 
 
 Principal cornice from Notre Dame de Paris (Violiet le Due). 
 
 Base from Paris Cathedral (Viollet le Due). 
 
 Cornice from the Notre Dame at Chalons (Viollet le Due).
 
 Plate 135. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 239 J
 
 240 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 135. 
 
 Fig. 1. Finial from the cathedral of Paris, end of the 12'h century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 2. Gallery from Rouen cathedral, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 3, and 6. Crockets from a church in Rouen (Opderbecke). 
 „ 4. Gargoyle from Reims cathedral (Album de la Cathedrale de Reims). 
 „ 5. Eagle from the apse gallery in Reims cathedral (restored). (Album de la 
 
 Cathedrale de Reims). 
 „ 7. Finial from the southern tower of Chartres cathedral, 12th century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 8. Cavetto ornament from the Abbey church at Larchant (Opderbecke). 
 „ 9. Finial from Amiens cathedral, 1230 (Opderbecke). 
 „ 10. Spire from the church at Poissy, 13'h century (Opderbecke). 
 „ 11. Capital of pier from Notre Dame, Paris (G. Dehio, and G, von Bezold, Die 
 
 kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes). 
 „ 12. Cross in Reims cathedral (Album de la Cathedrale de Reims). 
 
 Plate 136. 
 
 Fig. 1. Capital from Amiens cathedral, 1240 (Opderbecke). 
 
 „ 2. Capital from middle of 13th century, after Viollet le Due. 
 
 „ 3. Capital from the church of St. Chapelle, Paris, 1240 (Opderbecke). 
 
 „ 4. Capital from the church of St. Martin des Champs, Paris, 1220 (Opderbecke). 
 
 „ 5, and 7. Capitals from the cathedral at Bayeux, Calvados (Raguenet, Materiaux) 
 
 „ 6. Capital from the church at Sens (Salle synodiale), 1240 (Opderbecke). 
 
 „ 8. Capital from the church at Vezelay, middle of 13th century (Opderbecke). 
 
 „ 9. Base in crypt of the church at Rosnay (Aube), (Raguenet, Materiaux). 
 
 „ 10. Base of stair-baluster, Lyons (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 11. Capital from the cathedral at Nevers (Album der Kathedrale von Reims). 
 
 „ 12. Base from the church at Brou (Ain), (Raguenet). 
 
 Plate 137. 
 
 Gothic Flora. 
 ^From Viollet le Due, Dictionnaire Raisonn6 de I'architecture Fran^aise du Xle au XVI^ siecle.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Cavetto moulding, with vine leaves and grapes. 
 
 2, 4, and 10. Conventionalished arum. 
 
 3. Fig-leaf. 
 
 5 
 6 
 7 
 8 
 9 
 11 
 
 Leaf of the bellflower. 
 
 Cavetto mouldings, maple-leaf and flowers. 
 
 Cavetto mouldings, cress leaves and seed. 
 
 Parsley-leaf. 
 
 Conventionalised lily. 
 
 Leaf of the meadow-rue.
 
 Plate 136. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 241 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 16
 
 242 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 137.
 
 Plate 138. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 243 
 
 16'
 
 244 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 138. 
 
 Fig. 1. Spandrll from the church of St. Severin in Bordeaux, 1247 (Viollet le Due). 
 „ 2. Stone vase, 13th century; found in Aix, Provence Raguenet, Materiaux). 
 „ 3. Doorway of the church of St. Genest at Nevers, middle of the 12th century 
 
 (Viollet le Due). 
 „ 4. Boss of vault from the priory of St. Martin des Champs, Paris, 13th century 
 
 (Raguenet"). 
 „ 5. Door-knocker from Cordes, Tarn (Raguenet). 
 „ 6. Door-knocker from Bayonne, 13th century (Raguenet). 
 „ 7, and 9. Boss of vault from the church of St. Severin, Paris (Raguenet). 
 „ 8. Arcade from St. Chapelle, Paris, 15th century (Raguenet). 
 „ 10. Doorway of the Episcopal palace at Beauvais, Oise, 16th century. 
 
 Plate 139. 
 
 (Gothic mural painting after P. G^lis-Didot et H. Laffillee, La peinture decorative en France 
 
 du Xle au XVIe siecle.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Stencil painting from the church of Chateloy near Herisson, Allien 
 „ 2. Frieze painting from Coney Castle (Aisne). 
 „ 3. From the roof of the church at Cunault, Maine et Loire, beginning of the 
 
 14th century. 
 „ 4 — 6. Textile paintings in the chancel of Amiens cathedral. These patterns, which 
 have had their origin, without any doubt, in the Orient, were also very frequently 
 used in flat-painting. 
 
 7. From the chapel of St. Antony In the cloister of the Jacobines in Toulouse. 
 
 8. From the church of the Jacobins in Agen. 
 
 9. From the church at Romans (Drome). 
 
 10. From the chapel of Saint-Cr^pin in Evron (Mayenne). 
 
 11. From the church of Saint-Ours in Loches (Indre et Loire). 
 
 12. From the sacristy of the cathedral at Clermont. 
 
 13. From the chapel at Pritz (Mayenne). This represents the month of September, 
 and is one of the 12 Panels which illustrate the twelve months of the year. 
 
 Plate 140. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Belt with knife, 15th century (Viollet le Due, Dietionnaire raisonn^ du 
 mobilier fran^aise). 
 „ 3. Reliquary, in the Cluny museum, a crystal cylinder with gilt copper mountings 
 (Viollet le Due). 
 
 4. Coiffure of Queen Isabel of Bavaria, 1395 (Viollet le Due). 
 
 5. Buckle, 14th century (Viollet le Due). 
 
 6. Embroidered Prayer-book Bag, 14th century (Viollet le Due). 
 
 7. Purse, 15th century (Raeinet, Le costume historique). 
 
 8. Lock of coffer Viollet le Due). 
 
 9. Harness, 15th century (Viollet le Due).
 
 Plate 139. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 245
 
 246 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 140.
 
 Plate 141. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 247 
 
 
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 ^^^^ 
 
 
 W 
 
 
 f^^^ 
 
 
 1^^^ 
 
 
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 248 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 141. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 3. Textile pattern, 15th century (Gelis-Didot et Laffillee). 
 
 „ 2, and 8. Enamel-work on copper (Roger-Miles). 
 
 „ 4. Armour, 14th century (Roger-Miles). 
 
 „ 5. Glass painting from Bourges cathedral (Owen Jones). 
 
 „ 6. Glass painting from Angers cathedral (Owen Jones). 
 
 „ 7, and 9. Textile patterns, 16th century (Gelis-Didot et Laffillee). 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 Plate 142. 
 
 Painting from a prayer-book in the National Library at Paris. The Latin text 
 
 dates from the year 1398, the painting, which has been ascribed to Israel of Mekenen 
 
 is, however, of a later period. 
 
 Stall i Cluny museum, 15th century (E. Bajot, Collection des Meubles anciens). 
 
 Credence table, 15th century (Raguenet). 
 
 Stool from the bedroom of Louis XI. 
 
 Lorraine wooden coffer in the museum at Cluny, 14th century (Bajot). 
 
 Plate 143. 
 
 Fig. 1. Napkin border, 16th century (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 2. Printed cloth, 15th century Raguenet). 
 
 „ 3. Goblet, with transparent enamel (Havard). 
 
 „ 4. Antique cameo, said to be portrait of King Charles V (Havard). 
 
 „ 5. Processional crucifix of beaten silver, chased and gilt (Havard). 
 
 „ 6. Silver cooling-tankard (Havard). 
 
 „ 7. Altar candlestick of chased silver (Havard). 
 
 „ 8. Prayer-book belonging to St. Louis (Havard). 
 
 „ 9. Bread-knife, In gilt silver filigree-worked sheath (Havard). 
 
 „ 10. Wine cup in Silver gilt, in the cathedral at Reims (Havard). 
 
 „ 11. Neck ornament and goblet of the Niveller rifle-corps (Havard). 
 
 „ 12. Ebony coffer in the Cluny museum (L'art pour tous). 
 
 Rose window from the Abbey at Braisne (Viollet le Due). 
 Base from the Cathedral of Maux (Viollet le Due).
 
 Plate 142. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 249
 
 250 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 143. 
 
 rx»»**¥>f*jft**** r\fm)fL*j!U!J*^*x TXrt gf** 
 
 ^-J*-
 
 Plate 144. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 251
 
 252 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Gothic Ornament in the Netherlands. 
 
 nto the Netherlands, Gothic architecture soon made its 
 way, a most natural circumstance considering how near 
 that country lay to France, the land where the Gothic 
 style had its origin. Varied specimens of Gothic archi- 
 tecture appeared all over Belgium, but in Holland, where 
 this style was latter on very strongly influenced by 
 Germany, and where, for obvious reasons, plain brick- 
 work architecture had to predominate, the examples 
 are far more simple and not so varied. One very 
 remarkable and most peculiar feature of the Gothic 
 style in Belgium consists in the extreme care with which 
 the entire decorative-work, even the very minutest 
 details, is carried out. The most important cathedral 
 in Holland, Utrecht was built by Bishop Henry of Vianden in the years 1251— 1267; the most im- 
 portant Gothic monument in Belgium being the celebrated cathedral of Antwerp, which was 
 begun by Jean Amel of Appelmans from Boulogne in the year 1352. The finest examples of 
 Gothic architecture, however, were the Town Hals, the most beautiful specimen being in Louvain. 
 
 Plate 144. 
 
 (After Ysendyck, Art dans les Pays-Bas.) 
 Embroidery-work from the frock of a king-at-arms, during the reign of 
 Philip II. The Spanish coat of arms are embroidered in coloured silk on a foundation of 
 carmine-red velvet. Two robes similar to this are still preserved in the arsenal at Madrid. 
 Window from the cloister of St. Servais, Maestricht, 15'h century. 
 Chimney-piece in blue stone from the Pas-perdus Hall in Mons, 15th century. 
 Balustrade of granite, 16'h century. This is employed at present plinth for a 
 copper grating in the church of Walburg in Furnes. 
 
 Initial from Israel of Mekenen 
 
 (Hirth). 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 4. 
 
 Wrought iron hinge on the door of the treasury chamber in the 
 cathedral of St. Paul, Liege (L'art pour tous).
 
 Plate 145. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 253 
 
 fjr^2ircrr^i_iL_i_J
 
 254 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 145. 
 
 Fig. 1. Flemish sculpture, ISth century (Raguenet). 
 
 2. Brass wine goblet, 15th century (Ysendyck, Art dans les Pays-Bas). 
 
 3. Tabernacle door of wrought iron, 15'^ century (Ysendyck, Art dans les Pays-Bas). 
 
 4. Wrought iron candlestick, IS'h century (Libonis). 
 
 5. Lectern from the church at Tongres, IS^h century (Raguenet). 
 
 6. Fountain from Quentin-Matsys, Antwerp, ISth century (Raguenet). 
 
 Gothic Ornament in England. 
 
 William of Sens, an architect of French origin, Gothic was 
 employed in the Cathedral of Canterbury which was 
 begun in the year 1175. Even in Westminster Abbey, 
 which was erected in the years 1245 — 1300, French 
 influence is also plainly discernible. Notwithstanding 
 this, however, the Gothic style in England soon learned 
 to move along on independent lines of its own. The 
 English Gothic Tudor arch and the Ogee arch, are 
 specially peculiar of late English Gothic. There are 
 three Gothic periods in England. 
 
 1. Early Gothic (Early English) in the 13th century, 
 characterised by the Lancet Arch. 
 
 2. The Decorated Style, so-called on account of 
 its rich decorative development. 
 
 3. The Perpendicular Style in the 15th century. 
 In this style the Tudor and the Orgee Arch predo- 
 minate, and the forms become gradually more and 
 
 more fantastic. The vaulting is carried to its greatest elaboration, and therewith begins the 
 decline of this style. 
 
 From a 15th century 
 manuscript (Owen Jones). 
 
 Plate 146. 
 
 Fig. 1. From Stone church, Kent (Owen Jones). 
 
 2, and 4. From Wells cathedral, decorated style (Owen Jones). 
 
 3. Rosette from Oxford (Pugin, Gothic Ornament). 
 5, and 6. Capitals from Warmington church, Northamptonshire (Owen Jones). 
 
 7. Capital from Wells cathedral, early English (Owen Jones). 
 
 8, and 9. Leaf mouldings from Trinity Stratford-on-Avon (Pugin).
 
 Plate 146. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 255
 
 256 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 147.
 
 Plate 148. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 257 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 17
 
 258 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 147. 
 
 (After Pugin, Gothic Ornament.) 
 
 Crocket from Winchester cathedral. 
 
 Finial to a stall in All Soul's College Chapel, Oxford. 
 
 Portion of Stone canopy from York minster. 
 
 Crocket from Trinity church, Stratford-on-Avon, Warwick. 
 
 Finial of a stall in New Walsingham church, Norfolk. 
 
 Capital from St. Saviour's church, Southwark. 
 
 Stringcourse from Winchester cathedral. 
 
 Fig- 
 
 1. 
 
 f 1 
 
 2. 
 
 II 
 
 3. 
 
 )t 
 
 4. 
 
 >» 
 
 5. 
 
 II 
 
 6. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1. 
 
 11 
 
 2. 
 
 >l 
 
 3. 
 
 »l 
 
 4. 
 
 i» 
 
 5. 
 
 Plate 148. 
 
 (After Pugin, Examples of Gothic Architecture.) 
 
 Turret over entrance gateway, East Barsham manor house, Norfolk. 
 
 Window from the Cloisters, New College, Oxford. 
 
 Monument of Sir Richard Carew, Beddington church, Surrey. 
 
 Oak Tracery at the back of stalls in All Soul's College chapel, Oxford. 
 
 Canopy to one of the stalls in St. Catherine's church. Tower Hill, London. 
 
 Plate 149. 
 
 (After Pugin, Examples of Gothic Architecture.) 
 
 Fig. 1—3. Sin bracket, George Inn, Glastonbury. 
 ,, 4. Window in gable of the Abbot's Barn, Glastonbury. 
 ,, 5, 6, and 8. Details from the Abbot's Barn, Glastonbury. 
 „ 7. Window from Raglan Castle, Monmouthshire, 
 „ 9. Canopy on the west front of the chapel at Houghton-in-the-Dale, Norfolk. 
 
 Plate 150. 
 
 (After Pugin, Examples of Gothic Architecture.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Panel from the Common room of the Vicar's Close, Wells. 
 ,, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 8. Details from the banqueting hall of the Manor House, Great 
 Chalfleld, Wilts. 
 4, 7, 9. Details from the western doorway of Magdalen College, Oxford. 
 „ 10. Chimney-piece in the Bishop's palace. Wells. 
 
 Plate 151. 
 
 (After Pugin, Examples of Gothic Architecture.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Oriel window on the north side of the quadrangle of Balliol College, Oxford. 
 
 2. Canopy in Falkenham church, Norfolk. 
 
 „ 3. Door handle, temp Henry VII. 
 
 „ 4. Doorway at the westend of Magdalen College chapel, Oxford, 
 
 „ 5. Small lock for a chest, temp Henry VII.
 
 Plate 149. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 259 
 
 \miMit(L^rQril^\iLk-mi W^nL^rC^fW 
 
 u*
 
 260 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 150. 
 
 
 
 
 
 pmM^tul 
 
 ^^^>g^^/y^^^y^^e:^•/>^gv^^^?^^^K^^ 
 
 - .— — ' if if i f f
 
 Plate 151, 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 261
 
 262 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 152.
 
 Plate 153. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 263
 
 264 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 6. Fan vault from All Souls' College, Oxford. 
 „ 7, 8, and 9. Moulded tiles from chimney stacks, East-Barsham Manorhouse, 
 
 Norfolk. 
 „ 10. Oak ceiling. New Walsingham church, Norfolk. 
 
 Plate 152. 
 
 (Talbot Bury, Remains of Ecclesiastical Woodwork.) 
 
 Fig. 1—4. Roof of St. Mary's church, Bury St. Edmunds. 
 
 „ 5, and 6. Roof of Lavenham church, Suffolk. 
 
 „ 7, 9, 11, and 12. Roof of Burford church, Oxfordshire. 
 
 „ 8, and 10. Roof of Wantage church, Berkshire. 
 
 Plate 153. 
 
 Fig. 1. Finial from Exeter cathedral, H'h century (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 2. Solid springer from the same cathedral (Raguenet). 
 
 ,, 3. Rosette from Chester cathedral, 15^^ century (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 4. Font from Bradfield church, Suffolk (Raguenet.) 
 
 „ 5. Pulpit in Bridgewater church, Somersethshire (Talbot Bury). 
 
 „ 6. Grotesque figure, Oxford (Pugim. 
 
 „ 7. Panel from the facade of Wells cathedral (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 8—10. Encaustic tiles, 14th century (Owen Jones). 
 
 Plate 154. 
 
 Fig. 1. From a stall in the church at Weston Zoyland, Somersetshire (^Talbot Bury, 
 Remains of Ecclesiastical Woodwork). 
 
 2. Chandelier from church at Piddletown, Dorset. 
 
 3. Goblet of silver gilt, 15*^ century (Libonisi. 
 
 4. 7, and 8. From a manuscript of the Middle Ages (Owen Jones). 
 
 5. Coronation chair in Westminster Abbey (Libonis). 
 
 6. Stall in Wantage church, Berkshire iTalbot Bury). 
 9. Stained glass window in Merton College chapel, Oxford (Pugin). 
 
 10. Stained glass window Southwell minster, Nottinghamshire (Owen Jones). 
 
 Plate 155. 
 
 Fig. 1. Middle Gothic glass-painting in Norbury, Derbyshire. 
 „ 2. Lead glazing in Brabourne church, Kent. 
 
 3. Head of Queen of Sheba in window at Fairford. 
 „ 4, 6, and 8. Grisaille glass from Salisbury cathedral. 
 
 6. Late Gothic glass-painting in Wells. 
 „ 7. Glass painting, with figure of Edward the Confessor, St. Mary's, Ross.
 
 Plate 154. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 265
 
 266 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 155. 
 
 fo^^^ 
 
 rri^: 
 
 ^N 
 
 ^^^ 
 
 ! 
 
 ^x^mT^^^^ 
 
 \^ 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 ^^B 
 
 - 
 
 
 K 
 
 1 
 
 p>;^ 
 
 ^^S^ 
 
 
 111 
 
 ^^ 
 
 "
 
 Plate 156. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 267 
 
 , o ~ ot 
 
 7r/".7~4z7r/7n//
 
 268 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 157.
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 269 
 
 Plate 156. 
 
 Fig. 1. Coffer in the sacristy in Louth church, Lincolnshire (Colling). 
 „ 2. Panel from the church at Trull, Somersetshire (Colling). 
 „ 3, and 4. Panels from the font in the church at Great Conerby, Lincolnshire 
 
 (Colling). 
 „ 5. Gilt iron lock from the hall of Beddington Manor House, Surrey (Pugin). 
 
 Plate 157. 
 
 (Franklin A. Crallan, Gothic Woodwork.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Bench end, Breadsall church, Derbyshire, IS'h century. 
 
 „ 2. Stall from St. Andrew Gatton, Surrey. 
 
 „ 3. Canopy over the tomb of Edward III. in Westminster Abbey, 1380. 
 
 „ 4. Door from the church of St. Laurence, Norwich. 
 
 „ 5. End of a seat from Witley, Surrey, 15ih century. 
 
 6. Panel in Tudor Style from the South Kensington Museum. 
 
 Plate 158. 
 
 Fig. 1. West doorway of St. Mary's church, Beverley (Colling). 
 
 ,, 2. Gate of the Bishop's Chapel in Ely cathedral (Bailey Scott Murphy). 
 
 „ 3. Doorway of the Presbytery at North Petherton, Somersetshire (Colling). 
 
 4. Door of the church at Bocking, Essex (Colling). 
 
 F.g. 
 
 1. 
 
 J» 
 
 2- 
 
 11 
 
 5. 
 
 »l 
 
 8. 
 
 yy 
 
 9. 
 
 
 10. 
 
 Plate 159. 
 
 (Henry Shaw, Mediaeval Alphabets and Devices.) 
 
 Lettering from the monument of Henry IIL in Westminster Abbey, 1272. 
 
 4, 6, and 7. Letters from the monument of Richard II. in Westminster 
 
 Abbey, 1400. 
 
 Letters from a benedictional, 1480. 
 
 Grotesque lettering from a printed book, 16'h century. 
 
 Signature of a wood-engraver, IS^h century. 
 
 Initial from a manuscript in the British Museum. 
 
 Plate 160. 
 
 Ornament on English Monuments. 
 
 (From C. A. Stothard, The monumental effigies of Great Britain.) 
 
 Fig. 1. From a tombstone in the Ingham church, Norfolk. 
 
 „ 2. Crown of the Earl of Arundel, died 1487. 
 
 „ 3. Ladies' coiffure, 15th century. 
 
 „ 4. Sheath of dagger belonging to Lord Hungerford, died 1459. 
 
 5. Crown of Queen Berengaria, wife of Richard Coeur de Lion. 
 
 ,, 6. Shoe of Henry 111., died 1272, from a tomb in Edward the Confessor's chapel. 
 
 7, and 8. Bag and brooch of Queen Berengaria.
 
 270 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 9. Necklace, 15'h century-. 
 „ 10, and 11. Heads of Sir Edmund de Thorpe and Lady in Ashwelthorpe church, 
 
 Norfolk. 
 „ 12. Spur of Sir Hugh Calvely, in Bunbury church, Cheshire. 
 „ 13. Belt buckle of the Earl of Warwick. 
 „ 14. Hilt of sword belonging to Sir John Peche, from his tomb in the church at 
 
 Lullingstone, Kent. 
 „ 15, and 16. Sword-hilt and sword-belt belonging to John de la Pole, Duke of 
 
 Suffolk. 
 „ 17. Shoe of Edward III., died in 1377, taken from his tomb in Westminster Abbey. 
 ., 18. End of sword-belt, 14th century. 
 ,, 19. Coiffure of the Countess of Westmoreland. 
 „ 20. Glove of Ralph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland, from his tomb in Staindrop 
 
 church at Durham. 
 
 Head-dress of Beatrice, Countess of Arundel. 
 
 From a statue in Trinity church, ArunJel, 13th century (Viollet le Ducj.
 
 Plate 158. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 271 
 
 
 A>-iWMyiWi^aa^^tte'fc.-iVi'gl ^-i^Sl 
 
 I 
 
 
 n
 
 272 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 159. 
 
 
 
 ^RMHiusirafrEniiiDiisi
 
 Plate 160. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 273 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 18
 
 274 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Gothic Ornament in Germany and Austria. 
 
 soon as the Gothic Style had well entered on its 
 victorious march throughout England, it began also 
 to make its way gradually throughout Germany, 
 where, on account of its French origin, it became 
 generally known under the title of "OPUS FRANCl- 
 GENUM". Although it had not completely won the 
 victory over Romanesque Art until about the commence 
 of the 14th century, it was nevertheless, at this time, 
 fully perfect in all its forms. The Early Gothic con- 
 tinued up until the beginning of the H'h century. 
 The oldest Gothic building in Germany is the Choir 
 in the cathedral at Magdeburg which was conse- 
 crated in the year 1234. The most beautiful specimens 
 of the Gothic are however to be found in the Rhineland where the Gothic Style reached 
 its highest perfection, the Cathedral at Cologne, which was begun in the year 1248, being 
 its noblest work. 
 
 From a \5^^ century Manuscript 
 
 (Dolmetsch). 
 
 Coat of Arms from the Rosette 
 
 Town Hall at Luneburg. from Neubrandenburg. 
 
 (Fritz Gottlob, Formenlehre der norddeutschen Backsteingotik.) 
 
 Rosette from Stargard.
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT 
 
 275 
 
 18"
 
 276 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 161. 
 
 (After Heideloff, Ornamentik des Mittelalters.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Frieze from the passage between the Nicholas Chapel and the cathedral- 
 church at Aix-la-chapelle, 1480. 
 „ 2. Finial from the fountain in the market square at Rottenburg on the Neckar, 
 late Gothic. 
 
 3. Crocket from St. Kilian's church at Heilbronn. 
 
 4. and 8. Balustrade, and inscription from the court -yard of the house 
 Adler Str. L 308, Nuremberg. 
 
 5. Capital from Cologne cathedral. 
 
 6. Finial from a stone Tabernacle in the Hospital church, Esslingen, the work 
 of Matthaus von Boblingen. 
 
 7. Finial from the shrine of St. Sebald in Nuremberg, wrought in bronze by 
 Peter Vischer and his son (1508—1519). 
 
 9. Corbel of vault from the Lilienfeld Cloister near Vienna. 
 10. Baptismal font in Mtinnerstadt on the Lauer. 
 
 Plate 162. 
 
 Fig. 1, 3, and 6. Capitals from the cathedral church of St. Peter at Wimpfen in the 
 valley near Heilbronn (Zeller, St. Peter zu Wimpfen i. T.). 
 
 „ 2. Capital from the church of the Cistercian Cloister Lilienfeld near Vienna. 
 
 „ 4. Capital from the cathedral at Frankfurt on the Main, Hth century (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 5. Column from the St. Blasius cathedral, Brunswick, 15th century (Hartung, 
 Mittelalterliche Baukunst in Deutschland). 
 
 „ 7. Capital and base from the princes' tomb in the Holy Cross church near 
 Vienna (Heideloff). 
 
 „ 8. Capital from a window of the Saalburg on the Saale (Franconia) (Heideloff). 
 
 „ 9. Capital from the cathedral at Worms (Raguenet). 
 
 Plate 163. 
 
 Fig. 1. Door from Ober-Kranichfeld (Heideloff). 
 „ 2. Late Gothic door from Coburg fortress (Heideloff). 
 „ 3. Portal of the Elizabeth church in Marburg (Hartung). 
 
 „ 4. Bridal door on the north side of the choir in the church of St. Sebald,. 
 Nuremberg, 14th centur}\ 
 
 Plate 164. 
 
 (After Heideloff, Ornamentik des Mittelalters.) 
 
 Fig. 1—4. Late Gothic ornaments in flat wood relief in the gallery balustrade of 
 
 a house in the Hauptmarkt, Nuremberg. 
 „ 5, and 8. Wood-carving from a writing-desk in the rectory of St. Lorenz, 
 
 NQremberg. 
 „ 6, and 7. Panelling from stone gallerv in the choir of the Cloister church in 
 
 Blaubeuren.
 
 Plate 162. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 277
 
 278 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. Plate 163.
 
 Plate 164. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 279
 
 280 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 165.
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 281 
 
 Fig. 9. From a stall in the Cloister church of St. Clara, Nuremberg. 
 „ 10, and 11. Wooden rosettes from the rose chamber in the Princes House, Coburg 
 
 Castle. 
 „ 12. Window head in the St. Lawrence rectory, Nuremberg, 1458. 
 „ 13. Window head of a private house in Nordlingen. 
 „ 14, and 15. Window heads from the ruined Hospital in Esslingen. 
 
 Plate 165. 
 
 Fig. I,and3. Glass window from the church at Hundelshausen (Ungewitter, Land- 
 
 und Stadtkirchen). 
 „ 2. Relief over the door of the chapel tower in the Parish church, Rottweil 
 
 (Heideloff). 
 „ 4. Stained glass from the cathedral at Regensburg, now in the National Museum 
 
 at Munich (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 5. Glass painting from the Frauenkirche, Esslingen (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 6. Pulpit from the church of the Ursuline Convent in Pritzlar (Ungewitter). 
 „ 7, and 8. From the Cathedral church of St. Peter in Wimpfen-im-Tal (Zeller, 
 
 St. Peter zu Wimpfen-im-Tal). 
 
 Window from the 
 
 Stargard Gate, 
 New Brandenburg. 
 
 Gable at the Market 
 
 side of the Town Hall 
 
 of Konigsberg. 
 
 From the South Chapel 
 
 of the Katharinen 
 church, Brandenburg. 
 
 (Fritz Gottlob, Formenlehre der norddeutschen Backsteingotik.)
 
 282 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 166.
 
 Plate 167. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAME^'T. 
 
 283
 
 284 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 166. 
 
 German Gothic Brickwork. 
 (After Fritz Gottlob, F-ormenlehre der norddeutschen Backsteingotik.) 
 
 The Romanesque Brickwork of North Germany, which had its origin in North Italy, 
 became, naturally, when Gothic Architecture developed and became prevalent, gradually 
 changed into the Gothic style. The marked differences between the two were due, to the 
 different materials used, and to the manner in which these materials, stone and brick, had 
 to be treated. The Brickwork was very probably prior to the Stone Gothic, and in the level 
 plains of North Germany, where sandstone is scarce, there gradually arose a special style 
 of Gothic Brickwork quite in keeping with the pecuHarity of the building material and the 
 character of the people. 
 
 Fig. 1. Window from the Nikolai church in Wismar. 
 
 2. Window from the Town Hall of Lubeck. 
 
 3. North doorway of the church of St. Mary, Konigsberg, Prussia. 
 
 4. Buttress in the same church. 
 
 5. Rose window from the church at Prenzlau. 
 
 6. Principal doorway in the Cloister church, Berlin. 
 
 Plate 167. 
 
 (After Heideloff, Ornamentik des Mittelalters.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Glazed heating stove in Burg Fussen on the Lech. The stove contains the 
 following inscription „Dieser Olen Wol-gestalt ward gemacht do man zallt 1514 jar 
 bey Hannsen Seltzmann Vogt zu Oberndorf". — This stove was made in 1514 by 
 Hannsen Seltzmann, Steward at Oberndorf. 
 
 2. Quiver, after a painting from Albrecht Diirer, showing Hercules conquering 
 the Harpies. At present in the Burg at Nuremberg. 
 
 3. Late Gothic double goblet in silver gilt, in possession of the family Knopf in 
 Nuremberg. 
 
 4. Monument to Graf von Henneberg, done in bronze by Peter Vischer, from a 
 sketch by Albrecht Diirer. 
 
 5. Arms of Wurttemberg and Savoy, from a tomb in the Stiffs church in Stuttgart. 
 
 6. Late Gothic ornament from the bridal-carriage of Agnes of Hesse, wife of 
 Duke John Frederick of Saxe-Coburg (1555), in flat relief, carved in wood and gilt. 
 
 7. Eagle from panelling of the door of the Emperor's room in Scheurlis House, 
 Nuremberg. 
 
 Plate 168. 
 
 (After F. Paukert, Tiroler Zimmergotik.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Wood ceiling in Jochlsturm, Sterzing. 
 „ 2. Tiles from the Burg in Meran. 
 „ 3. Marquetry from a table. 
 „ 4 — 7. From a wood ceiling in Freienstein. 
 
 8—11. Tie-beams of a wood ceiling in St. Martin, Ahrntal.
 
 Plate 168. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 285
 
 286 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 169.
 
 Plate 170. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 287
 
 288 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 169. 
 
 Gothic ornamental Iron-work from Nuremberg Museum. 
 
 Fig. 1, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 16. Door handles. 
 
 „ 2, 8, and 10. Lock mountings. 
 
 „ 3, 5, 12, 14, and 15. Door mountings. 
 
 „ 6. Wood door with iron mountings. 
 
 Plate 170. 
 
 Fig. 1. Late Gothic crozier, from a tombstone in the cathedral at Regensburg (Heideloff). 
 „ 2. Late Gothic candelabrum of bronze from the church of Kraftshof near 
 
 Nuremberg (Heideloff). 
 „ , 3. Gilt wooden cross, from an altar in the church of St. Mary at Hersbruck (Heideloff). 
 „ 4. Gothic cradle (Heideloff). 
 
 „ 5, and 7. Manuscript painting, 15th century (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 6. Coffer from Bozen (Paukert, Zimmergotik). 
 „ 8. Late Gothic balcony soffit from St. Michael's church, Hildesheim (Ebe, Die 
 
 Schmuckformen der Monumentalbauten). 
 
 Mf' ^^M 
 
 Gothic Wood Carving.
 
 Plate 171. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 289 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 19
 
 290 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 172.
 
 Plate 173. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 291 
 
 19*
 
 292 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 171. 
 
 Fig. 1. Late Gothic arm-chair from the ancient armoury in Nflremberg. 
 „ 2. Arm-chair from Tyrol, IS'h century. 
 „ 3. Door from Kunkelstein Castle (Paukert). 
 „ 4. Late Gothic lectern from the Stifts church at Herrieden, near Ansbach 
 
 (Heideloff). 
 5. Stall from the Elizabeth church, Marburg (E. Wasmuth, Alte und neue Kirchen- 
 
 mobel). 
 „ 6. Table from the Rhineland, 15th century (Falke, Mittelalterliches Hausmobiliar). 
 7. Church stall in oak. In all probability this belonged to the rival Kaiser Wilhelm 
 
 of Holland, and is .therefore from the IS'h century; i* is now in the Wartburg 
 
 Plate 172. 
 
 Gothic Flat Ornament. 
 (After E. Paukert, Tyroler Zimmergotik. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 3. Ornament from Kunkelstein Castle. 
 
 2, 4, and 6. Stuff patterns after paintings in the castle of Trotzburg. 
 5. Ornament from Neuslift. 
 ,, 7, and 8. Wall-paper, printed on linen. 
 
 Plate 173. 
 
 Fig. 1. Wrought-iron candelabrum, end of the 15'^ century, in the National Museum 
 
 at Munich (Hirth). 
 „ 2, 7, and 8. Crown and details in a picture of the Blessed Virgin in the church 
 of St. Martha, Nuremberg (Heideloff). 
 
 3. Late Gothic goblet in silver gilt (Heideloff). 
 
 4. Rosette of sheet-iron on the knocker of the sacristy door in the church 
 of St. Lawrence, Nflremberg (Heideloff). 
 
 „ 5. Badge of the confraternity of the "Holy Mount", with the symbol of St. Aegidius 
 
 (Heideloff). 
 „ 6. Late Gothic censer, from a copperplate by Martin Schongauer (Heideloff). 
 „ 9. Chain of the order of the Swan (Heideloff). 
 „ 19. Spout of a water barrel (Heideloff). 
 
 Plate 174. 
 
 Fig. 1 — 8. Late Gothic initals, from different parchment manuscripts (Hirth, Formenschatz). 
 „ 9—13. Early Gothic letters, from Rhenish manuscripts (Dr. Karl Lamprecht, Initial- 
 Ornamentik).
 
 Plate 174. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 293
 
 294 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 175. 
 
 tfl-UfMBfUtta tarw-paffinf • 
 
 i mitmmmmtoddR'RW. 
 
 *^ 
 
 3.
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 295 
 
 Plate 175. 
 
 (After Wilhelm Weimar, Monumental-Schriften.) 
 
 Fig. 1. From a bronze plate In the Monastic church at Baden-Baden, 1497. 
 „ 2. From the bronze tomb of Bishop Tilo of Trotha in the cathedral at Merse- 
 
 burg, died 1514. 
 „ 3. Inscription, engraved in bronze, from the tombstone of Anna von Wiers- 
 
 hausen (died 1484) in the church of St. Elizabeth, Marburg. 
 „ 4. From the engraved bronze tomb-plate of the Scholt in Nflremberg, who 
 
 died in 1469. In the church at Langenzenn near Furth. 
 „ 5. Bronze tomb-plate of Jakob von Qulpen (died 1455) in the St. Gumbertus 
 
 church, Ansbach. 
 
 Window in Bebenhausen Convent, 
 Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Window from the Town Hall 
 at Nuremberg. 
 
 f 
 
 Window in the Reichenbach 
 Cloister, Ulm, Wiirtemberg. 
 
 Window from the gable of the 
 
 now ruined Preacher's church 
 
 in Nuremberg. 
 
 (Heideloff, Ornamentik des Mittelalters.)
 
 296 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 176. 
 
 #■>' ._„ 

 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 297 
 
 Plate 176. 
 
 Gothic Ornament in Hungary. 
 (After Dr. B^la von Czobor and Emmerich von Szaley, Die historischen DenkmMler Ungams.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Helmet of Banus from Croatia and Helden, by Szigetvar Nikolaus Zrinyi 
 
 (died 1566), in the Court Armoury Collection, Vienna. 
 „ 2. Helmet of Georg Castriota Skanderbeg, Duke of Albania (1403—1467), in 
 
 the Court Armoury Collection, Vienna. 
 „ 3. Goblet of silver gilt, 15'h century, was presented in 1640 to the Protestant 
 
 church in Miskolcz by Gregor von Miskolcz. 
 „ 4. Horn vessel for holding oil, silver gilt mountings, property of the Eszertom 
 
 cathedral. 
 „ 5. Reliquary Hermes of St. Ladislaus, of silver gilt, ornamented with chain mail. 
 
 Hungarian 15th century work. In the cathedral church at Gyorer. 
 
 ■f»=^ 
 
 Bronze Baptismal Font, made in 1484 for Menardt church 
 by Johannes von Novavilla.
 
 298 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Gothic Ornament in Italy. 
 
 into Italy Gothic art made its way at about the same time as it did into 
 
 Germany. This style of an first received the title of Gothic in Italy, a 
 
 word which was used by the Italians at that time to signify barbarian, or 
 
 anything coming from the north. In Italy more importance was placed 
 
 on the horizontal than in either Germany or France, and it was only very 
 
 seldom that the vertical predominated in that country. The Italians did 
 
 From a "°^ P^^ much attention to the development of the tower, which very 
 
 14th century °^*^" stands quite apart from the church altogether. The Franciscan and 
 
 Manuscript Dominican Orders played a very important part in the spread of the 
 
 (Racinet) Gothic throughout Italy. The Italian Gothic, however, could never free 
 
 itself from Classic, Romanesque and Byzantine reminiscences, and Italian 
 
 Late-Gothic is mixed with noumerous Renaissance motifs. Classic art had taken too strong 
 
 a hold on the Italians, it was so much a part of their life, they had become so imbued 
 
 with its spirit that they really found it impossible to become true lovers of the Gothic. As 
 
 a consequence, Gothic art rapidly declined, and, in the 13th century, a decided movement 
 
 to break away altogether from the style of the period, and to turn back again to the old 
 
 Classic Art began to make itself evident. 
 
 Plate 177. 
 
 (From Rohault de Fleury, La Toscane au Moyen Age.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 5. Arch of the Loggia of the Palace of the Signoria, Florence. 
 „ 2. Painting by Piero di Guido (1386) representing Charity, in the Loggia of 
 
 the Palace of the Signoria, Florence. 
 „ 3. Lion from the city wall in Pisa. 
 „ 4. Pillar from the corn-market in Florence. 
 ,, 6. Mural painting from the city hall, Florence. 
 
 Plate 178. 
 
 Fig. 1. Window from a house in the Synagogue Street in Irani, 13th century (Raguenel). 
 ,, 2. Crest of the church of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, 14'h century (Raguenet). 
 „ 3. Bronze knocker from Florence, 14'h century (Raguenet). 
 „ 4. Window from the Convent of St. Theresa in Trani (Raguenet). 
 „ 5. Mosaic floor from Florence cathedral (D'Espouy, Fragments d'architecture du 
 
 Moyen-age). 
 „ 6, and 7. Mural painting and pillar from the Castle of Pandino, 14th century 
 
 (Camillo Boito, Arte Italiana).
 
 Plate 177. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 299
 
 300 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 178. 
 
 DM<ZZ>I<!D 
 
 (5
 
 Plate 179. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 301
 
 302 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 179. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Altar in the church of Or San Mlchele (D'Espouy), 
 ,t 3. Band-pattern, 15'h century (Raguenet). 
 „ 4. Door border from Florence, 15th century (Raguenet). . 
 
 Plate 180. 
 
 Fig. 1—4. Locks and keys from the National Museum, Florence (Boito;. 
 „ 5. Credence from the Villa Reale del Poggio near Florence, IS'h century (Raguenet). 
 „ 6. Fragment of a fresco-painting by Jacopo Avanzi in the Oratorium of the 
 
 St. Giorgio church in Padua (Boito). 
 „ 7. From a monument by Bonjacopo Sanoita In the choir of the St. Antonio 
 
 Convent, Padua (Boito). 
 
 Plate 181. 
 
 Fig. 1. Tunic from the Museo Civico in Turin, made of carmine-red velvet on a gold 
 ground, IS'h century (Boito). 
 
 „ 2. Carpet pattern from a tempera painting by Niccolo Alunno (1466) in the 
 Pinakotheca at Perugia (Dolmetsch). 
 
 „ 3. From a tomb in Fano (D'Espouy). 
 
 „ 4. Mural painting from the Castle of Pandino, end of the 14*^ century (Boito). 
 
 „ 5. Table-cloth border, 15th century, the pattern is blue (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 6. Railing round the Scaligcr monument in Verona (D'Espouy). 
 
 „ 7. Reliquary in the treasury of the Pitti palace, Florence, end of the 14*^ cent- 
 ury (Boito). 
 
 Plate 182. 
 
 The Venetian Gothic. 
 (After Cicognara, Monumenti di Venezia.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Capital and base from the court-yard of the Ck d'oro palace. 
 
 2. Balustrade in the first story of the same palace. 
 
 3. Window Ornament, capital and base, in the first story of the same palace. 
 
 4. Capital and base from the second story of the same palace. 
 
 5. Capital and base in the first story of the Doges palace. 
 
 6. Ground plan of No. 5.
 
 Plate 180. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 303
 
 304 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 181.
 
 Plate 182. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 305 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 20
 
 306 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 183.
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 307 
 
 Plate 183. 
 
 Fig. 1 — 8. Manuscript paintings from the 14"i and ISt^ centuries (Racinet, L'Ornement 
 polychrome;. 
 
 Stuff pattern from an altar in Milan, with the badge of the Duchess 
 Bonne of Savoy. At present in the Museum Poldi Pezzole, Milan 
 
 (L'art pour lous). 
 
 20*
 
 308 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 184 
 
 
 1
 
 Plate 185. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 309
 
 310 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Gothic Ornament in Spain. 
 
 .^ry soon after it had begun to reach its highest development 
 in France, that is, in the first half of the 13th century, 
 and about the year 1225, Gothic was introduced from 
 France into Spain. It did not, however, undergo here that 
 change in accordance with the national ideas of the 
 people which it underwent in Germany and Italy, the 
 very extensive number of Moorish remains still existing 
 in the country having made their influence felt. One 
 of the oldest Gothic monuments in the Peninsula is 
 the cathedral of Burgos which was built under Northern 
 French influence in the 13'h century. The Western 
 From a 15*^ century Manuscript tower of this cathedral was completed in the years 
 (Monumentos de Espana). 1442—1456 by Meister Johann of Cologne. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Plate 184. 
 
 Transition Style (estilo mudelar). 
 (After Monumentos arquitectonicos de Espana.) 
 
 1, and 3. Door and window heads from the Palace de los Ayalas in Toledo. 
 
 2. Door head from the chapel of Santiago of Santa Maria in Alcala de Henares, 
 
 4. Details from the house called de Mesa in Toledo. 
 
 5. Decoration over the door in No. 2. 
 
 6. Crest of the church of St. Mark, Seville. 
 
 Plate 185. 
 
 (After Monumentos arquitectonicos de Espana.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Window from the house Lonja in Valencia. 
 „ 3. Window from the cloister of St. Juan de los Reyes in Toledo. 
 „ 4. Middle column of a double window from the tower of the Lonja house in 
 
 Valencia. 
 „ 5. Stair newel from the Hospital de la Latina in Madrid. 
 „ 6. Tombstone of King Don Alpkonso VIII and his Consort Donna Leonor, in 
 
 the choir of the church of Santa Maria La Real de Huelgas in Burgos.
 
 Plate 186. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 311
 
 312 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 186. 
 
 Fig. 1—3. Details from the cloister of St. Juan de los Reyes in Toledo (Monumentos 
 
 de Espana). 
 „ 4. Balcony from the court-yard of St. Gregorio in Valladolid (Raguenet). 
 
 Plate 187. 
 
 Fig. 1. Finial from transept of the church of St. Juan de los Reyes in Toledo 
 (Monumentos de Espana). 
 „ 2. Linen hanging, 16'^ century, blue pattern on a red ground (Raguenet). 
 „ 3. Wrought iron chandelier from Tarrasa, province of Barcelona, 13th century 
 (Mira Leroy). 
 4. Window panel from the cloister of St. Juan de los Reyes in Toledo (Monu- 
 mentos de Espana'). 
 „ 5. Back of a stall seat in the cathedral of Leon, 15th century (Mira Leroy). 
 „ 6. Ceiling of the cloister of St. Juan de los Reyes in Toledo (Mira Leroy). 
 
 Painted balustrade in the interior of the tower of Santo Domingo, 
 called the Hercules Tower in Segovia 
 
 (Monumentos de Espafia).
 
 Plate 187. 
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 313 
 
 MiiuqMaw »^lim!!ili;lii!lilii.llii| ^(]llliillf
 
 314 
 
 GOTHIC ORXAMEXT. 
 
 Plate 188.
 
 GOTHIC ORNAMENT. 
 
 315 
 
 Plate 188. 
 
 The Manoel Style in Portugal. 
 (After Frei Luis de Souza, Church of Batalha.) 
 
 An extremely peculiar Gothic, influenced by Moorish, and other foreign fonns, deve- 
 loped in Portugal, its most beautiful example being the church at Batalha uith its monument 
 erected to the memory of king Manoel. On the 14*^ august 13S5 Dom Jolo, King of 
 Portugal at the time, found himself opposed to a very powerful Spanish army, far superior 
 to his o\Mi in numbers, under the command of Don Juan, King of Spain. Dom Joao turned 
 to the Virgin for help in this critical situation, and promised, if She would give him the 
 victor}', that he would erect a building in her honour which would far outshine in size and 
 beaut>- any similar structure throughout Christendom. As the Portuguese did actually beat 
 the Spanish, and gained an overwhelming victory over them, Dom Joao immediately proceeded 
 to carry out his promise. He called together the foremost architects and artists from all 
 parts of Europe, and in the ver}' same year, 1385, in which he won his great victory, close 
 to the scene of battle, laid the foundations of the famous and beautiful church at Batalha. 
 The mausoleum erected to king Manoel, who reigned later, is the most beautiful item in 
 this structure. It was, however, never finished and is still incomplete. 
 
 Fig. 1. Arch over the door of the mausoleum to King Dom ManoeL 
 
 „ 2. Arch of one of the chapels in the same. 
 
 3. Principal cornice of the same. 
 
 „ 4. Spire of the tower in the north fafade of the church at Batalha. 
 
 „ 5. Entrance door to the mausoleum. 
 
 Shaft and band on the South front of the church of Santa Maria in Bel^m 
 
 (Haupt, Baukunst der Renaissance in Portugal).
 
 CHINESE ORNAMENT, 
 
 Chinese 
 Ornamental Frame 
 
 (Racinet.) 
 
 Although the earliest record of Chinese archi- 
 tecture dates back to the 23 century B. C, when 
 the Baku tribes emigrated east from Elam and Baby- 
 lonia, and introduced their systems of building, there 
 are no examples of their architectural ornament 
 existing earlier than the IS^'^ century A. D., owing 
 to the ruthless destruction which has taken place at 
 all periods of her history. In their temples and halls 
 they would appear to have adhered to one universal 
 type of design, the earliest example still existing of 
 which, is that which was first built in Japan in 607 
 A. D. by Koreans. It was then a completely deve- 
 loped style, consisting of wood columns, carrying 
 open timber roofs covered with tiles, and the principal ornaments were those 
 found in the groups of brackets which carried the overhanging eaves and the 
 ridge and hip rolls of their roofs: all in glazed terracotta of bright colouring. 
 Owing to the peculiar nature of the construction of their roofs (of which an 
 example is shewn in Plate 159, Fig. 2), the horizontal beams, instead of being 
 carried on the tops of the columns are tenoned into them. There are therefore 
 no capitals so that the Chinese and Japanese are the only nations in the world 
 to whom the capital — the principal ornamental feature of all styles— is unknown. 
 At an early period also the Chinese discarded in their pagodas the timber con- 
 struction which they introduced into Japan and built them in brick, covering them 
 sometimes with porcelain and glazed terracotta plaques of the greatest beauty, 
 and it is in this branch of art and in their ceramics that they excel, and in 
 the plates devoted to Chinese ornament are represented some of the finest works 
 of this kind. In bronzes also they are very great masters, as also in gold 
 and silver embroideries.
 
 Plate 189. 
 
 CHINESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 317
 
 318 CHINESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 189. 
 
 Fig. 1. Pillar crest of the Pagoda of Ho-nan. The Chinese column has no capital, the 
 beams and brackets being tenoned in at the sides (Chambers, Designs of Chinese 
 Buildings). 
 „ 2. From the colonnade In the court -yard of the Pagoda of Cochin- China 
 (Chambers). 
 
 3. Corbel of a Pagoda in the eastern suburb of Canton (Chambers). 
 
 4, 5, 9, and 10. Chinese 17th century furniture (Chambers). 
 6, and 7. Bases of the colums in No. 2. 
 8. Roof crest of a small temple in the western suburb of Canton (Chambers). 
 
 11. Spire of a Pagoda on the Ta-Ho, between Canton and Hoang-Pou (Chambers). 
 
 12. Upper part of a Pagoda in Cochin-China (Chambers). 
 
 13. Part of a curtain of a canopy bed, embroidered in gold and silk, 15th century 
 (Dolmetsch). 
 
 Chinese Ceramics. 
 
 In his history of Chinese Ceramics, Ernest Grandidier divides the products of Chinese 
 Ceramics, chronologically, into five epochs: 
 
 1. Under the dynasty of Sung (960—1260) and the dynasty of Yonen (120—1368). 
 
 2. Under the dynasty of Ming (1368—1620). 
 
 3. From the end of the latter dynasty to the death of K'ang Hsi (1620—1722). 
 
 4. Under the reign of Yung-Cheng and Kien-Long (1722—1796). 
 
 5. The modern epoch. 
 
 Plate 190. 
 
 Fig. 1. Censer, used by the Emporer Fon-Hi when making offering to the spirits of Heaven 
 
 and Earth, dates from beginning of the 18th century. 
 „ 2. Vase with the mythological dragon, from the Yung-Tsching epoch (1723— 1736). 
 „ 3. Vase with the goddes Si-wang-mow, Goddess of a long life, from the same 
 
 period. 
 „ 4, and 5. Tea-pots, from the Ming epoch, 1368—1620. 
 „ 6. Vase, from the K'ang Hsi epoch, 1662—1723. 
 „ 7. Statue of Konan-inn, goddess of Charity. 
 „ 8. Antique vase in the Museum Adrien Dubouchet, Limoges. 
 
 Plate 191. 
 
 Fig. I,and2. Vases from the Yung-Cheng epoch. 
 ,, 3. Vase from the K'ang Hsi epoch. 
 „ 4. Wine-can from the K'ang Hsi epoch. 
 „ 6. Vase from the Sung epoch 960-1260.
 
 Plate 190. 
 
 CHINESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 319
 
 320 
 
 CHINESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 191.
 
 Plate 192. 
 
 CHINESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 321 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 31
 
 322 
 
 CHINESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 193.
 
 CHINESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 323 
 
 Plate 192. 
 
 Fig. 1. Escutcheon from the K'ang Hsi epoch. 
 
 „ 2. Cup from the same epoch. 
 
 „ 3. Vase from the Sung epoch. 
 
 „ 4. Plate from the Kien-Long epoch. 
 
 „ 5. Vase from the same epoch. 
 
 „ 6. Fragment of table plate from the K'ang Hsi epoch. 
 
 „ 7. Vase from the Yung-Ching epoch, with raised gold meander, which, it is more 
 probable to suppose, was discovered by the Chinese themselves, rather than an 
 imitation from the Greek. The other patterns on the vase relate to Buddhist 
 Mythology. 
 
 Plate 193. 
 
 (After L'art pour tous.) 
 
 Fig. 1—3, and 8. Ornamental butterfly from an antique porcelain plate, in the 
 
 Gasnault collection. 
 „ 4. Antique gold censer, in the possession of Admiral Coupvent des Bois. 
 „ 5. Antique tea-pot, from the Gasnault collection, now in the Museum at Limoges. 
 „ 6. Antique bronze vase from M. Desaye's collection. 
 „ 7, and 9. Bronze vases from the period of the Ming dynasty, in the Bing 
 
 collection. 
 „ 10. Antique bronze candle-stick. 
 
 Ornament for laquer painting (Racinet). 
 
 21 •
 
 324 CAMBODIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Cambodian Ornament. 
 
 In the countries lying between India and Cliina an extremely peculiar and very ancient 
 art developed into existence, which may be regarded as a transition from Indian to Chinese 
 art. It is but very little studied and was first made known in Europe on the formation of 
 the Musee des antiquites cambodgiennes by M. Louis Delaporte, Lieutenant in the French 
 Navy -Similar to Indian architecture, the Cambodian is overloaded with ornament, but this 
 overloading is, however, made up for in the regularity and harmony which characterises it. 
 
 Plate 194. 
 
 (After L'art pour tous.) 
 Fig. 1. From the sanctuary of the Temple of Angkor Vat, 10th century. 
 „ 2. Upper portion of podium in the same sanctuary with mask of the God 
 
 Rheon. 
 „ 3. Bas-relief carved on the exterior of the same sanctuary. 
 .. 4. Mural decoration in the ame with the Brahma Gods. 
 
 Plate 195. 
 
 (After L'art pour tous.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Doorway of the temple of Loley, 11th or 12th century. 
 „ 2. Square pier and entablature with sculptured frieze representing the Apsaras 
 
 (celestial dancing girls) from the Temple of Angkor Vat. 
 „ 3. Balustrade window of the Temple of Angkor Vat.
 
 Plate 194. 
 
 CAMBODIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 325 
 
 .^tY\-x-Y V v-it v\- rxx^nrry vv w v a x O' ■k v: : 
 
 ^-^^v-*^.. 
 
 
 
 i^ 
 
 ira^^T^ ga^ 
 
 1^=^ 
 
 >s'- \'.VAVV/vyv7vrv^"'^' ■:''" ■yvi: ' v;h vJcr?: 
 
 ^)CUC^}C^riXU\c^,(t3;Xq>(Q.(t,,^ 
 
 ^''4-' 'it^<,'.^.>4^4K»'^' ii
 
 326 
 
 CAMBODIAN ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 195. 
 
 '■y^;>jt>'-;)B>.<p^-wvg>u«-:^;^?s^?^j ^y:<-g~'^>*'*^ 
 
 
 l-x/^^y... 1 ii\ , A ,/VA//\//A/;Y/:V-;nr/V/ V(\t/
 
 JAPANESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 espite the fact that Japanese art had its origin in 
 China, it nevertheless represents a decided 
 individuality peculiar to itself. This is due to 
 I the less strict manner in which they divided 
 their work. The Japanese Ornamentation is not 
 so conventional as the Chinese, as they took 
 their models more from nature than the latter. 
 It is perhaps remarkable and worthy of note 
 that the Japanese have adhered to the original 
 models introduced from China through Korea, 
 whereas the Chinese in some cases have entirely 
 departed from them. Thus the Japanese Pagoda 
 represents the same type of design as that which 
 was first built by Korean carpenters at Horiuji 
 in 607 A. D. and is still carried out at the 
 present day, whereas the Chinese gave up the 
 timber structure a few centuries later, and in- 
 troduced one built in brick, which in their country, 
 at all events, was not liable to be overthrown by 
 earthquakes, as it might have been in Japan. 
 In both China and Japan the general tendency 
 has been to over-elaborate the decoration, and 
 in their temples the ornament applied to their 
 columns and beams is very much the same in 
 both countries. In their halls of state and domestic buildings the contrary is the 
 case, those in China are overloaded with ornament, the great halls being painted 
 and gilded in profusion and the residences of the Mandarins enriched with 
 
 The actor Tomedjuro 
 
 Nakatnura in the role of the 
 
 Kaishi. Painted by Tori-i-Kiyo- 
 
 nobu 1750 (Bing).
 
 328 
 
 JAPANESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 196.
 
 JAPANESE ORNAMENT. 329 
 
 marbles of various kinds and elaborate carved woodwork whereas in Japan the 
 greatest simplicity is observed, in the palaces of the Mikado and Shogun the 
 woodwork is simply polished, shewing the grain of the wood, with mounts in 
 gilt bronze. 
 
 The oldest Japanese Art report dates from the 6*"^ century A. D., when the 
 Buddhist religion was introduced into the country from China through Korea: 
 shortly afterwards the Fujiwara family engrossed the power of the state for 
 nearly four centuries, when they were displaced by the Taira and Minamoto 
 clans. The former were overthrown at Danno-ura in 1 1 85 A. D., when Yoritomo 
 te chief of the Minamotos obtained from the Mikado and his court the title of 
 Shogun (generalissimo). Later on, the Ashigawa family ruled as Shoguns from 
 1338 to 1590 A. D., and they were succeeded by the Tokugawa family whose 
 head lyeyasu was a scion of the Minamoto family. They held power till 1 868, when 
 the Shogunate was abolished and the Mikado again recovered his power and 
 position as ruling sovereign. In 1542 the Portuguese missionaries entered Japan 
 and endeavoured to convert the people, but they had brought discord into the 
 country, so that in 1624 lyemitsu, the third Shogun of the Tokugawa Dynasty 
 expelled the missionaries and closed the country to all foreigners, the Dutch 
 only being allowed to carry on trade which was confined to the Island of 
 Deshima. During the two and a half centuries of exclusion, the Japanese made 
 rapid advances in Art and their lacquer and metal-work reached a perfection 
 unknown in any other country, whilst their painting and printing, greatly in- 
 fluenced by the Chinese school, are now recognised as the finest works of 
 their kind. 
 
 Plate 196. 
 
 Fig. 1. Lock mounting (L'art pour tous). 
 
 „ 2. Scabbard mounling (L'art pour tous). 
 
 „ 3. From the eastern door of the temple Shin-Shlu Sect in Kioto (Uhde, Kon- 
 
 struktionen und Kunstformen der Architektur). 
 
 „ 4, and 6. Ancient Japanese vases (L'art pour tous). 
 
 „ 5, and 7. Sword scabbard and hilt (L'art pour tous). 
 
 „ 8. Altar Shrine in the temple of Miyo-Jin-Akagi (Uhde).
 
 330 
 
 JAPANESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 197.
 
 Plate 198. 
 
 JAPANESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 331 

 
 332 
 
 JAPANESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 199.
 
 JAPANESE ORNAMENT. 333 
 
 Plate 197. 
 
 (After Justus Brinkmann, Kunst und Handwerk in Japan.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Wooden ceiling in the temple of Sliogun Tokugawa lyemitsu at Uyeno 
 
 near Tokio. 
 „ 2. Posts at the entrance of the principal door of the temple NishiHongwanji 
 
 in Kioto. The bases of the post and the cross bars are encased in bronze. 
 „ 3. Roofed public lantern in the province Ise. 
 
 „ 4. Open timber roof of the Hondo from O-baku-san in Uji valley. 
 „ 5. Painted drapery on a wooden column of a Nikko temple. Above, is the 
 
 three-leaved Holly-hock of the Tokugawa-Shoguns. 
 „ 6. Bronze nail-head from the castle of fiimeiji. Shows a branch of the Holly 
 
 hock (Asdrum caulescens). 
 „ 7 — 11. Nail-heads from an old temple and old castles. 
 „ 12. Rolled-up window-blind, front and back views. 
 
 Plate 198. 
 
 Fig. 1. Iron sword guard (Tsuba) from the chaser Kinai, 18th century (Bing, Japanischer 
 
 Formenschatz). 
 „ 2. Painting on an ancient beaker-shaped vase (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 3. From an embroided silk robe, 16th century (Bing). 
 „ 4. Cloisonne inlay from a copper dish decorated on both sides (Racinet, Tornement 
 
 polychrome). 
 „ 5—12. Japanese lacquer painting. 
 
 Plate 199. 
 
 Fig. 1. Domestic cock, from the book Ye-hon sha-ho-fu-Kuro, beginning of 18th century. 
 The text gives the names of the different colours (Brinkmann). 
 
 „ 2. Ridge-tile, Oni-gawara from the temple of Horiuji, 7th century (Baltzer, Das japa- 
 nische Haus). 
 
 „ 3. Ornamental phoenix head as ending of a projecting timber (Baltzer). 
 
 „ 4. Leaf of screen, from the designs of the artist Korin 1700 which were published 
 by Hc-itsu (Brinkmann). 
 
 „ 5. Helmet of Minamoto Yoshi-iye, called also Hochinamen-Toro, conqueror of the 
 Tairi, about the year 1180 A. D., at present in the temple treasury of Itsukushima. 
 The rounded, turned-down sides of this helmet are of leather, on which is stencilled 
 a picture of the God Indra who is surrounded with flames. Taken from the Itsuku- 
 shima meisho published in the year 1842 (Brinkmann). 
 
 „ 6. Young girl painting, from a wood-cut in the Ehon Tama Kadzura by Nishigawa 
 Sukenobu, 1736.
 
 334 
 
 JAPANESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 200.
 
 JAPANESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 335 
 
 Fig. 7. Border-tiJe ornamentation (Baltzer, Das japanische Haus). 
 „ 8. Border-tile ornamentation, with chrysanthemum and water waves, the arms of 
 
 the renowned hero Kusunoki (Baltzer). 
 „ 9. Bronze vessel, chased, tor storing the utensils used for smoking (Brinkmann). 
 
 Plate 200. 
 
 Japanese Textile Designs. 
 (After L'art pour tous.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 4. Carpet patterns. 
 „ 2, 3, 5, and 7. Stuff patterns, 17'^ century. 
 „ 6. Pattern from the mantle of a Bonze, or priest. 
 
 Sword and scabbard of a Dafmio, from the Arima Family, 
 
 18th century (Bing).
 
 336 
 
 JAPANESE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Pier decoration from the temple of Angkor Vat 
 
 (L'art pour tous).
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 22
 
 
 Belgian Tea Urn in beaten Copper, Ghent 
 
 (Ewerbeck und Neumeister, Die Renaissance in Belgien und Holland).
 
 RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 From an Italian Manuscript 
 
 (Dolmetsch). 
 
 The Renaissance in Italy in tlie 1 5"' cen- 
 tury may be regarded to a certain extent as 
 a revolution in art, a peaceful revolution, of 
 which the seeds had already been germinating 
 for many years in Painting and Sculpture, 
 shov^ing the tendency to revert to that earlier 
 classic art, many of the masterpieces of which 
 still existed and in greater profusion than at 
 the present day. Whilst in other countries 
 the Gothic style had always represented in its 
 gradual development the true feelings of the people who produced it, in Italy 
 its principles had never been understood or appreciated, and although in the 
 14*'^ century in Florence, Venice, Verona, Pisa and in the towns further south 
 magnificent examples of Gothic ornament were evolved, which hold their own in 
 comparison with those in other countries, their beauty consisted chiefly in their 
 exquisite detail as apart from the general desigin of the structures which they 
 adorned and enriched. 
 
 On the revival of letters in the 15**" century, the Italians began to recognise 
 that they were the national descendants of those who had produced the master 
 pieces in ancient Italy, the art practised by them was not a foreign importation 
 like that of the Gothic style, but their own, an art which had been developed 
 in their own country, which recalled the history of their own people, who were 
 at one time the conquerors of the whole world. Beyond this there were other 
 changes, among which the advance of civilisation, the Reformation in Religion, 
 the printing press etc., all of which contributed to new requirements, whilst the 
 patronage of men of letters, such as those of the Medici in Florence and latei 
 on that of the Papal court in Rome, all tending therefore and leading to the 
 
 22*
 
 340 RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 evolution of a new interpretation of Classic art. All these considerations, ho- 
 wever, belong more to the History of the Renaissance style rather than to the 
 actual results, the ornamentation which constitutes the principal object of this work. 
 
 It has already been pointed out that the Painters and Sculptors were the 
 first who in their works showed a tendency towards the resuscitation of classic 
 art and this is specially the case with the latter, who, not only in Italy but in 
 France, Spain, England, Germany and in the Netherlands showed in tombs and 
 other works of a decorative character how complete was the change in con- 
 ception and execution. In architecture the construction forms of the Gothic style, 
 the traditional craft of the mason could not be thrown aside at once, but for 
 a tomb in which, as an ideal subject uninfluenced by questions of utility or con- 
 struction, the artist was free to mould his design in accordance with his imagi- 
 native powers there was no restriction. Hence we find that not only in Italy, 
 but in other countries the earliest examples of the Renaissance are to be found 
 in tombs, as in those at Le Mans and Nantes in France and in England, in 
 Torregiano's work at Westminster Abbey, 1516. 
 
 It was in the earlier Renaissance that ornament received its chief develop- 
 ment both in design and beauty of execution, and this not only in Italy, but in 
 France and Spain. The examples on plate 205 from the Miracoli church in 
 Venice (1480—89) by Pietro Lombardo, those on plate 207 from the facade 
 of the Certosa near Pavia (1473) by Burgognone and the pilasters of the Town 
 hall at Brescia are among the more remarkable in Italy, whilst in France, in the 
 choir stalls and screens of some of the cathedrals and churches and in the 
 chateaux of Blois, Chambard, and Azay-le-Rideau on the Loire and in the South 
 of France at Toulouse and Rodez (Fig. 3 Plate 216), and in Spain in the Uni- 
 versity of Salamanca (Fig. 3 Plate 253) will be found a richness and variety 
 of design which is characteristic of the period.
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 34 1 
 
 The Renaissance in Italy. 
 
 The Early Renaissance commenced in the first quarter of the 15th century in Florence, 
 whence it spread to Milan, Venice and other towns in the North of Italy, and towards the 
 end of the 15th century to Rome. The first architect who studied seriously the monuments 
 of classic art and transmitted their spirit into his own work was Filippo Brunelleschi, an 
 artist of powerful genius, who in the construction of the cupola of the Cathedral at Florence 
 (1220—34) and the churches of St. Lorenzo and St. Spirito in the same town showed his 
 great qualities as an artist and builder. He was followed by Michelozzo, to whom we owe 
 the Chapel of St. Peter (1460) in St. Eustorgio, Milan, and the Riccardi (1430) the first 
 Renaissance example of a palace of which the second was the Strozzi palace 1489 by Majano 
 (1442—97) and Cronaca (1454—1509). Then followed Alberti (1404—72), whose chief work 
 was the front of the church at Rimini (1446 — 54) and the church of St. Andrea at Mantua 
 (1472), Giovanni de San Gallo (1445—1516), Antonio de Sangallo (1455—1534), Bramante 
 d'Urbino (1444—1514) the architect of the church at Todi but better known in connection 
 with his work of St. Peter's, Rome, which he commenced in 1505 and the Cancellaria Palace 
 in the same city. Peruzzi (1481—1531), the architect of the Massimi palace in Rome; the 
 Lombardi family in Venice, Pietro Lombardo (1430—1515) the architect of the MiracoH church, 
 Sante Lombardo (1504—1560) who designed the Vendramini Palace and Tullio Lombardo 
 (1452—1537) the Cornaro-SpineUi Palace. To these must be added San MicheU (1494—1559) 
 the architect of the Bevilacqua palace at Verona and the Grimani palace at Venice; Sanso- 
 vino (1477—1570) who designed the Library and the Loggia at Venice, Vignola (1507—73) 
 whose chief work was the castle of Caprarola, 40 miles from Rome, and Palladio (1519 — 81) 
 the architect of the Basilica and other palaces at Vicenza. 
 
 Illustrations of the work of some of the architects above mentioned are given in the 
 plates. Thus in plate 201 Michelozzo and San Gallo are represented, and in plate 203 San 
 Gallo and Sansovino. In plate 204 illustrations from the Loggia of the Vatican are given 
 . which was painted by Raphael, who drew his inspiriation from the rich decoration in painting 
 and stucco found in the Golden House of Nero, which had been buried beneath the Thermae 
 of Titus. To this type of decoration the title Raphaelesque is frequently given. Pietro 
 Lombardos work is shown on Plate 205, end Burgognone's on Plate 207.
 
 342 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 201. 

 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 343 
 
 Plate 201. 
 
 Florence. 
 
 Florence was the principal centre of the Early Renaissance and developed a type of 
 palace which become the standard for all Italy. 
 
 Fig. 1. Window from the court-yard of the Palazzo Riccardl. This palace was designed 
 and begun in the year 1430 by Michelozzo Michelozzi. The court-yard was built 
 by Bartolomeo Amanati. (Schutte, Ornamentale und architektonische Studienblatter 
 aus Italien.) 
 
 „ 2. Principal cornice of the facade of the Riccardi palace (Schtitte). 
 
 „ 3. Octagonal column in stucco-work from the Palazzo Vecchio. This palace 
 was built in the year 1298 by Arnolfo di Cambio, but enlarged in 1434 by Michelozzi, 
 and in 1550 by Vasari. The stucco-work of the column was done in the year 1565 
 by Marco da Faenzo on the occasion of the marriage of Francesco de Medici (Schutte). 
 
 „ 4. Capital of column in the court-yard of the Palazzo Gondi. The palace was 
 commenced in 1481 by Giuliano de San Gallo (Schiitte). 
 
 „ 5. Sepulchral slab from Santa Croce, Florence (Dolmetsch). 
 
 „ 6. From a monument in the church of the Holy Apostles in Florence (L'art 
 pour tous). 
 
 Plate 202. 
 
 Florence. 
 
 Fig. 1. Facade in sgraffito- work from the palace of Montalon (D'Espouy, Renaissance). 
 „ 2. Detail of a cornice from the Hall of the Two Hundred in Palazzo Vecchio 
 
 (Schatte). 
 „ 3. Door border in the Hall dell'Orologio in the Palazzo Vecchio (Schutte). 
 „ 4. Sketch for a folding-door, from a pen and ink drawing by Giovanni da Bologna. 
 
 In the Florence (Hirth, Formenschatz). 
 „ 5. Coat of arms curved in stone from the Palazzo Feroni (L'art pour tous). 
 
 Plate 203. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 In the development of the Early Renaissance Rome played no part at first, the style 
 being introduced from Florence. 
 Fig. 1. From the tomb of a prelate in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo. 
 
 This tomb, which was built by Andrea Tatti called Sansovino, is, according to 
 
 Burkhardt, the most perfect work which has ever been produced by the union of 
 
 Decoration and Sculpture (Hirth). 
 „ 2. Balustrade of a balcony in the Sixtine Chapel (Holtzinger, Geschichte der 
 
 Renaissance in Italien). 
 „ 3, and 4. Details from the facade of the Palazzo Farnese, built by San Gallo in 
 
 the years 1470—1546 (Schutte). 
 „ 5, and 6. Flat-reliefs from a tomb in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo 
 
 (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 7. From a tomb of a prelate in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo. This, 
 
 the same as Fig. 1, was built by Andrea Tatti called Sansovino in the years 
 
 1460—1529. These tombs in the choir of the church are the tombs of the two 
 
 Prelates Basso and Sforza Visconti (Hirth).
 
 344 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 202. 
 
 .''=^^ii^i='^^iiM;!^-^::i:C-$i!^>^i>!^'^'^^ 
 
 mMumumj)mj) 
 
 
 W^W^^M^iWMMM M'm" ^W^Mff^^] 
 
 !i;K^:u^H;:\'jir.nwmm\Ykmd\m^mi^^ 
 
 .iUi.iiyiJRA m)MUJiii 
 
 ijttfxrxiU-uxt-i-U-iumcmsCTra
 
 Plate 203. 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 345
 
 346 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 204.
 
 Plate 205. 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 347 
 
 UUUUUUUUUUU" 
 
 /r ^ ■^v - y- vy ■.;. J -y ' {^ ^y ^ vY -f "■••r ;\
 
 348 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 206.
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 349 
 
 Fig. 8. Sgraffito-work from the house No. 82, Via Giulia (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 9. Sgraffito-work from the house No. 148, Via dei Coronari (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 10. Sgraffito- work from the house No. 4, Borgo al vicolo del Campanile (Dolmetsch). 
 
 Plate 204. 
 
 Rome. 
 
 Fig. 1. Marble frieze in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo (Holtzinger). 
 
 „ 2. Mural painting from the Raphael Loggia in the Vatican (L'art pour tous). 
 
 „ 3. Sgraffito-work from the house No. 82 Via Giulio (Dolmetsch). 
 
 „ 4. Mural painting by Annibale Caracci in the Palace Farnese (Mirth). 
 
 „ 6. Painting in the Raphael Loggia in the Vatican (D'Espouy). 
 
 Plate 205. 
 
 Venice. 
 
 The Renaissance did not make its appearance in Venice until the year 1450, but in 
 
 combination with the older architecture native to the city developed into a peculiar and 
 
 characteristic style. 
 
 (After Cicognara, Monumenti di Venezia.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Column and archivolt in the Presbytery of the church of Santa Maria 
 
 dei Miracoli. 
 
 Plate 206. 
 
 Venice. 
 (After Cicognara, Monumenti di Venezia.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Monument of Generosa Orslna, erected by her husband in the church of 
 
 Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari. 
 „ 2. Door border from the Royal Chapel in St. Marks. 
 „ 3. Equestrian statue by Bartolommeo CoUeoni on the Piazza of San Gio and 
 
 Paolo. 
 „ 4. Mantel piece in the Sala del Collegio in the Ducal Palace. 
 
 Plate 207. 
 
 Certosa of Pavia. 
 (After Mirth, Formenschatz.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Pillars from the niche with principal facade. The material used is white marble. 
 The principal sculptor was Ambrogio da Fossano, called Borgognone, but the work 
 was begun in the year 1473. In this master work of the Italian Early Renaissance, 
 however, which was completed at the end of the 15th century, other sculptors 
 also took part, amongst them being Giov. Ant. Amadeo, Christoforo da Roma, Andrea 
 Fusina, Christoforo Solari called il Gobbo and Agostin Busti called Bambaja. 
 
 „ 2. Window in the principal facade, Burkhardt calls it the Triumph of all Deco- 
 ration Work. 
 
 „ 3. Pilaster, frieze, and principal cornice.
 
 350 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 207.
 
 Plate 208. 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 351
 
 352 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 209. 
 
 1(1 !ifl 1)1 niiiiiifirifiMliiiiiiiiii'iiiiMiiMii fill !iO'i|iii^!liH»Hiinii)inaiiniin6in;iiiiiuniiiianii 
 
 
 jjjjj jj j 
 
 lAA.'.,^A■A;.U,^■•AA^AAA/J■A■„^.Wa.^J.^^J^AM.^>AV■^.>./LU
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 353 
 
 Plate 208. 
 
 Sicily, 
 (After J. J. Hittorff et L. Zanth, Architecture Moderne de la Sicile.) 
 Fig. 1. Door from the Benedictine Cloister in Catania. 
 „ 2, and 5. Fountain in the cathedral Square at Messina. 
 „ 3, and 6. Reliefs from the large fountain on the cathedral Square, Messina. 
 „ 4. Window from the Benedictine Cloister in Catania. 
 „ 7. Statue of Neptune from the large fountain on the quay at Messina. 
 
 Plate 209. 
 
 Fig. 1. Doorway from the church of St. Andrea in Mantua (Nicolai, Ornament der 
 
 italienischen Kunst des 15. Jahrhunderts). 
 „ 2. Glass painting in the Library at Florence, painted by Giovanni da Udine 
 (1494—1564), (Hirth). 
 
 3. Small column from the Palazzo Municipale in Perugia (Raguenet). 
 
 4. Inlaid marble-work in the floor of the cathedral of Siena (Dolmetsch). 
 
 5. Flat-relief from the Vendramini tomb in the church of San Giovanni e Paolo, 
 Venice (Dolmetsch). 
 
 6. Wrought-iron railing from Venice (L'art pour tous). 
 
 7. Telamonic support from the Palazzo Durazzo in the Via Novissima, Genoa 
 (Raguenet). 
 
 8. Ceiling in the Ducal Palace in Mantua (Nicolai). 
 
 9. Stairs of a Palace in Florence (Raguenet). 
 
 Plate 210. 
 
 Fig. 1. Intarsia work from a Stall in the church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence 
 
 (Teirich, Intarsien). 
 „ 2. Coffer in the Parish Picture Gallery in Spoleto, 10th century (Boito). 
 „ 3. Table, Italian-work, from the 16th century, at present in the Arts and Crafts 
 
 Museum in Berlin (Boito). 
 „ 4. Bronze knocker from the Strozzi Palace, Florence (D'Espouy). 
 „ 5. Wooden panel from the Castle of Salmes. Piedmontese work of the 16th century. 
 „ 6. Intarsia work from a Stall of the Certosa near Padua (Teirich, Intarsien). 
 
 Plate 211. 
 
 Italian Majolica. 
 
 Fig. 1. Faience dish from Urbino (Roger-Miles). 
 
 „ 2. Majolica dish by Maestro Giorgio da Gubbio, in the South Kensington Museum. 
 Dates from the year 1525. The Arabesques of this Master are generally executed 
 in yellow and green (Jannicke, Keramik). 
 
 SPELTZ, styles of Ornament 23
 
 354 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 210. 
 
 g<rH^^;J Ml^yv'lf|l^Vnf!t^(l^f/n.■W^^V,lW/^\-^ill^A^/^
 
 Plate 211, 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 355 
 
 23^
 
 356 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 212.
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 357 
 
 Fig. 3. Apothecary's vase from Castel Durante. In the British Museum (Jannicke). 
 
 „ 4. Majolica can by Maestro Giorgio da Gubbio (Jannicke). 
 
 „ 5. Venetian dish. In the South Kensington Museum (Jannicke). 
 
 „ 6. Floor with marble mosaic in the cathedral of Siena. The work of Beccafumi 
 
 from the year 1372 (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 7. Apothecary's pot from Siena. In the South Kensington Museum (Jannicke). 
 
 „ 8. Caffaggiolo. In the South Kensington Museum (Jannicke). 
 
 Plate 212. 
 
 Fig. 1. Sweetmeat tazza, after a drawing ascribed to Benvenuto Cellini (Havard). 
 „ 2, and 4. Venetian glasses from the Murano glass works, 17tii century (L'art 
 
 pour tous). 
 „ 3, 10, and 11. Venetian glasses (Roger-Mil&s and Havard). 
 
 „ 5, and 6. Ewer of enamelled gold, at present in the Uffizien, Florence (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 7. Goblet of beaten silver, gilt and chased, said to be the work of Benvenuto Cellini. 
 „ 8, and 9. Cut glass tazza with enamelled cover, 16th century (Havard). 
 
 Plate 213. 
 
 Fig. 1. Court mantle of embroidered silk (Roger-Miles). 
 
 2. Crotchet- work, 16th century (Roger-Miles). 
 
 3. Venetian embroidery with raised embroidered flowers (Roger-Miles). 
 
 4. Application embroidery, 16'^ century (Dupont and Auberville). 
 
 5. Silk damask, 16th century (Dupont and Auberville). 
 
 6. Genoese velvet pattern (Dupont and Auberville). 
 
 Plate 214. 
 
 Fig. 1. Book-marker from the Milan Chronicles of Bernardino Corlo. Milan, Alexander 
 
 Minutiano, 1503 (Hirth). 
 „ 2. Alphabet for embroidery from the year 1529. From the work "Esemplario di 
 
 Lavori" by Nicolo Zoppino, a Venetian drawer and copper-engraver (Hirth). 
 „ 3. Initial of Johannes Regiomontanus, taken from his work "Epitoma in Alma- 
 
 gestum Ptolemei", Venezia 1496 (Hirth). 
 „ 4. Head-dress, 16th century (Roger-Mil&s). 
 
 „ 5. Initial of the printing-office of Ottavio Scoto. Venice 1490—1510 (Hirth). 
 „ 6. Leaf from the works of Nicolo Zoppino, see Fig. 2 (Hirth). 
 „ 7. Venetian embroidery pattern from the year 1543. From the work "Esemplario 
 
 di Lavori" by Giovanandrea Vavassore (Hirth).
 
 358 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 213.
 
 Plate 214. 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 359
 
 360 
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 215.
 
 ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 361 
 
 Plate 215. 
 
 (After Hirth, Formenschatz.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Panel decoration (Dolmetsch). 
 
 „ 2. Venetian bellows, 16th century. 
 
 „ 3. Sword, said to be given by Francis I to the Graf von Lannoy, Vice-Regent of 
 Naples. It is, however, Italian work. 
 
 „ 4. Design for a harp, after a water-colour drawing in the Uffizi in Florence. 
 
 „ 5. Helmet of the Archduke Ferdinand of Tyrol. Italian gold-damascened orna- 
 mented work of the year 1550. In the Art Historical Collection of the Imperial 
 House in Vienna. 
 
 Window from the Laurentian Library in Florence 
 
 (Dolmetsch).
 
 362 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 The Renaissance in France. 
 
 1 
 
 s 
 
 Printing Initial 
 
 (Dolmetsch). 
 
 ext into France during the last quarter of the 15'^ century the influence 
 of the Renaissance movement spread; but owing to the still lingering 
 vitality of the Flamboyant Gothic Style, at first it was able only 
 to modify the decorative details, forming that which is known as 
 a transitional style, which lasted during the first quarter of the 
 16*h century. On the accession of Francis Jst, the new art was 
 devoted more to secular than to ecclesiastical architecture, and then 
 arose the magnificent palaces and chateaux of the Loire at Cham- 
 bord, Blois, Azay-le-Rideau, etc., which must be regarded as the 
 masterpieces of the early French Renaissance; it was also gradually 
 employed in domestic architecture throughout the towns of France. Here also, as in Italy, 
 the individuality of the architect or master mason became a real factor and the work pro- 
 duced was connected with their names. Thus we have Hector Sohier, the architect of the 
 chevet of the church of St. Peter's at Caen (1520); the Chambiges, uncle and nephew, 
 Pierre Lescot (1510—1578), the architect of the Louvre. Robert Lerou, Pierre Fain, Philibert 
 de rOrme (1515—1570), who designed the Tuileries for Marie de Medicis, Jean Bullant 
 (1520—1598), and others, bringing us down to the close of the 16th century. Shortly 
 afterwards follow the periods of Louis Xlll. and Louis XIV., whose work comes more under 
 the range of the Later Renaissance. In the latter part of the reign of Louis XIV., when pomp 
 and display were the fashion, the Renaissance ornament degenerated, leading the way to 
 the last change, viz, that of the Rococo period. 
 
 Embroidery Pattern (Roger-Miles).
 
 Plate 216. 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 363 
 
 MnKKjjMlHHmilllM^
 
 364 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 217. 
 
 ^^ ~^A^MIIi^Sd£M^}^^!^ikd^ ' 
 
 wm-"^
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 365 
 
 Plate 216. 
 
 (After Raguenet, Materiaux.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Door Head in Hotel Lallemand, Bourges, 16th century. 
 „ 2. Window of a house in the Rue des Focques, Dijon, W^ century. 
 „ 3. Decoration of pierced panel in the choir of the cathedral, Rodez (Aveyron). 
 
 From 16th century. 
 „ 4. Door of a private house in Langres, Haute Marne, 16th century. 
 
 Plate 217. 
 
 Fig. 1. Frieze ornamentation of a room in the Louvre (Raguenet). 
 „ 2. Door at angle of house in the Rue de la Grosse Horloge in La Rochelle, 
 
 Charente Inf^rieur, 16th century. 
 „ 3. Capital from the Baptistery of Louis XllL In the Palace at Fontainebleau 
 
 (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 4. Doric Renaissance Order after Philibert de I'Orme (Mauch). 
 „ 5. Ceramic panel (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 6. Fire-place in the Ducal Palace, Nancy, Meurthe et Moselle, 16th century (Raguenet). 
 „ 7. Cresting of the stalls in the church of Arques near Dieppe, 16th century 
 
 (Raguenet). 
 „ 8. Hermes in the Hotel d'Assezat, Toulouse, from the time of Henry II. (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 9. Has relief in the Hotel Carnavalet, Paris, 16th century (Raguenet). 
 
 Plate 218. 
 
 (Pfnor, Palais de Fontainebleau.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Capital of marble in the Palace of Fontainebleau. 
 
 „ 2. Exterior pilaster in the Chapel of St. Saturnin. 
 
 „ 3. Pedestal from the Chapel of St. Saturnin. 
 
 „ 4. Porte Dauphine. 
 
 „ 5. Pilasters from the Baptistery of Louis XIII. 
 
 Plate 219. 
 
 Fig. 1. Ornament of the time of Francis \. (Racinet). 
 
 „ 2. Ornament of the time of Henry IL (Racinet). 
 
 „ 3. Ornament of the time of Charles IX. (Racinet). 
 
 „ 4. Ornament of the time of Henry III. (Racinet). 
 
 „ 5. Decorative motif by Jean Cousin, from his book on Perspective (Racinet). 
 
 „ 6. Border from book (Hirth, Formenschatz). 
 
 „ 7. Decorative panel in the Louvre, time of Henry 11. (Dolmetsch). 
 
 „ 8. Coffered ceiling from the ancient Grand Chamber of the Parliament of Nor- 
 mandy in the Law Courts at Rouen (Racinet). This building, which was erected 
 by order of Louis XII. and the Cardinal of Amboise, was begun in 1499 and com- 
 pleted in 1514. The ceiling is of oak.
 
 366 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 218.
 
 Plate 219. 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 367
 
 368 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 220. 
 
 :i^^^av^AV^ki^ Jt-tA^.-t.-.C'^J 
 
 ^^1?
 
 Plate 221. 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 369 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 24
 
 370 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 222.
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 371 
 
 Plate 220. 
 
 Furniture. 
 (After Bajot, Musees de Louvre et de Cluny.) 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Arm chair, 16th century. In the Louvre. 
 „ 3. Oak Buffet, 16th century. In the Cluny Museum. 
 „ 4. Cabinet in walnut, from the time of Louis XIII. (L'art pour tous). 
 „ 5. Arm chair, 16th century. In the Cluny Museum. 
 „ 6. Table, 16th century. In the Cluny Museum. 
 
 Plate 221. 
 
 Fig. 1. Mural decoration in glazed terra-cotta, 16th century. In the Louvre (Havard, 
 
 Dictionnaire de I'ameublement et de la decoration). 
 „ 2. Faience dish, by the celebrated potter Bernard Palissy, Agen (Jannicke). 
 „ ' 3. Jug In Oiron faience. In the South Kensington Museum (JMnnicke, Grundriss 
 
 der Keramik). 
 „ 4. Terra-cotta figure. In the Louvre (Jannicke). 
 „ 5. Stoneware jug, 16th century (Havard). 
 „ 6. Small jug by Bernard Palissy, Agen (Jannicke). 
 „ 7, and 9. Inlaid floor-tiles after Viriot-Woeriot (Roger-Miles). 
 „ 8. Faience jug, Bernard Palissy, Agen (Roger-Miles). 
 
 Plate 222. 
 
 Fig. 1, 4, and 5. Halberds from the Early Renaissance (1453—1515) with distinctly 
 
 marked Gothic reminiscences (Roger-Miles). 
 „ 2, and 3. Helmet and sword hilt, probably owned by Francis I. (Roger-Mil^s). 
 „ 6. Sword hilt, from the 1st half of 16th century (L'art pour tous). 
 „ 7. Wrought-iron candle-stick, 16th century (Havard). 
 „ 8. Silver warming-dish (Havard). 
 „ 9. Pair of scissors, 16th century (Havard). 
 „ 10. Tankard with cover, 16th century (Havard). 
 
 Plate 223. 
 
 Fig. 1, 8, 10, and 14. Silver knife, fork and spoon (Havard, histoire de I'orfeverie franfaise). 
 „ 2. Neck pendant after Viriot-Woeriot (Roger-Miles, Comment discerner les styles). 
 „ 3. Enamelled crystal glass (L'art pour tous). 
 „ 4. Figures engraved glass (L'art pour tous). 
 
 „ 5. Wine decanter of rock-crystal, ornamented with precious stones (Havard). 
 „ 6, and 9. Fork and spoon, silver gilt (Roger-Miles). 
 „ 7. Enamelled plate, ascribed to Meister Jean Penicaud (Havard). 
 „ 11. Helmet of Charles the Bold, set with pearls and precious stones. From a drawing 
 
 in the Arsenal Library (Havard). 
 „ 12. Dagger-sheath (Racinet). 
 „ 13. Costume as emblem of the Jeweller's Art, after Larmessin (Havard). 
 
 24 •
 
 372 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 223.
 
 Plate 224. 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 373
 
 374 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 
 Plate 225. 
 
 'lis* I "'"^
 
 Plate 226. 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 375 
 
 i; 
 
 f[ 
 
 
 1 
 
 jffi/ii 
 
 i 
 
 
 IB 
 
 fl 
 
 \ 
 
 > 
 
 ( 
 
 f T "^x 
 
   
 
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 mim
 
 376 
 
 FRENCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 •I 
 » 
 
 Plate 224. 
 
 1. Valenciennes lace. Mailles doubles. In the Dutuit Collection. 
 
 2. Valenciennes lace. Mailles rondes. In the Dutuit Collection. 
 
 3. Silk pattern, 16th century (Dupont-Auberville, Collection of Decorations). 
 
 4. Wall tapestry in the Palace of Fontainebleau, 16th century (Dolmetsch). 
 
 5. Embroidery from the time of Catherine de Medicis, Point coupe, that is, 
 embroidery sewn on fine Cambric (Roger-Miles). 
 
 6. Embroidery from a bed. Presented to the Trappists near Montague by Henry II. 
 on his departure from the Monastery (Dupont-Auberville). 
 
 7. Velvet pattern, 16th century (Dupont-Auberville). 
 
 8. Gold embroidered cushion, 16th century (Havard). 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Plate 225. 
 
 1. Ivory fan, 17th century. In the Louvre (Hirth). 
 
 2. Hand mirror from a design by Etienne de Laune. From a copper engraving 
 from the year 1560 (Hirth). 
 
 3. Key by Mathurin Jousse de la Fleche, of the year 1625 (Hirth). 
 
 4. Book cover with the arms of Henry II. (Dolmetsch), 
 
 5. 6, and 7. Dagger hilts etc From designs by Antoine Jaequard, copper engraver 
 
 and armourer in Poitiers, 1st half of the 17th century (Hirth). 
 
 Plate 226. 
 
 Fig. 1, 3—6, 9, and 10. Painted ornament from the Castle of Cheverny near Blois 
 
 (Eugene Rouyer, L'art architectural en France). 
 „ 2, and 7. Engraved frontispieces from the Theatre des bons Engins, published in 
 
 Paris in 1539 by Guillaume de la Perrieire, and dedicated to Queen Margaret of Navarre. 
 „ 8, and 12. Inlaid, gold in wood, from the castle of Ecouen (Eugene Rouyer, L'art 
 
 architecture! en France). 
 „ 11. Inlay from the Cardinal's Room In the Castle of Ancy-Le-Franc. 
 
 Typographic ornamentation of the time of Louis XIII. (Dolmetsch).
 
 SPANISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 377 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in Spain and Portugal. 
 
 Initial by Juan de Yciar (Hirth). 
 
 pain accustomed by Moorish Art to fantastic forms 
 and configurations, worked the new italics, which 
 came into the country from France and Italy to- 
 wards the end of the 15th century, at first into 
 the Plateresque or Goldsmith's Style in which form 
 the Early Renaissance appeared in Spain. It was 
 not until the time of Philip II., after Charles V. 
 had a palace built by Malchuca in the Alhambra, 
 that a pure Renaissance Style, called by the Spa- 
 niards, the Graeco-Roman, came to be established. 
 The most magnificent structure of this period is 
 the Escurial (1563 — 1581), which was built by 
 Gian Baptista de Toledo, and his successor Juan 
 de Herrera. 
 
 Plate 227. 
 
 (After Monumentos de Espafia.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Head of a nail from the door of the University of Salamanca. 
 „ 2. Corner-piece from the tomb of Cardinal Ximenez or Cisneros as he is best 
 
 known in Alcaic de Henares. 
 „ 3, and 9. Pilasters from the door of the University of Salamanca. 
 „ 4—8. Details of the facade of the University in Alcaic de Henares. 
 
 Plate 228. 
 
 (After Monumentos de Espana.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Figure from the facade of the University in Alcala de Henares. 
 „ 2. Finial in the Court of the Archiepiscopal College, at present the Irish College, 
 
 in Salamanca. 
 „ 3. Finial from the door of the vestibule of the ancient Hospitales Santa Cruz 
 
 in Toledo. 
 „ 4. Doorway of a house in Palma, Majorca (Prentice). 
 „ 5. Pilaster capital from the gate of the University of Salamanca. 
 „ 6. Bracket capital of the gallery in the Archiepiscopal Palace in Alcala de 
 
 Henares. 
 „ 7. Cartouche from a house in Palma, Majorca (Prentice).
 
 378 
 
 SPANISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 227.
 
 Plate 228. 
 
 SPANISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 379
 
 380 
 
 SPANISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 229.
 
 Plate 230. 
 
 SPANISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 381 

 
 382 
 
 SPANISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 ^^^t.^^%^^^^^ ^ 
 
 Plate 231 
 
 -^^
 
 Plate 232. 
 
 SPANISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 383
 
 384 
 
 SPANISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 233. 
 
 WlcttaOm^l 
 
 LET R A S 
 
 V I Z C /\ V N OyrTky-^l
 
 SPANISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 385 
 
 Plate 229. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 5. Details of the north facade of the Royal Alcazar in Toledo (Monu- 
 mentos de Espaila). 
 „ 2. Order from the altar in the cloister of Poblet, said to be the work of the 
 Spanish Sculptor Berruguette, a pupil of Michael Angelos (Andrew Prentice, Renais- 
 sance Architecture in Spain). 
 
 Plate 230. 
 
 (After Andrew N. Prentice, Renaissance Architecture and Ornament in Spain.) 
 Fig. 1, 4, 7 and 8. Ceilings in carved wood in the vestibule of the Archiepiscopal 
 
 Palace in Alcald de Henares. 
 „ 2. Column of a wrought-iron grating in the cathedral of Cuenca. 
 „ 3. Pillar from the Stairshouse in the cathedral of Burgos. 
 „ 5. Coronal of an iron trellis-work in the baptism-chapel of the cathedral of 
 
 Toledo. 
 „ 6. Panel of a door in the palace of the Duke of Alba in Peharanda. 
 „ 9. Cornice of the Consistory in Palma, Majorca. 
 
 Plate 231. 
 
 (After Andrew N. Prentice, Renaissance Architecture and Ornament in Spain.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Inner gallery of Polentina House in Avila. 
 
 „ 2. Gateway from Avila. 
 
 „ 3. Iron railing from Cuenca. 
 
 „ 4. Frieze from the stone door of the cathedral of Sigiienza. 
 
 „ 5. Iron railing from the cathedral of SigQenza. 
 
 „ 6. Balcony from Palma, Majorca. 
 
 Plate 232. 
 
 Fig. 1. Helmet from the Armeria in Madrid (L'art pour tous). 
 
 2. Secretaire, 16th century. In the South -Kensington Museum. Transition period 
 (Libonis). 
 
 3. Folding chair from the cathedral of Toledo. Of black wood incrusted with 
 ivory, 16th century (Raguenet). 
 
 4. Embroidered carpet, end of 16th century. In Platersque style, from the Collection 
 of Domingo Guerrero y Polo in Barcel (Mira Leroy). 
 
 5. Reading-desk of wrought chased iron, end of 16th century (Mira Leroy). 
 
 6. Pendant ornament (L'art pour tous). 
 
 Plate 233. 
 
 Fig. 1—5. Lettering from designs by Juan de Yciar, Painter and Writing Master, 
 born 1525 in Durango, Biscaya: "Arte subtilissima por la qual se esenna a escrivir 
 perfectamente, Saragossa, 1550" (Hirth, Formenschatz). 
 
 SPFLTZ, styles of Ornament. 25
 
 386 
 
 SPANISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 234.
 
 SPANISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 387 
 
 Plate 234. 
 
 (After Albert Haupt, Die Baukunst der Renaissance in Portugal.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Silver filigree cross from the Treasury in Belem. 
 
 2, and 4. Balustrades from the chapel of the new Cathedral in Cimbra. 
 
 3. Window column in transept of the cloister dos Jeronymos, Belem. 
 
 5. Tile wainscotting in the chapel of St Roque, Lisbon. 
 
 6. Mosaic in a chapel in Penha Verde near Cintra. 
 
 7. Court-yard in the Benedictine cloister in Porto. 
 
 8. Wall tiles from the church of St. Maria da monte in Penha Verde near 
 Cintra. 
 
 Application Embroidery, 16th century 
 (Dupont-Auberville). 
 
 2S"
 
 388 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 The Renaissance in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. 
 
 (Dolmetsch.) 
 
 [efore the new style of art, which was introduced from France into 
 Germany, became firmly established in the latter country, a long 
 period of time was necessary. Although at the period the new 
 humanist movement carried on by Johannes Reuchlin, Erasmus of 
 Rotterdam, and Ulrich von Hutten, was already in full activity 
 in Germany, still it was more in a theological and philosophic 
 rather than in an artistic direction. The foundation for the Renais- 
 sance of Art was far less favourable in Germany than in France. 
 German architects were so tied to Gothic work that they strongly 
 resisted the introduction of the Renaissance. The painters, however, 
 Albrecht Diirer being the foremost amongst them were more amen- 
 able. Even though in his works one may notice the tendency 
 not entirely to disregard the Gothic, still, on the other hand, his 
 fine constructive sense and understanding for the new Italian Forms can also be clearly dis- 
 cernible. The first who really gave themselves up entirely to the Renaissance were Hans 
 Burkmair and Hans Holbein. The engravings produced by these artists were circulated 
 throughout the country, and even though they did not understand them, were the source 
 from which builders and artistic handworkers took the elements of the new art. This fact 
 explains the bizarre character which distinguished the Renaissance in Germany from that of 
 Italy. It was only when an intimate connection was established between the German and 
 Italian artists, when Italian artists came into Germany, and Italian works on architecture became 
 known and read in that country, that the German artists first began to really understand 
 what the Renaissance was. The Thirty Years War, however, which broke out at this time, 
 put an end to all artistic activity throughout the greater part of Germany. Besides this. 
 Protestantism, which also appeared, was an enemy to all kinds of decoration, and prevented 
 the use of the Renaissance for monumental Ecclesiastical Buildings. The people therefore con- 
 fined their work to the building of Castles and Town Halls. For this reason, the German 
 Renaissance lacks monumental force of form, but shows instead of that, a picturesque 
 grouping and decorative talent. 
 
 The most celebrated Masters of the German Renaissance were, Albrecht Diirer, Burkmair, 
 the two Holbeins, Peter Fischer and his son, Manuel Deutsch, Joseph Graf, and Peter FlOtner. 
 The German Renaissance did not succeed in developing into a homogenous Style or 
 characteristic System, a circumstance due to ruling loeal conditions which rendered it 
 impossible to do what was done in France, namely to unify the prevailing style of Archi- 
 tecture peculiar to the Middle Ages with the Antique forms. In all the numerous centres 
 of art in Germany, the new Style developed in a different manner, according as it was 
 influenced from France, Italy, or the Netherlands.
 
 Plate 235. 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 389
 
 390 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 The German Renaissance possesses no monumental aspect its chief power lying in the 
 artistic grouping and ornamental treatment of details. It was only in a later period that a 
 correct architectural tendency became apparent, which, however, was brought to a sudden 
 termination by the Thirty Years War. 
 
 The German Renaissance dates its commencement from the year 1525, and it lasted up 
 to 1620, the oldest German Renaissance Monument, however, the Entrance Gateway of the 
 Castle of Mahrisch-Triibau, dates from the year 1492, as do also some other Doorways. 
 
 In Germany as in Italy, three periods are distinguished, the Early, High, and Later 
 Renaissance, or Rococo, the first dating from 1525 to 1570, and the second down to 1680. 
 
 'ig- 
 
 1. 
 
 Ji 
 
 2. 
 
 )) 
 
 3. 
 
 it 
 
 4. 
 
 >J 
 
 5. 
 
 ft 
 
 6. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 Plate 235. 
 
 Column from Ensisheim (Lambert & Stahl, Motive der deutschen Architektur). 
 
 Hermes from the Armoury in Brunswick (Lambert & Stahl). 
 
 Wooden column from the Town Hall at Munden (Ortwein). The construction 
 
 of this building was begun in 1603. 
 
 Cartouche from the pulpit in St. George's church, Wismar (Ortwein). 
 
 Fountain column from Berne (Lambert & Stahl). 
 
 Capital from the fountain in the market-place at Berne (Lambert & Stahl). 
 
 Portal from the Royal Mews in Berlin. In the year 1665, the Royal Mews 
 
 was burned, but afterwards rebuilt by Kurfiirst Friedrich Wilhelm, who purchased 
 
 the house of Herr von Ribbeck which lay next to the Mews, and whose facade 
 
 remained uninjured. The doorway here given is found in this facade (Ortwein.) 
 
 8. Wooden pillar from church in Cologne (Ortwein). 
 
 9. Plinth from the arcade of the church Buildings in the Castle at Baden- 
 Baden (Ortwein). 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1. 
 
 M 
 
 2. 
 
 »> 
 
 3. 
 
 >> 
 
 4. 
 
 it 
 
 5. 
 
 it 
 
 6. 
 
 If 
 
 7. 
 
 >t 
 
 8. 
 
 Plate 236. 
 
 Window from transept in the cathedral at Ratisbon (Lambert & Stahl). 
 
 From the Organ Gallery in St. George's church, Wismar (Ortwein). 
 
 Coat of Arms from the monument to Duke Johann in Oels (Ortwein). 
 
 Inner gateway of the castle at Wismar, built in the years 1553—1555 
 
 (Lambert & Stahl). 
 
 Gable of a house in Heilbronn (Lambert & Stahl). 
 
 From an epitaph in St. George's church, Wismar (Ortwein). 
 
 Font in the Parish church, GQstrow (Ortwein). 
 
 Balustrade of the pulpit in the Jakob church, Goslar (Ortwein). 
 
 Plate 237. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Console brackets from the ceiling of the Prince's Hall in the Town 
 Hall at Augsburg (Leybold, Rathaus von Augsburg). 
 2. Wall-paper in the Town Hall at Danzig (Ortwein). 
 „ 4. From the staircase of the Town Hall at Bremen (Ortwein). 
 „ 5. Finial from the Town Hall at Bremen (Ortwein). 
 „ 6. Portion of wood ceiling from the Town Hall at GOrlitz (Ortwein).
 
 Plate 236. 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 391 
 

 
 392 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 237.
 
 Plate 238. 
 
 GERMAN "RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 393
 
 394 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 238. 
 
 (After Ortwein, Deutsche Renaissance.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Chairs in the Historical Museum, Dresden. 
 
 „ 3. Cabinet with inlaid work. This cabinet, which is in the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, 
 dates from the year 1599, and is made od seven woods, oak, sycamore, beech, and 
 others each stained of a different colour. 
 Consol from the Kaiser House in Hildesheim. 
 
 Ornament from wall-panelling in the Civil Service Office In Luneburg. 
 Panel from a stall in the Ludgeri church at Munster. 
 Door of the tabernacle in the church of St. Gereon, Cologne. 
 Panel from a screen in Hildesheim. 
 Cake mould in Luneburg Museum. 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 5, 
 
 
 6. 
 
 
 7, 
 
 
 8, 
 
 
 9, 
 
 Plate 239. 
 
 Fig. 1. Stove in the Prince's Hall of the Town Hall at Augsburg (Leybold). 
 
 „ 2. Stone jug from Cologne. The ornamentation is done in blue glaze (Ortwein). 
 
 „ 3, and 6. Terra-cottas from the Castle in Schwerin (Ortwein). Originally inten- 
 ded for the Furstenhof in Wismar. 
 
 „ 4. Stone jug in the Museum at Munich, from the beginning of the IZ'h century 
 (Hirth). 
 
 „ 5. Tin jug, 17th century. In the Museum at Lubeck (Hirth). 
 
 „ 7. Chimneypiece in the Town Hall at Miinden (Ortwein). 
 
 Plate 240. 
 
 Fig. 1. Mural painting in the Golden Hall of the Town Hall at Augsburg (Leybold). 
 The Town Hall at Augsburg was begun in the year 1615, the architect being the 
 Municipal Architect Elias Hell (1573—1646). It was completed, all except the interior 
 fittings, in 1620. These latter were, however, not carried out in accordance with 
 Holi's designs, but from designs by different masters, the most renowned of whom 
 were the painter Peter de Witt, called the Candid, the Jesuit Matthaus Rader, and 
 the Augsburg painter Matthias Kager. 
 
 „ 2. Painting on ceiling in the Knights Hall of Trausnitz Castle near Landshut 
 (Ortwein). These paintings date from tlie years 1578—1580, the building itself being 
 originally constructed in Gothic, and later on changed to the Renaissance style. 
 
 „ 3. Glass painting from the cupola of the chapel in the Royal Residence in 
 Munich. 
 
 „ 4. Book binding, 17th century, gilt and painted. In the Nuremberg Museum (Hirth). 
 
 „ 5. Pilaster panel from Wertheim Castle (Ortwein).
 
 Plate 239. 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 395
 
 396 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 240.
 
 Plate 241. 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 397 
 
 U\AAAAAAAAA/U\AAAAAAA;\.AMAAAAAaAA/\rAAn
 
 398 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 241. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Bracket candle -sticks from the Upper Hall of the Town Hall at 
 
 Augsburg (Leybold). 
 „ 3. Silver spoon in the Luneburg Museum (Ortwein). 
 „ 4. Key in the Munich Museum (Hirtli). 
 „ 5, Figure of a woman holding a candlestick in the Stertzing Town Hall, Tyrol. 
 
 The figure, which represents Lucretia dying, is carved in wood, and tastefully 
 
 painted and gilt. It dates from the 1st half of the 16th century (Hirth). 
 „ 6. Chandelier in the church of St. Mary at Zwickau (Ortwein). 
 „ 7. Iron cloth -shearing comb with etched design (Hirth). Belongs to the Early 
 
 Renaissance. 
 
 Plate 242. 
 
 Fig. 1. Hinge on door of the Town Hall at Augsburg (Leybold). 
 „ 2. Lock on the door of the Prince's Hall of the Town Hall at Augsburg 
 
 (Leybold). 
 „ 3. Door hirge from the principal doorway of the Town Hall at Augsburg 
 
 (Leybold). 
 „ 4. From the lock of a chest in the Munich Museum, iron plate carved and 
 
 engraved (Hirth). 
 „ 5. Finial from the Castle at Munden (Ortwein). 
 
 „ 6, and 7. Wrought iron railings, 16th century. In the Salzburg Museum (Hirth). 
 ,, 8. Railing in the tower staircase, Castle Yard, Dresden (Ortwein). 
 „ 9. Door knocker from Rostock (Ortwein). 
 
 Plate 243. 
 
 (After Hirth, Formenschatz.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Hunting spear, 16th century. In the Imperial Collection in Vienna. 
 
 „ 2, and 6. Ornament of a halbard, etched in iron, from the middle of the 16th cen- 
 tury. In the Munich Museum. 
 
 „ 3. Ornament by Peter Flotner (1549). In the Copper Engraving Cabinet, Munich. 
 
 ,, 4. Black and white drawing by Albrecht Dilrer. Shows a cavalier an horse back 
 in the triumphal procession of Emperor Maximilian. The original is in the Am- 
 brose Collection in Vienna. 
 
 „ 5. Bridle-bit from Scutters "Bit Book", Augsburg 1584. 
 
 Plate 244. 
 
 (After Hirth, Formenschatz). 
 
 Fig. 1. Small book-cover of engraved silver plate with velvet ground. 
 „ 2, 6, and 9. Sketches for gold ornaments. Black and white drawings in water- 
 colour from Hans Holbein in the British Museum.
 
 Plate 242. 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 399
 
 400 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 243.
 
 Plate 244. 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 401 
 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 26
 
 402 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 245.
 
 Plate 246. 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 403 
 
 26"
 
 404 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 3. Gentlewoman of the 16th century, after a drawing by Hans Holbein. 
 ,, 4. Gold chain with enamel-work. Augsburg work of the 16th centuiy. 
 
 5. Jewel of enamelled gold, 17th century. 
 „ 7, and 8. Samples of work of the goldsmith Jacob von der Heyden, from the 
 year 1620. Taken from the book "Suite de dessins d'ornements pour bijoutiers 
 meilleurs et emailleurs sur fond noir", published in Strasburg. 
 „ 10, and 11. Samples of lace-work from the book "Neues Modellbuch" by Johann 
 
 Sibmacher, Copper Engraver, who died in Nuremberg in the year 1611. 
 „ 12. Ornament pendant by Paul Birckenhultz. 
 
 Plate 245. 
 
 (After Hirth, Formenschatz.) 
 Fig. 1. Bronze clock with engraved and chased ornamentation, made by Benedict 
 
 Fiirstenf elder at about the middle of the 17th century. 
 „ 2. Hock glass, 17th century. In the National Museum, Munich. 
 „ 3. Wedding goblet of gilt silver, 16th century. The large goblet is formed by the 
 
 hooped farthingale, the small one is moveable round its own axis. The bridegroom 
 
 was obliged to drink from the large goblet and empty it without spilling any out 
 
 of the small one. The bride drank from the small goblet. 
 „ 4. Silver spoon and fork, 16th century. In possession of the owner of the Possen 
 
 Estate, Kurland. 
 „ 5. Chalice by Wenzel Janitzer. 
 
 „ 6. Silver knives and forks from Nuremberg (L'art pour tous). 
 ,, 7. Silver drinking-jug, strongly gilt, Nuremburg work from the 16th or beginning of 
 
 17th centurj'. 
 
 Plate 246. 
 
 (After Hirth, Formenschatz.) 
 Fig. 1. Carpet pattern, from an oil painting by George Pencz in the Royal Museum, Berlin. 
 
 From the beginning of the 16th century. The colours, exclusive of the black outlines, 
 
 are a dark and a light moss green. 
 „ 2. Pattern of a gold brocade, from a picture by Roger van den Weyden "Das 
 
 Christkind erscheint den drei heiligen Konigen" — The Christ Child appearing to 
 
 the three Kings — in the Royal Museum at Berlin. 
 „ 3. Gold brocade on black velvet, from a picture of the Cologne School, in the 
 
 Royal Picture Gallery, Municli. 
 ,, 4. Green velvet on a green silk ground, 16th century. In the National Museum, 
 
 Munich. 
 „ 5. Black velvet on gold brocade, from a picture by Dirk Bouts in the Royal Picture 
 
 Gallery Munich. 
 „ 6. Gold embroidery on black velvet, from the mantle worn by the Pfalzgraf Wil- 
 
 lielm beim Rlicyn on his marriage with Renata von Lothringen, on the 22"^ February 
 
 1568. In the National Museum, Munich.
 
 Plate 247. 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 405 
 
 rirtiipionunrmitflir 
 ptfltfs.rtnitiJiliin
 
 406 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 248.
 
 Plate 249. 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 407
 
 408 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 247. 
 
 (After Hirth, Formenschatz.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 3. Initials by Lucas Kranach. 
 
 „ 2, 4, and 5. Letters from Caligraphic Work of Paulo Franken, writing-master 
 and arithmetician in Memmingen. From the year 1601. 
 
 „ 6. The Hohenzollern Arms by Jost Amman. 
 
 „ 7. Ornaments from the work Imperatorum Romanorum Imagines, published in 
 Zurich in 1559 by Gessner, and drawn in all probability by Christoph Schweitzer. 
 
 „ 8,9, 11, and 12. Written text from the album of Wolfgang Fugger, Nurem- 
 berg, 1553. 
 
 „ 10. Letters for embroidery, from the book: "Ein new getruckt model Buchli auf 
 aussuchen und bartten wicken", 1529. 
 
 „ 13. Initials of Lucas Kilian, engraver at Augsburg. 
 
 Plate 248. 
 
 (After Wilhelm Weimar, Monumentalschriften.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Engraved Solnhofer stone slab, of the year 1636, formerly in the "Getreide- 
 kasten zum leeren Beutel", Ratisbon, at present in the Municipal Museum in the 
 same city. 
 „ 2. Engraved Solnhofer stone slab, from the year 1592. In the Collection of the 
 Historical Society of the Oberpfalz in Ratisbon. 
 
 Swiss Renaissance Wood Buildings. 
 
 Plate 249. 
 
 (After E. Gladbach, Holzbauten der Schweiz.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Leaf-table from Filisur in the Engadine, 1672. 
 
 „ 2. Door of the hospital in Frutigen, Canton Berne. 
 
 „ 3. Wall panelling in tlie drawing-room of the Baron von Reding-Biberegg in Schwyz. 
 
 „ 4. View of the granary in Langnau, Canton Berne, dated 1519. 
 
 Plate 250. 
 
 (After E. Gladbach, Holzbauten der Schweiz.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Panelled ceiling of tlie drawing-room of the Baron von Reding-Biberegg, Schwyz. 
 (See also plate 249, Fig. 3.) 
 „ 2. Detail from the same room. 
 „ 3, 5, and 7. Carving from Glion in Canton Waadt. 
 „ 4, and 6. Back of a child's chair in Riiti, Meiringen. 
 „ 8. Inn table in Canton Schwyz.
 
 Plate 250. 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANNE ORNAMENT. 
 
 409
 
 410 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 9. Corbel strut from Langnau, Canton Berne. 
 
 10. Old House at Langnau. 
 
 11. and 15. Sawn-out work from same. 
 
 12. Back of chair from Canton Berne. 
 
 13. Table from Rothenthums in Schwyz. 
 
 14. Stool in Schwyz. 
 
 Wood carving from the facade of Hutte's House in HOxtcr 
 
 (Ortwein).
 
 Plate 251. 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 411
 
 412 
 
 GERMAN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in Hungary. 
 
 Plate 251. 
 
 (After Dr. Bela Czobor und Emmerich von Szaley, die historischen Denkmaier Ungarns.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Bishop's mitre of red pearl-worked embroidery, 15'^ century. In the Trea- 
 sury of the Cathedral Church, Gyor. 
 
 2. Saddle of red velvet with gold embroidery, 17th century. 
 
 3. State armour of Stefan B^thory (1533—1586). In the Art Historical Museum 
 in Vienna. 
 
 4. Cross worn by the Cardinal Archbishop Peter Pdzmany of Esztergom, 
 16th century. 
 
 5. Cavalry broadsword, 16th century. 
 
 6. Richly ornamented partisan, 16th century. 
 
 7. Richly ornamented regal sword, 16th century. In the Royal Collection of Arms, 
 Vienna. 
 
 8. Richly ornamented sword from the Siebenbflrger Museum. 
 
 9. Tiara from Krusedole cloister, 15th century. 
 
 Agraffe of gold and enamel, 17th century. 
 (L'art pour tous.)
 
 Plate 252. 
 
 DUTCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 413 
 
 m-im§M!mm 
 
 ^ij^^^MIMM
 
 414 
 
 DUTCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in the Netherlands. 
 
 n Belgium, Renaissance Ornament did not develop to the same standard as Gothic 
 Ornament. The earliest work of the Renaissance in Belgium is the palace of 
 Margarete of Parma in Malines, built about the year 1520 by the French 
 Architect Beauregard. The most renowned is, however, the Rathhaus, or Town 
 Hall of Antwerp, built in the years 1561 — 1565 by Cornelius de Vriendt or 
 Floris, a pupil of Giovanni da Bologna. The cities of Ghent, Ypres, Furnes, 
 and others, possess also remarkable specimens of Town Halls in this style. 
 The Renaissance appeared in Holland later than in Belgium, the most impor- 
 tant buildings in Holland being also the Town Halls, that of the Hague 
 (1564—1575), and Leyden (1597—1604). The most celebrated architects of 
 this period were Hendrick de Kayzer (1567 — 1621), and his colleague, Corne- 
 lius Dankerts (1561 — 1634), who succeeded in Holland in directing Art along 
 Italian lines, while in Belgium the Renaissance degenerated much sooner. 
 There developed, therefore, in Holland, a specific, Dutch Style which spread 
 also through North Germany and Scandinavia. 
 
 Door Handle jj^ consequence of the epoch-making introduction of the modern system 
 
 from unent ^j oil-painting by the brothers Hubert and Jean van Eyck, which rendered it 
 (twerbecK). pQggj^ig ^Q gjyg ^^ue reproductions of nature, so absolutely necessary for the 
 
 development of Realism, painting developed in a most magnificent manner in the Netherlands. 
 
 Having its beginnings in Flanders it grew to be the ruling style and fashion. 
 
 Plate 252. 
 
 (After F. Ewerbeck und Neumeister, die Renaissance in Belgien und Holland.) 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1. 
 
 2 
 
 3. 
 4. 
 5. 
 6. 
 
 7. 
 
 Glass painting of the year 1549. In the Museum at Middelburg. 
 
 Stone arm-chair from the year 1609. In the Museum at Bruges, originally in 
 
 the church at Damme near Briiges. 
 
 Console from a fire-place in the Town Hall at Venlo. 
 
 Column of the pulpit in the cathedral at Hertogenbosch (Bois-leduc). 
 
 Iron tee on a house in Zalt-Bommel. 
 
 Southern ornamental gable of the abattoir in Haarlem. This is the most 
 
 valuable monument of Renaissance Architecture in the Netherlands. It was completed 
 
 1603, but the name of the architect is unknown. 
 
 Capital from a stall in the large church at Dortrecht. 
 
 Plate 253. 
 
 Fig. 1. Shaft of column after Vries, 16'^ century (Libonis). 
 
 „ 2. Cartouche from the atlas of Abraham Ortelius, Antwerp 1583 (Hirth, Formenschatz). 
 
 „ 3. Brflges guipure lace in the Grunthuze Museum. 
 
 „ 4. Cartouche from the atlas of Waghenaer, Amsterdam 1583 (Hirth).
 
 Plate 253. 
 
 DUTCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 415
 
 416 
 
 DUTCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 254.
 
 Plate 255. 
 
 DUTCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 417 
 
 •^^^w^ 
 
 "s^ 
 
 ^. 
 
 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 27
 
 418 
 
 DUTCH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 5. Brussels lace. Point de Bruxelles, "Drochel", foundation. From the Dutuit Collection. 
 „ 6. Oak cabinet, 16th century. In the Cluny Museum (Bajot). 
 „ 7. Table, 17th century. In the Cluny Museum (Bajot). 
 
 Plate 254. 
 
 (After Ewerbeck and Neumeister, Die Renaissance in Belglen und Holland.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Balcony of the Town Hall at Fumes, 17th century. 
 
 „ 2. Wrought-iron door furniture, in the Haller Tor Museum, Brussels. 
 
 ,, 3. Wrought-iron fire-dog, etc., in the Haller Tor Museum, Brussels. 
 
 .. 4. Stalls in the Stadtor of Dortrecht. 
 
 Plate 255. 
 
 (After Ewerbeck and Neumeister, Die Renaissance in Belgien und Holland.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Wooden table in the Town Hall at Oudenarde (L'art pour tous). 
 
 2, 3, and 5. Glazed wall tiles of Delft. 
 
 4. Gold medallion (L'art pour tous). 
 
 6. Gold pendant ornament (L'art pour tous). 
 
 7. Delft plate (L'art pour tous). 
 
 8. Brass fire dog (L'art pour tous). 
 
 ' ^!l:f■!^"■°i■^![j■i'l''f!.'lJ!J^l^^ 
 
 'WMimimSmMm^ 
 
 Table from the Salvator church in Brflges (Ewerbeck).
 
 NORTHERN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 419 
 
 Ornament of the Northern Renaissance. 
 
 the Scandinavian Lands the Renaissance style of art did not become 
 properly prevalent until the 16^^ century, being introduced into Denmark 
 from the Netherlands, and into Sweden from the Hansa Cities which 
 were also, in a like manner, subject to Netherland influences. It did 
 not, however, develop in any of these countries into a characteristic 
 style. The Early Renaissance in Sweden extends up to the year 
 1630, and the Later Renaissance, which in consequence of the deeper 
 study given by the artists, approached more the Italian forms of Art, 
 from 1630 to 1720. 
 
 The Renaissance did not begin to make itself felt in Norway 
 until the beginning of the 17th century. Considering the lively commer- 
 cial intercourse with Holland which obtained at this period, it is easy 
 to understand that Norwegian Woodwork Architecture, besides being 
 subject to Swedish, German, and Danish influences, was also especially influenced by 
 Dutch Renaissance motifs, motifs which the skilled Norwegian peasants knew well how 
 to handle independently, and to transform, by grafting them on the ancient native forms 
 peculiar to the country. 
 
 Book Ornament 
 
 (Dahlerup). 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Fig- 
 
 Plate 256. 
 
 (After Dr. John BOttiger, Hedvig Eleonoras Drottingholm.) 
 
 1. Door. 
 
 2. Ceiling in drawing-room. 
 
 3. and 4. Frieze of Chamber of state. 
 
 5. Chimney-piece in the lower Retainer's Hall. 
 
 6. Ceiling in the South Tower. 
 
 7. Pilaster from the upper Retainer's Hall. 
 
 Plate 257. 
 
 1 — 7. Norwegian wood ornaments of the I7th century (Dietrichson und Munthe 
 Die Holzbaukunst Norwegens). 
 
 8. Bronze chandelier with console of the year 1668. 
 
 9. Fire-dog from Noergaard, Denmark, of the year 1588 (Dahlerup, Holm und 
 Stork, Tegninger af asldre nordisk Architektur). 
 
 27<
 
 420 
 
 NORTHERN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 256. 
 
 ^ mi^imme!i/fy):mmm-JimM 
 
 
 '^yjjj-'j's.y-j'j-yj'i-j'j-j'j^yyj'^j'j-i.^^^j-j'}:
 
 Plate 257. 
 
 NORTHERN RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 421
 
 422 
 
 SLAVONIC RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Slavonic Renaissance Ornament. 
 
 
 Baptismal Font in 
 the Family Chapel 
 of the Firlej near 
 the Parish church 
 in Bejsce, 1600 
 (Odrzywolsky). 
 
 NTO Russia, and also into Poland, the Renaissance was introduced by 
 
 Italian artists who had been invited into both countries. These 
 artists, however, were unable to resist subordinating themselves to 
 the Oriental influences already prevalent especially in Russia, the 
 result being the development of a native, national Style, whose prin- 
 cipal characteristics were the Imperial Roof and the Ogee Arch. The 
 wood Architecture was also brought by the Renaissance to a high 
 state of perfection, to which result Scandinavian and Lower Saxon 
 influences very probably also contributed. 
 
 In Polish Art, where local influences were not so powerful, the 
 evidences of Italian Renaissance influences are far more apparent 
 than in Russia. 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in Poland. 
 
 Plate 258. 
 
 (After Slawomir Odrzywolsky, Die Renaissance in Polen.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Gold reliquary, 16ih century, in the Treasury of Cracow cathedral 
 
 2. Silver candle-stick from the Siglsmund chapel in Cracow cathedral, dates 
 from the year 1536. 
 „ 3. Choir stalls in the King Stefan Bathory chapel, Cracow cathedral. In all 
 probability the work of Santi Gucci. 
 4. Dutch-tile stove in the Castle of Podhorce. Contains the arms of the Rzewuski 
 Krzwada Family, very probably Danzig work.
 
 Plate 258. 
 
 SLAVONIC RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 423
 
 424 
 
 SLAVONIC RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 5, and 6. Turret crest over the Sigismund chapel, Cracow cathedral. The angels 
 and the crown are cast in copper, the cross and ball of wrought copper, all are 
 richly gilt. 
 
 Window of the Royal Castle in Cracow (Odrzywolsky).
 
 Plate 259. 
 
 SLAVONIC RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 425 
 
 3s^^9P?r#im'§!?s^s^
 
 426 
 
 SLAVONIC RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 260. 
 
 wmmA 
 
 
 if'.'iii-'M 
 
 

 
 SLAVONIC RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 427 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in Russia. 
 
 Plate 259. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. From a Croatian peasant-house in Progar near Semlin, Symrina 
 
 (Uhde, Die Konstruktionen und die Kunstformen der Architektur). 
 „ 3. Gable of a peasant's house in Fataroff, Russia (Uhdej. 
 „ 4. Window from the south side of the church at Tscherewkowo, Russia 
 
 (Sonslow, Ancienne Architecture Russe). 
 ,, 5, 6, and 10. Door wood-carvings, 17tii century (Sireitschikoff). 
 „ 7 to 9. Table and ornaments from the Nicolo Mocky church (Gagarin, Russische 
 
 Ornamente). 
 
 Plate 260. 
 
 (After N. P. Sireitschikoff et D. K. Treneff, Ornements sur les monuments de I'ancien art Russe.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Chased ornament from a chandelier, 17th century. 
 
 „ 2, 3, and 5. Enamel ornaments, 17th century. 
 
 „ 4. Painting from a holy picture, end of 16th century. 
 
 „ 6. Painting from a holy picture, painted by Simon Ouchanoff in 1683. 
 
 „ 7. Painting from a holy picture, painted by Ninite Pauloff in 1677. 
 
 „ 8. Decorative design, of the year 1492. 
 
 „ 9. Silver mounting from a holy picture, end of 16th century. 
 
 „ 10. Wood-carving from a door, 16th century. 
 
 Mitre of a Patriarch, 17 th century, in the Museum of the Kreml in Moscow. 
 Shows marked Byzantine influence (L'art pour tous).
 
 428 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Ornament over the window in Winchester School. 
 
 (After Belcher and Macartney. Later Renaissance Architecture in England.) 
 
 Renaissance Ornament in England. 
 
 Initial, 17th century 
 (Gotch). 
 
 s the Gothic style in England retained its vitality much latei 
 than in other countries, and in its last phase known as the 
 Tudor Style, had already affected in Domestic Architecture 
 the principal changes in plan and design which transformed 
 the castle into the country mansion, the transitional period 
 lasted for a much longer period. The first attempt to open 
 the way for the introduction of the Renaissance in England 
 was made by the Italian Pietro Torrigiano with the erection 
 in the year 1519 of the beautiful monument to Henry VII. 
 and his wife, and that to Margaret of Richmond, both in 
 Westminster Abbey. The employment of the Renaissance 
 in England was however for a long time confined to the enrichment of the principal entrance 
 doorways of mansions. The artists Toto dell' Nunziata, Theodore Haveus and John of Padua 
 also helped in bringing the new style into England. 
 
 The real, characteristic English Renaissance did not begin to develop itself until the 
 reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558 — 1603) when it was known under the title of the Elizabethan 
 Style, which was a transition style from the Tudor or Late Gothic to the Renaissance, similar 
 to the transition in France of the style of Francis I. from the Gothic to the French Renaissance. 
 The English style resembled the German and French Early Renaissance, in so far as it too, 
 in a similar, way confined itself more to secular buildings, castles and country houses, than 
 to ecclesiastical, while, on the other hand, the latter were of the very greatest importance 
 to the Italian Renaissance. Even although the development of the Elizabethan Style was 
 much influenced by Italian art, still it cannot be denied that it possesses a genuine, national 
 character peculiar to itself. As Queen Elizabeth brought German and Flemish artists in the
 
 Plate 261. 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 429
 
 430 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 country for the building of the castles of the period, it is clear that German and Flemish 
 influences had also their effect upon the English Style. The architect John Shute, and the 
 designer de Vries of authory contributed much to the development of the Elizabethan Style. 
 
 Under the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. (1603 — 1625), the Renaissance took 
 on a still more classic form, owing to the more intimate and deeper study of classic architecture, 
 to the removal of all Gothic reminiscences, and to the labours of the architect John Thorpe. 
 
 The English Renaissance was rendered completely free of all Gothic elements by the 
 two famous architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren, who may be considered as the 
 founders of the pure Italian Style. Inigo Jones (1572 — 1652) studied in Italy, especially in 
 Vicenza, under the personal supervision of Palladio, and when be returned to England after 
 a second journey to Italy in the year 1612 he succeeded in introducing complete change in 
 the architecture, and became the founder, in England of the pure classical School after 
 Palladio. Sir Christopher Wren (1632—1723) was professor of astronomy and mathematics 
 in Oxford, and, when London was almost destroyed by fire in the year 1666, designed a 
 plan for its reconstruction which although it was not carried out led to his employment in 
 the rebuilding of London. In consequence of his studies in Paris, there is more of French 
 than Italian influence in Wren's work. At this period, when Vignola exercised great in- 
 fluence in France, and Palladio in England, Wren attempted to unite both styles. His prin- 
 cipal work is St. Paul's cathedral, London, which with his numerous other works, is now 
 included in the Later Renaissance Style. 
 
 Plate 261. 
 
 Fig. 1. Detail of Tomb of Henry VIL, Westminster Abbey (H. O. Cresswell in Archi- 
 tectural Assoc. Sketch Book). 
 „ 2. Balustrade Audley, End, Essex (Richardson). 
 3. Garden Porch, Coombe Abbey, (Richardson). 
 „ 4. Carved Baluster, Blickling Hall, Norfolk (Shaw). 
 
 5. Detail of Balustrade, Audley End, Essex (Richardson). 
 „ 6. Ceiling of great chamber in an old house formerly in Gravel Lane, Hounds- 
 ditch, London (Richardson). 
 
 Plate 262. 
 
 (After Gotch, Architecture of the Renaissance in England.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Door of Dining-room in Gayton Manor House, Northamptonshire. 
 
 2. Top of Bench end in Leeds church, erected in the years 1631 — 1633. 
 3—5. Ceiling Decorations from the Manor House, South Wraxall, Wiltshire. 
 
 6. Staircase Clare College, Cambridge, erected after the year 1635. 
 
 7. Balustrade to terrace, Claverton. 
 
 8. Chimney-piece in Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire, 17*^ century. 
 
 9. Gable of Rushfon Hall, Northamptonshire, from the year 1636. 
 
 10. Balustrade to porch. Cold Ashton. 
 
 11. Gatewey in Garden wall, Stibbington Hall, Huntingdonshire, erected in 1625.
 
 Plate 262. 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 431
 
 432 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 263.
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 433 
 
 Plate 263. 
 
 (After Gotch, Architecture of the Renaissance in England.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Panel from a pew in Leeds church. 
 „ 2. Part of Arcade of screen in Leeds church. 
 „ 3. Panel from a wood chimney-piece in Burton Agnes Hall, Yorkshire. Erected 
 
 in 1610. 
 „ 4. Carved wood string from the Neptune Inn, Ipswich, 1620. 
 
 „ 5. Newel of Staircase, Aston Hall, Warwickshire. 
 
 „ 6. Wood work from Astbury church. 
 
 „ 7, and 8. Balustrade in the Library of Merton College, Oxford. 
 
 Plate 264. 
 
 Fig. 1—3. Carved wood strings from houses in Ipswich (Gotch). 
 
 4. Arch at end of terrace Bramshill House (Gotch). 
 
 5. Pillar and vaulting in Hall, Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire (Gotch). 
 
 6. Wood panelling over a fire-place in Hull, 1550 (The Builder). 
 
 7. Door to Library of St. John's College, Cambridge (Gotch). 
 
 8. Boss to vaulting in Porch at Bolsover Castle, Derbyshire (Gotch). 
 
 Plate 265. 
 
 (Gotch, Architecture of the Renaissance in England.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Roof of the hall, Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire. 
 
 „ 2. Base to wood pilaster South Wraxhall Manor-House, Wiltshire. 
 
 „ 3. Balustrade from St. Catherine's Court House, Somersetshire, 
 
 „ 4. Panel from font cover in the church of St. Mary-the-Iess, Cambridge. 
 
 „ 5. Pew front Lanteglos church. 
 
 „ 6. Panelling from Burton Agnes Hall, Yorkshire. 
 
 Plate 266. 
 
 Fig. 1, Portion of Canopied Chair, Convocation House, Oxford (J. Gillespie in Archi- 
 tectural Assoc. Sketch Book). 
 
 „ 2. Carved Detail from Chimney-piece in old House formely in Lime Street, 
 London (Spiers and Birch). 
 
 „ 3. Carved baluster pier, Claverton, Somersetshire. 
 
 „ 4. Staircase at Dorfold, Cheshire (Richardson). 
 
 „ 5. Portion of Ceiling, Sexton's House, St. James's, Bristol (Richardson). 
 
 SPELTZ, styles of Ornament. 28
 
 434 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 264. 
 

 
 Plate 265. 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 435 
 
 28*
 
 436 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 266. 

 
 Plate 267. 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 437
 
 438 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMEMT. 
 
 Plate 268.
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 439 
 
 Plate 267. 
 
 Fig. 1. Detail of Tomb, Westminster Abbey. 
 
 „ 2. Terminal to Gatepier, Claverton, Somersetshire (Richardson). 
 
 „ 3. Balustrade, with Vase, Duke's House, Bradford-on-Avon (Richardson). 
 
 „ 4, Carved Frame, Crewe Hall (Richardson). 
 
 „ 5. Balustrade Audley End, Essex (Richardson). 
 
 „ 6. Portion of Ceiling at Dorford, Cheshire (Richardson). 
 
 „ 7. Detail from Crewe Hall (Richardson). 
 
 „ 8. Detail from St. Lawrence church, Kent 
 
 Plate 268. 
 
 Fig. 1. Toft plate. From the Bateman Collection (JMnnicke). 
 
 „ 2. Fulham pottery (Stoneware). From the Reynolds Collection (Jannicke). 
 
 „ 3. Drinking-beaker. From the Mayer Collection (Jannicke). 
 
 „ 4. Stoneware jug. In the Geological Museum, London. 
 
 „ 5. Bed of Oliver Cromwell, carved in oak (Bajot, Encyclopedic du meuble). 
 
 „ 6. Red stoneware by Elers. South Kensington Museum (JMnnicke). 
 
 Plate 269. 
 
 Fig. 1. Oak Cabinet at Wlngfield Manor (Sanders, Carved Oak Woodwork). 
 
 „ 2. Chair 17*^ century (A. E. Chancellor, Examples of Old Furniture). 
 
 „ 3. Head of Oak cradle, l?**" century (Chancellor). 
 
 „ 4. Armchair from Hampton Court, 17th century (Chancellor). 
 
 „ 5. Looking-glass in Elizabethan style (Chancellor). 
 
 „ 6. Oak chest, 17th century (Sanders). 
 
 „ 7. Table and scholar's seat from the Charterhouse, 17th century (Chancellor). 
 
 Plate 270. 
 
 Fig. 1. From a damask chair-cover at Knole Park, Kent. From the time of James L 
 (Owen Jones). 
 „ 2 — 4, and 13. Wood diapers, from the time of James I. (Owen Jones). 
 „ 5, and 11. Applique needlework, from the time of James L (Owen Jones). 
 „ 6. Portrait of Jane Seymour, wife of Henry VIII., by Holbein. In the Vienna 
 Gallery (Hirth).
 
 440 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 269.
 
 Plate 270. 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 441
 
 442 
 
 ENGLISH RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 7, and 8. Needlework tapestry from a tomb in Westminster. From the time of 
 
 Queen Elizabeth (Owen Jones). 
 „ 9, and 12. Diapers from Burton Agnes, Yorkshire (Owen Jones). 
 „ 10. Plaster diaper from an old house near Tottenham. From the time of Queen 
 
 Elizabeth (Owen Jones). 
 
 Renaissance Chair (Bajot).
 
 LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 The term Later Renaissance is the title given to the second phase of the 
 Renaissance and is applied to those buildings which were erected subsequent to 
 the attempt made by Serlio, Vignola, and Palladio, to formulate principles which 
 should govern the employment of the Classic Orders. In the earlier work of 
 Brunelleschi, Michelozzo and Alberti, the architectural design was ruled more or 
 less by an adherence to those principles which would seem to have guided the 
 Roman architects, ornament was only sparingly introduced, and then only in such 
 features as in the capitals of columns and friezes which required more decorative 
 treatment. The tendency, however, in other work and more especially in those 
 which were entrusted to sculptors, who paid but little attention either to the 
 structural design of the building, to its setting out or to the principles of the 
 classic models which they tried to reproduce, was to overload their structures 
 with ornament. This would seem in the second half of the 16th century, to have 
 led a reaction in art by the theorists, who attempted to formulate the tradition 
 of classic art on fixed principles and to establish rules for the employment of 
 purer architectural forms. This movement was probably influenced by the example 
 set by Vitruvius, who in his manuscript, "de re aedificiatione", written about 
 25 B. C. laid down rules for the employment of the Orders of architecture. At 
 all events it led to the publication of similar works, of which the first would 
 appear to have been by Serlio (1475 — 1582), who in 1542 published a work 
 on the Orders, followed by Vignola in 1563 and by Palladio in 1570. Vitruvius's 
 manuscript, discovered about the middle of the 15^h century, was accompanied 
 by illustrations which have never been found; to supplement this loss these 
 Italian authors introduced Orders of their own, based on the monuments of the 
 first three centuries of our era, instead of those of Greece, which Vitruvius had 
 described, as in his time the monuments of Imperial Rome had scarcely been 
 commenced. Vitruvius had described three Orders only, the Doric, Ionic and 
 Corinthian, to which he had added a primitive form of the Doric Order, which 
 he called Tuscan. The Italians included that as a definite Order, and added a 
 fifth, called the Composite Order. These publications henceforth constituted a copy
 
 444 
 
 LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 book which became a standard universally adopted throughout France, Spain, 
 England, and Germany and led to what used to be called the Italian revival, 
 but which is now generally known in England as the Later Renaissance, and in 
 Germany as the Barocco or Barock; as this latter term is unknown in England, 
 that of the Later Renaissance has been adhered to in this work. Although in 
 France the earliest influence in the Louvre and at Fontainebleau was that which 
 must be attributed to Serlio, in later times Vignola became the chief authority, 
 notwithstanding the fact that one of the greatest architects of the French 
 Renaissance, Philibert de TOrme had published a similar standard work in 1567. 
 In England Palladio was generally recognised as the chief authority, owing pro- 
 bably to the influence of Lord Burlington, until Sir William Chambers in 1759 
 brought out his work on "Civil Architecture", which has since been regarded as 
 the chief standard. As on the whole the five orders of Vignola are looked 
 upon as better authorities not only in France but in America, they have been 
 here reproduced. 
 
 The five Orders after Vignola.*) 
 
 *) This numbers given in the drawing are milHmetres on the supposition that the total 
 height is a normal height of one metre, divided into 1000 milHmetres. To find the dimen- 
 sions in centimetres which correspond to this number simply multiply such with the height. 
 For details see, "Speltz, SSulenformen der agyptischen, griechischen und 
 rSmischen Baukunst".
 
 ITALIAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 445 
 
 Later Renaissance Ornament 
 in Italy. 
 
 \^ As with the Earlier Renaissance, the names of the 
 architects were always associated with the buildings 
 they designed, so that the individuality to which re- 
 ference has already been made existed in all their 
 works. The chief followers of this school were Do- 
 minico Fontana (1543—1607) the architect of the lateral 
 facade of St. John Lateran, Scamozzi (1552—1616) 
 who continued Sansovino's work along the South side 
 of the Piazza de San Marco and published a work on 
 the Orders in 1615, Carlo Maderno (1556—1629), Ber- 
 nini (1598—1680) the architect of the peristyles in front 
 of St. Peter's, Rome, Borromini (1599—1661 and Pietro 
 da Cortona (1596—1699). 
 
 Coat of Arms in the church 
 Sainte Agn^se by Borromini Rome, 
 
 16th century. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 9} 
 
 3. 
 
 1) 
 
 4. 
 
 » 
 
 5. 
 
 >9 
 
 6. 
 
 Plate 271. 
 
 Door in the entrance-hall of the Palazzo Cornaro della Ck grande in Venice 
 
 (Gurlitt, Geschichte des Barockstils in Italien). 
 
 Corner pilaster-capital from the Palazzo Nonfinito in Florence, commenced 
 
 by Briontolenti and continued by Scamozzi (Gurlitt). 
 
 Canopy over an altar in Rome, 18th century (Raguenet). 
 
 Balcony support from the portal of the Palazzo Fenzi in Florence, by 
 
 Raffaele Curradi, of the year 1580 (Hirth). 
 
 Garden gate at Frascati near Rome (Raguenet). 
 
 Window finial of a palace in Genoa in the Via Loncellini, 17th century 
 
 (Raguenet). 
 
 Gate pier from the Villa Lodovisi near Rome, 18th century (Raguenet).
 
 446 
 
 ITALIAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 271.
 
 Plate 272. 
 
 ITALIAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 447
 
 448 
 
 ITALIAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 273
 
 Fig. 
 
 1. 
 
 ji 
 
 2. 
 
 IT 
 
 3. 
 
 *l 
 
 4. 
 
 i> 
 
 6. 
 
 
 6. 
 
 ITALIAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 449 
 
 Plate 272. 
 
 (After Raguenet, Materiaux.) 
 
 Balcony and door-head from St. Domenico Square in Nice, 18th century. 
 
 Shield from the Palazzo Riccardi in Florence. 
 
 Balustrade in the interior of the St. Martino Cloister in Naples, built by 
 
 Fansaga. 
 
 Stair balustrade from St. Domenico and Sixto in Rome, built by Bernini. 
 
 Door-knocker in Florence (L'art pour tous). 
 
 Fountain in front of Brescia cathedral, 17th century. 
 
 Plate 273. 
 
 Fig. 1. Coat of arms from a palace in the Via Ponta Rossa in Florence. Marigno 
 
 sculpture from the end of the 17th century (Hirth). 
 „ 2, and 4. Lace work in the Musee des Arts decoratif, Paris (L'art pour tous). 
 „ 3. Faience Vase by Savona, from the Gasnault Collection, Paris (L'art pour tous). 
 „ 5, and 6. Furniture from the Mansi Palace at Segromigno near Lucca (L'art 
 
 pour tous). 
 
 Plate 274. 
 
 Fig. 1. Arm chair from the Cloister of St. Martino in Naples, in the Museum at 
 
 Naples, 18* century (Raguenet). 
 „ 2. Hanging lamp from Bologna, 17th century. Made of painted iron-plate, in the 
 
 form of a 30 sided polygon. At present in the Arts and Crafts Museum in Berlin. 
 
 (J. Lessing, Vorbilderhefte aus dem kgl. Kunstgewerbemuseum.) 
 „ 3. Hanging lamp, beginning of the 18th century. Made of gilt iron. At present in 
 
 the Arts and Crafts Museum in Berlin (Lessing). 
 „ 4. Cresting of a cupboard in the Parma Museum, 17th century (Raguenet). 
 ,, 5. State carriage, 18th century. In possession of Senator Davia in Bologna (Hirth). 
 „ 6. From a bronze mantel-piece figure, 16th century. From Giovanni da Bologna 
 
 SchooL At present in the National Museum in Florence (Hirth). 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament 29
 
 450 
 
 ITALIAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 1 
 
 Plate 274.
 
 Plate 275. 
 
 ITALIAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 451 
 
 29"
 
 452 
 
 ITALIAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 275. 
 
 (After L'art pour tous.) 
 
 Fig. 1, 2, and 4. Venetian lace collars, 17th century. 
 
 „ 3. Gold embroidery table cover, 17'h century. 
 
 „ 5. Embossed Genoese velvet, IZ^h century. 
 
 „ 6. Genoese work, silk on gold ground, IZ'h century. 
 
 Wheel of a State Carriage 
 
 by Fllippe Passarini, born in Rome, 1638 (Hirth).
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 453 
 
 Later Renaissance Ornament in France. 
 
 (Louis XIV. Style.) 
 
 nder the influence of Debrosse (c. 1580—1641) and his pupil Le- 
 mercier (1585—1634), the former the architect of the Luxem- 
 bourg palace (1611 — 16) and the latter of the Sorbonne, a new 
 development began at the commencement of the 17^^ century, 
 to which the title of the Later Renaissance has been given. 
 The germs of the movement may really be traced in the Louvre 
 (where Pierre Lescot would seem to have been influenced by 
 Serlio), but it took a more decided form in the Luxembourg 
 palace, and in the palace of Versailles and the Chateau of Mai- 
 sons-sur-Seine by Francois Mansard (1599 — 1660). Then follow- 
 ed Perrault the architect of the East fagade of the Louvre 
 which marks a return to classic principles, Lemaire (1670 to 
 1745) the architect of the Hotel Soubise, Marot (1630 — 1679) who designed the Hotel de 
 Noailles, and Jules Hardouin Mansard (1645—1708), the nephew of Francois Mansard, who 
 may be said to have been the creator of the Louis XIV. style, a style better fitted for 
 rich internal decoration than for the exterior of a mansion. 
 
 Initial Louis XIV. (Petzen- 
 dorfer, Schriftenatlas.) 
 
 Plate 276. 
 
 (After Cesar Daly, Motifs Historiques d'architecture et de sculpture d'ornement.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Balcony and doorhead from the house No. 27 Rue St Andre des 
 Arts, Paris. 
 „ 3, and 5. Small consoles from Versailles. 
 „ 4. Mask from the Place Vendome in Paris. 
 „ 6. Balustrade from Versailles. 
 „ 7. Console bracket in Paris. 
 
 Plate 277. 
 
 (After Cesar Daly, Motifs Historiques d'architecture et de sculpture d'ornement.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Side door of the church of St. Nicolas-du-Chardonnet, Paris. 
 „ 2. Door of the Hotel Beauvais, Rue St. Antoine No. 62, Paris.
 
 454 
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 276.
 
 Plate 277. 
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 455
 
 456 
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 278.
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 457 
 
 Fig. 3. Balustrade parapet and dormer window Rue St. Guillaume No. 22, Paris. 
 „ 4. Attic window from tiie Marble Court of the palace of Versailles. 
 
 Plate 278. 
 
 Fig. 1, 2, and 3. Console brackets from a hotel in the Rue St. Louis en I'lle, No. 51, 
 
 Paris (Daly). 
 „ 4. War trophy in the Park at Versailles by Francois Girardon, born 1627 or 1630 
 
 in Troyes, died 1715 in Paris (Hirth). 
 „ 5. Ornament in wrought-iron, by Hugues Brisville, Paris (Hirth). 
 „ 6. Door of a Confessional from the church of St. Nicolas-du-Chardonnet, Paris (Raguenet). 
 „ 7, and 8. Vases from the park at Versailles. Cast in Bronze by Claude Ballin 
 
 (1615—1678) (Raguenet). 
 
 Plate 279. 
 
 Fig. 1. Handle of an vase, by Coyzevox, born in Spain, but worked in Paris from 1640 
 
 to 1720 (Hirth). 
 „ 2. Acanthus of the later Renaissance (Raguenet). 
 „ 3. Mural decoration, after Johann Berain, born at St. Mihiel, Lorraine, in 1639, died 
 
 in Paris, 1711. Taken from his work on omamant (Hirth). 
 „ 4. Ceiling decoration, from an engraving by Daniel Marot, 1650—1712, Architect 
 
 and Designer in Paris (Hirth). 
 
 Plate 280. 
 
 Fig. 1. Door-knocker from Bordeaux, Cours de I'lntendance No, 19, 18th century 
 
 (Raguenet). 
 „ 2, 3, and 5. Ornaments for rifle mountings, from an engraving by Jean Berain 
 
 (Hirth). 
 „ 4, 6, and 7. Locksmith's handiwork by Hugh Brisville, from an engraving by 
 
 Jean Berain. Brisville was a locksmith in Paris about the year 1663 (Hirth). 
 
 Plate 281. 
 
 (After Hirth, Formenschatz.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Mural decoration by Jean Berain. 
 „ 2. Design for ceiling, from an engraving by Nicolas Loir, Painter and Engraver 
 
 in Paris, 1624—1679. 
 „ 3. Design for mural decoration by Gilles Marie Oppenort. Period of the Regency. 
 „ 4. Design for mural decoration by Daniel Marot.
 
 458 
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 279. 
 
 
 '^^k'/rmi 
 
 
 

 
 Plate 280. 
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 459 

 
 460 
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 281.
 
 Plate 282. 
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 461
 
 462 
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 283.
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 463 
 
 Plate 282. 
 
 Fig. 1. Door-knocker (L'art pour tous). 
 „ 2. Reading-desk of wrought-iron, from the Le Secq Collection of the Tournelle 
 
 (Champeaux). 
 „ 3. Candelabrum of gilt wood, 17th century. From the Collection of the Duke de 
 
 la Tremouille (Champeaux). 
 „ 4. Console for a mantel-piece in chased, gilt bronze, from the period of the Regency. 
 
 From the Collection of the Museum of Decorative Art, Paris (Champeaux). 
 „ 5. Sedan chair (Havard). 
 
 Plate 283. 
 
 Fig. 1. Chest of drawers after Jean Berain (Hirth). 
 „ 2. Bracket-candlestick from the palace of Versailles, probably after Berain (L'art 
 
 pour tours). 
 „ 3. Cupboard of ebony with copper open-work. Meuble de Boule from the 18th century 
 
 (Bajot, Encyclopedic du Meuble). 
 „ 4. Chair of carved wood in the Mobilier national, Paris (Champeaux, Portefeuille 
 
 des Arts decoratifs). 
 
 Plate 284. 
 
 Fig. 1. Window mantle by Daniel Marot, Architect, Paris, 1650—1712 (Hirth). 
 
 2. Canopy bed by the same artist (Hirth). 
 
 3. Design of a Candelabrum by Gilles Maria Oppenort (Hirth). 
 
 4. Console table, Jean Berain (Hirth). 
 
 5. and 6. Spinet with double keyboard, 18th century (Bajot). 
 7. Emblem by Gilles Maria Oppenort from the period of the Regency (Hirth). 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1. 
 
 >I 
 
 2. 
 
 19 
 
 3. 
 
 >» 
 
 4. 
 
   ) 
 
 5. 
 
 Plate 285. 
 
 Beaten and chased silver ewer, by Daniel Marot, from the year 1700 (Hirth). 
 
 Faience jar of the apothecary of the Duke of Orleans, beginning of 18th centurj'. 
 
 In the Gasnault Collection (Jannicke). 
 
 Faience dish from Moustiers. In the Gasnault Collection (Jannicke). 
 
 Faience jug from Rouen (Jannicke). 
 
 Dish of beaten and chased silver, from a drawing in the Robert Colle Album 
 
 in the Cabinet des Estampes, Paris (Havard). 
 
 Plate 286. 
 
 Fig. 1. Embossed velvet (Havard). 
 „ 2, and 3. Stuff patterns by Daniel Marot (Hirth). 
 „ 4. Curtain by Daniel Marot (Hirth).
 
 464 
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 284. 
 
 ^«^:^^-^Jl!i^=^ 
 
 
 -lyHiH^lilw^ii . ^Mli 
 

 
 Plate 285. 
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 465 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 30
 
 466 
 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 

 
 FRENCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 467 
 
 Fig. 5. Curtain with ornament appliqu6 (Champeaux). 
 
 „ 6. Carpet pattern, designed by Robert de Cotte for the Manufacture de la Savonnerie 
 at the beginning of the IS^h century. The drawing is now in the Cabinet des 
 Estampes, of the National Library, Paris (Champeaux). 
 
 Vase in the Park at Versailles (Daly). 
 
 30'
 
 468 
 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Later Renaissance Ornament in Germany, Austria, 
 
 and Switzerland. 
 
 |ne of the greatest enemies to the development of Art 
 is War. As soon as the horrors of the Thirty Years 
 War were to a certain extent overcome, Art began 
 again to bestir itself in Germany. The Palladian Classic 
 Style which ruled in Holland established itself in North 
 and South Germany, on the Rhine, and in Austria. 
 Dutch Classic was introduced into Germany by Johann 
 Arnold Nering, who died in 1605, in his famous 
 building the Berlin Armoury, whose architectural re- 
 putation is only excelled by the work of his successor 
 Andreas Schluter. SchlUter, born in Hamburg 1664, 
 died in St. Petersburg 1714, is the real founder of 
 the Rococo style in Berlin. In Dresden, the foundation of the same was laid by George 
 Baehr, 1666 — 1738, in the church known as the Frauenkirche which was commenced in 
 the year 1726, and by Matthaus Daniel Poppelmann, 1662—173-5, in his building of the 
 Zwinger Palace. The Court church in the same city was built by Gaetano Chiaveri of 
 Rome, 1689—1770. 
 
 The Later Renaissance dominated Catholic South Germany, where it was introduced 
 by Gaspare Luccali, 1629—1680, in his building of the church called the Theatinerkirche 
 in Munich. In Austria it was specially influenced by the architects Dientzenhofer, and their 
 pupil Johann Bernhard Fischer from Erlach, 1650—1723. But in consequence of the powerful 
 position held by France at the period, the influence of the French Louis XIV style became 
 felt in Austria also. 
 
 Vase before the Bridge 
 in Kuppenberg (Ohmann). 
 
 Plate 287. 
 
 Fig. 1. Carved wood door from the Armoury in Berlin, about the year 1700 (Cornelius 
 
 Gurlitt, Das Barock- und Rokoko-Ornament). 
 „ 2, and 5. Bracket and cresting from Archiepiscopal Palace in Salzhi'rg (Ohmann, 
 
 Barock). 
 „ 3. Pilaster and entablature in the Imperial Belvedere in Vienna (Ohmann). 
 , 4. Mask of a warrior from the Berlin Armoury. By Andreas Schluter, 1662—1714 
 
 (Hirth).
 
 Plate 287. 
 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 469
 
 470 
 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 288.
 
 Plate 289. 
 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 471
 
 472 
 
 GERMAN LATER'RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 290. 

 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 473 
 
 Plate 288. 
 
 •(After Ohmann, Barock.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Window of a dwelling-house in Stein on the Danube. 
 
 2. Balcony in the Court Library in Vienna. 
 
 3. Window-head from Wendish Seminary in Prague. 
 
 4. Window and door of a dwelling-house in Prague. 
 
 5. Wrought-iron candelabrum from Elsgrab, Austria. 
 
 6. Window from a house in Krems on the Danube. 
 
 Plate 289. 
 
 Fig. L Wrought iron grille in the Serviten church in Vienna (Dr. A. Ilg and Dr. Heinrich 
 Kabdebo, Wiener Schraiedewerke des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts). 
 
 „ 2. Lock of the principal door in the church of St. Charles Borromeo in Prague 
 (Ohmann). 
 
 „ 3. Fan-light from the church of St. Clementine in Prague (Ohmann). 
 
 „ 4. Wrought iron gate of the Guild-hall at Meise in Zurich, from the 18*^ cen- 
 tury (Oberhausli, Aufnahmen alter schweizerischer Kunstschmiedearbeiten). 
 
 „ 5. Hinge of door in the church of St. Charles Borromeo in Prague (Ohmann). 
 
 „ 6. Door handle of the same (Ohmann). 
 
 Plate 290. 
 
 Fig. L Grandfather's clock from the Klosterneuburg Monastery on the Danube 
 
 (Ohmann). 
 „ 2. Chandelier of wrought iron, 18th century. In the Arts and Crafts Museum in 
 
 Berlin (Lessing). 
 „ 3. Reliquary from the church in Heiligenkreuz, Lower Austria (Ohmann). 
 
 Plate 291. 
 
 (After Fr. Ohmann, Barock.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Gilt console tables from the Imperial Palace in Vienna. 
 „ 3. Armchair from the Emperor's room in the Klosterneuburg Monastery on 
 
 the Danube. 
 „ 4. Stool in private collection. 
 
 „ 5. Brass lock mount in the Imperial Court Library in Vienna. 
 „ 6. Upper part of fire screen from the Emperor's Room in the Klosterneuburg 
 Monastery on the Danube.
 
 474 
 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 291.
 
 Plate 292. 
 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 475
 
 476 
 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 293.
 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 477 
 
 Plate 292. 
 
 Fig, 1_4_ and 6. Goldsmith's work designed by Friedrich Jacob Morisson, Draughtsman 
 
 and Goldsmith in Vienna and Augsburg, 1693—1697 (Hirth). 
 5. Sliver gilt jug, the work of the Augsburg goldsmith Johann Heinrich Mannlich, 
 
 who died in 1718. In the Imperial Palace at Laxenburg (Dr. Albert Ilg, Sammlung 
 
 kunstindustrieller Gegenstande des AUerhochsten Kaiserhauses). 
 7. Sword hilt. From the work "Neu inventiose DegengefaB" by Georg Heumann, 
 
 Cutler in Nuremberg, who died in 1691 (J. E. Wessely, Das Ornament und die 
 
 Kunstindustrie). 
 „ 8, and 10. Goldsmith's work from "Neues Groteskenwerk", engraved by L. Beyer 
 
 (Wessely). 
 „ 9. Plant ornament by J. Honervogt, Draughtsman and Copper Engraver who lived 
 
 towards the end of the 17th century (Wessely). 
 „ 11. Door handle by J. C. Reiff, Copper Engraver in Nuremberg in the 18th century 
 
 (Wessely). 
 „ 12. Goldsmith's work, acanthus leaf work in the form of a goat by Wolfgang Hie- 
 
 ronymus v. Bemmel, Goldsmith, end of 17th century (Wessely). 
 
 Plate 293. 
 
 Fig. 1. Monstrance, end of 17th century. In the Cathedral Treasury in Limburg on the 
 Lahn (Hirth). 
 „ 2. Carved relief on door in the Rochus church, Vienna (Ohmann). 
 „ 3. Church candlestick. In the Deanery church in Klattau (Ohmann). 
 „ 4. Nautilus goblet, end of 17th century. In the Grunen Gewolbe in Dresden (Hirth). 
 „ 5. Carved mirror frame in the Glankirchen in Upper Austria. 
 
 Plate 294. 
 
 Fig. 1. Embroidered vestment in the Collection of Vaterlandischer Altertumer, Stuttgart 
 
 (Dolmetsch). 
 „ 2. Pattern of material dating from the end of the 17th century. In the Pfalz 
 
 Arts and Crafts Museum in Kaiserslautern (Hirth). 
 „ 3, and 5. Wrought-iron candlesticks, 1660—1680. In the Nuremberg Museum 
 
 (Hirth). 
 „ 4. Watch. In the Munich Museum. Nuremberg work, beginning of the 18th century 
 
 (Hirth).
 
 478 
 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 294.
 
 Plate 295. 
 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 479 
 
 , ^ JCSt^/X 
 
 ^usfuc tiimuli 
 
 e^ a ratio sm 
 
 ^c?us (anonjap MSjfbCX 
 (^tfieclvalis 
 et^cruesiris 
 ^ecmus e(ecms3nerhipolen 
 
 ^^cles i?e (diecjiatceiiHauois 
 
 r^/E<^ui amans.^auper 
 
 \^Ul 1 1 
 
 VViy\.01J.l 1 JL.1V1 L). /\I111U 1\ 
 
 itTATISSlJ^.LXXl 
 
 , HOCl. ....... 
 
 ligatiss :collegi l/mstr au b i> 
 
 Q VOD MAGNA EX PARTE fl/N 
 
 Tu Viator ' 
 
 Defuncti manibus. c^tern^ faluLis 
 n palria, precar
 
 480 
 
 GERMAN LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 295. 
 
 Fig. 1. Initial letter after Lucas Kilian (1627) (Petzendorfer). 
 „ 2. Initial letter (Petzendorfer). 
 „ 3. From an etched Solnhofer stone plate, in the "Getreidekasten zum leeren Beutel" 
 
 Regensburg, 1718 (Weimar). 
 „ 4. Engraving on bronze by Franz Christoph von Rosenbach, f 1687. In Wiirzburg 
 
 cathedral (Weimar). 
 „ 5. Etched on stone tomb of Thomas von Pirnitz, f 1691. In the Jesuist church 
 
 ai Straubing (Weimar). 
 
 Lantern in wrought iron 
 
 (L'art pour tous)
 
 DUTCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 481 
 
 Later Renaissance Ornament in the Netherlands. 
 
 arly in the 17th century began the great Art Epoch called into existence 
 by Peter Paul Rubens. This development favoured the introduction 
 of the Later Renaissance Style into the Netherlands. Cardinal Granvella, 
 who introduced Italian artists into Belgium, was most active, and 
 succeeded in erecting a most important series of architectural con- 
 structions. The Jesuits erected also a number of most magnificent 
 buildings in the Rococo Style; in Holland, however, where rigid 
 theology ruled, there was a tendency to more classical work, for 
 J. Covens and C.Mor- which reason the former style never took root in the country. The 
 tier, Amsterdam chief exponent of the purer Italian style in Holland was Philip 
 (Ysendyck). Vuyboons (1608—1675). 
 
 Initial from the 
 Printing Works of 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Plate 296. 
 
 (After Ysendyck, Art dans les Pays-Bas.) 
 Cartouclie, c. 1639, engraved by Peter de Jode for tfie portrait of the Holland 
 
 painter G. Flinck. 
 2. Wall-paper from a sample book of the factory in Malines. In the Royal 
 
 Antiquarian Museum, Brussels. 
 3—5. Carriage of the Duke of Ossuna used when entering Utrecht 1713 as 
 
 Extraordinary Ambassador from Philip V. of Spain. From an engraving by 
 
 Picart, Amsterdam 1714. 
 
 Plate 297. 
 
 (After Ysendyck, Art dans les Pays-Bas.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Lace from the IS^h century. Is called "Point de Buiche", and is made with the 
 
 spmdle alone in one piece without any relief. 
 „ 2. Arm-chair from the book by Crispin van den Passe, printed in Amsterdam in 
 
 the year 1642 under the title of "Boutique Menuiserie" by M. W. Silvius, Antwerp. 
 „ 3. Chimney-piece. From the work "Cheminees hollandaises" by G. de Gaendel, 
 
 drawer, born in Middelburg. From the year 1730, published by Martin Gottfried 
 
 Crosphius. 
 „ 4. Wrought iron door knocker. 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 31
 
 482 
 
 DUTCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 296.
 
 Plate 297. 
 
 DUTCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 483 
 
 ■«.-i "?*>■: i?^-^ s; .s?*V,?'.-f     " ::■•' -t* ■-■■ -., ■■.:,   • I 
 
 
 31*
 
 484 
 
 DUTCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 298.
 
 DUTCH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT, 
 
 485 
 
 Plate 298. 
 
 (After L'art pour tous.) 
 
 Fig. 1—3. Sign of the old Inn "A I'Etrille" in the Market Place at Brages. From 
 
 the 17th century. 
 „ 4—8. Wall tiles of Delft from the Inn "Le Diable au corps" in Brussels. From 
 the 17th century. 
 
 Delft Faience goblet in the 
 Collection Gasnault (Jaenicke).
 
 486 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 299.
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 487 
 
 Later Renaissance Ornament in England. 
 
 As already stated in the introduction to English Renaissance 
 Ornament (page 429) the Later Renaissance, which used to be known 
 as the pure Italian style, was introduced into England by Inigo Jones 
 (1573 — 1652). The first building of importance erected in that style 
 being the Banqueting House in Whitehall (1620). The style was further 
 developed by Sir Christopher Wren (1632—1723), Sir John Van- 
 bureh (1666—1726), Nicholas Hawksmoor (1666—1736), James Gibbs 
 (1674-1754), William Kent (1684—1742), G.Leoni (1686—1746), John 
 James of Greenwich (? 1687— 1746), Thomas Archer (? 1690—1743); 
 Colin Campbell (? 1690—1734); George Dance (1695—1768), Henry Flitcroft (1697— 1769)_ 
 John Wood of Bath (1704—1754), Sir Robert Taylor (1714—1788), John Carr of York (1723— 
 1807), James Paine (1725—1789), Sir William Chambers (1726-1796), Robert Adam (1728— 
 1792), Henry Holland (1746—1806), James Wyatt (1746—1813) and John Nash (1752—1835). 
 
 Initial Letter 
 
 17th century (Belcher). 
 
 Plate 299. 
 
 (From John Belcher and Mervyn E. Macartney, Later Renaissance Architecture 
 
 in England.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Capital and cornice of the Bastards' House, Blandford. 
 
 „ 2 Details of stalls, Trinity College chapel, Cambridge. 
 
 „ 3. Capital and cornice of the "Red Lion", Blandford. 
 
 „ 4. Details of window. Town Hall, Blandford. 
 
 „ 5. Gate pier, from a house in West Street, Chichester. 
 
 „ 6. Lead rainwater head from the Great Hall of Winchester College. 
 
 Plate 300. 
 
 Fig. 1. Detail of overdoor in Carved oak and cedar, Clifford's Inn, London (Henry 
 
 Thomson in "Building News"). 
 „ 2. Detail of Entablature of Reredos, St. Stephen's, Walbrook, London (E. H. 
 
 Sedding). 
 „ 3. Detail of Pulpit Shaft, St. Stephen's, Walbrook (E. H. Sedding). 
 „ 4. Detail of Altar Rail, St. Stephen's, Walbrook (E. H. Sedding). 
 „ 5, and 6. Carved Panel, S. Margaret's church Lothbury, London (H. Inigo Triggs 
 
 in Archl. Assoc. Sketch Book). 
 „ 7. Detail of chimney-piece, Clifford's Inn (John Barbour in "the Builder"). 
 „ 8. Detail of Frieze, North Porch, St. Pauls Cathedral, London (R. W. Schultz 
 
 in Archl. Assoc. Sketch Book). 
 „ 9. Carved panel in Chancel screen St. James's church, Piccadilly, London, 
 
 1683 (C. L. Gill in the Archl. Assoc. Sketch Book).
 
 488 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 300.
 
 Plate 301, 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 489
 
 490 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 302.
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 491 
 
 Plate 301. 
 
 Fig. 1. Sundial from Wrest, Bedfordshire (Belcher and Macartney). 
 „ 2. Hexagonal revolving lectern in Pembroke College chapel, Cambridge (Belcher 
 
 and Macartney). 
 „ 3—5, and 7. Details of stall Ends in St. Paul's Cathedral, London (George 
 
 H. Birch, London churches of the 17'h and IS'h centuries). 
 „ 6. Carved open -worked wooden panel from St. Mary Abchurch, London 
 
 (George H. Birch). 
 „ 8. Organ in St. Mary, Woolnoth, London (George H. Birch). 
 „ 9, and 10. Details of soffit of the Gallery of the Senate House, Cambridge 
 
 (Belcher and Macartney). 
 
 Plate 302. 
 
 (From James Gibbs, A Book of Architecture 1728.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 3. Pedestals for busts. 
 
 2. Cartouche in the pediment of St. Martin's church, London. 
 
 4, 6 and 7. Designs for Vases. 
 
 5. Cartouche for monumental inscription. 
 
 8. Pedestal of sundial. 
 
 9. Cartouche for wall tomb. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1. 
 
 
 2. 
 
 
 3. 
 
 
 4. 
 
 
 5. 
 
 
 6. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 Plate 303. 
 
 (From John Belcher and Mervyn E. Macartney, Later Renaissance Architecture 
 
 in England.) 
 
 Wrought Iron gate, Fenton House, Hampstead. 
 
 Details of staircase from a house in the Close, Salisbury. 
 
 Clock of the Town Hall, Guildford. 
 
 Balusters of staircase from a house in Great Queen Street, London. 
 
 Chimney-piece in a house at Epsom, Surrey. 
 
 Section of panelling In the Chapel of Farnham Castle, Surrey. 
 
 Shield of arms over doorway in the same chapel. 
 
 Plate 304. 
 
 Fig. 1. Carved oak Desk, Pembroke college, Cambridge, 1665 (R. S. Dods in Archl. 
 
 Assoc. Sketch Book). 
 „ 2. Detail from chimney-piece, Northgate Club, Ipswich (Henry Tanner, jun.). 
 „ 3. Upper portion of panelling Brewers Hall, London, c. 1670 (A. Stratton in 
 
 Archl. Assoc. Sketch Book). 
 „ 4. Terminal vase, North porch, St Paul's cathedral, London (R. W. Schultz in 
 
 Arch. Assoc. Sketch Book).
 
 492 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 303.
 
 Plate 304. 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 493
 
 494 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 305.
 
 Plate 306. 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 495
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT 

 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT, 497 
 
 Fig. 5. Detail of wrought iron gate, Hampton Court Palace (Hugh P. G. Maule in 
 
 Archl. Assoc. Sketch Book). 
 „ 6. Side of Canopy of Pulpit, St. Stephen's, Walbrook, London (E. H. Sedding). 
 „ 7. Side of bracket under doorway, Hampton Court Palace (P. J. Turner in Archl. 
 
 Assoc. Sketch Book), 
 
 Plate 305. 
 
 Fig. 1 . Wall cupboard in the Hall of the Haberdasher's Company, Gresham Street, London, 
 1668 (Chancellor). 
 
 „ 2. Mahogany table, beginning of 18th century (Chancellor). 
 
 „ 3. China cabinet, middle of 18th century (Chancellor). 
 
 „ 4. Cushioned chair (Bajot). 
 
 „ 5. Vase of English porcelain, Chelsea. In the British Museum (JSnnicke). 
 
 „ 6. Georgian settee of the time of Chippendale (Chancellor). 
 
 „ 7. Toilet chest of the time of Queen Anne (Chancellor). 
 
 Plate 306. 
 
 (From Bailey Scott Murphy, English and Scottish Wrought Ironwork.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 3. Wrought iron stair rail of the King's Great Staircase, Hampton-Court 
 
 Palace. End of the 17th century. 
 „ 2. Wrought iron Staircase in Caroline Park House, Granton NB. Erected by 
 
 Viscount Tarbat in 1685. 
 „ 4, and 8. Wrought iron Balusters in South Kensington Museum. 
 „ 5, 6, 9, and 10. Details of the Staircase in Caroline Park House, Granton. 
 „ 7. Wrought iron Staircase in Caroline Park House. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1. 
 
 ft 
 
 2. 
 
 )» 
 
 3. 
 
 )) 
 
 4. 
 
 >} 
 
 5. 
 
 f ) 
 
 6. 
 
 
 7. 
 
 Plate 307. 
 
 (From Bailey Scott Murphy, English and Scottish Wrought Ironwork.) 
 
 Sign of the "Bell" Inn at Melksham, Wilts. 
 Wrought iron bracket in South Kensington Museum. 
 Leg of a console table in South Kensington Museum. 
 Lamp bracket in Micklegate Hill House, York. 
 Entrance gateway to a house in Abbey Street, Carlisle. 
 Sign of the "White Hart" Inn at Gretton, Northants. 
 Lamp holder at the "White Hart" Hotel Salisbury. 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 32
 
 498 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 308. 
 
 ^ ^ ■^V.vv. VV.V^.y^ ^ ^-^ ^^^^v . - . ^ . ^. ^ „ ^ . V. V 
 
 Mi M[ ))J1), 
 
 ^^3 
 
 
 
 ' '^^4;^UJ/^U^kM^^
 
 Plate 309. 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 499 
 
 j.'.i2Jj:^xiit:^i^;>:ii^j!^-i:ixiiZi;i^i^ Xf:,ii,VJi::^ .^,i^jj^^'i.i^.'^^ 
 
 32^
 
 500 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 310.
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 501 
 
 Plate 308. 
 
 ( From H. Inigo Triggs and Henry Tanner jun., Some Architectural Works of Inigo Jones.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Details of upper order and cornice of the Banqueting House, Whitehall. 
 
 Built by Inigo Jones in 1619—1622. 
 „ 2, and 5. Details of window of the same. 
 „ 3. Details of lower order and cornice of the same. 
 „ 4. Detail of lower window in the same. 
 
 „ 6. Carved frieze from chimney-piece in the Ambassador's Room, Knole Park, 
 Kent. 
 
 Plate 309. 
 
 Fig. 1 . Fire-place in the Salon at Forde Abbey, Dorset (Inigo Triggs and H. Tanner). 
 ,', 2. Rain water shoot in Courtyard of Wilton House (Inigo Triggs and H. Tanner). 
 „ 3, and 7. Keystone in the church of St. Catherine Cree, Leadenhall Street, 
 
 London (George H. Birch, London Churches of the 17th and 18'h centuries). 
 „ 4, 5, and 6. Sections of mouldings from Wilton House (Inigo Triggs and H. Tanner). 
 
 Plate 310. 
 
 Fig 1. Door with balustrade at Coleshill House, Berkshire (Inigo Triggs and H. Tanner). 
 „ 2, 3, and 5. Cornices to fig. 4. 
 „ 4. The Spencer Monument in the church of St. Catherine Cree, Leadenhall 
 
 Street, London (George H. Birch). 
 „ 6. Belvedere at Coleshill House (Inigo Triggs and H. Tanner). 
 „ 7. Door from Raynham Hall, Norfolk (Inigo Triggs and H. Tanner). 
 
 Plate 311. 
 
 Fig. 1. Detail of Internal Doorway (Henry Tanner). 
 „ 2, and 3. Ceiling at Kirby Hall Northants (Inigo Triggs and Henry Tanner). 
 „ 4. Ionic capital, St. Magnus church, London Bridge (E. H. Sedding in Archl. Assoc. 
 
 Sketch Book). 
 „ 5. Carving in the Vestry, Chesterton church, Oxon. 
 „ 6. Font with cover, Christ's church Newgate Street, London (Birch's London 
 
 Churches).
 
 502 
 
 ENGLISH LATER RENAISSANCE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 311.
 
 
 Border by Charles Eisen (Hirth). 
 
 ■r^^ 
 
 Letter after Laurent (Hirth). 
 
 'ococo is the term applied to the decadent forms 
 of the Later Renaissance. The rivalry which 
 existed in the 17*^ century between the free 
 style of Michael Angelo and that based on the 
 principles laid down by Palladio and Vignola was continued into the IS**^ cen- 
 tury until about the year 1715 with the more or less complete adoption of the 
 former. This resulted in a development which held sway until about 1760 and 
 was known in France as the Louis XV. style, and in other countries as the 
 Rococo. In this style the ornament is entirely seperated from constructional 
 requirements and the lines run in free curves, symmetry being avoided. Conse- 
 quently, as a rule, it is more generally employed for interiors and for decorative 
 and industrial art. 
 
 The style flourished in France for about thirty-five years. It was rarely 
 employed in either Italy or the Netherlands, but remained in Germany and England 
 up to the end of the 18*^ century. In the latter country its chief exponent was 
 Chippendale whose name is generally attached to the style. Shortly, however,
 
 504 
 
 ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 312.
 
 ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 505 
 
 after its introduction a reaction took place in whicli classic work commenced 
 again to predominate in the somewhat pedantic style of Louis XVI. This again 
 became influenced by a new phase in which for the first time Greek art com- 
 menced to show itself, resulting in the development of what later-on became 
 generally known as the Empire Style. 
 
 Rococo Forms. 
 
 Plate 312. 
 
 Fig. 1. After Thomas Chippendale (Gentleman and Cabinet makers Director). 
 
 „ 2. After Meissonler (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 3. After Moudon (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 4. After Thomas Johnson. 
 
 „ 6. After Habermann. 
 
 „ 6. After F. de Cuvilli^s (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 7. After Josef Klauber, Augsburg (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 8. From a clock in the Art Industrial Museum in Milan (Raguenet).
 
 506 
 
 ITALIAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 313. 
 
 Wy^€^^^^^^^. 
 
 
 

 
 ITALIAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 507 
 
 Rococo Ornament in Italy. 
 
 Although the origin of the Rococo style is to be found in the works of Michael Angelo, 
 Bernini, and Borromeo in Italy, it made very little progress so far as interiors are concerned, 
 and in the place of Louis XV. and XVI. Ornament, the Italians adhered to their cold and 
 formal classic style. 
 
 Plate 313. 
 
 Fig. 1. Richly carved frame, 18th century (Raguenet). 
 „ 2. Console table in wood gilt (L'art pour tous). 
 „ 3. Bracket candlestick of bronze gilt, IS'h century. In the Arts and Crafts Museum 
 
 in Milan (Raguenet). 
 „ 4. Processional crucifix in the church of Pieve di Budrio, 18th century (Hirth). 
 
 Ink-stand of gilt bronze (L'art pour tous).
 
 508 
 
 FRENCH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 314.
 
 FRENCH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 5O9 
 
 Rococo Ornament in France 
 
 (Louis XV. Style). 
 
 Plate 314. 
 
 Fig. 1. Console bracket in the house No. 36, Rue Casette, Paris (Daly). 
 „ 2, and 3. From the Fontaine de I'Abbaye, Rue Childebert, Paris. View and 
 
 vertical section (Daly). 
 „ 4. Terminal vase in Vic-sur-Cere, Lorraine (Raguenet). 
 „ 5. Gateway of the Porcelain Factory in Sevres (Daly). 
 
 Plate 315. 
 
 (After Champeaux, Portefeuille des arts decoratifs.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Bracket clock, made of chased and gilt copper, belonging to A. M. Selig- 
 
 mann, Paris. 
 „ 2. Bracket candlestick from a drawing by Rene Michel Slootz in the Biblio- 
 
 theque Nationale, Paris. 
 „ 3. Clock in case with chased bronze, by Duhamel. In the Collection of the 
 
 Conservatoire National des arts et metiers, Paris. 
 „ 4. Chimney back of cast iron. From tinted drawing in Louis Fordrin's Style at 
 
 beginning of the W^ century. 
 „ 5. Candelabrum of chased and gilt silver. In the Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, 
 
 probably French work of the IS'h century. 
 
 Plate 316. 
 
 (After Hirth, Formenschatz.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Scissors in case, by Meissonier. 
 „ 2. Chandelier in the Grand Ducal Palace in Karlsruhe. French work from the 
 
 beginning of the year 1740. Drawing by A. Stuchi. 
 „ 3. Louis XV. vase (L'Art pour tous). 
 „ 4. Head of stick in metal chased, by Meissonier. 
 „ 5. Silver table centre-piece, by Meissonier. 
 
 Plate 317. 
 
 Fig. 1. Commode in rosewood marquetry (Bajot, Encyclopedie du Meuble). 
 „ 2. Chair with cane seat and back (Bajot). 
 „ 3. Key, by Francois de Cuvillies pere (Hirth). 
 
 „ 4. Design for an ambassador's carriage by Vaneroe, sculptor in Paris. From a 
 drawing in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris (Champeaux).
 
 510 
 
 FRENCH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 315. 
 
 •\/-^^ 
 
 
 ^# » / " %^ ft 
 
 
 
 s^ 
 
 
 
 s^^;^*^ ^5^^^ H'^^^ ^W 
 
 36 
 
 
 Ml. 
 
 Mi 
 
 ■nil i"^ .^jjg^^*' AWiw4i[IJHIWiiiiii:imlli
 
 Plate 316. 
 
 FRENCH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 511
 
 512 
 
 FRENCH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 317.
 
 Plate 318. 
 
 FRENCH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 513 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 33
 
 514 
 
 FRENCH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 319. 

 
 FRENCH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 515 
 
 Plate 318. 
 
 Fig. 1. Leaf from a book on ornament by Juste Aurele Meissonier, born in Turin in 
 
 1695, died at Paris 1750 (Hirth). 
 ,, 2. Mural decoration (Hirth). 
 „ 3. Design for a throne for Louis XV. by Rene Michel Slootz. From a drawing 
 
 in the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris (Champeaux). 
 „ 4. Top of gold frame by Meissonier (Hirth). 
 „ 5. Console table of carved and gilt wood, from the Regency (Bajot). 
 
 Plate 319. 
 
 Fig. 1, 2, and 7. Samples of embroidery from coloured drawings by Charles 
 Germain de St. Aubin, 1721—1786. In the Bibliotheque de I'Institut National 
 (Champeaux). 
 3, 5, and 6. Letters by Laurent from a copybook by Schenau: "L'alphabet 
 de ramour, ou recueil de chiffres a I'usage des amants et des artists". Paris 1766 
 (Hirth). 
 „ 4. Monogram with ducal coronet, ascribed to St. Aubin (Champeaux). 
 
 Plate 320. 
 
 (After Champeaux, Portefeuille des arts decoratifs.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Back of sofa from a coloured drawing by Francois Peyrotte. In the Berard 
 Collection. 
 „ 2. Under mantle alter a drawing by St. Aubin. 
 
 „ 3. Arm-chair of wood gilt the seat and back of Beauvais tapestry. 
 ,, 4. Chair covering of embroidered silk, from the end of the reign of Louis XV. 
 
 Plate 321. 
 
 (After Roger-Miles, Comment discerner les styles.) 
 
 Fig. 1, 4, 5, and 6. Embroideries of court dress. 
 „ 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9. Ornaments. 
 „ 10. Sleigh carved in wood gilt. 
 „ 11, and 12. Spoon and fork by Thomas Germain, Goldsmith in Paris. 
 
 Plate 322. 
 
 Fig. 1. Design for interior decoration by Meissonier. 
 
 33*
 
 516 
 
 FRENCH ROCOCO ORNAiMENT. 
 
 Plate 320. 
 
 
 
 77/ir-   Ai.-"^ 
 
 
 ;^.■«!vilv3^^ - ., 

 
 Plate 321. 
 
 FRENCH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 517
 
 518 
 
 FRENCH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 322.
 
 GERMAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 5 19 
 
 Rococo Ornament in Germany 
 and Austria. 
 
 From the year 1725 onwards the Rococo held sway in South Germany with more 
 strongly marked peculiarities than in France, being more fantastic and more varied in form but 
 not, however, so elegant as the French Rococo. The first architects of this style were: 
 Johann Balthazar Neumann (1678—1753), and Francois de Cuvillies pere (1678—1768) in 
 South Germany, and Georg Wenzel von Knobelsdorif (1607 — 1753), architect of Frederick 
 he Great, and Carl von Gontard (1738-1802) in Berlin. 
 
 Plate 323. 
 
 The Royal Castle in Dresden. 
 
 (After Carl Schmidt and Schildbach, der Konigliche Zwinger in Dresden.) 
 
 This structure was begun by Daniel Mathaus Poppelmann in the year 1711, but upon 
 
 completion of the south front in 1722, had to be postponed for want of funds. This building 
 
 is without doubt the most debased of the Rococo period, but it evinces a creative fancy 
 
 whose equal it would be difficult to find 
 
 Fig. 1. Corner cartouche in the south front of the wall pavilion. 
 
 2. Pilaster decoration of the wall pavilion. 
 
 „ 3. Figure supports from the arch gallery. 
 
 „ 4. Acanthus spray on the wall pavilion. 
 
 Plate 324. 
 
 (After P. Halm, Ornament und Motive des Rokokostiles.) 
 
 Fig. 1. City arms on the Town Hall at Bamberg by Meister Bonaventura Mutschell, 1750. 
 „ 2, and 3. Details from the pulpit of St. Michaels church in Bamberg, of the 
 
 year 1750. 
 „ 4. Garden figure from the Cardinal's Palace of Seehof near Bamberg, of the 
 
 year 1730. 
 „ 5. Coat of arms on tomb in Bamberg, of the year 1770. 
 „ 6. Wrought iron cresting of a gate in Wurzburg Castle. 
 
 Plate 325. 
 
 Fig. 1. Arm-chair of German work (Champeaux). 
 „ 2. Carved mirror frame (Champeaux). 
 „ 3. Frame of fire screen (Champeaux),
 
 520 
 
 GERMAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 323.
 
 Plate 324. 
 
 GERMAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 521 

 
 522 
 
 GERMAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 325.
 
 GERMAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 523 
 
 Fig. 4. Balcony of carved wood, middle of 18th century. In George Hirth's Collection. 
 „ 5. Box by Joh. Leonard Wiist, Engraver and Goldsmith in Augsburg in the year 1730 
 
 (VVessely). 
 
 Plate 326. 
 
 Design for Interior decoration by Habermann. 
 
 Plate 327. 
 
 Fig. 1. Pulpit in the church at Naumburg (Raguenet). 
 
 „ 2, and 3. Shoe-buckle by Jeremias Wachsmuth, Painter and Engraver, born in Augs- 
 burg in 1712, died 1779 (Wessely). 
 
 „ 4, and 6. Sword hilt by the same (Wessely). 
 
 „ 5. Handle of a key after Gottfried Forschter, Mastersmith in Brunn about the year 
 1750 (Wessely). 
 
 „ 7. Stove from the Castle of Bruchsal by Albert Stucki (Hirth). 
 
 „ 8. Rosette from a ceiling in the Castle of Bruchsal by Albert Stucki (Hirth). 
 
 Plate 328. 
 
 Fig. 1 — 5, and 7. Melssener porcelain (Dresden Ciuna) (Champeaux). 
 „ 6. Meissener (Dresden) Vase from J. Double's Collection (Jannicke). 
 „ 8. Meissener plate from the year 1730 (Havard). 
 
 Plate 329. 
 
 (After Dr. Albert Ilg, Sammlung kunstindustrieller Gegenstande des Allerhochsten Kaiserhauses.) 
 
 Fig. 1 — 5. Articles belonging to the Empress Maria Theresa. These consisted 
 originally of 53 articles in beaten gold for the toilet and breakfast table and were 
 manufactured by the sculptor and goldsmith Anton Mathias Joseph Domanek, born 
 in Vienna 1713, died 1779. 
 
 „ 6, and 7. Gold boxes, presented by the Empress Maria Theresa to Duke Charles of 
 Lorraine. After having been in the possession of Prince Kaunitz and later on of 
 various private people these boxes were bought for the Crown Treasury by 
 Francis IL They are the work of the Court Jeweller Franz Mack, born in Tyrol 
 1730, died 1805, the portraits are from the artist Antonio Bencini, who became 
 Court Painter in 1753. 
 
 „ 8. Grotesque figures, appear to have been the work of the Dresden Goldsmith 
 Melchior Dinglinger, died 1731. The bodies and legs are made of large pearls. 
 
 „ 9. Sugar-tongs, after Martin Engelbrecht, Engraver, died 1756 (Wessely).
 
 524 
 
 GERMAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 326.
 
 Plate 327. 
 
 GERMAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 525
 
 526 
 
 GERMAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 328.
 
 Plate 329. 
 
 GERMAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 527
 
 528 
 
 GERMAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 330.
 
 GERMAN ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 529 
 
 Plate 330. 
 
 (Village Rococo in Upper Bavaria.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Window in Durchholzen near Walchsee (Otto Aufleger, Bauernhauser aus 
 
 Oberbayern). 
 „ 2. Top of wardrobe from the Aiblinger District, dating from the year 1765 (Zell, 
 
 Bauernmobel). 
 „ 3. Side ot a chest of drawers in Rottach near Tegernsee (Franz Zell, Bauern- 
 
 m5bel aus dem Bayrischen Hochland). 
 „ 4. Cupboard from the Grafing District, from the year 1770 (Zell). 
 „ 5. Chest from Rinning near Ebersberg, from the year 1756 (Zell). 
 
 Lady's Shoe (Hefr.er-Alteneck). 
 
 .SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 34
 
 530 
 
 ENGLISH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 331.
 
 ENGLISH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 53 1 
 
 Rococo Ornament in England 
 
 (Chippendale Style). 
 
 In the 18th century Art in England was influenced more by Italy than by France and 
 consequently the Rococo Style did not take much hold in the country. 
 
 
 
 Plate 331. 
 
 
 
 (From Chippendale, Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director, 1762.) 
 
 Fig- 
 
 1. 
 
 Ribband-back chair. 
 
 l» 
 
 2. 
 
 Oval glass frame. 
 
 )» 
 
 3. 
 
 Design for a chair. 
 
 )» 
 
 4. 
 
 „ for a frame. 
 
 f ) 
 
 5. 
 
 „ for a chimney-piece. 
 
 j» 
 
 6, 
 
 7, and 8. Schemes for frets. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1. 
 
 »» 
 
 2. 
 
 jy 
 
 3. 
 
 )> 
 
 4. 
 
 »f 
 
 5. 
 
 Plate 332. 
 
 Mahogany bookcase of Chippendale period (Chancellor). 
 
 Design for a bed, by Chippendale. 
 
 Chair of the Chippendale period (Chancellor). 
 
 Design for lantern, by Chippendale. 
 
 Chair with cabriole legs of the Chippendale period (Chancellor), 
 
 Plate 333. 
 
 (From Chippendale, Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director, 1762.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Cabinet designed by Chippendale. 
 
 2. Mouldings of a Cabinet designed, by Chippendale. 
 „ 3. Design for cabinet, by Chippendale. 
 „ 4. „ for brass handle. 
 
 „ 5. „ for brass escutcheon. 
 „ 6, ;ind 7, 12, and 13. Glass doors. 
 „ 8, and 11. Design for lamp stands, by Chippendale. 
 „ 9. Design for Pedestal, by Chippendale. 
 „ 10, „ for upperpart of chimney-piece, by Chippendale. 
 
 34*
 
 532 
 
 ENGLISH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 332. 

 
 Plate 333. 
 
 ENGLISH ROCOCO ORNAMENT. 
 
 533
 
 COLONIAL STYLE ORNAMENT 
 IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 It is evident that the Art of a new country h"ke the United States must be 
 in most intimate connection with the style of Art which predominates in the 
 original country of the artist. This is the reason why Styles of almost all the 
 European States were originally represented in America. After a time, however, 
 all these different styles became united with one another forming themselves into 
 the so-called Colonial Style. The buildings erected in America from 1725 to 
 1775 correspond somewhat to the Queen Anne and Georgian Styles in England, 
 a typical example of the symmetrical construction of this epoch being Craigie 
 House, Cambridge which dates from the year 1775. Churches and Meeting 
 Houses were constructed after examples by Sir Christopher Wren. The best 
 country houses were those found in Virginia and Maryland, while in Florida and 
 California, on the other hand, the Spanish Renaissance style predominated. 
 
 From the declaration of Independence onwards, the Style in America became 
 of a more monumental description but, after the fall of Napoleon, all the various 
 historical styles in fashion in Europe were also included. 
 
 Notwithstanding the European reminiscences which they contain, the artistic 
 creations of the 18*"^ century in the United States possess undoubtedly certain 
 characteristic national traits of their own.
 
 Plate 334. 
 
 AMERICAN COLONIAL STYLE ORNAMENT. 
 
 535
 
 336 
 
 AMERICAN COLONIAL STYLE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 535.
 
 AMERICAN COLONIAL STYLE ORNAMENT. 537 
 
 Plate 334. 
 
 (After Goforth and Max Aulay, Details of American Colonial Style.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Mantel piece from Upsal Mansion in Germantown. 
 
 „ 2. Bookcase door. 
 
 „ 3. Medallion from principal cornice of a gateway in Philadelphia. 
 
 „ 4. Mantel piece from Wisterhouse in Germantown. 
 
 ,, 5. Baluster from Fisher Mansion in Germantown. 
 
 „ 6. Mantel piece of wrought iron from Hamilton Mansion. 
 
 7, and 8. Doorways in Philadelphia. 
 
 „ 8. Base of column illustrated in fig. 8. 
 
 Plate 335. 
 
 TAfter Goforth and Mac Aulay, Details of American Colonial Style.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Gate pier. 
 „ 2, and 5. Mantel pieces from Philadelphia. 
 „ 3. Dor head in Main Corridor of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, of the 
 
 year 1729. 
 „ 4. Vase from the same Hall. 
 
 6. From a doorway in Philadelphia. 
 „ 7, and 8. Details of a frame in the independence Hall in Philadelphia. 
 „ 9. Side of the Corridor of Independence Hall in Philadelphia, 1729. 
 
 Plate 336. 
 
 Fig. 1. Sideboard (Alvan Croker Nye, Colonial Furniture). 
 
 2. Chest of drawers (Nye). 
 
 3. Hall clock from Hudson (Nye). 
 
 4. Arm-chair from Brewton House in Charleston (A. Crane and E. E. Soderholtz). 
 
 5. Bureau (Ware, The Georgian Period). 
 
 6. Chair from the rooms of the American Society in Worcester (Nye). 
 
 7. Oak chest (Ware, The Georgian Period). 
 
 Plate 337. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Windows of Entrance Hall in Arnold Mansion, Mount Pleasant (Goforth 
 and Mac Aulay). 
 
 3, Hepplewhite chair (Nye). 
 
 4, and 6. Sofa (Nye). 
 
 5, and 7. Backs of chairs (Nye). 
 
 8. Sofa (Nye). 
 
 9. Door in Arnold Mansion, Mount Pleasant, 1761 (Goforth and Mac Auley). 
 
 10. Chair in the rooms of the Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford (Nye). 
 
 11. Chair in Brewton House, Charleston (Crane and Soderholtz).
 
 538 
 
 AMERICAN COLONIAL STYLE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 336.
 
 Plate 337. 
 
 AMERICAN COLONIAL STYLE ORNAMENT. 
 
 539
 
 540 
 
 AMERICAN COLONIAL STYLE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 338.
 
 Plate 339. 
 
 AMERICAN COLONIAL STYLE ORNAMENT. 
 
 541 
 
 -4 HALL CORNICE 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 l<V 
 
 : 303^5: 
 
 jia>0^ 
 
 1 
 
 
 i 
 
 "^ 
 
 ! C 
 
 1 — 
 i 
 
 
 -tt 
 
 ■f 
 
 DOOR TRIM 
 
 Measured by Claude Fayette Bragdon 92
 
 542 
 
 AMERICAN COLONIAL STYLE ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Plate 338. 
 
 (After Edward A. Crane and E. E. Soderholtz, Examples of Colonial Architecture 
 
 in South Carolina and Georgia.) 
 
 1. Mantel piece in Corn House in Charleston, from the year 1790. 
 
 2. Iron gate from S. Michael's Churchyard in Charleston. 
 
 3. Ceiling in Gordon House, Savannah, Georgia, built in 1800. 
 
 4. Stair balusters in Brewton House in Charleston, built in 1760. 
 
 Plate 339. 
 
 (After William Rotch Ware, The Georgian Period.) 
 Mantel pieces from the Pincre House, Salem, Mass. 
 
 Door (Goforth and Mac Auley).
 
 Frontispiece by Carlo Lasinio, draughtsman and engraver, 1789 (Hirth).
 
 544 
 
 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 The Classical Revival of the IS*'' century. 
 
 The excavations in Herculaneum and Pompeii commenced in 1738, but at 
 first very slowly proceeded with, resulted in discoveries which stirred up the 
 interest in ancient classic art and brought new life to it. This was accentuated 
 by the publication of Piranesi's engravings in Italy and in England by those of 
 Wood on the ruins of Palmyra aud Baalbek (1757 — 59) and by Robert Adam 
 on the palace of Spalato in 1764. These two latter revealed the existence of 
 the remains of Imperial Rome, other than those in the Eternal City, and led to 
 a further revival of classic art not so much in Italy as in foreign countries, and 
 more especially in England where the works were published. Accustomed only 
 to the copybooks of the Italian theorists, the architects found a new field and 
 although the buildings discovered belonged to a decadent period, they were at 
 all events purer in style and much more magnificent than the phases of the 
 Later Renaissance and the Rococo. In England under the direction of Robert 
 and James Adam and of Sir William Chambers, the new revival superseded that 
 which is generally known as the Queen Anne Style, the quiet and unpretentious 
 architecture of the commencement of the IS^'^ century. In France it influenced 
 the architecture and industrial art during the reign of Louis XVI. creating a style 
 to which that monarch's name is attached and this style introduced then into 
 Germany, led to what is known as the Zopfstil period of which the Palace at 
 Potsdam, sometimes called the German Versailles, which was built in 1763 — 69, 
 by the architect Carl von Gothard (1738 — 1802) is the best exponent. Of this 
 style the examples from Freising and Schonbrunn (plate 352), show a return to 
 classic forms differing widely from the Rococo style which existed in the first 
 half of the 18^'^ century throughout Germany and the Netherlands. • 
 
 
 
 Fan in the Carnavalet Museum, Paris. Made ai the death of Mirabeau (L'art pour tous)
 
 ITALIAN 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT.   545 
 
 18*'' century Ornament in Italy. 
 
 Although the Rococo style originated in Italy, the tendency in that country was towards 
 the further development of the Later Renaissance, which in the Palace at Caserta (1752—70) 
 by Vanvitelli (1700 — 78) was reduced to its lowest ebb as it would be difficult to find a more 
 monotonous design than that immense structure. In the decoration of their interiors, and in 
 furniture, however, owing to the genius of Piranesi (1704 — 84) and followed by Simonetti 
 (1715—85), Piermarini (1734—1808) and Guiseppe Soli (1745—1822), a classic revival took 
 place, not altogether however without some rococo influence as may be noticed in the mantel- 
 piece on plate 340. 
 
 Plate 340. 
 
 Mural decoration from the work "Diverse maniere d'adornare i cammini" by 
 Giovanni Battista, Piranesi, architect draughtsman and etcher. 
 
 Plate 341. 
 
 Fig. 1. Table by Guiseppe Soli, architect and painter. From the work "Omamentale 
 
 EntwUrfe filr Mobel im Stile Louis' XVI." (Hirth). 
 „ 2. Panel from a ceiling by Albertolli (Schoy, L'art de I'epoque Louis XVI.). 
 „ 3. Bracket candlestick by Albertolli (Schoy). 
 
 „ 4. Design for wall decoration with table and clock, by Piranesi (Hirth). 
 „ 5. Chest of drawers by Soli (Hirth). 
 
 Plate 342. 
 
 (Designs by Giocondo Albertolli after Schoy, L'art de I'epoque Louis XVI.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Ceiling In the palace of Prince Belgioso d'Este in Milan. 
 
 „ 2. Comer ornament of the same. 
 
 „ 3. Candlestick. 
 
 „ 4. Interior decoration. 
 
 „ 5. Study for centrepiece. 
 
 SPELTZ. Styles of Ornament. 35
 
 546 
 
 ITALIAN 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 340.
 
 Plate 341, 
 
 ITALIAN 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 547 
 
 /&^^^^^^^^i^i^^^*^^i^i^^ ^^^^^i^^^^^^U ^^^'^:*^-Ai^y^^^. 
 
 3LVJ'Kis).fjm9m!9;m9m>wm-ws:9:.'v.-y/iv«iw.9i\'''.9.vm 
 
 35"
 
 548 
 
 ITALIAN 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 342.
 
 FRENCH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 549 
 
 18th century Ornament in France. 
 
 (Louis XVL Style.) 
 The principal supporters and patrons of this style, amongst others, were Constant 
 d'Yvri, and Jacques Germain Soufflot. The art of the cabinet maker flourished in a specially- 
 unexpected manner under this style, as did also the Goldsmith's art and porcelain manufacture. 
 
 Plate 343. 
 
 (After Cesar Daly, Motifs historiques d'architecture et de sculpture.) 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Keystone of an entrance porch in Paris. 
 „ 3, 4, and 7. Console brackets in Paris. 
 
 „ 6, and 6. Detail of part of the facade of the Palais Royal, Paris; towards the 
 garden. 
 
 Plate 344. 
 
 (After C^sar Daly, Motifs historiques.) 
 Fig. 1. Over door of an hotel in the Rue de Francs-Bourgeois No. 10, Paris. 
 „ 2. Decorated door of an hotel. Rue de Varenne No. 89, Paris. 
 „ 8. Part of door of a house, Route de Chatillon No. 17, Paris. 
 „ 4. Entrance door in the Hotel des Monnaies, Paris. 
 „ 5. Door crest from Paris. 
 
 Plate 345. 
 
 (After C^sar Daly, Motifs historiques ) 
 
 Fig. 1. JVIantel piece from a country house In Blanquefort, Gironde. 
 „ 2. Drawing-room decoration of an hotel in the Rue St. Charles, Bordeaux. 
 
 Plate 346. 
 
 Fig. 1. Balcony in the Rue Royale, Versailles (Daly). 
 
 „ 2. Balcony from Paris (Daly). 
 
 „ 3. Door and frame in wrought steel from Palais de Justice, Paris (Daly). 
 
 „ 4. Vase from an engraving by Lalonde, draughtsman and designer in Paris (Hirth). 
 
 „ 5. Pommel of stick by the same (Hirth). 
 
 „ 6. Candlestick by J. P. Forty, brass-founder and chaser in Paris, 1775 — 1790 (Hirth). 
 
 Plate 347. 
 
 Fig. 1. Sofa of painted wood covered with embroidered silk (Bajot). 
 
 o 
 
 Small table of mahogany with gilt chased, copper mountings (Bajot). 
 
 3. Cabinet (Havard). 
 
 4. Tripod of bronze gilt (Havard). 
 
 5. Design for drawing-room decoration, made for the Marquis de Sillery after 
 2 drawing by Rousseau de la Rottiere. In the South Kensington Museum (Champeaui). 
 
 6. Design for chased door lock, by Lalonde (Hirth).
 
 550 
 
 FRENCH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 343.
 
 Plate 344. 
 
 FRENCH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 551
 
 552 
 
 FRENCH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 345.
 
 Plate 346. 
 
 FRENCH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 553
 
 554 
 
 FRENCH ISTH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 347.
 
 Plate 348. 
 
 FRENCH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT.
 
 556 
 
 FRENCH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 349.
 
 Plate 350. 
 
 FRENCH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 557
 
 558 
 
 FRENCH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 4. 
 
 5. 
 6. 
 7. 
 
 Plate 348. 
 
 Fire screen of embroidered silk in a frame made of carved and gilt wood (Bajot). 
 
 Console table in wood gilt (Bajot). 
 
 Salon decoration of the Hotel d'Hallwill, in carved wood. Drawn by Architect 
 
 Ledoux (Champeaux). 
 
 Hanging lamp (L'art pour tous). 
 
 Chair, showing transition to the Empire Style (L'art pour tous). 
 
 Chased door bolt by Lalonde (Hirth). 
 
 Bronze door mantle (Champeaux). 
 
 Plate 349. 
 
 (After Schoy, Art Louis XVL) 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Stand and table by Jean Francois de Neuf forge. 
 3, 4, 9, and 10. Doors by Antoine Joseph Rouvo. 
 
 5, and 12. Arm chair and sofa by Bouch6 Le Jeune. 
 
 6, and 7. Furniture feet by Neufforge. 
 8. Mirror frame by P. Ranson. 
 
 11. Candelabrum by Neufforge. 
 
 Fig- 
 
 Plate 350. 
 
 1. Window Valence of embroidered silk in the Musee des Arts decoratifs (Champeaux). 
 
 2. Driving saddle of leather with bronze gilt ornaments (Hirth). 
 
 3. and 4. Knife handle and lid of box after Lalonde (Hirth). 
 5, and 6. Dress of embroidered silk (Champeaux). 
 
 7, and 8. Aigrettes from the work "Nouveau recueil de parures et joaillerie", 
 Paris 1764, by Poujet fils, engraver and goldsmith in Paris. 
 
 
 
 m^ 'm 
 
 ^1 IX '^ 
 
 Monogram In precious stones, by Ranson (Schoy).
 
 GERMAN 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 559 
 
 IS^** century Ornament in the Netherlands. 
 Plate 351. 
 
 (Designs for precious stones by L. van der Cruycen, after Schoy, L'art Louis XVI.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Designs for corsage. 
 „ 2, and 7. Brooches. 
 „ 3. Necklace. 
 „ 4, and 6. Ear-rings. 
 „ 5, and 8. Pendants. 
 
 IS*** century Ornament in Germany. 
 
 (Zopfstil Ornament.) 
 
 About the year 1771 the Rococo style in Germany gave way before the newly awakened 
 Classicism, this result being very probably due to Italian and French influences. 
 
 Plate 352. 
 
 (After Moritz Heider, Louis XVI. und Empire.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Detail of part of a dwelling-house in Freising, Vienna. 
 
 „ 2. Entrance gate in the Gloriette in SchSnbrunn. 
 
 „ 3. Panel from the same. 
 
 „ 4. Vase from Schonbrunn Parlt. 
 
 „ 5. Door of a house in the Freundgasse, Vienna. 
 
 Plate 353. 
 
 (After Moritz Heider, Louis XVI. und Empire.) 
 
 Fig. 1, 2, and 3. Pulpit in the Lichtental church Vienna, Rossau. In wood painted 
 
 and partly gilt. 
 „ 4. Hanging lantern in Palace Schwarzenberg, Vienna. 
 „ 5. Lamp from the Wieden Freihaus, Schleifmuhlengasse, Vienna. 
 „ 6. Lamp in the upper Augarten Strasse, Vienna. 
 „ 7. Stove in the Primate's Palace, Pressburg, of glazed terra-cotta, partly gilt.
 
 560 
 
 DUTCH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 351, 

 
 Plate 352. 
 
 GERMAN 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 561 
 
 SPELTZ Styles of Ornament
 
 562 
 
 GERMAN 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 353.
 
 GERMAN 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 354. 
 
 563 
 
 Fig. 1. Mantel piece in the castle at Mannheim (Luthmer, Innenraume etc. im Louis XVI. 
 
 und Empirestil). 
 „ 2. Bracket candlestick of carved wood, from the Rein Monastery in Steiermark 
 
 (Heider). 
 „ 3—6. Window grating and balconies in Vienna (Heider). 
 
 Clock (Heider). 
 
 36*
 
 564 
 
 GERMAN 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 354.
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 565 
 
 IS*** century Ornament in England. 
 
 (The Adam style.) 
 
 In accordance with the conservative character of the Enghsh people the Palladian style 
 which was worked out and developed by many eminent architects in public buildings, was 
 adhered to up to the third quarter of the 18th century, and the Louis XVI. style did not take 
 any root in England. The principal founder of the classical revival was the architect Robert Adam 
 (1723—1792) and his brother James. The former was a most prolific designer not only of 
 architectural works but of furniture and decoration, so that he is virtually the creator of a new 
 style known by his name, to which, after a Greek and a Gothic revival, there is now a 
 tendency to return. Although as a rule, the work of Adam was inspired by Roman art and 
 his designs for ceilings show how closely he had studied the stucco decoration in the tombs 
 at Rome and in Hadrian's villa atTivoli; there are occasions when he displays considerable 
 acquaintance with Greek art as in Plate 357, representing work in Sion House, built 1761—64, 
 which suggests that he must have had access to Stuart's drawings which were not published 
 till 1769 by the Dilettanti Society. 
 
 After designs by R. and J. Adam. 
 Plate 355. 
 
 (Doric Order after Robert Adam.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Entrance hall to Shelburne House in Berkeley Square. 
 „ 3. Door frame in same. 
 „ 4. Dado from same. 
 
 Plate 356. 
 
 (Ionic Order after Robert Adam.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. From front of Slielburne House, Berkeley Square. 
 .. 3. Pilaster from Lord Mansfield's Villa at Kenwood. 
 
 Plate 357. 
 
 (Ionic Order after Robert Adam.) 
 
 Fig. 1. From the attic storey over the entrance hall of Sion House, residence of 
 the Duke of Northumberland. 
 „ 2, 3, and 6. Column and entablature at Sion House. 
 „ 4, and 5. Door way of the same. 
 
 Plate 358. 
 
 Fig. 1—3, 5, and 6. Details from the entrance gateway at Sion House. 
 „ 4. Frieze from Luton House, country seat of the Earl of Bute.
 
 566 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 355. 
 
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 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 567 
 
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 LfiATUULrLrLnjLrLTLrLrLrLArLrLrLrL 
 
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 568 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 357. 
 
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 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 569
 
 570 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 359. 
 
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 Plate 360. 
 
 ENGLISH ISTHgCENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 571
 
 572 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 361. 
 
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 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 573 
 
 Plate 359. 
 
 Fig. 1. Capital from the first storey of the staircase in Luton House. 
 „ 2, and 3. Corinthian Order by Robert Adam. 
 
 Plate 360. 
 
 (After The Decorative Works of Robert and James Adam.) 
 
 Fig. I. Moulding round the bas-reliefs in the hall of Sion House. 
 „ 2, 3, 8, and 9. Decoration of the attic window in the entrance Hall, Sion House. 
 „ 4, and 7. Greek Order in the dining-room of the house of Sir Watkins Williams 
 
 Wynn, St. James's Square. 
 „ 5. Vase on the porter's lodge, Sion House. 
 „ 6. Decoration of the plinth of the large niche in the hall of Sion House. 
 
 Plate 361. 
 
 (After The Decorative Works of Robert and James Adam.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Design of the Order for Carlton House. 
 „ 3. Decorative vase in Sion House. 
 „ 4, and 5. Mantel piece at Sion House. 
 
 Plate 362. 
 
 (After The Decorative Works of Robert and James Adam.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 4. Trophies in Sion House. 
 „ 2, 3, and 5. Frame work of window in the entrance-hall, Sion House. 
 
 Plate 363. 
 
 (After The Decorative Works of Robert and James Adam.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Mantel piece in St. James's Palace. 
 „ 2, and 3. Organ in the house of Sir Watkins Williams Wynn. 
 
 Plate 364. 
 
 (After The Decorative Works of Robert and James Adam.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Celling of the entrance-hall in Sion House. 
 
 „ 2. Ceiling of the dining-room of the house of Sir Watkins Williams Wynn. 
 
 „ 3. Ceiling in Sion House. 
 
 „ 4. Ceiling of the music-room In the house of Sir Watkins Williams Wynn.
 
 574 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 362. 
 
 ^m^MEim^mMnMmi£M;:^s:MmMM^^^M 
 

 
 Plate 363. 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 575
 
 576 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 364.
 
 Plate 365. 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 577 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 37
 
 578 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 366.
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 579 
 
 Plate 365. 
 
 (After The Decorative Works of Robert and James Adam.) 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Plan and elevation of design for table centre-piece. 
 „ 3. Design for frame and Royal coat of arms. 
 
 Plate 366. 
 
 (After The Decorative Worlis of Robert and James Adam.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Ceiling of a room, called the "Japanned Room" in the Queen's House, 
 
 from a design by Adam. 
 „ 2. Bridge in the Park of Sion House. 
 
 Plate 367. 
 
 (After The Decorative Works of Robert and James Adam.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Sedan chair, from a design by Adam, prepared for the King. 
 
 „ 2. Console table with mirror over. 
 
 „ 3. Window mantle. 
 
 „ 4. Grate in brass and steel, in Library of Luton, 1764. 
 
 Plate 368. 
 
 Fig. 1. Tripod and vase for candles (Adam). 
 „ 2. Pier glass (Adam). 
 „ 3. Door knocker from the house of Sir Watkins Williams Wynn, St. James's 
 
 Square (Adam). 
 „ 4, and 5. Sugar bowl and coffee-pot of the year 1770 (Champeaux). 
 
 Plate 369. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Piano in wood of various colours, made in London for the Empress 
 
 of Russia (Adam). 
 „ 3. Design for a panel by Adam. 
 „ 4. Window mantle Adam). 
 „ 5. Top of chest of drawers in the palace of the Countess of Derby (Adam), 
 
 Furniture made from designs by Thomas Sheraton. 
 (After Sheraton, Cabinet maker and Upholsterer's Drawing Book, 1791—93.) 
 
 Plate 370. 
 
 Fig. 1. Buffet or Sideboard. 
 „ 2. Toilet table. 
 „ 3. Fire-screen. 
 
 37*
 
 580 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 367.
 
 Plate 368. 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 581
 
 582 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 369. 
 
 
 
 J^/ft -itiJ, i. 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 Plate 370. 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 583
 
 584 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 371. 
 
 
 
 
 
 'Vr''-^^V\ f^' , ^-r':^^^
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 585 
 
 Fig. 4. Inlaid table top. 
 
 „ 5. Acanthus ornament. 
 
 „ 6. Arm chair. 
 
 „ 7. Sofa. 
 
 Plate 371 
 
 Fig. 1. Panel decoration. 
 
 a 
 
 2—5. Details of furniture. 
 
 6. and 9. Window mantles. 
 
 7. Head of doorway. 
 
 8. Frieze in bas-relief. 
 
 Plate 372. 
 
 Fig. 1—3. Designs for Chair backs. 
 
 „ 4. Center for a Pier table to be painted or executed in Inlay. 
 
 „ 5. Design for a Secretarire and Bookcase. 
 
 „ 6. Design for a Cabinet. 
 
 Furniture made from designs by A. Hepplewhite. 
 (After Hepplewhite, The Cabinet maker and Upholsterer's Guide, 1789—94.) 
 
 Plate 373. 
 
 Fig. 1. Canopy bed. 
 „ 2. Writing table with cupboard over. 
 „ 3. Chair. 
 „ 4. Terminal vase. 
 „ 5 — 9, 11 — 17. Cornices for furniture. 
 „ 10. Glass door of cupboard. 
 
 Work prepared from various designs. 
 
 Plate 374. 
 
 Fig. 1. Design for ceiling by Pergolesi. 
 
 2, Mantel piece by G. Richardson. 
 
 3, and 6. Panels by Pergolesi. 
 
 4, Mantel piece with mirror by William Thomas. 
 
 5, Emblem by Pergolesi. 
 7. Ceiling by G. Richardson.
 
 586 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 372. 
 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 
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 ^-^^^ 
 
 
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 Plate 373. 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 587
 
 588 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 374.
 
 Plate 375. 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 589
 
 590 
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 Plate 376.
 
 ENGLISH 18TH CENTURY ORNAMENT. 
 
 591 
 
 Plate 375. 
 
 (After Bailey Scott Murphy, English and Scottish Wrought Ironwork.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Wrought-iron gate in screen to Dining Hall, Queen's College, Cambridge, 
 round which in the year 1734 the wood work in the prevailing Renaissance style 
 was carried out. 
 „ 2, Fan-light of a gateway in All Soul's College, Oxford, the work of Hawksmoor. 
 
 English 18^^ Century Pottery. 
 
 Plate 376. 
 
 (After Examples of Early English Pottery by John Eliot Hodgkin and Edith Hodgkin.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Plate. Cock Pit Hill of the year 1734. Black enamel with bronze-coloured flowers. 
 
 2. Plate, of the same origin. Brown glazing with yellow decorations, of the year 1749. 
 
 3. Drinking cup with handles. Sgraffito ware, inscribed 1764. 
 
 4. Jug, Sgraffito, inscribed 1779. 
 
 5. Drinking cup with handles from Jackfield, 1760, with gold ornamentations. 
 
 6. and 7. Plates. Delft porcelain, made in England, 1740. 
 
 8. Plate, Staffordshire delft, about 1718. 
 
 9. Plate, Lambeth delft, inscribed 1742. 
 
 Design for a bracket candlestick by Adam.
 
 592 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 Frieze in mural painting fPercier et Fontaine). 
 
 Empire Ornament in France. 
 
 In the last quarter of the 18'h century, Greek art commenced to exert its influence on 
 architecture and the industrial arts, and its development by Percier and Fontaine in Paris for 
 Napoleon I., resulted in that phase which is generally known as the style of the Empire. 
 Although unable to supersede entirely the traditional crafts of the day, such as is found in 
 the Louis XV. and XVI. Styles, it created a demand for decoration of a better character, 
 and pure architectural forms were introduced in the place of the Rococo scroll-work thus 
 the Greek Palmette and Acanthus, the egg and tongue, the guilloche and other decorative 
 details came again into fashion and extended to furniture and other accessories, including 
 also interior work and metal mounts. 
 
 Work made from designs by C. Percier and F. F. L. Fontaine. 
 
 Fig. 
 
 1. 
 
 >> 
 
 2. 
 
 >l 
 
 3. 
 
 
 4. 
 
 Plate 377. 
 
 (After Percier et Fontaine, Recueil de Decorations int^rieures.) 
 
 Capital and entablature. 
 
 Soffit of cornice. 
 
 Base of Pilaster. 
 
 Wall decoration from the cabinet of King Joseph of Spain, made in Paris 
 
 from designs by Percier and Fontaine, and fixed in the Palace at Aranjuez.
 
 plate 377. 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 593 
 
 
 
 [\W 
 
 ^m/II^fJ 
 
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 ^^sssQ^^s^s^m 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 38
 
 594 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 Plate 378.
 
 Plate 379. 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 595 
 
 38'
 
 596 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 Plate 380.
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 597 
 
 Plate 378. 
 
 Fig. 1. Ceiling painting in a studio at Paris. 
 
 Plate 379. 
 
 Fig. 1. Pier in the Venus Museum in the Louvre, Paris. 
 „ 2. Tribune from the hall of the Marshalls in the Tuileries, Paris. 
 
 Plate 380. 
 
 Fig. 1. Mantel piece in the Louvre, Paris. 
 „ 2, and 3. Mural paintings. 
 „ 4. Book cabinet, made in Paris for Amsterdam. 
 
 Plate 381. 
 
 Fig. L Branched candlestick, Paris. 
 
 „ 2. Soup tureen, made in Paris. 
 
 „ 3. Candelabrum, made in Paris. 
 
 „ 4. Bed stead and canopy, Paris. 
 
 Plate 382. 
 
 Fig. 1. Throne of Napoleon L in the Tuileries, now destroyed. 
 
 Plate 383. 
 
 Fig. L Writing bureau, made in Paris. 
 
 „ 2, and 3. Table, made in Paris for St. Petersburg. 
 
 „ 4. Table, made in Paris for Count S. in St. Petersburg, 
 
 „ 5. Arm-chair, made in Paris for St. Petersburg. 
 
 Plate 384. 
 
 Fig. 1—6, 8—13. Furniture mouitings (Recueil des Dessins d'ornements d'architecture 
 de la Manufacture de Joseph Bennot a Sarrebourg et Paris). 
 „ 7. Furniture mounting (L'art pour tous), 
 „ 14. Upper part of a chest of drawers (L'art pour tous).
 
 598 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 Plate 381,
 
 Plate 382. 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 599
 
 600 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 Plate 383.
 
 Plate 384. 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 601
 
 602 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 Plate 385.
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 603 
 
 Plate 385. 
 
 Fig. 1, 5, 8, 11 — 13. Furniture mountings (Bennot). 
 
 „ 2. Mirror from a drawing by P. P. Prudhon, in the Industrial Art Museum, Beriin. 
 
 „ 3. Stand (Beauvalet). 
 
 „ 4. Sevres Vase in Grand Trianon, after a photograph. 
 
 „ 6, and 7. Silver cradle of the Duke of Bordeaux (L'art pour tous). 
 
 , 9, and 10. Chairs of the Directory period (L'art pour tous). 
 
 Bureau, made in Paris (Percier et Fontaine).
 
 604 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 Plate 386. 
 

 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN FRANCE. 
 
 605 
 
 On the fall of the Empire, the same style continued but was much inferior both in 
 character and execution. The neogrec movement of 1840—60 led to more refinement in 
 design, which after the Franco-German war tended towards a revival of the Louis XIV. 
 and XV. Style. 
 
 Plate 386. 
 
 Fig. ]. Work table, of the year 1820 (Bajot). 
 
 „ 2. Screen in Mahogany, with gilt mountings (Bajot). 
 
 3. Arm-chair of the year 1820 (Bajot). 
 
 „ 4. Console table, 1820 (Bajot). 
 
 „ 5. Chair, 1830 (Bajot). 
 
 6. Key-hole plate (L'art pour tous). 
 
 „ 7, Pilaster from the Cafe Gaulois, Rue Poissonifere No. 46, Paris (Thiollet et 
 H. Roux). 
 
 Key-hole plate (L'art pour tous).
 
 606 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN ITALY. 
 
 Empire Ornament in Italy. 
 
 Although the Empire Style was taken up in Italy later than in France, the country of 
 its chief development on the other hand, it lasted much longer, being retained until the 
 thirties, when Guiseppe Borsato became its chief exponent, his work being however, inferior 
 to that of Percier and Fontaine. 
 
 Plate 387. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 5. Sofa and arm-chair in Directory Style by Guiseppe Soli (Hirth). 
 2. Sofa for the Milan cathedral, by Qiocondo Albertolli (SchoyJ. 
 „ 3. Stool in Directory Style, by Albertolli (Hirth). 
 „ 4. Perfuming censer in Empire Style, by Albertolli, Milan 1790 (Hirth). 
 
 Work done from designs by Borsato. 
 
 (After Percier et Fontaine, Recueil de Decorations int^rieures avec des supplements 
 
 par Joseph Borsato.) 
 
 Plate 388. 
 
 Fig. 1. Internal decoration in the Imperial Palace in Venice. 
 „ 2. Ceiling painting, carried out in the year 1817 for Count Albriggi in Venice. 
 3. Mantel piece in the Royal Imperial Palace in Venice.
 
 Plate 387. 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN ITALY. 
 
 607 
 
 ."HjV.allU ^U '"ilvltMlli ■,,|,\U,I I|,.(|UII1|||(|U
 
 608 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN ITALY. 
 
 Plate 388.
 
 Plate 389. 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN ITALY. 
 
 609 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 39
 
 610 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN ITALY. 
 
 Plate 389. 
 
 Fig. 1. Internal decoration of reception room in tiie Royal Palace in Venice, of the 
 
 year 1834. 
 
 Silver chandelier in the church of S. Giorgio de Greci, Venice 
 
 (Percier et Fontaine).
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 611 
 
 Empire Ornament in Germany. 
 
 Towards the close of the 18th century, at a time when the imitation of everythmg 
 French grew to be a passion amongst the Germans, the German Rococo and Louis XVI. Styles 
 which were imitations of the French gave way to imitations of the new French Empire Style. 
 This change was furthermore favoured by the political conditions which ruled at the period. 
 
 Plate 390. 
 
 (After Moritz Heider, Louis XVI. und Empire.) 
 
 Fig. 1. Parquetry floor in Schwarzenberg Palace, Vienna. 
 
 „ 2. Stove recess in the same palace. 
 
 „ 3. Stove from the Monastery of Rein in Steiermark. 
 
 „ 4. Ceiling decoration in Modena Palace, Herrengasse, Vienna. 
 
 Plate 391. 
 
 Fig. 1. Sofa in the collection of Duke Karl Theodor of Bavaria in Munich (Luthmer, 
 Biirgerliche Mobel). 
 „ 2, 4, and 6. Sofa, stool, and small table in the appartments of the Grand Duchess 
 
 of Modena, Munich (Luthmer). 
 „ 3, and 7. Bed and cupboard in possession of the art dealer Hugo Helbing, 
 
 Munich (Luthmer). 
 „ 6. Piano in mahogany with gilt bronze, made by M. Seiffert in Vienna, 1790 
 (Bajot). 
 
 Plate 392. 
 
 Fig. 1. Mirror and console table in the Bavarian National Museum, Munich (Luthmer, 
 Biirgerliche Mobel). 
 „ 2. End of a sofa in the Royal Residence in Stuttgart (Luthmer). 
 „ 3. Toilet looking-glass from the collection of Duke Karl Theodor of Bavaria 
 
 (Luthmer, Burgerliche Mobel). 
 „ 4. Mantel piece in the Munich Museum (Luthmer, Burgerliche Mobel). 
 
 39*
 
 612 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 Plate 390. 

 
 Plate 391. 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 613
 
 614 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 Plate 392.
 
 Plate 393. 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 615
 
 616 
 
 EMPIRE ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 Plate 393. 
 
 Fig. 1. Branch bracket candlestick in bronze gilt (Heider). 
 „ 2. Toilet looking-glass with bronze frame (^Heider). 
 
 „ 3. Bronze vase with the Dance of the Hours, in the Royal Residence in Stutt- 
 gart (Luthmer). 
 „ 4. Branch candlestick of bronze gilt (Heider). 
 „ 5, and 6. Balcony railings in Wickenburger Gasse, Vienna (Heider). 
 
 t 
 
 i^^^^SS^© 
 
 Window of the Husar Inn in Garmisch, 
 Upper Bavaria 
 
 (Zell, Bauernhauser im bayerischen Hochland).
 
 BIEDERMEIER ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 617 
 
 Biedermeier or old fashioned Style in Germany. 
 
 As a reaction from the elaborate ornament of the Louis XVI. and Empire styles, a new 
 style arose in which work of the greatest simplicity and commonplace form the chief characte- 
 ristics, this is known in Germany as the Biedermeier, or old fashioned style. 
 
 Plate 394. 
 
 Fig. 1. Bed of Hungarian oak, of the year 1830 (Joseph Folnesics, InnenrMume und Haus- 
 rat der Empire- und Biedermeierzeit). 
 „ 2, and 3. Chairs from Vienna, 1820—30 (Folnesics). 
 „ 4. Table from tlie castle of Obernzenn in Unterfranken (Luthmer). 
 „ 5. Sofa in possession of Baron von Pollnitz, Bamberg (Luthmer). 
 „ 6, and 7. Sewing-tables from Vienna, 1820 (Folnesics). 
 
 Silk stuff. After the original in the Industrial Museum, Berlin.
 
 618 
 
 BIEDERMEIER ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 Plate 394.
 
 Plate 395. 
 
 BIEDERMEIER ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 619
 
 620 
 
 NEOGREC ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 Plate 396.
 
 NEOGREC ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 621 
 
 Plate 395. 
 
 Fig. 1, and 2. Samples of cotton. After the originals in the Industrial Art Museum in Berlin. 
 „ 3. Cupboard from Unterammergau, 1820 (Zell). 
 
 „ 4—7. Sample of material for furniture covering. After the original in the Industrial 
 Art Museum, Berlin. 
 
 Neogrec Ornament in Germany. 
 
 n the period following the fall of the Empire, Art made fresh progress in Germany, 
 in consequence of the revival of art and the exceptional genius of K. F. Schinkel 
 (1781—1841) an architect whose works constitute the models in all the North 
 German schools. Schinkel's chief work was the Museum in Berlin, he was 
 followed by his pupil, A. Staler (1800—1865) who built the additions to the 
 Museum. In Munich, Leo von Klenze (1794—1864) led the way. 
 
 Plate 396. 
 
 (After Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Sammlung architektonischer Entwiirfe.) 
 From the Ancient Museum in Berlin. 
 
 Wood ceiling in the Sculpture Hall. 
 Principal entablature of one of the upper halls. 
 Capital of column in the Sculpture Hall. 
 Base of column in the portico. 
 Fig. 5. Capital of pier from Sculpture Hall. 
 „ 6. Cast-iron balustrade of the gallery in the Rotunda. 
 
 Candlestick by Schinkel 
 
 (Vorbilder). 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Plate 397. 
 
 (After Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Sammlung architektonischer Entwiirfe.) 
 
 1. Window of the General Building School in Berlin. 
 
 2. Principal entrance door of the same. 
 
 Plate 398. 
 
 Fig. 1, 2, 6, and 7. Grecian chairs and sofa (L. Lohde, Sammlung von MObelentwiirfen, 
 
 erfunden von Karl Friedrich Schinkel). 
 „ 3. Marble tazza by Schinkel (Vorbilder fur Fabrikanten und Handwerker). 
 „ 4. Grecian vase after Moses (Vorbilder fiir Fabrikanten und Handwerker, auf Befehl 
 
 des Ministers fiir Handel, Gewerbe und Bauwesen, 1821).
 
 622 
 
 NEOGREC ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 Plate 397. 
 
 UWJW M MM i m H KJHJW lULM.H4CJKL-.Mt.Jli M. JWt M IH lit JJ>, .Ml. MtHH Mti 1441IUllHjM;iHJtlLMl l 4l<»KMIH4IM JMlnlMIII«jm« « . »«mm»»IMIMI«IIM- 
 
 ^ 
 
 ':mi 
 
 IW » H I WH.WmaiWWWI.MIWMll«MlH(MMWIW1lll1imHWIWM»llHIMMMIMIM»l«llliaim MMl»w »llM.ltl nrrtntr
 
 Plate 398. 
 
 NEOGREC ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 623
 
 624 
 
 NEOGREC ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 Plate 399.
 
 Plate 400. 
 
 NEOGREC ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 625 
 
 SPELTZ, Styles of Ornament. 
 
 40
 
 626 
 
 NEOGREC ORNAMENT IN GERMANY. 
 
 Plate 399. 
 
 Fig. 1. Drawing-room table by Schinkel (L. Lohde). 
 
 2. Mural painling from drawings by Stier (Vorbilder). 
 
 3. Writing table by Schinkel (L. Lohde). 
 
 4. Goblet-glass by Schinkel (Vorbilder). 
 
 5. Wine cooler by Ruhl (Vorbilder). 
 
 6. Sample of stutf from Bolticher (Vorbilder). 
 
 Plate 400. 
 
 From Examples for Manufacturers and Artisans, by order of the Minister for Trade, 
 
 Industry and Building, 1821). 
 
 Fig. 1. Chalice by Schinkel. 
 
 „ 2. Sample of stuff from Mauch. 
 
 „ 3. Sample of stuff by Schinkel. 
 
 „ 4. Vase from Mauch. 
 
 Marble tazza by Schinkel 
 
 (Vorbilder fur Fabrikanten und Handwerker).
 
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 629 
 
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 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 ACCORDING TO 
 
 SUBJECT AND MATERIAL. 
 
 Abacus. — Grec. P. 18. F. 1, 3, 9. P. 19, 
 F. 14. P. 20. F.5. P. 21. F. 13. P.22. F.3. 
 
 — Rom. P. 34. F. 8, 9, 10, 13. P. 45. F. 1, 
 6,8. — Romque p. 72. F. 1, 2. P. 79. P. 6, 
 7,11. P.80. F.3. P.Sl. F.4. P.87. F.8. 
 P. 92. F. 5. P. 94. F. 2. P. 102. F. 6. 
 P. 106. F. 8. — Russ. P. 108. F. 1. — Goth. 
 P. 136. F.3, 6, 8. P. 146. F. 7. P. 162. F.4. 
 
 — Ren. P. 201. F. 4. 
 
 Acanthus. — Grec. P. 20. F. 1, 2, 5. P. 21. 
 
 F. 6, 9, 12. P. 22. F. 4, 7, 8, 10, 12. P. 25. 
 
 F. 2, 3. — Lat. Ren. P. 279. F. 2. — Roc. 
 
 P. 323. F. 4. — 18th C. P. 370. F. 5. 
 Acroterium. — Grec. P. 18. F. 5. 
 Agraffe. — Page 412. 
 Aigrette. — 18th c. P. 350. F. 7, 8. 
 Alphabet. — CeIt.P.56. F.4. — Romque p.82. 
 
 F.5. — P. 101. F. 13. — Ren. P. 214. F.2. 
 
 P. 233. F. 1-5. — Roc. P. 319. F. 5, 6. 
 Altar. — Etrusc. P. 31. F. 9— 11. — Rom. 
 
 P. 33. F. 3, 6, 18. P. 36. F. 2. P. 38. F. 3. 
 
 — Romquep.85. F. 1 — 16. — Goth. P. 179. 
 F. 1, 2. — Page 124. 
 
 Ambo. — Early Chr. P. 62. F. 3. — Romque 
 
 P. 86. F. 1. 
 Amphora. — Egypt. P. 7. F. 5. — Assyr. P. 10. 
 
 F. 13— 15. - Grec. P. 26. F. 5, 8, 11, 12, 15. 
 Anta-capital. — Grec. P. 18. F. 10, 11. P. 21. 
 
 F. 2, 13. P. 22. F. 12. 
 Ante-fix. — Grec. P. 18. F. 4, 8. P. 23. 
 
 F. 12. — Page 44. 
 Apothecary's pot. — Ren. P. 211. F. 3, 7. 
 Arcade. — Romque p. 89. F. 4, 5, 6, 7. P. 94. 
 
 F. 1. P.95.F.4. — Goth.P.138.F.8. P. 165. 
 
 F.7, 8. — Ren. P. 251. F. 1. P. 264. F. 4. 
 Arch. — Rom. P. 33. F. 15. — Byz. P. 63. 
 
 F. 1, 6. P. 64. F. 1. — Romque p.71. p. 2, 3. 
 
 P. 73. F. 14. P.87. F.6, 7. P. 89. F. 1, 4. 
 
 5, 8. P. 92. F. 1, 5, 8. P. 93. F. 2. P. 107. 
 
 F. 8. — Russ. P. 108. F. 1. — Mahom. P. 1 17. 
 
 F. 9, 10, 12. P. 132. F. 5. — Goth. P. 177. 
 
 F. 1, 5. P. 188. F. 1, 2. — Page 181. 
 Architrave. — Grec. P. 18. F. 1. P. 20. 
 
 F. 3. P. 21. F. 10. P. 22. F. 3. — Rom. 
 
 P. 33. F. 1, 2. P. 34. F. 4. P. 35. F. 2. 
 
 P. 36. F. 1, 3. — Early Chr. P. 58. F. 8. 
 Archivolte. — Romque p. 73. F. 7. P. 78. 
 
 F.3. P. 81. F.3. P. 97. F. 2, 10. P. 98. 
 
 F. 5, 6. P. 102. F. 4, 5. 
 Arm chair. — Grec. P. 28. F. 4, 19. — Rom. 
 
 P. 39. F. 10, 11. — Byz. P. 68. F. 18. — 
 
 Romque p. 105. F. 1, 2. — Goth. P. 171. 
 
 F. 1, 2. — Ren. P. 220. F. 1, 2, 5. P. 252. 
 
 F. 2. P. 269. F. 2, 4. — Lat. Ren. P. 274. 
 
 F. 1. P. 291. F. 3. P. 297. F. 2. — Roc. 
 
 P. 320. F. 3. P. 325. F. 1. — 18th C. 
 
 P. 370. F. 6. — Emp. P. 383. F. 5. P. 386. 
 
 F.3. P. 387. F. 1. — Biederm. P.394. F.2. 
 Armour. — Rom. P. 44. F. 2, 6, 14. — 
 
 Russ. P. 110. F. 7. — Mahom. P. 116. 
 
 F.12. — Goth. P. 141. F.4. P. 176. F. 1, 
 
 2. — Ren. P. 215. F. 5. P. 222. F. 2. 
 
 P. 232. F. 1. P. 251. F. 3. 
 Arms. — Preh. P. 1. F. 15, 16, 20. — Grec. 
 
 P. 29. F. 3-5, 9, 10, 12, 16, 26, 30. 39. 
 
 Etrus. P. 32. F. 1, 6, 21, 26. — Goth. 
 
 P. 160. F. 13, 14, 16. P. 167. F. 5. — 
 
 Ren. P. 235. F. 3. P. 247. F. 6. P. 251. 
 
 F. 5—8. — Lat. Ren. P. 272. F. 1. — Roc. 
 
 P. 319. F. 4. P. 324, F. 1, 5. — 18ih C. 
 
 P. 3G5. F. 3. P. 370. F. 6. — Page 274. 
 
 (^See also Weapons.; 
 Arum leaf. - Goth. P, 137. F. 2, 4, 10. 
 Badge. — Goth. P. 173. F. 5.
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 631 
 
 Bag. — Assyr.P.8.F.15. — Goth. P.160. F.7. 
 Balcony. — Goth. P. 186. F. 4. — Ren. 
 
 P. 231. F. 6. — Lat. Ren. P. 271. F. 4. 
 
 P. 272. F. 1. P. 276. F. 1, 2. P. 288. F. 2. 
 
 — Roc. P. 325. F. 4. — 18th C. p. 346. 
 F. 1, 2. P. 354. F. 3, 4-6. — Emp. P. 393. 
 F. 5, 6. 
 
 Baluster. — Assyr. P. 8. F. 3—5. — Camb. 
 
 P. 195. F.3. — Ren. P. 234. F.2. 4. P. 261. 
 
 F.4. P.262. F.IO. P.263. F.7, 8. P. 266. 
 
 F. 1, 4. — Lat. Ren. P. 303. F. 4. — Col. 
 
 P. 334. F. 5. P. 333. F. 4. 
 Baluster pier. — Ren. P. 266. F. 2. 
 Balustrade. — Assyr. P. 8. F. 5. — Goth. 
 
 P.144. F.3, 4. P.I61. F.4, 8. P. 182. F. 2. 
 
 — Ren. P. 203. F. 2. P. 236. F. 2, 8. 
 P. 237. F. 4. P. 250. F. 3, 5, 7, 10, 15. 
 P.259. F.l. P.261. F.3— 5. P.262. F.6, 
 7. P. 263. F. 7, 8. P. 265. F. 3. P. 26G. 
 F. 4. P. 267. F. 3, 5. — Lat. Ren. P. 272. 
 F. 3, 4. P. 276. F. 6. P. 277. F. 4. — 
 Coll. P. 338. F. 4. — Neo G. P. 396. F. 6. 
 
 — Page 3J2. 
 
 Baptismal font. — Byz. P. 65. F. 2. — 
 
 Romque p. 83. F. 4. P. 90. F. 2. P. 97. 
 
 F. 4, 6, 9. P. 106. F. 1, 2, 4. — Goth. P. 161. 
 
 F. 10. — Ren. P.263. F. 6. — Pages 106, 297. 
 Base. — Egypt. P. 4. F.l. — Assyr. P. 8. 
 
 F. 8, 14. — Pers. P.11.F.7, 11, 12. — Ind. 
 
 P. 14. F.13, 15. P. 15. F.8, 11. — Grec. 
 
 P. 20. F. 9. P. 21. F. 4, 14. P. 22. F. 6. 
 
 — Rom. P. 34. F. 2, 3. P.35. F. 11. P. 36. 
 F.2. P. 37. F. 1—4, 6—9. — Byz. P. 70. 
 F. 1, 3, 6. — Romque p. 71. f. 4, 7. 
 P. 72. F. 5. P. 73. F.6, 13. P. 76. F.13, 
 14. P. 78. F. 5, 7, 9. P. 79. F. 10. P. 92. 
 F.6, 9. P. 94. F.6. — Goth. P. 136. F.9, 
 10, 12. P. 162. F. 7. P. 177. F. 5. P. 182. 
 F. 1, 4, 5. P. 185. F. 4. — Chin. P. 189. 
 F. 6, 7. — Jap. P. 197. F. 4. — Ren. 
 P. 205. F. 2. — Col. P. 334. F. 9. — Emp. 
 P. 377. F. 3. — Neo G. P. 396. F. 4. — 
 Pages 238. 248. 
 
 Bas-relief. — Preh. P. 1. F. 18, 19. P. 2. 
 F.7, 13, 22. — Egypt. P. 6. F. 16, 17. — 
 Assyr. P. 8. F. 1, 2, 6, 8. P. 9. F. 4, 13. — 
 Pers. P. 11. F. 9, 10. P. 12. F. 9, 11, 12. 
 
 — Phoen. P. 13. F. 22. — Ind. P. 15. F. 4, 
 6,7, 10. P.16. F.5. — Grec. P. 20. F. 11. 
 P. 21. F. 11. P. 23. F. 5. P. 24. F. 1—3. 
 P. 25. F. 1 . P. 29. F. 1 9. — Etrusc. P. 3 1 . F. 3. 
 
 Battle-axe. — Preh. P. 1. F. 25. P. 2. F. 3, 4. 
 
 — Mahom. P. 133. F. 7. 
 Bead-moulding. — Grec. P. 10. F. 1—5. 
 Beaker. — Assyr. P. 10. F.7. — Rom. P. 43. 
 
 F. 26. — Russ. P. 110. F. 9. — Ren. P. 268. 
 
 F.3. 
 Bed. — Romque p. 75. F. 12, 13, 21. — Ren. 
 
 P. 268. F. 5. — Roc. P. 332. F. 2. — 18th c. 
 
 P. 373. F. 1. — Emp. P. 381. F.4. P. 391. 
 
 F. 3. — Biederm. P. 394. F. 1. 
 Bellflower. — Goth. P. 137. F. 5. 
 Bellows. — Ren. P. 215. F. 2. 
 Belt. — Goth. P. 140. F. 1, 2. P. 160. F. 1, 15. 
 Belt-buckle. — Celt. P. 50. F. 5, 8—10, 13. 
 
 P. 53. F. 16. 
 Belvedere. — Ren. P. 258. F. 6. — Lat. 
 
 Ren. P. 310. F. 6. 
 Biga. — Etrusc. P. 31. F. 3, 8. 
 Bishop's throne. — Rom. P. 75. F. 16. 
 Bishop's crozier. — Rom. P. 74. F. 7. 
 
 P. 75. F. 4. P. 83. F. 5, 8. 
 Bookcase. — Early Chr. P. 62. F. 4. — 
 
 Roc. P. 332. F. 1. — 18th c. P. 372. F. 5. 
 
 — Emp. P. 380. F. 4. 
 
 Bookcover. — Early Chr. P. 61. F. 1. — 
 
 Byz. P. 66. F. 4. P. 67. F. 4. — Romque 
 
 P. 75. F. 20. — Goth. P. 143. F. 8. — Ren. 
 
 P. 225. F. 4. P. 240. F. 4. P. 244. F. 1. 
 Bookmarker. — Ren. P. 214. F. 1. 
 Border. — Romque p. 85. F. 2—16. P. 86. 
 
 F. 4. P. 87. F. 5—7. P. 90. F. 7, 9, 10. 
 
 P. 91. F. 3, 5, 6, 8. P. 92. F. 3, 10. P. 93. 
 
 F. 2. P. 97. F. 10. P. 102. F. 4, 5. P. 103. 
 
 F. 1, 6, 10. P. 104. F. 1—6. P. 107. F. 1, 
 
 2, 4, 5. — Russ. P. 111. F.2. — Mahom. 
 
 P.112. F.8, 14. P.113. F.l, 15. P. 114. 
 
 F. 4. P. 120. F. 3—5, 9—11. P. 126. 
 
 F. 1—19. P. 127. F. 7, 8, 12. P. 134. F. 1, 
 
 6, 8, 9. — Goth. P. 139. F.2, 8-12. P. 141. 
 
 F. 5, 6. P. 143. F. 1, 2. P. 179. F. 4. P. 184. 
 
 F. 1—3. — Ren. P. 219. F. 6, 7. 
 Boss to vaulting. — Romque p, 71. p. 1. 
 
 Goth. P. 138. F. 4, 7, 9. P. 146. F. 2, 3. 
 
 P. 153. F. 3. P. 164. F. 10, 11. P. 173. 
 
 F. 4. — Ren. P. 264. F. 8. — Roc. P. 327. 
 
 F.8. 
 Bottle. — Celt. P. 51. F.8. — Mahom. P. 120. 
 
 F. 6, 8. 
 Bow. — Ind. P.16. F.32. — Rom. P. 43. F.23. 
 Bowl. — Assyr. P.8. F. 10. — Mahom. P. 130. 
 
 F. 1.
 
 632 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Box. — Ind. P. 16. F. 13. — Grec. P. 26. 
 
 F. 17. — Roc. P. 325. F. 5. P. 329. 
 
 F. 6, 7. — 18th C. p. 350. F. 4. 
 Bracelet. — Egypt. P. 7. F. 17. — Assyr. 
 
 P. 10. F. 8. — Ind. P. 16. F. 26. — Celt. 
 
 P. 50. F. 22, 25—27. P. 53. F. 6. 
 Bracket. — Ren. P. 252. F. 3. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 287. F. 2, 5. P. 304. F. 7. P. 307. 
 
 F. 2, 4. 
 Bracket candlestick. — Ren. P. 241. F. 1, 2. 
 
 — Lat. Ren. P. 283. F. 2. — Roc. P. 313. 
 F. 3. P. 315. F. 2. — 18th C. P. 341. 
 F. 3. — Page 591. 
 
 Bracket capital. — Ren. P. 228. F. 6. 
 Brickwork. — Romq"e p. 76. )r. 1—18. — 
 
 Goth. P. 166. F. 1—6. — Page 274, 281. 
 Bridge. — 18th C, P. 366. F. 2. 
 Bridle-bit. — Ren. P. 243. F. 5. 
 Bronze figure. — Assyr. P. 9. F. 12. — 
 
 Grec. P. 29. F. 8. — Pomp. P. 47. F. 11. 
 
 P. 48. F. 14. — Page 97. 
 Bronze furniture. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 2. — 
 
 Rom. P. 39. F. 5, 7—9. - Pomp. P. 47. 
 
 F. 5. — Celt. P. 52. F. 14. 
 Bronze ornament. — Preh. P. 1. F. 23, 31. 
 
 P. 2. F. 37-39. — Assyr. P. 9. F. 7. 
 
 P. 10. F.4, 17. — Grec. P. 17. F. 3. P. 23. 
 
 F. 5, 10. P. 28. F. 5, 7. — Celt. P. 50. 
 
 F. 2, 17. — Byz. P. 64. F. 2, 3. — Mahom. 
 
 P. 123. F. 5. P. 124. F. 1, 2. P. 125. F. 6. 
 
 P. 130. F.5, 9, 10, 11, 12. — Jap. P. 197. 
 
 F. 7— 11. P. 199. F. 9. — Ren. P. 225. 
 
 F. 5—7. P. 257. F. 8. — Lat. Ren. P. 283. 
 
 F. 2. P. 284. F. 3. P. 292. F. 7, 11. — Roc. 
 
 P. 313. F. 3. P. 315. F. 2, 3. P. 327. F. 4, 
 
 6. _ 18th C. P. 341. F. 3. P. 342. F. 3. 
 
 P. 347. F. 4. P. 348. F. 6, 7. 
 Bronze jeweL — Preh. P. 1. F. 8—10, 14, 
 
 18, 27, 29, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41. P. 2. F. 24, 
 
 28, 29, 31—34, 36. — Celt. P.50. F.4— 13, 
 
 19—21, 23. P.51. F. 6, 7, 15. P. 53. F.4, 
 
 6, 11, 12, 16. 
 Bronze tool. — Preh. P. 1. F. 35, 36. — 
 
 Egypt. P. 6. F. 14, 19. — Assyr. P. 10. 
 
 F. 3, 12, 19, 21—23. 
 Bronze vase. — Chin. P. 191. F.5. P. 192. 
 
 F. 7. P. 193. F. 6, 7, 9. — Jap. P. 196. 
 
 F. 4, 6. P. 199. F. 9. 
 Brooch. — Celt. P.50. F. 6, 16, 18, 21, 23. 
 
 — Goth. P. 160. V. 8. — 18th c. P. 351. 
 F. 2. 7. 
 
 Bucket. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 12, 21. — Celt 
 
 P. 53. F. 7, 8. 
 Buckle. — Celt. P.50. F.4, 5, 8—10, 13, 24. 
 
 P.51. F. 6, 7, 15. — Goth. P. 140. F. 5. 
 
 P. 160. F. 13. 
 Buffet. — Ren. P. 220. F. 3, 4. 
 Bureau. — Col. P. 336. F. 5. — Page 603. 
 Bust of head. — Egypt. P. 7. F. 3. — Assyr. 
 
 P. 10. F. 1. — Grec. P. 29. F. 18. — 
 
 Page 66. 
 Button. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 24. — Grec. 
 
 P. 17. F. 6, 8-12. 
 Butterfly. — Chin. P. 193. F. 1—3, 8. 
 Cabinet. — Ren. P. 238. F. 3. P. 253. F. 6. 
 
 P. 269. F. 1. — Lat. Ren. P. 305. F. 3. 
 
 — Roc. P. 333. F. 3. — 18th C. P. 347. 
 F. 3. P. 372. F. 6. 
 
 Caffagiolio. — Ren. P. 211. F. 8. 
 
 Cameo. — Rom. P. 42. F. 11, 12. — Goth. 
 P. 143. F. 4. 
 
 Candelabrum. — Rom. P. 40. F. 4. P. 42. 
 F. 1, 3, 5. P. 43. F. 8. — Pomp. P. 47. F.6. 
 P. 48. F. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 18, 19. — RomQue 
 P. 74. F. 4, 5, 6. — Goth. P. 187. F. 3. — 
 Lat. Ren. P. 282. F. 3. P. 284. F. 3. — 
 Roc. P.315. F.5. — 18th c. P.349. F. 11. 
 
 — Emp. P. 381. F. 3. 
 
 Candlestick. — RomQue p. 74. F. 4, 5, 6. 
 
 P. 75. F. 3. P. 100. F. 13, 15. — Goth. 
 
 P. 143. F. 7. P. 145. F. 4. — Chin. P. 193. 
 
 F. 10. — Ren. P. 222. F. 7. P. 241. F.5, 6. 
 
 P. 258. F. 2. — Lat. Ren. P. 293. F. 3. 
 
 P. 294. F.3, 5. — Roc. P.313.F.3. P.315. 
 
 F.5. — 18th c. P. 341. F.3. P. 342. F.3. 
 
 P. 346. F. 6. P. 354. F.2. — Emp. P. 381. 
 
 F. 1. P. 393. F.4. — Page 621. 
 Candlestick, seven-branched. — Romiue 
 
 P. 74. F. 5. 
 Canon's staff. — Romque p. lOO. F. 1. 
 Canopied chair. — Ren. P. 266. F. 3. 
 Canopy. — Goth. P. 149. F.9. P. 157. F.3. 
 
 — Lat. Ren. P. 271. F. 3. P. 284. F. 2. 
 Canopy bed. — Lat. Ren. P. 284. F. 2. — 
 
 18th c. P. 373. F. 1. 
 Capital. — Egypt. P. 4. F. 1—6, 9. — P. 5. 
 F. 1—6, 8. — Assyr. P. 8. F.3, 4, 7, 9. — 
 Pers. P. 1 1. F. 3—5. — Phoen. P. 13. F. 2—4. 
 
 — Ind. P. 14. F. 4, 6, 8, 1 1, 13—16. — Grec. 
 P. 17. F. 15. P. 18. F. 1, 3, 6, 9—12. P. 20. 
 F. 1-8. 10, 13-15. P. 21. F. 1, 2, 5, 8, 13. 
 P. 22. F. 1 —4, 7, 8, 1 1, 12. P. 23. F. 8, 9. —
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 633 
 
 Rom. P. 33. F. 1, 2, 4, 5. P. 34. F, 1, 4 to 
 14. P. 35. F. 2, 6. 8—10. P. 36. F. 1, 3, 4, 
 6, 7. P. 37. F.5. — Pomp. P. 45. F. 1, 4—9. 
 
 — Early Chr. P. 58. F. 1 , 2, 5, 6, 9. P. 60. 
 F. 2—5. — Byz. P. 63. F. 1, 6-8. P. 64. 
 F.4-10. P. 69. F. 2, 8, 11, 12, 14-16. — 
 Romque p. 71. F. 5, 6, 9, 10, 11. P. 72. 
 F. 3—6. P. 73. F. 5, 8. P. 76. F. 1-5, 9, 
 10,18. P. 79. F. 8, 9, 11, 12. P.80. F. 1,2. 
 P.81.F.4. P.82.F. 1—4,6-9. P.87.F.3, 
 6, 8. P. 92. F. 1, 4, 5, 8, 11. P.93. F.4. 
 P. 94. F. 2, 5. P. 95. F. 5. P. 96. F. 1—7. 
 P. 98. F. 1, 4. P. 99. F. 14, 16. — P. 102. 
 F. 1, 6. P. 103. F. 4, 9. — P. 106. F.3. — 
 Russ. P. 108. F. 2, 4. — Mahom. P. 112. 
 F. 1—5. P. 116. F. 1, 2, 7, 9. P. 117. F. 3, 
 6. P. 122. F. 1, 3, 8. — Goth. P. 135. 
 F. n. P. 136. F. 1-8, 11. P.146. F.5— 7. 
 P. 147. F.6. P. 161. F. 5. P. 162. F. 1-9. 
 P. 182. F. 1, 4, 5. — Ren. P. 201. F. 3, 4. 
 P. 217. F.3. P. 218. F. 1, 2. P. 228. F.5, 
 6. P. 235. F. 1, 3, 5, 6. — Lat. Ren. P. 271. 
 F. 2. P. 299. F. 1, 2, 3. P. 308. F. 3. 
 P. 309. F. 1. P. 311. F. 4. — 18th C. 
 P. 355. F. 1. P. 356. F. 1, 3. P. 357. F.2, 
 3. P.358. F. 1, 3. P.359. F. 1, 3. P. 360. 
 F.4. P. 361. F. 1. — Emp. P. 377. F. 1. 
 
 — Neo G. P. 396. F. 3, 5. 
 
 Carpet. — Goth. P. 181. F.2. — Jap. P. 200. 
 F. 1, 4. — Ren. P. 232. F. 4. P. 246. F. 1. 
 
 — Lat. Ren. P. 286. F. 6. 
 
 Carriage. — Grec. P. 27. F. 8. — Etrusc. 
 
 P. 31. F. 1, 8. — Lat. Ren. P. 274. F.5. 
 
 P. 296. F. 3—5. — Roc. P. 317. F. 4. — 
 
 Page 28. 
 Carriage-pole. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 4. — 
 
 Grec. P. 29. F. 8. 
 Carriage-wheel. — Lat. Ren. P. 296. F. 5. 
 
 Page 452. 
 Cartouche. — Ren. P. 228. F. 7. P. 235. 
 
 F. 4. P. 253. F. 2, 4. — Lat. Ren. 287. 
 
 F. 4. P. 296. F. 1. P. 302. F. 2, 5, 7. — 
 
 Roc. P. 323. F. 1. Page 419. 
 Caryatide. — Grec. P. 21. F. 10. — ISth C. 
 
 P. 354. F. 1. P. 366. F.2. P. 379. F.2. 
 Ceiling ornamentation. — Egypt. P. 7. 
 
 F.7, 8. — Grec. P. 17. F. 19. P. 27. F. 18, 
 
 30—32, 39, 40. — Romq^e p.89. F. 1, 4, 6, 7. 
 
 P. 91. F.2. — Mahom. P. 113. F. 6. P. 121. 
 
 F. 1. P. 125. F. 8. — Goth. P. 151. F. 6, 10. 
 
 P. 168. F. 1, 4-11. P. 187. F. 6. — Camb. 
 
 P. 194. F. 1. — Jap. P. 197. F. 1, 4. - 
 Ren. P. 209. F.' 8. P. 219. F. 8. P. 230. 
 F. 1, 4, 7, 8. P. 237. F. 6. P. 240. F.2 
 P. 250. F. 1. P. 256. F. 2, 6. P. 261. F. 6 
 P. 262. F. 3-5. P. 266. F. 5. P. 267. 
 F. 6—8. — Lat. Ren. P. 279. F. 4. P. 281. 
 F.2. P. 311. F.2, 3. — Roc. P. 327. 
 F. 8. — Col. P. 338. F. 3. — 18th c. P.341. 
 F.2. P. 342. F. 1. 2, 5. P. 364. F. 1—4. 
 P. 366. F. 1. P. 374. F. 1, 7. — Emp. 
 P. 378. F. 1. P. 388. F. 2. P. 390. F. 4. 
 
 — Neo G. P. 396. F. 1. 
 
 Censer. — Goth. P. 173. F. 6. — Chin. 
 
 P. 190. F. 1. P. 193. F.4. — Emp. P. 387. 
 
 F. 4. 
 Chafing-dish. — Romque P. 84. F. 2. 
 Chain. — Goth. P. 173. F. 9. — Ren. 
 
 P. 244. F. 4. 
 Chair. — Preh. P. 3. F. 10. — Egypt. P. 6. 
 
 F. 20—24. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 2, 17. — 
 
 Grec. P. 25. F.5. P. 28. F.4, 6, 10, 16, 19. 
 
 — Rom. P. 39. F. 1, 5, 10. — Celt. P. 52. 
 F. 14. — Early Chr. P. 61. F. 3, 10. — 
 Byz. P. 68. F. 18— 21. — Romque p. 75. ^ 
 F. 16. P. 103. F. 1 1. P. 105. F. 1, 2. — Goth. 
 
 P. 171. F. 1, 2. — Chin. P. 189. F. 9. — 
 Ren. P. 220. F. 1, 2, 5. P. 232. F. 3. P. 238. 
 F. 1, 2. P. 250. F. 12. P. 252. F. 2. P.2".9. 
 F. 2, 4. — Lat. Ren. P. 273. F. 6. P. 283. 
 F. 9. P.291. F. 3. P. 297. F.2. P. 3U5. 
 F. 4. — Roc. P. 317. F. 2. P. 320. F. 3. 
 P.325.F.1. P.331.F. 1,2. P. 332. F. 3, 5. — 
 CoL P. 336. F. 4, 6. P. 337. F. 3, 4, 10, 11. 
 
 — 18th C. P. 348. F. 5. P. 349. F. 5. 
 P. 370. F.6. P. 372. F. 1—3. P. 373. F.3. 
 
 — Emp. P. 383. F. 5. P. 385. F. 9, 10. 
 P. 386. F. 3, 5. P. 387. F. 1, 3. — Bied. 
 P. 394. F. 2, 3. — Neo G. P. 398. F. 1, 
 2, 5. Pages 29, 442. 
 
 Chair leg. — Grec. P. 28. F. 5. 
 
 Chalice. — Early Chr. P. 62. F.5. — Byz. 
 
 P. 68. F. 17. — Romque p. 74. F.8. P. 75. 
 
 F. 5. P. 84. F. 3. — Russ. P. 110. F. 8. — 
 
 Ren. P. 223. F.5. P. 245. F.5. — Neo G. 
 
 P. 400. F. 1. 
 Chandelier. — Goth. P. 154. F. 2. P. 170. 
 
 F. 2. — Ren. P. 241. F. 6. P. 257. F. 8. 
 
 — Lat. Ren. P. 290. F. 2. — Roc. P. 316. 
 F. 2. — Page 610. 
 
 Chest. — Romque p. 75. f. 1. P. 84. F. 1. 
 P. 96. F. 12. — Goth. P. 142. F.5. P. 143.
 
 634 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 F. 12. P. 156. F. 1. P. 170. F. 6. — Ren. 
 
 P. 269. F. 6. — Lat. Ren. P. 283. F. L 
 
 P. 305. F. 7. — Roc. P. 317. F. 1. P. 330. 
 
 F. 2— 3, 5. P. 333. F. L — Col. P. 336. 
 
 F. 7. — 18th C. P. 341. F. 5. 
 Chimera. — Page 90. 
 Chimney. — Goth. P. 148. F. 1. 
 Chimney piece. — Goth. P. 144. F. 3. P. 150. 
 
 F. 10. — Ren. P. 217. F. 6. P. 239. F. 7. 
 
 P. 256. F. 5. P. 252. F. 8. P. 264. F. 6. 
 
 P. 266. F. 1. — Lat. Ren. P. 297. F. 3. 
 
 P. 303. F. 5. — P. 304. F. 2. P. 308. F. 6. 
 
 P. 309. F. 1. — Roc. P.315. F. 4. P. 331. 
 
 F. 5. — Col. P. 334. F. 1, 4. P. 338. F. 1. 
 
 P. 339. — 18th C. p. 340. P. 354. F. 1. 
 
 P. 361. F. 4, 5. P. 363. F. 1. — Emp. 
 
 P. 380. F. 1. P. 388. F. 3. P. 392. F. 4. 
 Christ on throne. — Early-Chr. P. 61. F. 8. 
 Cimbah — Grec. P. 30. F. 9. 
 Cist. — Etrusc. P. 32. F. 24. 
 Clasp. — Preh. P. 1. F. 29, 32. — Grec. P. 30. 
 
 F. 10. Rom. P. 44. F. 4. — Celt. P. 53. 
 
 F. 11. — Romq'-ie p. 75. F. 18. 
 f Clock. — Ren. P. 245. F.l. P. 282. F. 3. — 
 
 Lat. Ren. P. 290. F. 1. P. 3L3. F. 3. — 
 
 Roc. P. 315. F. 1, 3. — Page 563. 
 Cloth fabric. — Romque p. 83. F. 7. — 
 
 Goth. P. 143. F. 2. 
 Club. — Preh. P. 3. F. 9. — Ind. P. 16. 
 
 F. 3, 6, 22. — Russ. P. 110. F. 6. 
 Coat of Arms. — Goth. P. 144. F. 1. — 
 
 Ren. P. 202. F. 5. — Lat. Ren. P. 303. 
 
 F. 7. — 18th c. P. 365. F. 3. — Pages 
 
 274, 445. 
 Coffee pot. — 18th C. P. 368. F. 5. 
 Coffer. — Byz. P. 67. F.3. — Romque p. 75. 
 
 F.l. P. 84. F.l. P. 96. F. 12. — Goth. 
 
 P. 142. F. 5. P. 143. F. 12. P. 156. F. 1. 
 
 P. 170. F. 6. 
 Coffin. — Celt. P. 153. F. 20, 22. 
 Coiffure.— Grec. P. 30. F. 16, 17, 21, 22. 
 
 — Rom. P. 41. F. 8—10. — Byz. P. 68. 
 
 F. 12-15. — Goth. P. 160. F. 3. 
 Coin. — Pers. P. 12. F. 8. — Grec. P. 17. 
 
 F. 14. P. 21. F. 15, 16. P. 29. F. 17. — 
 
 Rom. P. 42. F. 15. 
 Column. — Preh. P. 2. F. 35. — Egypt. 
 
 P. 4. F. 1. P. 5. F. 1, 5. P. 7. F. 1. - 
 
 Ind. P. 14. F. 1, 5, 7, 11, 13, 15, 16. — Grec. 
 
 P. 17. F. 15. — Rom. P. 34. F. 7. — Pomp. 
 
 P. 45. F. 1, 7. — Romque p. 78. F. 2, 4. 
 
 P.80. F. 1,6. P. 81. F. 4,6,7,9, 11. P. 86. 
 F. 2, 5. P. 89. F. 5. P. 95. F. 3. P. 97. 
 F. 3, 5, 1 1. P. 106. F.6— 8. — Russ. P. 108. 
 F.4. P. 109. F.5, 6. — Mahom. P. 112. 
 F. 1, 3, 5. P. 127. F. 9, 11. P. 132. F. 4, 5. 
 
 — Goth. P. 162. F. 5. P. 185. F. 4. — Chin. 
 P. 195. F. 3. — Ren. P. 201. F. 3. P. 235. 
 F. 1,3,5. P. 252. F. 4. P. 253. F.l. P. 263. 
 F.2. P. 355. F. 1, 2. — Pages 11, 444. 
 
 Comb. — Rom. P. 43. F. 24. — Celt. P. 51. 
 
 F. 12. — Romque p. 74. F. 3. 
 Console. — Mahom. P. 116. F. 4-6, 8. — 
 
 Goth. P. 149. F. 1—3. P. 161. F. 9. — 
 
 Ren. P. 237. F. 1, 2. P. 238. F. 4. P. 252. 
 
 F. 3. — Lat. Ren. P. 276. F. 3. P. 278. 
 
 F. 1. P. 282. F. 4. P. 307. F. 3, 4. — Roc. 
 
 P. 314. F. 1. — Emp. P. 386. F. 4. P. 390. 
 
 F.l. 
 Console table. — Lat. Ren. P. 284. F. 4. 
 
 P. 291. F. 1, 2. — Roc. P. 313. F. 2. — 
 
 18th C. P. 348. F. 2. P. 367. F. 2. 
 Consular chair. — Byz. P. 68. F. 21. 
 Consul's costume. — Rom. P. 44. F. 1. 
 Corbel table. — Byz. P. 69. F. 4. — Romque 
 
 P. 76. F. 11. P. 78. F. 11, 12. P. 79. F. 4. 
 
 P. 81. F. 7. P. 87. F. 1. P. 94. F. 3, 4. 
 
 — Page 169. 
 
 Cornice. — Ind. P. 14. F. 2, 3, 12, 17, 18. 
 P. 15. F. 12. — Grec. P. 18. F. 1, 2. P. 21. 
 F. 10. P. 22. F. 3. P. 23. F. 11. — Rom. 
 P. 33. F. 1, 2, 17, 19. P. 34. F. 1, 4. P.36. 
 F. 1, 2, 12. P. 35. F. 1, 3. — Romque p. ^\, 
 F. 12. P.80. F. 2, 3, 5, 10. P. 99. F. 1—12. 
 
 — Mahom. P. 122. F. 3, 5—7. — Goth. 
 P. 188. F. 3. — Ren. P. 201. F. 2. P. 202. 
 F. 2. P. 203. F. 3, 4. P. 207. F. 3. P. 230. 
 F. 9. — Lat. Ren. P. 287. F. 3. P. 299. 
 F. 1, 3. P. 304. F. 6. P. 308. F. 1, 3. 
 P. 309. F. 1. — Emp. P. 377. F. 1, 2. — 
 Neo G. P. 396. F. 2. — Page 23S. 
 
 Corona. — Grec. P. 18. F. 7. P. 20. F. 12. 
 
 P. 21. F. 7. — Rom. P. 33. F. 17, 19. 
 
 P. 35. F. 1, 12. 
 Coronation chair. — Goth. P. 154. F. 5. 
 Corsage ornament.— 18th C. P. 351. F.l. 
 Costume. — Rom. P. 44. F. 1, 15. — Romque 
 
 P. 100. F. 10. — Mahom. P. 133. F. 2. — 
 
 Goth. P. 181. F. 1. — Ren. P. 213. F. 1. 
 
 P. 223. F. 13. P. 243. F. 3. P. 270. F. 6. 
 
 — Pages 12, 22, 34, 37, 43, 328. 
 Couch.— Egypt.P.6.F.22. — Grec.P.28.F.20.
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 635 
 
 Cradle. — Goth. P. 170. F. 4. — Ren. 
 
 P. 269. F. 3. — Emp. P. 385. F. 6, 7. 
 Credence table. — Goth. P. 142. F. 3. 
 
 P. 180. F. 5. 
 Cresting. — RomQue P. 77. F. 9—12. — 
 
 Mahom. P. 112. F. 7. P. 117. F. 12. — 
 
 Lat. Ren. P. 287. F. 5. 
 Crocket. — Goth. P. 135. F. 3, 6. P. 147. 
 
 F. 1, 4. P. 161. F. 3. 
 Crotchet work. — Ren. P. 213. F. 2. 
 Crown. — Ind. P. 16. F. 25. — Early Chr. 
 
 P. 59. F. 2. P. 61. F. 5, 6. — Byz. P. 68. 
 
 F. 11. — Goth. P. 160. F. 2, 5. P. 173. 
 
 F. 2, 7, 8. 
 Cross. — Celt. P. 52. F. 7. P. 54. F. 5, 
 
 12—14. — Early Chr. P. 59. F. 1. P. 61. 
 
 F. 4. — Romque p. 72. F. 4. P. 79. F. 5. 
 
 P. 82. F. 10. P. 100. F. 11. — Goth. P. 135. 
 
 F. 12. P. 170. F. 3. — Ren. P. 234. F. 1. 
 
 P. 251. F. 4. 
 Cross finial. — Ren. P. 258. F. 5. 
 Crozier. — RomQue p. 74. p. 7. P. 75. F. 4. 
 
 P. 83. F. 5, 8. — Goth. P. 170. F. 1. 
 Crucifix. — Early Chr. P. 57. F. 8. P. 59. 
 
 F. 5. — Roc. P. 313. F. 4. — Page 118. 
 Cup. — Rom. P. 42. F. 4. — Romque p. 75. 
 
 F. 15. — Chin. P. 192. F. 2. — 18th c. 
 
 P. 376. F. 3, 5. 
 Cupboard. — Lat. Ren. P. 284. F. 1. P. 305. 
 
 F. 1. — Roc. P. 330. F. 4. — Emp. P. 389. 
 
 F. 7. P. 391. F. 7. — Biederm. P. 395. 
 
 F. 3. 
 Cupola. — Russ. P. 108. F. 3. 
 Curtain. — Jap. P. 197. F. 12. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 286. F. 4, 5. — Page 33. 
 Cymatium. — Grec. P. 18. F. 12. P. 19. 
 
 F. 6—8. 
 Dagger. — Preh. P. 1. F. 16, 17. — Egypt. 
 
 P. 6. F. 12. — Etrusc. P. 32. F. 21. — Celt. 
 
 P. 53. F. 5, 10. — Romque p. lOJ. F. 12. 
 
 - Goth. P. 160. F. 4. 
 Dagger hilt. — Ren. P. 225. F. 5—7. 
 Dagger sheath. — Rom. P. 44. F. 5. — 
 
 Ren. P. 223. F. 12. 
 Damascened work. — Mahom. P. 133. 
 
 F. 10. P. 134. F. 1, 6, 8, 9. — Page 234. 
 Damask. — Ren. P. 270. F. 1. 
 Decanter. — Ren. P. 223. F. 5. 
 Delft plate. — Ren. P. 255. F. 7. 
 Diadem. — Russ. P. 111. F. 3. 
 Diaper. — Ren. P. 270. F. 2—4, 9, 12, 13. 
 
 Diptych. — Early Chr. P. 62. F. 1. 
 
 Dish. — Pers. P. 12. F. 16. — Phoen. P. 13, 
 F. 21. — Grec. P. 25. F. 4. P. 28. F. 9. - 
 Celt. P. 51. F. 10. — Chin. P. 192. F. 4. — 
 
 — Ren. P. 221. F. 2. — Lat. Ren. P. 285. 
 F.3. 
 
 Door. — Egypt. P. 7. F. 16. — Byz. P. 63. 
 
 F. 5. — Romque p. 98. F. 5, 6. P. 102. F. 4. 
 
 P. 103. F. 1, 3, 7. — Goth. P. 145. F. 3. 
 
 P. 157. F. 4. P. 158. F. 4. P. 163. F. 1-4. 
 
 P. 169. F. 6. P. 171. F. 3. — Jap. P. 196. 
 
 F. 3. — Ren. P. 202. F. 4. P. 207. F. 2 
 
 P. 235. F. 7. P. 238. F. 7. P. 249. F. 2. 
 
 P. 254. F. 2. P. 256. F. 1. P. 262. F. 1. 
 
 P. 264. F. 7. — Lat. Ren. P. 277. F. 1, 2. 
 
 P. 287. F. 1. P. 310. F. 1, 7. — Roc. 
 
 P. 322. F. 1. — Col. P. 334. F. 2. P. 337. 
 
 F. 9. — 18th C. P. 349. F. 3, 4, 9, 10. 
 
 P. 352. F. 5. — Neo G. P. 397. F. 2. — Page 
 
 542. 
 Door furniture. — Romque p. 105. p. 5, 6. 
 
 — Goth. P. 151. F. 5. P. 169. F. 1, 3, 4, 
 5, 6, 7, 9. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. — Ren. 
 P. 242. F. 1, 3. P. 254. F. 2. — Lat. Ren. 
 P. 289. F. 6. P. 292. F. 11. — 18th c. 
 P. 348. F. 6. — Page 252. 
 
 Door hinge. — Romque p. 83. F. 2. — 
 Mahom. P. 125. F. 2, 4. — Goth. P. 169. 
 F. 6, 14, 15. — Page 252. 
 
 Door-knocker. — Romque p. 72. F. 8. 
 P. 95. F. 6. — Mahom. P. 112. F. 9, 10. 
 
 — Goth. P. 138. F. 5, 6. P. 151. F. 3. 
 P. 178. F. 3. — Ren. P. 242. F. 9. — Lat. 
 Ren. P. 272. F. 5. P. 280. F. 1. P. 282. 
 F. 1. P. 297. F. 4. — 18th C. P. 368. F. 3. 
 
 Doorway. — Romque p. 87. F. 7. P. 88. 
 F. 1. P. 95. F. 2. P. 98. F. 5, 6. P. 103. 
 F. 1, 3. P. 107. F. 6. — Russ. P. 108. 
 F. 1. P. 109. F. 6. — Mahom. P. 120. F. 1. 
 
 — Romque p. 104. F. 1—6. — Goth. P. 138. 
 F. 3. P. 151. F. 4. P. 158. F. 1—3. P. 163. 
 F. 1-4. P. 166. F. 3, 6. P. 184. F. 1, 2. 
 P. 188. F. 1, 2, 5. — Camb. P. 195. F. 1. 
 P. 196. F. 3. — Ren. P. 206. F. 2. P. 207. 
 F. 2. P. 208. F. 1. P. 216. F. 1, 4. P. 217. 
 F. 2. P. 235. F. 7. P. 236. F. 4. P. 261. 
 F. 1. P. 264. F. 7. — Lat. Ren. P. 271. 
 F. 1. 5. P. 272. F. 1. P. 277. F. 1, 2. 
 P. 300. F. 1 P. 304. F. 3, 7. P. 310. F. 1, 7. 
 P. 311. F. 1. — Col. P. 334. F. 7, 8. P. 337. 
 F. 9. — 18th c. P. 344. F. 4. P. 346.
 
 636 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 F. 3. P. 349. F. 3, 4. P. 352. F. 5. P. 355. 
 
 F. 3. P. 357. F. 4, 5. — Neo G. P. 397. 
 
 F. 2. — Pages 181, 342, 542. 
 Dormer window. — Lat. Ren. P. 277. F. 4. 
 Dress. — Ren. P. 244. F. 3. P. 270. F. 6. — 
 
 18th C. P. 350. F. 5, 6. — Pages 12,34,37,99. 
 Drinking-horn.— Grec. P. 28. F. 14. 
 Eagle.— Romquep.84. F. 10. — Russ. P. 110. 
 
 F. 11. — Goth. P. 135. F. 5. P. 167. F. 7. 
 Ear-ring. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 9-11, 26. — 
 
 Phoen. P. 13. F. 5, 13, 18. — Ind. P. 16. 
 
 F. 15, 16. — Rom. P. 43. F. 4—6, 10, 11. 
 
 Celt. P. 53. F. 9, 14. — RomQ^e p. 90. F. 6. 
 
 18th C. P. 351. F. 4, 6. 
 Earthenware vessel. — Preh. P. 1. F. 5 — 7, 
 
 11—13, 34. P. 2. F. 1, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14-17, 
 
 19-21, 43, 45. — Eg>'pt. P. 7. F. 4, 5. 
 
 — Assyr. P. 8. F. 10. P. 10. F. 7, 13-16, 
 18. 20. — Pars. P. 12. F. 4—6. — Phoen. 
 P. 13. F. 6, 7, 9, 15—17. — Ind. P. 16. 
 F. 17, 18, 28, 30, 31. — Grec. P. 17. F. 13. 
 P. 26. F. 1—17. — Etrus. P. 32. F. 23. — 
 Rom. P. 40. F. 3. P. 41. F. 16. P. 42. F. 13. 
 P. 43. F. 12. — Celt. P. 51. F. 9, 11, 13. 
 P. 53. F. 18, 19, 21. — Romque p. lOO. 
 F. 10. — Mahom. P. 133. F. 6, 9. — ISthC. 
 P. 376. F. 1—9. — Page 36. 
 
 Eaves tile. — Jap. P. 199. F. 7, 8. 
 
 Emblem. — Lat. Ren. P. 284. F. 7. P. 374. F. 5. 
 
 Embroidery. — Assyr. P. 9. F. 6. P. 10. 
 F. 27. — Celt. P. 50. F. 1, 3. — Russ. 
 P. 111. F. 1. — Mahom. P. 133. F. 4.— 
 Goth. P. 140. F. 6, 7. » 144. F. 1. — 
 Chin. P. 189. F. 13. — Ren. P. 213. F. 3, 
 4. P. 214. F. 2, 7. P. 224. F. 5. 6, 8. 
 P. 270. F. 5. 11. — Lat. Ren. P. 275. F. 3. 
 
 — Roc. P. 319. F. 1—7. P. 321. F. 1,4—6. 
 
 — 18th c. P. 350. F. 1, 5, 6. — Page 362. 
 Embroidery-frame. — Grec. P. 30. F. 15. 
 Enamelled-work. — Byz. P. 70. F. 4. — 
 
 Romque p. 77. F. 1-12. P. 85. F. 1, 12. 
 
 — Goth. P. 141. F. 2, 8. P. 143. F. 3. — 
 Jap. P. 198. F. 4. — Ren. P. 212. F. 5, 6, 
 8, 9. P. 223. F. 7. P. 244. F. 4, 5. P. 260. 
 F. 2, 3, 5. Pages 205, 412. 
 
 Encaustic tile. — Romq"e p. 96. F. 14. — 
 Mahom. P. 114. F. 3, 4. P. 119. F. 1—7. 
 P. 127. F. 5, 7, 12. P. 128. F. 1—4. P. 130. 
 F. 2—4, 7, 8.— Goth. P. 151. F. 7-9. P. 153. 
 F. 8—10. P. 167. F. 1. P. 168. F.2. — Ren. 
 P. 221. F. 7, 9. P. 234. F. 5, 8. P. 255. 
 
 F. 2. 3, 5, 7. P. 258. F. 4. — Lat. Ren. P. 298. 
 F. 4—8. — Roc. P. 327. F. 7. — Page 228. 
 Entablature. — Grec. P. 18. F. 1. P. 20. 
 F. 3. P. 21 . F. 2. P. 22. F. 3. — Rom. P. 33. 
 F. 1, 2. P. 34. F. 1, 4. P. 35. F. 2. P. 36. 
 F. 1, 3. — Romque p. 80. F. 2, 3. — Mahom. 
 
 P. 131. F. 1,2. — Ren. P. 201. F.2. P. 203. 
 
 F. 3, 4. P. 207. F. 3. — Lat. Ren. P. 287. 
 
 F. 3. P. 355. F. 1. P. 356. F. 1. P. 357. 
 
 F. 2. P. 358. F. 1, 3. P. 359. F. 1, 3. P. 360. 
 
 F. 4. P. 361. F. 1. — Emp. P. 377. F. 1. 
 Equestrian statue. — Ren. P. 206. F. 3. 
 Escutcheon. — Roc. P. 333. F. 5. 
 Ewer. — Ren. P. 212. F. 5, 6. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 285. F. 1. 
 Fa(;ade. — Ren. P. 229. F. 1, 5. — 18th C. 
 
 P. 352. F. 1, 2. 
 Faience. — Egypt. P. 7. F. 4. — Ren. P. 21 1. 
 
 F. 1—8. P. 221. F. 2, 3, 8. — Lat. Ron. 
 
 P. 273. F. 3. P. 285. F. 2—4. — Page 485. 
 Fan. — Preh. P. 3. F. 2. — Grec. P. 28. F. 8. 
 
 — Mahom. P. 134. F. 4, 5. — Ren. P. 225. 
 
 F. 1. — Page 544. 
 Fan-light. — Lat. Ren. P. 289. F. 3. — 18th C. 
 
 P. 375. F. 2. 
 Fasces. — Rom. P. 38. F. 2, 4. 
 Female apparel. — Ind. P. 16. F. 2. — 
 
 Grec. P. 28. F. 2. 
 Fibula. — Preh. P. 1. F. 33, 41. — Etrus. 
 
 P. 32. F. 8. — Celt. P. 50. F. 11, 12. P. 53. 
 
 F. 4, 12. 
 Fighting car. — Page 28. 
 Fig-leaf. — Goth. P. 137. F. 3. 
 Finial. — Mahom. P. 124. F. 1, 2. — Goth. 
 
 P. 135. F. 1, 7, 9, 10. P. 147. F. 2, 3, 5. 
 
 P. 148. F. 5. P. 149. F. 5, 8, 9. P. 151. F. 2. 
 
 P. 153. F. 1. P. 161. F. 2, 6, 7. — Ren. P. 227. 
 
 F. 6. P. 228. F. 2, 3. P. 237. F. 5. P. 242. 
 
 F. 5. P. 254. F. 2. 
 Fire-dog. — Ren. P. 254. F. 3. P. 255. F. 8. 
 
 P. 267. F. 9. 
 Fire-stove. — Goth. P. 167. F. 1. — Ren. 
 
 P. 239. F. 1. P. 258. F. 4. — Roc. P. 327. 
 
 F. 7. — 18th c. P. 353. F. 7. — Emp. 
 
 P. 390. F. 2, 3. 
 Fire-grate. — 18th C. P. 367. F. 4. 
 Fire-screen. — Lat. Ren. P. 291. F. 6. — 
 
 Roc. P. 325. F. 3. — 18th c. P. 348. 
 
 F. 1. P. 370. F. 3. 
 Flagon. — Romque p. 84. F. 5. — Mahom.
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 637 
 
 P. 133. F. 1. — Goth. P. 143. F. 10. — 
 
 Ren. P. 223. F. 5. 
 Floor-pavement. — Assyr. P. 9. F. 1. — 
 
 Grec. P. 23. F. 3. — Pomp. P. 46. F. 3, 6, 
 
 8. — Early-Chr. P. 62. F. 9. 
 Font. — Byz. P. 65. F. 2. — RomQue p. 97. 
 
 F. 4, 6, 9. — Goth. P. 153. F. 4. — Ren. 
 
 P. 236. F. 7. — Lat. Ren. P. 311. F. 6. — 
 
 Pages 297. 422. 
 Foot-gear. — Egypt. P. 6. F. 8, 13. — 
 
 Grec. P. 30. F. 6, 7. — Rom. P. 41. F. 7, 
 
 18, 27, 28. 
 Footstool. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 6. 
 Fork. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 22. — Rom. P. 42. 
 
 F. 16, 19. 21. — Mahom. P. 330. F. 10. — 
 
 Ren. P. 223. F. 9, 14. P. 245. F. 4, 6. — 
 
 Roc. P. 321. F. 11. 
 Fountain. — Early Chr. P. 58. F. 3. — Goth. 
 
 P. 145. F. 6. — Ren. P. 208. F. 2, 3, 5, 6. 
 
 P. 235. F. 5, 6. — Lat. Ren. P. 272. F. 6. 
 
 — Roc. P. 314. F. 2, 3. 
 Frame. — Ren. P. 267. F. 4. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 293. F. 5. — Roc. P. 313. F. 1. P. 318. 
 
 F. 4. P. 331. F. 2, 4, 5. — CoL P. 335. 
 
 F. 7, 8. 
 Fret-work fillet. — Roc. P. 331. F. 6—8. 
 Frieze. — Egypt. P. 5. F. 10, 13. — Pers. 
 
 P. 11. F. 1, 2, 4, 5, 9. — Phoen. P. 13. 
 
 F. 1. — Grec. P. 17. F. 18. P. 23. F. 2, 
 
 6, 7. — Rom. P. 33. F. 16. P. 34. F. 4. 
 
 P. 35. F. 3. P. 38. F. 6, 7. - Early-Chr. 
 
 P. 60. F. 1. P. 65. F, 6. — Romque p. 72. 
 
 F. 13. P. 73. F. 1, 2. P. 79. F. 2, 3. P. 86. 
 
 F.3.— Mahom. P.112. F. 14. P.US.F.Z.- 
 Goth. P. 139. F. 2. P. 161. F. 1. P. 184. 
 
 F. 5. P. 195. F. 2. — Ren. P. 202. F. 2. 
 
 P. 204. F. 1. P. 207. F. 3. P. 231. F. 4. 
 
 P. 256. F. 3, 4. — Lat. Ren. P. 308. F. 6. 
 
 P.358. F.4. — 18th C. p. 371. F.8. — Text- 
 figures P. 45, 136. 159. 592. 
 Frontispiece. — Pages 12. 113, 337, 543. 
 Furniture. — Egypt. P. 6. F. 20—24. — 
 
 Assyr. P. 10. F. 2, 6, 19. — Ind. P. 16. 
 
 F. 1. 4, 7, 8. — Grec. P. 28. F. 4, 6, 10, 
 
 15—20. — Early-Chr. P. 61. F. 3. P. 62. 
 
 F. 4, 6. — Byz. P. 68. F. 18—20. — Romque 
 
 P. 75. F. 1, 11-13, 16, 21. P. 84. F. 1. 
 
 6, 8, 11. — Goth. P. 142. F. 3—5. P. 171. 
 
 F. 1, 2, 6. P. 180. F. 5. — Chin. P. 189. 
 
 F. 4, 5, 9, 10. — Ren. P. 210. F. 2, 3. 
 
 P. 220. F. 3-6. P. 232. F. 2, 3. P. 238. 
 
 F. 1-3. P. 249. F. 1. P. 250. F. 4, 6, 8. 
 P. 253. F. 6, 7. P. 268. F. 5. P. 253. 
 F. 1—7. — Lat. Ren. P. 273. F. 5, 6. P. 274. 
 F. 1, 4. P. 284. F. 1—6. P. 297. F. 2. P. 305. 
 F. 1—4, 6, 7. — Roc. P. 313. F. 2. P. 317. 
 F. 1, 2. P. 318. F. 3, 5. P. 320. F. 1—4. 
 P. 325. F. 1—3. P. 326. P. 327. F. 7. 
 P. 330. F. 2-5. P. 331. F. 1-8. P. 332. 
 F. 1-3, 5. — P. 333. F. 1—3, 6—13. Col. 
 P. 336. F. 1—7. P. 337. F. 3— 8, 10, 11. 
 
 — 18th C. P. 341. F. 1, 4, 5. P. 347. 
 F. 1—4. P. 348. F. 1, 2, 5-7. P. 349. 
 F. 1, 2, 5-8, 11, 12. P. 367. F. 2, 3. 
 P. 368. F. 1. P. 369. F. 1, 4, 5. P. 370. 
 F. 1—7. P. 371. F. 2—9. P. 372. F. 1—6. 
 P.373. F. 1 — 10. — Emp.P.3B0.F.4.P.381. 
 F. 4. P. 383. F. 1—5. P. 385. F. 2, 9, 10. 
 P. 386, F. 1—5. P. 387. F. 1—3, 5. P.391. 
 F. 1-4, 6, 7. P. 392. F. 1—3. — Biederm. 
 P. 394. F. 1—7. — Neo G. P. 398. F. 1, 2. 
 6, 7. P. 399. F. 1, 3. — Pages 418. 603. 
 
 Furniture mounting. — Emp. P. 384. 
 
 F. 1-14. P. 385. F. 1, 5, 8, 11-13. 
 Gable. — Goth. P. 166. F. 3, 4. P. 179. 
 
 F. 1. — Ren. P. 217. F. 7. P. 235. F. 5. 
 
 P. 252. F. 6. P. 259. F. 3. P. 262. F. 9. — 
 
 Page 281. 
 Gallery. — Goth. P. 135. F. 2. — Ren. 
 
 P. 231. F. 1. P. 236. F. 2. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 288. F. 2. 
 Gargoyle. — Goth. P. 135. F. 4. P. 163. 
 
 F. 6. P. 173. F. 10. — Jap. P. 198. F. 2. 
 Gate. — Goth. P. 158. F. 2. — Ren. P. 228. 
 
 F. 4. P. 229. F. 5. P. 230. F. 5. P. 231. 
 
 F. 2. P. 233. F. 4. P. 262. F. 11. — Lat. 
 
 Ren. P. 271. F. 5. P. 289. F. 4. P. 303. 
 
 F. 1. P. 307. F. 5. — Roc. P. 314. F. 5. — 
 
 18th c. P. S52. F. 2. P. 375. F. 1. 
 Gate-pier. — Lat. Ren. P. 271. F. 7. P. 299. 
 
 F. 5. — Col. P. 335. F. 1. 
 Gateway. — Ren. P. 229. F. 5. P. 262. 
 
 F. 11. — 18th c. P. 352. F. 2. 
 Girdle. — Preh. P. 1. F.18. — Ind. P.16.F.2. 
 Glass door. — Roc. P. 333. F. 6, 7, 12, 13. 
 
 — 18th c. P. 373. F. 10. 
 
 Glass vessel. — Phoen. P. 13. F. 8, 19. — 
 Pomp. P. 47. F. 13. — Celt. P. 51. F. 8, 10. 
 P. 53. F. 17. — Mahom. P. 120. F. 6—8. — 
 Ren. P. 212. F. 2—4,8,9, 10. P.223.F.3— 5. 
 P. 245. F. 2. — Neo G. P. 3)9. F. 4. — 
 Page 205.
 
 638 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Glazed bas-relief. — Pers. P. 12. F. 1, 2, 
 
 11, 12. 
 Glazed brick. — Assyr. P. 8. F. 16. P. 9. 
 
 F. 3, 8, 10. - Pers. P. 11. F. 1, 2,8,9. 
 
 P. 12. F. 1, 2, 15. P. 125. F. 1. P. 128. 
 
 F. 5, 6. P. 129. F. 1—5. 
 Glazed terra-cotta. — Mahom. P. 126. 
 
 F. 1—17. — Ren. P. 239. F. 5, 6. — 18th c. 
 
 P. 353. F. 7. — Emp. P. 390. F. 3. 
 Glove. — Goth. P. 160. F. 20. 
 Goblet. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 16. — Goth. 
 
 P. 143. F. 3, 11. P. 145. F. 2. P. 154. 
 
 F. 3. P. 167. F. 3 P. l-'S. F. 3. — Ren. 
 
 P. 212. F. 7. P. 245. F. 3. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 293. F. 4. — Neo G. P. 399. F. 4. — 
 
 Page 485. 
 Gold brocade. — Ren. P. 246. F. 2, 3, 5. 
 Gold embroidery. — Rom. P. 83. F. 9. — 
 
 Mahom. P. 134. F.3— 5. — Lat. Ren. P.275. 
 
 F. 3. 
 Gold jewel. — Preh. P. 1. F. 19. - Egypt. 
 
 P. 7. F. 2, 9, 11, 12, 15, 17. — Assyr. P. 10. 
 
 F. 8—11, 24, 26, 27, 28. — Phoen. P. 13. 
 
 F. 5, 13, 18. — Ind. P. 16. F. 15, 16, 25, 
 
 26. — Grec. P. 17. F. 2, 4—12, 16, 17. — 
 
 P. 30. F. 1—5, 8. - Etrus. P. 32. F. 4, 
 
 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25. - Rom. P. 41. F. 13. 
 
 P. 43. F. 1, 3—7, 13-18, 21, 22. P. 44. 
 
 F. 4. — Pomp. P. 47. F. 8, 9, 10, 16. — 
 
 Celt. P. 50. F. 18, 22, 24-27. P. 51. F. 2. 
 
 P. 52. F. 1-5, 7-13, 15, 16. P. 53. F. 9, 
 
 13, 14, 23. — Early-Chr. P. 59. F. 1—4. 
 
 P. 61. F. 4—7. — Byz. P. 66. F. 1. P. 68. 
 
 F. 11, 17. — Romque p. 75. p. 18. P. 84. 
 
 F. 9. — Russ. P. HI. F. 2-5. — Goth. 
 
 P. 143. F. 11. P. 173. F. 5, 9. — Ren. 
 
 P. 223. F. 2. P. 232. F. 6. P. 244. F. 2, 
 
 4—9, 12. P. 251. F. 4, 9. P. 255. F. 4, 6. 
 
 — Lat. Ren. P. 292. F. 1—4, 6, 9, 12. — 
 Roc. P. 321. F. 2, 3, 7-9. - 18th C. 
 P. 350. P. 7, 8. P. 351. F. 1—8. — Pages 
 412, 427. 558. 
 
 Gold utensils. — Rom. P. 100. F. 5, 8. 
 
 — Russ. P. 1 10. F. 9, 10, 1 1. — Goth. P. 173. 
 F.6. — Chin. P. 193. F.4. — Ren. P. 223. 
 F. 13. P. 258. F. 1. — Lat. Ren. P. 293. 
 F. 1, 4. — Roc. P. 329. F. 1—5, 9. 
 
 Gold vessel. — Early-Chr. P. 62. F. 5. — 
 Romque p. 74. F. 2, 8. P. 75. F. 5. P. 84. 
 F. 3, 5. P. 96. F. 9, 10. — P. 100. F. 3, 
 
 5, 8. — Russ. P. 110. F. 8. — Goth. P. 143. 
 
 F. 3. — Ren. P. 212. P. 1, 5, 6. 
 Gothic Flora. — Goth. P. 137. F. 1—11. 
 Greaves. — Preh. P. 1. F. 15. — Grec. P. 29. 
 
 F. 1 1. — Etrus. P. 32. F. 7, 12, 14. 
 Greek fret. — Grec. P. 27. F. 2, 4, 13—16, 
 
 21—25, 34, 38. 
 Griffin's head. — Rom. — Page 77. 
 Grille. — RomQue p. 83. F. 1, 10, 11. P. 99. 
 
 F. 13. - Goth. P. 181. F. 6. — Ren. P. 209. 
 
 F. 6. P. 242. F. 6, 7, 8. — Lat. Ren. P. 272. 
 
 F. 1. P. 280. F. 6. P. 289. F. 1, 3, 4. 
 
 P. 303. F. 1. P. 306. 1—4. P. 307. F. 1. 
 
 — Roc. P. 314. F. 5. P. 324. F. 6. — Col. 
 P. 338. F. 2. — 18th c. P. 346. F. 1-3. 
 P. 354. F. 3—6. P. 358. F. 5. P. 375. 
 F. 1, 2. — Emp. P. 393. F. 5, 6. 
 
 Grotesque figure. — Roc. P. 329. F. 8. 
 Guitar. — Egypt. P. 7. F. 10. — Ind. P. 16. 
 
 F. 20. 
 Halberd. — Ren. P. 222. F. 1, 4, 5. P. 243. 
 
 F. 2, 6. 
 Hall clock. — Col. P. 336. F. 3. 
 Handmirror. — Grec. P. 28. F. 1. — Ren. 
 
 P. 225. F. 2. 
 Hanging lamp. — Lat. Ren. P. 274. F. 2, 3. 
 
 — 18th C. P. 348. F. 4. 
 
 Harness. — Egypt. P. 7. F. 14. — Assyr. 
 
 P. 9. F. 11. — P. 10. F. 25. — Grec. P. 30. 
 
 F. 19. — Goth. P. 140. F. 9. — Ren. 
 
 P. 243. F. 4, 5. 
 Harp. — Ren. P. 215. F. 4. 
 Head dress. — Pers. P. 12. F. 10. — Celt. 
 
 P. 50. F. 14, 15. — Goth. P. 140. F. 4. 
 
 P. 160. F. 1, 3, 10, 11, 19. P. 176. F. 5. — 
 
 Ken. P. 214. F. 4. — Page 270. 
 Helmet. — Preh. P. 2. F. 41. — Grec. P. 29. 
 
 F. 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 13. — Etrus. P. 32. F. 2, 5. 
 
 — Rom. P. 44. F. 2, 6, 14. — Russ. P. 1 10. 
 F.7. — Mahom. P. 115. F. 12. — Goth. P. 176. 
 P. 1, 2. — Jap. P. 199. F. 5. — Ren. P. 215. 
 F. 5. P. 222. F. 2. P. 223. F. 11. P. 232. 
 F. 1. 
 
 Hermes. — Ren. P. 217. F. 8. P. 235. F. 2. 
 Hinge. — RomQue p. 82. F. 2. — Ren. P. 242. 
 
 F. 1, 3. — Lat. Ren. P. 289. F. 5. - Page 
 
 252. 
 Holy-water vessel. — Roc. P. 323. F. 1. 
 Horn vessel. — Goth. P. 176. F.4. 
 Horse Ring. — Ren. P. 210. F. 4. 
 Hunting horn. — Early-Chr. P. 61. F. 9.
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 639 
 
 Hunting spear. — Preh. P. 1. F. 16, 42. 
 
 — Ind. P. 16. F. 10. — Ren. P. 243. F. 1. 
 Incense box. — Rom. P. 41. F. 4, 26. 
 Initial. — Celt. P. 54. F. 2, 6. P. 55. F. 4, 
 
 9. P. 56. F. 4. — Romque p. 75. p. 2, 7. 
 P. 84. F. 4. P. 101. F. 1—12. — Goth. 
 P. 159. F. 7, 8, 9, 10. P. 174. F. 1—13. 
 
 — Ren. P. 214. F. 3, 5. P. 233. F. 4, 5. 
 P. 247. F. 1,' 3, 13. — Lat. Ren. P. 295. 
 F. 1, 2. — Pages 1, 3, 12. 29. 71. 107. 
 114. 125. 137. 183. 193, 198. 235. 238. 
 252. 254. 274. 298. 310. 339. 362. 377. 
 388. 414. 419, 428. 453. 481. 487, 503. 
 
 Ink-stand. — Page 507. 
 
 Inlaid work. — Ren. P. 238. F. 3. 
 
 Inscription. — Byz. P. 69. F. 1. — Romque 
 
 P. 106. F. 5. — Pages 211. 228. 
 Intarsia work. — Ren. P. 210. F. 1, 6. 
 
 P. 226. F. 8, 11, 12. 
 Interior decoration. — Roc. P. 322. P. 326. 
 
 — Emp. P. 389. 
 
 Interlacing ornament. — Celt. P. 54. F. 5, 
 7_9, 11 — 14. P. 55. F. 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 
 16—20. P. 56. F. 1, 2, 4. — Early-Chr. P. 57. 
 F. 1—3, 5—12. P. 58. F. 6. — Byz. P. 64. 
 F. 4. — Romque p. 79. F. 5. P. 86. F. 3, 5 
 P. 92. F.3. P. -93. F.2. P. 94. F. 2. P. 97. 
 F. 4, 7. P. 102. F. 5, 7. P. 103. F. 1—6, 
 
 10, 11. P. 104. F. 1—6. P. 106. F. 4. — 
 Russ. P. 109. F. 2. P. 110. F. 1—5, 14. — 
 P. 111. F. 2. — Mahom. P. 112. F. 8, 14. 
 P. 113. F. 5, 13—16. P. 114. F. 3. P. 115. 
 F. 14—16. P. 117. F. 12. P. 119. F. 1-3, 
 5—7. P. 120. 3—5, 9—11. P. 129. F. 2, 
 4, 5. P. 133. F. 1. — Goth. P. 141. F. 2, 6. 
 
 — Pages 110. 193. 197. 205. 235. 337. 
 Iron-work, see Wrought iron. 
 
 Ivory carving. — Preh. P. 1. F. 1—3. — 
 
 Assyr. P. 8. F. 3—9. — Rom. P. 41. F. 17. 
 
 P. 44. F. 10. — Byz. P. 66. F. 4. P. 67. 
 
 F. 2—4, 6. — Ren. P. 225. F. 1. 
 Jewel-case. — Ind. P. 16. F. 12, 13. — 
 
 Grec. P. 29. F. 24. 
 Jewelry. — Grec. P. 30. F. 1—5, 8. — Rom. 
 
 P. 43. F. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 1 1, 13, 14. — Celt. 
 
 P. 50. F. 16. P. 53. F. 3. — Early-Chr. 
 
 P. 59. F. 4. — Romque p. 75. F. 18. — 
 
 Russ. P. 110. F. 11. — Goth. P. 140. F. 4. 
 
 P. 160. F. 2, 5, 9, 19. P. 173. F. 9. — 
 
 18th c. P. 350. F. 7, 8. P. 351. F. 1—8. 
 
 Jug. — Rom. P. 41. F. 16, 24. P. 42. 
 
 F. 20. P. 47. F. 2. — Ren. P. 221. F. 3, 
 
 5, 6, 8. P. 239. F. 2, 4, 5. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 285. F. 4. P. 292. F. 5. — 18th c. 
 
 P. 376. F. 4. 
 Key. — Rom. P. 41. F. 14. — Goth. P. 180. 
 
 F. 2, 4. — Ren. P. 225. F. 3. P. 241. F. 4. 
 
 — Roc. P. 317. F. 3. P. 327. F. 5. 
 Key-hole plate. — Romque P. 105. F. 5. 
 
 — Goth. P. 169. F. 8, 10. — Chin. P. 192. 
 F. 1. P. 196. F. 1. — Emp. P. 386. F. 6. 
 
 — Page 605. 
 
 Keystone. — Lat. Ren. P. 276. F. 4. P. 291. 
 
 F. 5. — 18th c. P. 343. F. 1. 
 Knife. — Preh. P. 2. F. 6, 23, 30. — Egypt 
 
 P. 6. F. 14. — Celt. P. 51. F. 14. — Mahom. 
 
 P. 130. F. 9, 10. — Goth. P. 140. F. 1. 
 
 P. 143. F. 9. — Ren. P. 223. F. 1, 10. 
 
 P. 245. F. 6. 
 Knife handle. — 18th C. P. 350. F. 3. 
 Knocker see Door-knocker. 
 Krater. — Grec. P. 26. F. 16. — Russ. 
 
 P. 110. F. 9. 
 Kylix. — Grec. P. 26. F. 14. P. 28. F. 9. 
 Labrum. — Rom. — Page 72. 
 Lace- work. — Ren. P. 224. F. 1, 2. P. 244. 
 
 F. 10, 11. P. 353. F. 3, 5. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 273. F. 2, 4. P. 275. F. 1, 2, 4. P. 297. 
 
 F. 1. 
 Lacquer Painting. — Jap. P. 198. F. 5—12. 
 
 — Page 323. 
 
 Lamp. — Rom. P. 42. F. 13. P. 43. F. 9, 
 
 12, 19, 20. — Pomp. P. 47. F. 12. — Romque 
 
 P. 75. F. 10. — Mahom. P. 115. F. 5, 6. 
 
 P. 120. F. 7. — Jap. P. 197. F. 3. P. 288. 
 
 F. 5. — Roc. P. 332. F. 4. — 18th c. P. 353. 
 
 F. 5, 6. — Page 205. 
 Lamp Stand. — Roc. P. 333. F. 8, 11. — 
 
 18th c. P. 349. F. 1. 
 Lance-head. — Preh. P. 1. F. 20, 40, 44. 
 
 P. 2. F. 26. — Mahom. P. 133. F. 3. P. 134. 
 
 F. 2. 
 Lantern. — Rom. P. 100. F. 17. — 18th C. 
 
 P. 353. F. 4. — Page 480. 
 Lead work. — Lat. Ren. P. 299. F. 6. 
 
 P. 309. F. 2. 
 Leaf cresting. — Goth. P. 148. F. 8, 9. 
 Leaf-table. — Ren. P. 249. F. 1. 
 Leather-work. — Egypt. P. 6. F. 13. — 
 
 Rom. P. 41. F. 7, 18, 27, 28. — RomQue p. 75. 
 
 F. 17. — Goth. P. 140. F. 9. P. 160. F. 17.
 
 640 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 — Ren. P. 225. F. 4. P. 240. F. 4. 18tn c. 
 P. 350. F. 2. — Page 529. 
 
 Lectern. — Goth. P. 145. F. 5. P. 171. 
 
 F. 4. 
 Lettering. — Celt. P. 56. F. 4. — Byz. 
 
 P. 66. F. 10. — Romque p. lOl. F. 1—13. — 
 
 Goth. P. 159. F. 1—8. P. 174. F. 1—13. 
 
 P. 175. F. 1—5. — Ren. P. 214. F. 2, 3, 5. 
 
 P. 233. F. 1—5. P. 247. F. 1-5, 8—13. 
 
 P. 248. F. 1, 2. — Lat. Ren. P. 295. F. 1, 
 
 2, 4, 5. — Roc. P. 319. F. 3, 5, 6. 
 Lion. — Egypt. P. 6. F. 15, 18. — Assyr. 
 
 P. 8. F. 8, 16. P. 9. F. 12. — Grec. P. 23. 
 
 F. 4. Romque p. 88. F. 4, 5. — Goth. 
 
 P. 177. F. 3. — Ren. P. 217. F. 9. 
 Lock. — Goth. P. 140. F. 8. P. 180. F. 1, 3. 
 
 — Ren. P. 242. F. 2, 4. — Lat. Ren. P. 289. 
 F. 2. P. 291. F. 5. — 18th C. P. 347. F. 6. 
 
 Locksmith's design. — Lat. Ren. P. 280. 
 
 F. 4, 7. 
 Looking-glass. — Ren. P. 269. F. 5. — 
 
 Roc. P. 331. F. 2, 4, 5. P. 333. F. 10. — 
 
 Emp. P. 385. F. 2. P. 392. F. 1. 
 Lotus capital. — Egypt. P. 4. F. 1—4, 9. 
 Lotus ornament. — Egypt. P. 4. F. 5, 6, 
 
 8, 10. P. 5. F. 9, 13. — Ind. P. 14. F. 5-8. 
 
 P. 15. F. 9. 
 Lyre. — Grec. P. 28. F. 11-13. — Page 
 
 617. 
 Madonna. — Early-Chr. P. 61. F. 10. 
 Majolica. — Ren. P. 211. F. 2—5, 7, 8. 
 Mantle. — Goth. P. 144. F. 1, P. 181. 
 
 F. 1. — Jap. P. 200. F. 6. 
 Mantel-piece. — Ren. P. 206. F. 4. — 
 
 Lat. Ren. P. 303. F. 5. P. 309. F. 1. — 
 
 Roc. P. 331. F. 5. — Col. P. 334. F. 1, 4. 6. 
 
 P. 335. F. 2, 5. P. 338. F. 1. P. 339. — 
 
 18th c. P. 345. F. 1. P. 354. F. 1. P. 361. 
 
 F. 4. 5. P. 363. F. 1. P. 474. F. 2, 4. — 
 
 Emp. P. 380. F. 1. P. 388. F. 3. P. 392. 
 
 F. 4. 
 Manuscript painting. — Celt. P. 54. 
 
 F. 1—4, 6—11. P. 55. F. 1—21. P. 56. 
 
 F. 1—4. — Byz. P. 66. F. 2. 10. P. 68. F. 7. 
 
 Romque P. 75. F. 2. 7. P. 84. F. 4. P. 101. 
 
 F.l — 13. — Russ. P.llO.F.1-5. — Maliom. 
 
 P. 130. F. 14. — Goth. P. 142. F. 1. 
 
 P. 154. F. 4, 7. 8. P. 170. F. 5, 7. P. 174. 
 
 F. 1-13. P. 183. F. 1—8. — Pages 110. 
 
 125. 137. 193. 197. 237. 238. 252. 254. 
 
 274. 298. 310. 362. 
 
 Marble inlaid -work. — Mahom. P. 134. 
 
 F. 7. 
 Marble statue. Rom. P. 44. F. 15. 
 Marble table. — Rom. P. 47. F. 1. 
 Marquetry. — Goth. P. 168. F. 3. 
 Mask. — Grec. P. 29. F. 22, 23. — Rom. 
 
 P. 41. F. 25. — Lat. Ren. P. 276. F. 4. 
 
 P. 287. F. 4. 
 Meadow-rue. Goth. P. 137. F. 11. 
 Medallion. — Ind. P. 15. F. 4. P. 16. F. 5. 
 
 — Rom. P. 43. F. 2. — Early-Chr. P. 61. 
 F. 7. — Byz. P. 69. F. 9. — Ren. P. 255. 
 F. 4. — Col. P. 334. F. 3. 
 
 Medusa head. — Rom. P. 43. F. 25. 
 Meissener Porcelain. — Roc. P. 329. 
 
 F. 1-8. 
 Memorial wreath. — Rom. P. 41. F. 13. 
 Mercury, head of. — Rom. P. 42. F. 9. 
 Mexican Doorway. — Page 10. 
 Military badge. — Assyr. P. 9. F. 9. — 
 
 Rom. P. 44. F. 9, 11, 12. 
 
 Minaret. — Mahom. P. 127. F. 10. P. 131. 
 F. 2, 3. 
 
 Miniature painting. — Byz. P. 67. F. 5, 
 
 P. 68. F. 1-6, 8—10. 
 Mirror. — Grec. P. 28. F. 1. — Etrus. P. 32. 
 
 F. 13. — 18th c. P. 268. F. 2. 
 Mirror frame. — Lat. Ren. P. 293. F. 5. — 
 
 Roc. P. 325. F. 2. — 18th c. P. 349. F. 8. 
 Mirror handle. — Grec. P. 29. F. 15. 
 Mitre. — Romque p. lOO. F. 7. — Ren. 
 
 P. 251. F. 1. — Page 427. 
 Monogram. — Roc. P. 319. F. 4. — Page J5*. 
 Monogram of Christ. — P. 60. F. 7. 
 Monstrance. Lat. Ren. P. 293. F. 1. 
 Monument. — Goth. P. 148. F. 3. P. 167. 
 
 F. 4. - Lat. Ren. P. 310. F. 4. 
 Mosaic. — Pers. P. 12. F. 15. — Grec. P. 23. 
 
 F. 3. — Pomp. P. 46. F. 1, 3, 6—8. — 
 
 Early-Chr. P. 62. F. 9, 10. — Byz. P. 66. 
 
 F. 5-9. — Romque p. go. F. 7—12. P. 91. 
 
 F. 1, 3, 6, 7, 9. — Mahom. P. 115. F. 1-3, 
 
 7, 13. P. 120. F. 3. 10, 11. P. 134. P. 7. 
 
 P. 178. F. 5. — Ren. P. 209. F. 4. P. 211. 
 
 F. 6. P. 234. F. 6. — Page 165. 
 Moulding. — Grec. P. 19. F. 1—14. — 
 
 Romque p. 99. F. 1 — 12. — Goth. P. 149. 
 
 F. 3, 9. P. 168. F. 1. — Ren. P. 266. F. 3. 
 
 - Lat. Ren. P. 309. F. 4-6. P. 310. F. 2, 3. 
 
 — Page 295.
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 641 
 
 Mural painting and decoration. — Egypt. 
 P. 4. F. 10. P. 5. F. 10, 12, 14. P. 6. 
 F. 1—7. P. 7. F. 1, 10, 13. — Assyr. 
 P. 8. F. 12. — Grec. P. 17. F. 1. — 
 Etrus. P. 31. F. 4. P. 32. F. 9, 10. 
 
 — Pomp. P. 45. F. 2, 3. P. 46. F. 2, 4, 
 5, 7. P. 48. F. 1-5, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 
 17, 20, 21. P. 49. F. 1-10. — Romque 
 P. 72. F. 9-12. P. 91. F. 4, 5, 8. P. 95. 
 F. 1. P. 97. F. 7, 8. — Russ. P. 111. 
 F. 6. — Goth. P. 139. F. 1-13. P. 177. 
 F. 2, 6. P. 178. F. 6, 7. P. 180. F. 6. 
 P. 181. F. 4. — Jap. P. 197. F. 1, 5. — 
 Ren. P. 204. F. 2, 4, 5. P. 215. F. 1. 
 P. 226. F. 1, 3-6, 9, 10. P. 240. F. 1, 2, 
 5. — Lat. Ren. P. 279. F. 3. P. 281. F. 1, 
 3, 4. _ Roc. P. 318. F. 2. — 18th C. 
 P. 340, 342. F. 4, 5. P. 371. F. 1. 
 
 — Emp. P. 380. F. 2. 3. P. 388. F. 1. 
 P. 389. F. 1. — Pages 21, 41, 67, 69, 
 115, 148. 592. 
 
 Musical Instrument — Egypt. P. 7. F. 6. 
 
 — Ind. P. 16. F. 20. — Grec. P. 28. F. 11 
 —13. — Ren. P. 215. F. 4. — Lat. Ren. 
 P. 284. F. 5, 6. P. 301. F. 8. P. 363. F. 2, 
 3. — P. 369. F. 1, 2. — Emp. P. 391. 
 F. 5. 
 
 Nail-head. — Jap. P. 197. F. 6—11. — Ren. 
 
 P. 227. F. 1. 
 
 Nautilus goblet. — Lat. Ren. P. 293. F. 4. 
 
 Necklace. — Preh. P. 1. F. 37. — Egypt. 
 
 P. 7. F. 9. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 28. — Grec. 
 
 P. 30. F. 20, 23. — Rom. P. 43. F. 3. — 
 
 Celt. P. 51. F. 3-5. P. 53. F. 13. - Goth. 
 
 P. 143. F. 11. P. 160. F. 9. — 18th C. 
 
 P. 351. F. 3. Page 66. 
 
 Needlework. — Assyr. P. 9. F. 6. P. 10. 
 
 F. 27. — Ren. P. 270. F. 5. 7, 8, 11. 
 Newel. — Goth. P. 185. F. 5. — Ren. P. 263. 
 
 F. 5. 
 Ogee. — Grec. P. 19. F. 6—14. — Rom. P. 33. 
 
 F. 7, 8, 10, 11. 13, 14. 
 Oinochoe. — Grec. P. 26. F. 1—4, 6, 7, 9, 
 
 13. 
 Order. - Grec. P. 18. F. 1. P. 20. F. 3, 8, 
 9. P. 21. F. 1, 4, 10. P. 22. F. 1, 3. — 
 Rom. P. 33. F. 1, 2. P. 34. F. 1, 2. P. 35. 
 F. 2, 9. P. 36. F. 1, 3. P. 45. F. 1, 7. — 
 Ren. P. 229. F. 2. — Lat. Ren. P. 308. 
 F. 1, 3. _ 18th C. P. 343. F. 5, 6. P. 352. 
 F. 1. P. 355. F. 1. P. 356. F. 1-3. 
 
 SPELT Z. Styles of Ornament. 
 
 P. 357. F. 1—3. P. 358. F. 1. 3. P. 359. 
 F. 1-3. P. 360. F. 4, 7. P. 361. F. 1, 2. 
 P. 362. F. 2. — Emp. P. 377. F. 1. 
 P. 389. — Neo G. P. 396. F. 2. 
 Organ. — Lat. Ren. P. 301. F. 8. — 18th c. 
 
 P. 363. F. 2, 3. 
 Overmantel. — Roc. P. 333. F. 10. 
 Paddle.- Preh. P. 3. F. 12. 13. 
 Pagoda. — Chin. P. 189. F. 11, 12. 
 Painted ornament. See Mural painting. 
 Pallet knife. — Preh. P. 3. F. 7. 
 Panel. — Early-Chr. P. 60. F. 6. — Byz. 
 P. 65. F. 1. P. 66. F. 3, 6. — Mahom. P. 1 17. 
 F. 7. P. 118. F. 1-6. P. 121. F. 2, 3. 
 P. 124. F. 6. — Goth. P. 150. F. 1. P. 156. 
 F. 2-4. P. 157. F. 6. P. 164. F. 6, 7. 
 P. 187. F. 4. — Ren. P. 210. F. 1, 5, 6. 
 P. 217. F. 5. P. 219. F. 3, 6, 7. P. 230. 
 F. 6. P. 238. F. 5, 6, 8. P. 240. F. 5. P. 249. 
 F. 3. P. 260. F. 1, 2. P. 263. F. 1, 3. 
 P. 264. F. 6. P. 265. F. 2, 4, 6. — Lat. 
 Ren. P. 301. F. 6. P. 303. F. 6. P. 304. 
 F. 3. — 18th c. P. 341. F. 2. P. 352. F. 3. 
 P. 369. F. 3. P. 371. F. 1. P. 374. F. 3, 6. 
 — Page 288. 
 Papyrus capital. — Egypt. P. 4. F. 9. P. 5. 
 
 F. 1. 5, 6, 8. 
 Papyrus ornament. — Egypt. P. 4. F. 7, 
 
 10. P. 5. F. 11. 
 Palm tree capital. — Egypt. P. 5. F. 2, 
 
 4, 14. 
 Parapet. — Byz. P. 69. F. 3. — Goth. P. 135. 
 F. 2. P. 144. F. 3, 4. P. 178. F. 2. P. 186. 
 F, 4. _ Page 238. 
 Parquetry. — Emp. P. 390. F. 1. 
 Parsley. — Goth. P. 137. F. 8. 
 Partisan. — Ren. P. 251. F. 6. 
 Paten. — Romq"« P. 84. F. 12. 
 Pea-tendril. — Page 222. 
 Pedestal. — Mahom. P. 122. F. 2, 4. — Ren. 
 P. 218. F. 3. P. 235. F. 9. — Roc. P. 333. 
 F. 8, 9, 11. - Page 112. 
 Pediment. — Grec. P. 18. F. 1, 2. 
 Pendant. — Ren. P. 232. F. 6. P. 244. F. 2, 
 5, 7. 12. P. 255. F. 6. - 18th C. P. 351. 
 F. 5, 8. 
 Perfuming censer. — Emp. P. 387. F. 4. 
 Piano. — 18th C. P. 369. F. 1, 2. — Emp. 
 
 P. 391. F. 5. 
 Pier. - Ind. P. 14. F. 10, 14, 15. P. 15. F. 8. 
 Byz. P. 70. F. 1, 3. — Romque P. 76. F. 15, 
 
 41
 
 642 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 16. P. 80. F. 4, 7. — Mahom. P. 132. F. 3. 
 
 — Goth. P. 177. F. 4. — Ren. P. 264. F. 4. 
 
 — 18th c. P. 372. F. 4. P. 379. F. 1. 
 Pierced openings. — Mahom. P. 112. F. 6. 
 
 P. 113. F. 5, 7, 11 — 16. P. 132. F. 1, 2. — 
 Ren. P. 216. F. 3. 
 Pilaster. — Rom. P. 38. F. 1, 5. — Ren. 
 P. 205. F. 1. 2. P. 218. F. 2, 5. P. 227. 
 F. 3, 4. P. 240. F. 5. P. 256. F. 7. — Lat. 
 Ren. P. 287. F. 3. — Roc. P. 323. F. 2. 
 
 — 18th C. P. 356. F. 3. — Emp. P. 386. 
 F. 7. 
 
 Pillar. — Ind. P. 14. F. 5, 9, 11. — Ren. 
 
 P. 235. F. 8. 
 Pin. — Preh. P. 1. F. 45. — Rom. P. 43. 
 
 F. 1, 5, 7, 16-18, 21, 22. 
 Plaster-work see Ceiling Ornamentation and 
 
 Stucco. 
 Plate. — Mahom. P. 133. F. 6. — Chin. P. 192. 
 
 F. 4. — Jap. P. 198. F. 1. — Ren. P. 223. 
 
 F. 7. P. 268. F. 1, 6. — Roc. P. 328. F. 8. 
 
 18th C. P. 376. F. 1, 2, 6—9. 
 Plinth. — Ren. P. 235. F. 9. 
 Pocket. — Byz. P. 70. F. 2. — Romque 
 
 P. 88. F. 3-5. — Goth. P. 160. F. 7. 
 Pommel. — Roc. P. 316. F. 4. — 18'h C. 
 
 P. 346. F. 5. 
 Porcelain. — Chin. P. 190. F. 2—5, 7, 8. 
 
 P. 191. F. 1—4. P. 192. F. 3—6. P. 193. 
 
 1_3, 8. — Lat. Ren. P. 305. F. 5. — Roc. 
 
 P. 328. F. 1—8. — Emp. P. 385. F. 4. 
 Porch. — Ren. P. 261. F. 3. 
 Portal. — Assyr. P. 9. F. 10. — Ind. P. 14. 
 
 F. 10. — Early-Chr. P. 58. F. 6—8. - 
 
 Romque p. 87. F. 5. P. 88. F. 1—5. P. 93. 
 
 F. 1. P. 98. F. 5-7. P. 103. F. 1, 3, 7. 
 
 P. 104. F. 1—6. P. 107. F. 6. — Mahom. 
 
 P. 117. F. 8. P. 131. F. 4, — Goth. P. 163. 
 
 F. 3. — Ren. P. 208. F. 1. 
 Pot-hanger. — Romq^e p. i05. F. 3. 
 Pottery. — Preh. P. 1. F. 6, 7, 11, 12, 34, 
 
 39, 40. — P. 2. F. 5, 9, 10, 12. 16, 17, 19, 
 
 20, 21, 43, 45. — Egypt. P. 7. F. 4, 5. — 
 
 Assyr. P. 10. F. 7, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20. — 
 
 Pers. P. 12. F. 4—6. — Phoen. P. 13. F. 6, 
 
 7, 9, 11, 12. — Ind. P. 16. F. 7, 18, 28, 30, 
 
 31. — Grec. P. 17. F. 13. P. 26. F. 1-17. 
 
 — Rom. P. 41. F. 16, 24. P. 42. F. 13. 
 P. 43. F. 12. — Pomp. P. 47. F. 12. — 
 Ceh. P. 51. F. 9, 11, 13. P. 53. F. 17, 18, 
 19, 20-22. -Ren. P. 211. F. 1-8. P. 221. 
 
 F. 1-6, 8. P. 268. F. 1—4. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 273. F. 3. — P. 285. F. 2, 3, 4. — 
 
 Roc. P. 328. F. 1—8. — 18th Q P. 376. 
 
 F. 1—9. — Neo G. P. 398. F. 4. P. 400. 
 
 F. 4. — Page 485. 
 Powder-horn. — Mahom. P. 133. F. 5. 
 Processional crucifix. — Goth. P. 143. 
 
 F. 5. — Roc. P. 313. F. 4. 
 Pulpit. — Romque p. 86. F. 1. — Goth. 
 
 P. 153. F. 5. P. 165. F. 6. P. 327. F. 1. 
 
 — 18th c. P. 353. F. 1—3. 
 Purse. — Goth. P. 140. F. 7. 
 
 Pyx. — Rom. P. 96. F. 9, 10. P. 100. F. 3, 
 
 5, 8. 
 Pyxis. - Grec. P. 26. F. 17. 
 Quiver. — Rom. P. 43. F. 23. — Mahom. 
 
 P. 133. F. 4. — Goth. P. 167. F. 2. 
 Railing. — Goth. P. 181. F. 6. — Ren. 
 
 P. 209. F. 6. P. 231. F. 3. 5. 6. P. 242. 
 
 F. 6—8. P. 306. F. 1—10. — Emp. P. 393. 
 
 F. 5, 6. 
 Rainwater pipe head. — Lat. Ren. P. 299. 
 
 F. 6. P. 309. F. 2. 
 Razor. — Etrus. P. 32. F. 11. 
 Reading desk. — Early Chr. P. 62. F. 6. — 
 
 Ren. P. 232. F. 5. — Lat. Ren. P. 282. F. 2. 
 Relief Ornament. — Preh. P. 1. F. 2, 23. 
 
 31. P. 2. F. 18, 37—39. P. 3. F. 4. 9—13. 
 
 — Egypt. P. 4. F. 5—7. P. 7. F. 2, 17. — 
 Pers. P. 12. F. 13, 14. — Phoen. P. 13. 
 F. 1, 21. — Ind. P. 14. F. 4, 9, 12. P. 15. 
 F. 9, 11, 12. P. 16. F. 21. — Grec. P. 17. 
 F. 3, 15—19. P. 18. F. 4, 8. P. 19. F. 1 — 10. 
 P. 21. F. 2, 6, 7, 9, 11, 12. P. 25. F. 2, 3, 
 5. — Etrusc. P. 31. F. 1, 3, 8, 10. P. 32. 
 F. 13, 24. P. 33. F. 1-4, 8. — Rom. P. 43. 
 F. 25. P. 44. F. 1, 3, 7, 13. — Goth. P. 160. 
 F. 1—20. P. 184. F. 4. — Pages 3, 10. 45, 
 183. 
 
 Reliquary. — Celt. P. 50. F. 17. — Byz. 
 
 P. 67. F. 2. P. 68. F. 16. — Romque p. 74. 
 
 F. 10. P. 77. F. 7. — Goth. P. 140. F. 3. 
 
 P. 176. F. 5. P. 181. F. 7. — Ren. P. 258. 
 
 F. 1. — Lat. Ren. P. 290. F. 3. 
 Rhyton. — Egypt. P. 7. F. 6. 
 Rib. - Romque p. 76. F. 12. 
 Ridge-tile. — Jap. P. 199. F. 2. 
 Ring. - Egypt. P. 7. F. 12, 15. - Grec. 
 
 P. 17. F. 6. — Celt. P. 53. F. 23. — Byz. 
 
 P. 66. F. 1. 
 Rock-crystal vessel. — Ren. P. 223. F. 5.
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 643 
 
 Roof. — Grec. P. 23. F. 11. — Ren. P. 265. 
 
 F. 1. 
 Roof, open - timber. — Goth. P. 152. 
 
 F. 1-10. 
 Roof termination. — Chin. P. 189. F. 8. 
 Rococo forms. — Roc. P. 312. F. 1—8. 
 Rose-window. — Romque P. 86. F. 4. P. 87. 
 
 F. 4. — Goth. P. 166. F. 5. — Pages 249. 
 
 274, 288. 
 Sacrificial implements. — Grec. P. 30. 
 
 F. 12, 13. — Rom. P. 41. F. 3. 12, 21,23. 
 Saddle. — Ren. P. 251. F. 2. — 18th c. 
 
 P. 350. F. 2. 
 SandaL — Egypt. P. 6. F. 8, 13. 
 Sarcophagus. — Etrusc. P. 31. F. 7. — 
 
 — Early Chr. P. 62. F. 2, 7, 8. — Romque 
 P. 94. F. 7. 
 
 Satyr. — Rom. P. 42. F. 8. 
 
 Scabbard. — Preh. P. 1. F. 30. — Jap. P. 196. 
 
 F. 5. — Page 335. 
 Scales. — Rom. P. 42. F. 7. 
 Scissors. — Preh. P. 1. F. 35. — Ren. P. 222. 
 
 F. 9. — Roc. P. 316. F. 1. 
 Screen. — Jap. P. 199. F. 4. — Emp. P. 386. 
 
 F. 2. 
 Seal. — Romque P. 84. F. 7. 
 Sedan chair. — Rom. P. 42. F. 10. — Rom. 
 
 P. 100. F. 9. — Lat. Ren. P. 282. F. 5. 
 
 P. 367. F. 1. 
 Secretaire. — Ren. P. 258. F. 2. P. 333. 
 
 F. 3. — 18th c. P. 372. F. 5. 
 Sepulchral monument. — Romque p. lOO. 
 
 F. 11. — Ren. P. 203. F. 1, 7. P. 206. 
 
 F. 1. — Page 215. 
 Sepulchral urn. — Preh. P. 1. F. 12, 13, 
 
 34. P. 2, F. 5, 16, 17, 21. — Ind. P. 16. 
 
 F. 18. — Celt. P. 53. F. 21. 
 Sewing-table. — Biederm. P. 394. F. 6, 7. 
 Sgraffito work. — Ren. P. 202. F. 1. P. 203. 
 
 F. 8—10. P. 204. F. 3. 
 Shaft of column. — Egypt. P. 4. F. 1. P. 5. 
 
 F. 1. P. 7. F. 4. — Ind. P. 14. F. 5, 11. P. 15. 
 
 F. 8. — Grec. P. 17. F. 15. — Rom. P. 34. 
 
 F. 7. P. 36. F. 2. — Pomp. P. 45. F. 1, 
 
 2, 7. Romque p. 71. F. 8. P. 73. F. 4. P. 77. 
 
 F. 6. P. 78. F. 2, 8. P. 86, F. 5. P. 89. 
 
 F. 5. P. 102. F. 2. P. 103. F. 2, 9. — 
 
 Russ. P. 109. F. 6. — Mahom. P. 112. F. 5. 
 
 P. 122. F. 3. P. 125. F. 3. P. 127. F. 9, 11. 
 
 — Goth. P. 162. F. 5. P. 179. F. 2. — Ren. 
 P. 201. F. 3. P. 203. F. 1. P. 209. F. 3. 
 
 P. 216. F. 4. P. 228. F. 3. P. 234. F. 3. 
 
 P. 235. F. 1, 5. P. 236. F. 1. P. 252. F. 4. 
 
 P. 253. F. 1. P. 257. F. 5. P. 259. F. 2. 
 
 P. 261. F. 3. P. 263. F. 2. P. 268. F. 5. 
 Shield. — Preh. P. 2. F. 42. — Ind. P. 16. 
 
 F. 21. — Grec. P. 29. F. 12. — Rom. P. 44. 
 
 F. 7. — Romque p. 100. F. 6. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 272. F. 2. P. 303. F. 7. — Page 234. 
 Ship. — Grec. P. 25. F. 4. P. 27. F. 17. — 
 
 Romque p. 100. F. 2, 16. 
 Shoe. — Egypt. P. 6. F. 8, 13. — Pers. P. 12. 
 
 F. 12. — Grec. P. 30. F. 6, 7. — Rom. P. 41. 
 
 F. 7, 27, 28. P. 44. F. 15. P. 46. F. 4. — 
 
 Celt. P. 53. F. 15. — Romque p. 75. F. 17. 
 
 — Goth. P. 160. F. 6, 17. — Page 529. 
 Shoe buckle. — Roc. P. 327. F. 2, 3. 
 Shrine. — Romque P. 77. F. 1—6, 8—12. 
 
 — Jap. P. 196. F. 9. 
 Sickle. — Preh. P. 1. F. 43. 
 Sideboard. — Col. P. 336. F. 1. — 18th c. 
 
 P. 370. F. 1. 
 Sign. — Lat. Ren. P. 298. F. 1—3. P. 307. 
 
 F. 1. 6. 
 Signature tablet. — Romque p. 72. F. 7. 
 Silk. — Jap. P. 198. F. 3. — Ren. P. 224. 
 
 F. 3. — Lat. Ren. P. 275. F. 6. — Page 617. 
 Silk damask. — Ren. P. 213. F. 5. 
 Silver relief. — Russ. P. 109. F. 4. — 
 
 Goth. P. 176. F. 4. — Ren. P. 244. F. 1. 
 
 P. 260. F. 9. 
 Silver utensils. — Rom. P. 41. F. 11. 
 
 P. 42. F. 16, 19, 21. — Romque p. 84. F. 12. 
 
 P. lOa F. 14. — Goth. P. 143. F. 5—7, 9. 
 
 — Ren. P. 223. F. 1, 8, 10, 14. P. 241. 
 F. 3. P. 245. F. 4, 6. P. 258. F. 2. — Lat. 
 Ren. P. 294. F. 4. — Roc. P. 313. F. 4. 
 P. 315. F. 5. P. 321. F. 11, 12. P. 327. 
 F. 2-6. — 18th c. P. 349. F. 3. P. 350. 
 F. 3, 4. — Emp. P. 385. F. 6, 7. — Pages 
 610. 621. 
 
 Silver vessel. — Pers. P. 12. F. 16, 17. — 
 Phoen. P. 13. F. 21. — Grec. P. 30. F. 24. 
 
 — Rom. P. 42. F. 4, 17. P. 43. F. 26-28. 
 
 — Pomp. P. 47. F. 2-4, 7. — Mahom. P. 133. 
 F. 8. — Goth. P. 143. F. 6, 10. P. 154. 
 F. 3. P. 167. F. 3. P. 173. F. 3. P. 176. 
 F. 3. — Ren. P. 212. F. 7. P. 222. F. 8. 
 P. 245. F. 3, 5, 7. — Lat. Ren. P. 285. F. 1,5. 
 P. 292. F. 5. — Roc. P. 316. F. 5. P. 313. 
 F. 1. _ 18th C. P. 368. F. 4, 5. — Emp. 
 P. 381. F. 2. P. 387. F. 4. 
 
 41*
 
 644 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Sleigh. — Roc. P. 321. F. 10. 
 
 Sofa. — Lat. Ren. P.305. F.6. — Roc. P. 320. 
 
 F, 1. — Col. P. 337. F. 4, 6, 8. — 18th C. 
 
 P. 347. F. 1. P. 349. F. 12. P. 370. F. 7. 
 
 — Emp. P. 387. F. 2, 5. P. 389. F. 2. 
 P. 391. F. 1, 2. P. 392. F. 2. — Biederm. 
 P. 394. F. 5. — Neo G. P. 398. F. 6, 7. 
 
 Spandrel. — Mahom. P. 117. F. 1, 2. P. 126. 
 
 F. 5, 6. P. 127. F. 1, 2. — Golh. P. 138. 
 
 F. 1. 8. P. 146. F. 1, 4. P. 148. F. 4. P. 150. 
 
 F. 10. P. 151. F. 4. P. 163. F. 1. P. 164. 
 
 F. 14. P. 184. F. 1, 2. — Ren. P. 227. 
 
 F. 7. P. 264. F. 4. P. 265. F. 1. 
 Spear-head. — Preli. P. 1. F. 16, 42. — 
 
 Grec. P. 29. F. 16. — Etrusc. P. 32. F. 26. 
 Sphinx. — Egypt. P. 6. F. 9, 11. — Pomp. 
 
 P. 48. F. 14. 
 Spinet. — Lat. Ren. P. 284. F. 5, 6. 
 Spire. — Goth. P. 188. F. 4. 
 Spoon. — Egypt. P. 6. F. 10. — Assyr. P. 10. 
 
 F. 23. — Rom. P. 41. F. 11. — Romque 
 
 P. 100. F. 14. — Russ. P. 110. F. 10. — 
 
 Ren. P. 223. F. 6, 8. P. 241. F. 3. P. 245. 
 
 F. 4, 6. — Roc. P. 321. F. 11, 12. 
 Spur. — Goth. P. 160. F. 12. 
 Stained glass. — Romque p. 74. p. 11. P. 83. 
 
 F.3,6. — Goth. P. 141. F. 5, 6. P. 154. F.9, 10. 
 
 P. 155. F. 1—8. P. 165. F. 1, 3— 5.— Ren. 
 
 P. 209. F. 2. P. 240. F. 3. P. 252. F. 1. 
 
 — Page 361. 
 
 Stair -balustrade. — Ren. P. 209. F. 9. 
 
 P. 237. F. 4. P. 261. F. 4. P. 262. F. 6, 7. 
 
 P. 266. F. 4. — Lat. Ren. P. 272. F. 3, 4. 
 
 P. 303. F. 2. 
 Staircase. — Ren. P. 262. F. 6. P. 266. F. 4. 
 
 P. 303. F. 2. 
 Stair newel. — Goth. P. 185. F. 5. 
 Stair rail. — Ren. P. 209. F. 9. P. 237. 
 
 F. 4. — Lat. Ren. P. 272. F. 4. 
 Stalactite. — Mahom. P. 112. F. 12. P. 122. 
 
 F. 1. P. 124. F. 3. P. 127. F. 9— 11. 
 Stall. — Romqi'e p. 73. F. 3. — Goth. P. 142. 
 
 F. 2, 5. P. 154. F. 1, 6. P. 157. F. 1, 2, 5. 
 
 P. 171. F. 5, 7. P. 187. F. 5. — Ren. P. 217. 
 
 F. 7. P. 238. F. 6. P. 254. F. 4. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 299. F. 2. P. 301. F. 3-5, 7. 
 Standard. — Assyr. P. 9. F. 9. — Rom. 
 
 P. 44. F. 9, 11. 
 Statue. — Egypt. P. 4. F. 11. — Grec. P. 18. 
 
 F. 5. P. 21. F. 2, 10. P. 29. F. 15. — Etrus. 
 
 P. 31. F. 7. — Rom. P. 44. F. 15. — Ren. 
 P. 206. F. 3, 4. P. 207. F. 1. P. 208. F. 7. 
 
 — Page 66, 91. 
 
 Stele. — Grec. P. 21. F.9, 11, 12. P. 29. F. 19. 
 Stone figure. — Egypt. P. 6. F. 9, 10, 15, 18. 
 
 P. 7. F. 3. - Assyr. P. 9. F. 13. — Ind. 
 
 P. 15. F. 6. — Ren. P. 228. F. 1. — 
 
 Page 91. 
 Stonehenge. — Page 2. 
 Stoneware. — Ren. P. 239. F. 2, 4. P. 268. 
 
 F. 2-4, 6. 
 Stool. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 6. — Ind. P. 16. 
 
 8. — Romque p. 75. F. 11. P. 84. F. 8. — 
 
 Goth. P. 142. F. 4. — Ren. P. 269. F. 7. 
 
 — LaL Ren. P. 291. F. 4. — Emp. P. 385. 
 F. 2, 3. P. 387. F. 3. P. 389. F. 4. P. 391. 
 F. 4. — Page 29. 
 
 Stove. — Goth. P. 167. F. 1. — Ren. P. 239. 
 F. 1. P. 258. F. 4. — Roc. P. 327. F. 7. — 
 18th C. P. 353. F. 7. — Emp. P. 390. 
 F. 2, 3. 
 
 Stucco ornament. — Russ. P. 108. F. 5. 
 
 — Mahom. P. 113. F. 1—4, 8—10, 13—15. 
 P.114. F. 1. P. 116. F. 3. P. 117. F. 1—10, 
 12. P. 118. F. 1—6. P. 120. F. 4, 5, 9, 11. 
 
 — Ren. P. 201. F. 3. P. 237. F. 1, 2. 
 P. 256. F.2— 6. P. 261. F. 6. P. 262. F. 3. 
 P. 266. F.5. P. 279. F. 3, 4. P. 281. F. 1, 
 2. — Lat. Ren. P. 301. F.9, 10. P. 311. 
 F. 2, 3. — Roc. P. 327. F. 8. — Col. P. 338. 
 F. 2. — 18th C. P. 341. F. 2. P. 342. F. 1, 
 2, 4. P. 364. F. 1—4. P. 366. F. 1. P. 374. 
 F. 1, 7. — Page 211. 
 
 Stuff pattern. — Jap. P. 200. F. 2, 3, 5, 7. 
 
 — Ren. P. 213. F. 6, 6. P. 224. F. 3, 7. 
 P. 246. F. 1—5. P. 270. F. 1-5, 7—12. 
 
 — Lat. Ren. P. 275. F. 5, 6. P. 286. F. 2, 3. 
 
 — Biederm. P. 395. F. 1, 2, 4-7. — Neo G. 
 P. 400. F. 2, 3. — Page 307. 
 
 Sugar bowl. — P. 368. F. 4. 
 Sugar-tongs. — Roc. P. 329. F. 9. 
 Sunshade. — Grec. P. 30. F. 14. — Mahom. 
 
 P. 134. F. 3. 
 Sundial. — Ren. P. 301. F. 1. 
 Sword. — Preh. P. 1. F. 26, 39. P. 2. F. 44. 
 
 — Assyr. P. 10. F. 5. — Etrus. P. 32. 
 F. 1, 6, 21. — Celt. P. 52. F. 6. P. 53. 
 F. 1, 2. — Early-Chr. P. 61. F. 2. — Mahom. 
 P. 120. F. 2. P. 160. F. 14— 16. — Jap. 
 P. 196. F. 5, 7. — Ren. P. 215. F. 3. P. 222. 
 F. 6. P. 251. F. 5, 7, 8. — Page 335.
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 645 
 
 Sword-hilt. — Preh. P. 2. F. 27, 44. — Rom. 
 P. 44. F. 10. — Romque p. lOO. F. 4. — 
 Ren. P. 222. F. 6. — Lat. Ren. P. 292. 
 F. 7. — Roc. P. 327. F. 4, 6. 
 
 Symbol. — Egypt. P. 4. F. 7. P. 7. F. 7, 8. 
 
 — Assyr. P. 8. F. 11, 12. P. 9. F. 8. — Pers. 
 P. 12. F. 9. 
 
 Syren. — Assyr. P. 8. F. 13. 
 
 Tabernacle door. — Goth. P. 145. F. 3. — 
 
 Ren. P. 238. F. 7. 
 Table. — Grec. P. 28. F. 15, 20. — Rom. 
 
 P. 41. F. 6. P. 42. F. 2, 6. — Pomp. P. 47. 
 
 F. 1, 5. — Goth. P. 171. F. 6. — Ren. 
 
 P. 210. F. 3. P. 220. F. 6. P. 249. F. 1, 
 
 13. P. 250. F. 8, 13. P. 253. F. 7. P. 255. 
 
 F. 1. P. 269. F. 7. — Lat. Ren. P. 284. 
 
 F. 4. P. 291. F. 1, 2. P. 305. F. 2. — 
 
 18th C. P. 341. F. 1. P. 347. F. 2. P. 348. 
 
 F. 2. P. 349. F. 2. — Emp. P. 383. F. 2—4. 
 
 P. 391. F. 6. — Biederm. P. 394. F. 4. — 
 
 Neo G. P. 399. F. 1, 3. — Page 413. 
 Table centre-piece. — Roc. P. 318. F. 5. 
 Table cover. — Lat. Ren. P. 275. F. 3. 
 Tambourine. — Grec. P. 30. F. 11. 
 Tankard. — Goth. P. 143. F. 6. — Ren. 
 
 P. 222. F. 10. P. 245. F. 7. P. 268. F. 3. 
 Tazza. - Ren. P. 212. F. 1, 8, 9. — Neo G. 
 
 P. 398. F. 3. — Page 626. 
 Tea-pot. — Chin. P. 190. F. 4, 5. P. 193. 
 
 F. 5. — Page 338. 
 Tea urn. — Page 338. 
 Tee, iron. — Ren. P. 252. F. 5. 
 Telamonic support. — Ren. P. 209. F. 7. 
 Terminal. — Ren. P. 267. F. 2. — Lat. 
 
 Ren. P. 304. F. 4. — Roc. P. 314. F. 4. 
 Terra cotta plaque. — Ren. P. 239. F. 3, 6. 
 Textile ornament. — Preh. P. 3. F. 8. — 
 
 Assyr. P. 9. F. 6. P. 10. F. 27. — P. 16. 
 
 F. 29, 34. — Grec. P. 28. F. 2. — Celt. 
 
 P. 50. F. 1, 3. — Romque p. 83. F. 7—9. 
 
 P.96. F. 11. — Russ. P. 111. F. 1. - Mahom. 
 
 P. 114. F. 2. P. 130. F. 13. P. 133. F. 2, 4. 
 
 — Goth. P. 140. F. 6. P. 141. F. 1, 3, 7, 9. 
 P. 143. F. 1, 2. P. 144. F. 1. P. 172. 
 F. 1-8. P. 181. F. 1, 2, 5. P. 187. F. 2. 
 
 — Chin. P. 189. F. 13. — Jap. P. 198. F. 3. 
 P. 200. F. 1—7. — Ren. P. 213. F. 1—6. 
 P. 224. F. 3—8. P. 232. F. 4. P. 244. F. 3, 
 10, 11. P. 246. F. 1-6. P. 251. F. 1, 2. 
 P. 253. F. 3, 5. P. 270. F. 1, 5, 6-12. — 
 Lat. Ren. P. 273. F. 2, 4. P. 275. F. 1—6. 
 
 P. 284. F. 1, 2. P. 286. F. 1—6. P. 294. 
 F. 1, 2. P. 297. F. 1. — Roc. P. 319. 
 F. 1, 2, 7. P. 320. F. 1—4. P. 321. F. 1, 4-6. 
 
 — 18th C. P. 347. F. 1. P. 348. F. 1. P. 350. 
 F. 1, 5, 6. — Emp. P. 381. F. 4. P. 382. 
 F. 1. — Biederm. P. 395. F. 1, 2, 4—7. - 
 Neo G. P. 399. F. 6. P. 400. F. 2, 3. — 
 Pages 307, 387, 617. 
 
 Throne. — Russ. P. 111. F. 2, 4, 5. — Roc. 
 
 P. 318. F. 3. — Emp. P. 382. — Page 29. 
 Thurible. — Romque p. 75. F. 8. 
 Tiara. — Ren. P. 251. F. 9. 
 T'ing. — Chin. P. 189. F. 12. 
 Toilet table. — 18th c. P. 370. F. 2. 
 Tomb. — Etrus. P. 31. F. 2, 6, 7. — Romque 
 
 P. 95. F. 7. — Goth. P. 181. F. 3. — Ren. 
 
 P. 201. F. 6. P. 203. F. 1, 7. P. 206. F. 1. 
 
 P. 227. F. 2. P. 261. F. 1. P. 267. F. 1. 
 
 Lat. Ren. P. 310. F. 4. — Pages 69. 215. 
 Torch. — Grec. P. 30. F. 18. — Page 90. 
 Tribune. — Emp. P. 379. F. 2. 
 Trident. — Ind. P. 16. F. 11, 19, 23. 
 Tripod. — Assyr. P. 10. F. 3. — Grec. P. 28. 
 
 F. 7. P. 29. F. 14. — Etrus. P. 32. F. 15, 18. 
 
 — Rom. P. 39. F. 3. P. 40. F. 1. P. 44. 
 F. 8. — Pomp. P. 47. F. 14, 15, 17. — 
 18th c. P. 347. F. 4. 
 
 Trireme. — Rom. P. 44. F. 13. 
 
 Trophy. — Lat. Ren. P. 278. F. 4. — 18th c. 
 
 P. 362. F. 1, 4. 
 Tureen. — Lat. Ren. P. 286. F. 5. — Emp. 
 
 P. 381. F. 2. 
 Turret cresting. — Ren. P. 250. F. 6. 
 Tympanum. — Romque p. 73. f. 12. P. 81. 
 
 F. 5, 6. P. 95. F. 2. — Goth. P. 163. F. 3. 
 
 P. 165. F. 2. — Page 191. 
 Typographic ornament. — Ren. P. 214. 
 
 F. 1, 3, 5, 6. P. 219. F. 6. P. 226. F. 2, 7. 
 
 P. 247. F. 7. P. 253. F. 2, 4. - Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 296. F. 1. — Roc. P. 318. F. 1. — 
 
 Pages 310, 337, 376. 543. 
 Valence. — Lat. Ren. P. 284. F. 1. — Roc. 
 
 P. 320. F. 2. — 18th C. P. 350. F. 1. P. 367. 
 
 F. 3. P. 371. F. 6, 9. 
 Vase. — Preh. P. 1. F. 5—7, 12, 13. 34, 39. 
 
 P. 2. F. 1, 2. 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 21. — 
 
 Phoen. P. 13. F. 6—9, 15—17, 19. — Ind. 
 
 P. 16. F. 17, 28, 30, 31. — Grec. P. 17. 
 
 F. 13. P. 26. F. 1—4, 6—10, 12. P. 30. 
 
 F. 24. — Rom. P. 40. F. 2, 3, 5, 6. P. 42.
 
 646 
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 F. 14, 17. — Pomp. P. 47. F. 13. — 
 
 Celt. P. 51. F. 9, 13. P. 53. F. 17, 21. — 
 
 Mahom. P. 133. F. 8. 10. — Goth. P. 138. 
 
 F. 2. — Chin. P. 190. F. 2, 3, 6, 8. P. 191. 
 
 F. 1—3, 5. P. 192. F. 3, 5, 7. P. 193. F. 6, 
 
 7, 9. — Jap. P. 1%. F. 4, 6. — Lat. Ren. 
 
 P. 273. F. 3. P. 278. F. 7. 8. P. 305. F. 5. 
 
 — Roc. P. 314. F. 4. P. 316. F. 3. P. 328. 
 
 F. 6. — Col. P. 335. F. 4. — 18th c. 
 
 P. 346. F. 4. P. 352. F. 4. P. 360. F. 5. 
 
 P. 351. F. 3. P. 373. F. 4. — Emp. P. 385. 
 
 F. 4. P. 393. F. 3. — Neo G. P. 298. 
 
 F. 3, 4. P. 400. F. 4. — Pages 112, 467. 
 Vase painting. — Grec. P. 27. F. 1—29, 
 
 33- 39, 41—43. — Pages 36, 43. 
 Velvet. — Ren. P. 213. F. 6. P. 224. F. 7. 
 
 P. 246. F. 4, 5, 6. — Lat. Ren. P. 575. 
 
 F. 5. P. 286. F. 1. 
 Vestment — Lat. Ren. P. 294. F. 1, 2. 
 Vignola's orders. — Page 444. 
 Votive cross. — Early Chr. P. 59. F. 4. 
 Votive crown. — Early Chr. P. 59. F. 3. 
 Wall decoration. — Assyr. P. 8. F. 16. 
 
 P. 9. F. 3, 5, 8, 10. — Mahom. P. 114. 
 
 F. 3, 4. P. 115. F. 11, 14. P. 127. F. 7, 12. 
 
 P. 128. F. 1—4. P. 130. F. 4. — Ren. 
 
 P. 234. F. 5, 6, 8. P. 238. F. 3. P. 249. 
 
 F. 3. — Lat. Ren. P. 303. F. 6. — 18th c. 
 
 P. 341. F. 4. P. 342. F. 4, 5. P. 345. 
 
 F. 1, 2. P. 347. F. 5. P. 348. F. 3. P. 374. 
 
 F. 5. — Emp. P. 377. F. 4. P. 388. F. 1. 
 
 P. 389. F. 1. 
 Wall paper. — Ren. P. 237. F. 3. — Lat. 
 
 Ren. P. 296. F. 2. 
 Wall tapestry. — Ren. P. 224. F. 4. 
 Wall tiles. — Russ. P. 109. F. 3, 6. P. 111. 
 
 F. 6. — Mahom. P. 114. F. 3, 4. P. 115. 
 
 F. 11, 14. P. 118. F. 1—6. P. 119. F. 1—7. 
 
 P. 123. F. 3. P. 126. F. 1-17. P. 127. 
 
 F. 5—7. P. 128, F. 1—5. P. 129. F. 1-5. 
 
 P. 130. F. 4. — Ren. P. 234. F. 5, 8. 
 Wardrobe. — Roc. P. 330. F. 2, 4. 
 Warrior. — Rom. P. 75. F. 14. — RomQ^e 
 
 P. 100. F. 18. — Pages 99. 101. 
 Watch. — Lat. Ren. P. 294. F. 4. 
 Weapons. — Preh. P. 1. F. 16. 17, 20, 25, 
 
 26, 39, 40, 42, 44. P. 2. F. 3, 4, 26, 27, 41, 
 
 42, 44. — Egypt. P. 6. F. 12, 14. — Assyr. 
 
 P. 10. F. 5. — Ind. P. 16. F. 10, 19. 23, 
 
 24, 27, 32, 33. — Grec. P. 29. F. 5, 16, 
 
 20, 21. — Rom. P. 41. F. 2, 12. — Celt. 
 
 P. 52. F. 6. P. 53. F. 1, 2, 5, 10. — Early 
 Chr. P. 61. F. 2. — RomQue p. lOO. F. 4, 
 12. — Russ. P. 110. F. 6. — Mahom. 
 P. 115. F. 4, 9. P. 120. F. 2. P. 133. 
 F. 3, 7. P. 134. F. 2. — Goth. P. 160. 
 F. 4, 14—16, 18. — Jap. P. 196. F. 5, 7. 
 
 — Ren. P. 215. F. 3. P. 222. F. 1. 3, 4, 5. 
 P. 243. F. 1. P. 251. F. 7, 8. — Page 335. 
 
 Wedge. — Preh. P. 1. F. 36. P. 2. F. 8, 11. 
 
 Wheel. — Page 452. 
 
 Window. — Assyr. P. 8. F. 5. — Ind. P. 15. 
 
 F. 1. — Byz. P. 69. F. 5—7, 13. — Romq^e 
 
 P. 73. F. 9, 10. P. 76. F. 17. P. 81. F. 7. 
 
 P. 86. F. 4. P. 87. F. 4, 5. P. 92. F. 1. 
 
 P. 93. F. 3, 8. P. 95. F. 8. P. 97. F. 3, 5. 
 
 P. 98. F. 2, 3, P. 102. F. 3, 5. — Mahom. 
 
 P. 712. F. 6, 13. P. 113. F. 14—16. P. 114. 
 
 F. 1. P. 124. F. 4, 5. P. 125. F. 7. P. 127. 
 
 F. 3, 8. P. 132. F. 1, 2. — Goth. P. 144. 
 
 F. 2. P. 148. F. 2. P. 149. F. 7. P. 151. 
 
 F. 1. P. 154. F. 9. 10. P. 164. F. 12—15. 
 
 P. 165. F. 1, 3, 8. P. 166. F. 1, 2, 5. P. 178. 
 
 F. 1, 4. P. 184. F. 1, 3, 4. P. 185. F. 1 -4. 
 
 P. 186. F. 3. — Chin. P. 189. F. 12. — Camb. 
 
 P. 195. F. 3. — Ren. P. 201. F. 1. P. 207. 
 
 F. 2. P. 208. F. 4. P. 216. F. 2. P. 236. 
 
 F. 1. P. 259. F. 4. — Lat. Ren. P. 271. 
 
 F. 6. P. 277. F. 4. P. 288. F. 1,3, 4, 6. 
 
 P. 299. F. 4. P. 302. F. 2. P. 308. F. 2, 5. 
 
 — Roc. P. 310. F. 6, 7. P. 330. F. 1. — 
 CoL P. 337. F. 1, 2. — 18th Q P. 352. F. 1. 
 
 — Neo G. P. 397. F. 1. — Pages 113, 281. 
 288. 295. 361. 424. 610. 
 
 Window column. — Romq^e p. 97, p. 3, 5. 
 
 — Goth. P. 185. F. 4. — Ren. P. 234. F. 3. 
 Wine-can. — Chin. P. 101. F. 4. 
 Winged globe. — Assyr. P. 8. F. 11. 
 Winged steer. — Assyr. P. 9. F. 13. — 
 
 Pers. P. 11. F. 9. 
 Winged sun. — Egypt. P. 7. F. 8. 
 Wood -carving. — Preh. P. 3. F. 4, 9, 
 
 11 — 13. — Egypt. P. 6. F. 20, 21. P. 7. 
 
 F. 16. — Romque p. 73. F. 3. P. 74. F. 10. 
 
 P. 75. F. 1, 9, 11 — 13, 16, 21. P. 103. 
 
 F. 1 — 11. P. 104. F. 1-6. P. 105. F. 1—4. 
 
 — Russ. P. 109. F. 2. P. 110. F. 13. — 
 Mahom. P. 113. F. 5—7, 11, 12, 16. P. 115. 
 F. 10, 15, 16. P. 116. F. 4-5. P. 120. 
 F. 1. P. 121. F. 1—4. P. 131. F. 5. — 
 Goth. P. 143. F. 12. P. 145. F. 1, 5. P. 152. 
 F. 1-10. P. 154. F. 1, 5, 6. P. 156. F. 1-4.
 
 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 647 
 
 P. 157. F. 1-6. P. 158. F. 1, 3, 4. P. 164. 
 F. 1—5, 8—11. P. 167. F. 6, 7. P. 168. 
 F. 1, 3— ii. P. 170. F. 3, 4, 6. P. 171. 
 F. 1-7. P. 18. F. 5. P. 187. F. 5. — Chin. 
 P. 189. F. 1—12. — Jap. P. 196. F. 3, 8. 
 P. 197. F. 1—4. P. 199. F. 3. — Ren. 
 P.210.F. 1-3, 5, 6. P.215. F.2, 4. P. 217. 
 F.7. P. 219. F. 1-5, 8. P. 220. F. 1—6. 
 P. 230. F. 1, 4, 7, 8. P. 232. F.2, 3. 
 P. 234. F. 2, 4. P. 235. F. 3, 8. P. 237. 
 F. 4, 6. P. 238. F. 1-6. P. 241. F. 5. 
 P. 249. F. 1—4. P. 250. F. 1-8. P. 253. 
 F. 6, 7. P. 254. F. 4. P. 255. F. 1. P. 257. 
 F. 1—7. P. 259. F. 1 — 10. P. 260. F. 10. 
 P. 261. F. 4. P. 262. F. 1, 2, 6. P. 263. 
 F. 1-8. P. 264. F. 1-3, 6, 7. P. 265. 
 F. 1-6. P. 266. F. 1,4. P. 267. F. 4. 
 P. 268. F. 5. P. 269. F. 1—7. P. 270. 
 F. 2-4, 13. — Lat. Ren. P. 274. F. 1, 5. 
 P. 278. F.6. P. 282. F. 5. P. 283. F. 1, 
 3,4. P. 284. F. 4-6. P. 287. F. 1. P. 290. 
 F. 1. P. 291. F. 1-4. P. 293. F. 2, 5. 
 P. 296. F. 3-5. P. 297. F. 2. P. 299. 
 F.2. P. 301. F.2— 8. P. 303. F. 2, 4, 6, 7. 
 P. 304. F. 1, 3. P. 305. F. 1-4, 6, 7. 
 P. 308. F.6. — Roc. P. 313. F. 1, 2. P. 317. 
 F. 1, 2, 4. P. 318. F.3-5. P. 320. F. 3. 
 P. 321. F. 10. P. 325. F. 1-4. P. 327. 
 F. 1. P. 330. F. 1-5. P. 331. F. 1— 8 
 P.332. F. 1—3, 5. P. 333. F. 1-3, 8-10. — 
 Col. P. 334. F. 2, 5. P. 335. F. 2, 3, 6-8. 
 P. 337. F. 3-11. P. 338. F. 4. — 18th Q 
 P.341.F. 1, 4, 5. P.344. F. 1-4. P. 345. 
 F. 2. P. 347. F. 1—3. P. 348. F. 1, 2, 5. 
 P. 349. F. 1-7, 9, 10. P. 353. F. 1-3. 
 P. 367. F. 1—3. P. 369. F. 1 - 5. P. 370. 
 F. 1-3, 6-7. P.371. F. 2-9. P. 372. 
 F. 1—3, 5, 6. — Emp. P. 380. F. 4. 
 P. 381. F. 4. P. 383. F. 1-5. P. 385. 
 F. 2, 9, 10. P. 386. F. 1—5. P. 387. 
 F. 1—3, 5. P. 390. F. 1. P. 391. F. 1-7. 
 
 P. 392. F. 1—3. — Biederm. P. 394. F. 1-7. 
 P. 395. F. 3. — Neo G. P. 396. F. 1. 
 P. 398. F. 1, 2, 6, 7. — P. 399. F. 1, 3. 
 
 — Pages 183. 288. 410. 418. 442. 452, 
 603. 616. 
 
 Wooden trellis work. — Mahom. P. 113. 
 
 F. 5, 7, 11, 12, 16. 
 Wooden weapon. — Preh. P. 2. F. 8, 11. 
 
 — Ind. P. 16. F. 32, 33. 
 
 Work table. — Emp. P. 386. F. 1. 
 
 Woven work. — Preh. P. 3. F. 8. — Ind. 
 P. 16. F. 29, 34. — Grec. P. 28. F. 2. 
 
 Writing bureau. — 18th C. P. 372. F.2. — 
 Emp. P. 383. F. 1. — Neo G. P. 399. F. 3. 
 
 Writing desk. — Rom. P. 75. F. 9. P. 84. 
 
 F. 11. 
 Wrought iron-work. — Ind. P. 14. F. 11. 
 
 — Romque p. 74. F. 4. P. 83. F. 1, 2, 10, 
 11. P. 84. F. 1, 2. P. 99. F. 13. P. 105. 
 F. 5, 6. — Mahom. P. 11 2. F. 9, 10. P. 125. 
 F. 2, 4, 5. — Goth. P. 138. F. 5, 6. P. 140. 
 F. 5, 8. P. 145. F. 3, 4, 6. P. 151. F. 3, 5. 
 P. 156. F. 5. 5. 158. F.2. P. 169. F. 1- 16. 
 P. 171. F.3. P. 173. F. 1. P. 180. F. 1-4. 
 P. 181. F. 6. P. 187. F. 3. — Jap. P. 198. 
 F. 1. — Ren. P. 209. F. 6. P. 225. F. 3. 
 P. 230. F. 2, 5. P. 231. F. 3, 5, 6. P. 232. 
 F. 5. P. 238. F. 7. P. 241. F. 4, 7. P. 242. 
 F. 1—9. P. 243. F. 1, 2, 6. P. 252. F. 5. 
 P. 254. F. 2, 3. — Lat. Ren. P. 272. F. 1. 
 P. 274. F. 2, 3. P. 278. F. 5. P. 280. 
 F. 1—7. P. 282. F. 1, 2. P. 288. F. 5. 
 P. 289. F. 1—7. P. 290. F. 2. P. 294. 
 F. 3, 5. P. 297. F. 4. P. 298. F. 1—3. 
 P. 303. F. 1, 3. P. 304. F. 5. P. 306. 
 F. 1—10. P. 307. F. 1—7. — Roc. P. 314. 
 F. 5. P. 317. F. 3. P. 324. F. 6. P. 327. 
 F. 5. — Col. P. 338. F. 2. — 18th c. P. 346. 
 F. 1-3. P. 354. F. 3-6. P. 375. F. 1, 2. 
 
 — Pages 252. 335. 480. 
 
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