BANCROFT LIBRARY o- THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. F. V. HAYDEN, U. S. GEOLOGIST. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS, No. 9. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE PHOTOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. BY W. H. L JACKSON, PHOTOGRAPHER OF THE SURVEY WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1877. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES. F. V. HAYDEN, U. S. GEOLOGIST. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS, No, 9. DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE PHOTOGRAPHS NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. BY W. H. JACKSON, PHOTOGRAPHER OF THE SURTEY WASHINGTON : GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1877. PREFATORY NOTE. OFFICE OF UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE TERRITORIES, Washington, D. (7., November 1, 1877. The collection of photographic portraits of ITorth American Indians described in the following "Catalogue" is undoubtedly the largest and most valuable one extant. It has been made at great labor and expense, during a period of about twenty-five years, and now embraces over one thousand negatives, rep resenting no less than twenty-five tribes. Many of the indi viduals portrayed have meanwhile died; others, from various causes, are not now accessible; the opportunity of securing many of the subjects, such as scenes and incidents, has of course passed away. The collection being thus unique, and not to be reproduced at any expenditure of money, time, or labor, its value for ethnological purposes cannot easily be over estimated. Now that the tribal relations of these Indians are fast being successively sundered by the process of removal to reservations, which so greatly modifies the habits and particularly the style of dress of the aborigines, the value of such a graphic record of the past increases year by year ; and there will remain no more trustworthy evidence of what the Indians have been than that afforded by these faithful sun-pictures, many of which represent the villages, dwellings, and modes of life of these most interesting people, and historical incidents of the respect ive tribes, as well as the faces, dresses, and accoutrements of many prominent individuals. Those who have never attempted to secure photographs and measurememts or other details of the physique of Indians, in short, any reliable statistics of individuals or bands, can hardly realize the obstacles to be overcome. The American Indian is extremely superstitious, aiid every attempt to take his picture is rendered difficult if not entirely frustrated by his deeply- rooted belief that the process places some portion of himself in the power of the white man, and his suspicion that such control may be used to his injury. No prescribed regulations for the taking of photographs, therefore, are likely to be fully carried in IV PREFATORY NOTE. (Hit. As a rule, front and profile views have been secured when ever practicable. Usually it is only when an Indian is subjected to confinement that those measurements of his person which are suitable for anthropological purposes can be secured. In most cases the Indian will not allow his person to be handled at all, nor submit to any inconvenience whatever. Much tact and perseverance are required to overcome his superstitious notions, and in many cases, even of the most noted chiefs of sev eral tribes, no portrait can be obtained by any inducement what ever. If, therefore, the collection fails to meet the full require ments of the anthropologist, it must be remembered that the obstacles in the way of realizing his ideal of a perfect collec tion are insurmountable. About two hundred of the portraits, or one-fifth of the whole collection, have been derived from various sources, and most of these are pictures of Indians composing the several delegations that have visited Washington from time to time dur ing the past ten years. Such individ uals are usually among the most prominent and influential members of the respective tribes, of which they consequently furnish the best samples. The greater portion of the whole collection is derived from the munifi cent liberality of William Blackmore, esq., of London, England, the eminent anthropologist who has for many years studied closely the history, habits, and manners of the North American Indians. The Blackmore portion of the collection consists of a number of smaller lots from various sources; and it is Mr. Blackinore's intention to enlarge it to include, if possible, all the tribes of the North American continent. The entire collection, at the present time consisting of upward of a thousand negatives, represents ten leading "families" of Indians, besides seven independent tribes, the families being divisible into fifty-four " tribes," subdivision of which gives forty-three "bauds." The collection continues to increase as opportunity otters. The present " Catalogue." prepared by Mr. W. H. Jackson, the well-known and skilful photographer of the Survey, is far more than a mere enumeration of the negatives. It gives in full, yet in concise and convenient form, the information which the Survey has acquired respecting the subjects of the pictures, and is believed to represent an acceptable contribution to anthropological literature. F. Y. HAYDEN, United States Geologist. PREFACE. The following Descriptive Catalogue is iutendedto systema tize the collection of Photographic Portraits of Indians now- in the possession of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, and to place on record all the information, we have been able to obtain of the various individuals and scenes repre sented. It is of course far from complete ; but it is a beginning, and every new fact that comes to light will be added to what has already been secured. This information has been gathered from many sources, principally from Indian delegates visiting Washington, and by correspondence with agents and others living in the Indian country. Particular attention has been paid to proving the authenticity of the portraits of the various individuals represented, and it is believed that few, if any, mistakes occur in that respect. The historical notices are mainly compilations from standard works on the subject. All of the following portraits and views are photographed direct from nature, and are in nearly every case from the origi nal plates, the exceptions being good copies from original da guerreotypes or photographs that are not now accessible. The portraits made under the supervision of the Survey are generally accompanied by measurements that are as nearly accurate as it has been possible to make them. The pictures vary in size from the ordinary small card ta groups on plates 16 by 20 inches square. The majority, however, are on plates 6J by 8J inches square; these are usually trimmed to 4 by 5J inches, and mounted on cabinet cards. All the photographs are numbered upon their faces, and as these numbers do not occur in regular order in the text a Numerical Index is appended, by means of which the name of any picture, and the page on which the subject is treated, may be readily found. W. H. J, ADVERTISEMENT. Miscellaneous Publications No. 5, entitled u Descriptive Cata logue of the Photographs of the United States Geological Sur vey of the Territories for the years 18G9 to 1873, inclusive," published in 1874, contains, on pages 67-83, a " Catalogue of Photographs of Indians, [etc.J " This, however, is a mere enu meration of the negatives then in the possession of the survey, and is now superseded by the present independent publication. VI CATALOGUE OF PHOTOGRAPHS OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. LIST OF FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND BANDS. I. ALGONKIXS. CHEYENNES. CHIPPEWAS. Pembina. Red Lake. Rabbit Lake. Mille Lac. Wisconsin. DELAWARES. MENOMONEES. MIAMIS. OTTAWAS. POTTAW ATOMIES. SACS AND FOXES. SHAWNEES. PEQUODS. Stockbridge. Brotherton. II. ATHABASCAS. APACHES. Coyotero. Essaqueta. Jicarilla. Mohave. Pinal. Yuma. Chiricahua. KAVAJOS. 2 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. III. BAl&OTAS. CROWS. DAKOTAS. Blaekfeet. Brutt. Cut Head. Mdewalcanton. Ogalalla. Oncpapa. Sans Arc. Santee. .Sisseton. Two Kettle. Wahpeton. Yankton. Upper Yanktonais. Lower Yanktonais. IOWAS. KAWS or KANSAS. MANDANS. MISSOURTAS. OMAHAS. OSAGES. OTOES. PONCAS. WlNNEBAGOES. IV. PAWNEES. ARICKAREES or KEES. KEECHIES. PAWNEES. Chowee. Kit-ka-hoct. Peta-howerat. STcee-dee. WACOS. WICHITAS. Y. SHOSHONES. BANNACKS. COMANCHES. KlOWAS. LIST OF FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND BANDS. SHOSHONES. UTAHS. Capote. Muache. Tabeguache. Tampa. Uinta. VI. SAHAPTINS. NEZ-PERCES. WARM SPRINGS. WASCOS. VII. KLAMATHS. KLAMATHS. MODOCS. EOQUE RIVER. vnr. PIMAS. PAPAGOS. PIMAS. IX. IKOQUOIS. SENEOAS. WYANDOTS or HURONS. X. MUSKOGEES. CREEKS. SEMINOLES. CHLCKASAWS. CHOCTAWS. XL INDEPENDENT TKIBES. ARAPAHOES. OADDOS. CHEROKEES. MOQUIS. PUEBLOS. TAWACANIES. TONKAWAYS. HISTORY OF FAMILIES, TRIBES, AND INDI VIDUALS. I. ALGONKINS. Early in the seventeenth century, the Algonkius were the largest family of North American Indians within the present limits of the United States, extending from Newfoundland to the Mississippi, and from the waters of the Ohio to Hudson's Bay and Lake Winnipeg. Northeast and northwest of them were the Eskimos and the Athabascas; the Dakotas bounded them on the west, and the Mobilian tribes, Oatawbas, Natchez, &c., on the south. Within this region also dwelt the Iroquois and many detached tribes from other families. All the tribes of the Algonkins were nomadic, shifting from place to place as the fishing and hunting upon which they depended required. There has been some difficulty in properly locating the tribe from which the family has taken its name, but it is generally believed they lived on the Ottawa River, in Canada, where they were nearly exterminated by their enemies, the Iroquois. The only remnant of the tribe at this time is at the Lake of the Two Mountains. Of the large number of tribes forming this family, many are now extinct, others so reduced and merged into neighboring tribes as to be lost, while nearly all of the rest have been re moved far from their original hunting-grounds. The Lenni Lenape, from the Delaware, are now leading a civilized life far out on the great plains west of the Missouri, and with them are the Shawnees from the south and the once powerful Pottawata- mies, Ottawas, and Miamis from the Ohio Valley. Of the many nations forming this great family, we have a very full representa tion in the following catalogue, about equally divided between the wild hunters and the civilized agriculturists. 1. CHEYENNES. "This nation has received a variety of names from travellers and the neighboring tribes, as Shyeunes, Shiennes, Cheyennes, 5 6 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. Chayennes, Sharasj Shawhays, Sharshas, and by the different bands of Dakotas, Shai-en-a or Shai-e" la. With tbe Blackfeet, they are the most western branch of the great Algonkiu family. When first known, they were living on the Chayenne or Cay enne River, a branch of the Bed River of the North, but were driven west of the Mississippi by the Sioux, and about the close of the last centur.y still farther west across the Missouri, where they were found by those enterprising travelers Lewis and Clark in 1803. On their map attached to their report they locate them near the eastern face of the Black Hills, in the valley of the great Sheyenne River, and state their number at 1,500 souls.' 7 Their first treaty with the United States was made in 1825, at the mouth of the Teton River. They were then at peace with the Dakotas, but warring against the Paw nees and others. Were then estimated, by Drake, to number 3,250. During the time of Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, in 1819 and 1820, a small portion of the Cheyennes seem to have separated themselves from the rest of their nation on the Mis souri, and to have associated themselves with the Arapahoes who wandered about the tributaries of the Piatte and Arkan sas, while those who remained affiliated with the Ogalallas, these two divisions remaining separated until the present time. Steps are now being taken, however, to bring them together on a new reservation in the Indian Territory. Up to 1862, they were generally friendly to the white settlers, when outbreaks occurred, and then for three or tour years a costly and bloody war was carried on against them, a notable feature of which was the Sand Creek or Cliivirigton massacre, November 29, 1864. "Since that time there has been constant trouble. * * * In '67, General Hancock burned the village of the Dog Soldiers, on Pawnee Fork, and another war began, in which General Custer defeated them at Washita, killing Blac,k Kettle and 37 others." The northern bands have been generally at peace with the whites, resisting many overtures to join their southern brethren. List of illustrations. 118, 120. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. Little Robe. (Front.) SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 119, 121. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. Little Robe. (Profile.) SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 109. HAH-KET-HOME-MAH. Little Robe. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. ALGOK KINS CH IPPE WAS. 7 110. MIN-NIN-NE-WAH. Whirlwind. SOL T THERN CHEYENNE. 111. WHOAK-POO-NO-BATS. White Shield. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 112. WO-POHAM. White Horse. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 113. BAH-TA-CHE. Medicine Man. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 114. PAWNEE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE, 115. ED. GUERRIER. Interpreter. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 26. LAME WHITE MAN. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. WILD HOG. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. 27. BALD BEAR. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. CUT FOOT. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. 28. DULL KNIFE. . NORTHERN CHEYENNE. LITTLE WOLF. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. 29. CRAZY HEAD. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. SPOTTED WOLF. NORTHERN CHEYENNE. 30, 31. STONE CALF and WIFE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 116. WHIRLWIND and PAWNEE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 117. LITTLE KOBE and WHITE HORSE. SOUTHERN CHEYENNE. 122. HIGH TOE. 123-4. GROUPS AT AGENCY. 2. CHIPPEWAS. Migrating from the East late in the sixteenth or early in the seventeenth century, the Chippewas, or Ojibwas, settled first about the Falls of Saint Mary, from which point they pushed still farther westward, and eventually compelled the Dakotas to relinquish their ancient hunting-grounds about the headwaters of the Mississippi and of the Ked Kiver of the North. Were first known to the French, about 1640, who called them Sauteux, from the place of their residence about Sault Ste. Marie, a name still applied to them by the Canadian French. They were then living in scattered bauds on the banks of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, and at war with the Foxes, Iroquois, and Dakotas, becoming thereby much reduced in num bers. Were firm allies of the French in all of their operations against the English, and took a prominent part in Pontiac's uprising. During the revolutionary war the> were hostile to 8 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. the colonists, but made a treaty of peace with them at its close. They again sided with the English in the war of 1812, but joined in a general pacification with a number of other tribes in 1816. Like other tribes, they gradually ceded their lands to the Government, receiving in return annuities and goods, until in 1851 all but a few bands, retaining but moderate reser vations, had removed west of the Mississippi. " The Chippewas, now numbering 19,606, formerly ranged over Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and with common interests, and acknowledging more or less the leadership of one controlling mind, formed a homogeneous and powerful nation j a formidable foe to the Sioux, with whom they waged inces sant warfare, which was checked only by the removal of the Minnesota Sioux to Dakota after the outbreak of 1863." The collecting of the Chippewas upon thirteen reservations, scattered over the above-named States, under five different agencies, has so modified the esprit du corps of the tribe that, though speaking the same language and holding the same tra ditions and customs, the bands located in different sections of the country have few interests and no property in common, and little influence or intercourse with each other. The agency has taken the place of the nation, and is in turn de veloping the individual man, who, owning house, stocK, and farm, has learned to look solely to his own exertions for sup port. No tribe by unswerving loyalty deserves more of the Government, or is making, under favorable conditions, more gratifying progress ; 9,850 of the tribe Jive in houses, 9,345 are engaged in agriculture and other civilized occupations ; and 13/202 wear citizen's dress. Fifty-seven per cent, of their subsistence is obtained by their own labor, mainly in farming; for the rest, they depend on game and fish, especially the lat ter, of which they readily obtain large quantities. The Chippewas are extensively intermarried with the Otta- was, and are thrifty and worthy citizens of the United States, as are also those of Saginaw, and of Keewenaw Bay in Michi gan. The Bad Kiver, Eed Cliff, Ked Late, and Mississippi bands are likewise making rapid progress in civilization. Of those which have made but little or no progress are the Leech Lake, White Earth, Mille Lac, and other scattered bands in remote and inaccessible regions of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the older chiefs resolutely opposing any attempt on the part of the younger men to begin a civilized life. ALGONKINk CHIPPEWAS. <} List of Illustrations. 1001. ES-EN-CE. Little Shell. PEMBINA. Head chief of the Pembiuas, residing at Turtle Moun tain, in Dakota. His father and grandfather were chiefs of the same band before him. Took an active part against the Sioux in the Minnesota massacres in 1863. Visited Washington in 1874, at the head of a delegation in behalf of their bands, to protest against being removed from their old homes about Turtle Mountain. 1002. MIS-TO-YA-BE. Little Bull. PEMBINA. Head brave of the Peinbinas, and resides at Pein- bina. Is a man of considerable influence, his word being law with his band. Has good common sense and fine executive ability. Was removed by the Gov ernment to White Earth reservation, but refuses to live there, and has gone back to his old home. Has fought the Sioux frequently, and has been quite suc cessful in stealing horses from them. Has two wives. Does no farming. 1003. KA-EES-PA. Something Bloicn Up by the Wind. PEMBINA. A half-breed, but lives and dresses like an Indian. His father was made a chief of the Peinbinas by the English and Americans, and upon his death succeeded him. Is a very successful hunter, and is looked upon as a representative man of the tribe. 1004. KE-WOE-SAIS-WE-RO. The Man Who Knows How to Hunt. PEMBINA. A half-breed and third brave of the band. Always joined the Chippewas in fighting the Sioux the Pem- binas fighting on horseback and counts four scalps. Is a trader. Is thought very much of by his tribe, and has a reputation for moral worth and straight forward dealing. 851. LARGE GROUP of the preceediug four numbers. 10G8. SHAY-WI-ZICK. Sour Spittle. BED LAKE. A brave of the Red Lake band of Chippewas and younger brother of the head chief. His wife and chil- 10 CATALOGUE OF 1JSDIAN dren were killed by the Sioux, and be fought them frequently in return, killing two. Was a good speaker and farmed a good deal. Died last winter, aged about 70. SO, 1069. QUI-WI-ZHEN-SHISH. Bad Boy. RED LAKE. Foremost brave of the Red Lake band. His father was chief, which office is now held by his older brother. Was ranked as one of the bravest of the Chippewas in their battles with the Sioux, and took many scalps. Was a fine speaker and a man of much influence. Farmed very successfully and raised considerable corn, and was also a good hunter. Had two wives. Died in 1872. 1070. QUI-WI-ZENS. The Boy. RED LAKE. A brave and a leading warrior in the battles of his tribe with the Sioux. A good speaker, hunter, and farmer, although the farming is done almost entirely by his wife and children, as is the case with all these Indians. Is now dead. 1071. AUGUSTE. PEMBINA. A brave of the Pembinas, formerly residing near the British line, but now removed, with his band, to the White Earth reservation. Has the reputation of be ing a miserable, worthless Indian, unwilling to work, and adhering with great tenacity to the heathenish customs of his tribe. Was baptized in his infancy by the Roman Catholics, but has renounced his Christian ity. Has had his skull broken three times in quarrels with his own people, and has been twice wounded in fights with the Sioux. 1072. MOOZOMO. Moose's Dung. BED LAKE. A petty chief of the Red Lake baud. Died some years ago at a very old age. Was a great hunter, and farmed considerably also. Was much respected by the Red Lake bauds, and especially so by the whites. 1073. ME-JAW-KEY-OSH. Something in the Air Gradually Fall ing to the Earth. BED LAKE. A brave but recently made a chief of the Red Lake Chippewas, and is ranked as the very bravest of all ALGONKINS CHIPPEWAS. 1 1 his tribe. Had always been accustomed to fight the Sioux, but after the massacre of 1862-'63 re-organized and led a small party of from six to ten of his bravest men against them every summer for some time, killing with his own hand fifteen of their enemies and bring ing home their scalps. Was a crafty warrior and knew well how to slay his foe without losing his own life. He still lives, farming and hunting for a living, and is a man of great influence in his band. 1074. ESSINIWUB OGWISSUN. The Son of Essiniicub. RED LAKE. A quiet, peaceable young man, never on the war path, peace having been declared with the Sioux be fore he came of age. 1075. MAIADJIAUSH. Something Beginning to Sail Off. RED LAKE. A brave residing at Red Lake. His father was a chief and his younger brother the present head chief of the Red Lake band. Ten years ago had the repu tation of being a bad man, and has the same suspi cion still hanging about him ; is ill-natured, cross- grained, and always striking and quarrelling with his fellow-Indians. 1076. NABONIQUEAUSH. A Yelloic -haired One Sailing Along. RED LAKE. 1077. TIBISHKO-BINESS. Like a Bird. RED LAKE. A petty chief and brother of Bad Boy. Has often fought the Sioux as a leading brave. Hunts for a living, while his family cultivate corn and potatoes. Is a good speaker and much respected by the Red Lakes. 78, 79. PO-GONAY-GE-SHICK. Hole in the Day. 81. AH-AH-SHAW-WE-KE-SHICK. Crossing Sky. RABBET LAKE. 82. NAH-GUN-A-GOW-BOW. Standing Forward. RABBIT LAKE. S3. KlSH-KA-NA-CUT. Stump. MlLLE LAC. 84. MIS-KO-PE-NEN-SHA. Red Bird. LAKE WINNIPEG. 85. NAW-YAW-NAB. The Foremost Sitter. WISCONSIN. 86. NOW-WE-GE-SHICK. Noon Day. 12 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 3. DELAWARES. When tirst discovered by the whites, tbe Delawares were living on the banks of the Delaware, in detached bands under separate sachems, and called themselves Renappi a collective term for men or, as it is now written, Lenno Lenape. In 1616 the Dutch began trading with them, maintaining friendly rela tions most of the time, and buying so much of their land that they had to move inland for game and furs. Penn and his fol lowers, succeeding, kept up the trade and bought large tracts of land, bat the Indians claimed to have been defrauded and showed a reluctance to move. They then numbered about 6,000. With the assistance of the Indians of the Six Nations the authorities compelled the Delawares to retire. At the be ginning of the Revolution there were none east of the Alle- ghanies. By treaty in 1789 lands were reserved to them be tween the Miami and Cuyahoga, and on the Muskingum. In 1818 the Delawares ceded all their lands to the Government and removed to White River, Missouri, to the number of 1,800, leaving a small number in Ohio. Another change followed eleven years after, when 1,000 settled by treaty on the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, the rest going south to Red River. During the late civil war they furnished 170 soldiers out of an able-bodied male population of 201. In 1866 sold their land to the railroad which ran across it, and buying land of the Cherokees, settled where the main body now resides, small bands being scattered about among the Wichitas and Kiowas. In 1866, by a special treaty, they received and divided the funds held for their benefit, took lands in several ty, and ceased to be regarded as a tribe. They have given up their Indian ways and live in comfortable houses. Many of them are effi cient farmers and good citizens. They are becoming so incor porated with other tribes that there has been no late enumera tion made of them as a whole. During the late war they num bered 1,085. List of illustrations. 181-2. BLACK BEAVER. Is a full-blood Delaware. Has travelled very exten sively through the mountains, serving at one time as a captain in the United States Army. Has a large farm under cultivation, and lives in a very comfortable man- ALGONKINS MENOMONEES. 13 ner, having good, substantial frontier buildings. He commenced life as a wild Indian trapper, until, becom ing familiar with almost all of the unexplored region of the West, and being a remarkably truthful and re liable man, he was much sought after as a guide, and accompanied several expeditions in that capacity. His life has been one of bold adventure, fraught with many interesting incidents, which, if properly written out, would form an interesting and entertaining volume. Batty. 186. GREAT BEAT?. 4. MENOMONEES. Were known to the French as early as 1640, and were then living on the Menomonee River, emptying into Green Bay, Wisconsin. Their name is that of the wild rice upon which they largely depend for their subsistence. This is one of the few tribes in the United States who have never been removed from their old home, and are still residing on the same spot where they were first known. Served with the French against the Foxes in 1712, and against the English up to 1763, partici pating in Braddock's defeat, battles of Fort William Henry and the Plains of Abraham. Were allies of the English during the Be volution, and also in the second war with Great Britain. In 1831 commenced ceding their lands to the Government for money payments, until they were finally located in 1854 in their present reservation in Shawauo County, Wisconsin, consisting of 231,680 acres of very poor land. They are declining rapidly in numbers. In 1822 were estimated at 3,900; the present count makes them 1,522. Are now living in a civilized way, with a large proportion of their children attending school regu larly. Their main dependence is upon the lumber trade, cutting during the last winter over 5,000,000 feet of logs, netting them $4 per 1,000. List of illustrations. 852. MOSES LADD. An intelligent and influential man in the tribe, a grandson of Corrow and nephew of Shu-na-ma-shu-na- ne, noted chiefs of the Meuoinonees. In 1876 Mr. Ladd was sent as a delegate from his tribe to Washington to settle various complications before the Departments and Congress. Was born at Green Bay, Wis., in 1828. Is of mixed blood. 14 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 5. MIAMIES. Iii 1658 were found on Green Bay, Wisconsin, and in 1670 near the head of Fox River, and were then said to number 8,000 warriors, living in mat houses within a palisade. Their early history is full of their many engagements with Iroquois, Sioux, and the French, in all of which they lost heavily. Sided with the English in the revolutionary war, continuing hostile to the United States until 1815. They then numbered 3,000, but their wars had left them in a badly demoralized condition, leading to broils among themselves, in which nearly 500 perished in eight een years. In 1835 a portion, numbering 384, were removed from Indiana to the south side of the Kansas River. By 1838 the Miamies remaining in Indiana, then numbering 1,100, sold the rest of their lands 5 and in 1846 500 of them removed to Kansas, where in twenty-two years they were reduced to 92. In 1873 their lands were sold, when most of the tribe confed erated with the Peorias, a few remaining in Kansas as citizens. Are now very much scattered, with no agency of their own, and number, as near as can be ascertained, less than 100. The subjects of the following photographs are of mixed blood : List of illustrations. 419. LUM-KI-KOM. 420. THOS. MILLER. 421. JOE DICK. 422-4. ROUBIDEATJX. 425. THOS. RICHARDWELL. 426. ROUBIDEAUX and RIOHARDWELL. 6. OTTAWAS. When first discovered by the early French explorers were residing on the northwest shore of the peninsula of Michigan. After the defeat of the Hurons in 1649, they fled before the Iroquois to beyond the Mississippi, but were soon compelled to retrace their steps by the Dakotas, and finally settled at Mack inaw, where they joined the French in many of their operations and in their contest for Canada. At its close, Pontiac, head chief of the Detroit Ottawas, organized a great conspiracy for the destruction of the English, which was only partially suc cessful. During the Revolution were with the English. At its close a long series of treaties followed, until, in 1833, those iu ALGONKINS OTTAWAS. 1 5 Michigan ceded their lands and removed south of the Missouri River. In 1836 those in Ohio sold their lands and removed to the Indian Territory and prospered, becoming citizens of the United States in 1867. In 1870 made another move to a new reservation of 25,000 acres near the Shawnees, where they are now living, reduced to 140. A large number of Ottawas are now living on the shore of Lake Superior, so intermarried and confederated with the Chippewas that there is no attempt at any distinction between them, the two combined numbering over 6,000. In Canada there are about 1,000 more, all self- supporting. List of illustrations. 504. SUCKER. 505. CHE PO-QUA. Lightning. English name, Henry Clay. Full-blood Ottawa. Uneducated, but of considerable executive ability. Is a councilman and an energetic, unselfish worker for the advancement of the tribe. Was born in 1830, and this photograph taken in 1868. 506. PARTEE. John Wilson. Chief of the tribe from 1867 to 1869, dying before the expiration of his term of office, aged about 60 years. Was but little versed in English, but was well edu cated in his own language. Was noted for amiability and hospitality, and made one of the very best of . chiefs. 507. SHA-PON-DA. Passing Through. (James Wind.) Succeeded John Wilson as chief for two years. Is a half blood. Is well educated in native language, and an ordained minister in the Baptist church. Died in 1875. 1040. JOSEPH KING. Successor of James Wind as chief of the Ottawas. Is well educated in both native and English languages. Age, 50 years. 1041. L. S. DAGNET. Born as a Peoria, but was expelled from the tribe, and the Ottawas adopted him as one of their own. 1039. FRANK KING. Also an adopted member of the tribe, being origi nally a Chippewa. Has been a counsellor, and also? judge of the council. 16 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 7. POTTAWATOMIES. Early in 1GOO were occupying the lower peninsula of Michi gan in scattered bands, whence they Avere finally driven west ward by the Iroquois, and settled about Green Bay. The French acquired much influence over them, whom they joined in their wars with the Iroquois. Joined Pontiac in his uprising in 1733. Hostile to colonists during the Revolution, but made a peace in 1795, joining the English again, however, in 1812. New treaties followed by which their lands were almost en- tirely conveyed away, until in 1833 a reserve was allotted them on the Missouri, to which 800 were removed. The whole tribe then numbered about 4,000, some bands of which had made considerable progress in civilization, while a part, called the Pottawatomies of the Prairie, were roving and pagan. Those in Kansas made rapid progress in civilization. In 1867, 1,400 out of 2,180 elected to become citizens and take their lauds in severally ; the others held to their tribal organization, but dis integration set in and many became wanderers, some even go ing to Mexico. It is difficult at the present time to estimate their whole number, owing to their scattered condition. There are only 450 in the Indian Territory, under the care of the In dian Bureau, and in Michigan GO. The others are citizens or roaming in Mexico. Of this once numerous and powerful nation we have but a single illustration, viz : List of illustrations. 522. MZHIK-KI-AN. Thunder Coming Doicn to the Ground. 8. SACS AND FOXES. The Sacs, Sauks, or Saukies, as it has been variously writ ten a word meaning white clay and the Foxes, or Outagam- ies, or more properly the Musquakkink, (Red Clay), are now as one tribe. They were first discovered settled about Green Bay, Wis., but their possessions extended westward, so that the larger part was beyond the Mississippi. They partly subdued and admitted into their alliance the lowas, a Dakota tribe. By 1804 they had ceded a,ll their lands east of the Mis sissippi, and settled on the Des Moines River, moving subse quently to the Osage, and most of these finally to the Indian Territory. In 1822 the united bands numbered 8,000, but are now reduced to a little more than 1,000, of whom 34L are still ALGONKINS SACS AND FOXES. 17 in Iowa, 430 in the Indian Territory, 98 in Nebraska, and about 200 in Kansas. The Sacs and Foxes of the Mississippi in. the Indian Territory have a reservation of 483,840 acres. Un successful attempts have been made lately to induce those in Kansas to join them. Those in Iowa ate living on a section of land purchased by themselves. The Sacs and Foxes of the Missouri have 4,803 acres of land in Nebraska, but it is pro posed to remove them soon to the Indian Territory. List of illustrations. 677, KEOKUK. Watchful Fox. A chief of the Kiscoquah band of Sacs or Sauks, and head chief of the combined Sacs and Foxes. " The entire absence of records by which the chro nology of events might be ascertained, renders it im possible to trace, in the order of their date, the steps by which this remarkable man rose to the chief place of his nation, and acquired a commanding and perma nent influence over his people. " Keokuk is in all respects a magnificent savage. Bold, enterprising, and impulsive, he is also politic, and possesses an intimate knowledge of human na ture, and a tact which enables him to bring the resources of his mind into prompt operation. His talents as a military chief and civil ruler are evident from the discipline^which exists among his people." McKinney. 678, G81-2, 705. KEOKUK, JR. Son of the preceding, and succeeded him in the chieftainship. 679, 084. CHARLES KEOKUK. Grandson of Keokuk, sr. 683. KEOKUK, JR., and CHARLES KEOKUK. 685-6. MO-LESS. 687-8. SAC-A-PE. 689. MO-LESS and SAC-A-PE. 692. QUA-QUA-OUF-PE-KA, or Dead Indian. 693. THE SEA. 694. BIG BEAR. 18 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 695-9. MO-KO-HO-KO. 700. MANO-TO-WA. 400. WAH-COM-MO. 401. NE-QUAW-HO-KO. Grey Eyes. 396, 691, 701. WAH-PAH-NAH-KA-NA KAH. Bear Eating Acorns Up a Tree, or Geo. Gomez. A Mexican by birth, and interpreter for the Sacs and Foxes since 1858. Was sold to the Comanches when thirteen years of age, but ran away and joined the Kickapoos. Was captured again by the Coman ches while he was out with the Kickapoos hunting, but was allowed to escape and rejoin his Indian friends. Drove Government teams for a while be tween Forts Leaven worth and Kearney. In 1852 joined the Sacs and Foxes, and participated in some of their battles on the plains. He has been married into the following tribes : Cad- does, Kickapoos, Pawnees, Seminoles, Shawuees, Pot- tawatomies, Winnebagoes, lowas, and Sacs and Foxes of Missouri ; and speaks the languages of the Creeks, Caddo, Comanche, Pottawatomie, Kickapoo, Sac and Fox, Pawnee, Iowa, and Wiunebago, besides English and Spanish. 708. SAC CHIEF. 709. GROUP OF SAC AND Fox CHIEFS. 805. GROUP OF Fox CHIEFS. 806. COMMISSIONER BOGY READING TREATY. 710. COMMISSIONER AND DELEGATION OF CHIEFS. 706-7. GROUPS OF DELEGATIONS. 9. SHAWNEE. The Shawnees or Shawanoes are an erratic tribe of Algon- kin stock, supposed to have been one primarily with the Kicka poos. Were first discovered in Wisconsin, but moved east ward^, and, coming in contact with the Iroquois south of Lake Erie, were driven to the banks of the Cumberland. Some passed thence into South Carolina and Florida, and, by the early part of the eighteenth century, had spread iuto Pennsyl vania and ^s f ew York. At the close of the Spanish and Eng- ALGOLKIN PEQUOD. 1 9 lish war those in Florida emigrated and joined the northern bands, and, again coming into contact with the Iroquois, were driven westward into Ohio. Joined in Pontiac's uprising in 1763, and rallied under the English flag during the Eevolution. In 1795 the main body of the tribe were on the Scioto, but some had already crossed the Mississippi and others south. Those in Missouri ceded their lands to the Government in 1825, and those in Ohio in 1831, for new homes in the' Indian Terri tory. In 1854 the main body in the Indian Territory disbanded their tribal organization and divided their lands in severalty. The Eastern Shawnees are those who emigrated direct from Ohio to the Indian Territory, where they now are. They num ber 97, and are successful agriculturists. The Absentee Shawnees are those who, thirty-five years since, seceded from the main portion of the tribe in Kansas and located in the northern part of the Indian Territory, where they have received no aid from Government, but are now in a highly prosperous condition. They number 563 at the present time. List of illustrations. 711. W A- w A- si- SI-MO. 712. F. A. ROGERS. 713. CHARLES TUCKER. 716. BERTRAM. 10. PEQUOD. Of the five principal nations of New England in 1674, the Pequods or Mohegans, the two being considered as one, were tribes of considerable influence and strength of numbers, claim ing authority over all the Indians of the Connecticut Valley. Jonathan Edwards states that the language of the Stoekbridge or Muhhekanew (Mohegan) was spoken throughout New Eng land. Nearly every tribe had a different dialect, but the language was radically the same. Elliot's translation of the Bible is in a particular dialect of this language. The Stock- bridges, so named from the place of their residence, was origi nally a part of the Housatonic tribe of Massachusetts, to whom the legislature of that State granted a section of land in 1736. They were subsequently removed to New Stockbridge and Brotherton, in Western New York, many other tribes of New England and also of New York joining them. They had good lands and fine farms, and were rapidly becoming worthy of citi- 20 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. zenship, when, in 1857, they were removed to a reservation Dear Green Bay, Wisconsin, on which, their agent reported, no white man could obtain a comfortable livelihood by farming. They have been divided for some time into two bands, known as the "citizen" and " Indian ; > factions, the former having lived off from the reservation for the past twelve years. In 1875, 13i of the " citizens" received their per capita share of the tribal property, and became private citizens of the United States. The tribe has 118 members remaining. 1050. NA-UN-NAUP-TAUK. Jacob Jacobs. STOCKBRIDGE. A delegate from the Stockbridge Indians to Wash ington in 1875, and again in 1876. Born in Wisconsin in 1834. Belongs to the " citizen" band, and partici pated in the late division of the tribal property and separation from the tribe. 1049. WAUN-NAUN-CON. J. C. W. Adams. STOCKBRIDGE. Born on the Seneca reservation in New York in 1843, and removed to Wisconsin in 1853. Received a collegiate education at the Lawrence University. In 1876 represented the Stockbridges and Munsees as a delegate in Washington. 1065. LYMAN P. FOWLER. BROTHERTON. A member of the Brotherton branch of the Pequod Nation. Born in Oneida County, New York, in 1823, but emigrated with some of the Stockbridges to Wis consin in 1836. Chosen as a delegate to Washington on behalf of the Stockbridges and Munsees. II. ATHABASCAS. A family of North American Indians, comprising two large divisions, one living in the British Possessions, between Hud son's Bay and the Pacific, and the other along the southern boundary of the United States, in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, with some smaller bands along the western coast, north of Oregon. The name of the family is derived from Lake Athabasca, a Cree word, meaning " cords of hay." They are supposed by many to be of Tartar descent, and their language has been found to be somewhat analogous to that of Thibet. Their tra ditions point to an emigration from the West, over a series of ATHABASCAS APACHES. 2 1 islands, and amid much snow and ice. The southern branch includes the nomadic Apaches, the industrious Navajos, and a small remnant of Lipaus in Texas, numbering, in all, over 20,000. 1. APACHES. One of the most numerous branches of Athabascan stock are the Apaches, a fierce, nomadic nation, roaming over the Territories of JSfew Mexico and Arizona, and Sonora and Chi huahua. Always a scourge and a terror to settlers, they have held in check for many years the civilization of the country covered by^their depredations. In 1831 Gregg wrote of them : "They are the most extensive and powerful, and yet the most vagrant, of all the savage nations that inhabit the interior of Northern Mexico. They are supposed to number 15,000 souls, although they are subdivided into various petty bands and are scattered over an immense tract of country. They never con struct houses, but live in the ordinary wigwam or tent of skins and blankets. They manufacture nothing, cultivate nothing. They seldom resort to the chase, as their country is destitute of game, but seem to depend entirely upon pillage for the sup port of their immense population, at least 2,000 of which are warriors." Steadily resisting all attempts at conversion l^ the mission aries, they gathered about them many of the disaffected tribes and made frequent descents upon missions and towns, ravag ing, destroying, and completely depopulating many of them. Since the annexation of their territory to the United States they have caused much trouble, and an almost constant war fare has been kept up against them until quite recently. Suc cessful military campaigns broke up their predatory habits, and since then the efforts which have been made to gather them upon reservations, where they could be cared for until capable of self-sustenance, are proving entirely successful. At the present time more than half the whole nation are on the San Carlos reservation in Arizona, where they have nearly 4,000 square miles, or over 2,500,000 acres, situated upon both sides of the Bio Gila, between the one hundred and ninth and one hundred and eleventh meridians, 400 acres of which are now under cultivation by Indian labor entirely, producing 10,000 bushels of potatoes, 2,000 bushels of corn, and large quantities of other vegetables. They draw their entire sub sistence from the Government, but only in return for labor 22 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. performed, and under this law are doing much good in the way of making and repairing irrigating-ditches, clearing and fenc ing land, &c. Are now occupying 223 comfortable houses, built for them. "When it is considered that only 2,000 of these Indians have been on the reservation two years, most of whom were participants in the outbreaks of last year (1874) ; that the 1,400 Ponto, Yuma, and Mohave Apaches from Verde arrived in March last; and that the 1,800 Coyoteros from White Mountain agency arrived July last, after harvest, the above figures will be found a most striking exhibit of the results of the application of a firm control and common-sense treatment for one year.* 7 Besides the San Carlos reservation in Arizona, there are two others in New Mexico, upon which are gathered most of the rest of the Apaches, with the exception of about 650 in the Indian Territory. The Mescalero reservation, midway between the Rio Grande and the Pecos, contains some 570,000 acres, upon which are the Mescaleros and some other smaller bands, to the number of about 1,100. But little has been done in the way of civilizing them, and they depend almost entirely upon the Government for their subsistence. The Jicarilia reservation, intended for the sub- tribe of that name, is of about the same dimensions as that of the Mesca leros, and lies between the San Juan Eiver and the northern boundary-line of New Mexico. The Jicarillas, who number about 1,000, have not as yet been placed upon this reserve, but roam at will over the surrounding country, spending much of their time with the southern Utes, with whom they have in termarried to a considerable extent. They draw a portion of their subsistence from the Government and depend upon their own resources for the rest. The Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1875 subdivides and enumerates the Apaches as follows : Apaches proper 463 Aribaipais ' 389 Coyoteros 1,784 Chiricalmas 475 Essa-(|iieta 180 Gila 800 Jicarilla , 950 Mescalero 1 } 100 Mieinbro 800 ATHABASCAS APACHES. 23 Mobave 588 Mogollou 400 Final 435 Tonto 661 Yama 376 Miembre, Mogollon, and Coyoteros classed togetber 490 Total 9,891 List of illustrations. 853. ESKIMINZIN. FINAL. Height, 5 feet 8 inches; circumference of head, 22J inches; circumference of chest, 37 inches; age, 38 years. Head chief of San Carlos reservation and of the Final Apaches. His family was among those slain at the Camp Grant massacre in 1871. Is now taking the lead in living a civilized life, having taken up a farm on the San Carlos River. 854. ESKIMINZIN AND WIFE. PlNAL. 855. CASSADORA. A hunter. FINAL. Height, 5 feet 8J inches; circumference of head, 23 inches ; circumference of chest, 40 inches. Petty chief; was one of the most lawless and intractable of the tribe. Took part in the assault on a wagon-train in the Caiion Dolores in 1872. 856. CASSADORA AND WIFE. FINAL. 857. ESKINILAY. FINAL. Height, 5 feet 2 inches; circumference of head, 22 inches ; circumference of chest, 35 inches. A captain of the reservation police. $58. ESKINILAY AND WIFE. FlNAL. 860. CHIQUITO. FINAL. Height, 5 feet 5 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches; circumference of chest, 36 inches. A petty chief. 861. CHIQUITO AND WIFE. FINAL. 3(52. SAYGULLY. FINAL. Height, 5 feet 1\ inches; circumference of head, 22J inches; circumference of chest, 36 inches. 24 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 863. ESKAYELAH. COYOTERCX Height, 5 feet 11 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches; circumference of chest, 36 J inches. An hered itary head chief of the Coyotero Apaches. 864. SKELLEGUNNEY. COYOTERO. Height, 5 feet 8J inches; circumference of head, 22 J inches; circumference of chest, 36 J inches. Is looked upon as being a hard case, and has the reputation of being a great horse-stealer. 865. CULLAH. CHraiCAHUA. Height, 5 feet 6J inches; circumference of head, 22 inches; circumference of chest, 35J inches. 866. HAUTUSHNEHAY. FINAL. Height, 5 feet 9 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches ; circumference of chest, 361 inches. One of the reservation policemen appointed by the agent. 867. NAPASGINGUSH. FINAL. Height, 5 feet 61 inches ; circumference of head, 21^ inches; circumference of chest, 34J inches. 868. CUSHSHASHADO. PiNAL. Height, 5 feet 3J inches; circumference of head, 22 inches; circumference of chest, 33 inches. A clerk in the trader's store on the San Carlos reservation ; speaks English fluently. 869. PINAL. COYOTERO. Height, 5 feet 31 inches; circumference of head, 21f inches ; circumference of chest, 37 inches. A sub-chief. 870. PASSALAH. PINAL. Height, 5 feet 11 J inches; circumference of head, 23 inches; circumference of chest, 37J inches. A reser vation policeman. 871. MARIJILDO GRIJALVA. Interpreter. A native of Sonora, Mexico. Was captured when quite young by the Coyotero Apaches, and held by them in captivity until looked upon as one of the tribe. ATHABASCAS APACHES. 25 1. ESKEL-TA-SALA. (Front.) COYOTERO. 2. ESKEL-TA-SALA. (Side.) COYOTERO. 3. SANTO. (Front.) COYOTERO. 4. SANTO. (Side.) COYOTERO. 5. TA-HO. Equestrian. (Front.) ESSA-QUETA. 6. TA-HO. Equestrian. (Side.) ESSA-QUETA. A sub-chief of his band. Age, about 50 years ; height, 5 feet, 11 inches; circumference of head, 23 inches ; chest, 45 inches. 7. GRAY EAGLE. (Front.) ESSA-QUETA. 8. GRAY EAGLE. (Side.) ESSA-QUETA. 9. CAPITAN. (Front.) ESSA-QUETA. 10. CAPITAN. (Side.) ESSA-QUETA. Age, about 56 years; height, 5 feet 8 inches; circum ference of head, 24 inches: chest, 37 inches. 11. PACER. (Front.) ESSA-QUETA. 12. PACER. (Side.) ESSA-QUETA. Was the acknowledged leader of the Apaches in the Indian Territory, and at the same time friendly to the whites. He and his squaw are now both dead. 13. PACER'S SQUAW. (Front) ESSA-QUETA. 14. PACER'S SQUAW. (Side.) ESSA-QUETA. 451. KLE-ZHEH. JICARILLA. 449. GUACHINITO. One who Dresses in Indian Clothes. JICARILLA. 753, 442. GUERITO. The Man ivith Yellow Hair. JICARILLA. A young chief of the Jicarilla Apaches, and a son of old Guero, their principal chief. This tribe is intermar ried with the Utes, and has always been on friendly terms with them. Young Guerito was sent to Washing ton in 1873, joining the Ute delegation, for the purpose of effecting some treaty whereby these Apaches might have set apart for them a piece of land of their own to cultivate, as now they roam on Ute land and have no home they can call their own. He is a relative of Ouray, the great chief of the Utes, arid through the latter's influence some such arrangement was effected. Guerito is a quiet and peaceable young man, a repre sentative of his tribe, who prefer farming, and shrink from all wars against either Indians or white men. 26 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. * 444. SON OF GUERITO. JlCARILLA. 443, 5, 6, 8. NOTING BRAVES. JICARILLA. 447. PAH-YEH, or Hosea Martin. JICARILLA. 18. SON OF VICENTI. JICARILLA. 125. PEDRO SCRADILICTO. (Front.) OOYOTERO. 126. PEDRO SCRADILICTO. (Side.) OOYOTERO. 127. ES-OHA-PA. The One-eyed. (Front.) OOYOTERO. 652. ES-CHA-PA. The One-eyed. (Side.) OOYOTERO. 414. JOSE POCATI. (Front.) YUMA. 415. JOSE POCATI. (Side.) YUMA. 749. CHARLIE ARRIWAWA. (Front.) MOHAYE. 750. CHARLIE ARRIWAWA. (Side.) MOHAVE. 872-3. GROUPS comprising all the above included within the Nos. 853-871. 2. NAVAJOS. A very numerous band of the Apache Nation inhabiting the mountains and plateaus of Arizona and New Mexico, be tween the San Juan and Little Colorado Eivers, ever since our first knowledge of them. The Spaniards early recognized their relation to the Apaches, although they differ totally from them in their industrious habits, being by far the most civil ized of any tribe of Athabascan descent. They have evi dently been quick to take advantage of their contact with the semi-civilized Pueblos and Moquis, and from them have ac quired many useful arts chiefly in learning to spin and weave. Their blankets, woven in looms, are of great excellence, and frequently bring from $25 to $100. They cultivate the soil ex tensively, raising large quantities of corn, squashes, melons, &c. Colonel Baker, in 1859, estimated their farms at 20,000 acres, evidently too large an estimate, as their agent's report for 1875 places the cultivated lands at only 6,000 acres. Their principal wealth, however, is in horses, sheep, and goats, hav ing acquired them at an early day and fostered their growth, so that they now count their horses by the thousand, and their sheep by hundreds of thousands. Notwithstanding the excellence of their manufactures, their houses are rude affairs, called by the Spaniards jackals, and by themselves hogans small conical huts of poles, covered with branches, and in win ter with earth. Like the Apaches, they have made incessant war on the Mexicans, who have made many unsuccessful attempts to subjugate them. The expeditious against them on the part of the United States by Doniphan in 1846, Wilkes ATHABASCAS NAVAJOS. 27 in 1847, Newby in 1843, and Washington in 1849, were practi cally failures. Colonel Sumner established Fort Defiance in 1851, but was forced to retreat, and all other attempts to sub due them were defeated until the winter campaign in 1863, when Colonel Carson compelled them to remove to the Bosque Re- dondo, on the Pecos River, where 7,000 were held prisoners by the Government for several years. In 1868 a treaty was made with them under which they were removed to Fort Wingate, and the following year back to their old home around Fort Defi ance and the canon De Chelly, where a reservation of 5,200 square miles was assigned them. The latest count puts their number at 11,768 3,000 of whom are said to come directly under the civilizing influences of the agency. Schools are not well established yet, but few of their children attending, and then very irregularly. Although they produce largely, yet they are dependent up'on the Government for two-thirds of their subsistence. They dress well, chiefly in materials of their own make, and covering the whole body. List of illustrations. 1027. MANULITO. The great war-chief of the Navajos. Has been en gaged in many combats, and his breast shows the scars of a number of wounds received in battle ; was in command of the Indians during their siege of Fort Defiance. 1028. JUANITA. The favorite one of live wives of Manulito. the chief. 1029. MANULITO SEGUNDO. Son of Manulito and Juanita. 1030. CAY AT ANITA. A brother of Manulito's, and captain of a band of warriors. 1031. BARB AS HUERO. Light Beard. Chief councillor of the tribe, and an earnest advo cate of a settled peace policy. 1032. CABRA NEGRA. A captain, and a sub chief. 28 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. 1033. XARBONA PRIMERO. A sub-chief, noted as being a consistent total absti nence advocate, and. who exerts himself to save his tribe from the curse o'f intemperance. 1034. CARNERO MUCHO. A captain of a band. f GRANADA MUCHO. A captain of a band. 1035. J TIENE-SU-SE. Third war-chief. ( MARIANA. Second war chief. 1038. JUANITA AND Gov. ARNY. Showing Navajo blanket and weaving implements. 1036 GROUP of the preceding, members of a delegation to Washington in 1874. 786. BARBAN CITO. Little Beard. 452-5. Miscellaneous men and boys. III. DAKOTAS. A large family of North American Indians, embracing the Assinaboins or Stone Sioux, the Dakotas proper, or, as they are called by the Algonkins, Nadowesioux, from which is derived the word Sioux ; Omahas, Otoes, Osages, Poncas, lowas, Kan sas, Missourias, Minatarees, and Grows. Until quite recently they occupied the larger portion of the country bounded on the, east by the great lakes, on the north by the British Possessions, on the west by the Kocky Mountains, and on the south by the Platte Kiver. According to their traditions they came eastward from the Pacific, and encountered the Algonkins about the headwaters of the Mississippi, where the mass of them were held in check. One of the tribes of this great family, called by the Chippewas Winnebagook (men from the fetid or salt water), pushed through their enemies and secured a foothold on the shores of Lake Michigan. The Quapaws, called by their Al- gonkin foes the Aikausas or Arkansas, settled on the Ohio, but were ultimately driven down the river by the Illinois to the region now bearing their name. A few of the tribes retain very nearly their original hunting-grounds ; the principal migrations of those who have moved having been southwest- wardly, from the headwaters of the Mississippi to the Missouri. In 1875 the Indians of this family residing within the limits of the United States numbered nearly 68,000, with about 1,000 DAKOTAS CROWS. 29 more within the British Possessions. If the estimates of early explorers are to be relied upon, they must have lost heavily in population within the last one hundred years intestine wars, the aggressions of the whites, and the vices of civilization re ducing many once powerful tribes to demoralized remnants that are fast fading out of our knowledge by absorption into the ranks of more powerful neighbors. The majority of the tribes of this family are settled on reservations under the direct care and support of the Government, and are fairly on the road to .a civilized future. The exceptions are some of the wild bands of the Sioux, the Minatarees or Gros Ventres, and the Crows. At the present writing most of the first-named are at war with the United States forces, while the two latter are friendly. 1. CROWS. The Crows, or, as they call themselves,- Absaroka, meaning something or anything that flies, when first known occupied the Lower Yellowstone and the valleys of the Big Horn and Tongue Rivers, but roamed over much of the surrounding country, carry ing their incursions even to the plains of Snake River and to the valley of the Green. Were originally one with the Minatarees or Gros Ventres, but separated from them, and were afterward driven from their territory by the Ogalallas and Cheyennes, settling finally about the head of the Yellowstone, dispossessing 'in their turn the Blackfeet and Flatheads. Are divided into three bands, with a dialect peculiar to each, viz: the Kikatsa or Crows proper, the Ahnahaways, and the Allakaweah, num bering in all, as estimated in 1820, 3,250 souls. Obtaining horses at an early day, they became great marauders. Irving writes of them in "Astoria:" "They are in fact notorious ma rauders and horse-stealers, crossing and recrossing the moun tains (the Big Horn), robbing on one side and conveying their spoils to the other. Hence, we are told, is derived their name, given them on account of their unsettled and predatory habits, winging their flight, like the crows, from one side of the moun tains to the other, and making free booty of everything that lies in their way. In 1851, joined in a treaty with the United States giving a right of way for roads to be built through their coun try. In 1868 a treaty was made, and an attempt made to place all the Crows on one reservation, but without success until 1875. They have been much exposed to incursions from some parties of Sioux at their new agency on the Rosebud as well as at their 30 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. former one on the Yellowstone. "The Indians, full of war and revenge, have no thought to bestow upon farming or other peaceful employment, especially as the best farming lands^of the reservation are most exposed to these hostile incursions. Six families, however, have been induced to tend small farms, and have succeeded well. A mile and a half of ditch, sufficient to irrigate several hundred acres, has been dug, and it is hoped that another season will see at least a beginning made toward the civilization of these 4,000 wild but always loyal Crows." List of illustrations. 940. KAM-NE-BUT-SE. Blackfoot and squaw. 946. KAM-NE-BUT-SE. Blackfoot. The principal chief of the Mountain Crows; a splen did specimen of manhood, standing 6 feet 2 inches in height and of very heavy frame; owes his position to his bravery and success in fighting the Sioux, their inveterate enemies. He also ranks high as an orator and councillor in the nation. ..The first picture, in which he is represented in an elaborate dress of buckskin, was^made while on a visit, with a delegation of his tribe, to Washington, in 1873 5 the other represents him as Jie appears at his home on the Yellowstone, or in his natural every-day garb. 941. CHE-VE-TE-PU-MA-TA. Iron Bull and squaw. One of the principal chiefs of the Mountain Crows. 942. SE-TA-PIT-SE. Bear Wolf and squaw. 943. PERITS HAR STS. Old Crow and squaw. f KAM NE-BUT-SE. Blackfoot. 944. <; ECHE-HAS-KA. Long Horse. [TE-SHU-NZT. White Calf. f MO-MUKH-PI-TCHE. 945. J ELLA-CAUSS-SE. Thin Belly. ( PISH-KI-HA-DI RI-KY-ISH. The One that Leads the Old Dog. 859. GROUP OF CROW DELEGATION to Washington in 1872, in cluding Agent Pease and the interpreters. 947. IN-TEE-US. He Shows His Face. 948. MIT-CHOO-ASH. Old Onion. 949. GROUP OF CHIEFS and headmen. DAKOTA DAKOTAS OR SIOUX. 31 950. GROUP OF SQUAWS. The last four pictures were made at the old agency of the Crows, on the Yellowstone, near Shields River, in 1871. The following were also made at the same place and time, and represent the old mission build ings (lately destroyed by fire), in which the agent had his headquarters; their tents and manner of living, and their mode of burial. 953. THE MISSION, or agency buildings. 952. VILLAGE SCENE, showing new adobe houses built for the Indians, 951. INSIDE VIEW OF A SKIN LODGE. 954. MODE OF BURIAL. The word Dakota means united, confederated, or many in one, and designates the tribe from which the family takes its name. They seldom or never willingly acknowledge the title SioujCj first given them by the French, and now by all whites. There are many theories as to the origin of this latter name, the most acceptable of which is that it is a corruption of the word Nadouessioux a general Chippewa designation for ene mies which was gradually applied by missionaries and traders, through an imperfect understanding of the language, to the tribes thus designated. Governor Ramsey, of Minnesota, thought that the word " originated upon the Upper Missouri, among the early French traders, hunters, and trappers, they deriving it, in ail probability, from the name of a sub-band of the Ti-t'-wan (Tetou), Dakotas, called Sioune, who hunted over the plains of that river, and with whom, consequently, they came most frequently in contact. " In Lewis and Clark's travels in 1803, they are called the Teton Saone, and their villages are located on the Missouri, near Cannon-ball River. "At least we find the term Sioux first used in the early maps to designate a large tribe, with various subdivisions, upon the Upper Missouri only." Dakota traditions go back but a comparatively short time, and are vague and obscure in regard to their origin and early residence, which place it, however, in the Northwest, above the great lakes. In their progress eastward they early pos- 32 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. sessed themselves of the country about the headwaters of the Mississippi and the Eed Eiver of the North, where they re mained as late as 1868, when they 'were in part dispossessed by the Chippewas, who were eventually the cause of their re moval to the Missouri. Up to 1800, the Ddkotas were divided into two principal divis ions, those east of the Missouri, who were known as the Min nesota or Mississippi Ddkotas, composed of four bands, viz : The M'dewakantons, or those of the Village of the Spirt Lflke ; the Wa-pe-kutes, or Leaf-Shooters ; the Wah-pe-tons, or Vil lage in the Leaves; and the Sissetons, or those of the Village of the Marsh. Most of these have been long in contact with the whites, and, having disposed of the greater portion of their lauds to the Government, have abandoned most of their old habits, and devote themselves to farming. Others of them, however, are restless and devoted to old prejudices, and cause much trouble to the settlers. The massacre of the whites in 1862 was inaugurated by the M'dewakautous, the Wahpetons and Sissetons afterwards joining them. Along the Missouri, but living mostly on its eastern side, were the Shanktonwans (Yanktons), or the People of Village at the End, inhabiting originally the Sioux, Desmoines, and Jacques Rivers, and living now principally about the mouth of the Vermillion. The Yanktonais, a diminutive of the preceding name, and meaning the lesser or the little people of the End Village. Lewis and Clark described them as the Yanktons of the Plains, or Big Devils, who were on the heads of the Sioux, Jacques, and Red Rivers. Their present range is on the Missouri, above the Yanktons. From one branch of this baud the Assiniboines are said to have sprung. Paboksa, or Outheads, a branch of the Yanktons, and ranging above them. The I-san-teis, or Santees, another sub-band of the Yanktons, living originally in Minnesota and Iowa, but since lately on the Missouri, near the Yanktons. West of the Missouri, occupying the greater portion of Da kota, Wyoming, and portions of Montana and Nebraska, the general name of Tetons, or Tetonwans (" Village of the Prairie") has been given to the seven principal bands of the Dakotas in habiting that region. Lewis and Clark placed them on their map in only two principal divisions, viz : as the " Tetans of the DAKOTA DAKOTAS OR SIOUX. 33 Burnt Woods" (Brules), and the "Tetans* Saone," from which some suppose the word Sioux has been derived for the whole Dakota nation. The seven subdivisions as no\v recognized are the 1. Siha sa-pas or BlacJcfeet, on the Missouri in the neighbor hood of the Cannonball Biver. 2. The Si-chan-koo or Burnt Thighs, (Brules,) ranging on the Niobrara and White Rivers, from the Platte to the Cheyenne. 3. Oncpapas, or " those who camp by themselves," who roam over the country between the Cheyenne and Yellowstone Eivers. 4. Minnekonjous, "those who plant by the water/ 7 south of the Black Hills. 5. Itd-zip cho, or Sans Arcs, "without bows, r affiliating with the Oncpapas and Blaekfeet, and ranging over much the same country. G. Oyalallas, occupy the country between Fort Laramie and the Platte, although they are now confined to a reservation in the northwestern corner of Nebraska. Have the reputation of being the most friendly disposed toward the whites of all the Titonwans. Ked Cloud, so well known as an Indian diplomat, is chief of this band. 7. O-he-nompas, or Ttvo Kettles. Live principally about Fort Pierre ; against whom it is said very few complaints have ever been made, they having always observed faithfully the stip ulations of their treaties with the United States. In the Eeport of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for 1875, there are twenty-one sub-bands of Dakotas enumerated, num bering, in the aggregate, 53,044. Of these, there are fourteen represented by portraits of their leading men, viz : Black feet, numbering at the present time about 1,750 Brules, numbering at the present time about 8, 4*20 Cnt Heads, numbering at the present time about 200 Mdewakauton, numbering at the'present time about Ogalallas, numbering at the present time about 9, 136 Oncpapas 2, 100 Sans Arc 1,778 Santee 800 Sisse.ton , 903 Sautee and Sissetou at Fort Peck 1,000 Two Kettles 2,261 Wahpeton 1,300 Yauktons 2,500 Yanktonais, Upper and Lower 8,129 3 34 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. "The Sioux are included under twelve agencies, nine in Da kota, two in Montana, and one in Nebraska, at all of which, except at Fort Belkuap, a beginning in Indian farming has been made in spite of all discouragements by reason of unsuit able location and the demoralizing influence of 'the hostiles.'" The Ogalallas at Red Cloud agency, who have almost entirely abandoned the chase on account of scarcity of game, depend almost entirely upon the Government for their support. Their small beginnings in cultivating the soil came to naught through the grasshoppers. The Brules at Spotted Tail agency have a thriving school with 75 pupils, and cultivated some lands. At the Upper Missouri agencies but little has been done beyond feeding the Indians who report to them for that purpose, their attempts at farming resulting in failures on account of the grasshopper pest. The Yanktons, San tees, Sissetons, Wahpe- tous, and other Sioux on the Lower Missouri and in Eastern Dakota have made more substantial progress in civilization, many of them having permanently discarded their Indian hab its and dress, and live in houses, and are nearly self-support ing. The Santees in Nebraska especially have entirely re nounced their old form of life ; have churches and sabbath- schools, which are regularly attended. They have a monthly paper, printed in their native language, with an edition of 1,200 copies. List of illustrations. 252. PE-JI'. Grass. (Front.) BLACKFEET. 253. PE-JI'. Grass. (Profile.) BLACKFEET. 254. PE-JI'. Grass. (Full-length.) BLACKFEET. 255. KAN-GI'-I-YO'-TAN-KA. Sitting Crow. (Front.) BLACKFEET. 256. KAN-GI'-I-YO'-TAN-KA. Sitting Crow. (Profile.) BLACKFEET. 257. MA'-YA-WA-NA-PE-YA. Iron Scare. (Front.) BLACKFEET. 258. MA'-YA-WA-NA-PE-YA. Iron Scare. (Profile.) BLACKFEET. 259. WI'-YA-KA-SHA. Red Plume. (Copy.) BLACKFEET. 920. MA GA'-SHA-PA. Goose. (Copy.) BLACKFEET. With the exception of the last two numbers the above rep resent a portion of a delegation of prominent Sioux chiefs and warriors who visited Washington in 1872. The portraits were made in Washington, and represent them in their best attire. 33G. CIN-TE-GI-LE-SKA. Spotted Tail (Front.) BRULE. DAKOTA BRULE. 35 337. CIN-TE-GI-LE-SKA. Spotted Tall. (Profile.) BRULE. Spotted Tail has long been the chief of the Brule Sioux, and since his conversion from an intense hostil ity to an unswerving friendship for the white people has by them been looked upon and considered as the great chief of all the Sioux. The honors of this position are equally divided between Red Cloud and Spotted Tail; each is chief of his band only, the Indians them selves not recognizing any one man as chief of the whole nation 5 but their great executive abilities, ora torical powers, and popularity with both whites and Indians, have been the means of putting them forward as the champions of their people. In his younger days Spotted Tail was a daring and audacious chief, murdering and massacreiug wherever he went. In 1854, he and his band attacked a coach, murdered all the passengers, and perpetrated horrible enormities on the dead. He was eventually captured, and imprisoned for about six mouths in the guard house at Fort Leavenworth, during which time his feelings underwent a great change. Instead of a determined foe of the pale-faces, he became their earnest friend and coadjutor in the work of pacifica tion. It has been well said of him that u he is worth more to the Government than a dozen major-generals, with their armies to back them." The following extract from a speech by Spotted Tail, before a board of Indian Commissioners at Fort Laramie in 1867, will be read with interest as showing his ability as an orator : " My father and friends, your Great Father has sent you here to learn what was going on. You have come. Your Great Father has sent you to listen. Will you listen well, or only listen to half that is good and to half that is bad, and not take the whole to our Great Father f He has sent you here to hear and talk. We know you have not come with pres ents, but you may have a little money in your pockets that you could give them. They are poor and need help. These men here, and the old men, women, and children, have not had much to eat since they have been here, and if you could give them something it 36 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. would make my heart glad. Yesterday my friends hit me a good deal; but it does not matter. I have spoken." Spotted Tail is of a large, commanding figure, and his face generally wears a pleasant, smiling expression. It is a difficult matter to arrive at the exact age of any Indian, and in this case it is uncertain, but is probably about 45 years. He has been to Washington four times, each time as a delegate representing the Sioux nation. 338. SPOTTED TAIL AND SQUAW. BRULE\ 339. SQUAW OF SPOTTED TAIL. (Front.) BRULE. 340. SQUAW OF SPOTTED TAIL. (Profile.) BRULE. 341. I- API OTAH. Gassy. (Front.) BRULE. 342. I-API-OTAH. Gassy. (Profile.) J3RULE. 343. I-TE'-SAN-YAN. Whitewash his Face. (Front.) BRULE. 344. I-TE'-SAN-YAN. Whitetcash his Face. (Profile.) BRULE. 345. CHE-TAN'-TA'-KPI'. Charge on the Hawle. (Front.) BRULE. 346. CHE-TAN'-TA'-KPI'. Charge on the Hawk. (Profile.) BRULE. 347. NOM-PA-AP'A. Two Strikes. (Front.) BRULE. 348. NOM-PA-AP'A. Two Strikes. (Profile.) BRULE. 349. SQUAW OF Two STRIKES. (Front.) BRULE. 350. SQUAW OF Two STRIKES. (Profile.) BRULE. 351. KAN-GI'-SHA'-PA. Blade Grow. (Front.) BRULE. 352. KAN GL'-SHA'-PA. Blade Crow. (Profile.) BRULE. 353. HE-GMA-WA-KU-WA. One ivho Runs the Tiger. (Front.) BRULE. 354. HE GMA-WA-KU-WA. One ivho Runs the Tiger. (Profile.) BRULE. 355. WANMBLE'-SHDA. Bald Eagle. (Front.) BRULE. 356. WANMBLE'-SHDA. Bald Eagle. (Profile.) BRULE. 357. CHE-CHA'-LU. Thigh. (Front.) BRULE. 358. CHE-CHA'-LU. Thigh. (Profile.) BRULE. 359. SQUAW OF THIGH. (Front.) BRULE. 360. SQUAW OF THIGH. (Profile.) BRULE. 361. TA-TAN'-KA-SHA'-PA. Blade Bull. (Front.) BRULE. 362. TA-TAN'-KA-SHA'-PA. Blade Bull. (Profile.) BRULE. 363. CHO-NI'-CHA-WA-NI'.CHA. No Flesh. (Front.) BRULE. DAKO FA CUT-HEAD. 37 364. 365. 3C6. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372. 373. 374. 375. 376. 377. 378. 379. 330. 282. 283. 284. 285. 286. 287. 288. 289. 290. 291. 292. 293. BRULE. BRULE. BRULE. (Full length.) BRULE. (Front.) (Profile.) Ciio-Ni'-CHA-WA-Nr'-CHA. No Flesh. (Profile. MA'-ZA-PON-KIS'-KA. Iron. Shell. (Front.) MA'-ZA-PON-KIS'-KA. Iron Shell. (Profile.) MA'-ZA-PON-KIS'-KA. Iron Shell. MA-TO'-SHI'-CHA. Wicked Bear. MA-TO'-SHI'-OHA. Wicked Bear. PA'-HUI zr-zi. Yellow Hairs. (Front.) PA'-HUI zi-zi. Yellow Hairs. (Profile.) White Eyes. (Front.) White Eyes. (Profile.) Swift Bear. (Front.) Swift Bear. (Profile.) White Thunder. (Front.) White Thunder. (Profile.) I-SHTA'-SKA. I-SHTA'-SKA. MA-TO'-DUSA. MA-T3. Gi HE-GA. Chief. One of the nine chiefs who govern the tribe, holding their positions by hereditary descent. 469-470. BETSY. A noted character among the Omahas, an exponent of women's rights. Has always accompanied the tribe on their annual buffalo-hunts, and participates in the chase with the men. Speaks three Indian languages, besides French and English. 457. AGENCY BUILDINGS. 462. THE TILLAGE OF THE OMAHAS. (1871.) 461. THE VILLAGE. Near view, showing lodges. 464. Gl-HE-GA'S LODGE. 459-460. YIEW FROM BLACKBIRD HILL. In Irving's Astoria is a short sketch of some of the romantic deeds of Wa-shinga-sah ba, or Blackbird, a famous chief of the Omahas, who died in 1802, which concludes as follows : " His dominant spirit and his love for the white man were evinced in his latest breath with which he designated his place of sepulture. It was to be on a hill, or promontory, upward of 400 feet in height, overlooking a great extent of the Missouri, from which he had been accustomed to watch for the barks of the white men. The Missouri washes the base of the promontory, and after winding and doub ling in many links and mazes in the plains below, re turns to within 900 yards of its starting-place, FO that 54 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. for thirty miles, navigating with sail and oar, the voy ager finds himself continually near to this singular promontory, as if spell-bound. " It was the dying command of the Blackbird that his tomb should be upon the summit of this hill, in which he should be interred, seated on his favorite horse, that he might overlook his ancient domain, and be hold the barks of the white men as they came up the river to trade with his people." The river has now changed its course, running far to the eastward, leaving at the foot of the hill a lake in the old bed of the river. The mound which was raised over the chief and his horse is now nearly obliterated? ' yet the hill of the Blackbird continues an object of veneration to the wandering savage, and a landmark to the voyager of the Missouri." 472-476. GEOUPS OF SCHOOL-CHILDREN. 478. EBA-HOM-BA'S LODGE. 479. VILLAGE SCENE. 477. A BRAVE. 471. INDIAN CARPENTERS BUILDING HOUSES FOR THE TRIBE. 8. OSAGES. TheOsages were placed on the Missouri in 1673 by Marquette, who called them theWasashe; were allies of the Illinois, and near the last of the past century had been driven down to the Arkan sas. Coming in contact with the French, they became their firm allies, and joined them in many of their operations against Spanish and English and other Indians; in 1804, made peace with the Sacs and Foxes, with whom they had been at war, and settled on the Great Osage Kiver. Their numbers were esti mated then at 6,300. The usual succession of treaties ceding lands, and wars with neighboring Indians followed, reducing them very much in numbers, until the breaking out of the civil war, when 1,000 of them went South and joined the Con federacy. Treaties of 1865, 1866, and 1870 provided for the conveying of their lands in trust to the United States, and for their removal to the Indian Territory, where they have been placed under the care of the Society of Friends, and are now making rapid progress toward a self-supporting condition. DAKOTA OSAGES. 55 They now number 3,001, of whom 323 are civilized, self-sup porting mixed-bloods. List of illustrations. 511. JOSEPH, PAW-NE NO-PA-ZHE. Not Afraid of the Pawnees. Governor or chief of the tribe. Was born on the Osage reservation when in Kansas, and when 12 years of age was placed in a Catholic mission, where he received a good English education. He still retains the old customs and habits of his tribe, however. Is a brave and warlike chief, but yet exerts all his influ ence to secure peace between his people and the whites. Is about 40 years of age, 6 feet in height, with a large and commanding physique j Jiead, 22J; chest, 41. 886, SHONGA-SA-PA. Black Dog. The youngest of the six principal chiefs of the tribe. Is 28 years of age, and was born on the present reser vation. Is the descendant of a long line of chiefs, one of whom was principal in establishing peace be tween the Government and the wild tribes. With the governor, Joseph, he visited Washington in 1876 to adjust various business matters in connection with his tribe. Age, 28 ; height, 5.114 ; head, 22J j chest, 38. 887. GROUP representing the governor and some of the head men or councillors of the nation, as follows : JOSEPH PAW-NE-NO-PA-ZHE. See No. 511. CHETOPAH. Died in 1876, aged 38. Was among the first to com mence farming and to live in the white man's way. PA-TSA-LUN-KAH. Strike Axe. Born on the Osage reservation in Kansas 45 years ago. Is one of the principal " peace chiefs," and also chief of one of the largest bands of the Osages, over whom he has unbounded influence. CHE-ZHE-LUN-KAH. Big Chief. Chief councillor of the nation, a man of good sense and much influence. Is the son of a chief j 45 years of age, and was born in Kansas. "56 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. HARD EOPE. Head war chief of the nation, and a man of consid erable ability as an orator. Served as a scout under General Custer during the Indian war in the Indian Territory. Is now 50 years old. 513. KAH-HE-KA-WAH-TI-AN-KA. Saucy Chief. 509. NOM-PA-WA-LE. A Savage. 510. KE-SI-SI-GRE. A Distant Land. 512. MAH-KEA-PU-AT-SEE. One Who Reaches to the Sky. 888. JOSEPH AND BLACK Doa. 889. JOSEPH, BLACK DOG, OGEAS CAPTAIN, AND J. N. FLORER. 9. OTOES. The Otoes, callling themselves Watoohtahtah, were known to the French as early as 1673, under the name of Otontanta ; were originally part of the Missourias, and, with the lowas, claim to have migrated to the Missouri with the Winnebagoes. They have long resided on the south side of the Platte River, in mud lodges, confederated with the Missourias, who formed one village with them. The two tribes now number 457 souls. Under the care of the Friends, many are laying aside their Indian dress and habits, and learning to labor. In common with many other tribes, their annuities are payable only in return for labor per formed, which exercises a most beneficial effect. List of illustrations. 480. AR-KE-KE-TAH. Stand by It. Is a full-blooded Otoe Indian. He was a leading warrior in his tribe, and during the early settlement of Nebraska, when an emigrant train had been attacked on Big Sandy Creek, and robbed of all they had by a party of Pawnees, Ar ke-ke-tah, leading a band of Otoes, fell on them, and, killing the entire party, re stored the goods back to the emigrants, for which he gained notoriety, and received papers commendatory of this and other valuable services rendered the whites. By being a man of deep scheming and cunning, he suc ceeded in gaining the position of head chief of the tribe, while on a visit to Washington, in 1854, when DAKOTA OTOES. 57 the treaty was concluded, in which the Otoes ceded to the Government the southeastern part of Nebraska. He was deposed from his chiefship in 1872, re-instated in 1873, but has been inactive as a chief since, and has lost his influence in the tribe. He is still living, about 65 years of age, and 5 feet 8 inches high, with square, well-built frame. 482, 492-4, 502. SHUN-GECH-HOY. Medicine Horse. His father was an Otoe, and his mother a Missouria Indian. By hereditary descent he became, in 1854, head chief of the Bear band of Otoes, and being am bitious, worked himself finally into the position of head chief of the Otoes and Missonrias. In 1874 he led a portion of the tribe away from their reservation, in violation of law and agency regulations, for which he, with five others, was arrested and confined for a time at Fort Wallace. In consequence, he became alien ated from the agency and main part of the tribe, and lost his position as chief. Has features remarkably coarse ; has a very stern, fierce disposition ; is a deep schemer ; wquld be willing to sacrifice almost any in terest of his tribe in order to maintain a supremacy over them, and has been engaged in many stratagems of the kind. He is tenacious of old Indian customs, op posed to improvement that makes innovations thereon, and is a heavy clog on the tribe in their endeavors to advance in civilized pursuits. In stature, he is about 5 feet 9 inches, with a heavy-set, well-developed mus cular frame ; about 60 years of age. 487, 489, 490. LOD-NOOWA-INGA. Little Pipe. Is a sou of Hick-a-poo or Kick-a-poo, formerly a prominent chief of the tribe. The chiefship had been hereditary through many successors, and after the death of Hic-a-poo, the present Little Pipe, in 1858, took his place. He was one of the followers of Shun- gech-hoy in 1874 $ was arrested and imprisoned with him, and has not since been recognized as a chief. He is of a mild disposition, well disposed toward improve ment, but quiet and without much individual force of character. Has been under unfavorable influences, and therefore makes but little progress. He is about 58 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS, 50 years of age, 5 feet 7J inches in stature, head 23 inches, chest 36, and weighs 155. 488. PAH-HO-CHA-INGA. Little Iowa. Generally known by his more proper name of Bap- tiste Devoin, is a son of John Devoin, who is half French and half Missouria Indian. His mother is half Omaha, one-quarter French, and one-quarter Iowa In dian. He was partially educated at the Pawnee Mis sion, at Belleview, Nebr.; can read, write, and speak the English language tolerably well; also speaks Pawnee, Omaha, and French. He married into the Otoe tribe, and has been employed at Otoe agency in the several positions of teamster, farmer, interpreter, and miller, under former agents. In 1869, he was employed as in terpreter for the tribe, and has continued in that office until the present. In height he is 5 feet 9f inches, head measurement 23J inches, chest 44 inches, and weighs 220 pounds. He is about 40 years of age, and quite corpulent. 495. TCHA-WAN-NA-GA-HE. Buffalo Chief. Is an Otoe Indian, though his grandfather belonged to the Iowa tribe. He was, when a young man, a self- constituted chief, leading a portion of the Buffalo band of Otoes, at a time when Sack-a-pie was chief, and at whose death he became the recognized head chief of the band, which position he held until 1874. He is still living; is about 80 years of age, in stature 5 feet 6 inches, and weighs about 160 pounds. He is of rather a mild disposition, though decided in his ways; concil- itory to the whites, and has gained many friends among them. 497. BAPTISTE DEVOIN AND TCHA-WAN-NA-GA-HE. The same as given and described in Nos. 488 and 495. ( E'EN-BHiCK-TO. Blackbird. ' ^ OP-PO-HOM-MON-NE. Buck Elk Walking. The first is half Otoe and half Omaha ; the second, who is represented sitting, is a full-blood Missouria. DAKOTA WINNEBAGOES. 5 9 x- \ INSTA-MUNTHA. Iron Eagle. j KO-INGA. Little Thunder. i OP-PO-HOM-MON-NE. | E'EN-BRICK-TO. 491. LITTLE PIPE, with Missouria chief and interpreter. 496. MEDICINE HORSE, BABTISTE DEVOIN, and interpreter. 10. PONCAS. The Poncas were originally part of the Omaha tribe, to whom they are related. Lived originally on the Red River of the North, but were driven southwestwardly across the Missouri by the Sioux, and fortified themselves on the Ponca River. United for a time with the Ornahas for protection, but have generally lived apart. Were so exposed to the forays of the savage Sioux that they were almost exterminated at one time, but after the treaties of 1817 and 1825 rallied and began to in crease. Were estimated then at 750, which has remained their average number ever since. In 1858 sold their lands and went on a reservation near the Yanktons, but being too near their old foes, and not being able to raise any crops, were in 1865 removed down to the mouth of the Niobrara, where they now have three villages. Are still exposed to raids from the Sioux, retarding very much their progress toward a self-supporting condition. Efforts are being made to have them join their relatives, the Omahas. List of illustrations. 517-518. ASII-NOM-E KAII-GA-HE. Lone Chief. TA-TONKA-NUZHE. Standing Buffalo. WA GA-SA-PL Iron Whip'. WASTE-CO-MANI. Fast Walker. 519. WA GA-SA-PI. Iron Whip. 521. NATIVE DRAWING. 11. WINNEB AGOES. The Winnebagoes are a branch of the great Dakota family, calling themselves O-tchun-gu-rah, and by the Sioux, Hotanke, or the Big-voiced People; by the Chippeways, Winnebagonk 60 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. whence their common English name a word meaning men from the fetid waters. The French knew them as La Puans (the Stinkers), supposed to have been given them in consequence of the great quantity of decaying and putrid fish in their camps when first visited by white men. With some others they formed the van of the eastward migration of the Dakotas, penetrating apparently some distance, but were forced back to Green Bay. This was some time previous to 1670, as the map of the French Jesuit missionaries, dated 1671, styles Green Bay the "Bayo des Puans," and the map accompanying Marquette's journal, dated 1681, notes a village of the " Puans " as near the north end of Winnebago Lake, on the west side.* They were then numerous and powerful, holding in check the neighboring Algonkin tribes, but soon after an alliance of tribes attacked and very nearly exterminated them. Became firm friends of the French until the Eevolution, when they joined the English ; made peace with the colonists afterward, but sided with the English again in 1812. In 1820 they numbered about 4,500, and were living in five villages on Winnebago Lake and fourteen on Eock Eiver. By a treaty in 1832 they ceded all their lands south of the Wiscon sin and Fox Eivers, for a reservation on the Mississippi, above the Upper Iowa, but here they became unsettled, wasteful, and scattered. In 1846 they surrendered this reservation for an other above the Saint Peter's. This proved unfit, and they became badly demoralized, losing many of their number by disease, but were kept on it by force. In 1853 they were re moved to Crow Eiver, and in 1856 to Blue Earth, Minnesota, where they were just getting a start in civilized pursuits when the Sioux war broke out, and the people of Minnesota demanded their removal. Thus again they were put on the march, and this time landed at Grow Creek, on the Missouri, near Fort Ean- dall, a place so utterly unfit, that the troops could not retain them on it. Out of 2,000 when taken there, only 1,200 reached the Omaha reserve, to which place they had fled for protection. They were then assigned a new reservation on the Omaha lands, and placed under the care of the Friends, and since then have prospered. At the time of their removal, in 1863, from Minnesota, many of the tribe who had taken up farms remained, receiving their share of the tribal funds. There were also last * Alexander Ramsey. PAWNEES - ARICKAREES. 61 year 860 in Wisconsin, of whom 204 have lately joined those in Nebraska, swelling their numbers to 1,667. Nearly all of these now dress in civilized attire, and many of them have taken farms, their lands being divided into 40-acre allotments for the purpose, upon which they are building neat and comfortable cottages. There is an industrial and three day schools on the reserve, which are attended by one-sixth of their whole number. Their chiefs are now elected auually by the tribe, who in turn appoints a force of twelve policemen from the Indians to preserve order. 1080. JNO. M. ST. CYR. A delegate representing the Wisconsin W T inneba- goes. Has been to Washington three times. His mother was a relative of Little Priest, one of the most prominent chiefs of the tribe, and his father a French man. ( NAW-CHER-CHOO-NU-KAW. oOo. < BAD THUNDER. 812. WAH-KUNK-SCHA-KAW, and daughter. Wife of u Martin Van Buren," a former prominent chief of the tribe. 814. KA-RA-CHO-WE KAW. A Blue Cloud Passing By. 809, 813. WlNNEBAGO CHILDREN. IV. PAWNEES. 1. ARICKAREES. The Arickarees, Ricarees, or Kees, as variously written, call themselves Sa-nish, or Tanish, meaning "the people,' 7 a common form of expression among Indians to indicate their superiority. They were originally the same people as the Pawnees of the Platte River, their language being nearly the same. That they migrated upwards along the Missouri from their friends below is estab lished by the remains of their dirt-villages, which are yet seen along that river, though at this time mostly overgrown with grass. At what time they separated from the parent stock is not correctly known, though some of their locations appear to have been of very ancient date, at least previous to the com mencement of the fur-trade on the Upper Missouri. At the time when the old French and Spanish traders began their 62 CATALOGUE OF INDIAN PHOTOGRAPHS. dealings with the Indians of the Upper Missouri, the Arickaree village was situated a little above the mouth of Grand Kiver, since which time they have made several removals, and are now located at Fort Clark, in a former village of the Mandans. The cabins or huts of the Arickarees and other stationary tribes are built by planting four posts in the ground in the form of a square, the posts being forked at the top to receive transverse beams. Against the beams other timbers are inclined the lower extremities of which describe a circle, or nearly so, the interstices being filled with small twigs, the whole thickly overlaid with willows, rushes, and grass, and plastered over with mud laid on very thick. A hole is left in the top for smoke to pass out, and another at the side for a door. The door opens a few steps distant from the main building on the surface of the ground, from which, by a gradual descent through a covered passage, the interior of the hut is reached. The door is of wood, and the aperture large enough to admit a favorite horse to the family circle, which is often done. These buildings are located within fifteen or twenty feet of each other without any regard to regularity. They cultivate considerable land, each family separating its little farm from their neighbors' by rush fences. Corn is their principal dependence, of which they raise considerable quan tities. The work is done entirely by the women, the primitive hoe being their only implement. They generally have quite a surplus, which they trade to the Dakotas and to the fur compa nies. The Arickarees are quite expert in manufacturing a very ser viceable kind of pottery, neatly shaped, and well adapted for cooking purposes. They are of clay, hand wrought, but not glazed. At the present time they number 900, and are associated with 600 Gros Veutres and 420 Mandans at the Fort Berthold agency on the Upper Missouri, where 13,000 square miles has been set apart for them as their reservation. They have 500 acres under cultivation, and are receiving considerable assistance from the Government in the way ot improved implements. Many houses are being built, and the more progressive Indians are abandoning the old mud-lodges for them. PAWNEES PAWNEES. 63 List of illustrations. 1042. Ku-NUGH-NA