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THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS OF 
 ^SCHYLUS 
 
THE 
 
 SUPPLIANT MAIDENS 
 
 OF ^SCHYLUS 
 
 jci^B 0. vlmoH'^ 
 
 
 TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH VERSE BY 
 
 E. D. A. MORSHEAD, M.A. 
 
 ASSISTANT-MASTER OF WINCHESTER COLLEGE 
 
 LATE m I r\\Y_ OF wirw rjiitiiTir, oxford 
 
 ' But lend me the pSalfBf Wn ! nay, for once — 
 Once let my hand fall where the other's lay ! 
 
 A ristophanes Apology. 
 
 LONDON 
 fKEGAN PAUL, TRENCH & CO., i, PATERNOSTER SQUARE 
 
 1883 
 
Xi/^-^?? 
 
 {The rights of translation and of reproduction are resenjcd.) 
 
PA 
 
 DEDICATION. 
 
 Take thou this gift from out the grave of Time. 
 
 The urns of Greece he shattered, and the cup 
 
 That for Athenian hps the Muses filled, 
 
 And flowery crowns that on Athenian hair 
 
 Hid the cicala, freedom's golden sign. 
 
 Dust in the dust have fallen. Calmly sad, 
 
 The marble dead upon Athenian tombs 
 
 Speak from their eyes " Farewell : " and well have fared 
 
 They and the saddened friends, whose hands last clasp 
 
 Wins from the solemn stone eternity. 
 
 Yea, well they fared unto the evening god. 
 
 Passing beyond the limit of the world. 
 
 Where face to face the son his mother saw, 
 
 A living man a shadow, while she spake 
 
 Words that Odysseus and that Homer heard,— 
 
 / too, O child, I reached the common doom, 
 
 The grave, the goal of fate, attd passed away. 
 
 — Such, Anticleia, as thy voice to him. 
 
 Across the dim gray gulf of death and time 
 
 Is that of Greece, a mother's to a child, — 
 
 Mother of each whose dreams are grave and fair — 
 
 Who sees the Naiad where the streams are bright,. 
 
 And in the sunny ripple of the sea 
 
 Cymodoce with floating golden hair : 
 
DEDICA TION. 
 
 And in the whisper of the waving oak 
 
 Hears still the Dryad's plaint, and, in the wind 
 
 That sighs through moonht woodlands, knows the horn 
 
 Of Artemis, and silver shafts and bow. 
 
 Therefore if still around this broken vase, 
 
 Borne by rough hands, unworthy of their load, 
 
 Far from Cephisus and the wandering rills, 
 
 There cling a fragrance as of things once sweet, 
 
 Of honey from Hymettus' desert hill, 
 
 Take thou the gift and hold it close and dear ; 
 
 For gifts that die have living memories — 
 
 Voices of unreturning days, that breathe 
 
 The spirit of a day that never dies. 
 
ARGUMENT. 
 
 lo, the daughter of Inachus, King of Argos,. was beloved 
 of Zeus. But Hera was jealous of that love, and by her 
 ill will was lo given over to frenzy, and her body took the 
 semblance of a heifer : and Argus, a many-eyed herdsman, 
 was set by Hera to watch lo whithersoever she strayed. ' 
 Yet, in despite of Argus, did Zeus draw nigh unto her in 
 the shape of a bull. And by the will of Zeus and the craft of 
 Hermes was Argus slain. Then lo was driven over far lands 
 and seas by her madness, and came at length to the land 
 of Egypt. There was she restored to herself by a touch of 
 the hand of Zeus, and bare a child called Epaphus. . And 
 from Epaphus sprang Libya, and from Libya, Belus ; and 
 from Belus, ^gyptus and Danaus. And the sons of ^Egyptus 
 willed to take the daughters of Danaus in marriage. But the 
 maidens held such wedlock in horror, and fled with their 
 father over sea to Argos ; . and the king and citizens- of 
 Argos gave them shelter and protection from their pursuers. 
 
DRAMATIS PERSONS. 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 
 Chorus of the Daughters of Danaus, 
 Attendants. 
 
 Scene : — A sacred precinct near the gates of Argos : statues and shrines 
 of Zeus and other deities stand around. 
 
\^^ OF THE ^ ^ 
 
 UNIVERSITY;) 
 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Zeus ! Lord and guard of suppliant hands ! 
 Look down benign on us who crave 
 Thine aid — whom winds and waters diove 
 
 From where, through drifting shifting sands, 
 Pours Nilus to the wave. 
 
 From where the green land, god-possest, 
 
 Closes and fronts the Syrian waste, 
 
 We flee as exiles, yet unbanned 
 
 By murder's sentence from our land; 
 
 But — since ^gyptus had decreed 
 
 His sons should wed his brother's seed, — 
 
 Ourselves we tore from bonds abhorred 
 
 From wedlock not of heart but hand, ' 
 
 Nor brooked to call a kinsman lord! 
 
 And Danaus, our sire and guide. 
 The king of counsel, pond'ring well 
 The dice of fortune as they fell, 
 Out of two griefs the kindlier chose. 
 And bade us fly, with him beside, 
 
 ' \ 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Heedless what winds or waves arose, 
 And o'er the wide sea waters haste, 
 Until to Argos' shore at last 
 
 Our wandering pinnace came — 
 Argos, the immemorial home 
 Of her from whom we boast to come — 
 lo, the ox-homed maiden, whom. 
 After long wandering, woe, and scathe, 
 Zeus with a touch, a mystic breath, 
 
 Made mother of our name. 
 3o Therefore, of all the lands of earth, 
 On this most gladly step we forth, 
 And in our hands aloft we bear — 
 Sole weapon for a suppliant's wear — 
 The olive-shoot, with wool enwound ! 
 
 Cit)^, and land, and waters wan 
 Of Inachus, and Gods most high. 
 And ye who, deep beneath the ground. 
 Bring vengeance weird on mortal man, 
 Powers of the grave, on you we cry ! 
 *rO And unto Zeus the Saviour, guard 
 Of mortals holy and unstained. 
 
 ^ Receive ye us — keep watch and ward 
 
 Above the suppliant maiden band ! 
 Chaste be the heart of this your land 
 Towards the weak ! but, ere the throng, 
 The wanton swarm, from Egypt sprung, 
 Leap forth upon the silted shore. 
 Thrust back their swift-rowed bark again, 
 Repel them, urge them to the main ! 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 ^^ And there, 'mid storm and lightning's shine, 
 And scudding drift and thunder's roar. 
 Deep death be theirs, in stormy brine ! 
 Before they foully grasp and win 
 Us, maiden-children of their kin, 
 And climb the couch by law denied. 
 And wrong each weak reluctant bride. 
 
 r 
 
 And now on her I call, 
 Mine_ancestress, who far on Egypt's shore 
 A heifer's semblance' wore,^-^ " 
 
 C^o A maiden once, by Hera's malice changed ! 
 
 / 
 
 And then on him withal. 
 Who, as amid the flowers the grazing heifer ranged, 
 Was in h er by a breath of Zeus conceived j • 
 
 And, as the hour of birth drew nigh. 
 By fate fulfilled7 unto the light he came ; — 
 
 And Epaphus for name, 
 Born from the touch of Zeus, the child received. Jk 
 On him, on him I cry, 
 And him for patron hold — 
 7^ While in this grassy vale I stand, 
 WhereQ^ioamed of old ! 
 And here, recounting all her toil and pain, 
 Signs will I show to those who rule the land 
 That I am child of hers ; and all shall understand, 
 Hearing the doubtful tale of the dim past made plain. 
 ^J :s»^ And, ere the end shall be, 
 
 E^h man the truth of what I tell shall see. 
 And if there dwell hard by^ 
 
 A^^ 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 One skilled to read from bird-notes augury, 
 i^ That man, when through his ears shall thrill our tearful wail. 
 Shall deem he hears the voice, the plaintive tale 
 Of her, the piteous spouse of Tereus, lord of guile — 
 Whom the hawk harries yet, the mourning nightingMe.y\ \ 
 STTe, from her happy home and fair streams scared away, 
 Wails wild and sad for hauntsbelpved erewhile./ 
 Yea, and for Itylus — ah, weU-a-oay \J^JChj(J {JQa^^^"'^ '^ 
 Slain by her own, his mother's hand, i 
 Maddened by lustful wrong, the deed by Tereus planned ! 
 Like her I wail and wail, in soft Ionian tones, 
 Qg And as she wastes, even so 
 
 Wastes my soft cheek, once ripe with Nilus' suns, 
 And all my heart dissolves in utter woe. 
 
 Sad flowers of grief I cull. 
 Fleeing from kinsmen's love unmerciful — 
 Yea, from the clutching hands, the lustful crowd, 
 I sped across the wave^ from Egypt's land of cloud.* 
 
 Gods of the birfehplaec of my race, '' 
 
 Hear me, just gods ! With righteous grace 
 On me, on me look down ! 
 itJJZT Grant not to youth its heart's unchaste desire, 
 I But, swiftly spurning Lust's unholy fire, 
 
 Bless only love and willing wedlock's crown ! 
 
 * " Siepias &.-nh yas." This epithet may appear strange to modern 
 readers, accustomed to think of Egypt as a land of cloudless skies and 
 pellucid atmosphere. Nevertheless, both Pindar (Pyth. iv. 93), and 
 ApoUonius Rhodius (iv. 267) speak of it in the same way as /Eschylus. 
 It has been conjectured that they allude to the fog-banks that often 
 obscure the lo^v coasts— a phenomenon likely to impress the early 
 navigators, and to be reported by them. 
 
^^ 
 
 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 The war-worn fliers from the battle's wrack 
 Find refuge at the hallowed altar-side, 
 
 The sanctuary divine, — 
 Ye gods ! such refuge unto me provide — 
 
 __3uch sanctuary be mine ! 
 Though the deep will of Zeus be hard to track, 
 Yet doth it flame and glance, 
 /^^ A beacon in the dark, 'mid clouds of chance 
 
 That wrap mankind. 
 ^ Yea, though the counsel fall, undone it shall not lie, 
 Whate'er be shaped and fixed within Zeus' ruling mind — 
 Dark as a solemn grove, with sombre leafage shaded, 
 His paths of purpose wind, 
 A marvel to man's eye. 
 
 Smitten by him, from towering hopes degraded. 
 
 Mortals lie low and still : 
 Tireless and effortless, works forth its will 
 / ^^ The arm divine ! 
 
 God from his holy seat, in calm of unarmed power. 
 Brings forth the deed, at its appointed hour ! 
 TiCt him look down on mortal wantonness ! 
 Lo ! how the youthful stock of Belus' line 
 Craves for me,, uncontrolled — 
 With mst and madness bold — 
 Urged on by passion's shunless stress — 
 And, cheated, learns too late the prey has 'scaped their 
 hold! 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Ah, listen, listen to my grievous tale, 
 I ^K> My sorrow's words, my shrill and tearful cries ! 
 Ah woe, ah woe ! 
 Loud with lament the accents rise. 
 And from my living lips my own sad dirges flow ! 
 
 O Apian land of hill and dale. 
 Thou kennest yet, O land, this faltered foreign wail — 
 Have mercy, hear my prayer ! 
 I^o, how again, again, I rend and tear 
 My woven raiment, and from off my hair 
 Cast the Sidonian veil ! 
 
 f*fo Ah, but if fortune smile, if death be driven away. 
 
 Vowed rites, with eager haste, we to the gods will pay ! 
 
 Alas, alas again ! 
 O whither drift the waves ? and who shall loose the pain ? 
 
 O Apian land of hill and dale, 
 Thou kennest yet, O land, this faltered foreign wail ! 
 
 Have mercy, hear my prayer ! 
 Lo, how again, again, I rend and tear 
 My woven raiment, and from off my hair 
 
 Cast the Sidonian veil ! 
 
 \io The wafting oar, the bark with woven sail, 
 From which the sea foamed back. 
 
 Sped me, unharmed of storms, along the breeze's track- 
 Be it unblamed of me ! 
 
 But ah, the end, the end of my emprise ! 
 
 May He, the Father, with all-seeing eyes, 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Grant me that end to see ! 
 Grant that henceforth unstained as heretofore 
 I may escape the forced embrace 
 Of those proud children of the race 
 f(, «, That sacred^lcrirore. 
 
 And thou, O maiden-goddess chaste and pure — ■ 
 
 Queen of the inner fane, — 
 Look of thy grace on me, O Artemis, 
 
 Thy wilHng suppliant — thine, thine it is. 
 Who from the lustful onslaught fled secure, 
 
 To grant that I too without stain 
 The shelter of thy purity may gain ! 
 
 Grant that henceforth unstained as heretofore 
 I may escape the forced embrace 
 7 A Of those proud children of the race 
 That sacred lo bore ! 
 
 V- 
 
 f7:;i=;p^-^- 
 
 Yet if this may not be, 
 We, the dark race sun-smitten, we 
 Will speed with suppliant wands 
 To Zeus who rules below, with hospitable hands 
 Who welcomes ail the dead from all the lands : 
 Yea, by our own hands strangled, we will go. 
 Spurned by Olympian gods, unto the gods below ! 
 
 Zeus, hear and save \ 
 The searching, poisonous hate, that lo vexed and di^ve, 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Was of a goddess : well I know 
 The bitter ire, the wrathful woe 
 Of Hera, queen of heaven — 
 A storm, a storm her breath, whereby we yet are driven ! 
 Bethink thee, what dispraise 
 Of Zeus himself mankind will raise, 
 If now he turn his face averted from our cries ! 
 ' If now, dishonoured and alone. 
 
 The ox-horned maiden's race shall be undone, 
 \^^ Children of Epaphus, his own begotten son — 
 
 Zeus, listen from on high — to thee our prayers arise. 
 
 Zeus, hear and save ! 
 The searching poisonous hatej that lo/vexed and drave, 
 Was of a goddess : well I know 
 The bitter ire, the wrathful woe 
 Of Hera, queen of heaven — 
 A storm, a storm her breath, whereby we yet are driven ! 
 
 4. 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 Children, be wary — wary he with whom 
 >^ Ye come, your trusty sire and steersman old : 
 
 p^oo And that same caution hold I here on land. 
 And bid you hoard my words, inscribing them 
 On memory's tablets. Lo, I see afar 
 Dust, voiceless herald of a host, arise \ 
 And hark, within their griding sockets ring 
 Axles of hurrying wheels ! I see approach, 
 Borne in curved cars, by speeding horses drawn, 
 A speared and shielded band. The chiefs, perchance, 
 
,^ 
 
 -^^^ 
 
 OF THE 
 
 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDEN^. U iNJl V EllSITY 
 
 Of this their land are hitherward intent ""^^^J^iFOIl^ b^---" 
 
 To look on us, of whom they yet have heard 
 
 By messengers alone. But come who may, 
 
 And come he peaceful or in ravening wrath 
 
 Spurred on his path, 'twere best, in any case, 
 
 Damsels, to cling unto this altar-mound 
 
 Made sacred to their gods of festival, — 
 
 A shrine is stronger than a tower to save, 
 
 A shield that none may cleave. Step swift thereto, 
 
 And in your left hands hold with reverence 
 
 The white-crowned wands of suppliance, the sign 
 
 Beloved of Zeus, compassion's lord, and speak 
 
 To those that question you, words meek and low 
 
 And piteous, as beseems your stranger state, 
 
 Clearly avowing of this flight of yours 
 
 The bloodless cause ; and on your utterance 
 
 See to it well that modesty attend ; 
 
 From downcast eyes, from brows of pure control, 
 
 Let chastity look forth ; nor, when ye speak. 
 
 Be voluble nor eager — they that dwell 
 
 Within this land are sternly swift to chide. 
 
 And be your words submissive : heed this well ; 
 
 For weak ye are, outcasts on stranger lands. 
 
 And froward talk beseems not strengthless hands. 
 
 O father, 'wearily to us aware 
 
 Thy words are spoken, and thy wisdom's hest 
 
 My mind shall hoard, with Zeus our sire to aid. 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Danaus. 
 Even so — with gracious aspect let him aid 
 
 Li0^. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Fain were I now to seat me by thy side. 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 Now dally not, but put our thought in act 
 
 Chorus. 
 Zeus, pity our distress, or e'er we die. 
 
 Danaus. 
 If so he will, your toils to joy will turn. 
 
 Chorus. 
 ^4° Lo, on this shrine, the semblance of a bird.* 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 Zeus' bird of dawn it is ; invoke the sign 
 
 ,/ 'Chorus. 
 Thus I invoke the saving rays of mom. 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 Next, bright Apollo, exiled once from heaven. 
 
 * The whole of this dialogue in alternate verses is disarranged in the 
 MSS. The re-arrangement which has approved itself to Paley has 
 been here followed. It involves, however, a hiatus, instead of the line 
 to which this note is appended. The substance of the lost line being 
 easily deducible from the context, it has been supplied in the translation. 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 1^ 
 
 Chorus. 
 The exiled god will pity our exile. 
 
 Danaus. 
 Yea, may he pity, giving grace and aid. 
 
 //^' ' Chorus. 
 Whom next invoke I, of these other gods ? 
 
 Danaus. 
 Lo, here a trident, symbol of a god. 
 
 -I/' Chorus. 
 Who * gave sea-safety ; may he bless on land ! 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 This next is Hermes, carved in Grecian wise. 
 
 ^vf^' Chorus. 
 qJo Then let hini herald help to freedom won. 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 Lastly, adore this altar consecrate 
 To many lesser gods in one ; then crouch 
 On holy ground, a flock of doves that flee, 
 Scared by no alien hawks, a kin not kind, 
 Hateful, and fain of love more hateful still. 
 
 * Poseidon. 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS, 
 
 Foul is the bird that rends another bird, 
 And foul the men who hale unwilling maids, 
 From sire unwilling, to the bridal bed. 
 Never on earth, nor in the lower world, 
 p-(e o Shall lewdness such as theirs escape the ban : 
 There too, if men say right, a God there is 
 Who upon dead men turns their sin to doom, 
 To final doom. Take heed, draw hitherward, 
 That from this hap your safety ye may win. 
 
 \Enter the King of Argos. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 Speak — of what land are ye? No Grecian band 
 Is this to whom I speak, with Eastern robes 
 And wrappings richly dight : no Argive maid, 
 No woman in all Greece such garb doth wear. 
 This too gives marvel, how unto this land, * 
 
 p-l-e Unheralded, unfriended, without guide, 
 
 And without fear, ye came ? yet wands I see. 
 True sign of suppliance, by you laid down 
 On shrines of these our gods of festival. 
 No land but Greece can rede such signs aright. 
 Much else there is, conjecture well might guess, 
 But let words teach the man who stands to hear. 
 
 ^■' ^ 
 
 \ ^ Chorus. 
 
 True is the word thou spakest of my garb ; 
 
 But speak I unto thee as citizen, 
 
 Or Hermes' wandbearer, or chieftain king ? 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 13 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 3-80 For that, take heart and answer without fear. 
 I am Pelasgus, ruler of this land, 
 Child of Palaichthon, whom the earth brought forth ; 
 And rightly named from me, the race who reap 
 This country's harvests are Pelasgian called. 
 And o'er the wide and westward-stretching land, 
 Where through the lucent wave of Strymon flows, 
 I rule ; Perrhsebia's land my boundary is 
 Northward, and Pindus' further slopes, that watch 
 Pseonia, and Dodona's mountain ridge. 
 
 '^'o West, east, the limit of the washing seas 
 Restrains my rule — the interspace is mine. 
 But this whereon we stand is Apian land. 
 Styled so of old from the great healer's name ; 
 For Apis, coming from Naupactus' shore 
 Beyond the strait, child of Apollo's self 
 
 I ' And like him seer and healer, cleansed this land 
 From man-devouring monsters, whom the earth, 
 Stained with pollution of old bloodshedding. 
 Brought forth in malice, beasts of ravening jaws, 
 
 3«o A grisly throng of serpents manifold. 
 
 And healings of their hurt, by knife and charm. 
 Apis devised, unblamed of Argive men, 
 And in their prayers found honour, for reward. 
 — Lo, thou hast heard the tokens that I give : 
 Speak forth thy race, and tell a forthright tale ; 
 
 I In sooth, this people loves not many words. 
 
14 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Short is my word and clear. Of Argive race 
 We come, from her the ox-homed maiden who 
 Erst bare the sacred child. My word shall give 
 ^,o Whate'er can stablish this my soothfast tale. * 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 stranger maids, I may not trust this word, 
 That ye have share in this our Argive race. 
 No likeness of our country do ye bear. 
 
 But semblance as of Libyan womankind. 
 Even such a stock by Nilus' banks might grow ; 
 And like to you the moulds, the handicraft 
 Of men, made like unto a woman's shape 
 In Cyprus born. Of roving Indian maids 
 Whose camping-grounds by Ethiopia lie, ^ 
 37>o And camels burdened even as mules, and bearing 
 Riders, as horses bear, mine ears have heard ; 
 And tales of flesh-devouring mateless maids 
 Called Amazons : to these, if bows ye bare, 
 
 1 most had deemed you like. Speak further yet, 
 That of your Argive birth the truth I learn. 
 
 Chorus. 
 " Here in this Argive land — so runs the tale— r 
 ^ lo was priestess once of Hera's fane. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Yea, truth it is, and far this word prevails : 
 Is't said that Zeus with mortal mingled love ? 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Chorus. 
 ^'^'^ Ay, and that Hera that embrace surmised. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 How issued then this strife of those on high ? 
 
 Chorus 
 By Hera's will, a heifer she became. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Held Zeus aloof then from the horned beast ? 
 
 Chorus. 
 Tis said, he loved, in semblance of a bull 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 And his stern consort, did she aught thereon ? 
 
 Chorus. 
 One myriad-eyed she set, the heifer's guard. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 How namest thou this herdsman many-eyed ? 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Argus, the child of Earth, whom Hermes slew. 
 
 f 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 Still did the goddess vex the beast ill-starred ? 
 
 >^ 
 
i6 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Chorus. 
 <i She wrought a gadfly with a goading sting. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Thus drave she lo hence, to roam afar ? 
 
 Chorus. / 
 
 Yea — this thy word coheres exact with mine. / 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Then to Canopus and to Memphis came she ? 
 
 Chorus. 
 And by Zeus' hand was touched, and bare a child. 
 
 The King of Argos. * 
 Who vaunts him the Zeus-mated heifer's son ? 
 
 Chorus. 
 Epaphus, named rightly from the saving touch. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 And whom in turn did Epaphus beget ? * 
 
 Chorus. 
 Libya, with name of a wide land endowed. 
 
 * Here one. verse at least has been lost. The conjecture of Bothe 
 seems to be verified, as far as substance is concerned, by the next line, 
 and has consequently been adopted. 
 
l^ 
 
 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 17 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 And who from her was born unto the race ? 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Belus : from him two sons, my father one. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Speak now to me his name, this greybeard wise. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Danaus ; his brother fifty sons begat. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Grudge not, in telhng, his name too to tell. 
 
 Chorus. 
 ^gyptus : thou my lineage old hast heard — 
 Strive then to aid a kindred Argive band. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Yea of a truth, in backward scope of time, 
 Of Argive race ye seem : but say what chance 
 Fell on you, goading you from home and land ? 
 
 Chorus. 
 Lord of Pelasgian men, calamity 
 4^V*o Is manifold and diverse ; as of birds 
 Feather from feather differs, so of men 
 The woes are sundry. Who had dared foretell 
 This sudden flight, this thrill of hate and fear 
 
 c 
 
i8 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Of loathly wedlock, would on Argos' shore 
 Set forth a race of kindred lineage ? 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 But say, what cravest thou, with olive-shoots 
 New-plucked, white-filleted, upon our shrines ? 
 
 Chorus. 
 Ne'er to be slaves unto ^gyptus' race. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Doth your own hate, or doth the law forbid ? 
 
 Chorus. 
 r\^ Not as our lords, but as unloved, we chide them. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 'Tis from such wedlock that advancement comes. 
 
 Chorus. 
 How easy is it, from the weak to turn ! 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Say then, what Heaven commands me toward you. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Deny us, though ^Egyptus* race demand. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 A heavy task thou namest, a rash war. 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 19 
 
 Chorus. 
 But Justice champions them who strike for her. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Yea, if their side was from the outset hers. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Revere the gods thus crowned, who steer the State. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Awe thrills mp, seeing these shrines with leafage crowned. 
 
 /M^ Chorus. 
 
 '^ Yea, stem the wrath of Zeus, the suppliants' lord. 
 Child of Palaichthon, royal chief 
 
 Of thy Pelasgians, hear ! 
 Bow down thine heart to my relief — 
 
 A fugitis?e, a suppliant, swift with fear, 
 A Mfer whomThe wild wolves chase 
 O'er toppling crags ; in piteous case 
 Aloud, afar she lows, 
 Calling the herdsman's trusty arm to save her from her foes ! 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 Lo, with bound heads beside our city shrines 
 Ye sit 'neath shade of new-plucked olive-boughs. 
 Our distant kin's resentment Heaven forefend. 
 Let not this hap, unhoped and unforeseen, 
 Bring war on us : for strife we covet not. 
 
20 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Justice, the daughter of right-dealing Zeus, 
 Justice, the queen of suppliants, look down,^ 
 That this our plight no ill may loose 
 Upon your town. 
 This word, even from the young, let age and wisdom learn 
 If thou to suppliants show grace, 
 ^ Thou shalt not lack Heaven's grace in turn, 
 So long as virtue's gifts on heavenly shrines have place. 
 
 V 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 'Tis not my hearth where ye sit suppliant ; 
 And if the city bear a common stain, 
 Be it the common toil to cleanse the same : 
 Therefore no pledge, no promise will I give, 
 Ere counsel with the commonwealth be held. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Nay, but the source of sway, the city's self, art thou, 
 A power unjudged ! thine, only thine, 
 To rule the right of hearth and shrine ! 
 ,)^\<i Before thy throne and sceptre all men bow ! 
 
 Above all causes lord — beware the curse divine ! 
 
 -tV^ 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 May that curse fall upon mine enemies ! 
 I cannot aid you without risk of scathe, 
 Nor scorn your prayers — unmerciful it were. 
 Perplexed, distraught I stand, and fear alike 
 The twofold chance, to do or not to do. 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Have heed of him who looketh from on high, 
 
 The guard of woeful mortals, whosoe'er 
 
 Unto their fellows cry, 
 And find no pity, find no justice there. 
 Abiding in his wrath, the suppliants' lord 
 Doth smite, unmoved by cries, unbent by prayerful word. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 But if ^-Egyptus' children grasp you here, 
 Claiming, their country's right, to hold you theirs 
 As next of kin, who dares to counter this ? 
 Plead ye your country's laws, if plead ye may. 
 That upon you they lay no lawful hand. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Let me not fall, O nevermore, 
 
 A prey into the young men's hand j 
 Rather than wed whom I abhor. 
 
 By pilot-stars I flee this land ; 
 O king, take justice to thy side. 
 And with the righteous powers decide ! 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Hard is the cause — make me not judge thereof. 
 Already I have vowed it, to do nought 
 Save after counsel with my people ta'en. 
 King though I be ; that ne'er in after time, 
 If ill fate chance, my people then may say — 
 In aid of strangers thou the state hast slain. 
 
22 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Zeus, lord of kinship, rules at will 
 The swaying balance, and surveys 
 
 Evil and good ; to men of ill 
 
 Gives evil, and to good men praise. 
 
 And thou — since true those scales do sway — 
 
 Shalt thou from justice shrink away ? 
 
 > 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 N A deep, a saving counsel here there needs — 
 
 An eye that like a diver to the depth 
 Of dark perplexity can pass and see, 
 Undizzied, unconfused. First must we care 
 That to the State and to ourselves this thing 
 Shall bring no ruin ; next, that wrangling hands 
 Shall grasp you not as prey, nor we ourselves 
 Betray you thus embracing sacred shrines, 
 And make the avenging all-destroying god. 
 Who even in hell doth wreak him on the dead, 
 A grievous inmate, an abiding bane. 
 — Spake I aright, of saving counsel's need ? 
 
 A^^d p Chorus. 
 
 /yt^ /v Yea, counsel take and stand to aid 
 
 1 I vJ ^^ Justice' side and mine. 
 l(\ /^^^ Betray not me, the timorous maid 
 1 Whom far beyond the brine 
 
 \ A godless violence cast forth forlorn. 
 
 r> xlU f ^ ^^"^' ^^^^ ^^^ behold— 
 
THE SUPPLIAN7 MAIDENS. 23 
 
 ^^ 'n Lord of this land, wilt thou behold me torn 
 
 I . \ N^,^^^From altars manifold ? 
 
 ,^ ^7-^^ j( Bethink thee of the young men's wrath and lust, 
 ^^SiN^Hold off their evil pride ; 
 
 teel not thys,e]^ \o seethe suppliant thrust 
 FronTnoIy' stained side, 
 Lv . vr Tialed by the frontlet on my forehead bound 
 ^ 7 As steeds are ledlA»4 drawn . 
 
 By hands that drag from shrine and altar-mound 
 
 My vesture's fringed lawn. 
 Know thou that whether for ^gyptus' race 
 
 Thou dost their wish fulfil, 
 Or for the gods and for each holy place — 
 
 Be thy choice good or ill, 
 Blow is with blow requited, grace with grace. 
 Such is Zeus' righteous will. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 Yea, I have pondered : from the sea of doubt 
 Here drives at length the bark of thought ashore ; 
 Landward with screw and windlass haled, and firm, 
 Clamped to her props, she lies. The need is stern ; 
 With men or gods a mighty strife we strive 
 Perforce, and either hap in grief concludes. 
 For, if a house be sacked, new wealth iot old 
 Not hard it is to win — so Zeus the lord 
 Of treasure favour — more than quits the loss. 
 Enough to pile the store of wealth full high ; 
 Or if a tongue shoot forth untimely speech. 
 Bitter and strong to goad a man to wrath, 
 
24 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Soft words there be to soothe that wrath away : 
 But what device shall make the war of kin 
 Bloodless ? that woe, the blood of many beasts, 
 And victims manifold to many gods, 
 Alone can cure. Right glad I were to shun 
 This strife, and am more fain of ignorance 
 Than of the wisdom of a woe endured. 
 The gods sen|J bettef .than my soul foretells ! 
 
 pUl^*^HORUS. 
 
 Of many cries for mercy, hear the end. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Say on, then, for it shall not scape mine ear. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Girdles we have, and bands that bind our robes. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Even so ; such things beseem a woman's wear. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Know, then, with these a fair device there is 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Speak, then : what utterance doth this foretell ? 
 
 Chorus. 
 Unless to us thou givest pledge secure 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 What can thy girdles' craft achieve for thee ? 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAI^N^. ^^^' '^"^ 25 _ 
 
 Chorus. "^^^^^ilFOU^^ 
 Strange votive tablets shall these statues 
 
 The King oe Argos. 
 Mysterious thy resolve — avow it clear. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Swiftly to hang me on these sculptured gods ! 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Thy word is as a lash to urge my heart. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Thou seest truth, for I have cleared thine eyes. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 Yea, and woes manifold, invincible, 
 A crowd of ills, sweep on me torrent-like. 
 My bark goes forth upon a sea of troubles 
 Unfathomed, ill to traverse, harbourless. 
 For if my deed shall match not your demand, 
 Dire, beyond shot of speech, shall be the bane 
 Your death's pollution leaves unto this land. 
 Yet if against your kin, ^gyptus' race. 
 Before our gates I front the doom of war, 
 Will not the city's loss be sore ? Shall men 
 For women's sake incarnadine the ground ? 
 But yet the wrath of Zeus, the suppliants' lord, 
 I needs must fear : most awful unto man 
 The terror of his anger. Thou, old man, 
 
26 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 The father of these maidens, gather up 
 Within your arms these wands of suppliance, 
 And lay them at the altars manifold 
 Of all our country's gods, that all the town 
 Know, by this sign, your coming hitherward. 
 Nor, in thy haste, do thou say aught of me. 
 Swift is this folk to censure those who rule ; 
 But, if they see these signs of suppliance, 
 It well may chance that each will pity you. 
 And loathe the young men's violent pursuit ; 
 And thus a fairer favour you may find : 
 For, to the helpless, each man's heart is kind. 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 ''*'''' Beyond gifts manifold to us is this. 
 
 To find a champion thus compassionate ; 
 
 Yet send with me attendants, of thy folk, 
 
 Rightly to guide me, that I duly find 
 
 Each altar of your city's gods that stands 
 
 Before the fane, each dedicated shrine ; 
 
 And that in safety through the cit/s ways 
 
 I may pass onwards : all unlike to yours 
 
 The outward semblance that I wear — the race 
 
 That Nilus rears is all dissimilar 
 
 To that of Inachus. Keep watch and ward 
 
 Lest heedlessness bring death : full oft, I ween, 
 
 Friend hath slain friend, not knowing whom he slew. 
 
 The Kinq of Argos. 
 Go at his side, attendants, — he saith well 
 On to the city's consecrated shrines ; 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 27 
 
 Nor be of many words to those ye meet, 
 The while this suppHant voyager ye lead. 
 
 \Exit Danaus with attendants. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Let him go forward, thy command obeying. 
 But me how biddest, how assurest thou ? 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Leave there the new-plucked boughs, thy sorrow's sign. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Thus beckoned forth, at thy behest I leave them. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Now to this level precinct turn thyself. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Unconsecrate it is, and cannot shield me. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 We will not yield thee to those falcons' greed. 
 
 Chorus. 
 What help ? more fierce they are than serpents fell. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 We spake thee fair — speak thou them fair in turn. 
 
 Chorus. 
 What marvel that we loathe them, scared in soul ? 
 
28 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS, 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 But terror never can become a king. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Thus speak, thus act, and reassure my mind. 
 < 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 Not long thy sire shall leave thee desolate. 
 But I will call the country's indwellers, 
 And with soft words th' assembly will persuade, 
 And warn your sire what pleadings will avail. 
 Therefore abide ye, and with prayer entreat 
 The country's gods to compass your desire ; 
 The while I go, this matter to provide, 
 Persuasion and fair fortune at my side. 
 
 {Exit the King of Argos. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Xi.,$..y^ * O King of Kings, among the blest 
 t^ V" Y Thou highest and thou happiest, 
 
 Listen and grant our prayer, 
 \^ And, deeply loathing, -thrust " ' 
 
 Away- from us the young men's lust, > 
 And deeply drown 
 In azure waters, down and ever down, 
 Benches and rowers dark. 
 The fatal and perfidious bark ! 
 ^N ^ \ Unto the maidens turn thy gracious care ; 
 A^vy^^"^^^^ { Think yet again upon the tale of fame, 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 29 
 
 How from the maiden loved of thee there sprung 
 Mine ancient Hne, long since in many a legend sung ! 
 — Remember, O remember, thou whose hand 
 Did lo by a touch to human shape reclaim. 
 -"iFor fromthis Argos erst ourjnother came .. 
 
 The g dd-possestt wi dwelt, aai4 thoHoe our birth we claim. 
 
 And now have I roamed back 
 
 Unto the ancient track 
 Whe re lo r oamed and pastured among flowers, 
 
 'itched o'er by Argus' eyes, 
 Through the lush grasses and the meadow bowers. 
 Thence, by the gadfly maddened, forth she flies 
 Unto far lands anc^ alien peoples driven : 
 And, following fate, through paths of foam and surge, 
 Sees, as she goes, the cleaving strait divide 
 
 Greece, from the Eastland riven. 
 And swift through Asian borders doth she urge 
 Her course, o'er Phrygian mountains' sheep-clipt side ; 
 Thence, where the Mysian realm of Teuthras lies, 
 
 Towards Lydian lowlands hies, 
 And o'er Cilician and Pamphylian hills 
 
 And ever-flowing rills. 
 And thence to Aphrodite's ferfile shore,* 
 The land of garnered wheat and wealthy store. 
 
 And thence, de^p-stung by wild unrest, 
 By the winged fly (that goaded her and drave. 
 Unto the fertile land, the god-possest, 
 
 * Cyprus. 
 
30 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 (Where, fed from far-off snows, 
 Life-giving Nilus flows. 
 Urged on by Typho's strength, a fertilizing wave), 
 
 She roves, in harassed and dishonoured flight, 
 Scathed .h^ the blasting pangs of Hera's dread despite. 
 And they within the land 
 -*With terror shook and wanned, 
 So strange the sight they saw, and were afraid — _, 
 A wild twy-natured thing, half heifer and half maid. . 
 
 ? Whose hand was laid at last on lo, thus forlorn, ^XA 
 \ With many roamings worn ? 
 
 I^Wh'o bade the harassed maiden's peace return ? /y) y 
 
 Zeus, lord of time eterne. L yt> i^t-f^ -^ 
 Yea, by his breath divine, by his unscathing streng^. 
 
 She lays aside her bane, " 
 
 And softened back to womanhood at length 
 
 Sheds human tears again. 
 Then quickened with Zeus' veritable seed, 
 
 A progeny she bare, ^/:JCrX^ 
 
 A stainless babe, a child of heavenly breed. 
 
 Of life and fortune fair. 
 His is the life of life — so all men say, — 
 
 His is the seed of Zeus. ^ 
 
 Who else had power stern Herds craft to stay, ^ 
 
 Her vengeful curse to loose ? 
 
 Yea, all from Zeus befel 
 And rightly wouldst thou tell 
 That we from Epaphus, his child, were born : 
 
 M 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Justly his deed was done, 
 
 Unto what other one, 
 Of all the gods, should I for justice turn ? 
 
 From him our race did spring ; 
 
 Creator he and King, 
 Ancient of days and wisdom he, and might. 
 
 As bark before the wind, 
 
 So, wafted by his mind, 
 Moves every counsel, each device aright. 
 
 Beneath no stronger hand 
 
 Holds he a weak command. 
 No throne doth he abase him to adore ; 
 
 Swift as a word, his deed 
 
 Acts out what stands decreed 
 In counsels of his heart, for evermore. 
 
 Re-enter Danaus. 
 Danaus. 
 Take heart, my children : the land's heart is kind 
 And to full issue h^s their voting come. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 All hail, my sir6 ; thy word brings utmost joy. 
 Say, to what issue is the vote made sure, 
 And how prevailed the people's crowding hands ? 
 
 Danaus. 
 With one assent the Argives spake their will, 
 And, hearing, my old heart took youthful cheer. 
 The very sky was thrilled when high in air 
 The concourse raised right hands and swore their oath : — 
 
 5 has their voti: 
 
32 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Free shall the maidens sojourn in this land, 
 
 Unharried^ undespoiled, by mortal wight : 
 
 No native hand^ no hand of foreigner 
 
 Shall drag them hence ; if any man use force — 
 
 Whoe'er of all our countrymen shall fail 
 
 To come unto their aid^ let him go forth, 
 
 Beneath 4he people's curse, to banishment. 
 
 So did their king persuade them, such the plea 
 
 He spake concerning us, and warnings gave 
 
 That Zeus, the suppliants' lord, in wrath and might, 
 
 Would never in the aftertime make fat 
 
 The city with prosperity : a curse 
 
 Twofold, for strangers and for kinsfolk scorned, 
 
 Should rise against the city, and become 
 
 An unescaped and ravening fang of woe. 
 
 Such things the Argive people heard, and straight. 
 
 Without proclaim of herald, gave assent : 
 
 Yea, in full conclave, the Pelasgian folk 
 
 Heard suasive pleas, and Zeus through them resolved. 
 
 A' 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Arouse we now to chant our prayer 
 For fair return of service fair 
 
 And Argos' kindly will. 
 Zeus, lord of guestright, look upon 
 The grace our stranger lips have won. 
 In right and truth, as they begun. 
 Guide them, with favouring hand, \ until 
 Thou dost their blameless wish fulfil ! 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Now may the Zeus-born gods on high 
 Hear us pour forth 
 
 A votive prayer for Argos' clan ! — 
 
 Never may this Pelasgian earth, 
 Amid the fire-wrack, shrill the dismal cry 
 
 On Are^, ravening lord of fight, 
 Who in aeeacs^ harvest mows down man ! 
 
 For lo, this land had pity on our plight, 
 And unto us were merciful and leal. 
 To us, the piteous flock, who at Zeus' altar kneel ! 
 yx:^ They scorned not the pleas of maidenhood. 
 
 Nor with the young men's will hath their will stood. 
 , They knew right well 
 
 «i?.'^^ Th' unearthly watching fiend invincible, 
 The foul avenger — let him not draw near ! 
 
 For he, on roofs ill-starred. 
 Defiling and polluting, keeps a ghastly ward ! 
 They knew his vengeance, and took holy heed 
 To us, the sister suppliants, who cry 
 To Zeus, the lord of purity : 
 Therefore with altars pure they shall the gods revere. 
 Thus, through the boughs that shade our lips, fly forth in 
 air, ^-' ' ' 
 ^______ Fly forth, O eager prayer ; 
 
 ^ , ,(/ f May never pestilence efface 
 / This city's race, 
 
 V Nor be the land with corpses strewed. 
 Nor stained with civic blood ; 
 The stem of youth, unpluckt, to manhood come. 
 Nor Ares rise from Aphrodite's bower. 
 
^ 
 
 1^' 
 
 > 
 
 34 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 The lord of death and bane, to waste our youthful flowei^^a 
 ^^ Long may the old 
 Crowd to the altars kindled to consume 
 
 Gifts rich and manifold — 
 Offered to win from powers divine 
 A, benison on city and on shrine : 
 Let all the sacred might adore 
 
 Of Zeus most high, the lord 
 Of guestright and the hospitable board, 
 Whose immemorial law doth rule Fate's scales aright : 
 The garners of earth's store 
 Be full for evermore, ( 
 And grace of Artemis make women's travail light ; ^^ 
 
 No devastating curse of fell disease 
 
 This city seize ; 
 No clamour of the State arouse to war 
 
 Ares, from whom afar 
 Shrinketh the lute, by whom the dances fail — 
 
 Ares, the lord of wail. 
 Swarm far aloof from Argos' citizens 
 All plague and pestilence. 
 
 And may the Archer-God 'our children spare ! 
 
 May Zeus with foison and with fruitfulness 
 
 The land's each season bless, 
 And, quickened with Heaven's bounty manifold. 
 
 Teem grazing flock and fold. 
 Beside the altars of Heaven's hallowing 
 Loud let the minstrels sing, 
 And from pure lips float forth the harp-led strain in air. \^^ 
 
 K 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 35 
 
 f^A And let the people's voice, the power 
 ^^^'"^ I^That sways the State, in danger's hour 
 V Be wary, wise for all ; 
 
 ' Nor honour in dishonour hold, 
 
 But — ere the voice of war be bold — 
 Let them to stranger peoples grant 
 Fair and unbloody covenant — 
 Justice and peace withal ; 
 And to the Argive powers divine 
 The sacrifice of laurelled kine, 
 y , By rite ancestral, pay. 
 
 Among three words of power and awe. 
 Stands this, the third, the mighty law — 
 Your gods ^ your fathers deified. 
 Ye shall adore. Let this abide 
 For ever and for aye. 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 Dear children, well and wisely have ye prayed ; 
 I bid you now not shudder, though ye hear 
 New and unlooked-for tidings from your sire. 
 From this high place beside the suppliants' shrine 
 The bark of our pursuers I behold. 
 By divers tokens recognized too well. 
 Lo, the spread canvas and the hides that screen 
 The gunwale ; lo the prow, with painted eyes 
 That seem her onward pathway to descry, 
 Heeding too well the rudder at the stern 
 That rules her, coming for no friendly end. 
 And look, the seamen — all too plain their race — 
 
3() THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Their dark limbs gleam from out their snow-white garb ; 
 
 Plain too the other barks, a fleet that comes 
 
 All swift to aid the purpose of the first, 
 
 That now, with furled sail and with pulse of oars 
 
 Which smite the wave together, shoots aland. 
 
 But ye, be calm, and, schooled not scared by fear, 
 
 Confront this chance, be mindful of your trust 
 
 In these protecting gods. And I will hence, 
 
 And champions who shall plead your cause aright 
 
 ^Vill bring unto your side. There come perchance 
 
 Heralds or envoys, eager to lay hand 
 
 And drag you captive hence ; yet fear them not ; 
 
 Foiled shall they be. Yet well it were for you, 
 
 (If, ere with aid I come, I tarry long), 
 
 Not by one step this sanctuary to leave. 
 
 Farewell, fear nought : soon shall the hour be born 
 
 When he that scorns the gods shall rue his scorn. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Ah but I shudder, father ! — ah even now, 
 
 Even as I speak, the swift- winged ships draw nigh ! 
 
 I shudder, I shiver, I perish with fear : 
 
 Overseas though I fled. 
 Yet nought it avails ; my pursuers are near. 
 
 Danaus. 
 
 Children, take heart ; they who decreed to aid 
 Thy cause will arm for battle, well I ween. 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 37 
 
 Chorus. 
 But desperate is ^gyptus' ravening race, 
 With fight unsated ; thoutomlnow'st it well. 
 
 , - in the wl f Buli i /Iil) ha ' iiL ap^ - ^ 
 
 Atrtt" dark is the bench and the crew of the bark. 
 
 Danaus. 
 Yea but a crew as stout they here shall find, 
 And arms well steeled beneath a noon-day sun. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Ah yet, O father, leave us not forlorn ! 
 Alone, a maid is nought, a strengthless arm. 
 
 With guile they pursue me, with counsel malign, 
 
 And unholy their soul ; 
 And as ravens they seize me, unheeding the shrine. 
 
 Danaus. 
 Fair will befall us, children, in this chance, 
 If thus in wrath they wrong the gods and you. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Alas, nor tridents nor the sanctity 
 Of shrines will drive them, O my sire, from us ! 
 
 Unholy and daring and cursed is their ire. 
 
 Nor own they control 
 Of the gods, but like jackals they glut their desire. 
 
38 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Danaus. 
 Ay, but Come wolf, flee jackal., saith the saw; 
 Nor can the flax-plant overbear the corn. 
 
 Chorus. 
 lustful, accursbd, monstrous is their will 
 As of beasts ravening — 'ware we of their power ! 
 
 Danaus. 
 Look you, not swiftly puts a fleet to" sea, 
 Nor swiftly to its moorings ; long it is 
 Or e'er the saving cables to the shore 
 Are borne, and long or e'er the steersmen cry, 
 The good ship swings at anchor — all is well. 
 I^ongest of all, the task to come aland 
 Where haven there is none, when sunset fades 
 In night. To pilot wise., the adage saith, 
 Night is a day of wakefulness and pain. 
 Therefore no force of weaponed men, as yet, 
 Scatheless can come ashore, before the bark 
 Lie at her anchorage securely moored. 
 Bethink thee therefore, nor in panic leave 
 The shrine 9f gods whose succour thou hast won. 
 I > ^ckl iie to w n — men shall not blame me long, 
 Old, but with youth at heart and on my tongue. 
 
 \Exit Danaus. 
 
 Chorus. 
 O land of hill and dale, O holy land, 
 What shall befall us ? whither shall we flee. 
 From Apian land to some dark lair of earth ? 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 39 
 
 would that in vapour of smoke I might rise to the clouds 
 
 of the sky, 
 That as dust which iiits up without wings I might pass and 
 Ivanish and die ! 
 
 1 dare not, I dare not abide : my heart yearns, eager to fly ; 
 And dark is the cast of my thought ; I shudder and tremble 
 
 for fear. 
 iMy father looked forth and beheld : I die of the sight that 
 
 draws near. 
 And for me be the strangling cord, the halter made ready 
 
 by fate, 
 Before to my body draws nigh the man of my horror and 
 
 hate. 
 Nay, ere I will own him as lord, as handmaid to Hades 
 
 I go! 
 And oh that aloft in the sky, where the dark clouds are 
 
 frozen to snow, 
 A refuge for me might be found, or a mountain-top smooth 
 
 and too high 
 For the foot of the goat, where the vulture sits lonely, and 
 
 none may descry 
 The pinnacle veiled in the cloud, the highest and sheerest 
 
 of all. 
 Ere to wedlock that rendeth my heart, and love that is love- 
 less, I fall ! 
 Yea, a prey to the dogs and the birds of the mount will 
 
 I give me to be, — 
 From wailing and curse and pollution it is death, only death, 
 
 sets me free : 
 Let death come upon me before to the ravisher's bed I am 
 
 thrust ; 
 
40 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 What champion, whatj saviour but death can I find, or what 
 
 refuge from lust ? 
 I will utter my shriek of entreaty, a prayer that shrills up to 
 
 That calleth the gods to compassion, a-4in#fe^ a pitiful 
 
 cry. 
 That is loud to invoke the releaser. O father, look down 
 
 on the fight ; 
 Look down in thy wrath on the wronger, with eyes that are 
 
 eager for right. 
 Zeus, thou that art lord of the world, whose kingdom is 
 
 strong over all, 
 Have mercy on us ! At thine altar for refuge and safety we 
 
 call. 
 For the race of ^gyptus is fierce, with lust and with malice 
 
 afire ; 
 They cry as the questing hounds, they sweep with the speed 
 
 of desire. 
 But thine is the balance of fate, thou rulest the wavering 
 
 scale, 
 And without thee no mortal emprise shall have strength to 
 
 achieve or prevail. 
 
 Alack, alack ! the ravisher — 
 He leaps from boat to beach, he drawdA near ! 
 Away t k^u pluudtiti ALLUiat ! 
 W S ^' De5,th sei^e thee first aA'^ 
 
 J^e'er tjiou touch. me-^i0f^^|God, hear our cry, 
 .1 Our miliden agony! 
 '^^'"J^^Alir^Vthe touch, the prelude of my shame. -U^c;.^ 
 
 X^ ^ji^Joi^^las, my maiden fame ! 
 
V \^ OF THE ^ 
 
 ,^ ^. OF THE ' "^ 
 
 THE SUPPLIANT MAWENs/u^ "W" T V S'H SIT"? 
 
 ^-' O sister, sister, to the altar cling, "^^^^^4 ilPO'R^^l^ 
 For he that seizeth me, 
 Grim is his wrath and stern, by land as on the sea. 
 ! > \ Guard us, O king ! 
 
 Ejiter the Herald of Mgyvtvs. 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 Hence to my barge — step swiftly, tarry not. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Alack, he rends — he rends my hair ! O wound on wound ! 
 Help ! my lopped head will fall, my blood gush o'er the 
 ground ! 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 Aboard, ye cursed — with a new curse, go ! 
 
 Chorus. 
 Would God that on the wand'ring brine 
 Thou and this braggart tongue of thine 
 
 Had sunk beneath the main — 
 Thy mast and planks, made fast in vain ! 
 Thee would I drive aboard once more, 
 A slayer and a dastard, from the shore ! 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 
 Be still, thou vain demented soul; 
 
 My force thy craving shall control. 
 Away, aboard ! What, clingest to the shrine ? 
 Away ! this city's gods I hold not for divine. 
 
42 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Aid me, ye gods, that never, never 
 
 I may again behold 
 The mighty, the life-giving river, 
 > Nilus, the quickener of field and fold ! 
 Alack, O sire, unto the shrine I cling — 
 Shrine of this land from which mine ancient line did spring. 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 Shrines, shrines, forsooth! — the ship, the ship be shrine. 
 Aboard, perforce and will-ye nill-ye, go ! 
 
 Or e'er from hands of mine 
 Ye suffer torments worse and blow on blow. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Alack, God grant those hands may strive in vain 
 
 With the salt-streaming wave, 
 When 'gainst the wide-blown blasts thy bark shall strain 
 To round Sarpedon's cape, the sandbank's treach'rous grave. 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 Shrill ye and shriek unto what gods ye may, 
 Ye shall not leap from out ^gyptus' bark, 
 How bitterly soe'er ye wail your woe. 
 
 Chorus. 
 Alack, alack my wrong ! 
 Stern is thy voice, thy vaunting loud and strong. 
 Thy sire, the mighty Nilus, drive thee hence, 
 Turning to death and doom thy lustful violence ! 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 43 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 
 Swift to the vessel of the double prow, 
 
 Go quickly ! let none linger, else this hand 
 
 Ruthless will hale you by your tresses hence. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Alack, O father ! from the shrine 
 Not aid but agony is mine. 
 As a spider he creeps and he clutches his prey, 
 
 And he hales me away. 
 A spectre of darkness, of darkness. Alas and alas ! well-a- 
 
 day ! 
 O Earth, O my mother ! O Zeus, thou king of the earth, 
 
 and her child ! 
 Turn back, we pray thee, from us his clamour and threaten- 
 ings wild ! 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 
 Peace ! I fear not this country's deities. 
 They fostered not my childhood nor mine age. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 Like a snake that is human he comes, he shudders and 
 
 crawls to my side : 
 As an adder that biteth the foot, his clutch on my flesh 
 
 doth abide. 
 O Earth, O my mother ! O Zeus, thou king of the earth, 
 
 and her child ! 
 Turn back, we pray thee, from us his clamour and threaten^ 
 
 ings wild ! 
 
44 THE SUPPLTANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 
 Swift each unto the ship ; repine no more, 
 Or my hand shall not spare to rend your robe. 
 
 ^ Chorus. 
 
 O chiefs, O leaders, aid me, or I yield ! 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 
 Peace ! if ye have not ears to hear my words, 
 Lo, by these tresses must I hale you hence. 
 
 Chorus. 
 O ruin, O despair ! Bring aid, O king ! 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 
 Ay, kings enow ye shall behold anon, 
 ^gyptus' sons — Ye shall not want for kings. 
 
 \Enter the King of Argos. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 Sirrah, what dost thou ? how art overbold 
 Thus daring to insult Pelasgia's realm ? 
 What, deem'st thou this a woman-hearted town ? 
 Too full thou art of thy barbarian scorn 
 For us of Grecian blood. Go to ; dost dare, 
 Deluded thus, to work these divers wrongs ? 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 Say thou wherein my deeds transgress my right. 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 45 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 First, that thou play'st a stranger's part amiss. 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 Wherein ? I do but search and claim mine own. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 To whom of our guest-champions hast appealed ? 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 To Hermes, herald's champion, lord of search. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Unto a god. Yet dost thou wrong the gods. 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 The gods that rule by Nilus I revere. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 I take thy word : our Argive gods are nought ! 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 The prey is mine, unless force rend it from me. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 At thine own peril touch them — 'ware, and soon ! 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 I hear thy speech, no hospitable word. 
 
46 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 I am no host for sacrilegious hands. 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 This greeting will I to my masters tell. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 Tell, an thou wilt — I ponder not thy will. 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 
 Yet, that I have my message clear to say 
 
 (For it behoves that heralds' words be clear, 
 
 Be they or ill or good), how art thou named ? 
 
 By whom despoiled of this sister-band 
 
 Of maidens, I pass homeward — speak and say. 
 
 For lo, henceforth in Ares' court we stand. 
 
 Who judges not by witness but by war : 
 
 No pledge of silver now can bring the cause 
 
 To issue : ere this thing end, there must be 
 
 Corpse piled on corpse and many lives gasped forth. 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 What skills it that I tell my name to thee ? 
 Thou and thy mates shall learn it ere the end. 
 Know that if words unstained by violence 
 Can change these maidens' choice, then mayest thou. 
 With full consent of theirs, conduct them hence. 
 But thus the city with one voice ordained — 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 47 
 
 No force shall bear away the maiden band. 
 
 Firmly this word upon the temple wall 
 
 Is by a rivet clenched, and shall abide : 
 
 Not upon wax inscribed and delible, 
 
 Nor upon parchment sealed and stored away. — 
 
 Lo, thou hast heard our free mouths speak their will : 
 
 Out from our presence — tarry not, but go ! 
 
 Herald of ^gyptus. 
 
 Have then thy will, that new war come on thee. 
 Strength and success be on the young men's side ! • 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 Know that here also ye shall find young men, 
 Unsodden with the juices oozed from corn.* 
 
 \Exit Herald ^^gyptus. 
 But ye, O maids, with your attendants true. 
 Pass hence with trust into the fenced town, 
 Ringed with a wide confine of guarding towers. 
 Therein are many dwellings for such guests 
 As the State honours ; there myself am housed 
 Within a palace neither scant nor strait. 
 There dwell ye, if ye will to lodge at ease 
 In halls well-thronged : yet, if your soul prefer. 
 Dwell ye secluded in a separate home. 
 Choose ye and cull, from these our proffered gifts, 
 
 * For this curious taunt, strongly illustrative of what Mr. Browning 
 calls " nationality in drinks," see Herodotus, ii. 77. A similar feeling 
 may perhaps be traced in Tacitus' description of the national beverage 
 of the Germans : '* Potui humor ex hordeo aut frumento, in quati- 
 dam similitudinem vini corruptus.''^ (" Germania," chap. 23.) 
 
48 THE. SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Whiche'er is best and sweetest to your will : 
 And I and all these citizens whose vote 
 Stands thus decreed, will your protectors be. 
 Look not to find elsewhere more loyal guard. 
 
 > Chorus. 
 
 O godlike chief, God grant my prayer : 
 Fair blessings on thy proffers fair. 
 
 Lord of Pelasgids race. 
 Yet, of thy grace, unto our side 
 Send thou the man of courage tried, 
 Of counsel deep and prudent thought, — 
 Be Danaus to his children brought ; 
 For his it is to guide us well 
 And warn where it behoves to dwell — 
 What place shall guard and shelter us 
 From malice and tongues slanderous : 
 Swift always are the lips of blame 
 A stranger-maiden to defame — 
 
 But Fortune give us grace ! 
 
 The King of Argos. 
 
 A stainless fame, a welcome kind 
 From all this people shall ye find : 
 Dwell therefore, damsels, loved of us. 
 Within our walls, as Danaus 
 Allots to each, in order due, 
 Her dower of attendants true. 
 
 \Rc-entcr Danaus. 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 49 
 
 Danaus. * tf 
 
 High thanks, my children, unto Argos cU*', 
 And to this folk, as to Olympian gods, 
 Give offerings meet of sacrifice and wine ; 
 For saviours are they in good sooth to you. 
 From me they heard, and bitter was their wrath, 
 How those your kinsmen strove to work you wrong, 
 And how of us were thwarted : then to me 
 This company of spearmen did they grant, 
 That honoured I might walk, nor unaware 
 Die by some secret thrust and on this land 
 Bring down the curse of death, that dieth not. 
 Such boons they gave me : it behoves me pay 
 A deeper reverence from a soul sincere. 
 Ye, to the many words of wtariness 
 Spoken by me your father, add this word, 
 That, tried by time, our unknown company 
 Be held for honest : over-swift are tongues 
 To^lander strangers, over-light is speech 
 To bring pollution on a stranger's name. 
 Therefore I rede you, bring no shame on me 
 Now when man's eye beholds your maiden prime. 
 Lovely is beauty's ripening harvest-field. 
 But ill to guard ; and men and beasts, I wot, 
 And birds and creeping things make prey of it. 
 And when the fruit is ripe for love, the voice 
 Of Aphrodite bruiteth it abroad. 
 The while she guards the yet unripened growth. 
 On the fair richness of a maiden's bloom 
 
 E 
 
50 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Each passer looks, o'ercome with strong desire, 
 With eyes that waft the wistful dart of love. 
 Then be not such our hap, whose livelong toil 
 Did make our pinnace plough the mighty main : 
 Nor bring we shame upon ourselves, and joy 
 Unto my foes, g ehold, a twofold home — 
 One of the king's and one the people's gift — 
 Unbought, 'tis yours to hold, — a gracious boon. 
 Go — but remember ye your sire's behest. 
 And hol(| your life less dtear than chastity. 
 
 \ Vr Chorus. 
 
 The gods abbve grant that all else be well. 
 But fear not thou, O sire, lest aught befall 
 Of ill unto our ripened maidenhood. 
 So long as Heaven have no new ill devised, 
 From its chaste path my spirit shall not swerve. 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 
 Pass and adore ye the Blessed, the gods of the city who 
 
 dwell 
 Around Erasinus, the gush of the swift immemorial tide. 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 
 Chant ye, O maidens; aloud let the praise of Pelasgia 
 . swell ; 
 
 '^J^ Hymn we no longer the shores where Nilus to ocean doth 
 
 ( glide. 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 
 Sing we the bounteous stream^that ripple and gush through 
 
 the city ; 
 Quickening flow they and ferfiTeJthe soft new life of the 
 
 plain. 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 
 Artemis,} maiden most pure] look on us with grace and with 
 
 pity- 
 Save us from forc^ embraces/ such love hath no crown 
 
 but a pain. 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 
 Yet not in scorn we chantj but in honour of AphrodUe ; 
 uly and 
 control. 
 
 She truly and Hera alonel have power with Zeus and 
 
 Holy the deeds of her rite/ her craft is secret and mighty, 
 And high is her honour on earth,\ and subtle her sway of 
 the soul. 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 
 Yea,; and her child is Desire '^ in the train of his mother he 
 
 go^th— 
 Yea] and Persuasion soft-lipped j whom none can deny or 
 
 repel : 
 Cometh Harmonia too, ion whom Aphrocfite bestoweth- 
 The whispering parley,! the paths of the rapture that 
 
 lovers love well. 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 
 Ahj but T tremble and quake/ lest again they should sail to 
 * reclaim ! 
 ) Alas for the sorrow to come/ the blood and the carnage of 
 
 O^ war. 
 
 Ah J by whose will was it doneJ that o'er the wide ocean they 
 
 came, 
 Guided by favouring winds/ and wafted by sail and by oar ? 
 
 ^ 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 Peace !/ for what Fate hath ordained will surely not tarry 
 
 biit come ; 
 Wide is the counsel of Zeus,\by no man escapedf-or 
 
 withstood : 
 Only I pray that whate'er, in the end, of this wedlock/he 
 
 doom, / 
 
 We,-as many a maiden of old/may win from the ill to the 
 
 good.* 
 
 \ Semi-Chorus. 
 
 \\^ Great Zeus, this wedlock turn from me — 
 J Me from the kinsman bridegroonci guard ! 
 
 uM^ 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 Come what come mayJ 'tis Fate's decree. 
 
 * The ambiguity of these two lines is reproduced from the original. 
 The Semi-Chorus appear to pray, in one aspiration, that the threatened 
 wedlock may never take place, and, if it does take place, may be for 
 weal, not woe. 
 
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 53 
 
 Semi-Chorus. . a 
 
 Soft is thy word— the doom is hard. lU/V^"^2-fi_^ 
 
 Skm:Chok.s. J)^J^ 
 
 ^ Thou know'st notfwhat the fates provide, y'^'"^ 
 
 4 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 
 How should I scan Zeus' mighty will, ^ 
 The depth of dounsel undescried ? 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 \^ Pray th ou no word of omen ill. 
 
 i^ Semi-Chorus. 
 
 : '7 What timely warning wouldst thou teach.? 
 
 Beware, nor slight the gods in speech. 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 
 Zeus, hold from my body the wedlock detested^ the bride- 
 I groom abhorred ! 
 
 It was thou, it was thou didst release 
 Mine ancestress lo from sorrow -r-thine healing it was that 
 restored,- 
 The touch of thine hand gave her peace. 
 
54 THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS. 
 
 Semi-Chorus. 
 
 Be thy will fontheraiase of the maidens] of two ills,4igf the 
 "■^^fe^t-^ne I pray — { 
 
 The exile that leaveth me pure. . 
 May thy justice have heed to my cause, iny prayers to thy 
 mercy find way ! 
 For the hands of thy saving are sure. 
 
 \Exeunt omnes. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
i^y. 
 
 :t 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The foregoing translation of a play which, in comparison with the 
 other works of ^schylus, is not very widely known or admired, may 
 appear to require some defence. 
 
 Sufficient apology might be found in the fact that, though neglected 
 by ordinary readers of Greek, it has always been among the (poovavTa 
 (TvviTotaiv — "things vocal to the wise." Critics as competent and as 
 diverse as Mr. Keble, Mr. Browning, and Mr. Swinburne, have each 
 testified to its deep interest. For a thoroughly appreciative estimate of 
 its beauties, the reader may well refer to the seventeenth and twenty- 
 third of Keble's '* Prselectiones." Not even the cumbrous necessity 
 that was imposed upon him, of lecturing on Greek poetry, to an 
 English audience, in the Latin language, was able to obscure his 
 sympathetic interpretation of this play. There is a peculiat religious 
 simplicity in it which may well have commended it to the author of 
 the "Christian Year." However this may be, " dulcissimse illae 
 'I/c^TiPBes" (Prsel. p. 294), seem to have attracted no small part of 
 his critical affection. Mr. Browning's compliment to the imaginary 
 curer of "the halt and maimed Iketides " (" Christmas Eve," st. 18), 
 is well known: Mr. Swinburne speaks of it ("Essays and Studies," 
 p. 198), as "a glorious and hapless poem, whose godlike grace and 
 heroic beauty so many readers have more or less passed over with half 
 a recognition, for no fault but its misfortune " — both, if I may venture 
 to say so, exaggerating the extent of the corruptions and difficulties ; 
 which, considerable though they are, cannot be accounted sufficient to 
 prevent any competent reader of Greek from enjoying this drama from 
 the first to the last line. So far as I can judge, it is, in a literary sense, 
 distinctly easier than the " Choephoroi," though it suggests archaeo- 
 logical problems of greater weight, perhaps, than any arising out of the 
 latter play. 
 
 There is, however, a reason, stronger even than the admiration of 
 
58 APPENDIX. 
 
 experts, for regarding the " Suppliant Maidens " with special interest. 
 It is in all probability the earliest extant specimen of the drama. We 
 see in it not only the dawn of the poetic genius of ^schylus, but of 
 the drama of Greece, as distinct from mere Dionysiac choruses : the 
 dawn of that species of poetry which, from its power of impressing a 
 crowd no less than a solitary reader, has never, since the days of 
 ^schylus, ceased to be the most potent instrument of ideas. 
 
 In speaking thus, however, we must not ignore the divergence 
 between Boeckh, MUller, and others, on the one hand, and Hermann, 
 Paley, etc., on the other, with respect to the date of this drama. The 
 former set of critics find, in certain passages, allusion to the events of 
 the year 461 B.C. ; in which case the " Suppliant Maidens" dates as 
 the middle, not the first, of .^schylus' surviving plays, being preceded 
 by the "Prometheus," the "Persians," and the "Seven against 
 Thebes," and followed by the "Agamemnon," " Choephoroi," and 
 "Eumenides." 
 
 Hermann and Paley, however, regard it as a youthful work, anterior 
 to the other six plays (see M. Haupt's Preface to Hermann's yEsch., 
 vol. I. p. 3; Paley, ^sch., p. 2; £tc.) In such a conflict of the 
 learned, any one who has been compelled to form some opinion may be 
 allowed to express it, provided he does so without confidence. 
 
 After scrutinizing the supposed allusions to the events of 461 B.C., 
 I own myself unable to see in them more than a vague applicability 
 to those events. Thejy indicate rather the prescience of a poet and 
 political thinker, than the experiences of a contemporary writer. 
 
 On the other hand, the internal evidence for the juvenility of this 
 drama appears to me most cogent. We see the tendency to grandiose 
 language, not yet fully developed as in the "Prometheus" and the 
 " Seven against Thebes : " we see the dialogue just taking its place 
 beside the chorus as equal, not yet as superior : we see the tendency of 
 youth to simplicity, and even platitude, in religious and moral specula- 
 tion ; and yet we recognize (11. 590-600), as in the germ, the profound 
 theology of the "Agamemnon," and (11. 697-709) the poHtical vein of 
 the "Eumenides." A gulf seems fixed between the "Suppliant 
 Maidens " and the Trilogy, which can only be spanned by the supposi- 
 tion of a considerable interval of time. The opposite view has that 
 difficulty, that element of the surprising, which we should feel if told 
 that the "Merchant of Venice" belonged to the same period of 
 Shakespeare's development as "Hamlet." There is Httle drawing of 
 character in the " Suppliant Maidens ; " nothing comparable to the 
 " Prometheus " in force ; nothing of the epical magnificence of the 
 
APPENDIX. 59 
 
 description of Salamis in the "Persae," only the grave paternal care 
 of Danaus, the cautious kindliness of the Pelasgian chieftain-king ; 
 and, over all, the long lyrical cry of the maidens, which — 
 
 " Comes tender as a hurt bird's note," 
 
 to be saved from imminent danger and intolerable wrong. At the risk 
 of seeming fanciful, I should say that, to the ordinary reader, a good 
 preparation for appreciating this drama would be a perusal of the 
 " Heart of Midlothian." There is a like piteous isolation, a like high 
 resolve, a like pathetic admixture of a partially foreign dialect. 
 
 In thus adhering, however, to the view of Hermann and Paley, I 
 am conscious of having proceeded almost entirely on literary grounds ; 
 and I know well how precarious such a judgment is. Yet it seemed 
 best to express it, that the reader of the translation may at least know 
 with what view of the drama it was written. 
 
 Another question obtrudes itself, on which I can hardly hope to 
 throw light : it may be well, however, to try and make darkness visible. 
 
 In the argument prefixed to the translation, the story of the 
 daughters of Danaus has been told, so far as is necessary to the 
 comprehension of the play. But, even apart from the Greek usage of 
 presenting trilogies and not single plays, this drama conspicuously 
 needs a sequel, if not a predecessor. In later times the story was 
 completed in full horror. Danaus reluctantly resigns his daughters to 
 their Egyptian suitors ; but, in mistrust and hatred of the bridegrooms, 
 counsels the brides to slay them secretly during the bridal night. All 
 except one, Hypermnestra, commit this crime, and are doomed, in 
 requital, to an eternal labour — that of filling with water a bottomless 
 vessel — in Tartarus. 
 
 Of this sequel, the first part — the murder of the husbands — is 
 described in the " Prometheus " (11. 855-868) and mentioned elsewhere 
 in Greek tragedy; as, for instance in Euripides' * * Phoenissas " (1. 1675), 
 where Antigone, threatened with compulsory espousal to Hsemon, 
 replies with bitter emphasis — 
 
 The murder, and the doom of the murderesses in Tartarus, form 
 the subject of one of the finest of Horace's Sapphic Odes (bk. 3, 
 od. xi.). Are we to infer from this that such was the sequel of the 
 trilogy of which the " Suppliant Maidens " must have been the first 
 or second play ? 
 
 The answer to this question cannot be given with certainty. Mr. 
 
6o APPENDIX. 
 
 Keble (Prsel. 23, p. 451, 462-464) seems to have answered it with a 
 simple affirmative. To him the "Suppliant Maidens" was the first play 
 of a trilogy, answering to the " Agamemnon " — the second, answering 
 to the " Choephoroi," narrated the murder of the bridegrooms — the third, 
 answering to the " Eumenides," described the penalties which, on earth 
 and in hell, were inflicted on Danaus and his daughters. An ^schylean 
 simplicity and solemnity, he considered, pervaded such a dramatic 
 conception. 
 
 I doubt, however, if such a theory be tenable. No allusion, I 
 believe, is made by Homer to any penalty befalling the maidens, in the. 
 infernal regions, .^schylus' contemporary, Pindar (Pyth. 9, 112; see 
 also Nem. x. i-io), describes their remarriage. The Tartarean part 
 of the legend, in fact, is of later date. It may well be questioned 
 whether the presentation of an actual Tartarus and its penalties would 
 have been possible to early tragedy — though we know that ^schylus 
 was reckoned daring in such matters, and that to the comedy of Aris- 
 tophanes such licence was possible. Miiller, on the other hand, is 
 positive (Diss. Eum. sect. ICK), transl. Camb. 1835) that the " Suppliant 
 Maidens " forms a middle play. With this view Paley concurs, holding 
 that the play was preceded by one of unknown argument, called 
 "iEgyptii," and succeeded by a **Danaides," in which the murder of 
 the bridegrooms, and the acquittal of the brides, must have been 
 narrated. 
 
 Lastly, Hermann considers the " Suppliant Maidens " to have been 
 the first play of the trilogy, and to have been followed by an 
 " -^gyptii," or * * ^gyptiadae, " or possibly "Thalamopoioi," which 
 described the submission of Danaus in Argos to an Egyptian army, his 
 consent to his daughters' wedlock, and the murder of the bridegrooms : 
 and then by the " Danaides," in which judgment is passed upon the 
 heroines who obeyed their sire and slew their husbands, and on Hyper- 
 mnestra who, in disobedience, was merciful. 
 
 This view he enforces by the reflection that no allusion is found 
 in the *' Suppliant Maidens " to any preceding play such as Miiller 
 imagines. And undoubtedly it is hard to conceive that the surrender 
 of Danaus to an Egyptian army, his consent to the marriage, the 
 murder, the trial and acquittal, could all have been comprised in one 
 final drama. 
 
 The reader will have already perceived that we are moving in a 
 wilderness of guess-work, where ingenuity and vague inferences take 
 the place of learning and demonstration. Such guidance through the 
 twilight as we have, is supplied by the fragments of non-extant dramas. 
 
APPENDIX. 6i 
 
 (Poet. Seen. Dind. ed. v. AtVx. Attoc, fr. 40-42, 72. Hermann, ^sch., 
 vol. V. i. pp. 313, 320, 329-334). From these we learn with certainty 
 that a play of ^schylus called "Danaides" existed. An interesting 
 fragment of this play, part of a speech by Aphrodite, has been pre- 
 served by Athenaeus (xiii. p. 600 A.). Its resemblance to passages of 
 Lucretius is striking, and suggests a common origin. Unfortunately, 
 there is too little of it to enable us to judge whether Aphrodite is 
 speaking to persuade the maidens to marriage, to arraign them for the 
 murder of their lords, or to exculpate Hypermnestra for yielding to 
 love and pity, as against her father's command. All that can be said 
 with certainty is, that Aphrodite is urging her power and universal 
 prerogative. 
 
 Very faint traces (Herm. fr. 5) remain of a play called *' -^gyptii," 
 or perhaps " iEgyptiadse ; " a fainter trace still (fr. 70) of one called 
 " Thalamopoioi " = " The preparers of the chamber." The latter, 
 Hermann, with laborious ingenuity, strives to identify, partly from its 
 title, as the middle play of this trilogy. 
 
 Learned scholars may well be able to draw, from these fragments 
 and other collateral sources, more certain knowledge, with respect to the 
 two lost plays of the trilogy, than any which is at present accessible to 
 me. I venture, however, not without misgiving, on some general reflec- 
 tions which may throw a faint light on the problem. 
 
 The wanderings of lo, the Argive ancestress of the suppliant 
 maidens, are fully told or foretold in the " Prometheus ; " they are 
 recounted also in the second chorus (11. 524-599) of the present play. 
 The intermediate ancestry is also recorded (11. 310-321) : the cause 
 and circumstances of the maidens' flight are also fully explained in the 
 introductory chant. It is difficult, so far as the legend is known to us, 
 to imagine a subject-matter, at once fresh and adequate, for a drama 
 preceding the " Suppliant Maidens." It is, perhaps, harder still, as I 
 have said above, to fancy a single subsequent play containing all the 
 sequel of the story, from the granting of protection by the King of 
 Argos to the acquittal of the heroines after their husbands' murder. 
 The close packing of such a drama would render it curiously unlike any 
 surviving play of ^Eschylus. 
 
 On these grounds, and from a general impression, which it would be 
 useless to attempt to define, that the *' Suppliant Maidens " reads like 
 the commencement of a dramatic story, I incline to accept Hermann's 
 view, that the trilogy began with the " Suppliant Maidens," and closed 
 with the "Danaides." What the middle play was called, whether 
 **^gyptii," "-^gyptiadae," or "Thalamopoioi," I cannot, even con- 
 
62 APPENDIX. 
 
 jecturally and for myself, decide. If this were so, of what nature was 
 the dramatic solution ? How was the undoubted guilt of the heroines, 
 in murdering their lords, balanced against the cruel and impious com- 
 pulsion whereby they had been forced into a detested wedlock — a 
 wedlock from which their own father bade them escape by murder ? 
 
 Whatever guess be made as to this, I think that students of 
 ^iEschylus' great surviving trilogy will admit that this situation has 
 considerable analogy to that of Orestes, stained with the blood of a 
 mother knowingly slain, yet directed to the deed by a god, protected by 
 him while pursued by the Furies, and finally acquitted by the interven- 
 tion of Athena and by the forms of human justice. 
 
 It is in this region of guilt undenied, yet justified, — of a contest and 
 final reconciliation between co-equal duties — that the mind of ^schylus 
 moved. It was so, apparently, in his Promethean trilogy ; it is so in 
 his trilogy of the *' House of Atreus ; " it may well have been so in his 
 trilogy of the " Daughters of Danaus." 
 
 In the final choric strains of the "Suppliant Maidens" (11. 1034- 
 105 1 ), the way is paved for some intervention or special appearance of 
 Aphrodite : the surviving fragment of the " Danaides " is, as has been 
 said above, part of an authoritative speech by her. The tone of 
 reverence in which the heroines speak of her may possibly foreshadow 
 her eventual appearance to protect them as wronged by a loveless 
 marriage. Or again, Aphrodite may impeach them for their crime, 
 and plead for Hypermnestra only; and some indirect intervention of 
 Zeus, mindful of the wrongs of lo, may set free her female descendants. 
 But I am disinclined to venture further on the path of conjecture, and 
 will formulate briefly a general view, which no one, I trust, will mistake 
 for a confident dogma. 
 
 The "Suppliant Maidens" is the first play of a trilogy. The 
 second play, whatever was its title, related the surrender of the maidens, 
 their marriage, and the murder of their husbands. The third, called 
 * ' Danaides, " represented their arraignment and acquittal : perhaps, 
 also (see Prom. 11. 774, 869), some special honour paid to Hyperm- 
 nestra ; the descendants of whom and Lynceus, the husband whom 
 she loved and spared, ruled in Argos for many generations. 
 
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Kegan Paul, Trench & Go's PtLhlications. 39 
 
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