THE NEW AMERICAN CITIZEN \ READER FOR FOREIGNERS I "O*?- STff ^^ '.S1^?T||. i ■ii^ FRANCES S.MINT '-:^ V STATS NO'RlllAT. BrB'> jLa^^k.U^^ THE NKW AMKKIUAX CiTlZKX THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Limited LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA • MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltl. TORONTO >!>» .^ TiiK m:\v AAIKIMCAA CITIZEN .1 iiEADKii ro/i ron/'jcx/'Jis r.v FKAXCES SANKSTONE MIN TZ AVON AV1;N1K I'VV si IIMor. VM> ISTII AVKNL'E evknimi scihxil III- NKWAKK, N.J. Xcuj l]ori; THE MACMILLAN COMPANY r.'i:; All ri{/ht» rfxfrrtd Copyright, 1909, Bt the macmillan company. Set up and electrotyped. Published June, iqog Reprinted October, 1909 ; January, 1910; January, December, 1911; August, igi2 ; January, 1913. Nortoooli J3rpB8 J. S. Gushing Co. —Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. \A ■^-n VnVAWVE To find suital)U' readiii;^- innttcr for adult toix'ii;!! ])ii|tils ill t'veiiiiig- .schools has al\\a\s IxHMi difficidt. The ordinarv first and second readers used in (hiy schools, which are mostly intended for children, contain as a I'lde little material of a kind to interest older ])ersons. Either the ideas themselves are juvenile or the vocal )ularv not the most suitable to the needs of gTown-n)) ])n|)ils. The ])urj)ose of the author has l)een to ])re- ])are a series of read in l;- lessons suitahlc for adult learners and which should ]ia\e ])atri(»t- isni as their kevnote. Love of conntrv is an almost Tnii\ersal sentiment, and one that ap- peals strongly to the class of ])npils ^vho make uj) the attendance in our evening schools for foreigners. To base a series of lessons, as some have attempted, u])on occupations, for instance, vi PREFACE would be pedagogically sound provided all pupils were equally interested in other occupa- tions than their own, which is not the case. To introduce, also, as soon as practicable, vocabularies variant to some extent from the words commonly used in daily experience is believed to be of advantage ; for thereby the feeling of growth and mastery of language is developed. Such feeling ^^ill incite to the independent reading of books. The difficulty, heretofore, has been t(^ find an emotional basis, universal in its appeal and sufficiently strong to command the interest of adult pupils of all ages and nationalities. The appeal of patriot- ism furnishes the true emotional basis. The author has had an exceptional oppor- tunity as a teacher of foreign adult classes in the citv of Newark, New Jersev, to test thor- ouo-hlv the material contained in this reader. It will be found in practice best fitted for those Avho have had a few weeks of instruction in reading by means of the oral and blackboard method in general use. Addiso:n^ B. Poland. TO rill-: YorN(J mi:n and \\<)Mi:x tx ovn EVENING SCHOOlvS Wllo Ai;!: IJ-AKMNG TO READ AND Wlil FE Nk\vai:i\, Ni:\\' .Ti:i;si:v, .May 1, I'.MC). Dear Pi imls: To Icani to read and t<» write I'JiLilisli is not liard for onr wlio is w illiiiLi,- to work. 'I'o learii aii\' new language takes time; it takes etiort also. Tt is not an easy matter for one to ii'ive nn liis eveiiin<>-s in order t<> ^o to school lUit it is worth all tlie time and etiort it takes. One who can read finds u'reat dv- Hji'ht in books. He can fmd out for himself without aid many things tliat one wlio cannot read nmst l)e i^-norant of all his hfe. r>ooks are our friends. Ther are men and women who speak to us. Some of these men and women are h\inL2,', while others are dead. io read what they ha\'e written is to know them and to enjov their com})any. Indeed, wlien we read we mav select our own eomnanv. vii viii TO THE YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN Kings and princes if we wish ; statesmen, priests, and poets ; those who have told the story of nations ; in fact, there is no end of the company we may keep. The whole world and its people are an open book to one who has once learned to read, for he has the key to nnlock all its treasures and mysteries. There is still another reason why all should learn to read and to write English who expect to live in this country. America lias always been the home of liberty-loying men and women from all countries of Europe. There is work here for eyery one to do, and all are welcome. But one who can read and write has a better chance in life eyen in free America ; he can do more kinds of work and higher kinds of Avork. Besides, eyery one in our country is a ruler, — not a king, but a ruler. He helps make all the laws ; he helps to elect the mayor of our city, the goyernor of our state, and the President of our nation. How important it is, then, that one who wields such great power should be able to read and write. TO THE YOUNG MKX AND WO.MKN ix I ui'oc voii all, tliLTuloiX', not uiih lur \(jiir own good, l)nt for your coinitry'.s good, to attend scliool, ^^■ol•k linril, and learn both to read and to write English. AVitli l)est wishes for yonr sneeess, F am, ISineerelv vours, Addison !>. I/oland, Cltu Suprriiitcii(l(uL COXTKXTS History and BiocaiAriiv. Christopher Coluiiilms . Settlement of Virginia . Settlement of Xew York How Pennsylvania was Foumled The Pilgrims .... The Lamliiig of tlio Pilgrims The Story of Thanksgiving . Thanksgiving Dav. The Revolntionary War. The Canse The Beginning The Colonists declare themselves Indepe Washington's Christinas Gift Battle of Saratoga .... Battle of Yorktowii The Kiid ...... George Washington .... Progress and Growth of the United States Abraliain Lincoln The Civil War Civics and Patriotism. Our Government ..... The Constitution of the United States. PreamHe ..... The Three Departments of Government Why we need a Government . Naturalization Cities. A Model City and how it is Governed Protection of Cities . . • nden PAG I 1 G 10 1.') in •20 '2i 28 ;jo :i'2 :J5 :\7 :J9 41 \-2 4G 57 G3 G.'i GG G7 71 82 67 xii CONTENTS # PAGB Our Country's Flag . 89 Flag of the Free . 92 Geography. City of Washington . 94 New York City . 98 The Metropolis of the West . 104 A Visit to Boston . 112 New Orleans . 118 California . 123 New Jersey . 125 Health and Sanitation, Treatment of Tuberculosis . . 129 How to keep Well and prevent Consumption . 133 Stories and Anecdotes. The Courageous Travelei's . 135 The Bell of Justice . 135 The Hare and the Tortoise ...... . 138 The Ant and the Grasshopper . 139 The Little Match Girl. I . 141 The Little Match Girl. II . 144 Miscellaneous. Three Great Inventions. The Telegraph . 147 The Telephone ..... . 150 \ Wireless Telegraphy ..... . 1.50 Thomas A. Edison . ..... . 152 Trades and Occupations in th e United States. The Merchant . . . . . • . 155 Manufacturing • . . . . 156 Paper Making. . 157 A Straw Hat . . 159 A Shoe Factory . • . • • . 161 Commerce . 163 Farming . . 164 Mining . ..«*•• . 166 Coal . • • • < • . 167 Iron . .•.*•• . 169 Steel . • «.•.• . 169 CONTENTS Xlll Gold iuid Silver Lead . Copper A Lessou about Coffee . The Seasons . Poetical Sklpxtioxs. The Bhie-bells of Scotland Woodman, Spare that Tree The Months . "No Man is l)orn into tliis \Vorldl Jerusalem the Goldfu The Wise Fairy Those Evening Bells Rest The Hemlock Tree . The Arrow and the Song The Fall of the Curtain . Nat I ox A I, Songs. National Songs of the United States The Star-spangled Banner America .... Hail, Columbia The Red, White, and Blue Salute to the Flag . Austrian National Hj'mn German National Hymn Norwegian National Hymn . National Hymn of Holland . National Hymn of Sweden . VM.K 171 17 J 171 17.5 ISO ISO is;5 184 18.5 186 186 188 ISO mo lilO 1!»1 in:j U»5 106 108 200 201 202 203 204 205 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIDXS Thf Wliite IIousp Coliiiiilms at the Court of Qureii Jsabflhi The Fleet of Colunilms Landing of Columbus .... Captain John Smith .... Pocahontas begging the Life of Captain John Smitli Henry Hudson Hudson's Ship, the Half Moon, in the Hudson River The Dutch Colony of Xew Amsterdam Peter Stuyvesant . Xew Amsterdam . AVilliam Penn Penn Treaty Tree . The Mni/jlnwfir Pilgrim Exiles Pilgrims going to Church Stamp Act Stamps The Struggle at Concord Bridge The Battle of Lexington Thomas Jefferson . The Spirit of '76 . Washington's Retreat from Long Islai AVashington crossing the Delaware The Surrender of Burgoyne . The Surrender of Cornwallis George Washington Washington resigning his Commission One of the First Railroad Trains . Traveling on the Erie Canal about 182 Emigrant Wagons Abraham Lincoln .... Lincoln's Birthplace XV PAliF. Frontispiece Xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Lincoln writing by the Fire . Fort Sumter Scene at the Battle of Gettysburg The Capitol, "Washington The State Capitol at Albany Signing of the United States Constitution, September Signing the Declaration of Independence City Hall, Newark, N.J. Public Library, Boston, Mass. City Hall, St. Louis, Mo. A Fire Engine Precinct Foot Patrolman Insj)ector ...... " The Flag goes By " . A Soldier House of Betsey Ross, Arch Street, Philadeljihia Betsey Ross's First Flag .... The Congressional Library .... The State, War, and Navy Building Mount Vernon ...... The Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor Brooklyn Bridge in New York City View of Columbia University A View in Central Park, New York Art Museum, New York .... A Scene at a Dock Chicago in 1832 One of the Buildings of Chicago University Lake Shore Drive, Chicago .... A Grain Elevator in Cliicago Cattle in Chicago Stock Yards Commonwealth Avenue, Boston . The Old North Church .... Faneuil Hall Old State House in Boston .... View from Stock Exchange Building, Boston Lafayette Square, New Orleans . Cotton Plant 17,1 787 PAfJE 54 59 61 64 77 79 80 83 84 85 86 87 87 89 90 91 92 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 105 106 107 108 110 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xvii Sleeping out in SmniiR-i - On the Porch in Cold A Cotton Field .... Bales of Cotton ready for Sliipnicnt View in Wesllakc Park, Los Angeles, California Worsted ^lills, Passaic . Weave Room in a Paterson Silk ^lill One of Trenton's Many Potteries . The State Ca])itol at Trenton Raybrook Sanitarium, Adirondacks — Raybrook Sanitarium, Adirondacks - AVeather .... " He lay down for a nap" " It was a Warm, Bright Flume " . Three Great Inventors . In a Cotton Mill in New England A ririnding Room in a Paper ^lill A Hat Factory — Blocking Hats . A Hat Factory — Unfinished Hats In a Shoe Factory — Leveling the Sole In a Shoe Factory — Stitching the Vamp A Farm House and Barns Sorting Corn for Canning in a New York State Factory A Zinc Mine in Missouri A Coal ;Mine .... The Steel Fraine of a Building A Gold Mine .... Where Coins are ^lade . Copper Smelting Works Cotfee Berries Picking Cofi'ee Sorting and Sacking Coffee . PACE 1-20 iL'l l-Jt 1 •_'.-) iJfi lL'7 128 130 i:5« 14:} 149 150 l.-)8 l.jy 100 101 10-2 104 10.-) 107 108 170 171 173 174 170 177 178 M p/ m CITIZEN'S CREED! We believe that God hath made of lie blood all nations of men, and that we are His children, brothers and sis- terF- nil. "We are citizens of tlie United States, and believe our Flag stands for self-sacrifice for the good of all the people. We want to be true citizens of this our country, and therefore will show our love for her by our works. Our country does not a.sk us to die for her welfare ; she asks us to live for her good, so to live and so to act that her government may be pure, her ofBcers honest, and every home within her boundaries be a place fit to grow the best kind of men and women to i-ule over her. Mary E. McDowell. Ailni'teil. * Used by permission of the author. HISTORY AJfD BIOGKAIMIV CHRISTOPHER COLLAinUS The father of (1irist()})luT ( 'oluinhiis was a poor wool-c()inl)c'r in (Jciioa, Italy. (Jciioa is a town on the seashore. Christopher often made voyages on sliips. From hvini]; on tlie sea in tliat Avav lie o-athered many ideas about the ditferent lands. There was a m-eat deal of \ahiahle trading; between tlie iMn-opean couiitiMes and the I'last Inches. C'ara\ans of eamels brouiiht u'oods from the Persian (iulf or the l»ed and (^ispian seas. Traders then took the u-oo ds and ear- ried them partly by land and j)artly by water to Europe. The oidy way to reach the Indies by water was hv sailing- around ^Vfriea, and this was a very lono; vovaixo. Oohnnbus thouo'ht that he could tind a shorter wav to get to the East Indies, so he persuaded the Queen of Spain to fit out ships for him. B 1 HISTOEY AND BIOGRAPHY CI IRISTO I' 1 1 KK COI- UMBUS 8 lie luid tliR'c slii[)S. 'i'licy vv'crc called the Nliuf, Pi /ltd, and tlic Santd Maria. Ill August, ill the year 1492, lie set sail. **Tliev will never euine hack aii-ain," said the "^ |y. 1 V "i^ff p k. -■ - . The Fleet of Columbus wise people on the shore. Soon tlie sailors themselves be Tlie men in the colony had not been used to work in England, and had it not l)een for the courage and enterprise of one man, the people in Jamestown would all have perished. John Smith proved to be the right man in the right place. Under his wise management a great change began. He said, ^' Those that will not work shall not eat." He helped the people in building their houses, he taught them how to till the soil, and he succeeded in getting much-needed food from the Indians. 6 SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA One day lie was out on an exploring' expe- dition, Avlien he was captiuxMl Ijy some Indians. They took him to their great eh ief, I*n\\'1intan. At a eouneil of war it was deeided that Smitli sliouhl(he. Poca- liontas, the daugh- ter of tiie eh ief, Powliatan, threw her arms around the neek of -Tolni Smith and hegged her father to spare Smitli's hfe. Powhatan loved his daughter vvvv much and couhl not refuse her wish. Pocahontas continued to be a friend to Smith and tlie colonists. Slie l)rouo:ht them food to eat and helped them in many ways. Five years later she married an Englishman, lumied John liolfe. She went to Enuland to Captain John Smith 8 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY live, but died there after a short time, as the chmate was too severe for her. This Picture was drawn by an Artist prom Captain Smith's Own Description Captain Smith continued to help and pro- mote the welfare of the colony until one day SKTTI.K.MKNT OF VI K( J I MA 9 lie Wtis woiiiitliMl ill the k'g and had tu ri'tui'ii to Eiit far from tlic center <»f tlie new- city, Avas chosen as tlie place for tlie meetinjj;. If/ f//////y'' ^Mi- ^- •:-'-■ "/J;row up to speak English. In the year 1620 they left Holland and set sail for America. They came over im the ship called the Mcnjjiower. The weather was very stormy and they had a very rough passage. Their intention was to land at New York, but the higli winds drove the ship out of its course, and they landed on the bleak shores of New England. A winter in Massachusetts is alwavs rather severe, and this was a [)articularly cold one. When they arrixed, thev liad to stav aboard the ship for about a montli, as tliey were unable to do any work toward making a settlement. They suffered a great many hardships during the lirst winter. THE LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS The breaking waves dashed high On a stern and rock-bound coast, And the woods against a stormy sky Their giant branches tossed ; Till': IMlJilMMS 21 22 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY And the heavy night hung dark The hills and waters o'er, When a band of exiles moored their bark On the wild New England shore. Not as the conqueror comes They, the true-hearted, came, Not with the roll of the stirring drums, And the trumpet that sings of fame ; Not as the flying come In silence and in fear ; They shook the depths of the desert gloom With their hymns of lofty cheer. Amidst the storm they sang. And the stars heard, and the sea ; And the sounding aisles of the dim woods rang To the anthems of the free ! The ocean eagle soared From his nest by the white wave's foam, And the rocking pines of the forest roared, This was their welcome home ! Tiii: I'lJAiiCl.MS 23 There were men witli lionry liair Amidst that piljj^rini Itaiid ; Whv had tliev come to wither there, Away from their ehihlhood's hind I %/ There was woman's fearless eve, Lit l)y licr (U'ep h)ve's triitli ; There was manhood's brow serenely hiiih. And the liery heart of youth. What sou<>-ht they thus afar ? Brio-ht I'ewels of the mine? The wealth of seas, the si)oils of war ? — They sought a faith's pure shrine. Ay, call it holy ground, The soil where first they trod ; They have left unstained what there they found — Freedom to worshi]^ God. — Felicia Dorothea Hemaxs. THE STORY OF THANKSGIVING The winter brought many hardships to the Pilgrims, but when the warm weather came, things began to look brigliter. They planted the fields with corn. They found wild strawberries and wild grapes. In tlie shallow waters of the bay there was plenty of fish. The summer had been warm, and they had plenty of rain, so when the autumn came there was a fine cro}) of corn. " Let us gather in the harvest and re- joice together." the Pilgrim fathers said. They planned a celebration for a whole week. They invited the Indians to their feast. The great Indian chief, Massasoit, came with ninety of his bravest warriors. They were all dressed in deer skins, feathers, and fox tails. They had their faces painted red and yellow. 24 Til 10 sToijy OF TiiANKscnixr; 2n 26 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY The Pilgrims killed wild turkeys and wild deer, and tliey baked potatoes and corn and had a real feast. And you may be sure that they remembered to give thanks to God for helping them through the cold weather. Since then the people of New England have celebrated a Thanksgiving every year. Now nearly all the states of the Union observe this as a holiday. THANKSGIVING DAY Over the river and through the wood, To grandfather's house we go ; The horse knows the way To carry the sleigh Throuo'h the white and drifted snow. Over the river and through the wood - Oh, how the w^ind does blow ! It stino-s the toes And bites the nose. As over the ground we go. THE S'I'()K^' (H- rilA.\KS(il\IN(; Ov'tT the y\\vv and tlnoiiL-li tlic Wdod, To li.'ixc n first-i'atc play; 1 Icar tlir l)i-lls riii!^-, " 'I'inu'-a-liiiu-iliiiii- ! " Jliiri'ah tor TliaiiksLi,i\ iiij^- I)a\! Over the rixcr and tliron^li tin- wood, Trot fast, my da|)})k'-o-ray ! JSpi'hig ow'v the ;j:,T()imd, Tiike a huiitinix hound ! — For this is Thanksji-iNin":' l)a\'. 27 Over tlie ri\'er and tin*ouu'li the wotxh And strai^'ht throitiih the harnyard ^ate ; We seem to go Extremely slow, It is so liard to wait. Over the river and tln'ouo-h thi^ wood, Now granihnother's eap 1 spy! Hurrah for the fuii ; Is the pudding- done ? Hurrah for the punn)kin ])ie! — IjYdia Makia Child. r^. lti§;45- THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR THE CAUSE Otueii settlements were made in America mitil tliere were thirteen separate colonies. These colonies were under the rule of Enghind. For many years Eng- land had l)een oppressing her colonies greatly. She had restricted their com- merce. That is, they could not trade with any country except England. She had levied taxes upon the colonies and would not allow them to KENTUCKY /j-^l_^^ — ^^^-'N^"tri^3^.„,>o. Map of the Thirteen Orig- inal Colonies (Massachusetts, New Hampshire, bc represciited 111 Parlia- Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, inpll'l" Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, A Qfoim-k A n-t- -w^na Georgia.) ^ OiaUip 2\ Ct >V aS 28 Tin; liKVOU'lloXAKV \V.\K L'9 passed, ^riiis law coirininiKKMl tlic A iii(ii\\ — ami to use these for maiiv tliiiiLi's, 'I liis aiiLi'd'ec] the colonists to such an extent that a ( 'on^^ress of the ]KM)ple met in New \ oik. 1 hm laiuhiml re])eale(l tlie Stamp Act, hut put taxes on many other thin. JSamA iJkS^mi The Battle of Lexington 32 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPtlY On reaching -Lexington, a village between Boston and Concord, they saw a great num- ber of Americans standing in front of the meeting house. The English conmiander rode up and cried, " Disperse, ye rebels." They would not go, so he ordered his soldiers to fire. Eight men were killed and others wounded. This was called the Battle of Lexington. It was the first battle of the Revolution. THE COLONISTS DECLARE THEMSELVES . INDEPENDENT At first the colonists liad no idea of sepa- rating from the mother country. But in July, 1776, the Continental Congress, which was in session at Philadelphia, saw that they must decide one way or the other. They knew they must determine whether they should submit to the cruel tyranny of the king or whether they should declare themselves free and independent of England. Thomas Jefierson, a member, wrote out a THE UF.VOTATTIOXARY WAR 33 declaration, wliicli (K'clai-(Ml tlic cdlonists frco and independent ot" Mn^land. I liis decl.-n-a- tion savs, '' We liold these tiiitlis to be self- evident, that all nuMi are created (Mjual, Thomas Jefferson that they are endowed hy theii' Creator Avith certain unalienahle ri<>-hts, that aniono; these are life, liberty and the pursuit of ha})})iness." For four days Congress carefully considered 34 HISTOEY AND BIOGRAPHY this declaration. At last, on the 4th of July, they decided by a unanimous vote to adopt it. It was a time of great interest to the people waiting outside the Hall. There they stood, waiting to hear what Congress would decide. It meant that if C'Ongress signed the paper, all the fathers, husbands, and brothers would have to stand by it. It meant that their very lives were at stake. But every one was satisfied when Congress signed the dec- laration. The Americans were ready to stand up for their rights. They were ready and willing to fight for their independence. The Spirit of '76 THE iiev()Ia;th)N.\i;v war 35 WASHINGTON'S CHRISTMAS GIFT General TIowE LukIcmI in New Y; colonel, lie, on his l)lack horse, turned the American soldiers back and uriied tliem on to victory. This was the turniuLi: ]")oint of the war„ There were fiye thousand se^'en hundred nu'n mider Burgoyne. They surrendered and all became prisoners. This battle meant a great deal to the 38 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY 'j'lii': Jii:\t)LL:Ti()NAi;\' wak 39 AiiH'ricans and tlicy were \i'i-y liappy wlicii tliev licarcl this •••ood news. A ltd" this \ ict(»r\' France o-ax-c tlic Anicricans imich lid)). Thr- battle of Saratojia is caHcd oiu' of the fifteen decisive battles of the world. BATTLE OF YOPvKTOWX YoKKTOWX is a small villaLie in VirLiinia. In 17S1 Lord Cornwallis, the liritish i;eneral, was stationed tliere with his army. General (leoro-e AN^ishinuton l)r()Uii'ht his army down upon Yoi'ktown before the Eng- lish knew what he was doin^-. He bond)arded the city for about a Avei'k. Shot and cannon balls poured into the town on all sides. When TiOrd Cornwallis saw that he could hold out no lon^^er, lie hoisted a \\'hite tlag\ This meant that Lord Cornwallis and all his army had surrendered. It was iust four years to a day since the Americans had captured Burgoyne and his army at Saratoga. 40 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY Tiir: i;i:\()i.i ri()NAi;v WAii 41 '11 IK KM) Tlir: trcnty of jx-.-icc hctwccii I'jii^land mid the rnitc'd States an as sig'iic'([ on the iWl of 8ej)tenil)er, 1783. T\\'o ]iioiitlis from tliis tinic tlic A iiu'ricnii army ^vas (lisl)aii(K'(l. Thus eiukMi a h)iig- and distrt'ssinu' Avar. Tlie Americans had einhired a areat man\' hardshii)s. Idiev liad h)st maiiv 1)V deatli, and all had kno\\ii ]»ri\ations ; hut at last they Avere free, fre(> to hiiild up the ^-reat and glorious repuhlie that ^ve ha\'e to-day. The comitrv Avas in a Avretehed condition, hut the Americans hraA'eh' set to Avoi-k to- p-ether. This thcA' did so iioLlv that to-(hiA' ~ ./ 1/ »' AA^e have reared on their structure a nation that is one of the most powerful in the Avorld. We should o-i\'e many thanks to the noble men avIkj Avorked so hard and fought so braAX'lv for the li'eedom that Ave enio\' to-dav. GEORGE WASHINGTON George Washe^gtoi^ was a man to be greatly loved and respected. At the time of the Eevolutionaiy War he did much for his country. He was com- mander of the army. When the soldiers were hungry and in distress, he stayed with them and cheered them in tlieir trouble. At tliat time the soldiers did not have enoup^h to eat. Many were without shoes. When thev marched in the snow with bare feet, George Washington was with tliem. He could have gone to his home, where everything was plentiful, but he did not. He would not forsake his soldiers. He fouo-ht bravely throughout the whole of the Revolu- tionary War. At the end of the war it was with tears in his eyes that he bade good-by to his army. At the time of their parting he said to his soldiers : " Companions in arms, with love and 42 (J EU U( i !•: WAS 1 1 1 N ( JTON 43 o-ratitiide I now take iii\ IcaN'c <»f aoh. ^fav' A'our latter (la\s he as |)r(»s|KT()iis aiilorious and honorable." 44 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY He then went to the Congress and laid down his commission, resigning all the powers that lie held, and retired to his home in Momit Vernon. Washington resigning his Commission After the government was formed, and the peojile needed some one to pnt at its head, whom shonld they look to bnt their beloved Georo:e AVashinp^ton 1 He once more gave up his peaceful home to help his country. CKOrjCF. WASIIINfri'HX 45 He Avas ]ii;i(l(' ri\'.si(lciit <>t" the. I iiiti'd States, aixl S('i'\ rd liis (•oiintiN fni- two tci-iiis, or eiulit years. He (lecliiK'd to 1)C cUn-lrd ;iLi;iiii, <'i> lie tlu)li<'"lit no mail oULi'lit to ]\:\\'r tlic <»tli(M' of i*resi(k'iit more tliaii tw ice. (iecjrge \\ ashinjj^toii n\ as ealK-il the 'M''atlier of Lis Ooimtrw" l\\'ery year on tlic H'Jd of Fel)ruar\' ^\ c eelelirate the aiiiii\c'rsary ot" liis birth(hiv. Lives of o-reat men all reniiinl n<, AVe can make our lives suhhine, And (le[)artinted nnr eonntiy tlironu'li tliat dreadful crisis. 'J'li()Ur;iliaiii worked. She paid liiin six cents too nnicli. Tliis worried Aluahani sn that lie walked ii\e miles, after the store was closed, to ])n\' lier l)ack. He was often calle(l -* Ilonest Al)e." He studied law by liiniself and l)ccaiiie a famous lawyer and dehatei'. lli' wnidd sit out under the trees for days, studyin^• liis books. At last, when lie started to ])ractice, e\'ery one had eontidenee in him. \\ hen he said a thin-ton as a conoTessman. Tn 18G0, when it was time to nominate a new President, .Vbraham Lincohi Avas nomi- nated. He was called the "Illinois rail-splitter' 56 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY because he split rails in his earlier days. In November, 18(30, he was elected President of the United States. During the Civil War he served his country as only Abraham Lincoln could have done. When kindness was needed, his big heart was open. When courage and fearlessness were needed, lie was there ready to do his duty. One night, just after the close of the war, Abraliam Lincoln was in a theater. Every one was very hap})y. The war was at an end, and our nation was preserved. A madman named Booth rushed upon the stage, and before any one knew what he was doing, shot our beloved President. Every one grieved very deeply at his death. Every one felt as if he had lost a true friend. Many people of the South shed tears, for he had won a place in every heart. As a true American lie had loved the South as well as the North. Till'] CIVIL WAK LAKdl'] (nuiiititii's of c-utton \\ rvc i-jiistd in the Soiithcrii states. The SoutlKTii plaiitns needed the e()h)red shives to \\'ork on tlii- cot- tun i)hnitations, and in this \va\' slawTN' d(j\el- oped \'erv extensively in the South. Man\' j)eoph' in tlie Xortli did not helicve ill shnerv. For inan\' \ ears ijast earnest dis- enssions had arisen hetween the ])eo])h' of the Nortli and the people of tlie Soutii on this question. .\s the years went on, the Ignited States increased in territory. The ([uestion was, Sliould the new states be admitted with or without sla^'es ? The peo})le of the Soutli believed in what they called "State Ri<»-hts"; that is, that each state should decide for it- self whether or not it Avould ha\'e sla\erv. The Northern states said that it was a (pies- tion for the national government to decide. Abraham Liiicohi was not in favor of the 67 58 HISTOEY AND BIOGRAPHY extension of slavery, so when, in 1860, lie was elected, the cotton states. South Caro- lina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, made preparations to leave the Union. In the following February a convention of delegates from the seceding states was held. A new government was formed, which they called " The Confederate States of America." Jefferson Davis was elected its President. Fort Sumter was bombarded in April by the Southerners. The rest of the states had now to decide whether or not they should secede. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas joined the Confederacy. The President of the United States then issued a call for volunteers. Seventy-five thousand men enlisted in the Northern states in three days. Money and ships were given the government by some of the rich people. The Southern people were just as enthusias- tic, and their young men also enlisted in large numbers. The war had begun. TJIE CIVIL WAIl 59 Tlie })C'()j)lc' on l)(>tli sides wtTc nil vrvy anxious lur the fi<>-litiiiL'' tu beuin- Tlie\' tlioiio'lit tliat witliiii three iiionth> the ^\ai- Fort Sumter wouhl be ended. Tlie first ])attle, at r)ull Kuii, showed tlieiii that tliey were mistaken. This battle taun'ht the peo})le at tlie North that tliev must not expect to make a si)eedy conquest of tlie South. This Avas the l)e<2:in- ning, not of tln'ee moutlis, but of foui' years, of terrible strife; four years when the sol- 60 HISTORY AXD BIOGRAPHY diers who faced each other belonged to one country ; four years when friends fought against friends, and often brothers against brothers. In the second year of the war President Lincohi issued his immortal Proclamation of Emancipation. This set free all the slaves in the states that were fighting against the Union, and those in the other slave states were given their freedom later. Some of the most important battles of the Civil War were Antietam, Vicksburg, and Gettysburg. At Gettysburg the loss of life was very great on both sides. About twenty- three thousand of our Union men were killed and wounded. The Confederate army had about seventy thousand soldiers, and their loss was twenty-three thousand, besides five thou- sand taken prisoners. It was a battle ob- stinately fought by both sides. Sherman's march to the sea was very important to the Union cause. He started with sixty thousand men at Atlanta and Till-: CIVIL WAIl 61 marclic'd tliruiig'li Gc'(jr:ht very bravelv for tlie liiioii eause. General Eobcrt E. Lee Avas one of the Con- federate o-enerals. He was a brave man and a great a-eneral, but he was on a losing* side. 62 HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY !Many terrible battles were fought, and tliousaiids of brave men were killed on both sides. When the Southern soldiers saw that it was useless to attempt to fight longer, they laid down their arms, and peace was made — a peace honorable to both sides. The states were then united and our Union was pre- served. ! CIVICS AXD i^VTi^OTLS^L OUR GOVERNMKXT In earlv times men oiilv liad cnou'i-li to live on, n(> more. I)ut later on, as j)i'oj)le learned llo^v to till the soil, tliey aeijnircd the saving" instinct. That is, they heji'an to -ynt away for some tiiture time Avhat they did not need to nse at once. Thus, in the years of ])lent\', thev saA'ecl f )r the ^■ears of fmiiue. Tlie weak men found that after rai si u^;' their cro[) the strong men would come and take it awav from them. The weak men soon jii'ew tired of this, so they banded tou'ether for the purpose of })roteetion. They made laws to protect their property. This we call a u'ov- ernnient. Tn the United States we have a government which is, as Abraham Tincoln said, 'M )f the people, for the people, and by the })cople." Our o'overnment is a"ood if we choose the 63 64 CIVICS AND PATEIOTISiM rio'lit men to make and carrv out the laws. We should know somethinn^ about the O'ov- ernment, so we can tell whether the people we choose are doing then* duty. We should learn how to change and better The Capitol, Washington (Where the laws of the United States are made.) the bad laws. ^ In Kussia the people cannot change the bad laws, but in our land the people have this power. The question arises : Is it our duty to obey bad laws as well as good ? Yes, we should obey all laws and, when we have the chance, change the bad laws. If the ballot is in the hands of intelli- gent people, it will be stronger than guns, OUR GOVERN MKNT (;:» str()ii<2vr even tlmn dNiianiitc. \\ licii tlic people are educatcMl, ilicy c.-m tell the v\'^\]t from the ^\ ron^'. J 1ms n\'c; see liow inipoi'tant it is to know sometliiim* about our eountrw THE CONSTITUTION' oF THE CMTEI) STATES PKEAMHLF-: "We, tlie people of the United States, in order to inrm a more ])erfeet union, I'staMisli justiee, insure domestic tran([uillit}', ]ti-(»\id(' for the connnon defense, promote tlie <2,'enri;d welfare, and secure the l)lessin<'"S of hhcrtx' to ourselves and our posterity, do or(hun and es- tablish this Constitution for the United States of America." This introdueti(ni to the Constitution is im- portant for several reasons. First because the government is founded on tlie ^vill of the peo- ple. ]\Iany nations in Europe liave consti- tutions tliat allow their })eople considerable libertv and freedom, but the Constitution of 66 CIVICS AND PATRIOTISM the United States is " ordained and estab- lished " by the people Avho are to be governed bv it. The preamble gives the reasons for estab- lishino; the Constitution. It also sets forth the exact purposes of the Constitution. It is a guide to our courts, to help them to interpret the Constitution. THE THREE DEPARTMENTS OF GOVERNMENT All governments nuist have three distinct powers : — 1. The legislative power, Avhich makes the laws. 2. The executive power, which carries out the laws. 3. The judicial power, which interprets the laws and applies them to individual cases. In an absolute monarchy these powers are all exercised by one person, the monarch, but in constitutional governments they are given to different persons. OUR GOVKItNMKNT 67 Til tlic United States the tln\'e |»«t\\cr< -avc (lixidcd ns follows : — 1. The k\!j,-ishitive [)Ower is in tlie liaiids of Cuiig'ress, whieh eonsists ot" t\\ <> Ijoihes ut men, a Senate and a House of l?e])resentatives. 2. The exeeutixe power is in tin- hands ot' the President, wlio executes the hiws throujih civil officers connected \y\t]\ the courts and the difierent departments of the ji^'overnmcnt. amh if necessarx', thronu'li the arm\' and na\ \, of which he is ('onnnander in ( 'hief. o. The judicial power is in the hamls of (tuc Su])renie (\)urt in W^ashinLiton and of minor courts established l)V C'onji'ress in all the states and territories. WHY WK XKKT) A OOVERXMEXT The word anarchy means ^'no o-overnment." It comes from a Greek word meaninii" no head, or government; hence anarch}' means "no government." The anarchists believe that cacli person stands ahjne ; that one person has nothing to 68 CIVICS AND PATRIOTISM do with anotlier. But if a father dies, does not the family feel it '? does not the city feel the loss, even if he does only a small part of its work ? When there is a war, every one is affected. The country becomes poor. At one time Rome was mistress of the Avorld. Before it was a republic, the rich peo- ple and the poor people would light. At last the poor people said, " We can do without the rich." So they left the city and congregated or gathered outside on the hill called Mons Sacer. The poor people had no lands nor property, and the rich had no one to work their lands nor care for their property. So neither one could get along. A judge named Agrippa came to them and said : " The limbs of a body had a fight. The hands refused to work, then the feet refused to carry the body about. The mouth grew very hungry, and then every part grew hungry. They all had to get together and help each part so that the body could thrive." OUR GOVKRNMEXT 69 Aiiotlicr example of streii;^'tli in iininn is illustrated in the Story of the Sticks, t(»hl l)\' -^]so[). A father h;ul scnimi sons who anctc always (juarreliii^i,' with one another. As this distressed tlie father \'ery mucli, he one d;i\- desired all of tiieni to come to his chanilici-. lie laid before them seven sticks, w hich w itc fastened to<;'ether. "Now," said he, *' I ^\ill ii'ive a hun(hvd crow ns to that one ot" \ou n\ ho can hi-cak tliis hundle of sticks across." Each of them tried to the utmost of his strength, and each was ol)li-round." The anarchists believe in se})aratino' the 70 CIVICS AND PATRIOTISM sticks, while a person with coniinon sense will see that the only solution is to keep the sticks tied together. In union is strength, just as Daniel Webster said, '' United we stand, di- vided we fall." Then, too, the anarchists are against family life. History tells us that the stronger the family life, the stronger the nation. When Rome had a strong family life, it controlled the Avorld, but when the nation became cor- rupt and careless of the claims of the family, its downfall soon followed. natukalization: NATUJtAlJZA rioN is tlic })r(>ct'ss wlicrchx an alini may hccome a citizen of our ((tiinrrN-. By nlii'ii, ^\•l,' mean a citizen (m- suhject of a t'urei;j.n jxnver. An alien enemy, tliat is, a citizen or snliject of a country wliicli is enpi^XMl in w.w wirli us, cannot hv naturalized or made au American citizen until liis country and ours are a^-ain at peace with cacli other. An alien friend mav he naturalized in the followiuLi' nuinner : — The first stej) is tiie makino-of a declaration of intention to hecome a citizen, couunonly known as ''takiuii,- out the tii'st ])a))ers." In this declaration of intention, the ])etitioner gives a personal description of himself and de- clares his intention of makiiiu' this couiUi'y his })ermanent home and of becoming a citizen thereof. 71 72 CIVICS AND PATPvIOTISM Declaration of Intention ss. I, aged years, occupation , do declare on oath (affirm) that my personal description is: color , complexion , height , weight , color of hair , color of eyes , other visible distinctive marks I was born in , on the day of Anno Domini I now reside at I emigrated to the United States of America from , on the vessel ; my last foreign residence was . It is my bona fide intention to renounce forever all allegiance and fidelity to any foreign prince, potentate, state or sover- eignty, and particularly to , of which I am now a citizen (subject); I arrived at the (port) of , in the State (Territory or District) of , on or about the day of Anno Domini; I am not an anarchist ; I am not a polygamist nor a believer in the practice of polygamy ; and it is my intention in good faith to become a citizen of the United States of America, to perma- nently reside therein. So help me God. The second step is taking out the naturah- zation papers proper, or what is common]^^ known as "taking- out the second papers." The prehniinary or first requirements are as follows : — I. The petitioner must have been in resi- NATClJAMZATloN 73 deuce in our coiiiiliN tor li\e years, xrar attrr year. IF. I [(' iiiiist 1in\'i' iiiadc liis (Icrlai-atinn df intention at least two years before. In this [iroeeeiling, \vliicli is judieial, he must renounce allepyrit;IUf(l liy Cn-o. i'. Ihill iV .Son, .N.\., l.Mni; The State Capitol at Albany (Where the laws of New York State are inaili.) go from each state? That depends on the popidation of tlie state. How many rei)resentatives go from the state of New York? 'Jliirtv-seven. 78 CIVICS AND PATRIOTISM Do we vote for the President directly or indirectly ] Indirectly. For how long is a United States senator elected 1 For six vears. For how long is a congressman elected? For two years. Who elects the United States senators 1 The state Legislature. Who elects the representatives of the people (congressmen) '? The people. Who elects the President of the United States'? The people, through electors. Who is the head (Chief Executive) of the United States ? The President. Who is the head of the state ? The Governor. Who is the head officer of the city 1 The Mayor. Where is the capital of the United States 1 At Washington, District of Columbia. Where is the capital of this state 1 How many states are in the Union (United States) ? Forty-six. :sA'ii:KAI-IZAri(hN 7ft How many seiuiturs arc In tlic I'niti'd States 1 Twic'o as many as states (ninrt\ -two). What do vou call the two branches ()t'('(»n- ^ Hniwo nf lu'prcsc'iitatiws .hkI Scn.ifr <^Tess ? ] louse o Signing of the United States Constitution, Septemhku 17. 17^7 Of how many departments docs the go\ern- ment of the United States consist I Hf three : Legishitive, Executive, and Judicial. What does the Constitution of the Tnited States guarantee? Liberty of conscicMice, freedom of the press, and free(h)m of speech. 80 CIVICS AND PATRIOTISM NATURAL!/, \TI<>\ SI "Wlu'ii was till' Declaration ol' liKlrpcmlriicc made i 'July 4, 1 77(). When was the Constitution of tin- I iiite(l Stati'S a(lo])te(l ? Se])teml)(i- 17, 17^7. A\'hen (lid the Constitution ;ress ap[)ointe(l a eoni- niittee to decide upon a suitahle fla<^ for the na- tion. ]\[rs. Betsey I\oss, a milliner, was sn})posed to do the finest needlework in the eolonv. Gen- e r a 1 Cj} e o r g e Washington was one of the committee to select a design for the flag, and he, with liobert ]\lorris, called upon Mrs. Ross one fine s))rini>: dav. *' We should like you to make us a. flag from this drawing, mm i\.\ ' t-i t. House of Betsey Ross, Ahch Street, Philadelphia BETSY Ross's First flag 92 CIVICS AND PATRIOTISM Mrs. Ross," said General Wasliingtoii. When Betsey lioss looked at the drawhig, she saw that the stars had six points. "Look," said ]\Irs. Eoss, "these stars have six points and a star should have only ^ve.^' She folded a piece of paper, and with one clip of the scissors cut out a five-pointed star. General Washington gladly allowed her to have her own way and make the five-pointed stars. This flag, the first of a nund)er that she made, was cut out and sewed in tlie back parlor of her little Arch Street home in Philadel^ihia. The home of ]\lrs. Ross still stands on Arch Street. Every day many visitors come to see the old house. P^LAG OF THE FREE Flag of the free, fairest to see ! Borne thro' the strife and the thunder of w^ar; Banner so bright with starry light. Float ever proudly from mountain to shore, FLACi t)K Tin: I'KKK 93 Kinblc'in of r'rc'cdoin, liopc to tlic slnvo, Sj)n'.'i(l tliy fair tolds hiit to shield mikI to sa\e, Fla^' of the five, fairest to see, BoriK' thro' the strife and the tliuinU'r ot war ; AVhile tliro' the shy h)ud riii^s tlie cry, Union and Liberty! ( )ne exerniore! Hail to the Fhio-! • Fhig' of the ))raNe ! k>ng" may it wa\e, Chosen of Ood while His niio-ht we adore, In Liberty's van for manliood of man, Symbol of liight thro' the years passing o'er ! Pride of our country honored afar. Scatter each cloud tliat would darken a star, Flap- of the brave ! lono; mav it Avave, Chosen of (lod Avhile Mis niiuht we adore, While thro' the skv loud rin^s the crv. Union and Libertv ! One evermore ! Hail to the Flag! GEOGRAPHY CITY OF WASHINGTON Washlngton, the capital of the United States, ought to be of great interest to every true American. It was named after Georp-e Washington, our first President. If we turn to the frontispiece we see the residence of our President. The White House is very beautifully built and furnished. The President entertains and receives visitors here. Each foreign country sends a minister to live in Washington. On New Year's Day all the foreign ministers call upon the Presi- dent at the White House. They all wear their full official dress or uniform, and make a very striking and attractive appearance. The Capitol is the building where the men meet who are elected to make the national laws. There are many other public buildings. 94 CITY OF WASHINGTON 95 Aiiionjj; the more iin])(>rtant of these govern- iiK'iit buihhiia-s are the J.il)rarv of Con";res.s, the National ^luseiiin, tlie JV'iisioii Office, the State, War, and Navy l)iiil(hii<2,s, and tlie Bureau of l^rinting and Engra\ing. These The CoNtiKESsiONAL Library buikhno's are all very interesting' to o'o through when one is visitino- Washino-ton. The Treasury Luildino; is where all the money is kept. In the vaults of the Treasury building, millions of dollars' worth of gold and silver are stored and iruarded bv wateh- 96 GEOGRAPHY men day and night. The Treasury dejiart- ment makes all of our paper money. There are many more thmgs of interest in Washington. The Washington Monument was built in memory of George Washington, The St v \\ \i; AM) Xavy Building who selected the site for this beautiful city. This monument is made of blocks of stone, and is five hundred and fifty-five feet high. It is the highest stone structure in the world, rf you wish to get a good view of the city, you can go up in this monument. Looking down, you can see hoAv beautiful the sur- ciTV ui' w asiiln(;toX 97 rouiidiiiU" coiiiiii-y Is and liow l)i-();i(l nrc the strcH'ts, Mjiiiy a\i'inu's arr niiiniiiL;' out in all (lirc'C'tioiis from tlu' cciiter. These axcimes cross tlie streets, and at tliese erossiii«iS \'ou see little })ai"ks, with statues and fountains and flowers. A little distance out of the city is ^Tonnt Vernon, the home of George W ashington. This is a charming old southern mansion, standing on the hanks of the Potomac River. ^Ian\' \ isitors come here e\erv \ ear. ^^W^^W§^^^S§^^^S^&}jm?:M' ' Mt. Veknon NEW YORK CITY As we stand on the ferryboat at Jersey City and look across the river, what a won- derful sight we see! Look at the wide ex- panse of water front! Look at the tall buildings rising higher and higher ! The sight is indeed very magnificent. Boats go out from the harbor of New York to all parts of the world. New Y^ork carries on more than half the foreign trade of our country. The The Statue of Liberty in mOSt important CXportS New York Harbor are meats, cotton, petro- leum, wheat, and flour. The larger part of these are sent to Great Britain and other countries of Europe. 98 NEW YOKK CITY 00 Not onlv is Xc'W York the oTcatcst inaiiii- facturiiii'- citv of Aiiicrica, l)ut it is also iKjtL'd for its l)ri(lii,-c'S, tunnels, and other means of transportation. Here we See a picture of the Brooklyn I)ri(l<>e. This bridge connects Xew York Brooklyn Bridge in New York City with lirooklvn. Street cars and elevated cars run over this hridu'e, niakinj)- it verv easv to o-et from one side to another. The newest suspension, hridij^e, The Queenshoro, also con- nects New York A\itii Lon^- island. This is also a remarkal)le piece of cjio'ineerinnds, and its wealth <>t' heantit'ul lluwers, all lend tu it Lake Shore Drive, Chicago eiK'liaiitnicnt. The statues of many illustrious men help to make it intevestino;. The Lake iShore Drive, which is really a part of Lincoln Park, has been extended northward alono- the lake shore so that it now connects with all the suburban towns. 108 GEOGRAPHY Among tlie memorial statues in this park are the heroic statue of Lineohi, at the south entrance, and the equestrian statue of Grant. Among the other parks we have Humboldt Park, which is directly northwest from the City Hall. There are also Garfield Park, Union Park, and Douglas Park. These parks are all noted for their tastefully laid- out grounds, which are decorated Avith many kinds of flowers during the summer. Chicago University, although one of the vouno;est in the countrv, is one of the richest. Mr. Rockefeller, president of the Standard Oil Company, has given millions of dollars for its support. .Chicago is the greatest lake port in the A Drain Elevator in Chicago TllK .MiaUul'OLlS UF THE WEST 109 world. Tt is nf tlic licnd of TiJike ^MicliiLiaii, where', n-oods cjiii most e;isil\- lie shipped to and from all parts of tlie Mississippi l»i\-er. The })hrms aliout ( 'lii('a-reatest market in tlie Avorhl i'ov i^-rnin. The stock yards are one of the most in- teresting sights in the counti"\'. ^leat is killed and packed here in Cliicago to l»e shii)})ed to all parts of tlie United States and to J'^urope. Let us take a look at the stock yards. They are situated almost in the center of C1iica<>-o. The street cars will take us there for fiye cents. A\'luMi we u'ct near the yards, an'c hear the lowinj»* of cows and the uruntini'" of iiia's. There are ahout one hundred and sixty thou- sand animals in these yards eyery day. Jlere the animals are kilh'd and sent to packing houses, which look like large factories. Xoth- 110 GEOGRAPHY ing is wasted here. The meat of the animal is packed in tins and the bones are sorted and made into many things. The skull bones, the jawbones, and the teeth are used by bone burners and bone grinders ; the hip bones, Cattle in Chicago Stock Yards horns, and shoulder bones are turned into hairpins, ladies' combs, and buttons. The bones of the thigh are used for the handles of tooth brushes. The bones are cooked be- fore they are sold, in order that the marrow and juice may be gotten out of them for making glue. The hoofs are also used for making glue TllK .ME'niorol.lS OF TIIH WICST 111 and nre'asc. 'J'lie Ijlood is suld as a tiTtilizer. TIk' hides o-o to tlie taniK^'s, tlic. ^\()ol Ix'iiifr })ulled from the sheepskins, and the skins afterwards nsed for nnikinji- ulox'es. 'J1ie bristles of tlie hog' are made into hrnslies. A VISIT TO BOSTON If we were to make a visit to Boston, we should have no trouble in getting there. Rail- roads connect it with all parts of the United States. Then, too, Boston lies on one of the finest harbors of the Atlantic coast. Many articles manufactured in the Eastern States and much farm produce are shipped to Europe from this port. On account of its good position, Boston ranks next to New York in the amount of its foreio-n commerce. Eng-land sends raw material over here, and the factories in and around Boston make this material into arti- cles that are sold not oidv all over the United States, but also sent back to England. There are about one hundred thousand people work- ing in the factories in Boston. Two of the leading industries are the making of clothing and fine machinerv. 112 A VISIT TO r.OSTOX 113 Some of tlu' l)nsiiic'ss streets of iMJstoii arc narrow and crooked. < )ii some of the busi- ness streets we see even larger crowds tliaii in New York. ]>oston has maniiificent parks and liandsome streets. Commonwealth Avenue, Boston Boston (yonniion is one of its l)eautiful parks. This park is in the heart of the city. It is surrounded 1)V mau'niticent ehn trees. The State House is near Boston Common. Its beautiful o-olden dome mav be seen from all parts of Boston. Connnonwealtli Avenue is one of the finest avenues in Boston. It is even wider than Pennsylvania iVvenue in 114 GEOGRAPHY Wasliington. Many haiidsoiiie homes are situated on this avenue. On our visit to Boston, some of the most in- teresting sights are the okl historic buildings. We will see Christ Church or the Old North Churcli, where the lanterns were hmig on that night when the British soldiers started out to inarch against the Americans at Lex- in^xton and Concord. The lanterns were to tell the Americans across the river that the British were com- ino". Paul Revere rode through the night to every Middlesex village and farm, telling the people to march on to Lexington and oppose the passage of the British soldiers throughout the country. We should also see Fanenil Hall. This *-^ The Old North Church A VISIT TO BOSTON 115 was iiotcMJ in the l>'('\'(»lntl(>iiar\' War as Ix-iiiji" the ''Cradle of Liberty." The city is a(h>nie(l with many ])eautif"nl statues and niuninnents. The great luniker TTill Moninnent is in iiuMnory of the hi-;i\e sohhers wlio h)st their lives _ at iUuiker llilh Some of the Ikevolntionary lieroes are remembered wlien we h)ok at tlie statues of A\ asliinii'ton and Hamilton. The old State House on \Vashinaton Street at the liead of State Street is one of the few huildinii'S tliat Avere built before the lievolutionary AA'ar. It is a verv interestinu' historieal l)uihhni»', for it was here "the ehild Independence was born." A\ itliin a few feet of its doors occurred the " Boston ^lassacre." Among; its manv schools of learnino- we have Boston University, l)oston College, and the world-famous Harvard Universitv, which Faneuil Hall 116 GEOGEAPHY is situated near Boston. It is interesting to know that Harvard University was founded by the very early settlers of Boston. These settlers were very poor, and could barely main- tain the school, but 4 S'< feiiiiffSI-l^ their desire was to found a college so that the coming generation would not grow up in ignorance. To-day Harvard University ranks as one of the Old State House in Boston W\ 'i^-^-vf-^T^r' j^S^^ '' ^^est in the country. 1^' I,. :^Jf^|it^4Wl The libraries of Bos- ton are among the points of interest. Boston has one of the largest public libraries for free circulation in tlie world, and this library is housed in one of the most beautiful public buildings in the country. Not only is the outside of this buildinor beautiful, but the inside is adorned with magnilicent paintings. A VISIT TO I'.OSTON" ]i: Aiiionji; tlic otluT lUtrarics in l)()stnn are tlic C^)ntirc'<>ati()iial I^ihrarv, r)(>st(Hi ^Medical Lil)rar\' and the J^il)rarv of tlic .Massacliusctts Historical 8ocietv. Tlie Miiseiiin of line Arts in ]k)stoii is one of the finest museums in the Avorld. !Many authors, nuisicians, and artists have li\'ed and (hcd in or near Boston. View from Stock Exchanck I^imi.dinc;, Boston (Note the State House dome at the left, and the Old State House in the foreground.) NEW ORLEANS New Okle^vns is tlie largest city of the South. It is also one of the twelve greatest cities ill the United States. Lafayette Square, New Orleans New Orleans lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, about one hundred miles from its mouth. It is completely surrounded by levees to protect it from the high water in the river. 118 NKW OKLKANS 110 Many ])('()|)1(' in Xi-w < )^l(^•nl^^ s])('.'il< I'l-cndi. Wlu'ii Anicricji was lifst settled, a hand of French peojjle came omt and settle(l tliis ])art of tlie eoiiiitry. Now yoii will iiiid some of their (k'seeiuhiiits h\ inTeatest cotton, suo-ar, and rice-shippino; cities in the country. 120 GEOGRAPHY The plantations around New Orleans raise cotton in abundance and send it to New Orleans to be shipped to all parts of the world. The cotton is separated from the seed by A Cotton Field means of a machine called a cotton gin. It is then sent to a compress to be pressed into bales. A large plantation of cotton just as it is bursting from the pod is a very magnificent sight. NEW ORLEANS IL'I The plantation looks like a downy, wliite l)e(l when the pods have bnrst. Kndjedded in these balls of eotton are nianv little seeds. These seeds stick very tig'ht, but they must h n n M M ^ -V ^ /I, ^ ^ ^1^>L-I^£?J ^-i Bales of Cotton ready fok Shipment be all stripped off before the cotton can be made into cloth. At one time it took a neoTo a whole dav to pick off the seeds from a single pound of cot- ton. This AN'as the reason it did not pay the planters to raise cotton. Eli A\ liitney, a youn^ schoolmaster, hi- vented a machine Avhich he called a cottou 122 GEOGRAPHY gin. This gill cleans the seeds out of the cotton. It can clean as much cotton in one day as a thousand slaves could do by hand. The cotton gin increased the raising of cot- ton. Plantation after plantation was soon covered with cotton, and many mills were built in the iiortli to make the cotton into cloth. CALIFORNIA The most Avt'stcru state of the Union is Califoriiici. A\ ho would not like t(^ ^■isit Cali- fornia, and see its niaa'nifieent valleys filled ^vith oran<»-e and lemon <>Toves ! How hi-auti- fill are its vineyards ! Eow after row of laro a p-ood kino- hung a bell in the market place and covered it with a shelterino; roof. Then, call in 12; his people together, he told tliem Avliat he had done. " This is the bell of justice," he said. " Whenever a wronrr is done to anv man, I will call the judges to make it riglit, — if he but rin<>-s the j^reat bell in the square." With so good and just a king the people 135 13G STORIES AND ANECDOTES of tlie village lived happily. The bell called the judge, whenever wrong was done, and he heard all complaints. After many years the bell rope was worn aAvay by use. It hung out of reach until some one, passing by, mended it with a wild vine. Now it liappened that a famous knight dwelt in the village. Wlien he was young, he had many hounds and horses, and spent his time in hunting and feasting, but Avhen he became an old man he had no love for anv- thing but gold. So he sold his hounds, gave up his rich gardens, and kept but one horse, that starved in the stable. At length he became so greedy and selfish that he grudged the poor horse his scanty food, and turned him out to feed in the streets. The poor creature wandered about, uncared for, unfed, and forsaken. One summer afternoon, as the people dozed in their houses, they heard the sound of the bell of justice. The judge hastened to the market place, where the great bell Avas ringing. TUK P.KLL OK JUSTICK Vi] " AVho liatli l)een wroiiu'cd I " lie asl^cd. ]*nt, reacliinu" tlie l)(.'ltV\', lie saw oiilv the starxiiiji; liorse, strn<»'<»"liiiu' to reacli the vine, w hich had been tied to the hell rope. "Ah," said the jii-oair' asked the hare. T1I1<: ANT AND THE GRASSllOlM'KR i;;<) ''The old })ine tree ])y tlie cross roads," said the tortoise. "Agreed," said the hare. Away sped the liare. The tortoise jdodded steachlv ah)iiu'. \\ lieii the hare had run awhih' at tlie top of his speed, lie sto])])ed a nionieiit to iiihhle some clover, it tasted so o;ood tliat he ate more and more. Tlieii, being tired, he lay down for a nap. The tortoise still plodded along, tnrning neither to tlie riuht nor to the left. AVlieii the lazy hare awoke and remenihered tlie race, he s})ed to the })ine tree hy tiie cross roads, only to tind the patient tortoise there before him. Some peo[)le are like the hare and some are like the tortoise. THE ANT AND TIIE GRASSHOPPER One winter day a hnngry grasshopper went to an ant to get something to eat. She knew that the ant had worked all summer, and had stored away a great su})})ly of food. 140 STORIES AND ANEGDOTi:^ "Good morning, friend ant," said the grass- hopper. ''Good morning, neighbor grasshopper," rephed the ant. " It is a eold morning," said the grass- hopper. "A very cokl morning," answered the ant. "I am very hmigry," hinted the grass- hopjDer. "I am sorry," returned the ant. Said the grasshopper, "1 have no food." "Why notr' asked the ant. "T had no time to get any," replied the grasshopper. "Wliat did you do all summer?" the ant asked. "I sang all summer," answered the grass- hopper. "Then you must dance all winter," said the ant. "Those who wdll not work should not ear. Tin-: LITTU: MATCH CIKL 141 Till-: J.ITTLE MATCH (illlL. ! Tt was tc'iTil)ly cold; it snowed and was almost dark, on this, the last excninij,- of the Year. Tn the cold and darkness, a ixx)!' little jvirl, with bare head and naked feet, went along' the streets. When she left home she had sli})])ers on her feet; but what of thati The sli})})ers had once been her mother's; thev were far too large for the child. So the little girl lost them as she sped across the street to o-et out of the Avav of two carts, Avhich Avere (lri\inh- inu'ton to Jndtimore. Professor Morse asked Congress to help 117 148 MISCELLANEOUS him, hut at first tlie members of Congress Laughed at the idea. They said, " You might as well trv and build a railroad to the moon." Weeks and weeks went by, but still Con- gress would not grant the money. On the third day of March, 1843, Professor Morse stayed in the Senate Chamber all day and did not go home until ten o'clock. He was very much discouraged, thinking that he must give up trying to build his telegraph line. But the next morning he was surprised and delighted to hear that Congress had decided to give him the money. In the spring of 1844 the line between Washington and lialtimore was completed. For nearly a year after that the telegraph was free to all who wished to use it. Then a small charp-e was made, a verv short mes- sage costing only one cent. To-day there are nearly a million of miles of telegraph line • in the United States, and the messages sent bring in al)out eighty thousand dollars a day. THREE GREAT INVENTIONS 149 150 MISCJELLANEOUS THE TELEPHONE Eyeky one has no doubt spoken through the telephone. What a wonderful thmg it is, to sit in your parlor, pick up the telephone receiver, and hear what a person in Chicago has to saY. The sound of the voice is so distinct that vou would almost think it came from the next room. This wonderful inven- tion was given us by Mr. Alexander (irraham Bell, a teacher in an institution in Boston for deaf and dumb people. Mr. Bell began his invention in 1874, but did not complete it until 1876. It is a matter of history that ]Mr. Bell has been given great honors, not only for the invention of the tele- phone, but for his other inventions. WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY Who that is livino: to-daY has not heard of that wonderful young inventor, GuglielmO; or William, Marconi ? Marconi was only a young boy when he 'I'llKKK CKKAI' l.WKNl'loXS l.".! first beht for himself a set of Faraday's works on elec- trieity, Avhieli he read with nuieh interest and pleasm*e. When l^dison was twenty-one, he secured a ]^ositi(>n in a telegra])h ofHce in Boston. There he was tested in many wavs, and found to be one of the best of all the telegraph operators. One day he ha})pened to go to New York, and he wandered down to the Stock Ex- change. It was a very busy day there, and, when business was at its height, the stock- quotation printing-machine broke. (Jreat was everv one's dismay. Edison saw at once what the trouble was, and (piickly set it right. 154 MISCELLANEOUS He was then the hero of the hour. He was offered the entire charge of the machine. His salary was three times as much as he ever before received in his hfe. He afterwards oj^ened a manufactory in Newark, New Jersey. His inventions are many. He experimented w^ith the telegraph and perfected it in many ways. He invented the transmitter which is used with the Bell telephone, and also the megaphone, an in- strument to be used in long-distance speak- ing. The mimeograph, an instrument used for making many copies of writing at once, is Edison's invention. The kinetoscope, Avhicli is used to show bodies in motion, is another of his inven- tions. He is also ay ell known for perfecting the incandescent light. Edison is sometimes called " The Wizard," for his inventions are like the feats of a mao-ician. The Edison Works are now located in Orange, New Jersey. Mr. Edison lives in Llewellyn Park, which is near Orange. TraDES AND OCCUPATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES THE MERCHANT One can be a mercliant with verv little inoiiev. There are merchants with small capital as well as merchants with large capital. There are many kinds of merchants. Coal and wood merchants have yards where they keep tlie coal that they are ahont to sell. The farmers send cattle and liogs to the mer- chant that owns a })acking honse. He pre- pares tlie meat to sell to the people. Tlie merchant that owns a canninii' factory Lnvs vegetables, fish, and frnit wliich he cans and sells to the people. The merchant that kee})S a store buys his goods of a mannfacturer. We have all kinds of stores. There are shoe stores, piano stores, drug stores, candy stores, etc., and there are also department stores wdiere many thing are kept. 155 156 MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTURING Nearly everything that we wear or use is made or manufactured from raw material, such as wool, cotton, wheat, iron, or clay. In a Cotton Mill in New England Most of the tliino-s we wear are made in large factories, which are scattered all over the United States. From the eastern cities of Massachusetts we get most of our shoes and boots and cotton and woolen goods. Clothing, machin- PAPEH M.\KIN(; mj ery, books, niid papci" .-ire ('xt('iisi\('l\- inaiiiifnc- turt'd ill the nortla'astcni [)art of" our couutrN'. TIic ITnitc'd States does about one third of the niaimtactiirinu" in the Avoi'ld. Thing's are made very cheaply liere. A\'lu'n we make an article here and sell it to anotlier country, we say we ''exi)ort" it. When an article is made al)road and brouulit o\er here and sold, we '' import " it. i'APHR MAKING Thh first pa])er was made in Egypt from a reed called ])ap\rus. Tliis reed gre^y on the banks of tlie Nile. From tlie word ''papyrus" Aye get the Avord "paper." The stem of the reed was cut into slices Avith a sharp knife. The slices were then unfolded and s[)read into sheets. Tlie sheets Ayere placed one upon the otlier, steeped in water, and pressed together. In some countries cotton is used for i)aper making. Our paper is made from rags. Some paper is made from soft Ayood and 158 MISCELLANEOUS waste paper, but the best paper is made from linen rags. The rags go through many processes be- fore they become paper. First, they are put in a machine and all the dry dirt and dust beaten out. Next, they are placed in a ma- chine and cleansed from all the grease and miiiw *-* *^.-/^ ^ - -' ^, wP*^ ..M^^^*^'- T:^^'^ 1 i^S pp HH^^^BWip^^^'**- jJRnMflH r^ Jl^SHiB^^i' - jS^^^^tMBtiuitti^^i^^ i IB^^g ^ ^""^"^^mMmmm ^^^'-- ' ^ II B A Grinding Room in a Paper Mill. colorino; matter. After the ras^'S are boiled m the machines and put through several processes, they come out like a soft pulp which is made to flow into open boxes. After the water is drained otf, the pulp is pressed between rollers and then passes on between other rollers that are heated. The pulp comes out from the rollers as smooth, glossy paper. It is then ready for many uses. A STRAW JiAT 159 We use pa])er for many tiling's. Xcws- papers, Ixxjks, liandhills, and ])i-();j,i-aiiiiii('.s are made of paper. Merehauts use paper to Avrap u}) tlu'ir goods. The Ja])anese use paper to make elotliing- and tl'j partitions in their liouses. A STRAW HAT We make straw hats from straw. '^Flie straw is cleaned betore being sohl to tlic manufacturer to make into hats. 11 le straw is A Hat I'actuky - Hi-tx kinc IIai: 160 MISCELLANEOUS ahvays braided before being made into hats. Some of the straw is also dyed. After the A Hat Factory — Unfinished Hats straw is woven into a hat, it is blocked over stiff molds or shapes. Then it is ready to be sold to the merchants. A SHOE FACTORY Here we have a picture of a shoe factory. Leather is the hide of cattle, goats, sheep, A SHOE FACTOR V 101 or utliLT iuiiiiuils. It is first sent to a taii- iierv to hv tanned; tliat is, it passes tln-oun-li l.\ A Shoe rAcruKY — Leveling the Sole a process Avliich makes it ready to be used for the niakinii: of hoots and shoes. After the hi(k's are tanned, the k>ather is sent to a shoe factory, where there are many M 161 MISCELLANEOUS 3 > X o g S o H CO O O fa H O B < COMMERCE 16.3 iiu'ii niid woiiii'ii at ^vork. Tlic Icatln-i" i^ first cut bv a inacliiiK' into t\\v iiiaii\' |)iecc'S which arc used to make a cuinph'tc shoe. Other inachiues sew them too-etlier. Eaeli ])art is made ])v a (htiereut machine. The workmen in cliarii-e of tliese machines nuist be botli skilU'ul and \erv caret'uL COMMEPvCE TllK connnerce or trading- of the United States is urcater than anvwhcre else in tlie worhk There are many tliousands of mih's of railways in the Lnited States, so that goods of all kinds can be sent from one part of the country to another very (luicklv. There is much carrvin<2: done on the laro-e hikes and rivers bv boats. The United States does a laro-e amount of tradino- with Europe by steamers. A\ e buy raw materials from Europe, which are carried to our fac- tories. When the articles are manufactured, some of them are sent back to l^^urope and sold. 1G4 MISCELLANEOUS FARMING Men and women that live in a large city do not know very much about the life of a farmer. To be a good farmer requires as much time and studv as it does to be a A Fakm House and Barns good doctor or lawyer. The farmer is a very important person, for by his work he gives us the food that Ave eat. Most of our farmers learn their trade by being brought up on a FAK.MIXG 165 farm and workiiin- tlicrc all tlicir liws. V*\\t now fannt'i's oo to scliool and karn tlieir trade. Many states Ik'Ivo liMvcn mnncv to m • .J %r^j\ ^^ ^A- -^^ - ^«. *^ ^I^^ '^■P^^^JI Sorting Corn for Canning in a New York State Factory support a college where one can learn how to become a good farmer. The President of the United States a])points a secretary to look after the interests ot tlie farmers of our 166 MISCELLANE(3US country, who is called the Secretary of Agri- culture When disease attacks a farmer's stock and he fears that he may lose his cattle, he at once writes to Washington, and the Secretary of Agriculture sends him information how to stop the disease. When grasshoppers threaten to destroy the grain, the farmers find out from Washington how to prevent them. The Sec- retary keeps watch over all the interests of the farmers. He has books and pamphlets pub- lished, which he sends out to all the farmers of the country. The government has set aside land in the West to be used for farm- ing. If a person wishes to become a farmer, he can write to Washington, and this land will be sold to him at a very low price. MINING Mining is one of our leading industries. People that work in a mine are called miners. There are many kinds of mines. We get coal from the coal mines. Iron ore is found MINING 1G7 in the iron mines. Gold, silver, lead, copper, zinc, all come from mines. Coal Have von ever visited a coal mine? It is a very interesting sight. It is not pleas- A Zinc Mine in Missouri ant to work in a coal mine. No sunliulit gets down there. The mines are bnilt very far down into the earth. It is very dark and damp in a mine. To a-et the coal out tho 168 MISCELLANEOUS miner has to blast the rocks with dynamite. After the rocks are broken apart, the miners loosen the coal with drills and picks. When the coal has been removed from the rock, A Coal Mine (This diagram shows how the coal is dug out of the mines.) it is put on little cars. Mules bring the cars on rails to the shaft. Three fourths of our coal comes from the laro-e fields of the eastern United States. But some comes from the middle and western fields. More coal is mined in the United States than in anj other country in the world, but a great deal is found in England. Iron Iron is uiiL' !.)( tilt' most coiiiinoii, usi'liil, and iinportaiit of all iiictals. Iron iniiiiiiL:' is carried on in nearly every state in tiu' rnit('(l States. But most of our iron eouK-s from the shores of T^ake Sui)eri()r. When the iron is taken from the mines, it is not ready for use. Tt is hrst put in a hlast furnace and smelted. Iron is a wvy hard metal. It is a conductor of licat and electricity. At ])resent there is a oTcat de- maiul for iron. Cast iron is iron smeked and run into niohls. It is used for ranges, stoves, railings, and articles not needing a great deal of streno'th. \\'rou<2,'ht iron is one of tlie strono'cst and most duralde of metals. Iron in this form is very useful. Ih'idges and towers are mach' from wrought irou. Some iron is sent to mills to he made into steel. Steel Iron mixed with carhon is called steel. Steel is verv hard and hrittlc and can he vcrv 170 MISCELLANEOUS highly pohshed. In the manufacture of steel many processes are used. Some of them are called "The Siemens," ^'The Basic," "The Chenot," and " The Bessemer." Each process The Steel Frame of a Building is used to make a steel suitable for a special use. Some of the things made of steel are knives, scissors, files, edge tools. Some of MINING 171 tlie larti'or oLic'cts made' of steel are artillerv, j^'iius, rails, sliattiiiii', and hoilei" plates. liiiild- iiiLi'S and sirn>s ai"e now Iteiiii'' made ot steel. Soiiie of the liiu'h buildinLLS in tl.e lame cities have the entire framework made of steel. Gold and Silver Evorv one has seen Uotli a-old and sih'er. IMueh of our money is made of o-ohl and sih'er. We ha\e siher dimes, (juarters, halt" dollars, A Gold Mine 172 MISCELLANEOUS and dollars. Gold is not nsed for money as conniionly as silver. Our more valuable pieces of money are made of gold. The gold and silver are obtained from mines in the West. Some o'old is found in the streams of water which floAv from springs in the mountains. When the water carries the rock down from the mountains, it carries fine grains of gold also. Most of our valuable iewelrv is made of gold. Tlie gold is sent to mints to be made into money. One of the United States mints is in Philadelpliia. Lead Lead is an ore. The metal taken from this ore is a blue-gray color. It is very soft and heavy. When first cut, lead has a bright lus- ter, but after being exposed to the air, it loses its luster and becomes dull. We use lead for making shot, pipes, and gutters. We also cover the roofs of buildings with lead. Water cisterns are lined with lead. The lead in the United States is mined in the far Western states. Where Coins are Made The Mint, Philadelphia, Pa. A Milling Machine A Coining Machine P 173 The Counting Room 174 MISCELLANEOUS Copper Copper was one of the earliest metals in common use. The name copper comes from the Latin Cuprum^ because of the large quantity of copper at one time found in the r Copper Smelting Works island of Cyprus. Copper is quite hard. It is also elastic. When struck, it gives forth a loud noise. When heated, it can be rolled into very thin sheets, or drawn out into fine wire. Pans, kettles, and boilers are made of copper. The bottoms of sliips are sheathed Avith copper. We get most of our copper from the copper mines in the western part of the United States. A LESSON ABOUT COFFEE Whkx the coffee berrv is on tlie vine, it is red like ;i cherry. After it is ])ieke(l and roasted, it becomes brcjwii as wu see it. Notice in the picture how closely tlic berries seem to urow to each other. ( )ii a few branches we have a ([uantity of hcn-ies. We are familiar witli a l)()U(iuet of roses, but not a boucjuet of coffee. In Ih-azil this is not an unusual sii^'ht. Here the coffee seems to thrive best. r)razil raises more coffee than any other country. The coffee tree blooms from 8epteml)er until December. An expert can tcU just wliat the next year's crop will be by the a})})earance of the ti'ces and the nature of the flowering during' this ])c'i'iod. There are nuiny ])eople employed on the coffee phintations. The hdjorer has to pick 175 176 MISCELLA:t^EOUS the coffee from tlie trees by hand, because all the berries do not ripen at once. After the coffee is picked, it goes through various stages in the drying process. Grounds Coffee Berries are laid out so that the coffee has a chance to receive the hot ravs of the sun. Here we see the coffee being: carried in sacks to be stamped before it is ready to be exported. The coffee is sampled before it is carried out. The United States is the greatest coffee- consuming country in the world. In one year seven million fortv-three thousand five hundred A LESSON ABOUT COFFEE 177 and iiiiietv-five bap,-s ^yvvv used. Tn each ])ii-rass hemus to come u[), and the buds soon sliow on the trees. ])y the time summer is here, all tlie tiowers are in bloom. The trees and : the fall months all the fruit has ripened. The u-rain is liarvested in tlie l)arns and the uuts are stored in tlie atti(!S. The farmers are well prepared for the cold ^\ inter. POETICAL SELECTIONS THE BLUE-BELLS OF SCOTLAND Of all the flowers in Scotland, I'd choose the dear Blue-bell, Of all the flowers hi Scotland, I'd choose the dear Blue-bell; Its color has a lan(»;uage Which plainly seems to tell Of tlie one that's afar And to say he loves me well. Its form too lias music, I often hear it riiiii;, Its form too has music, I often hear it rino- ; Foretelling joy unclouded, Which future days may bring : Oh, ye birds singing yonder. Of those sweet days ye sing. — Mrs. Jordan 182 ^VOODMAN, SPARK I'll AT TREE IS.'i WOODMAN, SPARK THAT TREE Woodman, spare that tree! Toiu'li not a sinushin(>- io^' Here, too, my sisters played ; 184 POETICAL SELECTIONS My mother kissed me here, My father pressed my hand — Forgive this fooUsh tear, But let the ohi oak stand ! My heartstrings round thee cling, Close as thy bark, old friend ! Here shall the wild Ijird sing, And still thy branches bend. Old tree ! the storm still brave ! And woodman, leave the spot ; While I've a hand to save. Thy ax sliall harm it not ! — George P. Morris. THE MONTHS I:n^ January falls the snow, In February cold winds l^low. In March peep out the early flowers,. In April fall the sunny showers. In May the tulips bloom so gay, In June the farmer mows his hay. "NO MAN IS BOUN INTO THIS WORLD:" isr, In .Inly liar\'est is Le^'un, iii Auuubt liuth' sliinc's the .sun. Scpt('inl)C'r turns flic liTccn Icjncs hrown, Oc'tubrr winds tlu'ii shake them down. November fields are brown and sere, December comes and ends the year, — Old KiivME "NO MAN IS BORN INTO THIS WORLD!" No man is born into the world Avhose Avork Ts not born Avith hiui ; there is always work, And tools to ^\•ork n\ ithal, lor those Avho Avill ; And blessed are the horny bands of toiL The busy world sho\'es anji'i'ih' aside The man Avbo stands Avith arms akind)o set, Until occasion tells him Avliat to do; And he Avho Avaits to ha\'e his task marked out, Shall die and leaA'e bis errand nnfultille;, And luT heart was in lier li.uid. And \\lien slie saw ])ooi* women, l*atieiitl\, da\ In' da\' Spiiniinn-j s])iiniinLi', and spiiniin^ Tlieir lonesome li\ cs aw ay, Slie Mould Inde in tlie Hax ottlieir distatis A lumj) of g-old, tlu'V say. And Avlien she saw poor ditchers, Knee dee}) in some Avet dike, Dio-o-inu", diu'ii'iiiu", and diu'u'inu', To their very oTaves- behke, She Avould liide a shiniiiii,- hini]) of n-old A\ here their spades woukl be sure to stj'ike. If any ditcher, or fisher, Or chihl, or s])iimer ohl, J)ou<2,lit shoes for liis feet, or l)read to eat. Or a coat to kee]) from tlie cohl, Tile u'ift of the good ohl fairy Was always trusty gold. 188 POETICAL SELECTIONS But if a ditcher, or fisher, Or spinner, or chikl so gay, Bought jewels, or wine, or silks so fine. The fairy's gold in his very hold, Would turn to a lump of clay. So by and by the people Got open their stupid eyes, " We nnist learn to spend to some good end,'' They said, '' if we are wise ; 'Tis not in the a'old we waste or hold That a golden blessing lies." — Alice Gary, THOSE EVENING BELLS Those evening bells, those evening bells ^ HoAV many a tale their music tells. Of youth, and home, and that sweet time When last I heard their soothing chime 1 Those joyous hours are passed away. And many a heart that then was gay, Within the toml) now darkly dwells. And hears no more those evening bells. REST 181) And so 'twill 1)1' anIk'11 T nin n-oiu Tliat tiiiu't'nl peal will still riiiLi' <»ii; A\ liik' otlirr hards shall A\allv tlii'sc di-lls, And siiiii" ^■()lll' ])rai.se, sweet eveiiiim- hells! TlKt.MAS ModKK. REST ]\KST is not (|uittiii<^ The hiisy career ; Rest is the fitting- Of self to one's sphere. 'Tis the hrook's motion, Clear Avithout strife; Floating to ocean, After its life. 'Tis lovino' and servino- The liia'hest and best ; 'Tis onward, nn swerving, — And this is trne rest. — J. W. VON Goethe 190 POETICAL SELECTIONS THE HEMLOCK TREE (Translated from the German.) HEMLOCK tree, hemlock tree, How faithful are tliy l)ranches, Green not alone in summer time, But in the winter's frost and rime, hemlock tree, hemlock tree, How fiiithful are tliy branches. — Hexry Wadsworth Longfellow. This world is not so bad a world As some would like to make it ; Though whether good or whether bad Depends on how we take it. — UnToiown. THE ARROW AND THE SONG 1 SHOT an arrow into the air, It fell to earth, I know not wliere, For so swiftly it flew, the siij^ht Could not follow it in its flig:ht. TiiK iwij. OF riii: ci-iri'MN' 191 I l)i-(';itlic(l ;i soiii^- into t lie nil', It trll to cartli, I know not nnIhto, J'\»r w lio lias siu'lit s(> keen ami stroiiu", That it can follow tlic iliLiIit of sonti* ? TiOiiu", loll^• afterward, in an oak L found tliL' arrow, still unhrokc. And tlu' soiiii", from Ix'^inniiiLi,- to end, I found ag'aiii in t\\v licart of a friend. — Hkxky Wadsworth Longfellow. THE FALL OF THE CFRTATX In the world, as in tlic school, I'd sa\' how fate ina\' chano-e and sliift: Tlie ])rize be soinetimes with a fool. The race not always to the swift. The strono- niav yield, the o-ood \Ui\y fall. The <>Teat man he a ^ uli^ar clown, The kiia\e he lifted o\'er all, The kind, cast ])itilesslv down. J- 1/ AVho knows the inscrntahle desi«»-n ? iUess'd l)e lie who took and travel 192 POETICAL SELECTIONS We bow to Heaven that willed it so, That darkly rules the fate of all, That sends the respite or the blow, That's free to give or to recall. Come wealth or want, come good or ill, Let young and old accept their part, And bow before the Awful Will, And bear it with an honest heart, — Who misses, or Avho wins the prize. Go, lose or conquer as you can ; But if you fail, or if you rise. Be each, pray God, a gentleman. — William Makepeace Thackekay. .XATIUXAL SUAli.S THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER. FicANcis Scott Kkt. 1. oil, say, ran you see, l)y thod.iwn's car - ly liKlit.Wli.-it so 2. On theslioic.dini - ly sfcn tliio' tlieniists of the deep, Wlieie the 3. And wlR'if is that hand « ho s.> vaunt-ing • ly swore Tliat tlie 4. Oil, tlius 1)6 it ev - t-r when free-men sliall stand I'>i; ^' I r" S: ^ 2a. And war's clam-ors o'er, with her man -tie hath Peace Once a- -dl= j-h-J - « ^ L.^ proml - ly we liailed foe's hauglity host liav - oe of war tween their loved homes anlest with gam, in %mr- ' :^^ "T its folds, the § ==t= I ' stripes and bright stars thro' the per - 11 - ous that wliii'h the hreez? o'er the tow - er - iiig home and a conn'- try should leave us no Vic - fry and peac( , may the heav'n-res - cued finht steep, more? land O'er the As It Their Praise the =t r:0 frat - ri - cide — ! — hand up - lift - ed e'er be, I The ram - parts we \ fit - ful - ly hlood has waslie Pow'r that hath vatch'd were so gal - blows, half con-ceals. d out their foul foot- made and pre-served ^--^ - m f _A lant - half steps' us ly streaming? dis - elos - es? pol - 111 - tioii! a na - tion! -*- !*-^ And the Now It No Then '^— t- 1^ F" y-'* • • m glo - ry to dim which now iin-cloud - ed. Not as Note. — The stanza minihered In was written for the Great Peace Jubilee, held at Boston in 1872, where it was sung by a chorus of hl.OOO voices. 193 194 THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER. rock-ets' red glare, (the^ bombs burst-ing in air, Gave c;iteh-es tlie gleam of the moni-ing's first beam. In full ref - uge could save the hire - liiu'; and slave From the con - quer we must, wIr'u our cause it is just, And North or as South in the fu - ture we'll stand. But as proof glo ter this I thro' the ry re ror be broth - ers of our night fleet flight mot nit that our ed, now or to: .-i— ^- the In -J- flag was shines on gloom of God is still the the our there, stream, grave, trust!" ip:r= T r- ed through - out the broad land. Oh, say, does that 'Tis the star - span - gled And the star - span - gled And the star - span - gled ^1 X star -span -gled ban - ner yet ban - ner; oh, long may it ban - ner in tri - umith sliall ban - ner in tri - umph doth ES -X- r — r — r — And the star - span - gled :p ban - ner for - ~^— I ^"~_l er shall is-:^a_ \_J_ wave O'er the land -P -25 of the free, and the home of the brave! : 5«_ wave O'er the land of tiie free, and the home of the brave! AMERICA. VX, Rev. S. K. Smith. pa 1. y\y •J. My 3. Let 4. Our ^%- coun niu fa — * •rzt try! live sic tliei'S' 'tis CDIIII swfll God! of try. tlie to llE.vuY Caret. 1 ;_ thi-e, tlit>e — breeze, Thee, Sweet l.aiiil And An - m. land of ring tlior of the from of -•- tr 31^^ lih - or no - hie all the lih - cr .*. . -». ?^-4 ^ -^~E^ r ty. Of free— Thy trees, Swert ty, To thee name free Thee ^ I sin^; f love; dom's song; we sing; =?-^=F-^ Land wliere my I love thy Let nior - tal l^ong may our J fa - rocks tongues land i 1 __L_ thers died! and nils, a - wake ; he bright Land Thy Let With of woods all free - the and that dom's Pil - tern bn-athe ho — r-t- r=t= It grim's pride! pled hills par - ly P-! . =t:= take light ^- -j^=z^ From My Let Pro - ff ev heart rocks tect ^iTjz 'ry with thi'ir us A .J ig tn: moun tain side Let rap - ture thrills IJke si • lenee break, The by Thy might, Great It: free - doin that sound Goil, a pro our I -Xz=z ring, bove. long. King. 19G HAIL, COLUMBIA! Joseph Hopkinson. "Presi dent's March," arr. by F. R. Rix. Ot. "> ^ H w . 1 |S , Cg-4— « •-T — -m ^T— rn r ! ±">^ "■5r=^« — ^~ — « — — i— hJ U J •^J -S-: S i« • !t - ^-^-a— '-•s— — J — *-^— bia! hap - py W 7 t--^^ r 5* "^ 1. Hail, Co-luni - land, Hail, ye he - roes, 2. Ini -moi- tal pa - triots.rise once more! De- tend your riglits, de - 3. Sound, sound the trump of fame! Let Wash - ing - 4. Be -hold the chief who now com-niands, Once more to serve his 1 _j — \^—-a-, m — ~ — — •■ — f-^ -,— A- '=^-4-^- y — - -p — u — -1 — J i* — 1- U— l#~^~^=^^ -H ^- 1~ —\ — p=1-5=r.^-H . #^*— M~ t heav'n-born liand ; Who fought and bled in free-dom's cause, Who fend yoursliore! Let no rude toe with im - pious liand, Let ton's great name King thro' the world with loud ap -plause.Ring coun - try stands — Tlie rock on wliich tlie storm will beat ; The m-^ — r — f— ^-ft- ^^ t p -m- ^ ■m- -m- _ "w L ^- ^"* ^ — ^ t= -p=^ U- r 1 r i ' i -£S-^ H 1- — -m — —T- :-3=^ -^-^zr-. ^)- • * • — •J fought and bled no rude foe thro' tlie world rock on which -^ -1*- -^- — •• — in with with the V— r — ^- free - dom's cause im - pious hand loud ap - plause storm will beat. .0.. JL- .«. — • — -* .And In - Let But wlien the vade the ev - 'ry armed in 1 r—m^ •■— ^ -J - i * ^ storm of sliiine where clime to vir - tue ^-i — 1 ^ 1 _i J L zt.-zz: — I- *— — 1 \ V - \ 1— — I— :=Ha^r- "« i"^ ^ 1 — z -. -. =5=Mzz -t =^=t* ^•*- 1 1— J 1 1 1 lis. >- > -P P ^ 1 r 1 1 war was gone En - joyed the peace your val - or won. Let sa - cred lies Of toil and blood the well-earned prize. While Free -dom dear. . Lis - ten with a joy - ful ear. With firm and true, Ills hoi)es are fixed on Heav'nand you. When ^1-J- -0* •■— — •■ — 1 — •■ — 1 -m ^o — 1 al :• 5 ft g— : -1 \ r ^4- 1 ^ Efz___^F__F_3 HAIL, COLUMBIA! r.i7 I -s» - ,•> (le- pen-deiice be our Ixmst, Kv er mind 'riiim>eace,sui- cere ami just, Iiilieav'ii we place qual skill and Uod-llkepuw'r, lie governed in ful what It cost! a nian-ly trust. That the fear-fn! hour Of was sinking in (lis may.And gioomsobseur'd Colun)l)ia'sday,His -•— fj] I i!»=C:=t ^ E^E^EZ ^'^m ifrd^z .T!_J-J ,.._* ^».:rt: , ^_,,_^_j* 1._^ , Ev - er grate- ful truth and jus - tice lior - rid war; or stead - y mind from I .#. M. .*. for the prize, Let its al tar reach the skies, sliall pre-vail,And ev - 'ry schemeof bondaKe fail, guides with ease The happier times of hon- est peace, changes free, Resolved on death or lilt er - ty. Pg li » : — ■A- 0^« ''-tz*J' .^_«L :f3z:S= Chorus -r^^J-4- _, 1 — I — » — ^ — ^_j_a( — I — Firm, u - ni - ted let us be, lial- lying round our lib - er - ty! :=C: :rp: fe Wr »"--*^ \^r- ^=i^a ^-f^- As a band of brothers joined. Peace and safe - ty we shall find. I — *- -•-J-* 198 THE RED, WHITE, AND BLUE. D. T. Shaw. 1. O Co-lum-bia,the gem of the o-cean, 2. When war winged its wirte desola-tion, 3. The Un-ion,tlie Un- ion for-ev-er, M^z Tlie home of the brave and the And tlireatened the land to de- Our glo - ri-ousnation'ssweet - -»- -»- r-ru-' 1^=:!: it=t: -r- » - i?e: aH2 ^..J*- ::|— -j:s=^.j^- free,.. The slirine of each pa- triofs de -vo- lion, form, . The arlc then of freedom's foun-da- tion, hymn; . May the wreaths it has won nev - er with - er, A Co - Nor the -• -^-jp* - T~ l^ +— J^— I — I — I -1^ * — I — \- S^.=F== world offers horn-age to thee. lum - hia.rode safe thro'the storm; star of its glo - ry grow dim! Thy mandates make heroes as - With her gar- lands Of vie -fry a - May tlie ser- vice u- nit -ed ne'er Wz T r^t^ pztzti zt-tzz\z—t:^ m ^E^ -Mzz i^rH- sem- ble, round her, sev - er. When Lib - er When so proudly But they to ty's form stands in view: she bore her brave crew, her col - ors prove true! Thy With her The % THE RED, WHITE, AND BLUE. 11>'.I n banners make tyranny tremble. Hub proudly Iloating be-fore her, army and iia- vy for-ev-er! , I • *. •- ^ *. - ^ I I - - • When borne by tlie red .while, and blue. The boiust of the red.white.and bine. Three cheers for the red.white.and blue. ^«.^^ I '-^' ^S^s: m*-- '1 CI.ORCS -j^^ When borne The boast Three cheers m~ I W- by the red. white, and bine, of the red, white, and bine, for the red, white, and blue. When The Three -- ^— A lA mm^wP^-i^MXf^^^^m borne by the red.white.and blue. Thy banners make tyr an ny boast of the red.white.and blue. With her flag proudly floating be - cheers for the red, white,and blue, The ar - my and na - vy for- Wi rci -«. -m. :t:=t t==P -^-4- -0t~ M.. M- ■*.. -* .m- _ *-^y -J— r- Pi ■^ ^ -t 1 *^ ^ When borne by the The boast of the Three cheers for the t 3< - a^n^i^cis I red, white, and blue, red, white, and blue, red, white, and blue. ^EEE^ 200 SALUTE TO THE FLAG. P f f-^—G>- pEE^Sgi= ^;p I pledge al le giauce to my ;di :=»-T^= n ^-i=i ::* Ef^:: :=J- -^=I^^S3= 1=1--?—=!- ^Iip5=?^l=^ii^3^^ :t:=C= --=!.- :=1- iB=S=q- ^gH^^g flag, and to the Re-piih- lie for which it stands, One na-tion, in- di - J J^^ ■^ 3 = ^S=d= :zl: ■s=*- -4— J •' 1 I—," •^.TJS=»=3zEiJ5-.^"?'S?E «^— S: ^^^i^ dim.- « — « 9-m — '-■^ — -0 — -m vis i-ble, With hb -er ty and justice for all. • ,.,,-,.5,_tg ^_^ ^__ tp J. tp u S/3 n5«- I I rail. Iff AUSTRIAN NATIONAL HYMN LAND OF GREATNESS HOME OF GLORY Land of gTcatness, Home of gloiy, Miglity l)irtli})lace of the free, Famed alike in soiio; and storv, All thy sons shall honor thee! North and South are finnlv Landed; East and West as one unite ; All Lv honor well connnanded, Strong in striving for the right. Homes by safe defense surrounded; Eights whieh make our freedom sure, Laws on e(|ual justice founded, — These ^vill loyalty secure. While with love and zeal unceasing, AVe are joining heart and hand, Shine, in hrightness yet increasing, Shine, dearest Fatherland! — A. J. FOXWELL. 201 202 NATIONAL SONGS GERMAN NATIONAL SONG THE WATCH ON THE RHIN^B A VOICE resounds like tliuncler peal, 'Mid dashing wave and clang of steel ; " The Rhine, the Rhine, the German Rhine ! Who guards to-daj my stream divine I " Chorus Dear Fatherland ! No danger thine, Dear Fatherland ! No danger thine ; Firm stand thy sons to watch, to watch the Rhine, Firm stand thy sons to watch, to watch the Rhine. They stand a hundred thousand strong, Quick to avenge their country's wrong ; With filial love their bosoms swell ; They'll guard the sacred landmark well. Cluyrus While flows one drop of German blood, Ol* sword remains to guard thy flood. rp KOKWKGIAN NATloNAl. it V.M.N 203 Wliilo y'\i\v rests in ))atri()t's liand, No foe shall tiL-ad tli\ sacictl strand, C/ion/s Our oatli resounds, tlic river flows, In li'olden liiilit our l)aniier jilows. Our hearts will ouai-d tliy stream divine, riie Eliine, the lihine, the German lihine! Chorus Max ScHKECKEXBERGEa NORWEGIAN NATIONAL HYMN TEOrLE'S SONG Yes, we love Avith fond devotion, Norwav's mountain domes, Itishig storm-lashed o'er the ocean, With their thousand homes ; Love our countrv wliile we're bending Thoughts to Fathers grand, And to Sao"a ni^ht that's sendin<; Dreams upon our land. 204 NATIONAL SONGS Peasants all their axes brightened, Eeady for the foe ; Torden skjold in battle lightened, Set the land aglow. Even women did assemble On the bloody plain, Others could but weep and tremble, — Yet 'twas not in vain! — B. NOBDBAAK. NATIONAL HYMN OF HOLLAND LET HIM IN WHOM OLD DUTCH BLOOD FLOWS Let him in whom old Dutch blood flows, Untainted, free and strong; Whose heart for Prince and country glows. Now join us in our song! Let him with us lift up his voice, And sing in patriot band The song at which all hearts rejoice, For Prince and Fatherland I NATIONAL JIV.MX OF hWKDEN 205 Wc LrotluTS true unto a man, Will sini;- the old song- yet; Away with him who ever can His Prince or land forget! A human heart glow'd in him neVr, We turn him from our band. Who callous hears the song and prayer. For Prince and Fatherland ! NATIONAL HYMN OF SWEDEN IN EUNIC MEASUKB In Eunic measure, Full and strong, Let heart and voice unite in song, To hail our Swedish King. To thee, and to thv roval line, Our /A'al, our love shall e'er incline, So britrht thv kinodv crown doth shine, Great Oscar, we shig. 206 NATIONAL SONGS King, entliron'd in majesty, Let thine the truest gloiy be, For Sweden's weal to reifrn. Then heav'n thy empire shall assure, Who shields the state, and guards the poor, Full long in pow'r shoU he endure. And foes assault in vain, — 0. LiNDBLAD. Baker and Carpenter Language Readers LEADING FEATURES 1. Teachers agree as to the value of good literature as the basis of the Knulish work. Hut the classics are often either not related at all tcj the work in expression, or the relationship is indicated in a vaj;ue and desultory fashion. The Language Readers make the relationship close and vital, without rendering tlie work in expression pedantic, or killing the enjoyment of the reading. 2. Each Reader has some dominating interest in its subject- matter. In the first two books, where the main problem is to teach the beeinninss of reading, much must be sacrificed to interest and sim- plicitv, and these hooks deal with simple story and poetry, mostly of folk-lore and child-life. In the third book, the dominant element is the fairy story and the folk-tale. In the fourth book, the animal-story and the tale of adventure are given the leading place. In the fifth book, the great myths of the world, the hero-stories of the nations, arc retold. In the sixth book, a selection of stories, poems, and essays serve as an introduction to general literature. 3. The standards of good literature and the interests of the normal child have been kept in mind. Great care has been taken that the books shall be good readers, independent of the language work introduced. The language work has been so handled as not to make it ob- trusive in appearance or impertinent in comment. 4. In grading the reading and language work, the editors have had the assistance of able and experienced teichers from both public and private schools. 5. Illustrations have been freely used. Color work — by the newer processes — adds special charm to the four lower books. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth Avenue, New York BOSTON CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO ATLANTA BAKER AND CARPENTER LANGUAGE READER SERIES First Year Language Reader By Franklin T. Baker, Professor of the English Language and Literature in Teachers College; George R. Carpenter, Professor of Rhetoric and English Composition in Columbia University; and Miss Katherine B. Owen, Instructor in the Charlton School, New York City, 152 pages, 25 cents net. Second Year Language Reader By Franklin T. Baker, Geofge R. Carpenter, and Miss Kath- erine B. Owen. 165 pages, 30 cents net. Third Year Language Reader By Franklin T. Baker, George R. Carpenter, and Miss Mary E. Brooks, Supervisor of Primary Work in Brooklyn. 300 pages, 40 cents net. Fourth Year Language Reader By Franklin T. Baker, George R. Carpenter, and Miss Ida E. RoBBiNS, Instructor in Horace Mann School, New York City. 359 pages, 40 cents net. Fifth Year Language Reader By Franklin T. Baker, George R. Carpenter, and Miss Mary F. KiRCHWEY, Instructor in Horace Mann School, New York City. 492 pages, 45 cents net. Sixth Year Language Reader By Franklin T. Baker, George R. Carpenter, and Miss Jennie F. Owens, Instructor in Jersey City Training School. 505 pages, 50 cents net. Each 'Volume t2mo. Cloth The distinctive feature of the Language Reader Series is that it includes in one book for each of the first six grades all the work in English needed for the grade, except the supple- mentary reading. THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 64-66 Fifth Avenue, New York BOSTON CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO ATLANTA 1 D » «% This book is DUE on the last date stamped below URL MAR 19 1973 iBdE^Qim fi£C'D LD MAR 1 7 73 'W AM 6 MWa7W3 Form L-9-10m-5,'28 3 1158 00668 1083 1 I ir c;ni rrHFR-. RFninr.ii i ibrafti' 'Jrirr AA 000 352 646 4 UBtARy