AT LOS ANGELES L REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TAXATION OF THE , ITIZENS' ASSOCIATION I — — -— ' OF CHICAGO Made Septemtier 26tli, 1874, and DecemDer 3d, 1874. V A L t / CHICAGO : ITED BY DIRECTION OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMimE OF THE CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION. 1874. (It ttt ct "« • • • •« 701 (^4- FIRST REPORT. To tJie Executive Committee of the Citizens Association of Chicago: The Committee on Taxation appointed by you, beg leave to submit the following preliminary Report : The subject of taxation is so vast and complex that it would be the work of years rather than of days to examine carefully and discuss fully its many branches and the various questions connected with it. But there are so many and such serious defects in the tax system now in operation in Chicago that your committee deem it advisable to call attention at once to some of its most pal- pable evils, and to suggest remedies for them, reserving more intricate matters for the fuller consideration which they demand. UNEQUAL ASSESSMENTS OF VALUATION. The gravest of these evils and that which works the greatest injustice, is the wide inequality in the assessments of valuation, particularly those upon which state, county and town taxes are based. In consequence of this inequality, some individuals pay a two, three, and in some instances ten-fold greater tax in proportion to the real value of their property, than other owners in the same town. That this is not an over statement, the following instances, carefully verified by your committee, will testify. They all occur in the assessment for 1873, upon which taxes are now being paid. In one town its Assessor assessed one very valuable piece of improved business property at a little less than six per cent, of its real value, another large tract, docked, and used for lumber yards at twenty per cent, of its real value, and still another large and valuable property, built up with residences, at ninety per cent, of its real value. The Assessor in another town valued a piece of improved business property at six per cent. of its value, a residence at sixteen per cent, of its value, and a vacant lot at sixty per cent, of its value. These towns are both situated within the city limits, but in one of the towns adjoining the city, while two tracts of land were assessed at OTi\y four and five per cent, of their respective values, other tracts were assessed at nearly, if not quite, their full values. And in one of the remoter towns in Cook county, the Assessor valued all of the land in it at a uniform rate per acre, although he must have known that the value of the farms in that town varied from thirty to one hundred and fifty dollars per acre. These are not isolated instances, and your committee believe that they fairly illustrate the existing modes of assessment for purposes of taxation in many, if not all, of the towns in this county, the records of which will show numerous similar cases of excessive over, and under, valuation. NO REMEDY FROM COUNTY BOARD. The County Board of Equalization furnishes no remedy for this state of things. So numerous and great are these discrep- ancies that to adjust a single assessment equitably between the individual property owners in this county, would require the Equalizing Board to be in session an entire year. Nor would justice then be done unless the members of the board were familiar with the true value of every piece of property in the county, a thing which is simply impossible with our present revenue machinery. It is possible for this county board to equalize the assess- ment of valuation for town, county and state purposes, between the different towns with some approach to fairness. Yet in so doing, the injustice to individuals is only aggravated. It was ascertained that in some of the towns in this county the assessment of real estate for a particular year did not average more than ten per cent, of the real value, while in other towns for the same year it Avas sixty per cent. Assuming that the average assessment of realty for the whole county was forty per cent, of the true value for that year, equalization between the two classes of towns designated can be made by multiplying the assessment in the first by four, and reducing it by one-third in the other. But in the first class of towns the property of many individuals was assessed at thirty per cent, of its value, and that of others at only five per cent., making the average valuation of the town ten per cent, of what the property in it was really worth. When you multiply by four to equalize between the two classes of towns, you make some owners pay upon one hundred and twenty per cent, of their property, or one-fifth more than it is worth, while those assessed at five per cent, originally, still pay only upon one-half of the proper value. And when the State Board of Equalization repeats this proceeding upon a large scale in its attempts to adjust the valuation as between counties, the wrong in many cases, becomes enormous. The vital error lies in the inequality in the original assess- ment of valuation. NO HOPE OF RELIEF UNDER PRESENT SYSTEM. There is little hope of relief from this great wrong while the present method of selecting the men who make these original assessments continues. The assessors chosen at town meetings are usually ignorant of the duties to be performed, and not always incorruptible. And even if they were competent and honest, it would be impossible for them in any of the three towns in the city of Chicago, to make a fair assessment in the limited time within which they are required by law to do their work. JUDICIOUS LEGISLATION THE ONLY REMEDY. Your committee believe that the only adequate remedy for these evils will be found in judicious legislation by the State. In the first place, the township organization, in Cook county, should be done away with, it being, in this city at any rate, utterly useless and vicious. Then there should be but one valuation of property, on the basis of which, all taxes for city, county and State should be levied. This would dispense with one-half of the present machinery and expense in conducting this business. A Supervisor of Revenue for the county should be appointed, whose duty it should be to procure perfect maps and plats of all the lands, blocks, lots and sub-lots in the county, upon a large scale, and a complete set of books in which should be entered the character of the improvements upon each tract or lot, and the 6 date and consideration of one or more of its most recent transfers. Where practicable these data should be noted upon the face of the maps. With this information before him, the Revenue Supervisor could readily compare the assessment with the real value of each piece of property, and note the addition or reduction necessary in each case, to bring it to the average valuation. His conclusions he should be required to report to the Equalizing Board, which should have the power to confirm them without notice to owners of property as to which changes may be made. But these books should be open to the inspection of any tax payer on every business day in the year, that all may see that no injustice is done. This Revenue Officer should appoint all of his assistant assessors and clerks, and be held strictly accountable for their official acts. His term of office should be for a reasonably long period of time, he being subject, of course, to removal for malfeasance in office. The more experience had by such officer and his assistants, the more valuable would be their services, and each succeeding year would enable them to more and more nearly approach to exact justice to each tax payer. Under our State Constitution, laws must be general in their application, but if the proposed plan for obtaining an honest and fair valuation of taxable property is not desired by the less populous counties, the system can be confined to such counties as have a population exceeding a given number, which can be made so large as to apply only to the county of Cook, if no others wish to adopt it. SUBJECT OF FUTURE REPORTS. The defects in our General Revenue Law which affect State taxation, and its provisions relating to the State Board of Equalization, the questions of general or special assessments for local improvements, and direct or indirect taxation, and such other topics as may come within the province of this committee may be tlie subjects of future reports, should it seem advisable. Respectfully submitted, A. J. Galloway, E. G. Mason, Robert Law. Chica^^o, Sept. 26, 18J4. SECOND REPORT. To the Executive Committee of the Citizens' Association of Chicago : The Committee on Taxation appointed by you made a pre- liminary report on the 26th of September last, in which some of the most obvious evils of the present system of levying and collecting taxes in our city were pointed out, and remedies for the same were suggested. That report was re-committed to the Committee on October 15, with instructions to make a fur- ther report as to the best and most feasible methods, in their judgment, of carrying out their suggestions. Since that time the Committee have carefully considered their former proposi- tions, have had before them the views in writing of different persons conversant with the subject, and have availed them- selves of the best assistance which they could obtain, as will more fully appear herein. It will be remembered that THE REFORMS PROPOSED were the abolition of township organization and uniform valua- tion of property under the control of a single officer, appointed for such a term and with such powers as would most judi- ciously accomplish this result. Taking these suggestions in order, your Committee would observe that upon mature reflec- tion they are fully convinced of the propriety and importance of their recommendation, that township organization should be done away with. Recent events confirm this conclusion, if confirmation were necessary. We characterized this system in our previous report as utterly useless and vicious. We might add that it is a great and unnecessary expense, that it stands in the way of almost any tax reform, and that by its abolition we can secure a system more economical and effective, and under which the desired improvements in our modes of taxation can more readily be obtained. It remains only to determine whether there are any legal obstacles to making this change, (7) 8 and if not, in what way it can be brought about. There has been so much discussion upon the subject, and it is in some respects so involved, that, to properly understand it, it seems advisable to briefly sketch the history of TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION IN COOK COUNTY. Under the constitution of 1848, two classes of counties existed in Illinois. The first class comprised those counties not adopting township organization, which were not divided into towns, and in which all the business of each part of the county was transacted by the County Court. The second class com- prised those counties adopting township organization, which were divided into townships or towns, each of which was a body corporate, managing its own affairs and with its own officers, comprising a Supervisor, Town Clerk, Assessor, Collector, Jus- tice of the Peace, and other minor officials. And in counties of the second class general county affairs were managed by a Board of Supervisors, made up of the Supervisors elected from the several towns and city wards in the county. Each county was a body corporate by itself, whether divided into towns or not. Cook county belonged to the second class, namely, those adopting township organization, and at the time of the assem- bling of the last Constitutional Convention its citizens were dissatisfied with its Board of Supervisors, There was a general desire for a change in the management of the general county affairs, and our delegates were anxious to bring it about. In the Convention there was little or no discussion upon the mat- ter, all propositions relating to it being referred to the Cook county delegation. The result of their deliberations, which the Convention adopted, was the section establishing a Board of Fifteen Commissioners to manage the affairs of Cook county. All of the provisions of our present constitution which relate to county government are comprised in article ten, and are as fol- lows : COUNTY GOVERNMENT. Section 5. The General Assembly shall provide, by general law, for township organization, under which any county may organize whenever a majority of the legal voters of such county, voting at any general election, shall so determine, and when- ever any county shall adopt township organization, so much of this constitution as provides for the management of the fiscal concerns of the said county by the board of county commis- sioners, may be dispensed with, and the affairs of said county may be transacted in such manner as the general assembly may provide. And in any county that shall have adopted a township organization, the question of continuing the same may be submitted to a vote of the electors of such county, at a gen- eral election, in the manner that now is or may be provided by law; and if a majority of all the votes cast upon that question shall be against township organization, then such organization shall cease in said county ; and all laws in force in relation to counties not having township 'organization, shall immediately take effect and be in force in such county. No two townships shall have the same name, and the day of holding the annual township meeting shall be uniform throughout the State. Sec. 6. At the first election of county judges under"^th s constitution, there shall be elected in each of the counties in this state, not under township organization, three officers who shall be styled "The Board of county 'commissioners," who shall hold sessions for the transaction of county business as shall be provided by law. One of said commissioners shall hold his office for one year, one for two years, and one for three years, to be determined by lot ; and every year thereafter one such officer shall be elected in each of said counties for the term of three years. Sfx". 7. The county affairs of Cook county shall be man- aged by a board of commissioners of fifteen persons, ten of whom shall be elected from the city of Chicago, and five from towns outside of said city, in such manner as shall be provided by law. The common understanding of the effect of these provisions has been that so far as Cook county is concerned township organization was continued therein as previously e.xisting, but with the substitution of a Board of Fifteen Commissioners for the old Board of Supervisors. It is well known that this was the only object at that time desired to be accomplished by the people of Cook county, and all of our delegates to the Con- vention whom your committee have been able to see, agree in 10 the statement that this was the sole intention of the Cook county delegation and of the Convention. Upon this view all concerned have acted since the adoption of the constitution of 1870, and our Legislature seems to recognize it as the correct one, in the act of April 22, 1871, which pro- vides that " the Cook county Commissioners shall have the same powers, duties, etc., as prescribed by laiv for the Board of Supervisors" and in the revision of 1874, which provides that " all laws applicable to the County Clerks of other counties under township organization, shall be applicable to the County Clerk of Cook county." R. S. 1874, p. 312, §§60-63. And your committtee believe this to be the present status of the system of township organization in the county of Cook. TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION CAN BE ABOLISHED. It follows, therefore, in our opinion, that it is as competent now for the people of the county to abolish this system as it was under the constitution of 1848. We are aware that the opinion is entertained by some that the system in question was in fact abolished by the constitution of 1870 in this county. This proceeds upon the assumption that there are but two classes of counties recognized in the new constitution, one under the commissioner system, and one under township organization; and that Cook county, being placed under the government of Commissioners, must wholly belong to the commissioner system class, and can therefore have nothing to do with township organization, which by implication must have been abolished within its limits. The error here lies in overlooking the fact that the constitution nowhere limits the number of classes of counties, and does practically create a third class, in which the old township organization was continued, except as to the Board of Supervisors, for which a substitute was provided, to which third class Cook county alone belongs. The absence of any evidence of intention to abolish township organization here, and of any express provision upon the subject in the constitution, and tlie recognition of its continuance in the provision that five oj Commissioners shall be elected from the towns outside of the the city, are also reasons conclusive to our minds as to the incor- rectness of tins opinion. An argument has also been made to show that the existing 11 condition of things in this regard was, by the constitution, ren- dered irrevocable. This reasoning recognizes the continuance of the township system in Cook county by the constitution, and finding no express provision for its aboHtion here, infers that it cannot be done away with. It is urged that section five of arti- cle ten provides that when township organization ceases in a county, all laws in force in counties not having township organi- zation shall take effect, and that section six provides that coun- ties not under township organization shall have three Commis- sioners, of whom, after the first election, one shall be elected each year, and hold office for three years, and that the laws enacted to carry out these sections make the same provisions. Hence, as Cook county has already a Board of Fifteen Commis- sioners, it is argued that the change provided by the constitu- tion, being from township organization to a government bv three commissioners, cannot be made here ; that, therefore, sections five and six have no application in Cook county, and that section seven finally disposes of the matter for us. But it seems to your committee that the accepted rule of construction which requires all of the provisions of a statute relating to one subject to be so read as to be consistent and harmonious throughout furnishes a sufficient answer to this theory. The three sections referred to, can be read together without violence to their spirit or language, so as to entirely harmonize, by treating section seven as a modification of sections five and six, so far as Cook county is concerned. Their plain meaning, then, will be that township organization may be abolished in any county which has adopted it, including Cook county, and the laws concerning counties not under township organization will come in force, except so far as they are modified in the case of Cook county by section seven. It seems a necessary infer- ence, from the fact that the constitution has made the govern- ment of Cook county an exception to the general provisions governing counties, that all such general requirements when applied to this county must be construed in accordance with the special provisions relating to it. Hence a vote of the peo- ple of Cook county, at a general election, dispensing with town- ship organization, would not vest the control of the county and township affairs in three Commissioners, provided for other counties, but in the fifteen Commissioners provided in Cook 12 county. It is possible that it may be well to obtain an amend- ment to the existing statute upon township organization, to remove any doubt as to the immediate succession of our present Board of Commissioners to the present town governments, in case the township system is discontinued. But we do not con- sider any legislation necessary to enable the people of our county to effect such discontinuance, and as to the METHOD OF ABOLISHING TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATIONS, we are glad to be able to submit herewith an opinion on this subject, kindly prepared at their request, by the chairman of your committee on municipal organization, M. F. Tuley, Esq., whose views must carry with them the greatest weight. OPINION BY M. F. TULEY, ESQ. To A. J. Galloway, Chairman Committee on Taxation : You ask my opinion as to the best and most feasible way of getting rid of township organization in Chicago. Every person who has given the subject any attention must admit that a large city has no more need of township organization than a common road wagon has of five wheels. It is not only a great burden upon the tax payers, but it has become an intolerable nuisance- The General Assembly of the State made an attempt at its last session to abolish the most objectionable feature of it, to-wit ; the voting of money for town purposes by the annual town meetings, by conferring the power to fix the amounts to be ex- pended by the towns upon the Board of County Commission- ers ; but, in my opinion, as long as the township organization system is maintained, any law which takes away from the peo- ple or the town authorities the power to appropriate and levy the town taxes, is unconstitutional and void. It is difficult to perceive how township organization can be made one thing in cities and a different thing in the country, and not be subject to constitutional objections. After mature reflection I can per- ceive no way in which, by amendment of the present law, or otherwise, township organization can be maintained for any pur. pose in large cities, and at the same time the voters of the 13 towns, or the town authorities, be deprived of the power to im- pose taxes for town purposes. The new constitution of 1870 guarantees the right to all counties to discontinue township or- ganization if the voters desire to do so. It provides by Sec. 5, Art. 10, "that in any county that shall have adopted township organization, the question of continuing the same may be sub- mitted to a vote of the electors of such county at a general election in the manner that now is or may be provided by law.'' The General Assembly in the township organization act in force March 4, 1874, made the following provisions for an election upon the question of discontinuing township organization : "Section i. Art. 2. Upon the petition of at least one- fifth of the legal voters of any county having adopted township organization, to be ascertained by the vote cast at the last pre- ceding Presidential election, the county board shall cause to be submitted to the voters of such county, at the next general election, the question of the continuance of township organiza- tion, to be voted on by ballots written or printed, or partly written or printed, ' For the continuance of township organiza- tion,' or 'Against the continuance of township organization, notice to be given and the votes to be canvassed and returns made in like manner as in this Act provided in reference to a vote on the adoption of township organization. "Sec. 2. If it shall appear by the returns of said election that a majority of the votes cast on that question at said elec- tion are against the continuance of township organization, then such organization shall cease in said county as soon as a county board is elected and qualified ; and all laws relating to counties not under township organization shall be applicable to such county the same as if township organization had never been adopted in it." A question has been raised as to whether the law in question and also the constitutional provision quoted, are applicable to Cook county; but it must be borne in mind that the constitu- tion itself, so far as the county board of fifteen commissioners is concerned, makes an exception in favor of Cook county. It is not to be presumed that the framers of the constitution in- tended to except Cook county from the benefit of the provision authorizing counties to discontinue township organization, nor that the General Assembly did not intend to include Cook 14 county in the law passed to carry out that constitutional pro- vision. I am satisfied that no such absurd construction would be placed thereon by the courts. An election can be had, and township organization can be discontinued, in iBy opinion, under the law as it now stands. A discontinuance of township organization may be objected to by some of the country towns; but as many of them, like Hyde Park, Cicero, Lake View, and others, are acting under special charters, or under the general incorporation act for cities and villages, and as most of the other towns are sufficiently densely populated to enable them to organize as villages under that act, no great opposition from the outside towns should be expected. In Cicero and Lake, and probably other towns act- ing under special charters, the supervisor and town assessor and collector are all, or some one or more of them, made ex-officio members of the board of trustees of the town. It should be seen to that a law be passed to prevent any diffi- culty arising in such towns by the discontinuance of township organization throughout the county. When township organiza- tion shall be abolished in Cook county, the county will come under the laws applicable to counties not under township or- ganization. One great benefit from the change will be that we will have biit one assessor for the whole county, and the great irregularities in the assessment of property necessarily resulting from the great number of assessors under the township organi- zation system will be avoided. The sheriff will be ex-officio county collector. There will be great economy in dispensing with the township organization system. I might mention also the fact that no appropriation could be made for the erection of a court house or other public building without first submit- ting the same to a vote of the people of the county. Respectfully, M. F, Tuley. Your committee will only add, in this connection, that the total vote of this county cast at the last preceding presidential election was, in round numbers, 50,300, and that it will there- fore be necessary to present a petition signed by at least 10,060 15 of the legal voters of this county to the county board, to obtain a submission to the voters of the county at the next general election of the question of the continuance of township organi- zation. Such election will take place on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in the year 1875. UNIFORM VALUATION OF PROPERTY UNDER ONE REVENUE OFFICER. The second suggestion of your committee in their previous report was that there should be but one valuation of property, on the basis of which all taxes for city, county and State pur- poses should be levied, and that there should be a single reve- nue officer, or assessor, for the county, with power to appoint assistant assessors and clerks, holding office for a reasonably long period, whose duty it should be to procure perfect maps of all real estate in the county, and to keep a complete set of books showing the character of the im.provements on each tract or lot and the date and consideration of one or more of its most recent transfers, and by whom all assessments should be made, subject to the revision of the county- equalization board. The abolition of township organization is the first step to this end. A return to the other system gives us one assessor for the whole county, which office, in counties not under township or- ganization, is, under the present law, held by the county trea- surer, ex-offi.cio. To secure from this officer the uniform and accurate valuation desired, we should deem it advisable to ask for legislation ; and the law defining his duties, and fixing his term of office in Cook county, can be made to take effect when the people of the county have decided by a legal vote to dis- pense with the existing system. PROPER LEGISLATION CAN BE OBTAINED UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. It is the opinion of some able lawyers, that the county of Cook, having been excepted from some of the general provi- sions which apply to counties and townships in the rest of the State, is therefore not subject to the restriction contained in the sixth clause of Sec. 22, Art. IV., of the constitution of 1870, that the constitution recognizes the fact that the county of Cook, containing a great commercial city, must have special 16 provisions for its government; and that vve are fully justified in asking and obtaining any special legislation which the pecu- liarities of our position or condition as a municipality may re- quire. It is very much to be regretted that a power so essential to the well-being of municipal corporations should have been made to depend upon implied powers ; and an amendment to the State constitution, expressly exempting all municipal cor- porations from this oppressive restriction, would have a very salutary effect. Two or three States which have revised their constitutions since the adoption of ours, have — in following our provisions against special legislation — had the wisdom to exempt their municipal corporations from this restricting clause. But to avoid all risk or uncertainty in the premises, your com- mittee deem it advisable to recommend that the legislation asked for be in accordance with the suggestions in their pre- liminary report of September 26th. LEVY OF CITY TAXES ON COUNTY VALUATION. When a single assessment for State and county purposes has been established in^he method proposed, our city revenue can also be based upon it, and thus a uniform valuation for all pur- poses of taxation made complete. The general act for the in- corporation of cities and villages, approved April 10, 1872, provides that the city council may levy and assess the amount of the yearly appropriations upon the property within the city subject to taxation, as the same is assessed for State and county purposes for the current year. The tax so assessed shall be collected and enforced in the same manner, and by the same officers, as State and county taxes, and shall be paid over by the officers collecting the same to the treasurer of the city. R. S. 1874, p. 231. The act in regard to the assessment of property and the levy and collection of taxes by incorporated cities, approved April 15th, 1873, provides, however, for an as- sessor and collector in incorporated cities, to be elected by the people, whose duties shall be prescribed by ordinance (R. S. 1874, p. 254); but it also provides that the city council shall have power at any time, by ordinance to elect to levy the annual appropriations upon the assessment for State and county taxes, and in such case to abolish the offices of city assessor and city collector. (R. S. 1874, p. 259.) The latter act, popularly 17 known as "Bill Number 300," is obnoxious for various reasons, and having already been held to be inoperative, should be re- pealed. In case of its repeal, and of the incorporation of our city as now contemplated, under the general act first referred to, then our city revenue will be based upon the State and county valuation. In case it is not repealed, it is still optional with our city council to levy the annual appropriations upon the State and county valuation, and in that event steps should be taken to bring about this action on the part of the councih or to secure legislation to compel it. CONSOLID.\TION NO REMEDY FOR EVILS OF TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION. The idea has been suggested that the evils of township or- ganizations in the city might be relieved by consolidating the three towns into one ; but your committee think this would be "piling Pelion upon Ossa," for what could sixty thousand voters do at a mass meeting, either in electing suitable town officers or deciding by a viva voce vote the amount of revenue to be raised for the public uses of the town. Could not such meetings be controlled by a few hundreds of hired "roughs," who would be paid for their services out of taxes voted by themselves into the hands of their corrupt leaders, whom they would elect to office .> The power to increase the number of polling places in the township does not remove the difficulty, as it would be impos- sible in that case to get any fair expression as to the amount to be raised by taxation. A single moderator at each polling booth in a large city where every voter in the city has the right to vote at any polling place within it when consolidated into a single political township, could do but little, even if so disposed to prevent illegal voting. But when such moderator should be chosen by an organized band of "repeaters," as would be the case at many of the polling booths, there would be no protection whatever. ADDITIONAL REASONS FOR CHANGES PROPOSED. Having thus endeavored to comply with your instructions, your committee on taxation deem it proper to present a few additional reasons why some of the recommendations in their preliminary report should be carried out. The cost of the as- sessment and collection of city taxes for the year 1872 was 18 $89,416.99) iiot including olTice rent or any portion of the ex- penses of the law department. And it will be safe to estimate the expenses for 1873 at $100,000, with an annual increase for each succeeding year. All this would be saved to the tax- payers by adopting the plan suggested, of assessing all taxes upon the single valuation to be made by the proposed supervi- sor of revenue or county assessor. There are of the city taxes since 1869, remaining unsettled, more than two and a half millions of dollars, of which at least two millions will never be collected ; and that amount either has been taken, or must be extracted from the pockets of those who have already borne more than their full proportion of the public burdens. The simplification of the assessments under the plan recom- mended, and the more equal distribution of the burdens imposed would, in the opinion of your committee, greatly reduce the number of tax contestants, and save to the city and county treasuries a very large majority of the revenues thus annually withheld and levied, in succeeding years upon the property of the people who have already paid. INDIRECT TAXATION NOT PRACTICABLE. In the discussion which followed the report of September 26th, the plan for collecting all the taxes from the business of the county was urged as possessing many advantages over the One proposed by the committee. But, admitting that indirect taxation, if applied to the whole nation, might distribute itself with some approach to equity, still it would be difficult, if not impossible, to adjust such taxes so as not to impose an undue portion of the public burdens upon persons of limited means and restricted business. But were this system to be adopted by a single State, county, or city, a large portion of the whole tax levy would become a premium to merchants, manufacturers, jobbers, and traders of all classes who reside outside of the community in which the tax is collected, and to that extent would rest as a dead weight upon the taxed industries in their honorable race for supremacy. To cripple the business of any community, is at the same time to reduce the value of all fixed [)roperty within it, and to build up all values in rival commu- nities not so oppressed. Your committee, however, think that 19 exertion to cause every person, company, or corporation to pay taxes " in proportion to his, her, or its property " should not be abandoned or despaired of; but that constant, careful, and intelligent effort should be made to approach more nearly to this constitutional requirement. RECOMMENDATIONS. Your committee therefore recommend : First — That steps be taken to secure the signatures of the required number of legal voters to a petition to the county Board, to submit to the voters of the county the question of the continuance of township organization ; and Second — That bills be prepared to be submitted to our next General Assembly, providing the necessary legislation to pre- vent any inconvenience which otherwise might result from the abolition of township organization, and to define the duties and term of office of the County Assessor in Cook county, in case the town system is discontinued, and for the repeal of " Bill Number 300." It has already been shown how important it is to the com- plete execution of their plan that the proposed incorporation of our city under the general act be accomplished ; but, as this matter is now receiving the earnest attention of the Citizens' Association, any further recommendation is unnecessary. Respectfully submitted. A, J. Galloway, E. G. Mason, Robert Law, , Cofumittee on Taxation. December 3, 1874. ^ REPORT OF THE I BIAIiiC u J mm 1 TO THE CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION OF CHICAGO. I:>:E]CEl!^BEI^, isso. CHICAGO: HAZI,ITT & REED, PRINTfiRS, I72 AND I74 CLARK STREET. 1880. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, 1880-81. Edson Keith, President, A. A. Carpenter, Vice-Presieieitt, Henry W. King, Max A. Mayer, MuRRY Nelson, Richard T. Crane, Marshall Field, Edwin Lee Brown, J. L. Thompson, Francis B. Peabody, Marx Wineman, Alfred Bishop Mason. GEORGE SCHNEIDER, Treasurer. J. C. AMBLER, Secretary. Rooms, 35 Merchants' Building. TO THE EXECUTIVE COiMMITTEE CITIZI' A OF THE The Committee to whom was referred the subject of "Main Drainage," with a view of recommend- ing some system for the disposition of the sewage, adapted to the present and future needs of Chicago, respectfully submit the following Report : You are aware that there was some hesitancy and delay in forming this Committee, consequent partly, on the delicacy inseparable from the fact that the import- ance of the subject is such, that any recommendation of a very positive character, particularly if it conflicts ma- terially with general opinions and is calculated to disturb existing systems, must be the subject of extended critic- ism, unfavorable and otherwise, by all classes of intelli- gent citizens, professional, administrative and financial ; and partly because it was believed that more time would be required for its full consideration than the Committee could devote to it, within the period when you would wish to give it to the public. Relying on your assur- ances that the latter should be regulated to suit the circumstances, and availing ourselves of the competent engineering and clerical assistance furnished to us, we pro- ceeded with the investigation necessary to comply with the terms of the letter of request on which the Com- mittee was formed. The importance of the question submitted to us requires no emphasis ; it has been a great one, ever since our city inaugurated the existing system of sewerage, and it has become of vital interest within the last few years; it is now deemed paramount, particularly in its sanitary bearings, by all those who have given intelli- gent attention to the subject. It has been the topic of active discussion for a long period, and its interest seems to have culminated at the present time. It has called forth unnumbered and some very able communications through the press, has been the theme of SCIENTIFIC DEBATE, and the prolific source of speculative propositions for for its solution ; municipal authorities have shrunk from the task of grappling with it, and legislators have recoiled from its consideration on account of its appalling magni- tude. The policy heretofore pursued in regard to this great question may be justly called a temporizing one in the most extended sense of that term, for all plans hereto- fore adopted have confessedly been of a temporary charac- ter, and the ultimate solution of the problem has been, with great unanimity, deferred to some future and indefinite time. But present emergencies seem to urge forward opinion in the direction of a final and decisive consideration of it, which as your letter remarks, " has not been undertaken a moment too soon." After fully considering the best mode of procedure, we concluded that for the purpose of eliciting the opinions of those who desired to state their views or to submit plans, we would invite communications and call public meetings, where the whole subject would be open to discussion and where useful hints or facts might be elicited by interrogatories made at the moment, and by bringing together parties who had information to impart or who desired to substantiate or correct preconceived notions. The plan was eminently successful ; the meetings were well attended and very interesting to all who partici- pated in them, particularly to our Committee, who were thus enabled to collate and compare the ideas expressed, and to correct erroneous or imperfect impressions in regard to this absorbing question. Some new facts were presented and their bearing on the subject was duly considered. Communications sent to us, in accordance with our invitations, were treated in the same way. by analysis and comparison. A meeting of Civil Engineers for discussion of the same topic was also well attended, and included the members of this Committee and many citizens and officials. It is from these sources and inquir- ies pursued privately, that we submit the following account of the position, which we have made as brief as possible, and which, though most of it is already familiar to the public, we deem necessary to the sym- metry of our report. For the sake of brevity, we shall make no particular account of figures, but confine our- selves to the general view of the subject, supplemented by a proposed plan at the close. THE TOPOGRAPHICAL SITUATION of the drainage district under consideration may be briefly described as a strip of land, in the eastern part of Cook County, varying in width from 7 to 10 miles, 8 traversed by the Chicago River its whole length, which is about 40 miles ; the only outlet of this River to the Lake is at the point where the City of Chicago stands, about 35 miles south of the source of the River, and 5 miles north of the southernmost of its branches or forks; the outlet to the Lake at Chicago has been widened and deepened and its course changed so that it opens nearly due east, is called the main branch of the Chicago River, and is at right angles to the principal streams which are called respectively the North and South Branches. These branches have also been widened and deepened to meet the necessary requirements of commercial enterprise, so that vessels of from 10 to 14 feet draft can navigate with safety the River and its branches, to a distance one mile west from the entrance and six miles north and south, all within the city. The process of enlarging the River, at Chicago, has destroyed what little natural current there ever was in it, and there is now no other than that caused by winds, the inflow of water from the lake, or a freshet caused by extraordinary rain fall or the melting of snow and ice in the spring. For the purposes of this Report the Chicago River may be described as a great ditch 6 miles long, with a projection from about the centre i mile long, and the whole averaging about 150 feet in width and 10 to 15 feet deep; this ditch receives at its north end a small stream, (30 miles in length), the force of whose feeble current is neutralized by the increased width and depth of the channel it enters, and it has at its south end several forks or branches which serve to take off a small amount of water; there is also, from the South end, the Illinois and Michigan Canal, to which reference will be made hereafter. Into this huge ditch the greater part of the sewage and other drainage of the City of Chicago falls, together with the offal of the immense slaughtering establish- ments, situated in the adjoining Town of Lake, the refuse of the manufactories great and small, and to far too great an extent, that of the distilleries and their adjoining cattle pens. A part of the sewerage system has its outlet directly into the lake in front of the city, but that part is by comparison so small as to have no bearing on the main question before us, at this point of its consideration. The whole geographical position is backed on the West by a ridge, which though of no great elevation, is sufficient to form a water shed of the greatest length given above, with the river running through it about equi-distant from the ridge and Lake Michigan ; the land between the ridge and the lake traversed by the river is flat, and just where the city stands, is a little higher on the West bank of the river than on its East side, towards the lake ; the natural flow of water from all points is towards the River and not to the Lake. THE ONLY NATURAL MEANS of flushing or scouring out this great ditch, is from the water during rains, which flows into it from the adjoining country, including that part bordering the northern pro- jection, the freshet caused by the melting of snow and ice in the spring, and the overflow of the Des Plaines River, which sometimes swells over the low ridge referred to above, and comes in great and often destructive volume into the South Branch and so through the Main Branch of the Chicago River into the lake. Could this be relied on at all times, it might be so utilized as to relieve the drainage difficulty now before us, although it would neces- sitate some other plan than that we have adopted for our water supply for domestic and all other purposes; it is, however, unfrequent and undesirable. The obvious consequence of this state of affairs is that at all times since the city adopted a system of sewer- age, the River has been befouled with its discharges and 2 10 accretions, for which there have been no natural remedies except those of the occasional character mentioned above. As the population increased this befoulment became more marked, and in time so unendurable that relief of some kind became imperatively necessary, as, although the pumping works at Bridgeport, originally erected in 1847 ^o^ ^hs purpose of supplying water to the Illinois and Michigan Canal had been utilized for the purpose of cleansing the River to the extent of their capacity, that system was found to be very inadequate for the object, and after five years work THE CANAL was widened and deepened so that in 1871 it was opened for the inflow of the Chicago River, amidst public rejoic- ings, and there was a sanguine belief that our drainage troubles were at an end. It was soon found that these anticipations were doomed to disappointment ; the depth of the canal after enlargement is about eight feet less than that of the River, and the sides were cut down at an unfortunate angle, making them too steep or upright ; the consequence has been that the water flowing from the lake to the canal, through the river, has only cleansed that portion of the last which was five feet above the bottom, there being a recoil at the mitre sill of the canal, of the water below it, and a backward current of greater or less power according to circumstances ; besides this, the canal began gradually to fill up from the sediment carried into it from the river, and from the deposits naturally coming over the sides, thus decreasing the depth and the capacity for taking water from the River; at about this time, (1871,) also, the Lake began to fall, as it is known to do at periods, diminishing the volume of water in the River. The net result of all these causes was soon apparent. It 11 was seen that by deepening the canal we had only length- ened the ditch which we call the Chicago River, and that after the canal had been filled, it was, with such relief only as is obtained by opening the locks for the passage of vessels or other purposes, fast becoming as foul as the river itself, to the unmitigated annoyance of the inhabitants along its line ; and it was the subject of their loud protests. Nothing can keep it even moderately clean but constant dredging, rendered more expensive from the very fact that it has been deepened. Some other means of cleansing the River was demanded, and the FULLERTON AVENUE CONDUIT was projected, to scour the river by pumping from the Lake, or, vice versa, to create a current through the main River, up the North Branch, and so out into the Lake, flushing the South Branch as a collateral measure by the natural process of displacement or suction which would follow. It were profitless to attempt to detail the various annoyances the public have been subjected to during these many years they have been waiting for some plan of relief for their sufferings from the foul condition of their principal sewer, which unfortunately for the pur- poses of drainage, is also a navigable river; an overflow of the Des Plaines or a freshet from any cause has been hailed with something akin to delight, and a easterly storm by driving in the water to dilute and carry off part of the filth has been looked upon as a blessing. We have arrived, in this report, at that period of time, (February and March, 1880,) when, while the Fuller- 12 ton Avenue Conduit is in full and partly successful operation, the public meetings referred to above were held with the view of a free discussion of the whole subject. In addition to the facts hereinbefore stated, some others having a very imporant bearing on this question were brought to light, the principal one being that which relates to the operation of the FuUerton Avenue Conduit, which had at that time been sufficiently tried in one direction, that of sending water from the Lake into the River, and so out by the Main Branch into the Lake again, to develop the danger there would at all times be of fouling the water supply for domestic purposes ; the experiments made for the purpose of ascertaining such a probability, demonstrated conclusively that a very consid- erable quantity of the filth discharged from the mouth of the river found its way back into the water pipes, and further investigation has shown that except under favor- able conditions this will always be the case, as the con- tents of the river will not, all of them, mingle immediately with pure water, and be carried away by any current that may be caused by winds, favorable for the purpose, but for a long time will float about the lake in a semi-isolated mass, subject to the effect of such winds and currents as may strike them, and always liable to run into the tunnel at the crib; and for this reason, that there is always there an effective current for a considerable distance in every direction, around and tending towards the Crib. It was shown also, that temporary relief could be obtained by the immediate re-erection of the pumping works at Bridgeport, and it is believed that with the aid of the Fullerton Avenue Conduit, these pumping works at the entrance of the Canal will afford such a measure of relief as will enable the city to get along with moderate annoyance for five years or so, or until some better system has been brought into operation. The immediate re-erec- tion of those pumps was, therefore, the recommendation 13 made by our Committee, through you, to the municipal authorities, as a temporary expedient, and the money having been appropriated by the Council for the purpose, the action of the City Executive is awaited with becom- ing patience. Review the topographical situation as hereinbefore given, revise the meagre history of the attempts to purify the River, consider the feeble means now in operation and those necessarily temporary adjuncts looked for at an early date, and to these considerations add the probability that the drainage district we have contemplated is to be the home of 2,500,000 people within the period of existence of many now living, and you have before you the drainage problem as we understand it. It should in justice be said that any attempts hereto- fore made to relieve the difficulties which are under consideration have necessarily been of a temporary or make-shift character, and that this has been the outcome of a want of sufficient means to carry out comprehensive plans for this or any other great public improvement ; and besides, the unparalleled growth of Chicago has set at naught the calculations of its most sanguine municipal administrators, and in nothing more than in this drainage question ; the manufactories and packing houses alone, which turn their debris into the River, exceeding in their magnitude all suggestions of but a few years since. Since the date alluded to above, (February and March, 1880), the history of this subject can be briefly sketched and is of interest. The machinery of the Fullerton Avenue Conduit has been reversed and the river water has been continuously pumped towards the lake, while during the same time there has been one of those periodical phenomena called a " rise of the lake", an occurrence which takes place about once in seven years and has always been followed by a corresponding u recedence, gradual in its character, until the lowest point is reached. The effect of these two causes has been to give parts of the river an appearance of cleanliness, as the fresh water over-rides the filth, while the action of THE CONDUIT is continually drawing off the latter from the North Branch, while at the same time the rise of the river and recent dredging of the Canal has opened a passage in that direction which takes off a part from the South Branch ; what drainage matter does not pass off in this way remains covered over by the clear water and gradually works it way in a feeble under current towards the mouth of the river and the lake, or backed up into the sewers, is reflected in those nauseous vapors which have so much disturbed the inhabitants of the North and South Divisions, and in a less degree those in the West Division, during the last summer. There can be no doubt that if the pumps into the Canal were now in position and operation, the combined action of the three powers mentioned above, would give us as clear a river as it is possible for us to get with our present resources. It is believed that the canal has the capacity for taking all the water that it would be desirable to pump into it, and that if the proposed pumping works were so constructed, with a trap wall, so as to take the water from the bottom or lower part of the river, there would be a decided improvement in drawing off some of the heavier matter. It now becomes our duty to consider the numerous and various plans presented to us for the final and decisive 15 SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM presented ; and in doing so we have only to regret that many ingenious suggestions have to be passed over with the general remark that in our judgement they are not adapted to application on such a gigantic scale as that which is presented to our view of the situation ; in smaller constituencies they would find a better field of usefulness. The first of feasable propositions that presents itself, has the endorsement of such high authority, that of itself it is entitled to the primary consideration which we give it : it is, to erect works of a similar character to the Fullerton Avenue Conduit at the southernmost end of the South Branch, and by the process now in practice, to pump the water either from the Lake into the River, or flush the River by reversing that process and allowing the water to pass through the main channel and by the North and South branches into the conduits and so into the Lake. That this would be effective for a district circum- scribed in extent is quite apparent, but that it would not be a solution of the great problem is also so apparent that it is only necessary to refer to the fact that it makes no pro- vision for any afflux of ingredients beyond the narrow bounderies of its termini ; this scheme appears to us local and narrow in its general characteristics, and unworthy of consideration in a general sense. It is embarrassed, also, with the general objections expressed below, with regard to the expense of pumping operations, and of the discharge of filth into the lake. Another, and by all means in our view, the most feasable and proper mode for ridding ourselves of the difficulty growing out of the drainage question, excepting that which we shall ultimately present, is that of an 16 INTERCEPTING SEWER, which, traversing the river bank on both sides shall deliver the city sewage at some point where it can, by the appli- cation of power, be discharged somewhere, either into the Lake, or upon land selected for the purpose, of sufficient extent to absorb the issue for a term of years. The advantages of a syphon principle as applied to such a plan are not sufficiently apparent to warrant more than a general reference to them. Another project is to allow all the water of the drainage district above the city limits, to traverse a canal constructed for the purpose, in the rear of the city, supplemented by the Fullerton Avenue Conduit, and to turn all the sewers west of the river into that canal, which would find its outlet into the Des Plaines River; the sewers in the South and North divisions of the city, to be discharged into the Lake. The embarrassments referred to above as a general objection to any one or all of the plans presented to us are that they involve continual and increasing expenditures for their successful operation, in the way of pumping or other mechanical appliances, and that, even when success- fully prosecuted, their effects are local. But the most objectionable feature of all is, that the ultimate dispo- sition of the sewage is towards the Lake. In the plan which we shall hereafter present the objections to an intercepting sewer, growing out of the expense of pumping or final disposition of the sewage are overcome. Our objections to any plan which suggests the dis- charge of sewage or other impure matter into the Lake, 17 where they could in any event contaminate the water supply, are so fixed, that part of the recommendation in the plan we shall hereafter propose, is, that a radical change in the whole system of sewerage in the North and South divisions shall be inaugurated, by which all sewers shall empty into the River, and although we have given careful consideration to all plans laid before us, we make no reference to any, except those mentioned above, which propose the use of the lake for the ultimate disposi- tion of the sewage. Just here it is proper to remark, that the filthy water flowing from the FuUerton Avenue Conduit, when it is operated in the direction of the Lake, is traceable for a long distance out towards the crib, unless a strong wind carries it along the shore. Any attempt to remedy this by extending THE TUNNEL AND CRIB further out to the eastward, would, in our judgment be futile, and suggestions for carrying the pumping works for the water supply northward, to some distant location on the Lake Shore, besides being a partial remedy only, would be attended with a much greater expense than what we consider a more feasable plan would cost. It has also been suggested to us, that if the locks and dams in the Illinois and Michigan Canal were removed, the water would flow freely through the canal and so cleanse the river ; but to this it is answered, that such a course would destroy the usefulness of the canal for purposes of navigation, interfere with many private rights, and require that the canal should be deepened to the depth of the river, at a very large expense, which can be utilized for another project unobjectionable in any of its other features. 3 18 We wish to remark, before proceeding to another branch of the subject, and in reply to a suggestion, that while the proposed pumping works at Bridgeport are in operation, the water should be shut off from the North Branch, or that gates at the forks of the River should be used ; that, in our judgement, would not be necessary, as we have competent authority for the opinion that the waters forced down the North Branch by the Fullerton Avenue pumps, would mingle with that coming in from the lake, and take a southerly direction towards the works at the canal. Alternative propositions have presented themselves to our minds, for the final solution of this great problem ; the one which at first seems most plausible, partly because it follows in the direction of public opinion, as at present pointed, is that of a Ship Canal, the suggestions for which embody plans for the construcion of one of great dimen- sions, into which it is proposed to drain Chicago City, and the district we have hereinbefore described. We have given a large share of our attention to this scheme, and although we are unanimously and cordially in favor of a ship canal as such, we cannot give it the sanction of our favorable opinion as a drain; as such it would be liable to all the objections now urged against the present canal, as to its annoyance of the inhabitants along its banks, for the reason that any current which would move the water with sufficient velocity to prevent the deposit of filth, would impair its usefulness for commercial purposes, it having been well ascertained, that no current greater than half a mile per hour is tolerable in slack water navigation. The project for the construction of such a canal, is embarrassed, also, with many considerations of a political nature, which we do not deem it within our province to consider, preferring to present the other plan, which can be carried out within a reasonable time, at a very moderate cost, and which is wholly within the scope of the pecuniary means of those for whose benefit it will 19 have been constructed, and will, it is believed, be wholly devoid of offence to any locality or people. We present to you and the public a proposition or plan for an independent cut for the drainage of the district to which we have heretofore alluded, the details of which are embodied in the following report, from the well known and competent engineer whose name it bears, whose services you placed at our disposal, for the purpose of making the estimates, and drawing the map and profile accompanying it, reduced copies of which we append hereto, and the originals of which are on exhibition at your rooms in this city, for inspection of the public. Such is the plan proposed for the drainage ot Chicago, which, it is believed, will accomplish the object desired for all time to come. To complete it, however, the sewers discharging into the Lake will have to be reversed, and made to empty into the river, as also, the local drains in the adjoining towns north of the city, as far as the source of the Chicago River, and those of Hyde Park. The towns of Lake and Cicero will also come within the drainage dis- trict herein proposed. In reversing the city sewers, such a fall should be made as would carry the lake water through them, thus cleansing and rendering them inoffen- sive at all times. The Fullerton Avenue Conduit could remain as it is, or its tunnel could be utilized for additional water supply. An intercepting sewer can be built if needed. The forks and branches of the River at the south end of it will purify themselves, as their contents will gravitate towards the current created by the outflow of water to the cut or New River, as it may be called for the purpose of description. The current in this New River will be at the rate of about 2iV(f miles per hour; the water 20 in Chicago River will be changed every 24 hours, with one million of cubic feet over, and the whole body of it within the city limits, will be by this operation, become as clear as that of the lake ; the effect upon the waters at its point of discharge, will be to greatly improve them in every respect. To carry into effect such a project, so vast and so important, some legislation will probably be necessary, to extend the provisions of the present drainage law, so as to create a drainage district and a commission for the pur- pose. The estimated cost of the New River is $6,850,000, but to complete the project in every respect, the sum of $12,000,000 will probably be necessary. The Commission- ers who may have charge of the operation, should be empowered to borrow the money for the purpose, on the credit of the district benefited and incorporated by law, and such a loan would probably, if redeemable in 30 years or more, be readily taken at four per cent. Even at a low assessed valuation of property, a tax of two mills would be amply sufficient to pay the interest and provide a sinking fund for the principal. As projects for the storage of water in the upper Mississippi district, and about the sources of the Missouri and Rock Rivers, for the purpose of supplying those streams in seasons of drought or low stages, have been before Congress, it is probable that such a plan as this, would meet with equal favor the^e for a similar purpose. Respectfully Submitted, JOHN B. SHERMAN, GEO. C. MORGAN, S. B. REED. 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La Salle and Washington Streets, Chicago. Dear Sir: On the nth day of June, A. D. 1880, a telegram was received from you, asking for a consultation with me at your office or rooms, on the 12th, in regard to the drainage of the City of Chicago. On that day I met you and others, for the purpose proposed, and after a free exchange of views, received an order from you, as Secretary of the Citizens' Association, to prepare a map and profile, with approximate estimates of cost, for a sewer for such drainage, with limit of time to 12th day of September following. Herewith I hand you a map, drawn from the U. S. Government sur- veys, and from my own surveys of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which were executed in behalf of the State of Illinois. On this map, marked A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, in red ink, will be noted a line in heavy red ink, from the mouth of the Regula or Mud Lake fork of the South Branch of the Chicago River, running off west, and through said Lake, toward the DesPlaines River, north of summit, and then curving round to the left, keeping away to the left, and passing along in a southwest direction between the Canal and River, past the ice houses, and between said houses and the River, to Mount Forest, Willow Spring, Sag Bridge Station, and Lemont, to the Romeo bend of the Canal, Norton's Tail Race at Lockport, and to a point opposite Lock No. i, at Lockport. Thence to a point at the head of the pond of Dam No. i, Joliet, a few hundred feet northwest of Lock No. 4, of the I. & M. Canal, a distance not far from 31^ miles. While conversing with you on this subject, it was stated, that where the levels were not satisfactory to me, as to points on the DesPlaines below Joliet, new levels should be taken, and a profile thereof made. A corps ol engineers was set at work from Norton's tail race at Lockport, to a point on Lake Joliet, a distance ot about seven miles, the result of which survey and levels you will see on the map and profile, marked A, B, C. 22 After carefully looking over the excavation to be done, on a line extending the sewer below Lock No. 4 ; costing in the aggregate about $613,000, with no adequate compensation, it was apparent that the sewer proposed, should terminate near said Lock No. 4 at B, see map and profile. Then, commencing for the south-western terminus of the sewer at B, and running on the red line about 2^ miles N. N. E., we reach a point opposite Lock No. i, with a fall to the south of about 12 feet in bottom of sewer, or 4ycro ^^^'^ ^^ P^'' "^i^^i ^"^ the average width of 15 feet. Then run north and north-east upon the red line, past Romeo and Lemont, Sag Bridge Station, Willow Springs, Mount Forest, Summit and Mud Lake, or regular route, we touch Bridgeport, a distance from Lock No. I, of 29 miles, and an ascent of i foot per mile, making 29 feet fall from Bridgeport to Lockport, in bottom of sewer, with a width of sewer at lower end, of 20 feet, and at upper end, of ^9 f^^t, for compensation. This route, as will appear by the red ink line on the map, lies north and west of, and entirely away from, the Illinois and Michigan Canal and its right of way. Where deemed necessary, the bottom of the sewer shall have an inverted arch of long pave, and the sides thereof, to a point 14 feet above bottom, should be lined by a good, firm, retaining wall. Good substantial abutments and bridges at all crossings will be necessary throughout, and at Big Run — Norton's tail race and Fraction Run ; an arch about 300 feet long, in each, will be needed to let the water from these several places, pass over the top of the sewer. The eastern portion of this route is already excavated to about the proper width, but not to the proper depth. The sewer when completed should draw water from the surface to the bottom of the River, low water, datum line, for the first 29 miles, mak- ing a " wet line " as shown on the profile, and draw to bottom of River at H, as per profile. A portion of West Chicago, and the Town of Cicero, under an arrangement with the city, may drain directly into the main sewer. The amount of excavation for the above sewer, by a carefnl approx- imate estimate will be 3,031, 285,00 cubic yards. 23 Cost of Excavation. — Earth and rock — slope wall — in- verted arch in bottom and the three arches afore- said --- $6,365,698.00 Contingencies, Engineering, etc 483.625.00 I Total cost .-$6,849,323.00 Having set forth the cubic yards to be excavated in the above sewer, including earth and rock, with the probable cost, I will proceed to state the cubic feet of water which the sewer is expected to pass, at a point opposite Lock No. I, with a clear width of 20 feet, a depth of 10 feet, a fall of i foot per mile, and a width at upper end of sewer of 49 feet, and widening from Lock i lo head of sewer, at the rate of i foot per mile, as compensa- tion ; with this area of flow of water, say 10 ft. x 20 ft., making a "wet line" of 40 feet, we have reason to expect a discharge of 632^ cubic feet of water per second ; 37,947 cubic feet in a minute ; 2,276,820 cubic feet in an hour, and in 24 hours, 54,643,680 cubic feet. In seven miles length of Chicago River, I have estimated 53,734,080 cubic feet of water, from the data furnished me, and hence we deduce it as a theoretical fact, that the sewer will discharge the entire amount of water in the Chicago River in 24 hours, and then draw about 1,000,000 cubic feet of clear Lake water through the sewer beside. But as theory is sometimes doubted as against practical experience, we can afford to assume, with the light we have, that in twenty-four hours we can drain the Chicago River. I have, as already mentioned, run new levels and a transit line for about seven miles of the distance, and have given the general subject as much time for investigation as was practicable, unless I had been ordered to make a careful survey the entire distance. As approximate estimates of excavation, I consider them reliable, and have attempted to keep within the limit of error in my calculation of the flow of water through this long passage from Lake Michigan to the Des Plaines River. All of which is respectfully submitted. Dated at Joliet, this 3d day of September, 1880. A. J. MATHEWSON. REPORT OF THE SEWERAGE COMMITTEE TO THE CITIZENS^ ASSOCIATION OF CHICAGO. OGTOBEE,, 1880. CHICAGO : HAZLITT & REED, PRINTERS, 1 72 AND 1 74 CLARK STREET. 1880. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, 1880. Edson Keith, President, A. A. Carpenter, Vice-President, Henry W. King, Max a. Mayer, MuRRY Nelson, Richard T. Crane, Marshall Field, Edwin Lee Brown, J. L. Thompson. GEORGE SCHNEIDER, Treasurer. J. C. AMBLER, Secretary. Rooms, 35 Merchants' Building. REPORT OF THE SEWERAGE COMMITTEE TO THE CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION OF CHICACxO. To THE Executive Committee of the Citizens' Association or Chicago: The Committee on House Drainage ajjpointed by you beg leave to submit the following report: The sanitary condition of houses is of vital importance, not only to the occupants, but to the entire community. The ad- mission of poisonous gases into one house may be the cause of an epidemic disease. In considering the questions connected with house drainage, therefore, we have endeavored to regard them, not as they affect the interests of the individual house- holder only, but in a broader view, in their relations to the health and safety of the whole city. 6 DANGERS OF MALAKIA. It is often said that tliere is now a tendency to exaggerate the dangers from malarial poisons. This is only partially true. In spite of all the discussion of the subject, the great mass of the people are still ignorant of the extent of the dangers to which they are daily and hourly exposed, and of ev^en the com- monest methods of prevention. It is desirable that the at- tention of the public shall be so thoroughlj^ aroused to the importance of this subject that^ no one will be content to live in a house until he has been convinced that it is in good sanitary condition. It is not too much to say that a very large majority of all the buildings in Chicago are now exposed to great risks from injurious gases. As we have shown that this is a matter nearly concerning the public health, we shall first consider the remedies, and then recommend that the adoption of some of the simplest of them be made obligatory by law, and be enforced by the appointment of a Sanitary Inspector. CAUSES OF DANGER. There are three principal causes of danger: 1st. From de- caying matter about the premises, from dark, damp and nnventilated cellars, and an untidy condition of the house; but this does not properly come within the scope of our in- vestigation. 2nd. From sewer gas generated within the building. 3d. From the sewer gas in the main or street sewers. REMEDY. These dangers are very serious, but there is a remedy for them. They can be averted and the sewer gas rendered harm- less by the t/wroKgh veiitihituni of the (Iridnaye system within the house and of the m/iin sewers. MAIN SEWERS. As we shall treat of the main sewers only so far as they affect the healthfulness of houses, we shall first consider the danger from this source, and how to avert it. Chicago is a flat city, the streets having only about ten feet average elevation above Lake Michigan. Consequently its sewers are laid with a very slight fall; heavy showers nearly till them, and the rising of the Lake from a change of wind to the north or east always causes a sudden accumulation of water in them. The air space is contracted and the air witliin the sewers compressed. It must and will find vent. Unless this is provided for, the most convenient and easiest vent is the pipes leading up into the houses. The traps offer almost no resistence to the compressed air, and it finds ready access to the houses as they are generally constructed. Changes of temperature and other causes produce a like result. We suggest two means to obviate these dangers: 1st. That the present system of perforated covers to man- holes in the main sewers be made universal, and that every man-hole in Chicago be provided with a perforated top. It is the experience of London and other large cities that this sys- tem, when fully carried out, renders the gases within the sewers comparatively harmless, by admitting fresh air to them at fre- quent intervals, and in abundant quantities. For several reasons, however, this remedy is not to be entirely relied upon in Chicago. Onr streets are not all paved, and the paved ones are not always well cleaned; and the man- hole covers are liable to be clogged with mud and dirt, and the openings closed. 8 In winter these openings are often covered with snow, and they are apt to be almost herrneticallj' sealed by frozen mnd or ice. 2d, Hence we recommend an additional remedy, a further means by which the sewers can breathe freely. The waste and soil pipes of every house should run of uni- form size from the street sewer to, say, 5 feet above the roof of the house, without any trap whatever. We shall consider hereafter the precautions necessary within the house. This pipe, running through the house, would generally cre- ate an npward draft. The perforated man-hole covers would admit fresh air to the sewers. Sometimes the action might be reversed; but at all times, either through the man-hole covers or through the open soil pipes, sewers would have unobstructed connection with the atmosphere, and a circulation of air would be maintained in them which would very probably keep them free from poisonous gases. The objection which is commonly made to this plan is, that no one is willing to have the gases from the sewer pass through his house. We believe this to be an erroneous view of the matter. It is our belief that, if everv house in Chicao;o could be connected with the sewers in the manner described, the danger to the entire community from typhoid fever, diphtheria, scarlet fever, and other zymotic diseases would be greatly lessened. It is certainly possible to protect individual houses against gases from the main sewer by a ventilated trap on the house drain; but as surely as the gases within the sewers of the city become injurious from the want of pure air, so surely will they find their way into houses which are not thorouglily protected. And it may finally happen tliat the diseases generated by the unventilated sewers will, tlirough contagion, reach the occu- ]iant8 of the houses having the best and most expensive system of sewers and plumbing. We believe that the broad view is the true one; that what is best for the health of all the people, is best for the indivi- dual; and we therefore strongly recommend that in all cases the house drains connect with sewers without a trap. It remains for us to consider the dangers to be apprehended from the DRAINAGE SYSTEM WITHIN TIIK HOUSE. It is now believed that the air contained in the soil and waste pipes of a house is more foul and dangerous than that of the main sewers. Hence the necessity of disinfecting them by the admission of pure air; and, if possible, of creating a circulation of air through them. We must also prevent the access of the air in these pipes to the house itself. The first requisite is the use of a material which shall be impervious to water or gases; which shall resist acids; which shall be too strong to be broken by a blow or pressure, and which shall have as few joints as possible. Lead was once almost universally used for soil and waste pipes; but it has been abandoned by the best plumbers. It is liable to corrosion by acids and alkalies; it is apt to sag if not fully supported, and with a large vertical pipe it is very difficult to support it well; and it may be gnawed by rats, or be perforated by a nail carelessly driven. Cast iron pipes, not less than four inches in inside diameter and one-quarter inch in thickness, coated with tar inside and out- side, and thoroughly leaded and caulked at the joints, are the best and cheapest, and are recommended for general use. They should be tested before using. Wrought iron pipe, coated with enamel or other substance impervious to water and acids, is perhaps equally good, but is 10 more expensive, and perhaps more liable to rust, in spite of the enamel. The house drains are still commonly made of glazed tile, joined by cement, and laid under ground. These are now regarded by tlie best authorities as unfit for the purpose. They are tlie cause of much of the trouble from sewer gas. Good vitrified pipe does not itself leak, but the cement joints are very apt to do so, even if undisturbed; and these joints are, from many causes, liable to be broken, and then the sew- age escapes from the drain and saturates the earth under the house. It is out of sight, and the fracture of the pipe, or opening of the joint, may not be suspected until bad odors or illness in the household lead to its discovery. The prominent sanitary engineers of this country and of England unite in declaring that no house can be considered safe from malarial poisons in which the soil or sewer-pipe is made of any kind of earthen pipe. We recommend, therefore, that tile be abandoned for house drains, and that the cast-iron soil pipe, described above, be continued, of uniform size and without a traj), to the main sewer. The soil pipe should, if possible, be accessible for inspection throughout its entire length, and should be carried above the cellar floor, where this is practicable. The opening in the outer wall or foundation should be larger tlian the soil |)ipe, to allow the house to settle without breaking the joints. The basement or cellar floor should always be covered with concrete or asphaltnm. TRAPS. Every sink, bath-tub, wash-basin and water closet should have a trap as near to it as possible, to avoid accumulations of gas. 11 To avoid siphoning and 'pressure of sewer gas, every trap should be ^ventilated by a i)ipe of not less than one inch inside diameter, running from its highest point into a se])a- rate vent pipe, which should be carried above the roof. The overflow pi])es from wash-basins and bath-tubs should connect with the waste pipes between the trap and the basin or tub. It is better that all the pipes be of iron, but lead may be used for the smaller waste and vent pipes — j^rovided that the connections between lead and iron pipes be made by means of brass or tinned iron ferules, soldered. No waste pipe should be less than two inches in diameter. The safes under wash-basins, sinks, water closets, etc., where these are used, should in no case connect with the soil or waste pipe, but should be drained by separate and independent pipes leading to the kitchen sink. The Bell traps, which are in common use, we consider unsafe. WATER CLOSETS. The water closet most generally used is the fan-closet This we cannot recommend. Probably no perfect water closet has yet been devised, but the self-flushing hopper closet, and several of the improved closets, have remedied some of the most dangerous defects of the pan-closets, and we recommend their use. In addition to the ventilation of the soil pipe and the trap, it is advisable to run a pi])e or tin conductor from the seat of the closet to a ventilating shaft or to a chimney. This will tend to cari-y off the odors and any gases which might escape from the closet. The custom of supplying water closets with water directly from the service pipes may be dangerous, and has been pro- hibited by law in London since 1871. The danger is from 12 contamination of the drinking water, in consequence of the occasional emptying of the pipes, either from work on the mains or small pipes, or, more commonly, from the small size of the main service pipe, which fails to keep the upper pipes of a house filled while water is being drawn on the lower floors. As the water leaves the pipes, foul air from the water closet enters them, and is rapidly absorbed by the cold water as it flows back into the pipes. This is believed to be a cause of typhoid fever. Every water closet, on the upper floors at least, should there- fore be supplied with water from a separate tank, through a pipe not less than one inch and a quarter in diameter, to insure rapid flushing of the bowl and the trap. Every room containing a water closet should be ventilated by a flue, and should have direct communication with the outer air, either by a window or light shaft. TO INSURE COMPLETE VENTILATION. We have recommended that the soil pipe run from the sewer to the roof without trap, and that all traps to waste and over- flow pipes be ventilated. This system can be improved, and a constant circulation of air secured through the pipes, by an iron pipe connecting with the soil pipe near the point where it passes through the outer wall, of uniform size with it, and running out above the roof. CATCH BASINS. The Board of Public Works of Chicago now requires every householder to build and use a catch-basin, into M'hich kitchen sinks must empty. They should be built outside of the house wherever this is possible, and should be ventilated by a four- inch ])ipe carried above the roof. 13 The following is a brief SUMMARY OF TPIE KECOMMENDATIONS made by your Committee: I. Concrete the around under the entire buildin"-. II. Ventilate the main sewers by a perforated cover on every man-hole. III. Every house to have a cast-iron soil pipe, not less than four inches in diameter and one-quarter inch in thickness, tarred inside and outside, running from sewer to roof, without a trap, accessible for inspection throughout its entire length, and with as great a fall as possible; the openings for waste and soil pipes in the house walls to be larger than the pipes, to allow for settling. IV. Every sink, wash basin, bath tub and water-closet (ex- cept the " trapless " closets) to be trapped. V. Every trap to be ventilated from its highest point into a pipe running out above the roof and disconnected from the soil pipe. VI. Joints in iron pipes to be leaded and caulked, or rust joints. Joints between iron and lead pipes to be made with tinned iron or brass ferules, soldered. VII. Catch-basins to be built outside of the house wherever possible, and ventilated by a special pipe. VIII. Water-closets to connect with the outer air by a window or light shaft, and to have a ventilating flue. IX. Avoid pan closets, and use hopper or improved closets. X. On the upper floors each water-closet to be flushed from a separate tank, through a ])ipe not less than one and one- quarter inch in diameter. 14 XI. Catcli-basins to be periodically cleaned by the city authorities. SANITAKY LEGISLATION. It is the custom of all cities to control, by municipal ordin- ance and by supervision, matters affecting the public health. Nothing can more properly come within the scope of munici- pal legislation than measures regulating house drainage, in order to ])revent, as far as possible, the generation and spread of infectious diseases. It is obviously necessary to make the precautions obligatory upon all the people, as their efficacy depends on the general use of them, and it is to the interest of all that they should be universally adopted. Your Committee, therefore, recommend that an ordinance be passed by the Common Council of Chicago embodying the most important of the foregoing recommendations, as follows: I. That every house which shall be connected with the city sewers, after this ordinance goes into effect, shall have a con- tinuous pipe of not less than four inches inside diameter, running from the street sewer to at least two feet above the roof of the house, without any trap throughout its entire length; the opening at the house wall to be larger than the soil pipe, to allow for settling. [Note. — As there may be some who will prefer U) use a trap on the house drain or soil pipe, this vent pipe may in that case be made indepen- dent of the house drainage, and be carried through the house without any opening into it.] II. Every sink, basin, bath tub and water-closet (except the " trapless " closets) to be trapped, and every trap to have a vent pi]>e from its highest point. III. Joints in iron pipes to be leaded and caulked or rust joints. Joints between iron and lead pipe to be made with tinned iron or brass ferules, soldered. 15 IV. Soil pipes to be of iron. V. All water-closets to be connected with the outer air by a window and ventilating Hue or a light shaft, VI. Sanitary inspectors tu be appointed, under the direction of the Health Commissioner, to enforce the observance of the foregoing provisions. Your Committee desire to draw the attention of tlie citizens of Chicago to another subject, allied to house drainage, and perhaps not second to it in importance. This is the VENTILATION AND HEATING OF HOUSES. In our cold and variable climate it is always something of a problem how to heat and also ventilate our buildings, and yet there is generally very little thought or study given to it, either by the owner of the building or the architect. The desire to build as cheaply and to heat as cheaply as possible, has led to the adoption of bad methods of heating, and of no methods at all of ventilation. Many of the throat diseases so common in Chicago are caused by the over- heated and bad air of our buildings; and many of the malarial dis- eases, arising from sewer gas admitted into houses by defective plumbing, might be avoided by thorough ventilation of the houses. The most common error is in using furnaces of too small a size, which have to be forced to a red heat in the coldest weather, thus burning the air and rendering it unfit to breathe. This evil is intensified by having the cold air pipe and the conductor pipes through the house of too small a size. This method is recommended bv manv architects and dealers in furnaces, to gratify the almost universal desire for economj'. But it is false economy, for it is injurious to health and is des- tructive to furniture and walls, through the unnatural dryness of the air which it produces. 16 Your Committee would earnestly recommend the use of large furnaces, with ample supply of cold air, and large con- ductor pipes throughout the house, so that the air from the reo-isters need never be too warm to be inhaled with comfort. Where it is convenient to use open fires, or to have open fire-places, even if no fires be made in them, or flues opening at the floor, an outlet is provided for the cold air of the room at the floor, a circulation of the air maintained, and good ventilation and a pure, wholesome atmosphere secured. The cost of a building may be somewhat increased by a thorough system of drainage and heating and ventilation, but it is surely better to economize in any other direction — in the size and ornamentation of our houses, in the furniture, or the style of living — than in those things which are essential to the health and lives of the occupants. Respectfully submitted, FREDERICK BAUMANN, JAMES R. WILLETT, BRYAX LATHROP, Committee. REPOirJ^ OF COMMriTEE — OK THK — CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION OV CHICAGO, ON POLICE. To the Executive Committee of the Citizens' Association of the City of Chicago. Gentlemen : Your Committee on Police, to whom was referred the ex- pediency of increasing the force of this city, and of devising means by which this end shall be assured, beg to report as follows : Immediately upon appointment they placed themselves in conespondence with the officials of the principal cities of the Union with a view of obtaining from them all the information practically possible, and in the meantime endeavored to ascertain if it were feasible to increase the force by reducing the pay of the present members thereof. It must be borne in mind that the expenditures of the Police Department of the City of Chicago are limited by law. After a thorough investigation, we found that the pay of the AVERAGE POLICEMAN WAS $945 per annum, while New York paid its policemen an average of $1,050 per annum, and Boston from $750 to $1,050 each per annum and perquisites. We found that our men had but ten hours relief from duty in which to enjoy the society of their families out of forty-eight hours, and that even during these ten hours they were as- liable as at any other time to be called upon. Every alternate night they were compelled to sleep at the station, and the balance of their time was spent in patroll- ing 122 square miles of territory, making something over one mile to the man- When we consider that this was done by a patrol force of 150 men (dividing the actual force by the two periods of night and day), your Committee did not con- sider that they were overpaid by a compensation which ranges from 15 to 20 per cent, below that of the cities of New York and Boston, and immediately abandoned all thoughts of raising money to increase the police force by reducing the salaries of present incumbents. In London and New York there is one policeman to every 400 of the popu-la- tion, in Boston one to every 500, while we have ONE PATROLMAN TO EVERY I,500 of our fixed population. When the rapidity with which, from various sources, the population is increased, is borne in mind, your Committee do not hesitate to recom- mend the immediate increase of the force to 800 men, which, together with our present admirable system of telephone communication, and with the patrol-wagon system, admirable in itself, and most highly satisfactory in its results, would, in our estimation, give us an equivalent to 1,000 men, which number we are led to believe, from our conversation with various officials, as well as prominent residents and others having the welfare of our city and its health and good order at heart, will be sufficient for some time tq come. To accomplish this, the increased amount which must be placed to the order of our police fund would be in round numbers in the neighborhood of half a million dollars ($450,000 might do it, but the former figures are believed to be nearer correct.) The only way out of the dilemma which has presented itself to our minds is to increase our VALUATION OF TAXABLE PROPERTY. Our assessed valuation to-day is lower than ever. The coming year brings with it a new valuation of real estate and personal property ; prosperity is once more smiling her brightest smile upon our business community, and it would seem as though all things conspired to make this the accepted time when this increased valuation could be made with less effiDrt, and would be met with greater cheerful- ness, than at any time since when ten years ago the whole world commenced to applaud our pluck, and so magnanimously helped us on to our present prosperity. That we must have the increase of the force is no longer a question in itself but is a settled fact. Not only do our people require it, but foreign capitalists seeking investment want a guarantee that their interests will be protected before making their risks at low rates of interest. And we, therefore, in submitting our reports, would most respectfully but earnestly beg that the incoming board would, in taking up the subject where your subscribers have left it, carry it out to a speedy and successful issue. All of which. is respectfully submitted. J. Hall Dow, Robert Law, Thos. Wilce, Elijah S. Alexander, Harold S. Peck, Committee on Police. / OPEN LETTER, TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION, BY HENRY C. REW. Gentlemen : — This statement made by the undersigned, on behalf of the capitalists, laborers, tax-payers, property-owners and corporations of the city of Chicago, is respectfully submitted to the Citizens' Association : " Whatsoever a man soweth that shall he also reap." Under the reign of the fixed and invariable laws that from and to all eternity govern the whole physical and moral universe, this rule holds good, not only as applied to individuals, but also as applied to cities, com- munities, states, and nations. The harvest that Chicago is reaping at present can be itemized as fol- lows, namely : There is an unusual amount of crime and lawlessness throughout the city, life and property thereby being rendered insecure ; our homes, busi- ness blocks and factories, to a degree heretofore unexampled in this city, are at the mercy of thieves and rioters; our citizens are attacked in our streets, robbed and maimed; our policemen are shot while on duty, and the murderers are still at large. The liquor interests of our city are organized, bold and defiant, and bv the shrewd manipulation of our taxing system are to a great and unwar- rantable extent casting the cost of pauperism and crime caused by it upon the real estate and other important and self-sustaining interests of the city. About fifty per cent, of the cost of carrying on the various depart- ments of our municipal government and the interest of the public debt is thrown upon real estate. It is believed that legislation is procured in many instances so that private and corporate interests are advanced by the use of monev, and that there are times when the public are thus plundered bv their own elected servants under form of law. Rioters are forcing the closing up of large and important manufactories, denying to men the right to labor and earn bread tor their families, and this without being prompt! v put down bv our civil authorities. Our river and the outlet to our sewerage system is in a very foul con- dition, polluting the source of our water supply, and this, with the pesti- lential vapors arising from the river, spreading the seeds of malarial fevers, diptheria and other dangerous diseases in every household. Our streets are in a very filthy condition, and a constant disgrace to our municipality, and a shame to every citizen ; no proper preparation is being made for the resulting needs of our constantly increasing population and business, such as the paving and cleaning of streets, building of viaducts, tunnels and other needed public improvements, for the want of which the people of this city are suffering to the extent of millions of dollars each year. We rightfully say to the citizens — " You shall not interfere with the rights of the public by making more soot and smoke than is necessary." Has not the citizen the same right to say to, the public—" You shall make such public improvements as are clearly necessary for my health and comfort, and to enable me to profitably and safely carry on my business. You shall suppress gambling; you shall give protection to life and pro- perty ; you shall give us pure water ; you shall do what you can to place the burden of taxation where it rightfully belongs ; you shall do what you can to elect good men to office." Our school system is so poorly managed that our children are packed in overcrowded, and therefore unhealthy school houses, or swarm in the streets without care and education, owing to the lack of accommodation for them. Our citizens and the capitalists of our own and other cities are discour- aged from entering into manufacturing enterprises in our midst, from building stores and houses, owing to the lack of spirit on the part of our people, and because the public do not properly provide for the needs of our city in the way of schools, public improvements, suppression of crime, and the election of capable and honest officials and public servants, and provide a proper protection to life and health and property interests. The seeds that have been sown to produce so foul and dangerous a crop of evils can be stated as follows: There is, first, and most important of all, the weakness and indifference of the people themselves, and their lack of attention to their own interests— second, they do not rally round and join the only organization we have, by means of which all citizens, irre- spective of race, creed or party affiliations, can present a determined re- sistence to the great and growing evils which threaten and oppress them. Third, the packing of our primary meetings for the nomination of men to occupy important municipal offices, by the liquor and gambling inter- ests, and other interests private and corporate, heretofore charged with corrupting our legislation. Fourth, the use of money at elections, to put corrupt men in office who, when in office, are the servile tools of those wlio paid for their election. Again, the lack of attention to municipal matters by the people, thus per- mitting the most dangerous element to control their property and the government of the city. Fifth, the division of people into various political parties, thuR illustrat- ing the fable of the bulls who were invincible from the attack of wild beasts, so long as they kept together, but who were ravaged by wolves as soon as they could be separated by their wily and savage enemies. The best men should be put in office by united effort without regard to party. The harvest to which the queenly city of Chicago is fully entitled, and which it most earnestly desires to reap, situated as it is, in the heart of the continent, the center of a most magnificent territory, and of a vast system of continental railways and water communications, can be stated as follows : First. An honest and incorruptible administration of our city affain and municipal government, thus placing our authorities in such a position that thev can make the public improvements required, and the other necessarv expenditures to bring our adminstration up to its commensurate condition. Second. The narrowing down of the now rapidly broadening stream of debauchery, pauperism and crime, which is corrupting our people phy- sically and morally, sowing the seeds of sickness, sorrow and misery, not only for the present, but for many generations to come, in many house- holds, and filling our poor houses, jails, bridewells and prisons, with sick, helpless, unhappy, unfortunate and dangerous people, who come out from the discipline and punishments given them by society — not reformed, honest, active, enterprising and self-sustaining, but, as all statistics show, worse paupers and criminals, and more dangerous to the community than ever before. Third. We want a government with the firmness and resolution to protect and guard with the whole civil, police, and military force of the people, every citizen and working man in his avocation, and to put down all lawlessness and rioting on the shortest notice. Fourth. We want a more just and equitable distribution of taxation, whereby the liquor interests, the railroads, telegraph and gas companies city railways, and other corporations, and many private citizens now very lightly taxed, but who, nevertheless look to the city for the protection of their property, may be made to pay their fair share of taxation ; also, a general system of licenses to be adapted for all branches of business, in order that the burden of taxation, now largely borne by real estate, may be fairly divided between all classes of property and business interests, and thus be widely disti-ibuted, hardly felt and easily borne. By just and equitable taxation, every encouragement should be given to property owners and capitalists to construct buildings of every descrip- tion, in order to accommodate, at moderate rents, the wants of our rapidly growing business and industrial population. We want a clean river, pure drinking water, clean streets, and a steady system for all public improvements. We want the best of schools and ample room for all the children desiring to attend. We want, in short, 6 Chicago to be what it should be — the most enlightened and enterprising city in the world, the best cleaned, the most cheaply and brilliantly lighted at night, the best governed and the best educated, filled with heal- thy, happy and prosperous people, and offering to those who live in other mis-governed and tax-ridden cities, the safest place for homes, business blocks, factories and other property, and that it shall be the best place to locate for the education, happiness and enlightenment of present and future generations — their institutions of learning and the arts. To reap the fruits and results named above, it is imperatively necessary to sow the following seeds : First. The thorough awakening of the people of our city to the con- dition into which it has fallen, and the great and rapidly growing dangers which threaten and oppress them. Second. The fusing together into one solid mass of all the people, and the corporations in the interests of an honest and incorruptable govern- nient. Third. The election of none but good men to office and give them hearty support after they are elected. Fourth. The education of the people in all the matters pertaining to the good government and the forming of a solid front against the en- croaching and corrupting powers of the great corporations and the liquor interests. ' Fifth. Such a fair and just statement of the great social problem now imperatively pressing on us for a solution, that the aforesaid great and powerful interests may not be rendered unfriendly or antagonistic to these sentiments, but may be convinced that " honesty is the best policy." That if they sow honesty and fair dealing, they will surely reap the great and certain benefits that will flow to them as a natural result; while on the other hand, if they continue to sow the wind of corruption, dishon- esty, inefficiency and oppression, they will surely reap the whirlwind of popular uprisings, and the endangerment and possible destruction of their interests. The best means, in my I'udgement, for accomplishing the above reforms and results, is through the organization already formed, the Citi- zens' Association, made up as it is, of merchants, bankers, manufacturers, property owners, laboring men, and other taxpayers, without regard to race, creed, or party, as it offers a nucleus or rallying point to the whole people of the city ; but as their organization can only work within the limits of the authorized functions in the correction of these evils, and as that sphere is limited to the task of arousing public sentiment and point- ing out the proper remed}^ for evils, I, amongst others of its members, who feel a deep interest in these matters, entreat the Association to call upon all good citizens to act promptly and decisively. Shall we, on your recommendation, hold a mass meeting, or shall we organize in our wards to elect, if possible, good and honest men to office, even if we have to leave oiu- partv lines to do so. Rhetoric cannot accomplish results; action is necessary. We must have united eftbrt. The issues are important. Can it be possible, in view of them, that the citizens of this commercial centre of the West, which should be the future capital of the Western Hemisphere, will sit quietly down and do nothing to purify our political atmosphere.' Now is the time; the movement needs direction. Please answer this letter publicly, bearing in mind that " Whatsoever a city sows that shall it also reap." Yours, with much respect, HENRY C. REW. Chicago, March i8, 1882. THE ANSWER. Rooms of the Citizens' Association, \ 35 Merchants' Building, > Chicago, March 21, 1882. ) HENRY C. REW, ESQ., Dear Sir : Your open letter addressed to this Committee, under the date of March 18, has been under consideration, [and we submit the following reply : We are much gratified at your accession to the list of active workers in public affairs, more especially as you start out with very positive views on the subjects presented, and an ardent desire to investigate and inform yourself on the politico-economic questions of the day, as far as they ap- ply to this city and the county. It is to be regretted that the state of affairs at this time is such as to justify, to a great extent, the gloomy view which you take of the situa- tion, while on the other hand, the radical suggestions you make for the re- form of existing abuses indicate, not only an intuitive perception and ap- preciation of the evils complained of, but also an abiding faith in future possibilities, which we cannot but share with you to the extent of believ- ing that if the " seed" can be sown as thoroughly and carefully as you desire, the " harvest" you wish for will assuredly be reaped. If you will look back for a period of not more than seven or eight years, you will find that a great deal has been done within that comparatively short time in bringing about reforms of administration and economy in this city. The same retrospection will convince you that such reforms have only been brought about by persistent efforts, sometimes characterized as un- seemly zeal, backed up by the agitation of public sentiment through the press; and it will confirm you in the opinion that the people, wjien fully aroused and instructed in public matters, seldom err, and that when an election is properly and fairlv conducted, and the whole community par- ticipate in it, the result is what the friends of order and honesty desire. The integrity of the great majority of the people is unimpaired, notwith- standing the debauching influence of saloon-bred politicians and their concomitants. While we question whether there is "a very unusual amount of crime and lawlessness throughout the city," we do concede •' that our homes, business blocks and factories are at the mercy of thieves and rioters to an unprecedented degree;" that our " citizens are attacked, robbed and 10 maimed " is also true ; and that " some of our policemen have been shot while on duty, and that the murderers are still at large," is a patent fact. That corrupt practices have prevailed in the letting of contracts, we do not believe, but that corporate and private interests have been advanced by the use of money with our municipal legislators has been so freely asserted as to gain wide credence, and we believe it to be true ; and it requires but little knowledge of human nature and of political history to conclude that the public has many times been betrayed by their own elected servants. But it can scarcely be expected that the average poli- tician will rise above the moral standard of his immediate constituents, and if the better class of citizens keep aloof, or withdraw from the political arena, it is but natural that the worse element will seize that opportunity to elect their men. That our schools are overcrowded, no person with any knowledge of the subject will deny, and that an immediate erection of several edifice* for school purposes is necessary is painfully apparent. As for our streets, their shameful condition speaks eloquently of our disgrace, and visitors from contemporary cities must look with utter astonishment and disgust on the spectacle presented, and wonder at the supineness and lack of public spirit that sufters such a condition of things to exist. Our water for domestic purposes is polluted so much that part of the time it returns to us an infinitesimal portion, at each draught, of the diluted sewage which passes into the lake. Although it cannot be expected that Chicago, under all its circum- stances of rapid growth, and the legislative and other embarrassments with which it is surrounded, politically and geographically, can at once be changed from its present condition into the Utopia you desire, and, although we feel that the principle of misgovernment, or " how not to do it," has reached a point in the history of this city wholly unendurable, yet, no candid and honest man will accept as a fact susceptible of proof, that any of our present superior officials have been guilty of such frauds as the embezzlement or misappropriation of money ; their sins are more of omission than of commission ; — they have neglected to suppress the gamb- lers until public opinion forced them into the movement, which is now in course of execution in such a feeble manner, that application has been made to us to reinforce the prosecution ; they have allowed a whole season to pass away without beginning the works necessary to inaugurate the onlv means we have to purify the river and our drinking water, and they have omitted to expend a considerable portion of the sums appropriated for the purpose of the important items of street cleaning and health service during the year, for which the credit was given ; there have been, we think, some manifest lapses of duty in the enforcement of other ordinances. They have pursued a " penny wise and pound foolish" policy with regard to their financial arrangements, by omitting to avail themselves of the advan- tages of the license system as far as it has been in their power, and starv- 11 ing the public service by neglecting their interests in the annual assess- ment of property ; but any charge of peculation or pecuniary dishonesty is, in our judgment, unwarranted. Your suggestion that all good men should stand by their constituted authorities when duly elected, is one of such eminent justice and propriety, that it only needs statement for endorsement. It is the corroll- ary of the sovereignty of the people ; — to state it tersely, do your best to elect your man, and if defeated, support the other man, unless he is found to be dishonest or incapable. Intelligent men, actuated by a sense of public duty, and with the know- ledge of antecedents, are justified in criticising administrative officers, and it would seem as if those officers should, by a wise conciliation of public opinion, strengthen their administration by making friends of their con- stituents, even if former political opponents. If, on the other hand, many of those who should and would uphold them are treated with marked disrespect and contumely as the conse- quence of a political victory, or because of some fancied wrong, the natural inclination of all such men to support those in power is outraged, and a desire for change becomes very apparent. This is reflected in the wish to withhold supplies of money, and we venture the assertion, made in the light of observations by each one of us, that the objection to raising more money for public purposes is greatly owing to the fear, not that it would be embezzled, but that its application might either be delayed, inju- diciously appropriated or surrounded by the council with such embarrass- ments in its disposition as would render the immediate benefits desired from its use nugatory. We believe it to be a proposition evident to all who will examine it that our City Government has not the means to carry on its business from present resources — and that those resources cannot be augmented under our present laws except by the application of both of two systems : First. An increase of the license system, and Second. An augmentation of the assessment of our ta.xable property real and personal. A readjustment of both of these sources of revenue, even on a mode- rate scale of increase would enable the authorities to carry out certain re- forms in the police, health and street cleaning departments, and if not too circumscribed, in the erection of viaducts and tunnels, in the turning of bridges by steam, and the betterment of paveinents ; but they would not fill the larger requirements for the purpose which are so prominent as to need no particular mention, and which we believe might justly be thrown over to a future generation for payment, by an increase of the public debt, which increase would not be outside of constitutional limit, if an assessment of our property at its cash value as required bv law could be had. 12 We cannot do better than to state here our belief that a just system of licensing special classes of business, if not made oppressive in amount, would be wise and proper, but that if such licenses are charged at an amount which would render the liquor traffic, for instance, impossible in certain cases, a fundamental principle of justice would be immedi- ately hazarded. That principle is that all men should be protected in their lawful avocations by the law. The traffic in liquor is lawful, and although, perhaps, always offensive to many excellent men, and at times the cause of particular offense to a wider range of good citizens, it should be regulated, not suppressed ; but to regulate it by the infliction of a license fee which would render its prosecution in many, and those the least offensive cases, impossible, is simply to defeat a good object by an intolerable oppression. This will hold good in many other cases, like pawn-brokers, second-hand dealers in merchandise, junk dealers and the like, whose business has been at times abused by illegal transactions, but who are very necessary adjuncts of civilization, and who should be regu- lated, not suppressed by too heavy licenses. You are correct in the idea that real estate bears a greater proportion of taxes than some other property, as the following statement indicates : The equalized valuation of property in the city of Chicago is. $119,150,000 Real Estate $90,100,000 Personal 26,240,000 Railroad 2,810,000 But when vou consider these astounding figures, your astonishment that the personal property of Chicago is only valued at twenty-six mil- lions of dollars, will be increased, not diminished, by the consideration that real estate is assessed only ninety millions on what is believed to be worth from four hundred to five hundred millions. We have said enough, we think, to satisfy you that our views are mainly in harmonv with yours ;-we need, we will say, reform in many departments of local government, but we need more than anything, the means of carry- ing out certain necessary improvements, even on a small scale, — the necessity for which increases each dav. Now, vou ask our ad\ice as to what should be done under the present circumstances, which include the pending city and town elections. Will the Citizens Association call a mass meeting to consider the matters pre- sented in your letter.' to which we reply, that at a recent meeting of the Association called for the purpose of considering that question, it was de- cided to be unwise. That a spontaneous movement of the tax-payers and other good people who desire to become tax-payers by the accumulation of property, should immediately be inaugurated within the wards is unquestioned, and we heartily reccommend it. This can readily be done, and should be carried on outside of party organizations and feeling. Its result would be sur- prising to those unacquainted with the effect of such a proceeding. L3 Until our citizens fulh' realise the evil results of omitting to assemble themselves together before an election to discuss their local affairs, until they can understand that designing men know very well the effect of jw^/i meetings^ and utilize similar ones for corrupt purposes, until they compre- hend that those interests adverse to good government are always wakeful and active, while good men sit supinely down and allow the pot-house voters to crowd them from the primaries and the polls, contenting them- selves with verbal protests after the act has been consummated ; so long as the better and more conscientious element of our population, from fear of contamination, or from the moral cowardice which grows out of too conservative principles shall keep themselves aloof from local poli- tics, so long shall we be subjected to such wrongs as those you have so eloquently set forth. But if the people can be made to understand that a " government of the people, b}- the people, for the people," is as necessary in its local application as in the greater national sense, then — if they will assemble and look to their elections, we shall have less complaint and your ideas will be the sooner realized. " The price of liberty is eternal vigilance." This vigilance must be exercised at each recurring election. The_f(7oa' seed to be sown is the education of the people in sound political principles; the hardest is prosperity; the tares are neglect of individual duty. The bad seed is the work of professional and corrupt politicians ; that harvest is corruption. , "What a city soweth, that shall it also reap!" Yours respectfully, A. A. CARPENTER, President, HENRY W. KING, Vice-President, MARSHALL FIELD, R. T. CRANE, EDSON KEITH, EDWIN LEE BROWN, MAX A. MEYER, MURRY NELSON, MARK KIMBALL, ALFRED BISHOP MASON, FRANCIS B. PEABODY, MARX WINEMAN, Executive Committee J. C. AMBLER, Secretary, Rooms, 35 Merchants' Building. NOTE OF WARNING, FROM THE CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION OF CHICAGO. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE n ON Theatres and Public Halls, OP THE CITIZENS' ASSOCmTION OF CHICAGO. Rooms, 35 Merchants' Building. J".A.3iTTJJLI^^Z■, 1882, CHICAGO: Geo. K. Hazlitt & Co., Printers, 172 and 174 Clark Street. 1882. This Report of oiir 8 uh -Committee hos heen considered in detail hy the whole Coinmittee^ has heen referred hack for amendment and amjylijication, and in its j>f<^sent form has the ajyprovcd of the Committee^ and is recom- mended to the Execttti've Committee of the Citizens'' Asso- ciation for ])uhlication. FREDERICK BAUMANN, P. B. WIGHT, ED. BURLING, J. M. W. JONES, MARX WINEMAN, GEO. M. HOW, January 28, 1882. Committee on Public Buildings. The Citizens' Association feel that they would not he doing their duty to the puhlic without calling especial attention to the report of the Committee on Theatres and Puhlic HalJs, which rejxjrt shows that in many cases there are very glaring defects in construction^ and that in case of fire or 'panic in many of these places of puhlic resort there migJd he fearful loss of life. A. A. CAKPENTEK, President. HENRY W. KING, Vice-Pres. MARSHALL FIELD, R. T. CRANE, EDSON KEITH, EDWIN LEE BROWN, MAX A. MEYER, MURRY NELSON, MARK KIMBALL, ALFRED BISHOP MASON, FRANCIS B. PEABODY, MARX WINEMAN, February 1, 1882. Executive Cominittee. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THEATRES AND PUBLIC HALLS. Your Siib-Committee, by resolution of the whole Com- mittee, of Jan. 27, ISSl,"^ assisted by Mr. L. D. Cleaveland, formerly Superintendent of Buildings under Mayor Heath, to whom was referred the matter of examining the present state of theatre and halls in this city, beg leave to report as follows: OflScial report was made on this subject by Mr. Cleave- land to Mayor Heath some three years ago, and published in the daily papers. This report first treated of what ought to be, and then entered into a detailed description of the different theatres as they were at that time, and suggested improvements urgently necessary for the safety of a crowded audience. Subsequently an ordinance was passed requiring new theatres to be built in accordance with some definite rules, and that present theatres should be changed, particu- larly in regard to egress. Several new theatres have been built since the passage of this ordinance, two have been materiallj' reconstructed, and a large majority of the existing ones have been to some ex- tent improved; but the ordinance has in no case been very ♦Note.— This resolution was as follows: Resolved, 1, That the report of L. D. Cleaveland, Superintendent of Buildings, to the Maj'or, under the Heath administra- tion, be printed, with such omis.sions as Mr. Cleaveland may suggest. 2. That followint]; the report of Mr. Cleaveland, the Theatre Ordinance, passed June 14, 1878, be printed. 3. That Mr. Cleavoland be requested to act in conjunction with asub-comniittee of this committee, in preparing a report which shall stale what has been done since the passage of this ordinance towards the improvement of the condition of theatres then existing: and in the erection of new theatres and public halls, with special reference to the provisions of the ordinance. strictly observed, and the public interest demands that its operations should be carefully scrutinized, to the end that it may be rigidly enforced, if sufficient for the purpose, or made more effectual by further legislation. The following is a repetition of the report of Mr. Cleave- land, made three years ago, with remarks and continuation offered by your Committee: The Hon. Monroe Heath, Mayor op the City of Chicago: Sir — lu accordance with your request to employ such assistance as was required, and malie a survey of the theatres, public halls, churches, schools, &c., of the city, I engaged Mr. James R. Willett as a special assistant for that purpose, and proceeded to comply with your desires, by carefuly examining the theatres and making plans thereof to be kept in tlie department for reference, upon which are marked such changes as are thought necessary for the safety and protection of the public. As it will take several weeks to complete the survey and examination of all the buildings, it is thought best to report on each class of build- ings as soon as the survey is made. I herewith enclose my report on theatres : GALLERIES. The means of egress from the main floors of some of the theatres are sufficient, but that is not the case with the galleries in any of them. They have their exits exclusively in the front part of the buildings, and a fire there would endanger the safety of the occupants of the galleries. There should also be stairways from the galleries near to the pros- cenium, where the stage boxes are usually placed, and they should be of sufficient size. The exits for the ditterent galleries should be separate. The main floor should be provided with exits, so that an audience there could readily escape without meeting the stream of people from the galleries. In case of a panic, the people in the galleries are in the most danger, being further from the ground, and they should not be delayed by meet- ing other streams of people from the main floor. Handrails should be placed on both sides of all halls, stairways, pas- sages, &c., so that people may iiave something to hold on to and enable them to resist pressure that tends to overthrow tlunn. Where possible to avoid it, there should be no steps in aisles and passages. If the rise does not exceed one foot in ten feet, it would be better to have the floors laid on an incline. There should be uo hjng flights of straight stairs, but the stairs should have many landings and change direction at each landing, and in no case should circular stairs be used. The object of this is to prevent the enormous pressure which arises where the stairs are long and straight. Some of the present flights of stairs are longer then is desirable. All doors leading out of the house should open outwards, and be so fas- tened as to be readily opened from the inside, and not so strong as lo resist pressure from the inside. Over all places of exit, especially those most generally used as entrances, the word " Exit" should be painted in large letters. The more separate and distinct the exits from the building are the more security there will be for the audience in case of fire. People in a panic, whether from a real or imaginary cause, have no judgment, and should be provided with ample safe-guards, protection and exits, when such occurrences happen. The theatre that can show the greatest amount of security will (other things being equal) meet with the most liberal patronage for at least mouths, and perhaps years, after such a calamity as the fire in Brooklyn. No place should be tolerated for large assemblies that has but one means of exit, no matter how spacious that one may be, for a fire is as likely to occur there as in any other part of the building, and thus cut off all means of escape. This will apply to halls, churches, schools, &c., as well as to theatres. THE PROSCENIUM WALL, or partitions in theatres yet to be erected, should be a brick wall run- ning through and above the roof. In those now erected, which are all of wood, it would be sufficient if they be covered on the stage side with a thick coat of plaster on iron lath, slieet iron, or in some other suitable way (acceptable to the Superintendent of buildings) and made less liable to ignite when fire occurs on the stage. This partition should run up through the attic to the roof, and also up to the floor under the stage, and all openings except the stage-opening should have iron doors. The ceiling under the auditorium should also receive a coat of plaster or iron, similar to that spoken of for the proscenium partitions. The use of wood, such as is called " ceiling stuff," should be more restricted than it is, as it is often used for the partitions of dressing-rooms and other permanent partitions. Such partitions should at least be " stud " partitions, plastered on both sides. The space over the auditorium should not be used for a carpenter shop, nor for the storage of combustible materials, as is now the case in some of the theatres. All domes should be plastered on both sides so that the wood-work may be entirely covered. In the construction of new domes, wood should not be allowed in any pf)rtion of them, as there is a great deal of heat generated in them by the gas from the cliandeliers -wbicli usually hang there. This heat should not be allowed to escape into the attic, but should be taken out through the roof by a flue constructed similarly as domes. THE DUOP-CURTAINS of all theatres could and should be made of wire-cloth coated with fire- proof material, such as is now used for coating scenery. A curtain so constructed would keep back fire and smoke from the auditorium for a considerable time — probably long enough to enable an audience to escape from the building before a fire originating on the stage could communicate with the auditorium. All lights on or about the stage, including fly-galleries, rigging-loft, &c., should be protected by wire netting placed at least six inches away from the burner. Border or hanging-lights should be covered with metal, in addition to having wire netting around them. There should be a large ventilator over the rigging-loft, with valves that could be readily thrown open by a person on the stage, or in the fly-gallery, in case of a fire on or about the stage. This would form an exit for smoke, and tend to create a current of air from the auditorium to the back of the building, in place of a draft towards the front, as is now the case when the curtain is up. All useless and inflammable material should be removed entirely from the building, in place of being stored in every out-of-the-way place, nook and corner, as is now the case in some of the theatres. The theatres should be provided with a stand-pipe and hose, and these should be placed so as to be readily seen, and not hidden or covered up in any way. There should also be an ample supply of fire-extinguishers, all in full view; indeed, it would be well, at least about the stage, fly- galleries, &c., to have a number of buckets always kept full of water ready to throw on the fire at its commencement. The bucket of water has this advantage: — everyone knows how to use it, and it is ready for instant use. The difficulty with stand-pipes is that they require a pump or some means of forcing the water through them, and could not be used until the fire engines arrived, vv^hich in all probability would be some time after the fire had broken out. It is therefore necessary to have a sufficient number oi fire-extinguishers and buckets of water on the stage. There should be at least two extinguishers on each side of the stage, one on each side of the fly-gallery and two in the rigging-loft. There should be at least two experienced and reliable men to have charge of all appliances for the extinguishing of fires. They should be assigned to this as their especial duty, and held responsible for the efficiency of the fire apparatus. Theatres should be licensed to con- tain the proper number of persons, and no more should be admitted. The passages should never be blocked up by chairs or stools, nor even by persons standing, as the passages are calculated to give egress to the numbers of persons who can be seated, and not to the number of persons that can be i)acked standing in the passages. Although some of the passages are not as wide as they should be, they will be sufficient if the additional exits proposed are made. There are no objections to allowing theatres to have in them a greater number of persons than can be seated, provided the exits are calculated for all that are allowed to enter; but generally all the seats that can be gotten in are put in, and the exits are often insufficient for that number. From statistics of the theatres of New York, it appears that out of nineteen theatres the number of persons admitted over the number that could be seated varied from twenty-five to ninety-two per cent, above the seating capa- city. Tlie average excess being fifty-eight per cent. From this it is evident that provisions for the safety of this excess should be made. A sufficient number of oil lamps or candles should be put up and lighted every evening, so that if the gas was turned oft" or went (mt, the building would not be left in total darkness. The heating-apparatus should be thoroughly protected; where near the wood-work, it should be separated therefrom by brick or plaster, or iron lath. In some of the theatres the protection is not what it should be. The hearth, for a distance of five feet at least, should be on brick or stone. Metal smoke- flues, if they come within three feet of wood, should be separated there- from by plaster or brick, as before mentioned, or by a metal covering two feet broader than the pipe and six inches from it and from the the woodwork. It would be well, though not perhaps necessary, if each theatre was furnished with an automatic fire alarm connected with the Fire Depart- ment, and having a sufficient number of stations or bulbs through the building. This would give an early and prompt alarm when any part of the building became dangerously hot, even before a fire occurred. It is due to the managers, owners, &c., whom I have met, to say, that they have been courteous and have generally expressed a desire to im- prove their buildings so as to make them thoroughly safe. CHICAGO THEATRES, or some of them, are not inferior to those of other cities. They can all be made reasonably secure and some of them could be made very near perfect by a judicious though not extravagant expenditure of.money. When the changes proposdd are made and the law complied with, it will give the department great pleasure to make that fact known to the public. If the suggestions herein made are carried out, the Chicago theatres may be considered as complying with all reasonable require- ments of safety. I herewith submit my report and plans for changes necessary to be made in the different theatres. Very respectfully submitted, L. D. CLEAVELAND, Superintendent of Buildings. 10 MCVICKER'S THEATRE. This theatre has an alley on each side and one in the rear. There are stores and offices in the front part of the building. The entrance is from Madison street by a hallway forty feet long and twenty-four feet wide, between two stores. There are stairways on both sides of this hallway from the offices over the stores, which reduce the size of the hallway to sixteen feet. There is also a ticket office in the hall, by which the width is still further reduced to twelve feet net, but a por- tion of the audience could get out through doors into the stores on each side before reaching the ticket office, and thence to the street. There is a corridor on the main floor, and also on the first gallery floor, running across the front of the auditorium. There is a door at each end of the corridor and main floor opening on the alley. This cor- ridor also contains two stairways to the galleries. The galleries also have doors opening into the halls of the office in front, which halls have stairways leading into the hallway on the main floor, which hallway constitutes the entrance to the theatre. There are two doors, one on each side, opening from the parquet circle into side alleys. There are two galleries above the main floor. The main floor is about four feet above the grade of the alley. There should be two stairways from the galleries (one from each side) near the pro- sceniums, the most suitable place for said stairs being now occupied by dressing-rooms. These stairs should not communicate with the main floor, but should open out directly on the side alleys. The pres- ent doors from the parquet circle to the side alley should each be widened to five feet. Other doors on each side near the front should be opened. The doors from the corridors to the side alleys should be reserved for the occupants of the galleries. The carpenter sliop is in the attic over the auditorium. This theatre possesses an electric fire-alarm connected with the fire patrol house. There are five fire plugs to this theatre, one in the basement under the stage, one on each side of the stage, and one on each fly-gallery, with hose attached to each. There are also two stand-pipes with fire-ladders outside, one on each side of the building extending to the roof. The theatre is heated by seven furnaces, located as shown in the basement plan. There are fifty buckets kept filled with water in the carpenter shop over the audi- torium. The proscenium partition should be plastered or covered with iron. Generally the improvements mentioned under the heading of " Remarks '' should be carried out. The seating capacity of the entire building is 1,700: main floor, 775; first gallery, 461; second gallery, 464. Since the above report was published, the ticket office referred to has been removed from the center of the entrance hall and now occupies a space under the west staircase, to that extent remedying the defect in the main entrance com- 11 plained of; another objectionable feature, the candy mann- factory in the front basement, observed by your Com- mittee but not alluded to in Mr. Cleaveland's report, has been, at our request, partly remedied, but is still ob- jectionable. We would suggest that the other recommend- ations in that report with regard to stairways, etc., be car- ried out, and that as an additional security, there shoidd be outside stairways leading from the galleries to the alleys, w^ith large and secure balconies; also, as the house is well situated for the purpose, two or more iron tire ladders on each side, firmly secured to the walls ; the lower side egress doors should be far more ample. We consider the attic the best place for the carpenter shop, in ease a separate building cannot be provided, for obvious reasons — the advantage of light from above instead of gas, being one. The expression — carpenter shop, in this case, conveys a wrong impression; there is but one bench, no piles of lumber, and the material used in the work is planed and sized at the mill, merely requiring to be cut and fitted in this room, with very few shavings. The furnaces are in good condition, remote from wood work, sufiiciently so for safety, hooley's theatre. "This building is situated in tlie rear of the Fidelity Safe Depository- building. The only exit and entrance to the auditorium is by means of a hall seventy feet long and eighteen feet wide, leading in from Randolph street. The stairways leading from the galleries ultimately lead into the hall, which in fact reduces the width to thirteen feet. A projecting box-office still further reduces it to ten feet, though not until the stairway from the liighest gallery is passed. There is an alley on the west side of the auditorium, and also one in rear of the stage. The main floor of the auditorium is about seven feet above the grade of the alley. The only stairways from the galleries are in the front part of the auditorium and in the entrance hall. The paititions of dressing- rooms are of icood and are located under the stage and auditorium. There are two galleries above the main tloor. 77te carpenter shop is over the auditorium. The defects of this theatre are : it has but one exit, and that through a long hall, into which all the streams of people would come ; the stairways are all in the front part of the house. There should be two exits into the side alley from the main floor, one at the 12 south west corner of the auditorium near the opening into the entrance- hall, and another near the proscenium, together with the necessary- steps to reach the side alley. There should be a stairway from the galleries on each side near the proscenium. That on the west side of the house should open on the side allej\ The other one might open into a passage to be made under the stage into the near alley, also into the parquet circle. The front stairs to the basement should be closed up and the space accorded to the hallway. In a panic, persons would be likely to be forced over the railing into the basement, There should be another entrance from the rear alley. The door should not open into any other room, but into a general passage waJ^ This would increase the safety of the actors, but not that of the audience. One of the columns which carry the galleries does not run down to the ground, but is carried on a girder. This column should be con- tinued down and rest on a solid masonry foundation. The theatre is heated by five furnaces and three stoves, located as shown in the plans. There are no fire-plugs in the building. There are four tire-extin- guishers: one on the stage, one in the basement, one in the fly-gallery, and one into the auditorium. There are seven buckets filled with water in the carpenter shop. The seating capacity of the entire build- ing isl,08(i: main floor, 489 ; first galler}', 297 ; and second gallery, 300. The proscenium partition should be covered with plaster or iron and generally the improvements above mentioned should be made." Recent investigations by this committee, show that im- provements have been made in this theatre, b\^ adding a two- inch fire plug on eacli side of the stage, and a large ad- ditional exit door in the west wall leading to the alley, and an iron ventilator, 8 feet in diameter and 40 feet liigh, over the stage, with valve connections, which can be worked either from the prompter's desk or in front of the audi- torium, both above and below the auditorium gallery; Should fire occur on or above the stage, the effect of this ventilator would be to draw the flame upward and create a draft toward the stage, thus giving the audience time to dis- perse before the fire could come forward of the proscenium, which has been lined with iron, as has the roof over the rig- ging loft. The basement stairs have been removed from the main entrance, remedying to that extent the objections noted, and the stage people appear to be drilled as to their duties in case of fire on the stage. The camp stools and moveable seats ought to be immediately sent away so as to avoid the temptation of using them in case of a crowded 13 honse. A serious objection noticed here, is tlie fact that the whole space below the house, not appropriated for machinery or dressing rooms, is used for the storage of what is called "property" — even the space below the entrance passage. We found a dangerous furnace under the front entrance way for heating the box office, and sug- gested the use of a gas stove in its place. The manager manifested his desire to meet the demand of your Com- mittee, and has since placed a gas stove in the office. THE NEW CHICAGO THEATKE. (kINGSBURY BLOCK.) NOW CALLED THE OLYMPIC. "This building has buildings adjoining on both sides. The front of the auditorium is on the alley. The stage is on a small enclosed court six and one-fourth feet wide. The principal entrance to the auditorium is through a hallway eighty feet long and seventeen feet wide, opening from Clark street. This hall has a stairway coming down from offices over the same, which reduces the width to eleven feet eight inches in the clear. There is also another exit in the front portion of the audi- torium by means of a stairway in the north-east corner of the building leading to the alley. The main entrance hall leaves the auditorium about the centre of its western side. There are two stairways from the galleries, both leading to the main floor. One of them continues down to the exit on the alley before mentioned. The other appears to have been continued down at one time, but it is now closed up. The main floor is thirteen feet above the grade of the alley, but its average height is about ten feet above the alley, There is one gallery above the main floor. The stairs (now closed) which leads to the alley should be opened, and another exit thus formed. There should be made an exit from the stage into the court in the rear. The building is heated by hot water. The boiler is located in the basement, under the alley. There are no extinguishers in the building. There are four buckets of water kept in the rigging-loft. The seating capacity of the entire building is 984: main floor, 592; gallery, 392. Generally the improvements mentioned in my report should be made." No improvements were found to have been made in this building, except that an automatic lire alarm had been placed on the stage. MCCORMICK HALL. This hall is situated on the north-east corner of North Clark and Kinzie streets. It has a main floor and one gallery. The main floor of the hall is on the third story of the building; the first story 14 being occupied by stores and the second by offices. The hall is detached on three of its sides, having North Clark street on its front, Kinzie street on the south and an alley on the north side. The rear adjoins another building. There is a stairway on each side of the main floor of the hall near the front — that is, near the north-west and south-west corner of the hall — each stairway being five feet nine inches wide, and also one stairway in the rear at the south-east corner of the hall, all of which lead into a large central hall in the second story of the building. From this hall in the second story there are two stairways to streets, one in front seven feet eight inches wide to Clark street, and one in the rear nine feet six inches wide to Kinzie street. There is also a stair- way four feet wide in the north-east corner of the building. This stair- way runs down and opens out on the alley on the nortli side of the building. It does not communicate directly with the central hall on the second story. There are three stairways from the gallery, two in front near the north-west and south-west corners of the hall, each of these being four feet four inches wide, and another near the south-east corner four feet nine inches wide, all running into the main floor of the hall: — that is, people coming down must pass into the main floor of the auditorium in order to get out of the building. There is also a stairway on the north-east corner three feet six inches wide; this does not open into the main floor of the auditorium, but communicates with the stairs from the main floor before spoken of in the same corner of the building. There is a stand-pipe on the side allej' on the north- east corner of the building. There are three /rre-extinguishers in the building. This hall will seat over 2,000 people, and is heated by steam. THE DEFECTS of this hall are as follows : First, the main floor is high above the ground, being on the third story of the building; second, three of the stairways do not run directly, separately and independently to the ground. Any fire occurring in the central hall or in the offices adjoin- ing the second story might fill that central hall with smoke, if not with flames, and block all the three stairways; besides, the different streams of people instead of being kept apart and lead in the shortest and most direct way out of the building, are all thrown together, the stairs in the south-east corner, although wide ones, being made as tortuous and confusing as possible. The stairs in the north-west corner of the build- ing are inclosed in brick walls and are by far the best designed and arranged of all stairwaj's, but they are the smallest of all, being only four feet wide, which is too narrow, besides they are littered, and appear not to be used except as a store-room for odds and ends. The stairway in the south-east corner should be arranged in a similar manner to that in the north-east corner, so that people could get to the street svithout going into the central hall in the second story, althougli it miirht com- municate with the hall by a doorway with a door in it opening both 15 ways. That portion of the stairway from the gallery should not lead into the main floor of the hall. This stairway is a wide one, and should not he altered so as to make it less than eight feet wide. Each of the front stairways, that is, those near the front end of the building, should be made at least six feet wide, and carried down directly, separately and independently to the street. If this is not deemed practicable nor proper, then the Clark street stairs should be made at least twelve feet wide in the clear from the second floor to the street. If the above alterations are made, tlie stairs in the north-east corner, though too narrow, might answer, but it would 1)e much better if they were widened to at least six feet. The general recommendations about lamps or candles, flre-extin- guishing apparatus, &c., made in my report on theatres are applicable here." The recoininendations here made were nearly all of them executed, but the objectionable feature of its bein^ on the third floor still remains, which would not be allowable if constructed under the present law. FAR WELL HALL. This building is situated on Arcade Court. The first story is about twelve feet above the grade, and is divided into several smaller halls, which open out on some of the three alleys or courts which are on two sides and the rear of the building. These rooms are safe and call for no special remarks, The main floor of the large hall is on the second story of the building. The entrance is by means of a hallway (con- taining stairs its full width) which is eight feet two inches wide in its narrowest part. This hallway leads into the main hall near the north- west corner. There is a stairway at the south-west corner ten feet wide from the main floor to the ground and opening on Arcade Court. There is a stairway on the south-east corner six feet five inches wide, from the main floor to the ground, and opening on Arcade Court. There is one gallery above the main floor. The following are the out- lets from the gallery opening into the main floor: A stairway five feet ten inches wide in the north-west corner; a stairway six feet nine inches wide in the south-west corner over the stairs to the ground in the same corner; two stairways, one on each side of the gallery, each two feet six inches wide, running down to the stage or platform near the north-east and south-east corners of the building. There is no fire- extinguishing apparatus visible. The main floor will seat 1,028 per- sons, and the gallery will seat 736 persons. The hall is heated by steam. The following alterations should be made: There should be an exit made from the gallery near the north-west corner of the building, with a door not less than five feet wide opening into the third story hallway 16 of the front part of the building. There should be a stairway in the north-east corner of the building from the ground up, not less than seven feet wide, and opening on the alley. The stairway should be continued up to the gallery five feet wide, and so should the stairway in the south-east corner. If these stairs are not continued up, then the two stairways now existing from the gallery to the platform should be made five feet wide and the winding steps omitted. The general recom- mendations about lamps or candles, fire-extinguishing apparatus, &c., made in my report on theatres, are applicable to this and all other public halls." The changes suggested were duly made, and the hall, as far as exit is concerned, is in a good condition. The Com- mittee found fault only as to the proper support of the back part of the gallery floor. A partition had been taken out requiring posts in its place. The agent of the hall was duly notilied of the case, and the defect will be remedied without doubt. THE HERSHEY MUSIC HALL. This hall is in the rear of Nos. S3 to 87 Madison street. The main floor is on the second story of the building. There is a gallery across the east end with a stairway to the main floor. There is an alley along the north side and an inclosed court on the south side of the building. The entrance is from the second story of Crystal Block, by a hallway nine feet wide, but the one stairway in the Crystal Block from the second story to Madison street is but five feet six inches wide. There is a stairway in the north-west corner of the hall four feet wide leading to the alIe3^ The hall is heated by furnaces. There is no fire-extin- guishing apparatus visible. Another stairway at least four feet wide to the alley from the north-east corner of the hall is desirable, though not essential." No changes have been made to this hall. Here follow the investigations of the committee since Mr. Cleaveland's report was made. Hamlin's grand opera house On Clark street, opposite the court house. This house was reconstructed on the site of the former " Coliseum," and opened in the autumn of 1880. It was re-built, except as to the proscenium wall and the stage ventilator, In accord- 17 aiice with the theatre ordinance, and is nndonbtedly one of the safest houses thus far observed in the city. A hirge ventihitor is placed through the roof to discharge the foul air from the auditorium. The space beneath the floor is kept neat and clean. A carpenter's bench is ])laced on the attic floor over the auditorium, which is by all means a better place for the same than would be the basement, where gaslight must be burned to afford light for working, as already explained, in McYicker's building. CENTRAL MUSIC HALL on the corner of State and Randolph streets. This build- ing was entirely erected after the passage of the theatre ordinance, and has every provision for exit and general safety therein required. As an unusual and very commendable safeguard, the floor of the great liall is plastered on its underside, as the ordinance requires. The space below is kept neat and clean. ACADEMY OF MUSIC on Halsted street, south of Madison. This building was severely damaged by fire in October 1880, and has been since reconstructed. Its egress facilities are good from the front of the house, but there are no side exits; the loft over the audience room is kept vacant and in good order. The space beneath the floor is also kept very orderly, neat and clean, though not plastered on the underside as required by the ordinance. The carpenter shop and the property room are both within adjoining buildings, w4th openings from the stage, which openings are provided with iron doors. We cannot speak too highly of tliis plan of keeping the workshops clear of the audience building. haverly's new theatre. on Monroe street near Dearborn. Parquette and dress circle, with 640 seats, are on flrst floor. Balcony circle has 600 seats, and upper gallery about 800. In all 2,040 seats; 2 18 but it is claimed that the house will hold 2,800. A spacious opening leads to the parquette and dress circle, whence one stairway on each side leads to the balcony circle. The gallery is reached from the street by two staircases, each about six feet wide. Increased facilities for egress are in- tended to be afforded by two extra folding doors leading from the gallery into the uj»per hallway, and one such opening from the balcony circle. On the first fioor there are likewise addi- tional openings leading through the front part of the build- ing, but these are embarrassed by the shops in front. There is evidently as much egress opening provided as circum- stances permit, unless the stores are removed; yet whether even this would be sufficient in case of panic is a matter of serious doubt, particularly so when the narrow aisles and spaces are crowded, as they would be to accommodate the 2,800, which under no circumstances should be allowed to enter this building. Tiiere is, as the ordinance provides, a brick proscenium wall; but, contrarj^, to the ordinance, there are no iron doors covering the openings from the auditorium to the stage, and the brick wall is omitted over the proscenium opening, there being a mere partition plastered upon wire, and this only on one side. The stairs are without the hand-rails on side walls, which are required by See. 3, and the balcony has no separate exit on the street as ordained in Sec. 4. (It must be remembered that the great loss in the Brooklyn Theatre was owing to defective arrangements such as those just described.) The entire space below the stage and auditorium is taken up with dressing: rooms and such other conveniences as are usual in theatres, and the partitions are simply jpiiie hoards. There are l)oard partitions everywhere, and no plastering against the ceiling, except over the boiler, which has its place under one side of the stage, but is not inclosed with brick walls as it should be; this boiler supplies steam for heating the house. (Sections 1,119 and 1,120 of the revised ordinances require all partitions and ceilings to be fully protected by plaster.) The gas meter is properly located under the front part of the building, remote from the stage. 19 In this theatre the only means of discharging the audience is in front, and it is so circumscribed by stores, shops, or offices, tliat the space is entirely insufficient. The aisles are few and narrow, inadequate for the requirements of the number of seats, which are placed so close together, that it appears as if a densely packed house was the only idea that governed the constructor. CRITERION THEATRE. on Sedgwick street near Division. Parquette, with dress circle on lower floor, has about 450 seats, and balcony has about 300, making in all 750. The house presents no difficulty at all as to ingress or egress of the audi- ence. The extent of frontage is ample; the house is neither too high nor too deep. Between the stage and the audience room there is a similar show of a " fireproof" separation, as was observed in Haverly's, but as in that case not covering the requirements of the ordinance. The basement room is divided up to meet the demands of the stage. Most of the dressing rooms are under the stage. Partitions between them are all of boards, and the ceilings are not plastered. Partitions have been cut out so that one stove can be placed in the hole thus made to heat two rooms at once. The stage and auditorium have each, respectively, a large iron furnace covered with. brick and otherwise well protected. There were found a number of minor transgressions of the building ordinance, in addition to those noticed, which were promised speedy correction. *In concluding, the Committee beg leave to remark, that the investigation of theatres, etc., instituted at the time by Mayor Heath, and the ordinances soon thereafter enacted by the City Council, a copy of which is herewith annexed, have, to some extent, at least, born good fruits. Theatres and halls are now, generally, in a far better condition than * As the examination of those Theatres was made some weeks before the pub- lication of this report, it is supposed that some of the recommendations given below have been carried out. 20 they were previous to the enactment of tlie ordinance; and some of those reconstructed and erected since then, show a decided improvement. Yet the law has nowhere been fully observed, as far as theatres are concerned, and if it had been, the pul)lic good would not be sufficiently conserved. Our theatres, even the best of them, are far from being as secure as the people have a right to demand they should be, and your committee deem it their duty to bring to your notice the most glaring of those deficiencies, part of which are not reached by any law, to wit: First. — There is nowhere a fire lyroof separation be- tween' the stage and tlie audltormrn. There should be a heavy brick wall, extending at least four feet above the roof, and arched over the main opening. This opening ought to have an extra iron drop curtain so arranged as to be dropped and raised readily, and it should be dropped every evening, after the pertormance, in order that it ma}^ be constantly under test. The means for dropping this curtain should depend on a mere pawl or lever, requiring but an instant for discharo^e. Second. — x\ll theaters, with one or two exceptions, have merely hoard partitions between the dressing I'ooms, and these are placed under the stage, and, in many cases, under the auditorium. The underside of the auditorium floors, in most cases, are neither deafened nor plastered. This seems to be a palpable transgression of Sec. 1119 and 1120 of the revised ordinance, which provides as follows; "1119. All auditorium floors in theatres shall be fire- proofed, either by deafening the same with at least one inch of mortar, or having the underside of joist lathed with iron, and plastered with at least one heavy coat of mortar. "1120. All partitions for rooms or passages in theatres, if not made bodily fire-proof, shall be plastered on both sides on iron or wire lathi no'." 21 The ordinances should further distinctly provide that all spaces be kept clear of combustible merchandise, material or rubbish; far less should any parts be used, as they sometimes are for hazardous business. Third. — Gas meters are frequently located under the stage, where, in case of fire, they are subject to the melting off of their leaden connection pipes. Tlie proper place for meters should be expressly stated in the ordinance, and there should be two distinct meters, one for the stage and the other for the house, and no connection should exist between the respective pipes. 'These meters should have a distinct fire-proof encasement with iron doors. Fourth. — There is everywhere a great want of care in the placing of gas-burners in rooms, at places under the stage and auditorium. In very many cases they are dangerously near some woodwork, and in a few cases they are moveable burners, which may or may not come in direct contact with the board partitions hung with paper. All existing ordinances are silent on these points. It is necessary to enact one which, if executed, will bring about these necesary regulations, not only for theatres but for all other buildings. Fifth. — The Committee has nowhere observed the placard or tablet provided for in Sec. 919 of the Eevised Ordinances, which is as follows: "919. The owner or lessee of every licensed theatre, hall, or otiier building, shall post and maintain during the period of his license, in some conspicuous place, near the main entrance, a printed certificate, properly framed, show- ine; the class of entertainments for which said theatre or hall is licensed, its seating capacity, the number of exits and size of each, and the number of aisles in each circle, which said certificate shall be signed by the Fire Marshal and shall also state, if such be the fact, that he has per- sonally examined said building, and considers it safe." 22 Sixth. — Neither has there been any observance of Sec. 1124 of the Revised Ordinances, which provides that scenery shall be protected by incombustible coating, as follows: " 1124. All materials used for scenery shall be coated with such paint, washes, etc., as will make them, as far as possible, incombustible." Were this done, it is believed that no flame would arise. The scenes would merely be charred. Seventh. — Every theatre should be provided with a vent- ilating arrangement over the stage similar to that intro- duced at Hooley's Theatre. Although several theatres and halls have been erected since the passage of the Theatre Ordinance, there has been no regard paid to the essential provisions of that law, except in one instance — the Central Music Hall. New buildings not having open spaces on either side, or means of exit at the sta^e end of the galleries and auditorium, have been erected. We cannot lay too much stress on the enforcement of that part of the law which prohibits camp chairs and other movable obstructions being placed in the^ aisles, or, in fact, anywhere about the premises. In case of a rush, the over- turning of a bench or settee would be likely to bring about a terrible disaster. Your committee have not failed to observe that the Thea- tre Ordinance has been repeatedly violated, and set at naught in the erection of new buildings since its enact- ment; and of those built during this time one is probably the most deficient of all that have yet been erected, in its want of provisions for the common safety of the audience. Yet the law provides that no such building can be erected unless a permit has been granted after an examination of the plans .S3 and specifications by tlie Commissioner of buildings. If, therefore, this lias been done, it is evident that the depart- ment has been culpably negligent in the performance of its duty, and instead of interposing its authority in the interest of public safety, has become indirectly responsible, to a great extent, for the present condition of affairs. We liave been unable to find that the provisions of Sec- tion 1182, requiring that the owner, agent, lessee or occu- pant of every theatre shall employ one or moi-e competent firemen, approved by the Fire Marshal, during perform- ances, has in any instance been complied with, and we are not aware that either the Fire Marshal or Superintendent of Police has ever attempted to enforce it. And for such omission they are equally responsible for neglect of duty together with the owners or lessees of our theatres. These are onlv cases of flaofvant violation given as illus- trations, but it is safe to say that every pi^ovision of the existino- law is habituallv violated, so far as the manage- ment of these theatres is concerned, with regard to pro- vision against the danger of a destructive conflagration. While existing ordinances as to theatres should be duly revised and made clearer and more concise in form, addi- tional ones should be enacted to cover the points first noted. But as it is not only useless, but detrimental and perni- cious, to put laws or ordinances on the Statute Book without any adequate means, or a proper officer to enforce them, and since it has been repeatedly declared to be impossible for the Superintendent of Buildings to expend any of his already overtaxed time upon this branch of public business, it is evidently desirable that there be an officer expressly appointed whose sole duty it shall be to enforce the ordi- nances bearing upon the management of theatres and public halls. Then the citizens, and particularly the Citizens' Association, through their officers, would have it in their power to watch such an officer and hold him responsible 24 for the proper enforcement of .the ordinance, while at the same time he wonld be responsiltle to his superior officer. The ordinances can unquestionably be enforced, since all theatres and public halls are subject to a license which can be revoked on noncompliance with certain conditions. What is wanted to make these amusement places reasonably secure is such a revision of the theatre ordinances, as will embrace the points neglected in the last edition of the city ordinances, and the addition of such amendments as will cover the deficiences enumerated above, and to insist upon the appointment of a properly qualified person as Theatre Inspector, who shall be a member of the police; as much of the police force as may be needed can be called to his aid in the enforcement of the law; and, when necessary, the Mayor should, on his recommendation, suspend the licenses of theatres, the proprietors or managers of which refuse to comply with its provisions. All of which is respectfully submitted. FRED. BAUMANN, MARX WINEMAN, Suh-Co7nrnittee. L. I). CLEAYELAND, Assistant. THEATRE ORDINANCE. THEATRE ORDINANCE, PASSED BY THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO, WITH NOTES OF THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THAT LAW AND THE REVISED ORDINANCES. Be it ordained hythe City Council of the City of Chicago^ as follows : Section 1. Every theatre, opera house, hall, church or other building intended to be used for public assemblages, shall be deemed a public hall, within the meaning of this ordinance. Sec. 2. Any person desiring a permit to erect any pub- lic hall, shall make application to the Superintendent of Buildings, in compliance with Section 58 of the building ordinance. Sec. 3. No stairway to any public hall or part thereof, shall rise more than ten feet without a platform, no win- ders, wheeling or circular steps shall be used. Each stair- way and passageway shall have a strong hand rail on each side thereof, through its entire length. Sec. 4. Every public hall, with accommodations for live hundred or more people, shall have at least two seperate and distinct exits, to be as far apart as may be found prac- ticable. Public halls, accommodating seven hundred or more persons, shall have at least tliree seperate and distinct exits. The exits from all galleries to be independent and separate from the exits of the main floor. .28 Sec. 5. Every public hall not used as a theatre with accommodations for five hundred persons, shall have no por- tion of the main floor elevated to a greater height than thirty-five feet above the street grade. Public halls with the accommodation for one thousand persons or more, shall have the main floor not over twenty-five feet above the street grade; no portion of the main floor of any theatre, with accommodations for five hundred or more persons, shall be more than ten feet above the street grade. In all such theatres the proscenium wall shall be of brick work, not less than sixteen inches thick, extending fronj the ground through and four feet above the roof; the brick wall to extend entirely across the building, from the floor of the stage to the ground. All openings required in any part of the wall (except principal opening), shall have proper iron doors. Sec. 6. All auditorium floors in tiieatres shall be flre- proofed, either b}' deafening the same with at least one inch of mortar, or have the under side of joist lathed with iron, and plastered with at least one heavy coat of mortar. All partitions for rooms or passages in theatres, if not made bodily flre-proof, shall be plastei'ed on both sides on iron or w4re lathing. '&• The preceding sections shall apply only to theatres or public halls that may hereafter be erected. The following sections shall apply to theatres or public halls that are now or may hereafter be erected or constructed. Skc. 7. All egress openings in public halls shall have the word "exit" conspicuouslj' placed over them, and shall otherwise conform to the requirements of Section 39 of the building ordinance. The aisles or passages in such halls shall at all times be kept unobstructed. Cam]istools, chairs or other seats shall in no case be placed in such aisles or passages. 29 Sec. 8. The term " theatre " shall, for all purposes of this ordinance, include all public halls, containing moveable scenery or fixed scenery, which is not made of metal, 2)laster or other incombustible material. All materials used for scenery, shall be coated with such paint, washes, &c., as will make it, as far as possible, in- combustible. Sec. 9. All theatres or other places of public amusement having a seating capacity of over five hundred persons, hav- ing a platform or stage, and which use drop curtains or shifting scenery, shall have a suitable ventilator placed upon the roof, and opening to the space above the stage. Such ventilator to be arranged with valves or shutters that can be readily opened in case of fire, so that the current of air will pass over the stage and outward through such ventila- tor. Any other contrivance having the same effect and approved by the Superintendent of Buildings, may be used instead of the ventilator above described. All such build- ings to have a water-stand pipe and water plug to be placed in or on the stage or platform, or in its immediate vicinity, which shall be connected with the water pipes of street mains of the city, and shall be put in under the direction of the Fire Marshal or Superintendent of Buildings, and to their satisfaction. Ilose shall be attached to such stand- pipe, of such size as may be directed by said Marshal, to have nozzle and stop-cock attached thereto; such hose shall be of suflicient leno-th to extend to the farthest limits of such building or place of amusement, and shall at all times be kept in good order and repair, tilled with water under pressure, and ready for immediate use. Sec. 10. All public halls with accommodations for one thousand or more persons, shall have at least one stand- pipe in the street or alley on the outside of the building, from ground to roof, with hose attachments close to a win- dow or door at each floor or gallery. Such hall shall also be provided with a fire alarm telegraph apparatus, connected 30 by the necessary wires, with the lieadquarters of the city fire alarm telegraph, or such other place or places as the Fire Marshal shall direct. It shall be the duty of all owners, agents, lessees and occupants of such public hall, to provide such lire extinguishing apparatus at such points about the building as the Fire Marshal shall direct. Sec. 11. It shall be the duty of tlie owner, agent, lessee or occupant of any theatre with accommodations for one thousand or more persons, to employ one or more com- petent, experienced tiremen, approved by the Fire Marshal, to be on duty at such theatre during the whole time it is open to the ])ublic; such fireman shall report to and be sub- ject to the orders of the Fire Marshal, shall be in uniform and shall see that all fire apparatus required is in its proper place, and in efficient and ready working order. Sec. 12. The license for each public hall shall state the number of persons it has accommodations for, and no more than that number shall be allowed to enter such hall at any one time. This number shall be governed by the number of feet of exit of the doors and passages, and shall be approved by the Superintendent of Buildings. Sec. 13. The Superintendent of Buildings, or the Fire Marshal, shall have the right to enter any public hall and all parts thereof at all reasonable times, especially when occupied by the public, in order to properly judge of and discharge their duties. This section is altogether omitted in the lievised Ordinances. Sec. 1-1. Any person failing to comply with, or guilty of a violation of any provision of this ordinance, shall be subject to a fine of not less than twenty-five nor more than two hundred dollars. Every such person who so fails to com]>ly with, or is guilty of a violation of any provision of this ordinance, shall be deemed to have been guilty of a separate offense for each day the same continues, and shall 31 be subject. to the penalty imposed by tliis section. This section is omitted in the Revised Ordinances^ but the fol- lowinoc is substituted: " 1140. Any person who shall violate any of the pro- visions of this Article (ix, Page 253, R. O.), where no other penalty is provided, shall be subject to a fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each and every offence. Any builder or contractor who shall construct, and architect having charge of same, who shall permit to be constructed any building in violation of this Article, shall be liable to the penalties provided and im- posed by this section." Sec. 15. All ordinances and parts of ordinances incon- sistent with the provisions of this ordinance are hereby repealed. Sec. 16. This ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage and due publication. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Theatres and Public Halls OF THE CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION OF CHICAGO. ROOMS. .« MERCHANTS' BUILDING. OCTOBER, I8S3. (• 1 U ( ' A ( ; (> : The Jno. K. .jF.riKRY Prini-, i.v.t and Hil Deakbir?^ stkk, i:t, 18K3. COMMITTEE ON THEATRES, 1882-83. p. B. WIGHT, Chairman. AMOS GRANNIS, WILLIAM E. HALE, MARX WINEMAN, S. D. KIMBARK, C. W. DREW. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 1883-84. JOHN L. THOMPSON, President EDWIN LEE BROWN, Vice-President. A. A. CARPENTER, FRANCIS B. PEABODY, MARX WINEMAN, MAX A. MEYER, EDSON KEITH, ERSKINE M. PHELPS, M. A. RYERSON, A. W. KINGSLAND, A. F. SEEBERGER, R. T. CRANE, MARSHALL FIELD, J. HARLEY BRADLEY, GEO. MILLS ROGERS. GEO. SCHNEIDER, GEO. MILLS ROGERS, Treasurer. Secretary. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE -ON- Theatres and Public Halls. The last formal report of the Committee on Theatres and Public Buildings was made January 28, 1882. It was approved by the Execu- tive Committee on P'ebruary i, and ordered to be printed ; was extensively circulated and attracted widespread attention. At the last annual meeting it was referred to in general terms by the Executive Committee, who stated that some of the theatres had been or were being improved to a certain extent since the publication of the report, but that others (not naming them) had not complied with any of the required conditions and were absolutely unsafe. For omitting to name the objectionable ones the Executive Committee was severely criticized by many members then present, who demanded to know specifically and categorically what houses were unsafe. The Executive Committee was not then prepared to reply to the question ; and, though they had promised that a further report of the Committee on Theatres would shortly appear, and the printed repart, from which it could be plainly inferred which were the objectionable structures, was before the Association, it was ordered that a special meeting should be held one month from date, at which the Theatre Committee was directed to report which buildings were safe and which unsafe. The meeting was held November 28, and the Executive Committee, who had been furnished with all the minutes and memoranda of this committee referring to the subject, asked for t'urther time, which request was granted. The resolution of instruction was also amended so as to require a statement of the number of persons which each building could admit with safety, as compared with the capacity of the house. With these instructions before us, we beg to say that, while we decline to give categorical answers, and thereby assume the risk of your displeasure, we hold that all the desired replies may be infe- Tentially drawn from our reports. In these we have not hesitated to mention each theatre or public hall by name, and without fear or 6 favor. Our main object — and that also we conceive to be our duty — is- to ascertain what are the facts with regard to these structures and their management, and to make them public so far as the publication of reports will influence the correction of errors and abuses. The mere statement of opinions emanating from this committee would, in every case where they might clash with opposing interests, be met by oppos- ing opinions, backed by a fair show of evidence, whether expert or otherwise. Even an estimate of the number of persons that should be allowed to each building would be a matter not related to the number of seats, but would be controlled by such diverse circumstances, involv- ing such an amount of examination, measurement and calculation as would be hardly practicable for this committee to undertake without the assistance of a number of professional experts, and the consump- tion of more time than we have been able to give to the matter. It is also questionable with us as to whether it would be safe to say that any building for theatrical or amusement purposes could be so built as to be free from all danger to the audience or performers in case of a fire. An eminent divine, who has perhaps had more experience with vast and crowded audiences than any other speaker in America, has said that if 3,000 people should stand in an open field and a panic be created among them some might trample others to death. It may be assumed as a fact that no building can be constructed so- carefully that a panic-stricken audience may get out with safety to all' or without great loss of life. The most that can be done is to pro- vide such resources for emptying a house that by giving audiences confidence in them panics themselves may be prevented. And this brings us to the consideration that the safety of audiences in theatres must be always regarded from two points of view. First, the pre- vention of fire, which is the general cause of panics, and second,, the proper provision for escape in case of fire. It is useless to assume that the former can be prevented. If a theatre were built and finished according to the most perfect system- of fire-proofing that has been invented, the very nature and use of the appurtenances employed in theatrical representations is such that there is always a certain liability to alarms of fire and the creation of smoke which is the most fruitful cause of panics. In previous reports we have shown the importance of cleanliness, good management, discipline and constant watching in averting the danger^'of fire. And we have been so much impressed with the importance of this that,, since our last rei)ort was made, we have passed a resolution calling the attention of managers to the above considerations and have sent copies to all of them. Sul«equent inspections have shown that this, was not fruitless of good results. The use of gas for illumination has always been a fruitful cause of theatre disasters. Being convinced, from an examination by members of our committee of the system of lighting by incandescent electric- ity used in every part of the Savoy Theatre, in London, and to a certain extent in our own Academy of Music, that it had passed the stage of pure experiment, and had entirely averted the dangers from the use of gas, we addressed a circular letter to the proprietors of all the theatres in this city requesting them to adopt this system of lighting. Since that time it has been applied with entire success to our largest theatre, Haverly's. For scenic display it has proved to be much superior to gas, and for that reason alone will doubtless be in time more extensively adopted. The prevention of fires in theatres has been the subject of so much scientific investigation of late, and there is so much literature now ex- tant on the subject, that it seems useless for us to express our views of it ia greater detail than we have done. We have collected much of this information that is extremely valuable, and take this occasion to mention some publications which may be safely referred to as standards for future experience. At the same time we think it would be wise for this Association to republish them in full, or in condensed form, for circulation among the owners, lessees and managers of places of public amusement in our city, and others who may be in- terested and may not find them to be easily accessible. They might be sold for a small sum by the news agencies, so as to place them within the reach of all. The most important is a paper by C. John Hexamer, read before the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, June 21, 1882. It was printed in the ''Journal of the Franklin Institute" for August, 1882, and re- printed in pamphlet form by J. Spencer Smith, 501 Chestnut street, Philadelphia. At the stated meeting of the Franklin Institute, held April 18, 1883, the report of a Special Committee on the Prevention of Fires in Theatres was read and accepted. Mr. Hexamer was a member of that committee. The report was prmted in the "Journal of the Franklin Institute," and was reprinted in the "American Architect and Building News" of June 9, 1883. A report of a committee of the Society of Arts, England, upon exactly the same subject, was made during the early part of the present year. It was published in the ' ' Journal of the Society of Arts, and reprinted in the "American Architect and Building News," June 16, 1883. In the last document references are made to reports by select committees to the same society in 1866, 1876 and 1877, There is also in print, (printed in London in 1882, by R. Wilson & Co.) an admirable pamphlet by Capt. Eyre G. Shaw, Chief of the London Fire Brigrade, on the "Prevention of Fire in Theatres," More recently Capt. Shaw has made special reports to the Metropoli- tan Board of Works on the condition of all the theatres in London. These were never printed for distribution, but Mr. John HoUingshead, Manager of the Gaiety Theatre, taking great offense at the strictures of Capt. Shaw, employed an expert to write a reply to it, printing the report and strictures upon it on opposite pages throughout ; we have had an opportunity to read the report, which we would not other- wise have had. The Chairman of this Committee had the pleasure of examining this building shortly after the report was printed, and can testify to the truthfulness of Capt. Shaw's remarks. A copy of this pamphlet is in possession of this Committee. The second part of the subject — provision for safety after fire occurs — is one over which we have endeavored to use all the influence which we possess. And in this connection we may add that, as a Citizens' Committee, more concerned in the safety of audiences and of actors, who have no influence or control in matters pertaining to their own safety, than of the property of those who recklessly expose It to loss, we do not propose to devote our attention hereafter to methods of fire extinguishment. That is a matter to be attended to after the audience are dismissed. Even the best efforts of our well- disciplined Fire Department would not enable them to extinguish any theatre fire before an audience could become panic-stricken, and the very approach and presence of the department at such a time would be likely to increase the excitement of such an occasion. The Fire Department can only be useful in saving lives by their own bravery after a panic. It is the panic, above all things, that must be feared, and prevented if possible. Almost any audience in this city, if dismissed in the presence of a fire with no more hurry than is seen any night after a performance, and with no panic, could safely pass out of a burning building. We have repeatedly timed all the leading theatres, and find that nearly all can be emptied in three and a half, and at most four, minutes. And yet many of these would have their exits choked in case of panic. It will not do to assume that panics will not occur ; they may not be general, but partial. There are always some cool heads and brave hearts who will endeavor to stem the mad rush to death. Therefore, to assure the approximate safety of an audience in case of fire it must be assumed that the provisions for exit are sufficient to provide against the danger of a partial panic. The comments hereafter to follow will refer only to a few of the buildings under our supervision. Our inclination the coming year is to take under consideration the lower grade of places of amusement, the popular theatres and tlie larger variety halls. We must not neglect places of this class, for those who patronize them have no represen- tation in this body, and we have a manifest duty to perform for those who do not have the opportunity, the thoughtfulness, or perhaps the disposition, to speak for themselves. C)ur notes are not sufficient to give them consideration, just now, in sufficient detail. It may, there- fore, look like selfishness for us to take such a lively interest in the places patronized by ourselves, our Himilies and our friends; but it cannot be helped at present. In our last report we made comments upon eleven places of public amusement. We will in this refer to only a few of them. The build- ing which received our most earnest attention in the last report was HAVERLV'S THEATRE. It had then been opened to the public but a short time. Com- plaints and suggestions with regard to it had been poured upon us by the score. The upper part of the high front building, with its quantity of light woodwork extending above the unfinished walls, had attracted considerable attention during its hasty erection. The build- ing was in many respects a disappointment to the public. They had been led to expect that it would be first-class in every particular, especially as it was built immediately after the Brooklyn Theatre dis- aster, and at a time when the safety of the theatre going public, was the all-absorbing theme of the day. The lot was badly suited to the purpose, being too narrow, and having exposure at front and rear only. It is but justice to the owner, however, to say that he had pro- cured the lease of a lot on one side fronting on the rear alley, and had built the walls with provision for exits on the west side. lUil owing to some flaw in the contract, the parties owning it tried to take advantage of the situation by making exorbitant demands while the building was in progress. He failed to receive a valid lease. Your Committee has always been of the opinion that in a building thus located nothing less than extraordinary means should be provided for the safety of the audience, and they felt that they were fully justified in insisting upon radical improvements in this case more than in any other. Our last report defined the defects of the house as they then existed, clearly. After its publication the owner of the building pro- tested against the strictures of the Committee, yet offered to make such improvements as might be suggested. We referred him to our report for suggestions. Nothing was done that year, however, except the placing of additional stand-pipes and ladders at the back of the stage, and a rearrangement of the parquette and dress circle seats. The latter was a valuable improvement. While there had originally been but two aisles, two additional ones were made, one against each side wall. But they extended only to the private box entrances and did not reach the parciuette. All the rows of seats were placed further apart, adding greatly to the comfort as well as safety of the audience. 10 During the following winter the owner concluded to rearrange all' the dressing rooms under the stage and asked our approval of the work after it had been commenced. At our suggestion he put the improve- ments into his architect's hands for execution, and an entire new plan of the basement story was made. One feature of the plan was a clear passage-way, six feet wide, on each side of the basement, from front to rear of building, with exits at both ends. These, together with all dressing-room partitions, were to be built with brick walls. The underground passage-ways were to afford means of escape for the actors from the basement and for the occupants of boxes by stairways leading down to them. The improvement, so far as the construc- tion of new dressing rooms in place of the old board affairs, was subsequently made. The underground passage-way on one side has since been completed. The newspaper report of the last meeting of the Association was again the cause of directing attention to this building. Once more your Committee was put in communication with the architect of the theatre, Mr. Oscar Cobb, by its owner, Mr. J. B. Carson, and as a result made a formal demand in writing for certain definite improvements in the interest of public safety, which were approved and recommended by the architect. The following were the resolutions : "It is recommended to the owner of Haverly's Theatre that the following improvements be made : " I St. The central exit stairway over balcony circle to be carried down to the second-story hall instead of up to the third story. An iron ladder to be fixed to each side wall leading from the ends of the gallery to the balcony. A stairway to be constructed behind the pri- vate boxes, on each side, from the balcony to the main floor, and from the main floor to the basement. Continuation of the recently-widened wall aisles from the parquette boxes so as to intercept the central aisles in order to get increased exits from the orchestra stalls. In connec- tion with the last-mentioned stairways, a fire-proof passage six feet wide on each side of the basement story. On the west side this pass- age to be carried from the boiler room to the front basement stairway leading to the street ; on the east side the passage to be carried from the stage entrance at the rear to the basement stairway leading to the street. In consequence of the construction of proscenium stairways, the abolition of the proscenium dressing room, reconstruc- tion of the dressing rooms under the auditorium in accordance with the theatre ordinance, placing the star dressing room in the same place, and plastering the whole ceiling of basement under the audi- torium. " 2d. An increase in the height of the ventilators over the stage so that the draught will be stronger than in those over the auditorium, and the introduction of valves that can be operated from several points. "3d. The introduction of an incombustible curtain that will falJ automatically in case of fire. 11 " 4tl'>- I'lie introduction of incandescent electricity for lighting all parts of the house, in place of gas; gas only to be used for the prominent lights in the auditorium in sufficient quantity to serve in emergencies, and to be lighted at all times. "5th. The railings of all open stairways to have strong wire screens on top, three feet high, making the railing six feet high, so that persons cannot be thrown over. " 6th. Iron hand-rails on strong brackets to be put on both sides of all stairways. " 7th. Three additional iron balconies to be put up on the front of the building, one on each side at the fourth floor, and one in the centre at the fifth floor ; these all being connected by iron stairways having iron railings. " 8th. Mauls and saws to be provided on both sides of all doors in the building and the exit notices required by law to be put up. " 9th. A general reformation in the management of the house with reference to cleanliness and order in all departments." The answer received to them was equivocal, and we concluded that it was almost hopeless to expect further improvements. The architect who had made drawings showing that the proposed changes- were practicable was never authorized to do anything. But from time to time since then we have had the gratification to see many improvements and alterations made, some of which were not even suggested. The principal one was the introduction of the incandescent system of electric lighting through every part of the house and stage. The old gas system is retained only in part, and for use during the day. Now, half an hour before the doors are opened, every gaslight in the building is extinguished, and electricity is used everywhere. Another improvement was a thorough reform in the stage management, both over and under, and a better disposition of the properties. Where all was dirt and disorder before, cleanliness and order now prevail. The seats have again been re-arranged. The side aisles have been continued down to the stage, and it is now possible to pass from the front seats of the orchestra to the main entrance by four aisles, instead of two. There is now more room from back to back of seats than in any other theatre in the city, whereby the audi- ence can more readily reach the aisles. Formerly the word "exit" was displayed over dressing rooms on each side of the entrance and next to the outside walls. The only possible exi.ts from these was- through locked doors leading to the rear of shops, and having piles of goods and furniture in front of them. We pronounced these to be nothing but death' traps to lure the unwary to places from which no exit was possible. They have now been abandoned as exits. All stairways to the upper tier have now been supplied with wrought-iron hand-rails. Two additional exits from the balcony to the second story- of the office building have been put in, with good results. 12 One essencial re(|uirement for the safety of an audience in this building has been neglected. It is the double iron stairway on the Monroe street front from the fifth and fourth stories down to the large balcony over the sidewalk. The office building in front should be availed of as a means of escape and temporary resting place for the occupants of the two galleries. This is on the assumption that the crooked stairways might become obstructed by persons falling, or obscured by smoke. The office building is large enough to hold as many people as both galleries. Persons in the second gallery could break through the glass doors on the fourth and fifth floors, with which all the offices are provided, and escape down the front by means of the iron stairways recommended, landing on the large porch over the ■entrance. Here they would be safe until the Fire Department could get them to the street. This exterior fire escape is an improvement which should be insisted upon as an immediate expedient, while there remains to be made some •others which were suggested in our former request in writing. We would commend the management and discipline of the em- ployes of Haverly's Theatre in the highest terms. While it has some defects, still there are points of excellence which are fully appreciated by its patrons, as its exceptionally large audiences testify. m'vicker's theatre. In our last report we expressed the opinion that exterior iron balconies and stairways should be put up on the alleys at each side of the building, connecting with the gallery floor, also that the exits from the main floor to alleys should be enlarged. During the following year Mr. McVicker put up the most complete iron stairways on both sides, not only from the gallery but from -the balcony floor, that we have ever seen. The lower flight of each of these stairways is made so as to reach the ground, but is held up by a chain and weight. No machinery is needed to lower these stairways. They are so balanced that the weight of the first man who walks out on them will bring them down into the proper position. The alley exits from first floor have also been enlarged. With the exceptionally favorable location of this house, free from all other buildings, and the convenient exits originally provided, it now stands at the head of all as the best house in this city to afford facilities for the safe dispersion of an audience. For, in addition to the new iron stairways, it has an office building in front, with a large balcony, affording shelter to the gallery audience in case the stairways are not available. In the last report, also, we said that, as an objectionable feature, the candy manufactory in 'the front basement, had been partly remedied, but was still objectionable. This has since been carefully inspected by a sub-committee. The remedy referred to was the closing of an 13 opening between a part of the candy factory and the basement of the theatre by an iron door. This we would hardly consider an improve- ment but for the fact that a staircase has been built against the door, preventing the possibility of opening it. But it is in other respects that we consider the candy manufactory to be not only objectionable but dangerous. It consists of a work room under the candy store and a store room under the theatre lobby. The communications between the store and the factory are an external stairway in the front area and a stairway from the theatre lobby itself. The door at the head of the stairway is a sash door, immediately opposite the box office and facing the main entrance to the theatre, and a door connects the store with the theatre lobby. The principal means of communication between the store and factory is through this last-mentioned door into the lobby, and thence through the glass door down into the basement. Early in the year a sub-committee made a careful examination of the basement, which is used for a factory and store room, and of its relations to the main entrance to the theatre. In addition to the fact that the main basement room is used for the making of candy, and a store room for packing it in boxes, a business which is always recognized as extra hazardous, the room itself is lined throughout with boards, and contains also the furnace for heating the store, the pipe of which was in very bad condition. At the time the examination was made, which was in the afternoon we found that a coal-oil lamp was used to light this stairway, and was placed on a shelf in dangerous proximity to paper boxes. The effect of a fire breaking out in this basement at any time while the main entrance to the theatre is open, would be the creation of immense volumes of smoke, which, finding their proper exnt through the glass door at the head of the basement stairs, would be carried by the natural current of air, always passing in through the theatre lobby, directly into ths auditorium, and, though the fire might be insignificant, and there might be no immediate danger of communication with the auditorium, the amount of smoke created by the materials contained in this basement would be such as to be well calculated to produce an alarm and a panic in the theatre. And, inasmuch as the audience would endeavor to pass out mainly through the principal entrance, the panic would be increased by the fact that they would be obliged to meet the incoming volume of smoke. It may be said that no manufacturing is carried on during per- formances, but this is not the fact in regard to those given in the after- noons on Wednesday and Saturday. Even supposing that the base- ment is not used at night, it is well known that fires are created long before they are made evident by smoke and flame, and we conceive that there is just as much possibility of a latent fire created during • 14 the day, breaking out during the commencement of an evening performance, as at any other time. We are of the opinion that the only way to prevent such a con- tingency would be to abolish all manufacturing in the building. At any rate, the lobby entrance to the factory should not only be disused, but the door referred to should be closed up permanently and the outer entrance used entirely ; this, however, in our opinion, would only be a mitigation of the evil. With these exceptions, we find the arrangement of the theatre to be commendable in almost every respect. We examined the basement and heating apparatus, and do not think any improvement in the heating arrangements, though they are 'with hot air, can be suggested. The cleanliness and order everywhere prevailing under the audi- torium are in marked contrast with that to be seen in most of the other buildings. HOOLEV'S THEATRE. Since our last report, extensive improvements have been made in Hooley's Theatre. A new proscenium, almost entirely built of cast iron, has been added, as well as other improvements in the direction of orderly and cleanly management. The exits seem to be as exten- sive and complete as is possible to arrange them in a house situated as this is. OLYMPIC THEATRE. This house remains as it has for years past. It has only one gallery and is therefore easily emptied. We found that a full audience could pass out in three and a half minutes ; but, in case of a panic, the main entrance would be very likely to become obstructed. It is possible, with a few improvements, to afford better facilities for exit. The house was not built for a theatre, but for a concert hall, and it would be greatly improved if the whole main floor was lowered so as to be on a level with the street, the basement being unnecessarily high. This basement is used as a storehouse, and is a very dangerous feature. CENTRAL MUSIC HALL. This we have always regarded as the model audience hall of this city. An examination last spring showed that the small room in the fifth story of the front building, known as Apollo Hall, was too much isolated from the rest of the building. It was provided only with a fire escape of the latest patent on the State street front, and this is not adequate to remove two hundred people liable to be assembled in it. Since that time, at our suggestion, a door has been made in. the rear wall, and a bridge constructed to the roof of the Music Hall, while a fire-proof stairway passes from this to the area between the two build- ings, over which persons may escape through the stores in front. 15 We think that an iron stairway on the rear alley would be a val- "uable addition. CRITERION THEATRE. On a previous occasion we commented severely on the condition of the dressing rooms under the main floor of this theatre, which were made entirely of boards and heated with stoves. No improvement has been made in these, and they call for the severest condemnation. The means for discharging an audience seem to be ample, but the audience are liable to be discharged on one side into an alley from which they could not escape without removing a fence. We are relieved of the necessity of making any further comments on the Lyceum Theatre. Fire has there done its work, fortunately without great loss of life, and very recently. As the house will soon "be rebuilt, it will receive our attention in due time. Of the minor theatres we only desire now to mention one — the National ; and it would be useless to particularize the objectionable features of this building ; — we can only say that, in our opinion, it is a public nuisance, and that some means should be taken, if any are possible, for its suppression. It is a death-trap to which the poor and the ignorant are lured, not knowing the dangers they are exposed to. This does not stand alone as a building of this class, but is worthy now of being mentioned as an example. The result of our efforts to effect reforms and improvements in places of public amusement by the force of moral suasion only, has on the whole, been encouraging. It often happens that where we are at first received with suspicion, and even when our suggestions are regarded as impertinence, the desired improvements follow in due time. We have ceased to be surprised at this. We see in this the potent influence of public opinion expressed in the name of eight hundred citizens. Perhaps sober second thoughts suggest that the returns of the box office may reflect the pulsations of public opinion more vigorously expressed. At any rate, there has been more disposition to comply with our wishes than we expected, and as long as there is any inclina- tion on the part of managers and owners to improve their buildings, with better provisions for the safety of audiences and actors, it matters not to us what may be their motive in making them. The accom- plishment of actual reforms is the main object of this association ; and when moral suasion or private admonition are of no avail we can see no better method of enforcing them than by the publication of these reports. One difficulty in having them complied with arises from the embarrassment in deciding, as between owners and lessees, to whom should fall the duty, under existing leases, of making the re- quired improvements. Our theatres are all in a flourishing financial condition. One of 16 them has had, during the past year, the largest average weekly receipts of any house in America. They are all better patronized in the sum- mer than those of any other city. It is within the possibilities that these encouraging results may be due to the fact that they are under stricter surveillance than elsewhere, and that intelligent criticisms, expressed in a kindly spirit, are in many cases received with a due sense of the responsibilities involved and acted on with a sincere regard for the interests of the whole community. Respectfully submitted, P. B. WIGHT, Chairman, AMOS GRANNIS, WM. E. HALL, MARX WINEMAN, S. D. KIMBARK, C. W. DREW, October 27 188^. Committee on Theat7-es\vd Jhiblic Halls. Approved and ordered published by the Executive Committee, November 20, 18S3. JNO. L. THOMPSON, Presidrtit. GEO. MILLS ROGERS, Secretary. REPOET ON THE BANEROPTCI LAW. To tbe Executive Commiiiee ol He Citizens' Association or CMcago : Your Committee have had under consideration the bill now before the Senate of the United States, which is the result of the joint action of the Senate and House Judiciary Committees. As we understand, this bill is likely to pass the present Congress, and to become the law of the land. The basis of this bill is known as the Lowell bill, and is substantially a re- production of the Bankrupt Act of 1867. Spasmodic efforts have been made from time to time in the United Stales to establish a uniform system of bankruptcy, but all those efforts have been ad- mitted failures, and have been swept away as injurious to commercial pursuits, and because they proved to be of value only to dishonest traders. The public experience has been crystalized into the statement that while the debtor went through and obtained his discharge, his assets went around and met him upon the other side. The result was that the only persons benefited were those who were not entitled to it, viz: the dishonest debtor, the attorneys who made bankruptcy a business, and the assignees and other officers. The old law encouraged dishonest traders to become more dishonest, and to go into or be pyt into bankruptcy for the sole purpose of making money out of the transaction. England has had the same experience, and her bankrupt law has operated as badly as ours. In 1869 Parliament revised the Bankrupt Law, and in 1883 its operations had been so bad that it was swept away and a new Bankrupt Law passed. The effect of that law has not been tested. Our law of 1867 and the present bill arc substantially the same as the Eng- lish law of 1869. The supposed improvements of the present bill are: (A) Assignees are called Trustees. (B) Registers are Commissioners — simply a change of names. (C) A new ofiice is created called a Supervisor. His fimctions seem to be to report upon the general workings of the law. It is an ornamental office, and, as anyone of experience may see at a glance, will add nothing to the due administration of justice. He secures a good salary. (D) The creditors or court may appoint a Committee of Direction. That Committee is to advise the Assignee (Trustee) in the management of the estate. This is the only feature of the new bill which seems to promise any improve- ment, and yet, if we will recall our experience under the Act of 1867, how assignees were usually elected by the petitioning creditors or their attorneys, through the means of proxies from the other creditors, it is not difficult to imagine how such petitioning creditors will also appoint the Advisory Com- mittee. It is just as easy to do one as the other, and such Committee when appointed will be entirely ornamental. The theory seems promising, but we who reiTiember the pi-actical workings of the old law cannot be deceived by a theory. (E) The Register (Commissioner) is to receive a salary, and an additional ten dollars a case, office rent and clerk hire, if allowed by the Court. It will always be allowed, and it will prove as good an office as that of the old Regis- ter. The clerk is to be paid ten dollars in each case. C As an incentive to bankruptcy lawyers, they are to be paid $200 out of the assets for procuring adjudication. To cover the salary of the .Supervisor and Commissioner the Assignee (Trustee) must pay over to the clerk one per cent, of the gross amount realized in excess of $500. And in case of a composition under the Act the debtor must pay one-half of one per cent, of the amount to the Clerk. As to the Assignee (Trustee), he is to be paid out of the assets substantially in the man- ner provided in the Act of 1867, that is, what the Advisory Committee or the creditors vote him, or speaking from our experience, what the attorneys of the petitioning creditors, who control the matter, allow him. And who will be the Assignee or Trustee.? It will be the brother-in-law or the father-in-law or the needy next of kin of the attorney of the petitioning creditors. It may be mentioned that the allowance to the Trustee cannot exceed the commissions allowed in the Probate Court, which in this state is six per cent. It will not require the eye of a critic to determine that the costs and expenses under this proposed Act will not only equal but will far exceed those of the old law. Besides, the proposed law allows the voluntary petitioner to pay hi- attorney's fees in advance. This will ordinarily avoid the necessity' of a Trus- tee to receive the assets of the bankrupt's estate. (F) There are some other changes which are not matters of substance, but a codification of the decisions of the courts construing the old law The other changes are not worth mentioning. If our citizens can remember as far back as 1878, we are sure they will not desire to have that old rotten system of bankruptcy restored. Why should it be restored.' The cry went up all over the land tor its repeal. Are we now so foolish or inconsistent as to have it restored. (G) It was our experience that, in the great majority of supposed involun- tary bankruptcies, they were not involuntary, but procured by the bankrupts for the very purpose of obtaining a discharge and saving something for them- selves. The composition clause of the Act especially leads to this evil and encourages bankruptcy instead of preventing the same. The object of every Bankruptcy Law should be: I St. — To compel a trader to be honest in order to avoid the Bankrupt Court, to compel him to keep proper books, and to stop trading the moment he finds himself in a failing condition, and if he does not act honestly, to prevent his discharge from his liabilities. 2d. — To distribute ratably all the assets of the debtor at the least possible cost. 3d. — To punish by imprisonment fraudulent traders. The proposed Bankrupt Law will accomplish none of these things. But it may be said that it would greatly benefit those insolvent persons who now have nothing to pay with. These gentlemen are not clamoring for a Bank rupt Law. The demand comes from another source. Our limitation laws are so favorable to the debtor that he does not need a discharge in bankruptcy. Time will soon relieve him, and he will get along very comfortably until that time. The new English Bankrupt Act, which went into operation this year, con- tains some provisions which, if adopted, would greatly add to the merit of the proposed law. They relate to discharges from the debtor's liabilities, and, after all, that and his punishment as a'criminal for his frauds, are the great provis- ions for the protection of honest traders. In that act the court is granted a iliscretion in the following cases either to refuse a discharge or to suspend the operation of the discharge for a certain time or grant an order of discharge subject to conditions, viz: (A) Where the bankrupt has continued to trade after knowing himself to be insolvent. The proposed Act has no such provision. (B) When the bankrupt has contracted any debt without having at the time any reasonable or probable ground of expectation (proof of which shall lie on him) of being able to pay it. (C) That the bankrupt has brought on his bankruptcy by rash and hazard- ous speculations or unjustifiable extravagance in living. Why should a speculator in margins on stocks or in mai'gins on the board oi trade, or in any other game of chance, have a discharge.^ (D) That the bankrupt has put any creditor to unnecessary expense by a tVivolous or vexatious defense to any action brought against him. The just- ness of this objection needs no argument. (E) Where he was previously adjudged a bankrupt or made a composition in bankruptcy. (F) Where he has been guilty of any fraud or fraudulent breach of trust. And the report of the Supervisor or Commissioner as to such facts should be made prima facie evidence of their existence. The English Act of 1SS3 also provides that the Court as one of the condi- tions referred to in that class of cases should have the discretion before grant- ing a discharge to require the bankrupt to consent to judgment being entered against him by the Trustee for any balance of his debts not satisfied at date of his discharge, but that execution should not issue without leave of the Court, which leave should be given on proof that the bankrupt since his dis- charge has acquired property or income available for payment of his debts. This seems to be a reasonable provision, when the bankrupt has not shown himself by misfortune to have become insolvent, and when he falls within an\- of the objections above stated. Bankruptcy itself, as defined in the act (with one exception) should be made a crime, and punished as such. The exception is that of simple insolvency where one cannot pay his debts for thirt}- days, but all the other acts should be made a crime and punished as such because they involve dishonesty. A Bankrupt Act should be for the benefit of the community, and not simply a shield for the dishonest debtor. It should be such as to induce traders to be honest, and thus pi^event loss to honest dealers. We cannot consent to the proposed bill ; it is simply a repetition of the past. If we can learn wisdom by experience do not let us repeat that experience. We have had enough of that. There is no demand for the proposed Bankrupt Law, so far as your Commit- tee are advised, except on the part of insolvents, bankruptcy lawyers, and old assignees and other officers. We do not think the business community de- mand the proposed law, and certainly they Avould not if they should take the time to look into its provisions, and as to insolvent debtors the limitation laws of the state, and the voluntary action of their creditors will sufficiently care for them. A Bankrupt Law should be in the interest of commercial traders, and of the business community. If a law is desired for already insolvent debtors let a separate law be passed for their benefit, which can be short, and will hurt no business interest, but no attempt shovild be made to burden the communitj- with the entire old system. We believe that there should be a permanent Bankrupt Law as part of our commercial system, and it is the opinion of your Committee that the present revision of the English Bankrupt Law forms a proper basis for our legislators to act upon. The points of that law which we specially endorse are already referred to ; we think there is a general feeling that the commercial law of this entire country should be brought into harmony, and a proper, permanent Bankrupt Law would tend in that direction. Respectfully submitted, A. M. Pence, E. G. MA.SON, Cfiic(i 7. „ / , ; t i^J Ih<-y n....<, r - :: II... m .-.. lis] 1 ' i 1 /.' /) . Pedestrians 2,830 Vehicles i ,893 The greatest detention going North, was at 8:53 a. m. for 8^ minutes, by which 45 pedestrians and 55 vehicles were detained ; and the street cleared in two minutes after the bridge closed ; the greatest detention going south, was at 7 p. m., for 9 minutes, by which 50 pedes- trians and 33 teams were detained, and the street cleared in one minute and a half. On another occasion the bridge 14 was drawn three times during ten and a half minutes, and ten teams crossed on each occasion of closing it, after the vessel had passed. The detention at other times than those noted averaged 31^ minutes, and the number of teams detained averaged 22. The above accounts show that the river -traffic was very light on the first two days of the observations, and that the Rush Street bridge performs all the functions and duties required of it to the satisfaction of its admirers ; its capacity was by no means tested at any time ; it can take all the traffic that the adjoining streets are likely to give it. Observations taken as to the total detention of vehi- cles, including the cross streets, from the closing of the bridges, are not so satisfactory as those given above. One of the most remarkable was that of 118 vehicles de- tained in Clark Street and the streets adjoining, caused by the opening of that bridge for three minutes; in this case the last team did not get upon the bridge until twenty minutes from the time the bridge closed ; this was a bad blockade, but not so bad as one at Randolph Street bridge, where 41 street cars and 175 other vehicles were involved for twenty minutes, when the bridge was drawn but six minutes ; these two blockades were on both sides of the river. In another case a detention of 50 vehicles occurred in East Madison Street and those adjoining it, while the bridge was drawn three minutes, the last vehi- cle observed getting on to the bridge in six minutes. As nearly as we can make out, the average time of drawing the bridges, except Rush Street, is four minutes ; the average number of vehicles detained from Adams Street to State Street, on the three sides of the river, including all that are stopped in the adjoining streets, is about 500 for each time the bridges are drawn, and the time of clearance, so that the stoppage or 15 blockade is entirely broken, is six minutes. Blockades at individual bridges are, at times, of much greater magnitude than the average. But this will not apply to the Rush Street bridge, as will be seen above. The ob- servations are precise enough to show that the stoppage of vehicles for all purposes, owing to the bridges, is at least 17,000 per day in the district named above, and for an average of six minutes, while at times it amounts to a much greater number. Respectfully submitted, Edwin Lee Brown, Owen F. Aldis, Christoph Hotz, W. O. Carpenter, Committee. Chicago, Sept. 26, 1884. APPENDIX. REPORT ON BRIDGES, t88o. To the Exeaitivc Committee of the Citizens' Association of Chicago: The committee to which was referred the subject of bridges, with directions to consider and report if any beneficial modifications in the present system of this city can be recommended, submit the following report : That the present means of communication between the three natural divisions of the city by swinging bridges will be the principal one in practice for many years to come is self-evident, as the tunnels are unfrequented and unpopular, and in many respects objectionable; and pro- jects for an outer harbor and disuse of the river for large or masted vessels are, though not by any means visionary or impracticable, from the very nature of things deferred to a later period in the future history of our city. We shall, therefore, confine our report to the consider- ation of evils consequent on the bridge system and to some suggestions for their abatement. These are : 1. Liability to accident. 2. Overcrowding. 3. Delay and detentions consequent upon opening or drawing the bridges. We find that the number of accidents at the bridges is surprisingly small, and those reported are caused mainly by the wilful carelessness of those whose impatience or eagerness to get on or off the bridge induces them to take an unnecessary or foolish risk. So small is the num- ber of accidents in the daytime that we cannot recom- mend, but rather deprecate, the establishment of gates or similar structures as a preventive of accident, these unsightly structures being, in our judgment, entirely useless. At night, however, we think it would be well to 18 have very clear lights so displa)'ed that no mistake as to the bridge being drawn or closed could be made by any intelligent person — a fixed light on both abutments with good reflectors toward and lighting the draw — then if the sides of the girders are painted a light color, the draw will always be a conspicuous object when open, and pre- vent danger of accident from the land side, and will assist pilots in understanding the true position of the draw. The red light at night as a substitute for the ball in the day-time should be continued. Overcrowding can not be avoided so long as a prefer- ence is given to certain bridges (as it always will be) and the vehicles accumulate, as they do, in a very few minutes in consecjuence of the bridge being drawn for a passing vessel. But we are of opinion that it can be remedied to such an extent as to, almost, do away with its inconveniences for the present at least, by widening the bridges twenty feet, putting eight feet additional width into each of the driveways, and two feet into each of the foot pathways, so as to enable double the number of teams to enter upon the bridge at the same time. This can be done in all, or nearly all, cases without inter- fering with the streets, which are of sufficient width to accommodate the increased dimensions of the enlarged bridge, but it would necessitate the widening of the river on each side ten feet, so as not to contract the passage for vessels; the increased width, however, could in most cases be taken from the approach, and where it could not, either the bridge would not require widening, or it would be a proper thing to do — to widen the river. The delay and detention consequent upon opening the bridges can be obviated to a great extent by the use of hydraulic or steam power for the purpose; if the former were used there need be no greater annual expense than now, and the service would be much better performed. The bridge-tender, in that case, should occupy a deck on top, where he could judge, more accurately than is possi- ble below, the distance and time required for a vessel ; the time required for opening and closing would be so short, if the motive power were such as suggested, that in ordinary cases the bridge could be swung after a tow or propeller had passed half the distance from the nearest bridge, and it could be swung back " in her wake," as the most perfect control of the swinging structure could be 1!» had by the use of an instrument no larger than a hand- brake. Your committee are of the opinion that more than half the time consumed in swinging the bridges could thus be saved, and that the number of men required for the service would be no greater than at present. Taken in connection with the increased width proposed, this plan would so operate that the bridges would cease to be an active annoyance for many years to come. As general remarks on the subject submitted to our con- sideration, we would express our regret that attempts are made to increase the number of bridges by building addi- tional structures between those now existing — that is, at consecutive .streets; such a proceeding will only increase the difficulty now experienced, as, among other things, the proximit}' of the piers would prevent vessels from changing their course in case of danger. Various methods of relief from delay and consequent crowding have been suggested to us, in the course of our inquiries, many of which are quite impracticable,- for the present, at least. Among them a plan for having vessels enter and depart through canals at the north and south {substituting navigable canals for conduits) ; another to divide the day into convenient(?) spaces of time, during which navigators and the public should alternate in their exclusive exercise of paramount rights, the one to navi- gate and the other to cross the stream. The river ought to be straightened, and in some in- stances widened from Adams street south, and in all parts every facility given to vessels consistent with the city ordinances and the rules on the subject of bridges. A strict enforcement of the present municipal regula- tions for bridges would be attended with great advantage ; a little more intelligence and less of personal feeling on the part of bride-tenders would also help matters. The public should also remember that an obstinate man be- comes more so if subjected to abusive language, that we are, to too great an extent, dependenc upon the whims and prejudices of the bridge-tenders, and that an alterca- tion carried on at a distance of fift)^ yards is not likely to produce favorable results, present or future. Complaints should be made to superior authorities, with the circum- stances carefully noted, and presented by known parties. This subject has been, heretofore, thoroughly discussed, at different periods, and your committee are of the opin- 20 ion that our system is as nearly perfect as it can be with- out the adoption of the two additions suggested herein — mechanical motive power and increased width. We believe that if these are adopted the evils growing out of the necessity of bridges will have a natural cure — that is to say, the inevitable growth of the city and its lake com- merce will demand so much greater facilities than its river affords, that so great a part of that commerce will be concentrated on the lake front that the inconveniences of bridges will be reduced from the maximum very materially. Already a movement is in progress to trans- fer a part of the lumber trade to the basins east of the lake front, and, as the day is almost in sight when Chicago will become a seaport, by the arrival and departure of vessels direct from Europe, of too great draft to enter the river, we may look to this result with confi- dence. Respectfully submitted, Francis Jackson, Edwin Lee Brown, E. N. Bates. April 2, 1880. Annexed is the plan for a new bridge at Lake Street, designed under direction of the committee, to accompany the above report, but not finished until January, 1881. l]i/ 1-: i ] \ /^ GENERAL PLAN DOUBLE TRACK DRAW -BRIDGE IV REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE Citizens' Association ON THE i Drainage a d OF CHICAGO, SEPTEMBER, 1885. CHICAGO: li o anvinir Rc-t,nrts. '21 brief statement of the general appearance of the lake at and around the crib at that time, and of some of the contents of the water from the city hydrants two days later. July 30th, on invitation of Commissioner of Public Works, Dewitt C. Cregier, I had the pleasure of visiting the lake crib and the outlet, or what should be the inlet, of the Fullerton ave- nue conduit. For some time before this visit, the pumping works at Bridgeport had more than taken care of the water of the Desplaincs river that comes through the broken dam and the Ogden-Wentworth ditch, and the Fullerton avenue conduit had been discharging from the lake into the river, and consequently the lake water was very clear and apparently almost absolutely pure, and the structure of the crib could be clearly seen for many feet below the surface. Sediment from the water supply collected at this time was composed very largely of diatomaceie — an occasional fresh water crustacean and other organisms that belong to the flora and fauna of the northern lakes. From many hundred microscopical examinations of the filtrate from the hydrant water during the past 15 years, I believe this to be the normal condition of the waters of Lake Michigan, and this pure water usually extends for some distance south and west of the lake crib. On this second visit (August 6th), soon after the heavy rain and wind storm, the appearance of the lake had entirely changed, the water at the crib and for some distance east and north be- ing quite roiley, having a whitish or milky appearance, with a slight greyish tinge, fading out as we passed the crib and grow- ing darker as we neared the river on our return, and the water of the river was black and very offensive. The milky appear- ance is undoubtedly caused by the wash of clay from the clay bluflfs north of the city, and from the bed of the lake, and can- not be regarded as in any sense objectionable, and certainly can- not be remedied at present. The " slight greyish tinge " was somewhat suspicious, but as we were not prepared to collect samples of the water, there was only a suspicion of river water as far out as the lake crib. This vital question I have attempted to solve so far as it could be done by a careful microscopical examination. Two days later, on the 22 evening of Angust Sth, Dr. W, H. Forwood, Surgeon U. S. A.^ on Gen. Schofield's staff, and myself, made a collection of sedi- ment or filtrate from the lake water, by tying a perfectly clean and rather loosely woven linen napkin, in the form of a bag,, onto the laundry faucet, and letting a full head of water run through it for about twenty minutes. We then carefully washed the mass of material that had collected in the napkin,, into a pitcher of water drawn from the same faucet, and poured it into a clear glass quart-bottle. Notwithstanding much of the finer material, sand, clay, etc., would pass through the napkin, it made a thick mass that could not be seen through ; and after standing a short time, it covered the bottom of the bottle half an inch or more in thickness. We tnen made a careful and some- w^hat thorough microscopical examination of this material, and were fully satisfied that but a very small part of it originated in Lake Michigan. A very few diatoms, and three or four crusta- ceans were about all of the Lake Michigan organisms, properly so called, that we observed. The great bulk of the material was made up of the debris, of animal and vegetable matter, some of it showing the original structure, but most of it was in dark, or yellowish, stringy, irregular masses, in which were recognized angulllula fluviatilis, rotifers, actinophrys, vorticella, and others of the lowest animal organisms, such as are usually found with decaying animal or vegetable matter. I will not venture to decide from what source this mass of very offensive material was derived, but I will say, that it is always present in the lake water after a spring freshet, or after a continuous and heavy rainfall, such as occurred about the second of this month,, when the water of the Desplaines had flushed the filth of the Chicago river Into the lake, and It generally remains in the water until a wind storm on the lake drives it away, and is almost always present when the FuUcrton avenue conduit is discharg- ing the waters of the North branch into the lake. The process of collecting this sediment and making the microscopical exam- ination is very easy, and any gentleman of the Association can with but little trouble satisfy himself as to the correctness of these statements. From present and previous observations, and a long series of mici'oscopical examinations, I am fully satisfied that our drinking 23 water is quite frequently polluted with the filth from the North branch, through the Fullerton avenue conduit and from the main river, when it is flushed into the lake by the water of the Desplaines, coming through the Ogden-Wentworth ditch. I am further convinced that we can have an abinidant and con- stant supply of pure water without adding one dollar to the present current expenses of the city, by damming the waters of the Desplaines out of the Chicago river, and running the pump- ing works at Bridgeport to their full capacity, and on no account should the Fullerton avenue conduit be allowed to discharge the water fro7n theJVorth branch into the lake^ but constantly from the lake into the river. These suggestions honestly carried into effect, would, in my opinion, satisfactorily settle the question of the purity of our drinking water, for many years to come. Respectfully submitted, B. W. THOMAS. Chicago, August 21st, 18S5. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE CHICAGO WATER SUPPLY. Chicago, Sept. 11^ 1SS5. During the last thirteen months I have made over 130 exam- inations of our lake water as it is supplied to us by the city water works. The purpose of that investigation was to find out what truth there is in some published aspersions on the purity of our staple drink. It has been suggested to me that my con- clusions would be of interest to the public ; hence, the following report : It is unquestionable that the Lake Michigan water is, in itself, all we may wish. From an hygienic standpoint, it stands high — very few fresh waters excel it — and it surpasses a great many in regard to purity and wholesomeness. We often get it into our houses in that desirable state; but, unless something is done soon, the word " often " will have to be changed to sotne- times. Not frequently our hydrant water contains a considerably in- 24 creased proportion of organic matter, which may be called par- tially oxidized sewage. The chief cause of that fact is the same here as in other similarly situated cities, namely, the neighbor- hood of an outer harbor, acting as a receptacle for a part of our sewage. That evil grows every year, as our population and business increase. Contrary to my former belief, sewage, sometimes directly, contaminates our water supply. I have been slow in coming to that conclusion, but the evidence is incontrovertible, that out of 130 samples examined by me, at least fourteen were sewage pol- luted. On the 28th of August last our hydrants supplied us vvath an article hardly less foul than the Chicago river water. That was the most disgusting sample that ever came to my notice. It was a mine of putrefaction products and bacteria. Quite often, doctors disagree; but, if there is a point on which hygienists are unanimous, it is the importance of preventing the pollution of drinking water by town sewage; therefore, it is our duty to devise forthwith, the means of improving the quality of our deteriorating water supply. As was to be expected, our suburbs are not better off than we are. I found sewage in two samples of Hyde Park water, and in the one from the town of Lake pipes — the only three examined by me from these sources. M. Delafontaine. WHAT WE DRINK. [Reprint from the Chicago Times of August 17, 1S84.] To THE Editor : — A full and intelligent discussion of the city water sup- ply, its quality and quantity, is at this time of the utmost importance. It is admitted by all competent authorities that an abundant supply of pure water is one of the necessities of a community at any time, but it is of vital importance when threatened with a deadly epidemic. Sir Robert Rawlin- son, in a recent paper in reference to cholera, said : " Water should be used without stint for all sanitary purposes. All that water can remove must be washed away. All matter liable to become putrid must be burned." Dr. Ranch, in his recent report to the state board of health, gives as among the best safeguards against Asiatic cholera, "a pure and sufficient water supply." 25 And Dr. Kocli, on his return to Berlin, after visiting tlie plague-stricken cities of France, said, in a lecture, that "an improved water supply was the best means of checking the disease." While we have at our doors an un- limited supply of naturally pure water, and our municipal authorities ha\e at their command ample means and machin-Tv for its proper distribution and to protect its purity ; it is well known that the water delivered to the families of the city is not pure, and that it is impure to such a degree that many of our citizens will not permit its use as drinking water in their families; but the large mass of consumers are obliged to use what they can get from their faucets. It does not require an expert to discover that our water supply is almost constantly contaminated, and there is hardly a doubt that it is with the filth and rottenness from the North branch of the Chi- cago river, which our municipal authorities are forcing through the Fuller- ton avenue conduit into the lake at the rate, it is reported, of sixteen thous- and cubic feet per minute. Lake Michigan at this point is comparatively shallow — at one mile out from the North-side- Pumping Works being but thirty feet deep; at the lake crib, two miles out, thirty-five feet, and at three miles from shore, or more than one mile beyond the crib, it is less than forty feet deep. It will not do to say that this MASS OF FILTH and corruption that is being discharged into this shallow water, less than tw^o miles north of the North-side Pumping Works, and only about two and a half miles in a direct line to the inlet to our city water supply, can not reach the crib, for anyone familiar with the sediment from the lake water, before and since the conduit has been at work, knows that it does reach it, and there is no reason to doubt but that this filth, in a dilute form, is given to us and to our families as drinking water. Let anyone that visits Lincoln park go to the shore of the lake at the outlet of the conduit, and black patches of this putridity can at almost any time be seen all around, some- times extending in almost a direct line toward tne crib, at others breaking in a slimy suds on the shore, and at all times smelling to heaven against the authors of such a nuisance. As showing independent of microscopical examination that there is every reason to believe that this poison does polute our city water supply, I give a few analyses made by Messrs. Blaney and Mariner at the request of the board of public works in iS6i, when the board was discussing as to the best place to locate the lake crib These analyses clearly show that as early as 1861, organic matter from the shore extended to over one mile into the lake. 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(ocotrsoc-t—f^t-e-t^t-r^t-f^cox «cojrooxoD OOOOXQOXXXOOXXXXXXXXXOUXOOOOGO O z t— t o ij o o o 71 75 o erf "J 7 -r, T (ifid Water Swhfily. Bryan Lathrop, J -^^^ REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE b Theatres AND Public Halls EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE Citizens' Association OF CHICAGO. Adopted and Ordered Printed^ October^ i88j. CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION, Rooms, 33 Merchants' Building, CHICAGO, 1887. TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OP THE Citizens' Association of Chicago. The Committee on Theatres and Public Halls respectfully present the following report: The reports of previous committees have been so comprehen- sive and thorough that the present committee has not felt so much the urgency for an additional report as the necessity for amendments to the City Ordinances prescribing the mode of construction and controlling the management of Public Halls and Theatres, and for the energetic enforcement of the ordi- nance. Your committee are unanimously of the opinion that the City authorities should assume the responsibility of constant superin- tendence of all Theatres and Public Halls; and recommend daily inspection and supervision under authority of Citv Ordin- ances by officers under control of the Fire Marshal, In the opinion of your committee, this is the only means of promoting and enforcing such discipline as will render our Public Halls comparatively safe in case of fire or panic. The firemen on duty at public halls and theatres should have police authority, should control all fire apparatus and exits, and enforce the common use of such exits as are provided for emergencies, and co-operate with the management in the education of audiences to use them and become familiar with them. The Ordinances relating to Theatres and other Public Build- ings under which the City authorities are now acting, are good in the main, but need amendments and additional provisions, but above all, need enforcement. Machinery not in constant use, becomes rusty and useless; so laws which are not enforced be- come inoperative and obsolete. Section 1 131 Revised Ordinances, is defective in that the " com- petent and experienced firemen " provided for " in every theatre with accommodations for 1,000 or more persons" are employed by the proprietor or lessee, and while such fireman are required by ordinance to report to the Fire Marshal and be subject to his orders, they are practically independent of him, and are not required to report to him daily or at any stated intervals^ but being in the employment and under pay of the lessees or owners, are naturally lenient to them. Your committee recommend the amendment of Section 1 131 so as to make it the duty of the Fire Marshal to detail one or more firemen from the regular force under his command, who shall have police authority for duty in each theatre and public hall while audiences are assembled. Also that Section 1125 of same ordinance be amended by expunging the following clause, viz: " Any other contrivance having same effect and approved by the Superintendent of Buildings may be used instead of the venti- lator above described," and that the apparatus to be used be de- fined to mean a ventilator of sufficient capacity arranged with ample overweighted valves or shutters which will open automat- ically in case of fire upon or over the stage. Such automatic action would result from the cutting, breaking or burning of a cord so arranged as to support the over-weight. See Section 1 1 38 of the proposed Ordinances. The recent appalling calamity at the Opera Comique in Paris sufficiently emphasises this recommendation. Doubtless such an appliance would have prevented this catastrophe. The terrible disaster at Exeter, England, which occurred after this paper was first put in type, is another melancholy warning. Your committee also recommend the amendment of said or- dinance in respect to construction of Public Halls, proscenium walls and openings in same, fire proofing auditorium floors, and of various other details for promoting security against fires and panic, and have prepared a draft of an ordinance which they re- commend to the immediate attention of the Common Council and respectfully ask for its early enactment and enforcement. Whilst a few of the proprietors have made substantial and admirable improvements, the majority of the old theatres continue to be in dangerous condition, and we recom- mend that the city authorities consider to what extent they would be justified in withholding licenses from such as are most dangerous. However, your committee suggest that while there exists such active demand for business property, very little excuse can be offered by the owners of such buildings for continuing to hazard the lives of the public by perpetuating the existence of dangerous assembly halls of any description: their property can, in many instances, be used to better advantage for other pur- poses. The public should understand that so long as large audiences are permitted to assemble in buildings badly construct- ed, of inflammable material, there will be danger of recurrence of the horrible calamities which have occurred at the Brooklyn Theatre; Theatre Comique, Paris; at Exeter, and elsewhere. Your committee susrgest that managers or lessees of theatres and public halls print on their daily programmes, the provisions of Sections 919 and 933, Revised Ordinances, and floor plans of Auditorium and Galleries, showing the location of all exits, that every exit be opened at the close of each entertainment, and that ushers be required to educate the public to their common use by frequently pointing them out to patrons of the house on entering. It is believed this would prove of great service in the event of panic, which is liable to occur in the .best constructed and best managed theatre or hall. It has been found, where panics have occurred, that audiences 'Seek exit at the principal entrance because they are almost uni- versally compelled to exit there on ordinary occasions, the side exits being, in most cases, neglected. The public should edu- cate itself in respect to the facilities provided for emergencies and get accustomed to their use, so that in the event of fire or panic, they may be of service to others as well as themselves, in avoiding the usual calamity of crushing and maiming by an un- thinking mob. When it is considered that a panic in a large assembly, even in the open air, free from fire or smoke, is usually attended with loss of life, the importance of self-education is of even more importance to all who attend theatres and public lectures than the enforcement of rules and ordinances. The ciMom of taking small children to crowded assemblages is reprehensible, for in case of panic and crush there is little or no probability of their escape, and they embarrass the adults. The disasters which have occurred during the short period markinsT the existence of this committee have caused its reports to appear, in retrospect, weak and inadequate. After the Theatre Comique disaster in 1887, the report prepared for publication last year was abandoned, because, in the light of such a terrible occurrence, all temporizing with existing abuses and evils con- nected with the construction and management of our public halls seemed absurd, and it was decided to recommend adequate amendments of existing ordinances to include authority vested in the Fire Marshal to enforce them. It is hoped that the same feelino-s will prevail generally and prove sufficient to arouse the public to action, and secure the immediate passage of the pro- posed amended ordinance, submitted herewith. Respectfully submitted, S. D. KiMBARK, \ Geo. C. Prussing, | Committee J. Austin Brown, / on Marx Wineman, > Theatres Dankmar Adler, 1 and John W. Root, \PnbUc Buildings. C. W. Drew. / Chicago, October, 1887. Sections 919 and 923 of the Revised Ordinances referred to in the Report: 919. The owner or lessee of every licensed theatre, hall, or other building, shall post and maintain during the period of his license, in some conspicuous place near the main entrance, a printed certificate, properly framed, showing the class of enter- tainments for 'which said theatre or hall is licensed ; its seating capacity; the number of exits, and size of each; and the number of aisles in each circle, which said certificate shall be signed by the fire marshal; and shall also state, if such be the fact, that he has personally examined said building, and considers it safflP 923. No chairs, stools, or seats of any description shall be placed or permitted to remain in, or ficross the lobby, aisle, or passageways, in any theatre, hall, or other public building, when the same is occupied by the public, under a penalty of one hun- dred dollars, for each and every violation of this section. % PROPOSED AMENDED ORDINANCE WITH REGARD TO Ilieatres iiiii] Oilier Boildiiiffs lor I'ylilic kmUm. o o B£ IT ORDAINED by the City Council of the City of Chicago^ as follozus : that sections iii^, 1118, 11 19, 11 20, 1121, 1122, 1134, 1135, 1126, 1137, 1128,1129,1130, 1131, 1 132, 1139^ and 1 140 of i\rticle IX, Revised Ordinances, of the City of Chicao^o, be and they are hereby amended, so as to read as follows : Sec. 1 1 15. Any person desiring a permit to erect any theatre or public hall shall, before commencing the erection thereof make application to the Superintendent of Buildings, in compliance with Section 1103 of the Revised Ordinances, and shall leave on file in the office of the Commissioner of Buildings a full and complete set of plans of the theatre or public hall proposed to be erected. Sec. 1 1 18. Theati'es and public halls with accommodations for three hundred persons or less, shall have no portion of the main floor elevated to a greater height than thirty-five feet above the street grade. Theatres and public halls with accommoda- tions for more than three hundred and not exceeding six hun- dred persons shall have the main floor not over twenty-five feet above the street grade; but the foregoing restrictions as to height of floors shall not apply to theatres and halls in build- ings which are constructed entirel}* of incombustible materials. The average level of the main floor of any theatre or public hall with accommodations for more than six hundred persons shall not be more than ten feet above the street grade. In all theatres there shall be a proscenium wall built of brick of speci- fied thickness as follows: Not less than 24 inches thick to the 10 level of the stage floor, nor less than 20 inches thick from the level of the stage floor to the spring of the proscenium arch, nor less than 16 inches thick from the spring of the proscenium arch extending through and four feet above the roof; this brick wall to extend entirely across the building from the floor of the stage to the ground. The above is subject to the following modifica- tions: That within the limits of the curtain opening, the wall below the stage floor need not be more than 12 inches thick, and that above the curtain opening the thickness of this wall maybe reduced to 12 inches, with solid brick buttresses not less than two feet wide and projecting not less than four inches on each side; such buttresses being placed not further than 14 feet apart, or such wall above the curtain opening may be constructed of a frame work of wrought iron or steel in which no part of any member shall be subjected to a strain of more than 15,000 pounds to the square inch, and which frame work of iron or steel shall be covered on each side with a wall of porous ter- ra cotta or hollow tile; these two walls being tied to each other at least every three feet in each direction by bond pieces of the same material. All openings required in any part of said wall (except princi- pal or stage opening) shall have iron doors made of sheet [iron not less than i/^ inch thick riveted to angle iron not less than i3y(xi3/( inch, or to bar iron not less than 5^x2 inches. This for doors of 30 square feet or less. Doors of greater area shall have proportionatel}'^ heavier thickness of sheet and of frame. Sec. 1 1 19. All auditorium floors in theatres shall be fire- proofed by inserting hollow tile, porous terra cotta or brick work between or under the joists and by a mortar deafening at least 1 1^ inches thick above the joists, if the said joists are of wood. But if such joists are of iron, the deafening above the same may be omitted and plastering on wire cloth kept at least 1 % inches away from the joists may be used below tlie joists. Sec. 1 1 20. All partitions in or around or over or under thea- tres or public halls accommodating three hundred or more people shall be constructed of brick work or hollow tile or porous terra cotta. 11 Sec. 1 121. The preceding sections shall apply only to thea- tres or public halls that may hereafter be erected. The fol- lowing sections shall apply to theatres and public halls that are now as well as those which hereafter may be erected or con- structed. Sec. 1122. All egress openings in theatres and public halls shall be so kept as to allow, at all times during the occupancy of said theatre or public hall, free and unobstructed egress there- from ; and all egress openings in theatres and public halls shall have the word " exit " conspicuously placed over them, and shall otherwise conform to the requirements of Section 1069 of the Revised Ordinances. The aisles or passages in such halls shall, at all times, be kept unobstructed. Sec. 1 1 24. All materials used for scenery, shall be coated with such preparation as will make it non-inflammable, and in all theatres hereafter to be erected an iron curtain shall be so placed in position as to cut off communication with the stage in any case of emergency. The operating of said iron curtain to be controlled by the firemen detailed for duty in said theatre, and this curtain shall be used at least once every day. Sec. 1 125. In all theatres hereafter to be erected all stair- ways shall be built entirely of incombustible material, and none but incombustible material shall be used in the construction or decoration of the stair walls. Sec. 1126. If any enlargement or alteration or improvement be made in any now existing theatre or public hall, other than mere redecoration of the same or resetting of seats, then all of the provisions of this ordinance and article governing the con- struction of new theatres or public halls shall apply to such en- largement or alteration or improvement. Sec. 1 127. All alleys, courts or passages upon which any exit from any theatre or public hall may open, shall be kept free from obstructions and nuisances of every kind; and during the occu- pancy of such theatres and public halls by an audience, while such audience is passing out, a clear passage way, equal to the 12 width of exit, doors, or stairs opening to sucli alley, court or pas- sage way, shall be maintained for the use of said audience. It Is made the duty of the police and health officers of this city to secure a rigid enforcement to this section. t> Sec. 112S. All theatres or other places of public amusement having a seating capacity of over five hundred persons and having a platform or stage, and which use drop curtains or shifting scenery, shall have a suitable ventilator or -ventilation pipe not less than 4 feet in diameter and increasing by one inch in diame- ter for every 100 square feet of stage area above 2,000 scjuare feet, placed upon the roof, extending fifteen feet above the roof and opening at the bottom to the space above the stage. Such ventilator to be arranged with valves or shutters which shall work automatically so as to completely open the ventilator pipe in case of fire. In all such buildings a water stand pipe and water plug shall be placed in or on the stage or platform, or in its immediate vicinity, which [shall be connected with the water pipes or street mains of the city, and shall be put in under the direction of the Fi]-e Marshal and Superintendent of Buildings, and to their sat- isfaction. Hose shall be attached to such stand pipe, of such size as may be directed by said Marshal, to have nozzle and stop cock attached thereto; such hose shall be of sufficient length to extend to the farthest limits of such building or place of amuse- ment, and shall at all times be kept in good order and rejoair, filled with water under pressure, and readv for immediate use. A tank or tanks containing not less than 3,000 gallons of water shall be placed on the roof of every theatre or public hall con- taining same, and all pipes and hose 20 or more feet above the street grade shall be connected therewith. rt ' Sec. 1 129. All theatres and public halls with accommoda- tions for one thousand or more persons, shall have at least one standpipe and iron ladder in the street or alley on the outside of the building, from the ground to the roof, with hose attachments close to a window or door at each floor or gallery. It shall be the duty of all owners, agents, lessees and occupants of such theatre or public hall, to provide such other fire extinguishing 13 apparatus at such points about the building, as the Fire Marshal shall direct. Such theatre or hall shall also be provided with a fire alarm telegraph apparatus, connected by the necessary wires, with the headquarters of the city and fire alarm telegraphy or such other place or places as the Fire Marshal shall direct. Sec. 1 1 30. It shall be the duty of the Fire Marshal to detail one or more uniformed firemen from the regular force to be on duty in any theatre or public hall with accommodations for one thousand or more persons; said firemen to receive instructions from and report nightly and after each performance to his su- perior officer, any negligence or violation of any of the provis- ions of this ordinance on the part of any lessee or manager of any such theatre, and it shall be his duty to see that all fire ap- paratus required is in its proper place and in efficient and work- ing order during each entertainment in such theatre or public hall. It is hereby also made the duty of the lessee or man- ao-er of any theatre or public hall, with an accommodation for one thousand or more persons, to cause to be printed on every programme a diagram of the different floors of such theatre, locating in conspicuous manner the exits and means of egress to the street or alley to which said exits lead, as the case may be. Sec. 1131. The license for each theatre and public hall shall state the number of persons it has accommodations for, and no more than that number shall be allowed to enter such theatre or hall, at any one time. This number shall be governed by the number of feet of exit of the doors, aisles, passages and stairs and shall be computed by the Superintendent of Buildings at the rate of three feet of width of doors, aisles, passages or stairs for every two hundred persons or fraction thereof. Sec. 1 132. The Superintendent of buildings shall have the power to order any theatre or public hall to be closed whenever it is discovered that there is any violation of the provisions of this ordinance and article, until the same are complied with, and any person who shall refuse, fail or neglect to comply with such order shall be deemed to have violated the provisions of this or- dinance and article. 14 Sec, 11391^. The Superintendent of Buildings, the Fire Marshal and firemen to be detailed under authority of Section 1 130 shall have the right to enter any theatre or public hall and all parts thereof at reasonable times, especially when oc- cupied by the public, in order to properly judge of and discharge their respective duties; and any person who shall refuse admission to such officer or officers, or shall place or attempt to place any obstacles in the way of such officer or officers while engaged in the performance of their duties at any time shall be deemed to have violated the provisions of this ordinance. Sec. 1 140. Any person failing to comply with or guilty of a violation of any provision of this ordinance or article, where no other penalty is provided, shall be subject to a fine of not less than tw^enty-five dollars, nor more than two hundred dollars for each and every offense. Every person violating any of the provisions of this ordinance or article, shall be deemed guilty of a separate offense for each and every day the same, said viola- tion, continues, and shall be subject therefor to the penalty im- posed by this ordinance and article. Any owner, builder or contractor who shall construct any building in violation of this ordinance or article, and any architect having charge of such building, who shall permit it to be so constructed shall be liable to the penalties provided and imposed by this ordinance and article. /'^ REP-ORT SMOKE COMMITTEE Citizens' Association OR CHICAQO. ROOM 33, MERCHANTS' BUILDING. A1A.Y, ISSO. CHICAGO : Ceo. E. Marshall & Co., Stationers and PKi.NTiiRS, 144 & 146 MONROE STREET. ESTABLISHED 1874. Citizens' ASvSociation OF CHICA.GO. ROOM 8H, MERCHANTS' BUILDING, EXECUTIVE COMMllTEE, 1889. JOHN J. GLESSNER, President. FRANCIS B. PEABODY, JAMES H. McVICKER, EDSON KEITH, O. S. A. SrRAGUE, WM. A. FULLER, LOUIS WAMPOLD, E. NELvSON BLAKE, / 'icc-Presidenl. CHRISTOPH HOTZ, EDWIN LEE BROWN, JOHN G. SHORTALL, HENRY FIELD, J. HARLEY BRADLEY, MURRY NELSON, J. V. FARWELL, jR. GEO. SCHNEIDER, Treasurer: J. C. AMBLER, Setreiarv. To the Exectdive CovimiUec of the Citizens' Association : The undersigned, Committee on Smoke, in accordance with the request and instructions transmitted to tlieni in January, proceeded to the investigation of the "smoke nuisance," after due deliberation as to the proper method of conducting it, in the light of past experience and of more recentl}^ acquired information. They called to their assistance a mechanical engineer of intelligence and acquirements, who has made a thorough examination of the methods employed for the prevention of smoke in stationary boilers, and has condensed and tabulated his observations, as will be seen by reference to the accompanying statements. The observations so made extended to 333 establishments where steam is in constant use for various purposes, including 839 boilers, of which 234 places have in use devices for the prevention of smoke, and 99 have no apparatus for the purjDose ; the particulars are minutely set forth in the tables prepared by the expert. From an analysis of these tables it will be seen that, although the devices in use have a very marked effect on the result, as to whether the smoke emitted from the chimneys is very black or offensive, so much so as to incline us to the opinion that a proper apparatus is almost indispensable for the complete suppression of the smoke nuisance ; yet we believe that the- greatest amount of good can be accomplished by careful attention to the firing, and the use of a good quality of coal. B>- combining these three conditions — an efficient smoke preventing device, a fair quality of coal, and careful firing — the offense arising from the chimneys in llie business and manufacturing parts of the city can be reduced to insignificance. Good results have been obtained by mingling coke, or anthracite screenings, with soft coal; but that is practiced to but a small extent, and its beneficial effect is commensurate, after all, with the observance of proper conditions as to use, which are a part of, and included in the general term — careful firing. We see, by examination of the tables given, that the smoke arising from some chimneys where the poorest quality of coal is used, is reported as very light, when accompanied In- the observ^ation of careful, or automatic mechanical stoking. —5— The practice of " crowding the furnaces " with fuel is one of the most prolific sources of offensive smoke that we have to contend with ; this is made necessary, or believed to be necessary' from the insufficient size of boilers, or of chimneys, to perform their work. The fires have to be urged to their utmost capacity to keep up the requisite amount of steam, and this is done at a great waste of coal, the custom being to put on as much fuel as the furnace will hold, and then rake it out from below when insuffic- ienth', gr not thoroughly, burned, to make room for a fresh supply above ; the result being that the outer air gets an amount of dense smoke that annoys the public, while the proprietor of the establish- ment pays for a large amount of fuel of which he gets no benefit. The same result occurs from heedlessness of engineers and firemen who, from indolence or ignorance, completely fill their furnaces with coal at certain periods, and pay no further attention to their fires until the time comes to give the furnace a fresh charge of fuel ; all chimneys where such practices obtain emit dense smoke more than half the time. Firing should be as intelligently done as any other work ; modern requirements call for perfection in most occupations or trades ; j-et in many cases this important business is left to the discretion, or want of discretion, of men who seem to take no interest in the welfare of their emploj-ers, or the convenience of the public. Sometimes a mistaken idea of economy induces merchants to keep a cheap man in the boiler room, who will waste more fuel than the amount of his monthl}' wages. Instead of crowding the furnaces by heaping up fuel upon half burned coal, the stoking should be done a little at a time, so that the greater surface of the fire will show, at all times, either an incandescent mass, or a bright flame ; the last charge of fuel should be pushed back and spread over this, and the new charge put in its place ; the ashes should be carefulh' raked out at fixed and frequent periods ; by this process the steam can be kept up at two-thirds the cost of the fuel used in the practice usualh' adopted — that of crowding the furnace to its utmost capacit}' ; but to accomplish it there must be intel- ligence and integrit}' in the boiler room as well as in the other departments of the establishment. We are of opinion that the suppression of smoke, as a nuisance, is within the power of those who own the stationary Ijoilers, and of the men who have charge of them ; the former have no moral or legal right to subject their immediate neighbors, or the public, to the damage to health and property caused by their own inattention ; they .should act in unison, and exert their —6— undisputed authority to compel their employes to do their manifest duty. We have made several attempts to get an ordinance passed inflicting a fine upon engineers and firemen, in cases where the proprietors of estal^lishments have furnished them with a snitable device for the prev^ention of smoke ; but it has l>een hitherto found impossible to pass such an ordinance, and nothing remains to be done, Init to bring about a consensus of opini(Mi, and unity of action in the premises by those interested. If the proprietors will but insist upon the o1)ser\-ance by their engineers of certain conditions, (which should include the constant application of the smoke preventing apparatus, where there is one, under the penalty of suspension or discharge, ) and supply' them with a suitable device, and the quality of coal found from observa- tion to be appropriate to the set of the boiler, the height of the chimney, and the kind of smoke preventing apparatus adopted, the greater part of this appalling nuisance can be abated. The proprietors must, how^e\-er, give to this matter the proper measure of their personal attention to insure the desired result. The principle of smoke prevention is extremely simple ; but, as it is not generally understood, it may be well to explain here the cause of smoke, and the method of its prevention. When heat is applied to bituminous coal a gas is generated which is our ordinary illuminating gas in a crude state. It burns freely when mixed with the proper quantity of air. Smoke results from the failure to burn this gas in the furnace. The failure to burn the gas in the furnace results invariably from one of two causes ; either, because air has not been admitted to mix with it in proper quantities and in the proper manner — in a thin sheet, or through small perforation.s — oi, because the fireman has so completely covered the grate bars with fresh coal, as to leave no flame or heat to ignite the gas after it has received the proper admixture of air. Any device which admits air in proper quantities into the furnace will prevent smoke, unless its operation is defeated by bad firing ; that is, b}' piling coal upon the grate until the flames are smothered, or until more gas is created than can be absorbed bj^ the amount of air ordinarily admitted. It is somewhat easier and less troublesome to fire badh' than to fire well, because good firing requires that a small quantity of coal .shall be applied at frequent intervals ; and an indolent fireman prefers to throw a large quantity on the grate, and to have a longer interv^al of rest. The fireman, or the friendly engineer, persuades the proprietor that any —7— device which he may have adopted is a faihire, as this excuses the acts of the fireman. , / We consider the first step in the direction of an abatement of the smoke nuisance to be the education of the proprietors of steam boilers to the fact that the}- have in their own hands the cure of the evil, as far as their own furnaces are concerned. In view of the large percentage of inefficient firemen, and of their ability to defeat the action of most devices, we regard the various self-feeding furnaces as more to be relied upon for the prevention of smoke than any others, as they are automatic in their action, and the best of them seem almost invariabl)^ to produce good results. The automatic furnaces commend themselves to those who count the cost of heat and power and of smoke prevention, as they admit the use of the cheapest fuel without making smoke. Several of the devices mentioned in the ac(X)mpanying tables are excellent for the purpose required ; specimens or patterns of all .are within easy visiting distance of every business establishment in the cit}' ; the inventors are but too anxious to exhibit their appar- atus ; inefficient S5'stems should be discarded ; and a brief but thorough examination should be made of the most approved patterns, wdth the object of selecting the device best suited to the existing conditions, which can he readih' compared with others. It certainl}- is not unreasonable to ask for as much attention to this important subject as would be given to the purchase of a carriage, or to the introduction of house-heating apparatus, or a kitchen range. The City Council has formed a committee to visit and inspect the various devices so that they can report on several patterns, some one of which may be found useful in any given case : it will afford us pleasure to aid them in every way. We shall, ourselves, "make such a visit for the purpose of verifying our expert's report. These remarks and considerations apply equally to the prevent- ion of smoke in tugs and locomotive engines ; the law with regard to the offen.se in their ca.se makes the engineers subject to the penalty imposed ; but no regard is paid to it. Observations made after navigation opened, this spring, demonstrated that the greater part of the nuisance can be abated 1)y careful attention to the fii'ing ; trips made with our exjiert on lioard showed this conclusion ; also that soon after he had left the .smoke burst forth again without abatement ; there are devices on some of the.se ves.sels which —8— modify its volume when in use; but they are not sufficient, and are seldom in operation. As to locomotives, there is much difference in the degree of annoyance on different roads, depending, as in all other cases, on the care taken by the firemen. Recent observations show, however, that there is an apparatus which will absolutely prevent smoke on locomotives, and probably on tugs, and we refer to the notes of <^ur expert for an account of it. We have entered into correspondence with the magistrates of some English cities relative to the means of suppression in vogue there ; these do not differ very materialh' from ours ; the devices do not var}' in principle of construction from those in use here. The powers conferred by law on municipal authorities are, in some instances, greater than ours ; they have the authority, which ours have not, to compel the alteration of flues, and the use of appliances. Their mode of procedure in case of offenses is by summons and fine, which apply to the emplo^^e as well as the proprietor of an establish- ment offending. Our recommendations are : That, as the Mayor has appointed ^ competent officer whose sole duty it has become to thoroughlj' investigate the smoke question, with a view to its speedy and permanent solution, the Citizens' Associa'tion shall tender to the city authorities their co-operation in all efforts for the suppression of the nuisance ; and that, as a means to the end desired, an ordinance be passed amplifying the scope of the present city law with regard to the liabilit}^ of firemen and engineers of stationary engines, and enabling the officers to suppress the nuisance at sight ; and, that the City Smoke Bureau be so constituted that daih^ ob.sen-atious shall be made, with the oly'ect of pointing out to delinquents how their smoking chimneys can be remedied, and of enforcing the ordinance in all respects. We would, also, suggest that in any general revision of the Building Ordinance, provision be made for scientific construction of the boiler rooms and smoke stacks of factories and large mercantile buildings, with an especial view to smoke prevention. ; Respectfully submitted, BRYAN LATHROP, JOHN H. LONG, AUGUSTUS NEWELL, FRED. BAUMANN, W. J. CHALMERS, CommUtec. Chicago, May 20, 1889. Notes by the Expert Examiner. A fireman who understands his business, and has a good grade of coal, can prevent a great amount of smoke if the details of his steam plant are proper ; in many cases the boiler capacit)^ is entirely inadequate to the demands upon it, and the fires have to be crowded to the utmost ; smoke of the blackest kind is thus commonly evolved, without accomplishing the object. In numerous other cases the chimney capacity is entirely too small for the number of boilers attached to it ; sometimes two, three, or even four boilers are dependent upon a small chipmey, projecting but a few feet above the roof of the building, and often surrounded by others much higher ; the draft is, in such cases, impeded, and much unneccessarj' smoke the consequence; a "smoke burner" of the proper pattern will assist materially in increasing the draft. The majority of the smoke preventing devices are of but little benefit, and in some cases have been of positive injury to the boilers ; and even where the better style are in use, carelessness in firing, the use of an inferior grade of coal, or the sudden or habitual " crowding " of the fires, one or all together, cause much smoke at times, or at all times ; of course, an apparatus will not prevent smoke, if not applied, or improperly handled. One of the first conditions for success is "don't crowd the boilers" — to use the common ex- pression. In some establishments in the business district the engineer has to do duty as stoker, — do his own firing ; he has also charge of the elevator, and the steam-heating, and of other business ; if any- thing occurs in any part of the building he is sent for to" fix things :" leaving his post to go to the top story, perhaps, without knowing when he shall return, he crowds his furnace full of coal, with the result of sending a dense volume of smoke out of the chimney. These observations show that there are many instances where good apparatus does not prevent smoke, while the same device works perfectly in other cases. The causes are verj- evident : inadequate chimney capacit}', inferior coal, imperfect and faulty setting of the boiler, or careless management of fires: here again there is evidence that unless all details are properly arranged, and the fires carefullj'^ attended to. — in short, unless there is careful and judicious management of the whole plant, smoke will be apparent. There were expressions, in some cases, of ill-feeling with regard to the prosecutions by the city authorities, but, on the other hand, the infliction of a fine has often, confessedly, done good. Every tug, and nearly every locomotive engine observed, was belching forth great volumes of intensely black smoke ; the exceptions were on the Illinois Central suburban trains : on inquiry it was found that this Company uses bituminous coal ; but the nuisance was, in their case, much less than on other locomotives, owing to careful firing. A number of tugs have steam jets in their smoke-stacks, which helps to some extent : that careful firing is the best remedy was demonstrated on the trips made, the same tugs were very offensive before and after the trips. The difficulties to be overcome on tugs and locomotives are greater than in the case of stationary boilers. May 17. Trip on engine No. 93, Wisconsin Central Railwaj', — accompanied b}' the inventor of the device attached thereto, W. C. Thayer. The trip from Chicago to Harlem and return was made without any visible smoke issuing from the stack of the engine, except once, when upon the suggestion of your examiner, the valves leading to the consumer were closed, whereupon dense volumes of black smoke instantl}- issued from the stack, to be just as quickly dispelled bj' again opening the steam valves. Observa- tions were made on the following day, and another trip was made as a passenger, unknown to anybody, to see if the device would show equally good results, and it was found to work just as perfectly, as when the writer rode on the engine. There seems to be no further excuse for so much black smoke from locomotive engines in the city of Chicago, while there is such a simple, inexpensive and efficient device within the reach of all, and it would seem that the adoption of this cannot be urged any too strongly, especially as a considerable saving of fuel is said to be effected by its use. The same device is suited to tug furnaces. -II — w o 3 o W o lO O O lO CO '?•! 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J^-in. 8-ft. 2M-in. 2400 ft 8-ft. 8-ft. %-m. 2450 ft 8-ft. 3-in. Sides of tunnel are wet. The Engi- neer says there are sand pockets behind them. 8-ft. >^-in. 7-ft. lli^-in. 8-ft. 1-in. 8-ft. %-in. 8-ft. Sg-ia- 8-ft. M-in. 2-in. 4-in. l>^-in. 2-in. 8-lt. 1-in. 7-ft. 11-in. 8-ft. >^-in. 7-ft.ll3^-in. !^-in. i^-in. M-in. S^-in. 2500-ft. E. 2600- ft... 2700-ft... 2800-ft... 2900-ft... 3000-ft . . . 3100-ft . . . 3200-ft... 3300- ft... 3400-f t . . . 3500-ft... 3600-ft... 3700-ft... Station 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 3,758 E. 1-in. '8 -in. l^g-in. 2-in. IJs-in. ^-in. 8-ft. J)^-in. 8-ft. 1-in. 8-ft. 2i.^in. 8-ft. 2>|-in. 8-ft. 2-in. 8-ft. 2J^-in. 8-ft. 2-in. 8-ft. 1-in. 8-ft. 2-in. 8-ft. 1-in. 8-ft. 21^-in. 8-ft. 1%-in. 8-ft. li^-in. of Hovne avenue shaft is station 2,626 W. of Carroll ave- nue. Station W. of Carroll ave. 2600-ft. W... 7-ft. lli^-in. 2500-ft 8-ft. Sg-in. 2400-ft 8-ft. )4-in. 2300-ft 8-ft. )^-in. 2200-ft 8-ft. 14-in. 2000-ft 8-ft. 3;i-in. 1900-ft 7-ft. 11-iu. 8-ft. 8-ft. 34-in. 8-ft. x^8-in- 8-ft. 2=*8-in 8-ft. ■5g-in. 8-ft. i.<-in. 8-ft. 2-in. Station. Station W. Carroll ave. 1700-ft. W.. 1600-ft 1.500- ft 1400-ft 1300-ft 1200 ft 1100- ft 1000-ft 900-ft 800-ft 700-ft 600-ft 500- ft 400-ft 300-ft 200-ft 100-ft W. side Carroll ave. shaft E. from Carroll ave. shaft at E. side 100-ft. E.. 200-ft 300-ft 400-ft 500 ft GOO-ft 800-ft ■ 900-ft 1000-ft 1100-ft..... 1200-ft 1300-ft 1400-ft 1500-ft 1600-ft 1800-ft 1900-ft 2000-ft 2100-ft 2200-ft 2300-ft 2400-ft 2500-ft 2700-ft W. side C reeu St. shaft E.end of Section 3 . . . M-in- Width. 8-ft. 8-ft. 1-in. 8-ft. M-in- 7-ft. ll^-in- 8-ft. 8-ft. _ 8-ft. i^-in. 8-ft. M-in- 8-ft. M-in. 7-ft. 11-in. 8-ft. 8-ft. 1^-in. 8-ft. 1-in. 8-ft. 8-ft. %-ia. 8-ft. %-\n. 8-ft. 2-in. Height. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. IK-in- 13^-in. ^-in. %-in. 1-in. J^-in. 4>i-in. IJ^-in. IM-iQ- 2%-\n. ISg-in. IM-in. 8-ft. 1-in. 8-ft. l^g-in- 8-ft. 8-ft. 8ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 7-ft. 7-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 7-ft. 8-ft. 7-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 8-ft. 7-ft. 8-ft. 7-ft. 1-in. i^-in. M-in. ,^8-in- ll?8-in. 11% in. 3^-in. M-in. 1-in. J^-in. 5.8-in. 11^8 -in. Sg-in. %-ui. 3^-in. 3^-in. %-in. 1138-in. M-in. 11^-in. %-m. 8-ft. ISg'-in. 7-ft.lli8-in. 8-ft. 2i4-in. 8-ft. 2}^-in. 8-ft. 2^-in. 8-ft. 114-in. 8-ft. lig-in- 8-ft. ^-in. 8-ft. 7-ft.ll38-in. 8-ft. 21^-in 8-ft. " " 8-ft. 1-in. 8-ft. 8-ft. 1-in. 8-ft. 8-ft. ^-in. 8-ft. i^-in. 8-ft. 2i|-in. 8-ft. Sg-in. 8-ft. ii^-in. 8-ft. 3^-in. 8-ft. 1^-in. 7-ft.ll34-in. 8-ft. 8-ft. M-in. 8-ft. ^s'-in- The above table shows that from Hoyne avenue shaft east for 800 feet the inside of the tunnel is only about 7 feet 4 inches wide and about 7 feet 2 inches high. 10 The following letter from Mr. Joseph Downey, Commissioner of Public Works, gives the reason and states the effect which it is sup- posed this diminution of size will have on the flow of water through the tunnel. It seems to cover the case fully : March 3, 1897. " Messrs. George C. Prtjssing and S. S. Greeley, 822 Chicago Opera House Block, Chicago. '■'■Gentlemen: — Referring to yours of the 2d inst. with reference to the new water tunnels now being constructed by the city of Chicago, and which you as a com- mittee representing the Citizens' Association have been inspecting, I beg leave to state that soon after entering upon my duties as Commissioner of Public Works I made an inspection of the new tunnel work, and on this tour of inspection I found places where the workmanship appeared to be unsatisfactory. I caused a number of holes to be cut through the brickwork of the tunnel. This revealed the fact that on Section 2 for a distance of about 800 feet east of Hoyne avenue shaft, although the lining showed the required three rings of brick, there was an insuf- ficiency of mortar. I was informed by the engineers in charge of the work that this stretch of tunnel had been constructed through a soil abounding in water- bearing quicksand pockets, causing a continuous inflow of water, which washed the mortar from between the bricks as soon as laid. " To tear out this part of the tunnel and reconstruct it would be rather risky un- der the circumstances, and I therefore concluded that to line that part of the tunnel with an extra ring of brick laid in Portland cement, after investigating the effect of such a reduction of area, would be the best mode of remedying this de- fect, and I so ordered. " The total friction head at the proposed pumping station when pumping 80,000,- 000 gallons per 24 hours, or the maximum capacity, if the main tunnel has a diameter of 10 feet and the branch tunnel has a diameter of 8 feet, is 19.31 feet, or, allowing 6 feet for fluctuations in the lake, 25.31 feet. " If the main tunnel is 10 feet and the branch tunnel is 8 feet, with the ex- ception of 800 feet which has been reduced to 73^ feet diameter, the total friction head when pumping 80,000,000 gallons per day is 19.48 feet, and, allowing 6 feet for fluctuations, 25.48 feet, or ah excess of 25.48 feet— 25.31, or only 0.17 feet — which, compared with the total head, is comparatively nothing. " Had the whole length of the branch tunnel been reduced to 7)^ feet diameter the head would be 30.51 feet. " Trusting this explanation is satisfactory, I am, yours very truly, Joseph Downey, Commissioner of Public Works." Throughout the whole length of Section 2 the water stood from 6 inches to 16 inches deep. Most of it probably came from the rock excavation just west of the Hoyne avenue shaft. There are in some places irregularities of contour, though most of it is practically cylindrical. 11 The courses of brick are irregular, sliowiug poor workmansliip. As a whole the work on section 2 seems inferior to that on the other sections. The engineers and the contractor concur in stating that great difticulty was met in bad ground, with frequent and extensive pockets of sand, loam and water. We believe that this section would have been better built had the specifications been carefully followed, in the selection of brick, in "laying them fair and smooth to line, and to a true and cylindrical form," and especially if the contractor had "provided a complete plant for the use of compressad air," as required by his contract. For most of its length the width of the tunnel is 8 feet, or a little over ; only a small part of it is 8 feet 2 inches high, lacking gen- erally about 2 inches of the proper height. At the Green street shaft, the east end of Section 2, Messrs. Erick- son and Anderson, engineers, and Mr. Duffy, contractor for Section 2, left us, and we proceeded easterly on Section 1, in company with Mi'. J. H. Spangler, engineer, and a superintendent in charge for Messrs. FitzSimons & Connell, contractors. The followinof table shows the horizontal and vertical inside diameters: Table of Inside Diameters on Section 2. Widtli. Height. Station. W. from Kingsburv E. side of' Green st. shaft 2100 ft. W. of K 10-ft. 10-ft. 2000-ft. . . . 9-ft. 113^-in. 10-ft. 1900-ft 10-ft. 10-ft. 1800-ft 10-ft. i^-in. 10-ft. 1700-ft 10-ft. 10-ft. 1600-ft 9-ft. 1114-iu. 10-ft. 1500-ft 9-ft. 11-iu. 10 ft. 1400-ft 9 ft. 11-in. 10-ft. 1300-ft 9-ft. 1 1 3^-in. 10-ft. 2-in. 1200-ft 9-ft. 1114-in. 10-ft. 1 in. 1100-ft 9-ft. lia^'-in. 10-ft. 1000-ft 9-ft. lO-^-in. 10-ft. 900-ft 9-ft. lOig'-in. 10-ft. 800-ft 9-ft. 1114-in. 10-ft. 600-ft 10-ft. 400-ft 10-ft. 1-iQ. 10-ft. 1-in 10-ft. 1-in. 2-m. 1-in. 3^-in. li^-in. IH-in- 2-in. 1-in. 1-in. 1-in. Width. Height. Station. E. from KinfiSbiirvst. 75-ft. E. . 10-ft. A tight plank 200-f t 9-f t. 1 1 84 -in. fl o o r and 400-ft 10-ft. fio-in. tracks pre- 800-ft. . . . . 10-ft. 1-in. vented m 1000-ft. . . .. 10-ft. uremeut 1200-ft. . . . . 10-ft. height. 1500-ft. . . . . 10-ft. i4-m. 1800-ft. . . .. 10-ft. %-m. 2000-ft. . . . . 10-ft. 2200-ft. . . .. 10-ft. K-in. 2400-ft. . . .. 10-ft. 1-in. 2600-ft. . . .. 10-ft. i^-in. 2800-ft. . . .. 10-ft. 8000- ft... . . 10-ft. ^-in. 3200-ft. . . . . 10-ft. 3100-ft. . . .. 10-ft. M-in. of East end of drift. 12 Portions of that part west of Kingsbury street shaft fall some- what short of the prescribed width and height. Evidently greater care has been taken in construction and better mechanics employed than on Section 2. We were so well satisfied, from the regularity of contour of the tunnel, that the height is as called for, that we did not take up the floor where laid, so as to measure the height. At the east end of the drift, Avhere the thickness of the arch could be seen, we found it to be four rings thick, and properly laid. In the afternoon of March 1st, guided by Mr. Spangler, engineer in charge, we examined the two pieces of tunnel now built on Sec- tion 3 — one at the Potomac avenue shaft, the other at Keith street shaft. Table of Inside Diameters on Section 3. station. Width. E from Potomac av. ^ . at E. side.... 8-ft. 100-ft. E... 8-ft. E. end of arch. W. from Keitli St. sliaft. W. side of sliaft 8-it. 100-ft. W.. 8-ft. 200-ft 8-ft. 300-ft 8-ft. 400-ft 8-ft. 500-ft 8-ft. 600-ft 8-ft. 700-ft 8-ft. 800-ft 8-ft. M-in. D. n. D. n. n. n. n. n. n. 858-ft is W. end of arch. Heiglit. Station. W. from Potomac av. Width. Height 8-ft. 2-in. 100-ft.W.. 8-ft. li^-in. 8-ft. li^-in. 8-ft. 2-in. 200-ft 8-ft. W. end of arch. E.from Keitl I St. shaft. E.side of sliaft 8-ft. 1-in. 100-ft. E . 8-ft. i^-in. 200-ft . . . 8-ft. %-\n. 300-ft . . . 8-ft. i^-in. 400-ft... 8-ft. l>^-in. 500-ft... 8-ft. >^-in. 600-ft... 8-ft. %-in. 700-ft... 8-ft. 1-in. 800-ft... 8-ft. }i-\n. 900ft... 8-ft. 1000-ft... 8-ft. %-\n. 1100-ft... 8-ft. %-in. 1180-ft... 8-ft. i^-in. We found nothing specially to criticise in the work on this section. On the morning of March 2d, we examined Section 4, or the Lake Water Tunnel, extending easterly and westerly from the shaft in the line, extended, of Oak street, and about 1,100 feet east of Lake Shore Drive. We were accompanied by Mr. Erickson, Assistant Engineer, and Mi'. Inness, Superintendent for Messrs. FitzSimons !^ I f^ 4 '^ o UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ^^/*/* RO University of California SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 • Box 951388 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed. 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