TN A3 iliiiiiiiH^^ H |l)!l( ir illl M II H II W I M II|l ^ ! nl ' 1 if 1 ■ ■ I !ii ' ' ! THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS LIBRARY OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 8—1577 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO FLETCHER HA^IILTON State Mineralogist San Francisco] BULLETIN No. 71 [August, 1916 COMPUMENTS OF F. MCN. HAMELTON STATE MInPP ^UOCaSJ California Mineral Production for 1915 WITH MINING LAW APPENDIX AND COUNTY MAPS By WALTER W. BRADLEY, Mining Statistician California State Printing Office 191G 25«7 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOIWIA. DAVIS TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pnge INTRODUCTION 5 Chapter I. SUMMARY OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRY IN CALIFORNIA DURING THE YEAR OF 1915 7 TABULATION OF THE MINERAL PRODUCTION FOR 1915, AMOUNT AND VALUE S TABLE SHOWING COMPARATIVE VALUE OF MINERAL PRODUCTION, 1914, 1915 9 TABLE SHOWING COMPARATIVE MINERAL PRODUCTION OF THE VARIOUS COUNTIES IN CALIFORNIA P'OR 1914, 1915 10 Chapter II. FUELS (HYDROCARBONS) — Introductory 11 Coal 1 1 Natural Gas 12 Petroleum 14 Chapter III. METALS — . Introductory 22 Aluminum 23 Antimony 23 Copper 23 Gold 25 Iridium. (See Platinum.) Iron 28 Lead 29 Manganese 30 Molybdenum 31 Nickel 32 Osmium 32 Palladium 32 Platinum 32 Quicksilver 33 Silver 35 Tin 37 Tungsten 37 Vanadium _ 38 Zinc 39 Chapter IV. STRUCTURAL MATERIALS — Introductory 40 Asphalt 41 BiTU.MiNous Rock 41 Brick and Tile 42 Cement ! 44 Chrome 45 Lime 46 Magnesite 47 Marble 54 Onyx and Travertine 54 Sandstone 55 Serpentine 55 Slate 56 Stone — Miscellaneous 57 Chapter V. INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS— Introductory 63 Asbestos 64 Barytes 66 Clay — Pottery 67 Dolomite 68 Feldspar 69 Fuller's Earth 69 Gems 70 Graphite 71 Gypsum 72 Infusorial Earth 73 Limestone 74 LiTHIA 75 Mica 75 Mineral Paint • 76 Mineral Water 76 Phosphates 77 Pumice and Volcanic Ash 77 Pyrite 78 Silica — Sand and Quartz 79 Soapstone or Talc SO Strontium 81 Sulphur 81 91577 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Chapter VI. SALINES — rase Introductory 82 BORAX 82 Magnesia 83 Nitrates 8:{ Potash 84 Salt 84 Soda 85 Chapter VII. MINERAL PRODUCTION OF CALIFORNIA BY COUNTIES. INTRODUCTORY 87 ALAMEDA 88 ALPINE 89 Amador 8!> Butte 90 Calaveras 90 Colusa 91 Contra Costa 91 Del Norte 92 El Dorado 92 Fresno 33 Glenn 94 Humboldt 94 Imperial 95 Inyo 95 Kern 96 Kings 97 Lake 97 Lassen 9S Los Angeles 9S Madera 99 Marin 90 Mariposa 100 Mendocino 100 Merced 101 Modoc 101 Mono 102 Monterey 102 Napa 1«13 Nevada 103 Orange 104 Placer 104 Plumas 105 Riverside 106 Sacramento 106 San Benito 107 San Bernardino 107 San Diego lOS San Francisco 109 San Joaquin 109 San Luis Obispo lOi San Mateo 110 Sant.a. Barbara 110 Santa Clara 111 Santa Cruz 112 Shasta 112 Sierra 113 Siskiyou 113 Solano 114 Sonoma 115 Stanislaus 115 Sutter 116 Tehama 116 Trinity 116 Tulare 117 Tuolumne 117 Ventura 118 Yolo 119 Yuba 119 Chapter VIII. appendix. MINING LAWS — OF California 120 Federal 155 PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATE MINING BURE.\U 168 COUNTY MAPS 171 INDEX 191 ILLUSTRATIONS. Museum of State Mivino Bureau FrontispiefP Shaft Furnace of Western Magnestte Deatilopment Company 48 Rotary Kiln of Sonoma Magnesite Company 49 Grinding Mill Pebbles on Beach at Bird Rock 59 LETTER OF INTRODUCTION. The Bulletin herewith presented of the mineral industries of Cali- fornia is the result of a painstaking effort to so compile the statistics of production that they will be of actual iLse to producers and to those interested in the utilization of the mineral products of our state. In addition to the mere figures of output, we have included descriptions of the uses and characteristics of many of the materials, as well as a brief mention of their occurrences. The compilation of accurate and dependable figures is an extremely difficult undertaking, and the State Mineralogist takes the opportunity of here expressing his appreciation of the universal co-operation of the producers in making this work possible. The response to our request for early replies is particularly pleasing. A fuller appreciation of the value of early responses to the requests sent out at the beginning of each year, will result in earlier publication of the data in the future. It is the evidence herein put forth that should make us realize the magnitude of our latent mineral resources in this state. The total value for 1915 reached the sum of over ninetj'-six and a half million dollars, being a considerable increase over the preceding year. For the current year of 1916, there is promise of still greater results in many lines. Except for the year 1883, the gold yield for 1915 was the largest California has shown since 1864. In addition to this, many inquiries are being received relative to this state's resources in the industrial minerals, .such as asbestos, chrome, magne.site, manganese and many others. Fletcher Hamilton, State Mineralogist. MINERAL INDUSTRY, CALIFORNIA, 1915 DATA COMPILED FROM DIRECT RETURNS FROM PRODUCERS IN ANSWER TO INQUIRIES SENT OUT BY CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU, FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. CHAPTER ONE. Mineral output in California during the year 1915 amounted to $96,663,369 worth of crude materials. There were forty-nine different mineral substances, and of the fifty-eight counties in the state all but two contributed some mineral product. As compared with the 1914 output, the two notable features are the almost startling increases in some of the metals, and the decrease in petroleum, both in quantity and total value. The result, however, is a net increa.se in the grand total value, of $3,348,596 over the 1914 total. Of the metals : Antimony again entered the active list after an absence of several years. Copper increased over 10,000,000 pounds in amount and $3,114,192 in value. Gold increased $1,788,800. Quick- silver increased about 25% in amount and more than doubled in value. Tungsten increased from a value of $180,575 to $1,005,467. Zinc in- creased from 399,641 pounds, worth $20,381, to 13,043,411 pounds valued at $1,617,383. Petroleum decreased approximately 12,000,000 barrels in amount, but the average price per barrel was slightly higher, so that the net result was a decrease in value of $3,983,272. The figures of the State Mining Bureau are made up from reports made by the producers of the various minerals. Care is exercised in avoiding duplication, and any error is doubtless upon the side of under- estimation. It would be folly to attempt to set a limit of maximum mineral pro- duction for California, because the mineral resources are so extensive and have been so slightly developed along many lines. California yields commercially a greater number and variety of mineral products than any other state in the United States; and possesses latent possibilities in other items as yet undeveloped. The total annual value of her output is surpassed by but four other states — they being the great coal and iron producers of east of the Mississippi 8 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. River. Of several items, including borax, chrome and magnesite, Cali- fornia is the sole producer. For several years we have been leading all others in gold, petroleum, platinum and tungsten; but surpassed in 1915, for the first time in petroleum by Oklahoma. The following table shows the yield of mineral substances of Cali- fornia for 1915, as compiled from the returns received at the State Mining Bureau, San Francisco, in answer to inquiries sent to producers : Substance Amount Value Antimony ore Asbestos Barytes Bituminous rock Borax Brick Cement Ohromite Clay — pottery ... Coal Copper Dolomite Feldspar Puller's earth Gems Gold Gypsum Infusorial earth Iron ore Lead Lime Limestone Lithia Magnesite Manganese ore Marble Mineral paint Mineral water Natural gas Petroleum Platinum Potash Pumice Pyrite Quicksilver Salt Sandstone Silica (sand and quartz). Silver Slate Soapstone and talc Soda Stone, miscellaneous* ._. Tungsten concentrates . Zinc 510 143 410 17,789 67,004 180.538 4,918.275 3.725 157.866 10.299 40,968,966 4.192 1.800 692 tons tons tons tons tons M bbls. tons tons tons lbs. tons tons tons 20,200 12,400 724 4,796.299 356.534 146,324 91 30,721 4.013 22,186 311 2.274.267 21,992,892 91,146,620 667 1,076 380 92,462 14,199 169,028 63,350 28,904 tons tons tons lbs. bbls. tons tons tons tons cu. ft. tons gals. M cu. ft. bbls. ounces tons tons tons flasks tons cu. ft. tons 1,000 squares 1.663 tons 5,799 tons 962 tons 13,043,411 lbs. $35,666 2,860 620 61,468 1,663.521 1,678.756 6,044,950 38,044 133,724 26,662 7,169,567 14,. 504 9,000 4,002 3,565 22,442.296 48,953 62,000 2,584 225.426 286.304 156.288 1.365 283.461 49,098 41,518 1.756 467,738 1,706.480 43,503,837 21.149 19,391 6,400 293,148 L157,449 368,737 8,438 34,322 851,129 5,000 14,750 83,485 5,011,108 1,005,467 1,617,383 Total value $96,663,369 •Includes granite, macadam, rubble, paving blocks, sand and grarel, and grinding mill pebbles. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. The following table shows the comparative values of the several minerals produced in California during the years 1914 and 1915: Substance 1014 1915 Increase Decrease Antimony ore Asbestos ._ Barytes Bituminous rock Borax Brick Cement Oliromite Clay— pottery Coal Copper Dolomite Feldspar 16,565 Fuller's earth 5,928 Gems 3,970 Gold 20,653,496 $1,530 3.000 166.618 1,483,500 2.288.227 6,558,148 9,434 167.552 28,806 4,055,375 Gypsum Infusorial earth Iron ore Lead Lime Limestone Lithia Magnesite Manganese ore Marble Mineral paint Mineral water Natural gas Petroleum Platinum Potash Pumice Pyrite Quicksilver Salt Sandstone Silica (sand and quartz). Silver Slate Soapstone and talc Soda Stone, miscellaneous Tungsten concentrates .. Zinc 78,375 80,350 5,128 183,198 378,663 517,713 114,380 1,500 48,832 847 476,169 1,049,470 47,487,109 14,816 460 1,000 230,058 557,846 583,553 45,322 22,688 813.938 4,500 115.396 4,860,357 180,575 20,381 Totals $93,314,773 Net increase ' $35,666 2,860 620 61,468 1,663,521 1,678,756 6,044,950 38,044 133,724 26.662 7,169.567 14,504 9,000 4,002 3,565 22,442,296 48.953 62.000 2,584 225,426 286.304 156,288 1,365 283.461 49.098 41.518 1.756 467,738 1,706,480 43,503,837 21,149 19,391 6,400 293.148 1.157,449 368,737 8,438 34.322 851,129 5,000 14,750 83,485 5,011.108 1,005.467 1,617,383 $35,666 1.330 $2 380 105,150 180,021 609,471 513,198 28,610 33,828 2,144 3,114,192 14,504 7,565 1,926 405 1,788,800 29,422 18,350 2,544 42,228 92,359 361,425 1,365 169,081 47,598 7,314 909 8,431 657,010 3,983,272 6,333 18,931 .=5.400 63,090 599,603 11,634 37,191 5,000 10,250 214,816 36,884 150,751 824,892 1,597,002 31,911 $96,663,369 $3,348,596 2—25437 10 MINERAL INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. The following table shows the comparative value of the mineral pro- duction of the various counties in the state for the years 1914 and 1915 : County 1914 1915 Alameda $870,427 $861,683 Alpine Amador Butte Calaveras Colusa Contra Costa ._ Del Norte El Dorado Fresno Glenn Humboldt Imperial Inyo Kern Kings Lake Lassen Los Angeles Madera Marin Mariposa Mendocino Merced Modoc Mono Monterey Napa Nevada Orange Placer Plumas Eiverside Sacramento San Benito Bernardino . Diego Francisco .. Joaquin Luis Obispo. Mateo Santa Barbara ._ Santa Clara Santa Cruz Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Stanislaus Sutter San San San San San San Tehama Trinity Tulare Tuolumne Ventura Yolo Yuba Asbestos, unapportioned Totals 3.211.109 1,755,782 2,005,954 32,251 1,149,321 5,938 149.226 7,484,473 30,553 233,3,32 250,529 2,085,112 28,040,296 740 63.503 4,568 4,665,504 203,009 554,137 187,505 560 411,701 1,252 16,060 114,254 971,748 3,330,^0 8,831,763 1,097,098 161,308 1,580,805 2,629,244 436,259 1,616,537 315,267 119.889 129.930 63,465 246.478 2,686,309 266.956 1,642.958 5.047.838 725.129 385.825 1,683,866 326,144 ^5,882 300 747.282 161.252 1.050.928 1,000.729 736 2.823.282 1.530 4.063,762 1,622,245 2,161,893 16,003 1,309,505 4,524 428.336 8,152.300 46,667 358,686 77,433 2,771,042 25,335,184 18,608 72,534 870 4,168,612 145,063 160,528 412,326 24,536 94,032 8,681 109,425 84,986 884,221 3,492,946 6,617,112 963,860 745,715 1.349,591 2,562,281 642,065 2.674,042 211.129 128,270 248,394 227,632 177,891 3,984,966 635,229 1,581,531 8.350,133 729,518 514,094 1,335,923 276,104 191,771 4,702 499,511 184,599 1.171,438 904,767 2,040 2,862.430 $93,314,773 $96,663,369 ^Includes output of a gold dredge in Stanislaus County. ^See Merced. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 11 CHAPTER TWO. FUELS. Among the most important mineral products of California are its fuels. Tliis subdivision includes coal, natural gas and petroleum, the combined values of which make up approximately 50 per cent of the state's entire mineral industry. Comparison of values during 1914 and 1915 is shown in the following table : Substance 19H 1915 Increa3e+ Decrease- Coal $28,806 1,049,470 47,487,109 $26,662 1,706,480 43,503,837 $2,141— Natural gas ... 657,010+ Petroleum 3,983,272— Totals s«48,565,385 $45,236,979 $3,328,406— COAL. Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports VII, XII, XIII. Coal has been produced in California since as early as 1860, but the quality is not high, most of it being lignite. In competition with fuel- oil, coal of all grades has had to give w^ay, and the low-grade domestic product has suffered severely. Besides the counties noted below as showing a commercial production, workable bodies of coal are also known in Mendocino, Shasta, Siskiyou and Riverside counties. During 1915, there was a production reported from Amador, Contra Costa and ]\Ionterey counties, totaling 10,299 tons, worth $26,662, most of it, however, coming from Amador and Monterey. Since 1887, the annual output of coal has been as follows : Tear Tons Value Year Tons Value 1887 I 50,000 1888 ' 95,000 1889 121,280 1890 110,711 1891 93,301 1892 I 85,178 1893 : 72.603 1894 59,887 1895 79,858 1896 70,649 1897 87,449 1898 143,045 1899 160,941 1900 176,956 1901 150,724 1902 88,460 $150,000 380,000 288,232 283,019 204,902 209,711 167,555 139,862 193,790 161,335 196,255 337,475 420,109 535,531 401,772 248,622 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 93,026 79,062 46,500 24,850 23,734 18,496 49,389 11,033 11,047 14,484 25,198 11,859 10,299 $265,383 376,494 144,500 61,600 55,849 55,503 216,913 23,484 18,297 39,092 85,809 28.806 26,662 Totals 2.065,019 $5,716,562 12 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. NATURAL GAS. Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports VII, X, XII. Bulletins 3, 16, 19, 69. Statistics on the production of natural gas in California are largely guesswork, though each j^ear becoming less so, as more data are avail- able. The figures here given are certainly far below the actual produc- tion, particularly in the six oil-producing counties. It is an exceptional oil property where gas in some quantity does not occur. Many oil producing concerns make no mention of their gas, because they have no method of measuring it, and it is so widely used in the oil fields that it is frequently as lightly regarded as sunshine or fresh air. Doubtless, considerable gas is Avasted, but a sweeping condemnation of operators should not be indulged in. It must be remembered that several of our important oil fields are removed many miles from the site of any other industry, and that the gathering of small amounts of gas and transporting it for any considerable distance, may not always be profitable. However, it is undoubtedly a fact that greater saving can frequently be made with profit. Gas traps of various size and design are coming into more frequent use. Some large operators are making commendable efforts to conserve the gas which accompanies oil and is richer than the so-called "dry gas" occurring in strata which do not produce oil. As far as possible, casing-head gas is used in driving gas engines for pumping and drilling. It will be noted that several counties produce gas which is not accompanied by oil. The value of gas as here shown is open to some question, but is certainly not too high. The average price is about 6^ per 1,000 cubic feet. Approximately 7,000 cu. ft. of gas is equal to one barrel of oil in heating value, and is so accounted for by many operators. In driving gas engines, about 4,000 cu. ft. per 24 hr. are consumed by a 25 h.p. engine, which figure has been used in compiling this report. Natural Gas, 1915. County M cubic feet Value Fresno 2,894,834 ! $253,906 Kern 12,163,461 737,638 Kings— 258 608 Los Angeles 1,729,035 120,783 Orange 1,243,301 81,753 San Joaquin 161,923 143,974 Santa Barbara 3,193,368 279,697 Ventura 491,879 i 29,670 Humboldt, Sacramento and Solano* 114,833 ' 58,451 Totals 21,992,892 $1,706,480 •Combined to conceal an individual producer in each. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 13 The annual production of natural gas in California since 1888 is as follows : Tear Value Tear Value 1888 $10,000 19a3 $74,237 1889 - - 12.680 1904 33.000 1905 30,000 inofi ^ 91,035 1890 102.479 1891 109,489 1892 55,000 68,500 79.072 112,000 111,457 62,657 74.424 95,000 34,578 92,034 99,443 1907 114,759 1893 1908 . .-- -. 474,584 1894 1909 616,932 1895 1910 1911 . 1,676,367 1896 491,859 1897 1912 1913 1914 1915 .. 940,076 1898- 1,053,292 1899 1,049,470 1900 1,706,480 1901 Total 1902 $9,470,904 Gasoline from Natural Gas. As above indicated, more or less gas usually accompanies the petrol- eum in the oil fields. A number of plants are in operation manu- facturing gasoline by compression from this "casinghead gas." This subject was investigated recently by the U. S. Bureau of INIines and the U. S. Geological Survey, and described in considerable detail by G. A. Burrell et al./ and J. D. Northrup.- A valuable article also appeared in one of the trade journals.-' Upon the enlargement of its engineering force, in the near future, the Department of Petroleum and Gas, of the State Mining Bureau, intends to conduct a more detailed investiga- tion of natural gas production with the idea of being able to point out means of more economical use of this splendid natural resource. The largest natural gas field of commercial importance thus far developed in California is in the IMidway district, followed by Santa Barbara, Los Angeles and Orange counties, in the order named. The Southern California Gas Company operates a 12-inch pipe line from the Midway field, a distance of 107 miles, to Los Angeles, where it supplies gas to local distributing companies. The California Natural Gas Company supplies gas to consumers in the Midway field and to local distributing companies at Fellows, Taft, Maricopa and Baker.sfield. The Santa j\Iaria Gas and Power Company distributes gas around Santa Maria, from wells in the neighboring oil fields. ■U. S. Bur. of Mines, Bull. 88. =U. S. G. S., Min. Res. 1914, Pt. II, pp. 793-795; 798-800; 804-805. 'Oil & Gas Journal, Tulsa, Okla., Jan. 13, 1916, p. 62. 14 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. There were in operation in 1915 a total of 20 plants making casing- head gasoline by compression, with a total daily capacity estimated at 38,175 gallons, distributed as follows : ™ . . . Number ^«'<1 plants Gallons daily Coalinga I 1 ' 1,450 Fullerton 6 9,250 Midway 1 2.000 Santa Maria 8 19.600 Salt Lake (Los Angeles) 3 3,575 Ventura 1 2,300 Totals 20 38,175 At Santa Maria, after the gasoline is extracted, the remaining "dry gas" is taken into the pipe lines of the Santa ^Nlaria Gas and Power Company, by whom it is distributed to consumers, both domestic and commercial. *"There are many peculiarities in connection with the extraction of gasoline from gas that are ascertained only through the closest study. The percentage of gasoline taken from the highest grades of oil, it is natural to infer, is much greater than that taken from low grades of oil, and yet this does not always prove to be the case. Much depends upon the amount of oil produced with the relative amount of gas coming with the oil. For instance, if an oil well is a small producer of oil and a heavy gasser, the percentage of gasoline is much larger than it w'ould be from the same amount of gas coming from a large production of oil. Old wells seem to be more prolific in gasoline than new wells. "Aside from the Salt Lake field, only a small percentage of the gas coming from low-grade oil has proved to be of commercial value. This is especially true among new producing wells where the oil is of a gravity below 18 degrees. "It is stated that as a general average gas coming from grades of oil of from 22°-25°, will make from four to six quarts to the thousand feet of gas ; from 25°-29° it will average from two to three gallons per thousand feet, and above 29° it will average from three to five gallons per thousand feet. "The richest gas so far discovered in the state is that found in the old Newhall field. The wells are all very old and small producers of high-gravity oil." PETROLEUM. Bibliography: State Mineralogist Keports IV, VII, X, XII, XIII. Bulletins 3, 11, 16, 19, 31, 32, 63, 69. Chief of the fuels of California is petroleum. A complete descrip- tion of the industry is to be found in Bulletin 69, issued in 1915 by the State Mining Bureau. The oil production for California for 1915, as determined from the sworn statements made to the State Mineralogist for the Department of Petroleum and Gas, by all of the 363 producers, amounted to 88,- 240,620 barrels. This is doubtless the most accurate tigure that has ever been obtained and it is of public interest to note that it is in close agreement with the figures given to the public at an earlier date by •0. & G. Journal, loc. cit. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 15 two private concerns, namely, the Standard Oil Company and the Independent Oil Producers Agency. Private parties publishing such information perform a distinct public service, the value of which should be more generally recognized, and encouragement given to enlarge its usefulness by touching upon the quality as well as the quantity of oil produced. Of the total of 88,240,620 barrels, 33%, or 29,587,163 barrels was produced by the five large refining and marketing companies, and 16%, or 13,704,982 barrels was produced by the several large con- cerns, such as the railroad companies, who use the oil in their own service. The remaining 51%, or 44,948,475 barrels is credited to the smaller producers who usually soil the crude oil at the well. To the above amount we have added 2,906,000 barrels consumed for fuel at the wells, making a total gross output of 91,146,620 barrels, valued at $43,503,837, which is a marked decrease both in quantity and value as compared with the year 1914. The average price per barrel, however, is slightly higher, as may be noted by the table giving average prices. The major portion of the loss is due to the decrease of over 10,000,000 barrels in the output of the Midway-Sunset field. Several causes con- tributed to the decline, among which may be mentioned : Overproduction for several years previous ; the closing of South American markets, temporarily, as a result of the European war; the suits instituted and threatened by the Federal Government against operators on unpatented land ; and the elimination of the gusher wells. Segregation of figures by counties can be made directly from field reports in all cases except for Los Angeles and Orange counties, where the fields cross county lines. Figures on price are open to some ques- tion, as it must be remembered that a large portion of the oil does not enter the open market, but is consumed or refined directly by the pro- ducers. The prices given are averages for the oil which is actually sold. The business of producing oil is not so profitable as it should be. Many operators continue to drill wells when there is not a great demand, and overproduction, of course, depresses the price. Just profits and stable conditions are more nearly assured to the producer who is able to refine and retail his product. Realization of this fact is apt to lead to the formation of larger and stronger business units in the future. Doubtless, undue obstacles will not be placed in the way of such changes, if they are carried out with reasonable regard to public wel- fare. The fact can not be too strongly emphasized that our oil resources are far from inexhaustible, and that needless production ha.stens the day when we shall stand stripped of one of our most valu- able assets. Raising oil from the crround and selling it at a price too low to return the invested capital with interest, i.s about the same as draw- ing gold from a savings account and disposing of it at a discount. As 16 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. in most lines of human endeavor, some operators have entered the oil business with more thought and preparation for the future than have others. Production and Value of Oil by Counties. ^ ii County 1914 Barrels Value 1915 Barrels Value PresDO 15,952,190 Kern 65,332,633 Los Angeles 3,558,690 Orange 12,758,678 Santa Barbara 4,325,787 Santa Clara 10,000 Ventura 943,929 Totals 102,881,907 $7,210,389 26,721,046 1,957,279 8,612.108 1,989,862 5,300 991,125 14,021,025 54,810,669 2,931,098 12,715,457 5,634,534 16,617 1,017,220 $7,641,459 23,184,913 1,843,661 6,510,314 3,442,700 11,067 869,723 $47,487,109 91,146,620 $43,503,837 Average Price of Oil, by Counties, in Cents per Ba rrel. County 1914. 1915. Increase+ Decrease- Fresno 45.2^ 54.5« 42.3(J 9.3 £■5 Sea CO IM O t^ CO to 05 CO OS CO t^CO Ol go 00 lo -"J" C-l t-l 00 T-H 00 a> CO r- eo CO i-H «o eo Q CO t^ 1-1 c5 (M CO 9< lO 00 »o GO C^ 0> •>-( 00 lO f-^ CO ■'J' O ^- CO O (M Ci tH CO CO CO OS CO CO U3 00 00 (M 00 CO u3 o in kc T-l C-4 00 -tf o «o 8 ■^ CM CO ■^ IC 03 CO t-h" cT ^ lO CO CM 05 05 CO lO 00 CO CO o CD in <3» Hi 1— I o CO (■-. 05 -^ eo 00 CM OO lO i-H O 3< .— CO OJ CO O 00 00 CM OS t^ (>- CO -^ •^ CD 00 t^ CM 1^ 00 00 »0 CO Cj t--. T-l CM T-1 CM CO CM 00 CM lO OJ CO CM OO CO CO CO C-1 cc CC" of CO ^ cc oc (^ i-i CM CO O CM o C3 o id 00 O co" to CO o 00 00 C-1 s CO o co" CM 05 Oi CM 05 00 ■<»< CO o o CO T-1 6©- B .— ( 05 05 00 id 00 CO ^ CO OO 00 ^ 00 1— 1 CM 05 00 CO CO CO id CO o o CO OO n< CM 00 f- i-( CM r-l 1-1 IC CM 00 CM CO CM ■^ t^ CD i-H CM ■>3< t^ CM cp CM CM r-T CO 05 CD CM CO CO lO »-l o oT CO CM CO t^ CO CO CJ o OD cm" •^ CM lO CM CD •<* O »0 »-l CM i-H T-H in 00 no CO CO OO CO id co- co C35 lO 00 C5 CO CO lO CM CM CO CM id CO o CO 00 lO 00 »o lO OO CO C3 1— < CO CO CO 00 co- co 00 OS -q< CM od CO CD ocT 619- be ~^ c c o s « fac X5 •o a CS « o ft s o 1-1 be a a o C3 C CC bfl o o C3 a a -M — (S C3 "C - c :: '-' 5 « o o 2 T Q tX) Ml S - c '■■ S ==" a: o c S O r; c a c i III f=; CO ^ ^ ■; o c X CJ c tc o o o tn C3 O IB Q O) c 4> a O ■o c IS >» > « I ■o c n O) o SS'v s-S 2*^'t- « Cga s o! a i ■C3 eratlng st per 11 day. ollars) C §"^3 ■S 5 r well r day, icld .2 22 Ci QJ .^ *^ CD. •o c C9 m «s« O a O s Ope cost per c a e ■S '^■c a £:•"„ = V §-g2 ■< ast; 2|22 I. - - c es fc- u-r Ho.£ o-cSV o||5 (^=5-^ o St: 5 <;--^ o P< o QC VO t- a r S5S O sr 18 lime, nts) r-jcoiooscocqcqco cdo6--Ho6o>o6i-0Ot-~C<5CO •«a;cocM-fl;io-q-l T— 4 t^ t^ C-1 LO CM t^ ira eo CM ,_^ 1^ CO OJ ^— ^Y1 t^ •^ CO ■^ OO ■^ CO oi in ini— ieoinCD»-;»nin ■^ -H CO oc ci <-^ in CO inco-wco-^cooom CO 00 C-. C-1 T— o oi ci CD CM rr OO 'S' t^ 05 in £ => L >3 int-H-« C i •- I « ! o ! t; I c ; « I bfl !.'H I - > I— < I cj \^ I V I — • f-. S c2 S o m 0) -1^ 3 O o Totals 1903 63,682 $462,943 6—25437 74 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. LIMESTONE. Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports IV, XII. Bulletin 38. Limestone was produced in 10 counties during 1915, to the amount of 146,324 tons, valued at $156,288. This amount does not include the limestone used in the manufacture of cement nor of lime for building- purposes, but accounts for that utilized as a smelter flux, for sugar making, and in other chemical and manufacturing processes (including fertilizers, roofing preparations, whiting for paint, terrazzo and for CO,). The marked drop in the 1915 output as compared with the 1914 figures, is due in part to our transferring to the macadam classification a large tonnage of limestone employed as road metal ; but which in the 1914 report was classified as "industrial" limestone. Distribution of the 1915 output is as follows: County Tons Value County Tona Value Alameda Contra Costa Kern Placer .. ._ 10 11,989 1,425 1.236 68,500 5.956 $20 14,565 1,710 2,432 68,500 10,006 Santa Cruz Shasta Tulare Tuolumne 2.047 44,953 1,349 8,859 $4,873 40,945 1,888 11,349 San Bernardino Santa Barbara _ Totals 146,324 $156,288 In the early reports of this Bureau values for lime and limestone were not segregated. The following tabulation shows the total com- bined value of such material since records for the state were first compiled, in 1887, to date: Year Value Tear Value 1887 1888 1889 $368,750 381,750 416,780 350,000 300.000 300,000 301,276 337,975 457,784 332,617 291,465 278,558 343,760 315,231 434,133 460,140 1903 1904 1905 $582,268 658,956 878,647 1890 1906 925,887 1891 1907 - - . - 1,162,417 1892 1893 1894 1908 1 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 [ 1915 Total - 676,507 997,745 1,058,891 1895 843,778 1896 1,034,688 1897 803,002 1898 896,376 1899 442,592 1900 — 1901 1902 $16,631,973 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 75 LITHIA. Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports II, IV. Bulletins 38, 67. Lithia mica, lepidolite (a silicate of lithium et al.) utilized in the manufacture of artificial mineral water, fireworks, etc., was mined and sold in San Diego County during the years 1899-1905 inclusive, but there has been no commercial production since the latter date, until 1915. Some ambygonite, a lithium phosphate, has also been obtained, from pockets associated with the gem tourmalines. In 1915, the yield of lepidolite was 91 tons, valued at $1,365. The following table of analyses shows the composition of some of the lithia minerals: Analyses of Lithia Minerals." AraWygo- nlte. Pala. Cal. (per cent) Lepidolite. Pala, Cal. (per cent) Spodu- mene. Goshen, Mass. (per cent) Spodu- mene. BranchvUlc, Mass. (per cent) Lepidolite. Paris. Maine (per cent) Lithia (Li..O) Silica (SiO,) Phosphoric acid (P2O5) Alumina (ALO3) ^* Iron oxide (FeO) Potash (K,0) Soda (Xa,b) Loss on ignition, water, etc. Undetermined Lime (CaO) ALignesia (MgO) Fluorine 8.26 1.99 45.47 33.09 Trace 4.91 48.61 6.89 63.27 7.62 64.25 22.36 16.16 .38 6.28 3.56 1.35 23.73 1.17 1.45 .99 .36 27.20 .20 4.20 50.92 .39 .24 24.99 .23 11.38 2.11 1.96 .64 .11 2.02 2.05 6.29 Lithia mica total production in the state has been as follows : Year Tons Value Tear Tons Value 1899 1900 124 440 1,100 822 700 1 $4,600 11,000 27,500 ' 1904 1905 - 641 25 91 $25,000 276 1901 1915 1,365 1902 1903 31,880 1 27,300 Totals 3.943 $128,921 MICA. Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports II, IV. Bulletins 38, 67. No production of mica has recently been reported. Production in previous years has been as follows : Teat Tons Value 1902 50 50 50 $2,500 1903 . . 3,800 1904 3,000 Totals 150 $9,300 "Bulletin No. 38, p. 308. 76 MINERAL INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. MINERAL PAINT. Bihliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIII. Bulletin 38. Mineral paint, principally yellow oelire, was produced in California in 1915, from Calaveras, San Bernardino and Stanislaus counties, amounting to 311 tons, valued at $1,756. This is a little more than double the tonnage and value of 1914. Besides the above named counties, deposits of mineral paint are located in the following: Kern, Kings, Lake, Los Angeles, Nevada, Riverside, and Sonoma. The first recorded production of this material in the state was in the year 1890. Production, showing annual amount and value, to date since that time is given herewith : Year Tons Value Tear Tons Value 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 270 $1,985 1905 754 4,025 1906 250 1,720 1907 250 1,720 1908 335 2,250 1909 305 2,325 1910 200 2,040 1911 186 1.184 1912 300 1,800 1913 303 1,780 1914 132 847 1915 311 1.756 Totals 12,776 $128,720 MINERAL WATER. Bihliography: State Mineralogist Reports VI, XII, XIII. U. S. G. S., Water Supply Paper 338. A widespread production of mineral water is shown by the following table for 1915. These figures refer to mineral water actually bottled for sale, or for local consumption. Water from some of the springs having a decided medicinal value brings a price many times higher than the average shown, while in some cases the water is used merely for drinking purposes and sells for a nominal figure. Health and pleasure resorts are located at many of the springs. The waters of some of the hot springs are not suitable for drinking, but are very efficacious for bathing. From a therapeutic standpoint, California is particularly rich in mineral springs. The counterparts of practically any of the world- famed spas of Europe or the eastern United States can be found here. STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION. Commercial production, by counties, for 1915 was : 77 County Gallons Value Butte 5.000 $850 Calaveras 15,3-13 5.752 Colusa 91,480 15,003 Humboldt 2,000 500 Lake 165,130 24,371 Los Angeles 350,171 29,491 Marin 60,000 9,000 Monterey 8,200 2,050 Napa 133.387 73,535 Riverside 200,000 10,000 San Benito 1,200 300 San Bernardino ... 37,480 7,350 County San Diego San Luis Obispo Santa Barbara ._ Santa Clara Shasta Siskiyou Solano Sonoma Tehama Trinity Totals Gallons 10,350 4,500 189,026 38,400 12,000 626,680 64,200 258,600 1,000 120 Value $1,035 675 156,175 16.770 1,800 62.990 8,000 41,231 500 360 2,274,267 $467,738 Amount and value of mineral water produced in California since 1887 are given herewith Tear Gallons 1887 618,162 1888 1,112,202 1889 808.625 1890 258,722 1891 334.553 1892 331,875 1893 383,179 1894 402,275 1895 701,397 1896 808,843 1897 .... 1,508,192 1898 1,429,809 1899 1,338,537 1900 2,456,115 1901 ...-- 1.555,328 1902 1,701,142 Value Tear $144,368 252,990 252,241 89,786 139,959 162,019 90,667 184,481 291,500 337,434 345,863 213,817 406,691 268,607 559,057 612,477 1903 1901 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Totals Gallons Value 2,056,340 $558,201 2,430,320 496,946 2,194,150 538,700 1,585,690 478,186 2,924,269 544,016 2,789,715 560,507 2.449,834 465,488 2.335.259 522,009 2,637,669 590.654 2,497,794 529,384 2,350,792 599,748 2,443,572 476.169 2,274,267 467,733 46,718,627 $11,179,703 PHOSPHATES. Bihliograpliy : Bulletin 67. No commercial production of phosphates has been recorded from Cali- fornia, though occasional pockets of the lithia phosphate, amblygonite, Li(AlF)P04, have been found associated with the gem tourmaline deposits in San Diego County. Such production has been classified under lithia. PUMICE and VOLCANIC ASH. Bibliography : State Mineralogist Report XII (see "Tufa"). Bulletin 38. The production of pumice and volcanic ash for the year 1915 amounted to 380 tons, valued at $6,400, and came from Imperial, Inyo 78 MINERAL INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. and Madera counties. The material from Imperial County is the vesicu- lar, block pumice, this being practically the only locality in the United States producing this class of rock at the present time ; and is stated to have found a ready market. The Lipari Islands, Italy, have in the past been the principal source of supply of block pumice, but now largely shut off owing to the European war. There are other known deposits of such pumice in California, in Inyo, Madera, Mono and Siskiyou counties, but not at present utilized. The material shipped from Inyo and Madera counties in 1915 was the fine-grained, volcanic ash of tuff variety. It is employed in making scouring soaps and polishing powders. Commercial production of pumice in California was first reported to the State Mining Bureau in 1909, then not again until 1912, since which year there has been a small annual output, as indicated by the following table : Tear Tons Value Tear Tons Value 1909 50 $500 1914 50 380 $1,000 1910 1915 Totals — - -- 6,400 1911 1912 1913 100 3,590 2,500 4,500 4,170 $14,900 PYRITE. Bibliography : Bulletin 38. Pyrite is extensively mined in several places, and used in the manu- facture of sulphuric acid. Two properties in Alameda County and one in Shasta report a total production in 1915 of 92,462 tons, valued at $293,148. This does not include the vast quantities of pyrite which are other- wise treated for their valuable metal contents. The total production in California to date is as follows : Year Tons Value Tear Tons Value 1898 —J 6,000 1899 — 5,400 1900 3,642 1901 4,578 1902 I 17,525 1903 24,311 1904 15,043 1905 I 15,503 1906 j 46,689 1907 82,270 $30,000 28,620 21,133 18,429 60,306 94,000 62,992 63,958 145,895 251,774 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Totals 107,081 457,867 42,621 54,225 69,872 79,000 79,267 92,462 $610,335 1,389.802 179,862 182,954 203,470 218,537 230,058 293,148 1,203,356 $4,085,273 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 79 SILICA— SAND AND QUARTZ. Bihliograpliy : State Mineralogist Report IX. Bulletins 38, 67. We have combined these materials in the present report, because of the overlapping roles of vein quartz which is mined for use in glass making and as an abrasive, and that of silica sand which, although mainly utilized in glass manufacture, also serves as an abrasive. It is expected that a certain tonnage of vein quartz will be employed before the end of the current year in the preparation of ferro-silicon and silico-manganese by the electric furnace. The production of silica in 1915 amounted to 28,904 tons, valued at $34,322, from four properties in Amador County, and one each in Calaveras, ]\Ionterey, Riverside and Tulare counties. County Tons Value Amador _ ..... ._ 13.339 15.565 $16,142 Calaveras, Monterey, Riverside and Tulare 18,180 Totals 28,904 $34,322 Of the above total, 740 tons were of vein quartz, and 28,164 tons, sand. Practically all the glass sand produced in California occurs as such and needs no grinding. There are various deposits of quartz which could be utilized for glass making, but to date there has been but little commercial production of this class of material. Glass sand has been produced in the following counties of the state : Alameda, Amador, El Dorado, Los Angeles, Monterey, Orange, Placer, Riverside, San Joaquin, and Tulare. The chief producing centers have been Monterey and Los Angeles counties, the outstanding recent feature having been the entrance of Amador to the list, in 1914. The industry is of small importance, so far, because of the fact that the available deposits are largely not of a grade which will produce first-class glass. Many high-grade deposits are known, but almost without exception transportation facilities are so poor that the owners are unable to compete with the foreign sand which is brought in as ballast and sold at a low price. 80 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Total silica production in California since the inception of the indus- try, in 1899, is shown below, being mainly glass sand : Tear Tons Tear Tons Value 12,259 $25,517 19,224 18,265 8,620 8,672 13,075 15,404 18,618 21,899 28,538 22,688 28,904 34,322 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 3,000 2,200 5,000 4,500 7,725 10,004 9,257 9,750 11,065 9,255 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Totals 200,994 $252,462 SOAPSTONE OR TALC. Bibliography : State Mineralogist Report XII. Bulletins 38, 67. Soapstone — also called talc or steatite — occurs widely distributed throughout California. It is found as a hydration product in the alter- ation of magnesian silicates, and is often associated with serpentine and actinolite. But few deposits have been proven of especial value to date, although there is an undoubted future for this branch of the min- eral industry in the state. Deposits of high grade, white talc, the equal of the imported Italian article, are now being developed in Inyo and San Bernardino counties. It is used in making paper, toilet articles, soap, lubricants, tiling, etc., and for such is ordinarily ground to about 200 mesh before marketing. In this condition it brings $15 per ton and upwards, depending on quality. There was a total output in 1915 of 1,663 tons, valued at $14,750, from four producers in Inyo County and one each in El Dorado and San Bernardino counties, divided as follows: County Tons Value Inyo 1,513 $14,000 El Dorado and San Bernardino 150 750 Totals 1,663 $14,750 STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION, 81 Production has been intermittent in the state since 1893, as shown in the followinsr tabic : Ye*T Tons Value Tear Tons Value 1893 40O $17,750 1 1906 - 1 1894 1907 ...' 1895 1896 25 375 1908 1909 3 33 740 $48 280 1897 1910. 1911 7,260 1898 1899 1912 1913 -.. 1914 - .- 1915 1,750 1,350 1.000 1,663 7,350 1900 1901 10 14 219 228 300 ' 119' 288 10.124 2.315 3.000 6,150 4.500 1902 14,750 1903 Totals 1904 1905 7,735 $74,309 STRONTIUM. Bibliography: Bulletin 67, Deposits of celestite (strontium sulphate. SrSO^) are known in the desert region of San Bernardino County, but as yet undeveloped. A small amount of strontium salts is used in the United States in fireworks manufacture. There is undoubtedly a good future for the strontium minerals in California, if the beet-sugar factories will take up their use, as has been done in Germany. Strontia is much more efficient and satisfactory in that process than lime. SULPHUR. Bihliography: State ]\Iineralogist Reports IV, XIII. Bulletins 38, 67. There is, at present, no commercial output of native sulphur in Cali- fornia although this mineral has been found to some extent in Colusa, Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Lake, Mariposa, San Bernardino, Sonoma, Te- hama, and Ventura counties. Production of sulphur is very improb- able in the immediate future, although possibilities of such a condition remain to be proven. Sulphur was produced at the famous Sulphur Bank IMine, in Lake County, during the years 1865-1868 (inc.), totaling 941 tons, valued at $53,500; following which the property became more valuable for its quicksilver. There has been no commercial yield of sulphur in Cali- fornia since that period. 82 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. CHAPTER SIX. SALINES. Borax, salt, soda, nitrates and potash are included under this head- ing. Borax and salt have been produced in California since the sixties, although no official records of output were kept by this Bureau pre- vious to 1887. Soda has had a virtually continuous production since 1894. The nitrates have never been commercially produced in the state, and potash but recently, although the future possibilities along these lines are indeed great. The desert portions of California, located largely in Inyo, Kern, Riverside, Imperial, and San Bernardino counties, are rich in the possession of salines of all descriptions. Ancient lake beds of vast extent are found there, many of which have not yet been exploited. The following tabulation shows amount and value of the saline minerals produced in California during the years 1914 and 1915, with increase or decrease in value for 1915 as compared with the previous year: 1914 1915 Increase* Substance Tons Value Tons Value Deere ase- (value) Borax J Potash Salt Soda 62,500 $1,483,500 10 460 223,806 583,553 6,522 IliiSQfi 67.004 1,076 169,028 5,799 $1,663,521 19,391 368,737 83.485 $180,021+ 18.931+ 214.816— 31 911— Totals ___ $2,182,909 $2,135,134 Net decrease $47,77&— BORAX. Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports III, X, XII, XIII. Bul- letins 24, 67. Borax was first discovered in California in the waters of Tuscan Springs in Tehama County, January 8, 1856. Borax Lake, in Lake County, was discovered in September of the same year, by Dr. John A. Veatch. This deposit was worked in 1864-1866 (inc.), and during that time produced 1,181,365 pounds of borax. Not till 1873 were the borax deposits of Inyo and San Bernardino counties discovered. Aside from the above mentioned localities borax is known in Kern, Los Angeles, Imperial, Solano and Ventura counties. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 83 California is the only state in America producing borax. During 1915 two producers reported an output of 67,004: tons, valued at $1,663,521, compared with three producers and an output of 62,500 tons, valued at $1,483,500, in 1914. Value of the state's borax output since 1887 is shown in the follow- ing table : Tear Valut Year Value 1887 $116,689 ' 196,636 145,473 480,152 640,000 838,787 593,292 807.807 595,900 675.400 1,080,000 1,153,000 1,139,882 1,013,251 982.380 2,234,994 1903 $661,400 1888 1901 098,810 1889 1905 1,019,158 1890 1906 1,182,410 1891 1892 1893 1907 1908 1909 1910 1,200,913 1,117,000 1,163,960 1894 1,177,960 1895 1911 1912 1913 1914 1,456.672 1896 1,122,713 1897 1898 1,491,530 1,483,500 1899 1915 1,663,521 1900 Total 1901 1902 . ... $28,133,190 MAGNESIA. Magnesium chloride is an important item in certain chemical uses, and in the preparation of Sorel cement in laying magnesite floors. In the past, Germany has been the principal source of this chloride, which source is at the present time, of course, cut off. For this reason, experiments are being made to prepare it from magnesite, which is so abundant in California; and also by some of the salt companies, from the residual bitterns obtained during the evaporation of sea water for its sodium chloride. NITRATES. Nitrates of sodium, potassium and calcium have been found in vari- ous places in the desert regions of the state but no deposit of com- mercial value has been developed as yet. Interest in this class of mineral substance is increasing and closer search may be rewarded by valuable discoveries. The subject of the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen electrically is just now occupying a place in the public mind by reason of its success in Germany and Scandinavia. The possibilities of cheap hydroelectric power in California make the subject one of intense interest to us, as we have also the natural raw products to go with the power. 84 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. POTASH. Potash had not, previous to 1914, been commercially produced in California and only during the past few years has this substance created general interest in the state. Considerable money has been spent recently in preliminary work with a view toward developing what are claimed to be immense deposits of potash which lie in the old lake beds of the desert portions of California. The imports of this material from foreign countries have an annual value of many millions of dollars, and a domestic production would be of great utility. During 1915, a total of 1,076 tons of potash-bearing material was produced, valued at $19,391, being in part an extraction from kelp, and in part from dust collected at one of the cement mills. There was one kelp plant in commercial operation at Long Beach, Los Angeles County, and several others in course of construction both there and at San Diego. Some of these plants merely dry the kelp, others burn it to an ash, both types shipping their product to the fertilizer manufacturers. The one plant in operation in 1915 and one of those building at San Diego are designed to prepare refined potash salts. The large plant of the American Trona Corporation at Searles Lake, in San Bernardino County, is under construction and will produce potash, soda-ash and borax from the lake beds. Experiments are also being made to extract potash from the bitterns obtained at some of the salt and soda works, particularly those at Owens Lake in Inyo County. In the cement mill mentioned above, the fine dust from ball and tube mills, is collected by a Cottrell, electrical, smoke condenser, the material showing an approximately^ 11% potash content. This was sold to fertilizer manufacturers. All of the material thus collected was not sold, however ; the unsold portion going back into the cement- making process. In future, its sales will probably increase. SALT. Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports II, XII, XIII. Bulletin 24. Most of the salt produced in California is obtained by evaporating the waters of the Pacific Ocean, plants being located on the shores of San Francisco Bay, at Long Beach, and on San Diego Bay. Addi- tional amounts are derived from lakes and lake beds in the desert regions of the state. The salt production of San Bernardino County is derived from deposits of rock salt which are worked by means of quarrying with a steam shovel. A small amount of valuable medicinal STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 85 salts was produced during the year in Mono and Tehama counties, by evaporation from mineral springs. The 1915 output amounted to 169,028 tons, valued at $368,737, dis- tributed as follows, by counties: County Tons 103,768 21,602 512 17,616 25.500 Value Alamoda .. ^220,977 Inyo. Kern, Los Angeles, Mono, Modoc, Solano, Tehama* San Bernardino 61,070 3,324 San Diego _ . _ _. 19,616 San Mateo — 63,750 Totals 169.028 $368,737 ♦Combined to conceal output of a single plant in each. The decrease, as compared with the 1914 figures of 223,806 tons, valued at $583,553, was mainly in the northern counties; and was due to late rainfall in May, 1915, which washed out much of the crop. Amount and value of annual production of salt in California from 1887 to date is shown in the following tabulation : Tear Tons Value Tear Tons Value 1887 28,000 30,800 21,000 8,729 20,094 23,570 50,500 49.131 53.031 64,743 67,851 93,421 82.654 89,338 126,218 115,208 1 $112,000 92,400 63,000 57,085 90,303 104,788 213,000 140,037 150,576 153,244 157,520 170,855 149,.588 204,754 366,376 205,876 ! 1 1 1C03 1S04 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 Totals 102,895 95,968 77,118 101,650 88,063 121,764 155,680 174,920 173,332 185,721 204,407 223.806 169,028 $21],.?65 1888 - - 187,300 1889 141.925 1890 213,228 1891 _ . 310,967 1892 281,469 1893 1894 414,708 395,417 1895 324,255 1896 1897 1898 383,370 462,681 f83,553 1899 368,737 1900 1901 1902 2,798,640 $6,710,427 SODA. Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIII. Bulletins 24, 67. Bicarbonate of soda and soda ash were produced by two plants in Inyo County during 1915, amounting to 5,799 tons, valued at $83,485, as compared with 6,522 tons, valued at $115,396, in 1914. 86 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. The total output, showing amount and value of this product since the inception of this branch of the mineral industry in California is given in the table which follows: STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 87 CHAPTER SEVEN. MINERAL PRODUCTION OF CALIFORNIA BY COUNTIES. Introductory. The state of California includes an area of 155,652 square miles and is divided into fifty-eight counties. Some mineral of commercial value exists in every county, and during 1915 active production was reported to the State Mining Bureau from fifty-six counties of the fifty-eight. In the mountainous portions of the state are found the vein-forming minerals, largely. In the vast desert regions of southeastern Cali- fornia ancient lake beds afford an unlimited supply of saline deposits. Underlying the interior valleys of the central and southern portion of the state are the largest pools of crude oil in the world. Building stones and mineral earths of all descriptions are widely distributed throughout the length and breadth of the state. Of the first seven counties in point of total output, all but two (Shasta and Amador) owe their position mainly to petroleum. Kern, due to its oil, leads all the others by more than three times the total of Shasta, its nearest competitor. Shasta owes its rank to copper, gold, and zinc; Amador, its place on account of gold. Nineteen counties have each a total in excess of a million dollars. 88 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. The counties with their mineral resources, production for 1915, etc., will be considered in detail in this chapter. Value of California Mineral Production, by County, for 1915, Arranged in the Order of Their Importance. County 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Value County Kern $25,335,184 Shasta 8,350,133 Fresno 8,152,300 Orange 6,617,112 Los Angeles Amador Santa Barbara . Nevada Inyo Tuba San Bernardino Sacramento Calaveras Butte Santa Cruz Solano Riverside Contra Costa __. Tuolumne Placer Ventura Napa Alameda Plumas Sierra San Benito Santa Clara Siskiyou Trinity El Dorado 4,168,612 4,063,762 3,984,966 3,492,946 2,771,042 2,862,430 2,674.042 2,562,281 2,161,893 1,622,245 1,581,531 1,335,923 1,349,591 1,309,505 1,171.438 963,860 904,767 884,221 861,683 745,715 729,518 642,065 635,229 514,094 499,511 428.336 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. Mariposa Humboldt Sonoma San Joaquin San Luis Obispo. San Diego Stanislaus Tulare San Mateo Marin Madera San Francisco _.. Mono Merced Monterey Imperial Lake Glenn Mendocino Kings Colusa Modoc Tehama Del Norte Yolo Lassen Alpine Sutter Value $412,326 358,686 276,104 248,394 227,632 211,129 191,771 184,599 177,891 160,528 145,063 128,270 109,425 94,032 84,986 77,433 72,534 46,667 24,536 18,608 16,003 8,681 4,702 4,524 2,040 870 Total $96,063,369 ALAMEDA. Alameda County, while in no sense one of the "mining counties" of the state, comes twenty-third on the list with a value of mineral products for 1915 of $861,683, a decrease from the 1914 total, which was $870,427. The mineral resources of this county include asbestos, brick, chromite, clay, coal, lime, magnesite, manganese, pyrite, salt, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Brick I 14,841 M. Limestone i 10 tons Manganese I 319 tons Pyrite 11,287 tons Salt 103,768 tons Stone, uiiscellaneous Other minerals* $132,765 20 3.652 45,148 220,977 457,381 1,740 Total ; $861,683 •Includes asbestos, chrome, and pottery clay. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 89 ALPINE. Alpine has usually shown a small production of gold and silver, but dropped out of the list of producing counties for 1914 and 1915. This county lies just south of Lake Tahoe, in the high Sierra Nevada range of mountains. Its area is 776 square miles, containing a popu- lation of but 309 persons. Transportation is by wagon or mule back, and facilities in general are lacking to promote development work of any kind. The mineral resources of this section are varied and the country has not yet been thorouglily prospected. Barium, copper, gold, gypsum, lead, limestone, pyrite, rose quartz, silver, tourmaline, and zinc have been found here to some extent. AMADOR. Area: 601 square miles. Population: 9,086 (1910 census). The value of Amador County's mineral production increased from $3,211,109 in 1914, to $4,063,762, thus taking sixth place on the list of counties in the state as regards total value of mineral substances marketed. The most notable feature of the increase was the wonderful jump made in the gold yield. Although having an output consisting of 10 different minerals, the leading product, gold, makes up nearly 98 per cent of the entire total. Amador led the state in gold production, in 1915. The mineral resources of this county are, in the main, as follows : Asbestos, brick, chromite, claj^ coal, copper, gold, lime, quartz crystals, glass-sand, sandstone, silver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick 4,000 M. 40,156 tons 4,185 lbs. $80,000 Clav, pottery . _ 38,879 Copper . _ . 732 Gold 3,894,125 Lead .. . 523 lbs. 1,000 bbls. 13,339 tons 25 Lime .-__-- . . . -- - 1,200 Silica _ .. .. 16,142 Silver „ 20.409 Stone, miscellaneous - _ . . - 1,300 Other minerals . . . - . - - 10,950 Total $4,063,762 90 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. BUTTE. Area: 1,722 square miles. Population: 27,301 (1910 census). Location: North central portion of state. Butte, fourteenth county in California in regard to the value of its mineral output, reported a commercial production of nine mineral substances, having a total value of $1,622,245, as compared with $1,755,315 for 1914. As will be noted in the following tabulation, gold is by far the most important item. Butte stands fifth among the gold- producing counties of the state. Among the mineral resources of this section are asbestos, barytes, chromite, gems, gold, limestone, marble, mineral water, platinum minerals, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value CoDDer U lbs. $2 Gems - - _ - ______ 300 Gold 1 1,545,976 Lead . _ _ _ _ 90 lbs. 4 Mineral water _ __ . . 5,000 gals. 850 Platinum 126 ounces 3,997 Silver . - 3,433 Stone, miscellaneous _ _.____. 67,143 Other minerals 1 540 Total $1,622,245 CALAVERAS. Area: 1,027 square miles. * Population : 9,171. Location: East central portion of state — Mother Lode district. Calaveras County reported production of 11 different minerals, valued at $2,161,893, during the year 1915, as compared with the 1914 output, worth $2,068,343. Gold, copper and silver are the chief mineral substances produced. In regard to total value of mineral output Cala- veras stands thirteenth among the counties of the state; it is sixth in gold, second in copper, and fourth in silver. The principal mineral resources developed and undeveloped are: Asbestos, barytes, chromite, clay, copper, fuller's earth, gold, graphite, limestone, magnesite, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, platinum minerals, pyrite, quartz crystals, silver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: 91 Substance j Amount Value Copper 1 4 031.149 Ihs. $705,451 Gold _. _ 1,391.134 Lead 163 lbs. 8 Mineral water 15,343 gals. 5,752 Silver 53,298 Stone, miscellaneous 1,900 Other minerals* 4,350 Total $2,161,893 'Includes asbestos, fuller's earth, mineral paint, platinum and silica. COLUSA. Population: 7,732 (1910 census). Location: Sacramento Valley. Colusa County lies largely in the basin of the Sacramento "Valley. Its western border, however, rises into the foothills of the Coast Kange of mountains, and its mineral resources — to a great extent undeveloped — include coal, chromite, copper, gypsum, manganese, mineral water, pyrite, quicksilver, sandstone, miscellaneous stone, sulphur, and in some places traces of gold and silver. The value of the 1915 production was $16,003, a decrease from the 1914 figures of $32,251, giving it fifty-first place. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Mineral water .. 91,480 gals. $15,003 1000 Stone, miscellaneous Total $16,003 CONTRA COSTA. Contra Costa, like Alameda County, lies off the eastern shores of San Francisco Bay, and is not commonly considered among the mineral- producing counties of the state. It stands eighteenth on the list in this respect, however, with an output valued at $1,309,505 for the calendar year 1915. Various structural materials make up the chief items, including brick, cement, limestone, and miscellaneous stone. Among the others are asbestos, clay, coal, gypsum, manganese, mineral water and soapstone. 92 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA, Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Value Brick ' 14,915 M. ' $139,862 Limestone 11,989 tons 14,565 Stone, miscellaneous 397,330 Other minerals* , 757,748 Total -' $1,309,505 ♦Includes asbestos, cement and coal. DEL NORTE. Area: 1,024 square miles. Pop^dation: 2,417 (1910 census). Location: Extreme nortliAvest corner of state. Transportation : Wagon and mule back. Del Norte rivals Alpine County in regard to inaccessibility. Like the latter county also, given transportation and kindred facilities, this portion of the state presents a Avide field for development along mining lines especially. Its chief mineral resources, largely untouched, are chromite, copper, gems, gold, graphite, iron, platinum minerals, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915, giving it fifty-fourth place, was as follows : Substance Value Gold Silver Stone, miscellaneous Total $1,018 6 3,500 $4,524 EL DORADO. Area: 1,753 square miles. Population: 7,492 (1910 census). Location: East central portion of the state; northernmost of the Mother Lode counties. El Dorado County, which marks the spot where gold was first dis- covered in California, comes thirtieth on the list of counties ranked according to the value of their total mineral production during the year 1915. In addition to the segregated figures here given, a large tonnage of limestone is annually shipped from El Dorado for use in cement manufacture, and whose value is included in the state total for cement. STATISTICS OF ANNU^Uj PRODUCTION. 93 The mineral resources of this section, many of them imdcveloped, include asbestos, barytes, chromite, clay, copper, gems, gold, iron, molybdenum, limestone, quartz crystals, quicksilver, glass-sand, slate, soapstone, silver and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Copper 417 lbs. Gold ' Lime 15,911 bbls Silver . Stone, miscellaneous Other minerals* Total $73 401,288 12,872 1,353 7,500 5,250 $428,336 •Includes slate and soapstone. FRESNO. Area: 5,950 square miles. Population: 75,657 (1910 census). Location: South central portion of state. Fresno County, third in importance as a mineral producer among the counties of California, reported an output for 1915 of nine mineral substances, with a total value of $8,152,300, an increase over the re- ported 1914 production, which was worth $7,484,231. The great bulk of the above value is derived from the petroleum production of the Coalinga field. The mineral resources of this county are many, and, aside from crude oil, are far from being fully developed. They include asbestos, barytes, brick, chromite, copper, gems, gold, graphite, gypsum, iron, magnesite, natural gas, petroleum, quicksilver, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick .. Chrome Copper Gold .. 4,750 M. 1,3C0 tons 65,903 lbs. Natural gas 2,894,834 M cu. ft. Petroleum 14,021,025 bbls. Silver I Stone, miscellaneous -.. ' . Other minerals i $33,250 13,600 11,533 4,151 253,906 7,641,459 246 193,705 450 Total I $8,152,300 94 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA, GLENN. Glenn County, standing forty-eighth, owes its position among the mineral-producing counties of the state to the presence of large de- posits of sand and gravel which are annually worked, the product being used for railroad ballast, etc. In the foothills in the western portion of the county, deposits of chromite, copper, manganese, sand- stone, and soapstone have been found. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Copper 746 lbs. $131 Stone, miscellaneous _ . _ . 46 526 Other minerals 10 Total $46,667 HUMBOLDT. Area: 3,634 square miles. Population: 33,857 (1910 census). Location: Northwestern portion of state, bordering on Pacific Ocean. Humboldt County is almost entirely mountainous, transportation within its limits being very largely by wagon road and trail, and until recently was reached from the outside world by steamer only. The county is rich in mineral resources, chief among which are brick, chromite, coal, clay, copper, gold, graphite, iron, mineral water, natural gas, petroleum, platinum, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Seven mineral substances, as shown by the table given below, having a total value of $358,686, were produced in 1915, as compared with the 1914 output, worth $233,574, the marked increase being due to the large amount of stone being used on the Eureka Harbor breakwater. Hum- boldt ranks thirty-second among the counties of the state for the year. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount I Value Brick .. 463 M. $5,565 Gold - — 15,M7 Mineral water _ _ . 2,000 gals. 500 Silver _ . - . . 62 Stone, miscellaneous . 335,292 Other minerals* _ _ _ _ 1,320 Total - $358,686 •Includes copper and natural gas. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 95 IMPERIAL. Area: 4,089 square miles. * Population: 30,000 (estimated by board of supervisors). Location: Extreme southeast corner of the state. During 1915 Imperial County produced six mineral substances having a total value of $77,433, as compared with the 1914 output, worth $239,140. Its rank is forty-sixth. This county contains large unde- veloped deposits of gold, gypsum, lead, marble, pumice, salt, and silver. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Bubstance Amount Value Brick ' 2,958 M. ' $17,916 Copper - 65 lbs. 11 Gold 14,369 Silver ' 42 Stone, miscellaneous -- 40,095 Other minerals 5,000 Total I $77,433 INYO. Area: 10,019 square miles. Population: 6,974 (1910 census). Location: Lies on eastern border of state, north of Sau Bernardino County. Inyo, the second largest county in the state, and containing less than one inhabitant per square mile, is extremely interesting from a mineral- ogical point of view. It is noted because of the fact that within its borders are located both the highest point, Mount "Whitney (elevation 14,502 feet), and the lowest point, Death Valley (elevation 290 feet below sea level), in the United States. In the higher mountainous sections are found many vein-forming minerals, and in the lake beds of Death Valley saline deposits exist. Inyo's mineral production during the j'ear 1915 reached a value of $2,771,042, the county standing ninth among the counties of the state in this respect. Its mineral resources include antimony, asbestos, barytes, bismuth, borax, copper, gems, gold, gypsum, lead, magnesite, marble, molybdenum, mineral water, nitre, platinum, pumice, quick- silver, salt, silver, soda, sulphur, talc, tungsten, and zinc. 96 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Copper . 154,722 lbs. $27,076 Gold 317,905 Lead 4,323,639 lbs. 203,211 Silver 127,894 Soapstone and tale 1,513 tons 14,000 Soda 5,799 tons 83,485 Zine 4,625,162 lbs. 573,520 Other minerals* 1,423,951 Total $2,771,042 •Includes antimony, borax, dolomite, marble, pumice, salt. KERN. Area: 8,003 square miles. Population: 55,000 (estimated by board of supervisors). Location: South central portion of state. Kern County, because of ' its immense, productive oil fields, stands pre-eminent among all counties of California in the value of its mineral output, the exact figures for 1915 being $25,335,184. This is larger by more than seventeen million dollars than the succeeding county on the list. This figure also exceeds the value of the total gold output of the entire state by approximately $3,000,000. The 1914 mineral output for the county was worth $28,047,957. Among the mineral resources, developed and undeveloped, of this section are : Antimonj^, asbestos, asphalt, barj-tes, borax, brick, clay, copper, fuller's earth, gems, gold, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, mag- nesite, marble, mineral paint, natural gas, petroleum, potash, salt, silver, soapstone, soda, sulphur, and tungsten. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Antimony Copper ._ . _ „ . - _ 267 tons 1,047 lbs. $11,301 183 Gold 983,319 Lead -. _ . - - _ _ 84,371 lbs. 55,176 bbls. 1,425 tons 12,163,461 M cu. ft. 54,810,669 bbls. 3,965 Lime . _ _ .. .. _. . _. 39.523 Limestone Natural gas _..-_. . . _ _ _ 1,710 737,638 Petroleum Silver 23,184,913 13,316 Stone _ -- .- ■ - -- - 59,319 Other minerals* 299,997 Total $25,335,184 "Includes cement, clay (pottery), fuller's earth, gypsum, magnesite, salt, tungsten. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 97 KINGS. Area: 1,159 square miles. Population : 16,230 (1910 census). Location: South central portion of state. Little development has taken place in Kings County along mineral lines to date. Deposits of fuller's earth, gypsum, mineral paint, nat- ural gas, and quicksilver, of undetermined extent, have been found in the county. Some drilling for oil is under way. In fiftieth place, commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Natural gas .. 258 M cu. ft. $608 Other minerals* 18,000 Total $18,608 •Includes fuller's earth and quicksilver. LAKE. Area: 1,278 square m'iles. Population: 5,526 (1910 census). Location: About fifty miles north of San Francisco Bay and the same distance inland from the Pacific Ocean. On account of its topography and natural beauties, Lake County is sometimes referred to as the Switzerland of America. The mineral resources which exist here are many and varied, actual production being comparatively small, as shown by the table below. Some of the leading minerals found in this section, in part as yet undeveloped, are borax, chromite, clay, copper, gems, gold, gypsum, mineral water, quick- silver, silver, and sulphur. In forty-seventh place, commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Mineral water Quicksilver Stone, miscellaneous Other minerals* 165.130 gals. 492 flasks $24,371 41,660 5.000 1,503 Total $72,534 •Includes copper, gold and silver. 7—25437 9ii MINERAL INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. LASSEN. Area: 4,531 square miles. Population: 7,000 (estimated by board of supervisors, 1913). Location: Northeast portion of state. Lassen County is one of the least explored sections of California. Since about 1912 a railroad traversing the county north and south has been in operation, thus affording opportunity for development along mineral and other lines. Among the mineral resources of this county are copper, gems, gyp- sum, gold, silver, and sulphur. In fifty-sixth place, commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance i Value Stone, miscellaneous $870 Total $870 LOS ANGELES. Area: 4,067 square miles. Population: 800,000 (estimated by Chamber of Commerce, 1913). Mineral production in Los Angeles County for the year 1915 amounted in value to $4,168,612, as compared with the 1914 output, worth $4,665,504. This county ranks fifth in the state as a mineral producer. Its output of brick was nearly a million dollars, and that of petroleum amounted nearly to two million dollars. Among its mineral resources may be noted asphalt, barytes, borax, brick, clay, fuller's earth, gems, gold, graphite, gypsum, infusorial earth, limestone, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, natural gas, petroleum, salt, glass-sand, sandstone, serpentine, silver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. Some potash is obtained from kelp. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick . . -_ . — 88,669 M. 6,507 tons $820,312 Clay (pottery) - - - - - - 1,511 Gems - - 700 Mineral water _ _ 350,171 gals. 1,729,035 M cu. ft. 2,931,098 bbls. 29.491 Natural gas _ . 120,783 Petroleum Stone mispellnnpous 1.843.661 1,022,134 Other rninerals* __ - - __ __ . ._ 330,020 Total $4,168,612 •Includes barite, borax, potash, salt. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 99 MADERA. Area: 2,112 square miles. Population: 15,000 (estimated by Chamber of Commerce, 1913). Location: East central portion of state. IMadera County produced six mineral substances during the year 1915, having a total value of $145,063, as compared with the 1914 out- put, worth $203,517. This county contains deposits of copper, gold, iron, lead, molybdenum, pumice, silver, and building stone. In forty-first place, commercial production for 1915 was as follows: SubsttDce Amount i Value Brick I 200 M. I $1,400 Copper 40,294 lbs. 7.0ol Gold - - 11,214 Silver 2,126 Stone, miscellaneous 122,272 Other minerals 1,000 Total - — - $145,063 MARIN. Area: 529 square miles. Population: 25,114 (1910 census). Mineral production in Marin County during the year 1915 reached a value of $160,528, as compared to the 1914 output, worth $554,137. The considerable decrease was due to completion early in the year of three large contracts for rubble and macadam — the Key Route mole, San Francisco waterfront bulkhead and the Exposition roadways — rock for all of which came from INIarin County. This county is not especially prolific in minerals, although among its resources along these lines are brick, gems, manganese, mineral water, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. In fortieth place, commercial production for 1915 was: Substance Amount Value Brick 10.000 M. 60,000 gals. ' $50,000 Mineral water 9,000 Stone, miscellaneous . 101,528 Total $160,528 i 100 MINERAL, INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. MARIPOSA. Area: 1,463 square miles. Population: 3,956 (1910 census). Location: Most southerly of the Mother Lode counties. East central portion of state. Mariposa County is one of the distinctly ''mining" counties of the state, although it stands but thirty-first on the list of counties in regard to the value of its mineral output for 1915, with a total of $412,326, as compared with the 1914 figures of $187,870. The increase is due to gold. Its mineral resources are varied; among the more important items being barytes, copper, gems, gold, lead, marble, silver, slate, soap- stone, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Copper -- — - 38,630 lbs. $6,760 Gold 385,577 Silver . 2,175 Stone, luiscellaneous 17,214 Other minerals - 600 Total $412,326 MENDOCINO. Area: 3,453 square miles. Population: 23,929 (1910 census). Location: Joins Humboldt County on the south and bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west. Mendocino's annual mineral production is small, the 1915 output being valued at $24,536, ranking it forty-ninth among the counties. That of 1914, however, was worth $560. The increase is due to manganese. Deposits of undetermined value, of asbestos, chromite, coal, copper, graphite, magnesite, and mineral water have be»n found, as well as traces of gold and silver. For the coming year there are good prospects for a continued commercial yield of manganese ore. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Manganese ore 2,858 tons $23,036 Stone, miscellaneous 1,500 Total $24,536 STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 101 MERCED. Area: 1,995 square miles. Population: 15,148 (1910 census). Location: About the geographical center of the state. Merced County as a whole lies in the San Joaquin Valley, and it figures as one of the lesser mineral-producing counties of the state. The 1915 mineral output was valued at $94,032. Gold, platinum and silver, obtained by dredging, are among the important items. Copper and crushed rock have also been commercially produced. Undeveloped deposits of antimony, quicksilver, and limestone, have been noted in this county, in addition to the foregoing. In forty-fourth place, commercial production during 1915 was as follows : ~r Substance Amount Value Lead • 690 lbs. $32 Other minerals ..- 94,000 Total $94,032 MODOC. Area: 3,823 square miles. Population: Q,Vdl (1910 census). Location: The extreme northeast corner of the state. Modoc County, like Lassen, has only recently had the benefit of com- munication with the outside world by rail. Among its known mineral resources are: Clay, coal, gold, iron, quicksilver, salt, and silver. In fifty-second place, commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Value Gold -. $7,557 Silver 104 Stone, miscellaneons . . . 300 Other minerals . - _ 720 Total $8,681 102 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. MONO. Area: 3,030 square miles. Population: 2,843 (1910 census). Location: Is bordered by the state of Nevada on the east and is about in the central portion of the state measured on a north and south line. Gold mining has been carried on in portions of Mono County for many years, although taken as a whole it lies in a rather inaccessible country and has been but superficially explored. It is in the contin- uation of the highly mineralized belt which was noted in Inyo County and contains among other mineral resources barytes, bismuth, clay, copper, gold, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, pumice, salt, silver, and travertine. In forty-third place, commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Value Gold $107,302 Silver . _ . . •. . _ 1,923 Other minerals . .___._ - . 200 Total - . - -- - - $109,425 MONTEREY. Area: 3,330 square miles. Population: 24,146 (1910 census). Location: West central portion of state, bordering on Pacific Ocean. ]\Ionterey Count}' produced seven mineral substances during the year 1915, having a total value of $84,986, as compared with the 1914 out- put worth $113,831. Its mineral resources include brick, clay, copper, coal, feldspar, fuller's earth, gold, silver, gypsum, infusorial earth, limestone, mineral water, petroleum, quicksilver, glass-sand, sandstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone. In forty -fifth place, commercial production for 1915 Avas as follows: Substance Amount Value Mineral water | 8,200 gals. ' $2,050 Stone 32,799 Other minerals* 50,137 I Total I $84,986 *lncludes coal, feldspar, infusorial earth, quicksilver, silica. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 103 NAPA. Area: 783 square miles. Population: 19,800 (1910 census). Location: Directly north of San Francisco Bay — one of the "bay counties." Napa, because of its production of structural and industrial materials, and quicksilver, stands twenty-second on the list of mineral-producing counties in California. Its mineral resources include asbestos, barytes, copper, cement, gypsum, magnesite, mineral water, quicksilver, sand- stone, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Magnesite 1.050 tons Mineral water 133,387 gals. Quicksilver 507 flasks Stone, miscellaneous Other minerals* $9,45u 73,535 45,224 108,387 647,625 Total -J $884,221 •Includes cement and sandstone. NEVADA. Area: 974 square miles. Population: 14,955 (1910 census). Location: North of Lake Tahoe, on the eastern border of the state. Nevada, one of the mountain counties of California, though it led all others in its gold output for 1914, was dropped to second place in 1915 by the wonderful spurt of Amador County. Nevada County stands eighth on the list in regard to the value of its total mineral output, with a figure of $3,492,946, as compared with the 1914 production worth $3,329,179. While this county actually produces little else in the mineral line aside from gold and silver, its resources cover a wide scope, including antimony, asbestos, barytes, bismuth, chromite, clay, copper, gems, iron, lead, mineral paint, pyrite, soapstone, and tungsten. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value ■ Copper 1,817 lbs. $318 3,466,722 Gold - Lead - _ • 1,567 lbs. 74 Silver 23,762 Stone, miscellaneous . _ . ._ __ _ _ _ 500 Other minerals 1,570 Total $3,492,946 104 MINERAL IN-DUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. ORANGE. Area: 795 square miles. Fopxdation: 34,436 (1910 census). Location: Southwestern portion of state, bordering Pacific Ocean. Orange County is one of the many in California which on casual inspection appears to be anything but a mineral-producing section. It stands, however, as the fourth county in the state in regard to the total value of mineral output, its highly productive oil fields making such a condition possible. This county shows a loss in 1915, with a total value of mineral pro- ducts of $6,617,112, from the 1914 output, worth $8,831,763. Aside from the substances actually produced and noted in the table below, coal, gypsum, iron, infusorial earth, sandstone, and tourmaline have been found in Orange County. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick - I 1,280 M. $16,000 Copper j 4 lbs. 1 Lead 364 lbs. 17 Natural gas ' 1,243,301 M eu. ft. 81,753 Petroleum 12,715.457 bbls. 6,510,314 Stone, miscellaneous 9,027 Total ! $6,617,112 PLACER. Area: 1,395 square miles. Population: 18,237 (1910 census). Location: Eastern border of state directly west of Lake Tahoe. While standing only twentieth on the list of mineral-producing counties, Placer contains a wide variety of mineral substances which have never been commercially exploited. Its leading products are gold, granite, copper, and clay. Other mineral resources, many of them undeveloped, are: Asbestos, brick, chromite, coal, gems, iron, lead, limestone, magnesite, manganese, marble, quartz crystals, glass-sand, silver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: 105 Substance Amount Value Brick 2,000 M 49,126 tons $10,000 Clay, Dottery ._ 37,5;36 Gold . - . - 414,319 Lead . - ... . ..---. 711 lbs. 1,236 tons 33 Limestone 2,432 Silver . _ . . 24,543 Stone, miscellaneous . . 98,187 Other minerals* ^ 346,810 Total $963,860 •Includes asbestos and copper. PLUMAS. Area: 2,594 miles. Population: 5,259 (1910 census). Locatimi: Northeastern border of state, south of Lassen, A considerable portion of the area of Plumas County lies in the high mountains, and deposits of the metals, especially gold and copper, are found there. Lack of transportation and other facilities have retarded its growth, but its future is decidedly promising. Mineral production for 1915 was valued at $745,515, as compared with the 1914 output, worth $164,809, the increase being largely due to copper. Among its mineral resources are: Chromite, copper, gold, granite, iron, lead, limestone, manganese, platinum minerals, silver, tungsten, and zinc. In twenty-fourth place, commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Copper 3,164,496 lbs. Gold Silver Value Stone, miscellaneous Other minerals Total $553,787 167,440 19,025 5,431 32 $745,715 8—25437 106 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. RIVERSIDE. Area: 7,240 square miles. Population: 34,696 (1910 census). Location: Southern portion of state. Riverside is the fourth county in the state in size and the seventeenth in regard to the total value of mineral output for 1915. AVithin its borders are included mountain, desert, and agricultural land. Its mineral resources include metals, structural and industrial materials, and salines, some of the more important being asbestos, borax, brick, cement, clay, coal, copper, gems, gold, graphite, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, manganese, magnesite, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, nitre, salt, glass-sand, soapstone, silver, miscellaneous stone, and tin. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance I Amount i Value Brick 1,055 M. $16,880 Clay, pottery 59,5&4 tons 54,840 Copper 23,825 lbs. 4,169 Gold 10,769 Gypsum . . 3,450 tons 13,650 Lead - 32,072 lbs. 1,507 Mineral water 200.000 gals. 10,000 Silver 1.522 Stone, miscellaneous 213,440 Other minerals* 1,022,814 Total — $1,349,591 ♦Includes cement, potash and silica. SACRAMENTO. Area: 983 square miles. Population: 90,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1913). Location: North central portion of state. Sacramento stands twelfth among the counties of the state as a min- eral producer, the output, principally gold, for 1915 being valued at $2,562,281, as compared with the 1914 production, worth $2,632,658. In regard to gold output alone this county ranks fourth, being exceeded only by Amador, Nevada, and Yuba counties. Its mineral resources include: Brick, clay, gold, natural gas, platinum, silver, and miscel- laneous stone. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: SulHitnnce Amount 107 Value Brick 9,920 M. $82,973 Gold _■.. 2,131,813 Platinum 196 ounces 6,217 Silver 3,151 Stone, miscellaneous 284,127 Other minerals. : 54,000 Total ! $2,562,281 SAN BENITO. Area: 1,392 square miles. Population: 8,041 (1910 census). Location: "West central portion of state. Although twenty-sixth among the counties of the state in regard to value of total mineral production, San Benito leads in one importan branch of the mineral industry, namely, quicksilver. Its other mineral resources, many of them undeveloped, include: Antimony, bituminous rock, chromite, coal, gypsum, gems, limestone, mineral water, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick _ . . - 260 M. 2,500 tons 1,200 gals. 6,291 flasks $1,560 Dolomite 9,500 Mineral water 300 Quicksilver 475,370 Stone, miscellaneous _ _ 155,000 Other minerals ._-__.- _ _ 335 Total - $642,065 SAN BERNARDINO. Area: 20,157 square miles. Population: 75,000 (estimate by Board of Supervisors, 1913). Location: Southeastern portion of state. San Bernardino, by far the largest county in the state, ranks eleventh as regards the value of its mineral output for 1915, with a total of $2,674,042, as compared with the 1914 total of $1,614,606. The marked increase is due mainly to tungsten and gold, the well-known Atolia district contributing the former. This county, consisting largely of mountain and desert country, is liighly mineralized, a few of the more important mineral resources 108 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. being : Asbestos, barytes, borax, brick, cement, clay, copper, gems, gold, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, manganese, marble, mineral paint, min- eral water, nitre, potash, salt, glass-sand, silver, soapstone, soda, miscel- laneous stone, talc, tungsten, tuff, vanadium, and zinc. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick 400 M Cement 915,000 bbls Copper 209,440 lbs Gold Lead 169,183 lbs Limestone 68,500 tons Mineral water 37,480 gals. Salt 542 tons Silver Stone, miscellaneous Tungsten concentrates 864 tons Zinc 39,848 lbs. Other minerals* Total $2,400 980,000 36,652 416,967 7,952 68,500 7,350 3,324 64.165 178,528 840.947 4,941 62,316 $2,674,042 •Includes dolomite, gypsum, lime, manganese, marble, mineral paint, soapstone and talc SAN DIEGO. Area: 4,221 square miles. Population : 140,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1913). Location : Extreme southwest corner of state. San Diego, first in California in the production of gem stones, ranks thirty-sixth in the total value of its mineral output. This figure for 1915 equaled $211,129, as compared to the 1914 output, worth $315,267. Aside from minerals commercially produced, as shown below, San Diego County contains deposits of asbestos, bismuth, lithia mica, marble, potash, soapstone, tin, and tungsten. A new development is the shipping of pebbles for grinding mills. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Brick .. Copper Gems -- 1,260 M. 3,008 lbs. Gold Lead 23 lbs. Mineral water I 10,350 gals. Salt ! 17,616 tons Silv( >ilver Stone, miscellaneous Other minerals $21,025 526 2,465 1,364 1 1,035 19,616 9 163,723 1,365 Total $211,129 STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 109 SAN FRANCISCO. Area: 43 square miles. Population: 527,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1915). Surprising as it may appear at first glance, San Francisco County is listed among the mineral producing sections of the state, actual pro- duction consisting of crushed rock, sand, and gravel. Small quantities of various valuable mineral substances are found here, including cinna- bar, gypsum, lignite, and magnesite, none, however, in paying quantities. In forty-second place, commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous _ - . ._ $128,270 Total $128,270 1 SAN JOAQUIN. Area: 1,448 square miles. Population: 50,731 (1910 census). Location: Central portion of state. San Joaquin County reported a mineral production for the year 1915 having a total value of $248,394, as compared with the 1914 out- put, worth $129,930. Comparatively few mineral substances are found here, the chief ones being brick, clay, infusorial earth, manganese, natural gas, glass-sand, and miscellaneous stone. In thirty-fourth place, commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick _._ 3,000 M. $75,000 Manganese 460 tons 7,400 Natural gas 161.923 M cu. ft. 143.974 Stone, miscellaneous — . 21,620 Other minerals 400 Total $248,394 SAN LUIS OBISPO. Area: 3,334 square miles. Population: 19,383 (1910 census). Location: Bordered by Kern County on the east and the Pacific Ocean on the west. The total value of the mineral production of San Luis Obispo County in 1915 was $227,632, as compared with the 1914 output, worth $63,465. 110 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Among its mineral resources, both developed and undeveloped, are: Asphalt, bituminous rock, brick, chromite, coal, copper, gold, gypsum, infusorial earth, limestone, marble, mineral water, onyx, petroleum, quicksilver, silver, and miscellaneous stone. In thirty-fifth place, commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Mineral water Quicksilver Stone, miscellaneous Other minerals* | 1,940 Total Amount Value 4,500 gals. I $675 1,473 flasks 125,542 99,475 $227,632 *Indudes bituminous rock and chrome. SAN MATEO. Area: 447 square miles. Population: 37,500 (estimate by coimty board of supervisors, 1913). Location: Peninsula, adjoined by San Francisco on the north. San Mateo's most important mineral products are limestone and salt, the latter being derived by evaporation from the waters of San Francisco Bay. The total value of all mineral production during 3915 equaled $177,891, as compared with the 1914 figures of $246,478. Small amounts of barytes, chromite, infusorial earth and quicksilver have been discovered in addition to the items of economic value noted below. In thirty-ninth place, commercial production for 1915 was as fol- lows: Substance Amount Value Brick 715 M. $19,550 Gems 100 Salt 25,500 tons 63,750 Stone, miscellaneous 98,391 Other minerals 1,100 Total $177,891 SANTA BARBARA. Area: 2,740 square miles. Population: 27,738 (1910 census). Location: Southwestern portion of state, joining San Luis Obispo on the south. Santa Barbara County owes its position as seventh in the state in regard to its mineral product to the presence of productive oil fields STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. Ill within its boundaries. The total value of its mineral production dur- ing the year 1915 was $3,984,966, as compared with the 1914 output of $2,686,309. Santa Barbara, in company with only Fresno and Santa Clara, showed an increase in petroleum valuation for 1915. Aside from the mineral substances listed below, Santa Barbara County contains asphalt, diatomaceous earth, gilsonite, gypsum, mag- nesite, and quicksilver in more or less abundance. Commercial production fox 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Brick . . . - 1.800 M. 5.956 tons 189,026 gals. 3,193,368 M cu. ft. 5.634,534 bbls. 29,900 cu. ft. $14,400 Limestone Mineral water . -- - 10.006 156.175 Natural cas 279.697 Petroleum 3.442.700 Sandstone _ - 6.488 Stone miseellaneous - 13,900 Other minerals* . _ 61.600 Total $3,984,966 •Includes infusorial earth and quicksilver. SANTA CLARA. Area: 1,328 square miles. Population: 97,039 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1913). Location: West central portion of state. Santa Clara County reported a mineral output for 1915 of $635,229 as compared with the 1914 figures of $266,956. This county, lying largely in the Coast Range of mountains, contains a wide variety of mineral substances, including brick, chrome, clay, limestone, mag- nesite, manganese, mineral water, petroleum, quicksilver, soapstone, r-ind miscellaneous stone. It stood second in quicksilver yield for the year. In twenty-seventh place, commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Amount Value Brick ' 10,096 M. Magnesite 7.623 tons Mineral water 38.400 gals. Petroleum 16,617 bbls. Quicksilver ._ 4.386 flasks Stone, miscellaneous Other minerals . $57,784 74.607 16,770 11.067 376,319 98.342 340 Total i $635,229 112 MINERAL INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. SANTA CRUZ. Area: 435 square miles. Population: 26,140 (1910 census). Location: Bordering Pacific Ocean, just south of San Mateo County. The mineral output of Santa Cruz County, a portion of which is itemized below, amounted to a total value of $1,581,511, giving the county a standing of fifteenth among all others in the state in this regard, though a slight decrease from the previous year's total. Among the mineral resources known here are bituminous rock, cement, coal, graphite, gold, lime, limestone, petroleum, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: ^ ^ 1 . Substance Amount Value Bituminous rock 17.399 tons $60,728 Lime 191,&43 bbls. 177,873 Limestone 2,047 tons 4,873 Stone, miscellaneous 6,794 Other minerals 1,331,263 Total $1,581 531 SHASTA. Area: 3,858 square miles. Population: 18,920 (1910 census). Location: North central portion of state. Shasta County stands second in California among the mineral- producing counties, with an output valued at $8,350,133, as compared with the 1914 production, worth $5,044,930. Not taking petroleum into account, Shasta leads all the counties by a wide margin. This county is first in copper production, first in silver, first in pyrite, first in zinc, and seventh in gold. The Shasta copper belt is the most important deposit of this metal on the Pacific coast, and the present production would be practically doubled were it not for the conflict between the agricultural interests and the smelters regarding the alleged damage done to crops by the smelter fumes. Some of the smelters have been closed by injunction and others have been forced to curtail their output in the effort to render their gaseous waste innocuous. The situa- tion is showing improvement. Shasta's mineral resources include: Asbestos, barytes, brick, chrome, coal, copper, gold, iron, lead, lime, limestone, mineral water, molybde- num, pyrite, silver, miscellaneous stone, and zinc. Lassen Peak is located in southeastern Shasta County. STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : 113 Substance Amount Value Brick 1 1,836 M. 1,757 tons 30,828,917 lbs. $11,550 Chrome .. 17,570 Copper , 5,395,060 Gold 1,120,848 Lead . 180.936 lbs. 44,953 tons 12,000 gals. 8,504 Limestone .. 40,945 Mineral water 1,800 Silver . .. 459,566 Stone, miscellaneous . - ._ - 1,418 Zinc - - - - 8,378.401 lbs. 1,038,922 Othor minerals* _ __ _ 253,950 Total $8,350,133 •Includes Iron ore, pyrite and lime. SIERRA. Area: 923 square miles. Population: 4,098 (1910 census). Location: Eastern border of state, just north of Nevada County. Sierra County reported a mineral production of $729,518, consist! '^ of gold and silver, during the year 1915, as compared with the 1914 output, worth $733,000. Considering gold output alone, this county stands ninth; and as to total mineral yield, twenty-fifth. Aside from the metals itemized below. Sierra County contains de- posits of asbestos, chromite, iron, lead, platinum minerals, serpentine, and talc. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Value Gold $726,362 Silver 3,156 Total ... , $729,518 SISKIYOU. Area: 6,256 square miles. Population: 18,800 (1910 census). Location: Extreme north central portion of state, next Oregon boundary. Siskiyou, fifth county in California in regard to size, located in a highly mineralized and mountainous country, ranks twenty-eighth in regard to the value of its mineral output for 1915. Although the county is traversed by a transcontinental railroad in a north and south 114 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. line, the mineral-bearing sections are almost without exception far from transportation and other facilities. A large part of the county is accessible by trail alone. Future development and exploitation will doubtless increase the productiveness of this part of the state to a great degree. Among Siskiyou's mineral resources are: Chromite, clay, coal, cop- per, gems, gold, lead, limestone, marble, mineral water, pumice, quick- silver, sandstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Gold $426,716 Lead 188 lbs. 745 bbls. 626,680 gals. 9 Lime 745 Mineral water . 62,990 Silver 2.081 Stone, miscellaneous . 4,630 Other minerals* . 16,923 Total . $514,094 •Includes chrome, copper, marble, sandstone. SOLANO. Area: 822 square miles. Population: 27,559 (1910 census). Location: Touching San Francisco Bay on the northeast. Solano, while mostly valley land, produced mineral substances during the year 1915 to the total value of $1,335,923, ranking sixteenth among the counties of the state. Among her mineral resources are : Brick, cement, clay, fuller's earth, limestone, mineral water, natural gas, onyx, petroleum, quicksilver, salt, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Mineral water 64,200 gals. $8,000 Stone, miscellaneous 37,576 Other minerals* 1,290,347 Total j $1,335,923 •Includes cement, fuller's earth, natural gas, quicksilver, salt. STATISTICS OF ANNUAL PRODUCTION. 115 SONOMA. Area: 1,577 square miles. Population. "^8,394: (1910) census). Location: South of Mendocino County, bordering on the Pacific Ocean. Sonoma ranked thirty-third among the counties of California dur- ing the year 1915, with a mineral production of $276,104, as compared with its 1914 output worth $326,144. More paving blocks are turned out here than in any other section of the state. Among Sonoma's mineral r&sources are: Brick, ehromite, clay, cop- per, graphite, infusorial earth, magnesite, marble, mineral paint, min- eral water, quicksilver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Maenesite - - - 3,624 tons 258,600 gals. 159 flasks $34,788 Afirtorni wafpr - - 41,231 Oiiicksilvcr - _ 21,793 Stonp misippllanpoiis - 177,917 Otlior minovnls 375 Total $276,104 STANISLAUS. Area: 1,450 square miles. Population: 35,000 (estimated by the county board of super- visors). Location: Center of state, bounded on south by Merced County. Gold is the chief mineral product of Stani.slaus County, although brick, clay, gypsum, iron, manganese, mineral paint, quicksilver, and silver are found here to some extent as well. This county, for 1915, ranks thirty-seventh in the state in regard to vahie of minerals, with an output of $191,771. In order not to reveal individual business, the gold, platinum, and silver yield of its single dredge is combined with the data of other minerals. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance Stone, miscellaneous Other minerals* Value $2,250 189,521 Total : $191,771 'Includes gold, mineral paint, silver, platinum, quicksilver. 116 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. SUTTER. Area: 608 square miles. Population: 6,329 (1910 census). Location: Bounded by Butte County on the north and Sacramento on the south. Sutter is one of only two counties in the state which reported no commercial output of some kind of mineral substance during 1915. Both clay and coal exist here, but deposits of neither mineral have been placed on a productive basis. TEHAMA. Area: 2,893 square miles. Population: 11,401 (1910 census). Location: North central portion of the state, bounded on the north by Shasta. Tehama stands fifty-third among the fifty-six mineral-producing counties of the state. Its mineral output during 1915 was valued at $4,702, as compared with the 1914 production, worth $300. Among its mineral resources are listed: Brick, chromite, copper, gold, marble, mineral water, salt, silver, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows : Substance .\mount Value Brick - - _-- - -- 400 M. 1,000 gals. $2,700 Mineral water __ __ __ - 500 Stone, miscellaneous ^ __- ___ 750 Other minerals* 752 Total $4,702 ♦Includes chrome and salt. TRINITY. Area: 3,166 square miles. Population: 3,301 (1910 census). Location: Northwestern portion of state. Trinity, like Siskiyou County, requires transportation facilities to further the development of its many and varied mineral resources. Deposits of asbestos, barytes, chromite, copper, gold, mineral water, platinum, quicksilver, silver, and building stone are known here, but v/ith the exception of gold and copper, very little active production of these mineral substances is possible, as yet. STATISTICS OP ANNUAL PRODUCTION. In twenty-ninth place, commercial output for 1915 was : 117 Substance Amount Value Gold $441,846 Mineral water 120 gals. 13 ounces 360 Platinum _, 435 Silver . 3,470 Stone, niiscellaneous _ _ _ _ 900 Other minerals . - - 52,500 Total $499,511 TULARE. Area: 4,856 square miles. Population: 35,440 (1910 census). Location: Bounded by Inyo on the east, Kern on the south, Fresno on the north. Tulare stands thirty-eighth on the list of mineral-producing counties. Her mineral resources, among others, are : Brick, clay, copper, feld- spar, graphite, gems, limestone, magnesite, marble, natural gas, quartz, glass-sand, soapstone, miscellaneous stone, and zinc. Tulare leads the state in magnesite output. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Brick Feldspar Limestone Magnesite Stone, miscellaneous Other minerals* 5,520 M. 1,800 tons 1,349 tons 11,574 tons Total $33,364 6,500 1,888 104,166 36,851 1,830 $184,599 •Includes chrome and silica. TUOLUMNE. Area: 2,190 square miles. Population: 9,979 (1910 census). Location: East central portion of state — Mother Lode district. Tuolumne ranks nineteenth among the counties of the state relative to its total value of mineral output. As a producer of marble its stand- ing is first. 118 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. Chromite, clay, copper, gold, lead, limestone, marble, mineral paint, platinum, soapstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone, are among its mineral resources. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Chrome _ . - - _- 352 tons 27,667 lbs. $2,352 Copper -- - . 4,842 Gold 1,058,103 Lead - - . ._ .. 1,779 lbs. 8,859 tons 84 Limestone _ . _ . _- 11,349 Silver . .. ... ..- . 13,480 Stone, miscellaneous . - . -. 1,900 Other minerals* . _ 79,328 Total . $1,171,438 ♦Includes dolomite, lime and marble. VENTURA. Area: 1,878 square miles. Population: 18,347 (1910 census). Location: Southwestern portion of state, bordering on Pacific Ocean. Ventura is the twenty-first county in the state in respect to the value of its mineral production for 1915, the exact figure being $904,767, as compared with the output for 1914, worth $1,000,729. The highest gravity petroleum produced in the state is found here. Among its other mineral resources are: Asphalt, borax, brick, clay, mineral water, natural gas, sandstone, and miscellaneous stone. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Amount Value Brick 200 M. 491,879 M cu. ft. 1,017.220 bbls. $2,500 Natural gas 29,670 Petroleum 869,723 Stone, miscellaneous 2,674 Other minerals 200 Total $904,767 STATISTICS OP ANIJUAL PRODUCTION. 119 YOI.O. Area: 1,014 square miles. Population: 13,926 (1910 census). Location: Sacramento Valley, bounded by Sutter on the east and Colusa on the north. The mineral production from Yolo County during the year 1915 consisted principally of quicksilver and miscellaneous stone valued at $2,040, ranking it in fifty-fifth place. Deposits of undetermined value of iron and sandstone have been discovered within the confines of this county. Commercial production for 1915 was as follows: Substance Value Stone, miscellaneous .. $1,200 840 Other minerals .. Total $2,040 YUBA. Area: 639 square miles. Population: 10,042 (1910 census). Location: Lies west of Sierra and Nevada counties; south of Plumas. Yuba is tenth of the fifty-six mineral producing counties of the state, and is third in regard to gold output. Quicksilver and iron deposits have been reported in this county, aside from the following commercial production as reported for the year 1915 : Substance Amount Value Gold _. $2,703,710 Platinum 132 ounces 4,174 Silver _ . 5,254 Stone, miscellaneous . 149,292 Total $2,862,430 1 120 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. CHAPTER EIGHT. MINING LAWS. The fundamental Federal and California statutes governing mining, the California mine bell signals and forms of location notices are given herewith. MINING BUREAU ACT. Chapter 679. [Stats., 1913.] An act establishing a state mining bureau, creating the office of state mineralogist, fixing his salary and prescribing his powers and duties; providing for the employment of officers and employees of said bureau, making it the duty of persons In charge of mines, mining operations and quarries to make certain- reports, providing for the investigation of mining operations, dealings and transactions and the prosecution for defrauding, swindling and cheating therein, creating a state mining bureau fund for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act and repealing an act entitled "An act to provide for the establishment, maintenance, and support of a bureau, to be known as the state mining bureau, and for the appointment and duties of a board of trustees, to be known as the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, who shall have the direction, man- agement and control of said state mining bureau, and to provide for the appoint- ment, duties, and compensation of a state mineralogist, who shall perform the duties of his office under the control^ direction and supervision of the board of trustees of the state mining bureau," approved IVIarch 23, 1893, and all acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto or in conflict herewith. [Approved June 16, 1913. In effect August 10, 1913.] The people of the state of California do enact as follows: Section 1. There is hereby created and established a state mining bureau. The chief officer of such bureau shall be the state mineralogist, which office is hereby created. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the governor of the state of California and he is hereby empowered to appoint a citizen and resident of this state, having a practical and scientific knowledge of mining, to the office of state mineralogist. Said state mineralogist shall hold his office at the pleasure of the governor. He shall be a civil executive officer. He shall take and subscribe the same oath of office as other state officers. He shall receive for his services a salary of three hundred dollars ($300) per month, to be paid at the same time and in the same manner as the salaries of other state officers. He shall also receive his necessary traveling expenses when traveling on the business of his office. He shall give bond for the faithful performance of his duties in the sum of ten thousand dollars ($10,000), said bond to be approved by the governor of the state of California. Sec. 3. Said state mineralogist shall employ competent geologists, field assistants, qualified specialists and office employees when necessary in the execution of his plans and operations of the bureau, and fix their compensation. The said employees shall be allowed their necessary traveling expenses when traveling on the business of said department and shall hold office at the pleasure of said state mineralogist. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of said state mineralogist to make, facilitate, and encourage, special studies of the mineral resources and mineral industries of the state. It shall be his duty: to collect statistics concerning the occurrence and pro- duction of the economically important minerals and the methods pursued in making MINING LAW APPENDIX. 121 their valuable constituents available for commercial use ; to make a collection of typical geological and mineralogical specimens, especially those of economic and commercial importance, such collection constituting the museum of the state mining bureau ; to provide a library of books, reports, drawings, bearing upon the mineral industries, and sciences of mineralogy and geology, and arts of mining and metallurgy, such library constituting the library of the state mining bureau ; to make a collection of models, drawings and descriptions of the mechanical appliances used in mining and metallurgical processes ; to preserve and so maintain such collections and library as to make them available for reference and examination, and open to public inspection at reasonable hours ; to maintain, in effect, a bureau of information concerning the mineral industries of this state, to consist of such collections and library, and to arrange, classify, catalogue, and index the data therein contained, in a manner to make the information available to those desiring it ; to issue from time to time such bulletins as he may deem advisable concerning the statistics and tech- nology of the mineral industries of this state. Sec. 5. It is hereby made the duty of the owner, lessor, lessee, agent, manager or other person in charge of each and every mine, of whatever kind or character, within the state, to forward to the state mineralogist, upon his request, at his office not later than the thirtieth day of June, in each year, a detailed report upon forms which will be furnished showing the character of the mine, the number of men then employed, the method of working such mine and the general condition thereof, the total mineral production for the past year, and such owner, lessor, lessee, agent, manager or other person in charge of any mine within the state must furnish whatever information relative to such mine as the state mineralogist may from time to time require for the proper discharge of his official duties. Any owner, lessor, lessee, agent, manager or other person in charge of each and every mine, of whatever kind or character within the state, who fails to comply with the above provisions shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. Sec. 6. The state mineralogist now performing the duties of the office of state mineralogist shall perform the duties of the office of state mineralogist as in this act provided until the appointment and qualification of his successor as in this act provided. Sec. 7. The said state mineralogist shall take possession, charge and control of the offices now occupied and used by the board of trustees and state mineralogist and the museum, library and laboratory of the mining bureau located in San Fran- cisco as provided for by a certain act of the legislature approved March 2.3, 1803, and hereafter referred to in section fourteen hereof, and shall maintain such offices, muspiini. library and laboratory for the purposes provided in this act. Sec. 8. Said state mineralogist or qualified assistant shall have full power and authority at any time to enter or examine any and all mines, quarries, wells, mills, reduction works, refining works and other mineral properties or working plants in this state in order to gather data to comply with the provisions of this act. Sec. 9. The state mineralogist shall make a biennial report to the governor on or before the fifteenth day of September next preceding the regular session of the legislature. Sec 10. All moneys received by the state mining bureau or any officer thereof (except such as may be paid to them by the state for disbursement) shall be receipted for by the state mineralogist or other officer authorized by him to act in his place and at least once a month accounted for by him to the state controller and paid into the state treasury to the credit of a fund which is hereby created and designated "state mining bureau fund." All moneys now in the possession of the state mining bureau or any officer thereof received from any source whatsoever, shall be immediately paid over to the state mineralogist and by him accounted for to the controller and paid into the state treasury to the credit of said fund. Said fund shall be used and is hereby appropriated for the use of said bureau in carrying out the purposes of this act. Sec. 11. The said state mineralogist is hereby authorized and empowered to receive on behalf of this state, for the use and benefit of the state mining bureau, 122 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. gifts, bequests, devices and legacies of real or other property and to use the same in accordance with the wishes of the donors, and if no instructions are given by said donors, to manage, use, and dispose of the gifts and bequests and legacies for the best interests of said state mining bureau and in such manner as he may deem proper. Sec. 12. The state mineralogist may, whenever he deems it advisable, prepare a special collection of ores and minerals of California to be sent to or used at any world's fair or exposition in order to display the mineral wealth of the state. Sec. 13. The state mineralogist is hereby empowered to fix a price upon and to dispose of to the public, at such price, any and all publications of the state mining bureau, including reports, bulletins, maps, registers or other publications, such price shall approximate the cost of publication and distribution. Any and all sums derived from such disposition, or from gifts or bequests made, as hereinbefore pro- vided must be accounted for by said state minei-alogist and turned over to the state treasurer to be credited to the mining bureau fund as provided for in section ten. He is also empowered to furnish without cost to public libraries the publications of the bui'eau, and to exchange publications with other geological surveys and scientific societies, etc. Sec. 14. The state mineralogist provided for by this act shall be the successor in interest of the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, and the state mineralogist, under and by virtue of that certain act, entitled "An act to provide for the establishment, maintenance, and support of a bureau, to be known as the state mining bureau, and for the appointment and duties of a board of trustees, to be known as the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, who shall have the direction, management, and control of said state mining bureau, and to provide for the appointment, duties, and compensation of a state mineralogist, who shall perform the duties of his office under the control, direction and supervision of the board of trustees of the state mining bureau," approved March 23, 1893, and all books, papers, documents, personal property, records, and property of every kind and description obtained or possessed, or held or controlled by the said board of trustees of the said state mining bureau, and the state mineralogist, and the clerks and employees thereof, under the provisions of said act of March 23, 1893, or any act supplemental thereto or amendatory thereof, shall immediately be turned over and delivered to the said state mineralogist herein provided for, who shall have charge and control thereof. Sec. 15. That certain act entitled "xVn act to provide for the establishment, maintenance, and support of a bureau, to be known as the state mining bureau, and for the appointment and duties of a board of trustees, to be known as the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, and to provide for the appointment, duties and compensation of a state mineralogist, who shall perform the duties of his office under the control, direction, and supervision of the board of trustees of the state mining bureau," approved March 23, 1893, together with all acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto and all acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. illNI^G LAW APPENDIX. 123 DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM AND GAS. Chapter 718. An act establishing and creating a department of the state mining bureau for the protection of the natural resources of petroleum and gas from waste and destruc- tion through improper operations in production; providing for the appointment of a state oil and gas supervisor: prescribing his duties and powers; fixing his com- pensation; providing for the appointment of deputies and employees; providing for their duties and compensation; providing for the inspection of petroleum and gas wells; requiring all persons operating petroleum and gas wells to make certain reports; providing procedure for arbitration of departmental rulings; creating a fund for the purposes of the act; providing for assessment of charges to be paid by operators and providing for the collection thereof; and making an appropria- tion for the purposes of this act. [Approved June 10, 1915.] The people of the state of California do enact as follows: Section 1. A separate department of the state mining bureau is hereby estab- lished and created to be known as the department of petroleum and gas. Such department shall be under the general jurisdiction of the state mineralogist. He shall appoint a supervisor who shall be a competent engineer or geologist experienced in the development and production of petroleum and who shall be designated the "state oil and gas supervisor," and whose term of oflBce shall be four years from and after the date of his appointment. Sec. 2. For his services in the general supervision of said department the state mineralogist shall receive as compensation one thousand four hundred dollars annually which shall be in addition to his compensation fixed in section two of the act of June IG, 1913, relating to the state mining bureau. The supervisor shall receive an annual salary of four thousand five hundred dollars, and shall be allowed his necessary traveling expenses. The state mineralogist may appoint necessary clerks, stenographers, and assistants, and prescribe their duties and fix their com- pensation, within the amount limited in section forty-six hereof and subject to the civil service laws of the state. The additional salary herein authorized to be paid to the state mineralogist and the salaries of the supervisor and of the deputies, clerks, stenographers, assistants and other employees shall be paid out of the funds hereinafter provided for at the time and in the manner that salaries of other state officers and employees are paid. Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the state oil and gas supervisor so to supervise the drilling, operation and maintenance and abandonment of petroleum or gas wells in the state of California, as to prevent, as far as possible, damage to underground petroleum and gas deposits from infiltrating water and other causes and loss of petroleum and natural gas. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the state oil and gas supervisor to appoint not more than four deputies and prescribe their duties, and fix their compensation. Such deputies shall serve during the pleasure of the supervisor. He may also employ an attorney and fix his compensation. The supervisor, the deputies, and the attorney shall not be subject to the civil service act. Sec. 5. Each deputy appointed by the supervisor shall be a competent engineer 01 geologist experienced in the development and production of petroleum. Each deputy shall be assigned certain districts or territory, and shall maintain an oflSce in the district, convenient of access to the petroleum or gas operators therein. The office shall be open and the deputy shall be present at certain specified times which shall be posted at such office. Sec. 6. It shall be the duty of each deputy, to collect all necessary information regarding the oil wells in the district, with a view to determining the presence and source of water in the oil sand, and to make all maps and other accessories necessary to determine the presence and source of water in the oil sands. This work shall be 124 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. done with the view to advising the operators as to the best means of protecting the oil and gas sands, and with a view to aiding the supervisor in ordering tests or repair work at wells. All such data shall be kept on file in the office of the deputy oil and gas supervisor of the respective district. Sec. 7. The records of any and all operators, when filed with the deputy super- visor .is hereinafter provided, shall be open to inspection to those authorized in writing by such operators, to the state officers, and to the board of arbitration here- inafter provided for. Such records shall in no case be available as evidence in court proceedings and no officer or employee or member of any board of arbitration shall be allowed to give testimony as to the contents of said records, except at such court proceedings as are hereinafter provided for in the review of the decision of the state oil and gas supervisor, or a board of arbitration, and in criminal proceedings arising out of such records, or the statements upon which they are based. Sec. S. It shall be the duty of the supervisor to order such tests or remedial work as is in his judgment necessary to protect the petroleum and gas deposits from damage by underground water, to the best interest of the neighboring property owners and the public at large. The order shall be in written form, signed by the supervisor, and served upon the owner of the well or his local agent, in the manner provided in section eleven hereof. The order shall specify the work necessary to protect such deposits from damage from underground waters. For this purpose each operator or owner shall designate an agent, giving his post-office address, who resides within the county where the well or wells are located, upon whom all orders and notices provided for in this act may be served. Sec. 9. The well owner, or his local agent, may within ten days from date of service of order from the supervisor, file with the supervisor, or his deputy in the district where the property is located, a statement that the supervisor's order is not acceptable and that arbitration of the subject is demanded. Sec. 10. Arbitration of a question which has been the subject of an order by the supervisor shall be accomplished by a board of three members, as follows: (1) The owner of the well or his local agent shall name one member who shall not be directly or indirectly interested in the property, nor employed in its operation. (2) The owners, or their local agents, of wells within a radius of one mile from the affected well, shall name one member of the arbitration board, who shall not be directly or indirectly interested in the property nor employed in its oi^eration. For this purpose the supervisor shall give written notice to each of the said owners or agents. The notice shall specify the time and place of meeting and the fact that it is for the purpose of choosing an arbitrator. The notice shall be published once in a newspaper of general circulation, published in the county where the meeting is to be held, and posted in a conspicuous place at the office of the deputy supervisor at least five days before the time of meeting, and a copy thereof mailed to each of such owners, or their local agents, at the address given, at least five days before the time of meeting. A majority of those attending such meeting shall be sufficient to choose such arbitrator. (3) The third member of the arbitration board shall be chosen by the other members, but if they fail to choose a third member within ten days after the selection of the first two members then such third member shall be chosen by the state mineralogist, and shall not be directly or indirectly interested in the property, nor employed in its operation. The arbitrators chosen as above specified shall each be paid ten dollars per day for each day of actual service, not to exceed thirty dollars each for any one case, upon warrants drawn upon the repair fund hereinafter created, and approved by the state mineralogist. One-half of the cost of arbitration shall be paid by the person demanding it and the board of arbitration may, at its discretion, order that the entire cost of such arbitration shall be paid by such person if it finds that such arbitration has been demanded needlessly or not in good faith. Sec. 11. Upon receipt by the supervisor or deputy supervisor of a written com- plaint, signed by one-third of the individuals or corporations owning land or operat- ing wells within a radius of one mile of any well, or group of wells, the supervisor must make an investigation of said well or wells and render a written order stating MINING LAW APPENDIX. 125 tlie work required to repair the damage complained of, or stating that no work is required. A copy of such order must be delivered to each of the complainants and, if the supervisor order the damage repaired, a copy of such order shall be delivered to each of the owners, or agents, having in charge the wells upon which the work is to be done. Service of such copies shall be by mailing to such persons at the post office address given. Within ten days after the date of mailing of such order any of such complainants may demand arbitration of the matter as provided in section ten of this act. When said complaint is made by a single party against a well or wells, of which there is no financially responsible owner, the supervisor may order the necessary repair work, the expense of which shall be a charge against the com- plainant collectible as provided in section fourteen. Sec. 12. In any proceedings before the board of arbitration herein provided for, the supervisor shall have the power to subpojna witnesses and to administer oaths ; provided, however, that no person shall be required to attend upon such subpoenas, either with or without books, papers, documents or accounts, unless residing within the same county or within thirty miles of the place of attendance, but the supervisor may in such a case cause the deposition of witnesses residing within or without the state, to be taken in the manner prescribed by law for like depositions in civil actions in the superior courts of this state, and to that end may compel the attend- ance of witnesses and the production of books, papers, and documents at such places as he may designate within the limits hereinbefore prescribed. Witnesses shall be entitled to receive the fees and mileage fixed by law in civil cases. In case of failure on the part of any person to comply with any order of the supervisor, or any sub- poena, or upon the refusal of any witness to testify to any matter regarding which he may lawfully be interrogated before the board, it shall be the duty of the superior court or the judge thereof, on application of the supervisor, to compel obedience in the same manner, by contempt proceedings or otherwise, that such obedience would be compelled in a proceeding pending before the court. Sec. 13. Within ten days after hearing the evidence the arbitration board shall make a written decision ordering such tests or remedial work as is deemed necessary to protect the oil sands from damage by infiltrating water. This written decision shall be served upon the owner or his agent and shall supersede and nullify the previous order of the supervisor provided for in section eight hereof. In case no written decision is made by a board of arbitration within thirty days after the date of notice by the supervisor, as provided in section ten hereof, the order of the supervisor shall be effective and subject only to review by writ of certiorari from the superior court as provided in section fourteen hereof. Sec. 14. On or before thirty daj-s after the date of serving an order of the super- visor provided for in section eight hereof, or, in case of arbitration, on or before thirty days after date of serving the decision of the board, as provided in sections twelve and thirteen hereof, the owner shall commence in good faith the work ordered, and continue until completion. If the work has not been so commenced and con- tinued to completion the supervisor shall appoint agents as he deems necessary, who shall enter the premises and perform the work. Accurate account of all such expenditures shall be kept and the amount paid from the fund hereinafter created upon the warrant of the state controller. Any amounts so expended shall constitute a lien against the property upon which the work is done. The decision of the board of arbitration or of the supervisor in such a case may be reviewed by writ of certiorari from the superior court of the county in which the district is situated, if taken within thirty days after the signing of the order. If no review is taken or, if taken, the decision of the board is affirmed, the lien upon the property shall be enforced in the same manner that other liens on real property are enforced and shall first be enforced against the owner of the well, against the operator and against the personal property and fixtures used in the construction or operation thereof, and then if there then be any deficiency, against the land upon which the work is done. Sec. 15. It shall be the duty of the owner of any well now drilled, or that may be drilled, in the state of California, on lands producing or reasonably presumed to 126 MINERAL INDUSTRY OP CAUFORNIA. contain petroleum or gas, to properly case such well or wells, with metal casing, in accordance with methods approved by the supervisor, and to use every effort and endeavor in accordance with the most approved methods to effectually shut off all water overlying or underlying the oil or gas-bearing strata, and to effectually prevent any water from penetrating such oil or gas-bearing strata. Sec. 16. It shall be the duty of the owner of any well referred to in this act, before abandoning the same, to use every effort and endeavor in accordance with methods approved by the supervisor, to shut off and exclude all water from entering oil-bearing strata encountered in the well. The owner shall give written notice to the supervisor, or his local deputy, of his intention to abandon any well and the date when such work of abandonment shall begin. The notice shall be given to the supervisor, or his local deputy, at least fifteen days before such proposed abandon- ment. The owner shall furnish the supervisor, or his deputy, with such information as he may request, showing the condition of the well and proposed method of abandonment. The supervisor, or his deputy, shall before the proposed date of abandonment furnish the owner with a written order of approval of his proposal or a written order stating what work will be necessary before approval, to abandon, will be given. If the supervisor shall fail within the specified time to give tht owner a written order such failure shall be considered as an approval of the owner's proposal to abandon the well. Sec. 17. The owner of any well referred to in this act shall, before commencing the work of drilling an oil or gas well, file with the supervisor, or his local deputy, a written notice of intention to commence drilling. Such notice shall also contain the following information: (1) Statement of location and elevation above sea level of proposed derrick and drill rig. (2) The number or other designation by which such well shall be known, which number or designation shall not be changed after filing notice provided for in this section, without the written consent of the super- visor being obtained therefor. (3) The owner's estimate of the depth of the point at which water shall be shut off. (4) The owner's estimate of the depth at which oil or gas producing sand or formation shall be encountered. The provisions of this section shall also apply, so far as may be, to the deepening or redrilling of any well. Sec. is. It shall be the duty of the owner of any well referred to in this act, to keep a careful and accurate log of the drilling of such well, such log to show the character and depth of the formations passed through or encountered in the drilling of such well, and particularly to show the location and depth of the water-bearing strata, together with the character of the water encountered from time to time (so far as ascertained) and to show at what point such water was shut off, if at all, and if not, to so state in such log, and show completely the amounts, kinds and size of casing used, and show the depth at which oil-bearing strata is encountered, the depth and character of same, and whether all water overlying and underlying such oil-bearing strata was successfully and permanently shut off so as to prevent the percolation or penetration into such oil-bearing strata ; such log shall be kept in the local office of the owner or operator and subject to the inspection of the super- visor or any of his deputies at any time during business hours, and a copy of said log shall be filed with the deputy supervisor immediately upon the completion of said well and also a complete copy shall be filed with the deputy supervisor upon the completion of any additional work upon the well. The owner of any well drilled previous to the enactment of this act shall furnish to the supervisor a complete and correct log of such well, so far as may be possible, together with a statement of the present condition of said well. Sec. 19. It shall be the duty of the owner of any well referred to in this act to notify the deputy supervisor of the time at which the owner shall test the shut-off of water in any such well. Such notice shall be given at least five days before such test. The deputy supervisor shall be present at such test and shall himself note in the log book the result thereof. If any test shall be unsatisfactory to him he shall notify the owner of that fact. Sec. 20. It shall be the duty of every person, association or corporation, pro- ducing oil in the state of California, to file with the supervisor at his request, but MINING LAW APPENDIX. 127 not oftener than once in each month a sworn statement of the amount of oil pro- duced, during the period indicated, its gravity and the number of wells drilling, producing, idle, or abandoned. This Information shall be in such form as the super- visor may designate. Sec. 21. Any owner or operator of a well referred to in this act, or employee thereof, who refuses to permit the supervisor, or his deputy, to inspect the same, or who wilfully hinders or delaj-s the enforcement of this act, and every person, firm, or corporation, who violates any provision of this act, is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be punishable by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail for not less than thirty days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Sec. 22. Charges levied, assessed and collected as hereinafter provided upon the properties of every person, firm, corporation or association operating any oil well or wells for the production of petroleum in this state, or operating any well or wells for the production of natural gas in this state which gas wells are situate in counties having producing petroleum wells chargeable under this act, and on lands situate within two miles, as near as may be, of any petroleum or gas well the pro- duction of which is chargeable under this act, shall be used exclusively for the support and maintenance of the department of petroleum and gas hereinbefore created, and shall be assessed and levied by the state mineralogist, and collected in the manner hereinafter provided. Sec. 23. Every person, firm, corporation or association operating any petroleum well or wells in this state shall annually pay a charge to the state treasurer at a uniform rate per barrel of petroleum produced for the preceding calendar year at the time and in the manner hereinafter provided, based upon a verified report as herein provided. Sec. 24. Every person, firm, corporation or association operating any gas well or wells in this state shall annually pay a charge to the state treasurer based upon the amount of gas sold in the preceding calendar year at a fixed rate per thousand cubic feet, which rate shall be based upon the proportionate benefits resulting to the property so assessed by reason of the expenditures made under this act, in the county, in which each such well is located. Said charge shall be based upon a verified report as herein provided ; provided, further, that no charges shall be assessed, levied, or collected from any person, firm, corporation, or association operating a gas well or wells in any county in which there exist no producing petroleum wells to be assessed under the provisions of this act. Sec. 2.J. Every person, firm, corporation or association owning any oil land, as determined by the supervisor, shall annually pay a charge to the state treasurer at the time and in the manner hereinafter provided, which charge shall be a uniform rate per acre. Said charge shall be based upon a verified report as provided herein ; provided, however, that such lands so assessed shall not be called upon to pay more than one-tenth of the total charges or moneys proposed to be assessed, levied and collected under the provisions of this act for any one year. Sec. 26. The charges assessed, levied and to be collected under the provisions of this act shall be in addition to any and all charges, taxes, assessments or licenses of any kind or nature paid by or upon the properties assessed hereunder. Sec. 27. The state mineralogist shall annually, on or before the first Monday in March, acting in conjunction with the state board of control, make an estimate of the amount of moneys which shall be required to carry out the provisions of this act. Sec. 28. The state mineralogist shall prescribe the form and contents of all reports for making the charge or other purposes to carry out the intent and pro- visions of this act, which form shall be mailed in duplicate to the person, firm, corporation or association owning property or assessed under the provisions of this act. Sec. 29. Every person, firm, corporation or association chargeable under the provisions of this act, shall within ten days after the first Monday in March of each year, report to and file with the state mineralogist, a report in such form as 12S MINEEtAIi IKDUSTKT OF CALIFORNIA. said officer may prescribe, giving any and all items of information as may be demanded by said report, and necessary to carry out the prorisions of this act, which report shall be verified by such person or officer as the state mineralogist may designate. Sec. 30. If any person, firm, corporation or association chargeable under the provisions of this act shall fail or refuse to furnish the state mineralogist within the time prescribed in this act the verified report provided for in this act, the state mineralogist must note such failure or refusal in the record of assessments herein- after in this act provided for. and must make an estimate of the petroleum or gas production, or landed area to be assessed of any such person, firm, corporation or association and must assess the same at the amount thus estimated and compute the chai^ thereon, which assessment and charge shall be the assessment and charge for such year. And if in the succeeding year any such person, firm, corporation or association shall again fail and refuse to furnish the verified report required by this act, the state mineralc^st shall make an estimate as aforesaid, which estimate shall not be less than twice the amotint of the estimate made by him for the previous year, and shall note such failure or refusal as above provided, and the said estimate so made shall be the assessment or charge for said year. In case of each succeeding consecutive failure or refusal the said state mineralogist shall follow the same procedure until a true statement or rejwrt shall be furnished. Sec. 31. Any person, firm, corporation or association failing or refusing to make and furnish any reiMjit prescribed in this act or rendering a false or fraudulent report shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and subject to a fine of not less than three hundred dollars and not exceeding one thousand dollars for each such offense. Sec. 32. The state mineralogist may, for good cause shown, by order entered upon his minutes, extend for not exceeding thirty days, the time fixed in this act for filing any report herein provided for. Sec. 33. On or before the third Monday before the first Monday in July the state mineralogist shall determine the rale or rates which, when applied to the assessments provided for in this act, shall produce the sum necessary to be raised as provided in section twenty-seven of this act. Within the same time the said state mineralogist shall extend in the proper column of the record of assessments herein- after provided for the amount of diaiges due from each person, firm, corporation or association. Sec. S4. Between the first Monday in March and the third Monday before the first Monday in July in each year, the state mineralogist must assess and levy the diai^es as and in the manner provided for in this act. The assessments must be made to the i)erson. firm, corporation or association owning or operating the property subject to assessment hereunder on the first Monday in March. If the name of the owner is unknown to the state mineralogist, such assessment must be made to unknown owners. Clerical errors occurring or appearing in the name of any person, firm, corporation or association whose proi)erty is properly assessed and charged, or in the making, or extension of any assessment or charge upon the records, which do not affect the substantial rights of the payer, shall not invalidate the assessment or diaige. Sec 35. The state mineralogist and the chairman of the state board of control and the chairman of the state board of equalization shall constitute a board of review, correction and equalization, and shall have all the powers and perform such duties as usoally devolve upon a county board of equalization under the provisions of section three thousand six hundred seventy-two of the Political Code. The state mineral<^st shall act as secretary of said board, and shall keep an accurate minute of the proceedings thereof. Said board of review, correction and equalization shall meet at the state capitol on the third Monday before the first Monday in July of each year, and remain in session from day to day until the first Monday in July for the purpose of canying out the provisions of this section. Sec. 36. On the third Monday before the first Monday in July of eadi year the state mineralogist shall 'ause to be published a notice, one or more times, in a daily, MINING LAW APPENDIX. 129 or weekly, or semi-weekly newspaper of general circulation published in the counties of Fresno, Kern, Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura and Santa Barbara, if one be published therein, otherwise in a newspaper of general circulation published in the county nearest to such county designated herein in which no such paper is pub- lished, that the assessment of property and levy of charges under and in pursuance of this act has been . completed and that the records of assessments containing the charges due will be delivered to the state controller on the first Monday in July, and that if any person, firm, corporation or association is dissatisfied with the assessment made or charge fiied by the state mineralogist, he or it may, at any time before said first Monday in July, apply to said board of review, correction and equalization to have the same corrected in any particular. The said board shall have power at any time before said first Monday in July to correct the record of assessments and may increase or decrease any assessment or charge therein if in its judgment the evidence presented or obtained warrants such action. Costs of such publication in any county shall be paid from the repair fund of said county. Sec. 37. The state mineralogist must prepare each year a book, in one or more volumes, to be called the "Record of Assessments and Charges for Oil Protection," in which must be entered, either in writing or printing, or both writing and printing, each assessment and levy or charge made by him upon the property provided to be assessed and charged under this act, describing the property assessed, and such assessments may be classified and entered in such separate parts of said record as said state mineralogist shall prescribe. Sec. 3S. On the first Monday in July the state mineralogist must deliver to the state controller the record of assessments and charges for oil protection, certified to by said state mineralogist, which certificate shall be substantially as follows : "I, , state mineralogist, do hereby certify that between the first Monday in March and the first Monday in July, 19 , I made diligent inquiry and examination to ascertain all property and persons, firms, corporations and associa- tions subject to assessment for the purpose of oil protection as required by the provisions of the act of legislature approved 19 , providing for the assessment and collection of charges for oil protection ; that I have faithfully complied with all the duties imposed upon me by law ; that I have not imposed any unjust or double assessment through malice or ill will, or otherwise ; nor allowed any person, firm, corporation or association, or property to escape a just assessment or charge through favor or regard, or otherwise." But the failure to subscribe such certificate to such record of assessments and charges for oil protection, or any certificate, shall not in any manner affect the validity of any assessment or charge. It is the intention of this act that in the assessment of the lands as provided in section twenty-five hereof, and in carrying such assessments to the record of assess- ments aforesaid, the state mineralogist shall keep within two miles as near as may be of producing petroleum or gas wells as provided in said section twenty-five hereof. Sec. 39. The charges levied and assessed under the provisions of this act shall be due and payable on the first Monday in July in each year, and one-half thereof shall be delinquent on the sixth Monday after the first Monday in July at six o'clock p.m. and unless paid prior thereto, fifteen per cent shall be added to the amount thereof, and unless paid prior to the first Monday in February next thereafter at six o'clock p.m.. an additional five per cent shall be added to the amount thereof, and the unpaid portion, or the remaining one-half of said charges shall become delinquent on the first Monday in February next succeeding the day upon which they become due and payable, at six p.m. ; and if not paid prior thereto five per cent shall be added to the amount thereof. Sec. 40. Within ten days after the receipt of the record of assessments and charges for oil protection, the state controller must begin the publication of a notice to appear daily for five days, in one daily newspaper of general circulation published in each of the counties of Fresno, Kern. Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura and Santa Barbara, if one be published therein, otherwise for at least two times in a weekly 9—25437 130 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. or semi-weekly paper of general circulation published therein, or if there be neither a daily, nor weekly nor semi-weekly paper of general circulation published in any one of such counties, then the publication of the notice for such county shall be made in a similar manner in a newspaper of general circuJation published in the county nearest such county, specifying: (1) That he has received from the state mineralogist the record of assessments and charges for oil protection. (2) That the charges therein assessed and levied are due and payable on the first Monday in July and that one-half thereof will be delinquent on the sixth Monday after the first Monday in July at six o'clock p.m., and that unless paid to the state treasurer at the capitol prior thereto, fifteen per cent will be added to the amount thereof, and unless paid prior to the first Monday in February next there- after at six o'clock p.m., an additional five per cent will be added to the amount thereof ; and that the remaining one-half of said charges will become delinquent on the first Monday in February next succeeding the day upon which they become due and payable, at six o'clock p.m. ; and if not paid to the state treasurer at the capitol prior thereto, five per cent will be added to the amount thereof. Costs of such publication in any county shall be paid from the repair fund of said county. Sec. 41. The assessments and charges levied under the provisions of this act shall constitute a lien upon all the property of every kind and nature belonging to the persons, firms, corporations, and associations and assessed under the provisions hereof, which lien shall attach on the first Monday in March of each year. Every charge and assessment herein provided for has the effect of a judgment against the person, firm, corporation or association, and every lien created by this act has the effect of an execution duly levied against all property of the delinquent ; the judg- ment is not satisfied nor the lien removed until such charges, penalties, and costs are paid, or the property sold for the payment thereof. Sec. 42. All charges assessed and levied under the provisions of this act shall be paid to the state treasurer upon the order of the state controller. The controller must mark the date of payment of any charge on the record of assessments and charges for oil protection, and shall give a receipt for such payment in such form as the controller shall prescribe. Errors appearing in any assessment on said record of assessments or overcharges shall be corrected by the controller by and with the consent of the state board of control in such manner as said controller and said board shall agree upon. Sec. 43. Any person, firm, corporation or association claiming and protesting as herein provided that the assessment made or charges assessed against him or it by the state mineralogist is void, in whole or in part, may bring an action against the state treasurer for the recovery of the whole or any part of such charge, penalties, or costs paid on such assessment upon the grounds stated in said protest, but no action may be brought later than the third Monday in February next follow- ing the day on which the charges were due, nor unless such person, firm, corporation or association shall have filed with the state controller at the time of payment of such charges a written protest stating whether the whole assessment or charge is claimed to be void, or if a part only, what part, and the grounds upon which such claim is founded ; and when so paid under protest the payment shall in no case be regarded as voluntary. Whenever, under the provisions of this section, an action is commenced against the state treasurer, a copy of the complaint and of the summons must be served upon the treasurer, or his deputy. At the time the treasurer demurs or answers, he may demand that the action be tried in the superior court of the county of Sacra- mento, which demand must be granted. The attorney general must defend the action, or may appoint any competent attorney to so defend, the expense of which employment shall be paid from the repair fund raised under the provisions of this act. The provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure relating to pleadings, proofs, trials, and appeals are applicable to the proceedings herein provided for. A failure to begin such action within the time herein specified shall be a bar against the recovery of such charges. In any such action the court shall have the MINING LAW APPENDIX. 131 power to render judgment for plaintiff for any part or portion of the charge, penal- ties, or costs found to be void and so paid by plaintiff upon such asses'smeut. Sec. 44. The state controller shall, on or before the thirtieth day of May next following the delinquency of any charge as provided in this act, bring an action in a court of competent jurisdiction in the county of Sacramento in the name of the people of the State of California, to collect any delinquent charges or assessments, together with any penalties, or costs, which have not been paid in accordance with the provisions of this act and appearing delinquent upon the records of assessments and charges for oil protection hereinbefore in this act provided for. The attorney general, or some competent attorney appointed by him for that purpose, must prosecute such action, and the provisions of the Code of Civil Pro- cedure relating to service of summons, pleadings, proofs, trials, and appeals are applicable to the proceedings herein provided for. In such action a writ of attach- ment may be issued, and no bond or affidavit previous to the issuing of said attach- ment is required. The special attorney herein authorized to be appointed to prosecute such action or actions shall be paid from the repair funds raised under the provisions of this act. I'ayraent of the charges and penalties, or amount of the judgment recovered in such action must be made to the state treasurer'. In such actions the record of assessment and charges for oil protection, or a copy of so much thereof as is appli- cable in said action, duly certified by the controller, showing unpaid charges against any person, firm, corporation or association assessed by the state mineralogist, is prima facie evidence of the assessment upon the property, the delinquency, the amount of charges, penalties, and costs due and unpaid to the state, and that the person, firm, corporation or association is indebted to the people of the state of California in the amount of charges and penalties therein appearing unpaid, and that all the forms of law in relation to the assessment of such charges have been complied with. Sec. 45. The first assessment under the provisions of this act shall be as of the first Monday in March, nineteen hundred sixteen, and the reports of petroleum production and sales of gas herein provided to be assessed shall be reported for the calendar year ending December thirty-first, nineteen hundred fifteen. The lands hei'ein provided to be assessed and charged shall be assessed to the owners thereof as of the first Monday in March, nineteen hundred sixteen. Sec. 46. All of the moneys paid to the state treasurer under this act shall be deposited to the credit of the "oil protection fund" which is hereby created. Of the moneys in such funds forty-five thousand dollars only, shall be set aside as a "supervision account"' and shall be available annually for the support and mainte- nance of the department herein established, and for the necessary expenses of the controller in carrying out the provisions of this act. Any balance remaining in said account at the end of any fiscal year shall be carried over and made a part of the succeeding year's "supervision account" ; provided further, that in the first assessment under this act, an amount equal to the sum appropriated in section fifty- one hereof, shall be added to the regular supervision account and also the amount of ten thousand dollars which shall be available for providing offices and equipment for the deputy supervisors. All moneys shall be drawn from such fund, for the purpose of this act, upon warrants drawn by the controller of the state, upon demands made by the state mineralogist, and audited by the state board of control. Sec. 47. The moneys in such fund shall be expended under the direction of the state mineralogist. All moneys over and above the forty-five thousand dollars for support and maintenance shall be available for the actual repair of wells as specified in section fourteen, and for expenditures provided for in sections thirty-six, forty, forty-three and forty-four of this act. Moneys collected from any county shall be available for repair work only in said county. Expenditure on repair work, in any county, during one year, shall not exceed an amount equal to twenty-five dollars per producing oil well in said county, but in no county shall the amount exceed twenty-five thousand dollars, and the charges hereinbefore provided for shall be so 132 MINERAL INDUSTRY OP CALIFORNIA. determined that such amount shall be available. All moneys received in repayment for repair work done under the order and direction of the supervisor, as hereinbefore provided, shall be returned to the repair fund of the county in which the work was done. Sec. 48. On or before the first day of October in each and every year, the super- visor shall submit a report in writing to the state mineralogist showing the total number of barrels of petroleum produced iu each county in the state during the previous fiscal year, together with the total cost for said year of supervision as shown by the "supervision account" and the net amount remaining therein available for the succeeding year's expense, also the total amount uncollected ; such report shall also show the total amount collected in each county under the "County Repair Account" during such year, total amount expended for said purpose, the total amount still outstanding and not repaid, and the sum available for the next succeeding year. Such report shall also include such other information as the supervisor may deem advisable. The state mineralogist shall make public such statements promptly after receipt of the same from the supervisor for the benefit of all parties interested therein. Sec. 49. All leases, licenses and assignments thereof or of any interest therein for, upon or concerning lands or tenements in this state, whereby a right is given or granted to operate or to sink or drill wells thereon for petroleum or gas, or either, or pertaining thereto, shall be filed for record forthwith, and recorded in the records of the county recorder of the county where the property is situated without delay, and not be removed until recorded. No such lease or license shall have any force or validity until it is filed for record as aforesaid, except as between parties thereto, unless the person claiming thereunder is in actual possession. Sec. 50. Whenever the term "supervisor" is used in this act it shall be taken to mean the "state oil and gas supervisor," the term "oil" shall include "petroleum," the term "petroleum" shall include "oil," the term "gas" shall mean natural gas coming from the earth, the tei-m "operator" shall mean any person, firm or corpora- tion drilling, maintaining, operating, pumping, or in control of a well in any territory which the supervisor determines to be oil or gas producing territory, the term "owner" shall include "operator" when any oil or gas well is operated or has been operated or is about to be operated by any person, firm or corporation other than the owner thereof, and the term "operator" shall include "owner" when any such well is or has been or is about to be operated by or under the direction of the owner, except that all the provisions of this act relating to assessments for the purposes of this act based upon the annual production of oil or petroleum or sale of gas, as set forth in sections twenty-two to forty-five, inclusive of this act, shall apply only to a person, firm or corporation operating an oil or petroleum or gas well, and shall not apply tQ the owner of such well if some person, firm or corporation, other than such owner, has been actually operating the well during the whole period for which such annual charge is made, but in the event that the actual operation of any such well changes hands during such period, the charge shall be apportioned upon the basis of the oil or petroleum or gas produced, and the lien provided for in section forty-one of this act shall be a lien against the property of each and all such operators. Sec. 51. There is hereby appropriated out of any moneys in the state treasury, not otherwise appropriated, the sum of twenty thousand dollars which said sum shall be immediately transferred by the state controller on the books of his oflSce from the general fund to the "oil protection fund" created by section forty-six of this act. The above mentioned fund shall be available for the uses of the state mineralogist for the maintenance of the department of petroleum and gas and for the necessary expenses of the controller in carrying out the provisions of this act. When the collections paid to the state treasurer, as herein provided, equal the sum of thirty thousand dollars then said sum of twenty thousand dollars shall be re-transferred from the oil protection fund to the general fund. The moneys received into the state treasury through the provisions of this act are hereby appropriated for the uses and purposes herein specified. MINING LAW APPENDIX. 133 Sec. 52. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this act. The legislature hereby declares that it would have passed this act, and each section, subsection, sentence, clause, and phrase thereof, irrespective of the fact that any one or more other sections, subsections, sentences, clauses, or phrases be declared unconstitutional. Sec. 53. This act shall be liberally construed to meet its purposes and the supervisor shall have all powers which maj' be necessary to carry out the purposes of this act, but the provisions of this act shall not apply to any land or wells situated within the boundaries of an incorporated city where the drilling of oil wells is prohibited. Sec. 54. That certain act entitled "An act to prevent injury to oil, gas or petroleum-bearing strata or formations by the penetration or infiltration of water therein," approved March 20, 1909, together with all acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto and all acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. Nothing herein shall be construed as affecting the provisions of the act of June IG, 1913, establishing a state mining bureau. TO PREVENT WASTING OF NATURAL GAS. An act prohibiting the unnecessary wasting of natural gas into the atmosphere; providing for the capping or otherwise closing of wells from which natural gas flows; and providing penalties for violating the provisions of this act. [Approved March 25, 1911.] The people of the state of California, represented in senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. All persons, firms, corporations and associations are hereby prohibited from wilfully permitting any natural gas wastefuUy to escape into the atmosphere. Sec. 2. All persons, firms, corporations or associations digging, drilling, exca- vating, constructing or owning or controlling any well from which natural gas flows shall upon the abandonment of such well, cap or otherwise close the mouth of or entrance to the same in such a manner as to prevent the unnecessary or wasteful escape into the atmosphere of such natural gas. And no person, firm, corporation or association owning or controlling land in which such well or wells are situated shall wilfully permit natural gas flowing from such well or wells, wastefully or unnecessarily to escape into the atmosphere. Sec. 3. Any person, firm, corporation or association who shall wilfully violate any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars or by imprisonment in the county jail for not more than one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Sec. 4. For the purposes of this act each day during which natural gas shall be wilfully allowed wastefully or unnecessarily to escape into the atmosphere shall be deemed a separate and distinct violation of this act. Sec. 5. All acts or parts of acts in conflict herewith are hereby repealed. Sec. 6. This act shall take effect immediately. 134 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. CALIFORNIA STATUTES. LOCATION OF MINING CLAIMS, MILL SITES, AND ASSESSMENT WORK. An act to amend the Civil Code of California by adding a new title thereto, to be numbered title X, in part IV of division second, consisting of sections 1426, 1426a, 1426b, 1426c, 1426d, 1426e. 1425f, 1426g. 1426h, 1426i, 1426j, 1426k, 14261, 1426m, 1426n, 14260, 1426p, 1426q, 1426r, and 1426s, providing for the manner of locating lode and placer mining claims, tunnel rights, mill sites, and prescribing the char- acter and amount of assessment work on mining claims, and providing for proofs of such work, and for the recordation of location notices, and proof of labor, and for the enforcement of contributions from delinquent co-owners of mining claims, and prescribing the duties of county recorders respecting the recording of location notices of, and proofs of labor on, mining claims, tunnel rights, and mill sites, and the fees to be charged therefor, and repealing acts in conflict herewith. [Approved March 13, 1909.] The people of the state of California, represented in, senate and assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. The Civil Code of the state of California is hereby amended by add- ing a new title thereto, to be numbered title X, in part IV of second division, con- sisting of sections 1426, 1426a, 1426b, 1426c, 1426rf, 1426e, 1426^ U2Qg, 1426/1, 1426t, 1426;, 1426fc, 1426/, 1426m, 1426n, 1426o, 1426p, 1426^, 1426r, and 1426s, to read as follows : § 1426. Any person, a citizen of the United States, or who has declared his intention to become such, who discovers a vein or lode of quartz, or other rock in place bearing gold, silver, cinnabar, lead, tin, copper, or other valuable deposit, may locate a claim upon such vein or lode, by defining the boundaries of the claim, in the manner hereinafter described, and by posting a notice of such location, at the point of discovery, which notice must contain : First — The name of the lode or claim. Second — The name of the locator or locators. Third — The number of linear feet claimed in length along the course of the vein, each way from the point of discovery, with the width on each side of the center of the claim, and the general course of the vein or lode, as near as may be. Fourth — The date of location. Fifth — Such a description of the claim by reference to some natural object, or permanent monument, as will identify the claim located. § 1426a. The locator must define the boundaries of his claim so that they may be readily traced, and in no case shall the claim extend more than fifteen hundred feet along the course of the vein or lode, nor more than three hundred feet on either side thereof, measured from the center line of the vein at the surface. § 14266. Within thirty days after the posting of his notice of location upon a lode mining claim, the locator shall record a true copy thereof in the oflSce of the county recorder of the county in which such claim is situated, for which service the county recorder shall receive a fee of one dollar. § 1426c. The location of a placer claim shall be made in the following manner: By posting thereon, upon a tree, rock in place, stone, post or monument, a notice of location, containing the name of the claim, name of locator or locators, date of loca- tion, number of feet or acreage claimed, such a description of the claim by reference to some natural object or permanent monument as will identify the claim located, and by marking the boundaries so that they may be readily traced ; provided, that where the United States survey has been extended over the land embraced in the location, the claim may be taken by legal subdivisions and no other reference than those of said survey shall be required and the boundaries of a claim so located and MINING LAW APPENDIX. 135 described need not be staked or monumented. The description by legal subdivisions shall be deemed the equivalent of marking. § 142Gf business of any of said corporation is. And when the consolidation is completed, a certificate thereof, containing the manner and terms of such consolidation, must be filed in the office of the county clerk of the county in which the original certificate of incorporation of each of said corporations is filed, and a copy thereof must be filed in the office of the secretary of state ; such certificate must be signed by a majority of each board of trustees or directors of the original corporations, and it is their duly to call, within thirty days after the filing of such certificate, a meeting of the stockholders of all of said corporations so consolidated, to elect a board of trustees or directors for the consolidated corporation, for the year thence next ensuing ; and to cause notice of the time and place fixed for such meeting to be mailed to each stockholder of each of such corporations at his last known place of residence or business at least ten days before the time fixed for such meeting. The said certificate must also contain all the requirements prescribed by section two hundred and ninety. § 588. It is the duty of the secretary of every corporation formed for the purpose of mining, or conducting mining in California, whether such corporation be formed and organized under the laws of the state of California or of any other state, territory, or foreign country, to keep at some place within the state of California an office and in such office to keep a complete set of books showing all receipts and expenditures of such corporation, the sources of such receipts, and the objects of such expenditures, and also all transfers of stock. All books and papers must, at all times during business hours, be open to the inspection of any stockholder. He is entitled to be accompanied by an expert, and to make copies or extracts from any such books or papers. He may, at reasonable hours, examine such mining property, accompanied by an expert, take samples, and make such other examination as he may deem necessary. It is the duty of the directors, on the second Monday of each and every month, to cause to be made an itemized account or balance sheet for the previous month, embracing a full and complete statement of all disburse- ments and receipts, showing from what sources such receipts were derived, and to whom and for what object or purpose such disbursements or payments were made ; also all indebtedness or liabilities incurred or existing at the time, and for what the same were incurred, and the balance of money, if any, on hand. Such account or balance sheet must be verified under oath by the president and secretary, and posted in some conspicuous place in the office of the company. It is the duty of the superintendent, on the first Monday of each month, to file with the secretary an itemized account, verified under oath, showing all receipts and disbursements made by him for the previous month, and for what said disbursements were made. Such account must also contain a verified statement showing the number of men employed under him, and for what purpose, and the rate of wages paid to each. He must attach to such account a full and complete report, under oath, of the work done in said mine, the amount of ore extracted, from what part of mine taken, the amount sent to mill for reduction, its assay value, the amount of bullion received, the amount of bullion shipped to the office of the company or elsewhere, and the amount, if any, retained by the superintendent. It is his duty to forward to the office of the company a full report, under oath, of all discoveries of ores or mineral- bearing quartz made in said mine, whether by boring, drifting, sinking, or otherwise, together with the assay value thereof. All accounts, reports, and correspondence from the superintendent must be kept in some conspicuous place in the office of said company, open to the inspection of all stockholders. MINING LAW APPENDIX. 139 § 589. Any stockholder of a corporation formed under the laws of this state for the purpose of mining, is entitled to visit, accompanied by his expert, and examine the mine or mines owned by such corporation, and every part thereof, at any time he may see fit ; and when such stockholder applies to the president of such corpo- ration, he must immediately cause the secretary thereof to issue and deliver to such applicant an order, under the seal of the corporation, directed to the superintendent, commanding him to show and exhibit such parts of said mine or mines as the parly named in said order may desire to visit and examine. It is the duty of the super- intendent, on receiving such order, to furnish such stockholder every facility for making a full and complete inspection of said mine or mines, and of the workings therein, and to accompany said stockholder either in person, or to furnish some person familiar with said mine or mines to accompany him in his visit to and through such mine or mines, and every part thereof. If the superintendent fails to obey such order, such stockholder is entitled to recover, in any court of competent jurisdiction, against the corporation, the sum of one thousand dollars, and traveling expenses to and from the mine, as liquidated damages, together with costs of suit. In case of such refusal, it is the duty of the directors of the corporation forthwith to remove the officer so refusing, and thereafter he must not be employed directly or indirectly by the corporation, nor must any salary be paid to him. § 590. In case of the refusal or neglect of the president to cause to be Issued by the secretary the order mentioned in section five hundred and eighty-nine, such stockholder is entitled to recover against said president the sum of one thousand dollars and costs, as provided in the last section. If the directors fail to have the reports and accounts current made and posted as provided in section five hundred and eighty-eight, they are liable, either severally or jointlj% to an action by any stockholder complaining thereof, and on proof of such refusal or failure, he may recover judgment for actual damages sustained by him, with costs of suit. Each of such defaulting directors is also liable to removal for such neglect. CORPORATION LICENSE TAX LAW. Chapter 190. An act prescribing terms and conditions upon which corporations may transact busi- ness In this state and providing penalties and forfeitures for noncompliance. [Approved May 10, 1915.] The people of the state of California do enact as follows: Section 1. Every corporation organized under the laws of another state, terri- tory, or of a foreign country, which is now doing business in this state or main- taining an oflBce herein, and which has not filed with the secretary of state prior to the day on which this act takes effect the document or documents required by section four hundred and eight of the Civil Code, or which shall hereafter do business in this state or maintain an office herein, or which shall enter this state for the purpose of doing business herein, must file in the office of the secretary of state of the state of California a certified copy of its articles of incorporation, or of its charter, or of the statute or statutes, or legislative, or executive, or govern- mental act or acts creating it, in cases where it has been created by charter, or statute, or legislative, or executive, or governmental act, duly certified by the secre- tary of state or other officer authorized by the law of the jurisdiction under which such corporation is formed to certify such copy, and must also file a certified copy thereof, duly certified by the secretary of state of this state in the office of the county clerk of the county where its principal place of business in this state is located, and also where such corporation owns any property, and every such corpora- tion shall pay to the secretary of state for filing in his office such certified copy of its articles of incorporation, or of its charter, or of the statute or statutes, or 140 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNLV. legislative, or executive, or governmental act or acts creating it, a fee of seventy- five dollars, which fee shall be in lieu of the filing fee provided for in section four hundred and nine of the Political Code ; provided, that foreign corporations organ- ized for educational, religious, scientific or charitable purposes and having no capital stock, shall pay a fee of five dollars for filing the document or documents hereinabove required. Foreign corporations having a capital stock shall also file with the secretary of state copies of any documents showing an increase or decrease in their authorized capital stock, which documents shall be certified in the manner hereinabove required, but no fee shall be paid for such filing. It is hereby provided that every foreign corporation subject to the tax herein provided shall file with the secretary of state, at the time it tenders payment of said tax and any penalty which has accrued, an afiidavit sworn to by its president or secretary, showing the amount of its authorized capital stock on the first day of January of the year in which said pay- ment is made, and in the event that such authorized capital stock, as shown by such afiidavit, differs from the amount of such capital stock as appears from the records of the secretary of state, then the tax herein provided shall be measured by the amount shown in such afiidavit, but in such event the license herein required shall not be issued nor shall the amount so tendered be accepted until copies of any documents relating to such change in authorized capital stock, certified as required by this section, shall have been filed with the secretary of state. If such corpora- tion shall neglect to file such copy or copies before the hour of six o'clock p.m. of the first Monday of February of the year for which the license must be procured, it shall suffer the penalty for the delinquency herein provided and if it shall neglect to make such filing before the hour of six o'clock p.m. of the Saturday preceding the first Monday in March of such year, it shall suffer the forfeiture provided in section seven of this act ; provided, hoicever, that any foreign corporation which, prior to the eighth day of March, nineteen hundi'ed and one, shall have complied with the provisions of the act entitled, "An act to amend 'An act in relation to foreign corporations,' approved April first, eighteen hundred and seventy-two," approved March seventeenth, eighteen hundred and ninety-nine, shall, in lieu of the provisions of this section above set forth, file the affidavit herein required and the license tax due from such corporation shall be measured by the authorized capital stock, as shown thereby. Sec. 2. Upon filing in the office of the secretary of state the certified copy of articles of incorporation of corporations organized under the laws of this state, there shall be paid to the secretary of state the fees prescribed therefor by section four hundred and nine of the iPolitical Code. Sec. 3. No corporation heretofore or hereafter incorporated under the laws of this state, or of any other state, territory, or foreign countiy, shall do or attempt to do any intrastate business within this state by virtue of its charter, or certificate of incorporation, without a state license therefor. Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of every corporation incorporated under the laws of this state, and of every corporation incorporated under the laws of any other state, territory, or foreign country, now doing intrastate business within this state, or which shall hereafter engage in intrastate business in this state, to procure annually from the secretary of state a license authorizing the transaction of such business in this state, and to pay therefor the license tax prescribed herein. For the purpose of measuring said tax the secretary of state shall examine all articles of incorporation and all documents on file in his office relating to an increase or decrease in the authorized capital stock of corporations which are subject to said tax. and determine the amount due from each corporation by the following rule : When the authorized capital stock of the corporation does not exceed ten thousand dollars (!?10.000.00) the tax shall be ten dollars (.$10.00) ; when the authorized capital stock exceeds ten thousand dollars ($10,000.00) but does not exceed twenty thousand dollars ($20,000.00) the tax shall be fifteen dollars ($15.00) ; when the authorized capital stock exceeds twenty thousand dollars ($20,(X)0.00) but does not exceed fifty thousand dollars ($50,000.00) the tax shall be twenty dollars MINING LAW APPENDIX. 141 ($20.00) ; when the authorized capital stock exceeds fifty thousand dollars ($50,000.00) but does not exceed one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000.00) the tax shall be twenty-five dollars ($25.00) ; when the authorized capital stock exceeds one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000.00) but does not exceed two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($250,000.00) the tax shall be fifty dollars ($50.00) ; when the authorized capital stock exceeds two hundred and fifty thousand dollars ($250,000.00), but does not exceed five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000.00) the tax shall be seventy-five dollars ($75.00) ; when the authorized capital stock exceeds five hundred thousand dollars ($500,000.00) but docs not exceed one million dollars ($1,000,000.00) the tax shall be one hundred dollars ($100.00) ; when the authorized capital stock exceeds one million dollars ($1,000,000.00) but does not exceed three million dollars ($3,000,000.00) the tax shall be two hundred dollars ($200.00) ; when the authorized capital stock exceeds three million dollars ($3,000,000.00) but does not exceed five million dollars ($5,000,000.00) the tax sliall be three hundred and fifty dollars ($350.00) ; when the authorized capital stock exceeds five million dollars ($5,000,000.00) but does not exceed seven million five hundred thousand dollars ($7,500,000.00) the tax shall be five hundred fifty dollars ($550.00) ; when the authorized capital stock exceeds seven million five hundred thousand dollars ($7,500,000.00) but does not exceed ten million dollars ($10,000,000.00) the tax shall be eight hundred dollars ($800.00) ; when the authorized capital stock exceeds ten million dollars ($10,000,000.00) the tax shall be one thousand dollars ($1,000.00). All corporations having no capital stock, but organized for profit, shall pay an annual tax of ten dollars ($10.00). Said license tax shall be due and payable to the secretary of state on the first day of January of each and every year. Such license tax shall be paid on or before the hour of six o'clock p.m. of the first Monday of February of each year and if not so paid shall at said hour become delinquent and there shall thereupon be added thereto as a penalty for such delinquency the sum of ten dollars ($10.00). Sec. 5. The license hereby provided authorizes the corporation holding the same to transact intrastate business in this state during the year or any fractional part of such year for which such license is issued. "Year," within the meaning of this act. means from and including the first day of January to and including the thirty-first day of December next thereafter. Sec. 6. At the time of filing any certified copy of articles of incorporation, or charter, or statute or statutes, or legislative, or executive or governmental act or acts creating a corporation, when filed between the first day of January and the thirty- first day of December, inclusive, in any year, there shall be paid to the secretary of state, in addition to all other fees required by law, that proportion of the license tax specified in section four of this act which the unexpired number of months of such year bears to the entire year including the month in which such filing occurs, and thereupon the secretary of state shall issue a license for such fractional part of the then current year. Sec. 7. At the hour of six o'clock p.m. of the Saturday preceding the first Monday in March of each year the charters of all corporations organized under the laws of this state and which have failed to pay the license tax and penalty pre- scribed by section four of this act shall be forfeited to the state of California, and the right of all foreign corporations to do intrastate business in this state, which have failed to pay said license tax and penalties shall be likewise forfeited. Sec. 8. Educational, religious, scientific and charitable corporations, corporations which are not organized for profit, and corporations doing solely an interstate business and those corporations enumerated in subdivisions (a), (6) and (c) of section fourteen of article XIII of the constitution are exempt from the payment of the tax provided by this act. Sec. 9. Any corporation claiming exemption from the payment of said annual license tax must file with the secretary of state at least sixty days before such tax becomes due and payable a written protest in which it shall set forth all facts and reasons upon which such exemption claim is made, sworn to by the president and secretary or general manager of such corporation. Failure to protest in the 142 MINERAL INDUSTRY OF CALIFORNIA. manner and within the time herein prescribed shall constitute a waiver of all rights of exemption from said tax. Such corporation shall furnish under oath such other proof as the secretary of state may require or demand. All evidence and proofs submitted upon such claim of exemption shall be submitted by the secretary of state to the board of control and state controller, and said officers shall thereupon determine the question of such corporation's claim of exemption. The determina- tion of said officers upon all questions of fact shall be final and conclusive ; provided, however, that at the time of filing a certified copy of the articles of incorporation of any domestic corporation in the office of the secretary of state, and at the time a foreign corporation files with the secretary of state the document or documents required by section one of this act, the secretary of state shall determine whether such corporation is exempt as an educational, religious, scientific, or charitable corporation or as a non-profit corporation or as one of the corporations enumerated in sub- divisions (a), (b) and (c) of section fourteen of article XIII of the constitution. Sec. 10. If the license tax and penalties for delinquency required to be paid by section four of this act are not paid within the time herein required, the secretary of state shall on the Saturday preceding the first Monday in March, and at six o'clock p.m. of said day, enter upon the record of corporations in his office against the name of any company so failing to pay said license tax and penalty the words "charter forfeited to the state," if the corporation be a domestic corporation, and thereupon said charter shall be ipso facto so forfeited, and the words "right to do intrastate business forfeited" if the corporation be a foreign corporation, and there- upon said right to do intrastate business in this state shall be ipso facto so forfeited. Sec. 11. On or before the first Monday of April of each year the secretary of state shall make a list of all domestic corporations whose charters have been so forfeited, and of all foreign corporations whose right to do intrastate business in this state has been so forfeited or which have surrendered their right to do intrastate business in this state as provided in section fifteen of this act, and shall transmit a certified copy thereof to each county clerk in this state, who shall file the same in his office. Sec. 12. It shall be unlawful for any corporation, either domestic or foreign, which has not paid the license tax, as in this act prescribed, to exercise the powers of such corporation, or to transact any intrastate business in this state, after six o'clock p.m. of the Saturday preceding the first Monday in March next following the delinquency. Each and every person who exercises any of the powers of a corporation which has forfeited its charter or right to do intrastate business in this state, or who transacts any business for or in behalf of such corporation, after such forfeiture, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars and not exceeding one thousand dollars, or by imprisonment in the county jail not less than fifty days or more than five hundred days, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Sec. 13. In all cases of forfeiture under the provisions of this act, the directors or managers in office of the affairs of any domestic corporation, whose charter may be so forfeited, or of any foreign corporation whose right to do business in this state may be so forfeited, are deemed to be trustees of the coiTporation and stockholders or members of the corporation whose power or right to do business is forfeited and have full power to settle the affairs of the corporation and to maintain or defend any action or proceeding then pending in behalf of or against any of said corpora- tions, or to take such legal proceedings as may be necessary to fully settle the affairs of said corporation, and such directors or managers, as such trustees, may be sued in any of the courts of this state by any person having a claim against any of said corporations; provided, always, that no action pending against any corporation shall abate thereby, but may be prosecuted to final judgment and may be enforced by execution with the same force and effect and in like manner as though no forfeiture had occurred; aiid provided, further, that where judgment has been entered against any corporation prior to forfeiture under this act, that notwithstanding, execution may be issued thereon and the property of said corporation, or that may come into the hands of any trustees for it may be levied upon, seized and sold to satisfy the same with like force and effect as though such forfeiture had not occurred. MINING LAW APPENDIX. 143 Sec. 14. Any domestic corporation which suffers the forfeiture prescribed by this act, may pay to the secretary of state all taxes and penalties which shall have accrued prior to such forfeiture, and all taxes and penalties which would have accrued if such forfeiture had not occurred ; and shall file an application with the secretary of state for the restoration of its charter, which application must set forth the names of the persons who became trustees upon such forfeiture, under the provisions of section thirteen of this act, and shall be signed by all of said persons then surviving, and acknowledged by each of said persons before an officer authorized by the laws of this state to take acknowledgments of conveyances of real property ; whereupon such corporation shall be restored to its former corporate status and the secretary of state shall issue to such corporation a license entitling it to transact intrastate business in this state during the year in which such license is issued ; provided, hoircver, that no conwration organized under the laws of this state which suffers such forfeiture shall be relieved from the effect thereof, nor shiU such license be issued, in the event that subsequent to the date of forfeiture its corporate name, or a name ^ ^ \ 172 STATE OREGON -- f*,ne Corf * < < > UJ Z h < h State Mining Bureau - 1916 173 fiCdIXHI 174 VaVA3N 30 00 I 175 3XJ.n9 y3±±ns 176 , ?/ 7 m\ ■ V"' n K \ ' \'' \ 190 INDEX. PAGE Abandoned sliaft.s, fencing of 152 Alameda County gg Map of ISO Alpine County 89 Map of 179 Aluminum :;3 Amador County III. I 89 Map of 179 Analyses of brick days 43 Of litbia minerals 75 Annual a-ssossmonts 187. ]56 Antimony 23 Total production II I 23 Appendix 120-191 Asbestos G-l-fi6 Total production I_I_ 66 Uses and characteristics 64-65 Asphalt 41 Assessments, annual 137, 156 Barytos 66 Total production I 67 Beach placer claims 158 Stones (gems) 70 Benitoite 70 Beryl 70 Bituminous rock 41 Total production 42 Borax _82-83 Production, 1887-1915 83 Brick 42-44 Chemical analysis of common brick , clays 43 Production of various kinds 43 Total production. 1843-1915 44 Buiiaingr stone. (See Granite, Marble. I Sandstone, etc.) Law regarding use of California materials in public buildings 147 Bulletins, list of 168 Butte County 90 Map of Calaveras Map of California California 175 County 90 179 Debris Commission 159-165 materials in public build- ings 147 California mine bell signals 153 California mining statutes 134 Cement : 44 Total production 45 Chrome 45 Total production 46 Citizenship 155 Clay — pottery 67 Production 1887-1915 68 Products 67 Clays, analyses of 43 Coal 11 Colusa County 91 Map of 176 Concrete, rock for 61 Contra Costa County 91 Map of 178 Copper • 23-25 Production 1SS7-T)15 25 Corporation license tax law 139 Counties, mineral production of.lO. 87-119 Crushed rock 61 Curbing 58 Department of Petroleum and Gas 123 Del Norte County 92 Map of 172 Determination of mineral samples 170 Diamonds 70 Din tomaceous earth. f See Infu.sorial) Dolomite 68 ! El Dorado County 92 | Map of 177 Eminent domain, right of 146 PAGE Exits, mine 151 Extraction of minerals from waterll_ 14 8 Extra-lateral rights 155 Federal mining statutes 155-165 Feldspar 09 Total production I 69 Fencing abandoned shafts II 152 Ferro-chrome by electric furnace. _ _ 45 Ferro-manganese by electric furnace_ 30 Mre-clay 67 I'orest reserves, mming claims in ' 15!) Forms for location notices I66 167 Fre.sno County ' 93 Map of _ _ ~I igo Fu«ls I-IIII 11-21 Fuller's earth 69 70 49 Total production Furnaces for calcining magnesTte__~_T8 Gas. (See Natural Gas.) Gems _ 70 Total production ~_ I_~ 71 Glass sand ~_ " 79 Glenn Covmty _ _ I_~ I~_~I 94 Map of :..::::.:_ lu Gold 25-28 Percentage yield of, by lodes" and placers 26 Total production I II _27-98 Granite ~ gg Graphite I_ _III 71 Gr.avel II_II._ 60 Grmdmg mill pebbles 59 60 G.vpsum ' 72 Total production I.I III_ 72 Hours of employment 151 Humboldt County 94 Man of ~ 174 Hyacinth I__I 70 TTvdrocarbons " 11-"' 1 Hydmulic mining 150, 159-165 Imperial County 95 Map of '. I I_ 190 Industrial materials I_I_Il63-81 ,: Infusorial earth 73 I Total production II 73 Instructions to owners and operators of hydraulic mines in California. 164 Inyo County 95 Map of "_ 184 Iridium j. 28 Iron ore 22 I 28 Total production IIII__I 29 Jewelers' materials. (See Gems.) Kern County 96 Map of 185 Kings County II 97 Map of I_ 183 Kunzito 70 Lake Count.v I 97 Map of 1 I 176 Lands uncovered by recession of water 14 7 Larceny of gold dust and amalgam 151 Lassen County 98 Map of 173 Lassen Peak 112 Lead _ 29 Production, 1887-1915 II_ 30 Lime 46-47 Limestone 74 Total value lime and limestone, 1887-1915 74 Lithi.a 75 Minerals, analyses of 75 Location of mining claims, etc 134, 155-159 Notices, blanks for 166, 167 Lode claims 155 Los Angeles County 98 Map of 188 192 INDEX. PAGE Macadam 61 Madera County yy Map of ISl Magnesia Hi Magnesite 47-53 l-'ormulas for cement of 51, 52 Furnaces for calcining 48, 4y Mines operating, iyi5 47-4y Production by counties 53 Production, 1887-1J15 53 Uses of 4y-52 Values of 52 Manganese 30 Total production 31 Maps, list of, of various counties 170 Marble 54 Production, 1887-iyi5 54 Maiin County yy Map of 178 ..i.uiposa County luu Map of iSl Mendocino County 100 Map of li6 Merced County 101 Map of 181 Metals 22-3y Mica n 75 Mill sites, location of 134 Mine bell signals 153 Exits 151 Miner's inch defined 150 Mineral industry, review of 7 La^d witliin meander of lakes and streams 148 Output, 1915 (tabulation) 8 Output by counties 10, 87-119 Output, comparative value, 1914. 1915 9 Paint 76 Mineral Samples, determination of 170 Water 76 Prorluction, 1887-1915 77 Mining Bureau Act 120 Claims in forest reserve 159 On stream beds 158 On tide lands 158 Corporations 137 Laws 120-167 Locations 134, 155, 166. 167 Modoc County 101 Map of 173 Molybdenum 31 Mono County 102 Map of 184 Monterey County 102 Map of 186 Monumental stone 58 Museum of State Mining Bureau Frontispiece Napa County 103 Map of 178 Natural gas 12-14 Gasoline from 13 Production. 1888-1915 13 Law to prevent wasting of 133 Nevada County 103 Map of 177 Nickel 32 Nitrates 83 Oil. {See Petroleum.) Oil and gas claims 158-159 Department of 123 Onyx 54 Orange County 104 Map of 1S8 Osmium 32 Palladium 32 Patents for mineral claims 156 Paving blocks 58 Pebbles for grinding mills 59. 60 Petroleum 14-21 And Gas. Department of 123 Average price by county. 1914, 1915 16 Dividends from 20 Financial tables 19, 20 PAGE Operating costs by fields 20 Prices by fields 20 Production, 1875-1915 16 Pi-oduction and value by counties 16 " Production by fields 17 Production of liglit and heavy gravities 18 Statistics of well operations 17 Location of 158 Phospiiates 77 Pickett bill, the 159 Placer County 104 Map of 177 Placers, location of 134, 157-159 Substances that may be located under 157-158 Platinum 32 From blister copper 32 Production. 1887-1915 33 Plumas County 105 Map of 175 Porcelain 67 ■.^otash 84 Reservation of lands bearing 159 Protection of stockholders 144 Proved oil land 21 Publications of State Mining Bureau- 168-170 Pumice 77-78 Pyrite 78 Total production 78 Quartz 79 Quicksilver 33-35 Prices 34, 35 Production by counties 34 Total production 35 Recording mining claims 134, 156 Rhodonite 54, 70 Right of Eminent Domain 146 Riprap 61 Riverside County 106 Map of 190 Rubble 61 Sacramento County 106 Map of 179 Saline lands 158 Location of 158 Salines 82-86 Salt 84-85 Production, 1887-1915 85 Samples, determination of 170 San Benito County 107 Map of 186 San Bernardino County 107 Map of 189 San Diego County 108 Map of 190 San Francisco County 109 Map of 180 San Joaquin County 109 Map of 179 San Luis Obispo County 109 Map of 187 San Matoo County 110 Map of 180 Sand, glass 79 Sand and gravel 60 Sand — lime brick 42 Sandstone 55 Production, 1887-1915 55 Santa Barbara County 110 Map of 187 Santa Clara County 111 Map of 180 Santa Cruz County 112 Map of 180 School lands, mineral on 137 Serpentine 55 Shafts, abandoned, fencing of 152 Shasta County 112 Map of 174 Sierra County 113 Map of 175 Signals, mine bell 153 Silica 79, 80 INDEX. 193 PAGE Silver 35-36 Percentage yield of, by classes of ores 36 Production. 1S87-1915 36 Siskiyou County 113 Map of 172 Slate 56 Production. 1889-1915 56 Soapstone 80-81 Soda 86 Total production of 86 Solano Countv 114 Map of 178 Sonoma County 115 Map of 178 Stanislaus County 115 Map of -. 181 St:ite Mineralogist's Reports, list of-_ 168 Mining Bureau Publications, list of 168-170 Stockholders, protection of 144 Stone, locations of 158 Miscellaneous 57-60 Production by counties 62 Stoneware 67 Stream beds, mining claims on 158 Strontium 81 Structural materials 40-62 Sulphur 81 Sutter County 116 Map of 177 Talc -- -- 80. 81 PAGE Tehama County lie Map of 174 Telephone system in mines 152 Terra cotta 67 Tide lands, mining claims on 158 Tile 42. 67 Tin 37 Topaz 70 Tourmaline 70 Travertine 5-1 Trinity County 116 Map of 174 Tube mill pebbles 59. 60 Tulare County 117 Map of 183 Tungsten 37-38 Total production 38 Tunnel locations 134, 156 Tuolumne County 117 Map of 179 Vanadium 38 Ventura County 118 Map of 188 Volcanic ash - 77-78 Withdrawn lands, location of minerals on 159 Witherite 66 Yolo County 119 Map of ,« 178 Yuba County , 119 Map of 177 Zinc 39 Total production 39 13—25437 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO 50 CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. 94577 naltf, Dept.of nat.res^ Bull. SCIENCES LIBRARY C3 J^ C3 A3 -?io. 7/ «^VEUSITV OF CALIFORNUI UNIVERSITY OF CAUFOBN.A, DAVIS 3 1175 02235 5336 — ^. .........ii. xUit^