PA 
 
 355 
 
 K4 
 
 1915 
 
 MAIN 
 
 B M DMA TOM ^^ 
 
 TS n AINU r\ r\ 1 A 
 
 :0MP(^'SIT10N AND WITH CASE 
 
 A UISSERTAflON 
 
 i ;e>t- i-.-^i lu me Board of Univeisity Studies of the Johns Hopkins University 
 for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES WILLIAM KERN 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 I915 
 
ANA AND K AT A . 
 
 IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CASE 
 
 A DISSERTATION 
 
 Presented to the Board of Univeisity Studies of the Johns Hopkins University 
 for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES WILLIAM KERN 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 1915 
 
BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. 
 
J; 
 
 Km 
 
 CORRECTIONS. 
 
 P. II, 
 
 1. 6, instead of 
 
 hi 0^^% 
 
 read 
 
 8l' oi's 
 
 " 12, 
 
 " 27, 
 
 • 
 
 taste 
 
 
 taste. 
 
 << (< 
 
 " 37, 
 
 < u 
 
 Ki'Aii'Sd/xei'ws 
 
 
 Kl'Atl'8o/li£VOS 
 
 " i6, 
 
 " 27, ' 
 
 ' " 
 
 ttwkt) 
 
 
 TTwAv) 
 
 " 17. 
 
 " 24, 
 
 < 1. 
 
 )•' 
 
 
 ).' 
 
 " 18, 
 
 " 38, ' 
 
 1 a 
 
 y 
 
 
 8' 
 
 " 19- 
 
 " 17, 
 
 ( u 
 
 elfiev 
 
 
 €t juev 
 
 '• 26, 
 
 " 31, ' 
 
 ' " 
 
 avafipi'XrjCTdiJ.evos 
 
 
 ara fSpvxi]0-dix€vo<; 
 
 " 27, 
 
 " 3, ' 
 
 ( it 
 
 Curt. Grundz, 
 
 
 Curt., Grundz., 
 
 " 28, 
 
 " 32, ' 
 
 ' " 
 
 em]6i.Kios 
 
 
 Cl'TJ^tKWS 
 
 " 34, 
 
 " 21, 
 
 < << 
 
 wpOws 
 
 
 0/3 ^(iJS 
 
 <( (< 
 
 " 35, 
 
 < u 
 
 TOVS 
 
 
 Toi'S 
 
 " 36, 
 
 " 26, ' 
 
 ( a 
 
 TLV€S 
 
 
 ni'es 
 
 " 39, 
 
 " 25, ' 
 
 ( << 
 
 •J5) 
 
 
 )i5 
 
 " " 
 
 " 27, ' 
 
 ( « 
 
 OTTfOS 
 
 
 OTTWS 
 
 « « 
 
 " 37, ' 
 
 1 t< 
 
 ev^atV?;!' 
 
 
 (.v^aLfXi-jV 
 
 " 41, 
 
 " 33, 
 
 < <( 
 
 Trpujuvas 
 
 
 Trpi'/xi'as 
 
 " 45, 
 
 u ^^ < 
 
 ( <( 
 
 iSr^s 
 
 
 'iSr;? 
 
 "48, 
 
 " 4, 
 
 i a 
 
 TTepL(}>av(x)S 
 
 
 Trept(f>ai'(o<i 
 
 u a 
 
 " 13, 
 
 i (< 
 
 Kara. 
 
 
 Kara 
 
 it a 
 
 " 23, 
 
 .< 
 
 Tr€\'6oS 
 
 
 TTcV^OS 
 
 regaraea tne same point ot departure, is to assume arbitrarily. 
 There is correspondence between the two sets of words in 
 particular instances, but it is no part of the purpose of this 
 paper to trace these correspondences, inasmuch as they are 
 
 346G25 
 
\J 
 
 
 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH 
 
 CASE. , , , , 
 
 I. Introductory. 
 
 The strongly marked relation of contrast existing between 
 the particles dva and KaTo., whether as separate words or in 
 composition, throughout the literature from the earliest record 
 invites an examination, in parallel treatment and with some 
 measure of detail, of their use. This treatment requires con- 
 sideration of (i) the meaning of the particles; (2) the force 
 of the cases employed; (3) parathetic combinations; (4) 
 prepositional complexes. 
 
 The usual statement that the radical sense of dm is ' up ', 
 of Kara ' down ', while perhaps as close an approach to the 
 truth as can be made by means of a definition compressed 
 within the limits of a single term, is necessarily misleading 
 and is an illustration of the futility of the attempt to force 
 one language into the mould of another. As well might one, 
 upon noting the simultaneously equal speed of two projectiles 
 in space, conclude that their initial velocity w'as the same. 
 
 Apart from the general observation that probably no word 
 of one language, however unmistakable itself in meaning, 
 exactly covers the ground of a word in another, the vagueness 
 of the reproduction is enhanced in those cases in which defi- 
 niteness of signification is lacking in the defining word. Even 
 though it be conceded that, as a mere matter of ' translation ' 
 — largely a surface process — ' up ' necessarily reflects avd, 
 ' down ' Kara, a concession by no means allowable, it is still to 
 be borne in mind that ' up ' and ' down ' are terms that depend 
 for their application upon the point of view, the point of de- 
 parture. To assume that the user of avd and Kara and the 
 user of ' up ' and ' down ' occupied the same point of view, 
 regarded the same point of departure, is to assume arbitrarily. 
 There is correspondence between the two sets of words in 
 particular instances, but it is no part of the purpose of this 
 paper to trace these correspondences, inasmuch as they are 
 
 346625 
 
f»,4> j^<>j 2i|tA;,XSni KATA rN Compositiox and with Case. 
 
 sporadic and of no special importance except for occasional 
 illustration. Term-for-term definition can, at best, do no 
 more than roughly approximate the word's true meaning, 
 which must be found, if found, in etymology and use, in the 
 behavior of the word as the Greek saw and handled it. 
 
 II. Etymology of 'Avd. 
 
 The first syllable of avd is commonly referred to the deictic 
 stem a-, which appears also in i-Kel, ait, aAAos. The augment 
 arose from the same source. See Whitney, Language and its 
 Study, p. 267; Curtius, Gk. Vb., pp. 72-76; G. Meyer. Gr. 
 Grammatik, S. 420 ; L. Meyer, Vergl. Grammatik, S. 577 ; 
 Brugmann, Comp. Gram., IV, p. 24; V. Henry, Comp. Gram., 
 p. 256. 
 
 If Brugmann's view that the augment was originally an in- 
 dependent word, an adverb to which the verb afterwards be- 
 came enclitic, is correct, this fact appears to throw some light 
 on the practical disappearance from the language of dvd as a 
 separate word. The deictic character of both prefixes fur- 
 nished the verb an appui of which in course of time it availed 
 itself universally. The coalition may have been retarded in 
 the case of dvd during the Homeric period by the fact that an 
 explicit article was as yet undeveloped. 
 
 The association of dvd with the accusative was maintained 
 only at the cost of a struggle; there is a contending of force 
 against force : on the one hand the force that will keep the 
 image before the eye, on the other the force that tends to a 
 conclusion. The particle was driven into the bosom of the 
 verb and exercised its function under the verb's protection. 
 
 External influences and situations constitute the chief 
 
 sphere in which dvd operates. Thus, as verbal prefix, with 
 
 verbs of (i) questioning: dvepwrdv; (2) emotion: dvayeAav. dva- 
 
 Kayxd^iiv, dvaKkaUtv, particularly where the cause is present as 
 
 indicated by verbs of sight, hearing; (3) memory: urtt/xi^j-r;- 
 
 aKeaOai; (4) search: dvufieveiv, dvepewdv, dvei^ptdKHV. 
 
 Whatever view is held of the origin of ov, 
 
 Am compared , , ■ , t ht / v \ -^ 
 
 ^, whether with L. Meyer (p. 599. op. cit.) it 
 
 ^^ ""■ be derived from a pronominal stem or with 
 
 Horton-Smith (A. J. P. 18. 52) we refer it to an klg. root 
 
 meaning ' fail ,' there is not lacking in the word evidence of 
 
ANA AND KATA IX COMPOSITION' AND WITH CaSE. 5 
 
 the feeling; on the part of its users of a deictic content which 
 api)cars in the nej^ative of statement in general, more particu- 
 larly in that use of it in which reference is made to the sub- 
 stance of what goes before (A. J. P. 3. 202). 
 
 This power of pointing to the surroundings, to that which 
 calls for attention from the outside, is strikingly shown in 
 Homer in protases of the tl (at) ov type as contrasted with 
 those in which fir] appears (A. J. P. 33. 449). There are 85 
 €1 (al,i)v) firj protases in Homer (II. 52. Od. 28. Hymns 5). 
 Of these, 48 are of the unreal form and in every instance the 
 protasis follows, although the positive unreal protasis is not 
 so restricted ( II. 2^. 526). The tone of expression, produced by 
 the order, is passionless, deliberate. The obstruction is first 
 located, then removed. Of the remaining 37 protases 29 fol- 
 low. Here the tone of calm assurance on the part of the 
 speaker gives the clue to the order. Vision is not disturbed. 
 Time is taken for reflection, correction. Examples are: II. 2. 
 261. ^87. 491. 5. 177. 215. 7. 98. 14. III. 16. 32. Od. 2. 71. 5. 
 178. 9. 278. 14. 373. 16. 103. 17. 383. h. Cer. 78. In the eight 
 protases which precede are expressed various emotions. In 
 II. I. 137. 324 the speaker's sense of the w-rong done him over- 
 rides prudence. In 9. 515 appeal is made to the hearer's self- 
 love and feeling of what is due him. The fancy of the hero 
 must be tickled. Od. i. 289 suggests the speaker's sympathy. 
 In 2. 220 appears the impulsiveness of filial love. In 9. 410 
 the hearers' reasoning faculty adapts fxr] from the preceding 
 deceptive Oi^-, and their surprise at the announcement gives 
 the conditional member its prominence. Compare 14. 398 and 
 h. ]\Ierc. 174. which conveys a threat. In all there is a note 
 of nervousness distinctly at variance with the tone of the re- 
 verse order. 
 
 El (at) ov is found in 14 passages in Homer: II. 3. 288. 4. 
 55. 160. 9. 435. 15. 162. 178. 215. 20. 129. 138. 24. 296. Od. 2. 
 274. 12. 382. 13. 144. 19. 85. In every case the protasis pre- 
 cedes. Here the deliberateness. on the one hand, that charac- 
 terizes firj when it sinks restfully and confidently to the end 
 and the impulsiveness which marks it in its rush to the front 
 under the stress of personal feeling on the other are arrested 
 by external circumstances which affect not only the character 
 of the negative, but also the order. The intervention of the 
 
6 ANA AND KATA ix Composition and with Case. 
 
 apodosis would be a barrier between the pointer and the thing 
 pointed at. In oi is implied the impress of the surroundings 
 on the actor, in /^^ the impress of the actor on the surround- 
 ings. 
 
 What has been said of ov in this connection seems true 
 whether fully developed adhaerescence (el ovk ideXwmv, el ovk 
 etw) or only its shadow is present. Ov, as avd, seeks the shelter 
 of the verb, but neither on that account ceases to point. Mrj 
 knows no adhaerescence, seeks no shelter, asks no quarter. M^ 
 will have the last word or will explode. 
 
 The external influence affecting the negative varies in 
 character. Compare Hdt. 5. 97. Deni. 54. 29. Eur. Ion 347. 
 
 In Plat. Prot. 319 B : ddtv Sk avrb riyovfiai ov StSaKTOv dvat /i.>;8' vtt' 
 avOpdjTTOiV TrapauKevauTOV avOpwiroii the shift from ov tO p-r] marks 
 
 the advance from the plane of observed fact to the plane of 
 personal guaranty, the merging of particular items in general 
 conclusion. For the effect of the order, whereby the actual 
 foreshadows the ideal, compare ov pr] (A. J. P. 3. 202. 2^. 134). 
 Compare Soph. Ph. 1058: eyw 0', o? oipat aov kukiov oiSev ai'l 
 TovTMV KpaTvvcLi', prjB' iiTLOvvtiv x^P'-y where the first negative re- 
 flects (Tov, the second eyw. 
 
 Another point of attachment of avd to ov through the aug- 
 ment appears in the fact that the augment is employed only 
 with that mood of which ov is primarily and preeminently the 
 negative, and the bond is drawn still closer if, as Curt. 
 (Grundzuge, fiinfte Aufl., S. 306) holds, dvd is related to the 
 negative prefix. 
 
 Fluctuation between ov and py] appears in expressions of 
 conditional form depending on emotional notions, according 
 as the emotion is excited by some external fact or observation, 
 or is due to the personal attitude of the speaker. Thus, Isoc. 
 
 1 . 44 : Kol prj 6avpd(ni<;, el ttoAAu twi' (.ipr^pivwv ov irpeireL aoi iryoo? tt^v 
 vvv irapovaav iiXlkiuv. ovSe yap ipe tovto SuXaBev. Thuc. I. 121, ov 
 
 harks back to xp//a«t" ktL Dem. 15. 2t„ ov refers to the fact, 
 recited in 22, how 'Apyeloi resisted AaKcSuijuoi-toi. Plat. Phaed. 
 97 A. Lysias 30. 32, reference is to definite experiences. 
 Isae. 6. 2. Dem. 8. 55. 38. 18. Aeschin. 3. 242. Hdt. 7. 9. 46. 
 Plat. Meno 91 D. My developing the ]iersonal, ideal side of 
 emotion appears in Dcni. 4. 43. Aeschin. 3. 147. Plat. Lach. 194 
 
 B l Kut w? (lAry^ws" dyui'uKTo), tt ovTwin a row pij oitis" t' elpi ctTrttv * 
 
ANA AND KATA IN Composition' and with Cash. 7 
 
 V'otly ixtv yap t/xoiyt Sokw irepl (irSpcias o tl toTtr, ovk oiSa 8' ott?/ /xe dprt 
 Bu<f>ityti\ wart, firj ^vWa fielv T<a Aoyw airr/v Kal iiireiv 6 Ti cartv, the 
 complaint is a protest, not ag^ainst external conditions, but 
 against the speaker's own lack of power to express himself. 
 
 The element -yd of avd suggests the -lo- of eKtivo<:, the far- 
 away, dreamland demonstrative, whose incapacity to assume 
 real leadership (A. J. P. 23. 124), to do more than pose, sin- 
 gularly reproduces in usage the behavior of the particle. 
 'EKtiyo<; is preeminently the demonstrative of external relation, 
 of situations in which appeal is made to sight, hearing, mem- 
 ory, either actually or by implication. Thuc. i. 51 : TrpiV nve? 
 
 i86i'T£S eiTTov OTL »'?}£? CKilyai cVtTrAtoi'CTi ■ Tore Se Kal avTol di'e^^ojpot'j'. 
 3. 59 • 'fll^^po-^ T€ avajxtfivrjaKoixtv iKeivr]<; rj to. Xa/XTTpoTaTa p.t.T avTM' 
 TTpd^ayTts vvv iv rfjSi to. Scivdrara KtvSvyevofiev iradelv. Andoc. 3. 
 25 '• dyap.\'r}a$r]TC yap . . . t^s rifi€pa<; CKetrv^s, ore Botwrots rrjy ai'fjifia- 
 ;(tai' iiroiovixida, Tiva yvtafirjv exoyra Tavra iTrpaTTOfxey. Dem. I9. 18. 
 20. 160: Trapa irdyra 8e Tavra tKCtvo en aKovaare fxov. 21. 2l6. 
 Plat. Symp. 223 A : ravra iKflya . . . to. dwOoTa. 
 
 III. Etymology of Kara. 
 
 The first syllable of Kara seems referable to the stem of 
 the interrogative pronoun as it appears in Skt. kas, Ionic 
 Kw?, KOTepo^, Latin quis. On the phonology. Curt., Grundz., 
 S. 466. 
 
 Throughout the literature from Homer onward there per- 
 sists in Kara the sense of dominance of the situation by power 
 physical and other. The notion of conscious control of the 
 matter in question is imbedded in that use of the interrogative 
 in which the questioner enforces his personal conviction, the 
 question that strangles reply. II. i. 123: ttws ydp tol Swaovai 
 yepa<i p.i.yd6v(xoL 'Xxatoi; Dem. 1 8. 312 : dAA', w ray, €i fir]Sh' Tox'To)y, 
 evvoia y€ Kac irpoOvp-ta ' ttov ; ttotc ; octti? . . . ovS' ore airayTd . . . 
 ovSe TOTE . . . cTre'SojKa? ovSh', ovk diropojy, ttw? ydp ; os y€ KCKXijpoyo- 
 prjKas ... So in Latin : quin taces, quin tace, quin etiam. 
 wherein the speaker's confident assertion or direction has 
 substituted the original note of interrogation. Cic. Mil. 29: 
 quin sic attendite. Fam. 7. 30. i : quin hinc ipse evolare cupio. 
 The equivalence of statement in this use of the question is 
 even more clearly shown by its treatment in or. obi.: Quid se 
 posse. This form of interrogation, as opposed to that in 
 
8 ANA AiXD KATA IX COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 
 
 which an answer is expected, a complement implied, connotes 
 the power of generalization. It has the actualities under con- 
 trol, has but to announce the decision. Compare the use of 
 oi'Tos (A. J. P. 23. 124) at the head of the sentence, scorning 
 the formal copula, surveying and summing up the details of 
 what goes before. 
 
 Upon oi'Tos, the universal demonstrative, hinges the relative 
 (A. J. P. 23. 256), and to the latter, as to the former, belongs 
 the power of assembling the scattered items into an ordered 
 whole. The creative sense is present in the causal clause, in 
 the concessive, the granted notion (A. J. P. i. 54J. 
 
 In the generic relative, veiling the imperative, is indicated 
 the sweep of the eye over the whole field, the vision conjured 
 up, and the negative is the negative of the creative sphere 
 (A. J. P. 23. 132, 134). The generalizing force of the rela- 
 tive is enhanced by the attachment of the indefinite, often with 
 dismissive ovv — a manner of sigh of relief over the attained 
 
 result. Thuc. 4. 16 : o n 8' av tovtwv TrapajiaivMcnv iKarepoL /cat 
 
 oTLoi'v, Tore XeXvcrOat ra? cTTroi'Sas. Compare the universalizing 
 nature of -cunque, -que (Gildersleeve L. G. 11 1. 2) and the 
 abandon of the double formations. Quidquid id est. 
 
 The copulative que (Vanicek, Etymologisches Worterbuch, 
 S. 43), as its kindred re, joins like to like, claims its own, 
 takes the next term as a matter of course (A. J. P. 31. 361). 
 If T£ is derived from the interrogative-indefinite stem (Curt., 
 Grundz., S. 487), the claim of generalization that is made for 
 it would appear well founded. This seems to be the effect of 
 the particle in connection with oto?. The tendency latent in 
 the word is developed, direction is given to power. Otos is 
 ' disposition ', otos re ' position ' (A. J. P. 7. 165). 
 
 The -TO. of Kara suggests the -to- of ovtos, the immediate, 
 present, pressing demonstrative. KaTa has taken on its com- 
 pleted form at the beginning of our record, and the steps by 
 which it reached that form may not with certainty be traced, 
 but what was more natural than that, in the development of 
 the word's highly specialized sense, the interrogative should 
 summon to its aid so significant an element of so potent a 
 member of the company in which it trained? The power of 
 ouTos at the head of the sentence would suggest this and the 
 crisp, masterful way in which this demonstrative summarizes 
 
ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 9 
 
 and dismisses the matter in hand, e. ^. in the inverted order 
 of the relative clause, brings it striking^ly close to Kara. Deni. 
 4. 30 : a fih' ovv y'lfxii': . . . SeSvi'rjfiiBa t'vptiy, Tavr' iaTLV. 
 
 Kara's kinship through the interrogative to the indefinite ns 
 is illustrated in the emphatic use. Eur. El. 939: j/i'x"? ti? 
 livat ToicTi )^pr]fia(TL adivMV. So, where Tt? represents an unnamed, 
 secret source of power. Soph. Aj. 965: ol yap kukoI yvio/xaKJi 
 
 TuyaOov ^fpoii' | €)(Oi'Te<i ovk tdafri, Trptr Tt? (.KfiaXij. The sense of 
 importance latent in rts is developed in the combination ov ns 
 by the nature of the negative. Ov can pose and point at its 
 superiors ; ixi] does no pointing, no posing, acknowledges no 
 superiors. 
 
 There appears a strong tendency in the group of verbs 
 which regularly or occasionally take /xr/ with the or. obi. infin. 
 (A. J. P. 31. yy) to admit Kara as prefix. So, alvilv. Soph. 
 O. C. 1633. a pv (.la 6 at: Ar. Eq. 572, Soph. Ant. 442. y i y v w - 
 a KiLv: Xen. Cyr. 6. i. 36. 8 o k £ I v : Plat. Prot. 352 C, Hdt. 6. 16. 
 iyyvdaSaL-. Plat. Prot. 336 D, Legg. 872 B. e A tt t ^ e i v : Dem. 
 28. 22, Hdt. 8. 136. ipelv: Xen. Cyr. 7. i. 18, Hdt. 5. 92. Tvyct- 
 cr ^ a i : Plat. Sophist. 230 D, Theaet. 200 E. A e y « t v : Plat. Rep. 
 346 E, II. 24. 407. fiapTv peiv: Lys. 7. II, Dem. 28. 11. vcv'ci v: 
 h. Merc. 525. 6 fivvvai: Hdt. 2. 179, Dem. 39. 4. o/noAoyetv: 
 Plat. Prot. 336 B, Andoc. i. 42. Tt ctt£U£ t v: Xen. An. i. 9. 8, 
 Plut. Lysan. 8. <fidvai: Xen. Mem. i. 2. 39, Soph. O. T. 505, 
 Of these the great majority do not compound w'ith dva. 
 Among verbs of showing and know'ing with dependent parti- 
 ciple 8 eiKvvvat and € I8e V aL admit firj and compound with 
 Kara. Thuc. I. 76. Soph. Ant. 1064. Eur. Tro. 970. Plat. 
 Rep. 407 D. 
 
 IV. Cases. 
 
 The union of two distinct elements constitutes the ultimate 
 basis of language. First, action, which clothes itself in forms 
 collectively termed verb. Action, primarily considered, is in- 
 dependent of external limitation, is the product of will. 
 Among the attributes of action as manifested in language are 
 mood, tense, voice. Second, that which is known to grammar 
 as noun. Noun is in its nature limitative, the complement of 
 verb (A. J. P. 23. 10). Attributes of noun are case, number, 
 gender. The play of thought between these poles produces 
 
lO ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 
 
 language (A. J. P. 31. 362-3). Noun and verb invade each 
 other's territory. ' They footed it '. ' It's a go '. Fix the 
 verb, it becomes a noun. Melt the noun, it becomes a verb 
 (A. J. P. 29. 270). 
 
 The cases, the character of whose limitation of action re- 
 quires consideration here, are the accusative and the genitive. 
 The dative is involved in very subordinate degree. 
 
 The accusative, amartK?; TTToiCTt?. in case 
 force stands in marked antithesis to the geni- 
 tive. For, whereas the genitive presents the 
 notion of a sphere of possibilities, a field largely independent 
 of that which falls within its range, be this noun or verb, the 
 accusative has no existence apart from action (A. J. P. 2. 
 88-9). 
 
 The accusative has been described (Gildersleeve, L. G. 327) 
 as forming temporary compounds with the verb. It marks 
 the effect, the precipitate of the action, and is its representative 
 in substantive form ; is the action crystallized. Plat. Sophist. 
 
 230 C : airaXXaTTovTaL Trao-wv aTraAAayoiv aKoveiv re ■tjBicTT-qi' Kai rw 
 TraaxovTL yScySaioTara yty vofxivrjv. Polit. 258 A : ovSerepa, i. e., ovre 
 avvefii^a ovt€ aKrjKoa. Soph. Ph. 918: NE. fir] arcVa^e irplv fid6r]<:. | 
 <I>I. TTolov fiddrjfia ; Ar. Plut. IO56 : /3ov\eL 8ia xP^^ov tt/sos £;ue iralcrai 
 . . . I . . . TratSiav riva ; Dem. I. II : TO fxtfivijadat tt]V X'^P'-^' 
 
 Transitoriness and mobility of action reflects itself in accusa- 
 tive case usage and close at hand lies the suggestion of power, 
 creative, destructive (A. J. P. 23. 134; 33. 448), which is ca- 
 pable not only of storing itself in the substantive, but of releas- 
 ing itself again therefrom upon the subject. II. 6. 468: oi/'tr 
 dTu;(^€ts, I Tapfiy](Ta'i ;)(aAKOi' re Iht \6<l>ov iTr-moxaiTip: The neuter, 
 result of action (A. J. P. 31. yy), is readmitted to the stream 
 at its source : Trat? is t€kvov trailing tokci"?. To this power of 
 completing the circuit of the action, of returning it upon itself, 
 is perhaps best referred the sense of recoil dominant in the 
 impersonals i$6i' and the like as reflected in their habitual co- 
 loring of opposition (A. J. P. 6. 336. 25. iii). The accusative, 
 forced into the open, carries the heat and glow of the action, 
 which may reveal itself in the form of a terminus, a dead 
 wall of resistance, at any point. Object and object are one 
 (A. J. P. 31. 76). Compare the compressive, precipitative eft'ect 
 of the aorist by the side of the imperfect. The stream ap- 
 
ANA AND KATA IX COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSF.. II 
 
 pears and disappears, contracts and expands before the eye of 
 the beholder. 
 
 Tliis recall of the action borrowed from the verb is mani- 
 fested in the common prose use of 8id with the accusative. 
 
 Plat. Rep. 549 D : Kal cAaTTor/uer?/'; Sta Tavra ii' ral'i uAAat? yvvai^lv. 
 
 Dem. 6. 6: Si or«, the compulsion exercised by Aoyio-fioi: Bi' iLv, 
 the channel in which the vision moves. 
 
 For illustration of these qualities may be mentioned, on the 
 one hand, the principle of prolepsis. a manner of arbitrariness, 
 whereby the verb nervously summons from the heart of an- 
 other construction what it will (A. J. P. 23. 19). The case 
 employed here is usually the accusative. Dem. 36. 59 : oi 
 yap lywy' opw Kaipov iv t'lvl av fidWov ^o-qdrjaeU Tt5 avTw, the very 
 core of the matter rushes into the embrace of the verb. Plat. 
 Rep. 506 C : ovK rjcrdrjaaL ras avei' eTriarr^/AT/s 86$a<;, ws trdaai aia^pai ; 
 
 Legg. 664 E : ra^ew? 8' alaOrjcnv . . . €(f)dirTotTo, a spark before the 
 
 flash. In Od. 3. 193 : 'ArpctS?;!' 8e Kal avTol vLKOveTE . . . | w5 r' y]XO\ 
 the accusative is the subordinate clause in miniature. Lycurg. 
 62 : TTjv Tpoiav TL^ OVK aKr)KO€V OTL . . . doiKrfTO^ iaTL ; Xen. An. 3. 
 5. 18 : TTji' yap VTTip/SoXrjv twv opeojv iSeSoiKeaav fir} irpoKaTaXrjcfiOeLr]. 
 The proleptic word occurs, however, also in the genitive in 
 different setting. Dem. 19. 39 : 'Akovctc, w dvSpes 'AOrjvaloi, 
 T7/S €7rto-ToAr;s, ws koAt/ Kal (f>i\dvOpM7ro<i, the casc foreshadows 
 contact with details, recognizes an outside world. 
 
 On the other hand, the so-called attraction of the relative, 
 almost invariably from the accusative, illustrates the readiness 
 of the case to allow itself to be dismissed. The accusative 
 represents work done ; it makes way for that which contains 
 more vitality. This facility of movement, unsteadiness of 
 form, is well shown by Dem. 48. 45 : tt/s oiKtas 7)5 €(l)acrKe<; pn- 
 (T$w(Tai poL w? CTavToi" ovtrav, where the form recovers itself as the 
 force which banished it fades with distance. In Isoc. 15. 133: 
 
 opa'i 8c TTTji' <f>vcnr Tr]i' rwi' ttoAAwv Jj? 8ia/c€trat tt/jos tus ySord'i, Kal 
 
 8u')TL pdWoi' (f)LXov(Ti Toi'? TTpos x^P'-^ o/ttiAoiTTa?, prolcpsis aiid at- 
 traction are combined ; the detail, apart from case, involved in 
 (f>\'m<i is reflected in ws, while the particular instance that comes 
 in BioTL is foreshadowed in the case. Compare Soph. El. 480 : 
 
 VTreari poL Bpdao^, | . . . KXvovaav | . Plat. Rep. 422 B : oi'S' ct 
 i^f-ii] . . . VTro<f>€vyo\'Ti . . . dvaaTp€(f>ovTa Kpoveii'. The action, the 
 expression of will, leaves the traces of its conjuring, whether 
 
12 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 
 
 up or down, in the case. Compare Livy 21. 5. 5: partiendo 
 
 praedam beside stipendio exsolvendo. ' Easy come, easy go '. 
 
 The grenitive exhibits the character of a 
 
 ,7 convenient, if fossilized(Gildersleeve, Pindar, 
 
 Gemtive. j ^ ^ ^^^^ adjective. Thus, to cite a few 
 
 instances from many, Od. 20. 264-5 • ^W'-^'^- 'OSvo-^os match 18. 
 
 353 : 'OSi'a^ioi'. Hdt. 5. lOI : KaXafJuvai, KaXdfxov. Plat. Prot. 
 
 313 B: k(nripa<i u.KOvaa'i, opOpto'S ■^kmv. Theaet. I94 E: K07r/)w8es, 
 
 Toij Krjpov. Deni. 22. yo '. (TaTrpovs, twv rj poScov, ^^pi'crtoi.'. Aesch. 
 
 Cho. 489: otKTtLpe OrjXvv apcr€v6<: 6' ofiov yoov. Beside II. 9. 219 : 
 i^€v ... I TOLxov Tov hcpoLo may bc ranged Eur. And. 266 : KaOrja' 
 I8paia. Perhaps the same principle is present in such uses as 
 that of II. 24. 264: iva Trprjaawixev 680I0 (qs. oStot?). Compare 
 oLKovcLv with predicate adjective. Soph. O. C. 988: ov yap ovt' 
 
 iv toI(tS' aKovcTOfiai KaK6<; | ydfioLcriv. 
 
 The element in common is emphasis on the noun-pole as 
 contrasted with the verb-pole. Compare ttov in its appeal to 
 the outside (A. J. P. 30. 14). Soph. O. C. 1549: w </)w? d^eyyk, 
 Trpoade irov ttot rjaO' ifiov. Note the suspending force of the 
 case in expressions of time. Plat. Legg. 798 B : aKivr^Tot yevwv- 
 rai (laKpMv kol ttoAAwv xpovwv. By the employment of either the 
 poles are kept apart, perspective is provided, the picture is 
 painted, the spectator is implied, who may be jubilant, Aesch. 
 
 Agam. 1359: veKp6<i 8e t'^ctSc Se^tas X^P^^^ I ^PJ^^' StKat'as reKToro^ — 
 compare ' my meat ' — or querulous, Ar. Ach. i : ttjv inavrov 
 KapSiav. Soph. El. II83 : (j>ev Ttj'i avvfi4>ov 8vafi6pov t€ a?}? t/30</)7}s. 
 
 It is the clinging thing — taste, smell, touch — that attracts or 
 repels. Hdt. 6. 5: i\€v6epLr]<: y€vadfx€voL. Eur. Ale. 1069: w 
 
 tXt^ixmv e'yw, | w? dpri irivSovi Tovhc yex'ofiai iriKpov. * Out. damned 
 
 spot !'. 
 
 This interchangeableness of form, based on equivalence of 
 content, occurs with many varieties of shading. Thus, con- 
 trast II. 5. 741 : Vopyd-q Kt<l>aXT] Siivolo Trekiopov and 8. 349: Top- 
 
 yovs ofifiaT' €x<»v with Ar. Nub. 153: Ty<: Acttto'tj^tos and Av. 317: 
 avBptyap XerrTio (To<f>uTTa Stvp' dfjilx^ov ws Ifxi. Genitive and parti- 
 ciple reciprocate. Compare Od. 10. 411 : «V7;i' /SoTavyi Kopiautv- 
 
 Tai with 499: avTap eVei KAat'wv re KvAtrSojLiei'ws t' tKopiaBi^v. 
 
 The genitive is a mixed case, but the fact that it involves 
 the possibility of ablative force seems in no way to hinder the 
 identification in sense of the two forms of expression, h'or 
 
ANA AND KATA in COMPOSITION ANu WITH Case. 13 
 
 example, the existence, potentially, of the ablative in the ad- 
 jective is sugrrested, in the light of Od. 15. 425: tV filv Ci8<uios 
 7roAi'^^aA»coi' ev)(Oixai ciiai, by II. 6. 2<)0 '. tpya yvvaiKtav I QihoviiDV, 
 Tas ai'iTo? 'AAe'^ai'S/jos deotiSrj'i | /yyayc Ci8ovLrj6(.v and, in general, it 
 must be left to the nature of the surroundings to determine 
 which of the two phases of the cases use, the pure or the ab- 
 latival, is covered by the adjective in a particular instance. 
 
 The participle also — the adjective in motion (A. J. P. 2^. 
 12) — alternates with the case and at once interprets it and is 
 interpreted by it in situations in which from the nature of the 
 connection the ablative sense is implied. Eur. Hipp. 473: 
 AJ/ye /lev KaKwv <l>p€i'm', | \->]l;ov 8' v/Spl^ova'. Let the skin but be 
 loose (A. J. P. 2^. 259). it is capable of backward as well as 
 forward movement. 
 
 Whatever objection (A. J. P. 2. 93) may be raised to the 
 etymological identification of genitive and adjective, the readi- 
 ness with which the one substitutes or parallels the other in 
 use seems a clear indication that the Greek user felt the con- 
 tent to be the same. The fact that there is not a separate 
 adjective expression corresponding to each category of geni- 
 tive usage can hardly be taken to mean that to the Greek con- 
 sciousness the two forms were not substantially equivalent. 
 The mere formal handiness of the case, the comparative ease 
 with which by its use the parts entering into the presentation 
 of a complex idea can be combined give it in many situations 
 preference over the adjective. Thus, while in Plat. Legg. 708 
 D TToXi'xpoi'iov might easily both in sense and in formation have 
 matched TrayxaAcTrov, the adjective that in 819 D had paralleled 
 uv6po)irLvoi>. substituting in full measure of meaning i't;i'wi' rnwv 
 dpepixoLTMv, would have been a monstrosity. The function, 
 however, is clearly established in at least a considerable part 
 (Gildersleeve. Pindar, I. E., p. 91) of the field, and so long as 
 a language retains a form in full function anywhere, the type 
 is alive everywhere (A. J. P. 2. 92). 
 
 As the participle, as the adjective — the participle at rest — , 
 so the genitive attends its substantive as a skin. Each with 
 its own degree of closeness of attachment, each with its own 
 amount of movement, provides the sustaining medium for the 
 substantive, which is often not in sight ; each frame suggests 
 the appropriate picture : 01 Jya^ot, ot Aeyoires, to. ovra, ets 'AiSov 
 
14 ANA AND KATA IN Composition and with Case. 
 
 (A. J. P. i8. 120). This floating, suspensory element charac- 
 terizes the case through the entire range of its use. of which 
 elements the former seems more prominent in the participle, 
 the latter in the adjective and the genitive. 
 
 In the genitive's struggle for independence arose, with the 
 cooperation of the participle, the so-called genitive absolute, a 
 union which throughout the Homeric poems retains tenaciously 
 its original form. The emphasis upon the noun end of the 
 combination is pronounced in the regular expression of the 
 subject and in the universal employment of the genitive. The 
 bone of the action has not yet had time to work through the 
 flesh, and only comparatively late does it manage to do so in 
 the evolution of the accusative absolute (A. J. P. 23. 24). 
 Even when the inflected subject begins to fall away — a process 
 which is faintly foreshadowed in Homer — the case of the 
 original construction clings on, reluctantly makes place for the 
 bare action as reflected in the accusative form (A. J. P. 6. 336). 
 
 Attachment suggests detachment and in the single form the 
 Greek has involved the potentiality of two case usages, leaving 
 to the intelligence of the hearer the determination of the 
 presence or absence of current or the direction of the current. 
 The same principle is operative in the inference of the subject, 
 e. g., Lys. I. 10: iJ'a TOi' tltOov avrth 8t8<ij Kal firj ySod, in the 
 double possibility of direction in -rrapd with the accusative, e. g., 
 Thuc. 3. 93 beside Dem. 4. 11. and in other connections, nota- 
 bly in the variety of coloring displayed in the participle 
 (A. J. P. 23. 12; 35. 233). For the double use of the case 
 
 with €xeo-^at, compare II. 2. 97 : K^pi'KCS ySodwi'Tcs ipr]TX'or, tiTvoT 
 avT'ij'i I iTy^oiaT, aKOV(j(.iav Se SioTpe<f>iO)V ySacriA^wv with Od. 5- 4-9 • 
 a[x<fiOTepyi<Ti Se )^epaa' cTrcacri'/xcvo'i XdfSe TrcTpv;?. | t^s ^X''''^ aTudxMi', 
 eiois- ixeya KVfia irapyXdev and 9. 435 • "'^''''^P x^P^'-*' dtoTov Ocinrt- 
 (TLoio I I'ojAe/Lieojs (7Tpe(f>6els l\6fL-qv t(.tXtj6ti 6v(x<h. As 01', as p-yj 
 
 (A. J. p. 33. 448) reflects each its own world, each its own 
 kind of world, so the lacking half (A. J. P. 2y. 201) is fore- 
 shadowed in iprjTvor, in x^P^*-^^ ^"d the mind is attuned for the 
 more ready reception of the separative notion on the one hand, 
 the reciprocal on the other. 
 
 The genitive in its full scope is an open sea with p/x"/ ''"' 
 a/xTToms and at the turn the preposition, the gnomon of merged 
 cases (A. J. P. 2. 92), tends to emerge. Thus, in the diversi- 
 
ANA ANI» RATA IS Com I'OSITION AND WITH CaSK. I 5 
 
 fied case-construction with vcrl)s of hearing; the employment 
 of the preposition marks the alertness of the mind to the 
 direction of the movement, whereas ordinarily the dehnitc in- 
 dication is lacking. Here, as elsewhere, the genitive-ahlative 
 is a flux, and out of the particular situation the special sense 
 arises. Plat. Gorg. 470 C : nf2A. Ci' ^itvovv, d> OwKpaTt<i, uiroKpi- 
 
 rai TavTo tovto. CQ. iyo> fxtv roiriT <t>r]fii, w IIoiAe. et (tol irap' i/jLov 
 ySioi' idTLv uKoveLv, wherein the preposition stresses the recogni- 
 tion of delegated authority. The more emphatic expression 
 may be due to the contrast of sources of information. Dem. 
 4. 3 : cTreira Ivdvixi^riov Kal nap' uAAwi' ukovovgl Kal rots etSoati' 
 auTOis di'a/xi/ii'r/o-KO/i.ei'ot'J. Hdt. 5- ^3'- ^Mfxa^iDV 8e 6 Aapelos to. tc 
 I'jKovae CK Twr KaraaKOTTivi' Kal ra avTos wpa dyeiv avrrjv CKeAcuc. IsOC. 
 12. 5 : vtt' dAAoji' Se Tti'wi' ov)^ oto? £t/it yLyvojaKOfievos dAAd TOtouTOS 
 viroXafifSai'6fievo<;, oiov dv nap' tTepwv aKOvaoyaiv : or tO the impor- 
 tance attached to the speaker as the source of authority. Od. 
 IQ. 93 : navTa yap €v rjBrjdd', lirei i$ ejnei" tKAi'CS avr^s. Further, 
 Dem. 19. 217 : a vfieh Icrre. Kal ov nap' I'jfxwi' vfid': aKovcraL Bel. 20. ^2 '. 
 a nap' vjxwi' twv np€<jfSvTf.pMV auTOS dx^Koa. 
 
 A dominant note in the behavior of the genitive, be the 
 characteristic logical or psychical (A. J. P. 31.74). appears to 
 be the recognition of a sphere, external to the actor, invested 
 with its own rights and powers, a sphere of personal or quasi- 
 personal character, capable of receiving and, by natural con- 
 sequence, of giving. It needs and is needed. liarpiKT] seems 
 a fairer and fuller definition than yeviKrj. 
 
 The Question expresses the attitude of the 
 
 , . questioner toward the outside world. This 
 reflected in . . . . , ..^ ^ , , • 
 
 ^ . attitude varies, with diirerent mood coloring, 
 
 the Question. , . , , . . , • , 
 
 from absolute personal conviction and inde- 
 pendence to entire dependence and submission. In like manner 
 the posture of the actor in relation to his world as reflected in 
 noun through case is shown by the nature of the cases. The 
 case-regimen of the verbs of sense will serve for illustration. 
 The Question divides itself into three groups : (i) Rhetorical; 
 (2) Deliberative; (3) Genuine; according as the questioner is 
 completely independent, in varying degree independent, or 
 entirely dependent upon the matter of the question. Case 
 usage separates the sense verbs into three groups: (i) Sight, 
 accusative only; (2) Hearing, variation between accusative 
 
i6 ANA AND KATA in Composition and with Case. 
 
 and genitive; (3) Taste, Smell, Touch, genitive only (A. J. P. 
 31- 75)- 
 
 (i) a. Soph. El. 911 : irmyap; com- (i) a'. Plat. Prot. 336 B : dW 6p<?s 
 pare : What ! ... 
 
 No mood, no case; no coloring of decision, no dependence 
 on externals. 
 
 b. II. 17. 260: Ti's Kev riffi (ppealv b'. Pind. O. 9. 165: opwfT' d\Kav. 
 
 oiivofiar' eiiroi ; 
 Aesch. Pr. 504 : ris I (p-qaeuv av tto- Hes. Sc. 426 : detpop bpwp offffoiai. 
 poidep e^evpeip ifiov ; 
 
 Decision colored by mood and case of inner world. 
 
 c. Thuc. 3. 45: TToXts T€ d(pi(7Ta- c'. Xen. An, i. 8. 26: top apdpa 
 
 H-ipfi tIs ttw , . . TOVTU ewe- opw. 
 
 Decision colored by mood and case of outer world. 
 
 (2) a. Soph. O. C. 310: w Zei'. Tt (2) a'. Od. 21. 237: fjp 5e ns v 
 Xe|co ; TTol <f>pipwp e\6w, irdrep ; aropaxvs ve ktvwov ep5ov aKOv- 
 
 ffri I dpdpcip rifj.eT€poicTiP ep ep- 
 Keai. 10. 311 : ep6a ffrds ijSoT]- 
 ffa, 6ed 8e /uec eK\vep avdijs. 
 Thuc. 2. 21 : ??5o»' XP'JO'MOI'S Traproiovs, 
 Hjp dKpoaaOai tKaaros iopyriro. 
 
 In a the impulse from the outside that must be met appears 
 in the mood of Ae^w, eXdw : in a' in avSpiHv . . . ipKtai, i/Soijaa, 
 
 TjBoV . . . TTal'TOlOV?. 
 
 Influences external to questioner and actor hold decision in 
 abeyance. No full grasp of the situation. The will of another 
 operative. 
 
 b. II. 18. 188: TTcDs t' ap' 1(1} nerd b'. Dem. 24. 208 : Kai nr]p el avrUa 
 
 /jLwXop ; exovai 5e revx^o. Keipoi. Stj fidXa Kpavyi]p dKovaatre. 
 
 Xen. Mem. i. 2. 36: mijS' idv n Eur. El. 752: ovk ol5a ttXtjp eV 06- 
 
 upiofiai, i(pr], ^1* TTWKJ vewrepos piop oinwyrjv kXvu. 
 
 TpiaKOPxa eruv, epufiai bnoffov 
 
 TTcoXel ; 
 
 As the personality of the questioner exerts itself against the 
 opposing influence and tends to reach its own conclusion, so 
 hearing, through affinity to its neighbor higher in the scale, 
 condenses the surrounding mist into a drop. Hearing largely 
 sees through a glass, darkly, but knows how to assert its 
 rights, to remove the film (Aesch. Sept. 98-101). An analo- 
 gous process may be the behavior of the peculiar Homeric 
 
ANA AND KATA IN Composition and with Case. 17 
 
 subjunctive, with its negative 01' (A. J. P. 31. 78). Horn. 
 Hynin. i. i : fx\'i]irofxai ov8t Xdduifiai 'Atto'AAoji'os (.KaTOLo. Mood of 
 will tempered by external fact (A. J. P. 2^. 134). Compare 
 01' /1177. Similarly, in recomposition {irpoaairo-, (rvv(.irava-) the pre- 
 fixes exercise their force in order from within outward, not 
 reversely. 
 
 (3) Ar. Nub. 239: r)\6i% Si Kara (3) Od. 17. 413: fufWev 'OSv(X(Ttvi\ 
 
 tI ; . . . TrpoiKOS yevaeffOai ' Axo-ttiif. 
 
 Plat. Prot. 31? D: el de tjs (Ktlfo Hdt. 4. 147: cTret re eyeiffaro dpxv^- 
 
 epoiTO . . . tL av diroKptfoiixeda Hdt. I. 80: WJ oa((>pavTO rdxi-CTa 
 
 Ar. Lys. 619: 6a<f>paivofiai. t^s Iir- 
 
 TTi'oi' TvpavviSos. 
 Od. 19. 473 : ayf/a/j-fvi] Se yevelov. 
 Plat. Phaed. 108 B : <p6vwv ddUuv 
 
 Responsion to outside world, not of will, but of fact or 
 fancy. Sight — the king sense — appropriates as by right. 
 Hearing feels, if haply it may find — and does find. Taste. 
 Smell. Touch remain satisfied with feeling. But out of the 
 unorganized arises the organized : yevaaaOt koX IhtTt. Note 
 the order in Hdt. i. 80: Scr^tpavTo . . . eiSov. 
 
 Participle is skin — of a live thing, of a dead thing — adher- 
 ing, if loose. Even though but a film (A. J. P. 29. 270). it 
 serves to float its freight. That which is conjured up. con- 
 jured down, is dead; it has been swept into the current of the 
 action, has lost its individuality. But the verb preserves its 
 sentient contact through the floater. The leading note is the 
 deadness of the dominated thing; the contact is incidental, 
 secondary. 'Opw ere is antecedent to 6poj ere rpixofra. In the 
 range from the necessary participle with actual perception 
 through the occasional participle with intellectual perception to 
 the favorite on with finite verb with intellectual perception 
 may be traced, if roughly, the relation of sentiency to the 
 world — outside, inside. Actual perception (A. J. P. 31. 79) 
 requires a covering, a surface; intellectual perception has to 
 do with the precipitate only, with that which is under the 
 surface. But perception as it passes from the actual to the 
 ideal does not always immediately emerge from the shadow of 
 the acttial into the full light of the ideal. The skin may hold 
 on. the memory of the former association may be retained. 
 
l8 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 
 
 Note the transition from the outer world to the inner as 
 reflected in ov fi^. Soph. Ph. 416-18. 
 
 The participle is not the only skin ; the genitive is another, 
 perhaps a deeper layer than the participle. x\s verbs of per- 
 ception take the participle, so may they take the genitive. 
 Finite forms of yvwmi and elSivai with the genitive are found 
 in Homer in the following passages : 
 
 II. 4. 357: w? yj'w x'^^M^''"'*^ 
 
 12. 229 : u)8e x' VTTOKptvaiTO ^eoTrpoTros, os aa<j)a Ovfiio 
 tlSetrj T€pdwi' Kai ol irCLOoiaTO Aaot. 
 
 15. 412: TeKTOvo<i Iv TraXd/xTjaL Sarj/xovo';, o<s pa re 7rao-r/9 
 ei' elSfj aocf)Lr]'; vvoOi^fiocruvrjcnv 'AOrjVip. 
 Od. 21. 36: ovhe TpaTre^rj | yvMTrjv dAAr/Awv. 
 
 23. 109 : r) jxaXa I'wt I yvoyao ixtO' dAA^Awv. 
 
 The pressure of the outside world is recognized. There is 
 preparation for what is yet to come. The details of testing 
 the identity of a friend, wise reserve in the presence of an 
 angry man, scope for the skill of the artisan, of the seer — all 
 these are reflected in the case. The genitive is another stream 
 with which the stream of the action mingles. This is in 
 marked contrast to the ordinary behavior of these verbs. As 
 the construction of intellectual perception has dispensed with 
 the participle that attends actual perception, so the case has 
 lost its contact with externals, has been swept into the current 
 of the verb. 
 
 This Homeric group, which is numerously represented in 
 the poems by the participle tiSws and is perhaps a survival 
 from an earlier regular usage, throws light on the genitive 
 side of the case-construction of verbs of hearing and other 
 sense verbs. 
 
 The composite character of hearing is indicated in various 
 ways. Thus, the will element is shown in the or. obi. ace. 
 
 with infin., e. g., Xen. Cyr. 4. 5.9: x^oX to aTparoTreSoy t/koi-c 
 
 K€vov eivat, and in such resolutions as that of Dem. 22. 13: 
 tare SrjTrov tovto Ako^. Again, association with verbs of sight is 
 not uncommon, as in the familiar Homeric phrase, Od. 11. 109: 
 09 ttcii't' l<j)opa Kut ttuit' iiraKovei. So, as a restatement of p.av- 
 Odvetv, Eur. I. T. 1447: fiado}v[8', 'Opearu, Tufi t/xu'i tVtcTToAas,] 
 K\vti<i yap avSjjV Kuirrep ov napotv ^cus. 
 
ANA ANo KATA i\ Com i'dsition and with Cast-:. fq 
 
 The intellectual side of aKoveif appears in the construction of 
 a verb of intellectual perception. Plat. Theact. 176 1): uy«A- 
 
 Aoi'Tai yap to) oretSei kui oifU'rut uKoveiv otl ov Xypoi t'nn ( compare 
 
 E: oi'x opu)VTe<i OTL ovTO)<: €\ei). English says: "I cannot see 
 any good in him "; Greek says, Dem. 14. 33: 8iu yap to ixKrelv 
 avToi"i oi'8" ai' aXyftts ovSlv rfSio)^ dyaOov wipl avTutv uKoiuratre. 
 
 Homer shows four instances of avhr^v three of aiiSr/? with 
 
 k\v(.iv. II. 13. 7:57 : TTui'Tef €7r€o-fT€7joi'T', cVct 'EKTopos ckAi'ov avBrjV. 
 15- 270; w? 'EKTotp Xanj/rjpa voSa'i Kal yoi'var' ivu>p.a I orpi'i'OJV 
 'nnrija'i, eVct ^eoil eKAi'ci' awS^f. Od. 2. 297 : ws (^ar' 'AdrfVairj, 
 Kovpr] At05 ■ ovS' dp' ert St^v | T?/Ae'jua;^o? iTapip.i(x\'(.v, iird Otov (.k\v€V 
 avhrjV. 14. 89 : otSe 8e Kai rt urafri, /^eoi' Se tiv' ckAi'ov avSrji'. The 
 
 case registers total result ; there is full comprehension of the 
 leader's, the god's command. Compare Xen. Cyr. 4. 5. 8: Kal 
 
 Toi'S aAAoi'S Be Mr^Soi'? wero irapdvaL . . . uKOvoiV 66pv/3oi' ttoXvp, 
 66pv/3ov is the reproduction in content and form of M^Sons va- 
 pelrai. Ai'87/s OCCUrs as follows : Od. 4. 831 : et/xei' Sr; ^eos iaai, 
 deolo T€ ckAi'ES avSy?. lO. 3II : h'Oa ara? ifSorjaa, 6ca 8e fiev £kAi'€V 
 av8ij<;. 481 : ainap iyw }^ipKr]<i i-n-LfSa^ TreptKuAAeos ewrrys | youi'ojv 
 e'AAtravei'aa, ^ea Se p,eii cKAi'd' aiiS»/s. Compare Aesch. Cho. 464 : 
 aAAa kAi'ovt£?, fidKape<i ^(Ooi'loi, I TyaSe KaTev^rj'i TrefiTrer' apwyrjv 
 and 487 : '^«t T7/cr8' dVonaov \oia6iov /3oij';, TraTcp, | tSwv veoaaov^ 
 
 Toi'o-8' e(^7//x€i'ors ra^w. A term employed by the speaker may 
 foreshadow the detailed contact. Isoc. 15. 216: i'}vir(.p iOekrjayjTe 
 8ia Te'Aovs uKovaai Tiov Xeyofxevotv. There is a clear note of reci- 
 procality in every instance ; a field of endeavor is presented. 
 Xen. Cyr. I. 4. 8: ot 8e <^i'AaKe? TrpofreAaaai'Te? cAotSopovv avroy Kal 
 eAcyoi' ei? oiov klvSwov e\6oL Kal e(f>a(Tav Karepelv avTov. o ovv Kfpos 
 clcTTrjKei KaTa/3€/3r]K(o<i Kal clkoi'wv ravTa r'jVLdro. ws 8' jjaSeTo Kpavyij<i, 
 av€Trr]BT](Ter, he had an inner sense — through raina — of past 
 delinquency and its possible effect ; his outer sense moved in 
 the sphere of Kpavyrj. 
 
 Demosthenes has Kpavyijv once Kpavyij'; twice with aKovdv. 
 24. 208 : Kal p.r]V el avTiKa 8r] /xaXa Kpavyrjv aKOVcratre 7rpo9 tw Sefr/xw- 
 Trjpiii), eir' eiirot rts ws ai'ewKTai to SeiTfjuoTrjpiov, 01 Be BeufiwTaL (fievyovaiv, 
 there is no preparation; Kpavyip' is a bolt out of the blue: ex- 
 planations, details follow. 47. 56: apio-Twvrwv Be ev Trj avXfj. w<i 
 eTreicnnjBo>ai\' ovtoi Kal KaTa\ap.fidvovcnv ai'ra? /cat i)pTrat,ov to. (TKev-q, 
 at /jLtv uAAat Oepdvaivai (e'r tw vvpyo) ydp ijaav, oimep SiatTiovTaiJ w? 
 'r]Kov(Tai' Kpavyij';, KXeiovai rov Trvpyov. 60 : ovk enavcruVTO uy^^oiTCS Kal 
 
20 ANA AND KATA IN Composition and with Case. 
 
 Ti^Toi'Tcs TTjV jpavv. aKOVOi'Tes 8e ol 6e/aa7roi'T£S tu>v yetTorojr ttj^ 
 Kpavyrji kol opwi're? rr/i' oiKLav iropOovfjiivqv, a skill for Kpavyrj is 
 
 provided by the context in which it is set : the attitude of 
 expectancy is established, to which the case responds. Com- 
 pare Kur. El. 747: 0iAai, /?07;s rjKOVcraT', r) Sokw kcI't; | virijXdi fx , 
 
 ware veprepa f3povTr] Aios ; The covering disappears, the mist 
 condenses in 752 : ovk oiSa 7r\.r]i> h> • <^dviov olfiwyrfv k\vw. Com- 
 pare Ar. Plut. 670 : ''ifuv Tra/ar/yyetA' iyKaOevBew tov 6eov | 6 irpo- 
 7roAo5, etTTwv, yv ri? aluO-qTai \p6<j)ov, | (nydv and contrast 688 : to 
 y/3u'Stov 8' ws rjaOdvETO fj.o^' tov i/'o<^ov, | aparr' v(f>rjp€L ' II. 22. 447~5'* 
 Note the setting. Od. 21. 237: el-rrdv re yvvat^lr | KAv/trrat /teya- 
 poto 6vpa<i TTiiKti'ws apapvLWi, | '?)i' Se rt? ^ (JT0i'a;!^7/s 7/e kti'ttoi' erSov 
 CLKOvar} I dvS/swv rj/jbeTepoLcnv ei' ipKtcji, {xijTL 6vpa^€ | vpofSXoxrKeLV, the 
 speaker by his direction puts yi-mtKes on the alert and then 
 creates the appropriate mental environment Hdt. 8. 65 : Kal 
 TrpOKare <f>wvrj<; aKOveiV. IsOC. 11-3: uKOven' twv Xeyofievwi'. details 
 of vovdeTTjcn'i. Dem. 18. 323 : OVK . . . eyw . . . twv 8e T17? TroAews 
 dya^wi' Trecf>piKM'i ukovw Kal aTevwv /cat ki'tttcoi' et's ttjI' y^jv. 
 
 The participle, capable of either forward or backward move- 
 ment, with verbs of hearing either retards (compare the ace. 
 absolute) or augments the action. On the one hand, percep- 
 tion ends with itself, and the case is consonant with completed 
 process : perception and perceived are one ; on the other, two 
 opposing streams raise a crest, create a presence, invite exami- 
 nation of details, and the case of suspension is in place. The 
 accusative, as the reflection of action, which is the essence of 
 independence, is independent of all save action ; it does not 
 
 stop to give details. Dem. 18. 32: uAA' up.' (ikovoltc ravTa Anay- 
 ycAAoiTwr ijpiTn' KUKeho'; eiros et?/ rii'Aaii'. 35 : aKovataOe Svoii r) 
 TpLwv tiixtpMV, oL<i ph' e;^^/aos" i'jKti, (f>i/\oi' avTOV yeyerv/jueior. oi'i Sc 
 ^lAos, TovniVTLov IxOpoy. Contrast Soph. O. C. 1645 : rocmrTa 
 (^oji'ryaai'To? eUrijKoiHrapev with Ph. 614: kui Tai'S' orrwi ///coi'cr' o 
 AaepTox' tokos I tov pavTLV eiTrovT'. 
 
 The presence of the thing heard and contact with the details 
 of what the thing contains are notions inseparable. Here, 
 perhaps, is the clue to the universal genitive of the person 
 with verbs of bearing. Personabty in\olves presence, and 
 presence compels contact, attention to details. Personality is 
 the worl . The note of character will turn the scale in favor 
 
 of the genitive. IsOC. 12. 108: toi'S- plv ovv a'AAors- ovk oipai 
 
ANA AND KATA IX COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 21 
 
 Trpd^€wy kripMY iiriOvfiijani' uKovtiv uAA' tV roji' tlpi^fiivotv iKavutt 
 IxefiadrjKCVai lofiuir, oiroia Ti<i toIv iroXioiv tKartpa Trtpl Tov<i 'EAAwra? 
 ycyortr. Contrast Dem. 14. 14: oipat 8t/ Silv (IkoiWi'to? vfw.<! 
 avTT]v, av dpe(TK7], {l/ijtpuraadai, in a»' dpicTKtj tlic speaker assunies 
 the detail stage past, that contact with externals has produced 
 conviction ; the lines of character have converged to a point. 
 
 The tense of the participle no wise affects the matter of 
 detail involved in the case, of contact with a Presence. From 
 
 this point of view II. 10. 276: dXXa K\dy£ai'To<; uKovaav, Od. 4. 
 505 : fieydX' c/cAier ai'S^craiTo?, and Dem. 8. 4 : TidavpaKa o xat 
 
 irpioijv Tiro's ijKovaa elirovTo'i Iv Trj (3ov\y Stand immediately beside 
 
 Plat. Rep. 549 ^ • "^''*'. V^ ^' ^<^'. TrpioTov ptv r?]? pT]Tp6<; aKovy 
 d)(Oopii'y)^ and Legg. 839 B : dKovwv ndepivov Tov vopov. The 
 
 difference is in the breadth of the stroke. 
 
 In the Orators when reference is made, either before or 
 after the reading, to hearing the law read, the genitive is 
 regularly used. Typical instances are Dem. 18. 121 : d/coveis, 
 
 AlcTxirr], Toi' voixov Ae'y orro? (ra<^w? — compare Plat. CritO 54 D, 
 where the mind lingers in the mist of memory. Aeschin. 2. 
 73 • oTt 8' dXrjOrj Ae'yw, aKovaare toi" i/'7;0tcr/xaTO5 Kai dvapvrja-drjTe 
 TOV TToXepov. Dem. 46- 14 • "-^^ci prjv avTtJjv twv vopoiv aKovcravTes 
 
 yvwcreade w? oi- ki'/dio? ijv hiadiadai, details before decision, data 
 on which to base conclusion. 
 
 The principle stated, that the genitive with a verb of hear- 
 ing implies presence, contact between hearer and heard, may 
 seem invalidated by such an example as Od. 4. 1 14. which is 
 paralleled several times in Homer : ok <^dTo, T<h 8' dpa TraTp6<; v4>' 
 
 Lpepov wpae yooLo, \8dKpv 8' utto fi\e(f>dpo)i' xapdSis /?dAe vaTpo'; ukoi- 
 
 (Ta<i, where La Roche (Horn. Stud., p. 160) interprets by ' de 
 aliquo'. UuTrjp is written large in the preceding context and 
 the imagination of Telemachos, highly wrought by the narra- 
 tive, puts him in virtual touch. Similar, though with different 
 arrangement of material, is Xen. Mem. i. 2. 41 : ws r/w aKovwv 
 Tivwv iiraLVov pevoji' otl vopipoi di'Sp€<; elalv oipai. Compare Soph. 
 Ph. 426: olpoL, 8v' av Tu)8' i$iB€i$a<;, oiv eyw|7;Ki(7T' dv rjBcXyja' oXw- 
 XoTOLi' /cAi'eti'. 
 
 The case-usage of KpaTtlv illustrates well the distinction m 
 force between the two cases. The genitive presents a. sphere 
 of influence, a process of evolution which may reach its cul- 
 mination at any point. Contingency of control along with 
 2 
 
22 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 
 
 continuity of contact is indicated by the character of the words 
 and by their setting. 
 
 As the present participle makes a broad, the aorist a narrow 
 stroke, while the perfect is the transition ground, the condition 
 of balance between the broad and the narrow, such is the rela- 
 tion of the genitive to the accusative. Control of externals 
 passes from the state in which there is reciprocity between 
 controller and controlled, through that in which the liberty of 
 the controlled is sensibly abridged — the poise before the 
 plunge — , to that which marks the absolute dominance of the 
 controller. Action organizes, grows in intensity in its sup- 
 porting" element. Plat. Phileb. 1 1 E : /xwr oijk, ar fikr I'iSovf] fxdWov 
 <l)aii'7]Tat ^I'yyei'ry?, yTTio/xeda /Jih' ajx^oTtpoi tov ravTa e)(Oi'TO'i /^e/iJui'ojs 
 fiiov, Kparel 8e 6 rrys v/Soi'?;? tov rvys (^/oorr/cretos ; ySoiq . . . ^vyyevr]'; 
 
 pictures the field of combat, on which rests the shadow of the 
 coming event; rjTTMixeOa marks the stage of balance reached in 
 the progress of the struggle ; the result is inevitable : /ySon'/ 
 and <l>p6vr]cn<i cannot continue to dwell in the same house. 
 
 Countries, cities, seas, and the like, controlled today surren- 
 dered tomorrow, are regularly in the genitive. Isoc. 4. 92: 
 T7/S TrapoSoii. 102: TToAeojv. I44 ! "J"*/? erros "AAi'os xwpa'i. 161 : 
 AnKi'a?. 6.26: Trys vj-rretpov. lO. 18: tt/? y?;?, tt/s ^aAarr^/s. Thuc. 
 I. 9: vr/crwi'. 100: Twv 'Ei've'a oSwv. 108 ! ttJ^ re ;(wpa5. 4. 24: 
 TOV Tvop6jxov. 108: Trys yec^i'/sas. 6. 96: rwi' 'ETriTroAoir. y. 3C : 
 At;u,£i'os. So in other connections, where the nattire of the 
 words implies possible change of hands. Thuc. 4. 14: 1'ai'uyuor. 
 8. 23 : TMV T€ Xtoji' vewv. 71 : ottAwI' Tirwi' Kal viKptov. Soph. Aj. 
 1337: ottAojj'. The shadow of dispossession may ai)pear in 
 the context, Thuc. i. 13. 6: rtm xpo''oi'. Likewise of feelings 
 and passions, now controlling now controlled. Isoc. 2. 29: rdji- 
 i-RiOvixLoiv. 12. 31 : I'jSovwi'. So other qualities that imply a 
 varying relationship to the action. Aeschin. 3. 4 : t?}? 8c tmv 
 
 pyjTopwi' uKO(TixLa<i ovKCTi KpaTtlv Si'i'ai'Tut. Dem. 9. 5 • •''''' ^' ^'/^ 
 fxtv fjaOvixiwi Tij'i vp.€Ttpa^ Kal Tvy? u/xeAeias KtKpaTijKt ^iXiinro'i, riys' 
 
 TToAetoS 8' 01) KtKpaTlfKtV. 
 
 The context often supplements the notion of continuity, of 
 contact, that lies in the case. Isoc. 4. 177: ttre tovtmv KpuTciv 
 
 MP . . . £Ti'y;(ui'0)U.€i' f^^oiTCS. Thuc. 2. 99 : tKpuTiiiray St kui twi/ 
 uAAioi' iOyuyf at MaKtSoi'fs" oiVoi a kui vvv tVi c\ov(n. 
 
 The sense of adaptation, of interdependence, of compromise 
 
ANA AM) KATA IX COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 23 
 
 is connoted. The enemy of today may l)c the friend of to- 
 morrow. IsOC. 5. ^^3 : 01' yap t<j>6a(Tav rJii' i)^6piov KpaTrf(TaVT(.<i. 6. 
 81 : oTi pa8ui)<; Twv Tro\ep.ui>v iiriKpaTTjaopev. 12. li>J '. Ta<i viKas ra? 
 KpaTi](jd<ja<i ptv Ttov (.vaVTLO)V, Trpu<i ov-i 8' ovk ixPW ycy«»'7;/x£Va<», the 
 
 memory of the right.s. the individuality of the opponent lin- 
 gers. Dem. 15. 31 '. 8ti yap vpd<; ^orAei'o/xeVors KpaTijcraL twv tu- 
 
 vavTia Trj TrdAet Trap' vpiv vpuTTeLv Trporjpi^pivwv. Compare the geni- 
 tive with verbs of grasping and the like, suggesting uncertainty 
 of tenure, frequent from Homer on. II. 21. 416: rov 8' dye. 
 X^Lpo'i iXovaa. Xen. An. 1.6. 10. 
 
 The accusative is most common in expressing the rush and 
 shock of battle. There is no thought of parley, of adjustment, 
 no consideration of the other side. Action has full sway, will 
 is dominant. While in connection with the accusative the 
 instrumental TTo\ep.o>, pAxn are abundant (Dem. 18. 146. Thuc. 
 I. 108. 109. III. 2. 25. 26. 3. 91. 103. 7. II. Ar. Vesp. 539: 
 Aoyo). Isae. II. 35: ^'nfjiM. Dem. 8. 32: ottAois), the presence 
 of the instrumental when the genitive is used is very excep- 
 tional. Pind. O. 7. 94 : avra 8e a(f)LaLV wTraae tcx^olv | irdaav 
 eTTixOoviwv rAavKwTTts dptaTOTr6voL<; X^P^'- '<paT£tv, a glimpse of the 
 
 active side of Kpardv in its passive surroundings. Isoc. 4. 35 : 
 
 TToXifJiio KpaTTjaavTC^ tovs /3ap(3dpovs, TroAAas p.€V i<f)' eKarcjoa? t^9 
 i^TTt'ipov TToAets €KTiaav, dirdaa'i 81 ras vrjaovi KaTWKiaai'. 65 '• I'Trep 8e. 
 Twv Trat'Stov . . . 'Apytiois Kal tovs aAAois IleAoTroi'i'T^CTtoT'S p-axJ] Kpa- 
 T^crai'TCS. 5- 92 '• Tov re aTpaToire8ox' tov Kparrjaai'Tos rrji' cKetrou 
 8vvapLV, the work done ; contrast : KpaTr]aavTe<; dv twv /SamAews 
 TT/aay/xartov, the fruitS not enjoyed. 6. 21 : iroXefjuo 81 K/jaW/o-avrc? 
 
 TOVS Iv TOtS TOTTOIS TOtS €tp7^yU£l'0lS KaTOLKOVVTa'S TpiXrj StetAoJ'TO TaS 
 
 ^ao-iAetas, individuality submerged. 24: TavTr]V re ydp oiKovfiev 
 86vTwi' fih' H/3a/<Aei8u)r, dvcAoi'Tos 8e tov Bto\\ iroXefiM 8e Kparr/CTarres 
 
 Toiis exo'''^"^.> mere incident in the general action. Xen. An. 
 
 7. 6. 32 • v^'V dWrjv evKAetav TrpoatiXr^^aTt Kal tov<; tv rrj EvpwTriy 
 QpaKa's, €<f>' ovs iarpaTevaaade, KparrjaavTes, erxAeia is all that 
 
 remains of the contact. Thuc. 8. 107: eVtTrAei'CTavTes Kal pAxj] 
 
 KpaTTjoavTi.'i Toi'S Iv TT) yfj e\a/3ov ras vai's, removal of obstacle. 
 Isoc. I. 52 : p.6\i<; ydp dv Tts Ik Tav-ij<; tt}? eVt/xcAeias ras t?]s 4>v- 
 CTCtos dpapTLa<; eVt/c/aaTT/acttv, /u,dAis, cVtytAeAetas mark the progress of 
 the evolution, d/xa/ortas its culmination. Dem. 22. 77 : ou8' 
 oloairtp CTii ;^poj/i,ei'ot cn'p./BovXoi'; tVoAirei'ovro, dAAd roi'S ix^poi"; Kpa- 
 TovvTEs, bare actions contrasted. Aeschin. 2. 30 : xai tt/v vperi- 
 
24 ANA AND KATA IN Composition and with Case. 
 
 pav iTjhiKtjfiivtDV 6/xoj<; <})L\ai'6po)TrLav Sic^rjtiv, Ae'ywv, on KpaTOvvTt^ 7<I> 
 iroXifHi) UepSiKKav KaAAta^ei'oi'S rp/ovfievov dvo;^as tt/jo? aurov cttoi^- 
 aaaSt, aei tivos Tr/aoaSoKwvTCS twv St/cattoi' Tci'^eo-^at, your foot waS 
 
 on his neck, but you gave him another chance. 
 
 The sparing use of the instrumental with Kpardv and the 
 genitive, in contrast with its frequent employment in the accu- 
 sative context, seems to reflect the same distinction of case 
 force as does the infrequency of ovam, wai with a verb of 
 hearing, compared with the abundant use of o</>^aAjLiot? with 
 verbs of sight. 'Opav is active and aggressive and its imple- 
 ments are ever ready to appear ; uKoveiv and Kpariiv show their 
 fluctuating active and passive nature not only in their case 
 construction, but as well in the way they handle their weapons. 
 Homer uses the instrumental with hearing once (II. 12. 442), 
 with sight sixty times, and a like disparity is to be observed 
 everywhere. The narrowing effect of the instrumental may 
 be seen in its parallelism to a on clause. Isoc. 6. 81 : twv 
 
 'EAA^vwv huvy]v6-)(aixtv ov Tui ju,eye^£t t7}s ttoAcoj? ov'Se Ta> irXrjdei twv 
 avdpioTTtDV, dAA' OTt TT^v TroAiTCtav 6/xotav Kar(.aTrj(jdp.f.da uTparoTrihio 
 
 KaAws hioiKovfiivio. Compare the favorite construction with in- 
 tellectual perception. Implement foreshadows effect and its 
 display is the measure of conscious appropriation. Aesch. 
 
 Supp. 244 : Kol Trdcrav aiav, ?;? Si' dyvo? epx^Tai | Crpvfiwv, to Trpos 
 
 SvvovTos rjXiov KparH), the voice of the king ; ala has no say. As, 
 however, the constituent parts of the domain pass in review, 
 the other side comes to its rights and the genitive finds place 
 in 249. His claim established, the monarch can afford to be 
 generous. Compare Soph. O. C. 1380. Atxr; controls. 
 
 The genitive holds possibilities in suspension; the electric 
 current of action coverts them into potentialities. 
 
 V. 'Ai/d and Kara IN COMPOSITION. 
 
 Preposition, whether forming close compounds (parathesis), 
 or trailing loose (tmesis), or gathering, through a case form, 
 noun into a complex with verb, belongs to the category of 
 adverb, is a part of the apparatus employed to give direction 
 to action, to temper will. 
 
 The limitation thus imposed, whether in literal or meta- 
 phorical connections, may have reference to the action's ex- 
 tension or to its restriction; i. e., the field may be already 
 
ANA AND KATA i.\ Composition and with Case. 25 
 
 prepared, either in the color of the action or in its intensity, 
 for the added notion, in which case the compound produces 
 the effect of an augmentation of what previously existed : on 
 the other hand, if the action be not in harmony, be indifferent, 
 colorless, the prefix stamps its own character on the action, 
 which then moves in the channel determined by its modifier. 
 Thus, apaadai by its intense virility invites the increase of its 
 native quality by e^, eVt, Kara, whereas these prefixes and many 
 others turn such waifs as Paivuv, /JaAActv whither they will. 
 
 The compounds formed by avd and Kara may be divided 
 into three classes: (i) those with avd beside which none with 
 Kara, from the same simple exist ; (2) those with Kara, to which 
 none with dva correspond; (3) those compounded with both 
 dvd and Kara. In classes (i) and (2) the simple action seems 
 in general to involve a sense in close harmony with that of 
 the prefix which unites with it, while class (3), which includes 
 such colorless verbs as te'vat, ^dWtiv, (iaivuv, as well as those 
 which under a single form present varieties of color with 
 which the prefixes can separately blend, affords a mediating 
 ground for the two other classes. A like classification will be 
 adopted in the treatment of the particles in connection with 
 case. 
 
 The classes must now be examined in some detail. 
 
 Class (i). 'Ava refers to conditions external to the actor, 
 that arouse his attention, call for the exercise of his faculties, or 
 indicate his subordination to outside influences. The sense of 
 temporariness, instability, the passing show, is prominent. 
 
 a. The notion of growth characterizes the simple action. 
 
 ^XauT dv i.iv , Hdt. 7- 156- °-''- ^^ irapavTiKa dvd t' eSpa/xov Kal 
 dvi^Xaarov. ddkki.iv, II. I. 236: ovS' dvad-qkyjan. </>vctv, Hdt. 
 5. 35 : diro^vpr]aa<i ttjv K€(f>akr]v eari^e Kal dve'/xeu'c dva^Ovai ras Tpi^a^, 
 
 the spectator is connoted. 
 
 b. Search and kindred notions. 
 
 d6 p€iv , Plat. Cratyl. 399 C : evrevdiv Sk Srj p.6vov T(ov Biipiwv 6p- 
 6o}<i 6 dvdpMTTOS dv$pwTro<: wvofidadt], dvaOpwv a oirwirev, retrospective. 
 dpTclaOai, Hdt. I. 90. y vw pi^ etv , Plat. Polit. 258 A. S i<^d V, 
 Cratin. 'Apx- 2 (Alein.) : oiov cro(f>LaTu)v afiyvos dve8icf>r](TaT€. ipev- 
 vdv. Plat. Phaed 63 A. ipwrdv, At. Lys. 484: dkk' dvepwra 
 
 Kol fir] TTtiOov Kal ■ivp6a<j>(.pt Travras lkiy)(ov<i. The prefix is in fa- 
 vorite use where a previous question has failed to bring light. 
 
26 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 
 
 Plat. Sophist. 247 BC : 0EAI. tovto ovk€TL Kara Tavra aTro/cptVovrai 
 Trav, dAAa ttjv fiev ^vx'rjv avrrjv SoKetv ac^iCTt aw/uci ti KCKriyo-^at, <f>p6vr}- 
 aiv ht Kol Twv aAAcDV eKaorov wv rjpwT-qKa'i, alaxwovTai . . . HE. TraAiv 
 Totvvv avepo)T<tifji€v avTov<;. This Usage is particularly common in 
 Plato, and the notion of a barrier to be removed may come in 
 a single term, without notice, or may exist in the form of a 
 shadow resting on the matter under investigation. Tim. 22 A : 
 Kal Bt) Kal TO. TTaAaia avepwTwv. Phaed. 87 B : Kal et rts uTncTTol 
 arTw. avepo)T(ar]. Rep. 524 E : Kal dvayKct^otr' av ev ai'ro) i/'i'x^ uTropelv 
 Koi ^-qrelv, Kivovaa iv lavrfj rrji' eVvoiav, Kal avepojTav. 581 C. Tim. 26 C. 
 Min. 313 A. II. 21. 508: TTjV Se irporl oi | etAe iraT-qp K.povi8r]<;, koi 
 aveipero -qSv yeAdao-a?, influenced in his question by the picture 
 before him. Recomposition of dvd-compounds with eVt is 
 frequent. The effect is shown by II. 23. 586-91. 'Avd and i-rri 
 refer to the same situation, dvd to the external phases. eVt to 
 the individual impulse. The order is significant: view of 
 situation first, then dealing with it. 'ETri-compounds are not 
 recompounded with dvd. 'Etti marks persistency of questioner. 
 Plat. Cratyl. 413 A, and often, e i- p t o- k e i v , Plat. Legg. 693 A : tva 
 
 Tots atTi'as avTwv dva^r]T0VVTe<i dvevpiaKtDfJiev ri irapa Tavra tSet TrpdrTCiv 
 oAAo. Phaedr. 252 E. ^ ?? r e i v , Dem. 58. 28 : dva^T^r^o-as tovs Spdaav- 
 Ttts. laropelv, Aesch. Pr. 962 : TTCwei. ydp ov8ev wv uvtCTro/aei? e/ttc. 
 ixV€V€i.v , II. 22. 192. ixip.vrj(T Ktiv , Soph. O. T. II33. Hdt. 2. 
 151. Plat. Meno 81 C. TrwOdveaOai , Hdt. 5. 57: ws eyw cii'a- 
 7rvv0av6ix€vo<i evpiaKw. ttv a t 6<s , Od. 1 1 . 274- 
 
 c. Sound. The particle refers to a context that contains 
 the exciting cause or that makes the hearer, spectator, promi- 
 nent. dAaAd^etv, Eur. Phoen. 1395: (TTpaT6<: 8' dv7/AdAa^c 
 AavaiSwv uTras. (3 o p fi o pv ^eiv , Av. Eccl. 433. /8/3ax«i»' . H- 1 9- 
 
 13. fipvd^eiv ,Ar. Eq. 602. (3pvxda$ai., Plat. Phaed. 117D: 
 
 Kal Srj Kal Tore dvafipvx'>)iydp.tvos KAat'tov Kal dyavaKTuiv ovhiva ovriva 
 ov KaT€K\a.a€. ypv^cLv, Ar. Nub. 945. €v<f>r] fiilv , Soph. Tr. 
 783 : citTra? 8' dvrivcjirjixriaev oi/twy^ Acws, | tov p.tv voaovvro^, tov 8e 
 StaTTCTrpay/xeVoii. k a y x " C « t >' . Plat. Rep. 337 A : Kal os dKOiWs dv€- 
 Kayxacre. kAu^civ, Xcn. Cyr. I. 4. 15: oxrirep UKvXaKi yevrauo 
 uvaKKd^ovTi, OTTOTC Tr\rj(nd^oi Orjpup. Kporeiv , Ar. Eq. 65 1 '• 01 8 
 di'tKpoTrjiTav Kal Trpos cp.' CKCx^/i'taar. (^k v p. (3 a \o v) , 11. 16. 379' 
 Bicppoi 8' uvtKi'p.lSa\La^oi'. KO)KV€iy, Sopll. Ant. 1227 : ° ^' *"' "P? 
 cr<^£ • • • 1 X"*/^*' Trpos avTov KdraKtoKi'cras KaAet. d p a t u ^ e t v , Andoc. 
 I. 29: Tuf'Tu Tu 8etfd Kal <l>ptKO)Sij di'Mpdia^ov. d t o t i' ^ € i r . Acscll. 
 
ANA AND KATA IN Com I'OSiTiox and with Case. 27 
 
 As;'. 1027: Tt raiir' (li'ojroTi'^as d^iK^t Ao^i'or ; poif^Btir, ( )(1. 12. 
 
 105. vfiveiv, Eur. El. 1 190. 
 rf. Spectator connoted. (dvOo<:, Curt. Grundz, S. 250), 
 
 Od. 17. 270 : tVct Kvi(rq fikv avrjvoOtv. II. II. 266. fi a k )(€ v € i y , Eur. 
 Bacch. 864: 6r]ao) TTOTt XevKov | ttoS' ura/i^aK;^ci'oi'(7a. (ipaTTtiv, 
 
 Ar. Pax. 1 197: dva/SptiTTO) Ki'^Aa?. yei'etv. Ar. Nub. 523. 
 
 8a t€ti', Aesch. Ag. 292: ttc/xttoi'o-i 8' ui'8aioi'Te? a<f>66i'w fiev€i. \ 
 </)Aoyos /ic'yai' Trojyojra. Sepeiv, Pind. r^'.2I7 (Boeckh). eipeiv, 
 Ar. Ach. 1006: Tov? o-r£</)ai'oi'5 aViLpere. epedi^iLV, Xen. An. 
 
 6. 6. 9: I'TTO TOV Ae^tTTTTOl' TC UI'ep£^t^O;U,£I'0? . . . OTl l(^ofirjSq. TllUC. 
 
 2. 21. 3. ipvd pidv , Plat. Charm. 158 C. ISltLv, Plat. Tim. 
 
 74 C. Ktpavvi'vai, Od. 3- 39*-^- ^^'^ ^' ° yipoiv iXdovatv dva 
 Kp->]Tiipa Kepaaaev | ou'ov v/Si'TroTOio. Ar. Ran. 51I. ki]kI(.iv , II. 7. 
 262: piXav 8' dvcKr/ActeJ' at/xa. 13. yo^. kv dw t eiv , Lysipp. ftaK)(. 
 5 (^lein.) : ov8' uvaKvdi/'a? Kai ^eiwcra? Ta9 dAAorpta? CTriroias. 
 KOLVovv, Plat. Cratyl. 383 A: /Jou'Aci oiV Kat CoyKpaTei T<j)8c 
 dvaKoti'wo-oj/xev tov Aoyov ; (koAttos), Ar. Thesm. 1 1 74: TTpwTov 
 ph' ovv 8l€\0€ KOLVaKoXTracroi'. \ei^€tv, Hdt. I. 74. paipdv, II. 
 20. 490: 0)? 8' dvapaipdct /3a0e' uyKca ^ea7rt8a£'? tti'/o. poppvpcLV, 
 Od. 12. 238: TTcta' dvapoppvpeaKt KVKMpivrj. ^veiv, Antiphon 5. 
 45. oi8etv, Hdt. 7* 39- I'TTcrai'Tta 8e tovtokjl aKOvaa'i droihieL. 
 (^6 p T a \ L';^, Ar. Eq. 1344: toi'toi? OTTore xprjaaiTO rts TrpootjUiots, I 
 di'toprdAi^es KdKepoi'rtas. ne i 6 €i.v , Xen. Cyr. I. 5. 3. Trct'peii', 
 II. 2. 426. Ar. Ach. 1007. irepird^eiv , Plat. Lys. 222 E: ra 
 elpr]p€va aTravra dvairepTrddauOai. tt o A c t v , Soph. Ph. 1 238. tt pi] - 
 6eLi' , II. 9. 433. TT Ti' o-o-c I V , Soph. El. 639: ovBk irdv draTrri'^ai 
 TrpiireL | Trpo? </>a)?. (ctkoAoi/'), Hdt. I. I28 : tovtov<; di'eo-KoAoTTtcre. 
 crravpovv, Hdt. 3. 125. re'AAetv, II. 5. yyy : Tolaw 8' upfipo- 
 
 uLijv Ctpoeis dvereiAf vepeaOaL. Compare Soph. O. C. 1246. 
 
 T t ju, d V , Hdt. 9- 33- 1^0.^'"^ TOVTO di'€Ti.pa. T Lv a (T a e Lv , Eur. 
 Bacch. 80: dvd Ovpijov T£ TLvda(TMV. Tpiaivovv, Amphis At^i'p. 
 I. 8 (Mein.) : di'aT/atatvojo-ct Kp6T0i<i. (j>\v€LV, II. 21. 361 : di'd 8' 
 €<f>\ve KaXd ptcOpa. cfivpeiv , Hdt. 3. 157- opeovres di'Spa . . . aipari 
 dvair€(j)vpp.evov. xd (t k €iv , Ar. Av. 503 : iKa\LvSovpr]i' iKTlror I8wi' ' 
 Kd6' VTTTLO'i wi' di'a;^d(TKa)V | d/8oAoi' Kare^poxOicra. (;^i'oos). Ar. 
 Ach. 791 • "''^'^ Traxvi'df] 8' dra;(i'oai'^i) ^" vorptp^t, | KaAAtoro? eorai 
 
 xoipos 'A</>po8tVa ^I'ti'. X o p € »' « ' I' . Ar. Thesm. 994. 
 
 £'. Reference to previous condition. 
 
 fSnocxKeaOai Plat. Phaed. 89 B : idnnp ye 7/^a' 6 Adyo? re- 
 kevrya-ij Kat py 8vi>(i>pe0a avTov dva/3uoaaa6ai. 8 t tt A o i" r , Xen. Cyr. 
 
28 ANA AXD KATA ix Composition and with Case. 
 
 7- 5- 5- t y e I p e (. I' , II. TO. 1 38 : e^ iWoi' aviyeipt. e p a a 6 a l , Xen. 
 Men. 3. 5. 7: TTciAiv avf-paaOrivai Trj<; dp;^aias ap€Tii<:. ^(d w p €1 v , 
 Eur. El. 1 121: opds, dv' au av ^wTri'pets veiKij vea. Xen. Hell. 
 
 5. 4. 46. ly/Sdv, Plat. Legg. 666 B. laovv, Xen. Cyr. 7. 5. 65: 
 
 6 (7t.Srjpo<i avLdol roi'S do-^ereis rots ta;i(rpot?. vcd^ctv, Ar. Ran. 
 503. V £ o {» V , Thuc. 7. 33 : di'ttveojad/xevoi xtva TraAaidv (^tAtar. 
 oiyeti', II. 24. 228. dpi'i'i'ai, Find. N. 9. 16 : dvd 8' at'Xov lir' 
 avTav opaoixev. tt Xrj p o v v , Plat. Symp. 188 E : dAA' et rt e^eAtTror, 
 (Tov epyov, w 'ApL(TT6<f>av€<;, avaTrXrjpuxrai.. (xavvvvai, Thuc. y. 46 ! ws 
 CTTt aTrpoaSoKrjToj tvirpayia iraXtv av avapptDcOevTc; . a o f3 €l v , Plat. 
 LyS. 206 A. au>t,^LV, Soph. O. T. I35I : a-n-o T€ (f)6i'0V I epVTO 
 Kave(ro)(T€v. TapdrreiV, Plat. Phaed. 88 C I (T(f)68pa TreTretcr/Aevoi'S 
 rjixa<; TraXw eSoKOVV avarapd^ai. r e L)(i ^ € iv , Xen. Hell. 4. 4. 18. 
 T p e <f) e LV , Xen. Cyr. 5- 2. 34 : avaGpeif/aL TO (f>p6vrjiJ.a. v (f> a iv e iv , 
 Plat. Phaed. 87 E. (xa^T'?), Dem. 2. 9: otuv 8' Ik TrAeore^'tas 
 KaL TTOVT/pia? Tis . . . la)(V(Trj, rj irpMrrj Trp6<f>a(TL^ . . . drexairiCTc. 
 
 /. Sense of difficulty confronting actor. 
 
 detpetv, II. 23. 724: y fi' dvaetp', •>} eyw ere. a p p i)(^a cr 6 a i , 
 Ar. Pax 70. eppen', Eupol. IIoA. 27 a (Mein.) : w? /AoAt? dvtjp- 
 p7)(T ' • ovSev iafitv ol crairpoi. Ka6aip(.iv, Plat. Legg. 678 D. 
 KtvSuvei'eii', Hdt. 8. 68: rt St TrdvTojs Set ae yavp.a^Li)cn dvaKW- 
 Suvex'eiv ; k t v e i v , Plat. Legg. 789 C. k ov cf) l ( e iv , Eur. Or. 21 8 : 
 /3ov\eL diyo) <jov KdvaKovf^iao) hip.a<i \ kvkXcIv, Eur. Or. 23 1 I 
 dvaKVKXeL 8e;u,as • | Svadptarov 01 vo(jovvt€<; diropia<; vtto. jxd t t e l v , 
 Od. 19. 92. /xdxeo- ^at, Plat. Phaed. 89 C. /aox Aei-e iv . Eur. 
 Med. I3I7' ''"'' TaaSe Kivets Kdvaixo^Xtvei<; Tri'Aas | . . ; Trrjpo'i, 
 Plat. Rep. 535 D. (rrop-ovv, Xen. Cyr. 7. 5. 15. rXyraL, Od. 
 14. 47: OTTTToaa KrySe' dreVAry?. ^ "^ C ^ ^ ^ " ' . Od. "/. 280 I dra\a<Tad- 
 
 ju,€vos i'r;xo'' TrdAir. ^ w p « i »' . Plat. Phaed. 83 A. 
 
 ([. Reference to obstruction suggests its removal. Reversal. 
 
 ^ A e TT £ I J' , Hdt. 2. Ill : Tf/5 8e vi\pdfi(.vo<i rth ovpu) dref3Xi{{/e. 
 S t 8 d a K £ 1 1' , Plat. Hipp. Ma. 301 E: oi'rojs ei'r/^tKtos et^o/ifi' • I'l'i' 
 Be irapd crov "fiq avththd-^Oynitv . a p p tl V , ThuC. 6. 63. 6 a p p v V t i V , 
 
 Xen. Cyr. 5. 4. 23. ( k oy ^i' A t o r ), Ar. V^esp. 589: tt/s- 8' eVt- 
 KX'qpov TT/v SiaOijKijV d8tK€i5 draKoyx»'Airi^wi'. tt a i 8 £ i' e i r , Ar. Eq. 
 1099. TT o 8 i ^ £ I I' , Hdt. 2. 116: Kai ov8afif) dXXi] dr£7rd8t(T£ iwVTOV. 
 
 CT d A A £ I )' , Plat. Ax. 364 D. 
 
 Class ( 2 ). Kard suggests in general the actor's indepen- 
 dence of external conditions. The sense of cither actual or 
 prospective attainment of purpose is ct)mm()nly present. 
 
ANA AND KATA IN CoMI'OSITION AM) WITH CaSE. 29 
 
 a. Control of space. 
 
 dyopd^eiv, Deni. 34. 7: Btov 8' avTov KarayopdoaL <f>opTia 
 ' A6i]v,jBf.v . uAoKt^eti'. lull". Supp. 826: Kara plv oi'i'4-ti' yXoKi- 
 (jfit6'. a p o V r . av\i^€(Tdai, Eur. RllCS. 5 1 8 : vvy ph' KaTuv\i- 
 (t6i}T(. • KOI y^ip tv(pp6vr]. Sci'tti'. e I \v a TT d (T 6 a L . I k v el (t 6 a i . 
 K o A TT t ^ e I r . y u i t Lv , Eur. Plioen. 207 : iv' viro 8cipd(TL i'i<f)o(J6\oL<;\ 
 TIapvacTov Karadadijy. o i k ti y . 6 p p i. ^ € i y . (t k e 8 a y y x' y a l , Lys. 
 10. 23: dAA" ovx oi'Tos 6 Aoyo? h' rff TroAet KaTeo-KeSaCTrat. a k r) y dv , 
 Xen. An. 3. 4. 32. (nreipeiv , Plat. Tim. 91 D. ar paroir eBtv - 
 € u' , Xen. An. 3. 4. iS. iprjv. 
 
 b. Attendant of physical power. 
 
 alui p€LV . dpdy, Soph. Ant. 6oi. dcrTpaTTTeiy, Soph. Tr. 
 437 : Tov kut' uKpoy Olraloy iuttos | AL6<i KaTaorpdiTToyTO'i. S p e ir € lv . 
 clfSety. ipi]TV€LV. i pv k € lv , II. 6. S^^- tTTra^to-^ai. ko- 
 \vp(3dv, Thuc. 7. 25: KaTaKoXvpfiMVTf.<; l^iirpiov. k prj pv i ^€LV . 
 v a r T £ 1 1' , Hdt. 7. 36. TraAateti'.TraTeiv.peTTCtv, Soph. Ant. 
 1 1 58 ! Tt'x'/ yo-p opOol KaX Tvxr] KaTappiirti. a ky] tt t € iv . a tt e v 8 e iv . 
 (T T € I (3 € Ly . {'TrepaKOT'Tt^etv. x^'''- ^ ^ k d ^€tv , Acsch. Ag. 
 539 : Spoaot KaTt\piKat,ov. 
 
 c. Exercise of functions of the body. 
 
 ^ I ft p diO K (.IV , Hdt. 3. 16 : ti'a pjq Kiipf.vo'i VTTO €vXeo)y KaraftpojOrj. 
 ftpo)(^6i^eiy. 8 a K pv € tv . € ^ € a 6 a l . ia 6 i € ly . i] a 6 a i . ov - 
 p (.Iv . TT iv €LV . TTTrjcraeLV. tt r o) a a e lv . p o <j> tlv . a lt tl u 6 a i , 
 Hdt. I. 216: Toy 8\ vovaw rcAevrT^aai'Ta ov KaracTLTeovTai. t t A a v . 
 T p My € LV . ^e ^ € LV . 
 
 d. Sense of covering, with implication of control of that 
 which is covered. 
 
 at pa T ov y . at pd t t e l y . dpTre^eLV. dpcf)LKaXvTrT£LV. 
 dvTXeiv.dpyvpovv. dp8ttv. (i p i-)(^€.iv . ft v p rr o v y . et'Au- 
 etv. iv y v V a i . i p i (f) € iv . 6 dir t €iv . duypaKt^ety. k yj p o v v . 
 
 KX.V^€Ly.KpVTTT€Ly. ptX L T OV V . V L cf> € L V . V O T l ^ e iV , Eur. 
 
 I. T. 832 ; Kara Be ycios dpa X"P? | '^^ ^^^' ''ort'^et ftXe<^apov. ott X i - 
 
 ^ e LV . TT IT T O VV . TT X V V e t V . TTOlKlXXeiV. TTOVTl^eiV. TTOV- 
 
 Tovv. pviraiveiv. aKtd^eiy, Hes. Th. yi6'. Kara 8" eaKiaaav 
 fteXeedL | Tirvyi'a?. a k l dv . areyd^eLV. aropevvvvai. )(a X - 
 K ovv . )( p V a o V y . 
 
 e. Control of one's own or another's action. Responsible 
 agent. 
 
 a8etv. dQ V pelv . a I a 6 d y e a 6 a l . alrLdoBai. d k o v eiv . 
 uKpodaOai. dXat,oyeve(j6aL, Isoc. I 5- 5 • Kfi-TaXaCovevopevov 
 
30 ANA AXD KATA IX CoMPOSfTIOX AND WITH CaSE. 
 
 Trepi re tov tt/Xovtov kol tov vrXyOov; twv fxadrfTuii'. aXXdrreiv. 
 afjLekelv.avayKa^eLV.a^LOVv (a^tos).dpaaCT£iJ'. a p - 
 y el V . a p K el V , Hdt. I. 3- • X'^PV ovSefila KarapKcei Trdi'ra etDVTrj 
 Trapexovaa. u p v el a 6 a i . d p ^e i v . a v X el v . ?> air av dv . h elh etv . 
 h eiXidv . Belv (-8e^s). Statrav. B l m k e iv . BvvacxTeveiv. 
 
 5 0) p o S o K el V, Ar. Vesp. 1036 : ov cf>r]aiv Seiaa<; KaraSoj/ooSoKv/crat. 
 eyyi'av. ei8 e y a l . e Xey )(e lv . eTrayyeXXeaOaL. Itt dy eiv . 
 eTraSetv. eir eiy etv . ev 6 vv eiv . evv dv . ^'r]v , Plat. Svmp. 
 192 B : dXX' i^apKel avTol^ peer' uXXr]Xo)V KaTa^rjv dydfxoi.<;. rjiridv. 
 
 6 eXy eiv . ictt^vciv. KeXeveiv. Kephaiveiv. k rj Xelv . k Xe i - 
 eLV.KOLVwvelv. k p a t el v . k p dii^eiv , Ar. Kq. I020 : -koXXol 
 yap fitcret <7(f>e KaTaKpw^ovcn koXolol. Kvpovv.KwXveLV. Xe i tt e lv> , 
 II. 14. 89 : ovTM Srj p.efjioi>a<i T/aojwv ttoXlv evpvdyviav | KaXXeiif/eiv . . ; 24. 
 725 '• dvep, cltt' at'wvos ve'o? loXeo, KaS 8e' fxe XVPV^' I ^^'^^^5 ev p.eydpoi<Ji, 
 destiny. Isae. 3. 75 • ^^'' ^^ KXrjpovopiov KareXiTze TWV eai'Toi", regu- 
 larly employed of the management of a trust, the devising of 
 
 property. Xen. Hell 7. 5. 18: el he KaraXeixpoi. eprjixoi"; oU 
 ijXOe avjxfia)(0<;. Ai^yetv. X cj cf> dv . jxaXaKi^eLV. /ndpTTTeii'. 
 fiapTvpelv. p. e Xe T dv . pie fji<f) ea 6 a l . p.e p i t,eiv . p,i]vv eiv . 
 vavp.ax^lv- voelv, Plat. Gorg. 455 B : eyw p.ev yap tol ovB' 
 aiiTos TToj 8vvap.aL KaravoTJaai o n Ae'yoj. ^ ev ovv . 6 kv eiv . oAiytu- 
 pelv. 6 V e (J 6 a L . 6 tt d ^ e lv . 6 tt t ev e tv . opdv, Xen. Cvr. 3. 2. 
 10: KaOewpo)V re twv XaA8aiwv rd^ otKrjaei'; Kal rjuddvovTo <f>evyorTa<i. 
 Plat. Legg. 905 B : ws ev KaToirTpoL's avTwv Tal<i irpd^ecriv yyrjau) 
 KaOewpaKevat rrjv ttcivtwv a/^e'Aetav ^ewv, frequent of philosophic 
 vision. 6 p p io8 el v . ovpij^eiv. TreSdv.iroXep.elv. tt o X 1. t ev - 
 etrOaL. tt p av v e iv . uiydv. Plat. Phaed. IO7 A : ctAA' el Sr] ri 
 Ct/t/At'as tioe ■>/ Tt? uAAos e^^ei Ae'yeiv, ev e^ei p.r] KaraaLyyaai. cr no it d v . 
 cr K WTT T e Lv . cTTrep^^eiv. a tt evB e iv . crTadid^eiv. a ^o X a - 
 ^eiv, Soph. Ph. 127. ^dv p.0L TOV ;^povoi' SoKijTe tl I KaTaa\oXd^eLV. 
 V (f) Le V a L . (f>app.dTTeiv. (j> o i t dv . (f) m p d v . ^^api^co-^ai, 
 LyS. 27. 14 '• f-Ti 8e pdov aAAoi^s Ttvu? rd vp.eTepa KaTa\api^eaOai i) 
 v/Acts avTOv<s ye. ;(€tpoTovciv. )(7j p ev e tv , Deni. 29. 26 : 81' oiis 
 KaTe\r]pev(Te tov /3lov. yjjevhecrOai. \p evh o p.a p r v p el v . 
 
 f. Exercise of power constructively. 
 
 d y t ^ £ t V . u y V I ^ £ t V . u i' i' e t v . a p p.6 i^eiv . d p t i ^ e iv . d p - 
 TX'eiv. epyd^e(r6aL. ^oyvvvvai, Kur. Baccll. 6*)S : Kui Kura- 
 cTTiKTovi 8opus I 6(f>ein KaTe^ouravTO. v e i v . 18 pv e l r . l e p o v v . 
 K o (T p. el V . V o p.0 B e T el V . d v lv d v a i . o it i a v v . tt X o v t l c. e i r . 
 pd-TTTeir. I'j e ^ e I V . pL^ovv. pivdr, ;\r. Rail. <jOJ : TrpoaSoKdv 
 
ANA AND KATA IN Composition axo with Case. 31 
 
 ori' ctKos i<TTi I Toi' fxii' a(TT€u'>r TL ki^tiv I Kai KaTippLvijfiei'ny. (t »/ /la i - 
 vciv, (TTypi^€LV. (7(l>payi^eLV. (T\i)fj.aTi^€iv. t a t r e i v . 
 
 g. Exercise of power destructively, autocratically. 
 
 dy V vv a I . (i ^ a t r c I V . a 1 6^ a A o f i' . uIk i^€iv. a I a )^i' y € i v , 
 Od. l6. 293 : p-T] TTdis . . I . . KaratiT^vvqTt re Salra. dActv. a ko a v . 
 a. fx. ^ \v V € L V . di'dpaKOVcrdaL. (3 id ^ e lv . (S \a k €V € lv . /3 \d - 
 TT T € Lv . y o y T e V e ir .y V I o vv . S d k v eiv . 8 a /x a ^ c 1 1' . 8 a tt t e i v . 
 (irjp.ofSopo'i), II. 18. 301: orAAe^a? Aaotcrt Sotoj KaTaSr]p,ofio- 
 py](TaL. 8 ov Xovv . SpvTrrtiV. iv a t p e l v . ivapi^nv. i p € i - 
 K eiv. p av € IV . t(T)(V a iv € Lv . k d p (f) e lv , Aesch. Ag. 80 : <t>v\- 
 AaSos 7/8r; | KaTaKap<f>op.ivr]';. KevTeiv.K€pp.aTt^€iv. KV■>]V.Kvi,- 
 ^ € iv . KOvSvki^tLV. K p tOV py €lv . KT€LVeiV. AeTTTVVetl'. 
 
 \ev€iv. Xidovv. Xi'fiaivecTdaL, Xen. Occ. 2. 13" tcro)<; av 
 KaTaXvp.-qvaip.-qv dv gov tov olkov. p.e6v(TK€LV. pnaivtiv. p.VT - 
 Twreveir. olv ovv . oAAi'i'ai. tt i ph f. a 6 ai . ir er p ovv . ir (.- 
 (f)veiv.TTXr]TTeLV.TropveiL'eiv, Hdt. 1 . 94 : to. drjXea TCKVa Kara- 
 vopvevovai. tt p i e iv . tt -v 6 e lv . irvpTroXelv. p a k ovv . a /3 €V v v - 
 vat. (T r] TT €Lv . (T K diT T tiv . (TKeAeTC I'etv. CTKc'AAetv. a p.v - 
 -)(€ LV , II. 9. 653 '■ Kard T€ (7fj.v$aL irvpl VTya?. a tt S el v . cr <f>d ^ € lv . 
 
 a d}^€ LV . TLTp(i>(TK€LV. T O ^ eV € LV . TpaVp.aTL^€lV. T p V - 
 
 ^CLV. i'/Spi^CLV, Soph. El. 5^2' t'^etTTa? ws Opacrda Kal irepa 
 8iK7^9 I dp)((i}, Kadv/Spi^ovaa Kal ak Kal to. ad. <f)6€ip€LV. cf>ov€veLV. 
 XopBevcLV. iff r) x^ 1-^ • 
 
 h. Control of speech. 
 
 alvtlv. Soph. O. C. 1633: Kal Kaiaivtdov | p-rjiroTt TrpoStuaetv 
 tcictS' Iko)V. avh dv . yXoiTri^eiv. XaXelv. (firjp.i^eLv, Pind. 
 O. 6. 92 : TO Kal KaTe(f)dp.L^€V KaXdcrdai vlv XP^^'V o~vp.TravTL pdri^p | 
 tovt' ovvp.' dddvaTOV. 
 
 i. Emphasis on forces operative in nature. 
 
 alyi^€Lv, Aesch. Theb. 63: vplv Karaiyt'o-at Trroa? | "Apew?. 
 y t] p d a K e L V . SapddveLv. etKa^eti', Soph. O. C. 338 : toIs iv 
 AiyvTrru) v6p.0L<; | <I>v(tlv KaTeiKacrOevTC. ev8 € iv . 6 vrj a k e.Lv . k o l- 
 
 p.dv . KOLp.L^eLV.Xl]6€CT6aL. OLX^(^^O.L.V7rVOVV. <f> 6 i V € LV . 
 
 <f)vXXopo€LV, Pind. O. 12. 21 : uKXe-q^ Tip.d KaT€(f)vXXop6i]ae ttoSwv. 
 
 j. Action based on personal conviction. 
 
 8 K € I V , Hdt. 8. 69 : o/u,(o? 8e rotcn irXiodL TrtiOecrOaL eKcAei'e, Ta8e 
 KaTaS6$a<i. 6 p.v v v a l , Ar. Av. 444 : KaT6p.o(T6v vvv Tavrd /xot. 
 
 k. Intensity of personal feeling. Reflecting actor's attitude. 
 
 aiSela-OaL, Hdt. 3. 72: to. piv kov KaTaL^i.op.f.vo'i -I'jpea'i, to. 84 
 Kov Kal 8€ip.aivu)V. d A y e t v . d p d a B a l , Dem. 2^. 0)"] '. Bio-rrep KaTa- 
 
32 ANA AND KATA IN Composition and with Case. 
 
 puTai Kad' kKauT-qv iKKX-qaiav 6 Kypvi. aadixaireiv. av^ctv. 
 ^ a K xi-ov a 6 ai . 8 a k pv etv , Xen. Cyr. 5. 4. 31 : Kal ufxa raiiTa 
 Aeywv KareSaK/avae tt^v lavTov ti'^^t^v. eAeetv. 6 prjv tlv , Kur. El. 
 1326: OavovTO'i 8' I (OS CTTt Tvfi/3(i) KaTaOprjvrjGov. - 6 v p. i o <i . lkc- 
 T €v e LV . KepTopelv. p.a py dv . oi k t ti p tiv , Soph. O. T. 13 : 
 SvcaAyryTos yap av | ctTyv roiai'Se p.rj ov KaToiKTeipoyv eSpav. Xen. Cyr. 
 
 7. 3. 13. ol K T i L,tiV . aiTOvhd i^i.LV. CTTl'yetV. TVTrTCCT^al. 
 
 ^ t A e t V , Xen. Mem. 2. 6. 33 : ws rois /xev KaAovs (J>l\i](tovt6<; pov, 
 Tor's 8' dya^oiis KaTa<f)L\'q(jovTO<i. )(a i p e lv . 
 
 I. Excessive action based on power. 
 
 etiw;)(£ta^ai. ^€vyoTpo<f>eLv, IsaC. 5- 43 • ovre Karc^ei'yo- 
 
 TpO</)7^Ka?. 7lBv'7ra6€lv.l7rTrOTpO<f>€lv.Kv/3€V€LV.KO)pd^eiV. 
 
 XeiTovpyelv. AeTrroAoyeti'. Aoiiecr^ai. p.ia6o<f)opeiv. 
 ot/'OTTOietv. 7rai8epa(7retv. tt ta lv € tv , Plat. Legg. 807 B : 
 Trpoa7]K€L 8k tt/ayw Kai paOvpws KaraTreTnaap-ivM ^ww o';;^e8oi' vtt" dAAou 
 hiapiraaOrjvat ^(oov. ( Trpot'^ ), Ar. Vesp. 1 366: ov toi KaTairpoi^ti 
 . . . TovTO 8pMV. paOvp€lv. )(opr]y€lv. xpijadai.^MVtvtiv, 
 Dem. 22. 76 : a?, OTav gol SoKy , av ttuAiv ypdi/'ets Kara;^wi'et'£ti'. 
 
 The treatment of the matter of the foregoing two classes 
 might, no doubt, be greatly improved. It is realized, f. i., 
 that individual words might with equal, if not greater, pro- 
 priety have been referred to other heads than those under 
 which they are placed, and that the definitions of the content 
 of the subdivisions are capable of betterment ; it is hoped, 
 however, that the lines drawn present a fairly clear picture of 
 the actual conditions. 
 
 Class (3). Here the mass of material is great and the 
 examination must be confined to a relatively small number of 
 representatives chosen from the entire class. 
 
 ayeiv, Hes. Th. 626: dAAd (Tcf)ta<; Kpo\'iSjj<; re Kal addvaroi Otol 
 dAAot I . . . I . , . dvrjyayov £? (f)do<; avTL<i. It was perhaps partly 
 by the help of such directive words as av. avrt?. ottutw, ttuAiv 
 that dvd out of its original purely deictic sense developed that 
 of reversal. The particle belongs characteristically to situ- 
 ations of sensitiveness, helplessness, recoil. It seems not un- 
 likely that the nautical use of this compound had reference to 
 the dangers and difficulties of the sea, and the metaphorical 
 a]jplication appears to confirm the view. Plat. Charm. 155 13: 
 ive/3\tipi T€ poL Tol'i ocfiOakjiol'i dpii)^ai'6v tl olov Kal di'j/yero co? ipwri]- 
 (Tu)v. Compare dyepwrdv. The Kurd- compound marks the ab- 
 
ANA AND KATA IN' Composition and with Case. ;^^ 
 
 sence of uncertainty. Od. 19. 186: Kai yap roy Kprj-rrjvSe Karyya- 
 y€V ts avifXOLO. TllllC. 4. 6S. 6 : ts Kivhwov <f>avipo\' tt;i' ttoAii' Kara- 
 yayelv. 
 
 alpely, Plat. Rep. 533 C • '/ 8iaAc»cTtK7; pt6oSo<: p6\i] TavTij 
 TTopei'iTai, Tu<i {•Trou€(T€i<; dyaipovaa, cV avrrji' tt^v u.p^i)\', ira fSffiaioxTii- 
 
 rai, removal of obstacle in path. Isae. i. 42. Dem. 3. 35. Od. 
 
 2. 100: CIS ore Ktv jiiv | /xotp' oAor; KaOikrjai, destiny. 
 
 ft o n u , Hdt I. 8: TToUt OK(xi<i iKfLinfi' dijr)(Ttai yvfiyrjv ■ 6 St p-iya 
 apf3Maa<; eiire. Ar. Kq. 286 : KarafSoyjaopaL fSodn' ae. 
 
 y c A d I' , Xen. Cyr. 6. I. 34- ^ ^' '^''* ^JKOvatv, dvaycAao-a? eVt tw 
 KpeiTToii Tov epwros <f>d<TKOVTL etrat Tripiru. Eur. Bacch. 286 : Kai 
 KaraycAds iiv, to? ireppdcf>ij Atos I pr]p<Jo ; 
 
 StpKtaSaL, II. 14. 436: o 8' d^TTi'i'i'^?; xat dve'Spaxev 6<f>6a\pol- 
 aiv, reference to previous condition. Od. 11. 16: ov8e ttot 
 ai'Tovs I 7;eAios (paeOojv KaraSepKeraL aKzivecraiV. Soph. Tr. lOOO : 
 
 T08' aKTjXrjTov I pavia<> dv6o<; KaraSepxOyjvai, inherent or imparted 
 power. 
 
 8£;(£cr6at, Plat. Hipp. Mi. 365 D : en' 8' eV€i8r; <f)aiyei dvaSc- 
 
 x6p.€vo<; TTjv alriav, compare : ' It's up to you '. Rep. 401 E : Kal 
 
 6p$w<; or] 8i'0";;^epatvon' to. pev KoAd CTratvoi koL ^atpwv KaraSf^oyMei'os 
 cts T7;v i/'t'xV Tpe4>oLT' av d7r' avrwv, personal conviction. 
 
 € ITT civ, Xen. Cyr. 4. 2. 35: tw 8e dTret^ovvrt Travra rd ;^aAe7rd 
 di'tiTrcv. Hdt. 2. 89 : /\apcf)6ijvaL yap two. <f>a(n picr/opevov veKptL 
 Trpoa(f>dT<i) yvvatKOS, KarctTrat 8e tov 6/xoTe;^i'o»'. 
 
 c;(€iv, II. 10. 461: Ktti rdy' 'A6r]Vair] Xi^ltlSl 8tos 'OSi'CTcrei'S | 
 vij/oa' di'£(7;^e^e X^'P'- Soph. El. IO28 : ai'i$opaL KXvovcra x^tov ev 
 Aeyj/s, resistance to pressure ; commonly with negative, e. g.. 
 II- 5- 895. With Kara the question of opposition does not 
 
 arise. Od. 11. 497; oiVe/cd pa- Kard yypa^ e^ti x^lpd<> re Tr6Sa<; re. 
 
 rjy el u $ a I , Find. N. lO. 35' I^P°-X^' 1^°'- (^'''opa irdvT dvayrjaaad' , 
 ocrojv 'Apyctov ex« repevo^ | polpav icrXwv. I. 5. 82 : ipol 8e paKpov irdaa'i 
 avayijaaad' dpeTd<;. Hdt. 5. 4, the burden felt. Plat. Theaet. 
 
 200 E : 6 TOV TTorapov Ka6r]yovptvo<i . . . £07; dpa 8el,$(.tv avro, implies 
 command of the matter under discussion. 
 
 ^ £ oj p £ t 1' , Diodor. 12. 15' dvadeiopox'peyo'i Sk Kal per' aKpifteia^ 
 i$crac6pevo<; peydXijv txn- cnrovSyjv, compare di'a^7;T£U'. Plat. Gorg. 
 465 D : Kai yap av, £t ptj ij i/'i'X'/ ''"^ cruipaTi iTreaTdrei, dXX' avTO avTto, 
 Kal pr] VTTO rai'rj;? KaTeOetuptLTO Kal BieKpU'CTo ij re oipoirouKi] Kal -q 
 larpLKT], 
 
34 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 
 
 KrjpvTTCLV, Soph. O. T. 450 : ov TTttAai I t,r]Tel<; ciTreiAwv Kava- 
 Krjpva(T<i)V <I>6pov. Xcn. An. 2. 2. 20 I tovtov avecTrelv iKeXeicrt aiyrjv 
 KaraKrjpv^avTa. 
 
 K Xa i € IV , Hdt. 3. 14: ol fiev aAAoi Trarept'i aveySoevv re Kal avi- 
 
 KkaLov opeovres to. TCKva KeKaKw/jiiva, the outcry elicited by the sight. 
 
 Kur. El. 156* w? CTe Tov adXiov | irarip' eyoj KaraKAato/xat, a wail 
 from the heart. 
 
 K V TT T e Lv , Xen. Oec. 1 1. 5 • ovtw St] iyo) aveKVij/a aKov(ja<;. II. l6. 
 611 : dAA' 6 fi€V dvra ISmv rjXevaro )(dXK€ov eyxo? • I Trpocrcro) yap Ka- 
 TeKvif/e, employed body as instrument ; compare : ' Dodged her !' 
 
 Auetv, Od. 2. 105 • ^v6a Kal rjixaTirj p-kv v(f>aiV€aK€V p-iyav to'Toi', | 
 vvKxas 8' dAAu€(7K€v. Xen. Hell. y. 5- 18 : X.oyit,op.ivw OTi., el p.tv VL- 
 
 Kwr] TrdvTa ravra dvaXvaoiTo, removal of discredit. Dem. 14. 34 : 
 
 vplaaOaL yeviudai tiv' avTo'fi Kaipov 8t ov ras TrpoTepa<; dvaXvaovraL 
 TT/aos Tous "EAAi^vas dp.apTia'i. II. 2. 1 17- os 8?/ TroAAdwJ' TroAttuv 
 KttTe'AvCTC Kdprjva. Ar. Plut. I42 1 wore tov Alo"; | t?;i' 8i'va/iiv, 7/v 
 \v7rij Ti, KaTaArtrets p.6vo<:. 
 
 p.av6dv€Lv, Hdt. Q. lOI : XP^'''.'^ "'^ TToAAu) cr<^i wt€/dov 8?/Aa 
 dvaixavddvovaL eyivero, SrjXa terminates the Uncertainty ; Kara 
 contemplates no uncertainty. Plat. Farm. 128 A: oi^tw Ae'ycis, 
 ^ eyw ouK u)p6u><i KaTap.avddv(o ; On the double element in p.av6dveiv, 
 Euthyd. 277 E. 
 
 fxeveiv, Hdt. 7- 42- I'^ro Trj "iBrj vvKTa dvafxeivavTi (Spoi'Tai . . . 
 iTreaTriTTTOvai. Plat. Lys. 209 A : ovk dvap.€VovaLV tw? dv ijXiKLav 
 ^XV^- Hdt. 2. 103 : £tTe Twv Ttves aTparuarewv Ty TrXdvrj avrov dxdt- 
 aOivrei irept <l>dfnv iroTapJov Karep-eivav. Lys. 3I. 1 8. Compare 
 Kard -x^iipav p.€V€iv. II. 22. 257 • ^^^ '^^^ ^V^' Zeis | 8w7; Kap-ixoyiyv, 
 arjv 8e il/V)(r]v d<j>e.X(i>p.ai. 
 
 fitrpelv, Plat. Rep. 531 A: ras yap aKOi'o/icVas ar orfK^wvias 
 Kat (^^dyyovs dAA^Aots dvajMCT/oovvres dv^viira Mfnrtp ol darpovopoi 
 irovovaiv, reliance on a varying standard. Xen. Oec. 4. 21 : 
 
 TToXv 8e p.dXXov dyap.at tov Karap.f.Tpijaavrd'i aoL Kat Siard^avTO'i 'tKatTTa 
 
 TovTo)v, suggests definite plan. 
 
 V £ V e I V , Plat. Rep. 350 1'^ : iy^ 8e aoi, wdirep ral'i ypavin Tah 
 Tovs p.v6ov<i Aeyoi'o-ais, etcr epw Kal KaTavtvtTopai Kal dvareviTopai. As 
 
 elsewhere, so when they indicate the direction of movement by 
 which the Greek expressed denial or afiirmation the particles 
 dvd and Kara eludc translation. Etymology must be kept in 
 sight. Out of di'd's basic notion of reference to external situa- 
 tion arises the sense of obstruction, the blocking of the way. 
 
ANA AM) KATA I\ COMI'OSITIOX AND WITH CaSE. 35 
 
 Where Kurd is. there from the actor's point of view the road is 
 open. One must occupy a position in order to i)ronounce on 
 a situation. ()d. 9. 468: ror? Se (TTaux^V'To yooii'T£?. | uAA' tyu> 
 
 ovK eiwr, tlru 8' otppvat reroi' Iki'kttio | KAat'etr, impediment pre- 
 sented in outside conditions ; contrast 490: trnpoim 8' eVor/ai'i'as 
 CKcAtvcTa I £/Li/:^aA££ir /cwttj;?, tr' I'Trt/c kukot-qtu <f)i'yoi/xir, | Kpari Kara- 
 
 v€vu)v, the actor's will creates conditions; compare II. S. 175 
 and h. Merc. 524-5. 
 
 o A o A i' ^ £ 1 1' , Aesch. Ag. 565 • aiwAoAi'i^a fih' TTaAat X"/^"^ ^""O,] 
 or' 7)A^' 6 77/3airos ru^'os ayyeAos Trx'pos. loyZ'. CTrao-iv 8' aKoperos 
 ye'i'Ci I KaToAoAi'^uTw ^I'/xaro? Aet'crt^ov. 
 
 oAo</)i'/oea-^at, Xen. Cyr. 7. 3. 14 : »/ 8e r/oo</)6s ui'ojAo<^i'paTO 
 
 T€ Kat Tre/aicKaAvTTTev a/t<^w, she had just witnessed the tragedy. 
 Thuc. 8. 81, note yevoixev,]<; 81 iKKXyaias. Plat. Prot. 2,2 J E. 
 Xen. Cyr. y. ^. ly '■ o 8e Kv/jo? w? i-n-X-qcrLaae tw irddu, ayaa6f.t<i re 
 TTjy yi'i'at/ca Kat KaTo\o<f>vpdfi€Vo<; airr)€L. 
 
 6 /u o A o y € i I' , Plat. Rep. 348 B : av 81 wavep dpri dvofioXo- 
 yovptvoL Trpos dAAr^Aovs ctkottw/xcj', dp.a avToi re StKaarat Kat prjTopf.'i 
 laofitda, compromise. CritO 49 C : Kat opa, w Kptrwi', TuCra 
 Kadofxo\oyu)\\ ottojs /ir; Trapa Sd^av ojxoXoyffi. Gorg. 499 B. stamp 
 
 of personal approval. 
 
 opBovv, Plat. Rep. 346 E : Kat uprt cAeyor p-q8iva ideXciv 
 tKOVTa apxetv Kat ra aWorpia KaKo. pi.Ta\tLpLt,i.adai aropOovvra. IsOC. 
 5. 64. Soph. El. 416: TToAAa rot (TfJLLKpol Adyot | t(J<f>rj\av TJ8r) Kal 
 
 KUToipdwcrav ySpoTot's. Plat. Theaet. 203 B. 
 
 TT a I'c I v , Xen. Mem. 4. 3. 3 : di'aTrai'aews yc Seo/xerot? yplv rvKTa 
 TTap€)(^ovGL KaAAtCTTOv dvaivavTr^piov. IsOC. 8. 20 : dvaTrcTrai'/xerot /xcv 
 Twv €l(T(f>opw\'. Soph. El. 873 '■ (f>^po) yap r)8ovd^ re KdraTrai'Aav <uv | 
 irdpoLBev £tx£S Kat KarecTTeves KaKwr. Plat. Legg. 75^ ^ ' ^^ ti'ScKa 
 dvairavoixerov Tov evtauroO /i.e7)7;, temporary. Hdt. I. 27: ttVdi'Ta 
 Td8€ KaraTTavaaL tt]1' vaVTrrjyirjv. 
 
 TT t ju, 77 A d I' a t , 11.8. 34 • ''' '^^'' ^'J KaKov otrov di'ttTrAv^cravres oAoji'- 
 xat. This compound is in Homer always accompanied by one 
 of the words d'Ayea, KaKa, KT;8€a, otroi', iroTpov, representing a 
 force of destiny with which the subject cannot cope, and these 
 words are never used with the simple verb nor with any other 
 compound of it. So Hdt. 5. 4: oaa ixw 8el eVetre eye'rero dra- 
 TrAJ/aat kokci. Plat. Phaed. 83 D : Kat ota p-i]8iTroT€ KaOap<L<; ciS 
 'AtSoi' a(f)iK€a6aL, dAA' det tov aiop.aro'i di'aTrAe'a i^urai, waT€ Ta^v 
 
 TrdAtr TTiTrreti' e;s uAAo aujfia, and in general of that which operates 
 
36 ANA AXD KATA IN Composition and with Case. 
 
 as a fetter on the free action of the subject. Rep. 496 D: 
 
 0/3WV Tous aWovs KaTairifiTrXafiivovs dvo/iias dyaTrd, et 777; avros Kada- 
 p6<; dSiKia? . . . Tov T£ iv0d8e fiiov jSioiaeraL. 
 
 TT LIT T € LV , ThuC. I. ^O. ^ '. VlKWfJitVOl CTt' (.kd\L(TTOV aVaiTLTTTOVaiV. 
 
 Dem. 19- 224: StSoiKa /xr; TOTe /xev avveTnaTrdayjadi /le tov /xrjS' 
 OTLovv dSiKoWTa, vvv S' draTreTTTtoKores -ijTe. Lvs. I. 27: TrAvyyets 
 KaTeirecrev ev6v<i. 
 
 a)(^i ^€ IV , Hdt. I. 123: Aayov ix.r]xa.vr]adfJLevo<i Kal dra(7;(iCTas 
 toi'tov t^v yacrrepa . . . iaeOi]Ke ^ifiXiov, so as to reveal the inte- 
 rior. Dem. 21. 79- '^<^' Trpuirov jnef Karea^^iCTai' rds dvpas twv oiKt]- 
 fiaTwv, o)S avTwv i^Srj yiyio/xevas Kara, ttjv dvrtSocriJ', arbitrary exer- 
 cise of power. 
 
 T p L (3 €iv , Xen. Cyn. 6. 26 : dvarpiij/ai'Ta Ta<s Kvva<i dTriciat ck 
 
 Toi5 Kvvrjyeaiov, their condition demands attention. Dem. 57. 9 : 
 
 irpwTov fi€V, eTreiSr] crvveKeyrjaai' 01 8i]p.6Tai, KaTerpuj/e ttjv rjfiepav Srjfir]- 
 yopwv Kai \l/r)cf)i(TfiaTa ypdipwv. 
 
 (fiaiveiv, Xen. Mem. 4. 3. 4: dcrrpa iv rff vvktI aV€<f>r}vav , a 
 rjfilv rds w/aas t^s vi'ktos eju,<^avt^et. Plat. Rep. 334 A : kAc'tttt;? 
 apa Tis 6 8tKai05, w? eot/cei', draTre^ai'Tat. community of view. 
 
 Xen. Cyr. 4. 5. 15. Plat. Phileb. 16 C : Oewv fiiv ek dvOpwirov; 
 
 Sdo-is, ws ye KaTa(f>a'LV€Tai Ifioi, TroOh> Ik dewv ippl.cf>r], individual 
 view. IsOC. II. 4: TTCipdaoixai aoL iroirjaai KaTa<f)a\'e<: on . . . 81^- 
 fjLapT€<s. Plat. Sophist. 231 D. to you and me; 232 B, to me. 
 Compare II. 2. 5' V^^ ^^ ol Kara Ox'/nbv dpiaTT] <f>aLV€To fiovXrj. 
 
 cj> e vy € LV , Xen. An. 6. 4. 24 : 01 8e AotTrot ivi TO 0/30? di'e(f>iyov. 
 Hell. 6. 5- 40 : £' Se tlv€S <^o(iovvTai /XT/, lav vvv dva^ivywaLV ol Aokc- 
 Sai/idi'iot, £Tt TTOTt TrpdyixaTa Trape^^toa^tv vfilv, iv$vfiT)6rjT€, situation 
 
 too difficult to face. Plat. Sophist. 260 C : tov Se o-ot^iaTv/r 
 
 f.<j>ap(.v tv TOVTU) TTOv T<5 TOTTw KaTa7r€<f>€vy€vaL fiev, e$apvov 8e ycyore'i'tti 
 TO irapdirav /xi/8' ttvat i/'e{;8o5, his final Stand. Hdt. 4. 23 : o? dv 
 <l>€.vyo)V KaTa(j)vyr) e? tovtoi'S, i'tt' oi'Seid? dSiKe'cTai, a SUre reliance. 
 <f) o fS €1 V , Ar. Vesp. 670: cVaTrftAovi'Tt? TOiarri Kdva<f>ofiovvT€<;, I 
 oiCTcre TOV <f>6pov^ ?/ (3povTr]aa<i ttjv ttoAiv r/iwi' dvaTpi^pM, the threat 
 comes as a flash before the eyes. Thuc. 7. 21 : t<L Si. BpdircL 
 
 iTn)^€ipovvT€'> KaTa<j>ofiovai. 
 
 (f)pd^€iv, C^d. 19. 391 • I^V ' AaytJoi'aa | oi'Aj/1' dp.<f)pd(nTaiTo Kal 
 
 d/xc^u8u e/)ya yeVotTo, bystanders considered. Pind. (). 10. (>S: 
 TO 81 aa4>avl<i lotv -Tropaot KaTi<^paiT(.v , relentless accuracy of Time. 
 Compare <t\'v xP'^^V- 
 
ANA AND KATA IN LOMTOSITION AND WITH CaSK. 37 
 
 \'I. 'Ai'u WITH Cask. 
 
 (/) 'Ai'd with Accusative. 
 
 In general the substantive with which dpd is connected de- 
 notes a material expanse presented to the senses and the effect 
 of the combination is that of an outside influence independent 
 of the actor. Substantives of action, or even suggestive of 
 action, are uncommon: wherein the particle manifests its pas- 
 sive character. The basic sense of dvd and the basic sense of 
 the accusative are antagonistic in that, whereas the case marks 
 the conclusion of the action, the preposition through its affinity 
 with the nature of the substantive keeps the image alive. 
 
 As preposition dvd holds its ground chiefly in epic, subordi- 
 nately in lyric and dramatic poetry, clinging in the drama 
 mainly to the lyric passages. Among prose writers it is em- 
 ployed most by Herodotus, who is characterized by much 
 dramatic color ; here and. there by Plato, Xenophon and others. 
 In ordinary prose there is little need to wrest the particle 
 from the embrace of the verb. For prepositional service 
 there are more effective, if less highly colored, agencies, nota- 
 bly Trpo?, which exhibits its affinity with dvd in the frequent 
 combination vpocrava-, its inclusion of the sense of dvd by the 
 order : never dvairpofT-. 
 
 Substantive does not afford the same variety of color-shade 
 as verb, with its more fluid character. Hence the classes are 
 fewer and, as in parathesis, the divisions encroach on each 
 other. They are unified by the primary sense of the particle. 
 
 a. Search and kindred notions. II. 2. 36: rd cftpoveovr' dvd 
 dvfiov d 'p' ov TeXetaOat l/xeAAov. 3. 449 : 'ArpeiBrj'i 8' dv' ofiuXov 
 i<f>oiTa 6r]pl eoiKoj?. 4. 251 : kuov dvd oiXapov dvBpwv. 5. 74: dvTtKpv 
 8' dv' 686vTa<; vtto yXoJaa-av rdp-t x'^^i^o'i, connotes the reach of the 
 swing; note Kara in context. 167: ^rj 8' t^ev dv re pdxqv ... I 
 Tldv8apov dvrideov St^^yLteros. 528. 6. 71. 'Ava is in favorite use 
 in the simile, painting the picture. 10. 298 : /3dv p' t/xcj' ware At'orrc 
 8vo) 8id I'l'KTa peXaivav, | dp. (f>6vov, dv vcKvas. 362. 12. 333 : iraTTTrjViV 
 8' dva TTvpyov 'Axaiwv, ei tlv' 1801T0. 23. 464 : iravTrj 8e poL oaae \ 
 TpwLKOV dp. TreBCov iraTTTaiveTov tl(7op6u)VTL. 24. 680 '. oppaivovT dvd 
 6vp6v OTTws . . . I . . iKiripxptit. Od. 4. 666 : KpLva<i r' dvd Sypov 
 dpiarovs. 10. 25 1 : jjop^v, ws ckcAo'cs, dvd. BpvpA . . . | €vpop.ev. 
 275. 13. 367: p.atopevi] K€v$p(Sivas dvd aireo<i. 14. 286. 1 5. 80 I ei 8' 
 i6e\€t<; Tpa<f>6i]vaL dv 'EAAuSa, route as suggested to mind of 
 3 
 
38 ANA AND KATA IN Composition and with Case. 
 
 speaker. 22. 143. Soph. O. T. 477: ^oito. yap vtt' ayplav I v\av 
 avd T avrpa Koi. | Trerpa? are Tai'po?. Eur. Bacch. 35^ • °*' ^ °-^'^ 
 TToXw orreixoi'Tes c^ixvevaare. I. A. 538. Rhes. 587. Phoen. 1275. 
 
 b. Sound, odor. II. 2. 250 : (Saai\ija<; ava aTOfi' Ix'^v. 4. 436 : 
 ws T/owojv dAaAT^TOS dm crrpaTOV evpvv opojpei. 8. 517' XVP^''^^'^ ^ "*'" 
 darv 8u(f>t\oL dyyeAAoi'Tojv. II. 160. 324: tw S' di'' o/xiXov lovre 
 
 KV^oi/XtOV, WS 0T€ KOLTTpo) | . . . Od. 5. 60 : Tl^Xodi 8' 68/i.?/ | KcSpOV T 
 
 evKeciToio 9vov t dva vr/crov oSwSet. 9. 209. Soph. O. C. IO58 : avrap- 
 Ktl Tcj-x' ifjLfx.L$€LV /3o3. | TovaS' avu. )(mpov<;. Eur. And. 95- -^1. 80. 
 
 Hec. mo. 
 
 c. Spectator, hearer, connoted. II. i. 10: voiVoi' ava (nparov 
 wpae KaKrjV. 53. 3. 245 : Kr]pvKe<; 8' ava aarv 6ewv <f)ipov opKia ttkttu.. 
 5. 87: 6vvt yap ap. TreStov irorapio ttXtjOovtc eotKws. (Compare 20. 
 411 : TToSwv apeTrjv ava(f>aLVo)V. 21. 347- ^y^VP'^^'V ' X"'/*^' Be pcv oaris 
 edetpj]. 22. /"/ : TroAtas 8' d'/a' dvd T/at'xas cAkcto xcpcrti' | rtAAoji' ck 
 K£<^aA?/s. Od. I. 440: TraCTO-dAw ayKpepdaaaa Trapd rprjTol'i Xt^eecnv) . 
 824 : ytyi'ojCTKoj yd/3 "Aprja p^XV^ "''" Koipaveovra. 6. 505 • c^i'ttx' 
 eVetr' dm do-m, ttoo-i Kpanrvolcn TrcTroi^ws. 7. 183 ^ Kijpv^ 8e ^ipo)V dv' 
 opiXov dirdvTi] I Set;-' ivSeha vdaiv. 8. 89. 3/8. 9. 383. 395. lO. 66. 
 339 • /^^ V "''' °^^'' P-^P-^'^'^ ' ■'■^i' Se cppdaaTo npocnovTa. 466. 1 1. 247. 
 12. 49, picture of struggle. 13. 117. reputation to sustain. 199. 
 239 : w? eiTTwv 6 pev avris e/S?; ^eos d/A ttoi'oi' di'S/awv. frequent after 
 
 speech. 270. 308: r) dvd piaaovi, the speaker points the direc- 
 tion. 547. 14- 155- 15- 488. 584. 16. 156. 296. 349. 17. 2S7- 18. 
 
 4: rd (jtpoviovT dvd dvpov a 8rj TertXeapeva vyei', retrospective. 2'/S, 
 prospective. 493 " vvp<f>a<; 8' ex daXdpwv oaioMV X'tto Aa;u.7ro/Liei'u(i)r| 
 rjyiveov dvd dan\ ttoAi"? 8" vpevaLo'i opiopei. 546 : rol 8(. arpttpaaKOV 
 dv' oypovi, I UpevoL veiolo f^aOeiij'i TcXaov tKiaOai. | 1; 8e ptXaivtr 
 OTTia-Btv. 19. 212: Ketrai, dvd irpoOvpov Terpappivo'i, dp<f>l 8' iTaipot \ 
 p^vpovrat. 20. 113. 427. 21. 258. 23. 617. 716. Od. I. 365 : pvyari'ipfi 
 8' bpAhrfaav dvd p.iyapa, Ylip'tXdireia has just appeared hcfore 
 them. 2. 116. 156. 291. 430, scene of festivity. 4. 768. 5. 329. 7. 
 
 129. 180. 8. 7. 173 ■. epx6p€Vov 8' dm darv deov «k eiaopowmv. T,yj, 
 exhibition. 10. 63 : ot 8' dvd Bvpov iSdpfSeov €k t ipiovro, compare 
 dvtpwTdv. 308. 12. 143. 14. 34, excitement over wliat he lias 
 just seen. 15. 274. 16. 461 : ri 8?/ kAco? utt dvd darr; 17. 360. 
 18. 246, 'Axaiot conceived assembled to see. 19. yZ- V "^' ^V 
 pvTToo) ... I TTTioxevM 8' dvd Sypov] (contrast 18. I, where the 
 beggar is a professional ). jy^^. paints the picture for his hearer. 
 408, mental review. 20. 2j(): KiipvKfi 8' dvd dtrrv (kwv Upyv Ixa- 
 
ANA AND RATA l.N CoMrOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 39 
 
 TOfi^ifv I I'lyov. 21. 234. preparatory (compare II. 3. 355: ufiire- 
 
 ■naXoii' npoUi). 22. l8. "JJ '. Ikdiafitv 8' uiu u(T7t, (iorj 8' utKUTTayivoLTo. 
 
 132, compare avtnriiv. 176, pictures helplessness of the subject; 
 compare the speech addressed to him in 195-9: a lynchinp^. 
 
 239. appeal to sight in 233. 474 : Ik Se 'MtkilvOLOv 7/yoi' ura npoBvpov, 
 
 note the spectacle following. 23. 136. the traveller mentally 
 
 pictured. 24. 318- '^''" P'''^? Se ol ySr] I SptfjLV p.evo<: Trpox'Ti'ij/e (f)i\ov 
 TTaTip' tlaopoMVTL. Find. I. 6. 49: (.varOi' uTreVi'trjTa'J aXiKiav I Trpo- 
 fidxwv av' ofiiXoi'. Aesch. PerS. 582 : toI 8' ava yav 'AaCav Stjv | ovk- 
 €TL TTipcroi'OfJLOvvTai. Tllcb. 328 '• KOpKopvyal 8' av' aaTv. Pr. 5^9 • 
 irXanl re n/ortJ' ava Tai> Trapakiav }pd[xixav. Soph. Ph. 678: 'I^iov' 
 av dp.TrvKa hr] SpofidS' (1)5 e/3a\'. Eur. And. lOOO. IO37. Bacch. 
 216 : kXvw 8e V'€0)(iJLa ttjI'S' dm tttoXlv KaKo.. 589 : o Aion'cro? urn 
 fiiXadpa ' I G€/3€T€ vi\'. IO24 : w 8(IJ^' o TrpiV ttot' ^vri'^^et? av' 'EAAa8a. 
 Hel. 180. 1302. El. 714: o-eAayeiro 8' di'' da-n^ | Tri'/a iTn^iofxtov. 
 Herac. 324. Supp. 604. 721 : ftot] Se Kal kwkvtos 7)v dm TTToAiv. 
 
 Hipp. 68. I. A. 1040. Ion 796. 830. 1455. 1575: ^(ttul 8' dv' 
 'EAAd8' ciVAe^s. ]\Ied. 509. Or. 250 : 8ro-KA€e? r' dv' 'EAAd8a. 808. 
 Rhes. 42. Tro. 546. 555. Phoen. 1038. 
 
 d. Sense of difficulty, obstruction, confronting actor. 
 
 II. I. 570: wxOrjdav 8' di'd Bwfia, recoil before the wrath of 
 Zci'S. 8. 55, note TTavporepoi, XP^'ot dvayKairf. 158. II. 259. 12. 471, 
 
 Tpdjes in ascendency. 13. no: dAAa KTuvovrai dv avTd<;, cowards. 
 14. 80 (compare 259 : Nv$ hpJqrtipa and Thuc. 3. 22 : dvd to aKorei- 
 
 v6v. 15). lOI (compare Od. 5. 412 : XiacrqS' dyaSe8pop.€TreTpi]).6^y: 
 ovS' iKthaaBev dvd arpaTov ' to^c yap aiBw<; (contrast 562 : al8dj<i may 
 
 hold in check, may impel). 21. 137: wpixrjvev 8' did 6vfi6v oTrms 
 7rai'(7£i£ TTovoio I 8I0V 'AxtAAJ/a, 'A^tAAei's has the upper hand 
 (compare 147). 303, difficulty in the surroundings. 22.452. 23. 
 74. 321 : tTTTToi 8e irXavoMVrai dvd Spofxov, oti8e KaTt'cr^et, loSS of con- 
 trol. 24. 166 : Ov^/aripi.'i 8' di'd ScofiaT' I8e iTOt loSvpovTO, | rwv 
 fiLfiimjaKO/ievaL, compare dvafiLp.vr](TKea6 at and contrast 740 : TO) Kai 
 ixiv Aaot fxh' ohvpovTat Kara daTi\ destiny. Od. I. I93. 4. 638: ws 
 €(f>aB\ ol 8" di'd BvfjLov lOdfifStov. 5. 456. II. 496. in the first alter- 
 native the subject is in control of the situation, in the second 
 he is dominated by it. 12. 333 : irupt 8e yaaripa \Lfi6<;. | Srj tot' 
 eywv dvd vrjaov direaTi^ov, 6<f>pa dtolaa' I ei'^ainyi', et rt? p.01 bhov 
 <f>r]vei€. 13. 32. 14. 2: avrdp 6 eV At/u.£i'o5 Trpo(Te/3i] Tpyj^eiav dTapwov | 
 Xwpov dv' v\r]evTa 8t' d/cpia?. 16. 96. I9. 312 : dAAd /xol w8' did 
 
 Oi'Ijlov dtcTot. (09 €a€Tai T7-€p, forcbodiug. Eur. Hec. 117: B6$a 8' 
 
40 ANA AND KATA IN Composition and with Case. 
 
 ix^pf-^- S'x' <!*'' 'EAAr/vwv I (jTpaTov, divided counsel. El. 210: 
 SwfiaTMV TTarpioiV <j)vya<;, | oi'/aeta? di'' epiVvas. I. T. 886. Xen. 
 Cyr. I. 4. 23 : iKKXivovcn koI (f>€vyovaiv OfioOev StwKOVTa? ara Kparo?. 
 
 An. I. 8. I : IXavvwv dvct KpdTo<: ISpoivTi tw ltttto). io. 15. Contrast 
 8. 19. 
 
 Herodotus shows about fifty instances of di'd with accusa- 
 tive. Here, as elsewhere, there is appeal to sight, hearing. 
 The distributive sense appears, but the distribution implies, 
 otherwise than with Kard, a beholder, i. 94: cnToSeirjv laxvprjv 
 
 ava Tr]V AvSlyjv Trdcrav yeviadai. 96. 97. ICO. 1 36 I tw Se tov<; ttAci- 
 (TTOVi aTToSetKVWTt Sw/sa iKTrifjiivu 6 /JaaiAevs dvo, Trdv eTO<i, tO be 
 looked forward to. 184: x^iiaTa dm to ttcSiov e'di'Ta a$Loder]Ta. 
 
 185. 193 : 4'0lVLK€<i TTC^VKOTC? dvd TTttV TO TTcSlOI'. I94, ObstrUCtiOU. 
 
 2. 4. 11: P'TIX^V ^' ^''' avTw Ktti dfnTO)TL<; dva Trdcrav -t^fxip-qv yivcTat. 
 37. 62. 85 '. dva T^v TToAiv aTpu)(f>€6fi€vai TvirrovTai . . . <f>aii'ov(TaL tous 
 /u,a^oi'?. 91. III. 130: 6vfiir]iJ.aTa 81 Trap' avrfj Trai'TOta Karayi^ovai 
 
 dvd Trdaav rjfieprjv, dvd is fond of situations in which reference is 
 made to display. 132. 135. 3. 97. 131. 160. 4. 7. 14: eVKcSa- 
 
 (Tfievov Se r/S?/ TOii Adyov dvd ttjv ttoXlv. 22. lOI : i) 8k 686s ■>] ■f]ficpy](TL7j 
 dvd 8ir]K6(na ordSta avixfiePX-qTal fioL (compare 6. 63 : £"■' 8aKTv\o}V 
 <rujU,/8aAAd/i,£Vos ) . 5. 27: d/xi'vdjU,€Voi dvd xP^^'ov CKaKwd-qcrav , times 
 against (contrast 28: Kara t6v avT6v XP^^'^^' V MiAt^tos oi'tt; tc 
 twvTTJs [jidXiara 8rj Tore dKfidaaa-a) . 38, castS eye OVer the field. 
 102. 114. 6. 48. 57. 61. 86. 131. 138. 7. 10: dvd xpovov e$€vpoi Tt? 
 dv, compare dvevplaKetv. 106. 150: d'AAo? Adyos Aeyd/itvos drd tt^v 
 'EAAdSa. 153. 184 -. 223. 8. 10. 65. 123. 124. 9. 38. 44. 86. 99. 
 
 In distribution dvd appears to incline toward combinations 
 involving a multiple of ttcvtc : compare dvaTreixTrd^eaOai. Ar. 
 Ran. 554: Kpea . . . etKoo-tv | dv' yfiioifSoXiala. Andoc. I. 3^' fO"'"<^- 
 vai Se kvkXm dvd irivTt koI 8eKa dvSpas, tov? 8e dvd eiKoaiv. Dem. 27. 
 9 : dvd 7revT£ (xvas kol e$. Xen. An. 4. 6. 4 : dvd ttcvtc Trapaadyyas 
 rr/s y](i€pa<:. 5- 4- 12: earrjaav dvd (.kutov. 
 
 (2). 'Avd with Dative. 
 
 The construction is rare. The spectator is implied. Dig- 
 nity, majesty are suggested, but also occasionally their distinct 
 opposite. II. I. 15: <rT£/X|UttT' £\(i)V iv \€/u(rtr . . . | X/"'"""." "'" 
 aKijiTTpo), flag of truce. 8. 441 : dpfuna 8' ufi /SiDfiohn TiHti, Kara 
 AtTa TTtTaao-us. I4. 352 I oW d ixh' dTfji/xas ei'Sf TraTijp did VapyapM 
 
 uKpo), note objection on ground of i)ul)licity made by'HpT; 330- 
 
 340. 15. 152. 18. 177, for all tt) sec. ( )(i. 11. I2S: ^ri'ifxa 8t toi 
 
ANA AND KATA IX COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSE. 4I 
 
 ept'oj ixiiy upi<l>pa8i^ . . . | . . . | . . . (iru c^aiSiTiw w/xw. Pind. O. 8. 
 Oy '. uTTOTTt/Lnroji' AittKOi' I 8t\'p' dv' iTTTTOt? ;^pi'(T£at9. 10. H^, P. I. Q: 
 crdei 8' (iru itkutttw Atos aitros. 4. 166 : dm 8' ry/xiovoi'j ^tord t' 
 U7r7/i'ti. Aesch. Supp. 337 • AvkoSuoktoI' ws 8ci/iaAtv tt/x7r£T/Dai9 | 17A1- 
 
 /SuTois. Eur. El. 466. I. A. 754- "'" ''"' ^avmv Kal avv oTrAots. dis- 
 play first then action. 105S. 
 
 (j). 'Ala with Genitive. 
 
 'Avd occurs three times with genitive: Od. 2. 416.9. 177. 
 15. 284. always with ir/os and /JatVetv. The scene is the pro- 
 spective voyage with its uncertainties ; compare avdytadai in 
 connection with nautical affairs. 
 
 VII. Kara WITH CaSE. 
 
 (7) Kara with Accusative. 
 
 The most striking point of contrast between Kara and dm 
 with accusative is found in the nature of the substantives with 
 which they are respectively employed. For. whereas Kara 
 freely associates with substantives of the same kind as dvd, it 
 is also entirely at home with those with which dvd is never 
 found, namely, those in which personality is alive, and with 
 those which express an action, a class from which dvd is 
 largely excluded. Be the content of the substantive what it 
 may, Kard finds its own in any accusative, because of the 
 notion of resultant in the case, and is everywhere character- 
 ized by the absence of the sense of obstruction, of appeal to 
 externals, which is prominent in dvd. Kara is the index of the 
 power of an actor and its employment with an accusative, the 
 action in noun form, carries the same implication as when it is 
 used as verbal prefix. The particle and the case are in com- 
 plete harmony, and the eft'ect of the combination is tendency 
 to a conclusion, dominance of the situation. 
 
 a. Control of space. 
 
 II. I. 318: ws ol fi'ev TO. irevovTO Kara dTparov. 409 : Tor's ht Kara. 
 TTpvpLVah T€ Kai diJ.<f>' d\a cAaat. 2. 47: crx'V tw t/Srj Kard v^as. I30: 
 
 o'i vaiovaL Kara tttoXiv, space is controlled and space controls. 
 
 345 • ct/ax^v' 'Apyeioiai Kara Kparepd'i i'(T/i,iVas. 362 : Kplv' dvBpas 
 Kara <f>v\a, Kara <f>pT]Tpa<i. 398- 47^- 803 : ttoAAoi ydp Kara darv fitya 
 
 Hpidfiov iTTLKovpot, confidence. 3. 151. 4. 126. 209: ^dv 8' tVi-at 
 Ka6' ofjLiXov dvd arpaTov cvpvv, control modified. 445. 541. 5. 66: 
 fie^krjKEL yAovTov Kara Se^iov, note sense of Unresisted progress 
 
42 ANA AND KATA in Compositiox and with Case. 
 
 in verb of striking, wounding. 140. 162. 7,^2 : air' dvSpwi' ttoAc- 
 fiop Kara KOLpaveovatv. 495. 499- '^'^ ^' av€fxo<; a^va<; cpopeei lepa<; Kar 
 aXojas. 590. 676. 6. 56. 287. 39i . 7. 370 : vi'V pkv hopirov eXtaOi. 
 Kara tttoAiv, ws to ivapo<; irep, sphere in which actor may exercise 
 his will. 466. 477- ^O- 82 : rU 8' oi'to? Kara r7]a<i ava urparov 
 epx^cLL otos I vvKra 8l' opcfu'airjv . . . ; Kara the boldness of the 
 
 actor; avd the action as it appears to the questioner. 11. 68. 
 
 77- 91- 7^^' 77^- 806: aAA' ore Srj Kara i'?}as . . . | tc€ . . . iva (T<^' 
 dyopTj re ^e'/xis re | yjrji', compare Kara y^otpav. 12. 318. I3. 102. 329. 
 14. 173- 180. 518: ^^'XV ^^ Kar' ovrajxev-qv wreikrjv I eaavr cTreiyo- 
 
 /^e'vT?. 15. 447. 16. 96. 285. 642 (compare 17. 570. 19. 25). 713. 
 
 789. 17- 365 • p-ejxVTf^vro yap alel | dAAr^Aots Ka6' ofiiXov aXeSefievai 
 <f>6vov aiTTvv. 462. 680. 743- I^- 38: oo-«' Kara fiev6o<; dAos 'Si]pi]i8e<i 
 Tjaav, their house is their castle. 286, for protection ; compare 
 Kara4>€vyeLV. 605, professionals. 19. 25. 93. 196: Kara arparov 
 . . . I . . . Iroiixaadro), clothed with authority. 209. 20. 221 : eAos 
 Kara fiovKoXeovro^ their home. 377, vantage-ground recognized. 
 21. 126. 147: eSdt^e Kara poov. 310, compare Karafxeveiv. T^'^^T)- 422: 
 
 7} Kvvdfivia dyei . . . | . . . Kara kXovov, power to guide. 485, haunt 
 
 of the hunter. 22. I : ws ot {Av Kara dcrrv ... I ISpw direil/vxovTO, 
 within its protection. 133, seat of power. 394. 433.442 : kckActo 
 8' dfi<f>L-rr6XoiaLv . . . Kara hoifjia, where she was mistress. 22,. i, 
 grief controls. 162 : avriKa Xaov fx.\v (TKeSaaev Kara. V7/as etVa?, 
 where they belonged. 230. 285. 24. 662 : Kara darv eeXfieda, dcrrv 
 
 controls. 703. Od. i. 116. 145. 228, at their ease; compare 
 
 Kade^ecrdai. 2. "JJ . lOI ; p-T] Tis poi Kara 8rjp.ov Wxaud8o)i' vefxearjcnj, Bijfio^ 
 
 would justify the resentment. 140. 247. 383, 'A^^r?/. 397: ol 8' 
 €v8eiv u)pvvvro Kara -rrroXiv, Kard regular where the right of action 
 is unquestioned ; one's home, city. 3. 428 : e'-rrare 8' eiuw | S/xwfjiny 
 Kara Bwpar' dyaKXvrd Salra Trevecrdai, regular in connection with 
 
 routine affairs of life: eating, sleeping, preparing meals. 4. 44, 
 compare KaOopdv. ^2, view open. 167. 5. 52. 441, security. 6. 50: 
 y8?y 8' Ipevai Kara B<j}p.a6\ u'' dyyeiXeie roKevaw, important tidings 
 
 to communicate. 7. 102. 8. 390. 444. 9. 120: oire KaB' TAj/j- | 
 aAyca irdaxovaLv, i'At; as channel regulates the action. 217. 10. 
 122. II. 193, rest aft'orded and taken. 334. 539, eminence in 
 joy- 57^ space to which they are confined. 573, eminence in 
 
 prowess. 639. 14. 254. 261 : onriipa'i 8e Kara (XKOTrtas- wrpi'Va 
 
 vieadai. 411. 473-4, scene changes: advantage, first thought; 
 then sense of difficulty in situation, 15. 276. 311. 510. 16. 150. 
 
ANA AND KATA IN Com I'OSiTioN and with Cask. 43 
 
 159. 'AOrjvrj. 274. 17. iS, better chance of success; compare 
 Kara tvx^jv. 204, Unobstructed course. 227. 232. 246. 362, 'Ahiji^j. 
 41S. insistency. 501. 558, freedom of the town. 566, compare 
 
 KaTa<f>tvy€ii'. 18. (jy '. avTiKa 8' I'jXdi Kara (TTOfia <f)oii'iov aifjLa, the 
 force of the blow. 19. 67. 195 : TroAAdJr Kara oiKOi' ioVTOii', otKos 
 
 prepared for emergencies. 233, Xonos i)attern for x'^"'"'- 345. 
 retainers. 536. 20. 10. <^pr;i'. dvfiik tlie controlHng force. 59. 
 silent, private grief; compare KaraKXaUu'. 'Ara has to do with 
 initial movements, that may be frustrated. Kara with inevitable 
 
 results. 64. 122. 159. 164. 167. 206, fate. 319: pi'ara^oi'TaS a€iK€- 
 Auo? Kara Sw/xaTa, arrOgaUCC. 33 1, Compare Karafxeveiv. 3C9. 21. 
 
 107, 'Axaus yaia cannot produce her like. 258, 8iifio<i given up 
 to lopr^. 298. 331. 372. 22. 22-3, impulse of self-protection; 
 not running away. 52. 55. 180, absorbed in work ; did not see 
 them. 223. 291. 299. 307. 360. 377. 381. 396. 484. 2^. 137. 299: 
 avTol 8' €Vvd^ovTO Kara fieyapa. 24. lO. 13. I08. 183. 188: ov yap 
 TTw IcTacri <pt\oL Kara Soj/i,a^' CKaaTov, compare KareiSeVat. 247. 336, 
 compare /caretTrcii'. 338, childish persistency. 413: "Oo-o-a 8' ap' 
 ayycAos wKa Kara tttoAiv a>x^''"o Trtivr?;. 449. Eur. Alc. 950 : ra fiev 
 Kar oLkov, ' the daily round, the common task '. Kara in 
 articular complexes with substantives of all kinds is common 
 in prose and poetry. Plat. Phaed. 82 C : twv Kara t6 aoifxa lin- 
 
 Oi'ixiojv, awfia controls. Cratyl. 394 D : rot? fxlv 8r] KUTa (pvcTLV 
 
 yiyvoixevois. Eur. Bacch. 282 : TMV KaS' I'lixepar KaKwv, the inevi- 
 tableness of Nature's order. Dem. 2. 27 : to. Ka0' vfjid'i cAAei'^- 
 fjiuTa, personal responsibility. Plat. Menex. 241 C : vno fiir twv 
 Kara yT/r, vtto Se rwr /caru OdXarrav p.aOovTa'i, yij and BdXaTTa con- 
 tribute to the result ; compare A : ola l-n-Lovra VTrifxtivav Kard re 
 yiji' /cat Kara OdXarrav. 
 
 So of definite locations, points of departure, bases of action. 
 
 Hdt. I. "/()'. y] 8e JlrepLj] . . . Kara Cu'oWryi' ttoXiv . . . Ktip-rji'ij. Plat. 
 Symp. 190 E : iv aro/xa TTOLwv ctTreSet Kara picnjV rrjv yaaripa. Cra- 
 tyl- 397 B : wo-TTcp KaT dpxd'i iXeyofi€v, appeal to former position. 
 Sophist 261 C : Kaddirep ippijOrj n-i' Sj]. Here belongs y) Kard with 
 the comparative. Plat. Phaed. 94 E : dtioripov tuos TTpdyp.aro<i 
 
 7) Kad' apfioviav. Apol. 20 E. ThuC. 7. 75 : fiei^w ?} Kara SdKpva rd 
 
 fih' TTtTroi'^dra?, work contrasted with power to do it ; compare 
 
 Hdt. 3* 14- ^" /^''' o'lKijia i]V p.i^o) KaKa 7} wart di'aKXaUiv, WOrk 
 
 contrasted with effect of effort to do it. 
 
 In distributive expressions with Kard the power to survey 
 
44 ANA AND KATA in Composition and with Case. 
 
 the situation, to make the apportionment, is implied in the 
 particle, reinforced by the case. II. 2. 362. Plat. Theaet. 182 
 
 A : Kara /xe'p?; oiV aKove. 
 
 The combination of Kara with accusative marks, in general, 
 the pattern definitely set before the eye, the standard to be 
 conformed to, the irresistible conclusion. Whether the indi- 
 viduality of the actor or the stream represented in the case is 
 in the ascendency, the context alone can determine. Plat. 
 
 Theaet. 192 B : atcr^averat Kol £';^€i to (T-qfidov Kara rrjv aladrjtnv. 
 Sophist. 216 A : Kara TTjV x^e'» OjxoXoy'iav . . . yKo/JLev, compare 
 KadofioXoyelv. A.T. Kq. 499 : 7r/3a|eias | Kara vovv tov €/x6i>. Hdt. 2. 
 68*. Koi 6 veocrcros Kara koyov tov wov yivtrai. Lys. I. 4: tt}? Kara 
 vdjUoi'S TLfiMpia<;. Xen. Hell. 5- 4- 54" '^"'^^ tov<; opKov^ (TiH'tiTTpaTev- 
 OVTO. Mem. I. I. 18: 0/o/cov Ofioaas, iv w ijV Kara tov<; vo/xovs fiov- 
 
 \€v(T€Lv, that they should be his guide. Plat. Hipparch. 2^2 C : 
 
 ovKovv Kara tov aov \6yov Traires avdpomoi (f>iXoK€pS€l<i av ctei', com- 
 pare B : 6 Aoyos rjpd'i rjvdyKaKe . . . b(xoXoyf.lv. Apol. 17 B : 01' Kara 
 TovTovi clvaL prjTOip. 
 
 b. Index of power, physical and other. 
 
 II. I. 483: 17 8' edeev Kara KVjJia SLaTrprjarcrovcra KcXevdov. 4. 276: 
 ep)(^6fi£Vov Kara tvovtov vivo ZetfivpoLo tw?/?. 278. 9. 234. 12. 33. I3. 
 
 556 : Kar' auTovs | arpwfjidT, at home among them. 588. 707. 
 
 14. 20 : ws 6 yepwv wpp^aive Sat^o/xei'oi Kara. dvp.ov, as the wave 
 poises (k(o</><i), 6a(j6p.tvov) before the liberation of its power 
 (Kara fir] p-evai . . . ovpov) , SO 6v[x6<i poises on the brink of decision ; 
 Kara is the index of power of decision, has the man behind it. 
 
 15. 389: Kara arofia elpieva x"-^'^Vy compare slang: 'business 
 end'. (Compare 23. 500: /xda-TL 8' alev lAaxTC KartojuaSoi'). Thuc. 
 8. 100 : ws Kara Kpdro'i . . . alprj(JOVT€<; . Xen. Cyr. 4. 3. 7 : rrr ph' 
 ovv ovTO) Tavr' e^^et /car' di'dyKrjV (compare Od. 5- 154- "•'"■>''<?/)• 
 Plat. Ale. I, 106 E : Kara p.i4)p.r)V rrjv ip.rjf. Rep. 45 1 C: Kar' 
 
 lK(.ivy]v TTjv opp.rjf lovcnv. Gorg. 448 C, Tf-X^'q, the capable guide ; 
 Tvxr], the blind leading the blind. Prot. 317 C: ovhtvo<i otov oi 
 
 irdvTOiV dv vp.(x)V KaO^ ijXiKLav iraTrjp ehji', am old enough tO be. Polit. 
 
 274 C, times against them ; compare ot-i' xP'^^'V- ^^SS- ^9^ -^ • 
 rjp,!^ ydp Kar' eKelvov tov ;^poror . . . TroAireta re r)v TraAaia, times f Or 
 US. 715 D: Ka^' ijXiKLai' ydp o^v /ifAeVets, i. e., '/ yap yXiKia noui ae 
 o^v ISXiiTtLV. Critias 117 B. Hdt. 2. 70: tVaKoi'aas hi Tij'i </)(rj>'/y« 6 
 K/DOKoSeiAo"; 6£Tut Karu rryi' <f>(avr]V, cvn'^wv St rat i'mto) KaranLiei. ^. SS '. 
 Kar' f-piv, i. (|. ipi^t)i'(Tai. TluiC. 7. 44: SiapapToiTis tmi' o8<7)f Kara 
 
ANA AND KATA i.\ Composition and with Casi;. 45 
 Tr]v -f^utpav tVAaiT/^j/cmi', x"V" Controlled movement. Compare 
 
 Ev. Alt. 9. 29: KaTo. TijV tr'nTTir vfiCJv yei'ijOrjTd) r/nti'. 8. 13:0)? 
 tVttrrti'CTa? ycvrjdijTu) aoi. AIc.5. 34 • ') TrarTt? rroi' aeV/oxct'i' </€. 
 
 c. Control of one's own or another's action. 
 
 II. I. 271 : (Jui)(6fir]V Kar' ifi' avTov iyw. 2. 3. 5 • V^^ ^' ot kutu. 
 
 dvfiov apianj (fyaCvtro ^ov\r] (contrast Od. lo. 29). 99. 3. 36, com- 
 pare KaraSelcrai. 8. I3I- 9- <>7- 302 : T(.ipoiiivov<i IXiaipt Kara (rrpaTov. 
 329. 463. 521. 10. 136. 184. 491. 507, <i>p'qv controls. 11. 167. 172. 
 336 : h'Ba CT<^ir' KaTa laa p^\-qv Irawaaf. Kpoviwi' | c^ iSjy? KaSopiov. 
 460. 469. 12. 340. 15. 163. 384, resistless wave. 5C2, compare 
 KaTaihucrOaL. 682, skill. 16. 119, dvp.o'i directed the result. 17. 167. 
 732. contrast ui'exoipT/o-ar in context. 18. 159. 19. 352. 20. 2C4. 
 21. 14: ToX hi TTTwauovcn Ka6' vSiop. their protection. 25, compare 
 KaTa<f>€vyetv. 22^. 236. Under his control. 238. 24. 691. Od. i. 4. 
 29 : p.vr](TaTo yap Kara Ovpov ufi.vp.ovo<; AlyiaOoLo, internal impulse. 
 In composition only avd, where reference is to external in- 
 fluence ; complementary notions. 294. result foreshadowed ; 
 divine will back of him. 3. '/2. 106. 6. 34. 283. 7. 40: ovk ivoy- 
 aar | ip^^ofieror Kara dcrni 8tu (T<f>€a'i ' ov yap 'AOrjvq I eta, power im- 
 parted. 144. compare aiyrjv KaTaKijpvTTm'. 8. 2^2, compare Kara 
 
 6d\aTTav. 9. 299. II. 9. 479, definite line of action (compare 10. 
 
 492: ^I'xfj xP^/o'OM'''o^'^ ®7]j3aiov Tcipeaiao) . 14. 46. 1 5. 453. 16. 
 237 • KOLt K€V i/xbi' Kara 6vp.ov aixvjxova p.epjji-qpiia'i I ^paacro/iai. ener- 
 gizing power. 318, crucial point. Xen. Cyr. 5. i. 11 : i.Ka(TTo<i 
 yoi'V T(uv Kad' lavrov ipa. Oec. II. 9: rr/i' ttoAu' /xyjSh' Kar' ifie \pi]- 
 pxiaiv dKocTix-qrov uvaL. The individuality of the actor is enhanced 
 by the addition of ai'rds. Plat. Phaed. 64 C: x'^P'^ A^^'' "^^ "^V"^ 
 
 i/'i'X'/'i ctTraAAayei' avro Kad' ai'TO to tjwjjia yc/ovevai. Polit. 298 C : 
 Kad' o TL xpT] rots (fiapjxaKOL'i i}p.d<i . . . ^pijaOai. CritO 5I A : Kad' 
 oaov hvvaaai iTn)(^eipr]GeLS aVTaTroWvvai. Hdt. 5- 3 • "'''' ^V *<("■« "Oi'ro 
 tlaOeree'i, it is this that makes them so. 
 
 ci. Exercise of power constructively. 
 
 II. I. 136: dpaai'Td Kara Ovfiov, ottws dvTa^iov larai. 286: Kara 
 fxolpav cetTTc? (compare 16. 333 : ror 8e Kar' oaac | eAAa/?€ . . . polpa 
 KpaTati). Eur. El. 1248: a p.olpa Zei'? r' €Kpave crov irepi^ . 2. 214: 
 paip, cLTap ov Kara Kocrfxow 3. 59: eVet p.e kut^ aicrav eVetxtcra? (com- 
 pare 24. 224: £t 8e p.0L aiaa \ Tedvafievai. Od. /. I97). 19. 256: 
 eiaro cny^ | 'ApyeloL, Kara polpav, d/covoi'Te? ^acriAi/o? (compare 
 Xen. An. 2. 2. 20: myrjv KaTaKijpviaVTa) , aiyr] is polpa. 22. 478: 
 tj7 dpa ytivop^B' aiaij | dfx<f>6TepoL, av p-h' Iv Tpoiij Hpiupov Kara 8wpa, 
 
46 ANA AND KATA IN Composition and with Case. 
 
 Sw/Lia channel of fate, as alaa is fate. 2;^. 626: Nai ^ Tavrd yc 
 Trai'Ta, re/cos, Kara fiolpav ectTrts, cttos is /lolpa (/JLepoip?) : WOrds 
 
 justify, words condemn. Compare Od. 2. 100: p-olp' 6\or] KaOi- 
 kyat Tai'TyAeyeos davdroLo. 
 
 e. Exercise of power destructively. 
 
 II. 3- 347 • '^"' /SaAev 'ArpeiSao Kar" dtTTrtSa . . . | . . . dxc/va.ix<l>6r} 
 
 Zi ol alxp-T} I . With verbs of striking, wounding. Kara marks 
 the actor's confident attitude, assumption of inevitable result ; 
 dvd implies an influence beyond his control. 356 : ?} pa Kal dfiirt- 
 
 TTaAoii' TTpoiu hoXi^ocTKLOV (.yy(0<i, I K.al /3d\e TlpLa/xiSao Kar' d(T7rt8u, in 
 
 dvd the initiatory movement that may or may not succeed ; in 
 Kara the foreseen effect. Inward force contrasted with out- 
 ward obstruction. Kard connotes 'nerve', dm 'nerves'. 13. 
 498. 17. 43. 19. 125. 
 
 /. Emphasis on forces operative in nature. 
 
 II. 15- 61 : \t\d6rj 8' oSi'vdtiji' I at vvv pav reipovai Kara. (f>p€vas ' 
 Od. 15- 409: dAA' ore yi^pduKoycn iroXiv Kara ^I'A" di'^pwTrwv. 
 
 g. Index of personal conviction. 
 
 II. 2. 409: ^8ee yd/3 Kara Ovpov d8eA<^eov w? IttovHto. 4. 163. 5. 
 406. Od. 20. 93 : p.€pp7]pL^€ 8' enetra, BoKrjcre Se ol Kara. 6vp.ov. 22. 
 373 • o<j>pa yvis Kard 6vp.ov, drdp €LTrrja6a Kal dAAw. 
 
 h. Intensity of personal feeling. 
 
 II. I. 429 i )(0)6fX€\'oi' Kara 6i'p,6i'. 555- ^^f-^oiKa Kara <f)p(.ia, Se'os 
 
 behaves as <^pV directs. 11. 658. 13. 86: Kal acfyw uxo's Kara 
 6vp.ov eytyi'CTo htpKOfjiivoKnv. 338, channel for exercise of feeling. 
 
 416: yi]Br](T€Li' Kara Bvpov. 15. 21 ; 22. 409 : kwkvtu) t' uxovto Kal 
 olpLtayfi Kara darv. 414. 24. ^12. 549- "•'O'X'o. I^V^ dAt'acrroi' oBvpeo 
 
 aov Kara 6vp.6v, meet the difficulty; do not let feeling control. 
 
 Od. I. 323. 4. 813. 5. 444: (.HaTO ov Kara Ov/xov. 13. 379: dSi'po- 
 
 p.€vi] Kara 6vp.ov, gives r^in to grief. 17. 578 (compare 20. 171 : 
 
 ovh' atSoiis p.olpav (.\ov(nv^ . 19. 39O : avTiKa yap Kara 6vp.ov oiaaro, 
 
 takes mental stand. 23. 345. 
 
 (2). Kara and Kard-compounds with Genitive. 
 
 a. Pure Genitive. The particle, as elsewhere, is the index 
 of power; the case marks the limitation of power, the sus- 
 pension of action by an external influence, reciprocality. contact. 
 
 II. 3. 217 '■ vnal St IStiTKe Kara ;^6'oi'os 6p.paTa Trv/^a?. | . . . | . . . 
 di'Spet <^tuTt ioiKM<;. 5. 696: Kard 8' 6(f>6a\p.u>y Kt\VT' d\\i"i. 1 3. 385, 
 kept in touch. 504 • "'XM'/ ^ Klvtiao KpaSawop-tiyj Kurd yaiT/<s | 
 
 ^X^t', suspended, ineffective. 580. 16. 1J3. 18. 24: xdiiy aWa- 
 
ANA AND KATA ix Composition and with Casu:. 47 
 
 A(>C(T(rai' I \(vaTO kuk Ke<f>a\ys, \apui' 8' i'j(T)(Vtt irpniTMirov. Kj. ^(j : 
 ara^f. Kara pii'wi', "ra ol xpow ifnriSo'i to/, tllC pOWcr tll.'ll seiuls the 
 
 preservatives into the medium which absorbs ihcni, cooperates 
 with them. 20. 321, 6(f>6u\fioi and uxAi'? must have it out between 
 them. 21. 172, tyxo5 misses mark, passes out of actor's control. 
 
 23. 100. 2S2 : vypoi' eAator | xaiTiUDi' Kare^^ex't, Xniaaa^ {'8art AtrKoi, 
 
 reciprocal action between x^t'^"^ ^"d cAaior. 765, Kara marks 
 the power of the pursuer, the case the precedence of the pur- 
 sued ; in the shadow of control. 24. 642, the ling'erinp^ contact 
 
 of taste. Od. 6. 230 : ku8 h\ Kap7;ro? I ovXas ijKf. ko/au?, I'aKti'^tio) 
 
 avBtL 6/xota?, Kap-rj lends support to Koynai. as the living stem 
 sustains the flower. 8. 85, K€<f)aXy] lacks the help of (j>dpo<:. 9. 
 
 330. 10. 362: Ovfiiip€<; Kipdaaaa Kara KpaT6<i re Kat w^ojv, the delight 
 
 of the bath. 12. 93, home; free ingress and egress. 23. 156. 
 
 24- 317- 
 
 In the post-Homeric language the construction of Kara with 
 genitive reflects the earlier usage, though the advance from 
 the material to the moral sphere is distinct. Plat. Phaed. 
 
 112 C: hvofxci'a Kara rr/s yrys . . . TTciAtv £15 tov Tdprapov ifx/SdWei. 
 
 113 C. free movement in responsive environment: Sophist. 
 232 C : Kara TrdvTO)v XiyrjTai rt, series responding to generaliza- 
 tion. 253 B. Polit. 276 C. Symp. 212 E: apa KarayeAao-eo-^e 
 ixov ws p.tOvovTO'i ; he laughs best who laughs last ; the worm 
 will turn. Phaedr. 260 B : cnim^ets Aoyor CTratvoJ' Kara rov ovov, 
 LTTTTov iTrovo/xd^oji', the actor surveys the field and awards praise 
 or blame ; the definition may not fit, the relation set up may 
 not abide. 278 E : Nt'os eVi . . . o p^ivToi p.avTtvop.ai. Kar' avrov 
 Ae'yetv c'^eAoj, he may turn out different. Gorg. 472 A: iav 
 fSovXy] Kar ifjiov ixdpn<pa<; Trapaax^crdat, on presumption of my 
 
 guilt. ]\Ieno 74 B. yy A. Menex. 249 E : dAA' ottws fxov /xr; Kare- 
 pcis, let it be a secret between us. Rep. 344 D : oxnrep (SaXavei'i 
 
 rjfiwv KaravrA^CTa? Kara rwi' mtoh' u9p6oi' Kal ttoXvv tov Adyor, COuId 
 not help ourselves. 398 A : fivpov Kara tt}? Ke</)aA7/'J Karaxeairts. 
 411 A : KaravXelv Kal KaTax^y TTy? •/"'X'/^ ^"-w '''wi' wrwr Mtrirep 8iu 
 X<J>vr]<i as vvv hr] r//i,€ts lXiyop.t\' . . . apixovLa<:, i/'i'X^/ respOllds tO 
 apfxoyiaL aS K£<^aAr; tO p-vpor. Critias II9 E : Trpd? rip' arrjXrjv Trpoa- 
 ayaydi'Tcs Kara Kopvcf)y]v avTyi<; ea(l>aTTov Kara twv ypap-pdrwi', 
 Kopv<j)rj locates (T(f)ayri; ypdp^para hold the efTeCt of (J<t>ayi] in 
 
 suspension before the eye. 120 A (compare Hdt. 4. 62). 
 
 Legg. 637 E. yy^ B. 800 D. 941 A : ypat^ai Kara TOVTwV e(TTu)V (is 
 
48 ANA AND KATA IN COMPOSITIOX AND WITH CaSE. 
 
 . . . aae/^-qadi'Twr. Ar. Eq. IO9I : tov Brjfiov Karaxdv apvTairr] 
 TrXovdvyUiav. Nub. 74 • "^'^' ^Tnrtpov fxov KaT€)^€€V twv )(priixdTwv, 
 
 my purse must bear the brunt of all his horsiness. \"esp. 7. 
 
 Lysias. 16. 8 : on 7re/3t<^avws CT6\firjadv fiov Karaxl/evaacrdaL, a par- 
 taker, though unwilling, in the transaction. Xen. Cyr. 6. i. 36: 
 auTos S' e/xaVTov Kariyi'oiV fxrj ar KapTepyjcrai, had tO admit the 
 charge. Hdt. I. 10: ws 8e Kara V(x)Tov iryevtTO iov(Tr]<i Trj<i ywatKOS 
 
 is T7]v KoiTTjv, had licr at disadvantage. 75 : Kara vmtov Xd^oi. 
 Thuc. I. 62. 
 
 b. Genitive as Ablative. Whether, as the external limita- 
 tion of action, the receptive, suspensory, transmissive force or 
 the precipitative sense of the case is dominant is determined 
 by the setting. The former capability implies the latter. Kara 
 with ablative-genitive marks, in particular, the power of gods, 
 of resistless streams and other forces of nature, the rush of 
 the warrior, the impulse of personal feeling. 
 
 II. I. 44: firj 8e KaT OvXvfnroLo Kaprjvtav -^oiopLtvos. 2. 167. 5- IO9. 
 Ill : QOivtXos St Ktt^' tTTTTwv ciAto •)(^ap.dt,i.. 6. 128: £t Se Tis d^ava- 
 Twv ye KaT ovpavov elXrjXovda'i. 232 : Ka6' iinrwv di$ai'Te, | ;;(£ipas r' 
 aXXrjXwv Xa/3eTrjv. 8. 4IO. 9. 15- wore Kprjvrj fieXdvvSpos, | yrt Kar' 
 
 atyiAtTTo? TTtTprjs 8vo(f)€pov x"i vBwp. II. 423. 493. 13. 138. 539- 772 : 
 
 vvv wAcTO Trdcra Kar' aKp-qs | "lAios aineivr]. 14. 298. 1 5. 79. 169. 237. 
 16. 54^- Tpola? 8e Kara Kprjdtv Xd^e TtivOoh. 17. 438: BdKpva 8e 
 a(j>LV I 6epp.a Kara (iXt<f>dp(jiV •)(^a.fidhL'i pit ixvpofxivoLcnv. 18. 6 1 6. 20. 
 52 : ave 8' "AprjS . . . | o^v KaT uKpoTdT-qs ttoAios Tpweaat KcAeviov. 
 
 189. 401. 22. 187. 411 : TTVpl (TfJ.VXOI-TO KaT' UK/37/?. Od. 4. 68O I TOV 
 
 St KaT ovBov jSdvTa, bearer of important tidings. 5. 313: cAao-cv 
 fxeya Kv/xa KaT aKprj's, wherein the power is stored thence it is 
 released. 6. 102 : oltj 8' "KpTtpus ticn KaT' ovptos iox^aipa, her 
 home ; she has all the rights. 8. 508 : Kara TrtTpdoiv paXinv 
 IpvaavTas ctt' aKprjs, external sphere would cooperate with 
 action, exercised in either direction. 14. 399. 16. 190. Thuc. 
 7. 44: Kara tc rail' Kprjixvwv, compare KaraSuijKtu'. Eur. 1. T. I429 : 
 Kara (ttvc^Xov irtTpas | pi\(/wfj.ev. Plat. Legg. 909 B : TrdAets xpi]p.d- 
 TMV X"/^''' iTnx€tpoj(jL Kar' aKpas i^aiptlr. Hdt. 6. 18, contrast KaTa 
 
 KpdTo'i a'lpelv (Isoc. 4. 119) without reference to the prc\ious 
 condition of the object; action and its efiect alone regarded. 
 Aesch. Cho. 672: kut uKpas . . . ws- vopBovixtOa. Soph. Ant. 201. 
 O. C. 1242. Eur. I. A. 778. Thuc. 4. 112. 
 
 As, in the construction of Kura with accusative — the interior 
 
ANA AND KATA IX COMPOSITION AND WITH CaSF.. 49 
 
 clianncl of the action — the content of the buhstantive modifies 
 the character of the connection, reflecting now one phase now 
 another of the action, so in external situations the quality in- 
 herent in the substantive with which Kara is combined is in 
 harmony with now the one now the other of the limitative 
 powers of the q;enitive — the exterior chaiuiel of the action — 
 and helps to determine the function of the case in any setting. 
 Thus, in Kara irerpas ptTrreir the nature of Trerpa suggests the 
 termination of the suspensive, the inception of the separative 
 force of the case, whereas in KaraycAa? /xov the content of /xov 
 raises the notion of retardation of action. In Od. 8. 508 the 
 two functions occur side by side: eV aKpi]<;, Kara irerpaMv ; and 
 this would seem to be the natural order of development : sus- 
 pension, precipitation. Pure genitive involves ablative poten- 
 tiality; ablative implies previous suspensory relation. 
 
 Apart from the sphere of case, the same principle, involving 
 the character and attitude of the subject, seems operative in 
 the relation of oZos to oto5 re and of the final clause to the con- 
 secutive. 
 
 Vni. Disappearance of avd as preposition. 
 
 In the complementary yet subordinate relation which dvd 
 holds to Kara is found perhaps the chief reason for both the 
 beginning and the end of its life as preposition. The associa- 
 tion starts in the earliest language, e. g., II. 3. 355 : y pa /cat 
 
 afnreTraXwv irpoiti ho\i-)(6(JKLov ey^os, | Kal /JaAe Ilpta/xtSao Kar' dcTrtSa, 
 and persists until it emerges in such expressions as avw koto), 
 avw Kal KOLTw, dv(o re Kal kolto}, whose indiscriminate sense is 
 shown by the nature of the actions with which they are regu- 
 larly connected; f. i., Eur. H. F. 953: tpireiv. Bacch. 349: 
 (Tvyx^iv. Ar. Lys. 709: TreptTrareu' (compare 'up and down the 
 porch'). Ach. 21 : cj>€vyeiv. Eq. 866: KVKdv. Dem. 21. 91 : arpe- 
 <l>eii'. Dinarch. i. 17 : fieTaftdWeiv. Plat. Gorg. 481 E, though here 
 also the subordination of dvd is maintained in the order. Kara 
 will have the last word, will lay the correcting hand on its 
 unstable associate. It is the vacillating, passive, temporary 
 character of dvd that fits it as a foil to Kard and unfits it for 
 prepositional use. 'Avd points to conditions external to the 
 action and to the actor, and it is chiefly when, in dramatic 
 situations, the substantive is of such special character as to 
 
50 ANA AND KATA in Composition and with Case. 
 
 harmonize in sense with the particle that the latter leaves the 
 bosom of the verb. The combination with the abstract or 
 semi-abstract noun (Bv/jio^, lBv<i, Kkovo-i, fidxv^ o^iAos. ovAa^ids, 
 <f>6vo<;), relatively unfrequent though this be, is an indication 
 of the particle's uneasiness in exile, its yearning for the return. 
 It paints the picture, but needs the support of the verb. Kara 
 by virtue of its active, independent, dominating nature is 
 equally at home in the stream of the action and with all that 
 is either effected or affected ^ by the action. 'Avd reflects cir- 
 cumstance ; in Kard is written the record of character's control 
 of circumstance. 
 
 'The exception, which excites Cobet's ire (A. J. P. 5. 385). proves the 
 rule. To -7£Xaj' add -apaadai, -Kpiveiv, which are influenced by the be- 
 havior of the uncompounded form. 
 
LIFE. 
 
 The writer was born in Winchester. \'ir<;inia, May lo, 1857. 
 After preparation at the Shenandoah \ alley Academy he 
 entered. October, 1879. the University of X^irginia and there 
 pursued chiefly the study of the classical languages. 
 
 From 1886 to 1896 he was instructor in Latin and Greek in 
 the Episcopal High School of \'irginia. 
 
 In October. 1896. he became a student of the Johns Hopkins 
 University and received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 
 in June, 1899. 
 
 Among the teachers in the Johns Hopkins Univerity to 
 whom it is a pleasure to give public expression of thanks are 
 Professors M. Bloomfield, C. W. E. Miller, and K. F. Smith. 
 
 To Professor Gildersleeve both for his personal friendship 
 and for the unique value of his teaching the debt of gratitude 
 is greatest. 
 
U. C.BERKELEY LIBRA^^^ 
 
 CDM7a3afi3M 
 
i 
 
 hi: ■■=