THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES 
 
 
 
 The RALPH D. REED LIBRARY 
 
 o 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 LOS ANGELES, CALIF.
 
 THE FOSSILS 
 
 PAUEONTOLOGICAL AFFINITIES 
 
 NEOCOMIAN DEPOSITS 
 
 UPWARE AND BRICKHILL.
 
 lontion: C. J. CLAY, M.A. & SON, 
 
 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE, 
 
 17, PATERNOSTER Row. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: DEIGHTON, BELL, AND CO. 
 LEIPZIG: F. A. BROCKHAUS.
 
 THE FOSSILS 
 
 AND 
 
 PAL^EONTOLOGICAL AFFINITIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NEOCOMIAN DEPOSITS 
 
 OF 
 
 UPWAKE AND BRICKHILL 
 
 (CAMBRIDGESHIRE AND BEDFORDSHIRE) 
 
 WITH EIGHT PLATES 
 
 BEING 
 
 THE SEDGWICK PRIZE ESSAY FOR THE YEAR 1879 
 
 BY 
 
 WALTER KEEPING, M.A. F.G.S. 
 
 Speak to the earth, and it shall teach thee : 
 And the fishes of the sea shall declare unto thee.'' 
 
 JOB xii. 8. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE : 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
 1883
 
 ambrtoge : 
 
 PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SON, 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
 
 Geologjf' 
 Library 
 
 PEEFACE. 
 
 THE study of the Neocomian faunas of Cambridgeshire and 
 Bedfordshire has occupied much of my time for some years past. 
 I have had the advantage of watching the course of the 'coprolite' 
 workings from their beginning in 1866 up to the present time, 
 and have constantly been familiar with the large collections that 
 have been made by the Woodwardian Museum, by Mr J. F. Walker 
 of Sidney Sussex College, Mr E. Earwaker of Merton College, 
 Oxford, and other Geologists. 
 
 In the comparison of the fossils with known species it has 
 always been my endeavour to see the original or, failing that, some 
 typical specimen, and to trust as little as possible to bare figures 
 and descriptions. In this work I am much indebted to a number 
 of Geologists for their kind assistance, for the loan of specimens, 
 &c., amongst whom I must particularly mention Mr J. F. Walker, 
 M.A., F.G.S., Mr C. J. A. Meyer, F.G.S., Mr J. J. Harris Teall, 
 M.A., F.G.S., Mr E. C. Davey, F.G.S. of Wantage, and Mr T. 
 Davidson, F.R.S. of Brighton. In continuing the same work of 
 comparison and identification through Holland and Germany I 
 had the advantage of Professor Judd's Paper 1 as an admirable 
 guide, and I am much beholden to Professors Marten of Leiden, 
 R. Lepsius of Darmstadt, Ulrich of Hanover, and Geinitz of Dres- 
 den, and other German Geologists for their kindness and valuable 
 help. 
 
 1 " On the Neocomiau strata of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, with notes on their 
 relations to the beds of the same age throughout Northern Europe." Quart. Journ. 
 Geol. Soc. Vol. xxvi. p. 326. 
 
 G9046G
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 A considerable number of the species from Upware and Brick- 
 hill prove to be as yet undescribed, a fact which was to be expected 
 in so isolated and peculiar a deposit so thoroughly ' episodal ' as 
 Mr Blake would express it as that of Upware and Brickhill. 
 
 In working with the already known species the reference to the 
 original figure has always been made; and I have also given, when 
 possible, references to some few other good figures and descriptions 
 such as may be most useful or accessible to working Geologists ; 
 but no attempt is made to work out the complete synonymy of 
 each species. Such a work can indeed rarely be quite satisfactory, 
 depending, as it must do, to so great an extent upon the com- 
 parison of figures and descriptions only. 
 
 In the nomenclature it will be found that I have in several 
 cases adopted names and used them as of varietal value and not 
 as distinct species- e.g., Ostrea frons, Park, var. macroptera, 
 Sowerby, for it appears to me that such a trinomial system is a 
 growing necessity in many of the larger generic groups, both in 
 recent and fossil organisms. 
 
 Amongst the matters of more general interest worked out in 
 these pages will be found : 
 
 (1) The close palseontological relationship of the Ironsand 
 and Phosphatic series as found at Upware, Potton, Brickhill, and 
 Farringdon. 
 
 (2) The special character of the native forms of life in our 
 Lower Greensand Phosphatic beds : their richness in Brachio- 
 po4s, Polyzoa, and Sponges. 
 
 (3) The influence of different physical conditions upon the 
 characters of the faunas as illustrated by the Upware and Potton 
 fossils (p. 48). 
 
 (4) The presence at Upware of a little batch of species 
 which flourished long afterwards in the Upper Chalk period in 
 the neighbourhood of Dresden (pp. 20, 119),
 
 PREFACE. Vli 
 
 (5) The curious resemblances of the Upware group of oysters 
 to the well-known Jurassic species 0. dilatata, deltaidea, nana 
 and gregaria. 
 
 (6) The profusion of Brachiopod shells, both species and 
 specimens at Brickhill and Upware and the graduation of the 
 various types (species) into one another (p. 22). 
 
 (7) The similarity of the Upware and Brickhill fossils to 
 those of the Neocomian beds of the Brunswick area at Shop- 
 penstedt and Berklingen (p. 73). 
 
 (8) The existence of a large ' derived ' fauna in the coprolite 
 beds, these being to a great extent much worn and otherwise 
 mutilated remains of shells, &c., washed out of the rocks of the 
 old coast lines, of Neocomian to Oxfordian age. 
 
 (9) The very general almost invariable phosphatization of 
 these remains. 
 
 (10) The great similarity of the ' derived ' Neocomian phos- 
 phatic nodules over wide areas. 
 
 (11) The occurrence of a 'derived' Neocomian fauna in beds 
 of very nearly the same age, and the evidence of the rapidity of 
 their fossilization, exhumation and redeposition. 
 
 (12) The evidence that the Vertebrate remains of Upware 
 are, in great part, truly Neocomian species, native to the deposit 
 in which they are found ; while others are derived. 
 
 (13) The curious difficulty in determining the age of some 
 of the Fishes' teeth ; and the probable identity of form of some 
 of the palatal teeth of Jurassic and Neocomian species ; and 
 
 (14) The importance of distinguishing the Downham Market 
 Phosphate Bed from the Ironsand and Phosphatic series as belong- 
 ing to a separate Physical Group (pp. 11, 54). 
 
 My general conclusions as to the age of the Ironsand and 
 Phosphatic series are in near accordance with the opinions of 
 MM. Walker, Teall, Meyer and Barrois, all of whom have placed
 
 viii PREFACE. 
 
 the Upware bed in the Upper Neocomian or Aptien series (Lower 
 Greensand) 1 . There is however some difference of detail between 
 my results and those of Mr Teall. I refer them to a somewhat 
 lower horizon of the Lower Greensand than does Mr Teall, believ- 
 ing them to be of the age of Sandgate and Hythe beds with the 
 lower part of the Folkestone series (Meyer). This distinction 
 becomes important when we take into consideration the views of 
 some Geologists as to the relation of these beds to the superposed 
 series ; for the beds which are known as Upper Folkestone, the 
 mammillaris zone, may well be taken as the basement bed of the 
 gault just as we may regard the Cambridge Greensand as the 
 basement bed of the chalk ; and such I consider is the true aspect 
 of the Downham Phosphate bed. 
 
 But our Ironsand and Phosphatic series (of Upware, Farring- 
 don, &c.) I regard as truly belonging to the lower Group (Upper 
 Neocomian or Aptien) which is very generally separated by a 
 distinct break from the overlying Gault series namely by the 
 ' Great Unconformity ' of Mr Judd as seen in Yorkshire, Lincoln- 
 shire, Hunstanton, Upware and Farringdon. 
 
 1 Professor H. G. Seeley regards them as much older.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 TABLE OF CRETACEOUS STRATA . . xi 
 
 CHAPTER 1. 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS 1 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA ........ 16 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 THE ' DERIVED ' FOSSILS 30 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE RELATIONS OF THE UPWARE AND BRICKHILL DEPOSITS TO OTHER 
 
 BRITISH FORMATIONS 47 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UPWARE AND BRICKHILL NEOCO- 
 
 MIANS 67
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 SPECIAL PALAEONTOLOGY. 
 I. VERTEBRATA. 
 
 EEPTILIA 
 
 PAGE 
 
 70 
 
 PISCES 
 
 80 
 
 II. INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 
 CEPHALOPODA 
 
 84 
 
 GASTEROPODA 
 
 92 
 
 LAMELLIBEANCHIATA 
 
 100 
 
 BOBING SHELLS 
 
 126 
 
 BEACHIOPODA 
 
 128 
 
 
 131 
 
 ECHINODEBMATA 
 
 133 
 
 POLTZOA 
 
 137 
 
 POKIFEBA 
 
 144 
 
 DEBITED FOSSILS 
 
 150 
 
 TABLES OF UPWABE AND BBICKHILL FOSSILS 
 
 157 
 
 INDEX 
 
 165 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES 
 
 169
 
 
 a 
 
 
 as. 
 
 
 
 M M 
 
 s s 
 
 PQ 
 
 A* 
 
 ^bg< 
 fl " 
 Hfl 
 "S-J 
 
 II 
 
 I I 
 
 w
 
 CHAPTEK I. 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 
 
 I. HISTORICAL. 
 
 BEFORE the years 1866 1867 little was known of the forms of 
 life in the Lower Greensand of East-central England. But at that 
 time the "thin and anomalous but highly interesting deposits of 
 Upware and Potton" 1 were found to contain certain gravelly and 
 conglomeratic beds of Phosphatic Nodules in such quantity as to be 
 of commercial value. The work of extracting such nodules and 
 their manufacture into agricultural manure was already an indus- 
 try of considerable extent in the pebble bed above the gault 
 (Cambridge Greensand) in the immediate vicinity of Cambridge, 
 and the same work was soon established, and energetically carried 
 on for some three or four years in the newly found Lower Green- 
 sand 'coprolite' beds beneath the gault at Upware. 
 
 These workings furnished to Palaeontologists unusually good 
 opportunities for the collecting of fossils, in a district which had 
 hitherto been conspicuous for its barrenness in organic remains. 
 Large collections were therefore gathered together, especially by 
 the Woodwardian Museum, by Mr J. F. Walker of Sidney Sussex 
 College and Mr E. P. Earwaker of St John's College. Many of the 
 specimens were found by the collectors themselves upon the pre- 
 
 1 Upware is a small village on the river Cam, about 10 miles from Cambridge 
 and 5 miles from Waterbeach. It is in the parish of Wicken, and the two names 
 Upware and Wicken have both been used, synonymously, in descriptions of this bed. 
 There is a convenient inn, with the sign "Five miles from anywhere. No hurry!" 
 
 K. 1
 
 2 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 
 
 pared heaps of Phosphatic nodules or rejected rubbish, but the 
 great majority were saved by the workpeople whose attention was 
 directed to the " curiosities," and their interest maintained by the 
 usual stimulus. 
 
 After the year 1868, the work gradually slackened and was 
 soon almost entirely discontinued ; but some new workings having 
 been opened near Upware last year the sections are now (Aug. 
 1879) again well exposed to view. 
 
 The Potton deposit did not prove to be very rich in native 
 forms of life but contained much the same kinds of fossil remains 
 as are commonly found upon our present sea beaches (Folkestone 
 for example), that is to say, a large quantity of pebbles and rolled 
 fossils that have been washed down out of the neighbouring cliffs; 
 a few shells which lived upon the spot; and the bones, mostly 
 water-worn, of the vertebrated animals which lived upon the 
 neighbouring lands. 
 
 But at Upware, owing perhaps 'to quieter waters and also to 
 the calcareous nature of the shore line, or reef, of coral rag, a 
 much richer aquatic fauna flourished, the study of whose remains 
 has furnished the principal part of the work of the following pages. 
 In the year 1875, some new phosphatic workings, in beds of 
 the same general character as at Upware, were opened out near 
 the village of Little Brickhill, about 2 miles east of Bletchley 1 . 
 These workings were described by me in a paper published in the 
 Geological Magazine of that year (p. 372), and I have nothing to 
 add to the stratigraphical details of that section; our knowledge 
 of its fauna has however largely increased since then, so that the 
 Brickhill bed is now second only to Upware and Farringdon in its 
 organic richness. Some of the rarer fossils from this place were got 
 from certain calcareous nodular masses which occur scattered 
 through the sands, but most of them were obtained in the usual 
 way here, namely from the workmen, who find and preserve the 
 fossils in the course of their employment of digging and sifting 
 out the 'coprolites' from their sandy matrix; also from the women 
 and children who are engaged as 'pickers' to weed out all the 
 stony rubbish (quartz, Lydian stone, chert, &c.) from the true phos- 
 phatic pebbles before it is ready for the market. 
 
 1 The nodules were found here first by Mr J. J. Harris Teall, of St John's 
 College
 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 
 
 II. ACCOUNT OF THE SECTION AT UPWARE. 
 
 The Upware deposit was first described by Mr J. F. Walker, 
 M.A., in the Geological Magazine (Vol. iv., p. 310), and another 
 account has since been published by the same author, in a foot- 
 note to Dr Lycett's description of Trigonia Upwarensis, Lycett 
 (Monog. Trigoniae Pub. Palaeontographical Society, Vol. xxix., 
 p. 145). An account of the overlying gault accompanied by a 
 woodcut section was published by my father, Mr H. Keeping, in 
 the Geological Magazine, Vol. V., 1868, and the whole subject has 
 received special attention from Prof. Bonney, in his Cambridge- 
 shire Geology, 1875, p. 22, and Appendix I. Also this bed to- 
 gether with the Potton rock formed the subject of the Sedgwick 
 Prize Essay for 1873, by my friend Mr J. J. Harris Teall of St 
 John's College (1875 Pub.). To these various publications I must 
 refer for all special particulars of the stratigraphical characters of 
 the deposit; it will suffice here to indicate the general characters 
 of a typical section, so as to shew the general nature of the deposit, 
 and the relation of the beds to one another, and to the adjacent 
 formations. 
 
 The appended section is in the main similar to one published 
 by my father in 1868 (Geological Magazine). 
 
 (A) Lowermost we have the Coral Rag of Upware, a highly 
 coralline rock as seen in the line of our section, but in some other 
 places it is more compact in texture and more oolitic and arenace- 
 ous in composition. In a large limestone quarry near by this 
 rock is seen dipping to the N.W. at about 4 (recorded by Prof. 
 Bonney). 
 
 (B) Upon this rests (conformably, as there is every reason to 
 believe) the Kimmeridge Clay in its usual character. But for 
 some depth around the present outcrop of the Coral Rag this latter 
 rock has been bared of its covering of Kimmeridge Clay so that 
 the phosphatic bed of the Lower Greensand comes to overlap on 
 to the coral rag. The destructive work of the removal of the 
 Kimmeridge Clay went on during the earlier times of the formation 
 of the Lower Greensand, and one of its results was the production 
 of a curious deposit composed of irregular broken fragments of 
 
 12
 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS.
 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 5 
 
 coral rag mixed up with the clayey material of the Kimmeridge 
 Clay in such a manner that it "actually presents the appearance of 
 Boulder Drift." This deposit is of limited extent, in the line of 
 junction at the base of the Lower Greensand only. 
 
 (C) Then we come to the first definite bed of the Upware 
 Neocomian bed C. 1, of section a pebbly sand and rocky con- 
 glomerate bed about one foot thick. The pebbles are mostly 
 phosphate of lime, together with chert and Lydian stones, vein 
 quartz, quartzite, jasper (less common) and coral rag (still rarer). 
 The quartzites are of very various grain and colour, clear to opaque 
 white, pink, yellow, and sometimes very dark; fragments of iron- 
 stone and iron sandstone are abundant, and some fine grained pink 
 sandstones are occasionally found. All these rocks are very frag- 
 mentary and are more or less worn, some being quite rounded into 
 pebbles, but the majority by far are still angular or subangular in 
 their contours. These different stones, varying in size, mostly 
 between the measurements of peas, beans, and walnuts are mingled 
 together without order in a matrix of sand, with occasional oolitic 
 grains of coral rag origin. Here and there these materials are 
 cemented together by carbonate of lime to form irregular patches 
 and nodules of conglomerate, in which many fossils were found. 
 Each pebble in the hard conglomerate is enveloped in a filmy 
 case of carbonate of lime which has formed around it in the matrix. 
 
 Mixed up with these pebbles are the shells of Mollusca, which, 
 strange to say, are not at all worn but excellently well preserved, 
 although some of them are of a very delicate nature ; and from this 
 bed many of the best fossils were obtained, especially the indi- 
 genous Lamellibranchs and Gasteropoda. The richness of this 
 bed in fossils, its hard conglomeratic character, and the excellent 
 preservation of its shells are probably all connected with its con- 
 tiguity with the coral rag. 
 
 (C. 2) Above the 'lower phosphate bed' just described comes 
 a bed of loose sand, or 'silt,' red and yellow coloured, and composed 
 for the most part of grains of quartz, Lydian stone, chert, and iron- 
 stone. Some of the quartz grains are blue and amethystine. 
 Near the junction lines some irregular masses and nodules of 
 irony and slightly phosphatic sand rock are found, which we again 
 refer to in the sequel. 
 
 (C. 3) Next we come to the upper nodule bed which differs
 
 6 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 
 
 from the lower nodule seam in the slightly paler colour of its 
 phosphatic nodules, and in its scanty supply of carbonate of lime, 
 so that this seam remains constant as a loose pebble bed. 
 
 The pebbles are the same as in the lower nodule bed. Amongst 
 them the cherts and Lydian stones are particularly interesting. 
 These vary greatly in colour, dark green to nearly black being 
 most abundant ; others are of lighter colours of yellowish and 
 chocolate hues. Frequently they are found with bands of colour, 
 or with projecting rings of more durable material. Many of the 
 chert pebbles are, to the naked eye at least, precisely like chalk 
 flints, both black and pale types being common 1 . 
 
 It was in this bed that the workings for coprolites were princi- 
 pally carried on, and from it were obtained > a large proportion of 
 our Brachiopod fossils. 
 
 (C. 4) The upper sand (C. 4) is similar to the lower seam 
 (C. 2) between the two nodule beds, already described. 
 
 (C. 5) The bed of clay next in order has been referred to the 
 gault, but it is probably the representative of a bed of sandy clay 
 or clayey sand belonging to the Lower Greensand which was seen 
 in many of the Upware sections (e.g. the bed numbered (b. 4) in 
 the Spinney Abbey section) as was suggested by Prof. Bonney in 
 1875 (Cambridgeshire Geology, p. 64). This is the more likely 
 because phosphatic pebble beds (see bed Da in woodcut) occupy 
 characteristically the lines of chronological breaks, especially 
 throughout the cretaceous period. 
 
 1 These chert and Lydian stone pebbles are very widely distributed in Neocomian 
 strata. They are found at Upware, Potton, Brickhill, and Farringdon, and in the 
 Bargate Pebble Beds, and they occur in precisely similar condition in the Hils 
 conglomerat of Schoeppenstedt in Brunswick. They are also abundant in the 
 Portlandian pebble bed of Bourton, near Swindon. Larger pebbles also occur, 
 mostly of quartz and quartzite. Some of the pebbles, especially those from Potton, 
 have yielded fossils, including shells, crinoids, <fec. of carboniferous age from the 
 chert ; Jurassic shells and echinoderms from other kinds of chert, and a number of 
 brachiopods (or this, spirifera, &c.) from a pale shaly slate, apparently of age of the 
 middle or Upper Bala group of Sedgwick. The details of these pebbles are given in 
 a paper read before the Cambridge Philosophical Society, May 3rd, 1880, and pub- 
 lished in the Geological Magazine, September, 1880. 
 
 The majority of these pebbles I regard as having been derived from an ancient 
 Palaeozoic barrier axis which in the preceding, or Lower Neocomian period, 
 separated the Northern from the Southern Neocomian seas in Europe, but which 
 was in the time of the deposition of the Iron Sand series suffering rapid denudation 
 and destruction.
 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 7 
 
 Numerous variations from the above type of sections were 
 found in the different workings around Upware. There may be 
 three distinct phosphatic nodule beds and apparently all these 
 may in places unite into one (Walker). The lower bed may be a 
 simple pebble bed instead of being hardened here and there into a 
 conglomerate, and it may be separated from the junction line of 
 the Jurassic rocks by the interposition of a bed of sand. 
 
 For the further illustration of the Upware deposit, under a 
 somewhat different aspect, the new working recently opened out 
 at Spinney Abbey is worthy of being described, for the sections 
 in this border-district of the Upware area have never yet been 
 recorded. 
 
 I observed this section in August, 1879, in company with 
 Mr E. B. Tawney, M.A., F.G.S., of the Woodwardian Museum, 
 when we found the new pits close to a farm some 500 or 600 yards 
 east of the Spinney Abbey Farm. 
 
 The section was as follows: 
 
 ,1 
 
 ft. in. 
 
 (3) Brown surface earth 1 6 
 
 (2) " Head " of blue clay 9 
 
 (1) Irregular gravelly zone, the pebbles being mostly flints and 
 
 coprolites about 3 
 
 (4) Blue, yellow, and coarsely mottled plastic clay, with scattered 
 
 coarse quartz and other sand grains, and numerous sandy 
 concretions 2 
 
 (3) The 'silt bed' a chocolate-brown and yellowish sand passing 
 
 into a sandy clay, which is rather coarse, loose, and like an 
 ordinary shore sand. It consists principally of quartz and 
 iron grains. A few irony sandstone nodules are scattered in 
 the bed. This bed passes gradually into bed (4) 2 
 
 (2) The " Upper Coprolite seam." A pebble bed of phosphatic 
 
 nodules, Lydian stone, chert, quartz, and other pebbles as 
 big as beans, packed in loose iron-coloured sand. Some 
 irony concretions occur in its upper part, where it passes into 
 
 bed (3) 2 
 
 (1) The "Lower Coprolite seam." A thin band where the 'copro- 
 lites' are darker and better than in the upper seam. The 
 sandy matrix is hardened almost to a ' rock ' by carbonate of 
 lime, which was probably derived from the underlying bed (a) 3 
 a A calcareous grit of corallian age. It is a hard, gritty, bedded lime- 
 stone ; grey coloured, with scattered large oolitic grains ; no 
 fossils seen. 
 
 The clay bed, No. 4, looks at first sight very much like the 
 gault clay, but although beautifully ductile it is seen to contain an
 
 8 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 
 
 abundant scattering of large grains of quartz, ironstone, etc.; and 
 many irregular nodules of coarse irony sandstone, as big as potatoes, 
 are also found throughout its thickness. We have then no hesita- 
 tion in referring this bed to the Lower Greensand a conclusion 
 which is further supported by its perfect transition into the 'silt' 
 bed below. 
 
 Also this clay bed yielded specimens of beautifully fibrous fossil 
 wood, reminding one of the Lower Greensand wood of Shanklin, 
 Isle of Wight. 
 
 The fossils of the Upware and Brickhill Neocomians are pre- 
 served, for the most part, in calcite, the mineral being, in some of 
 the zoological groups distinctly crystalline ; some few organic struc- 
 tures have been replaced by limonite, and fossil wood occurs in the 
 usual silicified condition. Of other fossils only the inside moulds 
 and external casts are known, these being formed of ferruginous 
 sandstone, limonite, and phosphate of lime. 
 
 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 
 
 It is of the first importance at once to divide the fossils of these 
 rocks into two great groups. All those which are mineralised in 
 phosphate of lime, together with many of those in limonite are 
 ' derived ' fossils. They are the remains of organisms which never 
 belonged to the Neocomian period itself, any more than a fossil in 
 flint now washed out from the Dover chalk and buried in the 
 sandy shore belongs to our present epoch. 
 
 This separation of the fossils into two groups is, as a rule, as 
 perfectly easy as it is a conspicuous necessity; for the derived 
 fossils besides being characterised by the materials in which they 
 are preserved, belong mostly to Jurassic species, and they occur 
 usually as internal moulds which have been mutilated by attri- 
 tion as they were rolled into pebbles during long years of wear and 
 tear upon the ancient sea beach 1 2 . 
 
 1 Mr J. F. Walker first pointed out that at Potton there are two great groups of 
 fossil remains, which are in this place (a) the indigenous fauna, preserved in 
 Oxide of Iron, (6) the derived fossils, preserved in phosphate of lime. 
 
 3 Mr H. G. Seely has given it as his opinion that all these fossils were natives of 
 the bed in which they are found. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866.
 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 9 
 
 THE PHOSPHATIC NODULES. 
 
 The phosphate of lime nodules are mostly of small size, ranging 
 from mere grains up to masses equal to the double fist. They 
 consist of a dull compact material, the better kinds having a cubical 
 fracture and bearing much resemblance to chocolate cake both in 
 colour and texture. They are about as hard as ordinary limestone, 
 or septarian nodules. 
 
 The colour varies from dark chocolate brown to a pale creamy 
 yellow, these variations depending in part upon the nature of the 
 original rock from which the nodule was derived, but not entirely 
 so, since it is a general rule that the darker 'coprolites' are found 
 towards the bottom of the pit. The darker nodules are said 
 to be richer in phosphate of lime; other varieties of the phosphatic 
 nodules are produced by the varying admixture of sandy matter in 
 them, so that we get all the different degrees of purity from the 
 perfectly homogeneous and compact phosphate, through specimens 
 with more and more abundant sandy particles till we get a very 
 impure phosphatic grit. Mr Walker has pointed out to me that 
 many of the Portlandian species (Cardium dissimile and the Tri- 
 gonice) are commonly found in a dark gritty variety of phosphate, 
 but I am not able satisfactorily thus to separate out the phospha- 
 tised fossils into groups of different ages according to differences in 
 the matrix. 
 
 The phosphatic nodules are either fragmentary portions of 
 larger masses or the casts of fossils. In the latter case the ex- 
 posed outlines are, as a rule, thoroughly worn into rounded surfaces 
 of abrasion, so that the original shape is scarcely, or not at all, 
 recognisable; they are also much tunnelled by numerous boring 
 organisms. These stone-borers were for the most part sponges, 
 worms, and bivalve shells, especially the latter, whose crypts often 
 cover the whole surface of the nodule, leaving the outer zone of 
 the 'coprolite' thoroughly honeycombed. But besides these there 
 are other small markings of very general occurrence upon and 
 throughout the phosphatic nodules whose nature is far more 
 problematical ; namely, certain curious branching, interlacing, 
 undulating or simply straight-crossing structures forming little 
 gutters over the surface of the nodule, and canals penetrating into 
 its substance. Some of these are mere shrinkage cracks and
 
 10 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 
 
 others are the marks of where 'episites' such as serpulae and 
 polyzoa have been attached to the inner surface of the original 
 shell; others again are probably the work of boring creatures, 
 especially sponges, but the great variety and the many peculiarities 
 of type 1 that occur, and their constant association with phosphatic 
 nodules are facts not sufficiently explained by the accumulated 
 work of all the above-mentioned agents 2 . I have however no 
 further explanation to offer. 
 
 An analysis of the coprolites by Voelkler may be consulted 
 in Prof. Bonney's Cambridgeshire Geology, p. 25, where it will be 
 seen that these "red coprolites" contain about 40 or 50 per cent, 
 of phosphate of lime 3 . 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEOCOMIAN COPROLITES. 
 
 The phosphatic nodules are far from being limited to the areas 
 around Cambridge and Bedford, where they have, however, alone 
 been worked. Precisely similar ones are found in the Lower 
 Greensand at Hunstanton, Ampthill, and Farringdon, in the 
 pebble beds at Godalming and Redcliff (Isle of Wight), and in the 
 Tealby section in Lincolnshire. In the last-mentioned locality 
 they form zones of 'coprolites' along the junction lines of the 
 Neocomian series both with the Kimmeridge clay below and the 
 red chalk above*. 
 
 The nodules of the Downham Market coprolite-bed are of 
 quite a different character from these as described in a later page, 
 and we shall find reason for believing this bed to be of a different 
 age from the Upware rock. But crossing the N. Sea to the Bruns- 
 wick area and the Harz of Northern Germany we again find at 
 
 1 I have seen them in the Cambridge Greensand with all the beautiful symmetry 
 of a fern frond. 
 
 2 These structures are found in the Lower Greensand 'coprolites' of Upware, 
 Brickhill, Potton, Farringdon and Schoeppenstedt (N. Germany), and in the more 
 recent phosphatic nodules of Downham Market, the Cambridge Greensand, Bucking- 
 hamshire Gault, and the Mammillaris zone of the Ardennes chain. 
 
 8 The 'Black Coprolites' of the Cambridge Greensand (above the gault) are 
 much richer, containing about 50 60 per cent, of phosphate of lime. 
 
 4 Since the time when I first found these nodules, five years ago, Mr A. J. Jukes 
 Browne, of H. M. Geological Survey, has independently discovered the lower seam 
 above mentioned, in several places, so as to demonstrate its value in stratigraphy.
 
 GENEKAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 11 
 
 Goslar, Schoeppenstedt, and Salzgitter, the same pale red, yellow 
 and brown phosphatic nodules with the same phosphatic casts of 
 Ammonites and Myacites, which could not be distinguished from 
 those at Upware and Potton. 
 
 The contemporaneous Nodules of the Upware and Brickhill 
 Nodule bed. These are utterly insignificant as compared with the 
 ordinary derived nodules; they are not recognised as 'coprolites' 
 by the workmen, and are rejected from the sorted material by the 
 'pickers'. 
 
 Looking over the waste rubbish heaps at the workings we 
 occasionally meet with an irregular or cylindrical nodule of a 
 hardened sandy nature, made up of quartz, ironstone, and phos- 
 phatic grains and fragments, and shewing, more or less distinctly, 
 its phosphatic character on a fractured surface. The amount of 
 phosphate of lime contained in them is very small and there may 
 be none at all distinguishable by the naked eye ; so that at 
 Upware they never merit the title of Phosphatic nodules. They 
 occur in the sandy beds, mostly near the junctions with the copro- 
 lite seams. 
 
 Contemporaneous nodules of the Neocomian period do how- 
 ever occur in very pure forms in other districts. At Speeton, 
 besides the junction coprolite bed resting upon the Portlandian 
 zone they occur scattered through the clay series, so that a number 
 of the indigenous fossils in the shrimp-bed and elsewhere (Meyeria, 
 Ammonites, &c.) are now permeated with and surrounded by the 
 phosphate. Again in the Tealby series of Lincolnshire septarian 
 phosphatic concretions are scattered through the clay-bed beneath 
 the ironstone, being formed around large crustaceans (Hoploparia?) 
 and other fossils as nuclei. In the Hanoverian clay of the Deister 
 we again meet with the contemporaneous phosphate around Meyeria, 
 or in precisely the same condition as at Speeton. But the most 
 important occurrence of contemporaneous phosphatic nodules is 
 at Downham Market, in Norfolk, first recorded by Mr Teall in his 
 Sedgwick Prize Essay, pp. 20, 21. For here they are so rich and 
 abundant that they are worked for manure. 
 
 In Dec. 1876, the section at Downham Market was as follows : 
 (4) Gault becoming sandy towards the base; containing scattered 
 phosphatic nodules or "Militiamen," and phosphatised fossils. 
 Ammonites interruptus, Inoceramus concentricus, etc., 10 ft.
 
 12 GENERAL A.CCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 
 
 (3) The coprolite bed; a yellowish sand sometimes hardened by 
 iron oxide, in which the Phosphatic Nodules or 'Regulars' 
 (as the workmen style them) lie. Fossils. About 1 ft. 2 in. 
 (2) A rock bed or 'carstone,' ironstained, 5 in. 
 (1) Bed, white and green sands; proved by a well-boring to be 
 
 20ft. 
 
 Both the "Regulars" of the true coprolite bed and the "Militia- 
 men" of the gault are pressed into the service of manure manu- 
 facture, and are mixed up together in the heaps of nodules. The 
 'Militiamen' are of the usual gault type, but the 'Regulars' are 
 different from any that we have yet noticed. These are rather 
 large and rounded nodules, but unworn ; and we may distinguish 
 two kinds amongst them (1) those of a dirty white colour, and (2) 
 the dark green ones. Their surface is not smooth as with the much 
 eroded derived nodules of other places, but rough and scabrous 
 with projecting grains of quartz, &c., as though sand had been 
 sprinkled upon a viscid hardening mass. This is especially the 
 case with the pale forms. 
 
 Breaking a nodule to expose a fresh-fractured surface we see it 
 is a quartzose, and even pebbly sandstone of varying coarseness, the 
 grains cemented together by a dense matrix of phosphate of lime 
 and iron oxide. The dark green nodules are of an older date of 
 origin for they are frequently included within the paler ones. In 
 internal structure the two types are similar, but the green ones 
 are perhaps usually more compact, slightly darker in colour, and 
 apparently richer in phosphate than the paler ones. The fossils of 
 the Downham coprolite bed are principally in the state of internal 
 casts in a dark variety of phosphate, more like those of the Cam- 
 bridge greensand and the mammillaris-zone nodules of the south 
 of England and the Ardennes 1 . 
 
 Origin of the ' coprolites.' It is a very general rule that phos- 
 phatic pebble beds are found along lines of ancient erosion and 
 unconformity, the nodules having been derived from the destruction 
 of older rocks. Thus the 'coprolites' of the Suffolk Crag are de- 
 rived from the London Clay and those of the Cambridge Greensand 
 to a great extent from the gault. Just similarly the nodules of 
 Upware and Brickhill have been derived, for the most part, from 
 
 1 The Gault nodules of the Perte du Rhone and the Bala Phosphates belong to 
 the contemporaneous class.
 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 13 
 
 the Upper Jurassic rocks when these beds were being denuded by 
 the work of the Neocomian waters. The evidences of this are 
 plainly written upon the nodules themselves, they being to a great 
 extent the mutilated remains of Mollusca of Oxfordian, Kimme- 
 ridgian or Portlandian species. This being the case one naturally 
 searches these formations for such a supply of Phosphatic nodules 
 as might furnish an accumulation of 'coprolites' like that of the 
 Upware deposit. Now phosphatic nodules do occur in the Kim- 
 meridge clay, as indeed is the case with most of our Mesozoic 
 clays, but they are everywhere very few in number, and the great 
 majority of the Jurassic fossils are not phosphatised at all, this 
 condition being most exceptional. We therefore at once meet 
 with a difficulty in the way of such a theory. Moreover if the 
 phosphatic nodules had been derived, just as they are, from the 
 older rocks, we might reasonably expect that the nature and quan- 
 tity of the phosphate of lime would vary in regular recurrence 
 according to the deposit from which the species was derived, 
 whereas we find that this is not the case. The general character 
 of the phosphate of lime nodules is similar, whether it has come 
 from the Oxford clay, Kimmeridge clay, Portlandian rock, or from 
 the older Neocomian itself, and again nearly all the derived fossils 
 are found in the condition of phosphatic casts. It is therefore my 
 belief that although the phosphatised nodules and fossils were 
 derived from older rocks, yet the phosphatic matter itself was all, 
 or nearly all, of one age, namely contemporaneous with the deposit 
 in which we now find them, that is Neocomian. 
 
 In the words of Mr Walker the "phosphatic nodules had been 
 formed of clay [marl and limestone] soaked in decomposing animal 
 and vegetable matter" and saturated with phosphates. And such 
 is the theory adopted by Mr Teall in his Essay (p. 39) *. A simi- 
 lar case is that of the Ashley phosphates of South Carolina which, 
 according to MM. Holmes 2 and Leidy 3 , are sands and clays of 
 
 1 The formation of the Cambridge Greensand coprolites, which are very 
 different, has been very fully treated of by Prof. Bonney, in his Cambridgeshire 
 Geology, p. 63, but I have long had suspicion that the amount of phosphate 
 has been increased since they left their bed in the gault, because the nodules in the 
 gault are generally softer and appear less rich in phosphate of lime. 
 
 8 The Vertebrate Rocks of S. Carolina, by F. S. Holmes, A. M. Charlestown, 1870. 
 
 3 "Vertebrate Kemains, chiefly from the Phosphate Beds of South Carolina." 
 Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Vol. vm. part 3.
 
 14 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 
 
 Post Pliocene age in which masses of more coherent rock, rich in 
 calcium phosphate are intermingled. The masses are of irregular 
 shape and of all sizes, "from pebbles up to 1000 pounds and more" 
 (Leidy), and they are much tunnelled by Lithophagi. Now these 
 masses, except for their phosphatic elements, are similar to the rock 
 of the underlying Eocene and Miocene formations and contain the 
 same fossils. Concerning their origin Prof. Leidy writes "at this 
 time [when the older Eocene and Miocene Marls were being broken 
 up] or later, neighbouring and superficial islets, the resort of 
 myriads of sea fowl, may have furnished the material which when 
 washed with the ocean and mingled together with the decomposing 
 remains of marine animals, supplied the elements for the conversion 
 of the porous rock marl into the more valuable phosphatic com- 
 pound." Such was the explanation originally offered by Mr 
 Holmes, and suggested, it seems to me, long ago by MM. Way 1 , 
 and Paine who also considered the phosphates to be of organic 
 origin. As a result of their chemical researches these gentlemen 
 write, "That the phosphate of lime has penetrated the various 
 fossils and nodules from without there scarcely exists the smallest 
 doubt." 
 
 Some actual cases of such an addition of phosphatic material 
 to calcareous rocks in very modern times have been described by 
 Prof. Dana 2 as occurring in fragments of coral rock included in 
 guano at Rowland's Island in the Pacific ocean; and another 
 interesting example observed in Cave Ha near Giggleswick, was 
 recorded by Mr J. E. Marr of St John's College in the Geological 
 Magazine for 1876, p. 268. From this account it appears that 
 some stalagmitic layers of carbonate of lime have become phos- 
 phatised by the percolation through them of water which had 
 passed through an overlying organic deposit, made up for the most 
 part of the bones of small mammals and birds (from the pellets 
 of owls, etc.). "The only apparent way," writes Mr Marr, "in 
 which it seems that the travertine could have become phosphatised, 
 is by the percolation of water through the pellet bed, until it was 
 
 1 " On the Phosphoric Strata of the Chalk Formation," by J. M. Paine and 
 J. T. Way. Journal Royal Agricultural Society, 1 Ser. Vol. ix. pp. 5684. 
 
 Mr Godwin Austen believed, 1848, that the phosphatic matter was of coprolite 
 origin. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc. Vol. iv. p. 257. 
 
 a Corals and Coral Islands, p. 283.
 
 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DEPOSITS. 15 
 
 stopped by the stalagmite, which would slowly absorb the water 
 and allow time for the chemical reactions which resulted in the 
 phosphatizing of a portion of it." 
 
 With such additional supporting evidence therefore I have no 
 hesitation in receiving the theory of Mr Holmes as the true expla- 
 nation of the origin of the phosphate of lime in our Neocomian 
 nodules. 
 
 There yet remains however one remarkable fact left quite un- 
 accounted for by this theory, that is, the condition of the derived 
 fossils and fragments from the coral rag of Upware. 
 
 These limestone fragments are not in the least phosphatised, 
 but are quite in their original condition as now seen in the coral 
 rag quarries ; and yet the fragments are imbedded well in the 
 heart of the coprolite bed. I can only suggest that this purer 
 carbonate of lime was uncongenial to the phosphatic matter, which 
 was taken up more readily by the more argillaceous fragments.
 
 CHAPTER IT. 
 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 
 
 OF the proper denizens of the Upware and Brickhill Neocomian 
 sea, we number 176 species, of which 151 occur at Upware, and 86 
 at Brickhill. Nearly all of these are well preserved in calcium 
 carbonate, which in the Gasteropodous and Lamellibranchiate shells, 
 and the Echinoderm tests and spines is distinctly crystalline. They 
 are thus readily distinguished from the derived fossils. 
 
 The detailed account of these fossils occupies the greater part 
 of the following pages, just as the work of their comparison, iden- 
 tification and description has formed the principal labour of this 
 essay. We will however here give some general analysis and 
 summary of the occurrences and development of the various types 
 of life which characterise the deposit. 
 
 The most striking features of the bed are the magnificent 
 developments of the Lamp shells, or Brachiopoda, and its exceed- 
 ing richness in large cup sponges, and massive and dendroid 
 Polyzoa. 
 
 The total number of species of Invertebrata is 161, and many of 
 these prove to be new to science, as indeed we should expect to 
 be the case in such isolated areas and such 'episodal' deposits as 
 our Upware and Brickhill phosphatic beds. 
 
 NATIVE VERTEBRATES. 
 
 The remains of vertebrated animals are not nearly so abundant 
 as in the Potton bed. Two ordinary cabinet-drawers would contain 
 all the vertebrate remains from Upware and Brickhill in the 
 Woodwardian Museum a meagre series indeed as compared with 
 the rich collections of reptile bones found in the Potton district,
 
 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 17 
 
 (see the record of Prof. Seeley, "Index to the Reptilia, etc., in the 
 Woodwardian Museum," Cambridge, 1869). 
 
 An important difference of opinion exists as to the age of these 
 vertebrate fossils, Prof. H. G. Seeley believing that they were all 
 living in the Neocomian sea and the neighbouring lands, while 
 Mr Walker regards them as being derived from the denudation of 
 the Kimmeridge clay, Wealden, and other rocks. The latter is, at 
 present, the generally received theory, but we shall, I think, find 
 reason to believe that our Neocomian bones belong to both these 
 sets, some of them being 'derived,' while a great many of them 
 really lived during the period when their present rock matrix was 
 being deposited. 
 
 Many of the fossil teeth, both of Reptiles and Fishes, are 
 identical with well-known Kimmeridgian species, and yet they 
 are often remarkably free from marks of wave-rolling. 
 
 My impression for a long time was that the vertebrate remains 
 were, with few exceptions, derived fossils, but more recently the 
 arguments of the general likelihood of such reptiles as the Iguano- 
 donts, Crocodiles, and Saurian s having lived on the shores and 
 neighbouring land, together with the good state of preservation of 
 the specimens, have led me to believe that many of them are 
 proper to the bed in which we find them. Still more weighty 
 evidence is the occurrence of certain species (Sphaerodus Neoco- 
 miensis, Pycnodus, etc.) in various other Neocomian areas, widely 
 separated from one another, as, namely, Cambridgeshire, Bedford- 
 shire, and Shanklin (I. W.) in Britain ; the Perte du Rhone, 
 Landeron and elsewhere in Switzerland; and Alais (Gard), and 
 Auxerre (Aube) in France. This cannot be due to the mere 
 accident of specimens being washed out of older formations, for 
 the surrounding and underlying rocks in these places are quite 
 different and unsuitable. 
 
 Again, these fossils are extremely rare in the Jurassic rocks 
 (I have never seen a specimen of Sphcerodus gigas from the Jurassic 
 rocks of the Eastern counties), whereas in the Neocomian beds 
 they are, some of them, quite abundant ; nor is there any such 
 correspondence in proportionate numbers and species in the two 
 formations, the Neocomian and the Jurassic, as should surely 
 K. 2
 
 18 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 
 
 be the case if the fossils of the one were derived from the 
 other 1 . 
 
 Lastly, this belief in the indigenous character of many of the 
 vertebrates was greatly strengthened, and, indeed, became a con- 
 viction, when I again examined the lithological condition of the 
 bones; for most of .these are but slightly, if at all phosphatised, 
 but are impregnated with iron oxide; and yet these are the very 
 fossils which we should most certainly expect to be phosphatised, 
 both because of the presence of phosphate of lime in their original 
 composition and because of their many irregularities of surface 
 which are just the kind of spots where phosphatic matter is most 
 prone to accrete. 
 
 But in examining a large series of the bones, I find that some 
 of them are phosphatised, and very thoroughly phosphatised too, 
 with here and there little masses of phosphatic matter adhering. 
 Examples of this may be seen in the Woodwardian Museum 
 amongst the Ichthyosaur vertebras; in the Pliosaurs (Case vi., a. 
 1 3), and in the Plesiosaurs ; (an example of the latter with ad- 
 herent phosphate may be seen in v. b. 4). It is these, and these 
 only, that are 'derived' fossils, washed out of the Jurassic 
 clays. 
 
 I must here state that in an unassorted heap of the Potton bones 
 the truly derived phosphatised bones would form a much greater 
 proportion than in the cases of the Wood ward ia a Museum, for 
 these being the most worn and least well-conditioned of the 
 specimens, have been to a large extent picked out and rejected 
 from the better collections. 
 
 Of the Cephalopoda we have but very scanty representatives 
 from the Upware and Brick hill beds, but these species are of great 
 interest and importance to us on account of their limited ranges in 
 space and time. Thus the Ammonites Cornuelianus is characteristic 
 of the Hythe beds of the south of England and of the Aptien of 
 southern Europe, and Am. Deshayesii is equally an Upper Neo- 
 
 1 Exx. At Ely, in the Kimmeridge Clay, Gyrodus and Asteracanthua are the 
 most abundant fishes; other Ganoids, such as Ditaxiodus, &c., also occur, but 
 Sphairodus gigas is unknown. On the other hand, in the Neocomian, Ditaxiodus 
 and many other Kimmeridgian fish are unknown, and the Spharodus teeth are 
 some of the commonest fossils. The same argument is equally strong with the 
 Heptiles.
 
 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 19 
 
 comian species both at Speeton and Atherfield in England, and on 
 the continent. But the Belemnites (B. pistiUiformis and B. sub- 
 quadratus) are commoner in lower zones (Middle and Lower 
 Neocomian) at Tealby and Speeton. The new species B. Upwaren- 
 fiis is a very remarkable form. 
 
 Ancyloceras Hillsii, Sby. is characteristic of the Hythe beds in 
 the south of England. 
 
 Specimens are rare of all the species of Cephalopoda, and they 
 are somewhat more fragmentary than is the case with the other 
 groups. The Belemnite guards preserve their original structures 
 of fibrous carbonate of lime 1 , and their upper ends present the 
 powdery, decomposed appearance and the successive off-shellings 
 of the subgenus Actinocamax. The Ammonite shells are changed 
 into crystalline calcite, with one exception, which is a mould in 
 yellowish sandstone. Only one Cephalopod is known from Brick- 
 hill, namely Belemnites subquadratus. 
 
 Of Gasteropoda there are 16 species, six of them being small 
 turbinated shells, prettily ornamented with ribs and granules. 
 Most of the univalves are undescribed species, and consequently of 
 little value in stratigraphical comparisons. The Pleurotomaria 
 gigantea is however a well-known shell in the Hythe beds of the 
 Wealden area, and in the Isle of Wight Greensand ; and the large 
 Nerincea shells are of interest as recalling the French Neocomian 
 types. All the shells are now made up of crystalline calcite with 
 the exception of the large Pleurotomaria, which is an inside cast in 
 coarse sandstone, 
 
 AtBrickhillnogasteropodous shell is known, but the markings 
 of a species of Trochus (?) are found impressed in the base of a 
 polyzoon, Multicreseis Michelini. 
 
 Amongst the 54 species of Lamellibranchiata the Ostreidce are 
 conspicuous, as presenting the most striking forms and being the 
 most numerous in individuals. Such are Ostrea frons, var. 
 inacroptera, Pecten orbicularis, var. magnus, Neithea ornithopus, 
 Kpng. and the little Plicatula Carteroniana. 
 
 The great resemblance of the Upware oysters to those of the 
 Jurassic rocks is very remarkable. A large expanded Gryphoid 
 
 1 At Potion specimens occur changed into peroxide of iron.
 
 20 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 
 
 species is undistinguishable in form from the Oxfbrciian Gryphea 
 dilatata; another shell (a form of 0. Walkeri) has long been labelled 
 Ostrea deltoidea in the Woodwardian Museum, and it is indeed 
 precisely like it; and, again, the little Exogyra Tombeckiana (called 
 E. nana in the earlier lists of Mr Walker) seems to pass into the Ex- 
 ogyra nana of the Kimmeridge clay. The Brickhill oysters are some- 
 what different, 0. macroptera being there represented by 0. carinatfi. 
 It is not inopportune to point out the close resemblance of this 
 latter species also to the Ostrea gregaria of the upper Jurassic 
 rocks. 
 
 The special development of the Arcades at Upware is also 
 noteworthy, and particularly the occurrence of several species of 
 the uncommon genus Pectunculus 
 
 The Opis Neocomiensis and Cyprina Sedgwickii are conspicuous 
 and beautiful fossils at Upware, and the isolated appearance here 
 of several species of such a peculiar group of Cypricardia (C. striata, 
 C. arcadiformis, and C. squamosa Kpng.) is very remarkable ; the 
 more so because one of them is identical with a species described by 
 Prof. Geiuitz from the far-off shore line of the upper chalk ocean at 
 Dresden. 
 
 Small boring bivalves of the Modiola group are abundant, the 
 shells being still in their crypts. 
 
 At Brickhill the Lamellibranchs are much less common than at 
 Upware ; only fourteen species are known there, and eight of these 
 belong to the Ostrccidce. 
 
 BRACHIOPODA. 
 
 The Upware Brachiopoda have been so thoroughly worked out 
 in the published works of Mr Walker and Mr Davidson that it is 
 not necessary here to describe them with the same detail as the 
 other groups. But since the publications of these authors appeared 
 the new workings at Brickhill have yielded us much fresh material 
 for work, including many new and interesting forms and some 
 additional species. 
 
 Both the Upware and Brickhill Neocomian sea bottoms were 
 particularly rich in the 'lamp shells.' They grew so thickly
 
 TITE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 21 
 
 clustered together in places that, being overcrowded, they inter- 
 fered with each other's proper growth and produced abnormal 
 distortions 1 . Brickhill was the metropolis of the Brachiopoda, in 
 Cretaceous times; but still, although the species are so numerous 
 (35 in all), the genera are few, namely, only Terebratula, Waldhei- 
 mia, Terebratella, Kingena (1 sp.), Terebratulina (1 sp.), and 
 Rhynchonella. Amongst these the Waldheimia Woodwardi and W. 
 pseudojurensis, and the species of Terebratella are the most note- 
 worthy as remarkable and characteristic types. Of the Terebra- 
 tellce only two species T. Meyeri n. sp. and T. Davidsoni are common 
 at Up ware; no well-marked representative of the other species 
 having to my knowledge occurred in that neighbourhood. Tere- 
 bratula capillata is remarkable on account of its limited and curious 
 distribution, being only known in these Neocomians, the Red chalk, 
 and the Tourtia of Belgium. Terebratula Upwarensis, T. microtrema, 
 T.prcelonga, T.depressa and T.Montoniana were extremely abundant, 
 but T. Meyeri, Lankesteri and Dallasii are rare. At Brickhill the 
 Brachiopods occurred in the richest profusion, and a noble series of 
 them may be studied in the Woodwardian Museum. The near 
 relationship of the Brickhill species to the Upware group is incon- 
 testable, all the Upware species except Waldheimia Woodwardi, 
 Terabratella Meyeri and T. capillata having been found here also. 
 The most noteworthy points of difference are the much greater 
 development of the Terebratulas at Brickhill (T.Keepingi isunknown 
 elsewhere), the presence of Kingena rhomboidea and Terebratulina 
 striata, and the absence of the species aforementioned. It may be 
 observed that these Brickhill species, absent from Upware, are 
 more southern forms, known at Farringdon, or in the "Wealden area 
 at Godalming and Hythe. The tables of distribution are, in the case 
 of the Brachiopoda, built up almost entirely from the authority of 
 Mr Davidson, and Mr Walker, Mr Meyer and M. Barrois, or from 
 rny own comparisons ; for the continental records are in such con- 
 fusion as to be quite untrustworthy. 
 
 1 Mr Walker possesses a specimen of T. Meyeri in which the irritation pro- 
 duced by the working of a boring shell has caused a pearl to be formed in its 
 interior.
 
 22 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 
 
 On Varietal and Intermediate Forms amongst the species of 
 Brachiopoda. 
 
 It is a matter of general experience in working amongst the 
 more prolific families and genera of organic types that the bound- 
 aries of our recognised species are found to be most shadowy and 
 evanescent. In any particular species we have the well-marked 
 typical specimens, but we also meet with a number of 'intermediate 
 forms,' specimens 'not well marked,' with the specific characters 
 ill-defined, and approaching an allied type. Unfortunately these 
 specimens are, as a rule, rejected by collectors as troublesome and 
 unworkable, and are therefore stowed away in boxes amongst the 
 duplicates and lost sight of. This is a most regretable custom, by 
 which we have already lost a mass of valuable material. The 
 value of the work of separation of species and the discrimination of 
 their special characteristics are not likely to be underrated by the 
 Geologist and Naturalist, but the discovery of their relations to 
 one another and the determination of the positions they have 
 occupied in the development of the great life groups is likewise 
 a noble work, and a work not only of profound interest to the 
 Biologist, but one that we may also hope to be of great value even 
 to the Geologist in determining the relative ages of rock -beds. 
 
 The acquisition of large numbers of Brachiopods from the rich 
 collecting grounds of Upvvare and Brickhill have furnished us with 
 unusually good opportunities for working out the meaning of these 
 variations amongst the species of Terebratula, &c. At Upware 
 many of the species are well defined, as Terebratula Upwarensis, 
 Waldheimia Woodwardi, Terebratella Meyeri, and T. Davidsoni; 
 but some species are so freely connected that an ordinary small 
 collection cannot, to our satisfaction, be completely separated out 
 into its several species. Such are, for example, Terebratula depressa, 
 T. prcdonga, and T. microtrema. But it is at Brickhill that these 
 intermediate forms are most conspicuous and important; from this 
 locality the Woodwardian Museum has accumulated upwards of 
 15,000 specimens of Brachiopods, and from these I have selected a 
 series of specimens and arranged them upon tablets, to shew the 
 relations of the species to one another, as shewn by intermediate 
 connecting forms, in the following manner:
 
 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 23 
 
 GENUS TEREBRATULA. 
 
 Terebratula Cantabrigiensis (Walker) 
 
 | ( -cyrta( Walker) 
 
 depressa-j 
 
 ( niniplicata (Walker) 
 
 Seeleyi (Walker) 
 
 -Dallasii (Walker) 
 
 praelonga (Sow. 
 
 Lankesteri (Walker) 
 
 | - *-extensa (Meyer) 
 ) < 
 
 microtrema ( Walker) 
 
 ! ( ...... Meyeri (Walker) 
 
 Moutoniana (d'Arch.) 
 
 sella (Sow.) 
 Tornasensis (d'Arch.) 
 
 ,, Upwarensis (Walker). 
 
 Explanation. The arrows indicate the lines of variations and probable de- 
 velopment. The dotted lines signify less perfect continuity and connexion. 
 
 This series may be studied in the drawers of the University 
 collection, Cambridge. 
 
 Amongst all these species the connecting morphological varie- 
 ties are by no means equally evident or of equally frequent occur- 
 rence. Between prcelonga and microtrema the connecting varieties 
 are very abundant, so that in any dozen specimens, casually taken, 
 one is pretty certain to meet with the difficulties of separation; 
 and indeed through all the linear series in the plan from T. Can- 
 tatoigiensis to T. microtrema, the passage is simple and clear. 
 Again, the varietal offshoots from depressa (cyrta and uniplicata), 
 and the lateral branches from prcelonga, known as Lankesteri and 
 Dallasii, are satisfactorily connected with the main stock. But 
 much more searching and much greater care is required to estab- 
 lish the series between T. Meyeri and T. Moutoniana; nor is the 
 result so satisfactory as in the other cases; it is in fact remarkable 
 that it proved to be much more difficult to arrange a series between 
 these two somewhat similar shaped shells than between the far
 
 24 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 
 
 more diverse microtrema and depressa. In the original description 
 of T. prcelonga and microtrema it will be found that their different 
 microscopic shell-characters are much insisted upon as serving to 
 separate these two species from one another; the shell tubules in 
 the latter species being much smaller than usual, whence the 
 specific name was given: but as with the other characters so here, 
 there is every intermediate variety, and indeed I find both types 
 of structure in the same shell. Thus every character fails in an 
 attempt to find definite and unvarying points of distinction between 
 the several species. 
 
 The appended Table is the result of the same kind of work 
 amongst the long-looped genus : 
 
 WALDHEIMIA. 
 Waldheimia celtica (Morris) 
 
 Wanklyni, var. angusta (Walker) 
 
 Wanklyni, var. elliptica (Walker) 
 
 I 
 
 faba (d'Orb.) (?) 
 
 pseudojurensis (Leym.) "many varieties -new species 
 
 (Hughesii Kpng.) 
 
 tamarindus (Sow.) 
 
 Juddii (Walker). 
 
 In this table all is plain sailing from W. celtica through the 
 forms of Wanklyni to the flattened varieties of pseudojurensis, and 
 no one will dispute the continuity of the series through the 
 many varieties of the last-named species, with digonal and elon- 
 gate forms, inflated and rounded, or thin and flattened, and in- 
 cluding the new type, W. Hughesii (Keeping). From this point 
 the chain of passage to Waldheimia tamarindus is somewhat 
 strained, and is perhaps not really true in nature, but from the 
 latter species we pass on again without break or difficulty to 
 arrive at Waldheimia Juddii (Walker). 
 
 The Waldheimia Woodwardi (Walker) remains isolated, belong-
 
 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 25 
 
 ing as it does to quite a different type from any other of the 
 Upware and Brickhill species. It is the extreme form of the 
 Idppopus group, whose nearest occurrence is at Tealby, in Lincoln- 
 shire. The plan 
 
 Waldheimia hippopus > W. Walkeri " W. Woodwardi 
 
 may indicate the line of evolution of this species. 
 
 The species of the oblonga group of Terebratella fall into line 
 with perfect ease in the order indicated in the following table : 
 
 TEREBRATELLA. GROUP A. 
 Terebratella Keeping! (Walker) 
 
 Davidsoni (Walker) 
 oblonga (Sow.) 
 
 1 
 
 Meyeri (Keeping) 
 
 ,, Fittoni (Meyer). 
 
 and moreover I find such variations amongst the allied continental 
 species that it is clear to me that with the help of a good measure 
 of specimens these also could be readily adjusted to fit into our 
 developmental series. Thus, we have in Germany, T. oblonga, 
 Puscheana and Beaumonti, and in France and Switzerland, T. 
 Meyeri [1] and semistriata. This group of Terebratella is markedly 
 characteristic of the Lower Cretaceous rocks all over Europe. 
 
 Of the straight hinged types of Terebratella transition forms 
 occur which bind well together the two species 
 T. Menardi 
 
 T. trifida, 
 
 but we have at Upware and Brickhill no traces of any passage of 
 the two types oblonga and Menardi into one another. 
 
 After having thus studied our materials with respect to their 
 interrelationships, it becomes a matter of special interest to inquire 
 into the general results and their meanings, and the interpretation 
 of those points of difficulty where our chains were weakest.
 
 26 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 
 
 Now our most troublesome points were in the connexion be- 
 tween Moutoniana, microtrema, and sella ; between microtrema 
 and Meyeri ; and between Waldkeimia pseudojurensis and W. 
 tamarindus. Now if from the groups of Terebratula and Wald- 
 heimia we select all the species that are known in rocks of older 
 date than our Midland Neocomians, we shall have Ter. Moutoniana, 
 T. depressa and T. sella, Waldheimia tamarindus and W. pseudo- 
 jurensis, all of them occurring in the Middle Neocomian of other 
 districts, and some in the Lower Neocomian. Now these are pre- 
 cisely the species where we have failed to establish a perfect series 
 of connecting links, where our chain seemed weak or broken 1 . 
 These species had acquired their special characteristics of form in 
 an earlier period and remained distinct. 
 
 The same was doubtless true of the Terebratellffi, for these fall, 
 not into one group but into two, and these two types must have be- 
 come differentiated and fixed before the period of our Brickhill 
 deposit, and so of course remained distinct as separate local main- 
 stocks. 
 
 It is noteworthy that at Upware, and indeed all other places 
 known to me, the species of Brachiopoda maintain much more dis- 
 tinctness and isolation from one another than at Brickhill. And 
 from this fact one might expect to find that the Brickhill fauna 
 flourished at a slightly earlier date than that at Upware, and 
 acquired diverse developments into well-marked types ; and these 
 spreading outwards from this centre of dispersion to other areas 
 (Upware, Potton, etc.), afterwards maintained their special deve- 
 lopments of form with all the fixity which commonly obtains in 
 specific characters. 
 
 In examining the gradational series arranged on tablets in the 
 Woodwardian Museum it should be borne in mind that these 
 tablets do not pretend to be complete in their every connexion at 
 each point. Indeed it is scarcely possible to arrange a perfect 
 lineal series. The characters to be considered are very numerous 
 in each species, and, in the absence of the ideally perfect con- 
 necting specimen, intermediate in all its points, it must suffice in 
 
 1 It is worth recording that the arrangements here described had been com- 
 pleted and the points of difficulty here noticed were recognised before the idea of 
 their connexion with the earlier appearance of certain species had suggested itself 
 to me.
 
 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 27 
 
 places to consider here one character and there another, and thus 
 demonstrate the variability of each character by itself. Thus the 
 series, though made somewhat more cumbrous, yet serves scarcely 
 the less to illustrate a conviction which steadily and powerfully 
 grows upon one in the course of many years' constant familiarity 
 with a multitude of specimens. 
 
 While thus pointing out the mutability of the forms of Brachio- 
 poda it is perhaps worth while observing that the value of the 
 species is thereby in no way decreased, but on the other hand is, I 
 believe, considerably increased both to the Naturalist and Strati- 
 graph ist. 
 
 Whether we call our various forms varieties, races, types or any 
 other name, the facts of the great constancy of our recognised 
 ' specific ' types, and their limited distribution in space and time 
 still remain to us : our characteristic species are as useful as ever 
 they were ; while on the other hand we shall have added a most 
 important help to the determination of the relations of rock beds 
 to one another when we can recognise the true meaning of allied 
 genera, species and varieties. 
 
 Nor can I leave this part of the subject without referring to 
 those false specialists of late years who, to shield their own half- 
 knowledge of a subject, seem to be content in making loud pro- 
 fessions of their belief that " there are no such things as species." 
 These persons, it seems to me, are ignoring the house because the 
 scaffolding has been taken away. They fail to see that the old 
 values remain unbroken, when viewed in the new lights, and still 
 less are they able to perceive the added virtues. Nor can they 
 appreciate the laborious training of the modern Naturalist and 
 the increasing importance of his work. 
 
 POLYZOA. The Polyzoa of Upware and Brickhill are remark- 
 able for the rich development of the large arborescent forms. The 
 Ceriopora (Echinocava] Rawlini is a peculiar coralloid type, originally 
 described from the Ardennes but not uncommon at Upware. Rep- 
 tomultisparsa Haimiana is a Swiss species, but the Heteropora 
 coalescens is a North European form described by Reuss from the 
 Unterer Quader ( = Upper Chalk) of Saxony, near Dresden. The 
 great amorphous, nodulose masses of Ceriopora are amongst the 
 most striking of the Upware fossils ; but of the ordinary types of 
 creeping and encrusting Polyzoa scarcely a trace has been found.
 
 28 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 
 
 The full number of species known is 26, 18 from Upware and 
 8 from Brickhill. 
 
 ANNELIDA. Amongst the Worms tine species of the Genus 
 Serpula are common, and the Vermicularia Phillipsii occurs both 
 at Upware and Brickhill. The Serpula articulata (Sowerby) is 
 the representative of the S. vertebralis of the Oxford Clay. 
 
 ECHINODERMATA. The Echinoderms are few but interesting. 
 A single specimen of Peltastes Wrightii has occurred at Upware, 
 and at Brickhill it flourished in good numbers, but its full de- 
 velopment was realized still further south, at Farringdon. The 
 Pseudodiadema are fine and abundant from Brickhill. 
 
 SPONGES. This group was nobly represented in the Neoco- 
 mian formation at Upware. Beautiful cup sponges of the group 
 CatagmiddB (the old Manon) flourished around the Upware Coral 
 Bank, belonging to the genera Catagma, Elasmostoma, Verticillites 
 and others ; altogether they number eight species. Eleven species 
 have occurred at Brickhill. The Upware sponges were remark- 
 ably limited in their distribution, all the good specimens having 
 been found within the area of some two or three fields; unless 
 indeed it be that they have been destroyed elsewhere by the 
 percolation of water, which is improbable. 
 
 The curious septate and siphuncled sponge Verticillites reached 
 its greatest development in these deposits, three distinct species 
 (two of them new) having lived at Upware ; and the strange- 
 looking fragments of the coarse mesh-work of Pachytiloda are also 
 worthy of note. At Brickhill most of the species are the same 
 as at Upware, but two new forms appear with narrow elongated 
 cloacal cavities, which I refer to the genus Peronella (Zittel). 
 
 Allthesespongesbelongto the group of Vermiculata (O.Schmidt), 
 the " Schwamme mit Wurmformigen Gewebe " of Roemer, so 
 named from the vermiculate appearance of the anastomosing fibres 
 of which these sponges are composed ; but at Brickhill another 
 species belonging to the beautiful group of Hexactinellidce or Vitrea, 
 has also been found, namely Plocoscyphea pertusa, a species de- 
 scribed by Geinitz, and occurring in the Quader Sandstein, near 
 Dresden. 
 
 The classification of sponges is now undergoing a complete
 
 THE INDIGENOUS FAUNA. 29 
 
 reformation in the hands of Professor Zittel, in Germany, and 
 MM. Carter and Sollas, in England. 
 
 The old system of founding genera and families upon such 
 characters as the simple or compound habit of the sponge, the 
 openness or closeness of the cup, presence of epitheca, or according 
 as the oscular openings were on the concave or convex surface, 
 has resulted in the present utter confusion of nomenclature. Such 
 characters were, indeed, often not even of specific value. 
 
 Unfortunately the modern reformers are not yet in harmony 
 with respect to the nature of the group of sponges to which most 
 of those at Upware and Brickhill belong. All the sponges from 
 these beds (as also from Farringdon) now consist of carbonate of 
 lime. Every fibre as now found is made up of that material, and 
 Professor Zittel, having regard to this fact, and attaching especial 
 importance to the occurrence of triradiate spicules in the fibres, 
 regards them as having been likewise originally calcareous sponges, 
 as they are now, in spite of their being so different from all the 
 living representatives of the Caldspongidce. Mr Sollas, on the 
 contrary, giving more weight to the preponderance of simple 
 bacillar spicules in the fibres, argues that all the spicules were 
 originally silicious. That such a replacement of silica by car- 
 bonate of lime has often occurred in Nature, especially amongst 
 the sponges, is recognised on both sides, so that the dispute affects 
 only this particular group. In this connexion the discovery of the 
 silicious hexactinellid sponge Plocoscyphea is of especial interest, 
 for no one will contest the original flinty composition of this 
 sponge, whilst now its most delicate structure is beautifully pre- 
 served entirely in carbonate of lime. Thus Mr Sollas' theory of 
 substitution receives some special support from our Brickhill 
 fossils ; but we must leave this question to be settled as time goes 
 on and new experience is gained. 
 
 We can however no longer rest content with the old methods 
 of classification, but must in future base our classification firstly 
 upon the nature and form of the constituent fibres and spicules, 
 using only with great caution the features of external form, in- 
 tramural canals, and surface oscula as generic characters. " The 
 microstructure of the skeleton alone is of decided importance for 
 the determination of all sponges," are the words of Professor Zittel 1 . 
 1 Translated by Mr Dallas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hint. 1879, p. 366.
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 
 
 THE remains of fossil organisms which have been derived from 
 the destruction of older rocks are very numerous in all the copro- 
 lite pebble-beds of Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire. Referring 
 to my notes on some pits near Ampthill I find "the coprolite heap 
 looks like one mass of Ammonites Uplex, mostly worn and frag- 
 mentary," and in all cases a large proportion of the coprolites shew 
 traces of the outlines of shells. 
 
 The vast majority of the derived fossils are preserved in phos- 
 phate of lime, but the Ammonites of the Oxford clay are composed 
 of limonite and some of the fragments of fossil-wood are silicified. 
 The vertebrate fossil remains are more or less impregnated with 
 oxide of iron or phosphate of lime, but we find some difficulty in 
 deciding exactly to what extent these are derived, and which are 
 native to the deposit. 
 
 The Coral Rag fossils from the neighbouring rock at Upware 
 have not been phosphatised at all, but retain their original character 
 although they occur well in the nodule-bed amongst a mass of 
 other phosphatised fossils. 
 
 The proper shells of the derived fossils are usually lost, and 
 the casts themselves have suffered much from trituration on the 
 old sea shore, the burrowing work of boring shells, &c. 
 
 The present condition of these phosphatised fossils will best be 
 understood from a description of a typical example. Two of the 
 commonest are Ammonites biplex and a Myacites. The former 
 occurs as a discoidal mass of oval or elliptical shape, like a mineral 
 concretion, but in it one or more whorls of the Ammonite may 
 here and there be marked in shadowy outline. No fragment of
 
 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 31 
 
 the shell itself is left upon the exterior, and only faint traces of the 
 ribs of the inside cast remain. The umbilicus is filled with an 
 irregular mass and protuberant lumps of phosphate of lime, often 
 exhibiting fragments and impressions of other fossils. No abrupt 
 shell-aperture now breaks the contour of the body, all this having 
 been worn down flush with the general outline. Thus the action 
 of the waves has changed the beautiful Ammonites biplex into an 
 unsightly mass; and the work of mutilation has been further 
 carried on by crowds of worms, sponges (?), Lithodomi, Area-like 
 shells, Pholadidea and such rock-boring animals, whose empty 
 crypts now stud the surface of the relict of the Ammonite and its 
 adherent phosphate. But within this mass the inner shell-whorls 
 have been protected and saved from destruction by the older enfold- 
 ing coils; and often, under a stroke of the hammer the central part 
 will jump out in all its original freshness, a brilliant new birth 
 glistening, it may be, with a charming play of iridescent colours 
 from its pearly shell layer. 
 
 The other example is a bivalve shell of the Anatinidce, com- 
 monly referred to Myacites. Here the shell is totally lost, and the 
 original outline of the interior phosphatic mould has been to a 
 great extent destroyed by wave-action, the umbo, pallial border, 
 and all the margin being completely denuded into rounded outlines. 
 
 The Upware phosphates are smaller and very much more 
 worn than those of Bedfordshire. 
 
 The derived fossils belong to various ages, ranging at least 
 from the Neocomian to the Oxford clay inclusive. 
 
 I. THE 'DERIVED' NEOCOMIAN FOSSILS. 
 
 A. The Phosphatised Forms. 
 
 One of the most surprising facts connected with our Upware 
 deposit is the occurrence of undoubted Neocomian species as de- 
 rived fossils. Ammonites Deshayesii and two species of Ancylo- 
 ceras occur at Upware in as thoroughly phosphatised and battered 
 conditions as the Ammonites biplex and other species of the inferior 
 Jurassic rocks. In both cases the shells have been fossilized in their 
 original sediments and washed out of the old sea cliff or sea bed, 
 just as fossils are now washed out and scattered along the beaches
 
 82 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 
 
 of our present sea lines. There they were broken into fragments 
 and rolled into pebbles till they found a resting-place and were 
 buried in the accumulating sediment together with the true abori- 
 ginal shells that had lived in the Neocomian sea. Lithologically 
 I am not able to distinguish the derived Ammonites Deshayesii of 
 the Neocomian from the Am. biplex of the upper Jurassic. 
 
 The following is a list of the phosphatised Neocomian derived 
 species: Ammonites Deshayesii, Leym.; Ammonites, smooth species; 
 Ancyloceras, sp.; Hamites,sp.; Gervillia linguloides, Forbes? Thetis 
 minor, Sby.; Terebratula ovoides, Sby.; Terebratula ovoides, var. 
 rex, Lankester. 
 
 At Potton we meet with the same list of species with, in addi- 
 tion, fragmentary phosphatised specimens of Ancyloceras gigas. 
 In the Tock of Heligoland similar, though usually smaller, frag- 
 ments of the same Ancyloceras are found upon the shore. But the 
 richest of these derived phosphatised Neocomian faunas is that of 
 Hunstanton, where the following species were collected for the 
 Woodvvardian Museum: Perna Mulleti (some of them derived, but 
 some look like natives); Pleurotomaria ; Ammonites Cornuelianns 
 Forbes; Ammonites Martini (Forbes) ; Ammonites Deshayesii (Leym.); 
 Ammonites, sp. ? (allied toKoenigi); Ammonites, sp. 2; Ancyloceras 
 gigas (Sow.}; Ancyloceras (tuberculated species); Nautilus, sp. 
 
 B. The Dark-grit Types of Derived Neocomian Fossils. 
 
 A peculiar, dark-coloured grit rock, containing a special fauna, 
 occurs at Upware in the form of derived pebbles and boulders. 
 The same rock is found in precisely similar condition in the Potton 
 sands of Bedfordshire and the lower red sands of Hunstanton, in 
 Norfolk. 
 
 The Upware and Potton blocks may be described as hard, 
 ragged-looking lumps of most irregular form but with eroded 
 surfaces: the unevenness is produced by the fossils, which here 
 project into angles, and there leave hollows where they have fallen 
 away. It is a moderately fine-grained stone, the constituent 
 particles being quartz and ironstone, cemented together with iron 
 oxide. It may be to some slight extent impregnated with phos- 
 phate. Generally it is crowded with casts of fossils. The Upware 
 blocks were small, and yielded the following species: Cerithium
 
 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 33 
 
 f/ranidatum,. Phill.?; Solarium Neocomiense, d'Orb. ?; Trochus sp. 
 (also at Shanklin, M.); Trigonia Vectiana, Lycett; Trigonia, sp. ; 
 Mytilus lanceolatus, Sby.; Thetis minor, Sby.; Perna Mulletti,Sby.; 
 PernaRicordeana,d'Or\).; Pecten orbicular is, Sby.; Cucullcea errans, 
 Keeping ; Cucullcea Donningtonensis, Keeping. There is good 
 reason to believe that Terebratula ovoides, Sby. and T. ovoides var. 
 rex, Lankester, likewise belong to this fauna, although at Upware 
 they are commonly found in a thoroughly phosphatised condition. 
 
 So crowded are the fossils in this rock that one small block of 
 it from Upware, now in the Woodwardian Museum, exhibits speci- 
 mens of Pecten orbicularis, Sby., Thetis minor, Sby., a small triangu- 
 lar bivalve, and Trigonia Vectiana, Lye. At Potton these blocks 
 have been found with many of the same species, and in addition, 
 FissurellaNeocomiensis,d'Orb.; Pecten striatocostatus, Goldf.?; Lu- 
 cina; Leda; Cardium? small species; and Fossil-wood, with the 
 woody fibres beautifully seen. 
 
 At Hunstanton large masses of exactly similar rock as big as 
 large cannon-balls are found in a zone beneath the carstone and above 
 the clay (see Wiltshire, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Vol. xxv. p. 188). 
 
 From these blocks we have in the Woodwardian Museum the 
 following species: Hamites or Ancyloceras, small species with a 
 double row of spines along the back ; Scalaria; Tornatella; Sola- 
 rium Neocomiense, d' Orb.; Pecten orUcularis, Sby.; Nucula; Lucina; 
 Cardium subhillanum, Leym.; Cythercea Orbigniana; Goniomya 
 Rauliniana, d'Orb.; Scrobicularia phaseolina, Phill.; Corbula; and 
 Pholadomya, and other species from the same rock are probably 
 included in the list given by Mr Etheridge in the paper by the 
 Rev. T. Wiltshire already cited. 
 
 The similar rock above referred to as occurring in the Isle of 
 Wight is found in the upper part of the Lower Greensand at 
 Horseledge, Shanklin, and at Blackgang Chine, and here it 
 contains, like the Upware blocks, the casts of Thetis minor. 
 The palaeontological resemblances of these two rocks are however 
 not so great as the lithological, for out of thirty species only seven 
 are known to be common to the two. The fragments of fossil- 
 wood are much alike in all these places. 
 
 Again, a very similar dark grit occurs in the Uppermost Lower 
 Greensand at Folkestone, containing Thetis minor and other small 
 bivalves, Mytilus and fossil-wood. 
 
 K. 3
 
 34 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 
 
 The subjoined table gives a list of all the fossils known from 
 the Neocomian Black Grit rock, with some notes on their distribu- 
 tion elsewhere. 
 
 FOSSILS FROM THE DARK GRIT BLOCKS. 
 
 A mmonites sp. (collection J. F. Walker) ... ... ... IT. 
 
 Hamitea, or Ancyloceras, small species with double row of 
 
 dorsal spines ... ... ... ... H. 
 
 Emarginula Neocomiensis, d'Orb., of the Shanklin and Ather- 
 
 fieldbeds P. 
 
 *Trochus, small ornamented species ... ... ... ... P.H. 
 
 Trochus, also at Shanklin, Meyer ... ... ... ... U. 
 
 Scalaria ... ... ... ... ... ... ... H. 
 
 Tornatella H. 
 
 Cerithium, muricated species ... ... ... ... U. 
 
 Pecten orbicularis, Sby., Hilgay (Teall) H. 
 
 striato-punctatus, Roemer (Wiltshire) ... ... P.H. 
 
 *Perna Mulletti, Desh U.H. 
 
 * JRicordeana, d'Orb. ... ... ... ... ... TJ. 
 
 Nucula, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... H. 
 
 Leda P. 
 
 *Cardium subhillanum, large form ... ... ... ... U. H. P. 
 
 Also occurs in the Donnington sands (Tealby), Shanklin, 
 and Punfield (Meyer). 
 
 Small triangular bivalve U. H. P. 
 
 *Thetis minor, Sby., of Shanklin U.P. 
 
 *Cythercea Orbigniana, Forbes, of Shanklin ; and the Crackers, 
 
 Isle of Wight H.S. 
 
 Lucina U.P.H. 
 
 *Goniomya (?) 
 Pholadomya Raulimana, d'Orb. of the Albien, Ardennes; also 
 
 at Nutfield (Meyer) and Tealby H. 
 
 ? Scrobicularia phaseolina, Phill. ... ... H. 
 
 Pholadomya ... ... ... ... ... ... ... H. 
 
 Panopcea Neocomiensis, Leym. 
 
 Corbula H. 
 
 *Cucullcea errans, Kpng., also at Herrimere, and (?) in the 
 
 Tealby series at Claxby U. 
 
 * ,, Donningtonensis, Kpng., also in Lower Neocomian, 
 Tealby district U. 
 
 *Mytilus lanceolatus, Sby. ... ... U. 
 
 Trigonia spinosa, Park. ... ... ... ... ... U. 
 
 * Vectiana, Lycett, of Shanklin and A therfield ... TJ. 
 *[Terebratula ovoides, Sby. var. occurs in the Herrimere rock, 
 
 and is found phosphatised at Upware, Brickhill and 
 Potton] ILP. 
 
 U indicates the dark grit blocks at Upware. 
 P Potton. 
 
 H Hunstanton.
 
 THE ' DERIVED ' FOSSILS. 35 
 
 On certain Boulders of Neocomian Grits which occur in the East 
 of England. 
 
 Some clue to the origin of the dark fossiliferous grits which we 
 have just been considering, may, I believe, be obtained by studying 
 the boulders of green grit which have been found in various locali- 
 ties on the surface in the gravels of the east of England. So long 
 ago as 1812 this rock was made known in the description of Tere- 
 bratula ovoides by Mr J. Sowerby from "blocks of sandstone con- 
 taining greensand" (Mineral Conchology, Vol. I., p. 227, pi. 
 100), found in "some parts of Suffolk." I have found the same 
 rock-boulders containing abundantly the same fossils at South 
 Wiilingham, in Lincolnshire, and near the inn at West Dereham, 
 Downham Market, Norfolk. The last-named block yielded, besides 
 the Terebratula ovoides (Sby.) aLucina and Pecten orbicularis (Sby.). 
 Mr Teall in his Essay (pp. 22, 23) cites other localities, namely, at 
 Southery, and in a pit at Hilgay, Norfolk, where he found several 
 such blocks of sandstone with the fossils "Panopcea Neocomiensis, 
 Pecten orbicularis, and Terebratula depressa." And Mr E. Ray 
 Lankester also mentions a gravel-pit at Thorpe, Suffolk, another at 
 Snape, and the Drift at Stow Bardolph. 
 
 I have lately found that several large boulders around Cam- 
 bridge belong to the same set. The great corner-stone by the side 
 of a cottage close by the Coton public-house contains good speci- 
 mens of Pecten orbicularis and Belemnites subquadratus, some of 
 the latter very large ; and from other boulders in the farm next to 
 the rectory at Hardwick I obtained Pecten orbicularis and Pinna. 
 
 But the most important of these boulders (as I believe it to be), 
 was dredged up from the bed of the Cam some few years ago at a 
 place called Herrimere between Upware and Ely, where it was 
 found by Professor Seeley and Mr Earwaker, and described by Mr 
 E. Ray Lankester in his paper on "A new large Terebratula occur- 
 ring in E. Anglia," in the Geological Magazine for May, 1870, 
 p. 410. In this paper we are told that the matrix is "a fine sand- 
 stone conglomerate, closely resembling the matrix from Thorpe and 
 Snape, and having small black pebbles scattered through it." 
 
 The specimens are in the Woodwardian Museum. It is a 
 curious grey sandstone, full of fossils, and the contained pebbles are 
 Lydian stones and rolled phosphatic fragments which have been 
 
 32
 
 36 THE ' DERIVED ' FOSSILS. 
 
 much penetrated by lithophagous mollusca. Altogether the 
 pebbles are very similar to those of the Upware Neocomians. 
 
 Terebratula ovoides, Sby., and other fossils, were found by Mr 
 Seeley. 
 
 Thus in all these localities extending from S. Willingham in 
 Lincolnshire to Cambridge and Suffolk we have a set of similar 
 rock boulders containing Terebratula ovoides and T. rex. But the 
 Herrimere mass is of particular interest, because besides the Tere- 
 bratula it contains a number of other species which serve to fix the 
 geological age of the original deposit. These are, Belemnites, sp. ; 
 Terebratula ovoides (Sby.); *Cucullcea errans (Keeping); *Pecten 
 striato-costatus (Roemcr); *Pecten orbicularis (Sby.); * Li ma long a 
 (Roem.)?; Pholadomya; Lucina (same species as at W. Dereham) ; 
 Trigonia (Mr Ray Lankester) ; *Exogyra Tombeckiana (d'Orb.) ; 
 *Avicula macroptera? (umbo large, ribs stout and rounded). 
 
 In the notice of this rock in the Geological Magazine above 
 referred to the importance of its fossils, as helping to settle the age 
 of the grit boulders, was fully recognised, but I cannot find any 
 proof that the rock occurs "in situ beneath the bed of the Cam," 
 as there stated on the authority of Mr Seeley; nor can I admit 
 that the fossils "agree with the stratigraphical position of the bed 
 as the very highest of the oolites." Notwithstanding the long- 
 continued work of dredging in the bed of the Cam, the rock has, I 
 believe, never presented itself but on this one occasion, and as to 
 its stratigraphical position a glance at the map will show that it 
 lies between the coral rag of Upware and the Kimmeridge clay of 
 Ely. Again, its fossils, such of them as give any evidence at all, 
 point to the Neocomian age. Six of the species are, I believe, 
 cretaceous, namely, those marked with an asterisk in the list. 
 
 Now of the Herrimere boulder fossils the two most special and 
 characteristic species also occur as derived fossils in the Upware 
 coprolite bed, namely Terebratula ovoides, and the Cucullcea emans 
 of the dark grit; and the latter species is unknown in any other 
 rock. I believe therefore that both sets of boulders, those now 
 imbedded in the lower greensand of Upware and those scattered 
 about the country in gravels and surface drift, were all derived 
 from the same parent rock. 
 
 Other links in the chain of evidence are afforded by the 
 second species of Cucullcea, C. Donningtonensis n. sp. and the
 
 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 37 
 
 large Cardium suUiillanum from the Upware dark grit fragments, 
 for both of these are found in the Lower Neocomian sands of 
 Donnington, in Lincolnshire. At this place, scattered through 
 the lower green-coloured sands (Lower Neocomian of Judd), 
 are large masses of hard- cemented greensand-rock, whose litholo- 
 gical characters are similar to the various boulders we have been 
 describing. And we have seen that they contain some of the same 
 fossil species, I conclude therefore (1) that the various blocks of 
 greenish grit with Terebratula ovoides are of the same age as the 
 derived fragments of dark grit in the Nodule bed at Upware, Potton, 
 and Hunstanton; and (2) that they are all of Neocomian age, 
 having been derived from a deposit closely connected with that of 
 the Lower Neocomian sands of Lincolnshire, whose loose sandy 
 materials being removed, the harder masses were left ; some of them, 
 perhaps, like 'sarsen stones,' never having been far removed from 
 the place of their original construction, while others have been 
 carried as 'drift' to greater distances. I believe, then, that the 
 original home of Terebratula ovoides and T. ovoides var. rex was in 
 the Neocomian seas, and not in the upper oolite. 
 
 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE 'DERIVED' NEOCOMIAN 
 FOSSILS. 
 
 The presence of these 'derived' Neocomian fossils has had 
 curiously different influences upon different observers, according to 
 the different aspects in which they have been regarded. The 
 Rev. T. Wiltshire, looking upon them as indigenous fossils, came 
 to the conclusion that the Hunstanton carstone and ironsands 
 were of the age of the Atherfield clay; Mr Teall, seeing that 
 they were derived fossils, was, it would seem, thereby influenced 
 to consider the Upware and Potton beds of later date than the 
 horizon to which I believe they truly belong ; whilst Mr Godwin 
 Austen and Mr Seeley, recognising them as Neocomian species, 
 and believing them to be indigenous, and seeing also their 
 close correspondence in appearance and preservation to the 
 Jurassic species (Am. biplex, &c.), concluded that these latter 
 likewise were " denizens of the old sea-bed." As proceeding from 
 this belief we have their theories of the cretaceo-oolitic age of the 
 Farringdon and Potton series.
 
 38 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 
 
 In the subjoined table the principal species of the derived 
 Neocomian fossils are given, together with an account of their 
 distribution in space and time : 
 
 Aneyloceras gigas, Sby. Atherfield clay ; Aptien of Bedoule, Bouches 
 de Eh6ne (d'Orb.). 
 
 Ammonites Cornueliamis, d'Orb. Aptien of Paris area ; Upware, 
 Neocomian; Atherfield?; Hythe, Perte du Rhdne, Aptien ; Ber- 
 nese Alps. 
 
 "A characteristic Aptien species," Pictet and Renevier. 
 
 Ammonites Martini, d'Orb. Aptien, Paris area; Atherfield clay, 
 beds 12 29, Fitton (Forbes and Ibbetson); Constantine, Africa, 
 Upper Neocomian ; Beausset, Var. Up. Neocomian. 
 
 Ammonites Deshayesii, Leym. Atherfield clay, beds 6 10, Fitton ; 
 Aptien, Paris area ; Speeton, Upper Neocomian ; Brunswick, 
 Up. Neoc. ; Folkestone, Junction Bed ; Constantine, Africa ; 
 Beausset, Var. Up. Neoc.; Pyrenees, urgo- Aptien. 
 
 Perna Mulletti, Desh. Neocomian proper of Paiis area ; in England 
 mostly in the Upper Neocomian, Atherfield clay, and Cement 
 beds of Speeton ; Teal by, Mid. Neocom. ; Schoeppenstedt, Lower 
 Neocomian ; Landeron, Lower Neocom. ; Switzerland, Valengien, 
 Urgouien. 
 
 Perna Ricordiana, d'Orb. Neocomian proper of Paris area ; Ather- 
 field beds, Shanklin sands, St Croix, Perte du Rhdne, Aptien. 
 
 Thetis minor, Sby. Shanklin, Speeton, Upper Neocomian. 
 
 Gardium subhittanum, Leym. Upware, Neocomian ; Neocom. proper 
 of Paris area ; Switzerland, Valengien ; d'Arzier, Landeron, 
 Marnes d'Hauterive, Lower Neocomian. 
 
 Trigonia ornata, d'Orb. Hythe ; Atherfield Perna bed ; Perte du 
 Rhdne, Aptien. 
 
 From this list we see that some of the derived species are 
 actually of late Neocomian or even Aptien age. But the indige- 
 nous fossils prove the Nodule beds themselves to be of Aptien age. 
 
 The same kind of anomaly seems to exist in the Neocomian 
 rocks of Mont Saleve, where the fossils are casts of Neocomian 
 shells, &c., and the Serpula and Polyzoa have attached themselves 
 to the surfaces of these casts a circumstance which M. de Loriol 
 states he is unable to explain 1 . 
 
 Here then we are in a difficulty, for the history of a derived 
 fossil is usually a long and important one, identical indeed with 
 that of unconformity. We read its story as having lived its day 
 in the seas of its birth, and been buried in the accumulation of 
 sediment, when the surrounding rock penetrated it and it became 
 
 1 See de Loriol, p. 5, "Mont Salfcve."
 
 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 39 
 
 fossilized. Then by a series of changes which are commonly 
 interpreted as first an upheaval and then a depression of the 
 land, the rock formations were removed, so that the imbedded 
 fossil shells were exposed and carried down to the shore, to be 
 battered by the waves and otherwise injured by destroying agents, 
 the whole process requiring a long period of time. 
 
 But just as a rock unconformity is often simulated by and 
 may be confounded with false bedding, so also I believe the story 
 of a derived shell may be greatly exaggerated by such an account 
 as that given above. Many of the cases of derived fossils, including 
 those we have under consideration, seem scarcely to admit of so 
 prolonged a history as this ; otherwise we should be obliged to 
 refer our Midland Neocomians to at least as late an age as the 
 gault, which is impossible. 
 
 I think we must admit that a very thorough fossilization 
 may go on far more rapidly than is generally supposed. The rapid 
 metainorphism of the interior of coral reefs is a well-known fact, 
 and many other very modern deposits are quickly hardened into 
 'rock' especially in the presence of iron or carbonate of lime 1 . 
 Rolled nodules of coal occur in the coal measures, and concretions 
 are well formed in modern bogs. In the 'Challenger' dredgings 
 concretions were found spread over the bottom of the deep sea. 
 Just so, I believe, was the case with our Neocomian rocks, which 
 contain derived Neocomian fossils. The ferruginous and phos- 
 phatic concretes were formed quickly after the formation of the 
 rock, and, afterwards, some such alteration as a change of level 
 or a variation in the strength or direction of the ocean currents, 
 caused the sediments to be torn away again, and the older or- 
 ganisms were redistributed as 'derived* fossils in immediately 
 subsequent deposits. 
 
 Looking to the geographical distribution of these derived 
 fossils in the Neocomian rocks, we find that the Cephalopoda are 
 essentially Southern species belonging to the Anglo-Gallic area, 
 whereas we have found in the grit boulders evidence of a northern 
 origin. This mixture is not surprising when we reflect that at 
 this period the advancing southern sea had overwhelmed the 
 Wealden estuary and spread itself northwards over the Eastern 
 
 1 I have seen glacial moraine matter hardened into a strong breccia on mountain 
 bog lands.
 
 40 THE ' DERIVED ' FOSSILS. 
 
 Counties where the two seas, northern and southern, gradually 
 approximating, at last surged together and fused into one con- 
 tinuous Upper Neocomian sea. [And this, be it noted, would be 
 almost sure to increase erosion, as there would be currents from 
 the one sea to the other. There is more than one way in which 
 depression means erosion. T. G. B.] 
 
 THE DERIVED FOSSILS OF THE WEALDEN. 
 
 I am not aware of any undoubted remains of Wealden fossils 
 having occurred in the Upware and Brickhill deposits, but in the 
 intermediate area, at Potton, rolled fragments of Endogenites have 
 been found in considerable numbers ; also certain fragments of 
 sandstone in the collection of Mr J. F. Walker are very similar to 
 the Lower Cretaceous Sands (Wealden probably) of Shotover Hill, 
 Oxford. So that, as pointed out some years ago by Professor 
 Morris, it is probable that the Wealden rocks once formed part of 
 the shore line of the Neocomian sea beyond their present limits up 
 to the north of Brickhill ; but we have no reason to believe they 
 ever extended so far as Cambridge. 
 
 It is the opinion of some geologists that the remains of Land 
 Vertebrates at Upware and Potton were derived from the de- 
 nudation of the weald. This theory I cannot support, for some of 
 the specimens are beautifully preserved, being scarcely worn at 
 all ; and the bones are not highly phosphatised, but are com- 
 monly impregnated with iron oxide. Moreover, the shore line and 
 land were close by, and we know that the Iguanodonts continued 
 to live on during Lower Greensand times. Therefore I regard 
 the great majority of these reptile remains of Potton and Upware 
 as having belonged to animals which lived and died during the 
 period of the Iron Sands and Coprolite Nodule beds. Some of 
 the Saurians and Crocodilians are exceptions to this rule, having 
 been washed out of the Kimmeridge Clay, and there are many of 
 them distinguished by being in a more highly phosphatised con- 
 dition, with, occasionally, adherent lumps of phosphatic matter.
 
 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 41 
 
 THE DERIVED FOSSILS OF THE PORTLANDIAN. 
 
 At Swindon the Portlandian rocks appear under two very 
 different aspects. Below, we find the true marine Portlandians, 
 t at the top we meet with ' dirt beds ' and freshwater limestone 
 interst ratified with the marine limestones. For this latter set of 
 beds I use the name Swindon Series 1 . 
 
 A. The Swindon Series. 
 
 Remanie materials from the destruction of the Swindon series 
 are not conspicuous either from the Upware or Potton Neocomian 
 deposits, and they have not hitherto been recorded ; but at Brick- 
 hill undoubted fragments of the Upper Swindon Limestone are of 
 frequent occurrence. Anyone who has worked in the great 
 1 The section exposed in the Swindon Quarry in 1875 was as follows : 
 
 h. Greensand, Neocomian? 
 
 g. Limestone bed with casts of Portlandian fossils. It varies rapidly in 
 
 thickness. 
 /. Limestone with profusion of fossils, moulds and casts, of Portlandian 
 
 species, Cythercea rugosa, Cardium dissimile, Cerithium Portlandi- 
 
 cum, &c. 
 
 e. Thin clayey bed, much contorted in the quarry. 
 E 
 
 d. Bed of cherty rock and band of purer chert with freshwater fossils of 
 Purbeck species [?] Valvata? Varies much in thickness. This bed 
 is identical in appearance with some of the true Purbeck series. 
 L c. The dirt bed. 
 
 Unconformity 
 
 g x C 6. Great series of sand rock, and some sand; in places false bedded. 
 
 Fossils few (Trigonia, Ostrea). 
 g 2 [_ a. Hard limestone, made up of a great extent of the casts of shells. 
 
 The beds a and b are thoroughly Portlandian, but in beds c to g we find some 
 beds of Purbeck type. The chert bed and cherty limestone at d are just like those 
 of the true Purbeck series, and one would unhesitatingly so call them were they 
 not overlain by the limestone/ and g, which are again Portlandian. But the latter 
 beds are of greater importance in geological classification, being, in the language of 
 Mr Blake, the more normal type, whereas the freshwater beds are truly episodal. 
 The marine limestones / and g are not like the marine beds of the Purbeck series, 
 bvit are truly Portlandian. And what we have here is the record of the gradually 
 diminishing but oscillating stages of the latest Jurassic sea, when land and fresh- 
 water conditions resulting in formations of the Purbeck types were produced in 
 Portlandian times. To this latter set of beds, ranging from c to g inclusive, I 
 apply the term Sicindon series. If we could trace this series southwards we should 
 doubtless find it passing up into the true Purbecks, which were laid down when the 
 boundaries of the old Jurassic sea had become much more limited.
 
 42 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 
 
 Swindon Quarry will readily recognise the same rock and fossils 
 (though now somewhat changed by being impregnated with phos- 
 phate of lime) among the Brickhill pebbles. Its specially 
 characteristic fossil is the Astarte cuneata of Sowerby, arid with 
 these, associated in the same blocks, occur Litorina sp., Trigonia 
 (small), Lucina sp., Myacites (very inequilateral sp.), Natica, Litho- 
 domus, and Ammonites biplex ; the latter with the pearly lustre of 
 its shell well preserved. 
 
 Several of the Portlandian species mentioned below (e.g. 
 Cardium dissimile, Trigonia gibbosa and Lucina Portlandica) 
 may also have been derived from the same bed, for they are all 
 found together in the Limestone of the Swindon series. 
 
 The rock as now found at Brickhill is a rather pale chocolate- 
 coloured phosphate, with many coarse grains of sand. 
 
 To the freshwater beds of this same series I would refer the 
 many fragments of silicified wood found at Potton and Brickhill. 
 
 From Upware the evidence of this series is less satisfactory. 
 Some much rolled and worn casts of bivalves may pertain to the 
 Astarte cuneata, but this is very doubtful, and I cannot consider 
 that we have any conclusive evidence of the former existence of 
 any part of the infra-cretaceous fluviomarine series, either Port- 
 landian, Purbeck, or Wealden in this area. 
 
 B. The Portlandian Fossils. 
 
 The Portlandian species that have been recognised (some of 
 them doubtfully) at Brickhill are the following : Ammonites 
 giganteus (Sby.) ; Ammonites biplex (Sby.) ; Myacites; Modiola, 
 sp. ; Cyprina; Cardium dissimile (Sby.); Myoconcha Portlandica 
 (Blake) ; Trigonia gibbosa (Sby.) ; Trigonia incurva (Sby.) ; Pho- 
 ladomya tumida (Ag.) 
 
 Buccinum naticoides and Lucina Portlandica occur, I believe, 
 at Upware. 
 
 Mr Walker has pointed out to me that many of these fossils 
 (Cardium dissimile, &c.) occur in a very gritty phosphate, but 
 they cannot be easily separated off from the other derived fossils 
 by lithological characters. 
 
 I am inclined to think that a large proportion of the derived 
 species of the Upware and Brickhill Neocomians were washed out 
 of old coast lines made up of these uppermost Jurassic rocks.
 
 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 43 
 
 The absence of Ceritkium Portlandicum, tlie " Portland Screw," 
 is noteworthy, but may be accounted for by the fragile nature of 
 the casts of these shells. 
 
 KlMMERIDGE CLAY FOSSILS. 
 
 Kimmeridge clay fossils are amongst the most abundant of our 
 derived shells. The following have been recognised : 
 
 Belemnites explanatus,~P\u\\..; Ammojiitesbiplex,Sby.', Ammon- 
 ites Kcenigi, Sby. ; Pleurotomaria reticulata, Sby. ; Trochus, sp. 
 and other Gasteropoda (Alaria, Chemnitzia, &c.); Gervillia avicu- 
 loides, Sby.; ? Lima Iceviuscula, Sby.; Cardium striatulum, Sby.; 
 Myoconcha Scemanni ; Astarte Hartwelliensis, Sby. ; Myacites re- 
 curva, Phill. ? ; Myacites, sp.; Serpula tricarinata (affixed to the 
 Belemnites). 
 
 These are all (except the Belemnites) internal casts in a phos- 
 phatized condition. 
 
 Besides these invertebrate species the Kimmeridge clay seems 
 to have furnished, by its destruction, some of the vertebrate 
 remains now found in our Neocomians. I have no doubt that 
 many of the Saurian remains are of Kimmeridge clay origin, 
 amongst which some of the Ichthyosaurs, Plesiosaurs, and Pliosaurs 
 are the most certain. Our 'Potton sand' specimens compare 
 well with Jurassic species, and we have, besides, other positive 
 evidence of Kimmeridge clay remanie material amongst the Mollus- 
 can remains. The Upware bed has furnished us with the teeth of 
 Pliosaurus brachydeirus, both the three-sided and rounded forms, 
 precisely like those of the Ely clay-pit (Kimmeridge clay); the 
 Dakosaur teeth are likewise identical, and some of the Plesiosau- 
 rian, Ichthyosaurian, and Crocodilian teeth have probably the 
 same origin. 
 
 It will however be remembered that very many of the reptiles 
 of our Ironsand and Phosphatic beds were living in the Neocomian 
 period, and are true natives of the deposit. 
 
 Amongst the Fishes are some extremely well-preserved teeth 
 and jaws belonging to Sphcerodus, Gyrodus, Pycnodus, Strophodus, 
 and the spines of Aster acanthus, which are absolutely undistinguish- 
 able from the Jurassic species. Many of these are, in my opinion, 
 'derived' fossils of Jurassic age, but I fail fully to separate out 
 these from others which certainly swam in the Neocomian sea.
 
 44 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 
 
 Besides these there are Hybodus (dorsal spines, teeth, and 
 Sphenonchus), Otodus, Acrodus and Chimceroids, all of which would 
 be inscribed by Mr Walker amongst the 'derived' fossils. 
 
 CORAL RAG. 
 
 At Upware the Coprolite bed rests, in places, upon the Coral 
 Rag, which was broken up by the waves so as to form a rubbly 
 zone of fragments along the line of junction (see the section, p. 4) 
 so that the origin of the following species found in the Upware 
 Neocomians is not far to seek. 
 
 Chemnitzia Heddingtonensis, Sby. ; Cerithium muricatum Sby. ; 
 Gryphea dilatata, var.; Ostrea gregaria; Exogyra; Pecten vimi- 
 neus; Lithodomus inclusus; Opis corallina; Unicardium ; Hemi- 
 cidaris intermedia (flattened form); Pseudodiadema hemispheri- 
 cum ; Cidaris Jlorigemma ; Echinobrissus scutatus-; Holectypus 
 depressus; Glypticus hieroglyphicus ; ? Apiocrinus or M illericrinus. 
 
 Now it is a remarkable fact that these fossils have not become 
 phosphatised but retain their original condition as seen in the 
 Coral Rag pits near by. 
 
 But between Upware and Brickhill the Coral Rag is not 
 developed as such, being represented by some coeval argillaceous 
 clay deposits (the Ampthill clay of Prof. Seeley), and it is not 
 unlikely that some of the species such as Gervillia aviculoides and 
 Lima, Iceviuscula, which we have placed in other lists, may have 
 been derived from rocks of this age. 
 
 THE DERIVED FOSSILS FROM THE OXFORD CLAY. 
 
 This formation must have formed a considerable part of the 
 shore line of the old Neocomian sea, for in many places the Iron- 
 sand and Nodule beds rest upon it. The Ammonites of this age 
 as found at Upware and Brickhill are characterised by being pre- 
 served in oxide of iron (Limonite) and never phosphatised as those 
 of the Kimmeridge clay and others are. 
 
 The Oxfordian species include: 
 
 Ammonites biplex (d'Orb. non Sby.); Area concinna ; Phola- 
 domya Phillipsii ; Modiola bipartita; Rhynchonella varians, var. 
 socialis. r
 
 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 45 
 
 There was no Oxford clay exposed within some few miles of 
 Up ware, but yet the little Ammonites there are perfectly well 
 preserved. 
 
 General. From the presence of these remanie materials of 
 Oxfordian to Neocoinian ages inclusive and from the nature of the 
 rock, it is clear that the Upware and Brickhill deposits were formed 
 along the neighbourhood of a shore whose coast consisted of the 
 upper and middle Jurassic rocks. In pre-cretaceous times the 
 Kimmeridgian and probably the Portlandian rocks extended from 
 Dorsetshire to Yorkshire, and the Purbeck and Wealden conditions 
 also had a greater spread than now, probably reaching as far as 
 Potton if not to Upware. The old coast line ran from S.W. to N.E. 
 along a line to the west of Calne, Warminster, Farringdon, Oxford, 
 Potton and Cambridge to our present Wash, and thence trending 
 N.W. ran up into Yorkshire. 
 
 The following lists include all the derived species known to 
 me from Upware and Brickhill. 
 
 I. THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS OF THE UPWARE DEPOSIT. 
 
 Belemnites, Phragmicoe of Nerincea. 
 
 abbreviates, Miller. Aporrhais. 
 
 explanatus, Phill. Turritella or C/wmnitzia. 
 
 Nautilus, sp. Exogyra (Coral Rao;). 
 
 Ammonites biplex, Sby. Gryphea dilatata, Sby. var. Coral 
 
 ,, cordatus, var. Marice, Rag, &c. 
 
 d'Orb. Ostrea gregaria, Sby., Coral Rag. 
 
 Ammonites biplex, d'Orb., of the Lithodomus inclusus, Phill., Coral 
 
 Oxford clay. Rag. 
 
 Ammonites Deshayesii, Leyra. Modiola, sp. 
 
 small smooth species Perna Mulletti (in dark grit). 
 (? Neocomian). Ricordiana, d'Orb. 
 
 Ammonites Kcenigi, Sby. (collection Pecten vimineus, Sby., Coral Rag. 
 
 J. F. Walker, M.A.). Unicardium, Coral Rag. 
 
 Ancyloceras, sp. (J. F. W.). Opis Corattina, Coral Rag. 
 
 sp. in gritty phosphate. Pectunculus, ribbed species, in 
 
 JIa mites. phosphate. 
 
 Chemnitzia Heddingtonensis, Sby. Trigonia incurva, Sby. ? 
 Cerithium muricatum, Sby. gibbosa, Sby. ? 
 
 Litorina (in dark grit). Cardium striatulum, Sby. 
 Cerithium (ditto). dissimile, Sby. 
 
 Pleurotomaria reticulata, Sby. Lucina Portlandica, Sby. 
 
 ,, sp. Cyprina, large species. 
 
 ? Buccinum naticoides, Sby. Myacites, of Portland oolite, and 
 Natica, 2 sp. Kimmeridge clay.
 
 46 
 
 THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS. 
 
 Cyrena rugosa, Sby. 
 
 Area, or Macrodon. 
 
 Pholadidea. 
 
 Astarte 1 (a Portlandian species). 
 
 cuneata, Sby. 
 Terebratula ovoides, Sby. 
 
 ,, var. rex, Lan- 
 
 kester. 
 Serpula tricarinata, Sby. (attached 
 
 to Belemnites explanatus, Phill.). 
 Column of Crinoid (Apiocrinus 1). 
 Milkricrinus 1 
 
 Hemicidaris intermedia, Flem. 
 Pseudodiadema hemisphericum Ag. 
 Cidarisjlorigemma, Phill. 
 
 Echinobrissus scutatus, Gmel. 
 Holectypus depretsus, Lam. 
 Gli/pticus hieroglyphicus, Goldf. 
 
 Vertebrates : 
 
 Sphcerodus gigas, Ag. 
 
 Pycnodus. 
 
 Gyrodus. 
 
 StropJwdus. 
 
 Hybodua. 
 
 Asteracanthus. 
 
 Plesiosaurus, several species. 
 
 Plwsaurus, several species. 
 
 Ichthyosaurus. 
 
 Dakosaurus. 
 
 IT. THE 'DERIVED' FOSSILS OF BRICKHILL. 
 Those marked with a star (*) are not known to me from Upware. 
 
 Belemnites. 
 Ammonites biplex, Sby. 
 
 the Ox- 
 
 ford Clay variety. 
 Ammonites giganteus, Sby. ? 
 
 Lamberli, Sby. 
 
 Turbo, sp. (from the Kimmeridge 
 
 clay). 
 Pleurotomaria reticulata, Sby. 
 
 -_ > S PP" 
 
 Aatwa. 
 
 Chemnitzia. 
 
 Aporrhais. 
 
 Lima. 
 
 Iceviuscula, Sby. ? 
 *Gervillia aviculoides, Sby. 
 Area, sp. 
 
 concinna, Sby. 
 * Astarte Hartwdliensis, Sby. 
 
 cuneata, Sby. (of the 
 Swindon series). 
 Astarte, sp. 
 *Myacites recurva, Phill. 
 
 sp. 
 
 Modiola (Portlandian, sp.). 
 * bipartita, Sby. 
 Cythercm. 
 
 Thracia depressa, Sby. 
 Cardium striatulum, Sby. 
 Lucina, 
 Myacites. 
 
 *Myoconcha Scemanni. 
 
 Portlandica 1 Blake. 
 
 Pholadomya Phillipsii, Morris. 
 
 ovalis, Sby. 
 
 Cyrena (Cythercea) rugosa, Sby. 
 
 of the Purbeck Oolite. 
 Trigonia gibbosa, Sby. 
 incurva, Sby. 
 
 S P- 
 Rhynchonella varians, var. sociale, 
 
 Dav., of the Jurassic clays. 
 Rhynchonella, 2 sp. 
 Terebratula ovoides, Sby. 
 
 Vertebrates, Fish : 
 
 Asteracanthus. 
 
 Sphenonchus. 
 
 Pycnodus. 
 
 Sphcerodus gigas, Ag. 
 
 Edaphodon. 
 
 Otodus ] vertebrae of. 
 
 Reptiles : 
 
 Dakosaurus. 
 Ichthyosaurus. 
 Pliosaurus. 
 Plesiosaurus. 
 
 Fossil wood : 
 Silicified.
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE RELATIONS OF THE UPWARE AND BRICKHILL 
 DEPOSITS TO OTHER BRITISH FORMATIONS. 
 
 OUR first care in considering the relations of the Upware and 
 Brickhill deposits to other British rocks, is to establish the close 
 relationship of these two deposits to one another. This is no 
 difficult task. Homotaxially the beds are similarly placed, and 
 there are many points of rock resemblance between them, amongst 
 which the identity of the included phosphatic nodules is the most 
 striking. But it is of the fossils that we have particularly to in- 
 quire, and these establish with decision the same fact of the close 
 affinity of the two deposits. Out of the 86 species found at Brick- 
 hill, 61 are common to the Upware Bed. The numerous types of 
 Brachiopoda, so special and limited in their distribution, which are 
 common to both areas, are of themselves a sufficient witness of the 
 nearness in age of the two deposits, only three of the Upware 
 species being absent from Brickhill. Of the Brickhill Polyzoa all 
 but two are found at Upware ; and the sponges tell the same story, 
 the Elasmostoma (Manori) macropora, Catagma porcatum, and 
 Verticellites clavatus, species so restricted in space and time, being 
 common to the two. Amongst the other organic groups the re- 
 semblances are however not so striking. 
 
 The state of preservation of all the fossils in the two localities 
 is so precisely similar that the most practised eye fails to separate 
 them out with certainty from a mixed lot. 
 
 Between the Upware and Brickhill areas is another well known 
 place, Potton in Bedfordshire, where the Neocomian Phosphatic 
 nodules have been worked for some years. This locality has been
 
 48 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 
 
 well described by MM. Brodie 1 , Seeley 2 , and Walker' and its 
 close connexion with the Upware bed has been recognised by all. 
 
 The indigenous fauna of Invertebrates at Potton is scanty, but, 
 so far as it goes, is the same as that at Upware. There are 21 
 species in common, mostly (13) Lamellibranchiata, including Cyprina 
 Sedgwicldi and Plicatula Carteroniana; also there are seven species 
 of JBrachiopoda, all of them Upware types : but all these fossils 
 were rare at Potton though so very abundant in the other two 
 districts. 
 
 That the two faunas, Upware and Potton, do not agree even 
 more precisely with one another is doubtless due in great part to the 
 different physical conditions which obtained in the two areas. Pot- 
 ton was no doubt nearer to the shore line of the ancient Neocomian 
 sea than were Upware and Brickhill, and therefore the land animals 
 are much more abundant in the former place. Also a further 
 difference was due to the near presence of a great calcareous mass 
 (the Coral Rag) at Upware, which was wanting at Potton. A 
 number of important differences have resulted from this fact of the 
 abundance of carbonate of lime at Upware, for this served not only 
 to favour the growth of animals with calcareous supporting struc- 
 tures, but also furnished excellent matter for their petrification and 
 permanent preservation. At Potton, where the lime was scanty, 
 shell life was restricted, and a further result is, that even of such 
 calcareous exuviae as were buried in the bare sands, many have 
 doubtless since been destroyed by the free percolation of water. 
 Such indigenous species as do occur at Potton are now preserved 
 in oxide of iron (Limonite), a mineral which does not readily serve 
 for the mineralization of fossil remains. We have thus sufficient 
 evidence of the very close relationship of the Upware, Potton, and 
 Brickhill beds. 
 
 Beyond Brickhill, passing southwards by Oxford, we next meet 
 with a number of isolated sand-hills which yield only the most 
 scanty traces of fossils ; and the first place that arrests us by its ex- 
 cellent sections and rich fossil remains is Farringdon, in Berkshire. 
 
 The Farringdon sponge bed is a well-known collecting ground 
 and an old battle-field of geologists; it has been well described 
 
 1 Geological Magazine, Vol. in. page 153. 
 
 2 Annals and Magazine of Natural History, I860, 1867. 
 
 3 Ibid.
 
 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 49 
 
 by Dr Fitton 1 in 1836, by Mr Godwin Austen 2 in 1850, and by 
 Mr Sharpe 3 in 1854. 
 
 And here again the general relations of the bed are the same 
 as those we have been describing in other districts, the iron sands 
 resting upon the Kimmeridge Clay and Coral Rag, and being over- 
 laid by the Gault, with marked unconformity at both junction 
 lines, above and below. 
 
 The nature of the rock (a false bedded iron sand, as much like 
 the Suffolk Crag as any other British rock) shews that we are still 
 near upon the old coast line, as at Potton and Brickhill, and the 
 included pebbles are also of the same nature, namely, Quartzite, 
 Vein Quartz, Lydian stone, Flinty altered slate rock, and Jasper 
 with (according to Mr Godwin Austen) water-worn crystals of 
 Felspar; thus shewing that the waves of the Up ware and Farring- 
 don Neocomian sea beat against one and the same old coast line. 
 The Phosphate of Lime nodules or "coprolites" also occur at 
 Farringdon, but only scantily, and are indistinguishable in appear- 
 ance from those at Potton and Upware; but here, as at Brickhill, 
 the pebbles and 'coprolites' are loosely scattered through the sands 
 and not collected into a distinct nodule or pebble bed as they are 
 at Upware and Potton, and Rushmoor Bottom, in Bedfordshire. 
 
 Again, the close relationship of all these deposits to one another 
 is scarcely less well shewn in their included vertebrate remains and 
 'derived' fossils, than by their native invertebrate species. Here at 
 Farringdon we meet with the same vertebrate fossils, namely : 
 
 Iguanodon. Otodus. 
 
 Megalosaurus. Gyrodus. 
 Crocodilians (Goniopholis ? Teleo- Sphcerodus. 
 
 saurus, and Dakosaurus). Pycnodus. 
 
 Pliosaurus. StropJiodus. 
 
 Plesiosaurus. Hybodus. 
 
 Ichthyosaurus. Asteracanthus and Ischyodus. 
 
 And the same derived invertebrate species, namely : 
 Ammonites biplex, Sby. Natica. 
 
 mutabilis, Sby. Chemnitzia Heddingtonensis, Sly. 
 
 excavatus, Sby. Modiola. 
 
 sp. Area, 
 
 fielemnites, large sp. Cardium striatulum, Sby. 
 
 1 Strata Mow the Chalk. 
 
 * Quarterly Journal Geol. Roc. 1850, p. 454. 
 
 3 Ibid. Vol. x. p. 176. 
 
 K. 4
 
 50 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 
 
 Myacites recurva, Phill. Ostrea dilatata, Sby. 
 Astarte or Cyprina (same as at deltoidea, Sby. 
 
 Upware). Glyphea. 
 
 Cardium dissimile, Sby. Cidaris jlorigemma, Phill. 
 
 Perna mytiloides, Lam. ? Pentacrinus. 
 
 Trigonia incuvra, Sby. Isastrcea oblonga, Flem. 
 
 Thracia depressa, Sby. Thamnastrcea arachnoides, Park. 
 Pholadomya. 
 
 These are found in a condition just similar to the derived fossils 
 of the Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire Neocomian areas. 
 
 Turning now to the native species for more positive evidence, 
 we find the result is in perfect harmony with our other con- 
 clusions. 
 
 Of our Upware and Brickhill species 45 (a very large propor- 
 tion) are known to occur also in the Farringdon gravels. These 
 consist of 12 Lamellibranchiates, 16 Brachiopods, 4 Polyzoa, 
 3 Echinodermata, 2 worms and 6 (or more) sponges, and they in- 
 clude a number of forms of very limited range, which are of par- 
 ticular value in detailed and exact comparisons, such as Neithea 
 ornithopus, Kpng.; Opis Neocomiensis, d'Orb.; Lima Farr ing donen- 
 sis, Sharpe; Terebratella Menardi, Lam. ; Terebratula prcelonga, 
 Sby. and T. microtema, Walker. 
 
 The identity of the Sponges and Polyzoa of Upware and Far- 
 ringdon is also very striking, all the more common Upware species 
 being of frequent occurrence at Farringdon likewise. 
 
 Still there are some prominent differences which give to each 
 of these two faunas a well-marked character of its own when con- 
 trasted with one another. This is apparent in a glance at any 
 collection from the two places : but much even of this apparent 
 isolation in the characters of the Upware and Farringdon/acies was 
 broken down with the discovery of the new fossil area at Little 
 Brickhill near Bletchley. This little village lies just about mid- 
 way between Upware and Farringdon, and it was extremely 
 pleasing to find that its Lower Greensand fauna was likewise 
 of just a corresponding intermediate character. Its close con- 
 nexion with the Upware bed we have already seen, supra, p. 47, 
 and its affinity to the Farringdon sponge bed is especially manifest 
 in the abundance of Peltastes Wrightii, and the presence of Lima 
 Farringdonensis, Terebratella Menardi, T. oblonga, and Terebratula 
 Tornasensis ; also in its Polyzoa and Sponges.
 
 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 51 
 
 Leaving Farringdon we trace the Ironsands southwards to the 
 Ferruginous conglomerate of Calne in Wiltshire with its rare and 
 interesting fossil Eequienia Lonsdalei 1 (Chama, Dicer as). 
 
 A richer fauna was gathered together in 1849 1850 by Mr 
 Cunnington from a road cutting at Sceend 2 near Devizes, where 
 the Kimmeridge Clay was exposed overlain by a pebble bed with 
 Quartz pebbles and fossils, which formed the base of a series of 
 yellowish, dark green, and brown sands and iron sandstones, also 
 containing fossils, "the whole surmounted with a patch of yellow 
 brashy clay of a few acres in extent." This is evidently an exposure 
 of the same series of Neocomian sands and gravels as at Farring- 
 don, and the fossils leave no room for doubt in the matter. 
 
 In the Woodwardian Museum, we find from Sceend : 
 
 Exogyra. Terebratella Fittoni, Meyer. 
 Lima longa, Roener. oblonga, Sby. 
 
 Terebratula Tornasensis, d'Archiac. Rhynchonella depressa, Sby. 
 Terebratella Menardi, Lam. 
 
 and Mr Cunnington also records amongst others, 
 
 Emarginula Neocomiensis, d'Orb. Rhynchonella latissima, Sby. 
 Waldheimia tamarindus, Sby. Gibbsiana, Sby. 
 
 Terebratula sella, Sby. 1 Opis Neocomiensis, d'Orb. 
 
 Other species in the British Museum are, Lima Farringdonensis, 
 Sharpe; various small univalves and bivalves; Sphcerodus Neoco- 
 miensis, and various undetermined Reptile Bones. 
 
 A few miles further south, towards Warminster, these western 
 shore deposits of the Upper Neocomian sea are lost to view, being 
 overlapped by the newer members of the Cretaceous system. 
 
 There can therefore scarcely be a reasonable doubt remaining 
 that these western Neocomian Ironsands and coprolite beds above 
 described are all the result of one and the same physical phenome- 
 non, or continuous (and not greatly protracted) series of pheno- 
 mena; so that for most purposes they should be treated all together 
 as one group. "No one can reasonably doubt the identity of the 
 iron sand and gravels of Devizes, Rowde, and Calne, with those of 
 Farringdon," wrote Mr Godwin Austen, so long ago as June, 1850. 
 
 The many local differences in the several sections are, of course, 
 
 1 According to M. Barrois this is a distinct shell from the Diceras Lonsdalei of 
 the Middle Neocomian of Southern Europe. 
 
 2 Quarterly Journal Geological Society, 1850, page 453. 
 
 42
 
 52 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 
 
 of little importance in such a series of coarse and littoral deposits 
 as these where rapid change and great variety are the general rule. 
 
 But besides these differences our more detailed studies amongst 
 the indigenous fossils shew that there also exist other differences, 
 which I take to be of real significance, between the several faunas. 
 This is perhaps most strikingly seen in the species of Mollusca. 
 Contrasting the Upware and Farringdon species, we find that they 
 have no Cephalopod and only one Gasteropod (Pleurotomaria gigan- 
 tea) in common, and of the Lamellibranchs only five species are 
 known from both localities. Amongst the Brachiopoda there is 
 more affinity, 11 out of the 26 Upware species being found at 
 Farringdon. 
 
 In the Echinodermata the distinction is also marked; and even 
 amongst the sponges it is not easy to see why the Farringdon 
 species Peronella furcata, Elasmostoma pezisa, Catagma (Manori) 
 Farringdonense and others should not have flourished equally well 
 at Upware had the two formations been contemporaneous. 
 
 Between Brickhill and Upware we have the same kind of differ- 
 ences though not so strongly marked; the greatest contrasts here 
 being amongst the Echinodermata and Lamellibranchiata. 
 
 Now remembering the close correspondence in the Physical 
 conditions of these several areas, their topographical nearness to 
 one another, and the similarity of the types of life in each locality, 
 these differences are, to my mind, greater than one would expect 
 to find along such a coast line now-a-days. 
 
 Wherever in two separate beds fossil organisms of widely 
 different types are found say, only fishes in one bed and only 
 sponges in another, we have but poor materials for chronological 
 comparisons; but with allied forms in two deposits which were 
 formed under similar conditions, we have trustworthy data of the 
 most exact value to work upon. Now bearing these considerations 
 in mind the differences amongst the faunas of our several Iron- 
 sand and 'coprolite' beds become of such importance as to demand 
 a special interpretation. 
 
 In working with the Brachiopoda there will also be found some 
 reasons for supposing that the Brickhill bed was of scmewhat older 
 date than the Upware rock, the former having apparently been 
 the centre of dispersion for many of our special types of Neocomian 
 Brachiopoda (Terebratula, Waldheimia, and Terebratella), which
 
 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 53 
 
 reached Cambridgeshire at a somewhat later date. The general 
 Physical phenomena of the period, which have been treated of by 
 Professor Judd and Mr TealP, point in the same direction, and 
 shew us that in the period of the deposition of these ironsands, a 
 transgressive wave of depression was slowly creeping northwards 
 from the south, so that the shore beds of the south are of some- 
 what older date than those further to the north. At the same 
 time I consider that the whole of this series of ironsands, pebble 
 beds, and coprolite beds of the western Neocomian outcrop 
 although not of exactly the same age, are so nearly synchronous 
 that they may fairly and, perhaps, in general work most advan- 
 tageously be treated as one bed. 
 
 Now turning northwards from Upware and Cambridge we can 
 readily trace the Ironsand group in a series of exposures through 
 the Fen country up to the edge of the wash in the Hunstanton 
 cliffs; but for the details of the stratigraphy of this area we must 
 refer to the published work of Mr J. G. Harris Teall in the Sedg- 
 wick Prize Essay for 1873. 
 
 Just beyond Upware, at Streatham, and at Ely, Haddenham, 
 Cottenham and near Rampton isolated patches of the Lower 
 Greensand have been left and are now more or less well exposed. 
 The Streatham bed was at one time worked for 'coprolites' (see 
 Teall's Essay, p. 24), when it yielded fossils all of the Upware type. 
 The 'derived' vertebrate fossils (Dakosaurus, &c.) were in a parti- 
 cularly good state of preservation at this place. But at the other 
 localities no nodule bed has been discovered and only the most 
 meagre traces of organic remains have been found; From the Neo- 
 comian of Ely specimens of Pleurotomaria (ornamented species); 
 Pecten orbicularis, Sow.; Corbis (probably the same as at Tealby); 
 Trigonia, sp. (large), are to be seen in the Woodwardian Museum. 
 
 North of Ely a neck from the great gulf of sea and fen-level 
 stretches across to the east hiding all the solid geology under its 
 beds of peat, silt, and gravel. This extends for some fifteen miles 
 across (N. and S.), when the Lower Cretaceous sands again appear 
 at the surface around Downham Market in Norfolk. .At this place 
 some new features present themselves and good fossil evidences 
 may be gathered. 
 
 1 Sodgwick Prize Essay.
 
 54 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 
 
 In all the more southern developments that we have been 
 considering the junction of the Lower Greensand with the gault 
 is found to be abrupt and unconformable ; here, however, at 
 Downham Market there appears to be a perfect passage and transi- 
 tion from the sands below to the overlying gault 1 . An account of 
 this section will be found ante [p. 11]. 
 
 The thoroughly distinct nature and age of this bed from the 
 Potton and Upware nodule beds is not recognised in the work of 
 Mr Teall (Sedgwick Prize Essay 2 ), but on the other hand all these 
 deposits seem to have been taken as of approximately the same age, 
 and all are referred to the Folkestone series. And this grouping 
 has, I believe, had an unfortunate and false influence in appearing 
 to support a Folkestone sand age for the Upware and Potton 
 nodule beds. For the Downham Market truly belongs, as I also 
 doubt not, to that age ; but I find, from the fossil evidence, that 
 this bed is totally distinct from all the other worked coprolite beds 
 of the Eastern Counties, and must be kept clearly separated off 
 from them ; and thus the evidence rebounds to shew that if the 
 Downham bed is of Folkestone age then the others are not of that 
 age, but belong to some different and older period a conclusion 
 quite in harmony with the direct evidence from their contained 
 fossils as already worked out. See supra. 
 
 The list of Downham fossils given by Mr Teall (p. 21) is, as he 
 tells us, a mixed lot partly gault and partly from the underlying 
 sands and coprolite bed. Separating these out we find : 
 
 I. GAULT SPECIES: 
 
 Ammonites interruptus, d'Orb. Inoceramus sulcatus, Park. 
 
 splendens, Sby. concentricus, Park. 
 
 ffamites, 2 sp. Nucula pectinata, Sby. 
 Belemnites attenuatus, Sby. 
 
 These occur, all except the Belemnites, in a pale phosphatic 
 condition, such as is frequent in the gault, and quite different from 
 the Neocomian types. 
 
 1 Mr Teall describes (in his Sedgwick Prize Essay, page 24) a gradual transition 
 from the Ironsand to the gault at Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire. This section is now 
 not visible. 
 
 a Mr Teall writes me that he has always believed the position of the Nodule 
 bed varies in different localities.
 
 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 55 
 
 II. NEOCOMIAN SPECIES : 
 
 Ammonites Beudanti, Brong. Janira Morrisii. 
 
 Pleurotomaria. Spondylus. 
 
 Solarium. Cyprina Liguriensis. 
 Aporrhais. sp. 
 
 Pecten orbicularis, Sby. 
 
 This revised list does not however alter the value of the other 
 facts already brought forward by Mr Teall, but only strengthens 
 his conclusion that the Downham coprolite bed belongs to the 
 mammillaris zone of the southern Neocomians. 
 
 Next, if we compare this bed with the Upware deposit we find 
 that the differences between the two are very numerous and 
 striking, whilst their resemblances are few. Both are phosphatic 
 nodule beds with yellowish sandy matrix, it is true, but all the 
 nodules at Upware are ' red coprolites ' the pale yellowish choco- 
 late-like type, whereas at Downham Market there are, besides 
 those of the gault, two types both equally and strikingly different 
 from those of Upware (see ante), and indeed much more like 
 those of the Cambridge greensand. It is remarkable that they 
 are actually undistinguishable from those of the mammillaris zone 
 at Grandpre in the Ardennes. 
 
 Now when we remember the great constancy in the characters 
 of the Neocomian nodules all along the western Neocomian out- 
 crop, and how great is their similarity in the other beds farther 
 north, we shall probably be prepared to attach considerable import- 
 ance to the different character of the Downham coprolites. 
 
 Lastly, the fossil evidences conclusively decide the matter, for 
 although the lithological characters of the two deposits are similar, 
 and the general physical conditions must have been so nearly the 
 same, the types of life being also similar, yet the only species 
 common to the two beds are Pecten orbicularis and Janira 
 Morrisii. Both of these are long-ranged types of no value what- 
 ever in detailed chronological comparison. 
 
 We must therefore reject this bed from our Ironsand series, as 
 belonging to quite a distinct age, and as I am inclined to think, 
 pertaining to quite another series of events. For I look upon the 
 Ironsand group as belonging to the true Lower Greensand (Sand- 
 gate and Hythe series and perhaps base of Folkestone series), 
 while the Downham Market coprolite bed might, it seems to me,
 
 56 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 
 
 better be taken as the basement bed of the gault ; important 
 physical events having, as a rule, separated the two groups. 
 
 The Downham coprolite bed being thus excluded we are met 
 with the demand what then is the representative of the Upware 
 Nodule bed in the Downham Market section ? I should consider 
 that it very probably exists somewhere amongst the 20 feet of 
 sand beneath the rock bed or Carstone, or, may be, a little deeper. 
 These sands have not yielded any fossils, nor have I seen here any 
 evidence of a physical break between them and the gault, other 
 than that which is probably indicated by the Phosphatic nodule 
 bed itself. 
 
 Passing northwards from Downham Market the Neocomian 
 sands swell out considerably in thickness and form the sandy 
 country about Sandringham warren. They vary somewhat in 
 character, being sometimes a pure white sand, more often yellowish 
 or fox coloured and frequently false bedded and obliquely lami- 
 nated ; while at Wolverton these sands "closely resemble those of 
 Woburn, Potton and Sandy" (Teall, Sedgwick Prize Essay, p. 19). 
 In this country too the Carstone, "an indurated ferruginous 
 sandstone," notifies its better development in well-defined crests 
 and escarpments ; and beneath it a bed of clay comes in which is 
 worked for bricks and tiles at Heacham and Sandringham. 
 
 The fossil remains in all these places are most scanty and 
 meagre, and I can only reproduce the records already published by 
 Mr Teall, who found at Lodge Hill, Snettisham, specimens of 
 Lucina and Pecten orMcularis, and at Heacham, in the stiff dark 
 blue clay, Ammonites Deshayesii, Pecten orbicularis and a Trigonia. 
 Dr Fitton found the following fossils in some 'ferruginous 
 masses' in a brickfield near Ingoldsthorp, Norfolk, which he 
 records as follows 1 : 
 
 Cinulia incrassata, Sby. ; Avicula ; Panopcea plicata, Sby. ; 
 Rostellaria calcarata, Sby. ; Turritella granulata, Sby. ; Venus 
 faba, Sby. 
 
 We have now arrived at the well-known Ironsands and Car- 
 stone of Hunstanton, a set of ironsands and pebble beds with a 
 zone of nodules near the base of the series. Fossils occur rather 
 rarely in this bed, in the lines of nodules just referred to, and we 
 
 1 Fitton, .Strata Mow the Chalk, page 317.
 
 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 57 
 
 have given the list of species elsewhere (see ante, p. 33). Amongst 
 these are Ammonites Martini, Ammonites Deshayesii and Ancylo- 
 ceras gigas, which are all good Upper Neocomian or Aptien species 
 very characteristic of the Atherfield clays to which beds Mr Wilt- 
 shire has consequently referred the Hunstanton series. But so far 
 as I have seen or been able to learn all the Hunstanton species are 
 ' derived ' fossils, and not native to the stratum in which they lie. 
 They are all either in the condition of rolled phosphatised casts, 
 or are found in the hard rolled lumps of dark iron grit as re- 
 corded ante, so that these fossils instead of proving the bed to 
 be of Atherfield clay age, really shew that it is of some age 
 posterior to that period : though it is probably not far removed 
 from it. 
 
 Comparing the Hunstanton bed directly with the Upware 
 Nodule bed we find some resemblances between the two litholo- 
 gically, also in the contained phosphatic nodules and pebbles ; and 
 particularly in the species of derived Neocomian fossils. To these 
 points I attach considerable importance, and I consider that, not- 
 withstanding the absence of a true indigenous fauna (they may 
 have once existed there and since been destroyed), we have good 
 reason to consider the Hunstanton and Upware sands and pebble 
 beds as belonging approximately to the same age. 
 
 We have thus been enabled by the study of a number of 
 isolated sections and their fossils to establish the close relationship 
 of the beds of variously coloured sands, coprolite beds and carstones 
 which are exposed, with some interruption, along an outcrop 
 running from the N.E. at the Wash to the S.W. in Wiltshire 1 
 stretching from the neighbourhood of Wicken in Norfolk down to 
 Wicken in Cambridgeshire (!). They are again well developed 
 around Potton and Sandy in Bedfordshire, and are last seen near 
 the villages of Pottern and Sandy in Wiltshire (!!). 
 
 It now becomes a matter of great interest to discover the 
 relation of this set of deposits to the better known and typical 
 districts of the S.E. and N.E. of England. 
 
 In the year 1850 Mr Godwin Austen published a masterly 
 description of the Farringdon and Swindon areas and came to the 
 
 1 The Lower Sands of Shotover Hill, with Freshwater fossils, and the Downham 
 Market coprolite bed excluded.
 
 58 RELATIONS TO OTHER BKITISH DEPOSITS. 
 
 conclusion that the Farringdon bed was of Precretaceous age, and 
 was possibly the representative of the Portlandians. Mr Sharpe, 
 at the other extreme, argued that they were of much later date, 
 later than any other British cretaceous rock. Again in 18G7 Mr 
 Seeley came to conclusions about the Potton sands similar to 
 those of Mr Godwin Austen with the Farringdon beds ; but both 
 these authors seem to have given most attention to the vertebrate 
 fossils and to have believed that all these remains, together with 
 the rolled phosphatised casts of invertebrate species, were native 
 fossils proper to the deposit in which they occur. This entirely 
 destroys the value of their arguments, for we have seen that most 
 of these are really 'derived' fossils belonging properly to older 
 formations ; and when these are excluded the apparent conflict of 
 evidence disappears. For the indigenous species point uniformly, 
 not to a precretaceous or postcretaceous age, but to the higher 
 beds of the Lower Cretaceous series, i.e. the upper Neocomian or 
 Aptien. This has been very generally recognised during the last 
 few years. Mr Walker writes 1 : " The age of the bed [at Upware] is 
 the same as that of the deposits at Potton, Farringdon and 
 Godalming, viz. upper Neocomian." 
 
 Mr Teall refers all the Ironsand series and coprolite beds to 
 the very latest part of the Lower Greensand, posterior to the 
 Hythe and Sandgate series, and he believes and considers it of 
 importance that these beds pass up by simple gradation into the 
 gault, so that they might indeed be taken as the basement beds of 
 the gault. 
 
 Mr Meyer and M. Barrois take them to be an extension of the 
 Godalming Pebble bed. 
 
 I come to the conclusion that they are the representatives of 
 the Sandgate and Hythe beds of the South of England, including 
 the pebble bed, some of our " coprolite beds " presenting a very 
 close correspondence with the latter deposit. The upper part of 
 the Folkestone series is represented by the Downham Market bed, 
 and not by our Ironsand and phosphatic group, a physical break 
 separating the two series. 
 
 1 In the Monograph of the Trigonice by Dr Lycett, Palaontographical Society, 
 Vol. xxix., page 145.
 
 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 59 
 
 In England the lower cretaceous beds are developed under two 
 very different types, namely, the North British Type or Speeto- 
 nian, and the South British or Vectian. In Surrey, Sussex and 
 Kent the Vectian series is divided as follows : 
 
 14. Folkestone Beds. 
 
 3. Sandgate Beds. 
 
 2. Hythe Beds. 
 
 1. Atherfield Clay. 
 B. WEALD CLAY. 
 A. HASTINGS SANDS. 
 
 But this series, so well developed in the S.E. of England and in 
 the Isle of Wight, becomes greatly altered before it appears again 
 some 30 miles off along the coast in Swanage Bay, for in this place 
 the upper division or Lower Greensand is only with difficulty 
 recognisable and is greatly reduced in thickness, though according 
 to Mr Meyer all the zones are there present. Another interesting 
 peculiarity of this section is the intercalation of some fresh or 
 brackish water deposits in the midst of the Lower Greensand, 
 shewing the temporary recurrence of the earlier wealden con- 
 ditions in this area. Still further east we meet with the anoma- 
 lous and interesting silicious sandstone of Blackdown the Black- 
 down beds ; and seeing that this rock contains a number of Lower 
 Greensand species, and that it lies exactly in the line of outcrop of 
 the Ironsand series, we might reasonably expect it to be nearly 
 related to these latter. But such an idea is decidedly overthrown 
 by a study of the fossils, for although both rocks are shallow water 
 formations, rich in organic remains, yet I only know of two species 
 common to the two deposits, namely, Cyprina rostrata and Pectun- 
 culus sublcevis. 
 
 The Ironsand series of Hunstanton-Farringdon, and the true 
 Vectian type of the Lower Greensand approach nearest to one 
 another in Berkshire and Surrey, and it is in these places that we 
 find, as already indicated by Mr Teall, the closest affinity between 
 the two types. By the careful work of Mr C. J. A. Meyer, F.G.S. 1 
 the series of sands, sandstones, limestones and clays in the country 
 around Godalming have been correlated with the complete series 
 
 1 Proceedings Geologists 1 Association, read December, 1868.
 
 60 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 
 
 of Lower Greensand rock groups as developed further east on the 
 coast of the Weald area in Kent. 
 
 The Godalming section is as follows (Meyer) : 
 
 3. Upper aeries (Folkestone beds, Meyer, = Folkestone 
 beds, Sandgate beds and upper part of Hythe beds, 
 Geol. Survey). Sands, carstones, and shelly lime- 
 stones with pebble beds at base ... ... about 50 
 
 2. Middle series (Sandgate and Hythe beds, Meyer = 
 greater part of Hythe beds, H.M. Geol. Survey). 
 Ash-coloured sands and sandstones, Ferruginous 
 sands and sandy clay ... ... ... about 
 
 Lower series (Atherfield clay). Argillaceous beds with 
 concretions of shelly limestone towards the base, about 
 
 250 
 160 
 
 ware varieties. 
 
 Total 450500 
 
 Comparing these in their order with the Upware and Brickhill 
 beds, we find (1) the Atherfield clay quite dissimilar lithologically, 
 while its palaeontological relationship is by no means intimate. 
 Mr Meyer (who has kindly supplied me with revised copies of his 
 papers) records 120 species from these beds at East Shelford, 
 amongst which the following also occur as indigenous fossils at 
 Upware or Brickhill: 
 
 Terebratula sella, Sby. I ^- , , , TT 
 Ithynchonella lata, d'Orb. f " 
 Exogyra Tombeckiana, d'Orb. 
 Ostrea Couloni, d'Orb. 
 Pecten Robinaldinus, d'Orb. 
 
 ,, orbicularis, Sby. 
 Perna Mulleti, Desh. 
 Area Carteroni, d'Orb. 
 Cardium subhillanum, Leym. 
 
 (2) In the next set of beds (the Sandgate and Hythe series of 
 Mr Meyer), fossils are much less numerous, but the list of species 
 shews strikingly the resemblance of its fauna to that of Upware. 
 Twenty-one species are recorded by Mr Meyer (loc. cit. pp. 8, 9), of 
 which the specific names of ten have been determined, and all these 
 ten species occur in the Upware and Brickhill deposits, namely : 
 
 Ostrea macroptera, Sby. Waldheimia tamarindus, Sby. 
 
 RhynchonellaCantabridgiensis,T)a.\. Exogyra Couloni, d'Orb. 
 Terebratula Meyeri, Walker? ,, Toinbeckiana, d'Orb. 
 
 sclla, Sby. Plicatula Carteroniana, d'Orb. 
 
 prcelonga, Sby. Jielemnites pistil/ If or mis, Blainv.
 
 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 61 
 
 A layer of Phosphatic nodules occurs about 50 feet from the 
 top of this series (Meyer). 
 
 (3) The upper series is considered under three divisions, (a) the 
 Pebble bed, (6) the Bargate stone, and (c) the Upper sands and Car- 
 stone. The Pebble beds are stated to rest unconformably upon the 
 sands beneath, and this fact, together with the nature of the de- 
 posit, a coarse sand with angular pebbles seeins to indicate that 
 this bed denotes a period of earth-movements and marine disturb- 
 ances; a point which has been insisted upon by Mr Meyer as of 
 great importance. The upper limit of the bed is ill-defined, pass- 
 ing on in gradual transition to the Bargate stone above. Now 
 here again, just as with the Hythe and Sandgate series, every one 
 of the pebble-bed fossil species that has been named and identified 
 occurs also in the Cambridgeshire deposit. These are 15 in 
 number : 
 
 Pecten Eaulinianus, d'Orb. Wcddheimia Juddii, Walker. 
 
 ,, orbicularis, Sow. psvudojurensis, Leym. 
 
 Exogyra Tombeckiana, d'Orb. Wanklyni, Walker? 
 
 Terebratulina striata, Wahl. Terebratula depressa, Lam. 
 
 Terebratella oblonga, Sow. extensa, Meyer. 
 
 ,, Fittoni, Meyer. microtrema, Walker. 
 
 ,, Menardi, Lam. Tornasensis, d'Arch. ? 
 Waldheimia tamar Indus, Sow. 
 
 But the resemblances between this deposit and our 'coprolite 
 beds' do not end here, for their lithological similitude is also most 
 close; we have the same Lydian stones, jasper, irony grit, and 
 quartzite, and the same phosphatic nodules; and again, just as at 
 Upware, the bed becomes in places hardened into a conglomerate, 
 so as to be almost identical with the lower conglomeratic coprolite 
 bed of the Upware section. Again, we have the same fragments 
 of fishes and derived fossils as at Upware including the following 
 species identified from the collection of Mr Meyer, F.G.S., and Mr 
 J. F. Walker, M.A., &c. : 
 
 Lepidotus, scales and teeth. Gyrodus. 
 
 Otodus. Acrodus. 
 
 Pycnodus. Plesiosaurus. 
 
 Hybodus, Rostellaria. 
 
 Ammonites Lamberti, Sby. Ludna. 
 
 cordatux, Sby. Myacites. 
 
 biplex, Sby. Pentacrinus, dec.
 
 62 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 
 
 (b) Next we come to the Bargate stone, and here we find this 
 fast increasing resemblance of the beds to the Upware type is 
 abruptly broken off. The Bargate series consists of sand and 
 layers of concretionary limestone very scantily furnished with fossil 
 remains, but these have been perseveringly collected by Mr Meyer 
 to the number of 34 species, 24 of which are fully named. Amongst 
 these 16 species are common to our coprolite beds, namely: 
 
 Verticillites anastomosans, Mant. Terebratella oblonga, Sby. 
 
 Pecten orbicularis, Sby. , Davidsoni, Walker. 
 
 Dutemplei, d'Orb. 
 ,, Rauliniana, d'Orb. 
 Plicatula Carteroniana, d'Orb. 
 
 Exogyra Tombeckiana, d'Orb. Wald leimia tamarindus, Sby. 
 
 Terebratulina striata, Wahl. 
 Terebratula depressa, var. chrysa- 
 lis, Lam. 
 
 Fittoni, Meyer. 
 Menardi, Lam. 
 trifida, Meyer. 
 
 Juddii, Walker. 
 Wanklyni, Walker. 
 
 It is to the Godalming pebble bed therefore, that we must look 
 for the most exact representative of the Upware Phosphatic Nodule 
 Bed. 
 
 Now the above lists of species require more than a mere 
 addition, and simple calculation of their proportionate numbers 
 in order to see their full meaning; and their detailed considera- 
 tion will strongly emphasise the facts gathered in our first over- 
 sight. The list from the Atherfield clay beds consists of species of 
 little value for the work of detailed correlation, consisting as it 
 does for the most part of types with wide ranges in the Lower 
 Cretaceous series. And the same remark applies, though less 
 thoroughly, to the middle sand group; still, we have here some of 
 the special Upware types such as Terebratula Meyeri and Ehyncho- 
 nella Upwarensis, and the presence of Terebratula sella and T. prce- 
 longa are to my mind important, for these species do not occur in 
 the overlying pebble series, and Bargate stone. 
 
 With the pebble bed, the value of the fossil evidence is es- 
 pecially intensified as we take each species into consideration. 
 There is also the same preponderant development of the Brachio- 
 pods, including several of the most typical Upware forms. 
 
 In the list from the Bargate stone the species Terebratella 
 Davidsoni and T. trifida are of importance, and my conclusion 
 from the whole is that at Upware and Brickhill we have the repre- 
 sentatives of all the Godalming beds from the Upper part of the
 
 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 63 
 
 Hythe beds, (Meyer) to the Bargate stone inclusive, (the whole 
 being contained in the Hythe beds of H.M. Geological Survey.) 
 
 Each particular horizon in this series has however not been 
 recognised at Upware and Brickhill, perhaps because of the un- 
 fortunate mixture of the fossils in the course of the workings ; but 
 we still have some evidence in the large blocks preserved in the 
 Woodwardian Museum which shews that Terebratula sella (var. 
 Upwarensis) was especially abundant in the lower phosphate bed, 
 just as at Godalming it occurs in the Hythe beds and lower clays 
 only. Other species from this conglomerate are, 
 
 Terebratetta Fittoni, Meyer. Terebratula depressa, Lam. 
 
 Terebratula Moutoniana, d'Arch. ,, prcelonga, Sby. 
 
 microtrema, "Walker. Pecten orbicularis, Sby., 
 
 and many of the Lamellibranchs and Gasteropodes. 
 
 Further comparisons with more distant localities of the Vectian 
 area yield results in perfect conformity with our conclusions from 
 the Godalming area. In the Isle of Wight, amid the rich profusion 
 of fossils found in the Atherfield beds, only 15 species occur in 
 our Neocomian phosphatic series, and of these three only, namely, 
 Lima Farringdonensis and the two sea urchins Pseudodiadema 
 Fittoni and Peltastes Wrightii, belong to our particular Ironsand 
 types. The 16 species common to the Upware bed and the Shank- 
 lin sands present a much greater proportion with respect to the 
 whole faunas and form a much more weighty evidence of affinity. 
 They include the 4 Brachiopods Terebratella oblonga, Waldheimia 
 celtica, W. tamarindus and W. Wanklyni. 
 
 Again in East Kent we have the Hythe beds and Folkestone 
 series well exposed, the former shewing in its contained fossils im- 
 portant relationship to the Upware and Brickhill beds. 
 
 Fifteen species of the Hythe Invertebrate fossils are also 
 common to Upware, amongst which are 
 
 Ammonites Cornuelianus. Terebratula Afoutoniana. 
 
 Ancyloceras Fittoni. Waldheimia tamarindus. 
 
 Plicatula Carteroniana. Peltastes Wrightii. 
 
 Thus we find that the affinity of the Ironsand and Phosphatic 
 series is not with the mammillaris zone nor with any part of the 
 Folkestone series (H. M. Geol. Survey), nor do they belong to the
 
 64 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 
 
 Atherfield clay period; but we do find a very close relationship 
 between these beds and the Sandgate and Hythe series as developed 
 in Kent and Surrey, and it is to this part of the Lower Cretaceous 
 series that I consider they belong. The phosphatic nodule beds 
 are especially similar to the pebble bed of Mr Meyer as developed 
 both in the east and west of the Weald area. 
 
 In proceeding to trace the relations of our Neocomians to those 
 of the northern areas we find their connexions seriously broken at 
 the two sea gulfs of the Wash and Humber ; for these places just 
 coincide with points of radical changes in the rock beds. The 
 general characters of the rocks are so widely different on opposite 
 sides of these two barriers that the detailed relations of the several 
 types to one another are far from obvious. North of the Humber 
 we have the Speetonian type, consisting of one great mass of stiff 
 clay. Between the Humber and the Wash is the Tealby type of 
 Neocomian consisting of 
 
 (3) Upper sand group, 
 
 (2) Middle series of limestones, ironstones and clays 
 = Tealby series (Judd), 
 
 (1) Lower sand group, 
 
 which Professor Judd has shewn to be the equivalents of the Upper, 
 Middle, and Lower Speetonian (Neocomian) respectively. But the 
 relations of these beds to the Ironsand and Carstone series over the 
 other side of the Wash have yet to be determined. 
 
 Scarcely any fossils were known from the lower sands of Tealby 
 at the time when Mr Judd's papers 1 on the Lincolnshire Neoco- 
 mians were written; but in the summer of 1875 when working in 
 Lincolnshire with my father, we were fortunate enough to find a 
 number of beautiful fossils, mostly from hardened sandstone masses 
 in the neighbourhood of Donnington and Claxby. These include : 
 
 Ammonites Kcenigi, Shy. Ammonites multiplicatus, Roem. 1 
 
 mutabilis, Sby. plicomphalus, Sby. 
 
 Species of 
 
 Chemnitzia. Pileopsis and Viatica. 
 
 PJiasianeUa. Inoceramus. 
 
 Pleurotomaria, Pholadomya. 
 
 Trochus. Thetis. 
 
 Crepidula. Lucina. 
 
 1 Geological Soc. Proceedings, August, 1867.
 
 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 65 
 
 CytJiercKa. Trigonia Keepingi, Lycett. 
 
 Avicula. Tealbyensis, Lycett. 
 
 Area. ingens, Lycett. 
 
 Astarfe and Myacites. Cucullcea Donningtonensis, Kpng. 
 
 Lima Tombeckiana, d'Orb. ,, errans, Kpng. 
 
 Trigonia Eobinaldina, d'Orb. Cardium subhillanum, Leym. 
 
 (dsedaloid form). Pecten orbicularis, Sby. var. mag- 
 
 alcpformis, Sby. var. nus, Keeping. 
 
 The middle series, or Tealby series proper, is very rich in fossils, 
 which include the following Upware species: 
 
 Belemnites pistilliformis, Blainv. Avicula Cornueliana, d'Orb. 
 
 subquadratus, Roem. Lima longa, Roem. 
 
 Chemnitzia (with spiral grooving at Lima Tombeckiana, d'Orb. 
 
 base). Astarte, sp. 
 
 Ostrea Couloni, d'Orb. Terebratula Tornasensis, d'Arch. 
 
 macroptera, Sby. depressa, Lam. 
 
 Pecten orbicularis, Sby. Waldheimia Juddii, Walker. 
 
 Our Waldheimia Woodwardi is represented by W. hippopus in 
 Lincolnshire. 
 
 This list forms but an unimportant and insignificant pro- 
 portion of the Tealby species, and they convey the impression 
 that these beds are somewhat less nearly allied to our Ironsand 
 and Phosphatic series than the Atherfield clay. 
 
 Unfortunately I have not been able to obtain many indigenous 
 fossils from the Upper Neocomian sands of Lincolnshire, but it is 
 to these I look as being the probable representatives of the Potton, 
 Upware, and Hunstanton beds. 
 
 In our account of the phosphatic nodule beds (ante p. 10) we 
 have already described the phosphatic nodule beds which occur in 
 the Lincolnshire area, both at the lower junction with the Jurassic 
 Clays and at the upper junction with the Red Chalk. But in spite 
 of the close resemblance of the nodules in these beds to those of 
 the Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire district, I cannot regard either 
 of them as having been synchronous with the Upware nodule bed. 
 
 Twenty-four of the Upware and Brickhill species are common 
 to the Speeton area, and of these five are Lower, nine Middle, and 
 eleven Upper Neocomian. The most noteworthy of these species in 
 the lower beds are Belemnites pistilliformis, B. subquadratus and 
 Exogyra Couloni; in the middle series Belemnites pistilliformis, B. 
 subfusiformis and Ostrea macroptera ; and in the upper beds Belem- 
 nites subfusiformis, Ammonites Deshayesii, Ostrea macroptera, Tere- 
 K. 5
 
 66 RELATIONS TO OTHER BRITISH DEPOSITS. 
 
 bratula sella and Vermicularia Phillipsii. So that it is evident that 
 if our Upware beds have any representative at Speeton it must 
 be somewhere in the Upper Neocomian Clays of Prof. Judd. 
 Such I believe may well be the case, for although the fossils are 
 not nearly so similar as those in the Godalming district of the 
 South of England, we must remember that the physical condi- 
 tions at the time were very different in the two places, Speeton 
 being deep sea whilst Cambridgeshire was shallow water or dry 
 land; and if the Upper Neocomian earth-subsidence was at all 
 uniform over the East of England, the Speeton waters were at their 
 deepest while the Upware beds were being laid down further south. 
 "What in England is called Lower Greensand is partly a littoral 
 deposit (Potton, Farringdon, Hunstanton), and may readily be 
 admitted to have its pelagic equivalent in some part of the Speeton 
 Clay where Exogyra sinuata occurs V 
 
 1 Phillips, Geology of Yorkshire, 2nd edition, page 99.
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UPWARE AND 
 BRICKHILL NEOCOMIANS. 
 
 THE old sea-basin in which the Upper Neocomian rocks of the 
 South of England were deposited extended far to the south towards 
 the centre of France till it reached the granite plateau of the 
 Auvergne and Puy de Dome : and in an east and west direction it 
 was bounded by the ancient rocks of Normandy and of the axis of 
 Artois (Ajrdennes region) \ 
 
 But in the earlier part of the Neocomian period (Lower Neoco- 
 mian) this sea was not quite so extensive as here indicated, barely 
 reaching as far north as the present north coast of France where, 
 at that time, the great Wealden river was laying down some of its 
 immense accumulations of freshwater sediments. In this part of 
 the series therefore it can scarcely be possible to make any de- 
 tailed correlation between the South of England freshwater beds 
 and their marine representatives in the French area. 
 
 But our Ironsand and Phosphatic series was laid down during 
 the immediately subsequent period when this Neocomian sea had 
 attained to its greatest extent and was united with the northern 
 (Anglo-Germanic) sea, through what Mr Teall 2 calls the North- 
 Eastern channel. 
 
 Now the deposits laid down in the deep water of the Upper 
 Neocomian sea differ considerably from those formed around the 
 margins; and in searching for the extension of our Cambridgeshire 
 and Bedfordshire Lower Greensand rocks, these being shallow- 
 
 1 A tongue or neck of land running across the eastern counties separated this 
 old sea from the northern (Anglo-Germanic) ocean. 
 
 2 Sedgwick Prize Essay, 1875, page 40. 
 
 52
 
 68 FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE 
 
 water formations, we naturally look for their best marked repre- 
 sentative beds to occur along other parts of the old shore line. In 
 the Ardennes district these old coast deposits are again well de- 
 veloped, and in some places they appear actually to be extremely 
 similar to our Ironsand series. They have been thoroughly worked 
 out by M. Barrois 1 , who refers them principally to the Mammillaris 
 zone 2 , and the Upper Neocomian or Aptien. 
 
 In the comparison of the Upware and Brickhill fossil species 
 with these beds we find that (1) they shew but little affinity to the 
 Mammillaris zone, just as we found in England. The Upware bed 
 does not belong to this zone, but still there are some eight or ten 
 species common to the two deposits, including (see Barrois, p. 271) 
 Terebratula capillata, d'Arch.; Terebratula Moutoniana, d'Arch.; 
 and Waldheimia Juddii, Walker. 
 
 (2) A far more important list of species (more than 20) links 
 the Upware bed with the Lower Aptien clays and sands of the 
 Ardennes. These include Pecten Dutemplei, d'Orb. ; Spondylus 
 Roemeri, Desh.; Verticillites anastomosans, Mantell; Elasmostoma 
 acutimargo, Roemer; Elasmostoma pezisa, Goldf; Peronella fur- 
 cata, Goldf.; Terebratula depressa, Lam.; Terebratula Moutoniana, 
 d'Arch.; Waldheimia pseudojurensis, Leym.; and Waldheimia ta- 
 marindus var. magna, Walker. 
 
 Several of these are very characteristic of our Ironsand and 
 Phosphatic series. Moreover the lithological resemblances are 
 also, according to M. Barrois, very close, for that gentleman writes 
 (1. c., p. 257): "J'ai e'te' frappe" de 1'analogie du Gompholite de 
 Blangy avec le Farringdon Gravel; 1'aspect des couches est le 
 meme, les caracteres de leurs faunes sont identiques; il y a enfin 
 a Blangy des formes connues (Verticillites anastomosans, Terebra- 
 tella truncata, Cidaris Farringdonensis} qui sont si caracteVistiques 
 du gisement du Farringdon, que je crois que tons les gdologues 
 qui compareront ces deux localite's n'he'siteront pas & les identifier 
 malgre' leur e'loignement et leur isolement;" and I have no hesita- 
 tion in adopting his views that the lower Aptien beds of the 
 
 1 "MSmoire sur le terrain cre'tace' des Ardennes et des regions voisines, par le 
 Dr Charles Barrois," Annales de la Socilte Gtologique du Nord, tome v., page 227. 
 Lille, 187778. 
 
 2 By English geologists the Mammillaris zone is usually placed in the Folkestone 
 series as the uppermost bed of the Lower Greensand, but on the continent it is put 
 into the Gault.
 
 UPWARE AND BRICKHILL NEOCOMIANS. 69 
 
 Ardennes are truly the representatives, in part at least, of our 
 Upware, Potton, and Farringdon sand and Pebble beds. 
 
 In the central area of the Paris Basin the precise horizon of our 
 Phosphatic beds does not appear to be so clearly indicated. Much 
 discussion has been carried on as to the age of the Atherfield beds 
 with reference to the Parisian series; but all agree that the upper 
 beds of the Vectian area, to which our phosphatic series pertains, 
 are of Aptien age; and according to M. Barrois the Farringdon 
 beds might be identified with the Argile d plicatuks of the Haute 
 Marne. 
 
 In Switzerland the Neocomian fossils have been admirably 
 worked out in the magnificent monographs of MM. Pictet, de 
 Loriol, Renevier, and Campiche, and we find a considerable number 
 of our species are there described and figured. Thirty-one species 
 are common to the Upware and Brickhill beds and the Lower 
 Cretaceous of St Croix. 
 
 To the North of Geneva, and at Mont Saleve, we have the 
 Jurassian type of Lower Cretaceous which is divided into the 
 
 (4) Aptien or Upper Neocomian. 
 
 (3) Urgonien or Middle Neocomian. 
 
 (2) Neocomien or Lower Neocomian. 
 
 (1) Valengien. 
 
 The Valengien deposits are known with certainty only over a 
 very limited area; and its fossils as developed at d'Arzier (Vaud), 
 have been worked out by M. de Loriol 1 . Amongst them we find 
 seven species of Upware fossils, including Janira atava, Roemer; 
 Opis Neocomiensis, d'Orb. ; Waldheimia pseudojurensis, Leym. 
 
 As examples of the Swiss Neocomian we may take the Mont 
 Saleve or Landeron sections. From the Marnes d'Hauterive (Lower 
 Neocomian) of Landeron twelve native Upware species are recorded 
 besides two of our derived Neocomian shells, namely : 
 
 1 Palteontologie Suisse, Vol. IV.
 
 70 FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE 
 
 MARNES D'HAUTERIVE, LANDERON ', LOWER NEOCOMIAN. 
 
 Pycnodus Couloni, Ag. Janira alava, d'Orb. 
 
 Serpula antiquata, Sow. Plicatula Carteroniana, d'Orb. 
 
 [Panopcea Neocomiensis, d'Orb.] Ostrea Couloni, (Defr.), d'Orb. 
 Cardium subhillanum, Leyra. Tombeckiana, d'Orb. 
 
 Opis Neocomiensis, d'Orb. rectangularis, Roem. 
 
 [Perna Mulletti, Desh.j Terebratula tamarindus, Sow. 
 Lima Tombeckiana, d'Orb. sella, Sow. 
 
 And from the Pierre jaune (Middle Neocomian) of Landeron, 
 we also have 12 Upware and Brickhill species, these beds further 
 resembling our phosphatic deposits in their rich sponge fauna. 
 
 UPWARE SPECIES IN THE PIERRE JAUNE. 
 
 Pycnodus Couloni, Ag. Ostrea rectangularis, Eoem. 
 
 Sphcerodus Neocomiensis, Ag. Terebratula sella, Sby. 
 Lima Tombeckiana, d'Orb. Moutoniana, d'Arch. 
 
 Pecten Robinaldinus, d'Orb. ,, tamarindus, Sby. 
 
 Hinnites Leymerii, Desk Elasmostoma acutimargo, Roemer. 
 
 Ostrea Couloni (Defr.), d'Orb. Catagma cupuliformis, From. 
 macroptera, Sby. 
 
 The following list also shews considerable relationship between 
 our Upware beds and the Swiss Aptien. 
 
 FOSSILS OF THE APTIEN BEDS, PERTE DU EHONE, ALSO 
 OCCURRING IN THE IRONSAND SERIES. 
 
 Belemnites subfusiformis, d'Orb. Pecten Dutemplei, d'Orb. 
 
 Cyprina angulata, Sby. Pinna Robinaldina, d'Orb. 
 
 Janira Morrisii, P. and R. Pkurotomaria gigantea, Sby. 
 
 Opis Neocomiensis, d'Orb. Serpula antiquata, Sby. 
 Ostrea Couloni, d'Orb. gordialis, Goldf. 
 
 Exogyra conica, Sby. Terebratella oblonga, Sby. 
 
 Panopcea plicata, Sby. Rhynchonellce and Terebratulce. 
 
 Thus, from the comparison of our fossils with the various lists 
 of Swiss species, we gain little knowledge of their exact affinity to 
 any one particular zone in the Swiss series. 
 
 1 De Loriol and Gilli6ron, Monographie de VEtage Urgonien infmeur du 
 Landeron (Canton de Neuchfitel). Geneva, 1869.
 
 UPWARE AND BRICKHILL NEOCOMIANS. 71 
 
 South of Mont Saleve, near Geneva, we meet with quite a 
 different type of Neocomian rocks with a fauna almost entirely 
 distinct from our British forms, and indeed very different from the 
 north Swiss or Jurassian group. The great Diceras limestones 
 and Terebratula diphyes limestones and other Neocomian limestones 
 are enormous calcareous masses, making up in their simple thick- 
 ness such great mountains as Mont Ventoux, 1910 metres high, in 
 Provence. These beds are hardly separable in places from the 
 Jurassic limestones below or the Tertiaries above. 
 
 Although there are so few common species to connect this 
 great Limestone series with our British Lower Greensands it is 
 still interesting to note the very wide range of some few of them, 
 such as Ammonites Martini, A. Deshayesii, and Belemnites pistilli- 
 formis which are recorded by M. Coquand from the province of 
 Constantine in Africa; while as many as 13 of our Up ware and 
 Brickhill species are known (Magnan) from the TJrgo-Aptien beds of 
 the Pyrenees. 
 
 SPECIES COMMON TO THE IRONSAND SERIES AND THE 
 
 NEOCOMIAN OF THE PYRENEES (MAGNAN). 
 Terebratula sella, Sby.; Terebratula Moutoniana, d'Arch. 
 
 SPECIES COMMON TO THE IRONSAND SERIES AND THE 
 TJRGO-APTIEN OF THE PYRENEES. 
 
 Bdemnites semicanaliculatus, Bl. Ostrea carinata, Sby. 
 Ammonites Deshayesii, Leym. (Exogyra) Tombeckiana, 
 
 Pecten (Neithea) atavus, Roemer. d'Orb. 
 
 Spondylus Roemeri, Desh. ] Terebratula sella, Sby. 
 Hinnites Leymerii, Desh. praelonga, Sby. 
 
 Ostrea Couloni, Defr. pseudojurensis, Leym. 
 
 macroptera, Sby. Moutoniana, d'Arch. 
 
 NORTH EUROPE. 
 
 In Germany the cretaceous rocks occupy but a very small area 
 of the surface of the country. Sections or other exposures of the 
 Neocomian rocks are few and far between, and the relations of the 
 various rock series to one another are very difficult to determine, 
 so that I am by no means satisfied that any of the various theories 
 of correlations of these beds has been fairly established. The
 
 72 FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE 
 
 similarity of the sponge faunas of our phosphatic beds and Essen 
 in Westphalia 1 deserves to be mentioned, although the rock of this 
 latter place is generally referred to a much higher horizon, viz. the 
 Tourtia or Cenomanian. Our Peronella furcata and Elasmostoma 
 pezisa are I have no doubt the same as the original Essen species, 
 and E. acutimargo and the curious Pachytiloda have also very 
 near representatives amongst the Essen forms. 
 
 The great series of brownish yellow sandstones of the Teutobur- 
 ger Wald, near Bielefeld, shews no special palseontological affinity 
 to our Upper Neocomian (Lower Greensand) sands. 
 
 In the country around Hanover we again meet with a great 
 Lower Cretaceous freshwater series like our Vectian type of 
 Wealden; but the overlying clays shew little community either of 
 lithological or palaeontological character with our ironsand series; 
 nor indeed with any part of the Vectian cretaceous group. 
 
 Still further east at Salzgitter, south of Brunswick, we meet 
 with some open-air iron-workings in the Neocomian rocks which 
 are placed by Professor Judd in his Middle Neocomian group. The 
 similarity of these beds to the oolitic iron-beds of Lincolnshire has 
 been pointed out by Mr Judd ( Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. 1870, p. 330), 
 who writes, "The English and German ironstones are, both as rock 
 specimens and in polished sections under the microscope, quite 
 un distinguishable in their characters." Specimens of Pecten cinctus 
 from the two areas are almost identical in every respect 2 . 
 
 As compared with the Upware bed this rock is interesting as 
 
 1 The fossils of this bed were found in the course of the workings for coal 
 around Essen ; these having now ceased the cretaceous fossils are difficult to obtain. 
 
 2 Some of the iron ore is as perfectly oolitic in appearance as the well-known 
 Pisolitic ironstone of Lincolnshire, the grains being round and regular, and speci- 
 mens may be obtained identical with the Lincolnshire rock. But generally certain 
 larger angular and sub-angular fragments occur scattered through the rock, and it 
 frequently passes into a rock composed of a blue clay matrix, crowded with iron 
 fragments, most of which are markedly angular. Now some of these latter are 
 quite evidently fragmentary rocks, the iron particles being more or less worn 
 fragments, of irregular shape. Again this type passes by perfect gradation into the 
 most thoroughly rounded oolitic-looking rocks. As a result of my work in this 
 quarry I became convinced that this rock is no true oolite, but is made up of the 
 rounded and polished fragments of iron derived from older rocks ; perhaps from the 
 destruction of the Brown Jura formation. This is also the opinion of Herr Geheimer 
 von Strombeck of Brunswick. To such rocks 1 apply the term ' pseudoolitic.'' An 
 examination of thin sections confirms this opinion as a whole, but discloses also a 
 number of true oolitic grains in most specimens.
 
 UPWARE AND BRICKHILL NEOCOMIANS. 73 
 
 containing large isolated phosphatised masses of calcareous matter, 
 pale in colour, which are much tunnelled by Lithophagi (Liiho- 
 domus probably), and as having very similar-looking phosphatic 
 derived fossils, such as Ammonites Lamberti, Am. Conybeari, 
 Myacites, Ichthyosaur vertebra and fossil wood. It is also remark- 
 able for containing the same Lydian stones and quartz pebbles 
 and smaller grains as at Upware in the coarser beds. A similar 
 bed of ironstone, but much thinner, is found at Goslar at the 
 north foot of the Harz mountains. 
 
 The Upper Neocomian beds (Judd) in all these places are but 
 poorly exposed and have yielded few fossils, so that we have small 
 means of comparison with our English series. 
 
 But it is in the Brunswick Neocomians at Schb'ppenstedt that 
 we find the most interesting set of resemblances to our Upware 
 and Brickhill phosphatic beds. In this country we have a series of 
 clays above and limestones below, which have been divided into 
 zones and their fossils collected by Herr Geheimer von Strombeck 
 of Brunswick. The clay series is considered by Prof. Judd to 
 represent his Upper and Middle Neocomians, and the limestone 
 series he regards as Lower Neocomian. It is in the former group 
 that we should have expected to find the representatives of our 
 Upware beds. Such however is not the case, for in Prof. Judd's 
 lists (Quarterly Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. xxvi.), Ammonites Des- 
 hdyesii, Leym., and Terebratula Moutoniana, d'Arch., are the only 
 species common to our phosphatic beds and the Brunswick Upper 
 Neocomian. On the other hand Avicula Cornueliana, d'Orb.; 
 Panopcea plicata, Sby.; Lima longa, Roemer; Exogyra sinuata, 
 Sby.; Terebratula Moutoniana, d'Arch.; RhyncTionella antidichotoma 
 and Serpula Phillipsii, Roemer ; are common to the Middle 
 Neocomian. We must however remember that much of the want 
 of correspondence between the fossils of these beds and our 
 Upware fauna is undoubtedly due to the difference in the pre- 
 vailing physical conditions. 
 
 But coming now to examine the lower group of Limestones, &c., 
 we find a remarkable set of repetitions of the characters of our 
 Upware and Brickhill phosphatic series. These beds are exposed in 
 several quarries near Berklingen to the S.W. of Schoppenstedt, and 
 the following section is seen to the east of the village of Grosser 
 Vahlberg:
 
 74 FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE 
 
 (5) Limestones similar to (1), 
 (4) Second Pebble bed, 
 (3) Limestone bed, 
 
 (2) First Pebbly bed with iron fragments, 
 (1) Beds of pale yellowish and cream-coloured Limestone, 
 the whole exposure amounting to 10 feet. 
 
 At the first glance this section does not strike one as being 
 very like that of Upware or Brickhill, for this is altogether a calca- 
 reous series, while the Upware section is in the main a sand series. 
 But the pebble beds (Nos. 2 and 4 of section) are astonishingly 
 similar to our Upware conglomerate of the lower coprolite seam. 
 The general appearance of the two is identical though some differ- 
 ence is found in the greater proportion of iron fragments in the 
 Schbppenstedt rock. Quoting from my pocket-book I find we 
 have "The same angular iron-fragments; the same phosphatic 
 nodules, identical in appearance with those of Upware; the same 
 derived fossils, and in the same mineral condition ; and the same 
 angular fragments of Lydian stones." 
 
 Looking at a series of the indigenous fossils too, their resem- 
 blance to the Upware and Brickhill ones is even more striking, 
 and the aspect of a drawer of Schoppenstedt fossils is almost identi- 
 cal with our Upware series, the adherent rocks being absolutely 
 undistinguishable one from the other. So that although one had 
 thought that our Neocomian phosphatic bed fossils had so peculiar 
 a character that they could at once be recognised amongst any 
 other specimens all over the world, I now find it necessary to take 
 special care to keep the several sets of Upware, Brickhill and 
 Schoppenstedt fossils separate. 
 
 Looking to the groups of life we find that these also are similar, 
 the same kinds of Sponges and Polyzoa, Brachiopods and Lamelli- 
 branchs being found in the two areas. 
 
 The following list of the Schoppenstedt fossils shews a close 
 affinity between these two deposits :
 
 UPWARE AND BRICKHILL NEOCOMIANS. 
 
 75 
 
 FOSSIL SPECIES FROM THE NEOCOMIAN ROCKS OF SCHOEP- 
 PENSTEDT, BRUNSWICK. 
 
 Elasmostoma, acutimargo, Roem. 
 Cidaris, plates, and thorny spines of. 
 Serpula gordialis, Goldf. 
 antiquata, Sby. 
 quadrangular is, Roem. 
 plexus, Sby. 1 
 lophioda, Goldf. 
 ampullacea, Sby. 
 Vermicularia Phillipsii, Roem. 
 Terebratula prcelonga, Sby. ? 
 
 microtrema, Walker? 
 sella, Sby. 
 ,, ,, var. Tornasensis, 
 
 d'Arch. 
 
 Wald/teimia celtica, Morris. 
 hippopus, Roem. 
 Juddi, Walker? 
 tamarindus, Sby. 
 
 Terebratella Pucheana, Roem. 
 
 oblonga, Sby. 
 
 RhyncJwnella, several species. 
 Ceriopora nodosa, Kpng. 
 
 ,, polymorpha, Goldf. 
 
 Entalophora dendroidea, Kpng. 
 Heteropora ramosa, Roem. 
 Ostrea Couloni, d'Orb. 
 
 frons, Park. 
 Exogyra spiralis, Roem. 
 
 Tombeckiana, d'Orb. ? 
 Avicula Comueliana, d'Orb. 
 Pecten fiobinaldinus, d'Orb. 
 
 Carteroniana, d'Orb. 
 
 elongatus, Lam. 
 
 cinctus, Sby. 
 
 ,, orbicularis, Sby. 
 
 ,, (Neiihea) ornithopus, Kpng. 
 Lima longa, Roem. 
 
 Tombeckiana, d'Orb. 
 Plicatula Carteroniana, d'Orb. 
 Perna Mulleti, Desh. 
 Trigonia carinata, Ag. ? 
 Spondylus Roemeri, Desh. 
 Myacites ? 
 Lithodomus. 
 Patella. 
 Belemnites subquadratus, Roem.
 
 PAKT II. 
 SPECIAL PALAEONTOLOGY. 
 
 I. VEBTEBRATA. 
 
 KEPTILIA. 
 
 THE Reptilian remains from Upware and Brickhill, although 
 few in number, include representatives of most of the types which 
 are so abundant and well known from the Potton area in Bed- 
 fordshire 1 . Remains of Deinosaurians, including Iguanodon; of 
 Crocodilians, including Goniopholis and Teleosaurus; and of Saurians 
 proper (Plesiosaurus, Pliosaurus and Ichthyosaurus) all occur, and 
 the bones are usually in a good state of preservation, being much 
 less wave-worn than the Potton specimens. 
 
 It is unnecessary here to describe in detail all these remains, 
 for many of them are not true cretaceous species at all, being only 
 the wave-spoils from the old sea cliffs of Jurassic rocks. Examples 
 of these latter are seen in the teeth of Pliosaurus brachydeirus, 
 and Dakosaurus, not uncommon fossils, which are identical with 
 those found in the Kimmeridge clay of the immediate neighbour- 
 hood ; also they are types which are not known to have lived on 
 into the cretaceous epoch. These are therefore, with others, ' de- 
 rived ' fossils belonging properly to earlier geological periods. 
 
 But others of the Reptilian remains, such as the Deinosaurs, 
 and the crocodilian teeth, are cretaceous in type and are just such 
 
 1 See Seeley, Index to Reptilia, etc., in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge,
 
 REPTILIA. 77 
 
 creatures as we should expect to have lived on the neighbouring 
 land in the Lower Cretaceous period. 
 
 Many of the Saurians, especially the Plesiosaurs, were also, I 
 believe, native around the Lower Greensand shores ; their back- 
 bones are often excellently well preserved, and but little rolled; 
 and although the projecting structures of their neural arches and 
 the perforations for the nutritive arteries offer just such protected 
 recesses as the phosphatic substance is generally formed in, yet no 
 such phosphatic matter is found there, and the bone itself is often 
 mineralized more with oxide of iron than phosphate of lime. See 
 ante, p. 18. 
 
 It has been argued, and is still maintained by Prof. H. G. Seeley, 
 that all the remains we find at Potton and Upware belong properly 
 to the bed in which they are found, the animals having lived at 
 the time these beds were deposited. Mr J. F. Walker, on the 
 other hand, advocated the theory that all the Reptilian remains 
 are of derivative origin, having been obtained by the destruction 
 of the Jurassic and older Cretaceous rock groups, and this has 
 been the generally received theory. But the truth is, I believe, 
 as stated above, that both these ideas are in part correct, some of 
 the species being ' derived ' while others actually lived at the 
 period. 
 
 One of the principal means of separating these two groups is 
 found in an important difference of their lithological nature, 
 namely the ' derived ' fossils are found, for the most part, thoroughly 
 fossilized in phosphate of lime, whereas the true Neocomian 
 Vertebrate remains are preserved in oxide of iron. Moreover, as 
 might be expected, the former group has suffered much more 
 from abrasion by water-rolling than the latter 1 . Thus I have 
 been enabled to separate out two different sets of vertebrate 
 remains, the one of contemporaneous Lower Cretaceous age, and 
 the other properly of Jurassic age. 
 
 Additional evidences of the truth of this conclusion are that 
 certain types of Plesiosaurus vertebra which occur in the Upware 
 and Potton beds are not known in the Jurassic rocks, and on the 
 other hand it is a striking fact that the large Saurian vertebrae, 
 
 1 The collection of bones from Potton in the Woodwardian Museum cannot be 
 taken as representing their usual state of preservation, since only the best specimens 
 have been selected there.
 
 78 VERTEB11ATA. 
 
 mostly Pliosaurus and Ichthyosaurus, which are the most common 
 and conspicuous fossils of the Kimmeridge and Oxford clays, are 
 absent from the Up ware and Brickhill deposits 1 . 
 
 DEINOSAURIA. 
 
 Of the Deinosaurs two teeth of Iguanodon have been found at 
 Upware, now in the collection of Mr J. F. Walker, of York ; and a 
 well-preserved caudal vertebra (PelorosaurusT) is in the Wood- 
 wardian Museum (vn. ^, Seeley, Catalogue of Reptilia, &c., Cam- 
 bridge, p. 78). None have occurred at BrickhilL 
 
 The figure (Plate i. fig. 1) represents a small claw-like dermal 
 spine of a Deinosaur from Upware, also in Mr Walker's collection. 
 
 An Iguanodon tooth, with its serrated edges perfectly pre- 
 served, has been found by Mr C. J. A. Meyer, F.G.S., in the 
 Bargate stone at Guildford ; and the Cambridge University Museum 
 possesses a fine series of them, usually more or less worn, from 
 Potton. 
 
 SAURIANS. Plesiosaurus. 
 
 Some of the Plesiosaurian remains from Upware are recorded 
 by Professor Seeley in his Catalogue (Reptilia, &c. p. 75 et seq.), 
 namely V. ^, which he states " indicates a species different from 
 all the Potton forms" ; and V. , which is the cervical vertebra of " a 
 well marked species." The centrum is very transverse (length 
 l in., breadth If in., depth 1 in.) ; the articular faces are shallow 
 (not deeply concave), with a slight central prominence, and the 
 neural arch is slender, v. | and V. ^ are dorsal vertebrae, the 
 former approaching the P. Neocomiensis of Campiche in form. 
 (See PL I. figs 2, 2a.) Other vertebras are arranged in shelf d, and 
 specimens of the paddle-bones humerus and. femur are in v. e. 
 
 Besides these there is a set of five vertebras, mid-dorsal and 
 late dorsal in position, well characterized and in unusually good 
 preservation. The centrum is short-cylindrical, the sides and 
 articular faces nearly straight, but slightly concave. Length 35 mm., 
 breadth 38mm., depth 35mm. 
 
 1 These large vertebras are found in the Potton bed, and it is important to ob- 
 serve that they occur there in a highly phosphatised condition and with masses of 
 phosphate adhering to them ; quite different from the ordinary bones of the 
 Iguanodonts, &c.
 
 REPTILIA. 79 
 
 From Brickhill also a few small vertebrae have been obtained, 
 some of them belonging to the species just described, and others 
 (PI. I. figs. 3, 3a) with a very transverse short centrum, the sides 
 and articular faces nearly flat, and the outline of the latter roughly 
 trapezoidal. The neural arches are lost, their osseous union with 
 the centrum having been, as in Ichthyosaurus, incomplete. The 
 pair of pits on the ventral surface for the entrance of the nutritive 
 arteries is conspicuous in all the specimens. Measurements : 
 length 28mm., breadth 48mm., depth 39mm. 
 
 Some slender, curved, pointed teeth from Upware probably 
 belong to Plesiosaurus. Their surface is covered with small, very 
 continuous primary ridges, upon the sides of which there usually 
 exists a more delicate, crimpy crest. They measure 35 x 12mm. 
 
 PLIOSAURUS. 
 
 Of the Pliosaurian teeth from Upware I cannot separate out 
 any that are likely to belong to the Lower Greensand age. A 
 number of vertebraB and fragments of paddles have occurred at 
 Upware, amongst which Mr Seeley has recorded (Cat. of fieptilia, 
 p. 76) VI. $ " a peculiar new species," and v. d. , a dorsal vertebra, 
 which is an instructive example, since it shews the epiphysis of 
 the centrum fallen away, just as occurs in the backbones of living 
 whales. 
 
 Also fragments of the paddle-bones have occurred at Upware 
 which are remarkable for the shaft and epiphyses being often 
 separated. The latter having fallen out now look like gigantic 
 teeth or dermal spines, leaving the shaft as a double hollow cone 
 like a dice-box, or rather like an hour-glass, for the two cavities 
 are continuous. All these are probably ' derived ' fossils belonging 
 properly to the Upper Jurassic clays. 
 
 ICHTHYOSAURUS. 
 
 Some conical teeth with square fangs found at Upware and 
 Brickhill are referable to the genus Ichthyosaurus. A fine speci- 
 men measures 60mm. in length, of which the conical enamelled 
 biting portion occupies only 15mm.
 
 80 VERTEBRATA. 
 
 CROCODILIANS. 
 
 Goniopholis? The crocodilian remains from Upware and 
 Brickhill consist of teeth and a fragment of skull. The teeth are 
 of the common crocodilian type, conical, terete, and slightly curved, 
 with a pair of strong lateral crests, similar to the teeth of the 
 Goniopholis of the Wealden. 
 
 A fragment of skull-bone exhibits the characteristic rain-pit 
 surface-sculpturing of the crocodiles. 
 
 The lance-shaped teeth of Dakosaurus are of Kimmeridgian 
 age, occurring at Upware only as ' derived ' fossils. 
 
 PISCES. 
 
 NATIVE FISHES. 
 
 The remains of Fishes consist of teeth, fragments of jaws, and 
 dermal spines, with occasional fragments of bones. For the 
 most part they are rare fossils, but the hemispherical teeth of 
 Sphcerodus (known as buttons by the workmen) are amongst the 
 most common and conspicuous fossils of the deposit. These are 
 more or less mineralized with oxide of iron and phosphate of lime, 
 principally the former, and the roots of the teeth have not served 
 as centres for the formation of phosphatic nodules, such as is 
 commonly the case with the derived teeth in the coprolite beds of 
 the Suffolk Crag. 
 
 The close correspondence of the fish fauna in the Neocomian 
 rocks of Upware, and St Croix in Switzerland, is very remarkable. 
 Our Sphcerodus teeth are identical with their S. Neocomiensis, Ag., 
 our Pycnodus with their P. Couloni, Ag., and the jaws and teeth 
 of Gyrodus are also similar in the two places. Again the Upware 
 Strophodus corresponds well with that figured by MM. Pictet and 
 Campiche (Terr. Crti. St Croix, PI. xn. pp. 17). 
 
 The same Sphcerodus occurs at Shanklin in the Isle of Wight, at 
 Landeron,Neuchatel, Alais, and Auxerre. Now in these latter places 
 derived fossils are, so far as I can learn, either unknown, or of very 
 rare occurrence, and there seems to be no reason to doubt that the 
 fishes' teeth likewise belonged to animals who lived in the Neoco-
 
 PISCES. 81 
 
 mian period (see ante, p. 17). Such must also be the case with 
 many of our Upware specimens. On the other hand these palatal 
 teeth shew no specific differences from those of S. gigas, Ag. from 
 the Kimmeridge clay, nor do I think they could be distinguished 
 and separated out if they were found mingled together. The fact of 
 the undoubted occurrence of many Jurassic species in the Upware 
 deposit affords good ground for the belief held by MM. Walker, 
 Teall and others, that these are truly ' derived ' fossils 1 . 
 
 Under these circumstances I record both species, native and 
 derived, from Upware, the proper Neocomian ones being, in my 
 opinion, especially well witnessed to by the number of the specimens, 
 and the scantiness of phosphate of lime either in their present 
 mineral substance or in the form of concretions around the roots of 
 the teeth. 
 
 SPILERODUS NEOCOMIENSIS, Agassiz. 
 (Plate i. fig. 4 a c.) 
 
 Sphcerodus Neocomiensis, Agassiz, 1843. Poissons Fossiles, n. 
 
 2, p. 216. 
 
 Pictet and Campiche, Palceontologie 
 
 Suisse, St Croix, Vol. i. p. 72, pi. 9, 
 f. 16. 
 
 We have already pointed out the resemblance of the teeth of 
 this species to those of P. gigas of the Kimmeridge clay. MM. 
 Pictet and Campiche write : " Je suis meme tres-embarrasse pour 
 y trouver des differences apprdciables," but add that perhaps the 
 cap formed by the dentine and enamel is deeper and narrower in 
 S. gigas. 
 
 These teeth are always isolated, and at Upware and Brickhill 
 only the palatal type is known ; but at Potton the sharper cutting 
 incisor teeth are also found. Fragments of the jaw-bone occasionally 
 occur still adhering to the tooth, but usually dentine and enamel 
 only remain when the under side is cupped, and in some specimens 
 the dentine also has disappeared, leaving only the saucer-like 
 enamel cap, shaped like an acorn cup. These palatal teeth were 
 known as ' buttons ' amongst the workmen, for whom they were 
 
 1 As mentioned before, I have no knowledge of any specimen of Spluerodus gigas 
 or Rtrophodus reticulatus having been found in the Jurassic rocks of this neighbour- 
 hood (Cambs. and Bucks. ). 
 
 K. 6
 
 82 VERTEBRATA, 
 
 actually manufactured up into coat buttons in considerable 
 numbers (J). 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Potton, Shanklin (I. W.), Far- 
 
 ringdon (Berks.). 
 
 8. Europe. Dept. de 1'Aube, Alais, Auxerre, Landeron, 
 Neuchatel, St Croix. 
 
 STROPHODUS, sp. 
 
 Strophodus reticulatus, Agassiz ? 
 
 Psammodus reticulatus, Walker, Geol. Mag. Vol. IV. p. 310 (see 
 Psammodus reticulatus, Ag. Poissons 
 .Foss.Vol.iiLp. 123, pi. 17,1. From the 
 clay at Shotover (Kimmeridge clay). 
 
 This species is undistinguishable from the Strophodus reti- 
 culatus, Ag. of Shotover, and also from the 8. subreticulatus, Ag. of 
 Soleure, according to MM. Pictet and Campiche. Still there can 
 be little doubt that when better specimens are found to shew the 
 arrangement of the teeth in the jaws we shall find evidence of the 
 specific distinction of the Neocomian and Kimmeridgian species, 
 and the former might then very appropriately celebrate the great 
 Palaeontologist who first described it by bearing the name Stro- 
 phodus Picteti. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Potton. 
 8. Europe. St Croix, Switzerland. 
 
 PYCNODUS COULONI, Agassiz. 
 (Plate I. fig. 5, a, b.) 
 
 Pycnodus Couloni, Ag. 1843. Poissons Fossiles, n. pt. 2, p. 200. 
 Pictet and Campiche, Terr. Cret. St Croix, 
 
 p. 57, pi. 7, fig. 517. 
 de Loriol et Gillieron, Pal. Landeron, pi. 1, 
 
 57. 
 
 Pycnodus gigas, Walker, Geol. Mag. Vol. iv. p. 310 [and Pal. 
 Soc. in Lycett]. 
 
 With this species there exist difficulties just similar to those 
 we meet with in the Sphaerodus teeth. Agassiz writes : " Elles
 
 PISCES. 83 
 
 sont tellement semblables au P. gigas du Portlandien qu'il est 
 presque impossible de les distinguer." 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Potton. 
 
 S. Europe. St Croix, Landeron, Neuchatel, Thoiry, Alle- 
 moque (dept. de 1'Ain). Urgonien and Neo- 
 comian (de Loriol and Gillieron). 
 
 OTODUS, sp. 
 
 A short and stout hastate tooth. The root is massive but not 
 expanded ; two slight enamelled eminences on its sides represent 
 the lateral denticles of the genus. 
 
 Length. 1 inch. 
 
 Some deeply biconcave sharks' vertebrae, measuring 1 3 inches 
 in diameter, are likely to belong to the same species. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Potton. 
 
 Besides these well-marked types, several other species of fishes 
 occur at Upware and Brickhill, and have been enumerated amongst 
 the ' derived ' fossils, though some of them may be proper to the 
 bed. There is a particularly fine dorsal spine of Asteracanthus 
 ornatissimus from Upware in the Woodwardian Museum, measuring 
 7 inches in length ; and the jaws of Ischyodus Townshendi are 
 found in fine condition both at Upware and Potton. Other species 
 of Chimeroid jaws also occur.
 
 II. INVEETEBEATA. 
 
 CEPHALOPODA. 
 
 (See ante, p. 18.) 
 
 Belemnites (Actinocamax) pistilliformis, Blainville, Memoir sur 
 les Belemnites, p. 98, pi. v. figs. 14 and 15, 1827. 
 [Not B. pistilliformis, Sby. Min. Con. 1828.] 
 jaculum, Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, I. pi. in. fig. 1. 
 pistilliformis, Duval, Journ. Belem. des Terr. Cret. 
 
 infr. de Castellano, pi. 8, figs. 10 16. 
 Ewaldi, Strombeck, Deutsches Geolog. Gesell 1861, 
 
 p. 34. 
 pistilliformis, Ooster, Pet. des Alpes, I. Cephalopoda, 
 
 pi. 2, figs. 911, p. 21. 
 pistilliformis, Renevier, Terr. Neocomian des Voirons, 
 
 pi. 1, figs. 1 4, p. 5. 
 
 [Belemnites subfusiformis, auctorum is a variety of this species. 
 See infra.'} 
 
 THIS species belongs to a group of Belemnites characterised by 
 the soft and powdery nature of the alveolar region of the guard, 
 so that commonly this part is not preserved. Further, in con- 
 sequence of the outer layer being more friable than the inner, a 
 delamination occurs in successive coats ' en lames en retrait.' A 
 perfectly fusiform structure is thus produced, being a guard, 
 wanting its alveolar portion and its phragmocone. The Genus 
 Actinocamax (Miller and Voltz) was erroneously grounded upon 
 specimens in this condition, and the name has consequently been 
 rejected. Dr Schluter has, however, lately revived the name, and 
 I think it may be retained with advantage to denote a well- 
 marked group of Cretaceous Belemnites, including Belemnites 
 pistilliformis, subfusiformis, minimus, attenuatus, ultimus, and
 
 CEPHALOPODA. 85 
 
 semicnnaliculatus 1 . All these species are very nearly allied to one 
 another, and specimens are often difficult to determine. Another 
 characteristic feature of the group Actinocamax, is the presence of 
 a double pair of lateral grooves running along the guard, but this 
 is not so constant nor so characteristic a feature as the one first 
 mentioned. 
 
 This species is well known from Speeton in Yorkshire, under 
 the name Belemnites jaculum, Phill. Elsewhere in Europe the 
 name jaculum is scarcely known, Phillips's figure being too rough 
 for identification (Goldfuss). I cannot find any character to dis- 
 tinguish it from B. pistilliformis, Blainville. 
 
 Herr von Strombeck tells me he considers his species Ewaldi 
 to be the same as jaculum, Phillips. 
 
 Measurements, etc. In the Woodwardian Museum are three 
 specimens, all of them of rather slender, elongated type, regularly 
 but not strongly fusiform. 
 
 Length, 2f inches ; breadth at centre, 8^ mm. ; breadth at f in. 
 from proximal end (Actinocamax), 7mm.; breadth at J in. from 
 apex, 7 mm. 
 
 Localities. Up ware, Speeton, Tealby (Mid. Neocomian). 
 N. Europe. Elligserbrink (Hilsthon); Kirchdorf, Oberer Hils 
 
 (Gottingen Museum). 
 
 S. Europe. Varappe, Alpine Cretaceous (Ooster), Mont 
 Saleve (Mid. Neocomian), Voirons, St Croix, 
 Castellana. 
 
 BELEMNITES PISTILLIFOKMIS, var. SUBFTJSIFORMIS, d'Orbigny. 
 (Plate i., fig. 6, ad). 
 
 Belemnites pistilliformis, var. subfusiformis, Raspail, 1829, Hist. 
 Nat. des Belemnites, pi. VIII, fig. 93, p. 55 ? 
 
 subfusiformis, d'Orbigny, Terrains Cretaces, I. p. 50, 
 
 pi. 4, fig. 9, also Supplement, p. 24. 
 
 minimus, de Blainville, 1827. Mem. sur les Belem- 
 
 nites, t. v. f. 5, 6 ; t. iv. f. 1 (non Sowerby). 
 
 1 Belemnites hastatus of the Oxford clay, and B. clavatus of the Lias, occur in a 
 similar condition, but the double pair of lateral grooves are not well developed in 
 these species.
 
 86 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 Belemnites subfusiformis, Duval Jouve, Belem. Terr. Cret. Infr. 
 
 Castellana, pi. ix. 
 subfusiformis, de Loriol. Descr. des fossiles, Neocom. 
 
 moyen du Mont Saleve, pi. I. fig. 1. 
 semicanaliculatus, Pictet and Renevier, 1858, Pa- 
 
 Iceont. Suisse, Foss. du Terr. Aptien. p. 19, pi. in. 
 
 fig. 1. 
 
 There is some doubt as to the real type of the Belem nite thus 
 named by Raspail, Quenstedt (Petrifactenkunde Deutschland, 
 Cephalopoda), believing it to be a Jurassic (Weiss Jura) species, 
 different from that figured by d'Orbigny. We therefore refer to 
 the figures by Duval Jouve and d'Orbigny, as illustrating the 
 current idea of the species, being unable to settle the question 
 raised by Quenstedt. 
 
 This form passes by easy gradations into Belemnites pistilli- 
 formis (Blainville), as was recognised by d'Orbigny in his sup- 
 plement (Terr. Cretaces), and the two so-called species have been 
 united under one name by Pictet and Renevier. In the North 
 German collections I find them still kept distinct, and I think the 
 name subfusiformis may with advantage be retained as a varietal 
 name for those forms with a decided ventral furrow at the alveolar 
 end. Further, this type is as a rule less swollen but more regularly 
 fusiform than the true pistilliformis, and the lateral furrows are 
 less distinct. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 2| inches ; greatest breadth (just below 
 the middle), 10 mm. ; breadth at lower end of proximal furrow, 
 8 mm. ; breadth at inch from apex, 7 mm. 
 
 Localities. Upware, also at Hythe (Woodwardian Museum). 
 N. Europe. Elligserbrink, Hilsthon (Brunswick Museum). 
 S. Europe. Alp. Mar. Claro (Neocomian), Castellane (d'Orb.), 
 Perte du Rhone, Aptien supr. (Pictet and 
 Roux). 
 
 BELEMNITES SUBQUADRATUS, Roemer. 
 (Plate I., fig. 8, a,b.) 
 
 Belemnites subquadratus, Roemer, Norddeutsch Oolitengebirge, 
 
 1836, p. 166, t. 16, f. 6. 
 Ooster, Fossiles des Alpes, Ceph. p. 24.
 
 CEPHALOPODA. 87 
 
 Belemnites subquadratus, d'Orbigny, Terr. Cre't. Sup. p. 12, t. 6,f. 
 
 14. 
 Quenst. Pet. Deutschl. 1849, Vol. I. p. 462, 
 
 t. 30, f. 26, 27. 
 
 lateralis. Cat. Foss., Museum of Practical Geology, 
 1878, p. 23 (Tealby series). 
 
 One would hardly have been able to identify our small Brickhill 
 Belemnite as the one figured by Roemer and d'Orbigny without 
 the help of other specimens. Ours is a small, simply- tapering 
 fragment of a guard, worn and flattened on its ventral side, and 
 with a very excentric axis of growth as its most marked character. 
 It is identical with some small Belemnites common in the Hils 
 conglomerate of Goslar, Salzgitter and Schoeppenstadt (Brunswick), 
 where I have collected examples, and in these localities it occurs 
 associated with larger and more typical forms. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 3|cm.; breadth, side to side, 7 mm.; 
 breadth, back to front, slightly less (6f mm.). 
 
 Localities. Brickhill (W. M. unique), Farringdon (W. M.), not 
 
 uncommon. 
 N. Europe. Hils conglomerate of Schandelahe, Bredenbeck, 
 
 Achim. 
 
 8. Europe. Bernese Alps. Wassy, Haute Marne, Neocomian 
 (d'Orb.). Romer's type is from the Jurassic 
 rocks. 
 
 BELEMNITES UPWARENSIS, n. sp. 
 (Plate i., fig. 7, a d.) 
 
 A most remarkable little Belemnite utterly dissimilar to any 
 other Belemnite that I know in several of its characters, namely in 
 the markings over its whole surface, the structure disclosed by 
 transverse section, and the characters of the alveolar end of the 
 guard. So that although only a single specimen appears to have 
 been found, I have no hesitation in recording it as a new form, 
 under the name Belemnites Upwarensia. 
 
 Description. Guard short and stout, conoidal 1 , being a little de- 
 
 1 For Terminology, see Phillips, British Belemnites, Pal. Sob. page 30.
 
 88 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 pressed by a dorsal flattening; it expands slightly at the proximal 
 end : distal end submucronate, mucro short and stout. No furrows. 
 
 The Surface is completely covered with ridges and striae, some 
 of the former corresponding in position with the structural radii 
 seen in transverse section : the striae are smaller, and much more 
 numerous (about 10 striae to 1 mm.). 
 
 The proximal end shews a shallow cavity much like the calyx 
 of a coral, the constituent radii standing out clearly in pencil-groups 
 suggestive of coral septa. The expanding of the guard at this 
 region shews that this proximal cavity was at, or near to, the alveo- 
 lar cavity, but it obviously is not simply that cavity itself but is 
 the result of destroying agents acting upon original peculiarities of 
 structure. Whereas in Actinocamax we have a group of Belemnites 
 with the outer layers more and more friable in the neighbourhood 
 of the phragmocone, here the contrary seems to be the case, so 
 that a hollowing out of the upper end of the Belemnite has 
 occurred. 
 
 A transverse section shews the contour to be nearly circular, 
 rendered somewhat irregular by the slight dorsal flattening. The 
 characteristic exogenous structure is well seen, with few and strong 
 growth circles and unusually well-marked radii. These radii 
 converge to the centre, most of them being continuous so that 
 the rays become numerous and closely packed towards the cen- 
 tre, but as the more central part is approached they become 
 irregular, curving, and wavy, converging towards and uniting with 
 one another in a manner recalling the section of a Palaeozoic 
 cyaihophyllum. In ordinary Belemnites the radii run straight 
 to the centre (Compare Fig. in Phillips's British Belemnites, Pal. 
 Soc., p. 14). 
 
 The axis of the guard is subcentral. Phragmocone unknown. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 23 mm.; breadth near middle, 7 mm. ; 
 lateral diam. at proximal end, 8 mm. ; dorso-ventral diam. at 
 proximal end, 8mm.; dorso-ventral diam. at middle, 7i mm. The 
 axial line meets the diameter excentrically, so as to mark off radii 
 of 3 mm. and 4 mm. respectively. 
 
 AFFINITIES AND DIFFERENCES. Belemnites Upwarensis is well 
 separated from all other species by the ornamented character of 
 its whole surface. I believe these surface striae to be the true sur-
 
 CEPHALOPODA. 89 
 
 face structures produced by the formative membrane and not due 
 to decomposition as in B. acuarius macer, Quenst., for the striae are 
 very regular and are best developed where the surface has suffered 
 least in fossilization. 
 
 The form too is sufficient to distinguish it from other Cre- 
 taceous Belemnites, while yet other specialities are probably indi- 
 cated by the condition of the curious proximal cavity. We find 
 therefore in this Belemnite several such important special features 
 as suggest that we have here the type even of a new genus of 
 Belemnitidae. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 AMMONITES CORNUELIANUS, d'Orbigny. 
 (Plate i., fig. 9, a c.) 
 
 Ammonites Cornuelianus, d'Orb., Terrains Cr&aces, I., pi. 112, 
 f. 1, 2, p. 364. 
 
 Pictet and Roux, Mollusc des Ores 
 
 verts, pi. v., f. 4, a, b, p. 55. 
 
 Ooster, Fossiles des Alpes, iv., Cepha- 
 
 lopoda, p. 132 (Bernese Alps). 
 
 A variable Ammonite, belonging to a variable group the 
 Nodosocostati (P. and C.). It is closely allied to our Atherfield 
 Am. Martini (d'Orb.) with which it has been bound up by MM. 
 Pictet and Campiche in the above-named group. Quenstedt unites 
 this species and Martini with verrucosus d'Orb., (Quenst. Petrifac- 
 tenkunde, Vol. I., p. 136). Am. Martini is a thicker form, less open, 
 than our species, and the spines are better developed in the later 
 whorls. In the Woodwardian specimen the spines are well de- 
 veloped on the younger whorls but become obtuse and rather 
 obscure further on. 
 
 Two varieties occur at Upware, a rotund variety (A) (round 
 whorled) and a flatter whorled form (B) ; the latter approaches 
 A. Milletianus, d'Orb. 
 
 The sharply defined, obtuse, square-sectioned ribs, especially 
 over the back, are very characteristic of this group of Ammonites. 
 
 Our three best specimens (Woodwardian Museum) measure 
 about 3 inches, 1 and f inches respectively.
 
 90 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 Localities. Upware. 
 
 N. Europe. Louvenmont (Gb'ttingen Mus.). 
 8. Europe. Perte du Rhone (Aptien supr.), Switzerland, 
 Bernese Alps, Basses Alps. 
 
 " A characteristic Aptien species," (Pictet and Renevier, Perte 
 du Rhone, p. 21). 
 
 AMMONITES DESHAYESII, Leymerie. 
 (Plate m., fig. 1.) 
 
 Ammonites Deshayesii, Leymerie, 1842, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, 
 
 t. v,, pi. 17, f. 17. 
 consobrinus, d'Orbigny, Terr. Cre't., t. 47. 
 
 fissicostatus, Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, t. 2, f. 49. 
 
 In the German collections this form is usually included in 
 Ammonites noricus of Schlotheim (the original types of which came 
 from the Elligserbrink Neocomian clays). But taking Roemer's 
 description and figure of that species as our guide (the original 
 diagnosis being too imperfect to serve), it will be generally admitted 
 that the two names, Deshayesii (Leyni.) and noricus (Schl. ? and 
 Roemer) should be retained for their respective types. They are 
 however very nearly allied, and a connecting chain of transition 
 specimens could, I am convinced, without difficulty be arranged. 
 Ammonites Deshayesii has fewer ribs and coarser than A. noricus, 
 and no tubercles are developed along the outer border where the 
 ribs are deflected to pass over the back. Again the ribs in Am. 
 Deshayesii pass regularly over the back, simply flattening out and 
 deflecting forwards, leaving no such pseudo-keel as we find in A. 
 noricus. 
 
 Only a single fragment is known from Upware, belonging to a 
 variety with broad obtuse ribs. 
 
 It is an interesting fact that the more typical coarser-ribbed 
 form of Ammonites Deshayesii, Leymerie, occurs at Upware as a 
 "derived" fossil! 
 
 Localities. Upware ( Woodw. Mus.), Speeton (Upper Neocomian) , 
 
 Atherfield. 
 
 N. Europe. Brunswick. 
 S. Europe. Paris Basin, 1'Aube.
 
 CEPHALOPODA. 91 
 
 Ammonites, sp. ?. 
 (Plate L, fig. 8.) 
 
 A fragment in the collection of Mr J. F. Walker, M.A., of 
 Sidney Sussex College. It was a simple round-backed Ammonite 
 with very numerous ribs (30 to 1 inch). Diam. of whorl fth inch. 
 I have not been able to identify this species, and it is too imperfect 
 for further working. 
 
 Locality. Up ware (Coll. Mr J. F. Walker, M.A., F.G.S.). 
 
 ANCYLOCERAS HILLSII, Sowerby, sp. 
 
 (Plate II.) 
 Scaphites Hillsii, Sowerby, Geol Trans, iv., p. 339, pi. xv., f. 1, 2. 
 
 Only one specimen of this species is known from Upware 
 (Woodw. Mus.). It is a fine shell just so far advanced as to have 
 completed its Crioceroid stage of growth. The aperture here is 
 rounded and transversely oval, whereas the section of the inner 
 whorls and of the mature Ancyloceras part of the shell is nearly 
 square. The ribs become very faint over the last quarter-whorl of 
 our specimen. 
 
 The species differs from A. gigas Sowerby in its whorls being 
 more rounded, and enlarging less rapidly; also in its more simple 
 rounded ribs in the Crioceroid stages. From Crioceras Asterianus 
 d'Orbigny (Terr. Cret. L, pi. 115, bis. f. 3, 4, 5) our shell differs in 
 its more distinct ribbing, by its whorls enlarging less rapidly, and 
 in the smaller dorso-ventral diameter of its aperture. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Hythe, Lympne, Maidstone, Godalming(?).
 
 92 1NVERTEBRATA. 
 
 GASTEROPODA. 
 
 (See ante, p. 19.) 
 
 APORRHAIS (TESSAROLAX) GARDNERI. 
 (Plate in., fig. 2, 2 a.) 
 
 Aporrhais (Tessarolax} Qardneri, sp. nov. 
 
 Tessarolax, n. sp. J. S. Gardner, ' Cretaceous Gasteropoda,' Geol. 
 
 Mag., 1880, Vol. vn., pi. iii., f. 2, p. 50. 
 
 "This fragment possesses all the characters of a Tessarolax, 
 and is similar in shape to T. retusa, the small extent of the region 
 in front of the keels giving the shell a truncated instead of a pear 
 shape. The species is evidently finely striated, and the keels 
 appear to have been slightly tuberculated as in T. Fittoni. It 
 was a larger shell than either of the Gault or Neocomian forms ; 
 but less than the grey chalk T. oligochila. It is scarcely suffi- 
 ciently perfect to furnish specific characters." 
 
 Locality. Upware (Coll. Mr J. F. Walker, unique). 
 
 APORRHAIS (TRIDACTYLUS) WALKERI, Gardner. 
 (Plate IIL, fig. 3.) 
 
 Tridactylus Walkeri. J. S. Gardner, Geol. Mag., Vol. vii., pi. 
 iii., f. 4, p. 50. 
 
 " Shell elongate and pupseform ; whorls irregular, inflated, not 
 forming a regular cone ; possessing a strong central keel, a second 
 and less prominent keel in front, and two partly concealed sutural 
 keels. The body-whorl has two nearly equal keels (slightly 
 diverging towards the outer lip, the front one being the less promi- 
 nent), and three smaller keels which are arranged above, below, 
 and between the primary keels. All the keels seem to have been 
 tuberculated, and the spire was probably ribbed, as in T. Grif- 
 fithsti, which it generally resembles. Length of fragment, 22 mm. ; 
 diameter of body-whorl, 12 mm. \
 
 GASTEROPODA. 93 
 
 " This unique fragment possesses great interest, since the only 
 two cretaceous species previously known were from the Gault. It 
 is remarkable for the irregularity of its growth, the third whorl 
 bulging to the left and the second to the right ; this tendency per- 
 haps preceded the more regularly pupaeform shapes of the Gault 
 species." 
 
 Locality. Upware (Coll. Mr J. F. Walker). 
 
 SCALARIA KEEPINGI, Gardner. 
 
 Scalaria Keepingi, Gardner. Geol. Mag., vn., 1880, p. 54, 
 pi. iii., fig. 7. 
 
 " Whorls inflated, about twice as wide as high ; ribs of each 
 whorl coarse, rounded, very irregular, flexuous; striae very fine 
 and scarcely perceptible under a glass ; suture not visible. 
 
 "This species, while resembling Neocomian forms in other 
 respects, differs from them all both in the nearly complete absence 
 of striae, and also by its concealed sutures." 
 
 Length, 19 mm. 
 
 Locality. Upware (Coll. Mr J. F. Walker, M.A. ; unique). 
 
 CERITHIUM NEOCOMIENSE (d'Orb.), Forbes. 
 (Plate IIL, fig. 5, a, 6.) 
 
 Cerithium Neocomiense, d'Orb.? Terr. Cret. II. pi. 232, f. 89. 
 Forbes. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Vol. I., 
 
 1845, p. 351, pi. iv., f. 8. 
 
 A single prominent keel upon the upper whorls ; two keels 
 exposed upon the body-whorL 
 
 Localities. Upware (Coll. Mr J. F. Walker), Atherfield. 
 
 CERITHIUM MAROLLINUM, d'Orbigny. 
 (Plate IIL, fig. 6.) 
 
 Cerithium Marollinum, d'Orb., Terr. Cre't., p. 353, pi. 227, 
 fig. 2, 3. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Tealby, E. Shalford (Surrey). 
 S. Europe. Marolles (Aube), Yonne (Neocomian).
 
 94 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 NERIN.EA, sp. 
 (Plate in., fig. 7.) 
 
 A tall turreted shell resembling the Turitella nerincea of 
 Geinitz. We know of only two specimens from Upware, and per- 
 haps another from Atherfield. These indicate a variable species, 
 and do not afford sufficient materials for specific identification or 
 diagnosis. The whorls are concave, being strongly margined at 
 each suture. One specimen shews some spiral striations, but the 
 other is smooth. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Atherfield (?). 
 
 NERINCEA TUMIDA (n. sp.). 
 (Plate in., fig. 8.) 
 
 Shell thick, elongated, tumid, many-whorled, smooth. Whorls 
 narrow, simple, convex ; sutures rather deep, very transverse. 
 Base much contracted, umbilicus wanting. Mouth sub- quadrate ; 
 siphonal canal rather prominent, slightly tortuous ; columellar lip 
 straight. Two broad faint grooves seen in places upon the inside 
 cast indicate slight spiral thickenings of the outer wall. 
 
 Measurements of type (see figure) : Length (of fragment) 3 
 inches ; breadth at top, 22 mm. ; at base, 35 mm. ; height of 
 penultimate whorl, 13 mm. ; angle of spire, 13. 
 
 Only two specimens are known, but these indicate a well- 
 marked species, the general tumid, almost pupoid appearance of 
 the shell being very distinctive. The convexity of the whorls and 
 contracted base distinguish it from N. Banga, d'Orb., and from A T . 
 depressa, Voltz., to which it has most general resemblance. It is 
 separated by the absence of an umbilicus. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 TROCHUS, n. sp. 
 (Plate in., fig. 9, a, b.) 
 
 A trochiform shell allied to T. Oosteri (P. and C.) of the Aptien 
 Inferieur of St Croix. It is regularly pyramidal, or with the 
 apex slightly produced ; base nearly flat, gently convex ; no 
 umbilicus.
 
 GASTEROPODA. 95 
 
 Whorls 7 or 8, each with a prominent keel forming its anterior 
 margin; sutures deep and angular. Between the keel and the 
 suture the whorls are ornamented with two or four tuberculated 
 secondary ridges, the two median ones being strongest and most 
 constant. 
 
 Base ornamented with spiral striations, of which the strongest 
 are next the border-keel. 
 
 Mouth triangular, slightly effuse below. 
 
 Only a single specimen is known, in the cabinet of Mr J. F. 
 Walker, M.A., and this is not sufficiently well preserved to serve 
 for perfect specific diagnosis. 
 
 Measurements. Height, 12 mm. ; breadth, 13 mm, ; apicial 
 angle, 80. 
 
 Locality. Upware (Collection Mr J. F. Walker, M.A.). 
 
 LITTORINA, sp. 
 
 Nearly allied to L. Upwarensis, but much shorter, being nearly 
 as broad as long. 
 
 Locality. Upware (Woodw. Mus., unique). 
 
 LITTORINA UPWARENSIS, sp. nov. 
 (Plate III., fig. 10, a, b.) 
 
 Shell thick, pyramidal, with oblique base, longer than broad, 
 ornamented with tuberculated spiral ridges. Sutures deep ; whorls 
 6 or 7, convex, ornamented with two tuberculated keels, of which 
 the more posterior is the stronger and more coarsely nodulated. 
 This keel occupies the centre line of each whorl in the spire. 
 Posterior to this the whorls are usually slightly concave, and 
 plain, but an additional ridge, with tubercles, may be developed 
 along the sutural border. 
 
 The body- whorl has numerous (9 or 10) spiral ridges upon its 
 sides and base, the posterior two or three being distinctly tubercu- 
 lated, the remainder less so. 
 
 The base is convex and oblique. 
 
 Mouth rhomboidal ; the coluinellar lip slightly produced.
 
 96 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 Besides the spiral ornament already described, the whole shell 
 is covered with a delicate cross striation, running in parallel curved 
 lines between the ribs. The shell varies considerably in the deve- 
 lopment of its spiral ridges and tubercles, the median range of 
 tubercles being sometimes prominently developed. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 23 mm. ; breadth, 17 mm. ; apicial 
 angle, 55. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 LITTORINA CANTABRIGIENSIS, sp. nov. 
 (Plate in., fig. 11, a, b.) 
 
 Shell pyramidal, higher than broad, with oblique base ; orna- 
 mented with numerous tuberculated spiral ridges, and cross 
 striations. Spire regularly conic, consisting of six or seven whorls 
 separated by narrow but deep sutures. Body-whorl with a 
 distinct shoulder, in front of which the shell is rather scanty. 
 A tuberculated keel runs along the shoulder, and a second keel, 
 almost as strong, is found next in advance; the next ridge is 
 much less developed, and then comes the sutural ridge, or a row of 
 tubercles. 
 
 Anterior to the keels are four or five spiral ridges, where the 
 tubercles are but faintly developed. In the spire the whorls are 
 flat, ornamented with four tuberculated ridges, one of which may 
 disappear. 
 
 Base scanty, with a small umbilical fossa. Mouth rhomboid. 
 
 Measurements. Height. 18 mm. ; breadth, 14 mm. ; apicial 
 angle, 60. 
 
 The ornament structures are well developed in this shell, 
 the cross striae between the ridges being coarser and more irregular 
 than in the other Upware species. 
 
 Locality. Upware (very rare). Woodw. Mus. 
 N. Europe. Ocker, near Goslar (Hils Conglomerate). 
 
 LITTORINA (TURBO) VARICOSA, sp. nov. 
 (Plate in., fig. 12, a, b.) 
 
 A. turbinate shell, longer than broad, ornamented with spiral 
 ribbing and tubercles, interrupted at intervals by prominent
 
 GASTEKOPODA. 97 
 
 varices. The base is short and rounded; imperforate. Spire 
 composed of five or six whorls separated by rather broad and deep 
 sutures. 
 
 The body-whorl is convex and rounded with spiral ornament 
 belonging to the usual two sets (a) the spire-system, consisting 
 of three rows of tubercles which are more or less connected so 
 as to form tuberculated ridges ; and (6) the anterior or basal 
 set of seven or eight spiral ridges which are faintly tuberculated. 
 The whole shell is covered with delicate cross striae. 
 
 Mouth subquadrate. 
 
 The varices are simple, convex and very prominent; four are 
 seen at irregular periods upon our type specimen. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 16 mm. ; breadth, 12 mm. ; apicial 
 angle 55. 
 
 Locality. Upware (rare). 
 
 TURBO REEUI, n. sp. 
 (Plate in., fig. 13, a, 6.) 
 
 A small, stout, turbinate shell; round whorled, but strongly 
 keeled; striated and reticulated. Sutures deep, whorls five or 
 six, convex, with two (or three) strong keels upon the anterior 
 part ; posterior half of each whorl concave. 
 
 Body-whorl with numerous (about fifteen) spiral ribs upon its 
 sides and base. 
 
 Base convex, with a small umbilicus. 
 
 The whole surface is ornamented with a delicate spiral striation 
 and oblique cross striations producing a beautiful decussated or 
 granulated appearance. 
 
 Measurements. Height, 13 mm. ; breadth, 11 mm. ; apicial 
 angle, 70. 
 
 The shells vary in depth of suture and in the number of spiral 
 ribs exposed over the spire. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 PATELLA, sp. 
 (Plate in., fig. 14.) 
 
 Too imperfect for identification or description. Internal view 
 only known. See figure. 
 
 K. 7
 
 98 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 PLEUROTOMARIA GIGANTEA, Sowerby? 
 
 Pleurotomaria gigantea, Sby., Trans. Qeol. Soc., 2 Ser., torn. IV., 
 
 pi. xiv., f. 16. 
 
 Pictet and Campiche, Pal. Suisse, Terr. 
 
 Crti., St Croix, Vol. in. p. 433. 
 
 There are two types of this large pyramidal Pleurotomaria, 
 namely, the more elevated, flat-whorled type with numerous volu- 
 tions found at Atherfield, and a more depressed broader-whorled 
 type common at Hythe ; in the latter also the sides of the whorls 
 are more arched, and expand at their base. Again, in the Hythe 
 form the spiral ornament lines are coarser and more prominent, 
 and the line of the apertural slit is situated at or below the 
 centre of each whorl. In the Atherfield type this line is usually 
 slightly above the medial line. 
 
 Our Upware shell is nearest to the Hythe type, but as only 
 the inside cast is known the identification is not certain. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Hythe, Atherfield (?). 
 8. Europe. St Croix. 
 
 PLEUROTOMARIA RENEVIERI, n. sp. 
 (Plate IV., fig. 1, a, b.) 
 
 Pleurotomaria Anstedi, Cat. Fossils Jermyn Street Museum, 
 
 1878, p. 21. 
 [not E. Forbes, 1845. Q. J. Geol. Soc. i. 
 
 p. 349, pi. 5 (13), f. 1.] 
 [ of Pictet and Campiche, Pal. Suisse, 
 
 p. 435.] 
 
 In his description of Pleurotomaria Anstedi, Prof. E. Forbes 
 writes: "spire somewhat depressed and very obtuse," and his 
 figure corresponds well with the description; also the margin of 
 the shell is rounded. The Upware shells and that figured by 
 MM. Pictet and Campiche are pointed and their edges sharp. 
 
 These characters are very constant in the genus Pleuroto- 
 maria, and our specimens shew no variation in the directions 
 of Prof. Forbes' type. 
 
 Description. Shell thick, regularly conical, broader than high. 
 Base convex, apex acute, whorls few (six or seven), with convex
 
 GASTEROPODA. 99 
 
 sides, ornamented with a strong thickening at their anterior mar- 
 gin and two ridges bordering the sinus-band. A cancellate orna- 
 ment is developed upon the marginal thickening and above the 
 sinus-band by the intersection of well-marked spiral striations 
 and cross striae. Elsewhere the sides of the cone are ornamented 
 only with transverse striae. Base cancellated with spiral ridgings 
 and cross striae. Umbilicus moderate. Mouth rhomboid. 
 
 Specimens vary in the development of the striae and costae. 
 
 From P. elegans (d'Orb.), and P. Cassiana (d'Orb.), this species 
 is distinguished by the absence of spiral ridges upon the whorls 
 in front of the slit. The general proportions of the shell are, 
 as kindly pointed out to me by Prof. Renevier, similar to those of 
 the internal casts from Mont Saleve, described by M. de Loriol 
 as P. Saleviana. 
 
 Localities. Upware. 
 N. Europe. Berklingen, Brunswick. 
 S. Europe. St Croix. 
 
 Measurements. Height, 20 mm.; breadth, 24 mm.; apicial 
 
 le, 85. 
 
 PLEUROTOMARIA FERRUGINEA, sp. nov. 
 (Plate iv., fig. 2, a, 6.) 
 
 Shell thick, pyramidal, elevated, slightly higher than broad, 
 consisting of nine or ten whorls which are angular so as to give 
 the shell a stepped appearance. Sinus-band mesial in each whorl, 
 occupying the axis of the keel. Base moderately convex, nearly 
 smooth, but with faint spiral ornament striations, and distinct 
 lines of growth. Mouth trapezoidal, somewhat effuse below; 
 margin thickened. Umbilicus small, slit-like. 
 
 The shell is ornamented at the sides with spiral striations 
 crossed by delicate striae, and by lines of growth ; about thirty 
 of the spiral ridges are present upon the later whorls. 
 
 Measurements of type. Height, 3 inches ; breadth of base, 
 3 inches ; breadth of sinus-band, 1 mm. ; angle of spire, about 
 55. 
 
 This species belongs to the Gigantea group, but differs from 
 gigantea in its more convex and nearly smooth base, also in the 
 
 72
 
 100 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 mesial angle of the whorl. From P. Delahayesii, d'Orb., it is 
 distinguished by its taller form, small umbilicus, distinct spiral 
 striations, and mesial sinus-band. P. Favrina, de Loriol, has 
 a characteristic depression around the umbilicus. 
 Locality. Potton. 
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 
 
 (See ante, p. 19.) 
 
 OSTREA (ExoGYRA) CouLONi (Defrance), d'Orbigny. 
 
 Gryphea Couloni, Defrance, 1821. Diet. Sci. Nat. xix. p. 534. 
 E. subsinuata, Leym. 1842. Mem. Soc. Geol. de France, torn. v. 
 
 pp. 11, 16, 17, PL 12, figs. 37. 
 Ostrea Couloni, 1846. d'Orb., Terr. Cret. pi. 467. 
 
 1858. Pictet and Renevier, (pars), Pal. Suisse, 
 
 Terr. Aptien, p. 138. 
 1861. de Loriol, Mont Saleve, p. 110. 
 
 MM. Pictet and Renevier have united this species with 0. 
 (Exogyra) sinuata (Sow.), (Foss. du Terr. Aptien, Pal. Suisse, 
 p. 138), and in N. Germany the two names are usually regarded 
 as synonymous. But de Loriol (Foss. du Mont Saleve) doubts 
 the wisdom of that arrangement, and I agree with him that the 
 two forms may well be kept separate though they are closely 
 allied. I find that where Exogyra sinuata (Sow.) occurs there 
 E. Couloni is also found but the converse does not always 
 obtain as at Upware, Farringdon and Mont Saleve. 
 
 The true sinuata (Sby.), may be called Ex. Couloni var. sin- 
 nata (Sby.). 
 
 Measurement. Length of largest specimen, 2| inches. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Speeton (Lower Neocomian) 
 
 Tealby, Potton. 
 
 N. Europe. Brunswick, Hils Thon, and Hils Conglomerat. 
 S. Europe. Perte du Rhone, Mont Saleve, &c.
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 101 
 
 EXOGYRA CONICA, Sby., vars. including (Plate iv. fig. 3, 
 a, b, c) 
 
 Chama cornea, Sby., 1812. Min. Con. pL 26, fig. 3. 
 Exogyra conica, Sby., Min. Con. t. 605, figs. 1 3. 
 undata, Sby., Min. Con. t. 605, figs. 3, 4. 
 spiralis, Roemer, 1839. N. Ool. p. 65 (pars). 
 
 undata, 1841. Nordd. Kreid. p. 47, No. 7. 
 Ostea Tombeckiana, d'Orb., Terr. Cret. p. 701, pi. 467, figs. 
 
 46. 
 
 conica, p. 726, pi. 478, figs. 
 
 58. 
 
 Our TJpware forms are usually known as Exogyra Tombeckiana 
 in England and France, but they are called E. spiralis in the Ger- 
 man Museums. Prof. Morris and Mr Blake record E. spiralis as 
 an oolitic species (Portland Oolite and Coral Rag), and Roemer in 
 his original description gives both the Corallien and the Elligser- 
 brink beds (Neocomian), for its horizons. The Jurassic and 
 Cretaceous shells do indeed closely correspond, and they all belong 
 to the same group. Exogyra nana is especially near to the 
 variety spiralis, and others very nearly resemble even E. virgula, 
 some of the specimens having been mistaken for this latter species 
 and recorded as such in the published lists of Potton Shells. 
 
 Three well-marked types of this species occur at Brickhill, 
 namely : 
 
 (1) Exogyra conica, Sby., var. Tombeckiana, d'Orb. This is 
 the true Ostrea Tombeckiana, a small smooth species, with crenu- 
 lated lip. 
 
 (2) Exogyra conica, Sby., var. spiralis, Roemer. A variety 
 having its upper valve ornamented with regular and distinct 
 imbrications ; and 
 
 (3) a striated variety. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Potton, Brickhill, Famngdon, Black- 
 down. 
 N. Europe. Haverlah, Gevensleben; Schoeppenstedt, Hils 
 
 Conglomerat. 
 S. Europe. Mont Saleve, Perte du Rhone, etc.
 
 102 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 OSTREA (GRYPHEA) DILATATA, (Sby.) ? 
 
 Ostrea dilatata, Sowerby, Min. Con. t. 149, fig. 1. 
 controversa, Roemer, Nordd. Ool. pi. 4, fig. 1. 
 
 I cannot detect any characters of distinction between the 
 Upware and Potton Gryphites and the Oxfordian G. dilatata. Both 
 the typical and the expanded forms occur, the latter most commonly. 
 They measure respectively 5x3 inches, and 4x4 inches. 
 
 There being so many ' derived ' fossils in the Upware deposit 
 the suggestion is spontaneous and natural that this shell is of 
 that nature having been washed out from the Oxford Clay of the 
 old shore line and buried in again with true Neocomian fossils. 
 Such was the opinion of Mr J. F. Walker; but I am convinced 
 with Professor Seeley that this is not the case, but that this 
 oyster is really a native of the deposit. Both at Upware and 
 Potton the condition of the shell is precisely that of the true 
 natives and quite different from that of any of the derived shells. 
 
 Moreover, although the Oxfordian Ostreae are almost invariably 
 covered with Episites (Serpula, Ostrea, and Polyzoa), there are 
 no such Jurassic Episites upon the Upware Ostreae. 
 
 But although the Oxford Clay and Upware shells are thus 
 inseparable, we cannot, in my opinion, be justified in coming to a 
 certain decision that they are the same species until they are 
 found in some of the intervening rocks of the gap which now 
 separates them in geological time. 
 
 It is a curious point that, excluding the Ostrea frons type, 
 the Upware Ostreidae would lead the palaeontologist to believe 
 he was amongst the Jurassic rocks Lower Kimmeridgian or 
 Upper Oxfordian or rather Ampthill Clay. For besides the 
 species now under discussion, there is in the Woodwardian 
 Museum a shell identical in shape with Ostrea deltoidea ; and the 
 little Exogyra conica and E. spiralis are undistinguishable from 
 E. nana of the Kimmeridge Clay and Coral Bag. 
 
 OSTREA FRONS (Park.), var. MACROPTERA (Sowerby). 
 Ostrea macroptera, Sowerby, Min. Con., pi. 478, figs. 3 5. 
 Ostrea frons, Parkinson (Org. Rem. ill., pi. 15, fig. 4), is the type 
 of a beautiful group of oysters which first appeared in the Upper
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 103 
 
 Jurassic rocks, but which are very characteristic of the Cretaceous 
 series. A number of names have been given to different varieties 
 such as 0. diluviana, macroptera, carinata, larva and rectangularis, 
 all of which names distinguish well-marked types more or less local- 
 ized in their geological and geographical distribution, but which are 
 found to pass into one another through intermediate forms when a 
 large series is examined. The relation of the types to one another 
 is indeed well illustrated by the arrangement under Prof. Geinitz in 
 the Dresden Museum where the well-marked types are arranged 
 on tablets and a large tray of intermediate forms is also exhibited. 
 The Upware forms belong decidedly to the variety macroptera 
 (Sby.), which is distinguished by its umbonal region being expanded 
 to form a wing, especially on the posterior side. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Potton, Farringdon. 
 
 N. Europe. Hils formation, Schb'ppenstedt. 
 
 S. Europe. France and Switzerland. 
 
 Ostrea frons, Parkinson, var. carinata, Sowerby, Min. Con., 
 pi. 365. 
 
 Occurs at Brickhill, Atherfield, etc. 
 
 OSTREA WALKERI, n. sp. 
 (Plate IV., fig. 4, a, 6.) 
 
 A variable oyster shell one of the Rudes, plano-convex or con- 
 cavo-convex, covered with rude, imbricating growth-lamellae : the 
 shells are moderately thick. It is attached sometimes by the 
 whole surface of the lower valve but in other specimens by only a 
 very small area ; the lower valve in the former case has a thickened 
 margin. Contour ovate more or less irregular, beak pointed. 
 
 Lower valve moderately deep, chamoid, or shallow. Upper 
 valve flat or concave, and irregular with concentric growth striae or 
 imbrications, which are usually less prominent than on the lower 
 valve. 
 
 Ligament area large and triangular (about th length of the 
 whole shell), its base usually broadest. A median gutter serves to 
 divide it into three sub-equal parts; in the upper valve the liga- 
 ment area is much smaller.
 
 104 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 The principal muscular impression is of moderate size, situated 
 near the anterior side of the shell at about the middle of its length. 
 
 This species is distinguished from 0. Germanii (Coquand), 
 and 0. Leymerii by the inequality and dissimilarity of its valves 
 and by its ligament area. 0. Leymerii usually has radiating ribs 
 on its lower valve. 
 
 One specimen in the Woodwardian Museum which I refer to 
 this species is indistinguishable from 0. deltoidea (Sow.), and is 
 also very similar to some specimens of 0. Germanii (Coquand), see 
 Pictet and Campiche, St Croix, pi. 189, f. 2. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 1 inches; breadth, 1-| inches; depth, 
 | inch; length of ligament area, finch; breadth of ligament area, 
 ^ inch. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 N. Europe. Brunswick, Speeton Thon (Coll. Herr von 
 Strombeck). 
 
 OSTREA (GRYPHEA) VESICULOSA, Sowerby. 
 
 Gryphea vesiculosa, Sby., 1823. Min. Con., pi. 369. 
 
 Ostrea vesiculosa, 1869. Coquand, Monog. des Huitres, p. 152, 
 
 pi. 59, f. 47. 
 Pictet and Campiche, St Croix, p. 311, pi. 194, 
 
 f. 1-6. 
 
 An upper cretaceous species, but ranging from our Wicken beds 
 (Neocomian) to the Gault and Lower chalk. 
 
 Localities. Brickhill. I. of Wight ; Warminster, Upper Green- 
 sand. 
 8. Europe. St Croix, Switzerland (Gault). 
 
 PECTEN RAULINIANUS, d'Orbigny. 
 
 Pecten Eaulinianus, d'Orb., 1846. Pal. Fr., Terr. Crtt. III., 
 
 p. 595, pi. 433, f. 69. 
 
 Pictet and Campiche, Pal. Suisse, Foss. de 
 
 St Croix, p. 202, pi. 172, f. 57. 
 
 The cross imbrications are well developed in the Upware speci- 
 mens, traversing the interradial spaces. In some specimens the ribs
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 105 
 
 become double and triple towards the border by the development 
 of side ridges. 
 
 Range. Neocomian Chloritic Marl. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Atherfield, Folkestone (Gault), Cambridge 
 
 Greensand. 
 
 S. Europe. Presta (Aptien), P. and C.; Gault of depart- 
 ments de 1'Aube and de la Meuse. 
 
 PECTEN ELONGATUS, Lamarck. 
 Pecten elongatus, d'Orb., Pal. Fr., Terr. Crti., pi. 436, f. 14. 
 
 Locality. Brickhill. 
 N. Europe. Dresden, (Planerkalk), etc. 
 S. Europe. France, Belgium. 
 
 PECTEN DUTEMPLEI, d'Orbigny. 
 
 Pecten Dutemplei, d'Orbigny, 1845, Terr. Cret., p. 596, pi. 433, 
 
 f. 10. 
 
 Aptiensis, Pictet and Koux, 1853. 
 
 Dutemplei, Pictet and Campiche, Pal. Suisse, Terr. Crti. 
 St Croix, p. 199, pL 172, f. 14. 
 
 Distinguished from the other species of the Interstriatus group 
 by the nature of the ornament on the buccal ear of the larger 
 valve. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Potton, Farringdon, Atherfield?, Spee- 
 
 ton(?). 
 S. Europe. Perte du Rhone (Aptien), d'Ervy (Gault). 
 
 Another Pecten from Upware is distinguished by its numerous 
 ribs over 100. Its ornament is of like nature to that of d'Orbig- 
 ny's P. Robinaldinus (Terr. Cret., pi. 431, f. 4), but more delicate. 
 It approaches the " type & cotes nombreuses " of Pictet and Cam- 
 piche from the Urgonien, but that form has only about 80 ribs. 
 Our specimen is too imperfect for satisfactory determination or 
 description.
 
 106 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 PECTEN ORBICULARIS, Sowerby, var. MAGNUS, var. nov. 
 (Plate v., fig. 1.) 
 
 P. orbicularis, Sby., Min. Con., f. 186. 
 
 d'Orb., Terr. Crtt., pi. 433, f. 1416. 
 P. Cottaldinus, Cat. Foss. Mus. Practical Geology, 1878, p. 13 
 
 (non d'Orb.). 
 
 A shell variously named in English and German collections 
 P. cinctus, crassitesta, junr. orbicularis and Cottaldinus. I cannot 
 distinguish it from the true Pecten orbicularis of the Upper Green- 
 sand (Warminster, &c.). 
 
 P. cinctus (crassitesta) has a much thicker shell with straight 
 hinge line, the ears being less prominent than in orbicularis, and 
 the shell is marked on one or both valves with delicate radiating 
 depressed striae. 
 
 Pecten Cottaldinus is quite a different shell, having very unequal 
 ears, and also ornamented with radiating strise (see d'Orb., Terr. 
 Cre't., p. 590, pi. 431). 
 
 It is worth notice that Pecten cinctus is absent from the Wicken 
 Beds. 
 
 Our shell is considerably larger than the original type and de- 
 serves the separate varietal name magnus, 
 
 Pecten orbicularis (Sow.), var. magnus nob. 
 
 Localities. Up ware, Potton, Ely (Neocomian), Hythe, Ather- 
 
 field, Tealby. 
 8. Europe. France, Switzerland, &c. 
 
 PECTEN (NEITHEA) MORRISII, Pictet and Renevier. 
 
 Pecten quinquecostatus, J. Sowerby, Geol. Trans., 1836, Roemer, 
 Forbes and others [non P. quinquecos- 
 tatus, Sby., Min. Con.]. 
 Janira Morrisii, Pictet and Renevier, 1858. Pal. Suisse, Etage 
 
 Aptien, St Croix, p. 128, pi. 19, f. 2. 
 Pictet and Campiche, Terr. Cret., St Croix, 
 p. 244. 
 
 A shell very near to Neithea quinquecostata (Sby.), distinguished 
 from it principally by the character of the areas external to the
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 107 
 
 outer ribs which are here nearly smooth, while in Sowerby's Upper 
 Greensand shell this part is well costated. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Atherfield, Shanklin, Hythe. 
 
 8. Europe. Perte du Rhone, Wassy, Spain. 
 
 Range. Neocomian. 
 
 PECTEN (NEITHEA) ATAVA (Roemer), d'Orbigny. 
 (Plate iv., fig. 6.) 
 
 Janira atava, d'Orb., Terr. Crtt. in. p. 627, pi. 442, f. 13. 
 Pictet and Campiche, St Croix, p. 237, pL 180. 
 
 I only know of one specimen from our neighbourhood and this 
 is in the cabinet of Mr J. F. Walker, M.A. 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 N. Europe. Hils formation of Shoppenstedt, Berklingen. 
 
 8. Europe. Neocomian of France, Switzerland, Spain. 
 
 PECTEN (NEITHEA) ORNITHOPUS, sp. nov. 
 (Plate iv., fig. 5, a, 6.) 
 
 Shell subtrigonal, slightly oblique from the greater develop- 
 ment of the posterior side, very inequivalve, plano-convex or 
 concavo-convex, auriculate. It is ornamented with six prominent 
 radiating ribs, and subordinate striae, the former being produced in 
 the form of claw-like processes. The whole surface is crossed with 
 delicate squamous growth-lines. 
 
 Lower valve convex with prominent, narrow beak ; primary 
 ribs (six) all well defined, the anterior one shortest and the fourth 
 longest ; they are angular, and covered with imbricating cross lines. 
 
 Interradial grooves slightly narrower than the ribs, depressed, 
 furnished with a number of secondary ribs which are simple and 
 convex, separated by narrow grooves. Fifteen of these are seen in 
 the central furrow, counting those which extend half-way up the 
 sides of the adjacent ribs. 
 
 Upper valve concave, plane, or even slightly convex; its primary 
 ribs similar to those of the lower valve, but slightly more rounded; 
 grooves deep, ornamented with radiating ribs and striae, which 
 are either broad and flat, or numerous and rounded. Ears very
 
 108 . INVEETEBRATA. 
 
 unequal, anterior ear trigonal, slightly truncated, convex in the 
 right and plane in the left valve; ornamented with the general 
 imbricating striae but devoid of rays. Posterior ear very small. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 30mm.; breadth, 25 mm.; thickness, 
 12mm.; apicial angle, 55. 
 
 This shell is very generally known from Farringdon and Shank- 
 lin as Neitkea Neocomiensis (d'Orb.). It is however not that 
 species, our shell being more elongated and more oblique, while the 
 characters of the intercostal grooves contrast clearly in both valves. 
 The ears also in d'Orbigny's species are subequal. 
 
 I am by no means certain that this is not the original atavus 
 of Roemer. The description (Nordd. Ool. Sup., p. 29) tallies very 
 well with our shell, but the ears as figured are quite different and 
 agree with the French P. atavus. Yet it is our shell which occurs 
 'nicht selten' at Schoppenstedt. But unless the original figured 
 specimen can be discovered, the current ideas (d'Orbigny) are best 
 to be maintained. 
 
 Besides the striking difference of the ears in our species and 
 P. atavus (d'Orb.), the broader character of the secondary ribs 
 serves also to distinguish it. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Farringdon, Godalming (?). 
 N. Europe. Schoppenstedt. 
 
 HINNITES LEYMERII, Deshayes. 
 
 Hinnites Leymerii, Desh., 1842. Mem. Soc. Oeol. Tr., torn. v. 
 
 p. 27, pi. 14, f. 1. 
 
 Pictet and Campiche, Pal. Suisse, Terr. 
 
 Crdt., St Croix, p. 224, pi. 175. 
 
 A free valve from Brickhill. The internal cast shews well the 
 intermediate strise between the principal ribs. Where the shell is 
 preserved traces of the prominent scales on the ribs are seen. 
 
 Locality. Brickhill. 
 
 S. Europe. Perte du Rhone.
 
 LAMELLEBRANCHIATA. 109 
 
 AviCULA CORNUELIANA, d'Orbigny. 
 (Plate v., fig. 2.) 
 
 Avicula macroptera, Roem., 1841. Nordd. Ool. Vol. I. p. 86, 
 
 pi. 4, f. 5 (non Lamk.). 
 Cornueliana, d'Orbigny, Pal Fr., Terr. Cret., HI., p. 
 
 471, pL 389, f. 3, 4. 
 Auctorum. 
 
 Pictet and Campiche, Pal. Suisse, St 
 
 Croix, p. 66, pi. 152, f. 14. 
 
 Our Brickhill shell belongs to a round-ribbed type, identical 
 with the one which is abundant in the Schb'ppenstedt Hils Con- 
 glomerat (Brunswick), recognised as the one originally figured by 
 Roemer. 
 
 The French type with sharp and more prominent primary ribs 
 (see figs, by d'Orb. and P. and C.) occurs at Speeton, and in the 
 N. German Neocomian clays. These are varietal differences de- 
 pendent upon habitat. 
 
 The shell is commonly called A. macroptera in Germany, and 
 is sometimes named A. pectinata (Sowerby) in English Cabinets. 
 
 The latter is generally considered a different species, distin- 
 guished by its smaller sharp ribs, with one intermediate rib 
 between each pair of primary ones, while A. Cornueliana has a 
 number of riblets and striae. 
 
 Localities. Brickhill, Tealby, Speeton, Folkestone Gault. 
 N. Europe. Schoppenstedt, Hils Conglom., Bredenbeck. 
 S. Europe. St Croix (Mid. Neocomian). 
 
 PERNA, sp. nov. 
 (Plate V., fig. 3, a, 6.) 
 
 In form similar to the young of Perna (Gervillid) aliformis 
 (Sby.), but the Up ware shell is more oblique, its anterior ear is 
 larger, and no distinct ribs are seen. 
 
 A shell from Shanklin in the Collection of Mr C. J. A. Meyer is 
 very near to this, occurring pretty commonly there where mature 
 aliformis is not found. (Meyer.) 
 
 Locality. Upware (Coll. Mr J. F. Walker, M.A.). 
 
 N. Europe. Oberg, Hildesheim (?), Hils Conglomerat.
 
 110 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 PINNA ROBINALDINA, d'Orbigny. 
 
 (?) Pinna gracilis, Phillips, 1828. Geol Yorkshire, pi. 2, f. 22. 
 P. rugosa, Roemer (non Schl.) 1839. Ool. Geb. Sup. p. 32, pi. 
 
 18, f. 13. 
 P. Eobinaldina, d'Orb., Terr. Grit. in. p. 251, pi. 330, f. 
 
 13. 
 Pictet and Renevier, Pal. Suisse, Terr. Apt. 
 
 p. 117, pi. 16, f. 5. 
 
 Localities. Brickhill (Woodw. Mus., and in Mr J. F. Walker's 
 
 Cabinet), Atherfield, Speeton (?). 
 N. Europe. Hildesheim (Gb'ttingen Museum). 
 8. Europe. Perte du Rhone (Mid. Neocomian). 
 
 PLICATULA CARTERONI, d'Orbigny. 
 (Plate v., fig. 4, a, b.) 
 
 Plicatula Carteroniana, d'Orb., 1846. Pal. Fr., Terr. Crti. ill. 
 
 p. 180, pi. 462, f. 5 7. 
 Pictet and Campiche, 1870. Pal. Suisse, 
 Terr. Cret. St Croix, p. 265, pi. 183, 
 f. 3, 4. 
 
 A common shell at Upware. The lower valve is usually deeper 
 than in the French specimen, and the smaller valve is rarely spinous, 
 but has 8 10 broad, slightly arched ribs. Specimens which have 
 been found in protected situations (as within oyster-shells) have 
 the spines on the ribs of the lower valve much produced so as to 
 form delicate curved spines -^th inch long. 
 
 At Brickhill this species occurs as a small variety, with only 
 five or six (sometimes eight) strong ribs on the lower valve. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Potton, Hythe (Woodw. Mus.), 
 
 Folkestone (Coll. Mr Meyer). 
 N. Europe. Brunswick. 
 
 S. Europe. Mid. and Lower Neocomian, St Croix, Hau- 
 terive, Neuchatel, Bonvillers.
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Ill 
 
 PLICATULA EQUICOSTATA, n. sp. 
 (Plate v., fig. 5, a, I, c.) 
 
 Shell obliquely ovate, plano-convex, very inequivalvular and 
 inequilateral; covered with numerous equal-sized ribs. Upper 
 valve flat or slightly concave, marked with concentric lines of 
 growth, which may be raised into lamellae especially towards the 
 margin, and ornamented with 15 20 radiating ribs. These ribs 
 are broad and slightly arched ; they are separated by only a narrow 
 groove. There are indications that spines may be developed in 
 some specimens at points where the lines of growth cross the ribs. 
 Towards the margin of the shell additional and sharper ribs may 
 be added. 
 
 The lower valve is deep and gibbous, attached by a small area 
 at its umbo. It is provided with irregular imbricating growth- 
 lamellae and zoned by a few, faint or strong varices. These 
 structures are covered with numerous ribs (about 50) which 
 are rounded and gently arched, separated by narrow and simple 
 interspaces crossed by lines of growth. 
 
 In one specimen, whose shell has been partly denuded, the 
 ribs on the small valve appear to have been much more numerous 
 than in our type. 
 
 Affinities and differences. This species approaches most nearly 
 to P. placunea (Lanik.) and P. imbricata (Koch.). From the former 
 it is distinguished by its gibbosity and the equality of its ribs, and 
 from the latter by its flat or concave upper valve. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 LIMA TOMBECKIANA, d'Orbigny. 
 
 L. semisulcata, Forbes, 1845. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. p. 248 
 
 (non Nilsson). 
 L. Tombeckiana, d'Orbigny, 1845. Pal Fr. Terr. Cret. in. p. 
 
 534, pi. 415, f. 1317. 
 
 Pictet and Campiche, Pal. Suisse, Vol. v., Terr. 
 
 Cret. St Croix, p. 148. 
 
 Distinguished from L. Dupiniana by its broader, closer-set ribs.
 
 112 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 Localities. Brickhill, Reigate, Tealby. 
 N. Europe. In Hils Conglomerat. 
 
 S. Europe. St Croix (Neocomian), very general in the Neo- 
 comian of France. 
 
 LIMA FARRINGDONENSIS, Sharpe. 
 (Plate v., fig. 12, a, 6.) 
 
 Lima Farringdonensis, Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., Vol. 
 x. pi. 5, fig. 2. 
 
 A species characterised by its intermediate ribs and by the 
 striae on the sides of the ribs, which gradually increase in strength 
 as the ribs dwindle towards the posterior side. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Farringdon, Atherfield (Leck- 
 enby Collection). 
 
 LIMA LONGA, Roemer. 
 
 L. elongata, Roemer, 1836 (non Sby.). 
 
 L. longa, Roemer, 1841. Nordd. Kreid., p. 57. 
 
 L. undata, d'Orb., 1845. Pal. Fr., Terr. Crti. p. 528, pi. 414, 
 
 f. 912. 
 L. longa, d'Orb., 1845. Pal. Fr., Terr. Cret. ill. p. 529, pi. 
 
 414, f. 1316. 
 L. longa, Pictet and Campiche, Pal. Suisse, St Croix, p. 128, 
 
 pi. 161,f. 6,7. 
 L. undata, Forbes. 
 
 A very variable shell, especially in the nature of the ribs and 
 their interspaces, as may be well studied in the cabinet of Herr 
 von Strombeck in Brunswick. In some the ribs are broad and 
 flattened, in others narrow and rounded; the interspaces are 
 usually distinctly pitted, but sometimes simple. Some of its varie- 
 ties are very near to L. abrupta. There is a very broad-ribbed 
 variety in the cabinet of Mr J. F. Walker, M.A, F.G.S., of York. 
 Some specimens from Upware have lost the outer layers of shell, 
 and present an almost smooth surface; the imbricating growth - 
 laminae being crossed by the faintest ' ghosts ' of the ribbing.
 
 LAMELLIBKANCHIATA. 113 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Potton, Tealby, Farringdon. 
 N. Europe. Hils Conglomerate Schoppenstedt, &c. 
 8. Europe. St Croix, Haut Jura, Lower and Middle Neo- 
 
 SPONDYLUS KOEMERI, Deshayes. 
 
 Spondylus hystrix, Roemer (non Goldfuss), Nordd. Kreidegeb. 
 
 p. 59. 
 Spondylus Roemeri of French authors; vide D'Orb. Pal. Fr. 
 
 Terr. Cret. in. p. 655, pi. XLV., f. 16. 
 Pictet and Carapiche, Terr. Crti., St Croix, 
 
 p. 256. De Loriol, Mt. Saleve, p. 107, pi. 
 
 xiv., f. 4, 5. 
 
 A very variable shell, having very much the general appearance 
 of the figure of S. hystrix Goldfuss (Pet Germ. pi. CV., f. 8), but his 
 description (p. 96), shews it to be perfectly distinct. The spines on 
 the larger ribs vary much in number and in prominence, while 
 some specimens are devoid of spines altogether. The ribs are 
 rather closer set than in the figures by D'Orbigny and De Loriol 
 above referred to. 
 
 The lower valve is smaller, flattened and marked with strong 
 growth lamellae over its broad base ; its upturned border is covered 
 with numerous simple-rounded ribs without spines. 
 
 Localities. Brickhill. 
 
 N. Europe. Schoppenstedt, Hils Conglomerat. 
 
 S. Europe. St Croix and Mt. Saleve, Mid. Neocomian ; 
 
 Range. Valengien, Urgonien. 
 
 TEIGONIA UPWARENSIS, Lycett. 
 
 Trigonia spinosa of fossil lists from the Upware deposit. 
 Walker, ' Coprolite Workings in the Fens/ 
 Geol Mag., 1867, p. 310. 
 Trigonia Upwarensis, Lycett, Monog. Brit. Foss. Trigoniae, Pal. 
 
 Soc. p. 143, pi. xxxix., f. 4. 
 
 I believe this species also occurs in the ' derived ' blocks of dark 
 irony grit rock at Upware ; bat these specimens are not well 
 preserved. 
 
 Locality. Upware (not uncommon). 
 K. 8
 
 114 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 NUCULA SUBTRIANGULA, Koch and Dunker. 
 
 ? Nucula subtrigona, Roemer, 1836. Nordd. Ool. pi. vi., f. 6. 
 Nucula subtriangula, Koch and Dunker, 1837, Beitr. Nordd. 
 Ool, p. 50, pi. vi., f. 1. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Shanklin. 
 
 N. Europe. Hils Thon, Elligsevbrink. 
 
 ARCA MARULLENSIS, D'Orbigny. 
 
 Area Marullensis, D'Orb., Pal Fr. Terr. Orel, in., p. 205, pi. 
 
 cccx., f. 35. 
 
 Pictet and Campiche, Pal Suisse, Terr. 
 
 Cret., St Croix, p. 432, pi. cxxx., f. 14. 
 
 The ligament area is deeply retreating. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Farringdon. 
 
 8. Europe. Morteau (Doubs), Urgonien infr. 
 
 . ARCA CARTERONI, D'Orbigny. 
 (Plate v., fig. 7, a, b.) 
 
 Area Carteroni, D'Orb., Pal Fr. Terr. Cret, ill., pi. cccix., 
 
 f. 48. 
 
 Pictet and Campiche, Pal Suisse Terr. Cret., 
 
 St Croix, p. 436, pi. cxxx., f. 9. 
 
 A rare shell, belonging to the sub-genus Byssoarca. The 
 lozenge-shaped ligament area is even more developed in our speci- 
 mens than in the figures of French shells ; it is crossed by as many 
 as eight pairs of the angular ligament grooves. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Atherfield, Peasmarsh, I.W. 
 
 S. Europe. St Croix. Landeron. 
 Range. Mid. Neocomian, Urgonieu.
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 115 
 
 CUCULL.EA SUBNANA, Pictet and Roux. 
 (Plate v., fig. 10.) 
 
 Area subnana, Pictet and Roux, 1852, Moll. Foss. grts verts, p. 
 
 461, pi. XXXVL, f. 6. 
 
 Pictet and Campiche, Pal. Suisse Terr. Crd., 
 St Croix, p. 466. 
 
 Near to the common Atherfield species, C. Cornueliana, D'Orb., 
 but distinguished by wanting the ridge which always passes ob- 
 liquely along the middle of the posterior area in that species. 
 
 It is distinguished from C. nana by its ligament furrows. 
 
 Our shell is double the size of the figured types. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Farringdon. 
 
 S. Europe. Perte du Rhone, Gault ; St Croix, Lower Gault. 
 
 GUCULL^EA, sp. ? 
 
 (Plate v., fig. 8.) 
 
 A somewhat similar shell to the last, but more oblique a 
 cuneiform shell. The umbo is not prominent, hinge rather short, 
 hinge area small. The radiating striations are very delicate, for 
 the most part obscure. 
 
 I only know of one specimen (Woodw. Mus.), and this seems to 
 be partly decorticated. 
 
 Measurements. Transverse diameter, 25mm.; depth, 19 mm.; 
 umbo to posterior angle, 21 mm. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 PECTUNCULUS SUBL^VIS, Sby. 
 (Plate v., fig. 9, a, b, c.) 
 
 Pectunculus sublcevis, Sowerby, 1824, Min. Con., pi. CCCCLXXH., 
 f. 4. 
 
 The umbo is narrower and less elevated than is usual in this 
 species, and the ribs are broad and flattened. 
 The ribs vary in this species. 
 Localities. CJpware, Blackdown, Shanklin, I.W. 
 
 82
 
 110 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 PECTUNCULUS MARULLENSIS, Lcymeric. 
 (Plate v., fig. 11.) 
 
 Pectunculus Marullensis, Leym. 1842, Mm. Soc. Geol. France, 
 
 v., pi. ix., f. 2. 
 
 D'Orbigny, Terr. Crdt, p. 187, pi. 
 cccvi., f. 16. , 
 
 The ribs vary ; they do not shew such a regular cross-line 
 structure as is shewn in M. D'Orbigny's figures. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Shanklin. 
 
 S. Europe. Paris basin, Middle Neocomian. 
 
 PECTUNCULUS OBLIQUUS, sp. nov. 
 (Plate VI., fig. 1, a, b, c, d) 
 
 Shell thick, ovate-oblong, transverse, slightly oblique ; convex, 
 but somewhat flattened in the centre ; surface marked with lines 
 of growth and ornamented with delicate radiating striae. 
 
 Umbones contiguous, rather depressed, oblique, situated in 
 about the line of the anterior third of the shell. Hinge line short, 
 less than half the length of the shell. 
 
 Ligament area narrow with several (about eight) angular 
 furrows. Hinge strong, furnished with few central transverse 
 teeth, and three longitudinal lateral teeth upon each side of the 
 semicircular hinge shelf. 
 
 The surface striae are very numerous, gently convex, with 
 simple, narrow interspaces. 
 
 The species is best distinguished by its shape, which is almost 
 cuneiform, and its anterior, oblique umbones. It approaches nearest 
 to some Jurassic species from the Great oolite and Coral rag. 
 
 Measurements. Antero-posterior diameter, 16 mm. ; umbono- 
 pallial diameter, 13 mm. Thickness (through both valves), 
 10 mm. 
 
 Locality. Upware.
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 117 
 
 MODIOLA PEDERNALIS, Roemer ? 
 
 (Plate vi., fig. 2, a, b.) 
 Modiola pedernalis, Roem., Kreide Texas, pi. vil., fig. 11. 
 
 The ribs are very delicate in our Upware shells, and the 
 cardino-lateral border is straighter and less curved than in 
 Roemer's figure, but having compared it with specimens from the 
 original locality in the Gb'ttingen Museum I believe them to be- 
 long to the same species. 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 ^V. Europe. Elligserbrink, Hils Thon. 
 
 Friedrichsberg, in Texas, America, 
 
 MODIOLA OBESA, sp. nov. 
 (Plate VL, fig. 3, a, b.) 
 
 Description. A very obese species, elongated, oval, gibbous, 
 and arcuated. Cardinal and cardino-lateral borders forming 
 together one simple curve ; pallial border markedly sinuated ; 
 anal border narrow and rounded. The umbones are nearly ter- 
 minal, slender, depressed and incurved ; an arched shoulder runs 
 from them to the front limit of the anal border. Buccal area 
 swollen, marked off by a shallow furrow running alongside the mesial 
 shoulder, its pallial termination corresponding with the sinus, 
 which is situated towards the posterior end, nearly two-thirds of 
 the whole length from the umbo. 
 
 The surface is marked only by delicate laminae of growth, and 
 coarser growth-stages. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 21 mm. ; breadth, 10 mm. ; thickness 
 (through both valves), 13 mm. 
 
 Affinities and differences. A shell of the Modiola cequalis type, 
 also approaching near to M. Montmolini of MM. Pictet and Cam- 
 piche, Terr. Cret., St Croix (pi. CXXXIIL, f. 2) ; from both of these 
 it is distinguished by the regularly-arched cardinal side, instead of 
 having a distinct cardinal angle.
 
 118 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 Our species is more elongated than M. ccqualis, but less so 
 than M. Montmolini. The depth of the shell is a characteristic 
 feature, and in this as well as in the regular curvature of the 
 cardinal side, it shews affinity to M. lineata, Sow. (Fitton, pi. 
 xiv., fig. 2) ; but the absence of striation and the gibbous buccal 
 region readily distinguish it. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Shanklin, I.W. 
 
 MODIOLA, sp. nov. 
 
 An ovate, lanceolate shell, convex, slightly arcuated, covered 
 with delicate, crimp-like striations, which are well developed upon 
 the buccal side, but appear to become fainter over the back. The 
 umbones are terminal, slender, oblique, and incurved. Cardino- 
 lateral angle gentle and rounded. The buccal area is but faintly 
 marked off, smooth, and slightly swollen. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 2 inches; breadth, 1 inch; thickness 
 (across both valves), 1 inch. 
 
 This shell is near to M. Cottce, Geinitz, but the author of that 
 species agrees with me that the two shells are distinct, the umbo 
 being much more obtuse in M. Cottce. The ornament striae have 
 the character of M. lineata, Sow., a shell totally different in 
 shape. 
 
 We only know of a single specimen, and in this the shell itself 
 is wanting over most of the back ; therefore from being thus 
 imperfectly known I decline to give a name to the species. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 CARDIUM COTTALDINUM, D'Orbigny. 
 (Plate vi., fig. 4.) 
 
 Cardium Cottaldinum, D'Orb., Pal. Fr. Terr. Cret., ill. p. 22, 
 
 pi. CCXLIL, f. 1 4. 
 
 Pictet and Campiche, Pal. Suisse Terr. 
 
 Crti., St Croix, p. 146, pi. cxvm., 
 f. 1, 2. 
 
 A larger shell than C. Ibbetsoni of Atherfield, and without the 
 posterior angles. Its greater cardino-pallial diameter distinguishes
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 119 
 
 it from C. Voltzii Leym. The best specimens are in the cabinet of 
 Mr J. F. Walker, M.A., of Sidney Sussex College, one of which 
 shews the hinge. The teeth are small and slender ; cardinal 
 tooth slightly bifid, anterior lateral (of the left valve) laminar, 
 double, posterior lateral obsolete ; behind the umbo a well-marked 
 ligament support is seen. 
 
 Localities. Upvvare, Folkestone, Shanklin, Punfield, under the 
 Punfield series (Meyer). 
 
 S. Europe. Middle Neocornian of Landeron and Mont 
 
 Saleve. 
 Range. Neocomian. 
 
 CARDIUM SUBHILLANUM, Leymerie ? 
 
 Cardium siibhillanum (Leym.), 1842, Mfrn. Soc. Ge'ol Fr. V., 
 
 p. 5, pi. VIL, f. 2. 
 
 De Loriol, 1861. Descr. Anim. Invert, 
 
 du Mont Saleve, p. 81, pi. x., f. 4. 
 
 I only know of one specimen, and in this the shell itself has 
 been lost, leaving only the inside cast. Therefore there is some 
 doubt in this identification. The cast is figured by Pictet and 
 Campiche, Pal. Suisse Terr. Gret, St Croix, pi. cxxi., f. 3, 4. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Atherfield, Devizes, Hythe. 
 S. Europe. St Croix, Landeron, Mt. Saleve, Jura. 
 
 CYPRICARDIA STRIATA, Geinitz, sp. 
 
 Cardita striata, Geinitz, Charak. II. p. 52, pi. x., f. 3 a c. 
 
 Modiola carditoides, Geinitz, Das Elbthalgebirge in Sachsen I. 
 p. 218, pi. XLVIII., f. 1113, pi. XLIX., 
 f. 19, 20, in Dunker and Zittel, Palceon- 
 tographica. 
 
 The discovery of the hinge teeth in the closely-allied species 
 C. squamosa, n. sp. (see infra) proves this to be a Cypricardia. 
 I have no doubt as to the above identification of this shell, having 
 compared specimens with Professor Geinitz in the Dresden Mu- 
 seum, but it is remarkable that this little shell should occur only 
 in two such widely separated localities, and in rocks of such 
 different ages.
 
 120 INVEHTEBKATA. 
 
 The muscle markings and pallial line are shewn upon an 
 internal cast from Oberau, Dresden. The two adductor impres- 
 sions are placed low in the shell ; they are rounded, and connected 
 by a simple, nearly straight pallial line. 
 Localities. Upware. 
 
 N, Europe. Lower Quader conglomerates, Oberau, near 
 Dresden ; and Lower Planer, Plauen, Dres- 
 den (Upper Cretaceous). 
 
 CYPRICAKDIA SQUAMOSA, sp. nov. 
 (Plate vi., fig. 5, a c.) 
 
 Shell quadrate, but broader behind, gibbous, ornamented with 
 squamous growth laminse, crossed by more or less distinct radiating 
 striae. Umbo quite anterior, prominent, incurved ; a strong 
 rounded shoulder passes from the umbo obliquely across the shell. 
 Anal border rounded ; buccal region slightly swollen ; a gentle 
 depression meets the pallial border in front of the median line. 
 Lunule cordiform, deeply impressed. 
 
 In the hinge two obtuse prominent teeth are seen in the left 
 valve. Right valve with (?) one cardinal tooth ; no laterals. 
 
 The ornament consists of a few (seven or eight) prominent, 
 separate concentric lamellae ; and radiating striae which are usually 
 faint, best marked over the back, and disappearing on the pos- 
 terior side. 
 
 Measurements. Antero-posterior diameter, 13 mm. ; dorso- 
 pallial diam., anteriorly, 9 mm., posteriorly, 1 1 mm. ; thickness 
 (through both valves), 10 mm. 
 
 Nearly allied to the Cardita Neocomiensis of D'Orbigny, but 
 less gibbous in shape, and further distinguished by its few, promi- 
 nent squamous lines of growth, and the faint development of the 
 radiating ribs. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 CYPRICARDIA ARCADIFORMIS, sp. nov. 
 (Plate vi., fig. 6.) 
 
 Shell oblong, .Area-shaped ; the sides straight, posterior border 
 oblique. Pallial border sinuated. A prominent angular shoulder 
 runs from the umbo diagonally across the shell. Umbones promi-
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 121 
 
 nent, incurved, quite anterior. Buccal region slightly swollen. 
 Limule cordiform, impressed ; a posterior lanceolate lunette is 
 also present. The surface is cancellated with prominent growth 
 laminae, crossed by costae radiating out from the umbo. 
 
 The posterior region behind the shoulder is smooth or with 
 faint shadowy costaB. 
 
 Measurements. Antero-posterior diameter, 21 mm. ; dorso- 
 pallial diameter, 12 mm.; thickness (through both valves), 13 mm. 
 
 Locality. Up ware. 
 
 CARDITA ROTUNDATA, Pictet and Roux ? 
 (Plate vi., fig. 7). 
 
 Cardita rotundata, Pictet and Roux. Moll. Foss. Geneve, p. 443, 
 pi. xxxm., f. 6. 
 
 A lower gault species occurring at Folkestone, where it is 
 known by this name ; but it is a longer shell (length equal to 
 breadth) than the Swiss type, and its ribs are fewer and stronger. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Folkestone, Potton. 
 
 S. Europe. Depts. Aube, Yonne, Ardennes, Meuse. 
 
 Range. Neocomian (Upware) and Lower Gault 
 
 OPIS NEOCOMIENSIS, D'Orbigny. 
 (Plate vi., fig. 8, ac.) 
 
 Opis Neocomiensis, D'Orbigny, Pal. Fr. Terr. Cret., HI., p. 51, 
 
 pi. CCLIIL, figs. 1 5. 
 Opis Desori, De Loriol, Foss. du Mont. Saleve, p. 66, pi. vni., 
 
 f. 4. 
 
 The shell varies slightly in breadth. There can be little doubt 
 that MM. Pictet and Campiche are justified in their conclusion 
 that 0. Desori (De Loriol) is the same species as the 0. Neocomi- 
 ensis of D'Orbigny. The differences between them are slight, and, 
 according to Pictet and Campiche, depend upon differences in the 
 ages of the specimens. 
 
 Our Upware shells are sometimes corrugated with projecting 
 growth zones.
 
 122 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 Specimens in the Woodwardian Museum shew the teeth. 
 There are in the right- valve one large tooth, V-shaped and 
 massive, by whose sides are two sockets, which are bounded ex- 
 ternally by tooth-like ridges. In the left valve are two diverging 
 teeth, one of them corresponding with the margin of the wide, open 
 lunule. The other is supported on the cardinal shelf. 
 Localities. Upware, Coleshill, Farringdon. 
 
 N. Europe. Elligserbrink, Brunswick (Hildesheim Mu- 
 seum). 
 
 8. Europe. Hauterive, Mt. Saleve, Landeron. 
 Range. Valengien, Neocomian. 
 
 ASTARTE, sp. nov. 
 
 (Plate VL, fig. 9.) 
 
 A shell approaching the Astarte Valengiensis of Pictet and 
 Campiche, but more orbicular. 
 
 Also A. Valengiensis is broader on the pallia] side, and narrower 
 and more acuminated on the cardinal side than our shell. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Potton, Tealby ? Shauklin. 
 
 ASTARTE SUBDENTATA, Roemer. 
 (Plate vi., fig. 11.) 
 
 Astarte subdentata, Roemer, 1841. Nord. Deutsch. Kreid., p. 71, 
 pi. ix., f. 9. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Potton. 
 
 N. Europe. Hils Thon. (Hildesheim Museum). 
 
 ASTARTE, sp. 
 (Plate vi., fig. 10. a, I.) 
 
 A more globose shell than A. subdentata, Roemer ; subtriangular 
 and rounded in contour ; length and breadth nearly equal. It is 
 nearly equilateral, the posterior side being slightly the longer. 
 The umbones are large and prominent. The surface is marked by 
 delicate concentric lines, and also usually by more conspicuous 
 growth-grooves or ridges, but these are not prominent and regular.
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 123 
 
 Anterior side rounded, posterior slightly truncated. 
 The lunule and lunette are shallow and ill-defined. 
 Measurements. Antero-posterior diameter, 12m.m. ; umbono- 
 pallial diameter, 11 mm.; thickness (across both valves), 8 mm. 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 CYPRINA SEDGWICKII, Walker, sp. 
 (Plate vi., fig. 12, a, b, c.) 
 
 Sphcera Sedgwickii, Walker, An. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Novem- 
 ber, 1866, pi. XIIL, figs. 1, 2. 
 Cyprina angulata, var. Seeley, An. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 
 
 1867 (non Flem., non Sby.) 
 
 Cyprina Sedgwickii, Keeping. List of Fossils in Bonney, 
 'Cambridgeshire Geology,' Appendix, p. 68. 
 Venus Catalog. Cret. Foss., Museum of Prac- 
 
 tical Geology, 1878, p. 21. 
 
 I append Mr Walker's description : 
 
 " Shell globose, nearly equilateral, slightly gibbous, concentri- 
 cally furrowed, the stria; finer and more distinct towards the 
 ventral margin; ligament prominent; lunule large, distinct, 
 cordate." 
 
 Measurements. Length, T6 in.; breadth, 1'5 in.; thickness, 
 1-3 in. 
 
 The size is very constant ; besides the delicate growth striae, 
 the shell is usually zoned with gentle varices. There is a faint 
 posterior ridge running from the umbo to the postero-lateral 
 margin, in which the shell approaches the character of G. angulata. 
 
 In outline and in thickness the species varies somewhat, the 
 length and breadth being in some specimens equal. Such forms 
 are also more tumid, and come to resemble C. regularis (D'Or- 
 bigny) of the gault. But the two species are distinct. 
 
 Since Mr Walker described this shell as Sphcera Sedgwickii, the 
 hinge has been worked out in a number of specimens. There are 
 three cardinal teeth, the anterior one being under the lunule ; this 
 tooth is double in the right valve; there is a distinct posterior 
 lateral tooth. The pallial line is simple. Upon the inside cast 
 the adductor muscle-marks arc well seen, and the posterior ridge is
 
 1 24 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 more distinct than upon the shell itself. The umbo is pointed. 
 Pallial line simple. 
 
 Our shell has considerable resemblance to some forms of C. angu- 
 lata, rostrata (Sby.) ; their hinges are similar ; but C. Sedgwickii is a 
 smaller species, with a more globose shell, and less expanded in front. 
 The posterior angle is not nearly so well developed, though it is 
 faintly seen. 
 
 The distinct cordiform lunule, marked off by a definite groove, 
 is an important character, serving to separate off a small group of 
 cretaceous shells from the true Cyprina. It is seen in C. regularis, 
 as described and figured by D'Orbigny, and this author states 
 that the same structure occurs in the shell which he refers to 
 C. rostrata, Fitton ; I have not detected it in British specimens of 
 that species. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Potton. 
 
 N. Europe. Hils Thon (in Hildesheim Museum as " Mac- 
 tromya nicht bestimmt.") 
 
 CYPRINA SEDGWICKII, Walker, var. 
 
 A rounded, inflated variety of C. Sedgwickii, Walker, ap- 
 proaching the gault species C. regularis. 
 
 CYPRINA ANGULATA, var. ROSTRATA, Sby. 
 Cyprina angulata, Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, pi. 65, var. 
 Cyprina rostrata, Sowerby, Geol. Transactions, vol. IV., p. 341, 
 
 pi. 17, f. 1. 
 
 C. Ervyensis, Pictet and Roux. 
 
 We only know of one specimen, and that an internal cast, of 
 this species from Upware. It agrees with Sowerby's typical C. ros- 
 trata from Blackdown. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Potton (Coll. J. F. Walker), Blackdown, 
 Sandgate, Hythe. 
 
 N. Europe. Perte du Ehone, Saxonet, Mortran. 
 Range. Lower Greensand, Aptien, and Lower Gault. 
 
 CYPRINA OBTUSA, n. sp. 
 (Plate vi., fig. 13, a c.) 
 
 Shell subtriangular, inflated, very inequilateral, the surface 
 marked with delicate concentric striae. Umbones prominent
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 125 
 
 and pointed, directed forwards and incurved. Anterior side 
 rounded ; posterior side slightly produced, its margin rounded ; 
 antero-cardinal region hollowed, but with no defined lumule. Pos- 
 tero-cardinal area well-defined by a strong keel, which arches 
 backwards from beneath the umbo to the postero-lateral margin, 
 so as to mark off the posterior lunette. Behind this keel comes a 
 second oblique ridge, which is however very feebly developed ; it 
 produces a slight angle in the pallial border of the shell, which is 
 elsewhere simply curved. 
 
 Affinities and differences. Cyprina cuneata, C. Saussuri 
 (Brong.) and C. obtusa all belong to one group of Cyprina charac- 
 teristic of the cretaceous rocks, and distinguished by their wedge- 
 shape, produced posterior side, and the presence of two posterior 
 oblique ridges. They are closely allied to one another, and may, 
 I believe, prove to be only varieties of one species. But materials 
 are not yet collected to prove this, though the idea is supported 
 by some Ather field specimens. 
 
 As compared with Cyprina cuneata, Sby., the umbo is less 
 prominent and more rounded, all the angles less sharp and the 
 posterior side less produced, so that the pallial border is scarcely, 
 if at all, sinuated. The whole shell is less angular and more 
 tumid, hence the name applied to it. In many of these differences 
 our shell approaches C. Saussuri (Brong.), but that shell is of a 
 different shape not so trigonal also its umbo seems to be more 
 prominent, and the posterior end is more produced. 
 
 In general shape it is near to C. Bernensis Leym. (FAube, pi. 
 v., f. 5). 
 
 Localities. Upware, Folkestone, base of Folkestone Beds (Mr 
 Meyer's collection). 
 
 VENUS VECTENSIS, Forbes. 
 
 Venus Vectensis, Forbes, 1845. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. I., 
 p. 240, pi. II., f. 4. 
 
 So far as I know only one specimen has occurred, and that a 
 very indifferent one (Woodw. Mus.) 
 
 A specimen in the University collection from Atherfield shews 
 the hinge teeth in the right valve. There are three cardinal teeth
 
 126 INVERTEDRATA. 
 
 and a fourth tooth, which starts under the umbo, runs obliquely 
 along the posterior cardinal margin. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Atherfield, I.W. V 
 
 PANOP^A PLICATA, Sowerby. 
 
 Mya plicata, Sowerby. Min. Con. pi. ccccxix., f. 3. 
 Localities. Upware, Atherfield, Sandown, Speeton, Sandgate, 
 Hythe. 
 
 N. Europe. Bredenbeck, Hils Thon. 
 
 S. Europe. Perte du Ehone, St Croix, Vassy. 
 
 PANOP^A GURGITIS, D'Orbigny. 
 Panopcea plicata, Goldfuss., Pet. Germ., p. 274, pi. CLVIII., f. 5 
 
 (non Sby.). 
 Panopcea gurgitis, D'Orb., Pal. Fr. Terr. Crti., ill., p. 343, 
 
 pi. CCCLXI., f. 1, 2, 
 
 Localities. Upware (Coll. Mr J. F. Walker). 
 S. Europe. Dept. Var. (Cenoman.) 
 
 ?THRACIA or TELLINA. 
 (Plate vi., fig. 14). 
 
 A doubtful shell, of which only two specimens have been 
 discovered at Upware. It bears much resemblance to the figures of 
 Thracia Couloni, Pictet and Renevier, Pal. Suisse, Terr. Aptien, 
 p. 66, pi. vii., f. 4. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 BORING SHELLS. 
 
 Lithophagous bivalves lived in great abundance at the time 
 when the Ironsand and Phosphatic Series was being deposited, so 
 that commonly the phosphatic nodules are studded with the open- 
 ings of their small burrows, which are usually about so big as to 
 admit easily a large pin's head. Some shells collected from these 
 burrows shew that they were made by small Modiola and Arca-Yike 
 bivalves (Lithodomus and ? Saxicava).
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 127 
 
 Larger pyriform crypts, measuring G 8 mm. deep are also 
 occasionally found, some of them in fossil wood, and these probably 
 belong to the Pholas constricta of Phillips. 
 
 Another and larger species is evidenced by a series of fine 
 clavate crypts in the paddle-bone of a Pliosaurus, which measure 
 4 inches in depth, 1 inch in diameter. Their courses are some- 
 what tortuous. I have found similar great burrows in the Hythe 
 beds of Hythe, Kent. 
 
 One very curious organism, probably of the same nature, was 
 found at Upware : a pyriform shelly structure, with small circular 
 opening, is continued below into an irregular swollen tube, which, 
 in one specimen, turns sharply upwards and, uniting with a fellow 
 tube, ends in a large, slightly expanded, irregular common opening. 
 Altogether the specimen has much resemblance to a Scotch 
 bagpipe. 
 
 PHOLAS (FISTULANA) CONSTRICTA, Phillips. 
 
 Pholas constricta, Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, pi. II., f. 17. 
 Roemer, Nordd. Kreide, pi. X., f. 11. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Speeton. 
 
 LlTHODOMUS PHOSPHATICUS, sp. 11OV. 
 
 (Plate VIL, fig. 1, a, 6.) 
 
 A small, rather variable boring shell, abundantly found in 
 crypts in the phosphatised casts of Ammonites, &c. 
 
 Description. Shell small, cylindrical, the surface smooth or 
 marked only by lines of growth. Umbones nearly terminal, broad, 
 flattened, and incurved. Two gentle shoulder ridges start from 
 the umbo, the one more obtuse, running to the anterior pallial 
 margin, and the other, which is angular in front, passing obliquely 
 to the posterior end ; a slight sinus is therefore formed in the 
 pallial border. 
 
 The casts shew a posterior ligament groove, bordered by ridges. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 7 mm. ; breadth, 3 mm. ; thickness 
 (through both valves) 3 mm. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Potton, Brickhill.
 
 128 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 rf 
 
 MODIOLA ARCADTFORMIS, D. 8p. 
 
 (Plate VIL, fig. 2, a, b.) 
 
 Like the preceding this is a small boring shell found in the 
 phosphatic masses. 
 
 Shell small, oblong, convex (Area-shaped) ; anterior, side 
 rounded ; pallial border gently convex ; anal border square-truncate. 
 
 The umbo is large, rather prominent, but flattened, incurved 
 and pointed ; it is well removed from the anterior end. A sharply 
 angular keel runs from the umbo to the posterior pallial margin, 
 cutting off a distinct, concave posterior region. There is a strong 
 internal ligament ridge. 
 
 The surface is covered with distinct lines of growth, which are 
 sharply angulated over the keel. The species is well distinguished 
 by its area-like shape, the posterior keel and hollowed posterior 
 area. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Potton. 
 
 BRACHIOPODA. 
 (See ante, p. 20.) 
 
 MEGERLIA (KINGENA) RHOMBOIDALIS, n. sp. 
 (Plate VIL, fig. 3, a c.) 
 
 Description. Shell rhomboidal, slightly longer than broad, 
 moderately convex, thickest near the beaks. Surface smooth or 
 marked with lines of growth. Shell structure coarsely punctate. 
 
 Dorsal valve obtusely trigonal, convex, especially near the beak. 
 Hinge line gently curved ; front obtusely pointed. A distinct line 
 extending f the length of the shell indicates the internal dorsal 
 septum of the genus. 
 
 Ventral valve rhomboidal, obtusely keeled from back to front. 
 Beak sharp ; beak -ridges acute, area elongated, flattened and 
 concave. 
 
 Deltidium in two pieces ; foramen small. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 9 mm. ; breadth, 9 mm. ; thickness, 
 C mm.
 
 LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. 129 
 
 Affinities and di/erences. Characterised by its rhomboidal 
 form. In Britain we have only M. lima, Defr. to distinguish it 
 from, a species to which it bears considerable resemblance ; but the 
 front margin in M. lima is truncated, whilst in M. rhomboidalis it 
 is obtusely pointed ; in our new species the beak is less incurved, 
 the hinge line is, as a rule, more curved, and the dorsal valve is 
 more swollen than in M. lima ; also this latter species is ornamented 
 with "small granulations or short, hollowed spines" (p. 43, Davidson), 
 which I have not found in M. rhomboidalis. Again, the lines of 
 growth are more marked. 
 
 In geological times the two species seem always to have been 
 separated, M. lima ranging only from the Upper Gault to the 
 Chalk. 
 
 Locality. Brickhill. 
 
 WALDHEIMIA BONNE YI, sp. nov. 
 (Plate vii. fig. 4, a, 6, c.) 
 
 Shell thick, oval-pentagonal, usually inflated; pointed behind, 
 truncated and straight or sinuated in front. It is broadest near 
 the centre, and tapers behind to the beak. The surface is marked 
 with interrupting lines of growth of varying intensity, valves about 
 equally convex, deepest near the centre. 
 
 Ventral valve moderately convex, impressed towards the front 
 so as to form the lateral ridges, and gently carinated in the pos- 
 terior region. Beak rather prominent, slightly incurved, beak 
 ridges sharp. 
 
 The hinge area is large and flattened. Deltidium large, in 
 two pieces. Foramen small. 
 
 The Dorsal valve is pentagonal, somewhat inflated, the sides 
 gently curved or with a slight angle. Front sinuated. The loop 
 is long and reflected. 
 
 This species varies considerably in its form much in the same 
 way as does its near ally W. pseudojurensis. Some of the specimens 
 are flattened so as to pass into that species by regular gradation, 
 but the typical ones are always more inflated. The less truncated 
 forms approach W. Wanklyni. Some specimens are much 
 thickened on the front margin, some are broadly truncated in front, 
 and others are almost pointed. 
 
 K. 9
 
 130 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 Measurements. Length, 33 mm. ; breadth, 2G mm. ; thickness, 
 18 mm. 
 
 Another specimen gives length 30 mm. ; breadth, 23 mm. ; 
 thickness, 20mm. 
 
 TEREBRATELLA KEEPINGII, Walker. 
 (Plate vii. fig. 19.) 
 
 Shell elongated, subpentagonal, or sometimes trigonal ; pos- 
 terior end produced. Front margin truncated, forming distinct 
 lateral angles. 
 
 The whole shell is covered with a beautiful delicate striation 
 radiating from the beaks, new striae or ribs being frequently inter- 
 calated towards the front. Stria? rounded, about equal to the 
 interspaces in size. 
 
 Dorsal valve moderately convex, flattened along the middle 
 and depressed in front. Dorsal septum elongated. 
 
 The ventral valve is convex with steep sides, straight in front, 
 strongly arched across behind, and produced into a very prominent 
 long beak. Beak ridges well denned and sharp near the foramen. 
 Area elongated, slightly convex. Deltidium elongated in two 
 pieces. Foramen small. 
 
 This shell varies considerably : the typical shell is pentagonal 
 in form, but some specimens have the long sac-like shape of T. 
 digona ; they vary also in the length of the shell and coarseness 
 of striation ; the latter is however always much more delicate than 
 in T. Davidsoni. 
 
 The last-named species is the nearest ally of T. Keepingii, and 
 is the only one with which it could be confounded. Our new 
 species is distinguished by its greater length, especially length of 
 beak and area, its steep sides, truncated front, and delicate striae. 
 It is an extremely well-marked type, although as I have shewn 
 elsewhere the passage forms have been found connecting it with 
 T. Davidsoni (see ante, p. 25). 
 
 Measurements. Length, 23 mm. ; greatest breadth, 17 mm. ; 
 thickness, llmm.
 
 ANNELIDA. 131 
 
 ANNELIDA. 
 
 (See ante, p. 28.) 
 
 SERPULA LOPHIODA, Goldfuss. 
 (Plate vn. fig. 5, a, b.) 
 
 Serjmla lophioda, Goldfuss, Petrifacta Germanics, I., p. 236, 
 
 pi. 70, fig. 2. 
 
 A fine specimen, five inches long, in the University col- 
 lection. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 N. Europe. Essen, Shoppenstedt. 
 
 SERPULA RUSTICA, Sowerby. 
 
 (Plate vii. fig. 6, a, b.} 
 Serpula rustica, Sby., Min. Con., pi. 599, f. 3. 
 
 An obtusely quadrangular tube, commonly bent into a loop in 
 the Upware specimen, the looped portion being attached, but the 
 rest of the tube remaining free and straight. Serpula quadrangularis 
 (Roemer) is its representative in the German Neocomian (Hils 
 formation). 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Godalming (in Lower Green- 
 sand), Folkestone (Upper Greensand). 
 
 SERPULA ARTICULATA, Sowerby. 
 (Plate vn. fig. 7.) 
 
 Serpula articulata, Sby., Min. Con., vol. VI., p. 204, pi. 599, 
 f. 4. 
 
 A worm-tube of the vertebralis (Oxford clay) type. The aper- 
 ture expands periodically, trumpet fashion, and the successive 
 enlargements produce the articulated appearance of the test. This 
 is a rougher, more irregular worm-tube than S. vertebralis, with 
 unequal intervals between the quadrangular nodulose varices, but 
 such differences may be produced simply by difference of habitat. 
 Our Serpula rustica from Upware sometimes exhibits very similar 
 structure. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Godalming. 
 N. Europe. Berklingen (Hils Conglomerate). 
 
 92
 
 132 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 tf 
 
 SERPULA ANTIQUATA, Sowerby. 
 Serpula antiquata, Sby., Min. Con., pi. 598, f. 4. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Wiltshire (Upper Greensand). 
 N. Europe. Bredenbeck, Elligserbrink. 
 S. Europe. Mont Saleve. 
 Range. Neocomian to Lower Chalk. 
 
 SERPULA PLEXUS, Sowerby. 
 Serpula plexus, Sowerby, Min. Con., pi. 598, p. 1. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Blackdown, Wiltshire (U. G. S.), Norwich 
 (Chalk). 
 
 SERPULA GORDIALIS, Goldfuss. 
 Serpula gorcKalis, Goldf. Pet. Germ., pi. 71, f. 4. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Farringdon. 
 N. Europe. Schoppenstedt. 
 S. Europe. Perte du Rhone. 
 
 SERPULA AMPULLACEA, Sowerby. 
 
 Serpula (Vermillia) ampullacea, Sby., Min. (7<w.,pl. 597, f. 1 5. 
 Localities. Brickhill, Upware, Blackdown, Norwich (Upper 
 Chalk). 
 
 N. Europe. Schb'ppenstedt. 
 
 SERPULA, sp. ? 
 
 Spirorbis Phillipsii, de Loriol, Foss. du Mont Saleve, p. 154, pi. 
 
 22, f. 15. 
 ? Serpula Phillipsii, Roem. 
 
 Tube attached by a broad circular base, upon which the tubes 
 coil to form a hollow cylinder like a thick rope-coil. It may be a 
 form of Vermicularia Phillipsii, Roemer, but I have never seen 
 the connecting forms. 
 
 Localities. Brickhill. 
 
 N. Europe. Schoppenstedt.
 
 ECHINODERMATA. 133 
 
 VERMICULARIA PHILLIPSII, Roemer. 
 Vermicularia Phillipsii, Roemer, Kreide, p. 102, t. 16, f. 1. 
 
 Sowerbyi, Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, I. pi. n., 
 
 f. 29. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Speeton. 
 N. Europe. Schb'ppenstedt, Heligoland. 
 
 VERMICULARIA POLYGONALIS, Sowerby. 
 
 (Plate vn. fig. 8, a, b.) 
 Vermetus polygonalis, Min. Con. pi. 596, f. 6. 
 
 When the outer layer of the shell is removed the keels on the 
 whorls become very obscure. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Hythe^ Sandgate. 
 
 N. Europe. Near to V. quinque carinata, Roemer, from the 
 Bredenbeck Hils thon. 
 
 ECHINODERMATA. 
 
 (See ante, p. 28). 
 
 GIDARIS, sp. nov. ? 
 (Plate vii. fig. 9.) 
 
 Several examples of the stout thorny spines of a Cidaris are 
 preserved in the Woodwardian Museum. 
 
 An imperfect specimen measures 3| inches in length, the shaft 
 being 4 mm. in diameter at its head end, and tapering to 2 mm. 
 at its (broken) apex. The tnorns are irregularly scattered, and 
 appear to have been directed upwards ; both shaft and thorns are 
 rounded in section. Between the thorns the shaft appears to the 
 unaided eye to be smooth, but the magnifying glass shews it to be 
 delicately striated longitudinally. The head and collar are rather 
 small (greatest diam. 5 mm.), and have a tumid and obtuse 
 appearance.
 
 134 IKVERTEBRATA. 
 
 Some occasional and exceptional spines occur amongst some of 
 the undermentioned species of Cidaris, which are undistinguishable 
 from the Upware spines. But these latter are the proper type of 
 the species, and not exceptional, as is proved by the constancy of 
 their character in all the known specimens. I have not been able 
 therefore to identify them with any known species. 
 
 G. vertidllata (Stoppain) differs in that its thorns are grouped 
 in verticals. In C. spinigera the spines are more slender, and are 
 usually curved (Cotteau), the thorns also being longer and more 
 spine-like. 
 
 It is nearest to C. spinosa, Agassiz, of the Jura, Terr, a Chailles 
 at Fringeli, found also in the Jurassic of Normandy and N. 
 Germany. " Un espece tres voisine, mais cependant specifique- 
 ment differente, provenant de Fargile de Speeton, est figure'e dans 
 Phillips, Oeol. Yorkshire, t. IL, f. 3." This figure shews the thorns 
 arranged, somewhat irregularly, in zones. 
 
 The thorny spines of C. muricata in the Hils Conglomerat vary 
 much as seen in the Gottingen Museum, but they are distinguished 
 from our Upware species by having the interspaces between the 
 thorns muricated. 
 
 Some forms of the C. variabilis (Bunker and Koch) agree very 
 well with ours, but the spine is sharper, and we do not find any of 
 the typical forms of this species at Upware. Other thorny spines 
 occur in the Cretaceous of Rugen (Desor), and in the Kimmeridge 
 Clay of Ely (Woodwardian Museum). 
 
 A single interambulacral plate in the Woodwardian Museum, 
 from Upware, may have belonged to the same Urchin. It does 
 not agree with Ooster's figure of wha-t he believes is the plate of 
 C. spinifera. It is transversely oblong, densely granulated, with 
 large areole, wide and rather prominent boss, with coarsely crenu- 
 lated summit. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Farringdon (?), Godalming. 
 
 CIDARIS ? sp. 
 
 The pyramid of jaws (alveoli) of a large Urchin, measuring one 
 inch in height and breadth. 
 
 Locality. Upware (Coll. Mr J. F. Walker).
 
 ECHINODERMATA. 135 
 
 CIDARIS FARRINGDONENSIS, Wright ? 
 
 ? Gidaris Farringdonensis, Wright, Cretaceous Echinodermata, 
 Palceontogr. Soc., pi. II., f. 6 8. 
 
 Only a single spine found at Brickhill. Identification un- 
 certain. 
 
 Localities. Brickhill, Farringdon. 
 
 PSEUDODIADEMA FlTTONI, Wright. 
 
 Pseudodiadema Fittoni, Wright, Pal. Soc., British Cret. Echino- 
 derms, p. 90, pi. 15, f. 1. 
 
 Common at Brickhill. 
 
 Localities. Brickhill, Shanklin (Mr Meyer's Coll.), Atherfield, 
 (Cracker Beds, No. 4 Fitton). 
 
 PSEUDODIADEMA ROTULARE, Agassiz. 
 
 Diadema rotulare, Ag. 
 omatum, Ag. 
 macrostoma, Ag. and Desor. 
 dubium, Sharpe. 
 
 Localities. Brickhill, Up ware, Farringdon. 
 
 N. Europe. Achem. Hils formation, Gb'ttingen Museum. 
 S. Europe. Abundant in the central Cretaceous areas of 
 France; Middle Neocomian, also Upper Neocomian. Switzerland: 
 St Croix, Landeron, Hauterive. 
 
 Range. Lower to Upper Neocomian. 
 
 PELTASTES WRIGHTII, Desor. 
 (Plate vii. fig. 10.) 
 
 Salem'a punctata, Forbes (non Desor). 
 
 Hyposalenia Wrightii, Desor. 
 
 Peltastes Wrightii, Wright, Pal. Soc. Brit. Cret. Ech., p. 150, 
 
 pi. xxx., f. 1, 2. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill (common), Farringdon, Hythe, 
 Atherfield, Sandown.
 
 136 INVERTEBRATE. 
 
 SALENIA HIEHOGLYPHICA, n. sp. 
 (Plate vii. fig. 11, a, b, c.) 
 
 Description. Test circular, inflated, the summit more or less 
 elevated and obliquely pyramidal. 
 
 Ambulacral areas narrow and prominent, widening very slightly 
 towards the mouth ; the borders ornamented with alternating rows 
 of large, mammillated granules, between which are scattered a few 
 smaller, simple granules. 
 
 Poriferous zones narrow and flexuous ; pores unigeminal. 
 
 Interambulacral areas wide with a double series of four or five 
 primary tubercles, increasing in size from the peristome upwards. 
 There is a moderately wide medial granulated zone, broader than 
 the ambulacral zone. Interambuiacral plates short, only slightly 
 broader than high ; areolas of the tubercles large, running up bare 
 to the poriferous zone, but leaving a narrow border with large 
 granules above and below, and a wider, granulated area on their 
 medial margins. 
 
 Base of test convex, the peristome being inflected. 
 
 Mouth moderate, with small peristomal notches. 
 
 Apical disc rather large, elevated, with festooned margin ; its 
 surface marked with large punctures, and groovings of varying 
 shapes rounded, oval and triangular pits, graduating into deep 
 furrows. The punctures are best marked near the margin, the 
 central region being covered with deep, radiating and transverse 
 furrows. The specific name indicates the appearance of this part of 
 the test. 
 
 Anus prominent, directed obliquely forwards towards the axial 
 (anterior) ambulacrum. Periproct triangular, strongly margined. 
 
 The tubercles are of moderate size ; boss broad and gentle, 
 with coarsely granulated summit; the mammilla small. The 
 granules are of three orders : (i) the large bordering granules with 
 very large mammilla, and narrow-rimmed, steep boss ; (ii) smaller 
 simple granules sparsely scattered ; and (iii) miliary granules, seen 
 abundantly amongst the larger types in the medial ambulacral and 
 interambulacral zones. 
 
 Measurements. Diameter, 18 mm. ; height, 13 mm. ; diameter 
 of apical disc, 11 mm.
 
 POLYZOA. 137 
 
 Affinities and differences. This Urchin is remarkably similar 
 to the Peltastes Studeri* (Cotteau) of the French Aptien rocks, 
 agreeing with that species in general shape and size, in the 
 grooved character of the apical disc, and also in much of the detail 
 of the tubercles; but our Upware species is a true Salenia, not a 
 Peltastes ; and the median zone of tubercles in the interambu- 
 lacral area is somewhat broader, and 'the tubercles closer packed 
 than in P. Studeri. Again, the latter has straight ambulacral 
 areas, and possesses a series of six tubercles. 
 
 The nature of the apical disc, especially its highly developed 
 grooving and the prominent anal aperture serve to distinguish this 
 from other species of SaSenia. ' 
 
 Locality. Brickhill. 
 
 POLYZOA. 
 
 (See ante, p. 27.) 
 
 KEPTOMULTISPARSA HAIMEANA, de Loriol. 
 
 Iteptomultisparsa Haimeana, de Loriol, Anim. Invert. Mont. 
 Saleve,p. 13d, pi. 17, f. 4. 
 
 Our Upware specimen (only one is known, Woodw. Mus.) is 
 finely developed, the mass measuring three inches in length. De 
 Loriol's type is about one inch across. 
 
 Localities. Upware. 
 
 8. Europe. Mont Saleve, Middle Neocomian. 
 
 ENTALOPHORA RAMOSISSIMA, d'Orbigny. 
 
 Entalophora ramosissima, d'Orbigny, Pal. Fr. Terr. Cret. V. 
 p. 785, pi. 618, figs. 15. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Farringdon. 
 8. Europe. Villers, Calvados (Ce'nomanien). 
 
 ENTALOPHORA ANGUSTA, d'Orbigny? 
 
 Entalophora gracilis, d'Orb. PdL.Fv. Terr. Crti. V. pi. 617, f. 14. 
 E. angusta, p. 783. 
 
 In our species the cells are more definitely bounded and closer 
 packed than in d'Orbigny's figures. 
 
 1 Cotteau, Pal. Franchise, Terrains Cretaccs, Ech. n. p. Ill, pi. 1026.
 
 138 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 E. angusta d'Orb. is from Grand prd, Ardennes (Albien). 
 
 ENTALOPHORA DENDROIDEA, n. sp. 
 (Plate vn. fig. 12, a, 6.) 
 
 A stout dendroid Polyzoarium, composed of many layers of 
 superposed polypides. The branches are round in section, and 
 they divide irregularly, sometimes dichotomously. 
 
 The cell apertures are small and but slightly projecting ; they 
 are spirally arranged, in quincunx order, and the interspaces are 
 wide and smooth. A faint outline of the contours of the cell 
 bodies may sometimes be seen as in Multelia irregularis (d'Orb.). 
 
 Affinities and differences. The many layers of cells of which 
 the colony is composed distinguish this from all the other species 
 of Entalophora. Indeed it is a character of generic value according 
 to M. d'Orbigny's system. The large size and stoutness of the 
 colony are also very characteristic. The peculiar mode of growth 
 of Multelia which produces successive zones of different thickness 
 at once distinguishes all the forms of that genus from our species. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill. 
 
 MELICERTITES UPWARENSIS, n. sp. 
 (Plate vii. fig. 13, a, 6.) 
 
 A large branching species, forming a colony like that of the 
 common Entalophora ramossissima. The branches frequently 
 anastomose. 
 
 Cell apertures large, subtriangular, the base straight or slightly 
 convex towards the cavity, sides simple, apex rounded. Each 
 cell aperture is bounded by a definite ridge. The cells are rather 
 close packed and arranged in spiral lines. 
 
 The large size and anastomosing character of the colony, the 
 shape of the cell apertures, and their denser packing serve to dis- 
 tinguish this from M. Meudonensis, d'Orb. 
 
 SEMIMULTICAVEA (RADIOPORA) TUBERCULATA, d'Orbigny. 
 Semimulticavea tuberculata, d'Orb. Pal. Fr. Ter. Cre't. v. p. 980, 
 pi. 648, f. 14.
 
 POLYZOA. 139 
 
 A somewhat larger and coarser type than that figured by 
 d'Orbigny. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Farringdon. 
 
 S. Europe. Le Havre, in the Ce'nomanien beds. 
 
 RADIOPORA BULBOSA, d'Orbigny, var. 
 
 Radiopora bulbosa, d'Orb. Palaeont. Francais Terr. Cre't. p. 996, 
 pi. 650, f. 68. 
 
 Our specimens are much larger than (four times as large as) 
 that figured by d'Orbigny, and the base is deeply concave, so that 
 the colony is a hollow hemisphere instead of a pyriform bulb, as 
 in d'Orbigny 's type. Without seeing more specimens I cannot 
 consider these differences as of more than varietal value, and 
 therefore name our specimens Radiopora bulbosa, var. magna 
 (Keeping). 
 
 Localities. Upware. 
 
 S. Europe. Le Mans (Sarthe), Ce'nomanien. 
 
 CERIOPORA (ECHINOCAVA) RAULINI, Michelin. 
 
 Ceriopora Raulini, Mich. 1841, Icon. Zoopli. p. 2, pi. 1, f. 7. 
 Echinocava Raulini, d'Orb. Pal. Fr. Terr. Gret. V. p. 1013, 
 pi. 788, f. 7, 8. 
 
 A beautiful, coralloid, obtusely-spinose form of Ceriopora, not 
 uncommon at Upware. The echinoid processes seem to be com- 
 posed of less durable material than the main mass, so that in some 
 specimens they have been worn away into crater-like hollows, 
 very similar to the calices of a coral. 
 
 Localities. Upware. 
 
 8. Europe. Grandpre, Ardennes. 
 
 CERIOPORA (REPTOMULTICAVA) MAMMILLA, Reuss. 
 
 Reptomulticava mammilla, d'Orb. Pal. Fr. Terr. Cre't. V. p. 1041, 
 
 pL793, f. 3, 4. 
 
 Localities. Brickhill, Farringdon. 
 N. Europe. Bilin, Bohemia. 
 /S. Europe. Depts. Loire and Charente Infr. (Senonien).
 
 140 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 CERIOPORA (REPTONODICAVA) NODOSA, n. sp. 
 
 (Plate vii. fig. 14, a, b.) 
 Ceriopora cavernosa, Catalogue Mus. Practical Geol. 1878, p. 6. 
 
 Description. Polyzoarium massive and irregular, forming large 
 amorphous, globose, and lobose masses ; or pointed processes may 
 also be developed. It is composed of an infinite number of thin 
 superposed layers, which rest in contact one above the other. 
 These layers are not simple and even, but are folded up into 
 domose, mammilated and cylindrical prominences, so that the 
 whole surface is coarsely nodulose. This character is not un- 
 frequently much exaggerated, especially in young specimens, so 
 that the whole structure presents a stunted, domose appearance. 
 
 The under surface is concave and shews a delicate lamellose 
 common plate. 
 
 Cell apertures slightly contracted, rounded or subtriangular. 
 
 Our specimens (Woodw. Mus.) from Upware attain the size of 
 8 x 6 x 4 inches. 
 
 Commonly the surface of the Polypidon is eroded, so that the 
 cell apertures appear large, simple and polygonal. 
 
 Affinities and differences. This species is most nearly allied to 
 Ceriopora mammillosa (Rbmer), from which it differs in its larger 
 growth, and more prominent mammillce ; also the cell openings in 
 Roemer's species are much smaller than in ours: "Ohne Ver- 
 grosserung nicht Sichtbaren" (Romer, Kr. p. 23). Ceriopora 
 (Reptonodicava) cavernosa is a much smaller structure than C. 
 nodosa, with minute cells ; it is well separated from our Upware 
 fossil by the hollow cavernous spaces which are left between the 
 various superposed layers. In C. nodosa the layers are perfectly 
 in contact. In C. spongiosa, Rom., the surface is described as 
 smooth and the pores are round. The general aspect of this 
 massive polyzoon is similar to Zonopora tuberculata, but that 
 species has intermediate pores between the cell's, and the latter 
 have a radiating arrangement. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill. 
 
 N. Europe. Schoppenstedt, Brunswick.
 
 POLYZOA. 141 
 
 REPTOCEA LOBOSA, sp. nov. 
 (Plate vii. fig. 15, a. 6.) 
 
 Description. Polyzoarium encrusting, but developing upwards 
 into more or less clavate lobes, which may again divide into bi- or 
 tri-lobed prominences. A somewhat botryoidal aspect may thus 
 be produced. 
 
 The cell apertures are obliquely set, expanded and trumpet- 
 mouthed ; in outline sub-triangular or broadly pyriform. They 
 stand in quincunx order. 
 
 The form of the whole cell-colony, as well as the shape of the 
 cell-apertures, at once distinguish this species. 
 
 Locality. Brickhill. 
 
 HETEROPORA (MULTIZONOPORA) RAMOSA, Roemer. 
 
 Heteropora ramosa, Rom. 1836. Oolit. Supplement, pi. 17, f. 17. 
 Ceriopora arborea, Dunker and Koch. 
 
 Multizonopora ramosa, d'Orb. Pal. Fr. Terr. Cret v. p. 927, 
 pi. 772, f. 13. 
 
 The semizonary arrangement of the cell-mouths is not always 
 clear, but may be seen in many specimens. 
 Localities. Up ware. 
 
 N. Europe. Schoppenstedt, Brunswick. 
 S. Europe. St Croix, Yonne, Haute Marne. 
 
 HETEROPORA (MULTICRESCIS) MICHELINI, d'Orbigny. 
 Heteropora cryptopora, Michelin (non Goldfuss). 
 Multicrescis Michelini, d'Orb. 
 
 Localities. Upware (?), Brickhill, Farringdon. 
 S. Europe. Grandpre', Ardennes (Albien, d'Orb.). 
 
 HETEROPORA COALESCENS, Reuss. 
 
 Heteropora coalescens, Reuss, in Geinitz, Palceontographica, 1871, 
 i. p. 131, pi. xxxn., f. 10 12. 
 
 A zonary arrangement of the cell apertures may be detected 
 over portions of the branches, but for the most part the cells are 
 scattered as in Geinitz's figure. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill. 
 N. Europe. Dresden (Untere Quader).
 
 142 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 HETEROPORA (MULTICRESCIS), sp. 
 
 Allied to Heteropora cryptopora, Goldfuss, but the colony is 
 more massive and less branching and the cells are much larger. 
 It is near to Multicrescis variabilis, d'Orb., but that is a much 
 smaller Cenomanian species, branching, and not spreading and 
 massive as is the habit of the Wicken form. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 HETEROPORA (MUTICRESCIS) sp. 
 
 Grows apparently in the form of massive cylindrical or pyri- 
 form, slightly flattened branches. Only one specimen is known, 
 which measures 4 x 1 x f in. greatest length, breadth and 
 thickness. There is an irregular swelling at the upper third of its 
 length, where a lateral stem was given off at an acute angle. The 
 cells are arranged in numerous superposed layers, and on the 
 perfect surface their openings are seen to be small, and sur- 
 rounded by a number of small pores. 
 
 This is allied to Heteropora digitata, Mich. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 HETEROPORA (NODICRESCIS) ANNULATA, sp. nov. 
 (Plate vii. fig. a, b.) 
 
 Polyzoarium fixed by an expanded base, whence arise a number 
 of stout, irregular, cylindrical, terete trunks. 
 
 These trunks are commonly united in their lower part into a 
 stout, irregular, upright plate or amorphous mass, presenting 
 rounded protuberances. 
 
 The free trunks are cylindrical and massive, usually curved and 
 sometimes anastomosing ; they here and there give off lateral 
 protuberances and stout branches. 
 
 The whole surface is covered with small ridges and promi- 
 nences, arranged confluently into lines, running more or less 
 transversely, so as to produce an annular, obliquely-annular, or 
 spiral appearance over the whole body. 
 
 Cell-mouths small, rounded or squarish, irregularly scattered, 
 with few and variable intermediate pores of about half the size of 
 the cell apertures. 
 
 Our specimens (Woodw. Mus.) attain a height and breadth of 
 3 4 inches, the branches being a half and three-quarter inches in 
 diameter.
 
 POLYZOA. 143 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 Affinities and differences. Nodicrescis tubcrculata (D'Orb. Terr. 
 Cret. V., pi. 800), and N. verrucosa, (Homer, Kreide, pi. V., f. 
 26, p. 23), are allied to this remarkable Upware species, but 
 neither of them present the characteristic confluence and oblique- 
 ringed arrangement of N. annulata. Ceripora papularia is very 
 similar in gross appearance, though a more slender and anasto- 
 mosing structure, but according to d'Orbigny, it is quite a distinct 
 genus (Reptomulticlausd). 
 
 HETEROPORA (REPTONODICRESCIS), sp. 
 
 An encrusting species growing upon an oyster or Plicatula. 
 The cells are large and close set, and the intermediate pores are 
 sparsely scattered between them. It may be the young and rep- 
 tant condition of H. annulata, but the cell openings are rather 
 larger. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 HETEROPOKA (MULTICRESCJS) ARBUSCULA, n. sp. 
 
 (Plate vn. fig. 17 a, 6.) 
 Ceriopora polymorpha, Cat. Mus. Pract. Geology, 1878, p. 7. 
 
 Description. Polyzoarium rather bush-like, attached by a broad 
 base, from which one or many trunks may arise. Branches taper- 
 ing, circular in section. 
 
 Over the surface are seen (i) large cell-openings, circular, 
 and with slightly prominent peristome ; these are either very few 
 and irregularly scattered, or grouped in patches, or arranged in 
 irregular zones. The areas between these are occupied by (ii) the 
 numerous small pores which are about half the diameter of the cell 
 mouths. 
 
 In places the cells are arranged in distinct spirals, but generally 
 they seem to be quite irregular in their distribution. 
 
 The colony usually measures about one inch in height and 
 breadth. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill. 
 
 Affinities and differences. This polyzoon has been very 
 generally called by collectors Ceriopora polymorpha of Goldfuss,
 
 144 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 but that is a true Ceriopora (see Qoldfuss, Pet. Deutsch, pi. X. f. 7 d). 
 Moreover ours is a much more branching structure, rarely shewing 
 any tendency to fuse into a layer. From Heteropora ramosa it is 
 distinguished by its much more branched and bushy colony and by 
 its smaller cell openings. 
 
 Its habit of growth distinguishes it readily from Heteropora 
 coalescens, Reuss, whose branches fuse together into an anasto- 
 mosing mass of stems. Sparsicavea irregularis, D'Orbigny, bears a 
 close resemblance to our species, but this also forms frequent anas- 
 tomoses, and its intermediate pores are fewer and less conspicuous. 
 In S. dichotoma, Hag., the colony is less branching and the cells are 
 much smaller. 
 
 Localities. Up ware, Brickhill. 
 
 HETEROPORA MAJOR, n. sp. 
 (Plate vii. fig. 18, a, b.) 
 
 Description. Polyzoarium dendroid; the branches irregular, 
 tapering, in section circular or oval. Contiguous branches often 
 fuse and anastomose so as to form wall-like expansions. Cell 
 apertures numerous, simple, and small ; the peristome is plane with 
 the general surface. Intermediate pores few and small, irregularly 
 scattered. 
 
 Affinities and differences. Distinguished from H. (Zonopora] 
 ramosa (Homer), and H. Icevigata, d'Orb., by the small size of its 
 cell openings, their wide separation, and the small, scattered inter- 
 mediate pores. The colony is larger than commonly occurs in H. 
 ramosa (about twice as big), and I have not detected the zonary 
 arrangement of the cells such as occurs in the two above-named 
 species. It is nearer to H. Buskana (de Loriol, Foss. Mont Saleve, 
 pi. XVIII. f. 6), but its stouter growth and the smaller size of its 
 cells serve to distinguish it also from this species. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 PORIFERA. 
 
 Sponges. 
 
 For a general account of the Sponges see ante, pp. 28, 29 (Indi- 
 genous fauna).
 
 POUIFERA. 145 
 
 The structure of most of our species is illustrated by the work 
 of Prof. Sollas upon the ' Catagmidae ' *. 
 
 Whatever may have been the original constitution of these 
 sponges they must have been originally hard and rigid, for large 
 Serpula and other episites often affixed themselves to them. The 
 fibre is well seen in the coarse-formed Pachytiloda, shewing simple 
 spicular fibres, having no relation with the Lithistida. 
 
 The name Catagma (Sollas) is here used by me in a more 
 restricted sense than that originally proposed by the author, whose 
 diagnosis seems to me to include too large and diverse a group for a 
 single genus. Therefore I .have followed Zittel in retaining the old 
 name Elasmostoma for such osculated forms as E. pezisa and 
 E. macropora, and I adopt Catagma for the remaining Upware 
 forms without distinct oscules, as C. cupuliformis and C. porcatum. 
 A new name was necessary for the latter group because of the 
 previous confusion, but the former genus Elasmostoma has re- 
 mained a well-defined and, as I think, natural genus since its first 
 establishment 2 . 
 
 HEXACTINELLIDA. 
 
 Plocoscyphea p&rtusa, Geinitz, das Elbthale 8achsen, I. p. 26, 
 pi. II., f. 5. 
 
 (Plate vni., fig. a, b.) 
 
 The hexactinellid structure of this sponge is beautifully pre- 
 served in carbonate of lime, and in places it is well seen left in 
 relief. 
 
 Locality. Brickhill. 
 
 N. Europe. Near Dresden (Untersten Planer). 
 
 VERTICELLITES ANASTOMOSANS, Mantell, Medals of Creation, 
 p. 227. 
 
 See Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., x., p. 195, pi. v., f. 1. 
 Localities. Upware. Brickhill, Farringdon, Godalming, Ather- 
 field. 
 
 S. Europe. Ardennes. 
 
 1 Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Nov. 1878. 
 
 2 Professor Sollas writes me his entire approval of the arrangement here made. 
 
 K. 10
 
 146 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 VERTICELLITES ANNULATUS, sp. nov. 
 (Plate viii., fig. 2.) 
 
 Sponge bodies cylindrical, growing attached in groups. The 
 segments of the bodies are numerous and distinctly defined, pro- 
 ducing a strong annulation of the exterior; distal (oscular) end 
 gently convex, flattened. The whole surface is strongly granulated. 
 
 Measurements. Our specimens are about 20 mm. long and 
 10 mm. broad ; height of single rings (segments) about 2 mm. 
 
 The rugose surface and strongly-ringed characters of this form 
 distinguish it sharply from all the other species. Each sponge 
 body looks like a series of inverted saucers, or shallow acorn-cups 
 piled one upon the other and strung together by a central tube. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 VERTICELLITES CLAVATUS, sp. nov. 
 (Plate VIIL, fig. 3.) 
 
 Sponges growing in groups, attached to foreign bodies. Sponge 
 bodies simple or giving off lateral shoots ; contiguous bodies often 
 fusing together. Individuals obconic or clavate ; surface smooth or 
 irregularly annulated, shewing a delicate net-structure. Upper 
 end gently convex with slightly projecting central osculum. Walls 
 thin ; body-cavity subdivided by numerous, delicate, convex parti- 
 tions, which are connected by a central cloacal tube, provided with 
 openings into each chamber. 
 
 Measurements. Length, If inches; thickness near summit, 
 15 mm. 
 
 The shape of the sponge body distinguishes this from all the 
 other species. The walls too are thinner and the septa more deli- 
 cate than in the common V. anastomosans, these characters being 
 perfectly constant in all our specimens. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Farringdon. 
 
 CATAGMA CUPULIFORMIS, From., sp. 
 Chenendopora fimgiformis ? Sharpe. 
 
 Cupulochonia cupuliformis, E. de Fromentell. Introd. d I'etude 
 des eponges Fossiles, pi. m., f. 5.
 
 PORIFERA. 147 
 
 The tissue is rather more delicate than in the other Upware 
 species. There is no well-marked epidermal layer. 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill ? 
 
 N. Europe. Plauen, Gamughagel, Dresden. 
 
 S. Europe. Mont Saleve, Germigney. 
 
 CATAGMA PORCATUM, Sharpe, sp. 
 
 Manon porcatum, Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., x., p. 196, pi. 
 v, f. 2. 
 
 This species forms less perfect cups than the Elasmostoma 
 acutimargo, large expansions and folded plates being most frequent. 
 Still the cup is its proper plan of growth, and very perfect cups do 
 occur. 
 
 The outer surface is covered with irregular, wart-like, branching 
 or crumpled prominences, which may assume an imperfect radi- 
 ating arrangement towards the margin ; its surface shews the 
 simple bare vermiculate structure. On the inner surface the 
 epidermal layer is dense and compact, pierced by an infinite 
 number of pore-like current -apertures (oscules). The epidermal 
 layer is often destroyed, leaving the vermiculate structure exposed. 
 There is no definite arrangement of the oscules. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Farringdon. 
 
 ELASMOSTOMA ACUTIMARGO, Homer. 
 
 Tragos acutimargo, Romer, Vol. n. 10, pi. xvn., f. 26. 
 Manon macropora, Sharpe, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., x., p. 195, pi. 
 V., figs. 3, 4. 
 
 Very fine specimens occur of all sizes up to a cup seven inches 
 in diameter. Small specimens may be quite irregular little plates, 
 or fans, often with the oscules external ; but all our large specimens 
 are cups, though often very irregular. The outer (pore) surface is 
 smooth and simple, or with faintly marked, gentle, radiating 
 crumplings and concentric growth-lines. On the inside of the cup 
 are seen the numerous large oscules arranged in distinct rings. 
 A cup measuring 3 inches diameter and 2 inches high has eleven 
 such rings. The oscules vary in size from 1 4 mm. in diameter ; 
 and they may be simple openings, in the substance of the sponge, 
 
 102
 
 148 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 or projecting as prominent craters or tubes (var. tubifera, Kpng.). 
 'JLVo specimens in the Woodwardian Museum have a well-marked, 
 expanded, flattened, and everted margin, and these specimens 
 further agree in being of stouter build than is usual in the ordinary 
 forms thus agreeing with the type of E. marginata. 
 
 The vermiculate structure of the sponge is well seen over the 
 outer surface, but on the oscular face the tissue is denser, forming 
 an ' epitheca ' which is however less developed than in the Farring- 
 don sponges. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Farringdon. 
 
 N. Europe. Schb'ppenstedt (Hils conglom.), Dresden 
 (Planer) ? 
 
 Europe. Ardennes, Arzier (Vaud). 
 
 ELASMOSTOMA PEZISA, Goldfuss. 
 
 Manon pezisa, Goldfuss, Petr. Germ., L, pi. I., figs. 7, 8 (not the 
 other figures). 
 
 Elasmostoma consobrinum, d'Orb., Geinitz, and others. 
 Localities. Brickhill, Upware, Farringdoa. 
 
 CORYNELLA NODOSA, sp. HOV, 
 
 (Plate viii., fig. 4.) 
 
 Description. Sponges more or less pyramidal, rarely cylin- 
 drical ; attached by a broad base ; sessile, or mounted upon a short 
 neck. 
 
 Walls very thick, composed of an uniform, coarse vermiculate 
 tissue, leaving only a narrow cylindrical central cloaca. 
 
 The system of canals opening into the central cloaca is but 
 imperfectly developed. 
 
 Osculum terminal, central. 
 
 A simple smooth area forms the terminal cone around the 
 osculum, but below this the surface is raised into prominent, coarse 
 knobs and foldings. 
 
 Locality. Brickhill.
 
 PORIFERA. 149 
 
 CORYNELLA, sp. 
 
 (Plate viil., fig. 5.) 
 
 This is likely to be the young of C. nodosa, Kpng. 
 Locality. Brickhill. 
 
 PERONELLA FURCATA, Goldf., sp. 
 
 Scyphea furcata, Goldfuss, Petr. Germ. I., pi. II., f. 6, p. 5. 
 
 Polyendostoma furcata, Homer. 
 
 Cnernidium astrophorum, Mantell, Medals of Creation, p. 227. 
 
 Localities. Brickhill, Farringdon. 
 N. Europe. Essen. 
 S. Europe. Ardennes, Mont Saleve. 
 
 PACHYTILODA, Zittel. 
 (Plate VIIL, fig. 6.) 
 
 A remarkably coarse sponge structure, with open meshes 4 mm. 
 across, and even some of them as much as three-quarter in. long. 
 
 Diameter of fibres variable (1 3 mm.). 
 
 The fibres usually form an irregular network, but sometimes 
 expand into lamellae ; numerous fibres may thus unite to form 
 plates running in any direction. 
 
 The most perfect specimen, from Brickhill, is a hemispherical 
 mass, about two inches in diameter. The basal fibres are fused into 
 an irregular lamina, fixed to fragments of rock for attachment ; 
 patches of lateral surface laminae were also locally developed, and 
 irregular plates are included in its substance. 
 
 There is no trace of canals, oscules, or cloaca, the water circula- 
 tion having apparently no definite courses. 
 
 Constitution of the fibre. The Upware specimens, which are 
 of chalky consistency, exhibit the coarse fibres as made up of 
 delicate curved filaments (spicules) lying parallel with each other 
 and arching out from the centre towards the circumference, thus 
 presenting the appearance of a branch of small-celled Chcetetes- 
 This structure is visible to the naked eye, and is best seen with a 
 pocket lens.
 
 150 1NVERTEBRATA. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill. 
 
 N. Europe. Precisely similar masses of coarse sponge tissue 
 occur at Essen (" Cupulospongia infundibuliformis ") ; and at 
 Plauen near Dresden. 
 
 PLANTS. 
 
 Small ferruginised fruits, with overlapping scale-like bracts. 
 Affinities doubtful. 
 
 See Plate VIIL, fig. 7. 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 DERIVED FOSSILS. 
 
 A. THE DERIVED FOSSILS OF NEOCOMIAN AGE, FOUND IN 
 THE DARK IRONY GRIT. (See ante, p. 32.) 
 
 Cerithium (Turritella) granulata, Forbes ; non Sow. 
 Localities. Upware ; Ingoldsthorpe, Norfolk (Geological So- 
 ciety's Collection). 
 
 Trochus, sp. 
 
 (Ornamented species.) 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 PERN A RICORDIANA, d'Orbigny. 
 
 (Hinge portions of.) 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 This species occurs in the Atherfield beds, Isle of Wight, and 
 in the Shanklin Sands ; also in the Middle Neocomian of Tealby, 
 in Lincolnshire, and of Villers le Lac, St Croix, and in the Aptieia 
 of the Perte du Rhone. 
 
 PERNA MULLETI, Deshayes. 
 
 Casts of the ligament area, shewing the alternating larger and 
 smaller fossae as figured by MM. Leymerie and Forbes. 
 
 Localities. Upware, in the black grit nodules ; base of the 
 Atherfield series ; Maidstone ; Surrey ; Tealby, middle series ; 
 Speeton, upper series.
 
 DERIVED FOSSILS. 151 
 
 N. Europe. Schoppenstedt, Hils conglomerat. 
 S. Europe. Switzerland, Valengien to Urgonien ; Paris area, 
 Neocoinian. 
 
 THETIS MINOR, Sby. 
 
 Thetis minor, Sby. Characteristic specimens occur not unfre- 
 quently in the Upware grit boulders, associated with Trigonia 
 ornata, Litorina, sp. Pecten orbicularis, and a small sub-triangular 
 bivalve. 
 
 It is more common at Potton. 
 
 Localities. Shanklin; Wiltshire (Morris); Speeton (Upper 
 Neocomian). 
 
 TRIGONIA ORNATA, d'Orb. (Lycett). 
 Trigonia ornata, d'Orbigny Lycett. Brit. Foss. Trigonia, Pal. 
 
 Soc., p. 139, pi. xxiv., figs. 6, 7. 
 Localities. Hythe ; Atherfield, in the Perna bed. 
 S. Europe. Perte du Rhone, Aptien ; Paris area. 
 
 TRIGONIA SPINOSA, Park. ? 
 
 Trigonia spinosa, Park. ? Lycett, Brit. Foss. Trigonia, Pal. Soc. 
 p. 136, pi. XXIIL, f. 10; pi. xxiv., figs. 8, 9. 
 Localities. Brickhill ; Blackdown beds ; Isle of Wight (Upper 
 Greensand). 
 
 CUCULL^EA VAGANS 1 , Sp. nov. 
 
 (Plate viii., fig. 8, a, b.) 
 
 Shell globose, nearly equilateral, ornamented with strong, 
 radiating ribs. Umbones prominent, rounded, slightly anterior. 
 Hinge line straight; teeth few, oblique in the cardinal region, 
 longitudinal at the sides ; the lateral ones are striated across. 
 Area triangular, moderate, with angular cartilage grooves. 
 
 Ribs about 25 in number, strong and equal over the back, 
 faint in the cardino-lateral region ; they are well defined, angular 
 in cross section at the sides, but more rounded over the back. 
 Secondary striae usually run along upon the ribs. Interspaces 
 broader than the ribs, widest at the sides, often with faint radiating 
 
 1 Vagari, to wander. It occurs in scattered blocks, being unknown in situ.
 
 152 INVEKTEBHATA. 
 
 striae. A set of well-defined regular concentric striae crosses the 
 ribs and interspaces, producing a distinct scalariform structure. 
 
 *The cast is smooth or faintly radiated, with a posterior groove 
 left by the muscle-shelf. 
 
 Measurements. Cardino-pallial diameter, 19 mm. ; antero-pos- 
 terior diameter, 21 mm. ; thickness (through both valves), 14 mm. 
 
 Affinities and differences. This shell is so very nearly equi- 
 lateral that it might be referred to the genus Pectunculus, but it 
 has the projecting shelly muscular shelf for the insertion of the 
 posterior adductor muscle as in Cuculhea. Its globose, nearly 
 equilateral form, sharp ribs with few striations, and the regular 
 cross-barring of the interspaces well distinguish this species. 
 
 From C. rotundata, Roemer, it is distinguished by its larger 
 size, better-defined ribs, and larger more rounded umbo. 
 
 I have little doubt that the original home of this shell was in 
 Neocomian waters, though now it is only known as a derived fossil 
 in newer Neocomian deposits. 
 
 Localities. In the Black Grit rock, derived blocks, Upware ; 
 also in the Herrimere Rock. 
 
 CUCULL^EA DONNINGTONENSIS, sp. 11OV. 
 
 (Plate VIIL, fig. 9, a, 6.) 
 
 Shell globose-quadrate, inequilateral, radiately ribbed. Umbones 
 prominent, rounded, oblique. Anterior side rounded ; posterior 
 obliquely truncated. Hinge line short ; area narrow, marked with 
 angular cartilage grooves. Ribs about 30, equal but becoming 
 faint towards the posterior side ; they are angular in section, mo- 
 derately prominent, and covered with strong secondary striae, 
 which also occupy the interspaces. These are crossed by close-set 
 growth striae. 
 
 Measurements (type from Upware). Cardino-pallial diameter, 
 21 mm. ; antero-posterior diameter, 25 mm.; hinge-line, 12 mm. ; 
 thickness (through both valves), about 20 mm. 
 
 A ribbed species more oblique than the last, and with the ribs 
 more triangular in section and covered, together with the inter- 
 spaces, with numerous and well-marked striee, which are crossed 
 by close-set lines of growth ; also the umbo is loss prominent.
 
 DERIVED FOSSILS. 153 
 
 In these characters it approaches the fine species so abundant 
 in the middle series at Tealby, but its more globose and inequi- 
 lateral form and less square outline at once distinguish it from 
 that species. 
 
 Localities. I only know of one specimen (W. M.) from the 
 black grit nodules of Upware, and one well preserved shell from 
 the Lower Cretaceous sands of Doddington in Lincolnshire. 
 
 B. THE DERIVED FOSSILS OF NEOCOMIAN AGE. 
 
 (See ante, p. 31.) 
 
 ANCYLOCERAS ? 
 
 Scattered joints, nearly one inch in diameter, are occasionally 
 found at Upware. In the Potton beds much larger specimens 
 occur, which have been referred, with good reason, to Ancyhceras 
 giyas. Similar large fragments, likewise in a phosphatised condi- 
 tion, may be picked up on the shore in Heligoland, where they are 
 washed out of the Speetonian clays. 
 
 AXCYLOCERAS, sp. 2. 
 
 Two phosphatised fragmentary specimens of this species have 
 occurred in the Upware deposit. They are about 1| inches long 
 and \ inch in greatest diameter. Section circular or elliptical. 
 The ribs are simple, bifurcate or trifurcate, and somewhat ir- 
 regular in size ; some of the ribs are simple throughout. All the 
 ribs pass regularly over the back, but are only represented by 
 delicate lines on the concave side. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 AMMONITES DESHAYESII, Leym. 
 
 This is a not uncommon fossil amongst the phosphatic nodules 
 of Upware. 
 
 It is undoubtedly a derived fossil, having frequently been 
 broken up and rolled into pebbles on the Neocomian shore at 
 Upware. All the specimens are in a phosphatised condition a 
 gritty phosphate and its mode of occurrence and general condition 
 are very similar to the Ammonites liplex. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Atherfield, Speeton (Upper Neocomian). 
 N. Europe. Brunswick, Upper Neocomian (Judd). 
 S. Europe. Paris area, Aptien.
 
 154 INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 HAMITES ? 
 
 Fragment of a small round-sectioned Hamite, with prominent 
 rounded ribs, which are mostly simple only one of them is seen 
 to bifurcate. They are separated from one another by more than 
 their own breadth. 
 
 Locality. Upware (Coll. Mr J. F. Walker, of York). 
 
 ?GERVILLIA SOLENOIDES, Defrance. 
 Locality. Upware (Coll. Mr J. F. Walker, M.A.). 
 
 TEREBRATULA OVOIDES, Sowerby. 
 
 Variety rex, Ray Lankester. 
 
 (Plate VIIL, fig. 10, a, 6.) 
 
 Terebratula ovoides, Sby., Min. Con., t. 100, p. 227. 
 Terebratula rex, E. Ray Lankester, Geol Mag., 1870, p. 410. 
 
 A species to which much doubt and considerable interest 
 attaches, on account of its wide distribution in boulders, while it is 
 unknown in situ. It is a large species, with a very characteristic 
 medial ridge along the large valve, and with the dorsal valve fre- 
 quently flattened in the specimens from Upware, S. Willingham, 
 and Herrimere. 
 
 The lateral beak ridges may be sharp and the lines of growth 
 may become developed into imbricating squamae. 
 
 Sowerby's original specimens were from a sandstone boulder, 
 " a sandstone containing green sand " found in Suffolk (T. ovoides 
 and T. lata, Sow., Min. Con., I. p. 227), and I have found it in a 
 hard green-grey sandstone boulder at South Willingham in Lin- 
 colnshire, also at West Dereham, near Downham Market. 
 
 But its most interesting occurrence is at Herrimere, N. of 
 Upware on the Cam, for here it occurs associated with other 
 fossils whose age can be determined, namely, Lower Cretaceous. 
 I have already (see ante, p. 35), given my reasons for believing 
 that this occurrence at Herrimere is not in situ, as has been stated 
 elsewhere (Geol. Mag., 1870), nor of Jurassic age, but that it is 
 really a boulder of Neocomian sandstone.
 
 DERIVED FOSSILS. 155 
 
 The matrix in all the known localities, except Upware, appears 
 to be similar, namely, a hard green-grey sandstone most like the 
 hard consolidated masses in the Lowest Cretaceous Sands of Lin- 
 colnshire. 
 
 At Upware it occurs as internal casts in a compact earthy 
 phosphate of lime, often much rolled and penetrated by boring 
 bivalves. 
 
 Localities. Upware, Brickhill, Pot ton. 
 
 In the gravels and drift of Suffolk and Norfolk. 
 
 Also in boulders in Lincolnshire (S. Willingham), and West 
 Dereham ; Downham Market ; Ely ; also Feltwell in Norfolk. 
 
 C. DERIVED FOSSILS BELONGING ORIGINALLY TO THE 
 JURASSIC AGE. 
 
 (See ante, pp. 4146.) 
 
 (They occur as a rule in a phosphatised and much rolled 
 condition.) 
 
 Belemnites explanatus, Phillips. Monog. Belemnites, Pal. Society, 
 t. xxxvi., figs. 9496, p. 128. 
 
 In the alveolar cavities groups of Serpula tricarinata (a Jurassic 
 fossil) are found adhering. 
 
 The species is abundant in the Ampthill Clay, and in the 
 Kimmeridge Clay of Hart well, Wheatley, &c. 
 
 Locality. Upware. 
 
 AMMONITES GIGANTEUS, Sby. ? 
 
 Fragments of very large Ammonites which probably belong to 
 this species are found in the Brickhill area. 
 
 AMMONITES BIPLEX, Sowerby. 
 (Plate VIIL, fig. 11.) 
 
 Typical forms of this species abound in all the Neocomian 
 phosphatic deposits of Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire, and they 
 are also conspicuous in the similar beds in Lincolnshire. In some 
 of the pits, especially near Brickhill, they actually form a large 
 proportion of the heaps of phosphatic nodules. They are invariably
 
 loG INVERTEBRATA. 
 
 phosphatised, and the outer whorls have usually been worn by 
 attrition, so that fair-looking specimens can only be obtained by 
 breaking away the outer whorls. Many of the shells have been 
 utterly broken up and rolled into pebbles. 
 
 A broad-whorled, many-ribbed variety of this species also 
 occurs in excellent preservation at Brickhill, Upware, and Potton. 
 
 From their occurrence with Astarte cuneata, Trigonia incurva, 
 and other fossils of Portlandian and Purbeck age, and from the 
 nature of the phosphate in other specimens, I conclude that most 
 of these Ammonites were derived from old Portlandian and Pur- 
 beck rocks.but others were I believe gathered from the Kimmeridge 
 Clay, whilst some few are of Oxfordian types. 
 
 AMMONITES BIPLEX, d'Orb., non Sby. 
 
 A well-marked Oxford Clay form with narrow whorls and 
 depressed bands, or varices running at intervals around them. 
 This species, as also Ammonites cordatus, var. Lamberti, and Am- 
 monites cordatus, var. MaricK all of them from the Oxford Clay, 
 invariably occurs mineralized in oxide and sulphide of iron. 
 
 The remains of Gasteropod shells are rather numerous, but 
 they are much worn, and but few of them can be specifically iden- 
 tified. We recognise the following : 
 
 Chemnitzia Heddingtonensis, Sby. Nerincea. 
 
 Alarla. Several species. Pleurotomaria reticulata, Sby. 
 
 Cerithium muricatam, Sby. (from Natica. Several species, 
 the Coral Rag). 
 
 Other Jurassic species are : 
 Lamellibranchiata : 
 
 Ostrea gregaria, Sby. Cyrena rugosa, Sow. 
 
 Pectunculus, sp. Myoconcha Portlandica, Blake. 
 
 Cardium striatulum, Sby. ? Myacites cuneata, Phill. 
 Lucina, Portlandica, Sby. paralleling, Phill. 
 
 Trigonia gibbosa, Sby. Pholadomya tumida, Ag. 
 
 incurva, Sby. Pholadidea (Kimmeridge clay spe- 
 Astarte cuneata, Sby. cies). 
 
 ffartwelliensis, Sby. 
 
 Ecldnodermata : 
 
 Apiocrimu ? column of.
 
 TABLES OF 
 UPWABE AND BRICKHILL FOSSILS.
 
 158 
 
 1 1 
 
 ::::::::: :::::: +4.4.: 
 
 9 0<ma 8 
 
 ...:.. +++: 
 
 mtifOA 
 
 ijjjjjjjj i ; ; i ; i ; ; ; ; 
 
 
 
 uowpun i 
 
 
 * .' I IN )" ! ' IV 
 
 ::::::::: IJJJJJ ++ i i 
 
 ,ui(M| j| np J)j.i,i 
 
 | ^jfiiffH i:ii:; 
 
 XIOJO S 
 
 
 sutsufi anoqu 
 
 
 PUB U3inUJ91Ip9J^[ 
 
 
 m^m 
 
 + !+;;;;;; ;;;;;; + + +; 
 
 HISI:< i i-'Ui.'.l 
 
 +:::::::: :::::: +:+: 
 
 souuapjv" 
 
 i :+ : : : + ! : :l:::\ [TTj 
 
 , 
 
 ::::::::: :::::: 4-++: 
 
 " 
 
 -t-i-t-. 
 
 WMSUiua 
 
 ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;; + + + 
 
 II^UO P^U uojutsjsunjf 
 
 :::;;:;;: ; ; ; ; ; i i ; 
 
 
 \ i;;;;;;;; ;:;:;; ; ; ; ; 
 
 u.nnq S 
 
 
 HMOp^M 
 
 
 ^oauo^amoj 
 
 QJJTTTT] ;;:::; ; ; ; ; 
 
 Xq,a X 
 
 ;:;;;;;;; ijjjjj + i + ; 
 
 no)aad S 
 
 i :::::: i i i i i i i i +++ : 
 
 sp^a <mtfn 
 
 \ : i : i : i : \ M_JJJJ [+JJ 
 
 spaaauo^ioa 
 
 :;;;::::; :::::: EJJJ 
 
 2u,u. 1B po D 
 
 ;;;;;;:;; i ; ; ; ; ; + = ; i 
 
 uopSaujoj 
 
 :;;;:::;: ;:;;;: LL j 
 
 nonoj 
 
 
 
 
 nmi^ 
 
 + + +; + + +:+ ; + +:+=- :+ 
 
 aa^dn 
 
 +++++++++ ++++++ ++ :+ 
 
 VEETEBEATA. 
 
 3T ^ 
 
 1 1 
 
 s! 1 .lit 
 
 ^-^| a H S.2.-S 
 
 III li 1 1 111! 
 in n s i iiii 
 
 sS&l 5| | . gl P -Ills? 
 
 sllllfllll 5 llil| 11 
 
 iMS^olaJlS IS^slofi jl
 
 159 
 
 + + 1 : 
 
 + +;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; +;; + +; + + 
 
 ; + + 
 
 
 
 
 
 : : : : i ; 1 i i : : i : : : : i + ': : + : . i ': ': 
 
 
 
 ::::::::::::::::: +::+:::: 
 
 : + : 
 
 + : : : 
 
 ::::::::::+:::::: +::::::: 
 ' ..:...+ + 
 
 ; ; + 
 
 
 
 
 
 + : : : 
 
 ::::::::::::::::: 4. ; : : + : : + + 
 
 + : 
 
 
 
 
 : + : : 
 
 ::::::::::::::::: + : : + + : : : 
 
 + + 
 
 
 :::: ::::"-:::::::: :::+:::: 
 
 + : 
 
 + + : : 
 
 ::::::: :^ :+:::::: + : : + + 4. + 4. 
 
 + : 
 
 ' ' 
 
 
 
 : + : : 
 
 :+ : I 
 
 ; i ; ; ; : i ;+ ;+ ; : i ; i ; +;;+;+;; 
 
 :+:::::'::::::::: :::*+::: 
 
 + : 
 : : + 
 
 ; ; i 
 
 + ::::::::::::::':: +!!+ : : i 
 
 i:::::::::::::::: + : : + : : : 
 
 
 + ; + 
 
 ; ; ; i i ; ; ; : + ; i ; ; i ; ; ; i ; ; ; + 
 
 ; + 
 
 
 ; : ; ; i i i ; ; ; ; ; : ; i ; LlllllJ* 
 
 
 : : : + 
 
 + ....:.:.. 4. :::.:. ++.. + 
 
 
 
 ::::::::::+:::::: ++:+ <^i: 
 
 
 
 ::::::::+:::::::: + + + + + 
 
 
 . . . . 
 
 . J- 4. 
 
 
 
 ri.rl.rl 
 
 
 + + + + 
 
 + + + + + + + + I+ + + + + + + + + + 4 + + : + 
 
 + + + 
 
 Ammonites Cornuelianus (d'Orb.) 
 ,, Dcshayesii (Leym.) 
 sp. 
 Ancyloceras Hillsii (Sby.) 
 
 t~* 
 
 -? If if 
 
 x J-totr y~. "fcc'S, ^ 
 SS.SS-P aij ^-|S g 1.2 - 
 
 Iriil s^ f^ ^^18-3^ 
 
 ^TSbdnT -S Sf^es &,fcd < fi *> . . c^^* 
 
 irtijif'IHL. 
 11 : : 1 i! : !l "III 
 
 CJ ^ 
 
 ,, equicostata (Keeping) 
 Neitheaatava(R6m.) 
 Morrisii (P. & Ben.)
 
 100 
 
 adojirj -s 
 
 | : + + + + ++ : + + + + + : : + + + ::+::: 
 
 SQOJIOA 
 
 
 noaapuBT 
 
 ; i ;+ + ; ;+ + ; ; ;+ ; \ \ \ \ 
 
 9A 9 is no W 
 
 :::+ : :::::+:+::::::::::: 
 
 auoiia np ajaaj 
 
 1 : : + + : + ::+::::::::+:::::: 
 ' 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 pnB^az^s 
 
 ::+++++:+++++:;++!::::: 
 
 *mw 
 
 :: + + + ++: + +:+:::+::+::: 
 
 sauaapay 
 
 .. + + : ::.::::+::::.:::::: 
 
 
 
 _ 
 
 
 
 a M 
 
 ' + + + + + 
 
 JIDiMsanjfl 
 
 + : : : : :+: + +: + +::::::::;:: 
 
 
 
 1I B 'L) pa>l no?UB}sunn 
 
 
 pl3 H aainv 
 
 ;; + +-4- + ;; + +;;i;:;+ii;i!;i 
 
 m, 
 
 ; + ; ; ; ;;!;;;+;;+;:!:+::;+ 
 
 anop^aBia 
 
 : : : : : ::::::::::::::+:::: 
 
 ^Boauo^a^oj 
 
 
 ^qiax 
 
 : + ;+:;; + +;:;;;:;;:;:; 
 
 uojaadg 
 
 ;+!- + ++;+;;+;;;;;;;;;;;; 
 
 . 
 
 . . . . 
 
 11 
 
 
 spag auojsojiioj 
 
 : : + : : : : :::::::::::::::: 
 
 8aira[B P oo 
 
 -! + ++ 1 :::+::::: i :::::: 
 
 UOpSUUJBJ 
 
 + ; + + i ;;;;+;+;!;+;+;;;;:; 
 
 uonoa 
 
 
 
 . . . . 
 
 lovvra 
 
 
 nn4a 
 
 +;+++ ;++;+;+;+++++++++++ 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 s I ^ i ~ ^ii 
 
 f-dlf? ?1 1^1 ?^2 _2 l.lli^ 
 
 W|2P 52, ^.^ ^ Tw - ,0^- T|. 
 
 INVEETE 
 
 ilijiJlSi illlliiill lltp 
 
 Safto S'3 ffS.! ^^^3 i*-^ S S^ S<^ o g cs 
 llNlllfigJf|5 a | t Hil8'S 11 
 
 1 , ..f ;
 
 161 
 
 ! + 
 
 :+
 
 162
 
 163 
 
 + + 
 
 ; + 
 
 : + + : : + 
 
 : + : : 
 
 : + : 
 
 : + + + : : 
 
 + + 
 
 -2-O 
 g^j 
 
 i- 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 irai SI 
 
 a a s . i g 
 X'^'& S ^ 
 
 *" ' 
 
 . ,-, JJ..I 
 
 O^^-O 2" | 'Scg a | 
 3..2 o* O'-w .92 =0-3 "'^"3 "22 
 
 3l 1 il ^ 1 1 ^fl ^ 1 ^ ill 
 Ills. siii="S |J5|1JJK 
 fl& ^IIM*& If^fl'sii.'i.g **x* 
 
 IJ ^i?liF'i* it flw- n -*** 
 
 iia-? s -3^2 
 
 l^S.&J' 
 
 !l!||| 
 
 U3 
 
 rli 
 
 s^ 
 
 S^ 1 
 
 II-;
 
 164-
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Ammonites, 30, 89, 90, 153, 155, 156 
 
 Annelida, 27, 131 
 
 Ancyloceras, 91, 153 
 
 Aporrhais, 92 
 
 Area, 114 
 
 Ardennes, 68 
 
 Astarte, 122 
 
 Atherfield, 62 
 
 Austin, Mr Godwin, 57 
 
 Avicula, 109 
 
 Bargate stone, 61 
 
 Barrois, 68 
 
 Belemnites, 19, 84, 89, 155 
 
 Bielefeld, 72 
 
 Blackdown, 58 
 
 Borers, 9 
 
 Boulders (Neocomian), 35 
 
 Brachiopoda, 20 
 
 Brickhill, 2, 19, 52 
 
 Brodie, Kev. P. B., 48 
 
 Brunswick, 72 
 
 Calne, 51 
 Cambridge, 35 
 Cardita, 121 
 Cardium, 118 
 Catagma, 146 
 Cephalopoda, 18, 39, 84 
 Cerithium, 93 
 Ceriopora, 27, 139 
 Cidaris, 133 
 Conglomerate, 5 
 Constantine, 71 
 Coral Bag, 30, 44 
 Corynella, 149 
 
 Crocodilia, 80 
 Cucullsa, 115, 151, 152 
 Cypricardia, 20, 119 
 Cyprina, 123 
 
 Dana, Prof., 14 
 
 Dark Grit rock, 32 
 
 Deinosauria, 78 
 
 Derived Fossils, 8, 18, 30, 38, 77 
 
 Diceras, 71 
 
 Downham Market, 11, 54 
 
 Echinodermata, 27, 133 
 Elasmostoma, 147 
 Ely, 17, 53 
 Entalophora, 137 
 Essen, 72 
 Exogyra, 100 
 
 Farringdon, 48, 49, 57 
 Fishes, 43, 80 
 Folkestone, 33 
 Foreign deposits, 67 
 France, 67 
 
 Gasteropoda, 19, 92 
 Gervillia, 154 
 Godalming, 60 
 Goniopholis, 80 
 Goslar, 73 
 
 Hamites, 154 
 Hanover, 72 
 Harz, 73 
 Herrimere, 35 
 Heteropora, 14
 
 166 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hinnites, 108 
 Hunstanton, 32, 33, 56 
 
 Ichthyosaurus, 79 
 
 Kimmeridge Clay, 46 
 Kingena, 128 
 
 Lamellibranchiata, 19 
 Landeron, 70 
 Leidy, Prof., 14 
 Lima, 111 
 Lithodomus, 127 
 Litorina, 95, 97 
 Lydian Stone, 61 
 
 Mammillaris zone, 68 
 Melicertites, 138 
 Meyer, Mr 
 Modiola, 117 
 
 Neithea, 106 
 Nerinsea, 94 
 Nucula, 114 
 
 Oolite, 72 
 Opis, 121 
 Ostrea, 100 
 Otodus, 83 
 Oxford Clay, 30, 44 
 
 Pachytiloda, 149 
 
 Panopsea, 126 
 
 Paris Basin, 69 
 
 Pebbles, 6 
 
 Pecten, 104 
 
 Pectunculus, 115 
 
 Peltastes, 135 
 
 Perna, 109, 150, 151 
 
 Peronella, 149 
 
 Phillips, Prof. J M 66 
 
 Pholas, 127 
 
 Phosphatic nodules, 9, 11, 12, 18 
 
 Pinna, 110 
 
 Plants, 150 
 
 Plesiosaurus, 78 
 
 Pleurotomaria, 94 
 
 Plicatula, 110 
 
 Pliosaurus, 79 
 
 Plocoscyphea, 28, 145 
 Polyzoa, 27, 137 
 Porifera, 144 
 Portlandian, 41, 42 
 Potton, 2, 32, 33, 47 
 Psammodus, 82 
 Pseudodiadema, 135 
 Pycnodus, 82 
 Pyrenees, 71 
 
 Radiopora, 139 
 Hampton, 63 
 Eeptilia, 43, 76 
 Eeptocea, 141 
 Beptomultisparsa, 137 
 Rushmoor, 49 
 
 Salenia, 136 
 
 Saleve, Mt., 38, 69 
 
 Salzgitter, 72 
 
 Sandringham, 56 
 
 Scalaria, 93 
 
 Sceend, 51 
 
 Schoeppenstedt, 73, 75 
 
 Seeley, Prof. H. G., 17, 35, 37, 48, 58 
 
 Semimulticavea, 138 
 
 Serpula, 131 
 
 Shanklin, 33, 63 
 
 Sharpe, Mr, 58 
 
 Sollas, Prof., 28 
 
 South Carolina, 13 
 
 Speeton, 11, 65 
 
 Species, transmutation of, 21 
 
 SphfBrodus, 17, 81 
 
 Spinney Abbey, 7 
 
 Spondylus, 113 
 
 Sponges, 27, 144 
 
 Streatham, 53 
 
 Strombeck, Herr von, 73 
 
 Strophodus, 82 
 
 Swanage, 59 
 
 Swindon Series, 41 
 
 Switzerland, 69 
 
 Tawney, Mr E. B., 7 
 Tealby, 11, 64 
 Teall, Mr J. H., 37, 58 
 Terabratella, 130, 24 
 Terebratula, 21, 22, 154
 
 INDEX. 167 
 
 Thracia, 126 Vertebrates, 16, 40, 76 
 
 Trigonia, 113 Verticellites, 145 
 
 Trochus, 95 
 Turbo, 97 Waldheimia, 22, 129 
 
 Walker, Mr J. F., 3, 17, 48, 58 
 Upware, 3, 25 Warminster, 51 
 
 Wealden, 40, 67 
 Vectian, 59 
 
 Venus, 125 Zittel, Prof., 28 
 
 Vermicularia, 133 
 
 PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY. M.A. & SON, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, CAMBRIDGE.
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 FIG. 
 
 1. Dermal spine of a Deinosaur, Upware (Coll. Mr J. F. Walker, 
 
 M.A.). 
 
 2. Dorsal vertebra of Plesiosaurug (P. JVeocomiensis, Camp. ?) Upware, 
 
 a, basal view ; b, anterior face. 
 
 3. Plesiosaurus, sp. nov. from Brickhill. a, basal view ; 6, articular 
 
 surface f. York Museum. 
 
 4. Sphaerodus Neocomiensis, Ag., Upware. a, base; 6, surface; c, 
 
 side view. 
 
 5. Pycnodus Couloni, Ag., Upware. a, upper surface ; b, side view 
 
 (Coll. J. P. Walker, M.A.). 
 
 6. Belemnites pistilliformis, var. subfusiformis, d'Orbigny, Upware. 
 
 a, front view ; b, back view ; c, side view. 
 
 7. Belemnites (?) Upwarensis, Kpng., Upware. a, natural size; 6, 
 
 the same enlarged y ; c, proximal surface j ; d t the same 
 further enlarged. 
 
 8. Belemnites subquadratus, Homer, Brickhill. 
 
 9. Ammonites Cormtelianus, d'Orb. Upwara 
 10. Ammonites, sp. Upware,
 
 A.SFoorddeLetlith 
 
 Mintem Bros imp
 
 PLATE IT. 
 
 Ancyloceras Hillsii, Sby., sp. Up ware. natural size, b, outline of 
 aperture; c, the central part of the outer whorl; d, earliest 
 part of outer whorl.
 
 PI. II. 
 
 Mmtem Brx imp.
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 FIG. 
 
 1. Ammonites Deshayesii, Leym. Up ware. 
 
 2. Aporrhals (Tesserolax) Gardneri, Kpng., Upware. a, front; 6, 
 
 back view (Coll. J. F. Walker, M.A.). 
 
 3. Aporrhais (Tridactylus) Walkeri, Gardner. Upware (Coll. J. F. 
 
 Walker, M.A.). 
 
 4. Scalaria Keepingi, Gardner, Upware (Coll. J. F. Walker, M.A.). 
 
 a, front ; b, back ; c, costse magnified. 
 
 5. Cerithium, Neocomiense, d'Orb., Upware (Collection J. F. Walker, 
 
 M.A.). 
 
 6. Cerithium Marottinum, d'Orb., Upware. 
 
 7. Nerincea, sp., Upware. 
 
 8. Nerincea tumida, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 9. Trochus, sp. nov., Upware (Coll. J. F. W.). 
 
 10. Litorina Upwarensis, Kpng., Upware (Coll. J. F. W.). 
 
 11. Litorina Cantabrigensis, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 12. Litorina varicosa, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 13. Turbo fieedi, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 14. Patella, sp.? Upware.
 
 PI III 
 
 A.S.Foorddel.etlith
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 Fio. 
 
 1. Pleurotomaria Campichei, Kpng., 1. a, enlarged f, Up ware. 
 
 2. Pleurotomaria ferruginea, Kpng., Potton. 
 
 3. Exogyra conica, Sby., Upware. 3. c, a striated variety (in Mr 
 
 Walker's Collection). 
 
 4. Ostrea Walkeri, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 5. Neithea ornithopus, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 6. Neithea atava (Romer), d'Orb., Upware (Coll. J. F. W.).
 
 PI IV. 
 
 A.SFoord<leUtlith 
 
 Min tern Bros imp
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 Fio. 
 
 1. Pecten orbicularis, var. magnus, Kpng., Up ware. 
 
 2. Avicula Cornueliana, d'Orb., Upware. 
 
 3. Perna, sp. nov., Upware (Coll. J. F. Walker, M.A.). 
 
 4. Plicatula Carteroniana, d'Orb., Upware. 
 
 5. Plicatula equicostata, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 6. Lima longa, Rbmer, Upware. a, a decorticated specimen ; 6, 
 
 round ribbed, elongated type, d, flat ribbed variety. 
 
 7. Area Carteroni, d'Orb., Upware. a, umbonal view; b, back view; 
 
 c, the ribbed surface, magnified. 
 
 8. Ciicullaea, sp., Upware. 
 
 9. Pectunculus lens, Sby., Upware. b, interior, shewing teeth; c, 
 
 surface magnified. 
 
 10. Cucullaea subnana, Pictet and Roux, Upware. 
 
 11. Pectuncidus Marullensis, Leym., Upware. 
 
 12. Lima Farringdonensis, Sharpe, Upware. b, section across the 
 
 ribs ; c, surface of ribs, magnified.
 
 Pl.V. 
 
 A S.Foord del et litK
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 Fio. 
 
 1. Pectunculus obliquus, Kpng., Up ware, a, b, single valve; c, d, 
 
 perfect specimen. 
 
 2. Modiola pedernalis, Homer, Upware. 2 b, enlarged f. 
 
 3. Modiola obesa, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 4. Cardium Cottaldinum, d'Orb., Upware (in the cabinet of Mr J. R 
 
 Walker, M. A.), a, back view ; b, anterior view ; c, interior. 
 
 5. Cypricardia squamosa, Kpng., Upware. a, back view; b, interior; 
 
 c, enlarged. 
 
 6. Cypricardia arcadiformis, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 7. Cardita rotundata, Pictet and Roux, Upware. 
 
 8. Opis Neocomiensis, d'Orb., Upware. a, back view; b. umbonal 
 
 view ; c, anterior view. 
 
 9. Astarte, sp. nov., Upware. b, interior (Coll. Mr J. F. W.). 
 
 10. Astarte, sp., Upware. 
 
 1 1 . Astarte subdenlata, Rb'mer, Upware, 
 
 12. Cyprina Sedgwickii, Walker, sp., Upware. c, hinge. 
 
 13. Cyprina obtusa, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 14. ? Thracia, sp., Upware.
 
 A.SFoord deletlrth 
 
 Mintern Bros
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 FIG. 
 
 1. Lithodomus phosphaticus, Kpng., Potton. 
 
 2. Modiola arcadiformis, Kpng., Potton. 
 
 3. Megerlia (Kingena] rhomboidalis, Kpng., Brickhill. 
 
 4. Waldheimia Bonneyi, Kpng., Brickhill. 
 
 5. Serpula lophioda, Goldfuss, Upware. 
 
 6. Serpula rustica, Sby., Upware. b, section of same. 
 
 7. Serpula articulate/ , Sby., Upware. 
 
 8. Vermicularia polygonalis, Sby., Upware. b, section of tube. 
 
 9. Cidaris, sp. nov., spine of, Upware. 
 
 10. Peltastes Wrightii, Desor, Upware. 
 
 11. Salenia hieroglyphlca, Kpng., Brickhill. 
 
 12. Entalophora dendroidea, Kpng., Upware. 12 b, a branch mag- 
 
 nified. 
 
 13. Melicertites Upwarensis, Kpng., Upware. 13 b, a branch enlarged. 
 
 14. Ceriopora (fteptonodicava) nodosa, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 15. Reptocea lobosa, Kpng., Brickhill. 15 b, magnified. 
 
 16. Heteropora (Nodocrescis) annulata, Kpng., Upware. 16 b, the 
 
 surface magnified. 
 
 17. Heteropora (Multicrescis) arbuscula, Kpng., Upware. 17 b, c, 
 
 branches magnified. 
 
 18. Heteropora major, Kpng., Upware. 18 b, a branch magnified. 
 
 19. Waldheimia Bonneyi, Kpng., Brickhill.
 
 pi.vn. 
 
 ASFoorddeletbh 
 
 Mmtern Bros imp
 
 PLATE VIIT. 
 
 FIG. 
 
 1. Plocoscyphea pertusa, Geinitz, Brickhill. 1 b, sti-ucture of the 
 
 same, enlarged. 
 
 2. Verticellites annulatus, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 3. Verticellites clavatus, Kpng., Upware. 
 
 4. Corynella nodosa, Kpng., Brickhill. 
 
 5. Corynella, sp., Brickhill. 
 
 6. Pachytiloda, sp., Upware. 
 
 7. A small fruit ( f f) ferruginised, Upware. 
 
 8. Cucullaea vagans, Kpng., Upware (derived). 8 b, the internal cast. 
 
 9. Cucullaea Donningtonensis, Kpng., Upware (derived). 
 
 10. Terebr-atula ovoides, Sby., var. rex, Ray Lankester, Upware. 106, 
 
 side view. 
 
 11. Ammonites biplex, Sby., Upware (a phosphatised specimen, much 
 
 eroded).
 
 PI. vm. 
 
 A S.Foor-d daLetfeh 
 
 MinternBros imp.
 
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