ZS6 P684rc IB44 5 3 6 3 THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES B. 0. B4KEK LAWYER us,. TOM* H.S.BROOKE, THE REPORTER; on, PHONOGRAPHY ADAPTED TO VERBATIM REPORTING. BY ISAAC PITMAN. PUBLISHED BY ISAAC PITMAN, AT THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 5, NELSON PLACE, BATH , AND AT THE PHONOGRAPHIC AND PHONOTYPIC DEPOT, I, QUEEN'S HEAD PASSAGE, PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS, PHONOGRAPHIC LECTURERS, AND TEACHERS. 1846. [Entered at Stationers' Hall.] YXL. THE REPORTER. 1. In the consideration of the great, the national, and altogether unexpected advantages of a Reformed Orthography, which the practice of Phonetic Writing in the short-hand character is steadily bringing about, and the universal blessings that will necessarily follow, in the ultimate adoption of the phonetic principle for representing all languages, we are apt to overlook the lesser personal good of a practical acquaintance with the stenographic art to individuals in all situations of life, but more parti- cularly to literary men. This subject has, however, been a favorite theme with many writers, who, by using the " winged words" of stenography, either in reporting for the press, or in their ordinary writing, for a course of years, have thereby attained a mental elevation far beyond what would have been possible under any other circumstances. The names of ED- MUND BURKE, Sergt. TALFOURD, CHARLES DICKENS, and a numerous w array less known to fame, may be fairly considered as being indebted to their engagements with the periodical press as reporters, in early life, for no inconsiderable portion of their distinction in the literary world. 2. For the following eloquent enumeration of some of the advantages arising from the practice of the art, even when based upon the imperfect -* a, b, c alphabet, we are indebted to the peu of Mr. GAWTRESS, the publisher of an improved edition of " BYROM'S" system : ? " Short-hand is capable of imparting so many advantages to persons in to almost every situation of life, and is of such extensive utility to society, that it is justly a matter of surprise that it has not attracted a greater share of attention, and been more generally practised. With a view to excite a livelier interest in its progress, and to induce those w%o have jj leisure to engage with ardour in the study of it, we shall point out a few of the benefits resulting from it. f- " In England, at least, this art may be considered a National Blessing, and thousands who look with the utmost indifference upon it, are daily reaping the fruits of its cultivation. It is scarcely necessary to mention how indispensable it is in taking minutes of public proceedings. If all the feelings of a patriot glow in our bosoms on a perusal of those eloquent speeches which are delivered in the Senate, or in those public assemblies where the people are frequently convened to exercise the birthright of Britons we owe it to short-hand. If new fervour be added to our de- votion, and an additional stimulus be imparted to our exertions as Chris- i iaus, by the eloquent appeals and encouraging statements made at the 4 THE REPORTER. anniversaries of our various religious Societies we owe it to short -hand. If we have an opportunity, in interesting judicial cases, of examining the evidence, and learning the proceedings, with as much certainty, and nearly as much minuteness, as if we had been present on the occasion we owe it to short-hand. In short, all those brilliant and spirit-stirring effusions which the circumstances of the present times combine to draw forth, and which the press transmits to us with such astonishing celerity, warm from the lips and instinct with the soul of the speaker, would have been en- tirely lost to posterity, and comparatively little known to ourselves, had it not been for the facilities afforded to their preservation by short -hand. Were the operations of those who are professionally engaged in exercising this art to be suspended but for a single week, a blank would be left in the political and judicial history of our country, an impulse would be wanting to the public mind, and the nation would be taught to feel and acknowledge the important purposes it answers in the great business of life. " A practical acquaintance with this art is highly favourable to the im- provement of the mind, invigorating all its faculties, and drawing forth all its resources. The close attention requisite in following the voice of the speaker induces habits of patience, perseverance, and watchfulness, which will gradually extend themselves to other pursuits and avocations, and at length inure the writer to exercise them on every occasion in life. When writing in public, it will also be absolutely necessary to distinguish and adhere to the train of thought which runs through the discourse, and to observe the modes of its connection. This will naturally have a ten- dency to endue the mind with quickness of apprehension, and will impart an habitual readiness and distinctness of perception, as well as a methodi- cal simplicity of arrangement, which cannot fail to conduce greatly to mental superiority. The judgment will be strengthened and the taste re- fined ; ^pd the practitioner will by degrees become habituated to seize the original and leading parts of a discourse or harangue, and to reject whatever is common-place, trivial, or uninteresting. " The memory is also improved by the practice of stenography. The obligation the writer is iinder to retain in his mind the last sentence of the speaker, at the same time that he is carefully attending to the follow- ing one, must be highly beneficial to that faculty, which more than any other owes its improvement to exercise. And so nmeh are the powers of retention strengthened and expanded by this exertion, that a practical stenographer will frequently recollect more without writing, than a person unacquainted with the art could copy in the time by the use of common- hand. " It has been justly observed, 'this science draws out all the powers of the mind ; it excites invention, improves the ingenuity, matures the THE REPORTER. 5 judgment, and endows the retentive faculty with those superior advan- tages of precision, vigilance and perseverance.' " The facility it affords to the acquisition of learning ought to render it an indispensable branch in the education of youth. To be enabled to treasure up for future study the substance of lectures, sermons, &c., is an accomplishment attended with so many evident advantages, that it stands in no need of recommendation. Nor is it a matter of small im- portance, that by this art the youthful student is furnished Avith an easy means of making a number of valuable extracts in the moments of leisure, and of thus laying up a stock of knowledge for his future occasions. The pursuit of this art materially contributes to improve the student in the principles of grammar and composition, while studying the rules of abbreviation and connexion : while tracing the various forms of expression by which the same sentiment can be conveyed ; and while endeavouring to represent, by modes of contraction, the dependance of one word on another, he is insensibly initiated in the science of universal language and particularly in the knowledge of his native tongue. " The rapidity with which it enables a person to commit his own thoughts to the safety of manuscript also renders it an object peculiarly worthy of regard. By this means a thousand ideas which daily strike us, and which are lost before we can record them in the usual way, may be snatched from destruction, and preserved till mature deliberation can ripen and perfect them. " In addition to these inestimable advantages, Science and Religion are indebted to this inestimable art for the preservation of many valuable Lectures and Sermons, which would otherwise have been irrecoverably lost. Among the latter may be instanced those of Whitfield, whose astonishing powers could move even infidelity itself, and extort admira- tion from a Chesterfield and a Hume ; but whose name would have floated down the stream of time, had not short-hand rescued a portion of his labours from oblivion. With so many vouchers of the truth of the remark, we can have no hesitation in stating it as our opinion, that since the invention of printing, no cause has contributed more to the diffusion of knowledge and the progress of refinement, we might also add, to the triumphs of liberty and the interests of religion, than the revival and improvement of this long-neglected art. " Such are the blessings which short-hand, like a generous benefactor, bestows indiscriminately on the world at large. But it has additional and peculiar favours in store for those who are so far convinced of its utility as personally to engage in its pursuit. The advantages resulting from the exercise of this science, are not, as is the case with many others, confined to a particular class of society ; for though it may seem more 6 THE REPORTER. immediately calculated for those whose business it is to record the elo- quence of public men, and the proceedings of popular assemblies ; yet it offers its assistance to persons of every rank and station in life to the man of business as well as the man of science for the purpose of private convenience as well as of general information.*' 3. If so much can be said in praise of this art, when based upon the common English alphabet, that furnishes but half as many letters as there are sounds in the language and we can aver, from our own expe- rience, that the half of the beneficial results flowing from the practice of the art are not here enumerated how much more to be commended is a PHONETIC system, that secures perfect legibility, and a higher degree of brevity ! 4. " The only impediment to the universal adoption of this invaluable accomplishment," observes the late Mr. MOAT, in his Short-hand Stand- ard, " is not altogether in its ' not being regarded as an object of general attention,' but in the want of a system which shall at once command the utmost degree of brevity, simplicity, perspicuity and facility ; so happily blended with each other, that nothing of the value of either may be sacri- ficed for the more extensive application of the rest ; and thus laying down a fundamental principle, or ground-work, which must lead to the desired perfection. " Numerous as have been the attempts to attain the desideratum of the art, it is a matter of surprise, that the science of Stenography, in this enlightened age, in this country where it was first reduced to alphabet- ical rule, and where the peculiar genius of its language is best calculated of any on earth (the Latin tongue, perhaps, exceptcd) for that purpose, should be still so very far from complete. " It is pleasing, however, to observe, that some few have made consi- derable improvements, which principally consist in discarding the uncouth symbolical and hieroglyphical characters in common use among the earlier writers on the art ; and that, at least, the last half century is not wholly barren in the advancement of the science. " There can be no doubt that this science will arrive at a much higher degree of perfection : and we may be assured that some future author will be crowned with that success which shall entitle him to the deserved appellation of ' Universal Stenographist,' whose work shall be reduced to that elegant simplicity which must characterise its worth, and ensure its general adoption and lasting establishment. When such a system shall appear, it will be the nation's honour (as it must be its pride), which gave it birth, 4 to foster it with parental care, and make it generally useful, by introducing it as a necessary branch of modern education." 4. Stenography was first introduced to Alphabetical Rule in the reign of Elizabeth, THE REPORTER. 7 5. That no one can deserve the title of " UNIVERSAL STENOGRA- PHIST," who does not adopt the phonetic principle of writing as the basis of his system, will now be admitted as an indisputable axiom. Whether the short-hand alphabet identified with the present attempt at a Writing and Printing Reformation, solves the problem of combining " the utmost degree of brevity, simplicity, perspicuity, and facility ; so happily blended with each other, that nothing of the value of either may be sacrificed for the more extensive application of the rest," time and experience alone can fully determine. The high appreciation of the system of " PHONOGRA- PHY" here presented, by the public, and more particularly by teachers and short-hand writers, as manifested in the extensive sale of the "Manual" of the art, now in its seventh edition, and of which above twenty thousand copies were sold during the past year (1845), affords us some ground to hope that the problem is solved. It has been said by men of high stand- ing in literature, and intimately acquainted with Stenography and Phono- logy, that " The alphabet of Phonography cannot be shaken till a new Geometry is discovered." The course of experiments we have deemed it advisable to prosecute in connection with the subject, has led us to the same conclusion. 6. The short-hand alphabet of Phonography is capable of three modes of application, forming three styles of writing, which are thus discrimi- nated in the " Manual of Phonography," paragraphs 125 127 : " The FIRST style is that in which every word is fully expressed by the several phonographs that represent its constituent sounds. This is PHONOGRAPHY or PHONETIC WRITING in the proper sense of the word. 11 The SECOND style may be termed PHONETIC SHORT HAND, or PHONO-STENOGRAPHY, being a Short Hand based upon Phonetic Princi- ples. In this short hand, a hundred words of frequent occurrence are represented, each by one of its (single, double, or treble) component letters. This style is suited for business purposes and letter writing. It would be too laborious to write all the letters of the constantly occurring words the, and, of, to, in, that, &c. ; nor would they be more legible, when written at full, than when expressed by a single letter. Words thus abbreviated are called GRAMMALOGUES or LETTER-WORDS. " The THIRD style is termed REPORTING, being Phonography adapted to verbatim reporting, by extending the number of gramnialogues, by generally omitting the expression of the vowels, by contracting long words, and by a very extensive use of phraseography." 7. This THIRD, or most abbreviated style of Phonography, it is the object of the present work to explain. Before entering upon the study and practice of it, the reader should become perfectly familiar with the Second Style, as contained in the " Manual of Phonography," and should 8 THE REPORTER. be able to write SO words per minute, without any other abbreviations than those there furnished. 8. The average time necessary to qualify a person who can write long-hand in a flowing style, to follow a speaker by means of the system of short -hand here presented, (including the time spent in learning the Second Style of Phonography,) may be stated at twelve months, by prac- tising one hour per day, or five months at two hours per day, or three months at three hours per day. Some phonographers have, by less than one hour's practice per day, for six months, attained the ability to take down a moderate speaker verbatim ; but in these instances, the writers were very expert at long-hand. 9. It must be borne in mind, by all who aspire to this eminence in the phonographic art, that the amount of practice, here mentioned, must be kept up unremittingly. Everything depends upon this. The loss of a day would retard the writer's progress as much as he would be able to recover in t\vo days' additional writing. 10. The whole secret of reporting may be said to consist in two words Practice, and the use of Phraseography. The student must himself give the first requisite, and we have here furnished the most efficient help for the second which our own experience, and that of many phonographic reporters, can supply. Of these two essentials, the greatest is PRACTICE, by dint of which alone, in the Second Style of Phonography, a person may write 100 words per minute. As the great Grecian orator, when applied to for information as to the most important requisite in elocution, said, " pronunciation," (meaning thereby not merely the correct utter- ance of single words, but also attention to emphasis, tone, inflections, pauses, Sec. ;) and when asked what was the next essential, replied "pro- nunciation ;" and still gave the same answer to the query as to the third essential in the art ; so we may say of " that much-coveted art by which the orator's eloquence is to be caught in its impassioned torrent, and fixed upon paper, as a picture of his rich and glowing mind," the first, the second, and the last essential is, practice, PRACTICE, PRACTICE. 11. There may be, however, a practice that will hinder thePhonogra- pher, instead of forwarding him : we allude to a careless formation of the letters, which will prevent the manuscript from being read. The young Phonographer should never let his desire to write swiftly, exceed his determination to write correctly. It is the same in short-hand as in long-hand : he that first learns to write well, will, in the course of time, write both well and quickly ; whereas he that dashes away at the com- mencement, before his hand is habituated to truth of form, will never write well ; and, though he may write quickly, he can never read what THE REPORTER. >24 only one position is recog- nised for words composed of down strokes, and two positions for hori- zontal and other words that do not fill the whole space occupied by the writing, but, in reporting, three positions are frequently necessary, and that for perpendicular as well as horizontal words. In locating words with respect to the line, we have studied the convenience of the writer, in pre- ference to adhering strictly to the rule of vowel position ; thus, all the grammalogues of the Second Style of Phonography, whatever vowels they contain, remain in their several places on the line, that established habits may not be interfered with. Where no confusion can arise from writing on the line instead of carrying the hand above or below, it is allowed to be done. The third position is always, and the first is sometimes, less convenient for the writer than the second. If the reporter should place such words as decide, derive, Sec., in the first position, and gravity, news- paper, &c., in the third position, in accordance with their vowels, the inconvenience in writing would not be balanced by greater ease in reading. This is a point, and there are many such, where theoretical propriety will not consist with practical convenience. It is only where outlines of words are liable to interfere with each other that we need take advantage of the rule of vowel position. 25. In the phraseography of the List, the reader will find suggestions rather than a complete collection of phrases ; additional ones can be prepared on the model of those here given, as his exigencies may require. Any combination of logograms, or skeletons, that can be vocalized, arc admissible, if they are such as, when unvocalized, will not interfere with 24. See 7th Edition, paragraph 174. 12 THE REPORTER. words. Adjectives and their nouns, auxiliary and principal verbs, may generally be united. The degree of condensation, or the number of phra- seograms to be employed in reporting, shoidd be regulated by the rapi- dity of the speaker. A slow speaker, at 90 words per minute, may be taken in the corresponding style of Phonography. In following a mode- rate speaker, at 120 words per minute, it will be necessary to omit vowels generally, and bring into requisition the most commonly occurring phrases in the List, and for a rapid speaker at 160 words per minute, the whole of them should be employed. 26. The dot for the prefixes com, con, and accent may be omitted, as vowel dots are, except in those cases where it is enclosed in a square, corresponding to which the prefix is printed in small capitals in the Key. See ACCOMmodate, commodity, line 108. A final light dot represents ing, and a heavy one ings ; the use of a heavy dot for the final e being no longer tenable under the system of vowel notation adopted in Phonotypy, with which Phonography must agree. 27. In the examples of words ending in I and r, or terminating with a vowel preceded by either of these consonants, the reader will observe that the use of the upward and downward forms, the double consonants of the pi and pr series, and the treble consonants of the spr series, is regulated by the following rule : Let the alphabetic form of / and r be used in monosyllables containing a consonant and vowel followed by either I or r, and the additional form of each letter (which is the upward r and downward I) for words of more than one syllable that terminate with a vowel ; thus peel, pale, pool, line 30, take the upward /, and pillow, Apollo, line 31, the downward one ; peer, pair, poor, line 39, are written with the downward r, and parry, Perry, line 39, with the upward r. In monosyllables, use the letters of the pi and pr series when no vowel or only the natural vowel comes between the two consonants, as plea, play, apple, line 30, upper, pray, prow, line 38, and write the separate conso- nants p, I ; p, r, &c., when any other than the natural vowel comes between, as in peel, pale, pool, line 30, peer, pare, poor, line 39. In dissyllables, either the double consonant or the two single letters may be used as it may be convenient. The above limitation, with respect to monosyllables, will tend to uniformity of writing among phonographers, and greatly faci- litate reading. With respect to verbs, that form must be chosen for the present tense which, by being shortened in its final consonant, makes the past tense ; thus, write curl, furl, turn, with c,rl,f,rl, t,rn, in order that the past tense may be expressed by c,rld, fold, t,rnd ; for term write tr,m, past tense tr,md. 28. When a curved consonant is written twice its usual length, it expresses the addition of thr, as in eifher. The following and other useful THE REPORTER. 13 words arc thus written with one stroke for each ; sec List, father, feather, line 190 ; farther 201, rather 319, molher 344, neither, another, 375, &c. 29. The adverbial termination ly, may be omitted in reporting. The next word will general(ly) determine whether the adjective or adverbial form of the word is to be read. 30. In forming the past tense of a verb that terminates in a half-sized consonant, lengthen the final consonant of the verb in the present tense, and shorten the next letter. See complete, completed, lines 31, 32 . accent, accented, 151 ; intend, intended, 367. It has not been our object to add proper names to the List ; a few, however, are inserted, by which it will be seen that they follow the same rules as the other words in the language. METHOD OF PRACTICE. 31. Practice being the chief requisite to constitute a reporter, the novitiate may reasonably inquire how it may be most successfully prose- prosecuted. The following plan is recommended. Construct a sentence so as to include the first phrase in the List, and write it three times in the Reporting Style, that is omitting the vowels. Do the same with the second phrase, and with all the words and phrases in the List. As a specimen of this kind of practice such sentences as the following may be instantaneously framed. See the first line of page 27 " He is a strayer from the right path. After the straightest sect of our religion I lived a Pharisee. They steered for the port of London. He was a sturdy fellow. I hope to see you on Saturday. Yesterday the Town Council met and passed several resolutions. We have in the New Testament the parable of the unjust steward. There were three stewards on board and one stewardess. Stretch out thy hand. Starch is used to stiffen linen. Strive to enter in at the straight gate. Soldiers count it right and honor- able to starve their enemies to death, but the Divine command is, ' if thine enemy hunger, feed him.' He greatly excelled in the construction of bridges. You should lay more stress on the word. An asterisk is a mark of reference. When easterly winds prevail we have dry weather. With westerly winds AVC generally get rain." 32. After this course of practice, write from another person's reading, and embrace every opportunity of taking notes of sermons and lectures. As it cannot be expected that the novitiate reporter in his first attempts to take down a sermon or lecture, will be able to keep up with the speaker, he should take a sentence, or as much as he can remember, and write this while the speaker is proceeding with the next sentence, rather than pick out and write single words here and there ; a mode of practice of little or no value. If a reader cannot be obtained for private practice, take a sentence, or as much as the memory can be charged with, and write it 14 THE REPORTER. three times, then take another sentence, and so on throughout the piece. The essay on the Present Age, page 49, should be copied in one of these modes several times. Write phonographic letters, &c., in the reporting style, and vocalize afterwards. 33. Facility in reading is as essential as facility in writing, and, to attain this, the practitioner must read twice every thing he writes. Reports of slow speakers, if carefully written, will be readable at any time, but reports of rapid speakers, if intended for future reference, should be read over as soon as taken, and the principal vowels inserted. MISCELLANEOUS REMARKS. 34. The process of Parliamentary reporting, and the qualifications of those by whom the task is performed, are thus briefly described in the Parliamentary Companion : " Every publication not copying from, or abridging any other, but giving original reports, keeps one of a series of reporters constantly in the gallery of the lords, and another in the commons. These, like sentinels, are at stated periods relieved by their colleagues, when they take advantage of the interval to transcribe their notes, in order to be ready again to resume the duty of note-taking, and afterwards that of transcription for the press. A succession of reporters for each establishment is thus maintained; and the process of writing from their notes is never interrupted until an account of the whole debates of the evening has been committed to the hands of the printer. There are only seven publications for which a reporter is constantly in attend- ance; and these include the London morning papers, from which all others that give debates are under the necessity of copying or abridging them. The number of reporters maintained by each varies from ten or eleven to seventeen or eighteen. They are, for the most part, gentlemen of liberal education many have graduated at the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Glasgow', or Dublin ; and they must all possess a competent knowledge of the multifarious subjects which come under the consideration of Parliament. The expedition and ability with which their duties are performed must be admitted by every one Avho attends a debate and afterwards reads a newspaper, while the correctness and rapidity with which their manuscript is put in type and printed, has long been a subject of surprise and admiration." 35. This great labour of transcription will, in the course of a few years, be entirely obviated by the adoption of Phonography, which is so legible that compositors who know the system, can set up from it with as much ease as from long-hand copy. \Ve have known several instances where a verbatim report of a sermon, taken in Phonography, and not revised afterwards, has been read by another person who was not present THE REPORTER. 15 at the delivery. A few weeks since, the writer of the present work took down a speech, delivered by R. COBDEN, Esq., at Bath, which was set up from his reporting copy by the compositors in the office of the Bath Journal. The following notice of the fact appeared in this paper of the 8th December, 1845, simultaneously with the report of the meeting, and was immediately transferred to the columns of the Times, the Morning Chronicle, and many provincial papers : " In connection with the report of the excellent addresses delivered at the great demonstration on Thursday, of the opinions of a very large majority of the citizens of Bath, and which will be found in our columns this week, we would call the attention of our readers to a fact indicative of a Eeform in other matters as well as in the Corn-laws. By the kind- ness of Mr. I. Pitman, of this city, whose systems of writing and printing by sound have made such astonishing progress in all parts of the kingdom, we are enabled to give nearly a VERBATIM report of the excellent speech of R. Cobden, esq., and which our compositors have set up from Mr. Pit- man's Phonographic notes, there being no necessity for their transcription. With all other systems of short-hand writing, not only was there never known suet a thing as a reporter passing over to the compositor his notes of a speech, an hour and a quarter in the delivery, but he is often unable to decipher them himself. All that was necessaiy in this case, Mr. Pit- man has assured us, was to give the speech one reading the next morning which he found as easy a task as to sit and listen to the speaker, while he dropt the consonant outlines of his words on paper and fill in a few vowels. We are convinced that we shall, in a few years, by this invalu- able system save all that immense amount of toil which our present repor- ters have to undergo in deciphering and transcribing their notes for the press." Great praise is due to the gentlemen who report for the periodical press, for the very accurate reports they furnish by means of their lengthy and defective systems of stenography. Were they to adopt Phonography, instead of their present fatiguing labour of transcribing, they would merely have to add a few vowel points while reading through their notes. The compositors might be trained to set up from phonographic copy in a month. So little to be trusted are all the old systems of short-hand, because based upon the common alphabet, that it is well known many of the best reporters prefer using an abbreviated long-hand. 36. By the phrase "Verbatim Reporting," as used in the title of this work, is meant the writing of the appropriate short-hand alphabetic signs for every word the speaker utters, and not merely the writing of the principal words in a sentence, and trusting to the memory to supply the rest in deciphering the broken notes. In practice, we make one 16 THE REPORTER. trifling exception, if exception it can be called, to this definition. Tin- connective phrase " of the," which is only a sign that the following noun is in the possessive case, is intimated by writing the words between which it occurs hear each other, thus showing by their proximity that the one is of the other. If one of the words happens to be a vowel logogram, which is very seldom the case, this omission cannot take place. Examples will be found in the specimen of reporting, page 49. "When "of the" is separated from the preceding part of the sentence by a stop, it should always be written. See page 50, 7 "The grand idea of huma- nity, of the importance of man as man," c. 37. The reader is requested to rule pencil lines over the pages of the lithographed copy of the following List, and the Specimen of Reporting, that he may see more distinctly whether the words are written above, on, or under the line. Marks are placed on each side of the page in the Specimen, and in the List, the lines must be drawn from the bottom of the printed letters on the left-hand (not the bottom of the tails of g p, Sec.,) to the marks on the right. 38. In reporting sermons, indicate the Book or Epistle, Chapter, and Verse, in quotations from scripture, thus : Place the figure for the Book or Epistle in the first position, for the Chapter in the second position, and for the Verse in the third position. These references are not always given in the same order by preachers. By this method, the book, chapter, and verse may be written in any order by means of the figures only, and with- out danger of ambiguity. 39. >Vhen, in reporting a public speaker, a word is not distinctly heard, make a carat under the line (like the phonograph ou, but a little larger) to denote the omission. If a part of a sentence shoidd be thus lost upon the ear, make the same mark, and leave a space proportioned to the number of words omitted. MATERIALS FOR WRITING. 40. The most suitable materials for phonographic writing are, good steel pens and ruled paper ; but plain paper, and a quill pen, or pencil, may be used. Reporting paper, and covers to contain it, capable of being held in the hand as a desk to write on, steel pens, and pencils, all " prepared for Phonography," are kept on sale at the Phonographic Insti- tution, Bath, the Phonographic and Phonotypic Depot, London, and by all Phonographic Lecturers and Teachers. See list of publications on the wrapper. Phonographic Institution, Bath ; Jan., 1S46. /V/ . i^^ ^-tmJ&riurUr u^u^n/z. 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/ / - 224243 \ e f '" ZiJ SfS Zdt, Str r rtn 7 / si 1 L f ' f o >/>/>/'/ ./> V ./> / V \f ,/ ,/? ,9 9 ' < i -^-' ~ <&L- <3^~^ <* -> ' I ~7' a I Ses e gcr cr-Q.. - i Srn r-5i- v r~ ^ a r* 'r\ -< IT , v c _.,/\ _., < /V. ' /V ' , * . v ^ ^ , -^ <^ iX1 xi xl' x! -^ ^. rrar /f~* t~& ^-^ ~\-, 31 "*) -~y -rf '-7- "> > 1 7 * A ---/ > '~~^-f ' ~* \ L T ^. ^ Tr "> ^-r^T;^^ mSt insi- w ^5 'j ml -=? / \ ,/t ? ^^t :< \ JJ-& ^i ^-f in ra ^ n ^^^o^l *1n ^t XvX,^' J6o 36/ 3(}i\isco- , y * " X ^ ' .-r ' ^' ^ ^V- vi. ^'-." ^ 363 a* 1 ^ . ^S ^< S-* si^ ^ = ' : L ' " ^^ ^ ' v ^^ i~\ !^V ^^ i~t i~~ ^U v -r_KQ^ ; -^_>i f-^- .r< """I " ~\ j 7f nv y. 1 j/ 3ti 32 v: ,. ^, ^ nf t. v-**) I' I ^l' ^ *V *-=- "^-o v ^' ^ r;j y K. > -'-.^s' v-V T ^ y > n ^ ^ rJ .r *< "c_^^7 ^ . KEY REPORTER'S LIST OF LOGOGRAMS, PHRASEOGRAMS, AND CONSONANT OUTLINES. VOWELS. 1. ALL all people, all particulars, all truth, all which, all have, all this, all that, all that is, all that is said, all their, all such, all such circumstances, all such things, all his, all his money, Almighty God, all men, &c., &c., 2. OF of it, of which, of which it is not possible, of advantage, of this, of this account, of this kind, of that, of them, of their, of such, of such is the kingdom of God, of the same mind, of me, of my, of mine, of importance, &c., 3. ON on all, on all such, on all subjects, on all objects, on all sides, on you, on the part of, on account, on account of, on the contrary, on us, on so, on her, on their, on their account, on their acknowledgement, on their heads, 4. On the one hand, on the other hand, on the one side, on the other side, on either side, on their side, on the one part, on the other part, on cither part, on their part, on his part, on me, on my, on my part, on my account, 5. To to it, to try, to do, to which, to this, to them, to some, to some extent, to a great extent, to love, to the world, to many, to whom, to man, 6. WHO whose, whom, who would, who is it, who is this, who is that, who are, who are not, who may, who may not, who know, who know not, who know nothing, 7. SHOULD should be, shd be done, shd be aware, shd do, shd have, shd think, shd remark, sh not, sh not be, sh not have said, sh not think, sh not think that, sh not say, 8. I I hope, I hope you will, I hope you will not, I hope you are quite well, I do, I had, I did not, I do not, I had not, I did not know, I do not know, I had not known, I dare say, I could, I could not, 9. I expect, I cannot, I can, I fear, I fear you will have occasion, I fear you will think me, I fear lest, I have, I have been, I have been there, I have had, I have called, I have this, I have said, 10. I have such, I have seen, I have shown, I have already, I have made, I have not, I have not had, I have not done, I have always, 11. I have always written, I hv no doubt, I hv indeed, I hv now, I think, I thk you will, 1 thk that, I thk it is better than, I shall, I sh not, I sha'nt, I sh be able to, I sh be there, 12. I know, I know not, I know that, I know that you will think me, I know that there will be, I know there will, I know there is, I know there is much, 13. I need not, I need not point out, I need not observe, I need not take notice, I need not say, I need not show, I need no more, 14. How how could, how could you, how can, how is this, how is that, how is it, how may, how may you, how may there and how may their, how many, how must, 15. You your, yourself, yourselves, you should, you should not, you should not be, you would, you would not, you wd be, you can, you cannot, you could, you cd not, 16. You have, you hv not, you think, you thk that, you shall, you will, you w per- ceive, you w be, you w observe, you w remember, you w do, you w doubtless, you w mid, 17. You will think, you will have, you will not, you will no doubt, you are, you are not, you may, you may be, you may think, you must, you must admit, you must have, you must now, 18. WE we were, we do, we did, we did not, we do not, we had not, we have, we have said, we have seen, we have not, we think, we find, we shall, we will, we will not, we are, we are not, 19. WITH with it, with which, with which you may be, with which it is, with which it is not, with which it has been, with which it may be, with which you are acquainted, with this, with that, with them, with them that were, with themselves, 20. WERE where, away, wherewith and were we, were that, were this, were they, where are ; water, war, waters and wars, 21. WHAT what is, what with and what were, what would, what would be, what do, what could be, what could not possibly, what if, what are, 22. WOULD would you, would be, would do, would have, would see, wonld say, would not, would not be, would not have said, would not have seen, would man, wd many, 23. YE <^year, years, yield; yet; beyond; yeomen, yeoman; why <$ wine, while. 34 THE REPORTER. CONSONANTS. P. 24. Heap, pie, up, hope, pay, happy, pope, pipe, people, people of God, people of this country, papal, pupil, popular and popularity, popularly, populate, populated, popu- lation, 25. Public, publication, publican, publish, published, put, pate, poet, pity, piety, appetite, petted, potatoe, puts, pets, poets, poetess, (The use of the logogram bl for public and publish was found to occasion some trouble with derivative words ; we have, therefore, adopted the plan of writing the words with all their consonants in ordinary, and omitting the terminations in reporting.) 26. Petition, coMpetition, petitioner, Peter, potter, poetry, pottery, pattern, pat- terns, patron, patrons, patronise, paternal, patronal, Paternoster, patent, 27. Peak and pique, peculiar, pack, pocket, packet, peaks and piques, peculiar- ities, packs, peace, pause, hopes, oppose, pace, pass, pious, Pisa, 28. Possible, possibility, paused, post, opposed, pest, past, opposite, apposite, apostacy, postage, passage, pieces, pauses, opposes, paces, passes, 29. Possess, possessed, possesses, opposition, position, possession, epistle, apostle, puzzle, push, pushed, option, potion, passion, patient, passionate, patience, passions, 30. Optional, plea, ply, comply, people, play, apply, apple, peal, appeal, pile, compile, compel, pale, pole, pool, pull, 31. Pillow, Apollo, pulp, pulpit, palpitate, palpitated, complete, plight, complied, plod and plot, played and plate, applied, plat, pelt, polite, pellet, palate, pilot, 82. Palliate, completed, polity, politician, Pulteney, politeness, 33. Plead, applaud, pleaded, applauded, pealed and peeled, appealed, piled, compiled, compelled, polled, pulled, pledge, apology, apologize, appologized, appli- cable, applicability, 34. Application, applicant, plague, apologue, please, plies, complies, applause, accomplice, place, plays, applies, apples, peals and peels, appeals, 33. Piles, compiles, pails, poles, police, police station, policeman, pools, pulls, pillows, palace, Apollo's, policy, policies, palaces, 36. Accomplish, plush, polish, Polish, accomplished, polished, completion, com- pulsion, appellation, plural, plain, complain, plan, Appolyon, pillion, 37. Plenipotentiary, pliant, compliant, plant, plaintiff, planet, plenty, plentiful, planetary, plains, complains, plans, complaints, plants, compliance, opulence, Apollyon's, 38. Pry, perfect, imperfect, perfection, imperfection, principle, upper, pray, prac- tice, practicable, practicability, prow, 39. Peer, appear, pare, compare, poor, pure, power, powerful, power of God, parry, perry, opera, perpetual, prop, prepare, 40. Appropriate, appropriated, perhaps, propose, proposes, purpose, purposed, purposes, proposal, proportion, proportions, preparation, appropriation, 41. Proportioned, proportionate, perpendicular, preponderate, parable, particularand pride, opportunity, prayed and prate, interpret, proud, part, port, pert, apart, apartment, 42. Operate, party, parity, purity, parted, operated, interpreted, protection, pro- duction, particle, particulars, prides, opportunities, prates, 43. Parts, ports, operates, apparatus, parties, participate, participated, participa- tion, protest, interpretation, protestant, protestants, protestantize, appertain, appertains, pretence, pretences, 44. Uprightness, pertinacious, perd, appeared, compared, upward, upwards, pe- riod, periodical, periods, paradise, pardon, pardons, pardoned, 45. Prudent, prudence, prudential, predestinate, predestination, preach, approach, perch, porch, aperture, peerage, prejudice, prejudiced, prejudices, prejudicial, 46. Profit, prophet, perfect, prophecy, prophesy, prophesied, perform, prove, pro- vide, proved, provision, provisional, prevent, prevented, 47. Price, prize, comprise, principles, praise, appraise, prose, oppress, practice, prows, peers, appears, pares, compares, powers, 48. Parries, peruse, porus, operose, Paris, pursue, precept, precipitate, precipita- ted, prosper, prospered, prosperity, prospers, prosperous, prosperously, 49. Pursuit, parasite, porosity, pressed, praised, perused, pierced, proceed, preside, pursued, proceeded, presided, president, precedent, precedence, THE REPORTER. 35 50. Prosecute, prosecuted, prosecution, persecute, persecuted, persecution, pro- cess, precise, processes, pursues, precisely, preciseness, persist, persisted, persistence, 51. Precision, procession, persuasion, parcel, perusal, purser, pursuer, oppressor, preserve, preservation, preservative, Pearson, parson, comparison, 52. Person, prison, present, present, present day, per cent., personate, personated, personify, perish, perished, appreciate, appreciated, appreciation (sh, after p, pr, b, br, should take the upward direction, and after pi, bl, the downward one), 53. Perfection, operation, oppression, coMpression, Prussian, apparition, portion, Parisian, apportion, Persian, portioned, apportioned, Prussians, Parisians, Persians, Prussia, Persia, 54. Peril, apparel, puerile, purely, April, pearl, parliament, act of parliament, acts of parliament, parallel, parallelogram, parlour, 55. Preliminary, prayer, prior, priory, permit, promote, permitted, promoted, pre- meditate, premeditated, permissive, promissory, permission, promotion, 56. Prominent, permanent, pre-eminent, prominently, permanence, pre-eminence, print, prints, printed, printer, parea!, apparent, aperient, 57. Cojiprehend, apprehend, comprehended, apprehended, prince, prance, prin- ces, prances, princess, princesses, appearance, appearances, comprehensive, apprehen- sive, comprehensiveness, 58. Pronouns, pronounce, pronounced, pronounces, pronunciation, payment, pin, pawn, upon, open, pain, pen, happen, punishment, penny, coMpany, 59. AccoMpany, halfpenny, point, point of view, pawned, opened, paint, pained, happened, pound, points, paints, pounds, pants, penitent, penitents, penitence, 60. coMpanied, Accompanied, append, appended, appendix, pins, opens, pains, pens, pence, happens, happiness, pansy, compensation, punctual, punctuality. 13. 61. By, be, to be, be able, Babel, babble, bubble, Bible, be able to, be said, be said to, be said to be, be also, by which, by which means, 62. By which it can be, by which its and by which it is, by which it has been, by such (beseech) by every, by every means, by this, by this time, by that, by their, by some, by some persons, by some men, 63. By means, by some means, by me, (beam, balm,) by many, baptist, baptism, Babylon, about, habit, beat, bait, bat, bought, beauty, 64. About it, about its, beautiful, beautifully, beauteous, bottle, battle, bitter, better, butter, batter, better than, betray, obtain (the combination bt, n is not allowed), bad, body, bed, abide, abode, obeyed, 65. Obedient, obedience, bodily, badly, beadle, habitual, habituate, habituated, abject, abjure, beak, bake, become, became, back, book, 66. Bookseller, bookbinder, because and cause, because it is, big, beg, bag, Bag- ster, Baxter, before, above, behave, behaviour, 67. Both, bath, bathe, booth, buys, abyss, obeys, base, abuse, bias, beast, best, boast, bust, beset, besought, besotted, 68. Bister, boaster, abslain, abstinence, beside, besides, basket, buskin, abscond, absconded, obsolete, absolute, absolutely, absolve, absorb, 69. Absurd, absurdity, observe, observed, observation, absent, absent, business, baseness, absence, busy, bush, bishop, 70. Able, blue, bill, ball, bile, bell, bowl, bull, billow, below, bellow, built, belt, bolt, ability, 71. Bleed, blight, bled, blood, (able to, when joined,} bloody, build, bold, boldness, 72. Oblige, obliged, belief, Belfast, believe, believer, beloved friends, bliss, bless, blues, blister, bluster, bolster, blissful, 36 THE REPORTER. 73. Abolish, abolished, ebullition, abolition, ablution, blown, balloon, bullion, blind, blend, blunt, bland, blindly, blindness, balance, balanced, balances, balancing, 74. Hebrew, remember, member, number, brew, abhor, beer, bare, bar, bower, borrow, berry, borough, borough-rates, church-rates, 75. Abrupt, Burt, Barrett, Bartlett, barter, brighter, Briton and Britain (the context will show whether the country or the person is meant), Brighton, brightness, Barton, Burton, breed, brought and broad, abroad, 76. Brought forward, bright and bride, bred, brad, brood, beard, bared, bird, board, bard, borrowed, buried, bridegroom, breadth, 77. Border, burden, burdened, Aberdeen, Burge, bridge, abridge, barge, brick, brake, broke, Burke, brook, bark, Barclay, Berkley, 78. Breaker, broker, Barker, Berkshire, Berwickshire, brig, brogue, burgh, brag, brief, briefly, abbreviate, abbreviation, brethren, 79. Breeze, remembers, members, brace, numbers, brass, breast, burst, bearest. buriest, Bristol, brush, Burrell, Burleigh, Burlington, 80. Borrower, bearer, brewer, brewery, barm, brim, Abraham, Abram, broom, barometer, Burslem, Birmingham, 81. Brawn, brain, burn, brown, remembrance, brawney, briney, Burney, barony, born, bairn, baron, abhorrent, abhorrence, Burns, Barnes, barons, 82. Burns's, Barnes's, baroness, baronial, Brunei, (Purnell,) bemoan, abominable, been, bane, bone, ban, boon, bonny, bony, 83. Bonnet, Bennett, bond, bind, bent and bend, band, bonnd, abandon, aban- doned, abundant, abundance, benignant, benignance, benefactor, benificience, 84. Beneficial, benevolent, benevolence, bones, abeyance, combination, benign, being, obeying, bankrupt, bankruptcy. T 85. Time, ought, it, coMmittee, at, out, time to time, time after time, it would, it would be, it would be well, it would not, it would not be, it would not have, it should not, it should not be said, it could be, it can, it cannot, 86. It can do, it takes some time, it seems, it seems to me, it seems little, it is, it has, at his, it is perhaps, it is to, it is to be, it has been, it has been said, it is observed, it is to be observed, it has been observed, 87. It is doubtless, it is such, it is generally, it is clear, it is clearly, it is good, it is again, it is very strange, it is as, it is said, it is seen, it is soon done, it is soon enough, it is so, it is certain, it is written, 88. It is likely, it is well, it is as well, it is well known, it is a well-known fact, it is also, it is always, it is always said, it is rather, it is reported, it is simple, it is simply, it is my, it is my own, 89. It is my opinion, it is much, it is the- same as, it is no use, it is no doubt, it is indeed, (indeed must never be joined to a phraseogram, lest it be taken for no doubt}, it is now, It is now under consideration, it is not, it is not that, it is not that you are, it is not said, 90. It is only, it is intended, it is not intended, it may, it might, it might not be well, at present, at their, at that time, at his. at once, at the same time, at some time or other, 91. At such, at least, at last, type, tip, top, tabernacle, ought to, COMmitted, tight, taught, attitude, title, total, tee-totaller, Titler. 92. Tighter, to-day, tidy, teach, touch, attach, talk, take, took, attack, attic, take place, takes place, take part, take pains, take it down, take care, 93. Taken, token, it can, autograph, times, itself, tease, it is, it has, at his, teased, taste, test, attest, tacit, testy, attestation, testament, New Testament, 94. Testimony, testamentary, outside, Tuesday, whatsoever, tissue, tuition, till, it will, until, till it, until it, it will perhaps, it will be, it will be remembered, it will be done, it will be thought, it will be said, it will take some time, 95. It will do, till it is done, it will have, it will very soon, it will greatly, till his, until his, it will not, it will not be, it will not do, it will not have, tall, tell, tale, toll, tool, towel, 96. Tallow, tally, Tiley, Tully, twilight, toilet, told, it will do, italic, tales, atlas, taller, Taylor, outline, Italian, talent, 97. Atlantic, internal, tree, try, try to, truth, truth of God, utter, true, true to, tear, tire, attire, tare, tower, contour, tarry, tory, tyro, THE REPORTER. 3? 98. Tribulation, treat, trite and tried, toward, tret tread and trade, hatred, tart, outright, heterotypy, Tartar, traitor, tartan, Triton, outward, outwards, tired, torrid, tardy, tirade, 99. Tradition, contradiction, torch, trudge, trick, truck, Turkey, track, tricked, trucked, tract, attract, contract, heterography, turf, terrify, tariff, trifle, travel, con- trovert, 100. Trees, trace, truce, trespass, trash, contrition, treasure, trill, trail, utterly, truly, twirl, terror, trier, truer, contrary, contrary to, contrarity, 101. Trim, term, trimmed, termed, torment, terminate, termination, train, turn, attorney, Attorney-general, triune, tyranny, eternal, eternal life, eternal happiness, 102. Truant, trinity, eternity, turned, tyrant, trained, trains, utterance, transub- stantiation, transfer, transferred, transgress, transgression, translate, translated, trans- lator, translation, 103. Transcend, transcendant, transmission, transmigration, transient, time, team, tame, it may, atom, tomb, temple, contemplate, contemplative, contemplation, 104. Temperature, temperance, Temperance Society, tempt, it might, attempt, temptation, automaton, atmosphere, tin, heighten, contain, attain, tone, atone, ten, eighteen, between, town, tune, 105. Continue, tiny, Etna, witness, tunnel, continual, continually, tint, content, contend, contained, attend, atoned, tent, tuned, tinted, contented, contended, twenty, attenuate, 106. Tend, attend, continued, tendency, attendance, attention, contention, con- tinuation, atonement, continent, continental. D. 107. Different, difference, hide, do, day, head, had, add, advertisement, due, do they, do this, do then, due consideration, idea, adopt, adapt, adept, 108. Adoption, deputation, depend, depended, dependant, dependancc, Dublin, duty, Deity, date, Accosimodate, coMmodity, audit, diet, detach, detail, detailed, edi- tor, auditor, auditory, doubter, deter, deterred, debtor, daughter, 109. Determine, determination, detain, detained, did, deed, debt and dead, added, doubt, had had, detect, detected, dedicate, deduct, doctor, educator, coNductor, ad- dict, dictate, dictation, doctrine, 1 10. Diction, education, dictionary, declare, declared, declaration, defy, edify, defendant, deficient, deficiency, defence, defines, deafness, defiance, defeat, 111. David, divide, devoid, advocate, advise, division, devotion, devotional, adver- tise, advertisement, advent, adventure, advance, advanced, advancement, death, doth, 112. Dice, hides, does, dose, coMmodious, adds, hideous, does not, does not this appear, dissipate, dispute, dispose, disposition, dispensation, disciple, display, disci- ples, displease, dispel, dispelled, 113. Displeasure, disapprove, dust, dusty, deceit, deist, doest, destitute, disturb, disturbed, disturbance, distribute, distributed, distribution, destruction, distrain, 1 14. Destine, destiny, destination, distance, distant, distinct, distinction, distinguish, decide, desideratum, desiderate, discharge, discharged, discover, discovered, descry, 115. Description, describe, discreet, discourse, discretion, discursion, disagree, disgrace, decipher, deciphered, disfranchise, disfranchisement, deceive, deceiver, decease, disuse, 116. Diocess, diocesses, desist, deceased, disease, diseases, disuse, disused, decision, dazzle, dazzled, dislike, disliked, desolate, dissolute, desolation, dissolution, dislocate, desire, desired, 117. Desirable, deserve, dozen, design, designed, designedly, descend, cONdescend, disinterested and disinterestedness, dissension, designer, audacious, edition, condition, Accommodation, addition, additional, adhesion, 118. Idle, deliver, delivered, delivery, addle, deal, dale, dwell, duel, dual, daily, duly, delay, dahlia, delight, dwelt, adult, idled, delighted, delayed, 119. Delude, deluded, delicate, dialect, adolescence, delicious, adulation, dilution, delusion, dweller, dollar, delayer, delirious, deliverance, idleness, 120. Dalliance, dulness, delinquent, delinquency, dry, draw, dray, during, drew, dear, adhere, dare, door, adore, 121. Diary, dairy, dart, dirt, dirty, dried, dread, Druid, adhered, dared, adored, Edward, deride, derider, dredge, dirge, drake, dark, darkness, direct, directly, 122. Drive, derive, dress, address, dressed, dearest, adoration, duration, derision, drill, drilled, dryly, dearer, drawer, dormant, drawn, drain, drone, drown, 00 THE REPORTER. 124. Adorn, adornment, adherent, dare not, adorns, durance, adherence, dcarncss, dronish, drink, drank, drunk, drunkard, drunkenness, deem, dome, doom, 125. Damper, admit, domestic, demolish, admire, admired, admiration, demoral- ize, demoralization, demand, diamond, adamant, adamantine, demanded, 126. Demonstrate, demonstration, administrate, administrative, administrative powers, administration, diminish, admonish, domination, diminution, condemnation, admonition, damnation, 127. Dine, denomination, done, deign, down, providential, deny, downy, comedian, Edinburgh, did not, do not, deigned, had not, provident, denote, denied, danger, 128. Dines, denominations, deigns, dunce, dance, providence, condensation, din- ner, denier, downright, downwards, denounce, denunciation. CH. 129. Each, which, much, each other, which would, which happened, which had, which had had, which could, which could be, which can, which can be, which ought to be, which is, which has, which has been, which is meant, which is not, which has not, which is only, 130. Which are, which are not, which may, which may not, which might, which made, which must be, which must be done, much as, much more, much more than, chapter, Cheapside, cheat, chaf, chatty, chit chat, which it may, Cheetham, 131. Which it might, which it would not, which it would not be, which it can, which it cannot, chiefly, choice, which is, chess, chase, chose, much as, choose, choicest, choosest, chaste, chastly, chest, chisel, 132. Which will, intellectual, which will not, which will be, which will be done, which will make, chill, chilly and Chili, chilblain, child, childhood, childish, chil- dren, children of Israel, challenge, locture, naiure, natural, future, 133. Cheer, which are, chair, cherry, chary, chariot, chart, charity, cheered, chaired, Church of God, Church of Christ, Church of the Lord, Church of Rome, Oh of England, Ch of Scotland, Ch of Ireland, Christ Church, Roman Catholic Church, 134. Charge, charged, charger, cherish, churl, Charles, charm, charmed, charming, churn, champion, cliin, question, chain, change, chancel, Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor. J. 135. Advantage, Jesus, age, Majesty, Her Majesty's Ministers, Her Majesty's Government, agitate, agitated, agitation, judge, judgment, adjective, gigantic, 136. Jehovah, Jehovah Jesus, religious, advantages, ages, juice, Jews, just, justly, jest, justify, justified, juslifier, justification, jests, justice, jusiices, juslite of God, Justice of the peace, Justices of the peace, 137. Jesus Christ, Jesus Christ is (or our) Lord, Jesuit, Joshua, generation, re- generation, degeneration, agile, jewel, jail, July, jelly, jolt, agiliiy, jails, jewels, jealous, jellies, jealousy, 138. Wager, conjure, danger, conjure, jeer, jar, jury, jeered, jurisprudence, jurisdiction, Jerusalem, Jerrold, Jarrold,germ, German, Germany, gevminate, journey, 139. Religion, John, join, general, generally, Jane, June, Jonah, Juno, January, joint, and joined, gentleman and gentlemen, Gentlemen, oi' the Jury, agent, giant, gentle, gently, gentile, genieel, agency, conjunction. K. 140. Kingdom, key, come, kingdom of Christ, kingdom of God, kingdom of the Lord, kingdom of heaven, kingdom, of righleousness, kingdom oi' grace, kingdom of glory, kingdom of the world, kingdoms of the world, 141. Kingdom of this world, kingdoms of this world, kingdom of Satan, walk (the pen need not be trkeu off after writing the vowel), keep, cup, cap, capable, capability, capital, capacity, copious, 142. Keepest, copiest, co-operate, co-operaiioii, object, quite, caught, quite possi- ble, qt as well, qt agree, qtsu.'isiy,qi; sutisfaciory, subjec., could, at '<, could be, cd be done, 143. Could not, could not be, could have, could have been, tould rot have been, could now, equity, qin'ei, active, aciivity, cattle, catalogue, actor, actress, cataract, 144. Wicked", coadjutor, academy, catch, coach, actuate, actuated, actual, actu- ally, quick, quake, quickly, q'e not, such as will, such as will not, 250. Such was, such are, such are not, such may be, sage, assuage, sages, sagest, suggest-ed, snggestion-s, sojourn, sojourns, seek, sick, sky, sake, sack, ask, asked, 251. Scope, escape, scot, Scotland, Scotch, sect, sacked, Escott, Ascot, scatter, sycophant, sex, asks, sixty, sixteen, success, successor, 252. Succession, section, suction, skill, scale, school, sickle, suckle, skeleton, se- clusion, scholar, secular, scullery, scripture, 253. Sucker, screw, scriptures, square, score, secure, scar, scour, esquire, ascribe, secret, consecrate, sacred, succoured, security, secreted, 254. Scrutiny, secretness, sacredness, squared, scored, scoured, esquired, scorch, scratch, scarce, scarcely, secrecy, description, 255. Subscription, screen, scorn, skin, consequence, consequences, consequent, consequently, second, secondly, ascant, consequential, secondary, squander, squandered, 256. Signify, signifies, significance, significant, safe, soft, safety, sophist, safest, sophistry, sufficient, sufficiency, 257. Soften, syphon, suffer, civilize, civilized, civilization, severe, Saviour, sov- ereign, Severn, seven, seventy, several, saith, south, southern, cease, Swiss, so as, uses, saucy, suspend, suspended, 258. Ceased, assist, seest, sayest, society, assisted, consist, consisted, sister, cistern, system, systematic, sustain, sustained, sustenance, assistant, assistance, consistent, con- sistence, consistency, consistory, 259. Secession, cessation, concisely, Sicily, Cecil, assassin, assassinate, seize, size, says, sues, seized, sized, assize, assizes, Caisar, sizer, Caesar's, sizers, scissors, Cicero-'s, 260. Season, seasonable, associate, associated, association, social, session, conces- sion, seal, conceal, Saul, swallow, silly, sly, 261. Swell, as well, sale, sell, soul, slay, slow, slew, sally, assail, asleep, slight, salt, slate, consult, assault, slighted, slightly, sultry, salutary, 262. Sealed, swallowed, solid, sailed, sold, select, selection, sluggard, sluggish, self, slowest, sealest, salvation, celesiial, celestial sense, 263. Consolation, solution, solely, slowly, sailor, seller, salary, asylum, sullen, silent, silence, cylinder, slender, slander, sorrow, seer, sir, sore, sour, 264. Surprise, serpent, Serpentine, sort, assort, assert, sorted, assorted, certain, certainly, ascertain, ascertained, sorrowed, soared, soured, serried, 265. Circumscribe, circumference, circumvent, circumstantial, circumstantial evi- dence, serve, servant, survey, surveyed, surveyor, conservative, conservative members, series, serious, source, 266. Seriously, Sir R. Peel, sermon, ceremony, serene, concern, concerning, con- cerned, concerns, surround, serenade, surrounded, surrender, surrendered, 267. Seem, same, sum, Psalm, consume, same as, same mind, assume, simple, simplicity, assemble, assembly, semblance, smite, somewhat, sometime, sometimes, 268. Same time, seemed, consumed, smother, smoother, seems, seems to be, seems so, Psalmist, assumption, small, smaller, similar, similarity, 269. Assimilate, summer, somewhere, smart, summon, some one, seeming, some- thing, something has been, scon, sin, sun, snow, soon, THE REPORTER. 270. Sign, assign, assignee, essential and essentially, assent, St. Petersburg, senate, senator, sanatory, centre, sentence, sent, sand, sound, ascend, sandy, Sunday, Sunday- school, 271. Asunder, Snowdon, Swindon, Son of God, son of man, since, since that, since it is, since then, Swansea, science, sunset, soonest, sunniest, sunshine, 272. Sincere, sincerity, sincerely, ascension, sensual, sneer, scenery, sinner, sooner, consonant, synonymous, sin, seeing, sun, 273. Single, saying, sung, sang, singular, sanctify, sanctification, sanguine, san- v, songster. z. 274. Ease, eyes, wise, was, ways, owes, use, uses, was to be, was to be done, was it, was good, was this, was so, was sent, was as, was as it were, was as it should be, was not, was not there, was not so, was neither, 275. Is, as, is as and is his, as is and as his and as has, eased, is it, as it, has it, used, is it not, is it not observed, is it not said, is it not so, is it not remarkable, as it is, as it has been, as it is in heaven, as it was, 276. As it were, as it may, as it may seem, as it may be said, has it not, wisdom, wisdom of God, hesitate, hesitated, hesitation, has been, has had, has done, as much, as much as, as much as possible, 277. As good, as good as, as great, as great as, as if it, as if it were, as far, far as, as far as, as usual, as well, as well as, as well as possible, as well as here, as well as there, as well as any other, 278. As well as many, as little, as little as, as many, as many as, as many as possible, as soon as, as soon as possible, easiest, Zoist, wisest, zest, zeal, easily, 279. Zealous, zoology, wiser, zero, Ezra, hazard, Israel, zone, Zion, is not, has not, zenith, zinc. SH. 280. She, wish, wash, shall, show, shoe, issue, shall be, shall not be, shall not do, shall have, shall find, ship, shipmaster, shepherd, sheet, shut, shoot, shade, shadow (The upward sh may be associated with shade, and the downward with shadow, by remembering that the longest word takes the longest form. It is in itself a matter of no consequence which word be written with the upward sh, but as it is necessary they should be kept distinct in outline, this arrangement is better than the contrary, on account of the association here pointed out.) 281. Shave, shows, shield, shoulders, shilling, shallow, ashler, wisher, usher, shrew, sheer, share, shore, sure, assure, sheered, shared, assured, 282. Short, ushered, short-hand, shorten, shortened, surely, Charlotte, shrine; shrines, shine, commission, ocean, shown, shun, commissioned, shunned, sha'nt, com- missions, shines, conscience, commissioner. ZH. 283. Usual, usually, pleasure, azure, occasion, occasional, occasioned, circumcision. L. 284. Eel, isle, highly, hollow, will, well, whole and hole, low, holy, Holy Spirit, Holy Supper, Holy Scripture, Holy Scriptures, Holy Ghost, allow, alley, wholly, 285. Will not, will be, will not be, will be done, will be found, will be said, will be said to be, will be considered, will have, help, libel, liable, liability, 286. Labor, labored, liberate, elaborate, liberty, liberty of the people, liberty of the press, liberated, liberator, labors, laborious, liberality, illiberality, 287. Light, let, late, let us, let it, let it be, let it be 'lone, let us proceed, let us try, let us do this, let us have, let us see, let us now, let us know this, let us never, latitude, altitude, (To assist the memory let it In ob^'-vp'l that a!t'tu.\ location, THE REPORTER. 45 292. Alcohol, alkali, luckily, likely, lukewarm, league, luggage, allegory, allegro, logogram, life, loaf, laugh, wolf, 293. Alphabet, alphabetical, lift, left, laughed, lofty, lieutenant, welfare, elephant, leave, live, love, lavish, lively, lovely, 294. Lever, livery, livery servant, Liverpool, eleven, lovingkindness, health, wealth, (Both health and wealth contain second-place vowels, and when unvocalized, would clash if written in the same position. Let health be written above the line, or in a more conspicuous position than wealth, as it is of more importance), lithogra- phy, lithographer, although, loathe, 295. Loss and laws, else, (Else should always be vocalised, that it may not be mis- taken for less.) less, lass, loose, alas, lose, also, lessee, Lucy, Elias, alias, Lewis, Holy Spirit, least, lest, lust, last, elicit, illicit, lawsuit, 290. Lowest, holiest, illustrate, illustrated, illustration, listen, lessen and lesson, listener, 297. Always, Eliza, lazy, Louisa, lotion, leizure, elision, allusion, loyal, lowly, lily, Hallelujah, already, familiar, 298. Allure, Laura, lower, lawyer, lower case, liar, layer, alert, Lord, Lord and Saviour, Lord is God, Lord Jesus, Lord Jesus Christ, lordship, lordships, lords and gentlemen, 299. Large, larger, alarm, alarmed, learn, learned, (past tense) learned, (adjec- tive) learner, learned friend, learned lord, alum, William, limb, lamb, lime, 300. Limit, Almighty, almost, element, aliment, elementary, alimentary, (The downward / is chosen for aliment, alimentary, because the initial vowel is more con- spicuous than it would be with the upward 1 : besides, aliment contains a DEEPER vowel than element. In the word with the deep vowel, the first consonant runs down- ward, and in the one with the higher vowel, it runs upward.) lament, lamentable, lean, line, alone, lane, will not, island, lend, land, landlord. 301. Highland, islands, highlands, London, alliance, holiness, lunacy, lunch, lonely, 302. Lunar, linen, long, longhand, lying, willing, laying, Wellington, Lincoln, longer, longest, Lancaster. E. 303. Here, higher, are, her, aware, our, herself, ourselves, are you, are you sure, are sometimes, " Hear hear," reap, Europe, harp, repeat, rapid, rapidity, 304. Repetition, reply, report, reported, reporter, reporting, reproachable, irre- proachable, reproachful, irreproachful, repressible irrepressible, and so with all simi- lar words, 305. Reprove, European, repine, repent, repented, repentance, whereupon, re- public, republication, republican, rob, robe, rub, 306. Herb, whereby, hereabout, whereabout, arbitrary, rebel, rabble, rebel, re- belled, arbour, harbour, robber, rubber, Robert, Robertson, Robinson, 307. Wrought, wrote, art, heart, right write wright and rite, rate, root and route, Right Honorable Baronet, Right Honourable Lord, rights of the Church, rates of the Church, article, articulate, articulation, artifice, artificer, artificial, 308. Heretofore, riots, riotous, artist, artistical, artisan, retail, ritual, retailed, writer, retire, retired, rater, orator, oratory, artery, 309. Oratorical, rhetoric, rhetorical, writers, retires, raters, retrace, retrospect, re-train, re-trained, return, returned, written, retain, right-hand, writing, 310. Read, rid, word, hard, heard, Word of God, works of God, word of man, works of man, rod, ward, red, ready, rood, ride, hardy, hereditary, hereditament, 311. Reduce, arduous, radius, hardly, readily, reader, harder, redder, rider, order, ordered, harden, redeem, Redeemer, redemption, rudiment, 312. Ardent, hardened, ordinary, arch, rich, righteousness, archbishop, arches, riches, righteous, archer, richer, Richard, urge, rage, original, rigid, rigidity, 313. Rejoice, register, registers, registration, rejoin, region, origin, work, ark, rock, wreck, rack, rectitude, architect, architecture, arcade, 314. Request, requisite, Yorkshire, Warwickshire, recollect, recollection, require, required, reckon, hearken, reckoned, recount, recounted, 315. Reconcilable, irreconcilable, regular, irregular, argue, arrogate, regal, regale, rigour, regret, regard, argument, 316. Organ, organs, organize, organized, organization, regain, rife, wharf, ruff, roof, 46 THE REPORTER. 317. Hereafter, refute, refuted, refutation, wharfs, refuse, refuse, roofs, refusal, refer, wherefore, reform, reformation, 318. Refrangible, orphan, refine, ruffian, arrive, arrives, raves, revealed, revela- tion, revolution, revulsion, revolve, wherever, wreath, wrath (of the two pronuncia- tions of this word with the vowels 3 and 4, we prefer the latter), earth, 319. Herewith, arithmetic, worthy, worthy friend, worthy member, rather, hears, horse, rise, arise (insert the first vowel in this word), hearse, hoarse, wears, worse, ours, rouse, 320. Warehouse, hearsay, heresy, recipe, respite, recipient, respond, response, responsible and responsibility, irresponsible, wrist, erst, worst, receipt, recite, rest and wrest, rust, 821. Rusty, re-settle, re-settled, restless, restore, restored, restrain, restrained, risk, rescue, risked, rescued, receive, wheresoever, wherever, resistible, mresistible, 322. Resolution, resurrection, wearisome, resume, resumed, resemble and resem- bled, resemblance, Arrowsmith, reason, resign, Rawson, horison, raisin, Harrison, re-sign, 323. Recent, resent, recently, horizontally, resentment, harsh, Irish, Russia, rash, rational, rationality, irrational, irrationality, worship, worshipper, rouge, 324. Real, really, earl, early, roll, rule, royal, whirl, rail, railway, railroad, rails, railways, railway-carriage, hurl, 325. Reeled, rolled, ruled, herald, railed, hurled, heralded, world, whirled, world to come, world of fashion, world of business, reluctant, reluctantly, 326. Relieve, release, realize, earls, rolls, rules, whirls, whirlpool, relish, earlier, ruler, realm, 327. Ireland, Rowland, relent, relentless, unrelenting, rolling, railing, whirling, hearer, rare, error, aurora, horror, reward, rewarded, 328. Ream, rim, warm, Rome, arm, army, room, remit, remittance, rooms, Romsey, rhymer, roamer, armour, rammer, 329. Remorse, roamers, rumours, armament, remain, Roman, harmony, remind, remained, remand, reminded, remains, harmonious, 330. Anninian, iron, Rhine, herein, earn, rain, run, roan, wherein, ran, renew, arena, ruin, ironed, earned, are not, round, around, 331. Warrant, rent, arrant, rental, oriental, render, rendered, reindeer, renewed, ruined, Rendall, Randall, roundly, roundness, Round-head, 332. Arrange, arranged, arrangement, irons, reigns, runs, renews, ruins, erroneous, earnest, earnestly, Arianism, ornament, ornamental, 333. Ironmonger, renown, reunion, ring, wrong, wrung, airing, herring, rang, ring- tail, ringleader, wrongly, ringlet. M. 334. Me, my, (As this word is generally pronounced like the pronoun me, the vowel may be commonly omitted in ordinary writing, as well as in reporting.) may, him, aim, am, my Saviour, my Lord, may appear, may be, may be done, may have, may have done, may they, may this, may as well, 335. Importance, important, improve, improvement, impatience, impatient, im- possible, impossibility, impostor, impostors, imposture, imposition, 336. Import, impart, imply, employ, impel, ample, impelled, impolitic, impulse, impolicy, implicate, impracticable, impracticability, 337. Empire, impure, empress, impress, impurity, emperor, imperative, imperti- nent, impertinence, impugn, impenitent, impenitence, amiable, humble, (These words both contain second-place vowels ; their difference of position may be remembered by observing that humble takes the lowest place.) 338. Impervious, my brethren, embrace, embarras, meet, might, omit, mate, met, mat, moot, might have been, might this, might seem, Almighty God, 339. Might not, might not be, might not be able to, mighty, motto, empty, amity, imitate, imitated, metal, amateur, matter, mature, mightier, meteor, 340. Maturity, immaturity, material, immaterial, materiality, immateriality, im- mediate, immediately, mead, made, mood, meadow, meditate, meditated, meditation, modify, 341. Medical, mi-lst, modest, modesty, midsummer, middle, model, meddle, mod- erate, immoderate, moderated, moderation, midnight, medium, madam, mademoiselle. THE HEPOllTER. 47 342. Mutual, majestic, majority, magistrate, magistracy, imagine, imagination, imaginary, meek, mock, make, mechanic, mechanical, 343. Mechanics' Institute, Mechanics' Institution, magazine, magnificent, mag- nanimous, migrate, emigrate, 344. Movements, method, methodism, mother, miss, myself, amiss, himself, aims, mess, mass, amass, muse, Messiah, Macy, 345. Mist, most, must, most happy, must be, must try, must do, must consider, must come, must go, must see, most likely, most certainly and must certainly, (When a word, commencing with a consonant, is preceded by most or must, the final t is ordinarily omitted in quick speaking. We may take this as some justification of the mode of contraction here employed to express these words in conjunction with others,) 340. Most important, must improve, must not, must not be, Mr., muster, master, musters, masters, mystery, mastery, mysteries, Mistress, mistrust, mistrustful, 347. Mistake, (No other common word is written with m, s, k, at the top of the line,) music, mistaken, Mrs., masses, misconduct, whomsoever, musician, miser, misers, Messrs, misery, miseries, miserable, 348. Misrepresent, mason, museum, mesmerism, mesmeric, amazement, amuse- ment, mission, omission, motion, machine, missionary, machinery, 349. Measure, multiply, multitude, meal, mile, male, mellow, Emily, melt, hu- mility, Milton, Malton, Melton, 350. Mould, melody, melancholy, remark, mere, remarkable, more, more and more, murmur, moreover, Maria, morrow, Mary, merry, marry, 351. Merit, mortal, immortal, mortality, immortality, moral, immoral, morality, immorality, merchant, merchantmen, merchandise, 352. Mark, Morocco, America, American, memorandum, moment, mean, mine, men, yeomen, man, humane, amen, yeoman, moon, 353. Human, human nature, my own, women, many, money, woman, many of them, many times, many more, many things, mind, meant, may not, amount, mount, am not, 354. May not be, may not have, may not have seen, minute, (the sixtieth part of an hour,) minuet, humanity, mountain, maintain, monotony, manhood, womanhood, Monday, Manchester, manager, 355. Mankind, human kind, human mind, manifest, manifested, minister, minis- ters, ministry, monster, monastery, monstrous, monstrosity, 356. Monition, ammunition, mansion, mention, mentioned, meanwhile, manual, menial, meanly, meaner, miner, manner and manor, 357. Manumit, manumission, imminent, eminent, imminently, eminently, immi- nence, eminence, amanuensis. N. 358. In, any, in all, in all that, in all this, in consequence, in like manner, in fact, in effect. 359. In the name of, in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, in the next place, in the last place, in this, in this part of the world, in this country, in this neighbourhood, in this sense, in so, 360. Insomuch, in as much, in such, in the world, in relation, in the mean time, in many things, in me, in my, any one, any thing, 361. No, coMmon, own, when, one, no part, no doubt, no occasion, no reason, no more, no more time, no one, nothing, 302. One man, one person, anybody, nobody, now, new and knew, unborn, new born, New Testament, noble duke, noble lord, 303. Not, want, hint, unite, not be, not to be, not being, not quite, not that, not in, not in it, not in vain, not only, not known, not now, 304. Represent, went, note, aunt, into, untie, naughty, in it, unto, unity, COMmu- nity, into consideration, entitle, entitled, untidy, united, United States, 305. United kingdom, antique, antiquity, intoxicate, integrity, notwithstanding, notice, anticipate, anticipation, natal, Notley, entail, entailed, 300. Intellect, intelligent, intelligence, enter, inter, interred, entire, entirely, interpret, interpreted, interpretation, entertain, entertainment, 48 THE REPORTER. 367. Introduction, entrance, entrance, interior, anterior, intent, intend, intended, intense, intention, intimate, intimately, Anthony, Honiton, 368. Antinomhn, need, need not, under, end, command, under this, under this head, under consideration, window, windy, indebted, undoubted, indeed, ended, no doubt, 369. Independent, independence, indicate, indicated, indication, indefatigable, indifferent, indifference, indefinite, indefinitely, undivided, individual, individualiza- tion, indispensable, 370. Understood, understand, understanding, industry, industrious, indolence, undecided, endeavour, endeavoured, wonder, wonderful, hundred, needless, endless, commandment, commandments, 371. Enjoy, angel, ingenious, ingenuous, communicate, communicated, com- munication, enact, iniquity, unexpectedly, next, 372. Unquestionable, inclose, inclosed, incline, inclination, inquire, inquired, in- quiry, in the course of, incarnation, 373. Unconstitutional, encounter, encountered, inconsistent, inconsistency, inex- haustible, neglect, infidel, infidelity, information, unfortunate, enfranchisement, 374. Infant, infinite, infinitely, nevertheless, envy, nave, invite, investigate, inves- tigation, invaluable, unavailable, 375. Invalid, never, university, universal, universality, anniversary, invention, neither, another, one another, influence, influential, 376. In his, nice, noise, nose, coMmence, hence, owns, whence, once, ones, ensue, in so, honest, nest, newest, honesty, 377. Institute, institution, instead, unsteady, inspiration, inspires, insupportable, 378. Inseparable, insuperable, instruct, instruction, instrument, instrumental, in- scription, inscribe, inscrutable, instant, instantaneous, inside, Wednesday, on one side, on the other side, in such, 379. Henceforward, whensoever, necessity, insist, necessary, unnecessary, neces- sarily, unnecessarily, nicely, nasal, insult, insulted, answer, answered, 380. Insert, insertion, commencement, innocence, nuisance, innocency, noisy, unwise, inch, nash, initial, information, nation, national, 381. Ancient, knowledge, acknowledge, only, external, only such, only this, kneel, annual, coMmonly, unholy, nullity, annihilate, annihilation, 382. Enlighten, enlightened, analogy, analogous, enliven, annals, unless, analyze, analysis, enlist, annular, enlarge, near, nor, 383. Nor were they, nor is this, nor are they, honorable lord, honorable member, honorable gentlemen, manner, manner in which, manner in which it takes, manner in which it acts, manners, 384. Henry, narrow, inert, inertness, narrative, inward, inroad, onward, unheard, honored, in order that, in order to, in order that you may be able to, enrich, 385. Unworthy, northern, Northern ocean, enormous, Normen, Norman, inherent, name, inmate, animate, animosity, 386. Animal, namely, anomaly, animalcule, enumerate, enumerated, enemies, no means, opinion, nine, known, none, 387. Union, anoint, anointed, ninety, innate, unknown, nonentity, nonconformity, onions, unions, annoyance, announce, anonymous, unanimous. NG. 388. Thing, English, language, young, owing, anxiety, anguish, angular, anxious, hunger, hungry, anger, angry, *>._>' 1 u -\ - \ V J U V \ ' ) Y L ' 1. \. V v X \ X W - 2_ x A \ 50 L<\ , v ( V, V /> u, lr \ v v / w 1 v ^ L V V 4 t L ' \\ n V-^ 1 1 X / l/ V X -^ 51 a y- A. ' v -^ "V . \ v V " . t * o V ^ V, ^> ) * <_P - \ ^A, ' ~V ' / L / ^-^ / C X > ' ^ ^ 52 \ /\ v'V \f ~ 1 Y ( 2. V. '> ^_p \r \ ^ I . X x >> \ b V L r \ r ^ V / 4 V / I \ /V N V- V ^ > ' o> \ \ V_P ^5i ' A ( \ \ \ \ - \0 *' ^-/ I ^ P "S b V s i . U V 33 ^ ^ * I r L I ./~s 55 I V 7 \ ^ I, V 1 3- v C V- IK. ( -' / u A V J A ^- x ~^ = 1 " --5 i ' 1 -W p / 7 / v ~ x ) 1 C ^^ ' ' ^ (A \ , y ^ o ^ ^ - \ 56 r . r C G- x ( -> Yl \y '\ c /^ / V s o V. / L v i ' 'L v o o > ^ } ^- y ^ \~^ "x y -^ ( 7 J \ ; /!>- / * ) V \S : ^ Q/ r ~\ tf~X N t, b J -P V v.. r L N. . V_P \o s ^ i ^ f - J ^ ^ ' ( ) ^^ ^ / ' V o ' / I V I L_P / . ^ ' ^ ,./ Y o >^^.A -X C AT_ I ' V c /> ' ^- S < J ^ - V )<- \ V v X, ' 7 v \ x V < ~ j J ^ v 1 t ! _D x . ^ ^^ /J ' \_ \ * c , V - V "V \, / S 7 " /" \A x . 3 y^ f r" I V /\^>^ s\ \, ' 3 V^ " . v, x -.-' U -^ / "x ^ \ v^ } r 7 . V, N J IA \ \ X, / -> . 'H x ^ ^1 ^ L.-N / ^ Y v I / c \ \ \ x I / ' 3 v^ U ' \-> '' V \\ 3 / > / c \ "V \ ' /C . L O " I r^'Vx x \ G- ~ ) 3 C ^^ / / ' ' J( - v ^ss D A n ^. /\. m M \l KEY TO THE PRECEDING SPECIMEN OF REPORTING, COMMENCING ON PAGE 49. THE PRESENT AGE. AN ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE MERCANTILE LIBRARY COMPANY OF PHILADELPHIA, 11 MAY, 1841, (SLIGHTLY ABRIDGED.) BY W. E. CHANNING, D.D. 1 1 BEG you to consider my appearance in this place, as an expression of my interest in this and in kindred Institutions. I welcome them as signs of the times, as promises and means of increased intellectual activity. I shall be glad, if a good word or a friendly effort on my part can serve them. I know that the lectures delivered before suck societies are called superficial; but this does not discourage me. All human productions, even those of genius, are. very superficial, compared with the unfathom- able depths of truth. 2 The simple question is, do these lectures rouse the mind to new action ? Do they give it new objects of thought, and excite a thirst for knowledge ? I am sure that they do, and, therefore, though the field is sometimes called humble, I enter it with pleasure. Will you allow me to observe, that, to render lectures useful, one condi- tion is necessary; they must be frank, honest, free. He who speaks, must speak what he thinks ; speak courteously, but uncompromisingly. 3 A lecturer will, of course, desire to wound no man's prejudices or feel- ings ; but his first duty is to Truth ; his chief power lies in simple, natural, strong utterance of what he believes ; and he should put confi- dence in his hearers, that the tone of manly sincerity will be responded to by candour and good will. 4 The subject to which I call your attention is the Present Age ; a vast theme, demanding volumes. An age is needed to expound an age ; and, of course, little is to be expected in a brief hour. I profess no great understanding of the subject, though I have given it much thought. In truth, it cannot be grasped, as yet, by the highest intellect. This age is the result, issue, of all former ages. All are pouring themselves into it. 66 THE BEPORTER. The struggles, passions, discoveries, revolutions of all former time, sur- vive in their influences on the present moment. To interpret the present thoroughly, we must understand and unfold all the past. This work I shall not undertake. I am not now to be an historian. 5 Do not fear that I shall compel you to journey backward to the deluge or to paradise. I shall look only at the present ; nor do I tliink of unfolding all the pre- sent. I shall seize on a single characteristic of our age, if not the pro- foundest, yet the most prominent and best fitted to an address like the present. In performing this task, my aim will be to speak the simple truth. I wish to say what the age is, not to be its advocate ; and yet I hope to lead you to look tenderly and trustfully on it, to love it, and to resolve, with generous, stout hearts, that you will serve it, as far as God may give you ability. 6 In looking at our age, I am struck, immediately, with one commanding characteristic, and that is, the tendency in all its movements to expansion, to diffusion, to Universality. To this, I ask your attention. This ten- dency is directly opposed to the spirit of exclusiveness, restriction, nar- rowness, monopoly, which has prevailed in past ages. Human action is now freer, more unconfined. All goods, advantages, helps, are more open to all. The privileged, petted individual, is becoming less, and the human race are becoming more. 7 The multitude is rising from the dust. Once we heard of the few, now of the many ; once of the prerogative of a part now of the rights of all. We are looking, as never before, through the disguises, envelopments of ranks and classes, to the common nature which lies below them ; and are beginning to learn, that every being who partakes of it, has noble powers to cultivate, solemn duties to perform, inalienable rights to assert, a vast destiny to accomplish. The grand idea of humanity, of the importance of man as man, is spreading silently, but surely. 8 Not that the worth of the human being is at all understood as it should be ; but the truth is glimmering through the darkness. A faint consciousness of it has seized on the public mind. Even the most abject portions of society are visited by some dreams of a better condition, for which they were designed. 9 The grand doctrine, that every human being should have the means of self-culture, of progress in knowledge and virtue, of health, comfort, and happiness, of exercising the powers and affections of a man, this is slowly taking its place, as the highest social truth. That the world was made for all, and not for a few ; that society is to care for all ; that no human being shall perish but through his own fault ; that the great end of government is to spread a shield over the rights of all ; these propositions are growing into axioms, and the spirit of them is coming forth in all the departments of life. 10 If we look at the various movements of our age, we shall see in them this tendency to universality and diffusion. Look, first, at Science and Literature. Where is Science now ? Locked up in a few colleges, or royal societies, or inaccessible volumes ? Are its experiments mysteries for a few privileged eyes ? Are its portals guarded by a dark phrase- ology, which, to the multitude, is a foreign tongue ? No : Science has now left her retreats, her shades, her selected company of votaries, and, with familiar tone, begun the work of instructing the race. n Through THE REPORTER. 67 the press, discoveries and theories, once the monopoly of philosophers, have become the property of the multitude. Its professors, heard not long ago in the university or some narrow school, now speak in the Me- chanics' Institute. The doctrine, that the labourer should understand the principles of his art, should be able to explain the laws and processes which he turns to account ; that instead of working as a . machine, he should join intelligence to his toil, is no longer listened to as a dream. Science, once the greatest of distinctions, is becoming popular. 12 A lady gives us conversations on chemistry, revealing to the minds of our youth vast laws of the universe, which, fifty years ago, had not dawned on the greatest minds. The school-books of our children contain grand views of the creation. There are parts of our country, in which Lyceums spring up in almost every village, for the purpose of mutual aid in the study of natural science. The characteristic of our age, then, is not the improve- ment of science, rapid as this is, so much as its extension to all men. 13 The same characteristic will appear, if we inquire into the use now made of science. Is it simply a matter of speculation ? a topic of dis- course ? an employment of the intellect ? In this case, the multitude, with all their means of instruction, would find in it only a hurried grati- fication. But one of the distinctions of our time is, that science has passed from speculation into life. Indeed, it is not pursued enough for its intellectual and contemplative uses. It is sought as a mighty power, by which nature is not only to be opened to thought, but to be subjected to our needs. 14 It is conferring on us that dominion over earth, sea, and air, which was prophesied in the first command given to man by his Maker ; and this dominion is now employed, not to exalt a few, but to multiply the comforts and ornaments of life for the multitude of men. Science has become an inexhaustible mechanician ; and by her forges, and mills, and steam cars, and printers' presses, is bestowing on millions, not only comforts, but luxuries, which were once the distinction of a few. 15 Another illustration of the tendency of science to expansion and universality, may be found in its aims and objects. Science has burst all bounds, and is aiming to comprehend the universe, and thus it multiplies fields of inquiry for all orders of minds. There is no province of nature which it does not invade. Not content with exploring the darkest periods of human history, it goes behind the birth of the human race, and studies the stupendous changes which our globe experienced for hundreds of centuries, to become prepared for man's abode. 16 Not content with researches into visible nature, it is putting forth all its energies to detect the laws of invisible and imponderable matter. Difficulties only provoke it to new efforts. It would lay open the secrets of the polar ocean, and of untrodden barbarous lands. Above all, it investigates the laws of social progress, of arts, and institutions of government, and political economy, proposing as its great end the alleviation of all human burdens, the weal of all the members of the human race. 17 In truth, nothing is more characteristic of our age, than the vast range of inquiry which is opening more and more to the multitude of men. Thought frees the old bounds to which men used to confine themselves. It holds nothing too sacred for investigation. It calls the past to account ; and treats hoary opinions as if they were of yesterday's growth. No reverence drives it 68 THE REPORTER. back. No great name terrifies it. 18 The foundations of what seems most settled must be explored. Undoubtedly this is a perilous tendency. Men forget the limits of their powers. They question the infinite, the unsearchable, with an audacious self-reliance. They shock pious and revering minds, and rush into an extravagance of doubt, more unphiloso- phical and foolish than the weakest credulity. Still, in this dangerous wildness, we see what I am stating, the tendency to expansion in the movements of thought. 19 1 have hitherto spoken of science, and what is true of science is still more true of Literature. Books are now placed within reach of all. Works, once too costly except for the opulent, are now to be found on the labourer's shelf. Genius sends its light into cottages. The great names of literature are become household words among the crowd. Every party, religious or political, scatters its sheets on all the winds. 20 We may lament, and too justly, the small comparative benefit as yet accom- plished by this agency ; but this ought not to surprise or discourage us. In our present stage of improvement, books of little worth, deficient in taste and judgment, and ministering to men's prejudices and passions, will almost certainly be circulated too freely. Men are never very wise and select in the exercise of a new power. Mistake, error, is the disci- pline through which we advance. 21 It is an undoubted fact, that silently books of a higher order are taking place of the worthless. Happily, the instability of the human mind works sometimes for good, as well as evil. Men grow tired at length even of amusements. Works of fiction cease to interest them ; and they turn from novels to books which, having their origin in deep principles of our nature, retain their hold of the human mind for ages. At any rate, we see in the present diffusion of literature, the tendency to universality of which I have spoken. 22 The same tendency will appear, if we consider the kind of literature which is obtaining the widest favor. The works of genius of our age breathe a spirit of universal sympathy. The great poet of our times, Wordsworth, one of the few who are to live, has gone to common life, to the feelings of our universal nature, to the obscure and neglected portions of society, for beautiful and touching themes. Nor ought it to be said, that he has shed over these the charms of his genius ; as if in themselves they had nothing grand or lovely. ^ Genius is not a creator, in the sense of fancying or feigning what does not exist. Its distinction is, to discern more of truth than common minds. It sees, under disguises and humble forms, everlasting beauty. This it is the prerogative of WordsAvorth to discern and reveal in the ordinary walks of life, in the common human heart. He has revealed the loveliness of the primitive feelings, of the universal affections of the human soid. 24 The grand truth which per- vades his poetry is, that the beautiful is not confined to the rare, the new, the distant, to scenery and modes of life open only to the few ; but that it is poured forth profusely on the common earth and sky, that it gleams from the loneliest flower, that it lights up the humblest sphere, that the sweetest affections lodge in lowly hearts, that there is sacredness, dignity, and loveliness in lives which few eyes rest on, that even in the absence of all intellectual culture, the domestic relations can quietly nourish that disinterestedness which is the element of all greatness, and without which THE REPORTER. 69 intellectual power is a splendid deformity. Wordsworth is the poet of humanity ; he teaches reverence for our universal nature ; he breaks down the factitious barriers between human hearts. 25 The same is true, in an inferior degree, of Scott, whose tastes, how- ever, were more aristocratic. Scott had a childish love of rank, titles, show, pageants, and in general looked with keener eye on the outward life, than into the soul. Still he had a human heart, and sympathised with his race. With few exceptions, he was just to all his human bre- thren. A reconciling spirit breathes through Ms writings. He seizes on the interesting and beautiful features in all conditions of life ; gives us bursts of tender and noble feelings, even from ruder natures ; and conti- nually knits some new tie between the reader and the vast varieties of human nature which start up under his teeming pen. 26 He delighted, indeed, in Highland chiefs, in border thieves and murderers, in fierce men, and fierce encounters. But he had an eye to catch the stream of sweet affections, as it wound its way through humble life. What light has Jeanie Deans shed on the path of the obscure ! He was too wanting in the 'religious sentiments, to comprehend the solemn bearing, the stern grandeur of the Puritans. But we must not charge with narrowness, a writer who embodied in a Jewish maiden his highest conceptions of female nobleness. 27 Another writer, illustrating the liberalising, all-harmonising tendency of our times, is Dickens, whose genius has sought and found subjects of thrilling interest in the passions, sufferings, virtues of the mass of the people. He shows, that life in its rudest forms may wear a tragic gran- deur ; that amidst follies and sensual excesses, provoking laughter or scorn, the moral feelings do not wholly die ; and that the haunts of the blackest crimes are sometimes lighted up by the presence and influence of the noblest souls. He has, indeed, greatly erred in turning so often the degradation of humanity into matter of sport ; but the tendency of his dark pictures is to awaken sympathy with our race, to change the unfeel- ing indifference which has prevailed towards the depressed multitude, into sorrowful and indignant sensibility to their wrongs and woes. 28 The remarks now made on literature, might be extended to the Fine Arts. In these we see, too, the tendency to universality. It is said, that the spirit of the great artists had died out ; but the taste for their works is spreading. By the improvements of engraving and the invention of cast?, the genius of the great masters is going abroad. Their conceptions are no longer pent up in galleries open to but few, but meet us in our homes, and are the household pleasures of millions. w Works, designed for the halls and eyes of emperors, popes, and nobles, find their way, in no poor representations, into humble dwellings, and sometimes give a consciousness of kindred powers to the child of poverty. The art of drawing, which lies at the foundation of most of the fine arts, and is the best education of the eye for nature, is becoming a branch of common education, and in some countries is taught in schools, to which all classes are admitted. 30 I am reminded, by this remark, of the most striking feature of our times, and showing its tendency to universality, and that is, the unparal- leled and constantly accelerated diffusion of education. This greatest of 70 THE REPORTER. arts, as yet little understood, is making sure progress, because its princi- ples are more and more sought in the common nature of man ; and the great truth is spreading, that every man has a right to its aid. Accord- ingly, education is becoming the work of nations. 31 Even in the despotic governments of Europe, schools are open for every child without distinc- tion ; and not only the elements of reading and writing, but music and drawing are taught, and a foundation is laid for future progress, in history, geography, and physical science. The greatest minds are at work on popular education. The revenues of states are applied most liberally, not to the universities for the few, but to the common schools. Un- doubtedly, much remains to be done ; especially a new rank in society is to be given to the teacher; but even in this respect a revolution has commenced, and we are beginning to look on the guides of the young as the chief benefactors of mankind. 32 I thought that I had finished my illustrations on this point ; but there has suddenly occurred to me another sign of the tendency to uni- versal intellectual action in this country, a sign which we are prone to smile at, but which is yet worthy of notice. I refer to the commonness among us of public speaking. If we may trust our newspapers, we are a nation of orators. Every meeting overflows with eloquence. Men of all conditions find a tongue for public debate. Undoubtedly, there is more sound than sense in our endless speeches before all kinds of assem- blies and societies. ^ But no man, I think, can attend our public meet- ings, without being struck with the force and propriety of expression in multitudes, whose condition has confined them to a very imperfect culture. This exercise of the intellect, which has almost become a national cha- racteristic, is not to be undervalued. Speech is not merely the dress, as it is often called, but the very body of thought. It is to the intellect what the muscles are to the principle of physical life. The mind acts and strengthens itself through words. It is a chaos till defined, organised by language. The attempt to give clear precise utterance to thought, is one of the most effectiial processes of mental discipline. ^ It is, therefore, no doubtful sign of the growing intelligence of a people, when the power of expression is cultivated extensively for the purpose of acting on mul- titudes. We have here one invaluable influence of popular institutions. They present at the same moment to a whole people great subjects of thought, and bring multitudes to the earnest discussion of them. Here are, indeed, moral clangers ; but still strong incitements to general intel- lectual action. It is in such stirring schools, after all, that the mind of a people is chiefly formed. Events of deep general interest quicken us more than formal teaching ; and by these the civilised world is to be more and more trained to thought. 35 Thus we see in the intellectual movements of our times, the tendency to expansion, to universality ; and this must continue. It is not an acci- dent, or an inexplicable result, or a violence on nature ; it is founded in eternal truth. Every mind was made for growth, for knowledge ; and its nature is sinned against, when it is doomed to ignorance. The divine gift of intelligence was bestowed for higher uses than bodily labour, than to make hewers of wood, drawers of water, ploughmen, or servants. Every being, so gifted, is intended to acquaint himself with God and his THE REPORTER. 71 works, and to perform wisely and disinterestedly the duties of life. 36 Accordingly, when we see the multitude of men beginning to thirst for knowledge, for intellectual action, for something more than an animal life, we see the great design of nature about to be accomplished ; and society, having received this impulse, will never rest, till it shall have taken such a form, as will place witlu'n every man's reach the means of intellectual culture. This is the revolution to which we are tending ; and without this, all outward political changes would be but children's play, leaving the great work of society yet to be done. 37 1 have now viewed the age in its Intellectual aspects. If we look next at its Eeligious movements, we shall see in these the same tendency to universality. It is more and more understood, that religious truth is every man's property and right ; that it is committed to no order or indi- vidual, to no priest, minister, student, or sage, to be given or kept back at will; but that every man may and should seek it for himself; that every man is to see with his own mind, as well as with his own eyes ; and that God's illuminating spirit is alike promised to every honest and humble seeker after truth. This recognition of every man's right of judgment, appears in the teachings of all denominations of Christians. In all, the tone of authority is giving place to that of reason and persuasion. Men of all ranks are more and more addressed as those who must weigh and settle for themselves the grandest truths of religion. 38 The same tendency to universality, is seen in the generous toleration which marks our times, in comparison with the past. Men, in general, cannot now endure to think that then- own narrow church holds all the goodness on the earth. Religion is less and less regarded as a name, a form, a creed, a church, and more and more as the spirit of Christ which works under all forms and all sects. True, much intolerance remains ; its separating walls are not fallen ; but, with few exceptions, they no longer reach to the clouds. Many of them have crumbled away, till the men whom they sever can shake hands, and exchange words of fellowship, and recognise in one another's faces the features of brethren. 39 At the present day, the grand truth of religion is more and more brought out ; I mean the truth, that God is the Universal Father, that every soul is infinitely precious to him, that he has no favourites, no partial attachments, no respect of persons, that he desires alike the virtue and everlasting good of all. In the city of Penn, I cannot but remember the testimony to this truth, borne by George Fox and his followers, who planted themselves on the grand principle, that God's illuminating spirit is shed on every soul, not only within the bounds of Christendom, but through the whole earth. 40 This universal impartial love of God is manifested to us more and more by science, which reveals to us vast all- pervading laws of nature, administered with no favouritism, and designed for the good of all. I know that this principle is not universally received. Men have always been inclined to frame a local, partial, national, or sec- tarian God, to shut up the Infinite One in some petty enclosure ; but at this moment, larger views of God are so far extended, that they illustrate the spirit of the age. 41 If we next consider by Whom religion is taught, we shall see the 72 THE REPORTER. same tendency to diffusion and universality. Religious teaching is passing into all hands. It has ceased to be a monopoly. For example, what an immense amount of instruction is communicated in Sunday schools ! These are spreading over the Christian world, and through these the door of teaching is open to crowds, to almost all indeed who would bear a part in spreading religion. In like manner, associations of vast extent are springing up in our cities for the teaching of the poor. By these means, Woman is especially becoming an evangelist. ^ She is not only a priestess in her own home, instilling with sweet loving voice the first truths of religion into the opening mind ; but she goes abroad on missions of piety. Woman, in one age made man's drudge, in another his toy, is now sharing more and more with him the highest labours. Through the press, especially, she is heard far and wide. The press is a mightier power than the pulpit. Books outstrip the voice; and woman, availing herself of this agency, becomes the teacher of nations. In churches, where she may not speak, her hymns are sung, the inspirations of her genius are felt. Thus our age is breaking down the monopolies of the past. 43 But a more striking illustration remains. One of the great distinc- tions of our times, is found in the more clear and vital perception of the truth, that the universal impartial love, which is the glory of God, is the characteristic spirit and glory of Christianity. To this we owe the exten- sion of philanthropic and religious effort, beyond all former experience. How much we are better, on the whole, than former times, I do not say ; but that benevolence is acting on a larger scale, in more various forms, to more distant objects, this we cannot deny. ** Call it pretension or enthu- siasm, or what you will, the fact remains ; and it attests the diffusive tendencies of our times. Benevolence now gathers together her armies. Vast associations are spread over whole countries for assailing evils, which, it is thought, cannot be met by the single-handed. There is hardly a form of evil, which has not awakened some antagonist effort. Associated benevolence gives eyes to the blind and ears to the deaf, and is achieving even greater wonders ; that is, it approaches the mind without the ave- nues of eye and ear, and gives to the hopelessly blind and deaf the invaluable knowledge which these senses afford to others. ^Benevolence now shuts out no human being, however low, from its regard. It goes to the cell of the criminal with words of hope, and is' labouring to miti- gate public punishment, to make it the instrument, not of vengeance, but of reform. It remembers the slave, pleads his cause with God and man, recognizes in him a human brother, respects in him the sacred rights of humanity, and claims for him, not as a boon, but as a right, that freedom, without which humanity withers and God's child is degraded into a tool or a brute. ^ Still more, benevolence now is passing all limits of country and ocean. It would send our own best blessing to the ends of the earth. It would make the wilderness of heathenism bloom, and join all nations in the bonds of one holy and loving faith. Thus, if we look at the religious movements of the age, we see in them that tendency to diffusion and universality, which I have named as its most striking characteristic. 47 Let me briefly point out this same tendency in Government. Here, indeed, it is too obvious for illustration. To what is the civilized world THE REPORTER. 73 tending? To popular institutions, or what is the same thing, to the influence of the people, of the mass of men, over public affairs. A little while ago, and the people were unknown as a power in the state. Now they are getting all power into their hands. Even in despotisms, where they cannot act through institutions, they act through public opinion. 48 Intelligence is strength ; and in proportion as the many grow intelli- gent, they must guide the world. Kings and nobles fill less and less place in history ; and the names of men, who once were lost amidst the glare of com'ts and titles, are now written there imperishably. Once, history did not know that the multitude existed, except when they were gathered together on the field of battle, to be sabred and shot down for the glory of their masters. Now, they are coming forward into the fore- ground of her picture. 49 It is now understood that government exists for one end, and one alone ; and that is, not the glory of the governor, not the pomp and pleasure of a few, but the good, the safety, the rights of all. Once, government was an inherited monopoly, guarded by the doctrine of divine right, of an exclusive commission from the Most High. Now, office and dignity are thrown open as common things, and nations are convulsed by the multitude of competitors for the prize of public power. 50 Once, the policy of governments had no higher end than to concentrate property into a few hands, and to confirm the relation of dependent and lord. Now, it aims to give to each the means of acquiring property, and of carving out his fortune for himself. Such is the politi- cal current of our times. Many look on. it with dark forebodings as on a desolating torrent ; Avhile others hail it as a fertilising stream. But in one thing, both agree ; whether torrent or stream, the mighty current exists, and overflows, and cannot be confined ; and it shows us in the political, as in other movements of our age, the tendency to universality, to diffusion. 51 1 shall notice but one more movement of the age as indicating the tendency to universality, and this is its Industry. How numberless are the forms which this takes ! Into how many channels is human labour pouring itself forth ! How widely spread is the passion for acquisition ; not for simple means of subsistence, but for wealth ! What vast enter- prises agitate the community ! What a rush into all the departments of trade ! How next to universal, the insanity of speculation ! What new arts spring up ! 52 Industry pierces the forests, and startles with her axe the everlasting silence. To you, gentlemen, commerce is the commanding interest ; and this has no limits but the habitable world. It no longer creeps along the shore, or lingers in accustomed tracks, but penetrates into every inlet, plunges into the heart of uncivilised lands, sends its steam-ships up unexplored rivers, girdles the earth with rail-roads, and thus breaks down the estrangements of nations. 53 Commerce is a noble calling. It mediates between distant nations, and makes men's wants, not, as formerly, stimulants to war, but bonds of peace. The universal intellectual activity, of which I have spoken, is due, in no small degree, to commerce, which spreads the thoughts, inventions, and writings of great men over the earth, and gathers scientific and literary men everywhere into an intellectual republic. So it carries abroad the missionary, the bible, the cross, and is giving universality to true religion. 54 Gentlemen, 74 THE REPORTER. allow me to express an earnest desire and hope, that the merchants of this country will carry on their calling with these generous \iews. Let them not pursue it for themselves alone. Let them rejoice to spread improvements far and wide, and to unite men in more friendly ties. Let them adopt maxims of trade, which will establish general confidence. Especially in their intercourse with less cultivated tribes, let them feel themselves bound to be harbingers of civilization. K Let their voyages be missions of humanity, useful arts, science, and religion. It is a painful thought, that commerce, instead of enlightening and purifying less privi- leged communities, has too often made the name of Christian hateful to them ; has carried to the savage, not our useful arts and mild faith, but weapons of war and the intoxicating draught. I call not on God to smite with his lightnings, to overwhelm with his storms, the accursed ship, which goes to the ignorant, rude native, freighted with poison and death ; which goes to add new ferocity to savage life, new licentiousness to savage sen- suality. 56 I have learned not to call down fire from heaven. But, in the name of humanity, of religion, of God, I implore the merchants of this country, not to use the light of a higher civilization to corrupt, to destroy our uncivilised brethren. Brethren they are in those rude huts, in that wild attire. Establish with them an intercourse of usefulness, justice, and charity. Before they can understand the name of Christ, let them see his spirit in those by whom it is borne. 57 It has been said, that the commerce of our country is not only corrupting uncivilised countries, but that it wears a deeper, more damning stain ; that, in spite of the laws of the land and the protest of nations, it sometimes lends itself to the slave trade ; that, by its capital, and accommodations, and swift sailers, and false papers, and prostituted flag, it takes part in tearing the African from his home and native shore, and in dooming him, first to the horrors of the middle passage, and then to the hopelessness of perpetual bondage. Even on men so fallen I call down no curse. May they find forgiveness from God through the pains of sincere repentance ; but, continuing what they are, can I help shrinking from them as among the most infamous of their race ? 58 There are, however, not a few, who have painful fears of evil from the restless, earnest action, which we have seen spreading itself more and more through all departments of society. They call the age wild, lawless, presumptuous, without reverence. All men, they tell us, are bursting their spheres, quitting their ranks, aspiring selfishly after gain and pre-eminence. The blind multitude are forsaking their natural leaders. 59 The poor, who are the majority, are contriving against the rich. Still more, a dangerous fanaticism threatens destruction to the world under the name of Reform ; society totters ; property is shaken ; and the universal freedom of thought and action, of which so many boast, is the precursor of social storms, which only despotism can calm. ^ Such are the alarms of not a few ; and it is right that fear should utter its prophecies, as well as hope. But it is the true office of fear, to give a wise direction to human effort, not to chill or destroy it. To despair of the race, even in the worst times, is unmanly, unchristian. How much more so in times like the present ! What I most lament in these apprehensions, is the utter distrust of human THE REPORTER. 75 nature which they discover. 61 Its highest powers are thought to be given only to be restrained. They are thought to be safe only when in fetters. To me, there is an approach to impiety in thinking so meanly of God's greatest work. Human nature is not a tiger which needs a constant chain. In this case, it is the chain which makes the tiger. It is the oppressor who has made man fit only for a yoke. 62 When I look into the great movements of the age, particularly as manifested in our own country, they seem to me to justify no overwhelm- ing fear. True, they are earnest and wide-spreading ; but the objects to which they are directed are pledges against extensive harm. For exam- ple, ought the general diffusion of science, and literature, and thought, to jtrike dread ? Do habits of reading breed revolt ? Does the astronomer traverse the skies, or the geologist pierce the earth, to gather materials for assault on the social state ? ** Does the study of nature stir up rebellion against its Author ? Is it the lesson which men learn from history, that they are to better their condition by disturbing the State ? Does the reading of poetry train us to insurrection ? Does the diffusion of a sense of beauty through a people incline them to tumult ? Are not works of genius and the fine arts soothing influences ? Is not a shelf of books, in a poor man's house, some pledge of his keeping the peace ? M It is not denied that thought, in its freedom, questions and assails the holiest truth. But is truth so weak, so puny, as to need to be guarded by bayonets from assault? Has truth no beauty, no might? Has the human soul no power to weigh its evidence, to reverence its grandeur ? Besides, does not freedom of thought, when most unrestrained, carry a conservative power in itself? In such a state of things, the erring do not all embrace the same error. ^ Whilst truth is one and the same, falsehood is infi- nitely various. It is a house divided against itself, and cannot stand. Error soon passes away, unless upheld by restraint on thought. History tells us, and the lesson is invaluable, that the physical force, which has put down free inquiry, has been the main bulwark of the superstitions and illusions of past ages. 66 In the next place, if we look at the chief direction of the universal activity of the age, we shall find it is a conservative one, so as to render social convulsion next to impossible. On what, after all, are the main energies of this restlessness spent ? On property, on wealth. High and low, rich and poor, are running the race of accumulation. Property is the prize for which all strain their nerves ; and a vast majority compass in some measure this end. 67 And is such a society in danger of convul- sion ? Is tumult the way to wealth ? Is a state of insecurity coveted by men who own something and hope for more ? Are civil laws, which, after all, have property for their chief concern, very likely to be trodden under foot by its worshippers ? 6S Of all the dreams of fear, few seem to me more baseless, than the dread of anarchy among a people Avho are pos- sessed, almost to a man, with the passion for gain. I am especially amused, when, among such a people, I sometimes hear of danger to pro- perty and society, from enthusiastic, romantic reformers, who preach level- ling doctrines, equality of wealth, quaker plainness of dress, vegetable food, and community-systems where all are to toil and divide earnings 76 THE EEPORTEE. alike. 69 What ! danger from romance and enthusiam in this money- getting, self-seeking, self-indulging, self-displaying land ? I confess, that to me it is a comfort to see some outbreak of enthusiasm, whether tran- scendental, philanthropic, or religious, as a proof that the human spirit is not wholly ingulfed in matter and business, that it can lift up a little the mountains of worldliness and sense with which it is so borne down. 70 It will be time enough to fear, when we shall see fanaticism of any kind stopping ever so little the wheels of business or pleasure, driving ever so little from man's mind the idea of gain, or from woman's the love of display. 71 Are any of you dreading an innovating enthusiasm ? You need only to step into the streets to be assured, that property and the world are standing their ground against the spirit of reform, as stoutly as the most worldly man could desire. 72 Another view which quiets my fear -as to social order, from the uni- versal activity of the times, is the fact that this activity appears so much in the form of steady labour. It is one distinction of modern over ancient times, that we have grown more patient of toil. Our danger is from habits of drudgery. The citizens of Greece and Eome were above work. We seem to work with something of the instinct of the ant and the bee ; and this is no mean security against lawlessness and revolt. 73 Another circumstance of our times which favours a quiet state of things, is the love of comforts which the progress of arts and industry has spread over the community. In feudal ages and ancient times, the mass of the population had no such pleasant homes, no such defences against cold and storms, no such decent apparel, no such abundant and savoury meals, as fall to the lot of our population. Now, it must be confessed, though not very nattering to human nature, that men are very slow to part with these comforts, even in defence of a good cause, much less to throw them away in wild and senseless civil broils. 74 Another element of security, in the present, is the strength of do- mestic affection. Christianity has given new sacredness to home, new tenderness to love, new force to the ties of husband and wife, parent and child. Social order is dear to us all, as encircling and sheltering our homes. In ancient and rude times, the family bond was comparatively no restraint. We should all pause, before we put in peril beings whom we hold most dear. 75 Once more : Christianity is a pledge of social order which none of us sufficiently prize. Weak as its influence seems to be, there are vast numbers into whom it has infused sentiments of justice, of kindness, of reverence for God, and of deep concern for the peace and order of the state. Eapine and bloodshed would awaken now a horror altogether unknown in ages in which this mild and divine truth had not exerted its power. 7(! With all these influences in favour of social order, have we much to fear from the free, earnest, universal movements of our times ? I believe that the very extension of human powers is to bring with it new checks against their abuse. 77 In the general tone of this discourse, it may be thought, that I have proposed to vindicate the present age. I have no such thought : I would improve, not laud it. I feel its imperfections and corruptions as deeply as any, though I may be most shocked by features that give others little THE REPORTER. 77 pain. The saddest aspect of the age, to me, is that which undoubtedly contributes to social order. 78 It is the absorption of the multitude of men in outward material interests ; it is the selfish prudence, which is never tired of the labour of accumulation, and which keeps men steady, regular, respectable drudges from morning to night. The cases of a few murders, great crimes, lead multitudes to exclaim, How wicked this age ! But the worst sign is, the chaining down of almost all the minds of a community to low perishable interests. 79 It is a sad thought, that the infinite energies of the soul have no higher end, than to cover the back, and fill the belly, and keep caste in society. A few nerves, hardly visible on the surface of the tongue, create most of the endless stir around us. Undoubtedly, eating and drinking, dressing, house-building, and caste- keeping, are matters not to be despised : most of them are essential. 80 But surely life has a higher use, than to adorn this body which is so soon to be wrapt in grave-clothes, than to keep warm and flowing the blood which is so soon to be cold and stagnant in the tomb. I rejoice in the boundless activity of the age, and I expect much of it to be given to our outward wants. 81 But over all this activity, there should preside the great idea of that which is alone ourselves, of our inward spiritual nature, of the thinking immortal soul, of our supreme good, our chief end, which is, to bring out, cultivate, and perfect our highest powers, to become wise, holy, disinterested, noble beings, to unite ourselves to God by love and adoration, and to revere his image in his children. 82 The vast activity of this age of which I have spoken, is too much confined to the sensual and material, to gain, and pleasure, and show. Could this activity be swayed and purified by a noble aim, not a single comfort of life would be retrenched, whilst its beauty, and grace, and interest would be unspeakably increased. 83 There is another dark feature of this age. It is the spirit of colli- sion, contention, discord, which breaks forth in religion, in politics, in business, in private affairs ; a result and necessary issue of the selfishness which prompts the endless activity of life. The mighty forces, which are this moment acting in society, are not and cannot be in harmony, for they are not governed by Love. w They jar ; they are discordant. Life now has little music in it. It is not only on the field of battle that men fight. They fight on the exchange. Business is war, a conflict of skill, manage- ment, and too often fraud ; to snatch the prey from our neighbour is the end of all this stir. Religion is war ; Christians, forsaking their one Lord, gather under various standards, to gain victory for their sects. 85 Politics are war, breaking the whole people into fierce and unscrupulous parties, which forget then- country in conflicts for office and power. The age needs nothing more than peacemakers, men of serene, commanding virtue, to preach in life and word the gospel of human brotherhood, to allay the fires of jealousy and hate. 86 I have named discouraging aspects of our time, to show that I am not blind to the world I live in. But I still hope for the human race. Indeed, I could not live without hope. Were I to look on the world as many do ; were I to see in it a maze without a plan, a whirl of changes without aim, a stage for good and evil to fight without an issue, an end- less motion without progress, a world where sin and idolatry are to tri- 78 THE REPORTER. umph for ever, and the oppressor's rod never to be broken, I should turn from it with sickness of heart, and care not how soon the sentence of its destruction were fulfilled. 87 History and philosophy plainly show to me in human nature the foundation and promise of a better era, and Chris- tianity concurs with these. Under Christianity a civilization has grown up, containing in itself nobler elements than are found in earlier forms of society. Great ideas and feelings, derived from this source, are now at work. 88 Amidst the prevalence of crime and selfishness, there has sprung up in the human heart a sentiment or principle unknown in earlier ages, an enlarged and trustful philanthropy, which recognizes the rights of every human being, which is stirred by the terrible oppressions and corruptions of the world, and which does not shrink from conflict with evil in its worst forms. There has sprung up, too, a faith, of which antiquity knew nothing, in the final victory of truth and right, in the elevation of men to a clearer intelligence, to more fraternal union, and to a purer worship. 89 This faith is taking its place among the great springs of human action, is becoming even a passion in more fervent spirits. I hail it as a pro- phecy which is to fulfil itself. A nature capable of such an aspiration cannot be degraded for ever. Ages rolled away before it was learned that this world of matter which we tread on is in constant motion. ^ We are beginning to learn that the intellectual, moral, social world has its motion too, not fixed and immutable like that of matter, but one which the free-will of men is to carry on, and which, instead of returning into itself like the earth's orbit, is to stretch forward for ever. This hope lightens the mystery and burden of life. It is a star which shines on me in the darkest night ; and I should rejoice to reveal it to the eyes of my fellow-creatures. 91 1 have thus spoken of the Present Age. In these brief words, what a world of thought is comprehended ! what infinite movements ! what joys and sorrows ! what hope and despair ! what faith and doubt ! what silent grief and loud lament ! what fierce conflicts and subtle schemes of policy ! what private and public revolutions ! 92 In the period through which many of us have passed, what thrones have been shaken ! What hearts have bled ! What millions have been butchered by their fellow- creatures ! What hopes of philanthropy have been blighted ! And at the same time, what magnificent enterprises have been achieved ! 93 What new provinces won to science and art ! What rights and liberties secured to nations ! It is a privilege to have lived in an age so stirring, so preg- nant, so eventful. It is an age never to be forgotten. Its voice of warn- ing and encouragement is never to die. Its impressions on history are indelible. w Amidst its events, the American Revolution, the first dis- tinct, solemn assertion of the Rights of men, and the French Revolution, that volcanic force which shook the earth to its centre, are never to pass from men's minds. Over this age, the night will indeed gather more and more, as time rolls away ; but in that night two forms will appear, Wash- ington and Napoleon, the one a lurid meteor, the other, a benign, serene, and undecaying star. 95 Another American name will live in history, your Franklin ; and the kite which brought lightning from heaven, will be seen sailing in the clouds by remote posterity, when the city where he dwelt THE REPORTER. 79 may be known only by its ruins. There is, however, something greater in the age than its greatest men ; it is the appearance of a new power in the world, the appearance of the multitude of men on that stage, where as yet the few have acted their parts alone. ^ This influence is to endure to the end of time. What more of the present is to survive ? Perhaps much, of which we now take no note. The glory of an age is often hidden from itself. Perhaps some word has been spoken in our day, which we have not deigned to hear, but which is to grow clearer and louder through all ages. 97 Perhaps some silent thinker among us, is at work in his closet, whose name is to fill the earth. Perhaps there sleeps in his cradle some Eeformer, r who is to move the church and the world ; who is to open a new era in history ; who is to fire the human soul with new hope and new daring. 98 What else is to survive the age ? That, which the age has little thought of, but which is living in us all ; I mean the Soul, the Immortal Spirit. Of this all ages are the unfoldings, and it is greater than all. We are to survive our age, to comprehend it, to pronounce its sentence. " As yet, however, we are encompassed with darkness. The issues of our time, how obscure ! The future into which it opens, who of us can forsee ? To the Father of all Ages I commit this future, with humble yet courageous and unfaltering hope. 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