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The Author has been favoured with letters of approval from JMr. Gladstone, Mr. Bright, the Archbishop of Armagh, the Bishop of E.xeter, Canon Farrar, Sir Henry Havelock, Sir Wilfrid Lawaon, &c. London: HODDER cc STOUGHTON, 27, Paternoster Row, ^^^ §.tb3 %ti\lmh <^|ipin0 €o. (I.IMITi:!)). CAPITAL SUBSCRIBED CALLED UP RESERVE FUND //^ad Office : CiiKisTCHURCH, New Zealand. £250,000 .. £125,000 £75,000 London Office: BisHorsGATE Street Within. 5itcttors in tbt Colons : Hon. J. T. PEACOCK, M.L.C. W. REEVES, Esq. Hon. E. RICHARD.SON, C.M.G. JOHN STUDHOLME, Esq., M.H.R. C. W. TURNER, Esq. A. CRACROFT WILSON, Esq. J. L. COSTER, Esq., Chainuan. H. P. MURRAY AYNSLEY, Esq., De/iiitv Chairiiinu. JOHN ANDERSON, Esq. J. LOGAN CAMPBELL, Esq. Hon. ROBERT CAMPBELL, M.L.C. Hon. J. JOHNSTON, M.L.C. directors in g^onbon: FALCONER LARKWORTHY, Kf.olicilors: HOLLAMS, SON, & COWARD. E. P. tons RANGITIKI . 1,188 OPAWA . . . 1,075 WAIMATE . . 1,124 WAITANGI . . 1,128 WAITARA . . 833 MATAURA . . 853 THE Compnny despatch regularly every month to AUCKLAND, WELLINGTON, CANTERBURY, and OTAGO, the follow- ing or otlier equally fine first-class iron Clipper .Ships, fitted with every convenience for Passengers, and commanded by men of well-known experience : — TONS WAIPA . . . HURUNUI . . WAIROA. . . WAIKATO . . RAKAIA . . . PIAKO. . . . Ar'erage Passage, So FARES. Saloon, Furnished Cakins .. ,, Unfurnished Cabins Second Cabin Steerage, Enclosed Cabins.. ,, Oi'E.M Berths Children under twelve years of age pay one-half fare ; months, free. Passengers can be booked through to other ports in New Zealand by special arrangement. All classes of Passengers are supplied with a liberal dietary : live stock being carried for the saloon use. For further particulars apply at the Offices — 84, BISHOPSGATE STREET, LONDON, E.G. tons TONS 1.017 OTAKI. . . . 1,016 1,013 ORARI. . . . 1,011 1,015 WANGANUI . 1,077 1,021 WAIMEA. . 848 1,022 PAREORA . 878 1,075 y 90 Day • ■ £5^ 10 45 25 1800 16 infants under twelve ^^'] NEW ZEALAND PAST AND PRESENT. REV. JAMES BULLER, Antlior of ^^ Forty Years in Ncio Zealand.'''' HODDER AND STOUGIITON, 27, PATERNOSTER ROW. MDCCCLXXX. HaTiell, Watson, and Viney, Printers, London and Aylesbury. Da PREFACE. T AM thankful for the pubh'c favour which has been accorded to m}' " Forty Years in New Zealand." From all parts of the United Kingdom I have received letters on the subject. Many of my friends have urged me to prepare a smaller book for the benefit of a large class of readers : the publication of this little volume is my response to that appeal. I wish it to be most clearly under- stood that in all I write I give to the public the results of my personal observation. I have no connexion, near or remote, with the Emigration Department ; I am wholly independent of the New Zealand Government ; and I am therefore under no bias to make out a case, in order to 1317G47 iv Preface. serve a purpose. Thousands of people in this countr)' arc now looking towards New Zealand as the " land of promise." It is for them I write about the " Britain of the South." New Zealand Villa, Lower Norwood, London. March iSSo. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE COUNTRY. I Situation — Shape — Extent — Name — Origin — Auckland — Ton- gariro — Earthquakes — Southern Alps — Harbours — Rivers — Lakes — Hot-springs — Geysers — Sanitarium — Climate — Seasons— Animal Hfe — Reptiles — Insects — Birds — Forests — Gum — Flax — Fruits — Minerals ..... CHAPTER n. THE ABORIGINES. Origin — Kupe — Pedigree — Number — Decrease — Piiysiology — Tattoo — Language — Poetry — Mythology — Tapu — Morals — Domestic life — Government — Games — Employments — Canoes — Gamients — Tools — Cooking — Fishing — Fortifica- tions — Houses — Wars — Cannibalism — Capacity — Present condition ... ..... 23 vl Contents, CHAPTER III. THE MISSIONARIES. PAGE Samuel Marsden — Tuatara — Boyd — Active — Messrs. Hall and Kendall — Flour-mill — Marsden's first visit — Purchase of land — Samuel Leigh — Butler — Wesley Dale — Mr. Stack — Brampton — II. Williams — Turner and Hobbs — Mission staff — Ty^'rman and Bennett — Trials of missionaries — De- struction of Wesley Dale — Mangungu — First convert — Hongi's death — Waima — Prospects brighten — Native martyrs — Spread of Christianity — Effects of colonisation . 41 CHAPTER IV. THE COLONY. Captain Cook — Herd's expedition —British Resident — Koro- rareka — Irregular colonization — New Zealand Company — Captain Ilobson — Waitangi Treaty — Auckland^Captain Hobson's death — Mr. Shortland — Wairau massacre — Captain Fitzroy — Dissatisfaction — Heke's war — Recall of Captain Fitzroy — Governor Grey — War ended — Schools established — Lord Grey's despatch — Colonel Wynyard — Rawiri killed — Land League — Colonel Browne — War at Taranaki — Return of Sir G. Grey — Sir G. Bowen — Sir James Fergusson — Marquis of Normanby — Sir Hercules Robinson 5^ CHAPTER V. THE PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. Drawbacks — Elasticity — Primitive condition — Travelling in early days — All changed — Good roads, bridges, and rail- Contents. vli I'AGE ways — Towns well paved, lighted, and appointed — Steam trams — Museums — Libraries — Institutes — Parks — Gardens — Exhibitions — Population — Proportion of sexes — Means of intercommunication — Post offices — Telegraph offices — Newspapers — Imports and exports — Public loan — Acreage under cultivation— Increase of shipping — Wool — Savings banks — Judicature — -Constitution — Landowners — Social life — Religious condition — Sir Julius Vogel — Prospects . 79 CHAPTER VI. THE CHIEF TOWNS AND DISTRICTS. The Provinces — Their abrogation — Port Chalmers — Dunedin — Christ church — Westland — Invercargill — Lyttelton — Wel- lington — Wanganui — Taupo — Picton — Nelson — New Plymouth — Onehunga — Auckland — Waikato — Thames — Kaipara — Hokianga — Wangarei — Bay of Islands — Tau- ranga — Ohenimutu — Rotomahana — Taupo — Napier . .104 CHAPTER VIL THE LAND LAWS AND REGULATIONS. Treaty of Waitangi — Land purchased by the Government — Old provincial regime — Land districts — Local Boards — Differ- ences of rule — The " Homestead " system — Importance of seeing the land before buying — Timbered land suited for working-men — Indications of good soil — Waikato — Taranaki — Wanganui — Poverty Bay — Hawke's Bay — WelHngton — South Island — Improved land — Leasing land — Charm of a settler's life . . , . . ,126 b viil Contents. CHAPTER VIIL THE EMIGRANTS PROSPECTS. I'AGE Emigration a relief to the old country — Always a serious step — "Who should not emigrate?" — Unsuitable classes — "Who should emigrate?" — Agriculturists, capitalists, and labourers — Capital required for small farm — Profes- sional men — Skilled artizans — Domestic servants — How to get to New Zealand — Choice of ship — Weekly dietary — Requirements for the voyage — On landing, what to do . 136 APPENDICES. The Land Laws of 1877 153 CHAPTER I. THE COUNTRY. Situation — Shape — Extent — Name — Origin— Auckland — Tongariro — Earthquakes — Southern Alps — Harbours — Rivers — Lakes — Hot -springs — Geysers — Sanitarium — Climate — Seasons — Animal life — Reptiles — Insects — Birds — Forests — Gum — Flax — Fruits — Minerals. " (~^\^ the opposite part of our globe, and just ^^ below our feet, — nearly i8o° long, distant from us, and as far to the south of the Equator as Italy is to the north of it, — there lies in the South Pacific Ocean, between the Australian and South American continents, a country of which Tasnian, in the middle of the seventeenth cen- tury, brought the first tidings to Europe. The Dutchman named it New Zealaiid. A marvellous country it is, that land of our Antipodes, where people — as we used to think when children — walk with their feet towards us, and their heads down- I 2 TJic Country. wards, ' all upside-down,' because we had heard at school it is winter there when we have summer, and day there when we have night. Of course these facts, appearing so very contradictory within the limited range of our childish comprehension, have long since lost every trace of strangeness with the advance of a maturer age ; but never- theless New Zealand still remains to us a most wonderful country." So wrote Dr. F. Von Hoch- stetter, the eminent naturalist of the Novara Expe- dition, after he had, in 1859, spent nine months in scientific exploring in several parts of that country. New Zealand lies within the parallels of 34° 30 and 47° 30" south latitude, and the meridians of 166^^ 30" and 178° 45" east longitude. In shape it is very much like that of Italy reversed, and in extent it is nearly equal to that of Great Britain and Ireland. Situate in mid-ocean, more than a thousand miles from the great continent of Australia, it forms the centre of an immense semicircle, dividing the globe from the Cape of Good Hope to Behring's Straits in the old world, and from Behring's Straits to Cape Horn in the new world. It consists of two large islands and The Cou7itry. 3 several smaller ones. The two main islands are commonly called the North and the South islands, and are separated from each other by Cook's Straits, about eighteen miles across. The North island was called by the natives Je ika a Maui, which means The fish of Maid ; and the South island, Te waJii pounaniu, or The place of the greenstofie, because that stone, a sort of jade, highly prized by them, was found there. A legend lies at the back of the former name. It is this : At some remote age there lived a family of five brothers, whose patronymic was Matii. The youngest of them was called Potiki — the little one. He was very small ; there was some mystery about his birth ; and he was possessed of some remarkable faculties. His brothers, however, treated him with much contempt on account of his dimi- nutive size. One day they were going a-fishing : Maui Potiki wanted to go with them. As a favour, they allowed him to go to bale out the canoe. They toiled long, but caught nothing. As they were about to return, Potiki said, " Let me try." Then they derided him for his pre- sumption, and refused to give him a hook. But he drew forth from his pute (a flax bag) a splendid 4 The Country. hook, flashing with mother-of-pearl, which hook he had made from the jaw-bone of his grandmother ! Still they denied him any bait. He struck his nose against the gunwale of the canoe, made it bleed profusely, and besmeared the hook with the clotted blood. The line was payed out into the sea, and very soon there was a strong bite. It required the collective strength of the five brothers to draw their victim to the surface. When it did appear, it was — New Zealand itself! hence the Fish of Maid ! And the outline of the North island is very much in the form of a fish. Perhaps the solution of the foregoing myth may be found in the volcanic origin of the country. To this it bears ample witness. There is reason to believe that it was once a part of a great continent, which is now under the sea. In the north, extinct craters meet the eye on every hand, and add to the picturesque effect of the scenery. Dr. Hochstetter says : " The Isthmus of Auckland is one of the most remarkable volcanic districts of the earth." Within a radius of only ten miles there are not less than sixty-three separate points of eruption. In the centre of the island the burning mountain Tongariro, 6,000 feet high, is The Country. 5 in constant action, with occasional eruptions. It is the same with White Island off the east coast, and about 130 miles distant from the former volcano. Hot lakes, boiling springs, and hissing geysers — numerous in what is called the Lake District — all testify to the presence of volcanic agency. Earthquakes have been felt since the formation of the colony. In 1848, and again in 1855, they did some damage at Wellington, which is now the seat of government. On the last occasion, after a series of alternate depressions and elevations, it left the coast-line, for a long distance, four feet higher than it was before. It is a well-grounded opinion that a submarine vol- cano lies in Cook's Strait, for it has been proved by soundings that, in front of the entrance to the harbour of Wellington, there is a crater-shaped hole at the bottom of the sea, over which the water has never been seen quite calm. It may be expected that shocks will be repeated, but our scientific men who have studied the question tell us that " the volcanic forces belovv^, which are now no longer capable of discharging fiery liquid lava, are visibly decreasing and dying out." That the colonists believe so is clear from the fact, that 6 The Country. they are now building with brick and stone, in Welh'ngton, where, until very lately, they ventured to use nothing but timber. " The most striking and important feature of New Zealand is an extensive longitudinal moun- tain range, which, interrupted by Cook's Strait, runs through the whole length of the two larger islands, in the direction of south-west to north- east, from the south cape to the east cape. This range, consisting of upheaved zones of stratified and massive rocks of different ages, constitutes the powerful backbone of the islands." It is on the South island that the main range attains its grandest development : its peaks, capped with eternal snow, and decked with alpine glaciers, render it worthy of its name — the SoiitJiern Alps. From its centre there rises up Mount Cook, in towering grandeur, 13,200 feet above the level of the sea — almost as high as Mont Blanc. "Splendid glacier-streams, lovely mountain-lakes, magnificent cataracts, mountain passes, and gloomy ravines, with roaring mountain-streams rushing through, — such are the charms of a wild and uninhabited alpine region, but seldom trodden by human foot, — a scenery so grand that, according to the enthu- The Country. 7 slastic reports of the travellers who ventured to penetrate into this wilderness, it scarcely has its equal anywhere." Mount Egmont, in the North island, is 8,000 feet high, and is always crowned with snow; and there are several other mountains from 5,000 to 6,000 feet in height. There are many good harbours in the North island, but those on the west coast have either bars or overlapping sand-spits. On the east coast, the Hauraki Gulf, protected by Cape Colville and the Great Barrier island, is a large basin in which all the navies in the world can find room to play. To the westward of it is the Waitemata harbour, safe and commodious. On this is the town of Auckland. It is separated from that broad sheet of water, the Manukau, by a narrow isthmus. The Waitemata flows to within a few miles of the Kaipara. Into that large estuary, four noble rivers discharge their waters. One of these, the Otamatea, nearly joins a branch of the Wangarei, on the opposite coast. In olden times the natives dragged their war-canoes from one river into the other, as they also did from the Kaipara into the Waitemata, then into the Manukau, and then into the Waikato. The means of intercommunication 8 The Country. by water, which this district affords, can hardly be excelled. The Wangarei harbour is about seventy miles to the north of the Hauraki. More northerly^ passing by several inlets, such as Ngunguru and Wangaruru, we come to the magnificent Bay of Islands. Further north, Wangaroa, Mongonui, and Parengarenga are important places ; while southward of Hauraki are Mercury Bay, Tauranga, and Poverty Bay. The Hokianga, on the west, is a spacious bar harbour, just one degree north of the Kaipara, and along to the south of the latter are the Manukau, the Waikato, the Wangaroa, the Aotea, the Kawhia, the Wanganui, and many small boat-harbours, till we come to Wellington. This is completely land-locked, and offers shelter to any number of shipping. New Plymouth and Napier are open roadsteads. Tracing the coast of the South island, we find Queen Charlotte's Sound, Cook's favourite recruit- ing ground. The Perolus Sound runs far into the interior of a mountainous and romantic country. Here also is Massacre Bay, so called by Tasman. Through the remarkable French Pass, or along the coast, we enter Blind Bay, and land at Nelson Here, too, as well as in Queen Charlotte's Sound, The Country. g is safe anchorage for any number of navies. On the western coast there are a few rivers, such as the Buller, the Grey, and the Hokitika, which are navigable by small steamers. Further south is Milford Haven, the grandeur of whose scenery can scarcely be surpassed. " Here the steamers from Melbourne, which during the summer months bring crowds of health-seeking tourists to our cooler shores, often call ; and the unqualified tes- timony of the Australians bears witness to the singular and favourable contrast between the green tree-clad hills, the snowy mountains, and the im- penetrable forests of the west coast of New Zealand with their own parched and waterless plains." The Bluff Harbour is in the extreme south. This is connected with the town of Invercargill by a railway of twenty-two miles. To the north of it, on the east coast, is Port Chalmers, the beauty of which no words can picture. The larger ships anchor here, but the smaller ones run up to the wharf at Dunedin, a distance of ten miles. Waikowaiti, Moeraki, Oamaru, and Timaru lie between that and Akaroa, or Bank's Peninsula. For safety, for space, or for scenery, this is not exceeded. It was at this place that the French lO The Country. made an attempt to establish a colony in 1840. The Conite de Paris, with fifty-seven settlers, under the escort of the frigate LAtibe, arrived only just a day too late. By the prompt measures of Captain Hobson, Captain Stanley, of Her Majesty's ship Britomart, had taken possession, and the Frenchman found the British flag flying. Thus narrowly did the South island escape being a French colony. Port Cooper comes next in order. Here stands the town of Lyttelton, which com- municates through a railway tunnel with Christ- church, the capital of the famed Canterbury Pro- vince. The harbour is roomy, and well supplied with wharves and jetties. The large and navigable rivers are chiefly in the North island. The largest in the South is the Molyneux, which pours down as much water as the Nile. Of small rivers and mountain torrents there are many. To the eye of the voyager, the contour of the coast is bold, monotonous, and brown-coloured. It is generally hilly, and clothed with either forest, tall fern, or tussock grass. The clay hills are intersected by deep gullies, and snow-clad moun- tains are seen in the distance. The Country. 1 1 The country abounds with lakes. In many places sulphur, soda, and hot springs are found ; but for variety, number, and extent, all the rest are as nothing compared with the wonders of what is called the Lake District. This is in the North island, and extends from the volcanic mountain of Tongariro to that of White Island, a distance of 130 miles, with an average width of twenty-five miles. " Over this whole space, almost on the very line between these two active craters, it seethes and bubbles and steams from more than a thou- sand crevices and fissures that channel the lava- beds of which the soil consists ; while numerous fresh-water lakes, of which Taupo, twenty miles or more in diameter, is the largest, fill up the larger depressions of the ground." In this district there are two remarkable terraces, known from their re- spective colours as the Pink and the White terraces. From a deep crater at the top of each, there flows a furiously boiling pool of water, with a thundering noise. The action of the vapour in escaping keeps the middle of the pool always raised in a cluster of foaming hillocks. The chemical action of the water leaves a deposit — silica, which, as it falls in cascades, from terrace to terrace, forms a pavement 12 The Coitntry. of alabaster — white in one case and salmon-coloured in the other. It is not possible on paper to convey an idea of the novelty and beauty of these natural curiosities : they baffle description. There are also numerous boiling mud-pools, hissing cisterns, and intermittent geysers, throwing up their spray columns to a great height, with an explosive report. In the lakes, water of all degrees of temperature can be found, from extreme cold to boiling heat. The natives who live on the banks need no fires. They cook their food by immersing it in the ready-made watery ovens, or by covering it with the hot earth. In many places the crust of earth is so thin that a thrust of the walking- stick will be followed by an emission of steam. Stone flags are laid down to receive and retain the heat of the ground ; and on these, on cold days or at eventide, the natives find a luxurious lounge, while at any time they can take a delicious bath in warm water. The country in this district is as yet in little better than a natural state, and much of it is weird and barren. A rough road has been cut from Tauranga to Napier, and a light van leaves each end twice a week. The journey takes four days, The Country. 13 and implies tremendous jolting. There are several hotels on the road, and a chain of military posts, which are occupied by detachments of the armed mounted constabulary. For sick visitors there is not at present suitable accommodation ; but the time will come when it will be resorted to as a sanitarium, not only by the people of Australia, but also of India and other portions of the globe. In a land lying more than a thousand miles north and south, and of such a varied configuration, there is of necessity a great variety of climate. But speaking of it in a general way, we may call it equable, — not oppressively hot in summer, nor severely cold in winter : it is both healthy and pleasant. Droughts are unknown, and floods are seldom, and local. There are occasional gales, but no hurricanes. The rainfall is equal to that of England, — more than in London, less than in Devonshire. The atmosphere is humid. Changes are not extreme. The sky is bright, and the air pure. Winds are frequent, and a sea breeze blows all round the coast in summer. On the Canterbury plains, the north-west wind partakes of the hot or sirocco winds of Australia. Napier is perhaps the 1 4 The Country. driest, and Westland the wettest, part of New Zealand. If it be true that " men Hve as much by air as by bread," the question of chmate is one of the first importance. It has a determining effect on the physical constitution : we may therefore look to New Zealand for a robust race of people. The climate is as favourable to health as it is to vegetation and beauty. The thermometer takes but a narrow range : the mean annual tempera- ture of the north is 57°, and of the south 52°; the mean daily range is under 20°, and the ex- treme range 30°. The nights are 12° colder than the days. Farmers do not find it necessary to house their cattle in the winter. I do not wish to represent New Zealand as an elysium. It has dull days, wet days, stormy days ; yet perhaps it excels all other countries for salu- brity. Its death-rate is about twelve per thou- sand, little more than one-half that of England ; while its birth-rate is very much larger than that of England. Dr. Dieffenbach says : " It is certain that causes which in England would produce vio- lent colds, and other injurious results, pass over in New Zealand without any bad effect, even to those The Country. 15 colonists who are in delicate health. The purity of the atmosphere, resulting from the continual wind, imparts to the climate a vigour which gives elasticity to the physical powers and to the mind. Heat never debilitates, not even so much as a hot summer's day in England ; and near the coasts especially, there is always a cooling and refreshing breeze. The colonist who occupies himself with agriculture can work all day, and the mechanic will not feel any lassitude whether he works in or out of doors. " From all this I draw the conclusion that, as regards climate, no country is better suited for a colony of the Anglo-Saxon race than New Zealand ; and were this its only recommendation, it would still deserve our utmost attention, as the future seat of European civilization and institutions in the southern hemisphere, since in the other southern colonies, — for instance, in that of New South Wales, — Europeans undergo more or less alterations from the original stock. Invalids rapidly recover in this cHmate ; and there is no doubt that the presence of numerous thermal waters in the island, and the attractive scenery, will make New Zealand the resort of those who 1 6 The Counby. have become enfeebled in India, and arc in search of health." Another competent witness, Dr. Thompson, tells us that, " No single locality in Europe has a temperature, during the whole year, like that experienced in New Zealand. The North island, in short, possesses the summer heat, tempered with a sea breeze, of Paris, Brussels, and Amsterdam, with the winter cold of Rome ; while the South island has a Jersey summer, and a winter in mild- ness resembling that of Montpelier. " An idea of the seasons in New Zealand may be drawn from English strawberries being ripe in November, December, and January : cherries and gooseberries in January ; apples, pears, plums, and peaches in February ; and melons, figs, and grapes in March and April. Spring, in short, commences in September, summer in December, autumn in April, and winter in June. The sum- mer mornings, even in the warmest parts of the colony, are sufficiently fresh to exhilarate without chilling, and the seasons glide imperceptibly into each other. The beauty of the day is in the early morning ; and at this hour, away from the settle- ments of men, a solemn stillness pervades the air, The Country. 17 which is only broken by the shrill and tinkling voices of birds. Summer nights are often singu- larly beautiful and mild, and on such occasions the settlers are frequently enticed from their houses to wander about in the open air." On the same authority we are told that " the soldiers stationed in New Zealand enjoyed better health than soldiers stationed in any other portion of Her Majesty's colonial possessions. During the five years ending March 1853, residence in New Zealand saved the lives of eight soldiers annually out of every thousand who would have died had the troops been quartered in the United Kingdom." Animal life was very scant in New Zealand. Besides the bat (of which there are two species), a small rat was the only mammal before the pig was introduced. That rat is now extinct, through the ravages of its Norway brother. It was eaten by the natives as a delicacy. They always had a domestic dog, of an inferior stamp. There are no snakes nor any venomous reptiles, excepting only a small black spider which inhabits tufts of sedgy grass on the sea-coast. Among the insect life, mosquitos are numerous in the 2 1 8 * The Country. forests and in swampy places, but are rarely troublesome in settled districts. A small fly, called the sand-fly, as its name implies, infests sandy ground. Lizards are plentiful. The most singular thing is the vegetable caterpillar , the Aweto, from the head of which a long fungus grows out, with seed-spurs at the end of it. This caterpillar dies while burying itself in the ground for the purpose of changing into a chrysalis. It is eaten by the natives. The guana is found in some places. A large beetle, called the IVeta, lives in rotten wood and under the bark of trees. Butter- flies are few. The bays, the coasts, and the rivers teem with fishes of many kinds. The ornithology of the country is very interesting. Among the birds there was formerly a gigantic wingless bird called the Moa. Many skeletons have been unearthed, and some of them stand fourteen feet high. A small bird of the same type is still to be found in the mountains. This is the Kiwi. Im- ported animals of every kind do remarkably well. The woods and gardens are now vocal with the song of feathered minstrels from Great Britain. The hare and the rabbit multiply rapidly. Bees make honey all the }-ear round. Sheep, cattle. The Country. 1 9 and horses thrive exceedingly well, and every living thing prospers. Evergreen forests cover large tracts of the country ; they are tangled, sombre, and silent. Many kinds of useful timber are produced, valuable for house-building, ship-building, or cabinet work. There are wide plains of grass, or fern, or scrub. The soil is various : a great deal of it produces heavy crops of grain, without manure. It has been proved by statistics that no other country in the world yields so many bushels of wheat per acre. A fine mould is /ound even on the summits of lofty hills : in other parts, a warm volcanic de- posit sends forth luxuriant grasses. The alluvial banks of the rivers, and the many valleys, are extremely fertile ; and the large flax-swamps, when drained, are rich in produce. Vegetation is so rank that it looks like a superfluity of life in the wild woods. But the extensive Kauri forests leave nothing behind them but stiff clay hills, on which only a stunted fern grows : out of these hills a gum-resin is dug in large quanti- ties, which is a valuable article of export. The flax-plant flourishes all over the country, and is useful for many purposes. Like the plains 20 The Country. of Jordan, New Zealand is " well watered every- where." No edible fruits worthy of the name are indi- genous, but all kinds do well when imported. Flowers blow quickly, but the fragrance of the lily and the rose is not equal to that exhaled from lilies and roses in England. The natural flora of New Zealand is very limited, but there are a few fine flowering shrubs, and some of the forest trees bear clusters of rich scarlet blossoms. Figs, peaches, grapes, nectarines, plums, and melons ripen in the open air, side by side with apples and pears ; but it is not warm enough in the south to bring the more delicate fruits to per- fection. Maize and potatoes grow together in the same field. The mineral wealth of New Zealand is great. Copper, iron, platinum, lead, quicksilver, plumbago, chrome, manganese, and sulphur abound. Rich gold deposits have been found in the north and south, and at Westland. Not less than forty millions' worth of this precious metal have been exported by this time ; and so extensive are the auriferous grounds, that gold-mining will be a profitable pursuit for centuries to come. But what The Country. 2 1 is most important of all, there is abundance of coal : this is found in almost every part of the country, in its several stages of lignite, brown, and bituminous — the latter scarcely second in quality to the best English coal. A few only of the coal mines have as yet been worked : one of these is in the Kaua-Kaua, Bay of Islands ; another on the Waikato. At Collingwood, near Nelson, and at the Pakawau, Buller, and Grey, in Westland, there are many large seams of excellent coal, also at the Malvern Hills, not far from Christ- church. Not to mention smaller ones, two large mines have been opened near the Moly- neux River, where the deposit extends over at least forty-five square miles, and the total quan- tity of coal is estimated at 100,000,000 tons. New Zealand has within itself all the elements of a future great mining and manufacturing, as well as an agricultural country. Presenting as it does many other points of resemblance with Great Britain, it may be said to be equal to the latter also in richness of coal. Dr. Hochstetter truly says, " Of all the colonial provinces of the British Crown, New Zealand bears the most resemblance to the mother-country, by 2 2 The Country, virtue of its insular position, its climate, its soil, and the whole form and structure of the country. It is an empire of islands, a double island, which — thanks to the power of steam, that nowadays shortens every distance — lies towards the neigh- bouring Australian continent like Great Britain towards Europe, Blessed with a genial oceanic climate, so admirably suited to the Anglo-Saxon race ; with a fertile soil, well watered and splen- didly adapted to agriculture and farming ; with a manifold coast-line, suited perfectly to the notions and habits of the first maritime nation of the world, — it is a country without dangerous animals, without poisonous plants, but rich in mineral treasures ; a country where horses, cattle, and sheep thrive ; where fruit, grain, and potatoes grow most abundantly ; a country adorned with all the charms and beauties of grand natural scenery ; a country which can easily support a population of twelve millions ; which promises the bold and persevering immigrant a lucrative and brilliant future. Such a country appears indeed destined, before all others, to become the mother of civilized nations." 23 . CHAPTER 11. THE ABORIGINES. Origin — Kupe — Pedigree — Numbers — Decrease — Physiology — Tattoo — Language — Poetry — Mythology — Tapu — Morals — Domestic life — Government — Games — Employments — Canoes — Garments — Tools — Cooking — Fishing — Fortifications — Houses — Wars — Cannibalism — Capacity — Present condition. THE natives of New Zealand are of Malay origin, with a mixture of the Papuan ele- ment. They call themselves Maori, which word means indigenous ; but according to their own traditions, which are very circumstantial, their forefathers came from an island called Hazvaiki, somewhere in the North Pacific, about six hundred years ago. Haivaiki is probably the same as Hawaii in the Sandwich group. Their laws, language, and legends are very much alike. The story is that one Kupe, or Ngahue, discovered New Zealand, and called it Aotearoa, or Long 24 The Aborigines. Light. Returning to Hawaiki, he induced a number of his countrymen to join him in an ex- pedition to the newly-found country, of which he gave them a glowing description. Thirteen double canoes were fitted out, and effected a voyage to Maoriland, debarking at different points. To this day, the claimants to land produce their title, by tracing up their descent to the chieftains who respectively commanded these canoes. An un- sullied pedigree is their best title to territorial riefhts, and there is not an acre of land without its owner ; although the claims of conquest, and sometimes of transference, qualify the title by inheritance! When the aboriginal tribes of New Zealand became known to Europeans, they numbered, as far as can be ascertained, about 100,000. They do not now exceed 45,000. To account for this large decrease, we may refer to many causes, but particularly to the ravages of intertribal wars, and the effects incident on colonization. By many it is a foregone conclusion that they are a doomed race ; and if the present rate of diminution con- tinue, they cannot long exist as a people. But it may not. I am not without hope that they The Aborigmes. 25 will learn to be more faithful to sanitary laws, and so turn the corner. An amalgamation of the two races of Maories and Anglo-Saxons is much to be desired. They are well made, but vary in size as much as do Europeans. The head is finely formed, and indicates high mental power ; their complexion is olive; features regular; feet and hands well proportioned ; the face is quiet and composed. As a rule, the men are better-looking than the women : the latter reach maturity early. For- merly they knew little of disease, and lived to a great age, if not killed in war. Now scrofula is very common, and many die of consumption. The old chiefs were a very dignified class. The half-castes are a fine people. The practice of moko, or tattoo^ now passing away with other old barbarous customs, was uni- versal. It was deemed essential to manhood, and becoming to womanhood. Men tattooed their faces and their loins, women their chins and lips. The effect was to give a rigorous aspect to the countenance, and to hinder the signs of old age from showing themselves as they otherwise would. This practice was observed at the age of puberty. 26 The Abort s'ines. i>' The process was tedious and painful. The opera- tion was performed by a skilled class. First, the lines were marked with charcoal, the patient's head lying on the lap of the performer ; the latter punctured the skin with a piece of sharp-pointed bone, and mingled a vegetable pigment with the blood. Only a little could be done at a time : when the inflammation and excoriation had passed away, then another piece was added ; and in this way it required several months to complete the whole design on the face. Once done, the lines were indelible. The Maories had no written language until it was given to them by the missionaries. Their alphabet consists of only fourteen letters — a, e, i, 0, u, h, k, m, n, p, r, t, zu, ng. Two consonants never come together, excepting in the nasal sound ng, and every syllable ends with a vowel. There are ten dialects, very slightly differing from each other. The same word, or root, stands for noun verbal, noun adjective, or verb : this secures sim- plicity. Terseness, force, and beauty belong to it. New Zealanders make no mistakes in speaking their own language, but it is easy for any foreigner to do so. To use one vowel instead of another is The Aborigines. 27 to completely change the meaning of the word': to say, for instance, moti or man — both which words have the same meaning in English, for yoii — will carry very different significations. Suppose the reference is to some cooking utensil : the latter word, man, indicates it is an article to be used ; the former, moii, as one to be cooked in it. They have numerous proverbs, fables, and tales. To a stranger they seem eager, noisy, and rapid in their talk. In idiom, structure, and verbiage, their language bears a close affinity to the dialects of Polynesia, of which great family they are a part. The memory of their poems, their myths, and traditions is passing away ; in another gene- ration they will be known only so far as they have been collected and preserved by the mis- sionaries and others, and particularly by the pub- lication of Sir George Grey's volume. In their public orations the chiefs draw largely on their ancient songs. Though very few of them have yet acquired the knowledge of English, all of them command enough of it to make bargains ; they are, however, now fully alive to the importance of the English tongue, for they are politicians, mer- 28 The Aborigines. chants, and landowners. For the adult it is a hard task to pronounce English, but as many as two thousand of their children are now learning it in schools subsidized by the Government, and supplemented by fees from the parents. In this way, it is to be hoped, they will in time become Anglicised, and that will be a great factor in effecting an amalgamation. Their mythology was curious : they had " lords many and gods many," but knew nothing of a Supreme Being or a Deity of goodness. The spirits of their ancestors were among the gods. The process of creation was divided into six stages : in this, as well as in some other respects, there was a dim shadow of the Mosaic cosmogony. They believed in the creation of something out of nothing. Before the heavens and the earth were divided, the god of night, Te Atua o te Po, reigned. " Darkness was upon the face of the deep." Then came the gods of the day, Nga Atua te Ra (as in the Egyptian language, so the word " Ra " means the sun), who said, " Let there be light." Their idea of heaven {rangi) was that of a solid body, lying flat upon the earth {papa), each being a hemisphere. They were The Aborigines. 29 violently separated from each other by Tanevia- huta, one of their many children. Then " there was light." It was poetically conceived by them, when the gentle showers of spring, and the soft dews of summer, moistened the bosom of mother- earth, that they were but the tears of father Rangi, in token of his undying affection. Man was created by Tiki " in his own image." He formed him of red clay, which he kneaded with his own blood ; and after the eyes and the limbs were finished, he gave breath to the image, — a striking likeness to the Mosaic record : "And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life ; and man became a living soul." The common people had no direct access to their gods : this was the special office of a priestly order of men called Nga Tohunga, or wise men. Nor had they any forms of worship, or visible idols, or stated sacrifices. At the extreme north point of New Zealand is a deep cave, called Te Reinga, or leaping-place : this was their elysium. Of the doctrine of future rewards and punishments, they knew nothing. They were grossly superstitious, The constant ;o The Aborioines. s fear of a law called ta/)u held them in iron bondage. The chief of a tribe, who was usually of the priestly caste as well, had the power of making anything ^a/in, or sacred, by declaring it to be so. The person of a chief, particularly his head, was tapu ; so was a dead body, and all that came in contact with it. Deliverance from its restrictions could be had only after certain incantations had been duly performed ; and to profane the tapu was to be guilty of death. The groundwork of this singular institution was that something of the essence of the at?m, or god, passed out into anything that was tapu. Chiefs and priests, being akin to the gods, derived this virtue directly from them, and imparted it to others. This belief clothed them with a mighty power. The domination of that superstition has been destroyed by Christianity, but it is not wholly extinct even now. They were a degraded people as far as morals are concerned. When not inflamed by the spirit of war, they were hospitable, courteous, generous ; but they were also vindictive, cruel, and treache- rous. Their every-day life revealed a forbidding picture : slavery, polygamy, infanticide were com- The Aborigines. 31 mon ; sorcery, murder, cannibalism prevailed among them. Births, marriages, and deaths were to them, as to all people, the great events in domestic life. When children were not strangled at the demand of jealousy, they grew up without restraint — the property of the tribe. Betrothals took place often in infancy. The poor girl was allowed no choice in bestowing her affection, and not seldom committed suicide to escape a hated union. Death was darkness to the Maori : very likely his last words were a legacy of revenge to his survivors. Rigid ceremony, according to the law of tapu, regulated the interment of the dead : wailing, cutting, and feasting attended the funereal obsequies. Many a time has that melancholy dirge, with its dismal accompaniments, saddened my heart. After decomposition had taken place, the bones were very carefully scraped, and as carefully carried to their final resting-place, which usually was a lone cave in the depths of a forest. The New Zealanders were divided into nations, tribes, and families, — all under chieftainship of various grades. They had their code of honour, their forms of etiquette, and their rules of conduct. Visits of ceremony were their gala-days. It was 32 The Aborigines. their custom, on meeting with each other, to rub noses, and falling on each other's neck, to express their feelings by a mournful wail. "They lifted up their voice and wept." Numerous pastimes marked their festivities : kite-flying, spear-throwing, foot- racing, stilt-walking, wrestling, swinging, swimming; also draughts, riddles, songs, cat's-cradle, hide- and-seek, and other sports, were common on those occasions. Democratic in their civil relations, they were aristocratic in their pride of birth ; but there were no visible distinctions in their outward appearance. They found time for visiting, feasting, and amuse- ment, yet they were industrious, regular, and tem- perate. They were cultivators of the soil. The men and the women had their respective occupa- tions, but in ordinary field-work employment was found for all. Building, fishing, hunting, as well as the felling of the forests, the manufacture of tools, and the making of canoes, were the proper work of the men : cooking, weaving, and weeding belonged to the women. Potatoes, kumeras, and maize were largely cultivated, and in later years wheat also. Melons, gourds, and pumpkins like- wise filled their gardens. Their canoes were in The Aborigines. 33 many cases large and elaborately carved, and ornamented with feathers and red paint. The women wove garments of the fibre of the flax-leaf. The better kind had a silky, glossy appearance, with a wide border, variously dyed. Axes, hatchets, and chisels were made of bone, of wood, or of stone. They dug the ground with a spade made of hard wood. Fire was produced by friction- When not employed in their fields, they caught fish, snared birds, hunted pigs, etc. Fern-root and cockles formed a large part of their dietary. The culinary art was very simple. The kitchen, or cooking-hut, was called the kauta. A hole, eight inches deep, and three feet in diameter, was made in the earth ; stones were herein heated to redness ; a layer of flax and fern was put upon the hot stones ; the food, washed in the running brook, was laid on this covering, and over it a flax mat ; water was then poured over the oven, and the steam arose ; the earth or the ashes then shut in the steam. While the process of cooking was going on, dishes were made of the flax-leaf: at the right time the oven was carefully un- covered ; and the food was served tip in these dishes, exquisitely cooked. 3 34 The Aborigines. In summer-time, the women expressed the juice from the berries of the Tiipakild. The fruit of this shrub is poisonous : it grows, like small black currants, in pendent glossy clusters ; but the juice forms a refreshing beverage. A funnel was made of flax leaves, and the end of it placed in the orifice of a large calabash : this was filled with the berries, which were covered by a layer of fern ; then the women, holding on to a cross-pole, stamped out the juice, with their feet, until the calabash was filled. Their fishing expeditions were great occasions, and attended with religious ceremony. They used nets and sieves, as well as hooks. The former were made from the flax fibre, the latter of bone — often of human bone. In their large canoes, they would go out far to sea. Cod, snapper, and other large fish rewarded their toil ; mullet, dog-fish, mackerel, etc., they caught in their nets, — some of their nets were exceedingly large. They dried dog-fish in the sun for winter use. Mullet would often jump into a canoe kept in oscilla- tion by a native, who placed a foot on each gunwale. The Maories lived in fortified villages: war was The Aborigines. 35 their chronic condition. Now they are not found in large numbers, in any one place, since Chris- tianity has brought to them the blessings of peace ; but before that, they had to be always prepared for an attack. Their sites were chosen with great judgment, always commanding an open prospect, as well as wood and water. Their defences were constructed with much skill : lofty hills were sometimes selected, and were surrounded with entrenchments. The traveller to-day may meet with many of these, overgrown with rank fern, and containing immense heaps of cockle-shells. Had those old hills tongues, they would tell many a fearful tale of slaughter and cannibalism. When they made a stand, in their plains or valleys, they erected strong stockades, surmounted by grotesque and obscene figures. Their best houses were well built, but always too low. They bestowed much time and labour upon these. A sliding door and window were the only openings to let in the light, or to let out the smoke : a large porch or verandah was at the sunny end. The interior was painted with whit2 pipeclay and red-ochre ; the exterior was protected with bark and poles. These houses were usually 2,b The Aboi'igines. ^ large: the walls being made of the thick rmipo, they were warm in winter and cool in summer. The framework was of hard wood neatly adzed, the planks being from one to two feet wide. The ridge-pole was supported by strong posts struck into the ground. To the totara posts along the walls, they fastened long poles, and between the pilasters, the coats of bulrush, or ratipo, were securely tied. The more common houses, or huts, had walls only two or three feet high, surmounted by a steep and overhanging roof. These shelters in temporary abodes, were of the frailest : the leaves of the nikan, or palm, make a capital lining for the thatch. When a tribe was on a journey, as they halted, they would throw up a mimic town in a few hours. Stores for food were built on high poles. Since Christianity has prevailed, they have built many spacious and handsome churches. On the formation of a mission station, it was the custom for them to build a large raupo, or rush house, of several rooms, the missionary finding doors, windows, etc., as he best could ; and this made a comfortable dwelling, until he was able to provide a more substantial one. Many of The Aborigines. 37 the settlers in the country avail themselves of the same provision, in the beginning of their course. Before fire-arms were general among them, their wars were very sanguinary. The bodies of the slain were eaten, and captives carried into slavery. Pretexts for intertribal wars were never wanting : they consulted auguries, and signs, and omens. Before going to battle, they observed many ceremonies. Sometimes they made hostile expeditions to distant places, in fleets of war- canoes. It was their custom to work themselves into a frenzy by the war-dance. No words can picture the revolting character of this exhibition : they looked more like demons than men. Their military tactics have been modified by the use of fire-arms : with much skill, they adapt themselves to altered circumstances. In their recent conflicts with our own troops, they surprised our engineers by the cleverness with which they dug their rifle- pits, and in other ways defended their fortified encampments, against our superior munitions of war. As indicative of their warlike disposition, I may say that, in their normal state, the education of a young chief was not complete until he had 38 The Aborigines. joined a ta7ia, or fighting-party, and had killed his man. The Maories are a people of great capacity, and open to civilizing influences. There are few of them who cannot now read and write their own language. They can learn anything to which they choose to apply themselves. They know something of the principles of mechanics, such as the use of the inclined plane, the lever, the drill, the screw, and the pulley. They have names for everything that grows in the soil, that flies in the air, or that swims in the water. They are very independent, and live apart from the settlers, in their own villages. For the purpose of trade, politics, or pleasure, they come into the towns, but few of them live there. They are still the owners of millions of acres of land, and are very jealous of their rights. They parted freely of their terri- tory by sale to the Colonial Government, and to private settlers, until at last, yielding to a fear that their descendants, at no distant time, might be landless, some of the tribes organized what are called the " Land League" and the "King" move- ments. By virtue of these combinations, some thousands of them pledge themselves neither to The Aborigines. 39 sell any more land, nor allow the Queen's writ to run over their territory. The costly and destruc- tive wars we have had with them, have failed to reduce them to loyalty. They desire not to fight again, but, suspicious of the designs of the Govern- ment, they maintain an attitude of sullen isolation. Their disaffection is political, not personal. Colonization, as might have been expected, has affected them with new vices, and especially that of drunkenness. Legal restrictions are imposed on the sale of intoxicating liquors to them, which are practically a dead-letter. They are well disposed towards the colonists. While few of them are willing to engage themselves as hirelings, they do not object to render service, by way of contract : in this way, they are of great use in clearing forests, fencing fields, reaping grain, etc. The bulk of the Maori population live in the North island. There are but a few settlements of them in the South island, in which they do not, alto- gether, number more than two thousand. Many of the Maories are on the electoral roll, and six of them have seats in the Colonial Legislature — four in the Lower, and two in the Upper House. They acquit themselves creditably. Their chief 40 TJie Aborigines. drawback is their slender knowledge of English, so that interpreters are indispensable. Notwith- standing the hindrances, springing out of political complications and repeated hostilities, together with the revival of old superstitions in some places, they have, upon the whole, made great advance in the pathway of civilization. 41 CHAPTER III. THE MISSIONARIES. Samuel Marsden — Tuatara — Boyd — Active — Messrs. Hall and Ken- dall — Hour mill — Marsden's first visit — Purchase of land — Samuel Leigh — Butler — Wesley Dale — Mr. 'i\.Ack—Bra}npton — H. Williams — Turner and Hobbs — Mission staff— Tyerman and Bennett — Trials of missionaries — Destruction of Wesley Dale— Mangungu — First convert — Hongi's death — W^aima — Prospects brighten — Native martyrs — Spread of Christianity — Effects of colonization, T T was in the year i 8 1 4 that Christianity was ■*• introduced in New Zealand. The late Rev. Samuel Marsden, who was at that time the senior chaplain of the penal colony of New South Wales, was the honoured instrument in this work. After fourteen years' absence, that good man visited England for a short season. He returned in a convict ship, the Ann. He had not been at sea many days, when he saw, lying on the forecastle, a man with a dark skin and a sad look. He was 42 The Missionaries. sick and weak, and had a bad cough. This was Tuatara, a young chief of New Zealand. He had been to sea for four years. That he might see King George, he had worked his way as a common sailor to England. Disappointed, defrauded, and disabled, he was now going back. Mr. Marsden's heart was moved at his story : he took the youth under his care, and in time he recovered his health and his spirits. Tuatara was ever after grateful to his venerable patron. On arriving at New South Wales, Mr, Marsden took him to his own house, where he often entertained Maories who visited Sydney. When some months had passed, he sent him on to his friends, to whom he related the tale of kindness, to which he owed his safe return, thus preparing the way for the advent of Christian missionaries among that savage people. In 1810 Mr. Marsden was ready to go to New Zealand, with three lay missionaries ; but the Governor interposed his authority, and forbade him to expose his life in that way. News had just come of the destruction of the ship Boyd, in the harbour of Wangaroa, not far from the Bay of Islands. The cannibals had killed and eaten the crew, consisting of seventy men. To him (the The Missionaries. 43 Governor), and, in fact, to most men in his circum- stances, Mr. Marsden's scheme seemed absurd. To think of converting such savages as the New Zealanders, was but the dream of a pious enthu- siast, — a good and useful man in his way, but one who was not to be allowed thus idly to squander the lives of others, to say nothing of his own. At length Mr. Marsden was permitted to send the missionaries : if they returned to the colony in safety, then he was to be allowed to go also. Accordingly, he bought the brig Active, and Messrs. Hall and Kendall set sail for the Bay of Islands. For the sake of Mr. Marsden, they were well received. The most important present they took with them, was that of a hand-mill for grind- ing corn. Tuatara had sown some wheat, but had no means of converting the grain into flour ; and his countrymen would not believe that the ears of corn could be made into bread, such as they had eaten on board ships. But now that the mill had come, the meal was soon produced ; and when they saw a cake, hastily baked in a frying-pan, they shouted and danced for joy. Tuatara was now believed, as well in regard to the missionaries, as to the wheat. 44 The Missionaries* After a short stay, Messrs. Hall and Kendall returned to New South Wales, accompanied by Tuatara and six other chiefs. They landed on the 22nd August, 1 8 14. On the 19th November following, Mr. Marsden embarked, taking with him eight chiefs, and Messrs. Kendall, Hall, and King. The celebrated Hongi was one of the chiefs. On Christmas Day, 18 14, which fell on a Sunday, Mr. Marsden opened his commission by preaching from the text, " Behold, I bring you glad tidings of great joy" (Luke ii. 10), and Tuatara interpreted. That was a memorable day in the annals of New Zealand. The tribes of the Bay of Islands and those of Wangaroa were at war with each other. Mr. Marsden took the Active to the scene of hostilities — where the crew of the Boyd had been massacred and devoured, — and he had the satisfaction of making peace. He bought from the chiefs, two hundred acres of land, for the occupation and use of the missionaries — the first plot of ground formally transferred to a foreigner by the New Zealanders. It was situate at Rangiho, in the Bay of Islands. Mr. Marsden returned to Sydney, after this his first voyage to New Zealand, on the 23rd March, 181 5. The The Missionaries. 45 Governor congratulated him on his safe arrival. In common with all the colony, he regarded it as a perilous and rash adventure : it was certainly one that called for no ordinary degree of courage, as well as a lofty sense of duty, but not too much for Christian heroism. In 1 8 1 8 the Rev. Samuel Leigh visited New Zealand, going in the Active, at Mr. Marsden's urgent request. Mr. Leigh was a Wesleyan missionary, and had laboured some years in New South Wales, in unbroken harmony with the chaplain. He spent nine months as a guest of the missionaries : during that time, his soul was stirred by what he saw of the cruelties of heathen- ism. In 1820 he came to England, and, by his graphic representations, prevailed on the Com- mittee in London to take a part in the evangeliza- tion of that barbarous land. Accordingly, he and Mrs. Leigh sailed again for Sydney on April 28, 182 I, and in the following February they landed at the Bay of Islands, and entered upon their work. Before this time, the Rev. Mr. Butler and Mr. Shepherd had joined the Episcopalian mission. They all acted in concert. After much thought, it was settled that Mr. and Mrs. Leicrh should esta- 46 The Missionaries. blish a station at Wangaroa. A piece of land was secured in the pretty valley of the Kaeo, to which they gave the name of Wesley Dale : it was on the loth June, 1823, that they took possession of it. Very soon a rude building was finished. On the first Sunday a war-canoe arrived, laden with slaves, one of whom was killed, cooked, and eaten. Such horrid scenes were common in those days. The missionaries and their families were often threat- ened. They were in " perils by the heathen," and had to "endure hardness." They were laying the foundation-stones of a great spiritual temple. Mr. Leigh soon found a valuable helper in Mr. Stack, and not long afterwards another in Mr. White. In August 1 823, Mr. Marsden paid his fourth visit to New Zealand, this time in the ship Brampton. He was accompanied by the Rev. H. and Mrs. Williams, of the Episcopalian mission, and the Rev. N. and Mrs. Turner, and Mr. Hobbs, of the Wesleyan mission. The latter joined the party at Wangaroa. Mr. Marsden went with them to their destination. Finding that Mr. Leigh's health had suffered, he persuaded him and Mrs. Leigh to go to Sydney with him, on his return, for the sake of medical attention. The The Missionaries. 47 mission staff at Wangaroa was now composed of Mr. and Mrs. Turner, Messrs. White, Hobbs, and Stack, Luke Wade, an artizan, and an English nurse-girl. Their patience was tried, their nerves were taxed, and their faith exercised by the savages. In May 1824 a new house was finished. In removing their goods into it, they had to do so by night ; and even then, although they kept a diligent watch, a party of thieves, with their chief at their head, carried off a box of tools. Messrs. Tyerman and Bennett, the deputation of the London Missionary Society to the South Seas, called in the Endeavour to see them ; but in doing so, the lives of all on board their vessel were placed in extreme danger. It was the experience of the everyday life of the mission-party, for they were " in jeopardy every hour." The missionaries of the two societies worked together : they had a common object, and kept up a bond of fraternal union. " Shoulder to shoulder " they engaged in the holy warfare. They succeeded in learning the language of the people, so that they could speak to them " in their own tongue " of the *' wonderful works of God." Portions of the Scriptures, hymn-books, 48 The Missionaries. catechisms, and elementary books were translated and printed ; schools were opened for the children ; and the Gospel was preached. At Wangaroa, as well as on other stations, the initial work seemed to have been done. The missionaries might reasonably hope that they were to rejoice in some fruit of their labour. True, as yet, " darkness covered the earth, and gross darkness the minds of the people ; " but by combined firmness and kindness, they had to a good degree won the con- fidence of the tribes. They were not treated with the contempt which they, at first, had to bear. Their lives had often trembled in the balance, yet no grievous bodily harm had befallen any of them. The " violent and bloody man " had been restrained by an unseen arm. He had seemed to hear a secret voice saying unto him, " Touch not mine anointed, and do my prophets no harm." But on the 9th January, 1827, whatever hope they had, appeared crushed in the bud. A war took place at Wangaroa. Attacked by a party of marauders, the mission station was pillaged and burnt to the ground, the mission family escaping only " by the skin of their teeth." They had twenty miles to travel, through forest, and thicket, and fern, to The Missmiaries. 49 reach the nearest mission station of their Episco- pah'an brethren at the Kerikeri, where they were entertained until they sailed for Sydney. This event was ver>' threatening. No one could say where the next blow would fall, and all held themselves ready for flight, if the occasion should arise. Six months afterwards, Messrs. Hobbs and Stack recommenced work on the bank of the Hokianga River, at a place called Mangungu. Here, after a short time, they were joined by Mr, and Mrs. White. The situation was central, and they had within their reach, by boat, not less than four thousand people. Patuone and Nene — in after-days known as Eruera Maihi and Tomati Waka — engaged to protect them. And now they were soon to be cheered by a " rift in the cloud." The first Christian convert had been baptized in 1825. That was Rangi, who soon after died in peace. He was the first-fruits of a rich harvest. Not long after the destruction of the Wangaroa station, the notorious chief Hongi died. Several cases of bloodshed arose out of his death, which led up to a great hostile array in the Waima valley. This was likely to prove one of the most 4 50 The Missionaries. deadly strifes ever known in that land of war. The opposing parties were inflamed with mutual anger, and, like bloodhounds, longed to devour one another. But the missionaries were becoming a power in the country : at the risk of their own lives, they placed themselves between the con- tending parties, and after many days of patient negotiation, they succeeded in making peace. And now the faint streaks of morning light came upon them : the truth was laying hold of the mind, the conscience, the heart. Teachers were wanted for distant tribes ; books were eagerly read ; worship was established in many places ; war, with all its horrors, was rampant in some parts, but on and around the mission stations not a few were baptized. The " due " time had come. The sowers were now about to reap, for soon " the fields were white already to harvest." It was in 1836 that the writer arrived at Man- gungu, in company with the Rev. N. Turner and family. Messrs. Whiteley, Wallis, and Woon had been added to the staff. Two new and prosperous stations had been planted in the south at Wan- garoa and Kawhia. Mr. Woon was in charge of the mission press. The Episcopalian brethren on TJie Missionaries. 51 the opposite coast had increased their number and multiplied their stations, while their press was also actively at work. " The word of God mightily grew and prevailed." There was an earnest call for more missionaries ; both societies were greatly strengthened, and within a few years mission stations, with crowds of inquirers, studded the whole land. Dr. Thompson, referring to this " spiritual conquest of the New Zealanders," adds that " a narrative of this sublime event it is diffi- cult to condense." But this was not effected without opposition. In 1837 two young chiefs of the Hokianga were barbarously killed, one Sunday morning, as they were attempting to persuade a company of their countrymen to accept the Gospel. About the same time the Matamata, one of the stations of the Episcopalian missionaries in the Waikato district, was destroyed, and two teachers were murdered at Taupo. In 1838 the Roman Catholic Bishop Pompalier arrived in the Hokianga with several priests. But in the face of all, the desire for religious instrifction became very general ; and when, in January 1840, Captain Hobson established a 52 The Missionaries. British colony in New Zealand, the people were at least nominally Christian. There was hardly a village in which there was not a building — and that usually the best in it — used as a church. The Sabbath was all but universally observed : morning and evening prayer were offered in most of their settlements. Old people, as well as the young, had learned to read. Everywhere life was sacred and property secure. A marvellous change had come over that wild people, — " the Ethiopian had changed his skin." Many among them were Christians indeed, while the multitude were so in form. Dr. Thompson truly says, " The civilizing influence and blessings which Christianity has conferred on New Zealand, cannot be weighed in the scales of the market. Like musk in a room, it has communicated a portion of its fragrance to everything in the country. It has broken the theocratic principle of the tapii, and other super- stitions ; it has put an end to cannibalism, and has assisted in eradicating slavery ; it has proved a bond of union between the races, — the native Christian and the settler feeling themselves mem- bers of one federation ; it has led the way to intellectual development, industry, peace, content- TJie Missionaries. 53 merit, regard for the rights of every class, and progressive civilization." Colonization brought a new state of things. The religious character of the natives was exposed to a severe test. In many of them " the cares of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches, and the lusts of other things entering in, choked the word, and it became unfruitful." The missionaries still maintained a watchful care over them. In 1842 Bishop Selwyn arrived, and for twenty-six years laboured like an apostle. The Germans also established a mission in 1 846. All the societies supported their agencies ; while they in their turn, and not without success, were teaching their con- verts the duty of contributing to the support of those who laboured among them. But political agitations and their consequences were the main hindrance to their work. A great defection took place during the war which opened in i860. Schools of various grades had been formed, in many places, for the education of the native youth : all these were now closed. Some of the mission stations were necessarily abandoned. Maori churches were disorganized, and a large number renounced their Christianity for a new- 54 The Missionaries. fangled superstition which had more of a political than a religious meaning. A dark cloud rested on the mission churches. In the course of this demoralizing war, two valuable missionaries were victims to the spirit of revenge : one was the Rev. Mr. Volkner, of the Episcopalian mission, who was slain at Opotiki ; and the other the Rev. J. Whiteley, Wesleyan missionary, who was killed at the White Cliffs, not far from New Plymouth. A gradual reaction in favour of Christianity has been setting in since the war : this manifests itself in the general demand for copies of the Bible, the attention that is given to the building of churches, and a willingness to contribute to- wards the support of the Gospel. Many of the missionaries have grown old in the work, and are not now able to bear the rough toil of former days and the younger ministers are absorbed by the claims of the colonial population. Hence- forward the natives will have to depend, more and more, on a native ministry. A goodly number of godly and able men from among themselves have been ordained, and others are under training. The Episcopalians have a training institution under the care of the Rev. R. Burrows; and the The Missionaries. 55 Wesleyans another, in charge of the Rev. T. Buddie. At the present time the two societies report about thirteen thousand regular hearers, — a great falling off from former days. Of these about ten thou- sand are attached to the Episcopalians. But the influence of Christianity has, in a greater or less degree, reached the whole people. 56 CHAPTER IV. THE COLONY. Captain Cook — Herd's expedition — British Resident — Kororareka — Irregular colonizatioa — New Zealand Company — Captain Hobson — Waitangi Treaty — Auckland — Captain Hobson's death — Mr. Shortland — Wairau massacre — Captain Fitzroy — Dissatisfaction — Heke's war — Recall of Captain Fitzroy — Governor Grey — War ended — Schools established — Lord Grey's despatch — Colonel Wynyard — Rawiri killed — Land League — Colonel Browne — War at Taranaki — Return of Sir G. Grey — Sir G. Bowen — Sir James Fergusson — Marquis of Normanby — Sir Hercules Robinson, T T was in 1769 that Captain Cook first visited •*• New Zealand. It was known to Tasman and others long before, but he was the first to open intercourse with the people, and acquaint Europe with the character of the country. His far-reaching sagacity foresaw the fact of its be- coming, at some time, a British colony. In 1788 the English Parliament was inclined to make it a penal settlement, but abandoned the scheme on The Colony, 57 account of the savage customs of the natives. In 1825 an attempt at colonization was made. A company was formed in London, with Lord Durham at its head, and a capital of ^^"20,000 was subscribed. An expedition was sent out under the command of Captain Herd. He effected the purchase of two islands in the Hauraki Gulf, and a tongue of land in the Hokianga. The latter is still known as " Herd's Point." He did all that was possible to carry out the instructions of his employers, but was compelled to give up the design because of the ferocity of the people. In 1833 Mr. Busby was appointed British Resi- dent, to live at the Bay of Islands. By that time an active settlement had sprung up at Kororareka, now known as Russell. It was supported mainly by the numerous whale-ships which resorted to that port ; but it was a very Pandemonium. A number of Europeans had scattered them- selves over the country, and taken to themselves Maori wives. These men were generally of a very low moral type : most of them sought refuge from the restraints of law and order, and gained a living by sawing timber in the woods, or by fishing whales along tlie coast. The natives were 58 The Colofiy. becoming humanized under the influence of Christianity. Lured by the manifold attractions of the country, the number of European residents was on the increase ; pubHc attention was being called towards it, and an irregular colonization had already begun. The subject was thus forced upon the attention of the English Government, The House of Com- mons appointed a Select Committee which received elaborate evidence from all persons who knew anything about New Zealand. In 1838 a powerful association, known as the New Zealand Company, was formed, with the view of planting a colony forthwith. Colonel Wakefield, their Agent, went out in the Tory, and was followed by several emigrant ships. A very fine body of settlers committed themselves to this enterprise. All of them had bought town and rural lands of the Company, while as yet they had no title to a single acre. The Company's Agent, on his arrival, bought up large tracts of country, without any nice inquiry as to the right owners. This manner of proceeding led to serious disputes, which culmi- nated in bloodshed. The towns of Wellington, Nelson, Wanganui, and New Plymouth were The Colony. 59 founded by this Company. The delay and diffi- culty in obtaining possession of land, by reason of the loose way in which the purchases had been made from the natives, caused great loss to the disappointed settlers. It was the action of the New Zealand Company that compelled the British Government to take steps for the regular coloni- zation of the country. On the 29th of January, 1840, Captain Hobson, R.N., landed at the Bay of Islands in the capacity of English Consul. He had in his pocket Her Majesty's commission to assume the government of New Zealand, provided he first obtained the consent of the native chiefs. And this was done. A public meeting was called which resulted in the famous Treaty of Waitangi. This contained three articles : the first ceded to the Queen all the rights and powers of sovereignty over the whole territory of New Zealand ; the second secured to the chiefs, and their tribes, all territorial rights, subject to the exclusive right of pre-emption, on behalf of the Crown, to such lands as they might dispose of and alienate ; the third bind- ing Her Majesty to extend to the natives of New 6o The Colony. Zealand her royal protection, and to grant them all the rights and privileges of British Subjects. Six chiefs opposed the treaty, whilst twenty spoke in favour of it. The objectors were getting the best of the argument, when the scale was turned by a powerful speech from Tomati Waka Nene. Much excitement followed, and an adjournment of twenty-four hours was agreed to. On the next day, forty-six chiefs signed the treaty. Captain Hobson went to the Hokianga, where he was heartily welcomed by more than two thousand of the natives. Agents were sent to other parts of the country, and in less than six months, five hundred and twelve names were affixed to the State docu- ment. The legal difficulty being now out of the way, the Queen could assert her rule with the approval of the State lawyers. Proclama- tions were issued in the North island on 2 1st May, 1840, and in the South island on 17th June. By these proclamations it was declared that from that time all purchases of land from the natives, excepting by the Crown, would be illegal. In that was hidden the germ of all future troubles with the aborigines. The Colony. 6i The seat of government was fixed at the mouth of the Kaua-Kaua river, in the Bay of Islands, but very soon afterwards it was trans- ferred to the Waitemata. On 19th September, 1 840, the British flag was hoisted at Auckland, and in the following January, the Lieutenant- Governor took up his abode there. New Zealand was then a dependency of the colony of New South Wales. In May 1841 its independence was proclaimed, and Captain Hobson was the first Governor of the new colony. He did not long fill the position, for he died of paralysis in the forty-ninth year of his age, September 10, 1842. Captain Hobson was a man of a very sensitive nature. In his high office he was exposed to many annoyances. He was bitterly opposed by the Agent of the New Zealand Company, At Wellington measures were adopted which he construed into an act of rebellion, and he sent Lieutenant Shortland thither, with a company of soldiers, to put it down, Mutterings of a coming storm had led to an appeal to Sydney for troops. Auckland was soon reduced to a state of bank- ruptcy. Land for settlement could not be had: 62 The Colony. no one but the Governor could buy from the natives ; and if he had the will, he had not the means. Meanwhile the claims of old purchasers were undergoing investigation in the Commis- sioners' Courts. There was loud dissatisfaction. The local newspapers kept the poor Governor in a perpetual fever, and he sank under a load of mingled grief, vexation, and disappointment. His general policy was approved by the Home Government ; but he was not made of the stuff whereby a man is proof against the spite of enemies. Two things happened during Captain Hobson's short administration which claim notice. One of these was the last known act of cannibalism : this was by the old chief Taraia, on the river Thames. The other was the trial, conviction, and execution of a very young chief called Maketu. At the Bay of Islands he had com- mitted a foul murder ; but there was no legal evidence to prove his guilt, beyond his own con- fession. The court was crowded with natives at his trial. They could not comprehend why a lawyer should attempt to defend the prisoner. " What is this for } " asked one of them. " You The Colony, 6^ know he is guilty, as well as we do, and yet you appoint a man, who knows nothing about it, to persuade the judge that he is not guilty." They admitted the justice of the sentence, but demurred at the manner of it. He was hung. A profound sensation was left on the Maori mind. It was difficult to find a hangman. The poor fellow assisted at his own execution, by adjusting the rope, which some one, from behind a screen, had put round his neck. The culprit was calm — the spectators were agitated. When the rope was fixed, a low sound of horror ran through the crowd ; and when the drop fell, a loud, deep expiration, like that which ends a war-song, burst from the assembled natives. On the death of Captain Hobson, the reins of government were assumed by the Colonial Secretary, Mr. W. Shortland. He ruled by proclamations. During his time a tragic event happened, known in the annals of the colony as the Wairaic massacre. The case was this : In the province of Nelson there is a large valley called the Wairan. Colonel Wakefield claimed it for the Company, but the natives denied having sold it. Surveyors were at work 64 The Colony. on it. The two noted chiefs Te Rauparaha and Rangihaeata, with a party of armed fol- lowers, drove them off. They burnt the surveyors' huts, but carefully preserved their property from harm. A warrant was rashly issued for the arrest of the two chiefs. With still greater rashness, Mr. Thompson, the police magistrate, eight gentlemen, and forty men volunteered to execute it. They went, fully armed, in the colonial brig. As they landed, Rawiri Puahu, a Christian chief, begged them to leave their arms on board, but they gave no heed to his advice. A march of six miles brought them to the encampment. It was equally suited for de- fence or retreat. A deep stream was in front of it, and a thick scrub at the back of it. A war of words took place. The chiefs refused to become prisoners unless by force ; and they wished the whole question to be referred to the Commissioner. While this w-as going on, Rawiri read aloud passages from the New Testament, and begged both parties to keep the peace. A rush was made to seize Rauparaha. One of the whites fired a musket, and a running fight ensued. Several of the settlers were killed, and The Colony. 65 others ran away. Five of the gentlemen and four men, refusing to run, surrendered themselves to Rauparaha. Unfortunately, Rangihaeata had lost one of his wives in the skirmish. His blood was up, and, red-handed, he tomahawked all the prisoners. In this painful affair twenty-two settlers were killed : thirteen fell in fight, and nine were mur- dered. The loss on the native side was only five. This horrid tragedy produced a deep feeling throughout the colony — a panic among the colonists, and a triumph among the Maories. The spell of the white man's prestige was broken. The unhappy slain were the victims of their own hardihood : it was too much the habit to under- rate the courage of the natives, as compared with that of Europeans. It was at this crisis that Captain Fitzroy, R.N., arrived at Auckland, in December 1843. He came with the best intentions, but failed, as a Governor, by a temporizing policy. That can never succeed with a barbarous people, for respect to authority must go before obedience to law. At the first levee at Government House the natives presented two addresses : in one of them 5 66 The Colony. they complained because they could not sell their land ; in the other, of the high price of tobacco. The first duty of the new Governor was to go to Cook's Strait, that he might, on the spot, inquire into the late fatal affray. The victorious natives had returned to their own settlement at Otaki, and were awaiting the revenge on which they calculated. To excite the feelings of his tribe, Te Rauparaha held up a pair of handcuffs, taken from the late police magistrate, which, he told them, were intended for his wrists. The sight of these greatly enraged them. At Wellington the Governor held a levee, when the two races bitterly complained of each other, and he was betrayed into a hasty expression of his angry feeling towards the whites. At Nelson he publicly rebuked the magistrates who signed the warrant for the arrest of the two chiefs. At Otaki, he had a meeting with those two men, in the presence of five hundred natives and twelve Europeans. They showed no fear, but justified themselves as having acted in self-defence ; and as the Europeans were the aggressors, they maintained that they had violated no native law in killing their prisoners. Rauparaha was the spokesman, and when he had The Colony. 67 done, there was silence for half an hour. When the Governor spoke, he dwelt on the horrible crime they had committed ; but he added, as it was the English who made the attack, he would not avenge the dead. What could he do .' Had he threatened, he was without power to enforce his threats. Yet he should have demanded the cession of the disputed valley as the price of blood : that would have harmonized with Maori law ; but then he was unacquainted with their customs. As it was, his clemency was ascribed to cowardice. " He is afraid of me," said Rau- paraha, laughing. So he failed to satisfy either party. Governor Fitzroy found himself in a very diffi- cult position : great dissatisfaction prevailed among both races. A severe financial crisis set in : he had neither men nor money wherewith to carry out any great policy. The natives, in many places, showed a turbulent disposition. For the sake of peace, he made concession after conces- sion, and this was accepted as an evidence of conscious weakness. A money payment was substituted for imprisonment in the case of theft by Maories ; Custom imposts were remitted at 68 The Colony. the Bay of Islands ; the restriction on land- selling had been an irritant, and now Crown grants were to be issued, on the payment of a penny per acre. But none of these measures staved off disturbance. At Taranaki the settlers had come into colli- sion with the freed slaves, who, after the Wairau massacre, took possession of disputed lands and jeered at the authorities. Mr. Spain had come from England, as Commissioner, to examine the claims of the New Zealand Company : he de- cided that they were entitled to sixty thousand acres at Taranaki. At Oruru, in the north, a battle was fought, at the same time, on similar grounds. A chief, Nopera, had sold to the Government some land from which he had been driven away fifty years before. The conquerors were in possession, and denied his right to sell. An appeal was made to arms, and forty lives were lost. The Government had to repurchase from the occupants before they could have it. The cases were parallel, except on one point — in Taranaki the victors had not occupied the conquered territory. Had Captain Fitzroy awarded further payment to the claimants, he would have The Colony. 69 done well ; but he committed a great error in reversing Mr. Spain's verdict, by reducing the award to less than four thousand acres. By so doing he inflicted great hardship on the settlers, and fed, in the Maori mind, the spirit of exaction, widening the ground for future strife and trouble. At Wellington, and at the Hutt, there was bloodshed over land squabbles ; and in the north, disquietude issued in Heke's war, and the destruc- tion of the town of Kororareka. Auckland was threatened, and all but defenceless. Many were afraid lest the natives should make common cause against the whites ; but of this there was not at any time a real danger. There was, however, a spirit of general discontent : the colony had neither money nor troops ; the enmity of the New Zealand Company was unflagging ; the Governor, howbeit a truly good man, was unequal to the occasion : his policy was a weak one — that of vacillation. It was the hour of extremities, and " the darkest hour is before the dawn." The extremities brought the needed relief in the form of grants of money from the imperial exchequer, and large bodies of troops. But it was too late for Captain Fitzroy to retrieve his ill-fortune; — 70 The Colony. he was recalled. He has been described as " the man that lost Kororareka, but who saved New Zealand." Captain Grey (now Sir G. Grey) was appointed to supersede Captain Fitzroy. He landed in November 1845. He found the colony ^^^70,000 in debt, with ,^37,000 debentures in circulation, and the current expenditure exceeding the income by i^2 3,000. Calling together the Legislative Council, he passed a wise measure — that of pre- venting the natives from buying arms and ammu- nition, except under rigorous restrictions. The native belligerents were unsubdued, but were in want of supplies. They saw that, while their own forces decreased, the soldiers were increasing in number : still they would not ask for peace. Hitherto they had had the best of the fighting, and but for the valuable aid rendered to our troops by our native allies, under the command of Tomati Waka, their victory would have been decisive. They were now preparing to make a stand in a new, strong fort called Ruapekapeka, which was defended by 500 warriors. But Captain Grey was prepared to carry on the war with vigour. He brought against it a force of 1173 The Colony. 7 1 soldiers and 450 natives. The fortress was only sixteen miles inland, but such was the rugged character of the forest, that it took nine days for the men to get to it, and another nine days before the guns could be brought into position. The attack was opened on 31st December, and after ten days' cannonading, two small breaches were made. Sunday came. To avoid exposure, the garrison retired into the forest at the rear for worship, and while they were so engaged, their stronghold was taken. Then the ringleaders sued for peace ; an unconditional pardon was granted ; and thus Heke's war, which began in July i 844, ended in January 1846. Having settled the war in the north, the Governor turned his attention to the south, where a guerilla warfare had been carried on for some months. There also he succeeded, and by a clever strategy he made a prisoner of Te Rauparaha, and took him to Auckland. And now, peace being every- where restored, the Governor set himself to improve the condition of the colony. Mixing freely with the natives, and learning to talk to them in their own language, he soon acquired great personal influence over them. He was knighted in 1848. 72 The Colony. He established many schools for the benefit of the Maori youth, and employed numbers of the adults in road-making. He withheld a despatch received from Lord Grey, because it was in con- travention of the articles of the Waitangi Treaty, and by his representations obtained a revocation of the same. A nev/ constitution was granted to the colony before he left, but only one division of it, viz., that of the Provincial Councils, was set in motion by him. For eight years Sir G. Grey successfully administered the government of the colony. When he left, no class regretted his departure so much as the natives ; but he had failed to give them institutions, which would mould their social and political character, after his per- sonal influence was withdrawn from them. Colonel Wynyard was the acting Governor until Sir George Grey's successor arrived. He summoned the first House of Representatives to Auckland in May 1854. It included some men of great ability. After a somewhat stormy discussion, a system of responsible government was adopted, the old officials retiring on pensions. Difficulties cropped up in Taranaki : Governor Fitzroy's feeble policy was bearing fruit. Rawiri Waiaua, The Colony. 73 a salaried assessor, was disposed to sell land to the Government. He was on his way, with twenty-six of his tribe, to cut the boundaries. He was met by an armed party of the " Land League," headed by a chief called Katatore. They objected to the intended sale ; and on Rawiri persisting, they fired upon him and his retinue, killing seven and wounding ten. Rawiri was among the slain. This murderous onslaught was followed ,by a desultory war, which lasted two years or more, in which sixty lives were lost. It ended with the death of Katatore, who was foully mur- dered. Throughout this affair no settler was molested. A body of troops was sent for their protection, should any danger arise ; but they were otherwise to take no part in the quarrel. Colonel Browne arrived on September 6, 1855: he found the colony, upon the whole, in a pros- perous condition. The sum of ;^9000 had been contributed by the colonists, and been sent home, for the widows and orphans by the Crimean war. But the state of the native population was critical. The " King" movement and the " Land League" association contained elements of danger. Colonel Browne visited all the settlements, and was very 74 The Colony. anxious to conciliate the natives. To do this he ventured on an unfortunate experiment : he relaxed the "Arms and Ammunition" ordinance, so that within three years from that time, according to official registers, the natives spent ;^5 0,000 in guns and powder. The time for securing their hearty allegiance had passed away. A collision seemed inevitable, but it was precipitated by another act of the Governor. He bought six hundred acres of land from a chief called Te Teira, in the face of an earnest protest on the part of Wiremu King and his numerous followers. After the expenditure of much treasure, the spoli- ation of many prosperous homes, and the loss of hundreds of precious lives, it was acknowledged that Te Teira had not an independent title to the disputed land, and by Colonel Browne's successor it was given back to the natives. The Governor, believing that Te Teira really had such title, felt himself bound to uphold a principle, viz., that every man should be at liberty to do as he liked with what was his own. Accordingly he sent surveyors to the ground under the protection of troops. The protesting natives hindered the survey, and martial law was proclaimed on the The Colony. 75 22nd February, i860. Then the "dogs of war were let loose," and grievous results followed : Taranaki was laid waste; all the settlers, forsaking their farms, to be pillaged by the hostile natives, had to seek refuge within the narrow limits of a little town. By the influence of Wi Tamihana, of Waikato, a truce was agreed to on the 2 i st May, 1 86 1. Many other tribes sympathized with the insurgents. Those on the Waikato had lent them active aid : for having done so, the Governor, having about three thousand soldiers, resolved to invade their district and punish them ; but he was fortunately prevented. A change of Ministry took place, and the new Cabinet was opposed to the invasion ; yet they had not the power to forbid it, as the Governor was alone responsible for native affairs at that time. But just then the Home Government, becoming alarmed by the widening area of the war, removed Colonel Browne to Tasmania, and requested Sir George Grey to resume the government of New Zealand. Sir George arrived in September 1861. So far the war had settled nothing. The new Governor came with no common prestige : his mission was not war, but peace. His advent was hailed with 76 The Colony. ardent hopes ; but it was too late. It was an easy thing to evoke the evil spirit; not so to allay it. The confidence of the natives had been rudely shaken ; it was difficult to recover it. For eighteen months, the Governor and his advisers were most untiring in their endeavours to persuade the tribes to accept a liberal code of civil institutions. Had such an offer been made to them some years sooner, they would gladly have taken it ; but now they looked upon every proposal with suspicion. Sir George showed his wonted energy and tact in seeking to establish the new regime. Hostilities were renewed at Taranaki in April 1863, and on July 1 2 the invasion of the Waikato took place. The Governor had about ten thousand regular troops, under the command of General Cameron, with two gunboats ; nearly as many civilians under arms ; and a large body of native allies. The natives, against great odds, bravely defended their ancestral homes. Fierce battles were fought at Koheroa, Meremere, Rangiriri, Awamutu, Ran- giaohia, Orakau, at the Gate pah, and at Te Ranga ; but they had to yield to superior forces, although scorning submission. Two hundred and fourteen prisoners of war were sent to Auckland — • The Colony. 77 among them many chiefs of high rank ; and mul- titudes perished. A hundred and sixty thousand acres of their land were confiscated, and most of it divided among mihtary settlers. No peace was formally made : the Waikato campaign died out from sheer exhaustion. But while the fighting lapsed in the Waikato, it was going on at Taranaki, Wanganui, and on the south-east coast. Gradually the natives were put down, but not without heavy loss on our side. Every British soldier had left the colony before all insurrection had subsided, and a large body of armed constabulary and a native contingent were enrolled, to keep the disaffected in check. Sir George Bowen succeeded Governor Grey in May 1868. He soon became popular. A few months after his arrival, the colony was startled by the news that the prisoners at the Chatham Islands — in all a hundred and eighty-seven — had escaped by seizing a small schooner, the Riflcinati, and had landed on the coast near Turanganui. Had they been allowed to retire quietly to the mountains, perhaps they would have given no more trouble ; but they were hotly pursued and brought to bay. Thus challenged, and led by 78 The Colony. Te KootI, they ravaged the coast, and committed fearful outrages, sparing neither white nor Maori who came in their way. They were hunted down from place to place ; till Te Kooti, who had mar- vellous escapes, finding himself left with a very few followers, sought safety among the "King" natives on the Waikato, where he still abides. Since 1870 there has been no fighting, but murders have been sometimes perpetrated. In 1872, Sir George Bowen made a tour through all the districts that had been disturbed by war, and found everywhere peace, plenty, and progress. He was followed by Sir James Fergusson, Bart, in 1873, who resigned during the next year. The Marquis of Normanby took his place ; and on his transference to Victoria, the present Governor, Sir Hercules Robinson, was appointed. 79 CHAPTER V. THE PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. Drawbacks — Elasticity — Primitive condition — Travelling in early days — All changed — Good roads, bridges, and railways — Towns well paved, lighted, and appointed — Steam trams — Museums — Libraries — Institutes — Parks —Gardens — Exhibitions — Popula- tion — Proportion of sexes — Means of intercommunication — Post offices — Telegraph offices — Newspapers — Imports and exports — Public loan — Acreage under cultivation — Increase of ship- ping — Wool — Savings banks — Judicature — Constitution — Landowners — Social life — Religious condition — Sir Julius Vogel — Prospects. 1 "'ROM what has been already said, it will be ■^ seen that the colony of New Zealand has had many drawbacks, particularly that of disturb- ances by the natives. Like all other countries, it is liable to the ebb and flow of commercial fluctuations. It has undergone its seasons of trial ; but throughout all it has shown its elas- ticity and vigour. On a review of its forty years' 8o The Progress of the Colony. life, we find that it has made steady, and in late years even rapid, progress. I knew the country when it was in a state of nature — without a road, or a bridge, or a vehicle. In those days our journeys were necessarily made on foot, excepting where boat or canoe answered our purpose. Old war-paths through the other- wise trackless forests were our public highways. We could travel only in single file, stumbling every now and then over the matted roots of trees or fallen trunks. In the open, we enjoyed the daylight which faintly found its way through the umbrageous woods ; and here also we fol- lowed the same narrow trackways, having every here and there to ford a swamp or dash across a river. The only accommodation was that of a Maori hut, or a small calico tent which the tra- veller carried with him. Fish and potatoes made up the bill of fare which awaited him, on arriving at a Maori village. Such things as tea, sugar, bread, bacon, etc., he had to take along with him, as well as changes of raiment, blankets to sleep in, and figs of tobacco, which answered the pur- pose of current coin, wherewith to pay his way. To act as guides, and to carry his luggage, he The Progress of the Colony, 8 1 would engage two or more strong natives as his travelling companions. Their services, it is true, could then be obtained for a trifling consideration. Many journeys have I made in this way : the longest of them was from Hokianga, in the north, to Port Nicholson, in the south, — a journey that occupied six weeks in 1839. There was not a little romance about that style of travelling — sometimes walking along the sounding seashore, then climbing the rugged mountain; now plunging into the silent forest, then emerging upon the open plain ; one. day paddling down a deep river, another day shooting a foaming rapid, — charmed by the beauty, or overawed by the grandeur, of the scenery, in turn ; through the day, toiling, resting, musing ; and at night seated, in dry clothing, by a roaring fire; and, after the plain supper and the evening hymn were over, listening to the tales, the tricks, and the traditions of the natives, until con- strained to pay court to " Nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep." For years after the planting of the colony, the above description applied to a very great part of the country. But all this is altered now. For long distances we have roads as good as any in 6 82 The Progress of the Colojiy. England, and the rivers are spanned with sub- stantial bridges wherever there is much traffic. There are railways open over 1200 miles; long lines are in course of being laid down, and ere very long, the entire colony will be traversed by the iron-horse. Coaches are running, where there are as yet no railways, in all the peopled districts, and there is no place whatever where horses cannot be used. The natives themselves travel on horseback, and it is no uncommon thing to meet a cavalcade of from ten to fifty of them, with their trappings, all mounted. The English traveller requiring a native guide to-day, must hire both him and his steed; and that, too, at a good price. Nor is there hardly, if any, place where accommodation for man and beast cannot be had, although it may be, in many cases, of a primitive type. In the early stage of our colonial history, our towns were little more than misshapen collections of tents, huts, and shanties. The streets, so- called, were quagmires in wet weather. Delicate ladies did not despise a bullock-cart as a means of locomotion : but what do we now see .' Beau- tiful cities, containing from 20,000 to 35,000 The Progress of the Colony. 83 people in each ; well-paved streets, lighted with gas, crowded with vehicles of all kinds, and adorned with stately buildings, which com- pare favourably with those in the best English towns. There are many smaller towns, with a population ranging from 2000 to 7000. There are fifteen towns with from 1000 to 2000 in- habitants in each ; and besides these are forty more with from 100 to 500. In some of the larger towns, steam-trams are used. Museums, libraries, mechanics' institutes, etc., are found in all of them. Public parks, gardens, and show- grounds are also provided. The annual agricul- tural, horticultural, and art exhibitions are all on a very considerable scale. The entire popu- lation of the colony, exclusive of the Maories, was on March 3, 1878 — the date of the last census — 414,412, and probably now is not less than 450,000. In 1850, at the end of the first decade, it was 26,000; in i860, 99,000; and in 1870, 256,000. During each decade it has steadily increased. Of the 414,412 persons in March 1878, it was found that 108,195 were born in England and Wales ; 47,949 in Scotland ; 43.758 in Ireland ; i 6,091 in Australia ; 174,126 84 The Progress of the Colony. in New Zealand, of British parents ; 4,840 born in other British possessions; 18,505 foreigners; and 9,401 of origin unstated. The population of New Zealand has nearly doubled within the last ten years. But the disproportion of the sexes is considerable: the males numbered 231,139 as against 183,273 females. Not only were our New Zealand towns few, small, and rude in the first decade, but they were isolated from each other. The means of inter- communication, by land or sea, were very slender, and interchanges were like " angels' visits, few and far between." There were not many roads at that time, and no steamers. It was not un- common for a voyage from Auckland to take weeks. The arrival of a vessel from England, or from Australia, to any port was an event which drew crowds of people from their houses to the wharf. The harbours are now alive with shipping ; elegant steamers navigate the coast ; lighthouses guide the mariner; 814 post-offices deliver an- nually nine million letters, five million newspapers, 116,000 post-cards, and half a million book- packets. The postal rate for letters is a penny within town delivery, twopence within the colony, The Progress of the Colony. 85 or to Australia, and sixpence to England. I remember when we thought ourselv^es fortunate to get an answer to a letter from England within the year ; now we can receive it within three months ; and by means of cable-gram, the latest European news is circulated over the colony in two days. Eight thousand miles of telegraph wire are in operation. The charge for telegrams is a shilling for ten words, within the colony. The first newspaper published in Auckland was printed in a mangle, — a specimen of it may be seen in the museum ; — now there are about forty dailies, and a larger number of weekly and bi-weekly ones, besides many monthly serials by the religious denominations. In 1843, so low was the credit of the colony, that an attempt to borrow ^15,000 in Sydney, at fifteen per cent., was a failure. Now, at five and six per cent., millions are borrowed in London. The colonial debt is, in round numbers, about twenty-seven millions. This to many will appear a grave matter, until the assets, in the shape of large reproductive public works, such as railwa}'s, roads, wharves, etc., are considered. No doubt, some of the borrowed money is wasted. The 86 The Progress of the Colony. best governments are but human. When large sums are passing through their hands, they are tempted to be more or less profligate in the ex- penditure of it I do not pretend that the New Zealand Government are free from this charge ; but, this admitted, it is true that by far the largest part of the public loan has been well invested in the way of developing the resources of the country, and greatly increasing its available wealth. To pay the annual interest of this loan, a heavy taxation is unavoidable ; but it can be proved that the colonist is far richer with it than he could have been without it ; and at the same time the public creditor has, in the landed estate of the colony, an ample security. Mr. Archibald Hamilton, in a paper read before the Statistical Society in 1877, says: "The public debt of the colony is amply covered by sound public assets, independent altogether of the ordinary taxable resources of the community — for its numbers, one of the wealthiest and most thriving in the world." The rateable property in the colony is estimated at £i 18,200,000. When New Zealand was colonized, it exported a few bales of flax, a few cargoes of timber, and The Progress of the Coloiiy. 87 a few tons of potatoes. According to the census of 1878, the exports for the preceding year amounted to ^6,078,484, and its imports to ^6.973,418, or together ;^i 3,05 1,902. It feeds 158,000 horses, 579,000 cattle, and 13,000,000 sheep ; and the annual value of wool exported amounts to between three and four millions sterling. These numbers increase every year; and as the foregoing totals are taken from tables com- piled two years ago, it may be safely reckoned that the sum total is at this time greatly enlarged. At the same date, there were in the whole colony 3,241,189 acres of land under cultivation, including grass, besides 26,000 acres just broken up. New Zealand will in time become a great manufacturing, as well as a pastoral and agricul- tural, country. There are even now 29 iron foundries, 49 carriage works, 43 ship and boat- building yards, 3 woollen factories, 100 tanning and fellmongery establishments, 32 boiling-down and meat-preserving works, 204 saw-mills, 124 brick, tile, and pottery works, 2 3 clothing factories, and many woodware factories, for extent and efficiency rivalling those of the largest cities of the world. 88 TJie Progress of the Colony. During the last decade of the colony, 2,300 miles of road were formed. The entire tonnage of shipping outwards in 1869 was 247,764; in 1876 it had increased to 393,334, and is much more now. In 1869 the shipping belonging to New Zealand was 25,990; in 1876, 44,401. At the former date the amount of wool exported was 27,765,636 lb. = ^1,109,527 ; at the latter date it was 59,853,454 lb. = ;^3, 395, 8 16. The total ordinary revenue in 1869 was ^1,025,516 ; in 1876 it was ^^"2, 39 1,344. During the same period the territorial revenue rose from iJ^3 82,070 in 1869, to ^1,149,622 in 1876. In 1869 the postal revenue was ;^5 8,o67; in 1876 it Avas ;^i 29,263. At that date the savings banks held nearly a million pounds sterling to the credit of the depositors. These savings banks represent chiefly the savings of young men and servant- girls, and others of a like status. Most colonists transact their finances with the ordinary banks. By far the largest proportion of the holdings are freehold, and the occupiers invest their savings in land. Besides wool and gold, the exports include wheat, flax, gum, tallow, hides, timber, etc., all of which, year by year, increase largely in quantity. Tlie Progress of the Colony. 89 In the infancy of any community, there are great difficulties in the way of providing education for the young. In 1845 the only institution in which anything, beyond the merest elementary instruction, could be had was that of the Wesleyan College at Auckland. Afterwards the Govern- ments of some of the provinces subsidized a number of schools on the denominational principle. This system was "weighed in the balances, and found wanting." Now there is a good State system ; and wherever twenty-five children can be assembled — and there are few places where this cannot be done — a school-house is built, and a teacher well paid, by the Government. There are 928 district schools, with 61,975 pupils and 1,893 teachers. The education is secular, and free. There are two Universities, holding large endow- ments; and endowed colleges and grammar-schools in all the large towns, which are affiliated to the New Zealand University. At Christchurch there is a large normal training-school for teachers. There is no difficulty in obtaining a really good education for both boys and girls, either of an elementary or high-class character. In a demo- cratic community especially, this is a matter of the go The Progress of the Colony. greatest importance, and the Colonial Legislature have very wisely devoted much attention and money to it. There is no reason why every child in New Zealand may not be very well educated, if its parents will faithfully perform their duty. There is no Poor Law in the colony, and it is to be hoped there never will be. Hitherto, how- ever, all pauperizing legislation has been avoided. Cases of need, when they occur, are met by charitable associations of a voluntary character, some of which are subsidized by grants of money from the Government. The judicial business is administered by a Supreme Court with a chief justice and four puisne judges ; also by district judges, resident or stipen- diary magistrates, and justices of the peace ; the proceedings being, in almost all respects, as in England. Municipal institutions are established throughout the colony. Local government is exercised by sixty boroughs, with mayors and councillors, by sixty-three counties with county councils ; also by a large number of highway boards, harbour boards, river trusts, etc. The rate- payers are the electors of these institutions, and fix their own local rates. The general revenue The Progress of the Colony. 91 of the colony, raised mainly from the Customs, railways, stamps, and the proceeds of the leasing and sale of the public lands, is about four millions per annum, which is expended by the votes of the Legislature. The Legislature consists of a Governor — who is appointed by the Crown, but paid by the colony — and two Houses of Parliament. The Upper House, or Legislative Council, is made up of forty-five members, nominated by the Crown, and includes two Maories; and the Lower House, or House of Representatives, consists of eighty-eight members, elected for five years by the electors, throughout the colony, including four Maori mem- bers. The members of Parliament are entitled each to an honorarium of two hundred guineas for every session they attend. The Executive Government consists of about seven Ministers of the Crown, one being a Maori, who hold office so long as they possess a majority in the House. This Parliament, which follows strictly the usages of the British Parliament, makes all laws for the colony, which may be, but very seldom are, dis- allowed by the Queen. The franchise almost amounts to manhood suffrage, and very likely 92 The Prog7'css of the Colony. it will crc long be literally so. The voting is by ballot. There is a proposal by the Government to make the Parliament triennial, and this will certainly soon be the case. The tendency of legislation is decidedly in the direction of demo- cracy ; it is, therefore, the more necessary that the masses be educated up to a standard whereby they shall clearly understand both their duties and their rights. With a democratic constitution, there exists an enthusiastic spirit of loyalty to the British throne. There is in colonial life a social freedom which is very charming. The class distinctions of an antiquated community do not exist there, while the manifold institutions for social recreation are reproduced. No man loses caste because he had the good sense to accept such employment as might offer itself to him, providing he does not compromise his character. I know men, now holding important positions, who, on their first acquaintance with the colony, had the courage to drive bullocks, shepherd flocks, and even to break stones on the road. This creates no bar to their rising in the social scale. Clever and industrious artizans, mechanics, and labourers often rise to The Progress of the Colony. 93 the most influential positions, and are welcomed in the highest circles of society. This has the happiest effect in breaking down those artificial barriers which are invincible in an old con- ventional country. Nature's aristocracy is limited to no class of society. I have often observed in New Zealand that men of the lowest social grade improve greatly in character. A man finds there a prospect before him, and this is a stimulus to exertion. The hope of becoming in time a holder of property, induces the poorest man to take a real interest in law and order. This imparts a wonderful amount of conservatism to the working classes. In few countries is the proportion of properties to population so great as in New Zea- land. In France it is one to J'l \ in Belgium, where land is perhaps more subdivided than in any other European country, the proportion is that of one to 4*7 1 ; and in New Zealand it is one property to five people ; and when it is remembered that within the last few years 90,000 persons have been brought out as assisted or free immigrants, this proportion is all the more. The high wages and good treatment which useful servants can demand, have a tendency to 94 The Progress of the Colony. improve both the employers and the employed. The frequent exchange of position tends also to temper the conduct and feeling of both rich and poor towards each other. It is no uncommon thing to see an old servant sending a valuable present, from her own ample store, to a former mistress, now become poorer than herself ; or to see a mistress taking a pride and a pleasure in instructing her late servant, to acquit herself creditably in some affluent station of life. In the religious character of the colony, I rejoice to record a very marked progress. All religious bodies are thrown upon the voluntary principle. The best refutation of the presumed advantages of a State Church is furnished in the efficiency of the voluntary principle in the colonies. If any are more benefited than others, it is the Episcopalian section, by reason of the freedom they enjoy from the trammels of State interference, and the corruptions incident to State patronage. Before the colony was formed, there were a number of Episcopalian, Wesleyan, and Romanist missionaries in the country. In the first instances, these gave their services to their respective co-religionists among the colonists, and The Progress of the Colony. 95 to any others who were wilh'ng- to receive them. The four leading denominations to-day are the Episcopalian, the Presbyterian, the Romanist, and the Weslcyan, while every other branch is repre- sented. In the towns, there are well-built churches, filled with devout congregations. In many of the country villages, two or three small churches are found ; and in places where the inhabitants are as yet unequal to the task of building for themselves, some public room is engaged, in which ministers of the several deno- minations officiate in turn. This plan has the very desirable effect of rubbing off angularities, and of softening prejudices. They who have to preach to mixed congregations cannot spend their time in enlarging on disputed points of doctrine ; and you may, therefore, often hear a sermon from which you cannot tell to what communion the preacher belongs. The Episcopalian body is numerically the largest. They have six bishops, all of whom are hard-working men, with verymodest establishments and moderate salaries. They have a good Church constitution. The General Synod meets triennially, in the larger towns, in rotation ; and there is a 96 The Progress of the Colony. Synod for each diocese, which is annual. In all these the bishops, clergy, and laity vote by orders. The late Bishop Selvvyn had the chief hand in framing this constitution, and in laying the foun- dation of the Episcopal Church in New Zealand. Ritualism finds no favour. The clergy, as a whole, are laborious men, and are doing a good work ; but are less disposed to fraternise with others, than are the ministers of the other Protestant deno- minations. The Presbyterians are numerous : they are divided into the " Presbyterian Church of New Zealand," and the " Presbyterian Church of Otago," answering, in ecclesiastical leanings, to the distinction of Liberal and Conservative in secular politics. The Romanists have three energetic bishops and several conventual esta- blishments; and the Wesleyans have a Conference of their own, which assembles, year by year, in the larger towns, alternately. There is hardly any place in the colony, however remote, where the agents of these four churches do not exist. There are, altogether, not less than five hundred ministers of religion in New Zealand, without reckoning the army of unpaid agents, exclusive of the Maori churches ; and this represents rather The Progress of the Colony. 97 more than one minister for every thousand of the people. The unavoidable admixture of creeds and classes, in every-day life, cannot but have a good result in the way of removing sectarian animosities. It is in the last decade of our colonial history that the greatest rate of progress has been made. For this we are mainly indebted to Sir Julius Vogel, K.C.M.G., the present Agent-General for New Zealand : he came into power in 1870. At that time a dark cloud overhung the colony : a long and exhausting war with some of the turbulent tribes, had drained the resources of the country; and although the war had settled nothing, every British soldier had been withdrawn. Had they been so disposed, nothing could have prevented a general uprising of the Maori tribes, which would have menaced even the existence of the colony. Trade was paralyzed, the future was forbidding, and " men's hearts were failing them for fear." At that crisis. Sir J. Vogel enunciated a bold scheme ; it was known as " the Public Works and Immigration Policy." The object proposed was to open up the whole country by railways, and to add to its population by inducing the 7 98 The Progress of the Colony. right classes of people, from Great Britain, to make New Zealand their future home. To do this, he would go into the English market, and borrow ten millions, on the security of the public estate. Timid men held their breath when this great plan was propounded. All sorts of mis- fortunes were to follow, culminating in ruin. Some thought the time was come to clear out, at any sacrifice, in order to escape the impending calamities. Such prophets of evil are never wanting. Sir J. Vogel prevailed, and his policy has proved a grand success. More than twice ten millions have been borrowed; and, besides other public works of great importance, a large portion of the country is now traversed by train, to the manifest and great advantage of the public ; and the population has been nearly doubled. Nothing is now wanted but a trunk railway, throughout the whole of the northern island, in order to secure the permanent peace and pro- fitable settlement of the interior. Up to this time, those tribes known as the " King " natives, with others on the Taranaki coast, are opposed to the innovation. They are not insensible to The Progress of fJie Colony. gg the material advantages they may derive from it, but they fear it will be at the cost of their tribal independence. It is this question that forms the standing difficulty in the way of our diplomatists. Very liberal overtures have been made to the chiefs of these tribes, but they meet them all with the impossible demand for the return of the confiscated lands : they might as well ask for the moon. To the present hour a large body of the armed and mounted con- stabulary is kept up by the colony at a great expense, as a check upon any possible outbreak. There is little, if any, reason to fear another war : they would engage in it against great odds, and they know it. It is a passive resistance on which they take their stand : they isolate them- selves, and afford a refuge to the criminal. This imperimn in hnperio is a dangerous institution, and it taxes all the political dexterity of our colonial legislators so to deal with it as to avoid bloodshed. It is the legacy of the late war. They were beaten by superior forces, but not subdued. They still hold to their king, their flag, and their league. At Taranaki, a shrewd fanatic called Tc lOO Tlie Progress of the Colony. Whiti has drawn around him a powerful body of malcontents. He lays claim to revelations from heaven. His professions are peaceable, but he complains that the Government have failed to perform certain promises made to the natives, in reference to the confiscated blocks. Acting under his orders, a number of them went to work, ploughing up the grass-meadows of the settlers. An armed demonstration was made to deter them : they would not desist, but allowed themselves to be arrested. More than a hundred of them are now in the Wellington gaol await- ing their trial. Te Whiti's own story is that he had no hostile intent, but purposely adopted that plan in order to force public attention to their just claims. I shall not be surprised if it turn out that they have some grievances ; and, if so, policy, not less than principle, demands redress. The Maories have suffered too much in recent conflicts, to make them at all desire a renewal of hostilities ; but they are suspicious of the designs of the Government, and tenacious of their own rights. Thus, virtually, they say, "Hands off!" to any fancied invader of their realm. Successive The Pjvgress of the Colony. loi Governments have done their best to effect a reconciliation, and in those attempts they have not ahvays consulted their own dignity. It is humiliating that we should condescend to coax: them into allegiance, and after all utterly fail ; and it is even more so, that well-known murderers dwell among them, and our police may not arrest them, lest resistance be offered. Time, money, promises, have been squandered in vain, in trying to bring these natives over. It is not possible to restore their confidence. Perhaps the best way is to let them alone, and trust to the great healer, time, to cure the malady ; only a careful watch should be maintained on their movements. At present there is no prospect of it, until the older men have passed away ; but I do not think there will be a collision, because both parties desire to avoid that alternative : the natives, who would fight on unequal terms ; the Government, who are alive to the cost of war. They trust to diplomacy, not to the sword. It would be well if such had been the case from the beginning. A short time since. His Excellency Sir Hercules Robinson was the guest at a dinner given by the Canterbury Agricultural Association. In respond- 102 The Progress of the Colony, ing to the toast of his health, he concluded an able speech with these words : " I know of no sight more calculated to impress an Englishman with feelings of pride and thankfulness than to travel through a great new country like this, which was first settled only about forty years ago, and to see on all sides the evidence which it affords of material progress and social improvement. To see great cities like Christchurch, Dunedin, Wel- lington, Auckland, and Invercargill, which have grown up as if by magic ; to see, as I did, moun- tains of grain stacked and waiting shipment at Oamaru and Timaru, the produce of districts which a few years ago did not grow enough for their own consumption ; to see such a pastoral and agricultural show as I inspected to-day, and of which many of the old countries of Europe might feel proud ; to see everywhere vast districts of country, which twenty-five years ago were un- productive, covered with flocks and herds, and cornfields, and administering to the wants and contributing to the happiness of hundreds of thou- sands of our race ; — I say, sights such as these make one feel proud of the genius of our country- men for colonization, and confident as to the future The Progress of the Colony. 103 of this great country. The resources of the land are boundless : it is capable of supporting in comfort and independence a population of many millions; and it offers, to my mind, on the whole, more advantages than any other country in the world with which I am acquainted, to industrious and hard-working men. Nature has, indeed, been most bountiful to New Zealand. She has given her beautiful scenery, a magnificent climate, a soil of unsurpassed fertility, an extensive sea-board, a commanding position, and, in short, every natural condition necessary for the reproduction here, on these southern seas, of a younger and a happier Britain, exempt from the stint and want and the misery which are unfortunately so common at times in the old country, and offering a far more general participation in the good gifts which God has so bountifully bestowed on this country." 104 CHAPTER VI. THE CHIEF TOWNS AND DISTRICTS. The Provinces — Their abrogation — Port Chalmers — Dunedin — Christchurch — Westland — Invercargill — Lyttelton — Wellington — Wanganui — Taupo — Picton — Nelson — New Plymouth — Onehunga— Auckland— Waikato — Thames — Kaipara — Hokianga — Wangarei — Bay of Islands — Tauranga — Ohenemutu — Roto- mahana — Taupo — Napier. WHEN New Zealand received a constitution, it was divided into six provinces, viz., Auckland, New Plymouth, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago. These were afterwards increased to ten, by the creation of four new provinces, viz., Napier, Marlborough, Westland, and Southland. Each of these provinces had a Government of its own, with an officer at its head who was called Superintendent, all elected by the ratepayers. This was a wise arrangement for the time : it prevented centralism, while means of The Chief Towns and Districts. 105 intercommunication were few and feeble ; it fur- nished a field for political education, and it gave a stimulus to local development. But in course of time the conditions were changed : steam and electricity had brought the several settlements into closer relation with each other, and provincial legislation was becoming a clog to colonial legis- lation. In 1875 the whole provincial order was abolished, and the country was mapped out in counties. But while the provincial institutions no longer exist, provincial boundaries are still recog- nized as a matter of convenience. I propose now to take my reader on an imaginary tour throughout New Zealand, that he may learn something of its chief towns and districts. In doing so, I shall follow the old provincial lines. Let us suppose, then, that we have made the voyage from England, and are at anchor in Port Chalmers. It is a beautiful place, not unlike a bit of fairy-land. The town is built on a penin- sula, jutting into the harbour, half-way between Dunedin and the Heads, It is here where a great proportion of the commerce is conducted. At the railway pier large vessels are always load- ing for, or discharging from, different parts of the io6 The Chief Tozvns and Districts. world. A native settlement is visible within the Heads. On both sides of the harbour are wooded banks, with a rich variety of foliage. The popu- lation is about three thousand. From Port Chalmers there are three ways of going to Dunedin : one is by steamboat, another by railway, and a third by coach ; the last is over a romantic road : the distance is about eight miles, Dunedin was the chief town of the old province of Otago. It was settled in 1848, by an asso- ciation representing the Free Church of Scotland. They purchased a block of four hundred thousand acres, and up to the year 1861 it was an exclusive Presbyterian settlement. The pioneer settlers had rough work to do ; but they were a sturdy class, and equal to the emergency. The discomfort of being taken in open boats, along with their house- hold effects, from Port Chalmers, and landed on the shores of the town of Dunedin, — its surface an entanglement of scrub and flax, without a roof to cover or protect them, or a known face to welcome them, and the question as to how supplies could be obtained until they could raise their own, — all this was enough to damp their enthusiasm. To their credit, they braced themselves up to the The Chief Towns and Districts. 107 occasion, and laid the foundation of ample for- tunes. In 1 86 1 gold deposits were discovered, and that- led to a large influx of people from all parts and of all classes. Dunedin is now the largest city in the colony : it stretches along the head of the bay, and has a north-east aspect. A large number of elegant villas are built on the terraces, cut out of the hills at the back of the town, and the fine foliage trees by which they are surrounded give a very pic- turesque appearance to the scene. The best view is from the water. Nearing the jetty, the many chimney-stacks, and the sound of hammers, give the impression of busy industry. Roads from all parts of the country converge in Dunedin, as the capital : the main north road by the North-East Valley ; the main south road by Caversham ; the road to the interior by Stuart Street, Maclaggan Street, Pine Hill ; the road to Otago Heads by the Peninsula. The town stands on 865 acres. It has ninety streets, each 66 feet wide, the greater number metalled, with curbed and asphalted pave- ments, and well lighted with gas. The length of Princess Street and George Street — the one being a continuation of the other — is two miles and a io8 The CJiicf Towns and Districts. half ; or if the extension through the suburbs be included, there is a straight line of street four miles in length, and almost level. A belt of 560 acres is set apart for the recreation of the inhabitants. The public buildings are numerous and handsome, and many of the shops would do credit to the cities of the Old World. It has a population of thirty-five thousand. The principal streets are alive with vehicles of every description. Dunedin has been called the Chicago of Australasia. From Dunedin the tourist can go by rail to Invercargill, about two hundred miles, passing through a large extent of cultivated land, and very fruitful agricultural and pastoral districts. Between those places are the towns of Milton, Balclutha, Laurence, Roxburgh, Alexandra, Clyde, Cromwell, Oueenstown, Riverton, etc. Invercargill was the capital of Southland. It is situated twenty miles from the Bluff harbour, which is in Foveaux Strait, and opposite to Stewart's Island. It is a town of considerable importance. In the interior is the large lake of Wakatipu, with two towns on its banks. From Invercargill we will return to Dunedin coastwise in a steamer : it is about twelve hours' The Chief Toivns and Districts, 109 run. Thence we take the train for Christchurch, two hundred miles distant, and pass through the rising towns of Hampden, Moeraki, Waikouati, Oamaru, Waimate, Timaru, Temuka, Geraldine, Ashburton, etc., and a very wide area of the best pastoral and arable country. Christchurch was the capital of the Canterbury province. This was settled in 1850, by an association representing the Church of England ; but its exclusive character was soon broken down. Its original design is seen now by the mediaeval style of the oldest buildings, the ecclesiastical names of the streets, and the valuable endowments owned by the Epis- copal Church. Christchurch is built on a plain extending to a great distance. It is a busy, pros- perous place. The plan of the city is rectangular. The streets are wide, well metalled, and the foot- paths laid with asphalt. It contains many fine buildings, and is more English-like, in its general appearance, than other towns in the Australasian colonies. Among its public edifices are a college, a normal training-school, and an excellent museum. It owns a park of more than five hundred acres, and the public gardens are kept in good order. The winding and pellucid Avon flows through iio The Chief Towns and Districts. the town. It is separated from the Port, a distance of six miles, by a mountain range called the Port Hills. Nearly twenty years ago, a tunnel was bored through the hill, little less than two miles long, which is now a railway tunnel. That work cost a quarter of a million. The population was small then, and this great undertaking was carried through by the indomitable energy of Mr. W. S. Moorhouse, who w^as then the Superintendent of the province. The seaport, Lyttelton, contains about three thousand people, and its harbour works are very complete. Christchurch abounds with delightful carriage drives. Its market-day pre- sents a scene of great activity. From every point of the plain, the eye looks upon the Southern Alps, for a great part of the year covered with snow. This lofty range divides Canterbury from Westland. Westland was for many years an all but in- accessible place; but in 1865 the discovery of gold drew a multitude to that part. Now there are several thriving towns, such as Hokitika, Kumaru, Greymouth, Westport, etc. ; and large seams of excellent coal have been met with. Soon after Westland became peopled, the Provincial The Chic/ Towns mid Districts. 1 1 1 Council of Canterbury cut a carnage road across the mountain, at a cost of i^ 15 0,000. A coach goes to and fro twice a week, performing the journey in two days. The alpine scenery on the way is magnificent. The towns of Hokitika and Greymouth have each a population of about four thousand souls. A large quantity of gold is still found in this district, but as the mining is con- ducted as a regular employment, it has lost much of its charm for the adventurous ; therefore it is less peopled than at the beginning : then there was a great rush, but now it assumes a much more settled, progressive, and businesslike character. At no distant date, it will surpass its former pro- portions with regard to population. These towns have many excellent buildings, and the streets are broad and well laid out. The development of the coal trade will prove a great source of wealth. Only small steamers can enter into the rivers, there being but a few feet of water on the bars, at the entrance. Daily coaches ply between the several towns on the coast. Time was when a visit to Westland was a rough undertaking, but to-day the traveller will find every convenience and com- fort, combined with a touch of romance. The 1 1 2 The Chief Towns and Districts. climate, which was excessively humid, gradually improves as the forests are being cleared. We have journeyed from Dunedin to Christ- church overland. Coastwise, it is by steamer a voyage of sixteen hours to Port Lyttelton. From Christchurch the Northern Railway is open about fifty miles towards Nelson, passing through the townships of Kaiapoi, Rangiora, Amberly, etc. Beyond that, the road is broken, and the country occupied by sheep-runs. It is proposed to con- tinue the railway in that direction, and to lay down another, so as to connect Westland with Canterbury. From Lyttelton to Wellington takes seventeen hours by steamboat. That is one of the finest harbours, completely landlocked. The city has a very picturesque appearance as it opens to view : it is flanked by a range of hills, which is adorned by many beautiful villas. The popu- lation is about 2 0,000. The visitor sees that nearly all the buildings are of wood ; — even the Government House is of this material. This is accounted for by the damage that was done by earthquakes in 1848, and again in 1855 ; but an ordinance has been lately passed, forbidding the erection of wooden houses within certain limits. The Chief Towns and Districts. 1 1 3 Stone and brick buildings will therefore, as in the other towns, now become conspicuous. A large proportion of the town site has been reclaimed from the sea. Here, as elsewhere, many spa- cious churches and other public edifices rear their heads. The wharves present a scene of mercan- tile activity ; the streets are lively ; and a steam tram plies from one end of the town to the other. The fertile valley of the Hutt lies within eight miles of Wellington, and is divided from the Wai- rarapa plains by the Remutaka range of moun- tains. There are now several thriving towns in these plains, such as Featherston, Greytown, Masterton, etc. The railway is completed so far as to the first of these, penetrating the mountain through a tunnel, and is being continued until it meet that from Napier, on the other coast, opening up a wide extent of fine country, and giving promise of great riches in the future. Proceeding northward from Wellington, a good coach road traverses a hilly and wooded country to the coast, a distance of twenty-five miles. This passes through several villages, and the very delightful valley of Horokiwi. Arriving at the brow of the 8 1 1 4 The Chief Towns mid Districts, Paikakariki hill, the traveller, on a fine day, be- holds a splendid panorama below him. On the right, the bold island of Kapiti, a few miles from the mainland, keeps watch, like a sentinel at his post. In the distance, on the opposite side of Cook's Strait, the snow-capped Kaikoura is visible. Before him a long line of white sandy beach is stretched, bordering a fine strip of rich land reaching to the mountain range, and terminating with Mount Egmont. Along the sea-beach the coach runs to the important town of Wanganui ; but at a distance of thirty miles from it, it quits the sandy beach, and travels over a good metalled road, with well-cultivated farms on either side of it. The distance from Wellington to Wanganui is a hundred and twenty miles, and is done by coach in two days. There are several rising towns on the way : among them are Palmerston, Foxton, Fielding, Marton, etc., and also a number of native settlements. The coach crosses several rivers, yet unbridged : the Wakanae, the Otaki, the Mana- watu, and the Rangitikei are the principal ones. At the two latter a punt is used. The Manawatu is a river of some importance, and flows through The Chief Towns and Districts. 1 1 5 a valuable tract of country. To this point also a railway is being extended from Napier. A large number of Scandinavian families are located in the intermediate forests, and are doing well. A coach now connects this with the railway so far as it is made. The Manawatu gorge is spanned by a very substantial bridge — a work of art ; and the scenery round it is an inviting picture for the painter. It was at Manawatu where the large assembly of natives was held in 1867, so graphi- cally described by Sir C. Dilke in his " Greater Britain." It was on the occasion of their receiving the stipulated payment for a large block of land they had ceded to the Government. Wanganui contains about three thousand people, and is situate on the river of the same name, some four miles from the Heads. The river is navigable for vessels of more than 200 tons. It has an iron bridge, 700 feet long, one of the finest structures in the colony. On the sea side of the town there are only large sand-hills ; but the river valley on both sides contains soil of an excellent quality- Wanganui is the centre of a large trade, not only with the fine agricultural and pastoral districts of Rangitikei, Waitotara, and Patea, but also with Ti6 The CJiicf Towns ai:d Districts. Wellington, Auckland, and Westland. Access to the country is made easy, by a system of good roads converging upon the town. In the direction towards Wellington, railway works are being pushed, and steamers run between these ports, every two or three days. From Wanganui, the traveller can penetrate to the inland lake of Taupo ; or going northerly, he can visit New Plymouth, about 130 miles distant. Nothing can exceed the fertility of this part of the country : when all apprehension of native disturbances are permanently settled, it will, without doubt, justify the name that has been given to it — " the garden of New Zealand." But to New Plymouth we will come by-and-by. Meanwhile, let us return to Wellington, and cross over Cook's Straits to Nelson. Before arriving at Nelson, we go through the Tory Channel into Queen Charlotte's Sound, a large and well-sheltered basin. Here is the little town of Picton, whence a railway steams to Blen- heim, in the Wairau plain. Leaving Picton, our steamer goes through the very remarkable French Pass, and very soon we cast anchor in Blind Ba)'; or, if the tide suit, the pilot comes off and takes The Chief Toivns and Districts. 1 1 7 us within the Boulder Bank, alongside the wharf. No one can fail to be charmed with the beauty of this little town. It has some very pretty buildings, and is in a delightful situation. For a pleasant residence it offers every advantage, though it is not a place of great commercial importance. The country lying near to it is good in quality, but limited in quantity ; and there is not much room for development. Its climate is exceptionally fine, so that it has been called the Madeira of New Zealand. The voyage from Wellington to Nelson takes twelve hours. From Nelson we cross the Strait to New Ply- mouth, a distance of 150 miles. Here is an open roadstead, and we are landed in large surf-boats, skilfully handled. The town has about two thou- sand inhabitants. It looks well from the sea, the ground "gradually sloping upwards from the beach, and a dark green belt of bush still rising in the middle distance, until the landscape culminates in a glorious background of the majestic, snow-clad cone of Mount Egmont. The central point of the fore- ground is Marsland Hill, crowned with the Immi- gration Barracks — most commodious, but certainly not prepossessing in appearance In front, and to 1 1 8 The Chief Toivns and Districts. the right and left of this point, churches and other buildings are seen peeping from amidst the trees, which have been plentifully planted by the settlers." Taranaki, of which fine district New Pl}'mouth is the chief town, has been aptly compared with Devonshire in England. It is well watered, beau- tifully wooded, and has a most fertile soil. It was laid waste in the unhappy war which began in i860. It has now far more than recovered its former condition, and is in a very prosperous state. Several small townships have been laid out, and the surrounding country is rapidly coming under the plough, and is very productive. On the sea- beach there is, in unlimited quantities, a fine iron- sand. The country is settled so far as the White Cliffs, about thirty miles to the north of New Plymouth. Beyond that, it is in the exclusive occupation of the Maories, including the rivers of Mokau, Kawhia, and Aotea, stretching along a line of coast for about a hundred miles, till we arrive at Waingaroa, or Raglan. At the mouth of the Waitara river, ten miles to the north of New Pl\-mouth (and which was the casus belli in the late conflict), the town of Raleigh has been built ; and on the Patea river, ninety-five miles to the The Chief Towns arid Districts. 1 1 9 south, that of Carlyle. These and other towns will grow into importance when the projected railway is completed. From New Plymouth, it takes about twelve hours to steam to the Manakau. The town of Onehunga stands on the north bank of this broad river, a few miles up from the bar entrance. Thence, by rail or 'bus, a pleasant trip of six miles brings the tourist into Auckland. This city, with its environs, is like unto " Corinth for commerce, and to Naples for beauty." It has a noble harbour, Waitemata, on the east shore. " The space lying between it and Onehunga is covered with orchards and vineyards, and studded with villas. The adjoining country was found not only extremely eligible for settlement, but highly attractive in its aspect, and in some places nearly intersected with navigable estuaries. Numerous isolated hills of volcanic formation are prominent features in the district : a few of them are of considerable elevation, some rising precipitously in terraces from the level plateau ; others with spurs sweeping down to the plain, — combining all the beauty of a natural and gracefully rolling landscape, diversified by bold I20 The Chief Towns and Districts. and picturesque eminences. These are now covered with luxuriant pastures, well stocked with flocks and herds ; and their verdant slopes, as well as the plains at their base, are dotted with homesteads and villages, which, like the bright tints in a painting, impart life to the scene; while, beyond the blue and placid waters of the Waitemata, on the opposite shores of Auckland harbour, in their varied character of grandeur and beauty, appear the islands of Rangitoto, Motu- tapu, and VVaiheke, forming half a circle, and enclosing the estuary from the sea. Beyond these, again, in the distance, and mingled with the horizon, is to be seen the dim outline of the mountain ranges of Cape Colville, three thousand feet high, which, under the brightness of a summer's sun and an Italian sky, bound and complete the features of a landscape remarkable for its loveliness and surpassing beauty." * Auckland has a population of twenty-six thousand. It is the centre of numerous native settlements. It has some good streets, and many noble buildings. Its public domain and gardens are exquisitely delightful. The site of the town * Kennedy's •' New Zealand." The Chief Towns and Districts. 121 is undulating, and affords ample choice of the prettiest nooks for sylvan retreats. The suburb of Remuera — the favourite residence of prosper- ous merchants and others — cannot be excelled, if equalled, for its quiet beauty. From Auckland, the Waikato settlements can be reached by train for a distance of a hundred and four miles. So far as Mercer, which is on the north bank of the Waikato river, the road lies through a hilly and woody country, passing through a number of populous villages. Several embryo towns are growing on the Waikato. It is a valuable district, confiscated from the natives in the last war : it extends to the " King " settle- ment. This part is making great progress : it has large deposits of good coal, as well as a wide area of pastoral and arable land. Thirty miles from Auckland by steamboat, and without leaving the waters of the Waitemata, you reach the gold mines at Grahamstown, at the mouth of the fine river Thames. This will soon be connected with Waikato by a railway. There is an extensive tract of good country lying between the Thames and Tauranga, on the east coast, all of which will in time be open to settlement, but as yet the I 2 2 The Chic/ Towns and Districts. opposition of some of the natives interested in it, has stood in the way. It is known as the Ohine- muri district. The varied and great resources of this place indicate for it a prosperous future. From Auckland to the North Cape is two hundred miles. Not far to the north is the Kaipara district, with its large rivers, its vast forests, and its wide wastes. It is now joined to Auckland by a railway which crosses the isthmus. It was here where the Albertland settlement was formed in 1864. Owing to the inexperience of the settlers, the smallness of their capital, and, perhaps most of all, to their isolation from any market, they had much to endure ; but now they have weathered their difficulties, and are living in comfort. A large trade in timber, gum, and flax is maintained on the Wairoa, one of the large rivers of the Kaipara territory. About a thousand natives are scattered over it, who live on good terms with the colonists. Sixty miles further north is the Hokianga, a very important river, command- ing large forests of the Kauri pine. From three to four thousand natives live in the luxuriant valleys through which the tributaries flow, but the European residents are not very numerous. The Chief Towns and Districts. 123 If we start from Auckland to the east coast, we pass several islands, such as Te Kawau, Sir G. Grey's residence, and the Great Barrier. At the end of seventy miles, we come to Wangarei, which is a safe and pretty harbour. Here are coal mines, and ample room for settlement on farms. At Waipu, inside the South Head, a number of Nova Scotians established themselves some years ago. Their land is not of the best quality, but by means of their industry, their thrift, and their determination, they are now a prosperous com- munity. When we come to the Bay of Islands, we are a hundred and forty miles north of Auckland. This is a magnificent harbour, and the climate is delicious ; but as far as commerce is concerned, it does not now reckon for much: it has never recovered from the desolation inflicted by Heke's war in 1845 — 1847. The coal mines in the Kawakaua valley are its mainstay at this time. There are many places away to the north which will repay the traveller for visiting, but none of them are yet of much importance in the records of the colony. We will return to Auckland, and take boat for the south-east coast as far as Tauranga. Here is 1 24 The Chief Toivns and Districts, a small town and a good harbour. The Gate pah, where, through a sudden panic, we lost so many officers and men, is hard by. We take coach for Ohenemutu. The drive includes eighteen miles through a forest. The destination is reached at early evening. Clouds of vapour overhang the lake. We find accommodation in a plain hotel, in which probably there are several visitors beside ourselves. A plunge into the warm waters of the lake is as refreshing as it is comfortable. A large native settlement is situate on the bank of the lake, and the Maories crowd around to look at the Pakeha (white) strangers. If we decide on a visit to the remarkable geysers at Wakarewarewa, and the wonderful white and pink terraces of Rotomahana, we must, in the morning, hire horses and a guide, and engage lodgings in the Wairoa settlement, where a European, for a consideration, supplies bed and board to visitors. Having secured the services of a native crew, at an early hour on the following morning we cross the romantic Lake Tarawera in a canoe ; and after a luncheon, cooked in one of the boiling springs, we proceed to examine the phenomena before us. Returning to Ohenemutu, we take The Chief Towns and Districts. 125 coach for Taupo, where we arriv^e in the evening, and are glad to find a good hotel. Two days' more coaching, over a somewhat barren country, brings us to Napier, and, with it, all the appliances of civilization. Napier is a pretty and prosperous town. The harbour is very small, so that large vessels have to lie in the roadstead. A railway is in process of formation, which will join that from Wellington. As yet, much of the journey is by coach, and takes three days : it passes over a \ery interesting country; but after all the jolting, which is unavoidable, we are not sorry to be at our journey's end. 126 CHAPTER VII. THE LAND LAWS AND REGULATIONS. Treaty of Waitangi — Land purchased by the Government — Old provincial VLgime — Land districts — Local Boards — Differences of nile — The " Homestead " system — Importance of seeing the land before buying — Timbered land suited for working men — Indications of good soil — Waikato — Taranaki — Wanganui — Poverty Bay — Hawke's Bay- — Wellington — South Island — Im- proved land — Leasing land — Charm of a settler's life. '' I ^HE Treaty of Waitangi secured to the natives all their territorial rights ; but a large extent of land has been purchased from them by the Government, including the whole of the South island, and many portions of the North. It is computed that the natives now hold about twenty millions of acres. Under the old provincial regime^ every province had the control of its own waste lands : in this way different regulations obtained. Since the abrogation of the provinces, the colony has been divided into ten " land The Land Laivs and Regulations. 127 districts," viz., Auckland, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay (or Napier), Wellington, Nelson, Marlborough, Canterbury, Otago, Southland, and Westland. In December 1877, an Act was passed by the Colonial Parliament repealing all former Acts, and providing for the sale of Crown lands in the several districts aforesaid. This was called " The Land Act of 1877." It came into force on January i, 1878. A copy of it will be found in the Appendices. For each land district, a Commissioner, and one or more Receivers of Land Revenue, are appointed by the Governor. Such Commissioner is also the Chairman of the Land Board for that district. The Board must consist of not less than two, nor more than five, members, beside the chairman. This Board meets periodically at the Land Office of the district. The conditions of sale are not alike in all the districts : for example, in the Canterbury district, land may be had in priority of application to the Board, but not in less quantity than twenty acres, nor for less price than forty shillings per acre ; but in Taranaki if there be more than one applicant for the same land, it is submitted to public auction, at 128 The Land Laws and Reflations. A the upset price of twenty shillings per acre for bush land, and forty shillings per acre for open land. The Homestead or " free grant " system is confined to the Auckland district. By this pro- vision, every adult person applying is entitled, under certain conditions, to twenty acres of first- class, or thirty acres of second-clas.s, land. Blocks of land are set apart by the Governor, at the recom- mendation of any Land Board, for sale on deferred payments on the most favourable terms. I do not recommend any one to buy land before he has seen it, and satisfied himself as to its quality and its position. At the Land Offices all necessary information can be had ; but it is not wise to act solely upon this : the buyer should acquaint himself with the locale of the land offered to him, and go and see it for himself. It would pay him to give a fee to a local surveyor, who may know where to direct him to some choice spots. Some portions of the country are heavily timbered : these are best for the poor, hard-working man, who by dint of his own labour will, in a few years, make a smiling homestead out of his few acres of bush ; finding his building and fencing material, as well as supplies of fuel, The Land Laws and Regulations. 129 on his own ground. But on account of the heavy cost of clearing by hired labour, forest land is not profitable to the capitalist, and there is no need for him to encounter it. While some parts of the country are all forest, there are many more where the forest is less than you could desire. It need hardly be noted that a piece of good forest on a farm is a great advantage. In the North island there are tracts of poor land — stiff clay hills, which produce nothing but a stunted fern : this can be brought into cultivation only by a ruinous outlay. In other parts there are areas of pumicestone which will always be sterile. Where the land is good, the fern grows to a height of many feet. The presence of a plant called Tupakihi, but commonly known to the settlers as Toot, is a sure indication of good soil. The Waikato plains, in the Auckland district, contain very rich land. Taranaki, extending along the coast to Wanganui, is proverbially fruitful. Poverty Bay is a choice district. There is grassy land in the Hawke's Bay district : a great deal of it belongs to the native chiefs, who draw large revenues in the shape of rent. Wellington has great variety, — densely-wooded hills, luxuriant 9 130 The Land Laivs and Regulations. valleys, and extensive plains, covered with grass, or fern, or flax. In the South island, the largest extent of really good land is found, although there are some places, of a light and gravelly soil, which will never be of any use but for the depasturing of sheep. The great wheat-growing farms are in this island, and many of them will bear comparison with English farms. The natural growth is that of a strong tussock-grass, on which sheep and cattle do well. In summer-time it is easily burnt off, and the plough is at once put in, whereas the destruction of fern root takes a long time, and a great deal of work. The success of the settler depends very much on a sound choice ; therefore he should not be in a hurry. He will do well to have a look at Taranaki and Hawke's Bay, in the North island, and Timaru and Oamaru, in the South island, before he pitches his tent. This is easily done now, at little expense of time, by steamer and by railway. Land, improved or unimproved, can be bought in any district from private owners. There are places where capitalists have secured large tracts of virgin soil, with the purpose of cutting them up into small farms, and selling them at a rate The Land Laws and Regulations. 131 whereby they will recoup their outlay, and realize a fair profit on the same. These will be in the hands of respectable land agents, from whom all information may be derived. The price may range from three to six pounds per acre, according to circumstances. In most instances of this kind, a great portion of the purchase-money can be left for a term of years, on the security of the said land, and chargeable with interest. Or, what is not uncommon, such farms may be had on lease for three, five, or seven years, at a yearly rental, with a purchasing clause in the lease, which binds the owner, at the expiration of the term, to sell the fee-simple to the tenant, at a given price per acre. This is a good arrangement for a man of limited capital, as it leaves that capital free for the successful working of his farm ; and his will be a singular case, if he be not able to pay the stipulated price as the lease runs out, and make the farm his own. If it be more convenient to the settler, he can buy an improved farm, by which is meant a farm that has been brought under cultivation, fenced, and provided with suitable buildings. For such a farm he may have to give from eight to fifteen ip,2 The Land Laws and Recrulations. i} pounds per acre. There are many such farms of from fifty to a hundred acres in extent, which have been brought into a high state of culture by hard-working men, who began their career with small means, and are now ready to sell them at their increased value, that they may go further into the interior, and, taking up a larger quantity at the upset price, begin life again. There is a great' charm in watching, as I often have, the process of redeeming the wild waste until, in course of time, the wilderness is made to rejoice, and " the desert to blossom as a rose." I have seen, in many places, the solitudes of the country transformed into beautiful landscapes, and vocal with the hum of amply rewarded toil. One may now drive over a splendid road for fifty miles or more out of Christchurch, lined on both sides with beautiful farms, and passing through numerous villages, with school and church meeting the eye, at every few miles. And this is not peculiar to any one place : from north to south, every settled district presents the same picture. The following description by Dr. Hochstetter is not poetry, but fact : — " Only yonder in the distant horizon, towards The Land Laws and Regulations. 133 west and south, where sombre shadows are hovering over lofty mountain ranges, there are still traces to remind us of virgin forest and of primeval wilderness. Yet the curly wreath of smoke ascending there is a proof that even there the son of man has fixed his abode. There are the first settlers, pioneering for generations to come. A small log-house is standing in the midst of the dusky bush : it is the scanty shelter of a family that has come many a thousand miles far o'er the deep to form a new homestead in a new country. The father is in the bush : trunk after trunk is falling prostrate under the powerful stroke of the woodman's merciless axe ; the mother at home is preparing the frugal meal in the iron pot suspended by a chain over the merrily flicker- ing chimney fire ; children are playing in front of the sylvan hut, radiant with health, and with their cheeks flushed with the forest breeze ; a faithful dog, chickens, and pigs are their playmates. ' It is hard work, indeed,' — the industrious housewife is, perhaps, chattering with her husband, on his return from the combat with those antiquated wood giants. ' A life full of trouble and pri\ation : no physician, no drug store, no church in the 134 ^/^^ Land Laws and Regulations. neighbourhood, nor even a friend to talk about the dear old home ; )'et what we see before us and all around us is ours, — we may call it ours ; and the Giver of All, I trust, will grant us His help for the future.' And so it is. From year to year improvements are going on : the bush dwindles away, crop succeeds crop, the log-house has been supplanted by a pleasant, commodious country house, surrounded with blooming gardens and waving fields ; herds of well-fed cattle are grazing in the pastures ; horses are skipping and plunging in the meadows ; friends have settled in the neighbourhood ; smooth lanes and neat paths are winding between hedges and through the woods, from farm to farm. And close by the wayside stands a church : a tavern is there, and the first" trading shop has already been opened. Where of late there stood but a scant}', isolated log-house, there is now — it cannot be called a village, nor is it quite a town ; it is a fragment of a town. Town people are inhabiting it, with town wants and town fashions. They have mail communications and newspapers, horses and car- riages, and are living like the lords and ladies in the ' old country.' There, in the evening of a The Land Laws and Regulations. 135 busy life, the old ones are enjoying their plenty : their children have now advanced into the bush ; father and mother have set them a good example, and a new, vigorous generation, undaunted by obstacles, is taking with rapid strides possession of the land, once the native haunts of a race of men of another complexion, called savages, who also lived after a manner, but it was the manner oi their fathers." 136 CHAPTER VIII. THE EMIGRANTS PROSPECTS. Emigration a relief to the old country — Always a serious step — '"Who should not emigrate?" — Unsuitable classes — "Who should emigrate?" — Agriculturists, capitalists, and labourers — Capital required for small farm — Professional men — Skilled artizans — Domestic servants — How to get to New Zealand — Choice of ship — Weekly dietary — Requirements for the voyage — On landing, what to do. "\ T EW ZEALAND offers many advantages to -^ ^ the emigrant. To the overcrowded popu- lation of Great Britain, emigration to our colonies seems the natural relief from excessive competition, and the painful struggles for life which prevail in this old country. Emigration, however necessary', is, after all, a serious step : in no case should it be treated lightly. Who should emigrate } is an important question ; but there is another that comes before it, Who should not emigrate .-' To those who are doing well, and have fair pros- The EniigranC s Prospects. 137 pects for their families, I say, Don't think of it : let well alone. But there are numbers who, with all their efforts, fail to do well, and their prospects for the future are anything but bright. To all such, the subject of emigration commends itself ; but let every one, before committing himself to an irreversible step, wisely " count the cost," and con- sider whether he has within himself the resources which command success. It must not be forgotten that the ordinary con- ditions of success are precise!}' the same in the colonies as in England. Probity, industry, and frugality are as necessary there as they are here, but with this difference, — the chances there are many, while here they are {q.\\\ At home many fail in spite of requisite qualities ; but in the colonies, if they fail, it is for the want of them. The colonies, like the mother-country, have their itps and dozvns, their ebb and flow of commercial tides. In the course of these transitions, many a man suffers through no fault of his own ; yet, in the long run, the man who is fitted to succeed does succeed. Those who are ruled by sentiment only, and imagine that b}' changing their latitude and longitude they will change the conditions of 138 The Emigrants Prospects. life, will be miserably disappointed. To any one misled by seeing colonists visit England with loads of wealth, who twenty years ago, it may be, went out with little or nothing more than their personal abilities, yield to the romantic notion that he will go and " pick up a fortune," I would say, Don't. Fortunes may be made, but they are not to be " picked up." If the history of the successful colonists — and their name is legion — were known, it would be found that they had to " work with their ow-n hands," to submit to not a little roughing, and diligently to improve the advantages wdiich Providence put in their way, before they could permit themselves to indulge in the luxuries which riches can procure. And I may venture to say that, in most cases, if not in all, had they remained in England, they w^ould have failed of similar success for want of opportunity. Not only those who shrink from hard work, but several other classes of men, should hesitate before they emigrate. Clerks, shopmen, and the like, have little chance of employment as such. As a rule, their condition here is pitiable ; and if they have physical energy, self-reliance, and a readiness to do an}-thing, I w^ould not discourage them from Tlie Emigranfs Prospects. 139 seeking to improve their position in New Zealand. I have known many such who were strong-minded enough to throw away all "dandyism," while never parting with self-respect, having a good knowledge of business in general, and a power of adapting themselves to circumstances, work themselves up in time to a good position. I have known, for instance, young men who went out as drapers' assistants, in course of time become owners of large establishments, editors of public journals, and even members of the Parliament. And men of a similar stamp may still "go and do likewise;" but they will have to work for it. Some years ago the New Zealand Govern- ment adopted the vicious system of paying their emigration agents, in whole or in part, by a capitation allowance. They were thus exposed to a strong temptation to look at quantity more than quality, and by any means to fill the ships. In this way, a great many most unsuitable men arrived in the colony at colonial expense. I have known makers of dolls'-eyes, pipe-blowers, button - makers, etc., to be brought out. Poor fellows ! what could they do } Awaking to the reality of their position, it was a dark disappointment : they 140 Tlic Eungranf s Prospects. had of necessity to enter upon some new path, and, notwithstanding difficulties, many of them, by the force of their own character, have managed to do very well. One day, more than a year ago, I was coming from the city to my home, when I found in the same carriage a gentleman who had known me in New Zealand. He emigrated thither in 1866; he was by trade a lath-splitter, and landed at Dunedin with only two shillings in his purse. He could get no work in his own calling, for, few houses being slated, laths were not wanted. Necessity compelled him to do something. Failing anything better, he very wisely accepted employ- ment in breaking stones on the road, at five shillings per day. In course of time he found more congenial work, and had been for some years a traveller for a commercial firm. He had done so well that he could now afford himself a year's holiday to visit England, see his friends, and return. There is a hopeless class of young men who find their way to the colonies. They are the neer-do-ivells. Brought up in the habits of idle- ness, luxury, and vanity, which mark the young " gent," but not the gentleman, their fathers can The EinigranC s Prospects. 141 find no way of suitably providing for them at home. At last they come to the desperate (often fatal) conclusion, to send them to the colonies. They are provided with a saloon passage, a bank draft for fifty or a hundred pounds, and a few letters of introduction to men of position. Their letters may bring them an invitation to dinner ; their money is soon melted in the public billiard- room ; and, out of purse, out of credit, they are soon out at elbows also. Compelled by stern necessity, these unfortunate young men may be found as billiard-markers, boot-cleaners, or cooks' assistants, or in some still more humiliating con- dition. It is a grave mistake for fathers to expose their sons, who are wholly unfitted for a life of honourable industry, to the temptations of colonial exigency. There are classes whom I can recommend to emigrate with the moral certainty of great benefit to themselves. Of these, I may speak of agri- culturists. The farm labourer will meet with immediate employment, and high wages ; the ploughman, the shepherd, the teamster, will earn at once from fifty to fifty-five pounds per annum, with his board and lodging, including meat three 142 TJie Emigrajif s Prospects. times a da}-. If he be a married man, and the wife can make herself useful, they may together get from sixty to seventy pounds per annum. Any number of this class can find employment, and it will be their own fault if, in a few years, they do not have farms of their own. The wages for an ordinary labourer are seven shillings per diem, of nine hours. I know many who, by industry and thrift, have succeeded in raising themselves from the condition of labourers to that of farmers : such men usually begin on their own account with a farm of about fifty acres ; and beside cultivating their own, they make money by taking contracts for ploughing, by sheep-shearing, and by harvest- ing — according to the season — for the larger farmers in their neighbourhood. Very often, after they have got their land into a high state of culture, they sell it for four or five times as much as it cost them at first ; and, going further back, begin again with much larger farms. Tenant farmers of England — especially those who have hardy sons and daughters, — heavily handicapped with high rents and severe taxation, and can hardly make both ends meet, will find it a great relief to transplant themselves to New Tlie Emigrant'' s Prospects. 143 Zealand. I presume they would take with them some capital, so as to buy land and begin farming at once. In my opinion, to deal successfully with, say, a hundred acres, there should be a capital of not less than ^^500. Some will say one-half of that amount would be enough ; and doubtless many have tried and succeeded with even less than that ; but this means years of struggling with difficulty and privation. Let a practical farmer plant himself on his own land, with suf- ficient means for working and stocking it, and he soon finds himself independent. He has no fear of the rent collector, nor any dread of the tax gatherer. There are no tithes to be paid, no poor-rate to be levied, no game-laws to annoy. There are taxes, but they are light : there is the education-rate of one pound per annum for each householder ; there is the road-rate, levied by the local board, which cannot, by law, exceed one shilling in the pound on the annual value : this rate is subsidized by the Government ; and there is the property tax, which amounts to one penny in the pound, of the value of all property in excess of five hundred pounds. Capitalists can find no better field for profit- 144 The Emigrant'' s Prospects. able investment than in New Zealand. Money is worth eight and ten per cent, on the best mortgage security. Capital can be well employed in the purchase and resale of land, under the guidance of a sound judgment ; or, with adequate knowledge, the capitalist can profitably engage in sheep or cattle farming on a large scale ; and there are other ways by which a moneyed man, with business habits, can add to his resources. Professional men, lawyers, doctors, and engi- neers may find, in New Zealand, an encouraging prospect. The professions of barrister and solicitor are not divided there. It is not uncommon, where two legal practitioners join in partnership, for one of them to act as the attorney and the other as counsel in any given case. But no one can be entered upon the roll until he has been three months in the colony, duly notified by each registrar, and having passed an examination in New Zealand law, by one of the judges of the Supreme Court. Many of the educated youth of the colony take to the legal professions ; and yet there is room. During the first decade of the colony there was little for doctors to do ; but the congregating TJie Emigrant'' s Prospects. 145 of people in towns, at a more rapid rate than sanitary arrangements could be provided, together with the introduction of various epidemics, have made work for medical men. The stranger need not buy a practice ; he will soon make his wa}' into one. In some cases, a number of wealthy farmers, wishing to have a duly qualified practi- tioner within convenient reach, join together and guarantee a salary of from three to four hundred a year, to which he may add fees outside the subscribing circle. In this way a young doctor may make his debut, and, in due time, occup\' a more lucrative sphere. If he be a man of good address and approved skill, his success is sure. Skilled artizans, — carpenters, joiners, cabinet- makers, millers, wheelwrights, coachbuilders, sad- dlers, smiths, shoemakers, tailors, painters, masons, bricklayers, plasterers, etc., — all get good wages, ranging from eight to twelve shillings per day, and sometimes more than twelve shillings.* The cost of living is about the same as in England ; the items of house-rent and fuel are dearer : the * Since the above was written, information has been received of a financial depresson which has seriously affected the labour-market, so that many of the classes here specified were unable to find em- ployment. This depression was owing mainly to the withdrawal of 10 146 The Emigrant^ s Prospects. latter will gradually come down, as the local mines become more generally worked. By far the greatest number of working men acquire cottages of their own after a while, through the aid of building societies. Miners, too, can find work either in the coal or the gold mines. Not long ago, an agent was sent to England from Westland to engage fifty colliers, for a given term, whose passages to the colony were to be paid by the company, and when there, they were to receive nine shillings per day. Domestic servants of good character are in great demand, and by application to the Agent-General in London can have free passages. Their wages vary from twenty to forty pounds, but good cooks can get more than that. Nurses, laundresses, and charwomen do very well, — the latter earning from four to five shillings per day, with food ; and the former, from twenty to forty shillings per week. Nursery governesses find no difficulty in getting situations, if they are disposed to make themselves useful. Women of all classes, if their personal capital from the colony through the panic caused by the failures of banks at home. It is only temporary, and ere long the former prosperity will return. Meanwhile, it offers no encouragement to emigrants unless they have capital. The Emigrant^ s Prospects. 147 character be good, have a better prospect of a comfortable settlement in life than they can expect in this old country. In the colony there are many more men than women, and the generality of men are in a position to marry. Therefore those of the fair sex who have anything to commend them, are likely to have the oppor- tunity of gracing a home of their own, if they are so disposed. We will suppose now that, after a full considera- tion of the matter, it is decided to emigrate. What then .? The next thing is how to get to New Zealand. To those that can afford it, the most agreeable route is via San Francisco, crossing the Atlantic to New York ; thence by Pacific Railway to San Francisco, where the monthly mail steamer is ready to start for Auckland, calling at Honolulu on the way. The whole journey takes just forty days, if the traveller makes no stay in America. Another route is via Suez, by the Peninsular and Oriental line. This involves transhipment at Melbourne, taking altogether fifty days, and is nearly as costly as the former. Or the voyage can be made direct to Melbourne by steamer, in about forty days, and thence transhipping to any 148 The Emigrant'' s Prospects. of the New Zealand ports. There is no steam- service direct to New Zealand ; but on the ground of economy, health, and comfort, let me recommend a good sailing-ship. The average length of the voyage is ninety days, and the best time for leaving England is from June to October. There are several lines of sailing-ships, but that with which I am best acquainted, and can recommend, is the New Zealand Shipping Company, whose London office is 84, Bishopsgate Street Within ; only I advise to take passage in one of their ozvn ships in preference to one that is chartered. Mr. J. White, of Laceby, near Grimsby, undertakes to organize companies of emigrants ; and by getting as many as fifty in one party, he secures for them certain adv^antages, besides that of mutual affinity in social and religious life. The cost of passage is — Saloon (including bedding, etc. Ditto (without ditto) Second cabin . Steerage (enclosed berths) Ditto (open ditto) . The following is the weekly dietary scale for each adult (other than saloon) passenger : — is^- 10 45 25 18 16 Articles. Second Cabin. Steerage Preserved meats . 2 lb. 1 lb. Soup and bouilli . \\h. The Emigi^ant'' s Prospects. 149 Articles. Second Cabin. Steerage. Fish ilb. Ham . iib. Indian beef I lb. ijlb. Mess pork i^lb. l^lb. Rice . I lb. I lb. Flour 4ilb. 3 lb. Barley *lb. Biscuit 4ilb. 3jlb. Peas (split) ipt. ^pt. Oatmeal . ipt. I pt. Preserved milk ipt- Sugar (raw) iib. r lb. Ditto (refined) . ilb. Tea . 2 oz. 2 oz. Copper 3 oz. 2 oz. Butter . ilb. 6 oz. Cheese . ilb. Raisins . ilb. ilb. Currants . . ilb. ilb. Lime-juice (in tr opics 6 oz. 6 oz. Suet , 6 oz. 6 oz. Jam . . ilb. Pickles . ipt. Ipt Vinegar • sPt- ^Pt. Treacle . ilb. fib. Mustard . \ oz. i oz. Pepper . ioz. J oz. Salt . 2 oz. 2 oz. Potatoes (fresh) . 3ilb. 2 lb. Ditto (preserved) . ^Ib. \Vo. Water . 21 qts. 21 qts Second and third class passengers find their own cabin furniture — such as knives and forks, 150 The Emigrant'' s Prospects. table and tea spoons, plates and dishes, teapot, cups and saucers, water-can, washing-basin, towels, utensils, and bedding. A small filter will be very- useful on the voyage, and a canvas bag for soiled linen. It is a mistake to provide a large outfit : warm clothing, with a waterproof coat for blow- ing weather, and light clothing for the tropics, are necessary. A good rug will be found convenient, and also a folding chair — for it is well to spend as much time on deck as can be. Before going to sea, a little saline aperient medicine should be taken, and a small supply provided for use on the voyage. A few tins of preserved fruit will also be desirable. It will be found best, on all hands, to buy good articles ; and so apply to some re- spectable outfitter, such as Mr. Silver, 6"] , Cornhill, or Mr. Shepherd, 55, Bishopsgate Street Within. While not advising the purchase of many things — for money is the most important article on landing, — yet, in the case of families, it may- be to their interest to take with them the most portable of their belongings, and which will pack closely : rather than to sell them at a great loss, and have to replace them on the other side, it is better to pay freight. Carpeting, bedding, books, The Emigrant'' s Prospects, 151 nicknacks, etc., etc., come under this category. The cases should be strong, and Hned with zinc or tin. " Wanted on the voyage " should be painted on such as may be required on the way : then they will be put into the luggage-hold. For use on the voyage, a few entertaining books are very desirable ; and those who can command and use some musical instrument, will find it a comfort. Most people are sea-sick for the first few days : attention to diet is the main thing while this lasts. The voyage to New Zealand is usually a plea- sant one, especially if begun from June to October. It is the tedium that is trying. Day by day, the same faces are seen, the same voices heard, the same topics of conversation — no morning news- paper to tell the latest news. An occasional squall of wind, and the reefing of sails ; the sight of a ship, and the exchange of signals, — these are the only breaks in the dull monotony. Under these circumstances, a perfect command of temper, a cheerful acceptance of the position, and a ready compliance with innocent amusement, are kingl}- attributes of character. I should have said that second-class passengers arc entitled to the services of a steward. A little 152 The EmigranJ^s Prospects, ingenuity and good taste will contribute greatly to the comfort of the cabin. It will be well to secure all the ventilation possible. A supply of strong cord, hooks and crooks, is necessary in order to secure everj^thing firmly, and to make the most of available room. The transition of money is best done through one of the banks : no charge is made for this. A little loose cash, whereby to meet any incidental expenses on the way, is all the emigrant should take with him. On reaching their destination, I recommend those who go in quest of employment, to accept whatever offers, and not to be very anxious as to the rate of payment. Get the foot on the first round of the ladder, and everything else will soon adjust itself to the colonial scale. If suitable work cannot be found in the town, then strike into the country. In the first instance, look through the advertising columns of the newspapers, and apply at the Registry Offices. A strong determination to succeed carries with it the warranty of success. It may be uphill work at first, but never yield to despondency. The time will come when, with God's blessing, you will rejoice and be glad in your New Zealand home. 153 APPENDICES. ALIENATION OF RURAL LANDS. APPENDIX A. THE LAND DISTRICT OF AUCKLAND. Be it enacted, that within the land district of Auckland — 1. All rural lands shall be divided, according to quality, into classes as follows : — i. First-class land. ii. Second-class land. iii. Third-class land. And such classification shall be made by such persons, and according to such regulations and conditions, as the Board shall direct and appoint : provided that no land which has been declared to be first or second class land shall cease to belong to such classes respectively without the consent previously obtained of the Governor in Council. 2. It shall be lawful for the Board, with the assent of the Governor, to set apart blocks of land to be opened for occupation without payment, but subject to the conditions as to cultivation and residence hereinafter set forth, herein called the " homestead system." 154 Appendices. 3. The Board shall give public notification of all blocks of land that from time to time may be declared open for selection on the homestead system, and shall also publicly notify the following conditions, which shall apply to all selections under the aforesaid homestead system : — i. The area allowed to be selected by each person of the age of eighteen years or upward shall be — of first-class lands fifty acres, or of second-class lands seventy-five acres ; and for persons under eighteen years of age, of first-class lands twenty acres, or of second-class lands thirty acres : provided that the total quantity to be selected by any one family or number of persons occupying the one household shall not exceed two hundred acres of first-class or three hundred acres of second-class lands. ii. Within three months after the selection has been ap- proved by the Board, the selector shall commence to reside on his selection, and shall continue to reside continuously thereon for five years from the date of such approval as aforesaid, iii. Within eighteen months after such approval, the selector shall erect on his selection a permanent dweUing- house of wood or other materials, which shall be specified in regulations to be issued in reference to homestead-system selections, iv. In each year there shall be brought under cultivation one-fifteenth of the area of such selection if open land, and one twenty-fifth if bush land, so that at the end of the term of five years one-third of the selection if open land, or one-fifth if bush land, shall be under cultivation. V. Non-performance of any of the foregoing stipulations shall render the selection void, and the right of the selector therein, and to all improvements thereon, shall be forfeited. Appendices. 155 vi. At the end of the said period of five years, a grant or grants shall issue for the land selected : provided the selector shall not have forfeited his right thereto in manner aforesaid. 4. Subject to the two last foregoing provisions, all rural lands of the first and second class within any block declared open (exclusive of reserves) shall be set apart for sale for cash at auction, and the minimum prices per acre for first and second class lands shall be fifteen shillings and ten shillings respectively. 5. Third-class rural lands shall be offered for sale or lease by auction in such areas as shall from time to time be ap- proved by the Board, subject to the following conditions : — i. The minimum price not being less than five shillings per acre in case of sale, and the minimum rental per acre in case of lease, shall be such as shall from time to time be fixed for each such area by the Board. ii. In the case of leases, there shall be reserved to Her Majesty all minerals and mineral rights within every such area, and full and complete powers to enable such rights to be exercised and enjoyed, iii. Reserves may be made of all or any portion of the timber or forest land within such area ; but liberty may be given to the purchaser or lessee to cut down and remove such portions of timber or forest as may be required for improvements or domestic use upon the area so sold or leased. iv. No lease shall be for a longer term than twenty-one years : provided that every such lease shall contain a proviso authorizing the Board to resume any portion of the lands comprised therein which may be required for the purposes of occupation or settlement : provided also that no one lease of land shall comprise an area of more than ten thousand acres. 156 Appendices. 6. The ratepayers and resident occupiers of land within any highway district shall be entitled to depasture on the Crown lands within such district such number and description of great cattle in proportion to their several holdings as the Trustees for such district shall prescribe, on payment to the Trustees of such annual fee, not less than two shillings and sixpence per head of such cattle over six months old, as the Trustees shall fix ; and all fees received under this section shall be applied to local improvements within the district. 7. Any person, not being a ratepayer or an occupier of land, who shall depasture or permit to depasture any cattle upon Crown lands within any highway district, or who, being a ratepayer or an occupier, shall depasture or permit to depasture any cattle prohibited by the Trustees, or a greater number than prescribed, or without payment of the fees fixed, shall be liable to have such cattle impounded as for a trespass. 8. Notwithstanding anything in the provisions of this Act contained, it shall be lawful for the bond fide holders of any land orders or land scrip issued by Harry Warner Famall in the United Kingdom during the time he held the appoint- ment of Emigration Agent in the said kingdom for the province of Auckland, to tender any such land orders or land scrip in payment for Crown lands in the land district of Auckland, purchased under the provisions of this Act ; and such land orders or land scrip shall be accepted at the rate of ten shillings for each acre which they purport to entitle the holders thereof to select. 9. All lands heretofore acquired or held by the Superinten- dent for the use of the provincial district under an absolute conveyance, shall be deemed and taken to be Crown lands, and shall be dealt with in manner provided by this Act. Appendices. 1 5' APPENDIX B. THE LAND DISTRICT OF TARANAKI. Be it enacted, that within the land district of Taranaki — 1. No land shall be offered for sale unless the same shall have been previously surveyed, and a map thereof showing the allotments offered for sale, and the reserves for roads and other purposes of public utility marked thereon, such map being open for inspection by the public at the principal Land Office during usual office hours. 2. All rural lands not set apart for sale by selection for cash shall be sold by public auction. 3. The upset price for rural land offered for sale by auction shall be fixed by the Board according to its quality and posi- tion, not being less than twenty shillings per acre for bush land, nor less than forty shillings per acre for open land. 4. It shall be lawful for the Board from time to time, by public notification, to set apart allotments of land, which shall be open for sale by selection for cash, and from time to time to revoke such notification with respect to such lands as shall remain unsold at the time of such revocation. 5. The price at which rural lands shall be offered for sale by selection for cash shall be twenty shillings per acre for bush land, and forty shillings per acre for open land. And in the event of two or more applications for the same land being made on the same day, the upset price at which such land shall be put up at auction shall be twenty shillings per acre for bush land, and forty shillings per acre for open land. 6. Any person desirous of purchasing rural land by selec- tion for cash shall make an application in writing for the purchase thereof at the local Land Office of the district in which the land apphed for is situate, and in a form to be prescribed by the Board ; and every such application shall 158 Appendices, be forthwith forwarded to the principal Land Office, and the decision of the Board on such apphcation shall be given within two days after such application has been received at the principal Land Office, if there be no more than one applicant for the same land on the same day. 7. In the event of two or more persons making application to purchase the same land on the same day, the said land shall be offered for sale by public auction, open to all bidders, at such time and place as the Board shall appoint. 8. It shall be lawful for the Board from time to time to set apart Crown lands having any special value from the growth of timber, or from having an available water-power thereon, and to dispose of such Crown lands by lease, with or without pre-emptive right to purchase, to any person or company who will undertake to establish a sawmill or other special industry, or apply the water-power to any manufacturing purpose, upon such terms as the Board may think fit, subject, however, to the following conditions : — i. The land so disposed of for any such purpose to any person or company shall not exceed five hundred acres in each case, ii. No lease shall be given for a period exceeding seven years, and the rent shall not be less than two shillings per acre : provided that it shall be in the discretion of the Board to charge a royalty of not less than six- pence per hundred superficial feet of sawn timber in lieu of rent. iii. No land shall be sold or agreed to be sold under this section at a less price than twenty shillings per acre. iv. It shall be a condition in every lease or agreement to sell, that if the sawmill or other special industry or manufactory to be established is not so established within the period of one year, or such less period as the Board shall determine, the lease and the agree- Appendices. 159 ment to sell shall become void, and the land shall then revert to the Board, and shall then be subject to be dealt with as Crown lands under this Act. V. Such lease or agreement shall be sold by public auction. vi. No greater quantity than one thousand acres shall be set aside in any one year under this clause. 9. It shall be lawful for the Board to reserve any land of special value, and offer the same for sale by public auction at a minimum price of not less than forty shillings per acre. 10. Notwithstanding anything contained in sections fifty- six and fifty-seven, it shall be lawful for the Board to allow any selector of land on deferred payments to select more than one allotment of land, provided that no more than three hundred and twenty acres in the whole be so selected, and that no allotment be selected in part. 11. Whenever improvements have heretofore been made on any section of rural land, the value of which should in the opinion of the Land Board be secured to the occupant of such section, it shall be lawful for the Board, on its recommendation to that effect having been approved in such case by the Governor, to add to the upset price of such section the value of such improvements, to be ascertained in such manner as shall be decided by the Board with such approval as aforesaid ; in which case, should the occupant become the purchaser, it shall not be necessary for him to pay the value so ascertained, but the same shall be allowed to him as if paid, and if any other person become the pur- chaser the amount of such value shall be paid over to the occupant by the Receiver of Land Revenue : provided always that this power shall only be exercised by the Board within twelve months from the passing of this Act. 1 60 Appe7idices. APPENDIX C. THE LAND DISTRICT OF HAWKE'S BAY. Be it enacted, that within the land district of Hawke's Bay— 1. No lands, whether town, suburban, or rural, shall be offered for sale by auction unless the same shall have been previously surveyed, and distinguished by a sufficient mark or number upon a plan to be deposited and exhibited in the principal Land Office. 2. All such rural lands as have already been proclaimed as open for selection and purchase under the Land Regu- lations heretofore in force and known as the General Land Regulations of the Province of Wellington, and dated the fourth day of March, one thousand eight hundred and fifty- three, and the additional Regulations of the said province, dated the sixteenth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-five, shall remain open for sale at the fixed price of twenty shillings per acre. 3. An intending purchaser of such last-mentioned lands shall make an application in writing to the Board for the purchase of the land which he piay desire to purchase. 4. Such application must contain the name and description of the intending purchaser, and must be signed by him or his agent, and contain as accurate a description of the land applied for as may be reasonably possible. 5. All such applications for the purchase of land shall be lodged at the office of the Board between the hours of ten a.m. and three p.m. on all week-days other than Saturday ; and on Saturday between the hours of ten a.m. and one p.m. All applications shall have priority according to the time at which they are received ; and it shall be the duty of the Chief Commissioner, at the time of receiving any application, to Appendices. 1 6 1 mark thereon the hour and minute at which the same was received. 6. In case the Chief Commissioner shall be personally absent from his oflice at the time when any application shall be tendered, such application shall be provisionally received by the clerk in the Land Office, who shall issue a provisional order or authority to the Receiver of Land Revenue to re- ceive the purchase-money ; and such application, followed by payment, shall give the applicant priority ; but if the Board, on subsequent examination, shall discover that the said application, for some lawful reason, should not have been received, it shall be the duty of the said Board to reject the said application, and give the applicant notice thereof; and thereupon the purchase-money paid by the applicant shall be returned. 7. All applications for the purchase of land shall be forth- with entered in a book to be kept in the principal Land Office, and to be called the "General Register of Applications for Land ;" and such book shall be open to the inspection of the pubhc during the regular office hours, and any person may take a copy of or extract from such register. 8. All lands not being lands reserved from sale, or lands referred to in section two of this Appendix, shall be sold and disposed of by public auction at an upset price of not less than twenty shillings per acre, at such times and in such allotments as the Board shall from time to time publicly notify. II 1 62 Appendices. APPENDIX D. THE LAND DISTRICT OF WELLINGTON. Be it enacted, that within the land district of Wellington— 1 . The Board shall from time to time, by public notification, notify all new districts which shall be open to general pur- chase, with the boundaries and contents thereof, as nearly as the same can be ascertained. 2. The general register of applications for land shall be open to the inspection of the public daily during office hours, and any one may take a copy of any application from such register, or of any other entry therein. 3. All applications made upon the same day shall, for the purpose of the following rule, be deemed simultaneous applications. 4. In cases where simultaneous applications shall be made for a piece of land, an auction shall be held as between the applicants, the land named in the applications being put up at the upset price of twenty shillings per acre, and the appli- cation shall be registered in the name of the person who shall bid and pay the highest price : provided that either or all of the conflicting applications may be withdrawn. 5. In districts which may be proclaimed or notified as open for sale, the intending purchaser must pay in cash or scrip the price of any section or sections of land which he may desire to select, the price for all lands so selected being at the rate of twenty shillings per acre. 6. With regard to all lands over which the Native title has been or shall be extinguished, the Board shall as soon as possible determine, upon such evidence as it may think fit, what portion of such land is, from its hilly or broken character or otherwise, unavailable for agricultural purposes, and such land shall be considered to be and shall be called Appendices. 163 pastoral land, and shall be surveyed in blocks of not exceed- ing six hundred and forty acres each, in such form as may be determined by the Board, and may be sold by auction, the upset price being such as the Board may determine, not being less than ten shillings per acre. APPENDIX E. THE LAND DISTRICT OF NELSON. Be it enacted, that within the land district of Nelson — 1. Notwithstanding anything contained in section one hundred and twenty-one of this Act, all rural lands whether within or without mining districts shall be open for sale or lease by application to the Board, to be made in manner to be from time to time determined by the Board ; and such lands shall be divided into sections, subject to the provisions of this Act, and be of such size as the Board may from time to time determine; and any section may at anytime previous to advertising for sale be altered or subdivided by the Board, but no alteration shall take place between the time of adver- tising the same for sale and the time of its being offered for sale by auction. 2. All sales of rural land, except as it is otherwise herein- after provided, shall be by auction. 3. The upset price of rural land shall be from ten shillings to forty shillings per acre, as may be fi.xed by the Board. 4. No land shall be sold unless the same shall have been previously surveyed and distinguished by appropriate numbers upon a plan to be deposited and exhibited in the principal Land Office. 5. It shall be lawful for the Board to allow any applicant 1 64 Appendices. for the purchase of unsurveyed land to have such land surveyed at his own expense by a surveyor authorized by the Surveyor-General in that behalf. The land may then, unless reserved or withdrawn from sale, be put up to auction, and an allowance made to the piirchaser for the expense of the survey at the rate of five acres for every hundred acres. Should the land be reserved or withdrawn from sale, the applicant shall be paid the cost of the survey, such cost to be ascertained and limited as provided in the section next here- inafter contained. 6. If the land so surveyed be purchased by any other person than the original applicant, the purchaser shall, in addition to the amount bid for the same at the sale, pay to the Receiver of Land Revenue, to be paid by him to the original applicant as the cost of the survey, such sum not exceeding one shilling and sixpence per acre as may be assessed by the Board ; and if the land so surveyed be not sold at auction, the Board shall add a sum limited and assessed as aforesaid to the upset price of the land, and such sum shall be paid to the original applicant if and when such land is sold. 7. Rural land not open for sale under any of the preceding provisions may be purchased in such sections as the appli- cants may describe and point out, subject to the provisions of this Act, at the maximum price of two pounds per acre; pro- vided that whenever land so purchased is beyond the limits of the surveys already executed, or about to be immediately executed, the expense of the survey thereof shall be borne by the purchaser, who shall deposit the estimated cost with the purchase-money. 8. Any applicant for a lease of Crown land may in his application request the Board to assess the land at its value to sell, in accordance with such regulations as may at the time be in force for the sale of Crown lands in the provincial Appendices. 165 district ; and in the event of such application for a lease being acceded to, shall be entitled to a lease thereof for a term of fourteen years, at an annual rental of ten pounds per centum on such assessed value for sale, payable in advance ; and on the due and punctual payment of such rent for the term of fourteen years, and upon the due performance and observance of the covenants contained or implied in such lease, he shall be entitled to a Crown grant of such land : provided always that no greater quantity of land than three hundred and twenty acres shall be so leased to any one person: provided also that the minimum price of such land shall not be less than ten shillings per acre. 9. It shall be lawful for the lessee of any lands assessed under the last preceding section, and at the rental therein mentioned, to purchase the fee-simple of the land comprised in such lease at any time before the expiration thereof, upon paying in one sum the balance of the total amount of the fourteen years' rental reserv^ed in and by such lease. 10. It shall be lawful for the Board to grant to any person an occupation license for pastoral purposes of any Crown lands, of such area and subject to such payment by the licensee and upon such other terms as may be agreed upon by and between the Board and the licensee: provided that any such license shall cease and be determined at any time in respect of the whole or any portion of the land over which it may have been granted, in the event of the whole or such portion of the said land being reserved, leased, or sold by the Board, and that without any notice to that effect being necessary to be given to any such licensee. 1 1 . Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act, whenever any lands shall be reserved for a town or village, and be open for sale as town lands, if any of such lands so reserved shall have been within a proclaimed gold- field, and at the time of the withdrawal of the same from 1 66 Appendices. such gold-field, such resei^vation or opening of such land for sale shall have, for a period of two years preceding, been occupied under business license or other lawful authority as a residence or business site, or shall have been so occupied for any less period than two years, and a building of the value of fifty pounds at least have been erected on such land by the occupier or some person through whom he claims, then the Board may, if they shall think fit, sell such land to such occupier, without putting up the same to auction, at such price as shall be fixed by the Board, not being less than at the rate of ten pounds for forty perches of land. Miners' Prospecting Licenses and Mining Leases. 12. When it shall be reported to the Board that minerals of value exist in any unsurveyed land, whether within or without mining districts, they may at their discretion grant to the informant or to any other person applying for the same a prospecting license, giving to such applicant, for a teirm not exceeding twelve months, the exclusive right to search for any or all minerals other than gold over such land, not exceeding in quantity six contiguous square miles, on the following terms: — i. The description of the land over which the license is sought, and a sketch of the boundaries thereof, must be lodged with the application, ii. A fee of one penny per acre on all the land applied for must be paid on application being made for the license: provided that, in the event of a license being granted in respect of part only of the land applied for, a pro- portionate part of the fee paid shall be returned to the applicant in respect of the area over which the license shall not be granted. 1 3. The holder of any prospecting license may, upon appli- cation at any time during its currency, and on payment of Appeyidices. 167 the deposits and fees hereinafter provided, obtain a mining lease of such portion, not exceeding two square miles, of the land comprised within the license as the Board may deter- mine, on the terms and subject to the exceptions hereinafter provided ; and no mining lease of any land under license shall be granted to any other person than the licensee or his assigns during the currency of such license. 14. No transfer of a prospecting license shall be valid unless registered at the Land Office, and a memorandum thereof endorsed on the license by the authority of the Board. 15. Any person applying for a lease of any Crown lands not already included in any reserve, lease, or prospecting license, for the purpose of mining for any or all minerals other than gold, shall at the time of application deposit one shilling for every acre over which the application extends, which deposit shall be deducted from any future fees, royalty, or rent to be paid for or under the lease to be granted in respect of such application, and a further payment of one shilling for every acre shall at the same time be made for the survey of the land applied for. 16. The survey thereof shall be made v/ith as little delay as may be by the Government ; but in case it shall not be practicable to make such survey without great delay, the Board may, if it think fit, allow the applicant to employ at his own expense some surveyor approved by the Surveyor- General to make such survey, and in such case the applicant shall be entitled to a refund of the payment on account of survey so soon as the plan is accepted by the Board. 17. A lease of land surveyed as aforesaid may be granted by the Board to such licensee or applicant as aforesaid, his executors, administrators, or assigns, for the purpose of mining for any or all minerals other than gold, on the fol- lowing terms and conditions : — 1 68 Appendices. i. The contents shall not exceed two square miles. ii. The term shall be twenty-one years. iii. There shall be paid a rent of not less than sixpence per acre for each of the two first years of the lease, and not less than one shilling per acre for every sub- sequent year. iv. There shall be reserved such royalty as the Board may determine, being not less than a fiftieth nor more than one-twenty-fifth of the minerals raised, and the value of royalty on any sums paid in lieu of royalty for any one year shall be deducted from the rent for such year, and when the amount of royalty for one year shall equal or exceed the rent for such year no rent shall be paid for such year. V. The right to m.ine for gold shall be expressly reserved in the lease, vi. The lease shall include only so much of the surface of the land to which it refers as may be agreed between the Board and the lessee, vii. The lease shall contain clauses for protecting the interests of the Crown, for enabling the lessee to surrender the lease, for granting free access, where necessary, over the Crown lands to the lands or mines demised, and for reserving full right of way over and through such lands or mines. 1 8. Provided that in every lease there shall be inserted such conditions for securing the efficient working of the mines, and for the payment of such rents and royalties, in addition to the amounts above specified, as the Board may think fit. 19. No land comprised in any prospecting license or mining lease shall be sold during the currency thereof ; and in every case where the conditions of the mining lease have been fulfilled the lessee shall be entitled to a renewal thereof Appendices. 1 69 for the same term at double the rents and royaUies reserved in the original lease. 20. All objections to applications for mining leases^ and all disputes arising with respect to the boundaries of lands under such leases, shall be decided by the Board. 21. Auriferous lands may not be leased under the fore- going provisions, and the decision of the Board whether land is auriferous or not shall be conclusive. APPENDIX F. THE LAND DISTRICT OF MARLBOROUGH. Be it enacted, that within the land district of Marl- borough — 1. Sections of rural lands may, subject to the provisions of this Act, be of such size as the Board may from time to time determine ; and any section may at any time previous to sale be altered or subdivided by the Board ; but no altera- tion shall take place between the time of advertising the same for sale and the time of its being offered for sale by auction. 2. For the purposes of sale all rural lands shall be classed by the Board under two heads ; that is to say, — i. Rural land, being land neither from the unevenness of its surface nor the quality of its soil unsuited for tillage ; ii. Pasture land, being such as from its hilly and broken character or inferior quality appears unsuitable for agricultural purposes. In determining within which class any rural and pasture lands are to be included, their fitness or unfitness for the 1 70 Appendices. purpose of tillage rather than their position shall be con- sidered. 3. All rural and pasture lands, except as is otherwise herein provided, shall be sold by auction. 4. The upset price of rural lands shall not be less than twenty shillings per acre, and of pasture land not less than ten shillings per acre, as may be fixed by the Board. 5. No section or block or sections of land shall be sold unless the same shall have been previously surveyed, and set out upon the ground, and distinguished by an appropriate mark on the plan comprising the district in which it is situated. 6. It shall be lawful for the Board to allow any applicant for rural land to have such land surveyed at his own expense by a surveyor authorized by the Surveyor-General. Should the land be withdrawn from sale, or any other person than the applicant aforesaid become the purchaser, then the original applicant will be paid for the expenses incurred in the survey thereof. APPENDIX G. THE LAND DISTRICT OF CANTERBURY. Be it enacted, that within the land district of Canter- bury — 1. Notwithstanding anything contained in section one hundred and twenty-one of this Act, and notwithstanding that the land is held under license, all rural lands shall be open for sale at a uniform price of forty shillings per acre. 2. All applications for the purchase of rural lands shall be made and determined in the following manner, that is to say, Appendices. 171 — When the applicant, or any person authorized in writing or by telegram on his behalf, shall apply at the Survey Office, either at Christchurch or at Timaru, for the purpose of pur- chasing any portion of rural land, the Chief Commissioner, or such person as he may appoint, shall prepare a form of application for the said applicant, or any person authorized in writing on his behalf, to sign, containing a description of the portion of land which the applicant desires to purchase, and shall initial the said form, and note thereon the precise time at which the application shall have been made ; and the Board shall consider and determine all such applications in the order in which they shall have been received at the above- mentioned Survey Offices, up to such day and hour as may from time to time be fixed by the Board : provided that if two or more persons shall apply at the same time for the same piece of land, or any portion thereof, the Board shall determine the priority of right to be heard by lot. Appli- cations for the purchase of rural lands shall have priority of hearing before any other applications. 3. For all other purposes, a book to be called the " Appli- cation Book " shall be kept open during office hours at the principal Land Office, in which the name of every person desiring to make any application to the Board shall be written in order by himself or any person duly authorized in writing on his behalf; and the Board shall consider and determine all applications made by such persons in the order in which their names shall appear in the Application Book, except where otherwise provided : provided that if any person shall not appear himself, or by some person duly authorized on his behalf, before the Board when called in his turn, his application shall be dismissed until his name shall appear again in the book in order : provided also that if two or more persons shall apply at the same time to write their names in the Application Book, the Chief Commissioner, or 172 Appendices. in his absence any other Commissioner, or the Chief Clerk of the Board, shall bracket their names, and shall initial the bracket ; and when they shall appear before the Board, the Board shall determine the priority of right to be heard by lot ; and it shall not be lawful for the Board to hear any application except such as shall be made in accordance with the provisions of this Act. 4. It shall not be necessary to pay any part of the pur- chase-money at the time of making an application for the purchase of rural land, but the whole of the purchase-money shall be paid immediately upon the Board deciding to grant the application, and the purchaser shall thereupon receive a license to occupy ; and as soon thereafter as conveniently may be, the land shall be laid off by a surveyor as nearly in accordance with the description given by the purchaser in his application as this Act will admit : provided that, whenever the land selected lies without the surveyed districts, the expense of the survey, and of connecting such survey with the existing surveys, shall be borne by the purchaser, who who shall at the time of purchase deposit the amount of the estimated cost of such surveys with the Receiver of Land Revenue, which shall be made as soon as practicable : pro- vided always that, should any section when surveyed prove to differ in any respect from that intended by the pur- chaser, the Board will not be responsible for any loss or inconvenience which the purchaser may experience, nor will the purchase-money be returned : provided also that if the surveyor shall find that the whole extent of land in the selected locality falls short of the quantity paid for by the purchaser, the aforesaid Receiver shall repay so much of the purchase-money as exceeds the price of the land to be conveyed. The license to occupy shall, in any case, be amended by the Board in accordance with the report of the surveyor, and the Crown grant shall be made out in Appe7idices. 173 accordance therewith ; and the license shall be returned to the Board when the Crown grant shall be issued. 5. Wherever the descriptions of the boundaries given by- purchasers of the land intended to be purchased by them have on survey proved to contain a larger area than that estimated to be contained within such boundaries and stated in the license to occupy, and where Crown grants have been prepared in accordance with such descriptions, then and in every such case the purchaser shall on the demand of the Commissioner of Crown Lands forthwith pay the difference between the price of the land contained within the boundaries described and of the land for which payment has already been made, whether the Crown grant shall have been pre- pared or not : provided always that if the said purchaser shall not pay such sum on demand, the section shall if necessary be re-surveyed, and the Crown grant if prepared shall be corrected, and such purchaser shall forthwith pay the cost of such re-survey of the section containing the excess of acreage ; and if the Crown grant has been prepared, he shall also pay in like manner the expenses incidental to such preparation. 6. The Board shall not be empowered to issue any license or lease under section eighty-six, to cut timber on any rural lands. 7. Whenever the holder of any pasturage license shall have sold or transferred his right to depasture stock upon any portion of the land comprised in any such license to any other person, it shall be lawful for the Board to grant to such other person a separate license, conferring the right to depasture stock upon the portion of the land comprised in the original license to which such other person shall be entitled, and a fresh license shall be issued by the Board to the person entitled to the residue of the run under the original license. 174 Appendices. 8. Whenever the holder of two or more pasture licenses entitling such holder to depasture stock upon adjoining Crown lands shall apply to the Board to have the land com- prised in such licenses included in one license, it shall be lawful for the Board to issue to such holder a fresh license accordingly, including the land comprised in such two or more licenses. g. Nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to give to the person or persons to whom such new licenses as aforesaid shall be issued power to take up any additional preemptive rights, beyond such as the holder or holders of the original license or licenses would have been entitled to take up under such license or licenses. lo. There shall be paid to the Receiver of Land Revenue for each license issued under the authority of paragraphs seven and eight of this Appendix a fee of ten pounds. APPENDIX H. THE LAND DISTRICT OF OTAGO. Be it eriacted, that within the land district of Otago — 1. All rural lands shall hereafter be open for sale or disposal, except • such as at the time application is made for the purchase of the same are leased or reserved for leasing, or for occupation on deferred pa\Tnents, or included or comprised within any license to depasture stock, or re- served from sale by virtue of any power or authority in that behalf given by any Act for the time being in force. 2. All lands which may at any time hereafter be con- stituted into a hundred shall not be open for sale or lease until the expiration of thirty days from and after the first publication of the Proclamation constituting the hundred : Appendices. 175 provided always that it shall be lawful for the Board, by pubUc notification from time to time, to fix a date after the said period of thirty days as the date on and after which the lands comprised in such hundred shall be open for sale or lease as aforesaid, and in such case such lands shall not be open until the date mentioned in such last-mentioned notification, or the last of such notifications, as the case may be. 3. The price at which rural lands shall be offered for sale shall be twenty shillings per acre ; and in the event of two or more applications for the same land being made on the same day, the upset price at which such land shall be put up at auction shall be twenty shillings per acre. 4. Any person desirous of purchasing rural land shall make an application in writing for the purchase thereof, in a form to be prescribed by the Board, either at the local Land Office of the district in which the land applied for is situate, or at the principal Land Office. Any application made at a local office shall be forthwith forwarded to the principal Land Office. 5. The decision of the Board upon every application for the purchase of rural land shall, if such land shall have been previously surveyed, be given within twenty-one days after the receipt of the application at the principal Land Office ; and if such land shall not have been previously surveyed, then such decision shall be given on such day as the Board shall appoint, not being more than si.x months from the receipt of the application. 6. Immediately on the payment, in the manner directed by this Act, of the w-hole purchase-money for unsurveyed land, the purchaser shall receive a license to occupy, and as soon thereafter as conveniently may be the land shall be laid off as nearly in accordance with the description given by the purchaser in his application as this Act will 176 Appendices. admit. The expense of the survey and of connecting such survey shall be borne by the purchaser, who shall at the time of purchase deposit the amount of the estimated cost of such survey with the Receiver of Land Revenue, and such survey shall be made as soon as practicable : provided always that, should any section when surveyed prove to differ in any respect from that intended by the purchaser, the Board will not be responsible for any loss or incon- venience which the purchaser may experience, nor will the purchase-money be returned : provided also that, if the surveyor shall find that the whole extent of land in the selected locality falls short of the quantity paid for by the purchaser, the Receiver of Land Revenue shall repay so much of the purchase-money as exceeds the price of the land to be granted, and the license to occupy shall in any such case be amended in accordance with the report of the surveyor, and the Crown grant shall be made out in accord- ance therewith, and such license shall be returned to the Board when the Crown grant shall be issued. 7. Notwithstanding that the Board may have received an application for land, it shall be lawful for the Board, if it shall by the Board be deemed prejudicial to the public interest to grant the application, either as to the whole or to any part of the land applied for, to refuse to grant the application, either as to the whole or as to part of the land, and to return the moneys deposited on account of purchase-money, or such part thereof as has been deposited on account of the portion of land apphed for and the application for which shall not be granted. 8. In the event of two or more persons making application to purchase the same land on the same day, the said land shall be offered for sale by public auction. 9. If two or more applications are made on the same day for the same land, and any such application shall refer only Appendices. 1 7 7 to part of the land applied for in another application, then the auction to be held shall take place in respect of such part only of the land as shall be included in two or more applications so made on the same day. 10. It shall be lawful for the Board, with the assent of the Governor, to receive and grant applications for the purchase of any rural land upon which timber may be standing, in such quantities as the Board shall see fit, and subject in all respects to the provisions herein contained relating to ordi- nary rural land. 11. If any land, surveyed at the expense of any applicant, for the purchase or lease thereof, be afterwards put up for sale by auction, and be sold to some other person than the original applicant, the purchaser shall, in addition to the amount bid for the same at the sale, pay to the Board, for the purpose of being paid over to the original applicant as the cost of the survey, such sum as the Board may determine, and before the auction shall commence such sum shall be publicly declared, and shall be paid forthwith upon the lot being knocked down to such purchaser ; otherwise the purchase shall be void, and the land may be again ottered for sale or lease under similar conditions. Proclamation of Hundreds, and Compensation. 12. All hundreds existing within the land district of Otago, at the time of the coming into operation of this Act, are hereby reconstituted with the same names, areas, and boundaries respectively, and are hereby established as hundreds of land for the purposes of this Act, wherein certain provisions of this Act relating to the sale and disposal of land within hundreds shall take effect. 13. It shall be lawful for the Governor, from time to time, by Proclamation published in the New Zealand Gazette, to constitute into a hundred any portion of the Crown lands 12 1 7 8 AppC7idiccs. not forming part of any hundred previously proclaimed, not- withstanding that such lands or any part thereof shall be comprised within any pastoral lease or license heretofore or hereafter to be granted by the Crown under any law regu- lating the occupation or disposal of Crown lands, and whether or not the same shall have been included within the boun- daries of any proclaimed gold-field : provided always that during the currency of any pastoral lease now in force no hundreds shall be constituted comprising land within such lease, except in accordance with the provisions of section 97A, " Otago Waste Lands Act, 1872." 14. Every person holding a lease of any pastoral lands comprised within any district proclaimed a hundred or block of land shall be entitled to compensation for the determination of his lease, and for the then value of all fences then existing upon the said lands : provided that in no case shall the total amount of such compensation for such determination of such lease over such portion of the run so to be proclaimed a hundred or block as aforesaid exceed two shillings and six- pence per acre : provided also that the holder of such lease shall be entitled to such compensation only in respect of fences erected and at the time of the determination of the lease standing on the land so proclaimed a hundred or block of land as aforesaid, the amount of such compensation, if not settled by agreement, to be determined in the manner provided in Part III. of "The PubHc Works Act, 1876'": provided always that no compensation whatever shall be payable for the determination of any pastoral lease or license granted under this Act where the provisions of section one hundred and twenty-one of this Act as to twelve months' notice have been complied with. 15. If the holder of a pastoral lease can agree with the Board to give up part of the run held under such lease for purposes of settlement without claiming any compensation Appendices. 1 7 9 for the determination of such lease, it shall be lawful for the Board to enter into an agreement with such holder, upon such terms and conditions, not beingrepugnant to the general provisions of this Act regulating the disposal of rural land, and with such provisions for granting pasturage rights (if any) to settlers occupying the land comprised in such agree- ment, as the Board may think best suited to promote the settlement of people on the land. Management of Croiun Lands uithin Hundreds and Blocks. 16. The Crown lands within hundreds already proclaimed, or which may hereafter be proclaimed, shall be managed and regulated solely under and in accordance with the pro- visions herein contained ; and, subject to such provisions, the rights of pasturage on Crown lands in any such hundred, and the apportionment of the same, shall be exercised and enjoyed exclusively by the persons who shall take out a depasturing license as hereinafter provided, being owners or occupiers of land within the hundred. 17. A depasturing license shall be granted to every such owner or occupier who shall apply for the same to the Board on or before the first day of December in each year, provided that he shall furnish to the Board a return showing the description and area of land owned or occupied by him, and the number of acres (if any) unenclosed or available for pasture, and the number, description, and brands of all cattle depastured or intended to be depastured by him within the hundred ; and any person depasturing cattle upon a hundred failing to make such return as aforesaid, or making a false return, shall be liable to a penalty of not exceeding twenty pounds. 18. Each license-holder shall be at liberty to depasture, free of assessment, one head of great cattle, or five sheep, for every ten acres of unenclosed land owned or occupied by him 1 80 Appendices. within the boundaries within which cattle may be depas- tured in the hundred, provided that such hcense-holder shall prove to the satisfaction of the Board that such free- hold land is within such boundaries, and is open to all cattle depastured on the hundred. 19. Each license-holder who is the holder of a miner's right, having a claim within a hundred or block, or who is the holder of a business license issued under any Acts relating to gold-fields or gold mining, occupying land by virtue of license within a hundred or block, shall be entitled to run two head of great cattle within such hundred or block free of charge. 20. No diseased cattle shall be depastured upon, nor shall any pigs or goats be allowed at large within, any hundred ; and any person or persons who shall turn out or depasture any diseased cattle or suffer any pig or goat to be at large within any hundred, shall be liable to a penalty of not exceed- ing twenty pounds. 21. In the event of scab breaking out in any flock of sheep w^hich is being depastured within a hundred, the Board, in conjunction with the Inspector of Stock of the district, shall take such steps as they may deem necessary to eradicate and prevent the spread of the disease, and for this purpose may appoint boundaries within which diseased sheep may be depastured. 22. Every license shall commence and take effect on the first day of January, and shall continue in force one year; and for such Hcense there shall be paid to the Board, on the issue thereof, the sum of two shillings and sixpence. 23. As soon as conveniently may be after the first day of December in each year, the Board shall publicly notify a list of the persons to whom and the names of the hundreds in respect of which such licenses have been granted, and at the same time and in like manner the Board shall call a meeting Appendices. 1 8 1 of such persons in each hundred for the purpose of electing from amongst themselves, by a majority of votes, any number of persons to act as Wardens, not being less than three, as the said Board shall in such notice direct and appoint ; and such persons shall continue in office until the election of their successors, and shall have the regulation and apportionment of the right of pasturage within the hundred for the then current year, or until some other regulation and apportion- ment thereof shall be lawfully made in that behalf : provided that every occupier of twenty acres and not exceeding one hundred shall have one vote, and an additional vote for every one hundred additional acres. 24. The persons whose names shall be comprised in such lists, or to whom licenses for part of a year shall be issued, as hereinafter provided, and who shall have paid the yearly assessment fees on cattle, hereinafter referred to, shall have the exclusive right of pasturage on the Crown lands within the hundred in respect of which they shall hold such license. 25. At every meeting to be held for the election of Wardens, a person appointed by the Board shall preside ; and in case of an equality of votes at any such election, such person shall have a casting vote. 26. In the event of the death, resignation, or refusal to act of any of the persons so elected as aforesaid, the vacancy shall be filled up by an election to be conducted, as nearly as may be, in the manner hereinbefore provided. 27. It shall be lawful for the Wardens, at any time within one calendar month after their election, in or by any regu- lations to be made by them, to compute the quantity of cattle capable of being depastured on the Crown lands within the hundred, to apportion the number of great cattle and small cattle which may be depastured for the then current year by each person holding such license as aforesaid, and to deter- mine the boundaries within which great cattle and small 1 8 2 Appendices. cattle respectively may be depastured ; and the persons entitled to vote in the election of Wardens shall, if they think fit, at any general meeting called by the Board, on a requisition by any three license-holders for the purpose, determine the description of cattle to be depastured within the hundreds during the current year, and such decision shall be made by the majority of votes of the persons entitled to the pasturage: provided that every occupier of twenty acres, and not exceed- ing one hundred, shall have one vote, and an additional vote for every one hundred additional acres. 28. The regulations so to be made by the Wardens as aforesaid shall be agreed to by a majority of the Wardens, and a copy of the same under their hands shall, on or before the first day of February in each year, be furnished to the Board for public notification. In case the Wardens shall neglect to make such regulations within the period aforesaid, all the powers hereinbefore given to such Wardens shall be held and exercised by the Board. 29. For the purpose of providing for the safety of the cattle to be depastured within any hundred, for improving the common lands, for preventing the intrusion and the depasturing thereon of cattle belonging to or under the charge of any unlicensed person, it shall be lawful for the Wardens, or a majority of them, from time to time to make such bylaws (not being repugnant hereto) as to them may seem meet, and by such bylaws to impose any fine not exceeding five pounds, to be recovered in a summary way, upon any person offending against the same ; and such by- laws shall extend and be applicable not only to persons to whom such licenses as aforesaid may have been issued, but to persons to whom no such licenses shall have been issued, and to all unenclosed lands situated within the limits of the hundred, except as regards unenclosed lands the owners whereof have not agreed to leave their unenclosed lands Appendices. 183 open to all stock depasturing within the hundred, as herein- before provided : provided always that no such bylaws shall come into operation until they shall have received the assent of the Board, and have been publicly notified. 30. It shall be lawful for the Wardens of any hundred, or the majority of them, to authorize the transfer of any such license as aforesaid from the person to whom the same may have been issued to any other person, being an occupant of land as aforesaid situated within the limits of the hundred in respect of which such license may have been originally issued : provided also that notice of such transfer shall have been given to the Board. 31. It shall also be lawful for the Board, after a return of land and cattle has been made as hereinbefore provided, to issue such depasturing licenses as aforesaid, on payment of a fee of two shillings and sixpence, at any time, for the remaining portion of the then current year. 32. The Wardens of the hundred shall levy and raise yearly for and in respect of all cattle depastured upon the Crown lands within such hundred (except such as may be allowed to be depastured free) an assessment as follows : — For every head of great cattle, a sum of three shillings and sixpence ; For every head of small cattle, a sum of one shilling : to be paid by the person depasturing such cattle at a time and place and in manner to be appointed by notice under the hand of the Wardens ; and the amount received for every such assessment in such hundred or such part thereof as may be situated in any road district shall be paid to the Treasurer of the Road Board of the district in which such hundred or part thereof is situated, and if there be no such Road Board then to the Wardens of the hundred wherein such assessment accrued, to be by them expended in 1 84 Appendices the construction and repair of roads and bridges in such road district or hundred, as the case may be : provided that when three-fourths of the land within the hundred are sold or occupied the assessment shall cease. 33. Within one calendar month after the election of the Wardens for any hundred, the Board shall pay over, to any person such Wardens may appoint for that purpose, all moneys that it shall have received for licenses in such hundred, which sums shall be applicable, under the direction of the Wardens, to all or any of such purposes as may be necessary to give effect to this Act. The Wardens shall, in a book to be kept by them for that purpose, enter true accounts of all sums of money by them received and paid under the authority of this Act ; and at the close of the year for which they shall have been elected the said Wardens shall furnish a copy of such book to the Board for public notification, and shall pay over to the Wardens for the ensuing year the balance of such moneys (if any) remaining in their hands, and shall conform to and observe all such rules and regulations as may from time to time be made by the Board for securing the due application of the moneys received by them under the authority hereof. 34. In case any person liable for the payment of any such assessment shall neglect or refuse to pay within thirty days after notice the amount due in respect thereof, it shall be lawful for the Wardens of any hundred, or, on their failing so to do, for the Commissioner of Crown Lands, without prejudice to any other remedy they or he may have at law, to issue a warrant under their or his hand directed to some constable to levy the amount so due by distress and sale of a sufficient part of the cattle and other goods and chattels of the party liable, in like manner as in the case of rent in arrear between landlord and tenant. Appendices. 1 85 35. Any license-holder depasturing sheep upon hundreds shall do so within such limits as the Wardens may appoint ; and in the event of such sheep being allowed to trespass beyond the boundaries so appointed, they may be impounded in any public pound, and shall be dealt with according to law, as if they had been found trespassing on fenced lands the private property of the Wardens : provided always that nothing herein contained shall be held or construed to autho- rize the impounding of any sheep or cattle which are being depastured on any land, whether fenced or not, which is the property of or is lawfully occupied by the owner of such sheep or cattle. 36. No person shall remove cattle from beyond the boundary of any hundred other than those belonging to him, or for the removal of which he shall have authority from the Chairman of the Board of Wardens, under a penalty of not exceeding twenty pounds. 37. Any person shooting cattle on any hundred, without the consent in writing of the Chairman of the Board of Wardens previously obtained, shall be liable to a penalty of not exceeding twenty pounds. 38. Any person who shall set hre to any herbage or grass upon the Crown lands within any hundred, without the con- sent in writing of the Chairman of the Board of Wardens previously obtained, shall be liable to a penalty of not exceeding twenty pounds ; but such consent will not protect any person from the consequences of any loss or damage which may be sustained by any person by reason of the carelessness with which such burning of the hundred may be performed. 39. The Board may appoint one or more Rangers for each hundred, whose duty shall be to see that the provisions of this Act are carried into effect, and to report any neglect or breach thereof to the Board. 1 86 Appendices. 40. Any license-holder may be required by the Wardens or Ranger of the hundred at any time to make a return of the cattle being depastured by him within the hundred, with the same particulars as is hereinbefore required in the case of applicants for a depasturing license ; and any person who shall fail to make such return for a period of forty-eight hours after being required so to do, or who shall make a false return, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding fifty pounds. 41. If any person, not being licensed as aforesaid, shall depasture any cattle on the common lands of the Crown within any hundred, or, being so licensed, shall depasture on such lands as aforesaid a greater number of cattle than shall have been apportioned to him, every such person shall be liable to a penalty of not exceeding fifty pounds. 42. Every act hereinbefore authorized to be done by the Wardens of any hundred may, in any case where no Warden shall be elected, or where the persons elected as Wardens, or the majority of them, shall refuse or decline or neglect to act, be done, executed, or performed by the Board, or by such person resident in the hundred as it may appomt to act in that behalf. And when any person shall feel aggrieved with any act or decision of the Wardens, or of any general meeting of license-holders as hereinbefore provided, it shall be lawful for him to appeal to the Board, and the Board shall hear and determine such appeal in such manner as the Board shall think fit, and their decision shall be final. 43. As soon as conveniently maybe after the proclamation of any hundred, the Board shall compute the quantity of cattle capable of being depastured on the Crown lands within such hundred, and, by regulations to be issued by the Board, apportion the number of great cattle and small cattle which may be depastured for the then current year by each person holding such license as aforesaid, and fix and determine the Appendices. 187 boundaries within which great cattle and small cattle may be respectively depastured : provided always that all regulations made by the Board shall be approved by the Governor : provided further that, should the Board fail to make such regulations, it shall be lawful for the Board, and it is hereby required, to call a meeting of the license-holders in such newly proclaimed hundred, in order that the Hcense-holders may appoint Wardens in manner hereinbefore provided. 44. The right of pasturage over all lands proclaimed or to be proclaimed after the passing of this Act, which at the time of such proclamation were or shall be held under lease or license for depasturing purposes, shall remain with the lease-holder or license-holder until regulations affecting such lands shall be made under the provisions of this Act, and no longer. APPENDIX K. THE LAND DISTRICT OF SOUTHLAND. Be it enacted, that within the land district of Southland — 1. Notwithstanding anything contained in . section one hundred and twenty-one of this Act, all rural larfids in South- land shall be open for sale. 2. A book to be called the " Application Book " shall be kept open during office hours at the principal Land Office, in which the name of every person desiring to make any apphcation to the Board shall be written in order by himself or any person duly authorised on his behalf ; and the Board shall consider and determine all applications in the order in which they shall appear in the application book : provided that if any person shall not appear himself, or by some person duly authorized on his behalf, before the Board when called 1 88 Appendices. in his turn, his apphcation shall be dismissed until his name shall appear again in the book in order. 3. All rural lands not included within any hundred now existing or hereafter to be constituted are or shall be divided into agricultural and pastoi'al lands ; and the price of agri- cultural land shall be forty shillings per acre, and the price of pastoral land shall be twenty shillings per acre, and the price of land within the hundreds now existing within the district shall be twenty shillings per acre : provided always that the price of land set aside for deferred payments shall be the same as that in the land district of Otago. 4. Immediately on the payment, in the manner directed by this Act, of the whole purchase-money, the purchaser shall receive from the Board a license to occupy, and as soon thereafter as conveniently may be the land shall be laid off as nearly in accordance with the description given by the purchaser in his application as this Act will admit : provided that, whenever the land selected lies without the surveyed districts, the expense of the survey and of connecting such survey with the existing surveys shall be borne by the pur- chaser, who shall at the time of purchase deposit the amount of the estimated cost of such surveys with the Receiver of Land Revenue ; and such surveys shall be made as soon as practicable : provided always that, should any section when surveyed prove to differ in any respect from that intended by the purchaser, the Board will not be responsible for any loss or inconvenience which the purchaser may experience, nor will the purchase-money be returned : provided also that if the surveyor shall find that the whole extent of land in the selected locaUty falls short of the quantity paid for by the purchaser, the Receiver of Land Revenue shall repay so much of the purchase-money as exceeds the price of the land to be granted. The license to occupy shall in any such case be amended by the Board in accordance with the report of the Appendices. 189 surveyor, and the Crown grant shall be made out in accord- ance therewith, and such license shall be returned to the Board when the Crown grant shall be issued. 5. Whenever the lioard shall hereafter receive an appli- cation for the purchase of any land, it shall be lawful for the Board, at any time within thirty days, in the case of unsur- veyed lands after a survey of the lands has been made, and in the case of surveyed lands within thirty days after appli- cation, to grant the application either as to the whole or to any part of the land applied for, or to refuse to grant the application either as to the whole or as to part of such land, and to return the moneys deposited on account of purchase- money, or such part thereof as has been deposited on account of the portion of the land applied for, and the application for which shall not be granted : provided always that no such land shall, after such refusal, be open for sale or application until thirty days' public notice thereof shall have been given. Proclamation of Hundreds. 6. All hundreds existing within the land district of South- land at the time of the coming into operation of this Act are hereby reconstituted with the same names, areas, and boundaries respectively, and are hereby established as hun- dreds of land for the purposes of this Act, wherein certain provisions of this Act relating to the sale and disposal of land within hundreds shall take effect. 7. It shall be lawful for the Governor in Council, at any time after the expiration of the existing leases or licenses, from time to time, by proclamation in the Gazette, to declare any land comprised within a depasturing license to be either a new hundred, or to be added to a hundred already pro- claimed ; and from and after the date of such proclamation such land so proclaimed shall be subject to the provisions of this Act affecting hundreds already then existing. 1 90 Appendices. S. An extension of license for one year shall be granted to the pastoral licensees holding under " The Southland Waste Lands Act, 1865," and the Acts amending the same ; such extension to date from the expiry of the present licenses, and to be at a rent of threepence per acre : pro- vided always that a licensee desiring such extension shall, within six months after the passing of this Act, give a notice in writing to the Land Board of Southland, intimating his desire to have such extension. 9. Sections sixteen to forty-four, both inclusive, in Appendix H, shall apply to the management of Crown lands in hundreds in Southland. APPENDIX L. THE LAND DISTRICT OF VVESTLAND. Be it enacted, that within the land district of Westland — 1. All rural land shall be open for sale at a fixed uniform price of one pound per acre. 2. Public notice shall be given by the Board of all blocks of rural land when declared open for sale, and the boundaries and position of such blocks shall be defined in such notice. 3. A book, to be called the "Application Book," shall be kept open during office hours at the principal Land Office, in which the name of every person desiring to make any application to the Board shall be written in order by himself, or his agent authorized by any writing signed by such person; and such person, or his agent, shall at the same time give to an officer to be appointed by the Board for that purpose particulars of his intended application, which particulars shall be in writing, and in the case of any application for Appendices. i g i the purchase or leasing of any land shall give sufficient information to identify the land applied for. 4. At the time of entering his name in the Application Book, every applicant for the purchase or leasing of Crown lands shall pay to the officer to be appointed by the Board, as mentioned in the preceding section, a fee of two shillings and sixpeace. 5. The Board shall consider and determine all appli- cations in the order in which the names of the applicants shall appear in the Application Book : provided that if any person shall not appear, either personally or by some agent duly authorized in writing on his behalf, before the Board when called in his turn, his application shall be dismissed until his name shall appear again in the book in order. 6. If two or more persons apply on the same day for the same rural land, such land shall be put up for sale by auction at the upset price of one pound per acre. 7. Immediately on the payment in the manner directed by this Act of the whole of the purchase-money for any rural land, the purchaser shall receive from the Board a license to occupy, and as soon thereafter as conveniently may be the land shall be laid off, as nearly in accordance with the description given by the purchaser in his application as the provisions o-f this Act will admit. 8. Should any section, when surveyed, prove to differ in any respect from that intended by the purchaser, the Board will not be responsible for any loss or inconvenience which the purchaser may experience, nor will the purchase-money be returned : provided that, when the land is found to be in excess, such excess may either be retained by the Board or paid for by the purchaser, at the discretion of the Board : provided further that, if the surveyor shall find that the whole extent of land in the selected locality falls short of the quantity paid for by the purchaser, so much of the purchase- I g 2 Appendices. money as exceeds the price of land to be conveyed shall be returned to him by the Receiver of Land Revenue, upon a voucher certified to by the C*hairman of the Board. The license to occupy shall in any case be amended by the Board, in accordance with the report of the surveyor, and the Crown grant shall be made out in accordance therewith, and the license shall be delivered up to the Board when the Crown grant shall be issued. 9. It shall be lawful for the Governor in Council, under regulations to be made in that behalf, notwithstanding any- thing contained in any Act relating to mining, from time to time to grant to any occupant of land under business license in the township of Ross, in the county of Westland, who has improved such land to the satisfaction of the Warden of the district, a lease for any term not exceeding twenty-one years of the surface of such land, at such rates of payment for rent, and under such restrictions as to the use thereof, as he may think necessary, and such lease shall entitle the holder thereof to all the rights and privileges now enjoyed by holders of business licenses issued under any Act relating to mining. If at any time during the currency or at the termination of any lease heretofore granted or hereafter to be granted the land leased is proved to the satisfaction of the Governor in Council to be not auriferous, the land shall be sold by pubhc auction subject to valuation for improvements, as provided for in sections forty-three and forty-seven of "The Mines Act, 1877." If at the end of the lease the land is not proved to be auriferous, the lessee shall be entitled to a renewal of the lease for a further period of twenty-one years, on such terms and under such restrictions as the Governor in Council may prescribe. The repeal of " The Gold Fields Act Amendment Act, 1874," shall in no way affect leases prepared thereunder, and still awaiting completion. Appendices. 193 10. It shall be lawful for the Board, with the assent of the Governor, to set apart blocks of land to be opened for occu- pation without payment, but subject to the conditions as to cultivation and residence hereinafter set forth, herein called the " homestead system." ir. The Board shall give public notification of all blocks of land that from time to time may be declared open for selection on the homestead system, and shall also publicly notify the following conditions, which shall apply to all selec- tions under the aforesaid homestead system : — i. The area allowed to be selected by each person of the age of eighteen years or upwards shall be fifty acres, and for persons under eighteen years of age twenty acres : provided that the total quantity to be selected by any one family or number of persons occupying the one household shall not exceed two hundred acres of land, ii. Within three months after the selection has been ap- proved by the Board the selector shall commence to reside on his selection, and shall continue to reside continuously thereon for five years from the date of such approval as aforesaid, iii. Within eighteen months after such approval the selector shall erect on his selection a permanent dwelling-house of wood or other materials, which shall be specified in regulations to be issued in reference to homestead- system selections, iv. In each year there shall be brought under cultivation one-fifteenth of the area of such selection if open land, and one twenty-fifth if bush land, so that at the end of the term of five years one-third of the selection if open land, or one-fifth if bush land, shall be under cultivation. V. Non-performance of any of the foregoing stipulations 13 1 94 Appendices. shall render the selection void, and the right of the selector therein and to all improvements thereon shall be forfeited, vi. At the end of the said period of five years, a grant or grants shall issue for the land selected : provided the selector shall not have forfeited his right thereto in manner aforesaid. Leases of Mineral Lands. 11, Notwithstanding anything contained in any Act re- lating to mining and to mining districts, it shall be lawful for the Board, with the assent of the Governor, to grant to any person applying for the same a lease of land containing or supposed to contain minerals other than gold, or possessing or supposed to possess any special value, upon the following terms and conditions, and upon such other terms and con- ditions as the Board shall deem necessary: — i. That the lease shall comprise so much land as shall in the opinion of the Board be necessary for the efficient working of the minerals or the beneficial use of the land supposed to possess special value. ii. The term to be granted shall be any number of years not to exceed twenty-one, at the option of the lessee, iii. That a money rent be reserved. iv. That the lease may contain any or all of the following clauses : — 1. For securing payment of the rent : 2. For enabling some person on behalf of the lessor to enter and examine the mine : 3. For securing that a plan of the mine shall be made and kept on the works for inspection, on pay- ment of a fee of five shillings for each inspection : 4. For securing the regular, proper and efficient mining and working of the minerals : Appendices. 195 5. For making void the lease on breach by the lessee of the covenants therein contained : 6. For delivering up the property at the termination of the lease in good tenantable repair : 7. For enabling the lessee to abandon the working of the minerals whenever he shall find the same un- profitable to work, and to surrender the lease : 8. For securing payment by succeeding tenant of valuation of buildings and machinery necessary to the proper working of -the mine. 13. It shall be lawful for the Board, on the expiration of any mineral lease, to cause all buildings and machinery necessary for the proper working of the mine then on the land held under such lease to be assessed, and the amount of valuation shall be paid by the incoming tenant to the Board before such incoming tenant shall be let into posses- sion of the land to be comprised in the lease ; and the Board shall pay over to the person who at the expiration of the old lease was the lessee or transferee and holder of such lease the amount received for such valuation : provided always that no lessee shall have any claim for valuation or compensation for or on account of any improvements either against the Crown or the Board ; but when and as soon as any sum of money shall be received by the Board from any new lessee- in payment of improvements, such sum shall be paid over by- the Board to the person who at the expiration of the old lease was holder thereof. 14. Every application for a lease shall be sent in by the applicant to the Land Office in Hokitika, in a form to be prescribed by the Board ; and it shall be lawful for the Board either to grant or refuse the lease, or to put the lease of the land up to auction at a rent to be fixed by the Board. 15. The land comprised in any lease may, at the request of the. lessee, at any time, after an occupation of three years, be 196 Appendices. put up to sale by auction, subject to the lease thereof already granted, at an upset price to be fixed by the Board, subject to the approval of the Governor. 16. Every applicant for any such lease shall furnish to the Board, within a time to be fixed by the Board after the application shall have been agreed to, and before a lease shall be granted, a description of the land to be leased, with a plan, which shall be made and prepared by a surveyor to be approved of by the Board, at the expense of the applicant. PROVINCIAL DISTRICT OF AUCKLAND. THE LAND ACT, 1877. HOMESTEAD SYSTEAL The Homestead or " Free Grant " system is confined almost exclusively to the provincial district of Auckland, and is most liberal in its provisions and in the inducements it holds out to bomi-Jide settlement. The following are the conditions which apply to all selec- tions under this system: — 1. Homestead lands, before being proclaimed, are classified according to quality into first and second class lands. 2. The area allowed to be selected by each person of the age of eighteen years or upwards shall be of first-class lands fifty acres, or of second-class lands seventy-five acres ; and for persons under eighteen years of age, of first-class lands twenty acres, or of second-class lands thirty acres : provided that the total quantity to be selected by any one family or number of persons occupying the one household shall not exceed two hundred acres of first-class or three hundred acres of second-class lands. 3. Within three months after the selection has been approved by the Board, the selector shall commence to reside on his selection, and shall continue to reside con- 198 Appendices. tinuously thereon for five years from the date of such approval as aforesaid. 4. Within eighteen months after such approval the selector shall erect on his selection a permanent dwelling-house of wood, or other materials, of the value of at least ^50. 5. In each year there shall be brought under cultivation one-fifteenth of the area of such selection if open land, and one twenty-fifth if bush land, so that at the end of the term of five years one-third of the selection if open land, or one- fifth if bush land, shall be under cultivation. 6. Non-performance of any of the foregoing stipulations shall render the selection void, and the right of the selector therein, and to all improvements thereon, shall be forfeited. 7. At the end of the said period of five years a grant or grants shall issue for the lands selected: provided the selector shall not have forfeited his right thereto in manner afore- said. The localities in which lands are at present open for selection under this system are as follows : Mangonui, Bay of Islands, Whangaree, Port Albert, Matakana, and Raglan. In addition to the above, other extensive tracts of land are intended to be rendered available from time to time as the wants of intending selectors may seem to require. MANNER OF MAKING APPLICATION. 2. On and after a certain day upon which blocks of first and second class waste lands of the Crown shall have been proclaimed open for bond-fide occupation under the said system, every person taking possession of any of the said land shall make, in terms of Form "A," written application to, and cause such application to be lodged with, the district sur- veyor of the locality in which the land so proclaimed is situate, Appendices. igg or such other person and at such place as shall from time to time be appointed. 3. Every such application as aforesaid shall be lodged during office hours (viz., 10 a.m. to 4 p.m.), and shall state the name or names and age or ages of the applicant or appli- cants, and shall describe the situation, class of land, and number of acres he or they has or have taken possession of, together with the date whereon he or they took possession of the same, as also to whom it is intended that a grant or grants shall issue upon fulfilment of the conditions of selection. 7. In applying for land, that application which shall be first lodged with the district surveyor or other person, as aforesaid, appointed to receive the same, shall be deemed to be the prior apphcation, and shall entitle the person in whose favour it is made to the right of priority of selection. 8. Where it shall appear that but one application has in manner aforesaid been received for any one piece of land, the person or persons making such application shall be deemed to be in possession of, and entitled to occupy the same. 9. But if at any time two or more applications be simul- taneously received for one and the same piece of land, or any part thereof, the district surveyor, or other person to be appointed as aforesaid, shall at once, in the presence of the applicants, or of the persons presenting such applications, decide by lot the priority of choice. II. Every selector shall forward to the Waste Lands Board at the expiration of twelve months from the date of his taking possession of the land, and upon the same date in every subsequent year during his term of occupation, a return in writing, in form lettered " B," setting forth the nature and extent of the improvements effected by him during the pre- ceding year. 200 Appendices. SURVEY REGULATIONS. 1. Every selector of land shall have the same surveyed at his own expense by a duly authorised surveyor, and shall deliver or cause to be delivered at the Waste Lands Office, within six months after taking possession of and occupying such land, a correct plan of the same, certified by such surveyor. 2. All surveys to be made by surveyors authorised by the Surveyor-General, and in accordance with instructions to settlement surveyors issued or which may be issued by him. 3. There shall be paid for the survey of any area Not exceeding 30 acres ... £'^ o o Exceeding 30 and up to 50 acres 030 per acre. „ 50 „ 100 „ 026,, „ 100 „ 200 ,, 020,, but not less than 12 10 o Exceeding 200 acres and up to 300 o i 8 per acre, but not less than 20 o o 4. Whenever two or more sections are surveyed together by the same surveyor, one-third of the above rates shall be deducted for all areas above fifty acres ; and whenever, also, more than one-half the length of the boundary lines shall run through vegetation less than six feet high, one-third of the schedule rates shall be deducted. 5. All fees so chargeable shall be deposited with the Receiver of Land Revenue at the time the application for land is made. Appe7idices, 20I SCHEDULE. To FORM "A." FORM OF APPLICATION, day of The Crown Lands Commissioner, Auckland. Sir, hereby make application, further particulars of which are given in the Schedule hereunder, for acres of class Land, situate in the Survey District, parish of as the same is more particularly delineated on the accom- panying plan. have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant , Name or Names (in full) of the person or persons in respect of whose occupation such land is applied for. Age. Name or Names (in full) of the person or persons in whose favour the land is desired to be granted. Remarks FORM "B." ANNUAL RETURN of improvements effected on Homestead selection, under "The Auckland Waste Land Act, 1877." acres,* situated in the block * State if bush or open land, and, if comprised of both kinds, state number of acres of each. 202 Appendices. selected by on the Date when selection was taken possession of. I do hereby declare that the following persons* have continuously resided on the above selection from the to the and that the following improvements have been effected on the said selection during the said period. Dwelling house erected t Number of acres cultivated, etc. etc. etc. Cereals or Root Crops. Orchard. Vine- Nursery or yard. Shrubbery. n Land laid down with artfcl. grasses Fencing. Nature of Crop. c-o g-o 0^ -Si g-o •S-a g-d -a JJ o (U II acs. acs. acs. acs. acs. acs. acs. acs. acs. acrs. acrs. Total value of improvements, £ Dated this day of Witness to signature. Sisrnature of Selector. Note. — If any person holding land as aforesaid shall cease to be in bona-fide occupation of the same, or fail to effect thereon the improvement required by the Act, or forward wilfully inaccurate returns, or commit any breach of these regulations, such person shall be liable, in addition to forfeiture of selection, to a penaUy not exceeding p^20 for every such breach, default, or failure, and all penalties incurred hereunder shall be recoverable in manner provided by the said Act. " Here state in full the names of the persons on whose account the selection has been made. t State dimensions of house, materials of which constructed, and value. Morhs f ubibbfi) b\r HODDER & STOUGHTON, 27, Paternoster 'Ro^Ar, E.G. Third Thousand. Ci'ojvn %vo, 2s. 6d, THE DIFFICULTIES OF THE SOUL. By Rrj. W. HAY M. H. AITKEN, M.A., Late Incumbent of Christ Church, Everton, Liverpool. 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RHTB ID «Rt MAR Z 8 1984 Form L9-Series 4939 if ' DU 411, 687 3 1158 00901 3805 ucsouTHnr.HiC'M'-i i ;BR■Rvr^rlUTY AA 000 975 801 2 /\^' i